mtl)eCttpof3Jrttjgork 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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4 DEDICATION. 
 
 unshaken integrity, by wisdom of counsel, by indepen- 
 dence of character, by sincere devotion to the greatness 
 and glories of the nation, actuated by the purest princi- 
 ples of senatorial impartiality, and respected not more 
 for dignified public consistency, than for the amiable and 
 endearing virtues of private life. 
 
 Long may you enjoy the distinction to which your 
 merits have elevated you. Long may you adorn the 
 chair of the Commons, and, as you are the first in rank, 
 so may you continue the first in the high pre-eminence of 
 virtue and of public services, and contribute the power- 
 ful assistance of your abilities, and of your example, to 
 support the spirit, and animate the loyalty of tlie nation, 
 and prove to the world that Britain, though surrounded 
 with unparalleled dangers, has not degenerated from the 
 patriotism, and the independence of former ages. 
 I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, 
 
 Sir, 
 Your most obliged 
 
 and devoted Servant, 
 
 J, LEMPRIERE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The advantages which a biographical work offers to the reader are so 
 numerous and so important, that it is hoped every endeavor to enlarge the 
 knowledge of mankind, and impartially to develope the character of those 
 who have contributed to the happiness or to the calamities of the world, 
 will be received by the public M'ith indulgence and candor. More minute 
 than history, biography regards the person, the acquirements, and the con-* 
 duct of the individual, and cursorily passes over those more general details 
 of public transactions which arc more properly the object of the historian's 
 research. While in the history of nations, and in the political changes of 
 states, the reader views the consequences of successful hitrigue, of diplomatic 
 dexterity, or of military prowess, it is in the details of private and of domes- 
 tic life where he seeks for instruction, and for the minute documents which 
 may conduct his footsteps, and hold out the lamp of experience to warn 
 him against the dangers of ill-directed passions, or of misguided ambition. 
 In the following work, every character, it may generally be said, has 
 been included which might have strong claim on tlie notice of posterity, 
 either from public notoriety, or from lasting celebrity. Those who have 
 benefited theii* fellow creatures by their exertions either in the walks of 
 science and literature, or in the improvement of the polite arts, in the 
 extension of commerce, or in the useful labors of industry; or those who, in 
 the field of honor, have fought with superior valor for the glories and for the 
 independence of their parent state, all are strongly entitled to the giatitude 
 of mankind. Those likewise, whose vices and crimes have rendered them 
 too celebrated in the annals of time, have a claim to the notice of the biog- 
 rapher; and though to pass over the foibles as well as the enormities of his 
 fellow-creatures might be a pleasing omission, yet the sacred character of 
 truth requires that the irregular passions of men should be curbed, by 
 observing the fatal effects and the everlasting disgrace which misapplied 
 talents have produced, and the many calamities which the indulgence of 
 criminal desires in public life, as well as in domestic society, has always 
 entailed on the world. To be useful, we must paint impartially the conduct 
 of individuals, whether laudable or reprehensible ; and those who have cau- 
 sed the miseries of their fellow-men, are to be held up to public notice, and 
 to public detestation, that, in their history, if wc carjnot find consolation, 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 we may at least discover tliosc striking lessons of instruction and of precau- 
 tion with experience never fails to afford to the sober and the contemplative 
 wiind. 
 
 While, ho\\ ever, the desire of gratifying curiosity has been fully permitted 
 to prevail, it must be observed, on the other hand, that great and remarka- 
 ble characters only can be entitled to more minute details. In this particular, 
 the assistance of judgment, and the rules of proportion, are, in a composition 
 of this nature, materially essential. It is within the general observation, that 
 voluminous works have been written todevelope the history, and to portray 
 the characters of many who, as public men, have, by their intrigues, their 
 labors, or their virtues, commanded the general attention for a long course 
 of years ; and it is equally known, that even not a few of those whose great 
 merits have but shone upon the world, and, like the momentary dazzling of 
 a meteor, have rapidly disappeared, have formed the subject of long and de- 
 sultory literary investigation. To examine, therefore, and to select the most 
 prominent features, to compress the materials copiously scattered around him, 
 and to assign to each, to the mighty conqueror, to the vigilant politician, 
 to the popular writer, to the persevering philosopher, and to the humble but 
 ingenious mechanic, his due proportion of attention and of respect, forms 
 Dot the least difficult of the labors of the biographer. He may indeed be 
 forgiven if he is more diffuse in painting the struggles of virtue and of inno- 
 cence against the inventive powers of oppression and of persecution ; if he 
 expresses w ith warmth his detestation against successful vice, and prospe- 
 rous profligacy ; and if he is alive to all the keen sufferings which learning 
 has often to endure from the sneers of pride, and the clamors of ignorance 
 and prejudice. It is frequently not a little consolatory to the virtuous and 
 to the truly great, to reflect that their labors will not be in vain. Posterity, 
 though late, may replace in their native dignity and honor, with perpetuated 
 fame, the merits and services which the jealousy or the malice of contempo- 
 raries may have endeavoured to blot out of the historic page. It is pleasing 
 to contemplate the differerent destinies which accompany merit, audits at- 
 tendant envy. The man whose genius, whose industry, whose talents, or 
 whose honorable labors in the cause of science, of literature, and of humani- 
 ty, have been often exposed to ridicule and contempt; who has pined in the 
 shade of indigence or ill-deserved obscurity, rises gradually in the good 
 opinion t3f the public, and ranks with the dignified benefactors of mankind; 
 while those who treated him with supercilious indifference, who prided 
 themselves in the transitory advantages of rank, of birth, or of opulence, no 
 longer occupy the attention of the world, and in the course of a few years, 
 eink into merited, into everlasting oblivion. 
 
PREFACE. r 
 
 In the composition of liis biof^rapliicul work, tlie autlior acknowledges 
 tiniself indebted to those, at home and abroad, wliose labors have been di- 
 rected to the same pursuits. He has freely drawn his materials from the 
 researches of former historians and liioj^raphers, and the accuracy and the 
 impartiality of their statements, which concurrent testimonies fully prove 
 and corroborate, arc entitled to no small sliare of praise. From this min- 
 cried mass, and from various sources of information, he lias endeavored to 
 form one general whole, and to exhibit, wiUi the judicious brevity which so 
 numerous a class of objects requires, rather " cliaracteristic sketches, in 
 pleasing miniature, than a series of finished and full-sized portraits.*' 
 However anxious he may have been to notice every one who has risen to 
 temporary or to lasting eminence in the long lapse of so many ages, he may, 
 perhaps, in the opinion of some, have selected the subjects of his biogra- 
 phical labors w ith too sparing a hand, while by others he may be charged 
 with tedious prolixity. He trusts, however, that in whatever he has done, 
 he has been actuated by the purest motives of impartiality; and in deline- 
 ating the life, and in enumerating the productions of men of various coun- 
 tries, he has sacrificed nationality at the altar of truth. He trusts that he 
 has spoken of the Christian and the Pagan, of the Catholic and the Pro- 
 testant, of the Churchman and Sectary, with the bold language of an un- 
 prejudiced narration, which would not condescend to flatter the great and 
 the powerful, when in the height of authority, at the expense of historical 
 veracity, and which disdains to insult their memory after they liave de- 
 scended to the tomb. 
 
 With these sentiments he commits, to the judgment of the public, liis 
 biographical labors, as a companion to the Classical Dictionaby, in 
 anxious confidence, that they will not be deemed unw orlhy of the same 
 flattering patronage, and of the same extensive circulation, with whit'h thtil 
 work has so long and so liberally been hoBored. 
 
 Abingdon, March Sth, 1808. 
 
Ti J O G R A 
 
 S(c. Kc. ^. 
 
 T7 
 
 X 
 
 
 AA 
 
 AA, Peter Vamler, a bookseller of Ley- 
 den, vlio, under the title of Caleric du 
 Monde, published in GO vols. fol. an atlas of 
 iiOO charts, as exijlanatory of the various voy- 
 ages made between the l.'jth and the close of 
 the 17tb century. These, though accompa- 
 niefl with prints to represent the customs, ed- 
 ifices, and curiosities of ditierent nations, dis- 
 play rather the labor and perseverance of the 
 fompiler, than either his judgment or accu- 
 racy. Aa made a continuation of Grievius' 
 Thesaurus of Italian writers in six other vol- 
 umes. He was still living in If '29. 
 
 Aagard, Nicholas and Christian, two 
 brothers, born at Wiburg in Denmark in the 
 beginning of the ISlh century. The eldest, 
 "who was distinguished for the acuteness of 
 his philosophical writings, died 1057, and the 
 other, known for his poetical talents, died 
 1604. 
 
 Aalam, an astrologer of the ninth centu- 
 ry at the court of Adado Daula. 
 
 Aalst, Everard, a Dutch painter born at 
 Delft 1002. His talents were displayed with 
 peculiar success in the representation of 
 shields and military accoutrements, of dead 
 birds and inanimate subjects, and his paint- 
 ings, few in number are now liighly valued for 
 superiority of execution. He died in 1658. 
 His nephew William became the rival of his 
 uncle, ai)d in his travels through France and 
 Italy he deserved and obtained the friendship 
 and patronage of the great, and particulai'ly 
 of tiie grand duke of Tuscany, who liberal- 
 ly rewarded his merit. His fruit and flower 
 jjicces Avere most admired. He died in Hol- 
 land in 1079 aged 59/ leaving several children 
 by his servant maid, to whom he was mar- 
 ried after his return fromltaly. 
 
 Aaron, elder brother of Moses, son of 
 Amram, of the tribe of Levi, was born A. M. 
 2134. He was the friend and the assistant of 
 his brother, and as being more happily gifted 
 with the powers of eloquence, he attended 
 him in all his interviews with Pharaoh in 
 Egypt, and in his conferences with the peo- 
 ple of Israel. Tho\igli he grievously oftciul- 
 ed God by making a calf of gold, as the repre- 
 sentative of the divinity, wliich had conduct- 
 ed his nation safe through tlie Red Sea from 
 the perils of Egypt, he was permitted to be- 
 come the first high priest. This sacred of- 
 fice bestowed upon him excited discontent 
 among the friends of Korah and his asso- 
 ciates, but Aaron exercised it with nonoar and 
 VOL. 1. 2 
 
 NSi^'ORK. 
 
 fidelity, and i B ft w iay a sting hia -,aoR--Bfeazar 
 as his successor, he died in his 123d year, 
 without being permitted to enter the prom- 
 ised land. 
 
 Aaron Raschid, a caliph of the Abas- 
 sides, distinguished by his conquests, and he 
 eccentricity of his character. Valiant in 
 battle, he showed himself inhuman and per- 
 fidious towards the conquered, and ever made 
 the sacred duties of the sovereign subservient 
 to caprice, intemperance, or resentment. At 
 once master of the finest provinces of Asia 
 and Africa, his power extended from Spain 
 to the banks of the Ganges, and exacted a tri- 
 bute from Nicephorus the Roman emperor 
 of the East. He deserves our admiration for 
 the patronage which he afforded to literature 
 and to the arts. He was eight times victori- 
 ous in battle, and eight times paid his adora- 
 tion at the tomb of the prophet. Charle- 
 magne respected Ids character, and Aaron 
 in token of friendship presented to the Euro- 
 pean prince a clock the mechanism and con- 
 struction of which w ere I'egarded among the 
 prodigies of the age. He died A. D. 809 in 
 the 23d year of his reign. 
 
 Aaron Schascou, a rabbiof Thessalo- 
 nica, celebrated for his writings. 
 
 Aaron, a British saint, put to death Avith 
 his brother Julius, during Dioclesian's perse- 
 cution of the Christians, and buried at Caer- 
 leon in Wales. 
 
 Aakon, a presbyter and physician of Al- 
 exandria in the eighth century, who wrote 30 
 books or pandects on medicine in the S)-riac 
 language. He is the first author w ho makes 
 mention of the small-pox and of the measles,- 
 diseases which were introduced into Eg}-pt 
 by the conquests of the Arabians about 640. 
 He was particularly explicit on the symptoms 
 and on the progress of these disorders ; but 
 as his compositions are lost, and only scatter- 
 ed fragments are to be seen in the collec- 
 tions of Mohammed Rhazis, the moderns 
 must ever remain in ignorance of the origin 
 and probable causes of these dreadful scour- 
 ges of the human race. 
 
 Aaron, Hariscon, a Caraite rabbi who 
 was known as a physician at Constantinople 
 in 1294, and who wrote a learned commenta- 
 rv on the pentateuch, besides annotations on 
 some of the books of the old testament, a He- 
 brew grammar, kc. 
 I Aaron, Hachai-on or Posterior, another 
 ' learned rabbi, whoso writings are highly es- 
 
A A 
 
 AB 
 
 termed by llic Caraite Jews. He was born 
 in Nicomctlia 1346. He wrote on the law of 
 IVIoses, aud particularly on the cu&toms ot" 
 his nation, in a treatise entitled the Garden 
 of Eden. 
 
 A A RON, Isaac, an interpreter of languns;;cs 
 at the court of Constantinople under tlie 
 Commcni. lie abused the confideuce repo- 
 sed in him, and with unparalleled inhuiuanity 
 recommended to Andronicus, the usurper 
 of his master's throne, to put out tlie eyes 
 nnd cut off" the tongue of his enemies, a pun- 
 ishment which was afterwards inflicted on 
 himself by Isaac Angelus 1203. 
 
 Aa-ron Ben-Chaim, the chief of the 
 H'ewish synagogues at Fez and Morocco in 
 the beginning of the 17th centui-y. He wrote 
 commentaries on Joshua, the law, the pro- 
 phets, hi.c. 
 
 Aaron BEN-ASER,alearned rabbi in the 
 fifth century, to vhom the invention of the 
 Hebrew points and accents is attributed. 
 He wrote a Hebrew gramme:-, printed 1315. 
 
 A A RON, a levite of Barcelona, who wrote 
 613 precepts on Moses, printed at Venice 
 15'23. He died 1'292. 
 
 Aarsexs, Francis, a celebrated statesman, 
 son of the register of the United Provinces. 
 He was early initiated in politics, and at the 
 court of France, where he was tlie first hon- 
 ored and recognised as the ambassador of 
 Holland, he enlarged his understanding, and 
 acijuircd the knowledge and the arts of ne- 
 gociation under Henry IV. and his ministers 
 Villeroi, Rosni, Silleri, Sec. Flattered by 
 the people, esteemed by the monarch, and 
 raised to the honors of nobility, he contin- 
 ued 15 years the representative of his na- 
 tion, till either the popularity or the jealousy 
 of the court procured his recall. He after- 
 wards was employed in tlie same capacity at 
 Venioe, and in other Italian states, and he 
 was oue of those who ncgociated in England 
 lor the marriage of William of Orange with 
 the daughter of Charles I. A persuasive elo- 
 quence and the arts of dissimulation and in- 
 ^ trigue were united in Aarsens with an im- 
 posing appearance of bluntness and rustic 
 simplicity, and rendered him at once dan- 
 gerous and successful, so that Richelieu, who 
 knew and employed his abilities, acknowledg- 
 ed that he shared with Oxenstiern of Swe- 
 den and Viscardi of Montserrat the honor 
 of being the jnnst consummate politician of 
 Ills age. He died in an advanced age, and 
 his son had tlie singidar reputation of being 
 the most oijulent citizen of Holland. He 
 left behind him an account of all the embas- 
 sies in which he was engaged, and from the 
 accni'acy, the judgment, and the exactness 
 in whicii his papers are drawn up and ar- 
 ranged, we deiive a fuither proof of Ids 
 genius anti his perseverance. Memoirs of 
 him were published by Du Maurier. 
 
 Aarsens or Aertsen, Peter, surnamed 
 Loiigo from his tallness, was born at Amster- 
 <lam 1519, where he also died in his OGlh 
 year. Though brought up like his father to 
 il»e profession of a stocking maker, he was 
 at last permitted, by the eutieatieg of Jus 
 
 mother, to follow the bent of his genius, and aS 
 1 8 he began to study painting, architecture, 
 atid perspective. At Antwerp, were he mar- 
 ried, and where he was admitted a member 
 of the academy of painters, he gave proofs 
 of his superior talents, and in his first pieces 
 I particularly excelled in representing the 
 ! utensils of a kitchen. A painting of the 
 death of the "Virgin for an alter piece at Am- 
 sterdam was highly esteemed, and another 
 equally deserved the warmest admiration, 
 in which he represented the crucifixion with 
 the executioner in the act of breaking with 
 an iron bar the legs of the two thieves. 
 This last was torn to pieces in a public in- 
 surrection 1566, and so unguarded was the 
 painter in his complaints and reproaches on 
 . the occasion that the ferocious populace w ere 
 j with difficulty prevented from murdering 
 ; him. He left 3 sons who also engaged ia 
 
 his profession. 
 : Aartgex or AERTGE]sr, the son of a 
 i wooicomber at Leyden, who, after following 
 his father's occupation, turned his thoughts 
 to painting, in ihe prosecution of which he 
 acquired reputation and consequence. Re- 
 gardless of the conveniences of life lie was 
 j visited by Floris of Antwerp, and rejected 
 • the ])atronagTe and society of this amiable and 
 j disinterested friend, declaring he found great- 
 I er gratification in his mean cottage than ia 
 i the enjoyment of opulence. He was liabit- 
 I ually intemperate, and as he never touched 
 , his pencil on Mondays, he devoted those days 
 i with his pupils to festivity and drunkenness. 
 , He was drowned in the canals of the cit\ in 
 ) the night as he amused himself according to 
 I his usual custom in playing tlirough the 
 I streets on the jrerman flute. 
 I Aba, brother in-law to Stephen the first 
 ■ Christian king of Hungary, defeated Peter 
 i w ho had succeeded his uncle on the throne, 
 i and after he had banished him to Bavaria he 
 usurped the crown 1041 or 1042. He dis- 
 . graced himself by his cfuelties, and after be- 
 , ing conquered in a battle by the emperor 
 I Henry HI. he was sacrificed to the resent- 
 ^ ment of his oftended subjects, 1044. 
 I Abaffi, Michael, son of a magiatrate of 
 Hernianstad, rose by his abilities and in- 
 trigues, to the sovereignty of Transylvania, 
 in 16C1. He bravely assisted the Turks, and 
 becanie formidable to the emperor of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Abaca or Abaka, a king of Tartary 
 whose ambassadors were introduced in 1274 
 to tlie ecclesiasticid synod of Lyons. He 
 conquered Persia, and proved a powerful 
 and formidable neighbor to the Christians 
 whohad settled at Jerusalem. He died 1282. 
 A B a N O, Z'ill. A P o N o. 
 Abaris, a Scythian philosopher, (he his- 
 tory of Avhose adventures as mentioned by 
 Herodotus a» d others appears more fabulous 
 than authentic. 
 
 Abas, Schah, was seventh king of Persia 
 of the race of the Sophis. He \ as brave and 
 active, and enlarged the boundaries of his 
 dominions. He took co. jointly with the En- 
 glish forces 1G22 the island of Ormus whick 
 
AB 
 
 Ali 
 
 \»i\ been iuUie possession of the Portiigucse j 
 122 years. Me dictl lO'J'J iii lli<'4illi } < :;r 
 of Ills rc-it;ii, ami obtiiiiicd from liis ^raUful 
 jiiul admiring;- suhjci-ts the suniaiue of great, 
 anil of restditr of I'ersia. lie hail made 
 Ispiihan his capital. 
 
 Abas, Srhah, the gi'cat-prandson of tlic 
 prccediiij;, succeeded his fallier in 1042 in 
 liis l;}th jear. lie took Can<Iahar from the 
 Moguls, and valiantly resisted the attacks of 
 30(»,0()(J IjesKgers. lilessed with an enlarge'i 
 iniderstandiiig he patronised the Christians, 
 and proniist-'i by deeds of benevolence and 
 libeialitx U> rival the greatest heroes of an- 
 tiipiity, when lie \va~ cut olV by the lues ven- 
 erea in his 37th ; ear, Sep. 25, IGfiO. 
 
 Abassa, an ()fticef who i-t volted against 
 IMusiapiia I. emperor of the 'I'lirks, and af- 
 terwards was employed against the Poles 
 iGoi at the head of C"o,00() men. The cow- 
 ardice of his troops robbed hi)n of a \ictory 
 ■which liis coui-age, his abilities, and his am- 
 Lition seemed to promise, and he was stran- 
 gled by oi'der of the Sultan. 
 
 Abassa, a sisterof Aaron llaschild, whose 
 liand was bestowed by ker brother on (Jiafar 
 on condition that she abstained from the 
 marriage rights. The promise was forgot- 
 ten : the birth of a son that was secretly sent 
 to Mecca to be brought up incensed the em- 
 peror, and the husband's life was sacrificed 
 by the tyrant, and Abassa reduced to pover- 
 ty. There are still extant some Arabic ver- 
 ses which beautifully celebrate her love and 
 her n)isfortunes. 
 
 Abasson, an impostor, who, under tlie 
 character of the grandson of Abas the great, 
 obtained the patronage of the court of 
 France and of tlie gi-and seignior by wliosc 
 orders he was at iast beheaded. 
 
 Abats, Andrew, a painter born at Na- 
 ples and engaged in the service of the Span- 
 ish king. He died 1732. His fruit pieces 
 and landscapes Mere admired. 
 
 Abac'T-it, Firmin, born at Uzes 11th 
 November 1G79, fled fi-om the persecution 
 which attended his parents on account of 
 their profession of protestantism, and retired 
 to Geneva where he found jnotection and 
 peace As he had early lost his father, his 
 education was promoted by the care of his 
 mother, who had the happiness to discover 
 that the small remains of her shattered for- 
 tune were amply compensated by the im- 
 provement of her son. Geneva was the seat 
 of literature as well as of freedom, and 
 Abauzit was soon distinguished for his su- 
 perior progress in every branch of [)oIite 
 learning, but particularly mathematics and 
 natural history. In Holland he became the 
 friend of IJayle, of Juricu, and liasnage ; in 
 England he was lionored with the friendship 
 of St. Evremond and the corresponilencc of 
 Newton; and ^\'illiam HI. invited him, by 
 offers of liberal patronage, to settle in his 
 tlorainions; but the remembrance of (jcncva, 
 the asylum of his infant years, made him 
 decline the generosity of the monarcli. The 
 fruits of his literary labors were few, un- 
 jiin'jjtious to appeal* before the public, Jie 
 
 chose rather to assist his friends than solicit 
 fame in his own person. He hou ever applied 
 himself to anti'iuilics, and as he was now 
 enrolled- among the citizens of Geneva ;nij 
 appointed public librarian, he showed his 
 gratitiide by republishing Sport's lii.ilor\ «if 
 this favorite city, which he enriched wiih 
 twf) dissertations, and othci- valuable cxplaiia- 
 lions. As hi; grew in years, he continued to 
 increase in fame, and it must be mentioneil 
 to his praise that he was llatlei-ed by ^'«l!- 
 tairir and complimented by Jtousseau. H«; 
 was an Arian in religion, but his sentiments 
 were liberal and humane. He died MarcU 
 20th 1707. 
 
 Abbauie, James, D. D. a celebrated, 
 protestant minister born at Nay in Ijernc 
 Uki-i, or according to others 58. .-ifter im- 
 proving himself m France and Holland, he- 
 visited Pi-ussia and settled at Berlin, at the 
 solicitation of the elector of Bi-andenburgh, 
 where, as minister of the French cliurch, he 
 enforced the duties of religion and molality, 
 and gained by persuasive eloquence the favor 
 of the prince and people. After his patron's 
 death he accompanied tlie duke of Scbora- 
 berg to Holland and to England, anil after 
 the battle of the Boyne, he was patronised 
 by king William, whose cause he ably sup- 
 ported by his pen, and was made minister 
 of the Savoy, and afterwards advanced to the 
 dcanry of Killaloe in Ireland. iTe died in 
 London soon after his return from a tour to 
 Holland, Sept. 23, 1727. Well informed as 
 a writer, eloquent as a preacher, and as a 
 man vh-tuous and charitable, he w as univer- 
 sally' respected and beloved. Ijiii writings 
 were mostly on divinity, and tliey acqnirevl 
 unusual popularity, especially his treatise ou 
 the Christian religion. He also published ;i 
 defence of the revolution, and, at the reqiusi: 
 of \\'illiam, an account of the late con- 
 spiracy in England, comi)iled from the ma- 
 terials furnished by tlie carl of Porlland 
 and secretary TrumbuJI. 
 
 Abbas, Halli, a physician, and one of the 
 Per.sian magi, who foili^wed the doctrir.cs 
 of Zoroaster. He wrote A. I). 9S0, a book * 
 called royal work, at the request of the ca- 
 liph's son, to whom he has dedicate<l it, iu 
 the pompous and bombastic language of the 
 East. It was translated into Latin by Ste- 
 phen of Antioch 1127, which is now extant. 
 Abbas, the uncle of M.ahomet, opposed 
 the ambitious views of the impostor, but 
 when defeated in the battle of IJeiJr, he Mas 
 not only reconciletl to his uei)Iiew but he 
 warmly embraced his religion, and tlumked 
 heaven for the prosperity and the grace 
 which he enjo\ ed as a nuissulman. He ac- 
 quired fame as the interpreter of the verses 
 of the koran, and more powerfully served 
 the cause of Mahomet at the battle of Ho- 
 nain by reealling his dismayed Li'OCps to the 
 charge, and inciting them boldly to rally 
 round their prophet who was near expiring 
 under the scymetars of the infidel Thake- 
 sites. His son, of the same name, became 
 still more celebrateil bj' his knov.ledge of 
 tlie koraa. Abbas was regarded wiiU sp 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 much veneration that the caliphs Omar and 
 Othman never appeared before him without 
 dismounting from their horses, and saluting 
 him Avith the most profound humility. He 
 died in the 3Cd year of tlic liegira ; and 
 100 years after, Abulabbas SafTa, his grand- 
 son, investing himself Avith sovereign power, 
 laid the foundation of the dynasty of the 
 Abbassides, which continued to be transmit- 
 ted in his family from father to son 524 
 years, during an uninterrupted succession of 
 37 caliphs, till they were dispossessed by 
 the Tartars. Abbas Abdallah, the grand- 
 son of Abbas, the uncle of the prophet, was 
 also distinguished as a teacher of the sacred 
 book : as, before he was 10 years of age, he 
 was said to have received inspiration fi-om 
 the angel Gabriel, whose communications 
 with >iaiiomet were frequent and numerous. 
 He died in the OSth year of the hegira, and 
 ■was universally lamented as tlie most learn- 
 ed doctor of raussulmanism. 
 
 Abbassa, Tu/. Abassa. 
 
 Adbategio, Marian d', an ecclesiastic 
 of the l4th century, who rose by his abilities 
 to be governor of Aquila. 
 
 Abb ATissA, Paul, a famous Sicilian poet 
 born at Messina 1570. He translated into 
 Italian verse Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and 
 Ovi«l's ^Metamorphoses. 
 
 Abb I AT I, Philip, an historical painter of 
 Milan, who died 1715, r-ged 75. 
 
 Abbox, a monk of St. Germain des Pres, 
 %vho was present at the siege of Paris by the 
 Normans at the close of the 9th century. 
 He wrote an account of this event in 1200 
 verses in execrable Latin, but, however, va- 
 luable for its fidelity and impartial minute- 
 ness. It is in Duchesne's collection, and 
 it has since been edited by Duplessis, 1753. 
 
 Abbon, de Fleury, an ecclesiastic of Or- 
 leans, who after displaying his superior ahi li- 
 lies in every branch of polite literature at 
 Paris and Rlieims, became abbot of Fleury, 
 and supported m ith vehemence and energy 
 the rights of the monastic order against the 
 intrusions of the bishops. He was employed 
 by king Robert to appease pope Gregory V. 
 who wished to place the kingdom of France 
 under an interdict, and he proved successful 
 at Home. He was killed in a quarrel between 
 the French and Gascons 1004, whilst he en- 
 deavored to introduce a reform in the abbey 
 of Reole in Gascony. Besides canons in 
 Aviiich he explained the duty of kings and 
 subjects, there is a volume of his letters ex- 
 tant, printed 1687, in folio. 
 
 Abbot, George, son of a cloth worker 
 and archbishr)p f)f Canterbury, was born at 
 Guildford in Surrey 2'Jth Oct. 1562. After 
 rccei\ing his education at the grammar 
 school in his native town lie became a mem- 
 ber and fellow of Baliol College in Oxford, 
 wliere he soon after distinguished himself as 
 a preacher. His popularity recommended 
 him to favor ; he was chosen master of 
 University College in 1599, installed dean 
 of Winchester, and after serving three times 
 with dignity and moderation the oftice of 
 vice-chanceJIor, he was consecrated bishop 
 
 of Lichfield and Coventi'v 160y. His learn- 
 ing was universally respected, as before his 
 elevation to the episcopal chair, he was the 
 second of the Oxford divines whom king 
 James appointed to translate the new testa- 
 ment, except the epistles ; and as a negocia- 
 tor he was employed to establish and ce- 
 ment an union between the churches ot 
 England and Scotland, where his address, 
 his eloquence, and moderation were par- 
 ticularly conspicuous. After a rapid trans- 
 lation to the see of London he Mas, on the 
 death of Bancroft, 11)10, raised to the pri- 
 mac}', and in this high situation he main- 
 tained his character unspotted, and neither 
 submitted to the arbitrary mandates of des- 
 potic power, nor exercised the ecclesiastical 
 authority in the establishment of unmeaning 
 ceremonies, or in shackling the judgment or 
 devotion of the people. In his zeal for the 
 protestant faith he pi'omoted the union of 
 the princess Elizabetli M'ith the elector pala- 
 tine, and he strenuously withstood the influ- 
 ence which James exerted to make him de- 
 clare in favor of the divorce between the 
 daughter of the earl of Suffolk, and the royal 
 favorite Robert earl of Essex. He refused 
 to sanction the mandate by which James 
 permitted sports and pastimes on the Lord's 
 day, and he forbad it to be publicly read at 
 Croydon, where he then was. The evening 
 of liis life Avas darkened by a melancholy 
 event, which his enemies wished to convert 
 to his disgrace and degradation. As he 
 amused himself wi'di a crossbow in the 
 grounds of lord Zouch at Bransill in Hamp- 
 shire, where he retired for recreation every 
 summer, he accidently killed the park keep- 
 er by an arrow which he aimed at a deer. 
 This homicide was attended witli a settled 
 melancholy in the archbishop, avIio, as an 
 atonement for tlie accident, granted an an- 
 nuity of 20^. to the widow, and ever after 
 once a month observed the fatal day, Tues- 
 day, in penitence and prayer. His conduct 
 however was misrepresented, and though 
 James remarked that "an angel might have 
 miscarried in this sort," a commission of ten 
 persons was directed to inquire whether he 
 was incapacitated from performing tlie duties 
 of his office. He Mas honorably restored to 
 his functions, the king passing a {jardon and a 
 dispensation by which he was cleared from 
 all scandal, irregularity, or infamation. From 
 infirmity he was unable to attend the coun- 
 cils, though he was present at the last illness 
 of the king, and he assisted at the corona- 
 tion of Charles I. But his influence now 
 began to decrease at court; the intrigues of 
 Buckingham poisoned the ears of the young 
 monarch ; and when the archbishop in 1627 
 refused to license a sermon of Dr. Sibthorpe, 
 which justified, by unconstitutional means, 
 the raising of a loan, he was disgracefully 
 dismissed from the powers of primate, and 
 orilered to withdraw to Canterbury, while 
 the episcopal authority was exercised by 
 commission by live prelates. He was how- 
 ever soon after restored to his full preroga- 
 tive ; but neither the threats of his powerful 
 
AB 
 
 Ali 
 
 enemies, nor the enmity of Laud ami liuck- 
 inp^ham, coulil i»rcvail against liis <l<!irini- 
 natc ZL'ul in support ol" the- riglits ol' the suIj- 
 jcct, and the liherty of conscience. He did 
 not loiiij preserve the royal favor, he died at 
 Croydon on the tifth of August 1G3J, in }iis 
 71st year, and was buried according to his 
 direction in tlie church of Holy Trinity at 
 Guildford, wiiere a stately niouunieiit was 
 erected over his grave hy his brother Mau- 
 rice. In his geiicial character Abbot was 
 moderate anil inotfensive ; though a rigid 
 Calvinist, he rcconimended to his clergy ra- 
 ther to gain the public esteem hy in»-rality 
 than claim it as a due to their oilico. He was 
 henevolent an<I humane, and among other 
 acts of charily he endowed, w ith au income 
 of 30t)/. a year, a hospital at iiuildford for tlie 
 support and maintenance of the poor.. His 
 publications were cliielly divinity, besides 
 some treatises occasioned by the situation of 
 the times. 
 
 Abbot, Maurice, youngest hrotlirr of the 
 archbishop, accpiired consequence in com- 
 mercial art'airs, and was employed in tiie di- 
 rection of the East India company's concerns, 
 respecting the Molucca Islands, which were 
 in the hands of the Dutch. He was emplo3cd 
 in 1024 in establishing the settlement of 
 Virginia, and lie Avas the first person on 
 ■whom Charles I. conferred the honor of 
 knighthood. Raised by industr)' to opulence 
 and distinction, he was elected representative 
 for London, and in 1G38 was raised to the 
 inayoralty of the city, a high office, which he 
 adorned by the amiableness of his manners, 
 and the goodness of his heart. He died Jan. 
 10th, 1640. His son George was of Merton 
 college, -where he took the degree of LL.B. 
 1030, and he distinguished himself during 
 the civil wars in defending Caldecote Hall in 
 Warwickshire, against the attacks of prince 
 Maurice and Rupert. He died 1C48, Feb. 4, 
 aged 44. He published a paraphrase on Job 
 1640, — Vindicice Sabbati 1641, — brief notes 
 on the Psalms 1651. 
 
 Abbot, Robert, D. D. eldest brother of 
 the two preceding, was born at Guildford, 
 and educated at Baliol college. After a short 
 residence at Worcester, and at Bingham in 
 Nottinghamshire, he was elected master of 
 liis college 1609, wliere he supported the 
 respectability of his station by enforcing obe- 
 dience, regularity, and temperance in the 
 society. His eloquence as a jireacher re- 
 ■commended him to further patronage ; he 
 was appointed chaplain to the king, and re- 
 gius professor of divinity at O.xford, and in 
 this ofRce he neglected no opportunity' to sup- 
 port the reformation, and warn his audience 
 against tlie insinuations of popery. I^aud 
 ■was one of those who felt the severity of liis 
 oratory, and in a discourse in which the prea- 
 cher inveighed against the arts of i\n: puri- 
 tans and the friends of the Romish church, 
 the eyes of the audience were fixed upon the 
 future archbishop, and created confusion and 
 shame. On the vacancy of Salisbury, 1615, 
 the king rewarded the labors of Abbot by 
 nominating him to the sec, and he w;\:s con- 
 
 secrated by his brother at Lanibttli. The 
 infii-inities of a sedentary life however check- 
 ed the intended improvements and reformat 
 tioiis of the new prelate. Me di<'d March 
 'Jd, 1617, in his 5Slh year, and was one of 
 the live bisltops who in si\ successive years 
 were installed at Salisbury. He was buried 
 in his cathcdrrd. His writings though few 
 were principally conlrover. iai, and some ot' 
 his maimscripts were presented to the Bofl- 
 Ician Library, by Dr. Cfubet, who had mar> 
 ried one of his dangijter.'^, and who v. as rec- 
 tor of Haseley, O.xfordshire. 
 
 Abbt Thomas, the German translator of 
 Sallust, and the admired author of a treatise 
 " on merit," and of another ** of dying for 
 fine's coinitry," was boi-n at Ulm and died at 
 Ijuckeberg 1766, aged 28. 
 
 Abd A,LC.\DEn, a Persian, who was great- 
 ly I'evered by the mus.sulmans for his learn- 
 ing, his piety, and the sunclily of his manners. 
 His prayers breathed the spirit of (Christiani- 
 ty : Almighty Got!, said he, in his devotions, 
 I never forget thy bounty ; my adoration is 
 periietually directed to thee, deign therefore 
 sometimes to remember and pity my infir- 
 mities. 
 
 Abdallaii, father of Mahomet, was a 
 slave and a driver of camels, who however 
 possessed such merit according to the follow- 
 ers of the prophet, that his hand was solicited 
 in marriage by the fairest and the most vir- 
 tuous of the women of his tribe. He was then 
 in his 7.Tth or 85th year, but so universally 
 admired that on the night of his nuptials 100 
 young females expired in despair. His uife, 
 though long barren, at last became mother 
 of Mahomet. 
 
 Abdallah, son of Zfjbair, was proclaim- 
 ed caliph of Mecca and Medina, after the 
 expulsion of Ycsid. After enjoying the sove- 
 reignty for four years he was besieged in 
 Mecca by the successor of Yesid iuSyria, 
 and he was sacrificed to the ambition of his 
 rival, 733. 
 
 Abdallah, a son of Yesid, celebrated 
 as a mussulman lawyer in the 7th centurj'. 
 
 Abdallah, son of Abbas, cndeavorci 
 to raise his family on the ruins of the Ommi- 
 ades. lie was defeated by his rivals, and af- 
 terwards, on pretence of reconciliation, he 
 was perfidiously murdered 754. 
 
 Abdalmalek, son of Marvan, was 5th 
 caliph of the Ommiades, and began to reign 
 685. He surpassed his predecessors in mili- 
 tary exploits, and extended his power as far 
 as Spain in the west and India in the east. 
 His avarice however was unbounded. He was 
 called Abulzebab, because his breath was so 
 otfensive that it killed the very flies that set- 
 tled on his lijis. He reigned 21 years, and 
 was succeeded by Valid the eldest of his 16 
 sons. 
 
 Abdalmalek, the last of the caliphs of 
 the race of the Samanides, was dethroned 
 and murdered by ^Mahmoud 999, after a 
 bliort reign disgraced by effeminacy and 
 weakness. 
 
 Aedalrahmax or Abderames, r'icf. 
 Abderames. 
 
AB 
 
 AS 
 
 AcDAS, n IjlshoiMn Persia, who, by incon- 
 siderately abolisliing: a Pagaji temple of the 
 .>un, excited the public i)idi,2;niition against 
 liimseir and his religion, lie was the first 
 victim of a persecution which called for the 
 interference of Tlieodosius tlie younger in 
 iiavor of ihe Chrislians, and which during 50 
 years produced war, carnage, and desolation, 
 "between the Roman and Persian empires. 
 
 Abuemelek, king of Fez and Morocco, 
 was dethroned by his nephew Mahomet, but 
 by the assistance of the troops sent him by 
 the Sultan Selim, he defeated Sebastian king 
 of Portugal, who had landed in Africa to sup- 
 port the usurper. The two African mon- 
 archsand Sebastian fell on the field, 15/8. 
 
 Abderames, a caliph of the race of the 
 Ommiddes. He was invited into Spain by the 
 .Saracens who had revolted from Joseph, and 
 after he had conquered the whole kingdom 
 lie assumed the title of king of Corduba, and 
 the surname of Just, though his cruelties and 
 ravages were unequ.illeii in the Spanish his- 
 tory. He died 79(', after reigning 32 years. 
 
 Abderames, a Saracen general of the 
 caliph Hescham, who after conquering Spain 
 penetrated into Atpiitain and Poitou, and 
 ■was at last defeated by Charles Martel near 
 Poitiers, 732. 
 
 Abderames, a petty prince in tlie king- 
 dom of Morocco, lie murdered Amadin his 
 predecessor and nejihcw, and was himself 
 after a long reign assassinated by a chieftain 
 ■whose death he meditated because he presu- 
 med to court his daughter, 1505. 
 
 Abdias, a native of Baljylon, who preten- 
 ded to be one of the 72 disciples of our Sa- 
 viour. He wrote a legendary treatise called 
 Ilistoriacertaminis Apostolici, which was ed- 
 ited and translated into Latin by Wolfgang 
 Lazius, Basil 1571, and is full of contradic- 
 tion and absurdity. 
 
 Abdissi, a patriarch of Assyria, wlio 
 paid homage to pope Pius IV. 15G2, and ex- 
 tended the power of the Romish church in 
 the east 
 
 Abdolonymus, a SIdonian of the royal 
 family, taken fi'om the obscure occupation 
 of gardener and placed on the throne by Al- 
 exander the Great. 
 
 Abdo.v, a Pei-sian, who suffered martyr- 
 dom in support of Christianity under the per- 
 secution of Decius, 250. 
 
 Abdulmumex, a man of obscure origin, 
 but of superior talents, who seized the crown 
 of Morocco, by destroying the royal family 
 of tlie Alraoravide race, and wlio extended 
 his «Iominions by the conquest of Tunis, Fez, 
 and Tremecen. He meditated the invasion 
 of Spain, wlien death stopped his career 
 11 50. I lis son Joseph II. carried liis views of 
 ambition into effect. 
 
 Abei.li.e, Caspard, a native of Riez in 
 Pi-ovence, 1S48. His wit procured him the 
 iViendahipof the marechal de Luxembourgh, 
 who at his «leath recommended him to the 
 prince of Conti, and the duke de Vendome. 
 llis animated conversation proved agreeable 
 to his patrons, and his witticisms were at- 
 tended with peeuliar effect when delivered 
 
 with all the grimace of a Avrinklcd and de- 
 formed countenance, artfully distorted^ to ex- 
 ])resss the most ludiprous and comic ejacula- 
 tions. He was at the head of a prioi-y, and 
 had a place in the French academy. Besides 
 odes and epistles he w rote several tragedies, 
 one comedy, and two operas, in a style lan- 
 guid, puerile, and uninteresting. He died at 
 Paris, 21st May, 1718. 
 
 A BEILLE, Scipio, brother of the prece- 
 ding, was surgeon in the regiment of Picardy, 
 and he published an excellent history of the 
 bones, 12mo. 1G85, besides some poetry and 
 a treatise relative to the employment vihich 
 he held in the army, in 12mo. 1069. He died 
 1C97. 
 
 Abel, second son of Adam, was cruelly 
 massacred by his brother Cain, because his 
 sacrifice was accepted by the Almighty witU 
 greater favor than that of his murdei-er. 
 This remarkable portion of sacred history 
 has been beautifnly enlarged upon iii the ele- 
 gant and interesting performance of Gesner 
 the German poet- 
 
 Abel, king of Denmark, andsonofVal- 
 dimar II. quarrelled with his eldest brother 
 Ei'ic, and when he had invited him to a re- 
 conciliation he ferociously murdered him and 
 usurped liis throne 1250. He was killed ia. 
 battle two yeai's after, during an insurrection 
 of the Prisons, occasioned by his extortions 
 and th'^ severity of his taxes. 
 
 Abel, Frederick Gottfried, a native of 
 Halberstadt, who abandoned divinity for the 
 pursuit of medicine, and took his doctor's de- 
 gree at Konigsberg 1744. He published a po- 
 etical translation of JuvenalJn German 1788, 
 and after practising with great success in his 
 native town died there 1794 aged 80. 
 
 Abel, Charles Frederick, an eminent mu- 
 sician whose performances on the viol di- 
 gamba were iTiuch admired. He died 20th 
 June 17S7. 
 
 Abe la, John Francis, a commander of the 
 order of Malta, known by an excellent work 
 called Malta illustrata in four books in folio 
 1647, in which he gives an account of the 
 island. 
 
 Abelard, Peter, a native of Palais neav 
 Nantz in Britany, born 1079, who became 
 celebrated for his learning and his misfor- 
 tunes. Blest with a retentive memory and 
 great acuteness of genius he made unusual 
 progress in logic, and wielded the w eapons 
 of subtile disputation with admirable dexter- 
 ity. After being the pupil and fi'iend of 
 William de Champeaux, a famous professor 
 of philosophy at Paris, he declared himself 
 his rival, and opened a school at ^Iclun, 
 which he afterwards rcioved to Cabeil, 
 where the display of his abilities drew num- 
 bei's of pujiils, and added stability to his re- 
 putation. Illness, however, interrupted his 
 career, and after two years spent with his 
 family in Britany he returned to Paris, and 
 by the superiority of his mental powers he 
 had the interest to gain the professorial 
 chair which the successor of Champeaux re- 
 signed to become the pupil of this famous 
 logician. But envy soon drove faim from his 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 flcvtUion, auil nftcr violent srt-Uf^glcs wIlIi 
 Cl>ampcau\ and liis partisans, Al)uianl aban- 
 doned the- Held and pclii-id to liaon, wliert- lit- 
 applied liiiiisilt to the study of di\init}. 
 Here he bron^^lit on himself the resentment 
 of Anselni, who (!eliver«(! lectures on theol- 
 ogv, and he apain rt.tirid to I'liris, where 
 his explanations of Rzekiel gsithcrcd around 
 h ni then-spect and the attention of a cro^^d- 
 ed audience. Naturally vain of his pcison, 
 ■which was elegant, f,'raeeful, and engayin},', 
 nnd not unconscious ol' the re])utati(in wliifi\ 
 his Icaniiu;; had ac(juireil, he listened to the 
 applauses of one sex, and received with avid- 
 ity the admiration and the praises of the 
 other. Ilis success had J'enilered him opu- 
 lent ; hut amongst those whose favors he hoas- 
 led he cotdd i;am, he selccteil Ileloise, whom 
 her uncle Fulhert, a canon of Paris, was ani- 
 hitious to render as superior to her sex in 
 K-arning as she was in personal cliarms. With 
 tliis view the artful Abclard was easily per- 
 suaded to hoard in the house, and he was 
 now intrusted with the education of the ob- 
 ject of his heart, w hose improvement he 
 -was exhorted by the unthinking Fulbert to 
 promote by compulsion and even by stripes. 
 The moments intended for mental instruc- 
 tion were soon devoted to love, and, as he 
 says himself, our studies now furnished us 
 •\vith that privacy and retirement which our 
 passion desired. In this enjoyment of un- 
 lawful pleasures Abelard forgot the duties of 
 his pul)lic life for the company of Ilcloisc ; his 
 lectures were delivered with unconcern and 
 remissness, and soon his pupils ceased tofre- 
 rinent his school. The passion of the lovers 
 however was unveiled to the public eye, but 
 Pulbert alone remained unconscious of the 
 •guilt of the preceptor until the situation of 
 the unfortunate Heloise at last tilled him with 
 remorse and resentment. Abelard fled from 
 the liouse, and persuaded soon after Heloise 
 to retire to his sister's house in Britany, 
 Avhere she gave birth to a son, whom she cal- 
 led Astrolabus. The indignation of the un- 
 cle was pacified by offers of marriage from 
 Abelard, who wished probably to recover 
 the public esteem rather than to regain the 
 confidence of Fulbert ; and Heloise, though 
 actuated by th.e singidar wish of being the 
 mistress rather tium the wMfe of the man she 
 loved, M itli difiiculty consented. The nup- 
 tial blessing w as pronounced in private ; hut 
 Avhilst Fulbert wished the union to be pub- 
 licly known, Heloise disdained to acknow- 
 ledge it, and even solemnly denied it with an 
 oath. Her conduct irritated Fulbert, and 
 Abelard remove<l her from his pursuit to the 
 convent of Argenteuil, where she assumed 
 the religious liabit but not the veil. This 
 however incensed the resentment of her 
 family, who seemed to dread further treach- 
 ery from the lovers, and ruffians were hired 
 by their intrigues, w ho in the dead of night 
 introduced themselves into the unsuspecting 
 Imsband's chamber and inhumanly deprived 
 him of his manhood. Abelard tied upon 
 this to a cloister, w here he concealed his 
 t'Onfusion from the public eye by assuming 
 
 llic habit of St. Dennis. Here the immoral- 
 ity of the monks roused liis indignatictu, and 
 after he had wandered oiithe territories of 
 the count of Cliauipagne, and been exposed to 
 the persecution of an cctlesiaslical council at 
 Sfiissons, he retired lo a solitary jdace in iliu- 
 diocese of Troves, where he built an orato- 
 ry ; to which he g:ive the name of the Pa- 
 raclete. His rei)Utation and his misfortunes 
 here drew around hin> a number of pupils, 
 and hy his eloquence the solitude of his re- 
 sidence was converted into a i)0]>ular assem- 
 lilage of theologians and |ihilosophci-s. New 
 persecutions however again awaited him ; 
 St. Bernard attacked him with such \iru- 
 lence and envy, that he left 'J'royes and fled 
 to the abbey of Knis in the diocese of Van- 
 nes, where the monks had elected him their 
 superior. It might how ever be some conso- 
 lation to hinj in his misfortunes to dedicate 
 the Paraclete to the residence of Heloise and 
 her sister nuns, who had been driven from 
 Argenteuil. He had scarcely entered upon 
 his ofllce at Kuis than the monks, whose dis- 
 sipated morals he wished to reform, began to 
 persecute him, anrl even to attempt his life 
 by ])oison. His Avritings on the Trinity like- 
 wise brought upon him the accusation of 
 heresy from the archbishop of Sens, and as:^ 
 lie demanded to make his defence, a council 
 was assembled, m which Lewis YII. assisted, 
 and St. Bernard appeared as the accuser. 
 Abelard was terrified at the solcmuit)- of the 
 scene, and, instead of defending liimself, he 
 declared, that he appealed to Rome, and iiu- 
 mediutely left the assembly. His conduct 
 was considered r.r; irreverent, and as a proof 
 of his guilt; and pope Innocent II. was so- 
 licited by the council to condemn his wri- 
 tings to the flames, and his person to perpet- 
 ual imprisonment. The sentence however 
 was delayed by the intercession of Peter the 
 venerable abbot of Clugni. Abclanl was re- 
 ceived again into the bosom of the church 
 and even reconciled to his persecutor St. 
 Bernard. In the peaceful retreat of Clugni, 
 in the company and friendship of Peter, who 
 had received the melancholy wanderer with 
 hospitality and compassion, the husband of 
 Heloise forgot his mi-sfoi-tunes, and in his in- 
 tercourse with the monks he exemplified the 
 virtues of humility and resignation, which he 
 fretjuently enforced to them with the elo- 
 quence of youth. He died soon after at the 
 abbey at St. Marcelluson the Saon near Cha- 
 lons, April 'ilst, 114-, in the fiod year of hi'= 
 age-, and his remains were claimed by the un- 
 fortunate Heloise, who deposited tliem ia 
 the Paraclete, and who, while she paid 
 honor to his memory- as the founder of her 
 house, still remembered him with the keen- 
 ness of anguish as the tbrmer object of her 
 love. She survived him till the l"th May,- 
 1 1 63, and Avas buried in the same tomb, where 
 her bones still repose, though removed to a 
 different part of the church ; and an inscrip- 
 tion and monument, raised by madame dc 
 Courcy, the abbess, in I'SO, point out the- 
 venerated spot. The loves of Abel.ird anH 
 Heloise have been immortalized by the peii 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 of Pope ; but the genius of tliC |ioct however 
 biilliant cannot throw a veil over the iailJngs 
 of tlie man. If we execrate the conduct of 
 Abdordto Heloise while in the house of Fnl- 
 bert, we cannot but contemplate with in- 
 creased indignation the coldness and indif- 
 ference with which he treats in his letters the 
 affections and the friendship of the abbess of 
 the Paraclete. Whilst he languished during 
 the decline of life under the unmanly ven- 
 geance of Fuibert, he forgot that il eloise 
 once virtuous had sacrificed her name, her 
 honor, and happiness to his passion. The 
 •writings of Abelard are mostly on divinity or 
 logical subjects, but his letters excite inter- 
 est from the sensibility, the animation, and 
 tlie elegance w hicli IJeloise has infused into 
 them. A voluminous life of these two lov- 
 ers has been published in Englisli by 13^-ing- 
 ton. 
 
 A B EI. L, John, an English musician, knoAvn 
 for a fine countertenor voice, and his skill on 
 the lute. Charles II. in whose service lie was, 
 intended to send him to Venice, to convince 
 the Italians of the musical powers of an Eng- 
 lishman, but the scheme was dropped, and 
 Abell at the revolu' ion was dismissed from 
 the chapel royal for his attachment to pope- 
 ry. He quitted England, and after various 
 adventures in Holland and Germany, in the 
 midst of opulence and of poverty, he atlast 
 reached Warsaw where he was invited to 
 court. He evaded the invitation, till obliged 
 to attend in consequence of a second order, 
 he found himself in the midst of a large hall, 
 seated in a chair which was suddetdy drawn 
 up opposite a gallery were the king j-ppcared 
 •witli his nobles. At the same instant a num- 
 ber of bears were let loose below, and the ter- 
 rified musician Avas ordered by the king to 
 choose either to sing or be let down among 
 the ferocious animals. Abell chose to sing, 
 and afterwards declared he never exerted 
 himself with such successful powers befoi'e. 
 He returned to England, where he published 
 a collection of songs dedicated to king Wil- 
 liam 1701. He visited Cambridge in queen 
 Anne's reign, but did not meet with the pat- 
 i-onage he expected. The time of his deatli 
 is unknown. He is su]iposed to have had 
 some secret by which he preserved tiie natu- 
 ral powers of his voice to his last moments. 
 
 Abell A, a female writer born at Salerne 
 in the reign of Charles of Anjou. A«nong 
 other books on medicine she wrote a trea- 
 tise de atra bili. 
 
 A BELL I, Lewis, a native of Vcxin Fran- 
 cols, who was made hiohop of Rhodes. Af- 
 ter three year.s' residence he abdicated his 
 cpiscoj»al office, and chose rather to live ui 
 ■privacy at St. Lazare in i^aris, in the bosom 
 of literary ease. He died tht re 1091 in his 
 SSthyear. He published among other works 
 Medulla theologica, and his works are often 
 quoted by the protestants i^gainst the elo- 
 quence of Los-suet and of the catholics, in 
 the support of their worship of the urgin. 
 The style of Abelli was hai-sh and inelegant, 
 
 Aqendana, Jacob, a Spani.sh Jew mIio 
 died 1685, prefect of the synagogue in Lon- 
 
 don. He wrote a Specileglum, or Hebrew 
 expl.^mation of select passages in the scrip- 
 tures, much esteemed, and published at Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 Abenezra, Abraham, a Spauish rabbi, 
 surnamed the wise, great and admirable, for 
 the extent of his learning. Though skilled 
 in geometry, astronomy, and poetry, he pre- 
 ferred the explanation of the scriptures, in 
 which his zeal was often manifested by the 
 boldness of his conjectures. His commenta- 
 ries arc highly valued, and also his Jesud 
 mora, in whicli he recommends the study of 
 the Talmud. He died 1174, aged about'75, 
 after having acquired and deserved the re- 
 putation of one of the greatest men of his 
 age ;;nd nation. 
 
 Abengnefil, an Arabian physician of 
 the ICtb century, who wrote a treatise de 
 virtutibus medicinarum and ciborum, little 
 known, folio, Venice 158L 
 
 Abenmelek, a learned rabbi who wrote 
 in Hebrew a commentary on the bible which 
 he called the perfection of beauty, Amster- 
 dam 1661 in folio, translated into Latin ia 4to. 
 and 8vo. 
 
 Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, an English 
 general celebrated for his braver''. He ear- 
 ly devoted himself to the military service, 
 and in 1760 obtained a lieutenancy in the 
 third of dragoon guards, and two years af- 
 ter lie became captain of the third regiment 
 of horse, and in 1773 lieutenant-colonel of 
 that corps. As his ambition was to distin- 
 guish himself in the service of his country 
 he studied tlie duties of the military profes- 
 sion, and when he rose to the title of major- 
 general in 1787, the i-ank was due to his mer- 
 its and to his experience. When, in the re- 
 volutionary war of France, England deter- 
 mined to support the cause of Austria and 
 of humanity, Sir Ralph was one of the gal- 
 lant officers employed, and in the famous 
 action on the heights of Catcau he conduct- 
 ed himself with such bravery that lie was 
 pai'ticularly noticed in the dispatches of the 
 royal commander in cliief. Ever foremost 
 in feats of danger or glory. Sir Ralph was 
 slightly wounded at the affair of Nimeguen ; 
 and in the winter of 17'J6, when the treache- 
 ry of the Dutch rendered the continuance of 
 the English troops no longer necessary in 
 Holland, he had the care of the retreat of his 
 brave countryrneiL So much valor did not 
 pass unrewarded with the mini.strv; after 
 supporting the honor of the British arms in 
 the West Indies as commander in cldef and 
 reducing several of the enemies colonies, he 
 was made a knight of the bath, governor of 
 the Isle of Wight and forts (icorge and Au- 
 gustus, and raised to the rank of lieutenant- 
 general. When Ireland was distracted by 
 faction, and a prey to seditious leadei-s, no 
 officer seemed better calculated to restore 
 order and confidence, and to suppress rebel- 
 lion tl>.an Sir Ralph : and during his resi- 
 dence in the sister island his whole time was 
 laudably devoted to the health and discipline 
 of his troojjs and to the re-cstablishmcnt of 
 concord and mutual attacliment among the. 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 native IrisU. In the attack mndo on Holland 
 hy the Kiij^lisli Sir Ralph l)()i-c a i«)nspicu<tns 
 part, antl tlie laiiilinj; at the llrldcr and the 
 Buhsofiuent actions evinced not only the hra- 
 verv of his troops, hut the jiidit ions ariancje- 
 inciitand military Hkill ot their heroic leader, 
 "ivhose abilities even the French tlieinselves 
 ■were eaj^er to admire and commend. In the 
 E};yi>tian expedition, the popularity ol" llie 
 veteran chiel' marked liim as destined to 
 gather fresh laur>.;i.s for his country. After 
 ii lontj dilay on tlie shores of the Mediter- 
 ranean, which seemed to arf^ue almost timi- 
 ility, Sir Ralph soon con\inced the enemy 
 thai ever> nolile e.vertion in the field of hon- 
 or and j;lorv can be e.xpected from a British 
 army. He landed at Aboukir, in sj)ite of the 
 obstinate oj)position of the French, eighth 
 JNIarch ISOl, and advanced boldly towards 
 Alexandiia. On the 2lst Mai-ch a bloody 
 I)attle was fousj;ht between the two armies, 
 :uid the Fivncb, who had attemptcti to seize 
 tlie English by surprise, found themselves 
 unable to withstand the impetuosity of their 
 opponents, and retired dismayed and con- 
 <]\icred. This brilliant victory however was 
 clearly bought; Sir Ralph, wliilst animating 
 Jiis troops, received a musket ball in the hip, 
 and died seven days after on board the fleet. 
 His remains were conveyed to Malta, and 
 there interred in the great church, whei-e a 
 jioble monument with a becoming inscrip- 
 tion records his meritorious services. This 
 illustrious hero, whose character was so 
 •well delineated by his brave successor Lord 
 Hutchinson, received in his decendants the 
 Hoblest marks of respect which a grateful 
 people can pay. The applauses of the na- 
 tion were seconded • by the approbation of 
 the king and the parliament ; and the hon- 
 ors of the peerage were granted to his wi- 
 dow and to his children. Sir Ralph was des- 
 cended from an ancient and respectable fa- 
 mily in Scotland, and one of his brothers, 
 likewise engaged in the military service of 
 his country, fell at the melancholy affair of 
 Bunker's hill in the American war. Anoth- 
 er brother has also acquired high distinction 
 in the army. Sir Ralph was member of 
 parliament for Kinross from 1774 to 1780. 
 
 A B ERG ROM BY, Thomas, M. U. a native of 
 Forfar, who after studying medicine in the 
 uoiversities of Saint Andrews and Leyden, 
 became physician to James II. by renouncing 
 the protestant religion. The revolution soon 
 after dismissed Lim from the court, and he 
 applied himself to celebrate the martial 
 achievements of Scotland in '2 vols. fol. in the 
 1st of which he is fabulous and disgustisg, but 
 in the '2d learned aod instructive, and well 
 ac(juainted with the history of the l4th and 
 15th centuries. He wrote besides a treatise 
 on wit, no longer known; but he never dis- 
 tinguished himself in his profession. He di- 
 ed 172G aged 70, and was buried in ilolyrood- 
 house abbey. 
 
 Abernethy, John, a dissenting minis- 
 ter, born at Coleraine in Ireland, October 
 19th, 1680. Hc'was early removed to Scot- 
 lami where lie escaped the miseries wliich 
 
 bis (iimily endured at the siege of Derry ; aftj 
 after he had finished his studies at the uni- 
 versity of (Jhtsgow, and «jbt;dned the degree 
 of M. A. lie returned to Ireland, and whh sooa 
 after appf>inte«l mitiistc i- of t be dissenting con- 
 gregation of Antrim. His altemptu to convert 
 the catholics in his neighborhood met withi 
 success; but the concerns of religion were 
 fora while disregarded whilst he pursued witU 
 more zeal than prudence the views of the 
 Belfast nonconformists, a society whose mea- 
 sures w«juld have eventually pr(»ved dange- 
 rous to the peace and ti-an<piillity of the conn- 
 try. Uni»opiilarity was the consecpience of 
 these rash [jroceedings, and Aberneth}', aban- 
 doned by i)is congregation and forsaken by 
 his friends, retirc<l to Dublin, where lie he- 
 came the pastor of a small society in Wood- 
 street, and for ten years displayed modera- 
 tion in oi)inions and exemplary manners. 
 lie died of the gout December 1740 in the 
 60th year of his age. lie left several vol- 
 umes of sermons much esteemed, which 
 were published 174S, and to which an ac- 
 count of his life was prefixed. 
 
 Abgarus, a king of Edessa, famous for 
 the letter which he is said to have sent to our 
 Saviour, and for the answer he received. 
 This legend, first divulged by Eusebius, who 
 asserted that he copied it from the public 
 records of Edessa, has been sufticienth' re- 
 futed b}-- Spanheim, Du Pin, and Larilner, 
 though supported by Cave and Pearson as 
 founded on fact. 
 
 Abgillus, son of the king of the Frisii, 
 was surnamed Prester John. He was in the 
 Holy land with Charlemagne, and afterwards 
 it is said went to Abyssinia where he made 
 extensive conquests. He is the reputed au- 
 thor of a history of his journey and of that of 
 Charlemagne into the East. 
 
 Abiathar, son of Abimelech, was tUo 
 high priest of the Jews, and the friend and 
 fellow sufferer of David. After that mon- 
 arch's death he espoused the cause of Adoni- 
 jah, in consequence of which ho was depo- 
 sed from his office by the successful prince 
 Solomon and sent into banishment 1U14 B. C 
 
 Abigail, wife of Nabal, averted by her 
 submissive demeanor the vengance which 
 her husband's insolence towards David had 
 brought upon him. The monarch, struck 
 with her beauty, married her after Nabal's 
 death 1057 B. C. 
 
 Abijah, son of Rchoboam, was king of 
 Judah after his father 958 years before 
 Christ. He made war against .le.-oboam 
 king of Israel, and defeated him, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Asa one of his '22 sons. 
 
 Abiosi, John, an Italian physician and as- 
 tronomer, at the beginning of the loth cen- 
 tury. His dialogue on astrology was in great, 
 esteem. 
 
 AblancourTjT^V/. Perrot. 
 
 Able or Abel, ThoiTias, a chaplain at the 
 court of Henry VHI. His attachment to the 
 cause of queen Catherine, whose innooe'nce 
 he ably supported, brought upon him tKc re- 
 sentment of the tyrant. He was accused a3 
 conccTftod in the affair of th^ holy jn^^id of 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 of Pope ; but the genius of the ]ioet however 
 b)il1iant cannot throw a veil over tlie lailings 
 of the man. If ue execrate tlic conduct of 
 Abc!:n'<i to Heloise -while in the house of Ful- 
 bert, ^ve cannot but contemplate whh in- 
 creased indignation the coldness and indif- 
 ference Avith ^^•^lich he treats in his letters the 
 nffections and the fricndshiii of the abbess of 
 the Paraclete. Whilst lie languished during 
 the decline of life under the unmanly ven- 
 geance of Fuib«'i-t, he forgot that Heloise 
 once virtuous liad sacrificed her name, her 
 honor, and happiness lo his passion. Tiie 
 ivritingsof Abeianl are mostly on divinity oi- 
 logical subjects, but his letters excite inter- 
 est from the sensibility, the animation, and 
 tlie elegance which lieluise has infused into 
 them. A Yoluminous life of these two lov- 
 ers has been published in English by Bv..ing- 
 ton. 
 
 A BELL, John, an English musician, knoAvn 
 for a fine countertenor voice, and his skill on 
 the lute. Charles II. inwliose service he was, 
 intended to send him to Venice, to convince 
 the Italians of the musical powers of an Eng- 
 lishman, but the scheme was drfti)ped, and 
 Abell at the rcvolu' ion was dismissed from 
 the chapel royal for his attachment to pope- 
 ry. He quilted England, and after various 
 adventures in Holland and Germany, in tl)e 
 midst of opulence and of poverty, he at last 
 reached Warsaw w iiere he was invited to 
 court. He evaded the invitation, till obliged 
 to attend in consequence of a second order, 
 lie found himself in the midst of a large hall, 
 seated in a chair which was suddenly drawn 
 up opposite a gallery were the king {appeared 
 with his nobles. At tlie same instant a num- 
 ber of bears were let loose below, and the ter- 
 rified musician was ordered by the king to 
 choose either to sing or he let down among 
 the ferocious animals. Abell chose to sing, 
 and afterwards declared he never exerted 
 himself with such successful powers befoi'e. 
 He returned to England, where he published 
 a collection of songs dedicated to king Wil- 
 liam 1701. He visited Cambridge in queen 
 Anne's reign, but did not meet with the pat- 
 ronage he expected. The time of his death 
 is unknown. He is supposed to have had 
 some secret by which he preserved the natu- 
 r:\\ ])Owei*s of his voice to his last moments. 
 
 Abella, a female writer born at Salernc 
 in the reign of Cliarles <jf Anjou. Among 
 other bonks on medicine she wrote a trea- 
 tise de atra bili. 
 
 Abelj.i, Lewi.s, a native of Vcxin Fran- 
 cols, who was made bishop of Rhodes. Af- 
 ter three years' residence he abdicated his 
 episcopal office, and chose rather to live in 
 "privacy at St. Lazare in Paris, in the bosom 
 of literary ease. He died tht re lOOI in his 
 SSthyear. He published aniongother works 
 Medulla theologica, and his works are often 
 (pioted by the protcstants i^guinst the eio- 
 qucnce of lios.>,uet and of the calhoiics, in 
 the supi)ort of their worship of the "irgin. 
 The style of Abelli was hai-sh and inelegant, 
 
 Adendaxa, Jacob, a Spanish Jew who 
 died I68.'i, prefect of the synagogue in Lon- 
 
 age 
 
 dou. He wrote a Specilegium, or Hebrew 
 explanation of select passages in the scrip- 
 tures, much esteemed, and published at Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 Abenezra, Abraham, a Spauisli rabbi, 
 surnamed the wise, great and admirable, for 
 the extent of his learning. Thougli skilled 
 in geometry, astronomy, and poeti'y, he pre- 
 ferred the explanation of the scriptures, in 
 which his zeal was often manifested by the 
 boldness of his conjectures. His commenta- 
 ries are highly valued, and also his Jesud 
 mora, in Avhich he recommends the study of 
 the Talmud. He died 1174, aged about'75, 
 after having acquired and deserved the re- 
 putation of one of the greatest men of his 
 nd nation. 
 
 Abengnefil, an Arabian physician of 
 the V2ih century, who wi'Ote a treatise de 
 virtutibus medicinarum and ciborum, little 
 known, foho, Venice 1581. 
 
 Abenmelek, a learned i-abbi who wrote 
 in Hebrew a commentary on the bible which 
 he called the perfection of beauty, Amster- 
 dam 1661 in folio, translated into Latin ia 4to. 
 and Svo. 
 
 Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, an English 
 general celebrated for his bravei":. He ear- 
 ly devoted himself to the military service, 
 and in 1760 obtained a lieutenancy in the 
 tiiird of dragoon guards, and two years af- 
 ter he became captain of the third regiment 
 of liorse, and in 1773 lieutenant-colonel of 
 that corps. As his ambition was to distin- 
 guish himself in the service of liis country- 
 he studied the duties of the military profes- 
 sion, and when he rose to the title of major- 
 general in 1787, the rank was due to his mer- 
 its and to his experience. When, in the re- 
 volutionary war of Fj'ance, England deter- 
 mined to support the cause of Austria and 
 of humanity. Sir Ralph was one of the gal- 
 lant officers employed, and in the famous 
 action on the heights of Catcau he conduct- 
 ed himself with such bravery that lie was 
 prirticularly noticed in the dispatches of the 
 royal commander in cliicf. Ever foremost 
 in feats of danger or glorj-. Sir Ralph was 
 slightly wounded at the affair of Nimeguen ; 
 and in the winter of 1706, when the treache- 
 ry of the Dutch rendered the continuance of 
 tiie English troops no longer necessary in 
 Holland, he had the care of the retreat of his 
 brave countrymen. So much valor did not 
 pass unrewarded with the ministry; after 
 supporting the honor of the British arms in 
 the West Indies as commamlcr in chief and 
 reducing several of the enemies colonies, he 
 was made a knight of the bath, governor of 
 the Isle of \\'iglit and forts (icfn-ge nn<l Au- 
 gustus, and raised to the rank of lieutenant- 
 general. AVIien Ireland was distracted by 
 faction, and a prey to seditious leaders, no 
 officer seemed better calculated to restore 
 order and confidence, and to suppress rebel- 
 lion than Sir Ralph : and during his resi- 
 dence in the sister island his Avhole time was 
 laudably devoted to the health and discipline 
 of his troo])s and to the re-establishment of 
 concord and mutual attachment among tlic. 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 native Irisli. In the attack made on Holland 
 by tliu English Sir Ralph Ixti-c a f«)iispiciu)us 
 part, and tlie landing =*^ l^''^" Htlder and llic 
 Bubsoquent actions evinced not only the hi-a- 
 verv ot" his troops, but the judicious ananRe- 
 ineiitand military nkill ot their heroic leader, 
 •whose abilities even the French tiiemselves 
 ■were eaj^er to admire and commend. In the 
 K}!;yi>liau expedition, the popularity of the 
 veteran chief tuai ked him as destined to 
 gather li-esh laurels for his country. After 
 a loiiijj delay (m tlie shores of the Mediter- 
 ranean, which seemed to arj^ue almost timi- 
 dily, Sir Ralph soon consinced the enemy 
 that everv uotile e.\ertion in the field of iion- 
 iiv and glory can be expected from a British 
 army. Me landed at Aboukir, in spite of the 
 obstinate opposition of the French, eighth 
 JNIarch ISOl, and advanced boldly towards 
 Alexandiia. On the 2lst March a bloody 
 I)attle was foughi between the two armies, 
 :uu] the Fi-inch, who had attempted to seize 
 the English by surprise, found themselves 
 unable to withstand the impetuosity of their 
 opponents, and i"etired dismayed and con- 
 quered. This brilliant victory however was 
 dearly bought; Sir Ralph, whilst animating 
 Jiis troops, received a musket ball in the hip, 
 and died seven days after on board the fleet. 
 His remains were conveyed to Malta, and 
 there interred in the great church, where a 
 noble monument with a becoming inscrip- 
 tion records his meritorious services. This 
 illustrious hero, whose character was so 
 •well delineated by his brave successor Lord 
 Hutchinson, received in his decendants the 
 noblest marks of respect which a grateful 
 people can pay. The applauses of the na- 
 tion were seconded - by the approbation of 
 the king and the parliament; and the hon- 
 ors of the peerage were granted to his wi- 
 dow and to his children. Sir Ralph was des- 
 cended from an ancient and respectable fa- 
 mily in Scotland, and one of his brothers, 
 likewise engaged in the military service of 
 Iiis country, fell at the melancholy affair of 
 Bunker's hill in the American war. Anoth- 
 er brother has also acquired high distinction 
 in the army. Sir Ralph was member of 
 parliament for Kinross from 1774 to 1780. 
 
 Abercrom BY, Thomas, M. D. a native of 
 Forfar, who after studying medicine in the 
 uoiversities of Saint Andrews and Leyden, 
 became physician to James II. by renouncing 
 the protestant religion. The revolution soon 
 after dismissed bim from the court, and he 
 applied himself to celebrate the martial 
 achievements of Scotland in "2 vols. fol. in the 
 1st of which he is fabulous and disgusting, but 
 in the '2d learned aud instructive, and well 
 acquainted with the history of the 14th and 
 ISth centuries. He wrote besides a treatise 
 on wit, no longer known; hut he never dis- 
 tinguished himself in his profession. He di- 
 ed 172G aged 70, aud was buried in Holyrood- 
 liouse abbey. 
 
 Abernethy, John, a dissenting minis- 
 
 fer, born at Coleraine in Ireland, October 
 
 I9th, 1680. He^was early removed to Scot- 
 
 laml where he escaped the miseries w]uch 
 
 \'OT,. t. "-^ 
 
 bis liimily endured at the siege oCDerrj ; afid 
 after he had finished his studies at the uni- 
 versity of (jlasgow, and obtjined the degree 
 of \l. A. lie returned to Ireland, and waH booa 
 after appointed njitiistt i- of t be dissenting con- 
 gregation of Antrim, ilis attempts to convert 
 the catholics in his neighborhood met withi 
 success; but the concerns of religion were 
 fora while disregarded whilst he pursued witli 
 more zeal than prudence the views of the 
 Belfast nonconformists, a society whose mea- 
 sures would have eventually proved dange- 
 rous to the peace and tranquillity of the coun- 
 try. Unpopularity was the consecjuence of 
 these rash proceedings, and Abernetliy, aban- 
 doned by his congregation and forsaken by 
 his friends, retired to Dublin, where lie be- 
 came the pastor of a small society in Wood- 
 street, and for ten years displayed modera- 
 tion in opinions and exemplary manners. 
 lie died of the gout December 1740 in the 
 60th year of his age. He left several vol- 
 umes of sermons much esteemed, which 
 were published 1748, and to which an ac- 
 count of his life was prefixed. 
 
 Abgarus, a king of Edessa, famous for 
 the letter which he is said to have sent to our 
 Saviour, and for the answer he received. 
 This legend, first divulged by Eusebius, who 
 asserted that he copied it from the public 
 recoi'ds of Edessa, has been sufficiently re- 
 futed b)"^ Spanheim, Du Fin, and Lardner, 
 though supported by Cave and Pearson as 
 founded on fact. 
 
 Abgillus, son of the king of the Frisii, 
 was surnamed Prester John. He was in the 
 Holy land with Charlemagne, and afterwards 
 it is said went to Abyssinia where he made 
 extensive conquests. He is the reputed au- 
 thor of a history of his journey and of that of 
 Charlemagne into the East. 
 
 Abiathar, son of Abimelech, was tho 
 high priest of the Jews, and the friend and 
 fellow sufferer of David. After that mon- 
 arch's death he espoused the cause of Adoni- 
 jah, in consequence of Avhich ho was depo- 
 sed from his office by the successful prince 
 Solomon and sent into banishment 1U14 R. C. 
 
 Abigail, wiie of Nabal, averted by hei* 
 submissive demeanor the vengance which 
 her husband's insolence towards David had 
 brought upon him. The monarch, struck 
 with her beauty, married her after Nabal'a 
 death 1057 B. 0. 
 
 Abxjah, son of Rchoboam, was king of 
 Judah after his father 958 years before 
 Christ. He made war against Jeroboam, 
 king of Israel, and defeated him, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Asa one of his '22 sons. 
 
 Abiosi, John, an Italian physician and as- 
 tronomer, at the beginning of the loth cen- 
 tury. His dialogue on astrology was in great 
 esteem. 
 
 ABLANCOURTjWd'. PeRROT. 
 
 Able or Abel, Thomas, a chaplain at the 
 court of Henry VTII. His attachment to the 
 cause of queen Catherine, whose innoce'nce 
 he ably supported, brought upon him tKe re- 
 sentment of the tyrant. He w as accused a3 
 conccj'flod in the affair of the holy jn^id of 
 
AB 
 
 AB 
 
 Kent, ftudaftcrwarils by \he king's order he I 
 was sentenced lo die on pretence of deny- 
 ing his supremacy. He was executed July 
 30th, 1540. His writings are now lost. 
 
 Ab.'^ek, so;» of Ner, v as Saul's uncle, and 
 his faithful general. After the monarch's 
 death, he wished to place Ibhboshetli on the 
 thi-one, but afterwards followed the cause of 
 David, M'honi he served with fidelity and 
 honor. He was perfidiously slain by Joab, 
 and buried with great nuignificence by his 
 master, who honored his I'emains with an 
 epitaph, 1048 B. C. 
 
 Aboi'bekkr, vid. Abubeker. 
 
 Abougehel, one of the enemies of Ma- 
 homet and of his religion. Though his son 
 Acramas became a convert to the tenets of 
 the impostor, yet the father was for ever 
 shut out from the blessings of paradise ; and 
 so violent is the resentment of the mussul- 
 mans against this first enemy of their pro- 
 phet, that they call the fruit coloquiiitida, or 
 cucumis asininus, in contempt, the melon of 
 Abougehel. 
 
 Acou-HAxiFAH, surnamed Al-nooman, 
 a celebrated doctor among the mussuh^ians, 
 born in the SOth year of the hegira. Though 
 he was imprisoned at Bagdatby the violence 
 of a caliph, and though he died in his con- 
 finement, yet his learning, his virtues, and 
 moderation found partisans in the east, and 
 33ry years after his decease the sultan Me- 
 likshah erected a noble mausoleum in the ci- 
 ty where his remains were deposited ; and 
 there were r.ot wanting enthusiasts who de- 
 clared that his name was enrolled in the old 
 testament, and that his birth had been fore- 
 told as well as that of the prophet. What- 
 ever honors however Abou-hanifah received 
 from this zeal of posterity and from his ad- 
 mirers who assumed the name of Hanifah- 
 ites, they were due to his tem[>€rance, to 
 his exemplary life and the mildness of his 
 character. 
 
 Abo u-joSEPH, a learned mussulraan, ap- 
 pointed supreme judge of Bagdat by the ca- 
 liphs Hadi and Aaron Raschid. He suppor- 
 ted the tenets of Abou-hanifali, and main- 
 tained the dignity of his office by impartiality. 
 When he was one day reproached for his 
 ignorance of one of the causes brought be- 
 fore him, for the decision of which he re- 
 ceive«l an ample allowance, he jocosely re- 
 plied, that he received iu proportion as he 
 knew ; but, says he, if I was paid for all I do 
 Jiot know, the ricfics of the calipliat itself 
 ■would not be sufficient to unsyt-er my de- 
 mand. 
 
 Aboulaixa, a mussulman doctor, cele- 
 brated for his wit. When Moses, sca\ of 
 the caliph Abdalmalek, put lo death one of 
 his friends, and afterwards spread a report 
 tliat he had escaped, Aboulaina, on hearir.g 
 tlie circumstance, said in tbe words of the 
 lawgiver of the Hebrews, Moses smote him 
 and be died. The sentence was reported to 
 liie pi'ince, and Aboulaina was summoned to 
 apptar. Instead of dreading the threats of 
 the oppressor of his friend, he boldly replied 
 in flie words of the following verse in E.^o- 
 
 dus. Wilt thou kill me to-day as thou kllledst; 
 the other man yesterday ? The ingenuity of 
 the expression disarmed the anger of Moses, 
 who loaded him with presents. 
 
 Abou-lola, an Arabian poet, born at 
 Alaora in 973. Though he lost his sight ia 
 the 3(1 year of his age by the small-pox, yet 
 his poetry was animated, and his descriptions 
 beautiful and interesting. He became a. 
 brahmin, and devoted liimself faithfully to 
 the abstinence and mortifications of that sect, 
 and died 1057. 
 
 Aeou-xavas, an Arabian poet, whose 
 merit was protected and encouraged at the 
 court of Aaron Kaschid. 
 
 Abou-rihan, a geographer and astrono- 
 mer, who employed 40 years of his life 
 in travelling through the Indies. Though 
 highly esteemed by the mussulmans, he 
 has few pretensions ;o superiority of merit. 
 A BR AB AXEL, fsaac, a Jew of Lisbon, 
 who pretended to be descended from David. 
 king of Israel. He was employed in offices- 
 of importance by AlphonsoA'. king of Por- 
 tugal ; but on the accession of John II. he 
 shared the disgrace of the ministry, and 
 either, from the consciousness of guilt or 
 the apprehension of pei'secution, he fled 
 to Spain, \; here he applied himself to liter- 
 ature. His fame recommended him to Fer- 
 dinand and Isabel, but when the Jews were 
 banished from Castille, he yielded to the 
 storm which neither his intrigues nor his 
 influence could avert. He found an asylum, 
 at the court of Ferdinand king of Naples, but 
 upon the defeat of the next monarch Al- 
 phonso, by the French armies under Charles 
 VIII. he retired to Corfu, and at last to 
 Venice, where he died in 1508 in his 71st 
 year. He was buried with great pomp at 
 Padua without the Avails of the city. Though 
 engaged during the best part of his life in 
 the tumult and the intrigues of courts, Abra- 
 banel cultivated literature in his hours of 
 privacy and I'etirement. Blessed with a 
 strong mind, he wrote with facility, but the 
 persecutions which his nation had suffered, 
 and which he himself had shared in all their 
 bitterness, envenomed his pen, and scarce 
 any thing was composed which did not 
 breathe tlie most violent invectives against 
 Christianity, and the most vehement desire 
 of revenge. His writings arc chiefly com- 
 mentaries or explanations of scripture. 
 
 Abraham, the patriarch, was born at 
 Ur in Chaldea, A. M. 2004. He lived at 
 Uaran in Mesopotamia with his father Te- 
 rah who was an idolater, and there he was 
 informed by God that he should become the 
 progenitor of a great nation. He left llarau 
 and went with his wife Sarah and his ne- 
 pliew Lot to settle at Sichem, and froiA 
 thence in consequence of a famine passed in- 
 to Egypt. On his return to Bethel he sep- 
 arated from Lot, as their flocks were too 
 numerous to continue in the same company, 
 and he afterwards rescued him when violent- 
 ly seized and ]»lundered by tlie princes of 
 the country. Despairing rf raising ciiildreu 
 by Sarahj he had a son, Ishmael, by IJagat 
 
Afi 
 
 A13 
 
 his Bg}'ptian slave, and afterwards was pro- 
 mised by the nicssa.i^e (»!' an niif;;cl llial Ids 
 wife, tli()iip;li DO years old, should hear liiia 
 a son, and his name was by divine coinniand 
 thanjjed from Ahrani, into Abraham, or the 
 father of a great multitude. The promised 
 son, Isaac, was born in due time, arifl the 
 rkes of fircumcision established ; but no 
 sooner had Isaac i-i ached his '2;»th year than 
 (iotl, to try the fidelity of the father, de- 
 manded the sacrifice of his favoj'ite son. 
 Abraham obe\ ed, and seized the knife to 
 tela) his son, when an angel from heaven 
 stopped his hand, and substituted a ram for 
 the burnt sjicrifice. After Sarah's death 
 Abraham married Keturah, by whom he had 
 iix sons. IJe died in his 175th year. 
 
 Aduaham, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit in 
 the diocese of Toul in liorraine, who was for 
 17 years divinity professor at Pont a Mous- 
 80n, where he died September 7th, 105.5, in 
 Jiis GOth year. His writings were on theolo- 
 gical subjects, besides some commenlaries on 
 the classics. 
 
 Abraham,, Ben-choila, a Spanish rabbi 
 skilled in astrology. He i)rophesied that 
 the coming of the Messiah expected by 
 the Jews would be in 1358. He died 1303. 
 He was author of a treatise on the figure of 
 the earth. 
 
 Abraham, Usque, a Jew of Portugal, 
 though Arnaud considers him as a Christian. 
 He undertook with Tobias Athias to ti'ans- 
 late the bible into Spanish in the iGth cen- 
 tury ; but though accuracy seems to per- 
 vade the whole, yet it is justly viewed as a 
 compilation from preceding (Jhaldee para- 
 phrases and Spanish glossaries. Another 
 edition was published for the use of the Span- 
 ish Christians, and the difterencc of the two 
 translations is particularly observable in 
 those passages which appeal to the faith and 
 belief of the readers. 
 
 Abraham, an emperor of tlie IVIoors of 
 Africa in the l'2th century. He was dethron- 
 ed by his subjects, and his crown usurped 
 by Ab(3ulmumen. 
 
 Abuosi, John, an Italian physician. He 
 ■wrote a dialogue on astrology, -ito. Venice 
 1494, which is to be found in the index e.x- 
 purgatorius. 
 
 Abrtzt-o, Balthasar, a Sicilian, known 
 for bis abilities as a philosopher and a civil- 
 ian. He died 1665, aged 04. 
 
 Abrlzzo, Peter, a Neapolitan archit?ct, 
 in the 17th centurv. His taste and genius 
 ■wei'e displayed m the beautiful edifices he 
 erected in several cities in Italy. 
 
 Absalom, son of king David, was dis- 
 tinguished for Ids personal acquirements, his 
 popularity, and his vices. He became the 
 murderer of his brother Amnion w ho had 
 defiled his sister Taraar, and he afterwards 
 headed a rebellion against his father. He 
 •was slain by Joab, and his death was bitterly 
 lamented by David, about 1030 IJ. C. 
 
 Absalom, archbishop of Lunden in Den- 
 mark, is celebrated as the minister, the fa- 
 vorite, and the f\-iend of "Waldcmir. He 
 displayed his abilities not oulj in thx' cabinet 
 
 but in the field as a general, and at sea &• 
 the commander of the fleet. To these 
 great qualities he added the virtues of a most 
 humane and benevolent heart. He died uni' 
 versally regretted liJ'Ji. 
 
 Abs rEMii s, Laiireiltlus, a native of Ma- 
 cerata, in the march of Ancona, wlio Iiv<d 
 at the time of the revival of learning in Eu- 
 rope. His abilities recommended him to 
 the duke of Urbino who patronised him. 
 His writings were chiefly explanations of 
 diiiicult passages, besides a collection of 100 
 fables after the manner of iEsop, IMiie<lrus, 
 Avienus, &c. in which he frequently lashes 
 the \ ices of his age, especially the immoral- 
 ity of the clergy. 
 
 Abubeker, father-in-law of ^fahomct, 
 was elected his successor, in opposition to A li 
 the son-in-law of the prophet. He sui)[(or- 
 ted with energy the fabric erected by the 
 arts of the ijnpostor, and reduced by con- 
 (piest several ol the Arabian tribes who 
 wished to abandon the new doctrines to ve- 
 turn to the religion of their lathers. After- 
 wards Abubeker turned his arms agaiirt 
 foreign nations, and by the valor of his ac- 
 tive general Khaled at the head of 36,00i) 
 men, he defeated an army of '200,000 men 
 whom the Creek emperor Heraclius had sent 
 to ravage the borders of Syria. J lis victories 
 however were of short duration, a slow fe- 
 ver wasted his vigor, but before he died he 
 appointed for his successor Omar a valiant 
 chieftain, and after a reign of two years and 
 six months he expired in his G3d year. He 
 was bu!-ied in tlie tomb of Mahomet. 
 
 Abucara, Theodore, the metropolitan 
 of Caria, who abjured the tenets of Pholius 
 to which he had some time adhered, and 
 obtained a seat in tlie synod held at Constan- 
 tinople 8G9. He wrote several treatise.s 
 against the Jews and Mahometans, which 
 have been jiublisljed. 
 
 Abudhaher, the father of the Carma- 
 tians in Arabia, spread his doctrines by his 
 eloquence as well as by the sword. He not 
 only opposed the religion of Mahomet, but 
 plundered and insulted thetcniple of !Mecca, 
 and carried away the black stone which 
 was superstitiously believed to have falle:\ 
 fi'om heaven. His violence v. as not checked 
 by the -Mussidmans, and he died in peaceful 
 possession of his extensive dominions [)53. 
 
 A B u LF aragi us, Cregorv, son of a Chris- 
 tian physician, Avas Ijorn at Malatia near the 
 source of th-e Euphrates. He followed his 
 father's profession, but afterwards applied 
 himself to the study of thotcastern languages 
 and of di\inity, and so great was his progress 
 that he was ordained bishop of Cuba in his 
 '20lh year, from whence he was afterwards 
 translated to Lacabena and Ale|)p-.. Though 
 he gave a\ ay to the superstitions of his time, 
 he is to be remembered with jiratitude for 
 the Arabic histoiy wJiich he w rote, divided 
 into dynasties. This excellent book, a\ hii:li 
 is an epitome of universal history from tlie 
 creation to his own time, has been publis-iied 
 with a Latin translation IGG.J by Dr. Pocoke, 
 V li« lias acfdcd a. short coulinuatiou oa iiie 
 
AC 
 
 AC 
 
 Jiistoiy of the cast. Abulfarag'ms died I'a liis 
 60lh year 1286, and his memory was deser- 
 vedly honored with the liighest encomium 
 which his nation could bestow. 
 
 Abulfeda, Ismaelj succeeded his bro- 
 thcras kingof Hsmuith in Syria 1342. When 
 a private man he distin.^uished himself by his 
 researches in geogi'apliy, and published in 
 Arabic an account of the regions beyond the 
 Oxus, which vas first edited by Grsevius 
 with a Latin translation, London 1050, and 
 more recently by Hudson, Oxford 1713. 
 Abulfeda, who had passed some part of his 
 life ill England, died in 1345 in liis r2d year, 
 
 Abulgasibavatur, khan of theTar- 
 tars, was descended from the great Zingis, 
 and as his youth Mas spent in the school oft 
 adversity, misfortunes and experience fitted 
 him for the government of a state. After a 
 reign of 20 year.s, during whicli he was res- 
 pected at heme and abroad, he resigned the 
 sovereignlT to his son, and retired to devote 
 himselfto literature. He wrote a genealogi- 
 cal history of ihe Tartars, which thougii oc- 
 casionally disfigured by conceited terms, and 
 various iiiterpolations from the Koran, is 
 trid^' valuable, as the only Tartar history 
 known in Europe. It has been translated 
 into German and French. He died 1663. 
 
 AEt LOLA, vid. Abox^lola. 
 
 Anu-MESLEM, a rnussulman governor of 
 J^hoiasan, Avho in 746 transferred the dignity 
 of caliph from the family of the Ommiades 
 to that of the Abbassides, and by that revo- 
 Intiou occasioned the death of above 600,000 
 xnen. The caliph Alraansor, whom he had 
 supported by his services, cruelly seized him 
 and tlirew him into the Tigris, 754. 
 
 Abuxdtl's, a bishop of Come in Italy, 
 who assisted at the council of Constantinople, 
 as the representative of Leo, and died 469. 
 
 AnuNOWAS, an Arabian poet, deservedly 
 patronised with other learned men by Aaron 
 liaschid. He died 810. His works arc still 
 extant. 
 
 Abu-obeidah, a friend and associate of 
 Mahomet. He extended his conquests over 
 Palestine and Syria, and died 639. 
 
 Abu-said-ebx-aljaptu, a sultan, the 
 last of the family of Zingis-khau. After his 
 death 1335, the empire was torn by civil 
 dsicord and ambitious chieftains. 
 
 Abusaid-mirza, a man of enterprise, 
 who, during the civd dissensions between 
 Uleg Keg and his sons, placed liimself at the 
 Lead of an army, and declared himself inde- 
 pendent. He fell at last in an ambush, and 
 was killed 1468, aged 42. 
 
 Abutemax, apoetin high repute among 
 the Arabians, and said to be inferior oidy to 
 Almotanabbi. The liberality of the caliphs 
 who patronised him was the constant theme 
 of his muse. He was born at Yasem be- 
 tween Damascus and Tiberias about 846. 
 The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Abvdene, wrote an history of Chaldca 
 and Assyria, of which valuable composition 
 only a few fragments have been preserved by 
 r^scbius. 
 
 AcAciLSj sui-named LvscuSj from hav- 
 
 \v\g hut on* eye, was the founder of the sect 
 of the Acaciani. When elevated to the epiS" 
 copal dignity, he opposed Athanasius, and 
 hastened the banishment of Libei'ius from 
 Home. He was himself deposed by the 
 council of Sardica, and died 365. He wrote, 
 among other works, the life of Eusebius 
 w hose pupil and successor he was at Cxsarea. 
 
 Ac AC! us, patriarch of Constantinople af- 
 ter Gennadius 471, established the superi- 
 ority of his see over the eastern bishops, bj 
 his adulation and his intrigues with the em- 
 peror Zeno. He was opposed by pope Fe- 
 lix, but secure in the imperial protection ho 
 derided the thunders and the excommunica- 
 tions of Rome. He died 489. 
 
 AcACius, a bishoj) of Berea in Syria, 
 who, though distinguished by learning and 
 piety, persecuted Chrysostom and Cyril of 
 Alexandria. He assisted at the council of 
 Constantinople 381, in which Avere present 
 150 bishops. He died 432 in a very advan- 
 ced age. 
 
 AcACius, a bi.shop of Amida on the Ti- 
 gris, who sold the sacred vessels of his 
 churches to ransom 7000 Persian slaves, 
 wh'ch generous action produced a peace be- 
 tween the Persian king and Theodosius the 
 younger. 
 
 AccA-i.AURENTiA, a woman celebra- 
 ted in Roman history as the nurse of Romu- 
 lus and Remus. She was the wife of the 
 shepherd Faustulus, or according to others 
 she was a common prostitute. 
 
 A CCA, bishop of Hexham, was author of 
 treatises on the sofferings of the saints, and 
 other divinity works. He was a great pa- 
 tron of learned men, and contributed raucli 
 to the embellishment of his cathedral. He. 
 died at Hexham 1740. 
 
 AccAKisi, James, a native of Bologna, 
 professor of rhetoric at Mantua. He pub- 
 lished some learned works and died October 
 1654. 
 
 AccETTO, Reginald, an Italian, author of 
 a thesarus of the Italian tongue, died at Na- 
 ples 1560. 
 
 AcciAiOLi, Donatus, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who distinguished himself by his 
 learning, and by his political services to his 
 country. Besides several treatises he Avrote 
 commentaries on the ethics of Aristotle, 
 and translated some of the lives of Plutarch. 
 He died 1478 in his 50th year at Milan in his 
 journey to France as ambassador from the 
 Florentines to Lewis XI. to implore his as- 
 sistance against the ambitious views of pope 
 Sixtus IV. His fortune was discovered to 
 be so small that his daughters were portion- 
 ed for marriage at the public expense, as ^ 
 mark of the gratitude of the country to the 
 virtues of the father. 
 
 AcciAioLl, Rcnatus, a noble FlorerHine 
 who conquered Athens, Corinth, and Boeo- 
 tia in the beginning of the 11th centur}'. As 
 he had no male issue by Eubois his wife, he 
 divided his conquests, and gave Athens to 
 the Venitians, Corinth to Theodorus Palaio- 
 logus w ho had married his oldest daughter, 
 and Bceotia to his natural son Antony, wKe 
 
AC 
 
 AC 
 
 nftcrwarHs seized Athens, of which his suc- 
 cesors were dispossessed by Mahotnit II. 
 1455. 
 
 AcciAioLT, Zcnobio, a h.-nrnod ccclcsi- 
 tstic ot" I'Moreiicc, w ho lor 19 years was h- 
 brnriaii to Leo X. at Home, licsides seve- 
 ral treatises and sermons he puhlislii-d a col- 
 ieclion ot" Polilian's epigrams. He died 1537. 
 
 AcciAioi.i or AcciAUOLi, Ang;elo, u 
 learned cardinal, archliisbop of J'^l'irt-nce, 
 xvlio wrote in favor of Urban VI. He re- 
 tained by his influence the Floi-eiitincs faith- 
 ful to Rome^ aj^ainst the opposition of l)e 
 Pratn, who wisli(;d to seduce them to the 
 side of Clement \U He died 1407. 
 
 AcciAiOLi, .Magdalen, a native of Flo- 
 rence, celebrated for her beauty, but nioi'e 
 l^r the powers of her mind. She was in 
 fjreat favor with Ciiristina duchess of Tusca- 
 ny, ;\i\(\ wrote verses in a very pleasing and 
 elegant style. She began a heroic ])oetn on 
 the persecutions of David, but died before its 
 completion 1610. 
 
 A c c I u 3, Lucius, a Roma!\ Latin poet about 
 
 iroB. c. 
 
 AcGius Zuchus, an Italian poet of the 
 16th century, who has paraphrased some of 
 ♦he fables of iEsop. He is highly commen- 
 ded by Jul. Scaliger, but perhaps undeserv- 
 edly. 
 
 AccoLTT, Benedict, a lawyer of Flo- 
 rence, but originall}' of Arezzo, secretary to 
 the republic. Besides an account of the 
 great men of his time, he has written an ele- 
 gant account in three books of the war of 
 the Christians against the Infidels, for the re- 
 covery of the Holy Land, from which Tas.so 
 has drawn the foundation of his Jerusalem 
 delivered. His memory was so retentive 
 that he repeated verbatim the L.itin ha- 
 i-angues of the Hungarian ambassador, on 
 his'introduction to the Florentine senate. He 
 »3ied 14G6, aged 51. 
 
 AccoLTi, Francis, brother to Benedict, 
 acquired an extensive reputation by the clear- 
 ness of his jtidgment, the graces of his elo- 
 ?ucnce, and his knowleoge of jurisprudence. 
 le aspired to the purple, but Sixtus VI. in 
 refusing it, flattered him with the comjjli- 
 ment that such a promotion would deprive 
 his pupils and the world of the advruitages of 
 his instruction. He died in 1470, leaving a 
 large property accumulated by exces.sive par- 
 wmony. He Avrote some ill digested law 
 Looks, and incorrect translations of St. Chry- 
 sostom. As he was a native of Arezzo he is 
 sometimes called Aretin. Vid. Aretix. 
 
 AccoLTi, Peter, a son of Benedict, pa- 
 tronised by the popes, and raised to the dig- 
 nity of cai'dinal. He defended in his treati- 
 ses the right of the pope over the crown of 
 Naples, and died at Florence 1549, in hi.s 52d 
 year. His brother Benedict, duke of Nepi, 
 distinguished himself as a poet; and his Vir- 
 ■ginia, a comedy, and some small poems are 
 mentioned as deserving celebrity. 
 
 AccoLTi, Benedict, a man of violent pas- 
 sions, who conspired with five others to mur- 
 der Pius IV. on pretence that he was not 
 lawfully elected. The frequent audiejices 
 
 that he demanded of the pope rendered him 
 suspectf.'d ; lu- wasstized, and with hi>' com- 
 panions Hulfered capital puiiisbnicxit, 15t»4. 
 
 Accords, Sie|ihen 'I'abourot, Stigiujur 
 des, an advocate in the p.-iiliament of i)ijon, 
 who disliiiguislied himseli' by writing sonift 
 sonnets, and otbrr light pieces of poetry. 
 His " liiganuiis," and "lea Touches,"" 
 lliongh filled wilb wit and hnnior, yet con- 
 tain imlelicate passagcH, under the name of 
 acrostics, rebuses, leonine verses, J*lc. His 
 title was imaginary, aiul borrowed from the 
 arms of bis ancestors, wliich was a drum, 
 with tlie motto of "a tons accords." He died 
 July tlie 24lh 1561, in his 4Gth year. 
 
 AcciJuSE, Francis, a native of Florence 
 who became a jirofessor of law at Bologna. 
 Thoiigh snrnaincd the idol of lawyers, his 
 glossary, printed at L^oiis, in 6 vols. fol. 
 I6ii7, is both inelegant ancl incorrect. He 
 died about 1--9, in bis 7Sl!i year. His son 
 alsoilibtinguished himself as a lawyer at Tou- 
 louse. 
 
 AccuKSE, Marius Angelo, a native of 
 Aqnilia in tlie 10th century, eminent for his 
 critical and literary abilities. His Uiatribie 
 on ancient and modern authors, are a monu- 
 ment of his extensive eruilition, and of the 
 delicacy of his taste. He also published Am- 
 mianus Marcellinus, besides notes on Ovid, 
 Solinus, Ausoiiius, and other classics; and he 
 made a valuable collection of VI SS. 
 
 AcEuBO, Francis, anative of Xocera, who 
 published some inferior poems at Naples, 
 16GG, to sooth tiie pangs of his indisposition. 
 
 AcESius, bishop of Constantinople, rigid- 
 ly maintaineil at the council of Nice, that 
 thoss who had committed any sin after be- 
 ing baptised, ought not to be again admitted 
 into the church, thougii they might repent. 
 Consiantine felt the severity of the remark, 
 and told the austere prelate, Aresius, make 
 a ladder for yourself and go to heaven i^Jone. 
 
 AcH Van or AcpiEN, John, an eminent 
 historical painter born at Cologne. He died 
 1G21, aged 55. 
 
 AcHARDS, Eleazar Francis des, a native 
 of Avignon, flistinguished as much by his 
 learning as by his piety and great humanity to 
 the poor during a plague. He was nominated 
 bishop of Halicarnassus !)y Clement XII. and 
 soon after sent to China as apostolic vicar to 
 settle the disputes of the missionaries. a\.f- 
 ler four years of labors and danger, he died 
 at Cochin in 1741, aged 6C. A tedious ac- 
 count of his mission bad been published la 
 three vols. l^mo. by Fabre his secretary. 
 
 AcHAi.EX, a British sovereign in thesixtli 
 century. When driven from his dominions he 
 took refuge in Wales. He is mentioned witii 
 some commendation by Owen in his Cambri- 
 an biography, for having with his brother 
 Arthanad performed a difficult journey on 
 horseback up tlie Maclwg hills in Cardigan- 
 shire to avenge their father's deatlu 
 
 AcHERV, Doin Luc d', a native of St. 
 Quintiu in Picardy, who displayed his learn- 
 ing as an ecclesiastic and an anli<iuarv by sev- 
 eral valuable publications, particularly edi- 
 tions of (he Fathers. lu private life he was 
 
AC 
 
 AC 
 
 7«fspccted aixl admired. He died at Pai-is 
 1GS5, aged 76. 
 
 AcHiLLiNi, Alexander, a 13olognese phy- 
 sician known by liis useful publications on 
 anatomy and medicine, piiblislied at A'enice 
 1568 in folio. He gave tlie name of hammer 
 ami anvil to two of the auditory bones, and 
 ilistinguished himself as the follower of A\er- 
 roes. He died in his 40th year 1512. 
 
 Aciiii.Lixi, Philotheus, a relation of the 
 preceding, who w rote " il viridario," a res- 
 pectable poem, to honor the memory of 
 Italian genius, and recommend morality. He 
 died 1538. 
 
 AcHiLLixi, Claude, grand nephew of 
 Alexander, was distinguished for his know- 
 ledge of medicine, theology, and jurispru- 
 dence. As a professor of law he acquired re- 
 putation afld honor at Parma, Ferrara, and 
 13olcgna, and gained the applauses of the sov- 
 ereign pontif. In poetry he shone among 
 the learned of his age, and his well known 
 sonnet on the conquests of Lewis XIH. in 
 IMedraont, procured from Richelieu the lib- 
 eral present of a chain of gold worth 1000 
 trow us. He died at Bologna Ifi-iO in hia 66th 
 year. 
 
 AcHMET, I. emperoi' of Turkey, son and 
 successor of Mahomet HI. made war against 
 the Hungarians, and afterwards was engaged 
 in quelling the commotions of insurgents and 
 of rivals. He «lied 1617 in his 30lii year, and 
 3 4th of his reign. 
 
 AcHMET II. succeeded liis brother Soly- 
 man HI. 16U1, on the tltrone of Constanti- 
 nople. He was unfortunate in his wars against 
 Ihe Venetians and the Austrians, but his pri- 
 vate character was amiable. He died in 1695. 
 
 AcHMET III. son of Mahomet IV. was 
 placed on the throne by the heads of a fac- 
 tion which had deposed his brother Musta- 
 pha 11. After he had artfully destroyed those 
 dangerous subjects, he endeavored to in- 
 crease the revenues of his empire by new 
 taxes and by an alteration of the value of the 
 current coin. He granted a friendly asylum 
 to Cliarles XII. of Sweden, after the battle 
 of Pultowa, and the kindness and tlie hospital- 
 ity which marked the wliole of his inter- 
 course with that unfortunate monarch are 
 entitled to the highest encomiums. Ach- 
 raet made war against the Russians and Per- 
 sians, and conquered Morea from Venice, 
 ])Ut his armies were less successful against 
 Hungary ; and he was defeated by pnnce Eu- 
 gene at tlie battle of Peterwaradin. He was 
 preparing another expedition against Persia, 
 wlien an insurrection hurled liim from his 
 throne, and exalted his nephew Mahomet V. 
 from a prison to assume the sovereign pow- 
 er. He died of an apoplexy 23d June 1730, 
 in his 74th year. 
 
 AcHMET Ceduc, or AcoMET, a cele- 
 brated general of the Ottoman empire, who 
 assisted Cajazct 11. in obtaining the tlirone 
 1482,*by whom he was afterwards inhumanly 
 assassinated. 
 
 AcHMET Bacha, a general of Solyman, 
 who, when appointed governor of Egypt, re- 
 voliod from his sovereign 1524, and assumed 
 
 the dignity of independent emperor, whitl* 
 he deserved by his popularity, the firmness 
 of his government, and the amiabl^ness of his 
 character. He was soon after defeated by 
 Ibrahim the favorite of Solyman and his 
 head sent to Constantinople. 
 
 AcH MET, an Arabian, who wrote on the 
 interpretation of dreams. The original of this 
 puerile performance is now lost, but a trans- 
 lation of it w as made in the ninth century, 
 and it was published in Greek and Latin by 
 Rigault 1603 in 4to. 
 
 Acid ALIUS, Valens, a native of Wistock 
 in Brandebourg, who distinguished himself 
 by his extensive erudition, and published 
 learned notes on Q. Curtius. He died of a 
 fever before his 30th year 1595. 
 
 AcoLUTHus, Andi-ew, a learned pi-ofes- 
 sor of languages at Breslaw. He published 
 a treatise de aquis amaris, 4to. besides a La- 
 tin translation of the Armenian version of 
 Obadiah, 4to. Leipsic, and died 1704. 
 
 A CO NT I us, a native of Trent, eminent as 
 a philosopher, divine, and civiUan. He be- 
 came a convert to the protestant religion, 
 and found an asylum, in the court of Eng- 
 land, whic^i he repaid by fulsome adulation 
 to queen Elizabeth. His books met with 
 great popularity, especially his works of the 
 Stratagems of Satan, in which he wished to 
 reduce to a small compass the fundamental 
 doctrines of the Christian faith, and introdu- 
 ced an universal toleration in religious tenets. 
 He possessed extensive abilities and deep pe- 
 netration, but as he carried his ideas on re- 
 ligion too near scepticism, he drew upon 
 himself the odium of the clergy. The time 
 of his death is unknown. He was still living 
 in 1566. He wrote other works besides, but 
 his best performance is a treatise on the me- 
 thod of studying, printed Utrecht 1658. 
 
 AcosrA, Gabriel, divinity professor at 
 Coimbra, wrote a Latin commentary on the 
 old testament, published in folio, and died 
 1616. 
 
 A CO ST A, Joseph, a provincial of the Je- 
 suits in Peru, w.as born at Medina del Cam- 
 po, and died r.t Salai:ianca 1600, in his 60tli 
 year. Among his writings, his history natu- 
 ral and moral of the West Indies in Spanish 
 and translated into French, is particularly ce- 
 lebrated. As a missionary he laboured as- 
 siduously and successfully in the conversion 
 of the Americans. 
 
 AcosTA, Uriel, a native of Oporto, edu- 
 cated in the liomish religion, which his fam- 
 ily though of Jewish extraction had embra- 
 ced by compulsion. Naturally of a timid and 
 superstitions mind, he directed his inquiries 
 to comprehend tiie means by which he might 
 escape eternal death, but finding himself be- 
 wildered in the \fritings and the spiritual 
 creeds of professors, he sunk under his ap- 
 prehension, and despaired of salvation. He 
 was at that time only in his 22d year, when 
 the passions often mislead the judgment; 
 but instead of pausing in silence and medita- 
 tion, he flew to Judaism, and expected to 
 find in the law of Moses what the religion of 
 (ihrist seemed to deny. "With this view he 
 
AC 
 
 AD 
 
 prevailed on his mother and brothers to 
 leave I*ortnj^ul, wlicre tlie in<|iiisiti<>i» jmPii- 
 lyzud the [)0\versol the iitiiHl, and to accoia- 
 pany him to iiolluiid. Ileiu; he was circnm- 
 cised and admitted into the syn:tt;<)i;ue, hut 
 soon Jonnd that the rablus were tullowers of 
 Moses more in appearance than reality. lie 
 exclaimetl n;jjain.st their profanation oi" tin- 
 law, and his compUiints were an.swer(;d l)y 
 excomnuinication. Under this (headtnl sen- 
 tence, in which lie was not even piiMailted 
 to sahite his hrollicrs, Acosta maintained an 
 un} ieUlinf^ character, and even ])ubhslie(l a 
 treatise as^ainst the immortality of the soul, 
 and attempted to prove that tlie hiws of .Mo- 
 ses were not derived from God, hut were a 
 mere political institution. His inlidelity was 
 resentetl by the Jews, he was accused before 
 flie magistrates, and the p;iyment of a fine of 
 300 florins at last delivered him from the 
 horrors of imprisonment. Reflection now 
 •peratedupon his mind, and after an e.\chision 
 of 15 years, he was again reconciled to tiie 
 Synagogue, and renounced his errors. Fresh 
 imprudences however tarnislied hia sinceri- 
 ty, he was accused by his own nephew of not 
 conforming to the rites of Moses, in his eat- 
 ing and other particulars, and a second time 
 excommunicated. Seven years of persecu- 
 tion at last re-opened the door of the syna- 
 gogue ; but while he was promised forgive- 
 ness, he was artfully drawn into a submissiou 
 to the severest discipline, which produced 
 not only a public recantation of past errors, 
 but the infliction of the 39 scourges of the 
 law. This disgraceful treatment probaldy 
 roused his passions to the commission of sui- 
 cide. He attempted to shoot one of his prin- 
 cipal enemies as he passed through the 
 street, but missing in his aim, he immediately 
 sliot himself in the liead with another pistol 
 1G40, or according to others 1647. A few 
 days before his death it is supposed that he 
 wix)te his exemplar huraanse vitae, a bold in- 
 coherent composition. 
 
 A c Q^u A V I V A, .riV/. Aq_uaviva. 
 
 AcRON, a physician of Sicily who relieved 
 Athens during a p'.ague by burning perfumes. 
 He lived about440B. C One of the commen- 
 tators on Horace. His scholia were publish- 
 ed in the edition of Basil in 8vo. 1527. 
 
 AcRONius, John, a mathematician of 
 Friesland, who wrote on the motion of the 
 earth. He tlied at Basle, 15G3. 
 
 AcRONius, John, a Dutch writer of the 
 -17th century, who wrote against the Romish 
 religion. 
 
 AcuoPOLiTA, George, one of the Byzan- 
 tine historians in the 1 3th century, celebra- 
 ted for his knowledge of poetry, mathema- 
 tics,and rhetoric. He was employed as am- 
 bassador and as govejnor at the court of 
 Constantinople, and was the means of a re- 
 conciliation and reunion of religion between 
 the two churches of the east and west, to 
 which he gave his solemn sanction in the 
 nan^e of the emperor, at the second council 
 of Lyons 1274. His history was discovered 
 in the east by Douza, and published 1G14. It 
 ia a fiythful narrative of the public transac- 
 
 tions from 1205 to 12G5, Acropf)lita is f;cne- 
 rally called I .ftgothctc, the nuiiie of the placir 
 or chancellorilii|» which lie helii. He died 
 about theyear 1283, aged G2. IJissonConstan- 
 tine disliiiguish<;d himself also by the pidjlic 
 oMiceb he fiUed at the court of the i'ala;ologi. 
 
 AcTlus or Ai2.o, Visconti, sovereign of 
 Milan, distinguished himself by his valor, 
 and the integrity of his g(iveinment. ilr; 
 died in his 38th year after a reign of IG 
 years, in l.')55. 
 
 Aci u Alt I us, a .few physician, who prac- 
 tised at Constantinople in the 13th centur} . 
 His treatises in (ireek are chiefly drawn 
 from Galen, Faulus, and preceding medical, 
 writers, fie is the first who recommended 
 the mild purgative merlicines of manna, sen- 
 na, cassia, kc. used by the Aridjian.^ about 30O 
 years before his time. His works on the- 
 rapeutics, on urini s, and on the animal spi- 
 rits, fctc. are inserted in Stephens's medica: 
 artis priiicipes, fol. 1567. It is said tliat in 
 honor of him the name of Actuaries is still 
 given to the ])hysicians of the court. 
 
 AcuNA, Christopher, a Jesuit of Burgos, 
 employed as a missionary in America. He 
 published an interest" ng account of the Ama- 
 zon river on his return to Madrid 1G41, and 
 the work has been translated into French, iu 
 4 vols. 12mo. 1CS2. 
 
 Adair, James, an Eoglisli lawyer of em- 
 inence, son of an army agent. He was in 
 pai'liament for Cockcrmouth in 17S0, and 
 afterwards for Higham Ferrers. He suc- 
 ceeded Serjeant Glynne as recorder of Lon- 
 don, and afterwards resigned that situation, 
 in which he had displayed integrity as well ao 
 ability ; but his expectations of superior pre- 
 ferment were disappointed. He was one of 
 the lawyers employed in the prosecution of 
 the persons accused of high treason in 1794, 
 and conducted himself with great canrlour 
 and liberality. He died 1798. Two extracts 
 were published by him called thoughrts ot> 
 the dismission of otticers for their conduct in 
 parlianjent, and obsei'vations on tlie power 
 of alienations of the crown, before the first 
 of queen Anne. 
 
 Adalard, or Adelard, son of count 
 Bernard, and grandson of Charles Martel, 
 was related to Charlemagne. On the di- 
 vorce of f^rmcngarda by the emperor, Ada- 
 lard left the court in disgust, and assumed 
 the religious habit at Corbie. He was how- 
 ever still patronised by the great, and made 
 prime minister of Pepin king of Italy ; but 
 hepreferred solitude to tke turbulence of an 
 elevated station, and founded the abbey of 
 New Corbie, or Corwey, in Saxony. He 
 died 2d Jan. 826, in his 72d year greatly la- 
 mented, as his virtues had procured him tlie 
 I'espect of the world, and his learning tlie ti- 
 tle of the Augustine of his age. Only Irag- 
 ments of his writings remain. 
 
 Adalberox, archbishop of Rheiras, and 
 chancellor of France, was known for his 
 great services as an ecclesiastic and as the 
 minister of Lothairc. He died 988. 
 
 Adai.beron, Ascelin, bishop of Leon, 
 meaulv belravcd into the hand of Hn?:h ('n- 
 
AD 
 
 AD 
 
 pet, Avnonl arch-hishop of Tlhoims, and 
 Charles of Lorraine, the king's rival, vho 
 had taken refuge under his ei)iscopul protec- 
 tion, lie died 1030. He published a satiri- 
 cal poem in 4.30 verses containing some cu- 
 rious historical facts. 
 
 Adalbert, archbishop of Prague, 
 preached the gc-spel among the Bohemians, 
 and aftervariis ;imong the Poles, by whom 
 
 he was murdered !29th April 99/ . Another 
 
 of the same name, hisiiop of Magdeburg, 
 converted the Sclavonians, and penetrated 
 far into Pomtrimiii, as a Christian mission- 
 ary. He died at Presburg'JOlh June 981. 
 
 Another archbishop of Bjemen, v. ho jjccame 
 •very powerful in Denmark, aud even obliged 
 the king tr> divorce his wife (.utha, because 
 she Avas somewh;tt allied to him. Tliough 
 intriguing and violent, he possessed some 
 gco.;. quidities, and in 107'2, he formed some 
 ■wise regulatioiis for the conduct of the clei'- 
 gy and for the government of the kingdom 
 in civil and ecclesiastical aifairs. 
 
 Adalgise, son of Didier king of Lorn- 
 hardy, opposed the power of Charlemtigne 
 after the defeat of his father, but was at last 
 conquered, though supported by the troops 
 of Constautinople, and he was put to death 
 788. 
 
 Adaloald, a king of Lomhardy, who 
 ■was deposed by his subjects for iiis oppres- 
 sion, as well as his incupacity, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his sister's husband Ariovald. He 
 died Ci29 in a private station. 
 
 Adam, the father of the human race, was 
 formed from the dust, on the sixth day of 
 the creation, and placed in tlie garden of 
 Eden, from which he was banished for his 
 disobedience. This sera is fixed 4f004 years 
 B. C. Adam lived 930 years after his ex- 
 pulsion from paradise ; and besides Cain, 
 Abel, and Seth, he had several other chil- 
 dren whose names are not mentioned in 
 scri[;ture. The name of Adamites was as- 
 sumed in the 13th century, by some enthu- 
 siasts of Antwer]), who appeared naked in 
 their meetings, and pretended that since ihe 
 death of Christ men were restored to the 
 original innocence of .\dam. These tenets, 
 "which opened the door to every lascivious- 
 jies.s, were also followed in Bohemia in the 
 1.5th century, aiul from thence passed into 
 Poland, where it is said the\ still exist. 
 
 Adam, Melchior, a protestant of Grot- 
 kaw in Silesia, remarkable for his learning 
 and Ids perseverance. After being iippoint- 
 cd rector of a college at Heidelberg, lie 
 published in four volumes the lives of illus- 
 tri(ms men, who had flourished in Ciermany 
 and Flanders, during the 10th and 17th cen- 
 turv. Though the lives are not numerous, 
 yet the execution was laborious. He is how- 
 ever accused of partiality by ihe Lutherans, 
 who consider him as too insignificant to pass 
 judgment on the merit and <lcmerits of the 
 literati of Germany. He died in 1G2'2. 
 
 Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, an ingenious 
 Sculptor born at Nanci. He improved him- 
 self at Berlin, hut the labors of bis chisel 
 'were reserved for the a^lmiration of his coan- 
 
 trymen, and to adorn the palaces of bl. 
 Cloud and \ ersailles. Kis Prometheus, and 
 .Mars caressed by Love are most admired. 
 He died ir.59 aged 59. 
 
 Adam, Nicolas, brother of Lambert, imi- 
 tated and equalled him. He executed the 
 mausoleum of the queen of Poland at Bonse- 
 cours, besides other works equally admired. 
 He lost his bight some years before his death, 
 which happ. ned 1778. 
 
 Adam, Francis Gaspard, younger brother 
 of tbe two preceding, excelled also like them 
 as an artist. He resided for some years ia 
 Prussia, and died at Pai-is 1757, aged 49- 
 
 Adam, Thomas, an English divine, born 
 at Jjceds in Yorkshire, and educated in his 
 native town and at Wakefield school. He 
 was of Christ college Camnridge, but remo- 
 ved to Har-hall O.xford, where he took hlS 
 bachelor's degree. He afterwards obtained 
 the living of Wintringham, Lincolnshire, 
 where he resided for 58 years, an active, pi- 
 OU.S, and benevolent parisli priest, and where 
 he died 1784 aged 83. He published lectures 
 on the church catecliism, sermons, a pa- 
 raplirase of the 11 first chapters of the Ro- 
 mans, and after his death apyjeared a collec- 
 tion of thoughts, to wliich his life is prefixed. 
 
 Adam, BiUaut, a joiner of Nevers, better 
 known by the name of Master Adam. He 
 wrote poetry while employed at his tools, 
 and his effusions were often elegant and hap- 
 py. He was flattered by the great, and pa- 
 tronised by Kichelieu, but he liad the gi-eat- 
 ness of mind to refuse ihe pomp of Ver- 
 i?ailles for the trariquil obscurity of Nevers 
 where he died 1G62. His poems, though 
 once very pojiular, are now seldom perused. 
 
 Adam, Robert, an architect, born at Kir- 
 kaldy in Scotland, and educated at Edin- 
 burgh. He was possesed of a strong genius, 
 and he improved himself by study and ap- 
 plication, and acquired in Italy a taste for 
 whatever is great, bold and magnificent. He 
 was patronised by George HI. but resigned 
 his enipioymentof royal arc'aitect in 17fi8,oa 
 being elected member for Kinross. The 
 breaking of a blood vessc' put a period to 
 his labors March 3d, 1792, and he was buried, 
 in Westminster abbey. His talents had been 
 happily called into action by the public voice, 
 and not less tlian eight great public works 
 and 25 ])riv;ite buildings wes-e designed the 
 year preceding his death, to remain as mon- 
 uments of his superior powers. 
 
 Adam, a canon of Bremen in the ITth 
 century, who published an ecclesiastical his- 
 torv of Bremen and Hamburg, in four books, 
 from the reign ol' Charlemagne to that of 
 the emperwr Henry IV. edited 1670, in 4(o. 
 
 Adam, St. Victor, an ecclesiastic at Par- 
 is, who published some tlieological treatises. 
 He died 1177. 
 
 Adam, Scotus, a monkish writer born liv 
 Scotland and educated at the raonastery of 
 Lindisferna, now Holy Island south of Ber- 
 wick, at tbat time famous for tlie learning 
 of iLs professors. He went to Paris and 
 taught diviidty at the Sorbonne, but after- 
 wards became a resident monk at Melross 
 
AD 
 
 AD 
 
 aod Durlian*, where lio vrote, busides an 
 gccount of iJavid 1. of Scotland, the hves of 
 Cohinibus and of some of llie yainl3 of the 
 sixth cciitui-y. lie died IIHU. His works 
 were published at Anlwerii, lul. irj;>'J. 
 
 Adam, John, a Jesuit ot Bourdexux, who 
 \rrotc several treatises at^.'titist tlie new dis- 
 ciples of St. Austin. lie died 1084. 
 
 Adam, <r()rlcton, a native of Hereford, 
 ■who became bishop of ^\'incheirle^. He was 
 intrig;uintr and turbulent, and it is said that 
 tJie life ot Kdward 11. was sacrifioed to this 
 aml)i|;^uous e.xpression which he used : Ed- 
 "wardum regem occidcre nolite timere bo- 
 luimest, wliich, with and without punctuation 
 ajier nolite, will admit of two very ddlereut 
 
 meanuisfs. 
 
 Adam, John, a Jesuit of Limosin, profes- 
 St)r of philosophy. He wrote several works 
 on theolof;ical subjects, little esteemed, and 
 died at Bourdeaux 1684, 
 
 Adams, Sir Thomas, a native of Wem in 
 Shropshire, who after receiving his educa- 
 tion in Cambridge, became a draper in Lon- 
 don, and rose to the high lionor of lord 
 mayor of London 1645. He was well ac- 
 quainted with the privileges of the city, 
 ■which he maintained m itli the spirit of inde- 
 pendence. His partiality however to the 
 royal cause rendered him suspicions, and the 
 republicans searched his house for the un- 
 fortunate Charles. His affection was after- 
 wards transferred to the son, to whom du- 
 ring his exile he sent as a present 10,000/. 
 He accompanied Monk to Breda, to con- 
 gratulate the monarch on his restoration, 
 and for his loyalty he received the honor of 
 knighthood and a baronetcy. His liberality 
 in public and private Ufe was unbounded ; he 
 erected and nobly endowed a school at his 
 native place, founded the Arabic professor- 
 ship at Cambridge, and at his sole expense 
 printed the gospel in Persian, which he dis- 
 tributed in the east. He died in his 81st 
 year, 24th Feb. 1G07, of the stone, and after 
 death his body was opened and a calculus of 
 the extraordinary weight of 25 ounces ex- 
 tracted, which is still preserved in the labo- 
 ratory of Cambridge. His honors were en- 
 joyed by his descendants till the late Sir 
 Thomas who died captain in the navy. 
 
 Adams, Thomas, a fellow of Brazen Nose, 
 distinguished for his learning. He was tu- 
 tor to persons of rank and respectability du- 
 ring Cromwell's usurpation, and ofliciatetl as 
 chaplain to Sir Samuel Jones of Shropshire, 
 and to lady Clare of Northamptonshire. He 
 published " Protestant Union, or Principles 
 of Religion," a valuable work, and died Dec. 
 11th, 1670. 
 
 Adams, Richard, a member of Brazen 
 Kose, minister of St. Mildred, Bread-street, 
 from which place he was ejected 1662. He 
 •wrote a few sermons, and assisted in the 
 completion of Pool's annotations, and in the 
 editing of Charnock's works. He died IG'JS. 
 
 Adams, William, U. D. fellow and after- 
 wards master of Pembroke College, Oxtbrd, 
 was the friend of Dr. Johnson, and distin- 
 guished no less for the urbanity of his man- 
 
 VOL. I. 4 
 
 nors than the extent of liis learning. He 
 wrote some tracts and sermons, and acqui- 
 red celebrity by tlie manner hi which he at- 
 tacked the tenets of Ifume. It was duiing 
 this contioveisy that the historian observed 
 that hj was the only opponent who main- 
 tamed the disi)Ute with the spirit an<l the 
 manners of a gentleman. He died 17S9, be- 
 lovod and respected by the society over whicii 
 he prciiiiled for fourteen years. 
 
 Adamso.v, Patrick, a native of Perth, who 
 after studying ai St. Andrews, travelled into 
 Prance, as tutor, antl Nviih diftlculty escaped 
 the persecuting spirit which at the'massacre 
 of Paris, doomed to torture and to death the 
 unfortunate protestants of every age and of 
 ever)' station. On his return to ScotlanU he 
 was appointed minister of Paisley, and af- 
 ! terwards, by the favor and interest of lord 
 Moreton, he was raised to the archbishopric 
 of St. Andrews. In this devatcd situation 
 he was surrounded with dangers anddifhoul- 
 tics, and the virulence of tiie presbyterians 
 was successfully directed against him as the 
 firmest pillar of episcopacy. James \T. how- 
 ever patronised him, and sent him as his 
 ambassador to England, where his eloquence 
 and his address gt^ined him admirers, and 
 raised such a tide of popularity in favolir of 
 the young king his master, that the jealousy 
 of Elizabeth forbade him again to ascend the 
 pulpit while at her court. In 1584 he was 
 recalled home, and so violent was the irrita- 
 tion of the presbyterians against him, that, 
 at a provincial synod, he was accused and ex- 
 communicated ; and neither appeals to tlie 
 king and to the states, nor the protestations 
 of innocence, would have saved him from 
 this disgraceful sentence, if he had not yield- 
 ed to the storm, and implored for pardon by 
 the most abject submission. His life contin- 
 ued a scene of persecution ; even the mon- 
 arch grew deaf to his petitions, and alienated 
 the revenues of his see in favour of the duke 
 of Lenox, so that Adamson had to add to the 
 indignities offered to his office, the more 
 poignant suflerings of indigence and wretch- 
 edness, in the midst of a forlorn, a deserted, 
 and starving family. He died 1591, in his 
 48th year. A 4to. volume of his works was 
 published containing translations of some of 
 the books of the bible in Latin verse, fre- 
 quently composed to alleviate his grief, and 
 disarm the terrors of persecution. 
 
 Addison, Lancelot, D. D. son of a cler- 
 gv-man of the same name, born at ALaulds 
 Meaburne in Westmoreland, was educated 
 at Queen's College, Oxford, where his satiri- 
 cal reliections on the pride, ignorance, and 
 hypocrisy of his superiors, in an oration 1658, 
 caused such irritation that he obtained for- 
 giveness only by a public recantation on his 
 knees. He was afterwards engaged as chap- 
 lain at Dunkirk and at Tangier, and in con- 
 sideration of his services, and of what he had 
 sufiered for his loyalty, he was deservedly 
 preferred to the living of .Milston and a Sa- 
 rum prebend, and in 1683 to the deanry of 
 Lichfield and the archdeaconrv of Coventry. 
 He died April 20th 17Q3, aged 71, aud v.as 
 
AD 
 
 AD 
 
 buried at Lichfield. He wrote several valu- 
 able treatises, among which w ere his histori- 
 cal observations, while resident in Africa, an 
 account of the present state of the Jews, &c. 
 Add ISO X, Joseph, son of Dr. Lancelot 
 Addison, was born May 1st, 1672, at Mil- 
 ston near Ambrosburv, Wiltshire, of which 
 place his father was rector. He appeared so 
 weak and so unlikely to live that he was chris- 
 tened the same day. After passing through the 
 rudiments of his education under Air. Naish 
 of his native place, Mr. Taylor of Salisbury, 
 and Mr. Shaw of Lichfield, he was placed at 
 the Charterhouse under Dr. EUlis, where 
 an intimacy began with Sir Richard Steele, 
 Avhich genius and reciprocal friendship have 
 immortalized. At Oxford he entered at 
 Queen's College, but the accidental perusal 
 of some Latin verses recommended him to 
 Dr. Lancaster, by wliose patronage he was 
 two years after, 1689, elected demy of Mag- 
 dalen. His academical h^urs were not here 
 devoted to bacchanalian orgies, or disgrace- 
 ful intx'igues ; but the powers of the mind 
 •were cultivated and improved, and the fre- 
 quent composition of Latin verses produced 
 such correctness of style and elegance of dic- 
 tion tlwt the Muste Anglicanse alone would 
 give celebrity to the name of Addison. He 
 next, in his '22d year, displayed his powers 
 in English poetry, by some verses addressed 
 to Drvden, and by a translation of part of 
 Virgil's fourth georgic on the bees ; and as 
 the number ofhis friends increased with 
 his popularity, the student was gradually 
 converted into the courtier, and introduced 
 by Congreve to Montague chancellor of the 
 exchequer, a man who in discerning merit 
 did not wish it to be forgotten that flattery is 
 a tribute paid to power. By the advice of 
 Montague, Addison '.aid aside his intention 
 of taking orders; and, studying the temper 
 of the times, he published a poem addressed 
 to king William, and two years after cele- 
 brated the peace of Ryswick in Latin verses, 
 -which paved the way to a pension of 300/. 
 a year, and claimed the still more honorable 
 merit of beinii^, in the opinion of Smith, the 
 best Latin poem since the JEneid. liaised 
 now to easy circumstances, he travelled to 
 Italy, and with the eyes and the genius of a 
 classical poet surveyed the monuments and 
 the heroic deeds of ancient Rome, which he 
 described in his famous epistle to lord Hali- 
 fax, the most elegant if not the most sub- 
 lime of his pi'oductions. He wrote here 
 also his dialogues on medals, and accor- 
 ding to Tickell, some acts of his Cato ; 
 and after a residence of two years returned 
 to England 1702, widi a meanness of appear- 
 ance, which proclaimed aloud that he la- 
 bored under pecuniary distresses. He now 
 published his travels, with a dedication to 
 lord Somers, and so great was its popularity 
 that the book rose to fiTe times its original 
 price before it could be reprmted. When 
 the victory of Blenheim was obtained. Go- 
 dolphin looked out for a poet equal to ce- 
 lebrate the glory of his country, and Addi- 
 ion was recomnicndcd by Halifax ; and soon 
 
 after, when he had read to his patron what 
 he had written, as far as the simile of the 
 angel, he was appointed commissioner of 
 appeals. On the following year he accom- 
 panied Halifax to Hanover, and was the next 
 year made under-secretary of state. About 
 this time he tried the opera of Rosamond oa 
 the stage, but the audience were regardless 
 of the poet's fame, and it was condemned 
 only because it was an English performance. 
 When the duke of Wharton went as viceroy 
 to Ireland, Addison accepted the place of his 
 secretary , and with a salary of 300 pounds a 
 year as keeper of the records of Birming- 
 ham, he made a rule, as Swift observes, of 
 never returning to his friends, out of polite- 
 ness, the fees <lue to his office. During his 
 residence in Ireland the first paper of the 
 Tatler was published by Steele, Api-il 22d, 
 1709, unknown to him, though he soon dis- 
 covered by the insertion of a remark on 
 Virgil, which had originated in himself, who 
 the author was. The Tatler was succeeded 
 in about two months by the Spectator, a 
 series of essays of the same nature, but writ- 
 ten with less levity, and upon a more regu- 
 lar plan and published daily. In 1713 the 
 Cato was produced on the stage, and was 
 the grand climacteric of Addison's reputa- 
 tion. The last act was composed with 
 haste, and a house was assembled by the 
 intrigues of Steele to judge of the merits of 
 his friend's performance. As the nation was 
 at that time heated by party spirit, the 
 production of an historical play was consi- 
 dered as political craft. The whigs ap- 
 plauded every line which extolled liberty, as 
 a satire on the tories ; and tlie tories echoed 
 every clap to show that the satire was unfelt. 
 When the play was printed, the queen ex- 
 pressed a wish it might be dedicated to her, 
 but as Addison had promised it elsewhere, as 
 a man of honor he could not retract, and Cato 
 appeared without a patron ; but such was its 
 popularity, that it was translated into several 
 languages, and introduced upon some of the 
 other theatres of Europe. During the re- 
 presentation of Cato, Steele published ano- 
 ther daily paper called the Guardian, to 
 which Addison contributed much of his as- 
 sistance. In this publication his papers were 
 distinguished by a hand ; in the Spectatoi^ 
 they are marked by o e of the letters whicl^ 
 compose the name of the muse Clio. Suc- 
 cess in literature did not render Addison in- 
 dolent or conceited, and Steele has attribu- 
 ted to him the comedy of the Drummer, 
 which he said he carried for him to the play- 
 house, and of which afterwards he sold the 
 copy for 50 guineas. These circumstances 
 are denied by Tickell; but as no writer has 
 claimed the Drummer, it is deservedly con- 
 sidered as the production of the author of 
 Cato. Political discussions occasionally en- 
 gaged the attentioH of Addison, and on tem- 
 porary topics he wrote the present state of 
 the Avar — the whig examinei- — the trial of 
 count Tariff; pamphlets which disappeared 
 with the subjects which gave them birth. 
 Some time after, an attempt was made tft 
 
AD 
 
 AD 
 
 revive the Spectator, and 80 numbers were 
 pnblishid of wliicli a ffmrlh part was by 
 A<ltiison ; and tliese papers, perhups more 
 Taluable than tlie otiicrs, for tlio rcIi!j;iou8 
 anci moral topics which tlicy discuss, were 
 collected to form an 8vo. volume. On the 
 death of queen Anne, Addison, mIio had 
 been appoinlcd secretary to llie ref^ency, 
 was ofucially required to announce to the 
 elector of Hanover his accession to the 
 Enp^lish throne. He was liowever so over- 
 powered hy the greatness of the event, that 
 the Lords grew tired while waiting for the 
 niceties of his expressions, and Southwell, 
 one of the clerks of the oIKce, was directed 
 to close the disipatches, which he immedi- 
 atelv completed in the common style of busi 
 ness, not a iiltlr elated that he could do what 
 seemed so clifhcult for ihe gigantic powers of 
 Addison. Never loosing sight however of 
 his public character, he published the Free- 
 holder twice a week, from lieceniber 23d, 
 1715, to the middle of the following year, in 
 support of the government, full of the most 
 convincing arguments, and with humor forci- 
 ble, singular, and matchless. In August 1716 
 he married the countess tlowager of War- 
 ■wick ; but if it added to his elevation, it di- 
 jninished his hapj)iness, for it neither found 
 them nor made them equal. She remem- 
 bered her rank, and treated with so little 
 ceremony a husband who had been tutor to 
 her son, that the example of Addison can 
 hold no great encouragement to ambitious 
 love. In 1717, he was i-aised to his highest 
 dignit)', being made secretary of state, a 
 place to which he was unequal, as he pos- 
 sessed not either boldness or eloquence to 
 defend the measures of government in the 
 house of Commons, but rather wasted away 
 his time in his office in quest of fine expres- 
 sions. He therefore soon solicited and ob- 
 tained his dismission with a pension of 1500 
 pounds a year. His friends indeed palliated 
 this relinquishment, but they as well as his 
 enemies knew well that it was not on account 
 of declining health or from the necessity of 
 relaxation and repose. In his retirement he 
 MOW laid plans for literary labors : he \vrote a 
 defence of the Christian religion, part of 
 ■which was published after his death, and he 
 proposed a tragedy on the death of Socrates, 
 ..besides an English dictionary, and a version 
 of the psalms. It is painful to relate that, in 
 the decline of life, this illustrious man gave 
 way to the suggestions of malice, and treat- 
 ed with unkindness Steele, whose friendship 
 hat" been cemented by the lapse and trial of 
 a long series of years. Lord Sunderland at- 
 tempted to introduce a bill to limit the crea- 
 tion of peers, and this supported by Addison 
 was vehemently opposed by Steele, so that 
 Tarious pamphlets replete with rancor and 
 aci'imonious expressions were issued from 
 the press, and a perfect reconciliation could 
 never be effected But now he felt his end 
 approach from shortness of breath, aggra- 
 vated by a dropsy, and, like a Christian, de- 
 tei^mined to die at peace with all the world, 
 he sent for Gay, aud toUl liim Uiathe ha^ iji- 
 
 jurcd him, for which he would reconapense 
 him. Of the nature of this otieiice l,n\ was 
 ignorant, and Addison did not mention it, 
 though it was Hupposed that some prefer- 
 ment had hy his iciflu«-nce been withlnld 
 from him. Anxious slill to do another kind 
 office, he sent IVjr Lf»rd Warwick whose mor- 
 als were dissipalcd, and who.se priiici,il s 
 were most licentious ; and as he had olten 
 endeavored in \ain to reclaim him by ad- 
 vice, he now wished to raise in him reflec- 
 tion and repentance. When he begged to 
 k'low his last injunctions, I have sent for you, 
 siiid the expiring man, that you may see how 
 a Christian can die. The effect of tliis on the 
 conduct of the earl is not known, as he «lied 
 shortly after. When he ha«' given direC' 
 ti<jns to Tickell about the [lublication of hi.s 
 works, and on his death-bed dedicated them, 
 to his friend .\Ir. Craggs, he expired June 
 17, 1729, at Holland house, leaving ordy one 
 daughter, who died unmarried 1797. Of 
 Addison's character as a poet and a moral 
 writer little more can be added, he was not 
 only the ornament of his age and country, 
 but he reflects dignity on the nature of man. 
 He has divested vice of its meretricious or- 
 naments, and painted religion and virtue in 
 the modest and graceful attire which charm 
 and elevate the heart. In Dr. Johnson's and 
 Dr. Anderson's lives, from whom the above 
 is extracted, a fuller account may be found. 
 
 Adelaide, daughter of Rodolphus king 
 of Burgundy, married Lotharius II. king of 
 Italy, and after his death the emperor Othol. 
 Her manners were exemplary, and her judg- 
 ment and benevolence were exerted for the 
 good of her subjects. She died aged 69, in 999. 
 
 Adelaide, wife of Frederic prince of 
 Saxony, cons])ired with Lewis, marquis of 
 Thuringia, against her husband's life,^lnd 
 married the murderer, 1055. 
 
 Adelaide, daughter of Humbert count 
 of Mauricnne, was queen to Lewis VI. of 
 France, and mother of seven sons and a 
 daughter. After the king's death she mari-i- 
 ed Matthew of Montmorenci, and died 1154. 
 
 Adelaide, wife of Lew is II. of France, 
 was mother of Charles IIJ. surnamed the 
 simple, who was king 898. 
 
 Adelard, an English monk who, in the 
 12th Eentury, visited Egypt and Arabia, and 
 translated into Latin Euclid's Elements, be- 
 fore the Greek manuscripts of the work were 
 know n in Europe. Several other translations 
 by him from mathematical as well as medical 
 writers, are still preserved in Corpus Christi 
 and Trinity College libraries at Oxfoi-d. 
 
 Adelbold, bishop of Utrecht, ami author 
 of a life of the emperor Henry H. dieil 1207. 
 
 Adeler, Curtius, called also Servisen, a 
 native of Norway, who served in the Dutch 
 navy, and then went to A'enice, where he 
 was raised to the rank of admiral, and made 
 knight of St. Mark, with a pension for his me- 
 ritorious services against the Turks. He 
 married a woman of rank at Am.sterdam, and 
 spent the latter part of his life at Copenhagen, 
 where he died 1675 aged 53, universally res- 
 pected. 
 
AD 
 
 AD 
 
 AcELGREiFr,JohnAlbrecht, natural son 
 of a priest near Elbing, was known for the 
 eccentricity and madness of his conduct. 
 He pretended to be the vicegerent of God 
 on earth, an office which he said he had re- 
 ceived from seven angels, and he was at last 
 condemned to death at Koningsberg for blas- 
 phemy and magic in lf)36. He ridiculed his 
 judges, and asserted that his body would rise 
 again in three days. 
 
 Adelma.v, a bishop of Bresci in the 11th 
 century. Mho wrote a letter on the eucharist 
 to Berenger, in a style argumcntatire and 
 dispassionate, and printed at Louvaine 1561 
 in 8vo. lie died 10G2. 
 
 Adelphus, a philosopher of the thii'd 
 century, who mingled the doctrines of Plato 
 with the tenets of the Gnostics. He was op- 
 posed by Plotinus. 
 
 Adeodatus or Godsgtft, a Roman 
 priest, elevated to the papal thi'one 072. He 
 died four years after universally respected 
 for piety and many virtues. 
 
 Ader, William, a learned physician of 
 Tonlouse in the 17th century who wrote a 
 book to prove that the diseases and infirmi- 
 ties which our Saviour cured could not have 
 been removed by human art. Vigneul Mar- 
 ville savs, this book was wi-itten to disprove 
 what the author had before asserted, when 
 lie maintained a contary opinion. 
 
 ADHAB-EDDOULAT,an emperor of Per- 
 sia, after his uncle Araad-Eddoulat. He was 
 not only warlike but humane, and a great 
 patron of letters and of arts. He embellished 
 Bagdad and other places which he had con- 
 quei-ed, by magnificent pubhc edifices, and 
 died 982 aged 47. 
 
 AxiHELME, William, nephew to Ina king 
 of the West Saxons, was the first bishop of 
 Sherborne, and so learned that he is said to 
 have been the first Englishman who wrote 
 Latin, and introduced poetry into England. 
 His life was written by William of Malmes- 
 burv\ He died in 709. His works were edited 
 1601 at Mentz. 
 
 Adiiemar, William, a native of Pro- 
 vence, who dedicated his book on illustrious 
 ladies to the empress Beatrix wife of Frede- 
 ric Barbarossa, whose patronage and esteem 
 lie experienced. He died about 1190. 
 
 Adimantus, a Manichxan sectary at 
 the close of the third century, who denied 
 the authenticity of the old testament, in a 
 treatise which was ably combatted by St. Au- 
 gustine. 
 
 Adimart, Raphael, an Italian historian, 
 horn at Rimini in the iGth century, not so 
 highly esteemed as Clementini. He wrote 
 the history of his country in 2 vols. 4to. 1610. 
 
 Adimari, Alexander, a Florentine, ad- 
 mired for his poetical genius. He died in 
 his 70th year, in 1649. 
 
 Adlerfeldt, Gustavus, a learned 
 Swede, who was in the suit of Charles XII. 
 of whose battles he has given a faithful and 
 minute account. He was killed by a cannon 
 ball at the battle of Piiltowa 1700, and on 
 that fatal day his history concludes. Tiie 
 work was translated into French by his son, 
 four vols. 12mo, 1740. 
 
 Adl^reitter, John, chancellor of Ba- 
 varia, in the 17th century, wrote in Latiu 
 the annals of his countrv, printed, Leipsic, 
 folio, 1710. 
 
 Ado, vicl. Adon. 
 
 Adolphus, count of Nassau, was crown- 
 ed king and emperor of the Romans 1292. 
 He showed himself violent and oppressive, 
 and was killed six years after in a battle neap 
 Spires by his rival Albert of Austria, who 
 succeeded him July 2d, 1298. 
 
 Adolphus, a count of Cleves, whoinsti- 
 tuted an order of chivalry in 1380, which has 
 long since been abolished. 
 
 Adolphus, bishop of Mersburg, opposed 
 the docti'ines of Luther, but afterwards fa- 
 vored their establishment. He died 1526, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Adolphus Frederic II. king of Swe- 
 den, showed himself the patron of learning 
 and science, the dispenser of justice, and 
 the friend of merit. He founded the acad- 
 emy of inscriptions and belles lettres, at Tor- 
 nco, and died 12th of Feb. 1771, in his 61st 
 year, and in the 20th of his reign. 
 
 Adolphus, duke of Sleswick, refused 
 the crown of Denmark after the death of 
 Christopher III. and placed it on the head of 
 his nephew Christiern I. He died in 1459, 
 after a life of benevolence and wisdom. 
 
 A D o N, archbishop of Vienne in Dauphind, 
 died 16th December 875 at the age of 76, af- 
 ter a life devoted to the care of his diocese 
 and the regulation of his clergy. He wrote 
 a useful chronicle, printed at Paris, folio, 
 1322, and at Rome 1745, folio, besides amar- 
 tyrology, published 1613. 
 
 Adorne, Francis, a Jesuit of a Genoese 
 family, wrote on ecclesiastical discipline at 
 the request of Charles IX. He died 13th 
 January 1586 aged 56. 
 
 Adorne, Antony, a Genoese, of a plebe- 
 ian family, raised to tlie dignity of doge in 
 1383. His reign was in the midst of tumults 
 and insurrections, which the Genoese at- 
 tempted to appease by resigning their inde- 
 pendence into the hands of Chai-les VI. of 
 France in 1396. Adorne was appointed gov- 
 ernor, but Genoa regained her liberty aiter- 
 wards. 
 
 Adorne, Gabriel, a Genoese, who dur- 
 ing the tumultuous times of his country be- 
 came doge, 1330. He was driven from pow- 
 er four years after by Fregose a more suc- 
 cessful rival. 
 
 Adorne, Prosper, a Genoese, made doge 
 after the expulsion of the French in 140O. 
 He afterwards betrayed his power into the 
 hands of the duke of Milan, to avenge him- 
 self agaitist his rivals in the state ; but the 
 love of independence prevailed, the Milan- 
 ese were banished, and Prosper declared 
 the defender of Genoese liberty. His ene- 
 mies at last prevailed, and at the end of a life 
 che(|uercd by popularity and by misfortunes 
 he lied to Naples, where he died 1486. 
 
 Adorne, Jerome, a Genoese of the same 
 family, who opposed the party of the Frego- 
 ses, whoasi)ired to the supreme power. His 
 abilities were of great service to his country, 
 
AD 
 
 AD 
 
 and ficnoa, placed by his means in 152'2 un- 
 der tlie ])i'Olc'clion and in the alliance of 
 Charles \'. enjoyed peace and jirosperity. 
 lit; \v:is nuich respected as :i negocialt)r, as 
 an admiral, as a politician, and as a public 
 magistrate. 
 
 A uo UN I, Catherine Fieschi, a Genoese 
 lady who married her cf)uritryman .Itdian A- 
 doriii, a dissipated youlli, \v horn by her mod- 
 est and virtuous conduct she reclaimed. 
 After his death she letired to Cieneva, where 
 she (IcToled herself to acts of piety an<l be- 
 nevolence. She died there l4tli December 
 1510 aged 0.3. She wrote several works on 
 divinity subjects, 
 
 A DUE IS, Francis Beaumont des, a de- 
 scendant of an ancient family in l)anphin6, 
 possessed a bold enterprising spirit. He 
 embraced the cause of the Huguenots in re- 
 Rentnient to the duke of Guise, and glutted 
 his vengeance by inllicting the most barba- 
 rous punishments and tortures on those who 
 fell into his hands. It is said that he often 
 compelled his prisoners to leap from the bat- 
 tlements on tlie pikes of his soldiers. One 
 of these wretched victims, being severely re- 
 proved for having twice shrunk from the fa- 
 tal leap, answered. As bold as you are, I de- 
 fy your leai)ing in the third attempt. The 
 reply saved tbc devoted man. Even liis 
 friends feared him, and Coligny palliated his 
 licentiousness by comparing him to a lion 
 whose fury was accidentally converted to the 
 good of his party. He died despised and ne- 
 glected in 1587, leaving two sons and a 
 Slaughter in whom the family became ex- 
 tinct. One of the sons was engaged in the 
 murders of St. Bartholomew, and he showed 
 himself as cruel and vindictive as his father. 
 The life of Adrets was published by Guy Al- 
 lard, (irenoble 1675, in 12mo. 
 
 Adria, John James, a physician in the 
 service of Charles V. He wrote some trea- 
 tises on his profession, and died in his native 
 town of Mazara 1500. 
 
 Adrian, Publ. -Sllius, emperor of Rome 
 after the death of Trajan, died in the 03d 
 vear of his age, and the 22d of his reign, 
 A. D. 1.39. 
 
 Adrian, a Greek author in the 5th cen- 
 tury, who wrote an introduction to the 
 scriptures in Greek, printed at Augsburg, 
 1602, in 4to. and in Latin 1050, fol. 
 
 Adrian, a learned Carthusian, Avho like 
 Petrarch wrote an admired treatise called 
 de remediis utriusque fortuuse, published at 
 Cologne 1471 in 4to. 
 
 Adrian* I. a Roman patrician raised to 
 the pontificate in 772. He highly embel- 
 lished St. Peter's church, and showed him- 
 self very benevolent and humane, during a 
 famine occasioned by the inundations of the 
 Tiber. He died 20th December 795. 
 
 Adrian H. was raised to the popedom 
 867. He was in this character artful and in- 
 triguing, and was deeply engaged in making 
 the patriarch of Constantinople bow before 
 the chair of St. Peter, and in sulyecting un- 
 der tlie papal power the kings and princes of 
 western Europe, by the threats of cxcom- 
 muni^ation. He died 872, 
 
 Adrian HI. Avas elected Pope 884, and 
 enjoyed his dignity oidy one year. He died 
 as he was going to the diet to be held :t 
 Worms. 
 
 Adkian IV'. a native of Langley in 
 HertlKM-dshire, the only Engli^ihman raix^i 
 to the pa[»al chair. His name was Nirholai* 
 Brekespere. In his youth he was euiployed 
 in mean oftlces in the ahbej- tif St. Alban's, 
 and after his being refused admission in a 
 superior order, he travelled tlioiigh in ob- 
 scure circumstances into Prance, where his 
 orderly behaviour and his engaging a[)[>ear- 
 ance recomn>eiuled him to the monks of 
 Paris, and procured him an acquaintance 
 with the most essei^tial branches ot litera- 
 ture. He afterwards retired to the abbey of 
 St. Rufus in Provence, where he Mas made 
 superior, but the turbulence of the monks 
 carried accusations to Rome against hiiu, 
 and the pope, Eugenius HI. who admired 
 the eloquence of Adrian, removed him frorai 
 his persecutors, and created him cardinal 
 and hishop of Alba, 1146. Under this pii- 
 Ironage he was sent as legate to Norway and 
 Denmark, and his popular preaching and his 
 inlluence were successful in spreading the 
 light of the gospel in these uncivilized coun- 
 tries. On the death of Anastasius he was 
 elected to the papal chair November 1154, 
 and he received on his elevation by the em- 
 bassy of three bishops and an abbot, the con- 
 gratulations of Henry II. of England, who 
 thus paid homage to a man who a few years 
 before had left his kingdom as a mendicant. 
 Henry was the favorite of the pope, and he 
 received the papal permission and apostolic 
 blessing, w hen he undertook the conquest of 
 Ireland. In his government of Rome, Adrian 
 was jealous of his power, he repressed the 
 insurrections of the consuls who aspired to 
 tlie independence of ancient times, and by 
 the terrors of excommunication he rendered 
 the king of Sicily submissive to his temporal 
 authority. The emperor of Germany like- 
 wise acknowledged his power, and after 
 holding the stii'rup whilst his spiritual mas- 
 ter mounted on horseback, he ow ned his de- 
 pendence on the see of Rome, and humbly 
 received consecration in the church of St. 
 Peter. Yet in the midst of prosperity, A- 
 drian felt the oppressive weight of greatness, 
 and in a familiar conversation with his friend 
 and countryman John of Salisbury, he bit- 
 terly complained tiiat an elevated situation is 
 not always the parent of happiness. He 
 died September 1st, 1559, in tbe fourth year 
 and tenth month of his pontificate, and was 
 buried in St. Peter's church. He showed 
 himself an able and prudent pontiff, antl his 
 sliort reign added much to the securit}' and 
 to the happiness of the Roman state. 
 
 Adrl-vx V. a native of Genoa, raised to 
 the pontificate in 1270. He died 38 days af- 
 ter. He had been employed in 1254 and in 
 1205 aspai)al legate in England, to settle the 
 disputes between the king and his rebellious 
 barons. 
 
 Adrian VI. a native of Utrecht, of ob- 
 scure biriU. His abilities gradually raised 
 
AD 
 
 MM 
 
 him to consequence ; he was preceptor to 
 the emperor Charles V. and procured in the 
 Spanish dominions the highest honors in 
 church and state which could gratify his am- 
 bition. He was elected pope in 1522, and 
 died after a short and turbulent reign of one 
 year, in which like his predecessor Adrian 
 IV. he lamented the misery of greatness. 
 
 Adrian de Castello, born at Cornetto in 
 Tuscany of obscure parentage, was employed 
 by the popes as legate in Scotland and Eng- 
 land. His great abilities recommended him 
 to the friendship of Morton the primate and 
 to the patronage of Henry VH. by whom he 
 •was raised to the bishopric of Hereford, and 
 afterwards of Bath and Wells. He chiefly 
 I'esi'lcd al Rome, while the care of his dio- 
 cese was intrusted to Wolsey, and in this 
 place of intrigue and treachery he forgot the 
 dignity of his character, by conspiring against 
 pope Leo X. from the ambitious expectation 
 of being raised to the pontiiicate, according 
 to a prophecy whicli declared the name of 
 the successor to be Adrian. He was fined 
 12,500 ducats, and forbidden to leave Kome; 
 but afterwards, upon the discovery of the 
 plot, Adrian fled from the city, and in con- 
 sequence was solemnly stripped of all his ec- 
 clesiastical honors 1518. The place of his 
 retreat, and the time of his death, are un- 
 known, though some imagine that he con- 
 cealed his disgrace among the Mahometans 
 of Asia. Polydore Virgil, who shared his 
 friendship and his liberality, has bestowed 
 the highest encomium upon his character, 
 as a man of taste and judgment, and as the 
 first since the age of Cicero, who had revi- 
 ved the classical style of chaste latinity and 
 pure diction. According to Polydore, he 
 died at Riba in the bishopric of Trent. 
 
 Adrian I, John Baptist, a noble of Flo- 
 rence, who Avas secretary to the republic, 
 and distinguished himself as a statesman and 
 a man of letters. He died 1579 in his 68th 
 year. He wrote an history of his own times, 
 ■which is a continuation of Guicciardini's, va- 
 luable for its candor and authenticity, and 
 highly commended by the indefatigable Thu- 
 anus. He composed, besides, six funeral 
 orations upon the first characters of the 
 times, and was the author of a letter on an- 
 cient painters and sculptors prefixed to Va- 
 sari. 
 
 Adriani, Marcellus, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who left a manuscript translation of 
 Phitarch, and of Demetrius Phalereus. This 
 last was published by the able Gozi at Flo- 
 rence 1738. He died 1604. 
 
 Adrichomt A, Cornelia, a nun in Hol- 
 land of the Augustine order, who published a 
 poetical version of the psalms in the 16th 
 century. 
 
 Adrichomius, Christian, a native of 
 Delft, who died at Cologne in 1585 in his 
 52d year. He was for .some time director of 
 the nuns of Barbara ; and afterwards, when 
 civil commotions drove him from his coun- 
 try, he presided in the same capacity over 
 the canonesses of Nazareth. He published 
 a description of Judcca, called Theatrum tur- 
 
 r» sanctie, "with a chronicle of the old and 
 new testament, fol. 1593, in which he de- 
 pends too much on the authority of Annius 
 of V iter bo. 
 
 Adson, an abbot of Luxeuil, in 960, au- 
 thor of the miracles of Saint Vandalbert, 
 third abbot of the place, a work full of super- 
 stitious and legendary tales. 
 
 jEdesius, succeeded Jamblichus, as 
 teachei- of Platonic philosophy ia Gappado- 
 cia in the 4th century. 
 
 iEoEATES, John, a priest of the Nesto- 
 rian sect, who flourished 483, and wrote a 
 treatise against the coKncil of Chalcedon, 
 and an ecclesiastical history from the reiga 
 of Theodosius to that of Zeno. 
 
 -SIgidi us, Peter Albiensis, a writer sent 
 by Francis I. to examine and to give an ac- 
 count of the most celebrated places of Asia, 
 Greece, and Africa. He was seized by pi- 
 rates, but made his escape, and died of a 
 surfeit in his 65th year, 1555. He published 
 an account of his travels besides other 
 works. 
 
 iEoiDius, Atheniensis, a Grecian physi- 
 cian in the 8th century, who became a Bene- 
 dictine monk, and published several learned 
 treatises, especially de pulsibus^ and de ve- 
 nenjs. Some imagine there was another au- 
 thor of the same name. 
 
 JEgidius, de Coloima, divinity professol* 
 at Paris, was general of the Augustines, and 
 for his learning received the appellation of 
 Doctor fundatissiraus. His works are now 
 deservedly forgotten. He died 1316. 
 
 -Egineta, Paulus, a physician of jEgina 
 in the 7th eentury, who first was acquainted 
 with the cathartic powers of rhubarb. His 
 works appeared at Paris in fol. 1532. 
 
 -S^ciNHARD, a German, educated by 
 Charlemagne of whom he became the faith- 
 ful secretary. He retired from the active 
 scenes of life after the loss of Imma his belo- 
 ved wife, whom some have falsely called 
 daughter of the emperor, asserting that she 
 conveyed her husband on lier shoulders 
 from her house through the snow, that his 
 escape might not be traced by the jealousy 
 of her father. JEginhard is the author of a 
 valuable life of Charlemagne, besides annals 
 from 741 to 839, and letters. He died 840. 
 His works were first edited at Paris, 2 vols, 
 fol. 1576. 
 
 JElfred, vid. Alfred. 
 
 JElian, Claudius, an historian born in 
 Italy in the first century. He wrote in the 
 Greek language an history of animals, a va- 
 rious history, Jsc. published by Gesner 1556. 
 
 JElianvs, Meccius, a physician before 
 Galen, the first who used treacle against the 
 plague, and with success. 
 
 jElst, a Dutch painter, vid. Aalst. 
 
 ^MiLiANi, Jerome, a noble Venetian, 
 one of the founders of the i*egular clerks of 
 Saint Maicul, in the 16th century. 
 
 iEMiLi.\Nus, C. Julius, a Moor who, 
 from the lowest station, rose to the imperial 
 dignity, which he enjoyed only four montliS. 
 He was succeeded by Valerian. 
 
 .S^MiLius, Paulus, a Roman general, ce- 
 
^N 
 
 ^T 
 
 Jebrfttcd for his victory over Perseus king of 
 JVIacedonia. He died aged Gi, H. C. IG4. 
 
 JiMiLius, Faulus, a native of Verona, in- 
 vited into France by Lewis XII. by the ad- 
 vice of I*oncher bishop of Paris, an<l engagi-d 
 to write a Latin history of tiie Fit-ncli mo- 
 narchy. The work, which employed 18 or 
 according to others 30 years of his life-, was 
 left unfjniblied at iiis tleath, is divided into 
 ten books, from the reign of IMiaraniond to 
 the fifth year of Charles A 111. in 1488. The 
 whole is written with judgment and precision, 
 and though tlie author was delicate even to a 
 fault in the choice and collocation of his 
 vords, yet his style is elegant and correct, if 
 we except a studied aflectation of anticjuity 
 in the names of men and of places. This his- 
 tory was continued by Arnoldus Ferronius 
 who completed it by the addition of nine 
 books to the death of Francis I. iEmilius 
 died in 1529, and left behind him the anua- 
 ble character of a man of learning, virtue, 
 and integrity. He was buried in the cathe- 
 dral at Paris. 
 
 JEneas, Gazeus, author of a dialogue on 
 the immortality of the soul, and the resur- 
 rection, printed Greek and Latin, 1560, 
 Basil, and Leipsic 1655, was a platonic phi- 
 losopher of the fifth century converted to 
 Christianity. 
 
 ^NEAS, Sylvius, a native of Corsigny in 
 Sienna, of the family of the Piccolimini. 
 After struggling with poverty in his younger 
 |ears, he rose to consequence by his abili- 
 ties and was employed as secretary to car- 
 dinal Capranica, at the council of Basil in 
 1431. He came to Scotland to mediate a 
 peace between that country and the Eng- 
 lish crown, and at his return was promoted 
 to the dignity of secretary to tlie council of 
 Basil, an assembly Avhich he defended a- 
 guinst the usurpation of Rome by his elo- 
 quence as well as by his writings. He was 
 afterwards engaged in several embassies to 
 Trent, Frankfort, &c. and in one of these, 
 at Strasburg, he had an intrigue with a lady, 
 by whom he had a son ; a circumstance 
 which he endeavors to palliate and ridicule in 
 a letter to his father, with more aflectation 
 than vivacity. About 1439 he was sent as 
 ambassador to the imperial court, and so 
 high was his reputation that the emperor 
 Frederic hot only received him with kind- 
 ness, but crowned him with the poetical lau- 
 rel, promoted him to the highest dignities, 
 and honored him with his friendship and con- 
 fidence. During the schism which distrac- 
 ted Rome, he wished to stand neuter ; but 
 he at last followed the example of Frederic, 
 and espoused the cause of Eugenius, to whom, 
 after a recantation of his errors, he Avas re- 
 ooncHed. His elevation to the rank of cardi- 
 nal as a I'eward for his services, was followed 
 in 1458, by his election to the papal chair, on 
 the death of Callixtus, and by the publication 
 of a bull which condemned and renounced 
 all that he had said or written in the defence 
 of the council of Basil, and exhorted the 
 members of his church to reject -Slneas Syl- 
 vius and submissjvelv to receive Pius II. the 
 
 name which he assumed. The character of 
 [innncssand <ligiiity which he had inairttaincd 
 ill private life, he disjdaved at the head of the 
 church. He expelled tyrants, supported the 
 election of pi-inces, and ever) where tbtab- 
 lished and conlirn>ed the temporal power of 
 Itome over the Christian world. Ilediedin 
 his59lh year, I4th of August 1464, after a 
 reign of nearly seven years, during which he 
 deserved the eulogium which was passed 
 upon him in the conclave by the cardinal of 
 Pavia, by his zeal for i-eligiou, his intcgiity 
 of manners, his solid judgment and profound 
 learning. His works, which consist of let- 
 ters, of memoirs of the council of Basil— 
 of two books on cosmogra])hy — of Euryalus, 
 and Lucretia a romance — of a poem on the 
 crucifixion — of a history of the Bohemians, 
 — of memoirs of his own life, kc. were prin- 
 ted at Basil in fol. 1551, and at Helmstadt 
 1700, fol. His life was published by Gobelin 
 his secretary, at Rome 1584 and 1589, and at 
 Frankfort 1614. 
 
 /Eneas, Tacticus, author of a Greek 
 treatise on the art of war, flourished 356 B. C 
 Aertxen, vid. Arse MS. 
 .^Rius, a presbyter of Sebastia, who is 
 supposed by some to be the founder of 
 the presbyterians. He separated from the 
 church, because Eustathius was raised to the 
 bishopric of Sebastia in preference to him- 
 self, and in asserting that presbyters and 
 bishops were the same in rank in the Chris- 
 tian church, he established a sect which was 
 branded with the name of heresy, and his 
 supporters expelled from towns and villages 
 to the fields and woods, where their doctrines 
 were propagated. He flourished about 385. 
 iEscHiNES, a disciple of Socrates, au- 
 thor of some dialogues, of which only three 
 are extant. 
 
 iEscHiNES, a celebrated orator known 
 particularly as the rival of Demosthenes. 
 He flourished 342 B. C. and died at Saraos 
 or Rhodes. 
 
 iEscHYLUS, a celebrated tragic poet of 
 Athens, of whose plays only seven are ex- 
 tant. He died in the 69th year of his age, 
 456 B.C. 
 
 ^sop, a Phrygian, well known as a fabu- 
 list. He lived in the age of Solon and Croi- 
 sus, about COO B. C. 
 
 -£soPus, Clodius, a famous actor at Rome 
 in the age of Cicero. 
 
 J^Tiox, a Grecian painter of celebrity. 
 JEthrius, an architect in the sixth cen- 
 tury, raised to the confidence of Anastasius 
 I. He is supposed to have built the wall 
 which extended from Selembria to the sea 
 to check the inroads of the barbarians of the 
 north. 
 
 .^Tius,an able general under Valentiniaa 
 III. He devoted liimseif to military aflitirs, 
 and at one time weakened the Roman power 
 by espousing the cause of the barbarians. 
 His valor at last however was exerted no- 
 bly in the defence of the tottering empire, 
 and he obliged the victorious Attila to retire 
 beyond the Rliine. He was stabbed by A a- 
 lentinian 45 4, who was jealous of his military 
 
AG 
 
 AG 
 
 glory, and suspected that lie aspired to the 
 imperial tJiroue. 
 
 iErius, a Syrian, whofr'^m a menial ser- 
 vant rose 10 consequence, and was made bish- 
 op by Eiuloxus the patriarch of Constantino- 
 pie. ' lie vas the founder of a sect called 
 -ttians, -which adopted the tenets of the 
 Arians, and besides maintained that faith 
 alone without good works was sufiicient for 
 salvation, lie flourished 336. 
 
 iErius, a physician of Aniida in the fifth 
 century. His work called Tetrabiblns, in 
 Cireek, is divided into 16 books, containing; 
 the opinions of preceding physicians, Avith 
 occasional observations of his own. He stu- 
 died at Alexandria. 
 
 Afer, Domilius, an orator horn at Nis- 
 mes. He was in consequence of his ilattery 
 noticed by Tiberius and by Caligula; and 
 raised to the consulship. He died A. D. 39. 
 
 Afflitto, ^Matthew, an able civilian, 
 born at Naples 1443, he m rote various books 
 on the civil and canon law, and died 1553. 
 His family produced other men of celebrity. 
 
 Afraxius, a Koman comic poet, who 
 fiorished 100 B. C. 
 
 Africaxus, Julius, wrote a chronicle of 
 which some fragments remain, besides a let- 
 ter to Origen, censuring the history of Su- 
 sanna as a romance, and another to reconcile 
 the apparent contradictions of the genealo- 
 gies of St. ^Matthew and St. Luke. 
 
 Agapetus I. Mas made pope 535. He 
 died at Constantinople the following year. 
 The second of that name was elected pojie 
 946, and died 965, 
 
 Agapetus, a deacon of Constantinople, 
 who wrote a valuable letter to the emperor 
 Justinian on the duties of a Christian prince. 
 
 A G A P I u s, a Greek monk of mount A thos, 
 in the 17th century. He wrote a treatise in 
 modern Greek in favor of transubstantiation 
 called the salvation of sinners, printed at 
 Venice 1641. 
 
 Agard, Arthur, an English antiquary, 
 born at Toston in IJerbyshire. He held tlie 
 respectable employment of deputy cham- 
 berlaia in the exchequer office, which afford- 
 ed him the means of consulting valuable 
 books and records, and his inquiries on po- 
 litical and constitutional subjects were after- 
 wards made public by Mr. Hearne, among 
 the papers of the antiquarian society, to the 
 establishment of which he himself contribu- 
 ted. He died August 2'2d, 1615, in his 75th 
 year, and was interred in Westminster Ab- 
 bey. Some of his papers were bequeathed 
 for the use ofhis successors in the exchequer, 
 but 20 volumes of his excellent collections 
 were left by his will to his friend Sir Robert 
 Cotton. 
 
 Agatharcidas, a Cnidian, 180 R. C. 
 author of a Greek history of Alexander's 
 Avars. 
 
 Agatharcus, aSamian, engaged by .^s- 
 chylus as a stage painter. 
 
 Agathemer, Orthonis, wrote a Greek 
 compendium of geography, edited by Hud- 
 son, Oxford 1703. 
 
 AcATHiAS, a Greek historian, author of 
 
 an account of Justinian's reign, published m 
 Greek and Latin, Leyden 1594, and Paris 
 1C58. 
 
 Agathocles, a Sicilian, who rose fromi 
 the obscurity of a potter to the sovereign, 
 power of all Sicily. He died 289 B. C. aged 
 72. 
 
 Agathon, a tragic poet, crowned at the 
 Olympic games, B. C. 419. 
 
 Aga'i HON, a native of Palermo, elected 
 to the papal chair 679. In his time theEu- 
 tychians or Monolhelites were condemned 
 at the council of Constantinople. He died 
 6S2. 
 
 Age LI as, Anthony, bishop of Acerno in 
 Italy, published commentaries on the psalms, 
 and some of the prophets. He died 1608. 
 
 Agelnotii, archbishop of Caiitei-bury, 
 refused to crown Harold king, though he 
 liad enjoyed the patronage of his father Can- 
 ute. He died 1038, after being seventeen 
 years in the see of Canterbuiy. 
 
 Agesilaus, a king of Sparta, celebrated 
 for his victories against the Persians. He 
 died B. C. 362. 
 
 A G G a s, Robert, called Angus, a landscape 
 painter, one of whose pieces is still preserv- 
 ed in the hall of the paper-stainers' compa- 
 ny. He died 1679, in London, in his 60tli 
 year. 
 
 Agila, king of the Visigot!js in Spain, 
 was murdered by his nobles in the fifth year 
 of his reign, 554. 
 
 ' Agilulf, duke of Turin, Avas appointed 
 on tlie death of Antharic king of Lombardy, 
 his successor, and married his widow Theu- 
 delinda. He abandoned arianism for the 
 catholic faith, and displayed great abilities 
 as a warrior and a statesman. He died 61& 
 after a reign of 25 years, and was succeeded 
 by his son Adalnald. 
 
 Agis, the name of some Spartan kings. 
 The most famous are the second of that 
 name who was engaged in the Peloponnesian 
 war, and died 427 B. C. and the foui'th who, 
 in consequence of his attempts to restore 
 Ijacedtemon to her ancient discipline and glo- 
 rious independence, was put to death 241 
 B. C. 
 
 Aglionby, John, D. D. a native of Cum- 
 berland, educated at Queen's College, Ox- 
 ford, and known for his great learning and 
 his knowledge of school divinity. He was 
 head of St. Edmund's Hall, chaplain to 
 James I. and one of those who translated the 
 new testament. He died at Islip, where he 
 was rector, 1610, February 6th, in his 43d 
 year, and was buried in the chancel there. 
 His son of the same naTie, was dean of Can- 
 terbury, an honor wliich he enjo3'ed but a 
 few months, and died 1643. 
 
 Agnei.eus, an abbot of Ravenna, in the 
 ninth century, often confounded with a bish-. 
 op of Ravenna of the same name in the sixth 
 century. Agnellus wrote an history of the 
 lives of the prelates of Ravenna, which is of- 
 ten quoted by Jerome Rubens, and is full of 
 uninteresting matter but deserved sarcasm 
 upon the debauchery of the monks. 
 
 Ag>'es J, Maria Gaetana, a learnedltalian 
 
AG 
 
 AG 
 
 lady, born at Milan, and made in conse- 
 quence of lier great merit, and her many 
 virtues, matlifinalical ])rolesH((r in the uni- 
 versity ol |{oI()f;iia l>\ l{cno<iict XIV. She 
 died aboul 1770, ap:ed r»'J, universally res- 
 prctod. Her analytieal institutions appear- 
 ed at Milan, 'J vols. 4lo. 174S, and were irans- 
 late<l i«ito French by Cousin 1775, and lately 
 into En}:;lish '2 vols. 4to. %vith her life iVoni 
 Montucla. 
 
 A con An I), archbishop of Lyons, support- 
 ed the revolt ol" Lothaire aj^ainst Lewis the 
 <lebonnaire. In consecpience ol' this violent 
 opposition he was deposed at Thion\ille, but 
 ai'lerwurds restored lo his ecclesiastical hon- 
 ors, on beinp; reconciled to Lewis, lie died, 
 840. His works were edited by Baluze in 
 IfiOG, 2 vols. Svo. They contain able arj^u- 
 nients against image worship, against ^^itch- 
 eralt, and against duelling. 
 
 Agos TING, Paolo, a musical composer, 
 master of the papal chapel at Iloiae. IIi.s 
 chorusses are much commended. He died 
 10 '29, aged 36. 
 
 Agoult, Cuillaume d', a poet of Prov- 
 ence in 1198. His ballads were most esteem- 
 ed in those times of chivalry and hospitable 
 rusticity. 
 
 Agreda, Mary d', superior of a convent 
 at Agreda in Spain, wrote a fanatical book 
 on the life of the virgin Mary, which slie 
 said had been revealed to her from heaven. 
 A translation of this nonsensical hook, which 
 •was censured by the Sorbonne and prohil)- 
 ited at Rome, was published at Brussels 
 1717 in 8 vols 12mo. She died 16S5, aged 
 63. 
 
 Agresti, Licio, an historical painter, 
 ■whose abilities were employed by Grogoi-y 
 Xni. in adorning the Vatican. He died 15S0. 
 
 Agrestis, Julius, a Roman general un- 
 der Vespasian, who destroyed himself. 
 
 Aguicot.a, Cn. Julius, an illustrious Ro- 
 man, known for his humanity when gover- 
 nor of Britain, and immortalized by the pen 
 of his son-in-law the historian Tacitus. He 
 died A. D. 93, aged 50. 
 
 Agricot.a, Rodolphus, a native of Gro- 
 ningen who travelled into France and Italy, 
 where he was honored with the patronage 
 of Hercules d'Est duke of Ferrura. He di- 
 ed at Heidelberg 1485. His works on histo- 
 rical subjects were published at Cologne in 
 4to. 15.39 ; but though flattered by the" com- 
 pliments of Erasmus, and called in pi-ose and 
 poetry the Polition and Virgil of his time, 
 they are not possessed of superior merit. 
 He had the singular merit of first introdu- 
 cing the study of Greek into Germany, and 
 he himself gave lectures at Worms and Hei- 
 delberg. 
 
 AcRicoLA, George, a physician of Glan- 
 cen in Misnia, known for his learning and 
 his works on metallic substances and miner- 
 als. He died 1555, November 21, aged 01. 
 
 Agricola, Michael, a minister' of Abo 
 in Fiidand, the first who translated the new 
 testament into the language of the country, 
 and thus greatly favored the doctrines of 
 Luther. 
 
 voi^. I. 5 
 
 Agricola, a learned bishop of Chalons- 
 sur-Saone. He died in his 83d year, 5jO. 
 
 Agu icoi.A, John, a German divine, liorii 
 at Isleb. He was the friend and the discipU: 
 of Luther, but alterwai'dH violently opposed 
 him, and became the headf)f the Anonieaiif:, 
 a sect which reganled faith as the whole of 
 the duties of nian. He Mas also etigaged in 
 a dispute with .Melancthon, but with the 
 most laudable motives he endeavored to ef- 
 fect a reconciliation between the catliolics 
 .and protestants. He <lied at Berlin 1500 
 .aged 74. 1 lis commentaries on Sl liuke 8vo. 
 his historia passionis J. C. fol. and his collec- 
 tion of (JeruiHU proverb.5, have been printed, 
 and possess merit. 
 
 Agriita, Menenius, a Roman patrician, 
 known in history f(ir ap])easii)g a sedition by 
 the fable of the belly and the limbs, B. C. 492, 
 
 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, a Roman 
 general celebrated for his mi!itni*v exploits, 
 Itut more for liis intimacy with Augustus. 
 He died 12 B. C. 
 
 Agrippa, Herod, grandson of Herod the 
 Great, was noticed by the Roman emperors, 
 and made king of all Judiea and some other 
 neighboring provinces. He persecuted the 
 Chi-istians, and was the person r^epresented 
 in scripture as struck with death on liis thione 
 by an angel for his impious vanity, A. 1). 44. 
 
 Agrippa n. son of the above, and his 
 successor on the throne, and last king of Ju- 
 (hca, wastlie monarch before whom Paul ap- 
 peared as a prisoner, and whom he persua- 
 ded almost to be a Christian. He died at 
 Rome A. 1). 94. 
 
 Agrippa, Henry Cornelius, a native of 
 Cologne descended from a noble family. He 
 was in the armies of the emperor Maximil- 
 ian, and distinguished liimself so much by 
 his courage and military abilities, that he was 
 knighted after seven years' service in Italy. 
 Eager to add to his laurels the honors of learn- 
 ing, he Applied himself to the study of the 
 more abstruse sciences, and took degrees in 
 law and medicine. The fickleness of his 
 temper, however, and his irritable passions, 
 prevented him from acquiring that distinc- 
 tion which is due to superior genius and vir- 
 tue. His writings, often severe, drew upon 
 him the resentmentof the monks, and though 
 liberally patronised by the great, he led a 
 fugitive and solitary life. After reading lec- 
 tures in several places in France, and at Pa- 
 via, whei'e his eloquence commanded admi- 
 ration, he retired to Metz by the solicitatious 
 of his friends; but his engaging in the pue- 
 rile disputes about St. Anne, whether she had 
 one or three hu.=;bands according to the opin- 
 ion of the ecclesiastics of the times, render- 
 ed him so unpopul.nr that he fled to Cologne, 
 and afterwards to Switzerland. Fortune lure 
 seemed to favor him, Francis I. granted hiiu 
 a pension, anil he was made physician to the 
 queen mother ; l)ut his unwillingness to ap- 
 ply his knowleiige of astrology- to foretell suc- 
 cess to the arms of France, incensed the court, 
 and lie was dimissed in disgrace. He reti- 
 red with difl'iculty to Antwerp, and after re- 
 ceiving invitations from Hcni'v kingof Kng- 
 
AG 
 
 AG 
 
 glory, and suspected that he aspired to the 
 imperial Uirone. 
 
 ^Tius, a Syrian, whofr^m a menial ser- 
 vant rose to consequence, and was made bish- 
 op by Eudoxus the patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple. He vas the founder of a sect called 
 Ittians, -which adopted the tenets of the 
 Arians, and besides maintained that faith 
 alone without good works was suflicient for 
 salvation. He flourished 330. 
 
 ^rius, a physician of Aniida in the fifth 
 century. His work called Tetrabiblos, in 
 Cireek, is divided into 16 books, containini; 
 the opinions of preceding physicians, Avith 
 occasional observations of his own. He stu- 
 died at Alexandria. 
 
 Afer, Domilius, an orator born at Nis- 
 mes. He was in consequence of his ilattery 
 noticed by Tiberius and by Caligula; and 
 raised to the consulship. He died A. D. 59. 
 
 Afflitto, Mattiiew, an able civilian, 
 born at Naples 1443, he wrote various books 
 on the civil and canon law, and died 1553. 
 His family produced other men of celebrity. 
 
 Afraxius, a Roman comic poet, who 
 fiorished 100 B. C. 
 
 African us, Julius, wi-ote a chronicle of 
 which some fragments remain, besides a let- 
 ter to Origen, censuring the history of Su- 
 sanna as a romance, and another to reconcile 
 the apparent contradictions of the genealo- 
 gies of St. Matthew and St. Luke. 
 
 Agapetus I. was made pope 535. He 
 died at Constantinople the following year. 
 The second of that name was elected pope 
 946, and died 9G5. 
 
 Agapetus, a deacon of Constantinople, 
 who wrote a valuable letter to the emjiei'or 
 Justinian on the duties of a Christian prince. 
 
 A G A P I u 3, a Greek monk of mount A thos, 
 in the I7th century. He wrote a treatise in 
 modern Greek in favor of transubstantiatiou 
 called the salvation of sinners, printed at 
 Venice 1641. 
 
 Agard, Arthur, an English antiquary, 
 born at Toston in Derbyshire. He held the 
 respectable employment of deputy cham- 
 berlain in the exchequer office, which afford- 
 ed him the means of consultine; valuable 
 books and records, and his inquiries on po- 
 litical and constitutional subjects were after- 
 wards made public by Mr. Hearne, among 
 the papers of the antiquarian 6ocii!ty, to the 
 establishment of which he himself contribu- 
 ted. He died August 2'2d, 1615, in his 75th 
 year, and was interred in Westminster Ab- 
 bey. Some of his papers were bequeathed 
 for the use ofhis successors in the exchequer, 
 but 20 volumes of his excellent collections 
 were left by his wdl to his friend Sir Robert 
 Cotton. 
 
 Agatharcidas, a Cnidian, 180 R. C. 
 author of a Greek history of Alexander's 
 wars. 
 
 Agatharcus, aSamian, engaged by iEs- 
 chylus as a stage painter. 
 
 Agathemer, Orthonis, Avrote a Greek 
 compendium of geography, edited by Hud- 
 son, Oxford 1703. 
 
 Acathias, a Greek historian, author of 
 
 an account of Justinian's reign, published ia 
 Greek and Latin, Leyden 1594, and Paris 
 1058. 
 
 Agathocles, a Sicilian, who rose fromi 
 the obscurity of a potter to the sovereign 
 power of all Sicily. He died 289 li. C. aged 
 72. 
 
 Agathon, a tragic poet, crowned at the 
 Olympic games, B. C. 419. 
 
 Agathon, a native of Palermo, elected 
 to tlie papal chair G79. In his time the Eu- 
 tychians or Monothelites were condemned 
 at the council of Constantinople. He died 
 082. 
 
 Age 1.1 as, Anthony, bishop of Acerno in 
 Italy, published commentaries on the psalms, 
 an«l some of the prophets. He died 1608. 
 
 Agelnotii, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 refused to crown Harold king, though he 
 had enjoyed the patronage of his father Can- 
 ute. He died 1038, after being seventeen 
 years in the see of Canterbury. 
 
 Agesilaus, a king of Sparta, celebrated 
 for his victories against the Persians. He 
 died B. C. 362. 
 
 A G G A s, Robert, called Angus, a landscape 
 painter, one of whose pieces is still preserv- 
 ed in the hall of the paper-stainers' compa- 
 ny. He died 1679, in London, in his 60th 
 year. 
 
 Agila, king of the Visigot'.js in Spain, 
 was murdered by his nobles in the fifth year 
 of his reign, 554. 
 
 'Agilulf, duke of Turin, was appointed 
 on the death of Antharic king of Lombai'dy, 
 his successor, and married his widow Theu- 
 delinda. He abandoned arianism for the 
 catholic faith, and displayed great abilities 
 as a warrior and a statesman. He died 615 
 after a reign of 25 years, and was succeeded 
 by his son Adalnald. 
 
 Agis, the name of some Spartan kings. 
 The most famous are the second of that 
 name who was engaged in the Peloponnesian 
 war, and died 427 B. C. and the fourth who, 
 in consequence of his attempts to restore 
 I^acediemon to her ancient discipline and glo- 
 rious independence, was put to death 241 
 B.C. 
 
 Aglionby, John, D. D. a native ofCum- 
 berland, educated at Queen's College, Ox- 
 ford, and known for his great learning and 
 his knowledge of school divinity. He was 
 head of St. Edmund's Hall, chaplain to 
 James I. and one uf those who translated the 
 new testament. He died at Islip, where he 
 was rector, 1610, February 6th, in his 43d 
 year, and was buried in the chancel there. 
 His son of the same nane, was dean of Can- 
 terbury, an honor wliich he enjo3'ed but a 
 few months, and died 1043. 
 
 Agnei.lus, an abbot of Ravenna, in the 
 ninth century, often confounded with a bish-. 
 op of Ravenna of the same name in the sixth 
 century. Agnellus wrote an history of the 
 lives of the prelates of Ravenna, which is of- 
 ten quoted by Jerome Rubens, and is full of 
 uninteresting matter but deserved sarcasm, 
 upon the debauchery of the monks. 
 
 Agnes I, Maria Gaetana, a learnedltalian 
 
AG 
 
 AG 
 
 lady, l>orn at Milan, auJ made in conse- 
 quence of her great merit, and her many 
 virtues, matlu'inalical iM-olesRor in the Mni- 
 versitv oi IJolot^na Ity lUiiedict XIV. Siic 
 died about 1770, ap;ed S'J, univerRally res- 
 pected. Her aii:dytie:il Institutions appear- 
 ed at Milan, 'J vols. 4t<). ir4S,:tnd wrrc li-aiis- 
 latt'd into Frencli by Cousin 1775, and lately 
 into Enj^Usii '2 vols. 4to. with her life iVoni 
 Monlucla. 
 
 A GO BAUD, arcidiishop of Lyons, support- 
 ed file revolt of l-nthaire aj^ainst Lewis the 
 <lebonnaire. In eonsi<juence of this violent 
 opposition he was deposed at Thion\ille, but 
 afterwards restored to liis ecclesiastical hon- 
 ors, on beinp; reconciled to Lewis. lit; died, 
 840. His works vvcre edited by Baluze in 
 IfiGG, 2 vols. Svo. Thoy contain able argu- 
 ments against image wor.ship, against witch- 
 craft, and against duelling. 
 
 Agosti NO, Paolo, a musical composer, 
 master of the papal chapel at Iton^e. His 
 chorusses are mucli commended. He died 
 IG'29, aged 36. 
 
 Agoult, Cuillaume d', a poet of Prov- 
 ence in 1198. His ballads were most esteem- 
 ed in those times of chivalry and hospitable 
 rusticity. 
 
 Agreda, Mary d', superior of a convent 
 at Agreda in Spain, wrote a fanatical book 
 on the life of the vii-gin Mary, which slie 
 said had been revealed to her from heaven. 
 A translation of this nonsensical book, which 
 ■was cens'ired by the Sorbonne and prohib- 
 ited at Rome, was published at Brussels 
 1717 in 8 vols 12mo. She died 1665, aged 
 63. 
 
 Agresti, Licio, an historical painter, 
 ■whose abilities were employed by Gregory 
 XHl. in adorning the Vatican. He died 1580. 
 
 Agrestis, Julius, a Roman general un- 
 der Vespasian, who destroyed himself. 
 
 Aghicot.a, Cn. Julius, an illustrious Ro- 
 man, known for his humanity when gover- 
 nor of Britain, and immortalized by the pen 
 of his son-in-law the historian Tacitus. He 
 died A. D. 93, aged 56. 
 
 Agricot.a, Rodolphus, a native of Gro- 
 ningen who travelled into France and Italy, 
 where he was honored with the patronage 
 of Hercides d'Kst duke of Ferrara. He di- 
 ed at Heidelberg 1485. His works on histo- 
 rical subjects were piiblished at Cologne in 
 4to. 15.39 ; but though flattered by the" com- 
 pliments f)f Erasmus, and called in prose and 
 poetry the Politioi\ and Virgil of his time, 
 they are not possessed of su\)orior merit. 
 He had the singular merit of first introdu- 
 cing the study of Greek into Germany, and 
 he himself gave lectures at Worms and Hei- 
 delberg. 
 
 Acricola, George, a physician of Glau- 
 cen in Misnia, known for his learning ami 
 his works on metallic substances and miner- 
 als. He died 1555, November 21, aged 61. 
 
 Aguicola, Michael, a minister of Abo 
 in Fiidand, the first who translated the new 
 testament into the language of the country, 
 and thus greatly favored the doctrines of 
 Luther. 
 
 VOl^. I. 5 
 
 Acricola, a learned bishop of Chalons- 
 sur-iSaone. He died in his 8Jd year, 5.)0. 
 
 Acu ICO LA, Jolin, a German divine, boiii 
 at I.slcl). He Wits the frienil and the dibcipU: 
 of Luther, but afterwards vir)ii,ntly opposeil 
 him, and became tbe head of the AnonieaiiP, 
 a sect which i-fgarded faith as the whole of 
 tiie duties of man. He was also eiig:iged iu 
 a dispute with .Melaucthon, but with the 
 most laudable motives he endeavored to ef- 
 fect H reconciliation between the catholics 
 antl proteslants. He died at Berlin 1560 
 .'iged 74. 1 hs commentaries on St. Luke Svo. 
 his historia passionis J. C. fol. and his collec- 
 tion of (ierinan proverb.^, have been printed, 
 and jjossess merit. 
 
 AfjRirPA, -Menenius, a Roman patrician, 
 known in history for api)easing a sedition l)y 
 the fiible of the belly and the limbs, B. C 492. 
 
 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, a Roman 
 general celebrated for his militaiy exploits, 
 hut moi'e for his intimacy with Augustus. 
 He died 12 B. C. 
 
 Agrippa, Herod, grandson of Herod the 
 Great, was noticed by the Roman emperors, 
 and made king of all Judxa and some other 
 neighboring provinces. He persecuted the 
 Christians, and was the person r-epreseuted 
 in scripture as struck witli death on liis tlwone 
 by an angel for his impious vanity, A. I). 44. 
 
 Agrippa n. son of the above, and his 
 successor on the throne, and last king of Ju- 
 da?a, was the monarch before whom Paul ap- 
 peared as a prisoner, and whom he persua- 
 ded almost to be a Christian. He died at 
 Rome A. D. 94. 
 
 Agrippa, Henry Cornelius, a native of 
 Cologne descended from a noble family. He 
 was in the armies of the emperor Maximil- 
 ian, and distinguished himself so much by 
 his courage and military abilities, that he was 
 knighted after seven years' service in Italy. 
 Eager to add to his laurels the honors of learn- 
 ing, he jipplied himself to the study of the 
 more abstruse sciences, and took degrees in 
 law and medicine. The Hckleness of his 
 temper, however, and his irritable passions, 
 prevented liim from acquiring that distinc- 
 tion w Inch is due to superior genius and vir- 
 tue. His writings, often severe, drew upon 
 him the resentmentof the monks, and though 
 liberally patronised by the great, he led a 
 fugitive and solitary hte. After reading lec- 
 tures in several places in France, and at Pa- 
 via, where his eloquence commanded admi- 
 I'ation, he retired to Metz by the solicitations 
 of his friends; but his engtiging in the pue- 
 rile disputes about St. Anne, whether she had 
 one or three hu.sbands according to the opin- 
 ion of the ecclesiastics of the times, render- 
 ed him so unpopular that he fled to Cologne, 
 and afterwards to Switzerland. Fortune lure 
 seemed to favor him, Francis I. granted liiiu 
 a pension, and he was made physician to the 
 queen mother ; but his unw illingness to ap- 
 ply his knowledge ofastrologv'to foretell suc- 
 cess totlie arms of France, incensed the court, 
 and he was dimisscd in disgrace. He reti- 
 red with difiiculty to Antw erp, and after re- 
 ceiving invitations from Hcnrv kingof Kog- 
 
AG 
 
 AG 
 
 land uiul from otiier po^vel•ful princes, he 
 preferred the protection of xMargaret of Aus- 
 tria, governess of the low countries, and as 
 liistoriographer to the emperor, he began 
 tlie history of the government of Charles V. 
 The deatli of his patroness occasioned a 
 change in his affairs, and though lie was per- 
 raitted to pronounce lier funeral oratif)n, 
 he found that his enemies were inveterate 
 against him, and that from tiicir malevolence 
 the favors of the emperor were for ever for- 
 feited. After being persecuted and impri- 
 soned at Brussels, and at Lyons, he at last 
 retired to Grenoble, where he died 153^ in 
 his 49th year. By his first wife, who died 
 in 1.5'21, he had one son ; and by his second, 
 •whom he married in 15-22 and who died 1529, 
 lie had five sons. It is worthy of remark 
 that he has been lavish of his praises on the 
 merits and virtues of these two amiable wo- 
 men, and if he met persecution, enmity, and 
 ingratitude in the world, he had the singular 
 happiness to finf) peace, support, and conso- 
 lation in the bosom of his family. He lived 
 and died in the Romish church, according to 
 Bayle, though others suppose tliat he favor- 
 e<l the cause of Luther. Of this celebrated 
 reformer he speaks with harshness, some- 
 times even with contempt, and only once 
 Mith respect in the 19th chapter of his apol- 
 ogj-. He opposed the divorce of Henry \ HI. 
 fi'om queen Catherine, and ridicided the 
 Tneanness of his contemporaries, whose re- 
 ligious opinions yielded to the gold and the 
 lust of a tyrant. Tiie most celebrated of his 
 writings were, his treatise on the excellence 
 of women, which, recommended him to the 
 favor of Maigaret ; his commentary on St 
 Paul's epistles, written in England ; his oc- 
 cult philosophy, and his key to it ; a disser- 
 tation on original sin, his letters. Sec. His 
 great learning and extensive information 
 probably procured him in these ages of dark- 
 ness and barbarism the fame of magician 
 and astrologer, and hence his enemies have 
 been fond of recording his frequent inter- 
 course with departed spirits, and with all the 
 demons of the infernal regions. His works 
 "were published at Lyons 1550, in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 Agrippina, the virtuous wife of Ger- 
 manicus Csesar, was banished, after her hus- 
 band's death, by Tiberius, and died in e.xile, 
 A. D. 33. 
 
 Agrippixa, daughter of the preceding, 
 took as her third husband the emperor 
 Claudius, whom slie poisoned, to raise her 
 son Xei'o to the throne. She pciished by 
 the order of that ungrateful son. 
 
 Aguesseau, Henry Francis d', the de- 
 scendant of a noble family of Saintonge, was 
 horn at Limoges 1668, and after completing 
 his education, which was begun under the 
 direction of his father, he cultivated poetry 
 Avithtasto and elegance, andacqviired tlie es- 
 teem and friendship of men of letters, par- 
 ticularly of Boilcau and Racine. In the of- 
 fice of advocate-genera! of Paris in 1691, 
 and, nine years after, of procui-er-gencral, 
 lie displayed all the energies of his nature ; 
 lie gave vigor and support to the laws, ban- 
 vished corruption from tlie tribunals, and 
 
 dhtributcd justice with an in\partial hand. 
 His attention was particularly directed to 
 the management of the hospitals ; and in the 
 enlarged views of a benevolent heart, he often 
 resisted with boldness and success the in- 
 trigues of favorites and even the prejudices 
 of Lewis XIV. After this monarch's death 
 he was appointed by the duke of Orleans, 
 the regent, to succeed Voisin as chancelloi*, 
 and by his eloquence and firmness he oppo- 
 sed and rejected the schemes of Law, which 
 vv ere afterwards too fatally adopted, and hurl- 
 ed the whole kingdom into ruin and despon- 
 dency. The machinations of enemies were 
 however too powerful against integrity of 
 conduct, and Aguesseau was twice obliged 
 to resign the seals, and retire in disgrace to 
 his seat of Fresnes, and twice again he was 
 solicited by the regent to resume a situation 
 which he adorned and dignified. The wishes 
 nearest to his heart were, to be useful to his 
 country, to maintain her liberties, and not 
 to accumulate wealth by oppression or dis- 
 honoi'able measures. On the tribunal, his 
 moderation and ids equity wei-e ever appa- 
 rent, and in his retirement at Fresnes where, 
 as he says, he passed the fairest days of his 
 life, the cliancellor of France was employed 
 in the education of his chihiren, in literary 
 pursuits, and often amused himself in digging 
 the ground. Temperance and cheerfulness 
 added to the pleasures of science, and con- 
 triijuted to the health of the body and >igor 
 of the mind, and till his 80th year he enjoyed 
 a robust constitution. .A.t this advanced age 
 infirmities came upon him, he resigned the 
 oftice of chancellor, and died soon after, on 
 the ninth of February 1751. He married 
 1694 Anne le Fevre d' Ormesson, who died 
 at Auteuil 1735, mother of si.\ children, and 
 leaving him disconsolate for the dissolution of 
 mutual teuflerness. U' Aguesseau was humane 
 and religious from his childhood, he never 
 spent a day without reading the scriptures 
 which he called the balm of his life. From 
 the vast conceptions of his genius, France 
 derived new regulations, which tended to * 
 strengthen the liberties of the subject, check 
 the rapacity of the nobles, and unite the 
 whole kingdom in paying reverence to the 
 laws, which he wished to see adminstered 
 with impartiality and withoutunnccessary de- 
 lay. His memory was quick and retentive, 
 and besides a perfect knowledge of tiie dead 
 languages, he sjjoke with case the Arabic, 
 Portuguese, English, Italian, and Spanish. 
 His works have been published in 9 vols. 4to. 
 M. Thomas has written his eulogy, which 
 obtained the prize of the French academy 
 in 1700, and from it this article is extracted. 
 
 Agui, a king of Bantam in Java, at the 
 end of the 17th century, wlio, after succeed- 
 ing to tlie tlirone on the resignation of his 
 fiither Agouin, extended his power by means 
 of the Dutch, and imprisoned the old mon- 
 aich, who wished to check the career of his 
 ambition. 
 
 Aguillox, Francis, a mathematician of 
 Brussels, who published a treatise on optics, 
 and another on .spheric projections, and died 
 1617 at Seville in his 50th year. 
 
AI 
 
 AI 
 
 AcuiRRE, Joseph, a lenrncd Benoflictinc, 
 a native nf Spain who was raised to tlic r:ink 
 of Cardinal by InnrKiont XI. His writiniSfR 
 •were on tlifoloi^ii-rd subjects, ixsidfs a collec- 
 tion of llic councils of Spain C vols. fol. He 
 died at Home 1009 in his HMlh year. 
 
 Ac VI. A IS, Hi-nry, a native of n(»isle-l)nc, 
 •who made an ineUsrant translation of IMi>)tins' 
 M'.nncanon. He die I 15'jr> in his ft2f\ year. 
 
 AliAB, son and successor of Oini-i as kin<^ 
 of Israel, was remarkable for his in>pietics, 
 his oppression, and his wickedness, which 
 were increased by the influence of his wife 
 Jezebel. Me was killed in a battle whidi he 
 foujj;ht ai?ainst the Syrians, and, accordinc; 
 to the pro|iliecy ol Klijali, the dogs licked his 
 hlood on tiie very spot where ho had cruelly 
 shed tbe blood of the innocent Xaboth, 
 Avhosc vineyard he ha<l unjustly seized, about 
 S98 13. C. 
 
 Ahaz, son and successor of Jotham on 
 tlie throne of Judah, 13. C. 742, defeated 
 Rezin king- of Syria, but afterwards was rout- 
 ed bv him, and becan)e tributary to Tiglath- 
 pilescr king of Assyria, whose assistance he 
 had implored. He afterwards defaced the 
 holy vessels of the temple, and forbad the 
 people to assemble there for the ofiering of 
 prayers and oblations ; and such was his im- 
 piety that, at bis death, his remains were 
 deemed unworthy to repose in the tomb of 
 his ancestors. 
 
 Aha2,iah, succeeded his father Ahab on 
 the throne of Israel, and reigned two years, 
 in -which he followed the impious examples 
 of his rebellious house. — Another Ahaziah, 
 son of Jehoram, was king of Judah, and 
 reigned but one year, and was killed by Je- 
 hu, who succeeded him 889 B. C. 
 
 Ahlwardt, Peter, a native of Criei's- 
 Tvalde in Germany, wlio, though but the son 
 of a shoemaker, rose by his abilities, and be- 
 came an eminent professor of logic and me- 
 taphysics. He wrote some treatises on the 
 human understanding, on the immortallLy 
 of the soul, and thoughts on thunder and 
 lightning, and died 1791 aged 81. 
 
 Ahmed Khan, son of Hulagu, succeeded 
 his brother Abaka on the throne of the Mo- 
 guls, and was the first emperor who embra- 
 ced the Mahometan religion. This change, 
 so displeasing to his family, excited an insur- 
 rection against him, which proved victorious, 
 an<l in dooming him to death placed his 
 nephew Argoun on his throne 1284. 
 
 AjAi.,A, Martin Perez d', a native of Car- 
 thagena, who, though of obscure birth, dis- 
 tinguished himself by his abilities, and ser- 
 ved Charles V. at the council of Trent. 
 He was promoted lotvvo bishoprics, and was 
 at last made archbishop of Valencia, wliere 
 he died, universally respected l.')OG, in his 
 G2d year. He wrote a Latin treatise in 10 
 books on apostolic traditions. — There were 
 of the same name Gabriel a physician f)f 
 Louvain, who wrote populiiri.ic])igrammata, 
 — Scde iue ])estilen(.i, kc. — and lialthazar of 
 Aniwerp. atithor of a treatise de jure &: (ifTi- 
 <-iis bellicis ac militari diciplin.a. These two 
 M'cre broth -"i-s. and lived in iho lOrh ecnturv. 
 
 AiDAV, bishop of Lindi'sfarne or Holy 
 Islatxl in Northumbcrlaiul, was n prelate hu- 
 mane, mild, and benevolent, who by his 
 e\cmpl'irv zeal ((invertejl niunvof the north- 
 ern heathens of IJritaiii to Christianity. He- 
 died ri">1 . 
 
 AtKMAv, William, son of an advocate 
 of Scotland of the same name, was brought 
 up to the profession of his father. A tiatiu- 
 al bias I'ur the arn, however, prevailed upon 
 the son to reliiic|uibli the honors of the 
 Scotch bar for diblinction in the cultiv: tion 
 of painting, and an absence of five years in 
 visiting Italy and Constantinople and Smyrna, 
 served to improve at\d aclorn his mind, and 
 enlarge and correct his taste. As hisfortuuc 
 was independent he did not court the patron- 
 age of the great by flattery, and to his merit 
 alone he was indebted for tlie esteem of John 
 duke of Argyle, and of the earl of Burling- 
 ton, and for the affectionate frien<lship of 
 Allan UaiTisay, Thomson, Swift, Pope, A r- 
 buthnot, Gay^ Somcrville, and tbe other 
 wits of the age. His genius was exerted in 
 portrait painting, and many of those who 
 then shone in rank and fashion will receive 
 more celebrity from his pencil, than from 
 the possession of beauty destroyed by incon- 
 tinence, and of riches wasted in riot and cf- 
 feminac}-. A Y»'t^ture of the royal family- 
 of England, now in possession of the duke of 
 Devonshire, and several portraits of the earl 
 of Buckinghamshire's family, were among 
 the last of his pieces, lie died in Leicester 
 Field 1731, the 7th of June, in the 49th year 
 of his age. His son, aged 17, had died the 
 January preceding. He left two daughter.?. 
 His abilities and the virtues of his heart hacl 
 the singular honor of beine: celebrated bv his 
 
 • • • • 
 
 poetic friends, I'homson, Somerville, Smol- 
 let, and Ramsay. 
 
 AiLHAUD, John, a French surgeon of 
 Cadenet in Provence, who acquired some 
 celebrity and fortune by tlie selling of a pur- 
 gative powder, which he, with all the art of 
 an empiric, declared capable to cure all dis- 
 eases. He died in a good old age 1756. 
 
 Aii.i.v, Peter d', born of an obscure fami- 
 ly, rose by liis merit to the highest honors ia 
 the service of Charles VI. and was made* 
 chancellor of tlic university of Pans, and af- 
 terwards bishop of Piiy and Cambray. His 
 eloquence was exerted to heal the wounds 
 Avhicli existed in the Romish church, though 
 he presided over the council of Constance, 
 and shared tiieirgtiitt when they condemned 
 John liuss to the flames. He was rewarded 
 by John XXIIT. with a cardinal's hat, and 
 the office of legate to the holy see. He died 
 the eighth of August 1419. His works on 
 theological subjects were published at Stras- 
 burg, 
 
 AiLRED, or F.THELUED, author of a ge- 
 nealogy of F.nglish kings — of a life of Ed- 
 ward tiic confessor, kc. was abbot of Reves- 
 ly in Lincolnshire, and florished about the 
 middle of the 12lh century. 
 
 AiMOiN, a IJencdictine of Aquitaine, au- 
 thor of an inelegant and puerile history ot' 
 France in five books found in tlic tlnrd vo 
 
AI 
 
 AK 
 
 time of Duclirsne's collection. He died 
 about the beginning of the 11th century. 
 
 AixswoRTH, Henry, a nonconformist, 
 knowu for liis learning and for the cor^im'en- 
 tarics which he wrote on the holy scriptures. 
 As he embraced the tenets of the Brown- 
 ists, lie shared their persecutions and fled to 
 Amsterdam, where, with Johnson, he erec- 
 ted a church of which he became the minis- 
 ter. Tliis union however was soon produc- 
 tive of a quarrel : Johnson was violent, and 
 lie was banished by the congregation; and 
 Aiiisworlh afterwards shared his fate, and 
 retired to Ireland. He soon after returned to 
 Anisterdam, -where lie died, as it is supposed, 
 a violent death. He had found a diamond 
 of great value, and he asked of the Jew to 
 •whom it belonged, no other reward but a 
 conference with the rabbis of his synagogue, 
 concerning the prophecies relating to tlie 
 IMessiah. The Jew had not interest sufficient 
 to fulfil his wishes, and in his disappointment 
 he oausfd Ainsworth to be poisoned, in the 
 beginning of the 17th century. His treatises 
 were adniired for their ingenuity as well as 
 their profound learning, and so great was his 
 name that Dr. Hall bishop of Exeter MTOte 
 against him and refuted his arguments in fa- 
 vor of tlie lirownists. Dr. Lightfoot is said 
 to have derived much assistaiice from his 
 writings. 
 
 A ixswoRTH, Tvobcrt, was born at Wood- 
 vale, four miles from Manchester, in Sep- 
 tember 1660, and educated at the gi'ammar 
 sehool in Bolton, founded by Robert Lever, 
 of which he afterwards became master for a 
 few 3'ears. From thence he retired to Lon- 
 don, and opened a school at Bethnal Green, 
 at Hackney, and other places, wherchis pupils 
 were numerous and respectable. His great 
 application procured him a comfortable com- 
 petence, ajid he sometime after retired from 
 his laborious occupation to the enjoyment of 
 literary ease. In 1714 a plan was proposed 
 to the booksellers for tlie comj^ilation of an 
 English and Latin dictionary, after Faber's 
 plan, and Ainsworth Avas invited to the un- 
 dertaking, as his abilities were known, and 
 his judgment mature and correct. The task, 
 however, Avas soon discovered to be move 
 difficult than was expected, his labors were 
 suspended for some years, but at last appli- 
 cation succeeded, and tlie book w:is publish- 
 ed in 4to. in 1736, de<licate(l to Dr. Mead. 
 The second edition was improved 'n- Patrick, 
 and publisfied 10 years alter. The other 
 publications by Ainsworth, weie a treatise on 
 grammar, and other small classical compo- 
 sitions, besides some specimens oi" English 
 and Latin poeti'y. He died at London on the 
 fourth of Ai>ril 1743, in his 83d year, and 
 was biiriet], uecording to his de>-ire, in Pop- 
 lar «luirch-yai'd, under an inscription written 
 by himself. 
 
 AiRAULT, Peter, an advocate of Paris, 
 born at Angers, Avhcre he also died 1601, Ju- 
 ly 21st, in his G5th year. As a magistrate 
 he behaved with firmness and integrity, and 
 was deservedly called the rock of the accu- 
 • -■d. He left ten children, the eldest of 
 
 whom, Kene, Avas intrusted to the Jesuits 
 for his education, and induced to enter into 
 the order, from Avhich he never could extri- 
 cate himself, though his father procured the 
 interest of the king of France and of the pope. 
 Rene died at la Fleche, December 18, 1644, 
 in his 77th year. His father Avrote some 
 treatises, especially on ^the poAver of fa- 
 thers, kc. 
 
 Air A. Y, Henry, anatiA'e of Westmoreland, 
 patronised by Bernard Cilpin, who was na- 
 med the northern apostle. He became 
 member of St. Edmund Hall, and afterwards 
 of Queen's, Oxford, of which he Avas elected 
 provost 1598. He Avas vice chancellor of the 
 university, and published some tracts and 
 sermons. He died lOtli of October 1616, 
 aged 57, and was buried in the college chapel 
 He Avas a strict Calvinist, and was author of 
 some theological pieces. 
 
 AiRAY, Christopher, a native of Clifton, 
 Westmoreland, student of Queen's College, 
 Oxford, and afterwards vicar of Milford, 
 Hants. He published a logical treatise and 
 other pieces, and died at Milford 19th Oct. 
 1670, aged 61. 
 
 AiS'iuLFE, a king of the Lombards, af- 
 ter his brother Rachis. He laid siege to 
 Rome, from Avhich he was driven to Pavia 
 in disgrace, by Pepin king of France, at the 
 solicitation of the ])ope Stephen HI. He was 
 killed in hunting, 756. 
 
 Ai TON, William, anative of lianarkshire, 
 first recommended by thefiiendship of Philip 
 Miller, and known as a botaniijt and gardener 
 in the royal gardens at Kcav, to Avhich he Avas 
 appointed 1759. The high patronage which he 
 received Avas due to his merit and taste, for, 
 under his attentive eye and directing hand, 
 Kew soon exhibited the most curiousand valu- 
 able plants, collected from every part of the 
 Avorld by the munificence of his patron. He 
 published in 1789 an useful catalogue of the 
 plants of the gardens, called Hortus Kewen- 
 .,is, and died of that dreadfid distemper a 
 schirrous liver, Feb. 1st, 1793, after enjoy- 
 ing the friendship and esteem of men of 
 rank, of virtue, and literary eminence. The 
 king, with that liberality Avhich distinguishes 
 and reAvards merit, appointed his son suc- 
 cessor in the care of the gardens. 
 
 AiTZEMA, Leovan, a noble of Dorcum 
 in Friezland, employed as representatiA'e of 
 the Hanseatic towns at the Hague. He 
 wrote in Dutch in seven A'olumcs fol. an 
 history of the Utiited Provinces — a)id an 
 history of the peace of Monster, valuable for 
 the public acts and authentic records which 
 it contains, but otherwise inelegant and in- 
 judicious. The Avork Avas continued by other 
 hanrls to 1692. He died at the Hague, 1669, 
 in his 69th year. 
 
 Akakia, Martin, a native of Chalons, 
 professor of medicine at Paris. He was 
 surnamed Harmless, which he altered to the 
 Greek word Akakia. He published transla- 
 tions of Galen's Avritings, and died 1551. 
 His son of the same name Avas physician to 
 Henry HI. He Avrote medical treatises de 
 morbis muUeribus — consilia medica, &c. 
 
AK 
 
 AL 
 
 aod tlicd 1588, in his 8Uth year. There were 
 other persons of the liiiuily u hct ■,';iiiied «lis- 
 tinctiuiis bv their talents in various i>rofes- 
 biuns. 
 
 Akbah, a sultan of tlie .Moj^uls, after his 
 father lleinayun, 1350. He enlarged histlo- 
 luinions by tlic «on(iuest of Ben}^al, Cash- 
 jnere, and Siindi, and showed himself a 
 vise and pownrful monarcli. hielint his son 
 rebelled atijainst him ai\d was pardoned. He 
 died by ignorantly taking poison which he 
 Jiad ])repared for the destruction of iiis 
 enemies, 1005. 
 
 Akensi UK, Afark. MA), son of abutclicr 
 of Newcastle-upon-'l'j ne, was educated in 
 his native town, and at the age of 18 went 
 to FAlinburj^h t(» study divinity and en- 
 ter into Ijoly orders. Here, ho\s ever, his in- 
 tentions changed ; but he no sooner applied 
 himself to medicine, than lie honorably re- 
 placed the contribution which he iiad recei- 
 ved from the fund established to promote 
 the education of dissenting ministers. In 
 1741 he went to lA-yden, and in taking his 
 degree three years after lie published a 
 much admired dissertation on the growth of 
 the human foetus. I'is genius unfolded itself 
 in his early years, and his greatest work, 
 the Pleasun^s of the Iniagination, was pub- 
 lished in 1744. Dodsley, to whom it was of- 
 fered for sale, at a high price, seemed reluc- 
 tant till he had consulted Pope, who admired 
 the composition, and advised the bookseller 
 not to make a niggardly olfer, as it was no 
 every day writer. The publication was at- 
 tacked by Warburton, as a note on the 
 third book maintained, after Shaftesbury, 
 that ridicule is the test of truth, and though 
 defended anonymously by Dyson, Akenside 
 had the sense or timidity to omit the objec- 
 tionable passage in an other edition. He pub- 
 lished some odes afterwards, and virulently 
 attacked lord Bath under the title of Curio, 
 as the betrayer of his country ; but the i)hi- 
 lipj)ic was afterwards expunged. He first 
 practised as physician at Northampton, af- 
 terwards at Hampstead, and then at London, 
 Avhere his friend Hyson supported his ap- 
 pearance by an allowance of 300/. a year. 
 His abilities began now to recommend him ; 
 he publisheil several medical treatises, espe- 
 cially on dysenteries &ic. read the GultoniaJi 
 lectures, and was elected fellow of the col- 
 lege of physicians, and physician to the 
 queen. Iiis hopes however were cut short 
 by a putrid fever which terminated his life 
 ysd June, 1770, in hisSDth year. He was bu- 
 ried in St. James's church, Westminster. 
 Akenside possessed great po\\'er3 of mind ; 
 his poem was published before he was '2.3 
 years old, and ulterwards altered and revi- 
 sed ; but so excellent was the original con- 
 sidered, that it is printed separately with the 
 corrections, to show that whatever comes 
 from the hand of a master is never devoid 
 of elegatice or dignity. It is an embellish- 
 ment of Shaftesbury's cliaracteristics,an(l he 
 has done for him what Lucretius tlid for 
 tlie founder of the Epicurean sect. 
 
 Akiba, a learned ri^bi, who quitted tlie 
 
 ohaciirc life «)f a shepherd, and at the age ol 
 40, (lirough his love foi- his n»a8ler'» daugh- 
 ter who (-steciued learned men, <lcvoted liim- 
 sclf to lit(M'ature. He joined himself to JJ:ir- 
 chonctbas the false Messiah, and was, with 
 bis son I'ajiptH and his family, llaycd alive 
 by tlu; liomans, 1J5. He \ia.s one of tlnj 
 Drst wIkj began tlie compilation ui' the caba- 
 listic traditions of the Jews. 
 
 Aladasieu, William, a prutestant, horn 
 at Hadleigh in Suir()|k,:tnd educatetJ at 'I'rin- 
 ily, Cambridge. He went to Cadiz with I'Ls- 
 sex, and after etnUi'acing the Catholic <loc- 
 triues, returned to the English church, and 
 was canon of St. Paul's. He wrote a He- 
 brew lexicon Pentaglotton, folio, and some 
 I the(jIogical tracts, besides Itox.ina, a Lati« 
 tragedy peribrmed at Cambriilge. He died 
 1G40. 
 
 Aj.agom, Claude, a native of Provence, 
 who foolishly attempted to introduce tiic 
 Spaniards into Marseilles, for which he was 
 put to death in 1705. 
 
 Ai. A.I :r, de liisle, a divine of Paris, sur- 
 named the universal doctor. His woiks 
 were printed folio, 1G53. He died 1294. 
 
 Alaix, John, a Dane, author of a trea- 
 tise on the origin of the Cimbri, and other 
 works. He died ItioO aged 01. 
 
 Alaix, Chartier, secretary to Charles 
 VII. of rrance, was born li38G. He distin- 
 guished himself by his writings, particularly 
 his chronicle of Charles Vll. valuable for 
 the elegance of the composition, and the im- 
 portant and interesting details which it con- 
 tains. He has been com\)ared to Seneca for 
 the beauty of his sentences. 
 
 Alain, Nicholas, son of a cohler at the 
 begintiing of the ISth century, known as the 
 writer of some comedies. His L'preuve lic- 
 cipj'o<|ue is still admired on the stage. 
 
 Alaleona, Joseph, a tiative of Macera- 
 ta, professor of civil law in the imiversity of 
 Padua. He wrote some admired treatises, 
 and died 5th April 174y,aged 7U. 
 
 AlaiMANNI, Lewis, a native of Florence, 
 wiio opposed the power which Julius de 
 Medici and his partisans exercised at Flo- 
 rence. The conspiracy into which he had 
 entered was discovered ; one of the accom- 
 plices was piuiished with deatli, and he him- 
 self saved his life by flight. The election of 
 Julius to the popedom by the name of Cle- 
 ment VH. seemed to forbid his restoi'ation 
 to his country ; but the success of Charles V. 
 at Rome, and the confinement of the pontift' 
 in the castle of St. Angelo, encouraged the 
 Florentines tf) break their ciiains ; the Me- 
 dici were banished, and Alamanni recalled. 
 The leader of a party, however, is always in 
 danger, and whilst Alamanni wished t) solicit 
 the patronage and alliance of the emperor, he 
 became unpopular, and he again fled before 
 the general odium of the city. His good 
 offices, in the mean time, were not wanting 
 to his ungrateful countrymen, but in vain, as 
 after a few struggles the jiower of the Me- 
 dici was re-established. Alamanni found an 
 asylum in the French court, and was employ- 
 ed as ambassudor b;, Fruneis 1 to the empc- 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 roi*. Charles V. received liim uitii coidness, 
 and in answer to his fulsome but eloquent 
 address repeated the ludicrous vei'ses whicii 
 he had written against him. Alamanni vin- 
 dicated himself, and by his firmness and the 
 dexterity of his speech he changed the em- 
 peror's displeasure into admiration and es- 
 teem. After bcljig employed in another em- 
 bassy to Genoa, lie died at Amboise, IStb 
 April 1566, in hisCGtli year. His poems and 
 other compositions in Italian are highly com- 
 mended. His son Baptist was almoner to the 
 qiieen, and also bisliop of Baznr and Maion, 
 and died 15SI, author of some letters and 
 other pieces. 
 
 Alamos, Balthazar, a Spanish writer in 
 the service of Anthony Perez, the secretary 
 of state under Philip H. He shared his 
 master's disgrace, and was imprisoned for 1 1 
 years, till his abilities were called into action 
 by Olivarez the favorite of Philip IV. He 
 was made counsellor of the council of tbe 
 Indies, and honored with knightbood. He 
 died in his 88th year. He published an excel- 
 lent translation of Tacitus 1G14, besides apho- 
 risms much admired, written diiring his con- 
 finement. Some of his works are still unpub- 
 lished. 
 
 ALAMrNDiR, a king of the Saracens 509, 
 Avhom the bishops of his age endeavored to 
 convert to Christianity. 
 
 Alan', Allex, Allyx, William, a na- 
 tive of Itossal in Lancasliire, educated at O- 
 3'iei College, and made principal of St. Mary 
 Hall in his 24th year- As he Mas a warm 
 defender of the pope, he left his preferment 
 in England on the accession of Elizabeth, and 
 retired to the English college of Louvaine, 
 ■^vhere lie sup])0rted the tenets of his reli- 
 gion by bis writings. The intensenessof his 
 application, however, cndangei-cd his health, 
 and bis physicians advised his return to Eng- 
 land. There, with more zeal than pru- 
 dence, he publicly avowed his principles, and 
 attempted to make converts ; but neither 
 Lancashire, nor Oxford, nor London could 
 long conceal the author of virulent attacks 
 against the established religion of bis country, 
 and he fled with difficulty to Douay. Here 
 preferments were heaped upon him b}' the 
 Guises, as he Avas considered tbe champion 
 and martyr of tlie catholic cause, and he 
 ■was soon after raised to the dignity of car- 
 dinal, and the archbishopric of Mechlin. 
 His resentment kept pace with his elevation; 
 in 1586 he published a book to explain the 
 pope's bull, for the excommunication of Eli- 
 zabeth, and to excite the i)eop!e of England 
 to revolt against tbeir lawful sovereign, and 
 espouse the cause of Philip of Spain, and of 
 the invading catholics ; and several thousand 
 copies of tiiis unnatural composition were 
 .sent on board the Armaria, but were hapi>iiy 
 destroyed with the projects of the tyrant 
 Elizabeth indeed complained of the indigni- 
 ty by Dr. Dale sent as ambassador to tbe 
 Low Countries ; but the duke of Parma re- 
 ceived the messenger with supercilious indif- 
 ference. Alan died at Home, '26th Oct. 1 594, 
 in his^63d year. Hio old n-ge wasnot free from 
 
 disfjuietudeB; his person was surrounded by 
 the spies of the English court ; he grew un- 
 popular among tbe Jesuits, who are even sus-- 
 pccted ot poisoning him ; and to his sufferings 
 must be added that inward torment, which 
 persecutes and harrows up the heart that 
 has foimed the homicidal design of making 
 his country bend to the yoke of foreign usur- 
 pation. His Y)ublications were mostly on 
 controversial or political subjects, one partic- 
 ularly in answer to Lord Burleigh. 
 
 Alax, of Lynn in Norfolk, a divine 
 known as the author of useful indexes to the 
 books he read. Me wrote a book called Mo- 
 ralia Bibliorum, hcc. He florished in the 
 lith century. 
 
 A L A X D, Sir John Fortcscue, was descen- 
 ded from Sir John Fortescue lord chancellor 
 under Henry \T. Naturally endowed with 
 sti'ong powers of mind, he cultivated his un- 
 derstauiiing with successful industry, and after 
 being honored with a degree at Oxford, and 
 called to the bar, his abilities were further 
 distinguished by being made solicitor to the 
 prince of Wales, and afterwai'ds to George L 
 and tbe next year 1716-7, raised to tbe dig- 
 nity of a baron of the exchequer. In his ju- 
 dicial capacity, he displayed integrity of heart 
 and firmness of conduct ; but his services 
 were neglected, and either from private re- 
 sentment, or the spirit of misrepresentation 
 wbich too often poisons tbe ears of kings, he 
 was the only judge whose patent was not re- 
 newed on tbe accession of George IT. This 
 apparent disgrace however was momentary, 
 he was restored the following year to his pro- 
 fession, and he continued to dignify the bench 
 and to benefit the public by his wisdom till 
 1746, when he resigned, and as a reward for 
 his long and laborious services as a judge for 
 30 years, lie was created a peer of Ireland. 
 Sir Jobn had assumed the surname of Aland 
 in com]>rnvient to the virtues of an amiable 
 wife, of the Aland fam-ly at Waterford, and 
 he maintained tbrongh life the dignity of 
 character which had been so much admired 
 in his great ancestor, and which received 
 fresh lustre from the merits and eminent 
 services of bis descendant. He was remark- 
 able for a small, short, flat nose, which how- 
 ever was made to disappear in his poi'trait, 
 either by the adulation or the dexterity of 
 tbe pencil of Sir (.odfrey Kneller. This de- 
 formity exposed him once to the sarcasm of 
 a barrister, whom he censurerl for treating 
 his cause rather obscurely : — My lord, repli- 
 ed the undismayed lawyer, if you will have 
 patience I will make it appear as plain as 
 the nose in your lordship's face. His wri- 
 tings, which were on judicial subjects, have 
 been published, and are held in esteem. He 
 was born 7th of March 1670, and died 1746. 
 Tbe family is now extinct. 
 
 Alaxkava, daughter of Gioubire, mar- 
 ried her cousin Doujoun king of tbe Mon- 
 gouls in the North of Asia, by whom she 
 had two sons. Some miraculous reports 
 concerning her conception are related among 
 the nations over which she reigned, and tend 
 to prove that in all ages and countries the 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 tlu'one is supported by the fictlcu of super- 
 naliiral events, and hv imposture, if it n^sls 
 not oil 'lie love <»f the people, :iii(i tl»o lia[i- 
 piiiess of the huhject. 
 
 Ai.ARD, a [jiiebt of Ainsterdaii), author 
 of some h avneii woikr,, espe<l.illv selectaJ 
 sintilitudiiics, oi* coMatioiics, cxbilihis, 3 vols. 
 8vo. Paris I'y-iS. He died at Lrmvaine 15.31. 
 
 Alauic I. a celebrated king of ihe \isi- 
 goths who made war aj^aiiist Arcadius, and 
 after sproadiu;;' his divaslations over (tieece, 
 entered Italy and laid bie};c toKome. Thoui^h 
 his retreat was repeatedly purchased with 
 gold, hi- at last pluiid(;red the imperial ciJ.y 
 400, A. 1). and extorted tiie Juaviest con- 
 tributions from the inhabitants of Itiily. He 
 died soon after at Cosenza. 
 
 Alauic 11. made king of the Visigoths 
 484, was slain in a battle by the hand of 
 Cloviskingof France at Vougle in Pictou 509. 
 
 Alasco, John, a Roman Catholic bishop, 
 uncle to the king of Poland. He became af- 
 terwards a convert to the j>rotestant princi- 
 ples, and came to England under Edward 
 Vl. and took care of a Dutch congregation 
 in London. His piety and his virtues ren- 
 dered iiim popular, but the reign of Mary 
 <lrove him to the continent, where he died 
 15 GO. He was much esteemed by the learn- 
 ed of the times, and particularly by Erasmus, 
 •whose library he bought. 
 
 Ala VA, Diego Esquivel, a learned bishop, 
 born at Vittoria in Biscay. He was at the 
 council of Trent, and puLilished a valuable 
 ■work on councils and the regulations neces- 
 sary to reform the Christian religion. He 
 died March 17t!i 156'2. 
 
 Alavin, a chief of the Goths who set- 
 tled on the banks of the Danube, by permis- 
 sion of Valens, and afterwards rose against 
 the imperial troops, and defeated them near 
 Adrianople 378. 
 
 A LB ax, St. a native of Verulam, thepro- 
 tomartyr of England. He travelled in his 
 youth to Rome, and served as a soldier in 
 Dioclesian's army for seven years. On his 
 n turn to England lie renounced the Pagan 
 religion by the advice and influence of his 
 friend Amphibalus, a monk of Caerleon, and 
 during the persecution of Dioclesian, he was 
 martyred for the Christian faith 286 or 296, 
 or seven years later according to Usher. 
 Nearly 500 years after his memory wau hon- 
 ored by Offa king of the Mercians, who 
 built a sl'ttely monastery over him, from 
 ■which the modern town of St. Albans re- 
 ceives its name. 
 
 A LB a XI, Francis, son of a silk merchant 
 at Bologna, forsook his father's profession 
 for painting, in which nature had formed him 
 to excel. He was the scliool-fellow and alter- 
 wards the pupil of Guido, by whom he was 
 introduced to the Caracchis ; and after he 
 had studied amongst the monuments of 
 Rome for some years he returned to Bologna, 
 where he married for his second wife Dora- 
 lice, a woman of matchless beauty, and of 
 superior understanding. In her he found a 
 niosj^ perfect model, and the ^'enus, the 
 Nymphs anU ihe Graces, w hich came iVom 
 
 his pencil, possessed all her oharins, and 
 thon^li reuiark.'ible for too much uniformity, 
 ) et tirey were univeisall) admired. .She be- 
 came mother of twelve children, who 
 equally iidieriled her personal acconiplisli^ 
 nients, and v^ere made by the fond falhej* 
 the originals oT his (Jupids in the most playful 
 :ind eficliantiiig attitudes. Alliani pai'ticti- 
 larly excelled in expressing the graces of the 
 fair sex; in his imitati<in of men he was less 
 fortunate ; but into every thing which he drew 
 hetraiisiused the happiness and ierenitv fifhis 
 disposition, and all the mild virtues of au 
 amiable character. Ileflied in his 8'J«1 year, 
 October 4, ICGO, and the whole city of Bo- 
 logna testified their grief for the loss of a 
 man wlio during life had becrn honored with 
 the esteem not oidy of the most eminent of 
 his fellow citizens but even of monarchs. 
 Charles I. of England was one of those who 
 invited him to his dominions. His [)ieces arc 
 highly esteemed, and are dispersed in the 
 cabinets of Europe. His bj'other, John Bap- 
 tist, was his pupil, and e.xcelled as a landscape 
 painter. He died 1068. 
 
 Ale AX I, J(dui Jerome, a learned civilian, 
 made cardinal after llie death of his wife 
 1570. He wrote treatises on ecclesiastical 
 affairs, &c. and died 1591. 
 
 Alb A XI, Alexander, a Roman cardinal, 
 who died 2d December, 1779, aged 87. He 
 was a man of great merit, well acquainted 
 with the records and monuments of antiqui- 
 ty, and a liberal patron of men of letters. 
 
 Albany, John duke of, a Scotch noble- 
 man in the service of Francis I. king of 
 France. He was intrusted by that monarch 
 with an army of 10,000 men to attack Naples, 
 but the fatal battle of Pavia obliged him to 
 return to F^-at>ce, where he died, 1536. 
 
 Alb A TEGXi us, an Ai-abian astronomer, 
 who died 929. He Avrote a treatise on the 
 knowledge and the obliquity of the zodiac of 
 the stars, printed 4to. at Nuremberg 1537, 
 and at Bologna 1545. 
 
 A L B E M A R l e. Monk duke of, vid. Mo n k . 
 
 Albemakle, Anne Clarges ducliess of, 
 daugliter of a blacksmith, was brought up as 
 a milliner, and retained tlie vulgarity of her 
 manners in her highest elevation. She was 
 first the mistress of general Monk when con- 
 fjiied in the tower, and afters ards his wife ; 
 but so clear v.as her understanding, that she 
 was often consulted in the greatest emergen- 
 cies ; and there is little doubt, but that by fa- 
 vor and bribery, she filled up the list of pri- 
 vy counsellors which was presented to the 
 second Charles on his landing. Her animo- 
 sity was so great against Clarendon that she 
 prevailed upon her husband to join in the 
 ruin of his former friend ; and as the viru- 
 lence of her temper was unbounded, the 
 general v^ns often forced to comply under her 
 threats, as he dreaded her invectives more 
 than the cannon's mouth. 
 
 Albemarle, Keppel Lord, a native of 
 Guelders, one of the favorites of '^^'iilia^Tl 
 HI. by whom he was raised to an earldom. 
 In the last of queen Anne's wars he wae> 
 made commander of tlio Dutch forces, and 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 ■tvns defeated by marshal Villars at Dcijlan 
 1712, and made prisoner. He died six years 
 after. 
 
 Albergati, Capacelii Afarquis, a native 
 of l)<jlngna, vho devoted the first years of 
 liis life to dissipation and liceutiousuess, and 
 at the aa;c of 34 be!;an to make amends for 
 ill spent iiours, by the severest application 
 to literary pursuits. Nature had endowed 
 him vith gi-eat talents, and the knowledge of 
 the world had enriclicd his inind with salu- 
 tary reflections, so that at the age of 40 he 
 bnrstupon the public not only as a^dramatisl, 
 elegant, correct, and sublime, but as an actor 
 lively, interesting, and judicious. Honored 
 with the appellation of the Garrick of Italy, 
 he displayed his ubiliiits with efflct, and ac- 
 quired deserved reputation by the wit and 
 facetiousness of his compositions. He died 
 1802. His works were published together 
 1783, in 12 Tols. 8vo. 
 
 Albergotti, Francis, an aneient civil- 
 ian born at Arezzo, where he practised till 
 his removal to Florence. At Florence he 
 was raised to the lionor of nobility, and de- 
 served for his abilities the name of "the 
 teacher of solid truth." His treatises on the 
 Digest and the Code were much read in his 
 lime, but are now little knov.n. He died at 
 L""lorence 137G. 
 
 ALEEKicor Albert, a canon of Aix 
 in Provence, who not being able to accom- 
 pany the lirst Crusader.s, wrote from the 
 best authorities an account of their adven- 
 tures from 1095 to 11-20 under the title of. 
 Chronicon Hierosolymitanum, published in 
 two vols. 8vo. 1584. 
 
 Aleeric, a French monk of Clunr. 
 bishop of Ostia and a cardinal, was legato in 
 England, Scotland, France, &:c. and died 
 1147. 
 
 Alberic, of Rosata, a learned lawyer of 
 Bergamo, who' wrote commentaiies on the 
 six books of the Decretals, in the 14th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Alberic, a monk in the abbej' of Trois- 
 fontaines near Chalons, wrote a chronicle 
 tVomtlie ci-eation to the yeai' 1241, soon after 
 which year he died. The work was edited 
 by Leibnitz, 4to. 1698. 
 
 Ai-BERixijRodiana, a lady born at Par- 
 ma 1530, distinguislied for her poetical 
 ■works both in Latin and in Italian, as well 
 i«s for her many amiable and virtuous qual- 
 ities. 
 
 Alberon'i, Julius, son of a gardener in 
 the su})urbs of Placentia, worked with his 
 father till his 14th yeai-, bui afterwards being 
 afimilted to the meaner emjiloynients of tlie 
 cathedral, he was ordained piiest, and pre- 
 ferred to a benefice. At that tinje the poet 
 Campistron, the favorite of fhc fluke of ^'en- 
 df)me, wns plundererl in his way to Rome, 
 and in his distress he found a hospitable asy- 
 lum in the house of the new ecclesiastic, 
 •who snppliirl him with clotlxs and money 
 for his journej. The kindness wasnot for- 
 gotten ; Campistron mentioned the generous 
 trefitmentto the duke, and Alberoni soon 
 alter gained his protettiou and confidence, 
 
 by discovering to him, in the wars of Italy, 
 the places where the inhabitants had con- 
 cealed their corn from the plunder of the 
 soldiery. Obliged therefore to fly from a 
 neighborhood whose secrets he had betrayed, 
 he followed the army, and when Vend'ome 
 was placed at the head of the military for- 
 ces in Spain, his abilities were employed to 
 negotiate between the duke and the princess 
 of Ursino, whose wit and whose intrigues 
 had gained an ascendency over the Spanish 
 monarch. He behaved with such dexterity, 
 that he became the favorite of the princess; 
 ami to appear with greater dignity he assu- 
 med the character of agent of the duke of 
 Parma to the court of Madrid, and employed 
 his influence to Ax a daugliter of that house 
 on the throne of Spain. The task was 
 dangerous, but the princess of L'rsino Avas 
 soothed and flattered into compliance with 
 tlic artful representation that the intended 
 queen was given to gaiety and pleasure, and 
 of a weak insignificant character which could 
 easily be governed. Alberoni used all possi- 
 ble dispatch in this delicate affair, the prin- 
 cess of Ursino had already changed her 
 mind, and a courier was sent to stop the ne- 
 gotiation, but the minister forbad his appear- 
 ance on pain of death, the treaty was signed, 
 and Philip V. received his new queen. The 
 consequent disgrace of the princess of L^r- 
 sitio made room for Alberoni, the beauty and 
 the wit of the queen were made, with the 
 king, subservient to the elevation of the fa- 
 ■vorite, who became prime minister, and was 
 raised to the purple. His abilities deserved 
 the honors he held ; he gave vigor to the 
 nation, and in a little time infused such a 
 spirit cf activity and enterprise into the in- 
 dolent Spaniards, thataftera lethargic repose 
 of a centur}' they rose to the hardihood and 
 heroic deeds of their forefathers. IMadrid 
 became the centre of negotiation, and of in- 
 trigue, and the gigantic mind of the cardi- 
 nal formed the design of seizing Sardinia and 
 Sicily, of replacing the pretender on tiie 
 English t1irot<e by the hands of Charles XII. 
 and the czar of llussia, whilst in llie east the 
 Turks were to arm against Germany, wbose 
 sceptre in Italy was to be broken, whilst the 
 duke of Orleans v\asto be deprived of the 
 regenc3-^of France. These va.st projects how'- 
 ever were defeated by the arts of Orleans, 
 who with (leorge T. declared war against 
 Spain 1719, and made it one of the conditions 
 f>f peace, that the cardinal should be ban- 
 ished from the court. Albeioni yielded to 
 the storm, and retired to Rome, where he 
 was basely accused of intrigues and corres- 
 pondence with the infidel Turks, and confi- 
 ned for one year. He however still retained 
 .some share of influence at INIadrid ; but his 
 old age was tai-nished by the attempt to des- 
 troy the inde])endence of the little republic 
 of St. Marino. He died at Placentia, 26th 
 June 1752, in his 89tli year, with the char- 
 acter of a great and aml)itious statesman. 
 Ho left his estates to the college of Lazarus. 
 His testament politique was published at 
 Lausanne 1753, thougli some consider it as a 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 IHerary fraud imposo<! on his name. His life 
 vas publislied by J. Uoiisset in I vol. I'iino. 
 
 Ai.BER 1' I. son of llie <.'m[)cror Kodol- 
 phus, Mas chosen emperor o( tierniany, af- 
 ter tlie defeat of his conipetitor Adolphus of 
 Nassau. He was fre(iuenlly p:uilty of injus- 
 tice in liis attmiijls to extend the power of 
 his family, and to his op[>resbion3 the Swiss 
 •w<,'rc indebted for tlie assertion of their in- 
 dependence, lie Was killed hy his own ne- 
 phew John duke of Swabia 1308, leaving five 
 sons and six daughters. 
 
 At.bekt H. emperor of Germany, was 
 called grave or magtumime, and he possessed 
 the milder virtues \\liich render a pi-incc pop- 
 ular and beloved. He married the dauf^hler 
 of SigismuTuI king of Hungary, and thus suc- 
 ceeded to that kingdom. He died 27th October 
 1439, in the second year of his reign, aged 4.S. 
 
 Albert, archduke of Austria, sixth son 
 cf the emperor Maximilian, was at first a 
 cardinal and archhishop of Toledo ; hut in 
 1583 he was made governor of Portugal, 
 and some time after governor of the Low 
 Countries. He here distinguished himself 
 by the reduction of Calais, Ardres, and oth- 
 er towns ; and afterwards he undertook the 
 siege of Ostend, which lasted three years, 
 three months and three days, and which, 
 •when taken, 22d September 1604, was only 
 a heap of ashes, after the slaughter of more 
 than 100,000 men- The archduke had re- 
 signed the purple in 1598 to marry Elizabeth 
 daughter of Philip II. of Spain, and he ob- 
 tained as her portion the sovereignty of the 
 Netherlands. He made a peace with the 
 Dutch in 1609, and the last years of his life 
 were usefully devoted to the happiness of 
 his people, and to the encouragement of 
 the arts. He died 1621, in his 62d year. 
 
 Albert I. son of Otho prince of Anhalt 
 was made elector of Brandenburg 1150, and 
 he immortalized himself hy converting vast 
 forests into cultivated lantls, where he built 
 churches and towns for the comfort aod se- 
 curity of grateful subjects. He died univer- 
 .sally regretted 18th November 1168. 
 
 Albert V. duke of Bavaria, deserved 
 and obtained the surname of the Magnani- 
 mous. He was a wise, humane, and enlight- 
 ened prince, the liberal patron of literature 
 and of the arts, and himself a pattern of ev- 
 ery amiable virtue. He died 1579, aged 50. 
 
 Albert VI. duke of Bavaria was known 
 for his learning. He died at Munich 1666. 
 
 Albert, Charles d', duke of Luynes, 
 ivas the descendant of a noble family of 
 Florence wlio settled in France. He was 
 much noticed by Henry IV. and rose by de- 
 grees from inferior offices to be the favorite 
 and the counsellor of Lewis XIII. His pow- 
 er over the monarch was so great that the 
 kingdom obeyed him as their sovereign ; but 
 l»is tyranny became so odious that, when he 
 died of a fever in the camp of Longueville 
 1621, the soldiers plundered his tent, so that 
 there could not be foilnd a cloth to cover the 
 remains of the royal favourite. 
 
 Albebt, Joseph d', of Luynes, was am- 
 bassador from the emperor Charles VII. in 
 VOL, I. h 
 
 France, and distinguished himself as a mati 
 of letters. His diHerent pi<'ces, aniongsl 
 which arc Le Songe d' .\lcibiade — 'liman- 
 drc instruit [)ar son genie, JStc. hav« been 
 colltcfd and published 1759 in 8vo. 
 
 Albeki, Honored', duke of Chaulnes, 
 Was indebted for his greatness to the favors 
 and intrigues of his eltlcr brother tin- duk«; 
 ol" Luynes, as well as to the j)artiulity of 
 Uichelieu. He died 1649 in his 69th year. 
 
 Albert, king (d' Sweden, succeeded to 
 the throne on the deposition of Magnus II. 
 by his rebellious nt)bles 1363. Though for 
 some tiiiie he weathered the storms of op- 
 position, he was at last taken prisoner 13S7 
 by Margaret queen of Norway and Den- 
 mark, who had listened to the intrigues of 
 his disaffected barons ; and though he re- 
 covered his liberty, it was to see hisatteinjits 
 to regain the sovereign power utterly fail, 
 and himself an exile at Mecklenburg, where 
 he ended his days 1412. 
 
 Albert, margrave of Brandenburg, first 
 duke of Prussia, was for some time engagcfl 
 in a war with .Sigismund king of Pokmd, but 
 at last he consented to hold Prussia as a fiet* 
 of Poland. He married a Danish princess, 
 and declared himself a protestant. He died 
 1568, aged 78. 
 
 Albert, of Brandenburg, surnamed tlie 
 Alcibiades of Germany, was son of Casimir 
 margrave of Culembach, and he distinguished 
 himself by his opposition to the views of 
 Charles V. against whom he made war Mith 
 other confederated st^ates. A reconciHRtion 
 at last Avas effected, but it was of shc>rt,(^)n- 
 tinuance, as he provoked the resenti. ?nf of 
 his late allies, even of his friend Maurice 
 elector of Saxony, by retaining in his hands 
 the plunder of the ecclesiastical states. A. 
 battle was fought by the rival powers, and 
 Maurice was slain and Albert severely wound- 
 ed. He Avas afterwards deprived of his pos^ 
 sessions by the decree of the diet of tlie em- 
 pire, and died 1558. To the intrepidity and 
 manliness of his character were united ar- 
 rogance, violence, and licentiousness of man- 
 ners. 
 
 Albert, Erasmus, a native of FranJ^fort 
 preacher to Joachim II. elector of Branden- 
 burg. He was the pupil of Luther, and he 
 assisted his cause by collecting the greatest 
 absurdities of the conformities of Saint Fran- 
 cis M'ith Jesus Christ, m hich he published in 
 German and Latin under the name of the 
 Alcoran of the Cordeliers. This satirical 
 Avork, to which Luther Avrote a preface, high- 
 ly promoted the cause of the reformation, 
 Albert was at Magdeburg during its siege, 
 jmd died at New Brandenburg, 1551. The 
 last edition of his work is that of Amster- 
 dam, 2 vols. 12mo. 1734. 
 
 Albert, Krantz, author of the hi.story 
 of Saxony and of the Vandals, and of a 
 chronicle of Charlemagne up to 1504, was 
 divinity professor at Hamburgh, and died 
 1517. 
 
 Albert, of Stade, author of a chronicle 
 from the creation to 1286, was a Beucdictine 
 monk of the 15th eenttrrj. 
 
AL 
 
 Ah. 
 
 Albert, of Strasbur2:, aiitliorof a chroni- 
 cle from 1270 to 1378, llorished in ihe mid- 
 dle of the 14th century. 
 
 Albert, archbishop of Mentz, revolted 
 against his friend and benefactor the empe- 
 Vor Henry V. lie died 1137. 
 
 Albert, called the Great, "was born at 
 Lawiugcn in Swabin, and put on the Domi- 
 nican habit after visiting Pavia, Colosjne, and 
 Paris, where he read lectures -with credit 
 and reputation. He was called to Rome by 
 pope Alexander IV. and appointed master of 
 the sacred palace, and afterwards raised to 
 the archbishopric of Rr^tisbon. A Hfe of 
 easd was, however, his <lclight, and the cro- 
 sier was soon resigned for the monastic hab- 
 it. His studies v ere eagerly pursued in his 
 retirement, anil the great knowledge m hich 
 he possessed m an age not famous tor in([ui- 
 sitivcness or information, soon passed among 
 Uic vulgar and illiterate for magic and en- 
 chantment. Albert not only laboi-ed in 
 quest of the philosophers stone, but he was 
 said to have formed a human head of brass, 
 which, like an oracle, guided all his actions. 
 His works were voluminous, without contain- 
 ing much information. They were publish- 
 ed at Lyons 1G15 in 21 vols, folio ; but some 
 treatises of an unchaste or licentious tenden- 
 cy have been falsely ascribed to him, such as 
 the master of sentences — de natura rerum 
 — de secretis naulierum, &c. He died at Co- 
 logne November 15th, 1280, in his S7th or 
 according to others in his 75 year. JMatthte- 
 us has improperly attributed the invention 
 of lire-arms to him, 
 
 AliTer T, Jane d", daughter of Margaret 
 of Navarre, was married, at the age of 11, 
 to the duke of Cieves, but this union was an- 
 nulled by the pope, and in 1548 she gave her 
 hand to Antony duke of Vendome, and five 
 years after gave birth to a son who became 
 Henry IV. of France. Tn 1555 she was made 
 queen of Navarre on her father's death, and 
 she became zealous to promote the refor- 
 mation there. She was present at Pans at 
 the nuptials of her son with Margaret of 
 Yalois, and died there suddenh', as it is sup- 
 posed, in conse<|uence of poison, 15/2, in 
 her 44tli year. She had written some works 
 Avhich are still preserved. 
 
 Alberte r, a mathematician and poet 
 in the 13th century, uhosc amorous verses 
 ■were perfidiously published after his death 
 by one of his friends, to >vhom he had in- 
 trusted the care of committing t\iem to the 
 flames. 
 
 AlbertI, Cherubino, an Italian puinter 
 and engraver of eminence, who died 1015, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Alberti, Giovanni, bi-othcr of the pre- 
 ceding, Avas equally eminent iu the per- 
 spective, and in historical pieces. He was 
 born near Florence, and died 1601, aged 43. 
 Alberti, Dominico, a native of Venice, 
 whose musical powers were displayed in 
 London iu the stiite of the Spanish ambassa- 
 dor, and also at Rome, and other places on 
 the continent. In 1737 he set to music Me- 
 tastaaio's Endymiony and published other 
 
 thing;;. As a performer on the harpsichord 
 he was particularly admiretl. 
 
 Albek 1 1, Andrew, was author of an ad- 
 iniretl treatise on perspective, printed in fo- 
 lio at Nuremburg 1670. 
 
 Alberti, John, a German law\ er surna- 
 med \\ idman Stadias. His knov\ ledge of the 
 oi'iental languages enabled him to abridge 
 the Alcoran, autl illustrate it with learned 
 notes ; a work which procured him the 
 chancellorship of Austria. He also publish- 
 ed a beautiful edition of the New Testament 
 in Syriac at tbe expense of the emperor, in 
 which the Apocalypse wasomitted and St. Pe- 
 ter's second epistle, Jude's, and Saint James' 
 second and third. Of this work 1000 copies' 
 were printed, half of which were kept by the 
 emperor, and the others sent iu to the east. 
 
 Alberi I, Leandei', a IJominicau of Bo- 
 logna, who wrote some interesting works, 
 especially a history of Italy 4to. — biographi- 
 cal memoirs — the history of Bologna — 
 and that of illustrious Dominicans, bcc. He 
 died 15.")2 in his 74th year. 
 
 Alberti, Leon Baptista, a Florentine, 
 author of a valuable work on architecture iu 
 10 books. He was well acquainted with paint- 
 ing and sculpture, and was employed with 
 commendation by pope Nicholas V. in orna- 
 menting the buildings which he erected. 
 He died 1485. 
 
 Alberti-Aristotile, called also lii- 
 flolfe Fioraver.te, a celebrated mechanic of 
 Bologna in the 16th century, who is said to 
 have removed one of the steeples of his na- 
 tive city, with all the bells, to the distance 
 of 35 paces. He extended his fame in Hun- 
 gary, where he built a remarkable bridge, 
 and where he received the highest honors. 
 He was also employed in erecting churches 
 in Russia. 
 
 Albertini, Francis, a Calabrian Jesuit^ 
 author of some theological works in 2 vols, 
 fol. and a treatise, in which he asserts that 
 brute animals have their guardian angels. 
 He died 1619. 
 
 Alberti NO, Edmund, a Calvinist min- 
 ister, born at Chalons-sur-Marne, who w rote 
 a treatise against the eucharist, which excit- 
 ed violent opposition, and was ably refuted. 
 He died 5th April 1652. 
 
 ALBERriNO, Francis, a Florentine, au- 
 thor of a book on the wonders of ancient and 
 of modern Rome, kc. at the beginning of the 
 16th century. 
 
 ALBEurixus, Nussatus, an Italian, au- 
 thor of a history of the emperor Henry All. 
 and of some poetical pieces, kc. 
 
 Albertus, archbishop of Mentz, was 
 known for a conspiracy which he formed 
 i\g;ainst the en>pcror Henry V. whose favors 
 and liberalit;. he hat! re])eatedly experienced. 
 He was imprisoned for four years, but he 
 was so popular that the iidiabitants rose ujt 
 iu arms against tlie emperor {»n<l restored 
 him to liberty. He died June 23d, 1137. 
 
 Albi, Henry, author of an uninterestinpf^ 
 histor}' of illu.strious cai-dinals, besides sev- 
 eral lives, was a Jesuit of Bolene in the Ve- 
 naissin, und died at Aries 1659- 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 AuBicus, ■wasmailearc!ibisl»(ri>ofPra}»nc 
 Uy Sigisumiid king of l{(jli<-ini:i. His purtiiil- 
 ity to Jolm lliiss,;*n<l (In follow t-is of Wick- 
 IiH', havf t;.\posi(l him to tlic si'\ ere- censures 
 of the catholics, lie wrole three trcatiaes 
 on medicines, pi'inted, lieipsie, liSi-. 
 
 A i.ui NO V A N ts, a l.aliij |»oel in ihc ape 
 of Ovid. Only two of his elej^ies are extant. 
 
 Al.BiNUS, Dec. Clodins, a Koniaii, who 
 assitnied the imperial jinrpU in oi)po.-,ilion to 
 Severus. He uas slain in battle, A. IJ. I'J". 
 
 Ai.Bi vus, A l*osninni. a Koinan, antlior 
 fefan history of his own coiintry in (ireik, 
 fiorislied about 160 years 13. C 
 
 Albin'I'S, Hernard, a eilebraled ])hysi- 
 cian, born at iJessaii ku Anhalt. ile s>liidiiHi 
 at Leyden, and after travellini? over the Low 
 Countries and France lor imjii'ovement, lie 
 was raised to a professoi-'s cliair, at Frank- 
 fort on Oder, and 22 years after enjoyed the 
 same dignity at Leydeii. He died 7lh Dec. 
 1721, in his GDlh year- He was a great favo- 
 rite of the elector of Jirandenberg, who gave 
 him ecclesiastical preienncnt which he soon 
 resigned. The lisi of his niinieious medical 
 treatises, Is in the BibUotheque de M.Carrere. 
 
 A I, BIN us, Bernard Sigfred, son of the 
 preceding, was professorof medicine at Ley- 
 den, and surpassed all former masters in the 
 knowledge of anatomy. He published three 
 vohimes folio in 1744, 1749, and 1753, with 
 elegant and accurate plates of the muscles, 
 ligaments, and bones of the human body. 
 He married in his 73d year a young girl, and 
 died 1771 aged 88. His brother, Christian 
 Bernard, who was ])rofessor at Utrecht, 
 equally distinguished himself by his history of 
 spiders and insects, with engravings. 
 
 A L B T N u s, Fileazar, was author of a natu- 
 ral history of birds, with 30 copper-plates 
 colored, of whicii a French translation ap- 
 peared at the Hague 17.50 in t\\ o vols. 4to. 
 The work is in less estimation than that of 
 Edwards. 
 
 Albinus, Peter, an historian and poet of 
 the ICth century, professor at Wittemberg, 
 and afterwards secretary to the elector at 
 Dresden. He was author of some esteemed 
 historical treatises, esi)ecially the chronicles 
 of JVIisiiia his native countrj'. 
 
 Alb IS, Thomas, or White, a catholic 
 priest and eminent ])hllosopher of FiSsex. 
 He was intimate with Hobbsof Alajmesbury, 
 and in their dissertations it was. often ac- 
 knowledged that ^Vhite was superior. He 
 died 1G7G, aged 94. 
 
 Albixi, Bartholomew, a native ofRiva- 
 no in Tuscany, distinguislied by his preach- 
 ing, and the worlds of his pen. He is author 
 of the conformity of St. Francis with Jesus 
 Christ, a performance in which he equals 
 the saint to the Son of God. He died at Pi- 
 sa in 1401, in the convent of the Cordeliers, 
 an order to which he belonged. 
 
 ALBOiNor A1.B0VIXVS, succeeded his 
 father Audoin as king of Lombardy. From 
 Pannonia, where he had first settled, he ad- 
 vanced towards Italy and carried every thing 
 before him, and caused himself to be pro- 
 claimed king of the country in 570, and made 
 
 Pavia tlie capital of his new dr)minionb. fie 
 was assassuiated by order of his wife Itosa- 
 mond, u hoin he hid insii!l<«I hv senditi;,' lur 
 wine in the sknil of her talher (iunitaond 
 He had slain in battle (iuniiuond, wh<i u an 
 king of a neigbbouring horde ; but while In; 
 took his captive dangbler for his wile, he 
 wished to retain a monument of his victory 
 by e(»nverling the head of her fither into u 
 drinking cup. 
 
 Albo.n, Jaincsd', a famous French gen- 
 ei-al, known as inai'(;sehal Saint Andix'. Hr 
 distinguished himself in the canipaigns of 
 1552 and 1554, at the retreat of Qucsno)-, 
 and at the battles of Kcnty and St. Qiiintin 
 He was a Calvinist, and at la.-'t favoied the 
 party of the Cui.ses. He was shotatthe hat- 
 tie oVl)reu.\, 15C2. 
 
 Aliion, f'amille, a descendant of ''3 
 pi'ceeding, was born at Lyons, un«l died at 
 Paris 1788, aged 35. He publi.shed various 
 treatises, ke. which possess some merit, bu!. 
 with many good qualities he united some dis- 
 agreeable singularities, and an aft'ectation of 
 misanthropy. 
 
 At. BORicos, Giles Alvarez Carillo, ana- 
 live of Suena, archbishop of Toledo. He re- 
 signed liis preferment when raised to the 
 rank of cardinal, and taking up arms, he re- 
 duced Italy to the obedience of the church, 
 and recalled the po])e from Avignon to 
 Rome. When questioned about the money 
 w ith w'hich he had been supplied, he brought 
 to the pope's palace, a waggon loaded with 
 locks, keys, and bars, and declared that the 
 nnoney had been expended in obtaining pos- 
 session of the cities to which those belonged. 
 This truly great man founded the splendid 
 college of Barcelona, and retired to Viterbo, 
 where he died 13G7. 
 
 Albornos, Diego Philij), an ecclesiastic 
 of Carthagena in Spain, author of a Spanish 
 book called Elements of Politique, which at- 
 tracted the notice of Ferdinand son of Philip 
 V. though a youth only ten years old, and 
 drew on the' author the patronage of the 
 court. 
 
 Albret, a noble and illustrious frtmily in 
 France, which has given genei-als and states- 
 men to the kingdom. Charles commanded 
 the F'rench forces at the battle of Agiucourt 
 against Henry V. of England, and he perish- 
 ed in the field. 
 
 Albricus, a native of London, known as 
 a learned philosopher and physician. He 
 studied at 0.\ford about 1217, and travelled 
 for improvement. Bayle has given a cata- 
 logue of his writings, which however were 
 never made public. 
 
 Albvcasa or Albucassis, an Arabian 
 physician of the 11th century, «ho wrote 
 some valuable tracts on medicine, ornament- 
 ed with cuts of chirurgical instruments ia 
 use of that time. 
 
 Albumaxar, an Arabian physician of 
 the ninth century, known also as an astrolo- 
 ger. His works — de magnis conjunctioni- 
 bus, annorum revolutioiubus, ac eorum per- 
 fectionibus, appeared at Venice 1526, 8vo. — 
 and his inU-oductio ad astronomiara, 1489. 
 
Ai: 
 
 AL 
 
 ALBr(^UEnQ.t^E, Alfonso, a native of Lis- 
 bon, whose great genius laid the foundation 
 of the Portuguese power in India. He was 
 sent by Emmanuel king of Portugal, in 1503, 
 with his brother Francis, to form an estab- 
 lishment in tlie east ; and by his spirited bra- 
 very, he supported his allies, and maintain- 
 ed tlie superiority of his nation. He gained 
 large possessions on the coast of Cochin, 
 V liicli Avas RCLured by strong and impregna- 
 ble fortifications. His return to Europe was 
 attended by the death of his brother, who 
 ptM-islied in the voyage ; but private sorrow 
 gave way before public concerns, and Albu- 
 <[uerque in 1508, invested with new power 
 by his sovereign, sailed back to India. In his 
 -way he plundered the coast of Arabia, and 
 •with unparalk'led boldness, wifji a corps of 
 onh' 470 men, he undertcwk the siege of Or- 
 muz, an island at the entrance of the Persian 
 gulf, subject to a king of its own, and defen- 
 ded by nuiTjci'Ous forces; and after some 
 iiionths' obstinate resisteuce, the place sub- 
 mitted to the conqueror, and the king in 
 despair became tributary to Portugal; but 
 Tvheu the Persian monarch demanded the 
 tribute which Orrnuz paid to his superior 
 power, Albuqucniue threw down bullets and 
 arms before tlie ambassadors, and exclaimeti, 
 to their consternation. Those are the trib- 
 •utcs which my master consents to.pay. His 
 arms Avcrc now directed against Goa, which 
 he subdued; but the dissentions of his ofli- 
 cers, who, in sharing his victories were yet 
 jealous of his glory, disturbed for a while the 
 career of his triumphs. He retired from his 
 new conquest, btit unbroken by misfortune, 
 and the ingratitude of his countrymen, now 
 he soon returned to Goa, which after the loss 
 of 3000 of its defenders, again submitted to 
 his superior valor. His power was now ex- 
 tended over the whole coast of Malabar, and 
 therefore he sailed towards the east, and 
 i-nade the island of Sumatra, Malacca, and 
 the neighbouring cities tributai-y to the Por- 
 tuguese government. On his return to Goa, 
 he meditated fresh conquests, when he sud- 
 denly fell sick, and died 1515, in liisOSd year. 
 In him were happily united the valor of a 
 hero, and the more amiable virtues of mild- 
 ness and humanity ; but this great, this il- 
 lustrious character, whose genius reared the 
 power of Portugal in the east, and whose 
 memory was cherished even to adoration by 
 the native Indians, felt the persecution of en- 
 vy, and on his death-bed he had the morti- 
 fication to learn, that the monarch whom lie 
 had so faithfully served had the ingratitude 
 to recall him by the appointment of a suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 Albuq_uerq_ue, Blaise, son of Alphonso, 
 •mas born in 1500. The merit of his father, 
 and the regret of Emmanuel for the loss of 
 the conqueror of the east, raised him to the 
 first honors of the state, and to the rank of 
 nobility. Jle published an account in Por- 
 tuguese of his father's victories, Lisbon, 
 1575. 
 
 Albuq_uer(2^ue Coelho, Edward, a no- 
 bleman in the service of Philip IV. of Por- 
 tugal, wlio wrote a journal of the war of the 
 
 Brazils begun in 1630, printed at Madrid 
 1654. He died at Madrid, 1658. 
 
 Albutius, Caius Silus, a Roman orator 
 in the age of Augustus, who starved himself 
 to death. 
 
 Albutius, Titus, a Roman philosopher, 
 banished by the senate for corruption. 
 
 Ai.c^us, an ancient poet of Lesbos, who 
 florished 600 before Christ. 
 
 Ai.CASAR, Louis d', a Jesuit of Seville, 
 author of a commentary on the Apocalypse 
 and other Avorks. He died 1613, aged 59. 
 
 ALCEN131, James, an Arabian physician 
 about the year 1145, supposed to be the same 
 as Alchindres a peripatetic philosopher, iu 
 the reign of Almanz,or king of Morocco. 
 His works are mentioned in the Biblioth. de 
 medicine de M. Carbere. 
 
 Ai^CHABiTius, author of treatises on the 
 judgment of the stars — on optics — on the 
 conjunction of the planets, printed Venice 
 1491, and Seville 1521, was an Arabian as- 
 trologer of the 12tli century. 
 
 Alchindus, an Arabian physician and 
 astrologer, considered by Jerome Cax'dan as 
 one of the 12 men who possessed superior 
 genius and learning. He florished before the 
 twelfth century, and was accused of magic. 
 He wrote several tracts often quoted. 
 
 Alciat, Andrew, a native of Milan, 
 who after studying the law at Pavia and Bo- 
 logna was advanced to the professor's chair 
 at Avignon. Francis I. knew his merit, and 
 prevailed upon him to remove to Bourges, 
 where his lectures on law were frequented 
 and admired. His abilities however were 
 too great te be lost in a distant country, and 
 therefore the duke of Milan invited him back 
 to his native town, and welcomed his return 
 by the grant of a large salary and the dignity 
 of senator. These honors were not bestow- 
 ed in vain, Alciat labored with indefatigable 
 zeal in the service of science, and at Pavia, 
 at Bologna, and afterwards at Ferrara, his 
 lectures were delivered to crowded and ap- 
 plauding auditors. The pope, Paul HI. treat- 
 ed him with kindness, but he modestly re- 
 fused the preferment which he offered. The 
 emperor also raised him to the rank of count 
 palatine and senator, and Philip king of Spain 
 gave him a gold chain as a mark of his favor. 
 He died at Pavia 12th January 1550, in his 
 58tli year. It was his intention with his im- 
 mense w ealth, to found and endow a college ; 
 but tlie insolence of some students to his per- 
 son irritated him, and he adopted for his heir 
 his distant relation Francis Alciat. His pub- 
 lications were chiefly on law, besides notes 
 on Tacitus, and some emblems which have 
 been justly commended for their elegance, 
 purity, and the flow of genius which they 
 display. He was succeeded in his profession- 
 al chair at Pavia, by his heir, whose law lec- 
 tures were equally learned and equally ad- 
 mired. Francis was i-ecommended to the 
 patronage of pope Pius IV. by his pupil car- 
 dinal Rarronieo, and he Avas raised to a bish- 
 opric, the chancellorship of Rome, and the 
 dignity of cardinal. He died at Rome, A- 
 pril 1580, in his 50th year. 
 
 Ar.ciBiADES, an illustrious Athenian, 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 iisciplc of Soci-atcs. He for a while enjoy- 
 ed popularit)', and allerwaids fill tlie op- 
 pressive lialred of his fickle countrymen, 
 and was at last assassinated iu l*« rsia about 
 4U-i B (J. in his 4Cth year. 
 
 Alcidam AS, a Greek rhetorician about 
 4iiO years li O. 
 
 Ai-CiMus, called also Jachim, was made 
 high-priest of .ludea In Aiiliociius Kupator. 
 He rendered himself unpo])ular by his op- 
 pression and avaricr, and died two or tfiree 
 years after his c Icvation, about l')5 B. C 
 
 Alcimus, Akthius, an historian and po- 
 et of Agin, in the -Uh century, who wrote 
 the history of Julian, and of Sallust, prefect 
 of Gaul. This work is lost, and only an epi- 
 gram on Homer auti Virgil preserve his 
 name in Maittaire's Corpus Poet. 1714. 
 
 A LCI NO us, a Platonic philosopher in tlie 
 secMid century. 
 
 Alciphrov, a Greek philosopher in the 
 age of Alexander the (ireat. 
 
 ALCMA:oN,a disciple of Pythagoras, -who 
 dwelt at Crolona 
 
 Ai.CMAN, an ancient Greek poet, about 
 C72 B. (J. There m as another of the same 
 name who wrote lyrics about 61'2 B. C. 
 
 Alcock, .lohn, an English divine born at 
 Beverley, and raised in 1471 to the see of Ro- 
 eliester, and afterwards translated to Wor- 
 eestor and Ely. His great learning recom- 
 mended him to the king's favor, by whom 
 lie was appointed president of Wales, and 
 chancellor of England. He was the founder 
 of Jesus College, Carabiidge. He wrote sev- 
 eral theological tracts, and died 1st Oct. 1500. 
 He was buried at Kingston upon Hull in the 
 chapel, which, besides the grammar school, 
 he had erected there and liberally endowed 
 
 Alcuixvs or Albinus, Flaccus, a na- 
 tive of Yorkshire, educated by venerable Be- 
 de and Egbert archbishop of York. He was 
 made abbot of Canterbury, and afterwards 
 pasfied to the continent on the invitation of 
 Charlemagne, whose favours he experien- 
 ced, and whose confidence and friendship ho 
 fully enjoyed. He instructed his royal pat- 
 ron in rhetoric, logic, divinity, and matlie- 
 matics, and labored to diffuse through Eu- 
 rope the learning and the genius which he so 
 eminently possessed. With difficulty he ob- 
 tained permission from the fondness of the 
 emperor to retire from court, to the abbey 
 of St. Martin at Tours, where he devoted 
 the rest of his life to study, and the duties 
 of reUgion. He died on Whitsunday 804, 
 and was buried at Tours, and a Latin epi- 
 taph of 24 verses of his own composition was 
 placed on his grave. His writings, most of 
 which are extant, are numerous : his style is 
 tjlegant and sprightly, and his language suf- 
 ., Cciently pure for the age ; and he may be con- 
 sidered' as one of the learned few, Avhose ge- 
 nius dissipated the gloom of the eighUi cen- 
 tury. Andrew du Chesne published his 
 •works in one volume folio, 1017. 
 
 Alcyoxius, Peter, an Italian, for some 
 time coiTector of the press for Aldus JNtanu- 
 tius, and autlior of some learned publications. 
 He translated some of Aiistotlc's tre?itiscs. 
 
 and w.as severely censured by Scpulveda (of 
 inaccuracy. In his work on banihhuicnt he 
 displayed such u mixture of elegant and bar- 
 barous w ords, that he w as suspected of large- 
 ly borrowing from (Cicero's treatise de (jIu- 
 ria ; and it is sai«l thai to a\oid detection of 
 this illiberal deed, he burnt the only extant 
 manuscript of ('icero, which had been giTen 
 by IJernard to the library (jf a nunnery, of 
 which Alcyonius was physician. At Flo- 
 rence he was promoted to a professor's chair, 
 but the ambition of rising to higher emi- 
 nence drew him to Rome, where he lost all 
 his property, during the insurrection of the 
 Columnas. When the imperial troops took 
 the city 15'27, he espoused the cause of the 
 jiope, and though wounded he joined hir.i in. 
 the castle of St. Angelo, and afterwards in 
 bold and elegant language he arraigned, in 
 two orations, the injustice of Charles V. and 
 the barbarity of his soldiers. When the 
 siege was raised, he abandoned the pojie, and 
 with a fickleness that deserves the name of 
 ingratitude, he retired to the house of car- 
 dinal Pompeius Columna, where he fell sick 
 and died a few months after. Alcyonius has 
 been in some instances highly applauded for 
 his manj- accomplishments, though his vani- 
 ty, self-conceit, and abusive language, have 
 tarnished his private character. 
 
 Aldana, Bernard, a Spaniard, governor 
 ofLippaon the confines of Turkey, which, 
 in a fit of panic, he set on fire 1552. He w as 
 pai'doned for his cowardice by the interfer- 
 ence of Mary queen of Bohemia, and after- 
 wards behaved w ith great valor at Tripoli. 
 
 Aldebert, an impostor in France, who, 
 by bribes and pretended visions, raised him- 
 self to a bishopric. He asserted that he had 
 a letter written by our Saviour which had 
 been brought to him by St. Michael. His 
 opinions were condemned by two general 
 councils in 744 and 74G, and he died in pri- 
 son. 
 
 Aldegraff, Albert, a painter and en- 
 graver of Zoust in Westplialia, born 1502. 
 His nativity was highly admired. He made, 
 however, engraving his principal pursuit. 
 
 Alderette, Bernard and Joseph, Je- 
 suits of Malaga at the beginning of the 17th 
 century, in their features and Toice very 
 much alike. They were authors of antiqui- 
 ties of Spain, 1G14, in 4to. — a book on the 
 Castilian language, 4to. 1G06. 
 
 Aederoti, Thadeus, a Florentine, known 
 for his great abilities as a physician, fie set 
 so high a value upon his skill, that only prin- 
 ces and prelates could be a<lniilled as his pa« 
 tients. He died 1295, aged 80. His life has 
 been written by Villani. 
 
 Aldhelm, or Adeem, Saint, an English 
 divine during the heptarchy. He was rela- 
 ted to the king of the West Saxons, by whom 
 he was raised to the bishopric of Shireburn, 
 over the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Dor- 
 set, and Wilts. Ho travelled in France and 
 Italy, and he is said to be the first English- 
 man who ever wi-ote in Latin, and introdu- 
 ced poetry into the Island. He led a most 
 exemplary life ; JinU iu those times of bju'ba- 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 rism and ignorance, he often gained auditors 
 by sloppiut;- on the hridges and in the high- 
 ■ways, and commanding their attention to his 
 religions discourses hy mixing haliads and 
 songs to grave and serious exhortations, lie 
 died May the 'iSth TOO. 
 
 Alphi'X, a hishop of Holy Island, wlio 
 left his lialjitation because infested hy the 
 Danes, and retired with the body of St. Cuth- 
 berl to Durham, where he became the first 
 bishop of thnt see. He built the cathedral, 
 and died 1018. 
 
 At.dixi, To])Ias, a physician of Cesena, 
 anliior of a botanical work, printed at iiome 
 15'-25y in folio. 
 
 Aldobrandix, Sylvester, a native of 
 Floieiice, professor of law at Pisa. He was 
 banished for his opposition to the Medicis, 
 and he died at Rome 1558, aged 58. His 
 
 sou Hippolytus became pope. xVnother 
 
 son, John, was made cardinal 15/0, and died 
 at Rome three years aftv-r. 
 
 Aldred, abbot O' Tavistock, and after- 
 wards hishop of Worcester, 1046. He was 
 a great favorite of Edward the confessor, and 
 his influence produced a reconciliation be- 
 tween that monarch and Griflith king of 
 AVales, and also w ilii Swaine son of (iodwin, 
 t\'1jo Irad invaded the kingdom. He was the 
 first English bishop who visited Jerusalem, 
 and after his return lie was raised to the see 
 of York; an elevation which, when he ap- 
 peared at Rome, the pope refused to ratify, 
 on account of his ignorance aud simony. Al- 
 dred's solicitations however prevailed, and 
 he received the pallium from the pontiff. On 
 the death of Edu ard he ciowned Harold, and 
 afterwards the conqiieror, whose esteem he 
 enjoyed, and wliose power he. made subser- 
 vient to the views of tlie churcli. When he 
 had received some indignities from a gover- 
 nor of York, he flew to London, and with all 
 the indignation and haughtiness of an offend- 
 ed prelate, demanded vengeance, and pro- 
 nounced a curse on the liead of William. 
 His wrath was with difRculty pacified by the 
 entreaties of the sovereign and his nobles, 
 and the curse was recalled, and changed in- 
 to a blessing. It is said that he died with 
 grief in seeing the north of England flesola- 
 ted by the ravages of Harold and Canute, 
 sons of Sway ne, 11 th Sept. 10G8. 
 
 Alduic, Saint, bishop of Mans, distin- 
 guished himself by his leai-ning,and collected 
 -the decrees of the popes, ^c. He died 85C, 
 after i-njoying the favors, and feelingthe ])er- 
 sec'ttioiis of the nobles, in the courts of Cl)ar- 
 lemagne, Louis, Clotiiaife, and Charles H. 
 
 Ai.DRiCH,. Robert, a native of Burnham 
 in Buckinghamshire, educated at Eton, an<i 
 King's College, Cainbridge. He was elected 
 master of Eton and provost, and afterwards 
 in 1537, raised- to the bishopric of Carlisle, 
 licland, who enjoyed his friendship, has com- 
 mended his learning and piety. He wrote 
 epigrams, bcc and died March ;26th, 1553, at 
 Horncastle in Lincolnshire. 
 
 Aldrich, Henry,a native of Westminster, 
 educated under Busby, and admitted at Christ 
 Church, where he distinguished Iilmself asa 
 
 tutor. He was made canon in 1681, and at 
 the revolution he replaced Massey the popish 
 dean of Christ Church. In this dignified sit- 
 uation he supported discipline, promoted re- 
 ligion, ami encouraged learning. He pub- 
 lished, with Dr. Sprat, Clarendon's history, 
 not however w ithout being charged by Old- 
 mixon with improper interpolations ; an ac- 
 cusation which Atterbury proved to be false 
 and invidious. He was fond of music, and 
 collected materialsfor the history of it, which 
 are still j)reserved ; but as an architect he 
 gained deserved praise, and to his liberality as 
 well as to his taste, Christ Church is indebted 
 for the erection of three sides of Peckwater 
 quadrangle. Trinity College for its elegant 
 chaple, and the parish of All Saints for its 
 beautitul church. Dr. Aldrich was author 
 of a compendium of logic, and several other 
 useful publications; but he particularly dis- 
 tinguished himself by editing several of the 
 Greek classics, which generally appeared an- 
 nually for the benefit of the students of his 
 society. He also passes as the composer of 
 those popular catches, " Hark the bonny 
 Christ Church bells,"' aud a smoking catch. 
 He was rector of Wem in Shropshire, aud 
 died at Christ Church, Dec- l4tl:, 1710. 
 
 Aldringer, a native of Luxembourg, 
 who from a common soldier was raised by 
 mei-it to be a general of Ferdinand II. His 
 abilities were exerted in raising the siege of 
 Constance, but avarice and cruelty tarnished 
 a great and illustrious military character. He 
 j fell ii' Landshut in Bavaria ifi34, and it has 
 I been tioubted whether he died fjy t'le hand 
 of his own soldiers or of the Swedes. 
 
 Aldrovandus, Ulysses, a native of Bo- 
 logna, professor of physic and pliilosophy. 
 His inquiries into the history of nature were 
 so ardent that he visited tlie most distant 
 countries in search of minerals, plants, me- 
 tals, animals, and birds, and he spared no ex- 
 pense that he might procure exact figures 
 taken from the life. It is to be lamented 
 that so noble a spirit of liberality should have 
 been checked ; but the resources of Aldro- 
 vandus failed, and he ended bis days in an 
 hospital at Bologna, at the great age of 80, 
 and after surviving the loss of his sight 1605. 
 About six large volumes folio, containing the 
 history of birds and insects, where published 
 during his life, and the work was continued 
 on the same scale after his death and under 
 his name, as it certainly derived a high re- 
 commendation for the illustrious undertaker 
 of the plan. 
 
 Aldri DE, countess of Bertinoro, is cele- 
 brated in Italy for her courage and her elo- 
 quence. When Ancona was besieged by the 
 arms of the Venetians, and of the emperor 
 Frederic I. in 1172, she pitied the situation of 
 the dislrcpsed inhabitants, and with heroic in- 
 trepidity flew to their relief, at the head of her 
 dejiendants and friends, and supported by 
 AVillian\ Degli Adelardi, of Ferrara. Her 
 troops were animated by her eloquence and 
 her example, and the enemy fled at her ap- 
 proach ; and though on her return home she 
 was attacked by some parties of the enraged 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 besiegers, she I'outed tliem in every encoun- 
 ter, and adilcti fresh laurels to lier lame, 'llie 
 history ol" lliat memorable sie^e has been 
 puljlisheil by IJnoii-CJampaj^uono of Florence. 
 
 Ai. uus, \laiiuti(ts, a native (jt IJassano, il- 
 lustJ'ious a3 a correct printer, and as the re- 
 storer of tlie tireek and liatin lanj^uat;es to 
 Europe, ilc is the inventor of the Italic let- 
 ter, and was alone permitted Ijy the pope 
 the use of it. He wrote :i lireek p^rammar, 
 and published learned notes on Horace, Ho- 
 mer, 8cc. ; and his etlitions of the classics are 
 admired for neatness unci elej^ance. He di- 
 ed at Venice l;)lt'), in a good old age. Tor 
 his son, 8cc rid .Manutius. 
 
 Ai.E.VNDEu, Jerome, was horn in a 
 small village of Istria, and recommended 
 liimself by his great abilities and his learn- 
 ing to pope Alexander VI. ami Lewis XH. 
 under whose patronage he taught belles let- 
 tres at Paris. He was afterwards in the ser- 
 vice of Leo X. at Rome, and as nuncio of the 
 holy see he acquired great reputation by the 
 eloquent har.iiigue which he delivered in 
 the diet of Worms, agamst the doctrines of 
 Luther, the burning of whose books he pro- 
 cured, tiiough he could not silence his preach- 
 ing. On his return to Rome he was made 
 archhishop of Brindisi by Clement VIIL and 
 his services were again employed in Germa- 
 ny against the protestants, whose opinions 
 he attacked with virulence, not however 
 vithout being loaded in his turn with sarcas- 
 tic reflections and invectives, but all his in- 
 trigues were unable to prevent the truce 
 which Charles V. at last made with these 
 persecuted men. Aleander was made a car- 
 dinal by Paul HI, and died 1st February 
 lo42, by a mistake, as some say, of his phy- 
 sician. 
 
 Aleander, Jerome, great nephew of 
 the preceding, was born at Friuli. He dis- 
 tinguished himself as an antiquarian, a poet, 
 and a lawyer, and died at Rome 1631, in con- 
 sequence of an excess of eating at the table 
 of one of his friends. He was one of tiic 
 original members of the academy of Humor- 
 ists, and enjoyed the friendship of pope Ur- 
 ban VH. by whose means he passed from the 
 family of the Handini into that of the Barbe- 
 vini, who honored his remains with a most 
 magnificent funeral. 
 
 A LEG AM BE, PhiUp, a native of Brussels, 
 who attended the duke of Ossuna, wlicn 
 .Spanish viceroy of Sicily, and entered into 
 the society of the Jesuits at Palermo. Af- 
 ter studying divinity at Rome, he retired to 
 Gratz, where his good conduct and, his abil- 
 ities, raised him to the professorial chair. 
 He afterwards, as tutor to the prince of 
 Eggoniberg's son, travelled for tj\e years 
 through Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, 
 and Italy, and obtained offices of trust and 
 respectability near his patron, and in the col- 
 lege of the Jesuits. He died at Rome of a 
 dropsy, 6th Sept. 1652. The few hooks 
 which he wrote were in high estimation. 
 
 Alegre, Yves d', an ofiicer of an ancient 
 family in tiie service of the kings of France. 
 He was kiJlccl at the battle of Ravenna, 1512. 
 
 —Another of the same family,dicd mai'csclial 
 of France l/'.i.i, a^^ed 80. 
 
 Ai.EGiu .\ts, John, a native of Abbeville 
 made a car«linal and patri.irch of Conslanli- 
 nople, and <)iipIo)ed as legate in S[)ain und 
 I'oitugal. His works were once in piiblio 
 esteem. He died 1240. 
 
 Ai.EMAN, Lewis Augustine, a lawyer of 
 (irenobic, boiii 1653, aiilhor of two volnnics 
 of an historical journal of Furojie, and olliei- 
 works. 
 
 Alemax, Lewis, archbishop of Aries, 
 and a cardinal, was Ijojh at the castle of Ai-- 
 bent, 1.3'JO. His al>ililies were employed as 
 legate to Sieiuia, to procure tiie removal of 
 the council of Pavia to Sienna ; but at the 
 council ot liasil, where he presided, his op- 
 position to Eugeniiis IV. was followed by his 
 degradation from the purple, and his excom- 
 munication. He was restored to his honors 
 by Nicholas V. and sent as legate into Ger- 
 many. He died 1450, and Mas canonized. 
 
 A L EM AN, Maeto, a Spaniard, born near 
 Seville. He was nearly twenty years in the 
 service of the court of Phiiip H. and then re- 
 tired to privacy, and employed himself in 
 writing the history of Guzman d'Alfarache, 
 a romance, which iias been through moi-e 
 than 30 editions in Spain, and has been trans- 
 lated into most of tiie languages of Euroj) •. 
 
 ALEMBEur, John le Rond d', an illustri- 
 ous philosopher, born at Paris 16th Nov. 
 1717. He was exposed as a foundling, and 
 from the church, near which he almost per- 
 ished, he received the name of le Rond. His 
 fiither, howevei', listened to t!<e cries of na- 
 ture and humanity, and to reward the neces- 
 sary comfort which he provided for his son, 
 he had the satisfaction soon to, learn that his 
 abilities were brilliant, and his improvement 
 unusually ra;)id. As the flashes of his genius 
 were early displayed, he was encouraged by 
 his friends to seek reputation and opulence 
 in studying the law ; but that pursuit as well 
 as the study of medicine was quickly aban- 
 dor.ed, and retirement and geometry seem- 
 ed the only ambition of the young philoso- 
 pher. In the house of his nurse, whose ig- 
 norance and poverty did not diminish the 
 flow of his affections, he passed 40 years, and 
 refused to quit this humble and peacv^ful 
 dwelling for the splendor of a palace. Fred- 
 eric of Prussia, whose friendship he enjovcd, 
 through life, wished to invite him to Berlin, 
 with the most liberal ofii-rs of patronage and 
 literary ease, but he I'efused ; and M'hen the 
 empress Catharine solicited him to take the 
 care of the education of her son, with the 
 pronjise of a pension of a hundred thousand 
 livrcs, besides the most distins>;uished hi nors, 
 he declined tlie princely oiier in firm but 
 respectful terms, and devoted the strong 
 powers of his mind to the service of the 
 country wliich gave him bii'th. His hrbnrs 
 were u.-^efully exerted on philosophic^^l sub- 
 jects. He examined the power of fluids oa 
 tiie motion of bodies, he wrote a discourse on 
 the general theory of the winds, wliivh ob- 
 tained the prize medal at Berlin in 1746, he 
 solvetl the problem of the procession of the 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 equinoxes, and explained the rotation of the 
 terrestrial axis ; and in these and other nu- 
 merous philosophical works, he enriched 
 science villi new facts, produced original 
 ideas, and explained the various phenomena 
 of nature in the most interesting and satis- 
 factory point of view. Few but select were 
 the friends to whom this great man was 
 known ; and it must be considered as not the 
 least striking part of his cliaractei", that he 
 ■who was flattered by tlie learned, courted by 
 the great, and admired by princes, did not 
 pay his adoration to power; but with a grati- 
 tude which deserves the highest encomiums, 
 he dedicated his work to the count d'Argen- 
 son and his brother, two men who had been 
 banished from the court, but who in their 
 prosperity had seen and respected the phi- 
 losopher, and rewarded his genius by the 
 grant of a small pension. D'Alembert is to 
 he considered also in a difl^erent light from 
 that of a mathematician. Besides geometri- 
 cal calculations, his mind Avas stored with all 
 the powers of literature, and of a refined 
 taste, and it has been said, with exactness and 
 truth, that what he expressed on every sub- 
 ject, could by no other man have been ex- 
 pressed with greater elegance, more preci- 
 sion, or stricter propriety. To his gigantic 
 powers, and those of Diderot and others, we 
 are to ascribe the plan of the Encyclopedic; 
 and he adorned this stupendous work, by 
 writing the preliminary discourse prefixed 
 to it, so deservedly aumired for the master- 
 ly record which it unfolds, concerning the 
 rise, progress, connections, and affinities of 
 all the branches of human knowledge, and 
 the gradual improvement of the arts and sci- 
 ences. Every thing which tends to melioi'ate 
 the condition of man, is entitled to the bles- 
 sings of posterity ; but the best friends of 
 d'AIembert could not perceive in the philos- 
 opher, and in his coadjutors in the Encyclo- 
 pedic, the supporters of virtue and morality ; 
 and latter times have too fatally, too bitterly 
 proved that a work w hich in explaining the 
 mysteries of philosophy, disarms providence 
 of her powers of benevolence and govern- 
 ment, and obscures the views of salvation, 
 ■which religion holds forth to her votaries, but 
 ill deserves the applauses of mankind. Besides 
 liis contributions to the Encyclopdie which 
 Mrere very large and numerous, d'AIembert 
 published a dissertation on the fall of the Jes- 
 uits, which in addinp;, to his fame increased 
 the number of adversaries which ever dep- 
 recate the merits of literary labors. His 
 opuscules or memoirs, in nine volumes, con- 
 tained among other things the solution of 
 problems in astronomy, mathematics, and 
 natural philosophy. After enjoying the high- 
 est honors in the French academy, and the 
 friendship of the literati of the age, and the 
 veneration of Europe, this great man died^ 
 S9th Oct. 1773, still in the full p,09session of 
 ull his faculties, leaving behind him a high 
 character for learning and disinterestedness, 
 in which however it must be confessed were 
 united profound dissimulation, affected can- 
 dor, and imposing moolqratien. His eulo- 
 
 gium as aft academician, and after the man- 
 ner that he had honored 70 of his predeces- 
 sors, has been drawn up by Condorcet, Hist, 
 de I'Academic Roy dcs Sciences, 1783. 
 
 Alen, John Van, a Dutch painter of Am- 
 sterdam, eminent in representing birds, 
 landscapes, and still life. He died 1698, 
 aged 47. 
 
 Alenio, Julius, a Jesuit of Brescia, who 
 went as a missionary to China, where, for 36 
 years, he preached the Christian religion and 
 built several churches. He died August 1649. 
 He left several works in the Chinese language 
 on theological subjects. 
 
 Aleottt, John Baptist, an Italian, who, 
 from the mean occupation of carrying bricks 
 and mortar to workmen, rose to eminence 
 as an astrologer and geometrician, by the 
 strength of his genius, and even wrote books 
 on the subject. He was concerned in the 
 hydrostatic controversies about the inunda- 
 tions so frequent at Bologna, Ferrara, and 
 Romagna. He died 1630. 
 
 Ales, or Hales, Alexander d% a native 
 of England, who taught philosophy and di- 
 vinity at Paris, where he was much admired, 
 and called the irrefragable doctor. His vo- 
 luminous works, however, are now little 
 known. He died 1245. 
 
 Ales, Alexander, a native of Edinburgh, 
 wdio warmly opposed the tenets of Luther, 
 which he afterwards as eagerly embraced, 
 when he had suffered persecution for his re- 
 ligion, and seen the firmness with which his 
 countryman Patrick Hamilton was burnt to 
 death by Beaton archbishop of Saint An- 
 drews for protestantism. He came back to 
 London from Germany, AvUen Henry \lll. 
 abolished the papal power in England, and 
 he there enjoyed the friendship of Cranmer, 
 CromAvell, and Latimer. He afterwards re- 
 tired to Germany, and was appointed to a 
 professorial chair at Frankfort upon Oder, 
 and afterwai'ds, when persecuted by the 
 court of Brandenburg, at Leipsic, where he 
 died March 17th 1565, in his 65th year. His 
 works were on controversial subjects. 
 
 Alesio, Matthew Perez d', a native of 
 Rome, skilful in the exercise of the pencil 
 as well as of the graver. His most curious 
 piece is the colossal Saint Christopher in 
 fresco, in the great church of Seville, the 
 calf of whose leg is an ell in thickness. He 
 <iicd 1600. 
 
 Alessi, Galeas, an architect of Perusia, 
 mIiosc plans were the result of great abilities, 
 and a fertile genius. He decorated many of 
 the towns of Spain, France, and Germany 
 with palaces, churches, and extensive baths ; 
 l)Ut the noblest monuments of his taste and 
 judgment are the public edifices of Genoa, 
 and the monastery of the Escurial. He died 
 I5r'2, in his 72d year. 
 
 Aletino, Benedetto, a professor in the 
 Jesuits' College at Naples, who, in 1688 in 
 elegant language refuted the Cartesian sa's- 
 tern, and undertook to re-esta' lish the phi- 
 losophy of Aristotle, as moi--^ congenial to 
 the catholic faith, but not with the success 
 he expected He died 171?= 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 A.NDER,tlie (ireat, son of Plkilip of I 
 lia, was born al I'clla 355 years 
 
 Maccdoui 
 
 B. C After extciidiiit; liis power with nn- 
 nsal rapidity ovci- urcfcc, :iiid ilestroyiiig 
 Thebes, he invaded Asia. 'I'he jlcCeat of 
 the Persian forces at the tliree cclebraledj 
 battles of the (iraiiicus, ol Isiis, and ol' Arbe- 
 la, rendered him master of the country ; 
 and aftei- he bad laid the foundation of Alex- 
 andria in tLjAM*' '*•'* ^'"' 'I'li'i""-' eapilid of iiis 
 extensive dttminions, and after lie had wan- 
 t]e:ed over Asia in (piest of more enemies, 
 he returned to Babylon, where lie tlied of 
 intemperance li. C. 323, in his 33d year. 
 His vast enipire, which his wisdom artd the 
 great cnerj;ies of his mind, if not corrupted 
 by flattery and succeas, migiit have consoli- 
 dated, was divided at his death among his 
 generals. 
 
 Alexander, Balas, an impostor who 
 
 pi'etendetl to be the son of Antiochus Epi- 
 phanes. He was slain 14G B. C by Deme- 
 trius Sotcr. 
 
 ALEXANDER, Severus,aRoman emperor, 
 by birth a Phoinician. He w as distinguished 
 by great virtues in public and private life. 
 He was cruelly murdered by his mutinous 
 sohlicrs A. D. 235, after a glorious reign of 
 13 years 
 
 Alexander, Janneus, a king of the 
 .lews, warlike but cruel and oppressive. He 
 died of intemperance B. C 79. 
 
 Alexander H. son of Aristobulus, was 
 earrietl to Rome prisoner by Pompey. When 
 afterwards restored to liberty and made king 
 of J ud^a, he proved ungrateful to the Ro- 
 mans, and was put to death B. C. 49. 
 
 Alexander, bishop of Hierapolis in tlie 
 fifth century, maintained after Nestorius 
 that there were two natures in Christ. He 
 was banished, and died an exile. 
 
 Alexander, a bishop of Alexandria, 
 who opposed the tenets of Arius, and dis- 
 played in his office the most exemplai*y pi- 
 ety with every Christian virtue. He died 
 about 325. 
 
 Alexander, a bishop of Jerusalem, 
 known for his virtues and his sufterings. 
 He was exposed to the persecutions of 8e- 
 verus and also of Decius, and died in prison, 
 inconsequence of ill treatment, about 251. 
 He wrote some letters, now lost, and foun- 
 ded a library at Jerusalem. 
 
 Alexander, of Lycopolis, strongly op- 
 posed the Manichiean system in a work edi- 
 ted at Paris 1672 in folio. Some call him a 
 Pagan and others a Christian. 
 
 Alexander, Tralliaaus, a philosopher 
 and physician in the sixth century, whose 
 works were edited at Paris 1543, and at Lau- 
 saimc 1772, in two vols. Svo. 
 
 Alexander, Polyhistor, a Latin histo- 
 rian about SO B. C. His works are all now 
 lost. He was burnt to death at Laurentum. 
 Alexander, Aphrodisoeiis, a Peripa- 
 tetic philosopher, called also the commenta- 
 tor, in the second century. His work *' de 
 fato" appeared at Lond(u» 1G8S, and his com- 
 jncntaries on Aristotle were edited at Venice 
 by Aldus. 
 
 VOL. I. 7 
 
 Alexander, of vLgca, n philo-iopher, 
 precept(jr to Nero. He wrote a commcu- 
 tary on Ariaiotle's meteorologv. 
 
 A LEXA N DKii, the Paphlagonian, an im- 
 postor who gained the respect ol his credu- 
 lous and ignorant connti-ynu-n, atid thus ac- 
 (piired such ti.lebrit_» that Mircus Aurelins 
 hiinscif, «leceived by his artifice, honorably 
 invited him to Rome A. I). 174. He died 
 at the age ol 70. 
 
 Alexander, an abbot of Sicily in the 
 12th century, author of a historv of Roger, 
 king of .Sicily, edited 15 7S at Saragossa. 
 
 Alexander, an English aM)ot, who 
 boldly supi»orted the rights and honors of 
 his master Henry H. at the court ol Rome, 
 for which he was tyrannically excommunica- 
 ted by Pandulpii the papal legate 1217. 
 He wrote victoria a Prote(j — de eccksise 
 potestate — de cessatione papali — de potes- 
 tate vicaria, Jkc. 
 
 Alexander succeeded his brother Joha 
 Albert as king of Poland 1501. He died five 
 years after, aged 45, and left behind him 
 : the respectable character of a man of cour- 
 ! age, virtue, piety and benevolence. 
 ; Alexander I. king of Scotland, ascended 
 the throne 1107 after his brother Edgar, and 
 merited by his severity the appellation of 
 " the fierce," though in private life he had 
 been distinguished for meekness, benevo- 
 lence, and moderation. He liad the good 
 fortune to suppress all the insurrections rai- 
 sed against his tyranny, and died 1124. 
 
 Alexander H. king of Scotland 1214, 
 after his father William the Lion, was enga- 
 ged in war with John of England, whose do- 
 minions he boldly invaded. Peace was res- 
 tored to the two kingdoms in 1221, by the 
 marriage of Alexander with the sister of 
 Henry lU. He died 1249, aged 51. 
 
 Alexander IH. king of Scotland, soa 
 of the preceding by^ a second wife, succeeded 
 his father 1249, when eight years old. He 
 married Margaret daughter of Heni-y HL 
 He was successful in his defeat of the Nor- 
 wegians who had invaded his kingdom, and 
 he assisted his fatlier-in-law against his rebel- 
 lious barons. He was killed in hunting 1285, 
 and left behind him a high cliai'acter for 
 courage, for benevolence, and magnanimity. 
 Alexander I. bishop of Rome, 109, 
 after Saint Evaristus, died 3d May 119. He 
 is mentioned as a saint and a martyr in the 
 catholic calendar, and according to Platina, 
 he first introduced the use of holy water ia 
 the Roman church. The epistles attributed, 
 to him are spurious. 
 
 Alexander H. 
 
 pope, 
 
 succeeded 1061. 
 
 His elevation was opposed by the imperial 
 court, and Cadalous, bishop of Parma, was 
 appointed, under the title of Honorius H. 
 Alexander, however, though of dissolute 
 manners, prevailed, and banished his rivtd 
 fiuui Rome, and then employed himself ia 
 securing his power, and in extending the pa- 
 pal autboritv' over the neighboring piinces. 
 His humanity towards the Jews, wliom he 
 protected against their persecutors an<' mur- 
 derers, is deservedly commended. He died 
 21st .\pril 1073. 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 ALEXA5CDER IIT. popc, wss a natire of 
 Sienna, and was raised to the ])apal chair 
 alter Adrian IV. I15y. His election, though 
 acknowledged by England and France, was 
 disputed by the emperor Frederic, wlio 
 caused Victor to be nominated in his room 
 at Pavia. Alexander for a m hile yielded to 
 the storm ; but after the deatli of Victor ]jis 
 imperial persecutor elected auotlier sueces 
 sor, cardinal Guy, under the name of Pas- 
 clial III. .Alexander, a\ lio had fled into 
 France, ami who liad hurled the thunders 
 of excoiomunication against Frederic, and 
 even absolved his sul jects from their oaths 
 of allegiance, now determined to maintain 
 his cause hy force, and to ai-m the Venetians 
 in his favoi'. These bold measures might 
 iiavc succeeded, but Frederic either tired 
 of the contest, or terrified by the prepara- 
 linns, acknowledged Alexander as the lawful 
 pontiff, and was reconciled to him at an in- 
 terview at Venice. Alexander died at Home 
 30lh Aug. 11 SI, beloved by his subjects and 
 respected by the world. 
 
 Ai,EX.\XDER IV. bishop of Ostia, -was 
 raised to the |)apal chair at tlie death of In- 
 nocent IV. l'J54. He opposed the settle- 
 ment of the emperor's natural son as king 
 of Sicily, and bestowed tlie crown on Fid- 
 raund son of the king of England. He 
 Avislicd to re-unite the (J reek and Latin 
 churches, but did not seriously attempt it. 
 He died at Viterbo 25th May 12G1. 
 
 Alexander V. pope, was born of mean 
 parents at Candia near Milan. Wliile beg- 
 ging his bread from door to door, an Italian 
 Jiionk noticed his engaging manners, and 
 l)rocured his admission into his order. Thus 
 enabled to cultivate his mind, he devoted 
 himself lahorioush" to study, and after dis- 
 tinguishing himself at Oxford and Paris, he 
 obtained preferment by the patronage of the 
 duke of Aiilan, w as made bishop of Vicenza, 
 and then archbishop of the Milanese, and 
 rai^^ed by Innocent VII to the pui-pic, and 
 named legate in Lombarby. He was elected 
 pope at the council of Pisa 1409, but he died 
 the next year, 3d May, not without suspi- 
 cions of poison administered by his favorite, 
 cardinal Cos.sa. He was a man of great 
 firmness, and in his cliaracter liberal and 
 j'tiunificent. 
 
 Alexander VI. ])0])e, a nntive of Va- 
 lencia in Spain, originally calle<l Roderic 
 Borgia. The ele\ation of his uncle Calixtus 
 HI. to the pontificate pave<l the way to his 
 greatness; he was made cardinal, and aftcr- 
 ^vai'ds archbishop of ^'alencia. On the 
 dcatli of Innocent VIH. liis Intiigues ensu- 
 re<l him the ])apal chair, though he was then 
 infamous for his debauclieries, and offensive 
 to the purity of the holy conclave, as the 
 adulterous fjither of four sons and one daugh- 
 ter, by a Roman lady of the name of A'ano- 
 zia. These children followed the example 
 of their dissolute father, and became mon- 
 sters of ])ronigaoy. The two eldest, the 
 duke of Candia and Ciesar, disputed about 
 the incestuous favors of their sister Lucre- 
 tia, and the hoarv father himseJf is said to 
 
 have increased the abomination by a horrid 
 commerce with his own daughter. Though 
 thus devoted to the grossest licenliousness, 
 Alexander found the tinie and the means to 
 raise cabals, and to create intrigues in the 
 courts of Europe, and to convert their dis- 
 sentions to the advantage of the holy see, 
 and the enriching of his Tavorite Cresar. His 
 death which happened 8th Aug. 1503, was 
 such as might be expected to conclude an in- 
 famous life. The great opulence of cai-di- 
 nal Corneto and (jthers, were .strong temp- 
 tations to the avaricious pope and his profli- 
 gate son Ciesar. Ihese innocent victims 
 were invited to a banquet, but by some mis- 
 take the poison intended for them was taken 
 by the guilty pontiff ajid his son. The pope 
 immediately expired, but Cicsai* survived 
 the accident some years to perish by the 
 hands of an as3:issin. This account of the 
 manner of his death is doubted by some. 
 His life has been written in English by Alex- 
 ander Gordon 17^2'J folio, and by Burchard 
 in Latin. 
 
 Alexander VIT. pope, a native of Sien- 
 na, whose name was Fabio Chigi. He gi'ad- 
 ually rose tlirough the offices of incpiisitor, 
 legate, bishop, and cardinal, to the papal 
 chair 1055, on the death of Innocent X. 
 Thus elevated by dissembled humility to the 
 head of the church, he confirmed by a bull 
 his predecessoi''s measures against the Jan- 
 senists 1656. But while nauch was expected 
 from him, he showed himself, as has been 
 observed by a biographer, little in great 
 things, and great in little ones. In his con- 
 duct towaixls men of letters he was liberal 
 and munificent, and he embellished Rome 
 with some splendid buildings. He died 22d 
 May 1667, aged 08. 
 
 Alexander VIII. pope, Mark Otto- 
 boni, was a native of Venice, and became 
 bishop of Brescia and Frescati, and cardinal, 
 and in 1689 succeeded to the i)apal chair, on 
 the death of Innocent XI. He died two 
 years after, 1st Feb. 1691 aged 82. 
 
 Alexander, ab Alexandro, a native of 
 Naples, who applied himself to the law, but 
 afterwards left it that he might more seri- 
 ously dev'ite ids time to polite literature. 
 He possessed genius and abilities, and his re- 
 marks on mankind arc judicious and interes- 
 ting. The particulars of his life are related 
 in ids (lenialiun Dierum, a work in the man- 
 ner of (ieilius' Attic nights, which was pub- 
 lished with a learned commentary by Tira- 
 rjueau 1587. Alexander died in the begin- 
 ning of the 10th century, and was buried in 
 the monastery of the Olivets. 
 
 Alexander, Neckam, a native of St, 
 Albans, wlio, after studying in England, 
 France, and Italj , gave public lectures at 
 Paris, which at that lin)e was the most cele- 
 brated university in Euro|)e. He returned 
 to England, where liis genius and learning 
 reeommenrled him to [)referment. He died 
 1227 abbot of Exeter. His works, which 
 were written in elegant lans:uac:e for the 
 
 time, have never been published, but remain 
 in manuscript in public libraries. 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 AleXAXDER, Noel or XatalJs, an cnii- 
 iient writer lioni at Houfii in Nonii.-iinly. For 
 12 >ear.s lie tiiUijjlil i)liilos()|»liy :il llie great 
 tHtaveiM at Palis, aiul as a Domifiicaii Iriar, 
 pi-dpujiated tlie (luetnnes f)!" liis ottltr fi'Oin 
 the piiljjil, hut as he did not possesn in a liigii 
 degree thi' riueiicc and iltujnente ri <|uired 
 in a jwipidar preaelicr, he afterwards devo- 
 ted himself to ecclesiastical history, and 
 vas created a doctor of the SKrbonne in 
 Jf)".'). Tolhert sa\* his ahiiities, atid i)atron- 
 jsed iheni, by intrusting him uiih part of 
 the education of his son. ihe lite of Alex- 
 Jiiider spent in seclusion contains no pnrticu- 
 lar events; his studies were lalioritniK, and 
 }»is works many. Mis ecclesi;islical history is 
 chiefl} admired for its accuracy, mod<;ration 
 and fidelity. It was puhiishef! in '24 vols. 
 8vo. or 8 vols. fol. 'Ihougli lor a little while 
 persecuted by the po[»e for sonie of his opin- 
 ions, yet he was beloved and respected. lie 
 bore with infinite resignation the loss of his 
 sight in the latter part of his life, and died of 
 a decay of nature in his SGth year ir-2i. A 
 catalogue of his works was printed at I'aris 
 
 iriG. 
 
 Alexander, Vviiliam, a native of Scot- 
 land, who, alter his return from the conti- 
 nent, where he had attended the duke of 
 Argsle, as tutor, celeljrated in a poem called 
 the .Vurora, the <harms of a lady ia w horn 
 lie ha<l unsucccssfuiiy paid his addresses. 
 When this unkind mistress was married, he 
 extinguished iiis fni-mer Hame by imitating 
 her e.vample, and in the retirement and pat- 
 ronage which .Ti'.mes VI. granted him, he de- 
 voted himself to more serious pursuits by 
 writing plays on the ancient models of Greece 
 and liomc. After l)eing flattered by the po- 
 ets of tiie age, he became ^^ regular atten- 
 dant on the court, was kuiglited, and in IGtZl 
 received a grant of Nova Scoti •, which he 
 proposed to colonize at his own expense, and 
 that of those who wished to embark on the 
 enterprise. The death of James prevented 
 the creation of baronets to the number of 
 150, who were to contribute to support the 
 views of the favorite ; though Charles I. in 
 some degree pursued the intentions of his 
 father by granting patents of knight baronet 
 to the chief promoters of the settlement. 
 The original scheme was defeated, and Sir 
 Willia:n sold liis property in Nova Scotia to 
 the French, Sir William served Charles 
 ■with fidelity as secretary for Scotland, and 
 was created Lord Stii-iing. He died I'ith 
 February 1G4() in !iis GOth year. His poeti- 
 cal works appeared in one vol. fol. three 
 years before his death. 
 
 Ai.EXANDER, <le Medicis, first duke of 
 Florence in l.'ioO, was the natural son of liO- 
 ,renxo de Medicis, and nephew to pojjc Cle- 
 ment VII. He ow ed his elevation to the arts 
 of his uncle and the influence of Charles V. 
 hut his powei", however weak, became odious 
 by his cruelty, the debauchery of his man- 
 ners, and his incontinence. He was at last 
 murdered by his relation Lorenzo, who had 
 gained liis confidence by promising him an 
 interview with a Avoman of wiiom he was 
 
 I r'-:imored. He died in hisGCih yearl.i3r, 
 ; and the duchy phbsed into the hands of Cos- 
 I mo «Ie .Medicis. 
 
 I Alexander, Farnesc, duke of Par rn a, 
 ( distinguished himself in the IGth centui-y by 
 j his miiilary valor. He was engaged in the 
 I war.s of J'landers and of France, and died of 
 j a wound \\ hich he receiTcd at the siege o( 
 Ilouen, '2<l Dec. IJ'J'2. 
 
 Alexander, Farncsc, unc^e to tlie prc- 
 
 j ceding, was a c.irdinal, and the f;norite of 
 
 'pope Clement\ II. He was engaged in difler- 
 
 ent embassies in France, (Germany, and Fl;»n- 
 
 ders, and afterwards retired to liome, \. lure 
 
 I he li\ed in great splendor, the friend of the 
 
 indigent, and the patron ol the learned. He 
 
 died 15S9, aged G9. 
 
 A i.F.XANDKij, a Norman, nephew fo Ho- 
 i ger bishop of Salisbury in the reign of Hiii- 
 ry I and Stephen. B> the interest of \ih 
 uncle he was made bishop of Lincoln, and 
 he rebuilt his calhtdral, which had beon de- 
 stroyed by fire, and added to its security by 
 making the I'oof of stone. liike the baron's 
 in those turbulent times, he rui.sed the castles 
 of Ilanbury, Sleafor<l, and Newark for hi.s 
 defence, and frmnded I wo monasteries whicli 
 he liberally endowed. After visiting the 
 pope three times on the continent, he return- 
 ed to England wliere he died 1147 in the 
 24th year of his prelacy. 
 
 Alexander, an; five of Asia .Minor, who 
 retired from the emperor's court, and be- 
 came the founder of the sect cwlied Aceme- 
 tus (non-Sleepei's) because one of the com- 
 munity was always awake to sing. He clied 
 Jr.bout the 430th year of the Christian era, 
 near the shores of the Euxine. 
 
 Alexander, St. Elpide, a liermit of St. 
 Austin, archbishop of Amalfl, author of an 
 incorrect and ])artial treatise of the papal 
 power, kc. in the beginning of the 14th cen- 
 tury. His book w as printed 1G24. 
 
 Alexander, Dom. James, a Benedic- 
 tine of St. Maur, horn at Orleans, author of 
 a treatise on elementai'v clocks, printed 8vo. 
 1734. He died 1734, aged 82. 
 
 Alexander, of l*aris a poet of the 12th 
 century, who introduced in a poem on Alex- 
 ander the Creat, verses of 12 syllables, which 
 from him have been called Alexandrines 
 
 Alexa N" der, Nicliolas, a Benedictine of 
 St Maur, known for his charitable charac- 
 ter, as well as his cxtensne knowledge of 
 simjiles. He is author of two useful works, 
 " Physic and Surgery for the poor," publish- 
 ed 1738, *' and a Botanical and Pharmaceuti- 
 cal Dictionary," 8vo. He was born at Paris, 
 and died at St. Denys, 1728, in an advanced 
 age. 
 
 Alexander, Neuskoi, grand duke of 
 Russia, born 1218, signalized himself by a 
 victory which he obtained over the northern 
 powers on the banks of the Neva. His mili- 
 tary and political character, which procured 
 him the title of saint, was, five centuries after, 
 more highly honored by the i)olicy of Peter 
 the Great. The spot where the victory had 
 been won was consecrated for a monastery, 
 wh«rc the bones of tlie saint were deposited 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 Alexan^der in. pope, ^yas a native of 
 Sienna, and was raised to the ])apal cliair 
 after Adrian IV. I15y. His election, tiiough 
 acknowledged by Kngland and France, was 
 disputed by the emperor Frederic, wlio 
 caused Victor to be nominated in his room 
 at Pavia. Alexander for a while yielded to 
 the storm ; but after the death of Victor his 
 imperial persecutor elected another succes 
 sor, cardinal Gu}', under the name of Pas- 
 < hal lir. Alexander, A\ho had fled into 
 France, ami who had hurled the thundei's 
 of excoiomunication against Fretleric, and 
 even absolved his sul jects from their oaths 
 of allegiance, now determined to maintain 
 his cause by force, and to arm the Venetians 
 in liis favor. These bold measures nsight 
 fiavc succeeded, but Frederic either tired 
 of the contest, or terrified by the prepara- 
 linns, acknowledged Alexander as the lawful 
 pontitr, and was reconciled to him at an in- 
 terview at Venice. Alexander died at Home 
 30lh Aug. 11 SI, beloved by his subjects and 
 respected b} the world. 
 
 Alexander IV, bishop of Ostia, was 
 raised to the |)apal chair at llie death of In- 
 nocent IV. ri54. He opposed the settle- 
 ment of the emperor's natural son as king 
 of Sicily, and bestnwed the crown on Ed- 
 mund son of the king of England. He 
 wislied to re-unite the Greek and Latin 
 churches, but did not seriously attempt it. 
 He died at Viterbo 25th May 12GI. 
 
 Alexander V. pope, was born of mean 
 parents at Candia near Milan. Wliile beg- 
 ging his bread from door to door, an Italian 
 monk noticed his engaging manners, and 
 l)rocured liis admission into his order. Thus 
 
 enabled to cultivate his mind, he devoted 
 hiniself laboriously to study, aiid after dis- 
 tinguishing himself at Oxford and Paris, he 
 obtained ])referment by the patronage of the 
 duke of Aiilan, Mas made bishop of Vicenza, 
 and then archbishop of the Milanese, and 
 raised by Innocent VH to the pui-ple, and 
 uamed legate in Lombarby. He was elected 
 pope at the council of Pisa 1409, but he died 
 the next year, 3d Ma}-, not without suspi- 
 cions of ])oison administered by his favorite, 
 cardinal Cossa. He was a man of great 
 firmness, and in his cliaracter liberal and 
 munificent. 
 
 Alexander VI. ]>o])e, a nntive of Va- 
 letu-ia in Spain, originally called Roderic 
 Jioi-gia. The elevation of his uncle Calixtus 
 HI. to tlie pontificate paved the way to his 
 greatness; he was made cardinal, and after- 
 Avards archbisliop of "N'alcncia. On the 
 dcatli of Innocent VIH. his intiigues ensu- 
 j'cd him the papal chair, though he was then 
 infamous for his debauclieries, and offensive 
 to the purity of the holy conclave, as the 
 adulterous father of four sons and one daugh- 
 ter, by a Roman lady of the name of A'ano- 
 zia. These children followed tlie example 
 of their dissolute father, and became mon- 
 sters of profligacy. Tlie two eldest, the 
 duke of Candia and Cicsar, disputed about 
 the incestuous favors of their sister Lucre- 
 tia, and the hoary father himsdf is said to 
 
 have increased the abomination by a horrid, 
 commerce with his own daughter. Though 
 thus devoted to the grossest licenliousness, 
 Alexander found the time and the means to 
 raise cabals, and to create intrigues in the 
 courts of Europe, and to convert their dis- 
 sentions to the advantage of the holy see, 
 and tlje enriching of his favorite Cjesar. His 
 death which happened 8th Aug. 1503, was 
 such as might be expected to conclude an in- 
 famous life. The great opulence of cardi- 
 nal Corneto and others, were strong temp- 
 tations to the avaricious pope and his profli- 
 gate son CiEsar. Ihese innocent victims 
 were invited to a banquet, but by some mis- 
 take the poison intended for them was takea 
 by the guilty pontiff asid his son. The pope 
 immediately expired, but Cxsar survived 
 the accident some years to perish by tlie 
 hands of an assiissin. This account of the 
 manner of his death is doubted by some. 
 His life has been written in English by Alex- 
 ander Gordon 1729 folio, and by Burchard 
 in Latin. 
 
 Alexander VII. pope, a native of Sien- 
 na, whose name was Fabio Chigi. He grad- 
 ually rose through the offices of in(iuisitoj*, 
 legate, bishop, and cardinal, to the papal 
 chair 1055, o!i tlie death of Innocent X. 
 TJius elevated by dissembled humility to the 
 head of the church, he confirmed by a bull 
 his predecessor's measures against the Jan- 
 senists 1656. But while much was expected 
 from him, he showed himself, as has been 
 observed hv a biographer, little in great 
 things, and great in little ones. In his con- 
 duct towards men of letters he was liberal 
 and munificent, and he embellished Rome 
 witlx some splendid buildings. He died 22d 
 May 106", aged G8. 
 
 Alexander VIII. ])ope, Mark Otto- 
 boni, was a native of Venice, and became 
 bishop of Brescia and Frcscati, and cardinal, 
 and in 16S9 succeeded to the papal chair, on 
 the death of Innocent XI. He died two 
 years after, 1st Feb. 1691 aged 82. 
 
 Alexander, ab Alexandro, a native of 
 Naples, who ap'plied himself to the law, but 
 afterwards left it that he might more seri- 
 ously devote ids time to polite literature. 
 He possessed genius and abilities, and his re- 
 marks on mankind are judicious and interes- 
 ting. The particulars of his life are related 
 in his (lenialiun Dierum, a work in the man- 
 ner of (iellius' Attic nights, which was pub- 
 lished with a learned commentary by Tira- 
 queau 1587. Alexander died in the begin- 
 ning of the IGth centui-y, and -was buried in 
 the monastery of the Olivets. 
 
 Ai.exaxdeh, Neckam, a native of St. 
 Albans, who, after sludving in England, 
 France, and Itah , gave public lectures at 
 Paris, which at that tin)e was the most cele- 
 brated university in Europe. He returned 
 to England, where his genius and learning 
 reeommcnded bim to preferment. He died 
 1227 abbot of Exeter. His works, which 
 were Avritlen in elegant language for the 
 time, have never been published, but remain 
 in manuscript in public libraries. 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 AleXANDKH, Noel or XatalJs, au enii- 
 iieiit writer horn at Koufii in Noi'ii»aiiiIy. For 
 12 >car.s lit- taiiijlil iiliilosopliy at llic great 
 tHtnveiil at I'aris, ami as a Dominican Iriar, 
 pi-ojtattatfd tlie doftrnifs f)l' liis ottlrr from 
 the pnlpil, Itiit as lie did not |)f)ssesr, in a Iiigl« 
 degree the tiiieiice an<! elotjnence ii (|uir«'d 
 in a popidar preaelier, lie allcrwanls devo- 
 ted himself to ecrlesiastiial liislorv, and 
 V as created a dtictoi- of the Sttrbonne in 
 Jf)".'). r'olbert sa\» his ai»iiities, and patron- 
 ised them, hy iiitrustin<j; liiui \viih part of 
 the ednealion of Ids son. 'i'he lile of Alex- 
 ander sjKMilin seclusion contains no particu- 
 lar events ; liis studies uert; lai>f)ri(tus, and 
 liis works many. Mis ecclesiastical history is 
 chiefl} admired for its accuracy, moderation 
 ami lideiitv. It uas publishef! in '24 v(»ls. 
 8vo. or 8 vols. fol. 'I'liough lor a little while 
 persecuteil by the poi»e for some of his opin- 
 ions, yet he was beloved and respected, lie 
 bore with infinite resignation the loss of his 
 sight in the latter part of his life, and died of 
 a decay of nature in his SGth year I72i: A 
 catalogue of his works was printed at I'aris 
 I/IG. 
 
 Alexander, Vv'illlam, n native of Scot- 
 land, who, alter his return from the conti- 
 nent, where lie had atti-nded the duke of 
 ArgUe, as tutor, celebrated in a poem called 
 tlie Aurora, the «harms of a lady (o whom 
 lie had unsuccessfully paid his addresses. 
 When this unkind mistress was married, he 
 extmguished Ids former Hame by imitating 
 her e.vamjile, and in the retirement and pat- 
 ronage which .Tames Vl. granted him, he de- 
 voted himself to more serious pursuits by 
 writing plays on the ancient models of Greece 
 and liome. After l)eirig flattered by the po- 
 ets of the age, he became a regular atten- 
 dant on the court, was kniglited, and in 1G'21 
 received a grant of Nova Scotia, which he 
 proposed to co!onize at his ow n expense, and 
 that of those who wished to embark on tlie 
 enterprise. The death of .Trsmes prevented 
 the creation of baronets to the i;umber of 
 150, who were to contribute to support the 
 views of the f:\vorlte ; though Charles I. in 
 some degree pursued the intentions of his 
 fatiiev by granting patents of knight baronet 
 to the chief promoters of the settlement. 
 The original scheme was defeated, and Sir 
 Willia:n sold Iiis property in Nova Scotia to 
 the Frencli, Sir \\ illiam served Charles 
 ■with fidelity as secretary for Scotland, and 
 "was created Lord Stirling, lie died I'ith 
 February 104() in !iis OOth year. His poeti- 
 cal works appeared iu one vol. fol. three 
 years before his death. 
 
 Alexander, de Medicis, first duke of 
 Florence in l.'ioO, was the natural son of iiO- 
 ,renxo de Medicis, and tiephew to pope Cle- 
 ment VII. He ow ed his elevation to the arts 
 of his uncle and the influence of Charles V. 
 hut his power, however weak, became odious 
 by his cruelty, the debauchery of his man- 
 ners, and his incontinence. He was at last 
 murdered by his relation Lorenzo, who had 
 gained his confidence by promising him an 
 interview with a wornan of wiiom he was 
 
 r'-amored. He died in his 2C(li yvttvlUST, 
 and the duchy passed into the hands of Cos- 
 mo de .Medicis. 
 
 Alexaxder, Farnesc, duke of Parma, 
 distinguished himself in the IGth century by 
 his military valor. He was engage<l in the 
 wars of J'lan«lers and of France, and died of 
 awdund which he received at the bioge of 
 Ilouen, '2i\ Dec. 1 jyj. 
 
 A LEXANDER, Farncsc, iinc!e to the pre- 
 cerling, was a cirdinal, and the fa\orite of 
 pope C'lementN 11. He was engaged in differ- 
 ent embassies in France, (iei'many, and I'lau- 
 <lers, and afterwards retired to IJonie, \. lure 
 he li\ed in great splendor, the friend of the 
 indigi'iit, and the patron ol' tlie learned. He 
 died 15S9, agtd Gy. 
 
 A i.F.XA.VDEu, a Norman, nephew to Ho- 
 ger bishop of Salisbury in the n ign of Hen- 
 ry I and Stephen. B\ the interest of hi& 
 uncle he was made bishop of Lincoln, and 
 he rebuilt his cathedral, which had be-'U de- 
 stroyed by Are, and added to its security by 
 making the roof of stone. Like the barons 
 in those turbulent times, he raised the castles 
 of llanhury, Sleaford, and Newark for hi.'; 
 defence, and founded I wo monasteries which 
 he liberally endowed. After visiting the 
 pope three times on the continent, he return- 
 ed to England where he died 1147 iu the 
 '24th year of Ids prelacy. 
 
 Alexan DER, an;:tiveof Asia Minor, who 
 retired from the emperor's court, and be- 
 came the founder of the sect ctilied Aceme- 
 tus (non-Sleepers) because one of the com- 
 munity was always awake to sing. He died 
 ir.bout the 430th year of the Christian era, 
 near the shores of the Euxine. 
 
 Alexander, St. Elpide, a liermit of St. 
 Austin, archbishop of Amalfi, author of an 
 incorrect and ])artial treatise of the papal 
 power, kc. in the beginning of the 14th cen- 
 tury. His book was printed IG'24. 
 
 Alexander, Dom. James, a Benedic- 
 tine of St. Maur, horn at Orleans, author of 
 a treatise on elemenlarv clocks, printed Svo. 
 1734. He died 1734, aged 82. 
 
 Alexander, of l*aris a poet of the l'2th 
 century, who introduced in a poem on Alex- 
 ander the Great, verses of 12 syllables, which 
 from him have been called Alexandrines 
 
 Alexander, Nicliolas, a Benedictine of 
 St. Maur, known for his charitable charac- 
 ter, as well as his extensi\e knowledge of 
 simjiles. He is author of two useful works, 
 " Physic and Surgery for the poor," publish- 
 ed 1738, " and a Botanical and Pharmaceuti- 
 cal Dictionary," Svo. He w as born at Paris, 
 and died at St. Denys, 17'2S, in an advanced 
 age. 
 
 Alexander, Neuskoi, grand duke of 
 Russia, born 1218, signalized himself by a 
 victory which he obtained over the northern 
 powers on the banks of the Neva. His mili- 
 tary and political character, which procured 
 him the title of saint, was, five centuries after, 
 more highly honored by the ])ol!cy of Peter 
 the Great. The spot where the victory had 
 been won was consecrated for a monaslerv, 
 wlmx'c the bones of the saint were depo.siteri 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 uith religious pomp, and -which is hecome 
 the mausoleum of the sovereigns of Russia. 
 Tliere is an order of kr.ighthood instituted 
 in honor of the saint, which consists now of 
 about 135 knights. 
 
 ALEXANDKiNi,Julius de Xcustain, a na- 
 tive of Trent, physician and favorite of 
 Maximilian II. lie died 1590 in his 84th 
 3-ear. He was author of some medical trea- 
 tises in prose and verse, which display his 
 genius, sense and erudition 
 
 AlexiSj William, a Benedictine monk of 
 Lyra, author of some poems of considerable 
 merit. He was prior of Bussiau Perche, and 
 •was living in 1500. 
 
 Alexis, a Piedmontese, who ajjplied him- 
 self to study, but with the determination 
 of not revealing the discoveries he might 
 make in philosophy. After 57 years of trav- 
 els, he sa- a poor man die of a disorder 
 •which might have been removed, if he had 
 imparted liis knowledge to the surgeon, and 
 ■with such remorse was he visited, that he 
 retired I'rom the world, and set in order fot 
 the benefit of mankind, the result of his re- 
 searches, m hich were afterwards published 
 under the name of his secrets at Basil 1536, 
 and dispersed through Europe. 
 
 At, EX I us, Michaelovitch, son of Michael, 
 Czar of Russia, succeeded to the throne at the 
 age of sixteen, and distinguished himself by 
 liis wars against the Turks, the Swedes, and 
 Poles. Respected abroad, he was beloved at 
 home, as the im])rovement of his barbarian 
 subjects was the sole wish of his heart. The 
 laws of the empire were printed for public 
 information, and no longer trusted to the in- 
 correctness of manuscripts ; commerce was 
 encouraged, and manufactures of silk and lin- 
 en were introduced ; and the munificence of 
 the emperor was supported by economy, and 
 hy the prosperity of the state. Alexius died 
 in his 46th year 1677, and was succeeded by 
 liis son the famous Czar Peter. 
 
 Alexius, Petrovitch, only son of Peter 
 the Great and Eudocia Lapukin, was born 
 1690. His early youth was neglected in the 
 hands of women, and of ignorant priests ; but 
 when in his eleventh year, he was intrusted 
 to the care of baron Huysen,the instructions 
 of this able and meritorious man were coun- 
 teracted by the u\trigues and infernal policy 
 of Mentsliikof one of the Czar's ministers. 
 The young jirince, permiLtcd to indulge eve- 
 ry passion by the Cvample and encourage- 
 ment of the meanest and most debauched 
 of the vulgar, who were his constant associ- 
 ates, grew unprincvjjled and vicious, and soon 
 converted the contem])t he lelt for resti'aint 
 upon the conduct and the character of his fa- 
 ther. This mutual hatred between the Czar 
 and his son was fomented by the arts of ene- 
 mies, and at last Alexius renounced all his 
 rights to the succession, that he might spend 
 in the retirement of a convent the remains of 
 a life already shortened by drunkenness and 
 intemperance. Persecution however at- 
 tended him ; though protected by the em- 
 ]|)cror of (iermany, he was betrayed by his 
 Finlandish mistress, v. horn he is said to have 
 
 married, and conveyed to Petersburg, wherfe 
 he was tried by secret judges, and condensned 
 to death 1719. This cruel unfeeling conduct 
 of the fathei', which not all the im])ruden- 
 cies and provocations of a licentious son 
 could justify, has been palliated by his f'ane- 
 gyrists, who attribute the death of the prince 
 to an apoplectic fit, brought on b)' his vio- 
 lent irregularities. 
 
 Alexius or Alexis I. Commenus, born 
 at Constantinople 1048, was nephew to the 
 emperor Isaac Commenus. He usurped 
 the throne in 1081, after banishing Niceph- 
 orus, and distinguished himself by his wars 
 agaiustthe Turks, and othernothern invaders. 
 lie received with coldness the crusaders ; 
 but, intimidated by their numbers and conse- 
 quence, he signed a treaty of peace with them, 
 and promised them support. He died in 
 his 70th vear 1118. His daughter Anna Com- 
 mena, has written a Greek aecount of his 
 reign ; but her history is a panegyric on the 
 virtues of her fathei*, and not the record of 
 truth 
 
 Alexius II. Commenus, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Michael on the throne of Constantino- 
 ple 1180, in his 12th year. His tender age 
 was the cause of dissention and tumult, and 
 he was murdered with his n}other Marv two 
 3'ears after by Andronicus who usurped the 
 throne. 
 
 Alexius III. Angelus, dethroned his 
 brother Isaac Angelus 1195, and put out his 
 eyes. An eftcminate life rendered him des- 
 pised at hon\e and abroad ; he was defeated 
 by the Turks and Bulgarians, and his capital 
 was soon besieged and taken 1 203, by an ar- 
 my of Venetians and French crusaders, head- 
 ed by Alexius the son of the deposed mon- 
 arch, who had fled to the court of Vienna. 
 Alexius received from Theodore Lascaris the 
 same cruel punishment which he had inflict- 
 ed on his brother, and the •- oung conquer- 
 or placed his blind father from the dungeon 
 on the throne, and reigned with him as Alex- 
 ius IV. ; but his elevation was succeeded by 
 a rebellion, because he wished to raise great 
 contributions upon his subjects, and his life 
 was sacrificed to the fury of the people 1204. 
 
 Alexius IV rzV/ A lexius III, 
 
 Alexius V. Ducas Murtzuphle orMour- 
 zoufle, from his black eyebrows, an officer 
 at the court of Isaac Angelus and Alexius IV. 
 who dethroned and murdered his master, 
 and usurped the throne of Constantinople. 
 He was attacked by the crusaders, who took 
 his ca])ital, and after putting out his eyes 
 threw him down from the top of Theodosius* 
 pillar, 147 feet high, and killed him, 1264, af- 
 ter a reign of oid}' three months, of extor- 
 tion, arrogance, and cruelly. The conquer- 
 ors elected two emperors ; Baldwin was ap- 
 pointed by the Latins, and Theodore Lascaris 
 by the Greeks. 
 
 Alexius, an impostor, Avho for some 
 time assumed the name and character of 
 Alexius son of Michael Commenus emperor 
 of Constantinople, and raised an army in A- 
 sia, w ith which he ravaged the conntry and 
 spread terror to the gates of the capital. He 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 was murdered by a priest as he ungiiardcdl} 
 retired from a ban<|uet, at a time when he 
 might have overltirnud the emiiire and seated 
 liiiiiseit' on tlic llirone. 
 
 Ai-E YN, Charh's, an Hni^iisli poet who pul)- 
 lislied in lO.Jl, in stan/asot" six lines, two po- 
 ems on liie battles ul Cress}- and Poi<Micrs, 
 and seven years after another poem on Hos- 
 •Nvoi-th fifld, besides the hisl(n'V l''.iir} alus and 
 l^ucrctia, translated from -^ICneas Sylvius. 
 lie was e(Uii-atoi! at Sidney Collc'(.;v, (Jam- 
 bi'idge, and was assistant to 'riionias l»arnul)y 
 in St. (jiles, (;i'ii)[)le;^ate, London, a d alter- 
 wards tutor to tiie son ol" t^dward Sherburne 
 <^scjuiro, who was clerk of the ordnanc-e lo 
 i;liarics I. lie died in ItViO, and was buried 
 in St. Andrew's iliurch IIoll)orn. 
 
 Ai.-FAKAiUA, a mussidman philosopher 
 in the 10th century, remark.ai)le for the j^en- 
 eralitv and greatness of his talents. He was 
 Jvilled by robbers in Syria in 9.54. His woi-ks 
 on vj'ricnis sulyectsare said to be in the Ley- 
 den libi-ary. 
 
 Ai.FARGAN, Ahmed Fjhn Cothair, or 
 Alfraganius, an Arabian astronomer of tiie 
 ninth century, author of an introiluction to 
 astronomy, i)i"iuled by Coliusiu 1GG9 at Am- 
 sterdam, with curious notes. 
 
 Alfeni^s Varus Piblius, a native of 
 Cremona, who rose from the mean occupa- 
 tion of a cobler to the dignity of consul. 
 
 Ai.FES, an eminent rabbi, who epitomized 
 tlie Tahnud. He died lll)3. 
 
 Alfovso, rid. Alphoxsus. 
 
 Alford, Michael, author of" Britan- 
 nia illustrata" — '* Annales Ecclesiastici Bri- 
 tannorura", and ot'ier works, was an En- 
 glish Jesuit, born r^ London, and educated at 
 Home and in Spain. He resided in England 
 as Jesuits' missionary for above 30 years, and 
 died at St. Omer's lG5'i, aged G5. 
 
 Alfred, the (ireat, fifth and youngest 
 son of Vjthelwolf, king of the west Sa.xons, 
 •was born at Wantage in lierkshire 849. His 
 father sent him early to Rome, where he was 
 confirmed, and according to some privately 
 anointed king by ])ope Leo I\'. who saw and 
 admired his manly character. After the 
 death of his brother, Alfred mounted the 
 throne of England in his '2'2d year in 871, 
 at a time when the kingdom was a ])rey to 
 domestic dissensions, and to the invasion of 
 the Danes. His valor was soon called into 
 the field, battles were followed by battles : 
 hut tlie sh'.ugiiter of thousands seemed not to 
 Ileal the wounds of the countrv or to remove 
 the rapacious loc h'om the coasts. After a 
 dreadful overthrow Alfred concealed his 
 misfortunes for a year, under the dress of a 
 peasant, till the success of one of his chiefs, 
 Odun earl of Devon, in defeating a hotly of 
 the Danes, di-ew him irom Ids retirement. 
 With unusual boldness he examined the false 
 security of the enemy's camp, he was adtnit- 
 ted into tlie presence of the chief under the 
 disguise of a harper, and returned to his 
 iVieiids to inspire them with courage and 
 lead them to victory. The Danes were to- 
 tally routed at-Eddington : and Cuthrum their 
 chief despairing of further opposition, con- 
 
 sented to rc.iounce Paganism, and r.as pre- 
 sented at the font by his coiHiucror. Prom 
 I bat period tbe kingdom became moix' set- 
 tled, and though tbe Danes occasioiiulh rc- 
 peate«l their pre<lalory attacks, the mind of 
 Alfia-d w;is iKil sliukei) Irom its nob!« pur[)osc 
 of eiilighlcnmg bis subjects, and giving stabil- 
 ity to tlieir independence;, and protection to 
 tbcii- property. He publi.-^lied laws to the 
 number of .)!, whicii were partly collected, 
 as he liimself said in tbe preface, fioni tliose 
 of bis predecessor king [iia, and from the 
 Trojan and (irecian co.les. He not ftiily di- 
 \ided bi.T dominions into counties, and other 
 smaller sii!)i|i visions, but be made e;,ch boiisc- 
 liolder responsible for the behaviour ol his 
 family, and as the tylhings consisted of ten 
 families, each iM'came a jdedge for the i)eacc- 
 ful comluct of the rest, so lliat the whole 
 kingdom was hut a large family eager to pre- 
 serve tlie public security, w bile they ensured 
 drjraestic concord. As a man of letters, Al- 
 fred gained reputation, he not only transla- 
 ted and wrote several books, particularlv Ijo- 
 ethius' Consolations of Philosophy : but tliat 
 learning might find an asylum in Eiigiand, 
 he endowed several schools in tlie kiiif>dom, 
 and founded, or according to others re.>?lored, 
 the university of Oxford, and filleil the pro- 
 fessorial chairs with men of taste, genius, 
 and erudition. In his own conduct he was a 
 ]>attern of regularity, so that he divided the 
 L'4 hours of tlie day into three equal portions, 
 one of which was set apart for religif>us du- 
 ties, the other for repose, reci-eation, a;ul 
 literature, and the third for the allairs of t!ie 
 state. To his wisdom and foresight, England 
 may look back with gratitude for the first be- 
 ginning of her naval greatness. Alfred not 
 only built ships, and enured his suitjects to 
 the toils and dangers of tbe sea, but he bad 
 the boldness to attempt to discover the north- 
 east passage. Tii(jugh by profession and the 
 circumstances of the times a soldier, tlie hu- 
 mane monarch, who had been personally en- 
 gaged in 5C) battles for the defence and inde- 
 pendence of his country, viewed with detes- 
 tation the scenes of carnage which ambition 
 or the Inve of plunder might exhibit, and 
 considered his glory as better cemented bv 
 the i)eaccful occupations of his subjects than 
 by war, and by tbe promotion of industry and 
 mutual confidence than by the use of arms. 
 After a reign of above 28 years, in which 
 every moment had been devoted to the hap- 
 piness of his people, this magnanimous prince 
 flied on the 'iSth of October 900, and wa.s 
 buried in Winchester cathedral. History 
 does not |)resent a man more amiable in h:s 
 public and ])rivate character, or whose vir- 
 tues entitled him lo a throne moix? than this 
 great and benevolent her*). He left bv his 
 tpieen Eiswitha two sons and three daughters, 
 and was succeeded by his second son, Edward, 
 surnamed tbe elder. 
 
 Alfred or A lured, son of Ethelrcd by 
 Emma (laughter <>f Richard duke of Xornun- 
 dy was s^nt by his fatber with his biotker 
 I''Alvvard to the Norraan court, during ihe 
 invasions of the Danes. After Canute's death 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 he landed in England witli a force, and I 
 might have succeeded in the expulsion of 
 Harold, if not thwarted b) the arts of God- 
 vin. He fell into the hands of liia enemies, 
 -u ho cruelly put out his eyes and confined hini 
 in Ely nionastei-y, where he was murdered, 
 as it is supposed, 10.37 in his 34'h year. 
 
 Alfred, a learned l>.nedictit»e monk of 
 Malmesbury, made bishop of Exeter in the 
 10th century. He v. as intimate with St 
 Uanstan, and wrote several learned Imoks, 
 particulary the life of Adclmus — the history 
 of Malmesbury abbey — de natuiis reruui. 
 
 Alfred, of Berverlcy, an historian. Vid. 
 Alredus. 
 
 Alfred, an Englishman, surnamed the 
 Pliilosopher, much rcsi)ected at Rome. He 
 died ICrO, a'.ul left four books on the meteors 
 of Aristotle — one on vegetables -and five on 
 the Consolations of Boctluus. 
 
 Alfridf., or Elf RID, tlie natural son 
 ofOswy king of Northumberland, fled to Ire- 
 land, or as some suppo>;e to Scotland, to 
 avoid the persecution of his brother Egfrid, 
 ■whom he had succeeded, on the throne. In 
 liis exile he still felt the virulence of his ene- 
 mies and at last the two brothers met to de- 
 cide their fate by arras. Egfrid was slain, 
 and Alfride ascended the vacant tiirone C8G, 
 and deserved the love and the a{)platiscs of 
 his subjects by his benevolence and mildness, 
 and the liberal patronage which he afforded 
 to literature. He died 705. 
 
 Algardi, Alexander, an architect and 
 sculptor of Bologna, pupil to Lewis (Jarrachi, 
 and intimate with Uorninichino. lie died at 
 Rome iri54. There is at Boiogna, a group of 
 the beheading of St.Paul by him much admi- 
 red, besides a bas-relief in tlie Valican repe- 
 scnting St. Leo in the presence of Atilla. 
 
 Algarotti, Francis, son of a Yenetinn 
 merchant, who, after improving himself at 
 "Rome and Bologna, came to Parr& vvhere he 
 published his Newtonianism for the ladies, 
 in Italian, a work which was translated into 
 French bv Du Perron, but was of inferior 
 merit to Eontenelic's plurality of worlds. 
 From thence Algarotli visited Eng'and and 
 Germany, and received repeated marks of 
 esteem and honor from the kings of Polantl 
 and Prussia. After some residence in the 
 Polish court as pi-ivy counsellor for the af- 
 fairs of war, he returned to Italy, and died 
 unexpectedly at Pisa 2;3d of May 17C+, in 
 his 5'2d ycai*. Asa connoisseur in painting, 
 sculpture, and architecture, he possessed 
 taste and judgment, and his genius as a poet 
 is fully proved in the elegant trifles which he 
 Avrote in Italian. His works wej-e ])ublished 
 \n 4 volumes 8vo. in 17G;i, and translated into 
 French at Berlin 1772, 8 volumes Svo. Tlify 
 consist fhiefly of historical and philosophical 
 dissertations, essays and poetry. 
 
 ALGA7.AI-I, an Arabian, horn at Thoas 
 in Khorassan, author of atreatisc on the dif- 
 ferent classes of science which concern reli- 
 gion. He made the pilgrimage of Mecca, 
 and died in the 504th year of the hegira. 
 
 Algeu, a monk of Liege, author of a 
 Ijook on tlie sacraments, lie flicd at Clu- 
 iiy,1131. 
 
 Alghisi, Thomas, an eminent surgeon 
 and lilhotoHjistof P'lorence. lie died m con- 
 sequence of being severely wounded by the 
 bursting of his gun 1713. He pubhshed 
 Liiliotomia in 4to. 1708, Jscc. 
 
 Algiert, Peter, a A enetian, whose ta- 
 lents ill ])aii;ting were usefully employed in 
 the decorations of the opera at Paris. He 
 died 170O. 
 
 ALHA2.EN, an Arabian who wrote on op- 
 tics, about the year IlOU 
 
 A LI. cousin and sou-in-law of Mahomet, 
 was opi)osed in his view to succeed the pro- 
 phet, h} Othman and Omar, and retired in- 
 to Arabia where his mild and enlarged inter- 
 pretation of the Koran increased the num- 
 ber of his proselytes. After the death of 
 Othman he was acknowledged caliph b)' the 
 Egyptians and Arabians, but in less than five 
 ) ears after he was assassinated in a moscjue 
 fiGO Ali, after the decease of his beloved 
 Fatima, claimed the privilege of j)olvgamy, 
 and left 15 sons and IS daughters. Hisniemo- 
 ry is still held in the highest veneration by the 
 Persians, who pronounce with contempt the 
 names of Othman and Omar, whilst the Turks 
 despise him and pay adoration to his oppo- 
 nents. 
 
 Ali-eassa, a distinguished general of 
 the Ottoman empire, to whom Achmet IV. 
 gave his sister in marriage. He died 1665 
 in his 70th year. 
 
 Ali Beg, a Pole, born of Christian par- 
 ents, when young he was made prisoner by 
 the Tartars and sold to the Turks, who edu- 
 cated him in the Mahometan faith. He rose 
 to consequence in the Turkish court and was 
 appointed interpreter tci the grand signior. 
 lie employed himself in tranlating the 13ible 
 and the English catechism into the Turkish 
 language ; but his great work is on the litui'gy 
 of the Turks, their pilgrimages to !Mecca, 
 and other religious ceremonies. This work 
 was translated into Latin bv Dr. Smith. Ali 
 died 1675, at a time when he intended to ab- 
 jure the Mahometan tenets for Christianit}'. 
 
 Ali Bey, a native of Natolia, son of a 
 Greek priest. In his 13th year he was car- 
 ried away by some robbers as he was hun- 
 ting, and sold to Ibrahim, a lieutenant of the 
 Janissaries, at Grand Cairo, who treated liim 
 with kindness, and froni a slave raised him 
 to i)Ower and consequence. Ali distinguish- 
 ed himself against the .^rabs, and his military 
 valor rendered him feared and respected ; 
 but when his friend and patron was basely 
 assassinated 1758, by Ibi-ahim the Circas- 
 sian, he avenged his death, and slew the 
 murderer with his own hand. This violent 
 measure raised him enemies, and his flight 
 to Jerusalem and to St. John of Acre with 
 diflicnlty saved him from the resentment of 
 the Ottoman porte, that had demanded his 
 head. Time, hswever, paved the way to 
 his elevation to the supreme power of Egypt. 
 'I'hosc who had espoused the cause of the 
 Circassian were sacrificed to the public safe- 
 ty ; an<l Ali, recalled by the public voice, 
 governed the country with benevolence and 
 equity. The chiefs of each village were de- 
 clared responsible for the ill conduct of their 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 ueighbors, an<l whilst the gcncrril link vris 
 evU-iitlcd tln«)Uj;li cvt-ry pi-ovincc, security 
 vas restored, and coiilitleiice revi\e<l. Hut 
 the power of an eastern prince is always 
 precarious; ingratitude was found among 
 those on whom Ali had heaped favors, and 
 when he assisteil the Turkish govei-nment 
 vith 12,(X)U auxiliar) troops in the Iius>>ian 
 ttar of 1/"GS, his conduct uas viewetl with a 
 jealous eye, and his death determined at 
 C/OnstantinopU*. He however evad -(f the 
 blow, and in declaring war against the Porte 
 to avenge his wrongs, he intrusted the com- 
 mand of his armies to Ahou Dahab, a per- 
 Iklious Mameluke, wlio, in extending the con- 
 quests of Ali over Arabia and Syria, hnjjod 
 to establish his reputation over the ruins of 
 Ilia patron. 'I'he ti'aitor revolted and was 
 followed by the beys, whose fidelity was 
 shaken either by jealousy or by bribes ; but 
 Ali was not tleserted thougli he fled from 
 Cairo to Gaza, and he marched into the fiehl 
 at the head of a numerous arrny. Hut trea- 
 son iicrvadeil his ranks, and \\ hen the deci- 
 sive battle was fought 13ll» of April 1773, 
 Ali saw some of his troops desert, and, un- 
 wiilins; to survive a defeat, he defended him- 
 self with the fury of a hon, tdl he was cut 
 down by a sabre and carried to the conquer- 
 or's tent, where eight days after he expired 
 of his wounds. Ali died in his 45th year, and 
 left behind him a character unrivalled for 
 excellence, for courage, and magnanimity. 
 As governor of Egypt he behaved with the 
 tenderness of a parent ; and to the love of 
 his country were united humanity, a gener- 
 ous heart, and an elevated genius. 
 
 Ali Berg, a learned Turk in tlie 17tli 
 century, accpiainted wiLJi 17 languages. He 
 translated the Bible into the Turkish lan- 
 
 guage. 
 
 Alice, daughter of Theobald IV. count 
 of Champagne, married Lewis VTL king of 
 France, by whom she had, 1105, a son called 
 Philip Augustus. During her son's absence 
 in the holy land, she was appointed queen 
 regent of the kingdom, and her govei-nment 
 •was marked by prudence, moderation, and 
 justice. She died at Paris universally res- 
 pected 4th June liiOG. 
 
 Aligre, Etienne, a native of Cliartres, 
 ■who rose by his merit to be chancellor of 
 France. He did not however possess the 
 firmness required for an elevated station. 
 He died 1635 in his 70111 year. His son of 
 the same naroe, was raised to the same dig- 
 nity as his father, and enjoyed the character 
 of a ^reat and upright magistrate. Ue died 
 1C77 in his 85th year. 
 
 Alimextl'S, Cneius, a Roman historian 
 B. C. 150. 
 
 Alipius, a bishop of Tagaste in Africa, 
 r>94. He was the friend of Augustine, and 
 was baptised together with him i.t .Milan by 
 the hands of i^t. Ambrose. He was an :»'v;- 
 tive and zealous prelate, and assisted at sev- 
 eral councils, especially those of Carthage, 
 ■where he opposed the Donatists. He died 
 430. 
 
 An PUS, a geographer of Aitioch, com- 
 
 missioned by Julian to rebuild the temple of 
 .lerusahMU. It is unknown whether he if) 
 author of tlu- synltni of geography t>ublish- 
 cd under his name in (ireek and Latin, Cie- 
 neva lO'JS, in 4to. by Jac. (iodefroi. 
 
 Alkmaak, llcnrv 1)', an eminent Ger- 
 man of the 15th century, author of the fa- 
 ble of lieynard, an ingenious poem wliich 
 ladies the vcies and loibles of niMikiiid in 
 the character of beasts csjiecially the fox. 
 (iottsched has given a magnificent edition f»f 
 this valuable b(n;k. Some bU[)po!-e thai Alk- 
 maar is the fictitious name assumed by Nich- 
 olas Baumaun of Friesland, who died 1503. 
 
 Allainval, Leonor. lean-Christine Sou- 
 lasd', a native of Chartres, author of several 
 comedies of considerable mci'it. His best 
 piece was rembarras des rithesses. D'AI- 
 lainval w as, like most men of genius, indigent. 
 He died of t!ie palsy in the liotel-dieu, wliere 
 he had been admitted a patient, "-Zd May 1753. 
 
 Allais, Henys Vr.irasse d', a native of 
 Allais in Languedoc, who served in 10G5 iu 
 the duke ol York's fleet, and at'lersvards 
 taught the Finglish language in I'aris. His 
 wi'itings were not mucb esteemed, except 
 his history of Sevarambia, apolitical romance 
 first printed lt577 in 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Allam, Andrew, horn at (iursington in 
 Oxfordshire, was of St. Edmund-hall of w hich 
 he became the vice principal. He translated 
 the life of Iphicrates, and assisted ^\'ood in 
 his Athentc Oxonienscs. He died of the 
 small-pox 17th June 1085, in his 30th year, and 
 was buried in St. Peter's in the east. 
 
 Allard, Guy, was author oi several 
 scarce treatises on the history of Dauphine 
 valuable for provincial and genealogical an- 
 ecdotes ; and also of the history of prince 
 Zizim, an amorous romance. He died 1715, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Allattl'S, Leo, a native of the Island of 
 Scio, who studied belles lettrcs and the lan- 
 guages at Home. After visiting Naples and 
 his native country he returned to Uoiiie, 
 wliere he applied himself to phv sic, in which 
 he took a degi'ee, but hterature was his fa- 
 vorite pursuit, and as his erudition was 
 great, he distinguished himself as a teacher 
 in the Greek college at Rome. He was af- 
 terwards employed by pope Gregory XV. to 
 remove the elector Palatine's library from 
 Germany to the Vatican, in reward for 
 which services, though for a while neglected, 
 he was appointed librarian. Though bred 
 and employe! among ecclesiastics, he never 
 entered into orders because, as he told tlie 
 pope, he wished to retain the privilege of 
 marrying if he pleased. His pubruations 
 were numerous but chiefly on divinity, and, 
 though iWl of learning ar.d good sense, re- 
 markal)le for unnecessary digressions, lu 
 the co'itroversy of the gentlemen of the 
 Port -voy,"! with C'li^ude concerning the eu- 
 charist, he greatly assisted the former, for 
 which he was severely abused by their bold 
 antagonist. It is said by Joannes Pati-icius 
 that ise wrote Greek for 40 years with the 
 same pen, and that when lie lost it, he ex- 
 pressed his concern even to the shedding of 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 tears. AUatius died at Rome in his ^d year, 
 
 l66y. 
 
 Allectus, prefect of Britain miu'dcred 
 Cara;isius 294, and made himself cmpero!-, 
 He was defeated hy Asclepiodotus thrt-e 
 years ai'ter. 
 
 Ai.i^EGRAix, Cliristopher GahricI, a 
 French sculptor^ admilled into the academy 
 for the masterly exeeulion of the fii>;ure of a 
 yoiinjif man. A nioni^'otlicr pieces his Venus 
 and ins Diana A\ei-c much aihnired. He was 
 in his private cluiracter very modest and 
 amiahie. He died 1795. His father and 
 grandfather hefoi-e him liad been members 
 of the academy of painting. 
 
 Allegki, Antonio, an illustrious paint- 
 er, better known hy the name of Corregio, 
 from the place wliere he was horn. As he 
 was born to povert}', his education was ncg- 
 lecttd, and he was not aljle to see and to stu- 
 dy tiic beautiful models of ancient times, or 
 the productions of the Roman or A'enetian 
 schools. Xature however had formed him 
 for a ])ainter, and his genius burst through 
 the shackles of ignorance and poverty. It 
 is to be lamented that he never visited Rome, 
 as his residence at Parma procured him 
 neither patronage nor fame. His most cele- 
 brated paintings were the Airgin and child, 
 -with Alary Magdalen, St. Jerome, and the 
 Notte or Xiglit, wldch is so well described 
 by lady JVIiUar in her letters from Italy ; but 
 in every thing that he did there was superior 
 execution, great judgment, and infinite taste. 
 The encomiumsof Annii)al Caracci \\ ho, fifty 
 3'ears aftei- his death, admired and imitated 
 him, are strong but just. *' Every thing," 
 says he, *' that I see astonislses me, particu- 
 larly the coloring and the beauty of the 
 children. They live — they breathe — they 
 smile with so much grace and so much reali- 
 ty, that the heliolder smiles and partakes of 
 their enjoyments." Corregio was employed 
 by the canons of Pai'mato paint the assaa^p- 
 tion of the Vii'gin on the cupola of the cath- 
 edral ; but when the work, \s hich will ever 
 immortalize his name, was completed, the 
 artist wa.s indignantly treated by tlie proud 
 and ignoratit ecclesiastics, who abused hi.s ex- 
 ecution, and refused to I'ulfil their agreement. 
 The i)ainter was meanly forced to except 
 the small pittance of 200 livres; and, to load 
 liim with gi'eater iixlignity, it was paid in 
 copper. Corregio ha.stened with tlie money 
 to his starving family, but as he liad six or 
 eight miles to travel from Parma, the weight 
 of his burden and the heat of the climate, 
 adde<l to the oppression of his bre;iking heart, 
 and he was attacked with apleuri.sy which in 
 thi'ce days terminated his existence and his 
 sorrows l.'j.'i*, in his 40th year. Titian was 
 the cause that this great work was not des- 
 troyed. As lie ])aiised tlirough Parma, he 
 visited and admired the cathedral, and told 
 the ignorant i)riests Mho threatened speedi- 
 ly to efface the painting, that they ought to 
 value it as most int!stimab!e, for, added he 
 emphatically, " were 1 not Titian, I would 
 •wish to he Corregio." Corregio was the 
 first who hnppily introduced in liis pictures 
 
 fore shortenings, an attitude which expres- 
 ses boldness of conception, and is attended 
 with striking eflfect. 
 
 ALi.ECini, (iregorio, an eminent compo- 
 ser, whose works are still used in the pope's 
 olia])el at Rome. His *' miserere" is always 
 used on (ioofi Friday, and is much admired. 
 Clement XI \'. sent a copy of this beautiful 
 composition to Georgelll. in 1773. Allegri 
 died 1G72. 
 
 Allein, Ricliard, was born at Ditchet ift 
 Somersetshire, whei-e his father was rector 
 for 50 years. He stuiiied at St. Alban and 
 New Inn Halls, in O.vford, and afterwards 
 obtained the living of Batcomb in Dorset- 
 shire. As he favored the puritanical doc- 
 trines of the times, he was employed as 
 commissioner by i)arliament for the ejecting 
 of scandalous ministers, and on the restora- 
 tion he was expelled from his living, as he 
 refused to subscribe to the act of conformi- 
 ty. His peaceful behaviour, however, enti- 
 tled him to res])ect and popularity; he 
 preached frequently in private houses, and 
 though sometimes reprim.anded as the hold- 
 er of a conventicle, yet his learning and ex- 
 emplary life shielded him against persecution 
 a .d imprisonment. His writings were most- 
 ly on theological subjects. He died Decem- 
 ber 22d, IGSl, in his 65th year. 
 
 Allein, William, son of the above, was 
 of Corpus Christi, Oxford, Avhere he took 
 his degrees. He afterwards settled at Bland- 
 ford, Dorset, from which he w as ejected as 
 a non conformist. His millennium, among 
 other curious theological tracts, was much 
 admired. He died 1677. 
 
 Allein, Joseph, son of Tobias Allein 
 was born at Devizes 1623. He was a mem- 
 ber of Lincoln and Corpus Christi colleges, 
 in Oxford, and took orders, and afterwards 
 w ent to Taunton in Somersetshire, where 
 he married, and where as minister he appli- 
 ed himself with indefatigable zeal to his of- 
 fice. His income was small, but it was in- 
 creased by tlie industry of his wife, who 
 kept a boarding school. At the restoration 
 he was ejected as a non-conformist, but as he 
 continued his ministry in private, he was 
 committed to llchester gaol, and sentenced 
 at the assizes by judge Foster to pay a fine 
 of 1(X) marks, and to remain in prison till 
 the payment. His confinement which was 
 extended to one year, ruined his constitu- 
 tion, and though the liberality of his friends 
 enal)led him to visit, dilferent jtlaces for the 
 re-establishment of hi.'? healtii, all his care 
 was inefVectual. Hi; died in November 16GS 
 in his 3Gth year, and Avas buried in St. Mag- 
 <lalen's church, Taunton. Anthony Wood 
 has severely lashed him as a non-conformist; 
 but his learning, his ])iely, his inoffensive 
 inanners, cast an amiable light on his charac- 
 ter. His alarm to unconverted sinners Jias 
 cUen been republishcil. 
 
 A L LEX, John, arcliljishop of Dublin, took 
 his dtgree of iAj. B. at Cambi-idge though 
 educated at Oxford. He was nine years at 
 Rome as commissioner from Wareham the 
 primate, and at his return he entered into 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 the service of Wolsey, wlio made liiiii liis 
 chn|)lain, and tlic judge of his eoiiit as legate 
 :i latere. In 15128 lie was i-aised to the see 
 of Dublin, and made ciianceilor of Ireland. 
 He was murdered six years after hy 'I'honias 
 Fitzgerald, snn of lord Kil^lar(^ 
 
 Ai.i.EN, Sir Thonias, illustrious as an 
 English adniii'al, made the first hostile attack 
 on the Dutch in I()6:». Though with only 
 eight shi[)s he attacked their Smyrna licet, 
 killed theii- commander Brackel, took four 
 prizes, and dispersed t!ie rest into Cadiz. 
 The next year he was at the memorable 
 battle of the '25th July, when Dc liuyter the 
 Dutch commander, seeing his van defeated 
 and three of his adniirals killed, exclaimed, 
 what a wretch I am, that, among so many 
 thousand bullets, none can come and put an 
 end to my misery. 
 
 Ai.t, EN, Thomas, a divine educated at 
 Worcester school a?id at Brazen Nose and 
 ISIerton, Oxfortl, and inlimate uitii Sir Hen- 
 ry Saville, by whose influence he was pro- 
 moted to a fellowship at Mton. He wrote 
 learned observations on Chrysostom's book 
 on Isaiah, and died October lUth, 16.38, aged 
 65, and was buried in Eton college chapel. 
 
 A I. LEX, Thomas, a native of Uttoxeter 
 in Staffordshire, illustrious for his know- 
 ledge of mat hematics and philosophy. He 
 was fellow of Trinity college, Oxford, which 
 he quitted L5yOfor(iloucester hall, where he 
 applied himself with greater assiduity to his 
 favorite studies. His abilities not only pro- 
 cured him the fi^iendship of tlie greatest ma- 
 thematicians of the age, but gained him the 
 esteem of the earl of Noi'thumberland. Ro- 
 bert earl of Leicester was also particularly 
 attached to him ; he gave him his confidence, 
 consulted him on affairs of state, but at- 
 tempted in vain to withdraw him from his 
 retirement by the offer of a bishopric. Al- 
 len, who was employed in collecting the 
 most curious manuscripts on history and as- 
 tronomy, did not escape the suspicions of 
 the ignorant, who accused him of using ma- 
 gic and conjuration to produce a marriage 
 between the queen and Leicester. He pub- 
 lisl>ed in Latin the second and third books of 
 Ptolemy concerning the judgment of the 
 stars, besides notes on Lilly's books, and on 
 Bale's work de Scriptoribus Britan. He di- 
 ed in an advanced age at Gloucester hall in 
 1032, universally respected for his great 
 learning, his piety, and the affability of his 
 manners. 
 
 Ai.LESTRYor Allestree, Richard, a 
 natnve of Uppington in Shroplisire, born in 
 March 1619. He entered at Christ Church 
 in Oxford, under the care of the famous 
 Busby, and for his industry was presented 
 with a studentship by dean Fell. During 
 the civil war he joined the king's party un- 
 der Sir John Biron, and was at the battle of 
 Keinton-field in Warwickshire. At the con- 
 clusion of the war he took orders, and was 
 afterwards one of those expelled wlieii the 
 parliament in 1648 sent visitors to Oxford to 
 demand the submission of the university, 
 lie found an asylum in the family of lord 
 
 VOL. I. 8 
 
 Newport, in Shropshire, and after the battle 
 of ^Vorcester, he was fixed upon by the roy- 
 alists as a proper person to convey dispatch- 
 es, and have a couference with the king at 
 Rouen. On his return from a second jour- 
 ney in 1659 he was seized at Dover by the 
 parliament party, but lie had the address to 
 save his pajiers, and after six or eight weeks* 
 confinement he was restored to liberty. 
 Soon after th(; return of Charles, he was 
 made canon of Christ Church, king's chap- 
 lain, Regius ])rofeR3or of di\inity, and in 
 1065 promoted to the provostshii> of ?>ton. 
 which he resigned 1078. He died ofa drop- 
 sy in January 1680, and was buried in Eton, 
 chapel. He published 4U sermons, besides 
 a small tract on the privileges of the univer- 
 sity of Oxford. 
 
 Allestry, Jacob, an English poet, ne- 
 phew of the preceding, and son of James 
 Allestry a London book-seller, who was ru- 
 ined by the fire of 1666. From Westmin- 
 ster school he passed to Christ Church , Ox- 
 ford, where he distinguished himself as the 
 author of some verses and pastorals, which 
 were repeated before the duke of York 
 when he visited the univei'sity. He died 
 October 15th, 1686, and was buried in St. 
 Thomas's church-yard. 
 
 Alletz, Pons Augustin, a native of 
 jMontpellier, who at first studied the law, 
 but afterwards devoted himself to literary- 
 pursuits. He published various works of 
 8ome celebrity in France, in the composition 
 of which ha showed indefatigable perseve- 
 rance, and great judgment. He died at Pa- 
 ris seventh March 1785, aged 82. 
 
 Alley, William, a native of Wycomb, 
 Rucks, who, after an Eton education, went 
 to King's college Cambridge. Heafterwards 
 studied at Oxford, but as he Avas a zealous 
 advocate? for tho reformation, he retired da- 
 ring .Mary's reign into the nerth, where lie 
 kept a school, and practised physic. Under 
 Elizabeth he was made lecturer of St Paul's, 
 and in 1560 bishop of Exeter. He wrote the 
 poor man's library, containing sermons, 8cc. 
 besides a commentary on St. Peter's first 
 epistle, and a translation of the Pentateuch, 
 in the bishop's Bible. He died April 15th, 
 1570, and was buried at Exeter. 
 
 Alleyn, Edward, founder of Dulwich 
 college, was born at St. Botolph, London, 
 Sept. 1st, 1566. As he possessed an elegant 
 person, cheerful manners, and a retentive 
 memory, he applied himself to the stage, 
 and with so much success that he was flat- 
 tered by Ben Jonson's muse and applaud- 
 {••1 by crowded audiences. He was one of 
 the original actors in Shakspcare's plays, and 
 his popularity procured him not only friends 
 butopulence. He built at his own expense 
 the Fortune playhouse near Whitecross- 
 street, Moorfields, and still added to his in- 
 come by being keeper of the king's wild 
 beasts, with a salary o 50o/. per annum. 
 His erection of Dulwich college is attribu- 
 ted to a superstious cause. Whilst with six 
 others he was acting the part of a demon 
 iu one of Shakspcare's plays ho fs srrid to 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 hare been terrified by the real appearance 
 of the devil, and the power of imagination 
 was so great, that a solemn vow was made, 
 and the college in 1614 was begun under the 
 direction of Inigo Jones, and in three years 
 finished at the expense of 10,000^. Tliis no- 
 ble edifice, Avhich was to afford an asylum 
 to indigence and infirmity, was nearly ruin- 
 ed by the opposition of chancellor Bacon, 
 ■who refused to grant the patent; but Alleyn's 
 solicitations prevailctl, and the hospital, by 
 the name of *' the college of God's gift" was 
 solemly appropriated on the 13th Sept. 1619, 
 in the presence of a numerous audience, to 
 the humane purposes of the founder, who 
 appointed himself its first master. The 
 original endowment was 800/. per annum, 
 for the maintenance of one master, one war- 
 den, always to be unmarried and of the name 
 of Alleyn, four fellows, three of whom are 
 in orders, and the fourth an oi'ganist, besides 
 six poor men, and six women, and twelve 
 boys to be educated till the age of 14 or 10, 
 and then to be apprenticed. Alleyn married 
 three wives, the last of whom survived him. 
 He died Nov. 25th, 1626, in his 61st year, 
 and was buried in the chapel of his college. 
 
 Alliosi, N. a civil officer in the service 
 of Stanislaus king of Poland. He wrote an 
 account of the expenses of his master in tlie 
 buildings at Nancy — and a relation of the 
 funeral poinp of Leopold H. 1730. He died 
 1779. 
 
 Allix, Peter, a native of Alencon, who 
 became minister of the protestant congrega- 
 tion of Rouen, and afterwards of Charenton 
 near Paris. On the cancelling of the edict 
 of Nantes, he left his country and came to 
 England, vhere he soon acquired the know- 
 ledge of the language, and distinguished him- 
 self by his zeal and learning, in defence of 
 the reformed church. His reflections on 
 tlie holy scriptures were dedicated to king 
 James II. and his remarks on the ecclesias- 
 tical history of the churches of Piedmont to 
 William. He was honored with the degree 
 of D. D. and promoted to the place of trea- 
 surer of Salisbury. He died in London Feb. 
 21st, 1717, in his 76th year. His works, 
 which are numerous, and expressive of his 
 piety and great erudition, are all on theolo- 
 gical subjects, and consist of reflections on 
 all the books of scripture, 1688, republished 
 by bishop Watson in his theological tracts, — 
 the ancient Jewish church vindicated against 
 the Unitarians 16'jl, 8vo. mentioned with 
 high commendation by Horsley in his letters 
 to Priestley, — Remarks on the ecclesiastical 
 history of the Piedmontese churches, 4to. isi< ^ 
 
 Alloisi, Balthazar, and able historical 
 and portrait painter, wlio studied under tlie 
 Caraccis. He was born at Bologna, and di- 
 ed 1638, aged 60. 
 
 A L LORY, Alexander, a painter of Flo- 
 rence, famous for his skill in the represen- 
 tation of naked figur.'3. As he was well ac- 
 quainted with anatomy, his portraits are cor- 
 rect and graceful. He was nephew and dis- 
 ciple of Bronzin, and his pieces are preser- 
 ved at Rome and Florence. He died 1607, 
 in his 72d year. 
 
 Almacro, Diego, one of the conquerors 
 of Peru, was of so obscure an origin that he 
 knew not his parents. He accompanied Pi- 
 zarro in 1525, and every where showed the 
 greatest valor mingled with the basest cruel- 
 ty. He penetrated in 1525 to Chili, took 
 Cuzco, and at last assassinated liis friend 
 Pizarro. His violent conduct armed the 
 partisans of Pizarro against him, and he was, 
 after experiencing some success, defeated, 
 and condemned to be strangled 1538 in his 
 75th year. His sou rose up to vindicate his 
 character, an<l to avenge his death, but he 
 was defeated by Vacca de Castro, the viceroy 
 of Peru, and with 40 of his adherents was be- 
 headed 1542. Almagro's cruelty to the un- 
 fortunate Atahualpa, is deservedly censured 
 as infamous. 
 
 A1.MAIN, James, a professor of the col- 
 lege of Navarre at Paris, famous as a logi- 
 cian and a divine. He defended Lewis XII. 
 against pope Julius II. and wrote also against 
 Cajctan, in support of general councils. He 
 died 1515. 
 
 Almamon or Abdallah III. son of 
 Aaron al Raschid, caliph of the liouse of the 
 Abbassides, after his brother Alamin, 813, 
 was famous for his protection of leax'ning and of 
 learned men. He conquered part of Crete. 
 He had the last Greek writers translated in- 
 to Arabic, and made a collection of the best 
 authors. He also calculated a set of astro- 
 nomical tables and founded an academy at 
 Bagdad. He died S3S. 
 
 Almansor or Almanz.or, succeeded 
 Alhaca on the throne of Cordova in Spain, 
 976. He took Barcelona, and rendered him- 
 self very formidable to the Christians, whom 
 he conquered in several battles. He died 
 10U2. 
 
 ALMA^'7,oR, the Victorious, second ca- 
 liph of the race of the Abbassides, i*ose to 
 the sovereignty 753. He was opposed by his 
 uncle Abdallah-ebn-Ali, whom he conquer- 
 ed by means of his brave general Abu Mos- 
 lem, a man whose services he repaid by 
 mean assassination. He died as he was zo- 
 ing to Mecca on a pilgrimage, aged 63. 
 
 ALMAN2.0R, Joseph, a king of Morocco, 
 defeated by the Spaniards 1158. 
 
 Almanzou, Jacob, son of Joseph, gained 
 by his valor possession of Morocco, Fez, Tu- 
 nis, and Tremezen, and obtained the cele- 
 brated victory of Alacros in Castille. The 
 Christian slaves in his army were ransomed 
 1199, by the interference of pope Innocent 
 III. who addressed a bull to him. 
 
 Almarus, Elmerus, or Klmarus, was ab- 
 bot of St. Augustin's monastery in Canter- 
 bury, when archbishop Alphage was mur- 
 dered by the Danes 1011. He escaped, and 
 11 years after was made bishop of Sher- 
 borne, before the see was transferred to Sa- 
 rum. After an active life he became blind, 
 and resigned his episcopal dignity to resume 
 the habit of a monk. His memory was held 
 in the highest veneration. 
 
 Almeida, Francis, a Portuguese, who 
 distinguished himself in the wars of Grena- 
 da, ^nd was sent out by Emanuel in 1 505, as 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 lirst Ticcroy of India. After a perilous voy- 
 age he crossed tlie Cape of (iood Hope, uiul 
 proceeded along tlie coast of Africa, w licre 
 he spread coiKjuest, terror, and desolation. 
 He to(»k Qniloa and Monibassa, and made 
 their inhabiiants as well as those of Onor, 
 Cananor, and Narsing;i, suhniit t(t the } oke 
 of Portugal. AVith oidy 7(H» men he storm- 
 ed the fort of Paii:inia, which was deiended 
 })y a strong i-ampart and a garrison <jf itMM) 
 men of tried and desperate valor, and instead 
 of sharing a hooty which might have rcntlered 
 his soldiers inactive and checked the torrent 
 of his ambition, he destroyed it by fire. 
 When his son Mas killed in an engagement 
 ■with the Arabians, the father refused to 
 mourn with his friends, but declared that lie 
 Lad obtained a short but glorious life. The 
 fame of Albuquerque, and the malice of en- 
 emies at home, however, soon stopped his 
 career ; but he refused to accept the orders 
 of his recall, and on pretence of avenging his 
 son's death he sailed to Dabul in quest of 
 fresh laurels, and in an engagement with the 
 enemy's Heet, he killed 4U00 men. The ani- 
 mosities between the rival governors were 
 appeased by the friendship and interference 
 of Contigna ; and Almeida, after resigning 
 his power to Albuquerque, set sail for Eu- 
 rope. In his way he landed near the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and in an unfortunate quarrel 
 •with the natives he was wounded in the 
 throat with a javelin, and immediately expi- 
 red. Some of the Portuguese who were his 
 companions, and had shared his toils and 
 his glory, attempted to recover his body, 
 but they shared his fate. 
 
 Almeida, Lawrence, son of the prece- 
 ding, accompanied his father to India, and 
 vas employed by him in many bold and haz- 
 ardous enterprises. He destroyed the ships 
 of Caulan, and in visiting Ceylon he made it 
 tributary to Portugal, and brought away 
 250,0001bs. of cinnamon as the first annual 
 payment. He was sent with eight ships to 
 attack the Arabians, who were supported b}- 
 the sultan of Egypt ; but the superiority of 
 the enemy's vessels and the dangers of the 
 coast proved fatal to liis views. His ship ran 
 aground, and whilst the other vessels at- 
 tempted in vain to relieve him from the 
 pressure of a more powerful adversary, he 
 fought with undaunted courage, regardless of 
 the wounds he ha<l received. A ball at last 
 struck him on the breast, and put a period to 
 his brilliant career. His sailors, now redu- 
 ced to 20 in number, unwilling to submit, 
 ■were boarded and overpowered, and met 
 from their conquerors that humanity and at- 
 tention which their valor and fidelity de- 
 served. 
 
 Almeida, Apollinarius do, a Portuguese 
 bishop of the order of the Jesuits who went 
 as missionary to ^-Ethiopia, but w as treated 
 with great indignities there. Though ban- 
 ished by the inhabitants, he had the boUl- 
 ness to return with two other ecclesiastics, 
 Avho together with him were cruelly mur- 
 dered by the barbarous natives, 15G8. 
 
 Almeida, Manuel d', a Portuguese Je- 
 
 suit who, after a "residence of 40 years aa 
 missionary in the Indies, died at Goa lOtK 
 May lOiO. Ne published historical obser- 
 vations on ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Almeloveen, Thomas Jansscn <!', a 
 Dutch physician, author of the Ilortus Mal- 
 abaricus, atnl Flora .Malaliarica, descri[itivc 
 of the .Malal)ar plants, piiblishe<l in 13 vols, 
 fol. lOrS, fcc scq. 
 
 Almeloveev, Theodore Janssen d', a 
 professor of (ircek, of history, and phvsic 
 at Har<lerwick in Holland. He wrote learn- 
 ed notes on ancient authors, an<l published 
 the Fasti Consulares — Amicniiatcs — Oiio- 
 masticon — Vit;c Stephano/-mn, &c. He dietl 
 at Amsterdam 1742. 
 
 Almici, Peter Camillus, an ecclesiastic 
 born at I'rescia in Italy. He was well ver- 
 sed in classical literature, and published 
 some critical reflections on Febz-onius, hue. 
 He died 30th Dec. 1779 aged G.5. 
 
 Alomu YADAD, Ismael, an Arabian his- 
 torian who gave a chronological account of 
 the Saracen aflairs in Sicily from 842 to 
 904. This is preserved in the Escurial with 
 Marc. Dobelius Citero's Latin translation of 
 it, and a further account of tite Saracens to 
 1040. It is also inserted in Muratori's Serip-r 
 tores Ital. 
 
 Aloadin, a Mahometan, prince of the 
 Arsasides or Assassins, was called the old 
 man of the mountain. He lived in a castle 
 between Damascus and Antioch, and was 
 surrounded by a number of intrepid youths, 
 whom he intoxicated with pleasures, anil 
 rendered subservient to his views, by pro- 
 mising still greater voluptuousness in the ue.\t 
 world. As tliese were too successfully em- 
 ployed to stab his enemies, he was dreaded 
 by the neighboi-ing princes. From the 
 name and character of his followers the 
 word assassin is derived. 
 
 Alonzo, John, an eminent architect of 
 Spain. The church of the Hieronymites at 
 Guadaloupe, m Estramadura, is a beautiful 
 monument of his genius and abilities. 
 
 Alpago, Andi'ew, an Italian physician, 
 who visited the East, and some time resided 
 at Damascus. On his return he was made 
 professor of medicine at Venice, and died 
 there 1555. He translated Avicenna, Aver- 
 roes, and Serapion, and enriched the work 
 with notes, some of which now remain in 
 manuscript. 
 
 A LP A IDE was the beautiful wife of Pepin 
 Heristel, after his divorce from Plectrude 
 his first consort. This union -was censured 
 by Lambert bishop of Liege, and Alpaide 
 liad the meanness to excite hei" brother Do- 
 don to murder the bold ecclesiastic. /Vlpaide 
 became mother of Charles M^rtcl, and 
 after her husband's death slie retired to a con- 
 vent near Xamur, where she died. 
 
 Alp Ars LAN, second sultan of the race 
 of Seljuk, after his uncle Togrul Beg 1053. 
 He was successful against the Greek empe- 
 ror Romanus Diogenes, and at last perished 
 by the dagger of a Carizmian whom he had 
 condemned to death 1072. 
 
 Alphakus, Benedict, archbishop of Pa- 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 lermo, belter known as a physician iiiul a 
 poet. He died 1086, authoi- of the lives of 
 some saints in verse, &c. 
 
 Alpherv, Mekepper or Xicepliorus, a 
 native of Russia, descended from the impe- 
 rial faniilv. During the civil dissensions of 
 his country he came to England with his two 
 hrothers, and by the care of Mr. Bidell, a 
 Russian merchant, he studied at Oxford, 
 ■where his brothers fell victims to the small- 
 pox. In 1C18 he succeeded to the living of 
 Wooley in Huntingdonshire, and though he j 
 was twice invited to return to Russia with j 
 the certainty of being placed on the throne, I 
 he preferred the character of a parisli priest ! 
 in England to the sfflendor of the purple. ^ 
 He was ejected from his living during the 
 civil wars, and ill treated by the republican 
 aoldiers, tliough his presbyterian successor 
 behaved towards him with humanity. He 
 saw the restoration, and was replaced in his 
 Jiving, but retired to Hammersmith where 
 his son had settled, and there died aged 
 above 80. The last descendant of this fallen 
 family married a Johnson a cutler at Hun- 
 tingdon, by whom she had eight children. 
 She was living in 1704. 
 
 Alphesius, a rabbi who abridged the 
 Talmud, and died 1103. 
 
 Al PHIL'S, A Vitus, a Roman poet in the 
 third century. 
 
 Alphoxso or Alphonsus, surnamed 
 the Catholic, king of Asturias, was of a war- 
 like character, which he displayed against 
 the ]Moors, from whom he took upwards of 
 30 towns. He died in the 18th year of his 
 reign, 757, aged 04. 
 
 Alphonso H. surnamed the Chaste, 
 king of Asturias, Avas tlie friend of Charle- 
 magne, and signalized himself against the 
 Moors. He took Lisbon, and died 842, after 
 reigning 50 years. 
 
 Alphonso in. or the Great, king of As- 
 turias, succeeded his father Ordogno, 806. 
 He waged successful wars against the Moors, 
 but the insurrections of his subjects, headed 
 by Froila count of Gallicia, drove him from 
 his throne. The usurpei"'s tyranny became 
 soon so odious, that he w as murdered by the 
 people of Oviedo, and Alphonsowas recalled. 
 Alphonso afterwards abdicated the crowu in 
 favor of his eldest son Garcias, who had 
 son^ time before ungi'atefully raised an in- 
 sarrection against him, and then been par- 
 doned ; but when the Moors threatened the 
 kingdom, he quitted his retirement, and, at 
 the head of his brave countrymen, he obtain- 
 ed a most signal victory over the enemy. He 
 died soon after at Zamora, 20th Dec. 912, 
 universally respected for valor and benevo- 
 lence. He wrote a ehronicle of the Spanish 
 Uionarchs. 
 
 Alphonso VI. king of Leon and Castille, 
 made wai- against the Moors, and took To- 
 ledo. He died llO'J. 
 
 Ai.PiioNso YIII. or IX. king of Leon and 
 Castille, surnamed the good or noble, came 
 to the throne when only fouryeai's old, 1158. 
 When of age he waged war agamst the 
 Moors, and retook the places lost during his 
 
 iTiinority. He "defeated his enemies at the 
 great battle of Muradat where the Moors 
 lost near 200,000 men. He died 1212 aged 
 00, universally mourned by his affectionate 
 subjects. 
 
 Alphonso X. king of Leon and Castille, 
 surnamed the Wise, succeeded his father 
 Ferdinand HI. in 1252. He married lolante 
 daughter of the king of Arragon, Avhom he 
 was going to divorce for a l^anish princess, 
 because she was barren ; but the queen at 
 last brought hin* nine children. He was 
 elected emperor of Germany in 1258, but as 
 he delayed visiting the empire, Rodolphus 
 was chosen in his room, and all opposition 
 proved fruitless. Though respected for his 
 eloquence and political knowledge, he Avas 
 not free from domestic dissensions. His son 
 cnns])ired against him and dethroned him ; 
 and though he fled among the Saracens for 
 protection, and gained a victory over this un- 
 natural child, yet he was not reinstated. 
 He died of a broken heart 1284. As an as- 
 tronomer and a rnan of letters, Alphonsus 
 obtained greater fame than as a monarch. 
 He perceived the errors of Ptolemy's tables 
 and under his direction at Toledo, those ta- 
 bles, called the Alphonsine tables, were 
 drawn up by the skill of Hazan a Jew, and 
 their epoch fixed on the 30th May 1332, 
 the day on which he began his reign. It 
 has been said of Alphonsus that, in viewing 
 the Ptolemaic system, lie declared that if 
 God had consulted him in the formation of 
 the universe, he could have given liim di- 
 rections for a more pefect whole ; a bold ex- 
 pression Avhich, if it does not breathe the 
 spirit of profane scepticism, at-least conveys 
 severe censure upon the ignorance of pre- 
 ceding astronomers. — Alphonsus Avas the 
 first Castilian king A\ho had the public laws 
 drawn in the vulgar tongue, and tlie scrip- 
 tures translated into the same language. 
 
 Alphonso II. king of Leon and Castille, 
 succeeded Ferdinand IV. in 1312. He de- 
 feated the Moors 1340, and killed not less 
 than 200,000 of them . He died of the plague 
 at the siege of Gibraltar 27th March 1350, 
 aged 38. 
 
 Alphonso V. king of Arragon, surnamed 
 the magnanimous, succeeded his father Fer- 
 dinand the Just 1410. He extended the 
 Spanish influence over Italy, and made him- 
 self master of Naples and of Sicily, where 
 he was acknowledged king 1442. He died 
 1458 aged 74, leaving the kingdom of Na- 
 ples to his natural son Ferdinand, and those 
 of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily to Juan his 
 brother, king of Navarre. He was not only 
 a brave prince, but a man of learning, the 
 patron of literature, and the father of his 
 people. He gave a Avelcome asylum to the 
 muses Avhicli persecution banished from 
 Constantinople, and every where encouraged 
 the cultivation of science. He Avalked Avith 
 the greatest familiarity among his subjects, 
 obser\"ing to his courtiers, Avho fancied dan- 
 gers and conspiracies, that a father has no- 
 thing to fear among his children. Seeing 
 once one of his vessels ready to perish, he 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 Ijastened in a small boat to the assistance of 
 the crew, exclaiming, I liad rather clii- with 
 vou llian see ) ou jtcrisli. Nis most rcmaf- 
 kaljle sa)iiij>;s liave been piil>tishe(l under the 
 name ot" " tienic," liy Mcri de la Oanorgiie, 
 1705. 
 
 Alphonso I. king of I'ortugal, son of 
 Ilenrv oi" nuigiindy ol France, by 'I'hcresa 
 daughter ol' Aiplxinsct king of Leon, was on- 
 ly three years old at his lather's death. He 
 (iefealed li^e Moorish kings at the iiatllc of 
 Ouri(ine, C'JtIi July ll.i'J, i hough with a very 
 interior foi'ce ; and thus he raised liis coun- 
 try from a dependent state to a powfiful 
 monarchy, of siliich he was proclainie*! tlie 
 first sovereign by his victorious soldiers in 
 the field of battle. lie was afterwards de- 
 feated and taken prisoner by Ferdinand H. 
 of Castille, who nobly set him at liberty, lie 
 died Olh l)ecember 1185, aged 70. 
 
 Ai.i'HONSo II. king of Poi-tugal, succeed- 
 ed his father Sancho I'ill. He was engaged 
 in war with the Moors, and his reign was 
 unfortunately disturbed by a quarrel with 
 liis brothers. He died 25th March, 1223, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Alphonso III. king of Portugal, bi-other 
 of Sancho H. succeeded 1248. His reign 
 ■was disturbed by dissentions with his clergy 
 and with the pope. He died 10th February 
 1279, aged 69. 
 
 Alphonso TV. king of Portugal, siiccecd- 
 ded his father Dcnys, 1325. He was enga- 
 ged in war with the king of Castille, but af- 
 terwards assisted him against the Moors. 
 He was an able jjrince, popular and benevo- 
 lent, and underhini justice was administered 
 Avith great impartiaUty. He died 28th May 
 1357, aged 00. 
 
 Alphonso V. king of Portugal, surna- 
 med the African, succeeded his father Ed- 
 ward, though only six years old, 1438. He 
 made war in Africa, and took Arzilla and 
 Tangier from the Moch's, and he was also 
 engaged in a quarrel with Fei-dinand and Isa- 
 bella of Castille. He died of the plague at 
 Sintra 24th August, 1481, aged 49. During 
 his reign the Portuguese discovered Guinea, 
 and began to spread Christianity in that part of 
 Africfl. Alphonso was a givat patron of learn- 
 ing and in his character was very amiable. 
 
 Alphonso VI. king of Portugal, succeed- 
 ed his father John IV. His intellects pro- 
 ved to be weak, and in his conduct he exhib- 
 ited the tyrant and the madman. He abdi- 
 cated the crown in favor of his brother Don 
 Pedro, who presided over the state with the 
 title of regent. He also married the queen, 
 who asserted that her union with a madman 
 was not legal. Alphonso died at Cintra 12lh 
 September 1083, aged 41. 
 
 Alphonso, duke of Ferrara and Mode- 
 na, died 1534. 
 
 Alphonsus, Peter, a Jewish writer of 
 Spain. He Avas converted to Christianity, 
 and had Alphonso king of Arragon for his 
 sponsor 1100. He wrote a vindication of the 
 Christian religion, which was edited Cologne 
 1530. 
 
 Alpini, Prospero, a native of Marostica 
 
 in the Venetian territory, born 1553 Novem- 
 ber 23d. lie left the p't-ofcsbion of arms and 
 l)y the persuasion of his father applied him- 
 self to the stmly of botany and physic, ami 
 f)l)tained preferment in ihe uiiiversitv of 
 Fadiia. In 1580 he emh.tiked lor I'g)pt 
 with his friend Cieorgc Kmo or Hemi, ibc 
 consul <if the repidilic, and for thi-ee 3 ears 
 he w.is emidow-d along the Ijanks of ihe 
 Nile in learned researches, and in examining 
 the nature of ]»laiits. On bis return In; was 
 a|)p(iiiit'jd [)hysician to AndrewDtjria prince 
 of MeUi, but his residence at Genoa was dis- 
 pleasing t<i his countrymen, who were unwil- 
 lir.g to tie deprived of his great services and 
 abilities, and he wu« recalled in 1503, and 
 hounralily placed in the ])iofe.ssorial chair 
 of Fadua, which he iilled with dignity and 
 credit. As his health had been injured by 
 his travels he died at Fadua, 5th of Fel»ru- 
 ary 16)7, in his 04th year, and was buried 
 in St. Anthony's church witliout pomp. Hre 
 works, which are in Latin, are chiefly on bo- 
 tanical and medicinal .subjects, valuable ffiv 
 the curious itiformation which they contain. 
 They are, dcmedicimi il^gyptiorum, libri4, — 
 de plantis jT^2gypti, — de balsamo, — de prcesa- 
 gienda vita and morte tegrotorum, — de me- 
 dicina n\ethodica, — de raphantico <lisputatio 
 in gymnasio Patiivino habita, — de plantis ex- 
 oticis, &c. 
 
 Aluedus, Alfredus, or Aluredus, 
 a native of Beverley in Yoi'kshire, who after 
 studying at Cambridge became a secular 
 priest and treasurer of St. John's church in 
 his own town, lie is styled tlie J'.nglish Flo- 
 rus, from the I^atin history which he wrote 
 of the Britons from king Brutus, and Avhich 
 he afterwards brought down to Jiis own times. 
 This Avork is highly esteemed for its elegance 
 and perspicuity, and for the accuracy ofdatcs 
 and authorities. It was published by Hearne 
 at Oxford 1710 with a preface. Alredns 
 wrote besides an hist(n-y of Beverly, not 
 printed, but j>rescrved in tlie Cotton librarv. 
 He died 1120, or according to other j two or 
 three y.?ars latei-. 
 
 AlSxVHaravius, an Arabian physician, 
 author of Altasrif, a treatise in 32 books on 
 medical practice. He is supposed to be the 
 same person as AbulcaseuL He lived about 
 1085, or according to Dr. Friend, in 1404, 
 
 Alsop, Anthony, received his education 
 at AVestminster school and at Christ Church, 
 where dean Aldrich noticed his superior 
 abilities. After holding the offices of the 
 college with credit, he was recommended 
 to Trcb.wney bishop of Winchester, who 
 Avith a prebend promoted him to a tranquil 
 retire inent in the rectory of Bright well in 
 Berks. In 1717 he Avas sued by Airs. Eliza- 
 beth Astrcyof Oxford, for a breach of mar- 
 riage, and damages for 2000/. were given 
 against him; so that he retired abroad to 
 avoid the sneers of the censorious, as Avellas 
 to elude contributing with his purse to the 
 triumph of his fair one. The time of his 
 absence is not known. His death Avas occa- 
 sioned by a fall into a ditch from near his 
 garden dooi- June lOih, 1720. He possea- 
 
AL 
 
 AL 
 
 sed a poetical genius, which, however, was 
 not frequently exerted. He published early 
 jEsop's Greek fables, in the preface to 
 which he attacked Bentley. Some of his po- 
 ems are preserved in Dodsley's and Peach's 
 collections, and in the Gent, magazine. 
 
 Alsop, Vincent, a native of Northamp- 
 tonshire, who, after taking his first degree at 
 St. John's, Cambridge, and entering into or- 
 ders, became assistant in Oakham gi-ammar 
 school. lie married Mr. King's daughter, 
 by whose persuasion he left tlie church for 
 the prcsbytorian tenets. In his writings he 
 attacked Dr. Sherlock w ith humor and spi- 
 rit, and after residing at Wilby and Welling- 
 borough, and suffering imprisonment for six 
 iiiontlis during the prevailing persecution of 
 the times, he settled in London, where his 
 neighborhood to the court exposed liim to 
 misrepresentation and unkindness. After 
 the death of Charles II. he was reconciled to 
 kingly power, when James pardoned his only 
 son, whose life might have been forfeited 
 for treasonable practices. His life was spent 
 in the exercise of piety, and in the discharge 
 of his ministry ; but in his writings, which 
 were all on theological subjects, he displayed, 
 with a mixture of seriousness, powerful flash- 
 es of the wit with which nature had so strong- 
 ly gifted him. He died in an advanced age, 
 May 8th 1703. 
 
 Alstedius, John Henry, a protestant, 
 public professor of divinity at Nassau, and 
 afterwards at Alba Julia in Transylvania, 
 ■where he died 1638 in his 50th year. He is 
 best known for his Encyclopedia, which, 
 though in many places not sufficiently accu- 
 rate, yet obtained unusual popularity, and is 
 "beconie the foundation of all modern works 
 of the same kind. His Thesaurus Theolo- 
 gicus and his treatise on arithmetic are 
 equally esteemed, and show him to have 
 possessed a mind well stored with all the 
 treasures of literature. He defended the 
 doctrine of the millennium, and fixed the be- 
 ginning of Christ's reign on earth in 1694. 
 
 Alston, Charles, u Scotch piiysician, 
 who studied at GlasgoM', and after taking his 
 degrees at Leyden, settled at Edinburgh, 
 where he lectured on the Materia Medicaand 
 Botany. He is author of Tyrocinium Bo- 
 tanicum Edinburgcn^e, in which he censured 
 Linne's sexual system, 1753, — Lectures on 
 the Materia Medica, 2 vols. 4to. 1770, besides 
 some essays in the Edinburgh Medical Es- 
 says. He died 1760, aged 77. 
 
 Althamner, Andrew, a Lutheran min- 
 ister of Nuremburg, author of notes on Ta- 
 cita.s' treatise de German. Moribus, 4to. 
 1529, and 8vo. 1609, besides contro ersial 
 works. He died the latter part of the 16th 
 century. 
 
 Althusics, John, a German lawyer in 
 the 17th century, who inveighed against king- 
 ly power, and proved the sovereignty of the 
 people. His great opponent was Boeder. 
 
 Alt I LI us, Gabriel, a Neapolitan poet, 
 preceptor to Ferdinand son of the king of 
 Naples. He was a favorite of the court, and 
 his learningrccommended him to the bishop- 
 ric of Policastro, in 1471. Though some 
 
 imagine that he forsook the muses when rais- 
 ed to the episcopal throne, it is certain that 
 he wrote after that the first of his poems, his 
 epithalamium on the marriage of Isabella Of 
 Arragon, found in the Deliciae lialor. Poet. 
 Altiiius (lied in 1484, or according to Bayle 
 not before 1501. 
 
 Alting, Menson, a burgomaster of Gro- 
 ningen, author of the best description of 
 the Low Countries now extant, in folio 1697. 
 He died Aug. 2d, 1713, aged 76. 
 
 Altixg, Henry, was born atEmbden in 
 1583. He was the preceptor, the friend, and 
 the minister of the elector palatine, and sat 
 as one of the deputies of the palatinate at 
 the synod of Dort. He nearly^ escaped be- 
 ing killed by a soldier at the takiiig of Hei- 
 delberg, in 1622. He filled the theological 
 chair of Groningen from 1627 till his death 
 in 1644. His works, which are on religious 
 subjects, are numerous but little read. 
 
 Altixg, James son of the preceding, 
 was born at Heidelberg 27th Sept. 1618. 
 He studied at Groningen and Embden, and 
 afterwards passed into England, where he 
 w as ordained by Prideaux bishop of Wor- 
 cester. His determination to reside in Eng- 
 land was altered by the otter of the Hebrew 
 professorship at Groningen, which he accept- 
 led. In this new office it was his misfortune 
 to quarrel with Samuel des Marets, divinity 
 professor, who with obstinate zeal maintain- 
 ed the doctrines of the schoolmen, against 
 the simpler method of teaching which his 
 ant;igonist wished to introduce. Alting who 
 followed the scriptures, acquired popularity 
 by his lectures ; but he Avas soon impeached 
 by des Marets as an innovator, and the 21 ar- 
 ticles of his accusation, were carried before 
 the divines of Leyden, who acquitted the ac- 
 cused of heresy, though not of imprudence, 
 and passed a censure upon his accuser for 
 want of moderation. These differences which 
 had embittered his life, were at last, after 
 some htlle difficulties and objections settled 
 by the kind interference of their friends, on 
 the death-bed of des Marets, and though Al- 
 ting saw some illiberal passages still preserv- 
 ed in the new editions of the works of his an- 
 tagonist he might reflect with pleasure that 
 he had obtained his reconciliation before he 
 died. The three last years of his life were 
 subject to constiint pain and disease, and he 
 died at last of a fever in August 1679. His 
 works were printed in five vols, folio, Am- 
 sterdam 1687 containing practical philosoph- 
 ical, and problematical tracts. 
 
 Alton, Richard count d', an Austrian 
 general, who had the command of the Low 
 Countries in 1787. Though a strict disci- 
 plinarian and a man of bravery-, he betrayed 
 weakness during the insurrections in Bra- 
 bant 1789, for which he was .sent for to Vi- 
 enna, to clear his character. He died on the 
 journey Pith Dec. 1789. His brother dis- 
 tinguished himself against the Turks, and also 
 against the French at the siege of Valencien- 
 nes. He was killed near Dunkirk 24th Aug. 
 1793, much regretted as a good soldier and 
 an amiable man. 
 
 Altoviti, Marseille d', a Florentine 
 
'al 
 
 AM 
 
 lady, wlio sottlod at Mnrseillfis, ami devoted 
 fcerseUto the writinf,' of Italian poetry. Hor 
 nieces have been ptihlislied. Slie tlied 1G09. 
 
 A L u u E D, of Beverly, vid. A i. u E u i '3. 
 
 Ai.VA, Peter d', a Spaniard who travel- 
 led through I'eru, and in «lit1Vrent <M)nntri( s 
 of Kiiiope. Ih- died in tiie Low (!ountri<'S 
 in l(iG7, leaviii}^ a curious life of Saint J'r:u>- 
 cis, the saint v. iiose ordn- he had assumed. 
 
 Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez, duke of, a fa- 
 mous j^cncrsl descended from a noI»Ie and 
 ancient lauiily in Spain, lie early followed 
 the profession of arms, and was noticed l)y 
 Chai-les V. for his intrepidity at the battle of 
 Pavia and at the sicffc of Meutz. He was 
 intrusted with the expedition aj2;ainst the 
 lioly see, and after he had obliged the pope 
 to sue for peace, he repaired to Home, and 
 ■with superstitious mockery llirew himself at 
 the feet of the humbled pontift', and implo- 
 red his forgiveness. When the flame of lib- 
 erty was kindled in the Low Countries, no 
 general was considere<l as better calcidated 
 to repress the insurrection than Alva, and he 
 was accordingly sent with full powers by 
 Philip n. 1567. His measures were at first 
 crowned with success, the undisciplined for- 
 ces of his opponents sutik before his veterans, 
 but the minds of the people, w hich mildness 
 and humanity might have soothed and recon- 
 ciled to a foreign yoke, were alienated by the 
 carnage and devastation that spread over 
 their fields, under the direction of the gover- 
 nor and of his council, deservedly denomina- 
 ted the bloody tribunal. Alva hated for his 
 cruelties soon felt the tide of fortune, and of 
 unpopularity, set against him, and after ren- 
 dering his memory execrable in the Low 
 Countries for his inhumanity he solicited and 
 obtained his recall 1573. His abilities were 
 afterwards employed against Portugal, and he 
 had the good fortune to drive Don Antonio 
 from the throne 15S1, and thus to add fresh 
 laurels to his military fame. He died 15S2 
 aged 74, respected for his valor and presence 
 of mind as a general, but despised and de- 
 tested for his atrocities as a civil governor. 
 
 Alvares, Francis, a Portuguese priest 
 at the court of Emanuel. He was sent as 
 ambassador to David king of Abyssinia, and, 
 after a residence of six years in that distant 
 country, he returned to Europe, and pub- 
 lished an account of his adventures, and of 
 the country which he had visited. This his- 
 tory was translated into French, and abridged 
 also by Ramusius. Alvares died in 1540. 
 
 Alvares de Luxa, or Alvaro, natural 
 son of Don Alvaro de Luna by a common 
 prostitute, was born in 1388 He was in his 
 SUthyear introduced at the court of John H. 
 king of Castille, and so great was the power 
 which he gained over the mind of the mo- 
 narch, that the whole empire was at his dis- 
 posal. The nol)les ro<;e indignant against the 
 fovorite, and he was banished one year and 
 a half, but such was tlie king's partiality that 
 he was recalled and loaded with greater hon- 
 ors. For 30 years out of the 4.1 which he 
 spent at court, he possessed such an ascen- 
 dancy that the king could not change a min- 
 
 ister, or even alter lii.s «lict or his clothes, 
 w ithout the ap|trobation of the favorite. Acts 
 of tyranny and e.\tortioti, however, hastened 
 his ruin, he was artfully seized by his ene- 
 mies, and though lie tried by letter to soltea 
 the king to mercy, he was tri«d and 'senten- 
 ced to lose his head. His puui^hnient was 
 attended with every possible ignominy. On 
 the seaflbhl observing a hook on a pole he 
 asked the executioner what it nieant, and be- 
 ijig iidbrmed it was to suspend his head up- 
 on it, y(»u may, says he, do v hat you please 
 with my body alter I am dead, <Ieath can 
 bring no disgrace to a man of courage, nor 
 is it untimely to a man who has enj(»yed so 
 many honors. He bent his neck to the axe 
 with the coolest intrepidity 4th of June or 5th 
 of July 1453, exhibiting in his life and death 
 the danger and the uncertainty of royal fa- 
 vor improperly bestowed, and unworthily 
 enjoyed. 
 
 Alvarez, Emanuel, aPortuguese Jesuit, 
 born at Madeira 4th of June I5'2G. He dis- 
 lingui.shcd himself as a grammarian and phi- 
 lologist at the head of the colleges of Coira- 
 bra, Evora, and Lisbon. He died at Evora 
 30th Dec. 158'2. His grammar is highly es- 
 teemed. 
 
 Alvarez de Paz, James, a Jesuit born 
 at Toledo, author of some divinity tracts. 
 He died Jan 17th IG'20. 
 
 Alvarez, Diego, a Spanish Dominican, 
 who engaged in the controvery of the Thom- 
 ists against the Molniists. He was arch- 
 bishop of Trani in Italy and died 1G35. His 
 writings are all on polemical divinity. 
 
 Alvarotto, James, a learned law pro- 
 fessor at Padua, whose authority is frequent- 
 ly quoted by Italian lawyers. He died 1452 
 aged G8. His commentaria in libros feudo- 
 rum, appeared, Frankfort 1587, folio. 
 
 Alviano, Bartholomew, an illustrious 
 general in the service of Venice, who obtain- 
 ed some signal advantages over the arms of 
 the emperor Maximilian. He died 1515 in 
 his COth year at Brescia, and so poor that his 
 son w as maintained and his daughters mar- 
 ried, at the public expense. 
 
 Alyattes, a king of Lydia, who died ia 
 the 57th year of his reign B. C. 562. 
 
 Alvpius, a Platonic philosopher of the 
 fifth century, small in stature but gigantic in 
 mind. 
 
 Al YP I us, a geographer, employed in Bri- 
 tain and at Jerusalem, by the emperor Julian. 
 His description of the world was published 
 1628 at Geneva 4to. 
 
 Amadeddulat, the son of a fisherman, 
 rose by his abilities to the command of the 
 armies of Makan, Sultan of Decan, and at 
 last obtained possession of Persia, Irack and 
 Caramania, which he divided with his two 
 brothers. He fixed his residence at Shiraz 
 933 ; and was the first of the dynasty of the 
 Buides. He died 949 much regretted by his 
 soldiers and his subjects. 
 
 Amadeus V. count of Savoy, surnamed 
 the great, bravely defended Rhodes against 
 the Turks, and for this celebrated exploit 
 added to his arras the cross of Malta with 
 
AM 
 
 Aivf 
 
 theae letters F. E. II. T. fortltuilo ejus Rho- 
 dum tenuit. It is saiti that he hesieged 32 
 towns and took them all. He died at Avi_i;- 
 non iry'23. 
 
 Amadeus Vr. count of Savoy 1343, assis- 
 ted the Frencdi kiug John against the arms 
 of Edward III. of England, and afterwards 
 distinguished himself in (Irecce, by support- 
 ing John Paltcologus, against the king of Bul- 
 garia. He presented the Patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople, to the pope Urban \'. at \'iterbo, 
 and for his services was properly regarded 
 as the arbiter of the affairs of Italy. He died 
 of the plague 1383. 
 
 Amadeus VIII. count ofSavoy, surnamcd 
 the pacificator, succeeded Amadeus VII. in 
 1391. After he had erected Savoy into a 
 dutchy 1416, he retrred from his family to a 
 hermitage called Kipaille, where he institu- 
 ted 1434, the order of the secular knights of 
 the annunciation. In this retreat, in the 
 midst of every luxury, uith no appearance 
 of seclusion from the world, except in name, 
 he passed his time till 1439, when the coun- 
 cil of Basil elected him po])e, in opposition to 
 Eugenius IV. He quitted his hermifage for 
 this elevation, and cut off the venerable beard, 
 Avhich he had afl'ectedly permitted to grow 
 to a great length, and assumed the name of 
 Felix V. but as he found his enemies deter- 
 mined to support his rival, he abdicated the 
 tiara in favor of Nicholas V. the successor of 
 Eugenius, and remained satisfied with a car- 
 dinal's hat, and the office of dean of the sa- 
 cred college. He died 1451 aged 69, at 
 Geneva. 
 
 Amadeus IX. duke of Savoy succeeded 
 Lewis 1465, and was a bi-ave as well as a pop- 
 ular and charitable prince. His subjects, 
 \vho knew the goodness of his heart, gave 
 him the surname of the blessed. He had 
 married Volande of France, and he died 1472, 
 finiversally lamented. 
 
 Am.\deu3, a Franciscan monk, in Portu- 
 gal- He drew the public attention upf)n him 
 by his publication of some mystical revela- 
 tions at Rome, and died 14S'2. 
 
 Amadeus, bishop of Lausanne, died 1158. 
 He is author of a panegyric on tlie blessed 
 virgin, edited 1537 Basil. 
 
 Am a J A, Francis, a Spanish professor of 
 civil law at Ossuna and Salamanca. He died 
 at Vaila<lolid about 104O. His commentary 
 on the eight last books of the Code, i>rinted 
 Lyons 1039 folio, and his other treatises, were 
 highly valued. 
 
 Am ak, a Persian poet of the fifth centiiry, 
 at the conrtofthe sultan Khedar Khan, who 
 made him president of the academy of poets, 
 Avhich he had established. His poem on the 
 loves of .loseph and Zoleiskah was much ad- 
 mired. He lived to a great age. 
 
 A M A L A R I c or A MAURY, ki ng of t he Vi- 
 signths, son of AlaricII. succeeded his grand- 
 father Tlieodoric i[i 526. He married Clo- 
 tilda the daughter of Clovis king of France, 
 whom he attempted to convert to Arianism, 
 at firt by caresses, afterwards by threats and 
 violence, but in vain. The injurccl queen 
 at Tast conveycil, as a token of her misery, a 
 
 handkerchief covered with her blood to her 
 bi'others, in consequence of which Childebert 
 king of Paris marched against her oppressor, 
 and defeated him near Narbonne. Amala- 
 ric was put to death either as he fled from 
 the battle, or afterwards, by the hand of one 
 of his soldiers, 531. 
 
 Amalarius, Fortunatus, archbishop of 
 Treves, was ambassador of Charlemagne to 
 Constantinople. He died 814, and left a trea- 
 tise on baptism. 
 
 Amalarius, Symphosius, an ecclesiastic 
 of Mentz, author of a valuable book on the 
 ollkes and antiquities of the church. He di- 
 ed about 837. 
 
 AMAr.ASOXTHA, daughter of Theodoric 
 king of the Ostrogoths, v\as mother of Atha- 
 laric, by Eutharic. She inherited her fath' 
 ei-'s possessions as the guardian of her son, 
 but vhile, with the most enlightened views, 
 she wished to educate him in the manners 
 and leai'ning of her polished neighbors of 
 Rome, she offended her nobles, wlio conspi- 
 red against her, and obtained the government 
 of the young prince. Athalaric w as now no 
 longer instructed in the arts and habits of 
 polished life, but inured to debauchery, and 
 he sunk under the fatal power of licentious- 
 nesin his I7th year 534. The afflicted mo- 
 ther knew not how to support herself against 
 her rebellious subjects, but by taking as her 
 husband and her partner on the throne, her 
 relation Theodatus, but such is the force of 
 ingratitude, that this favored villain dispatch- 
 ed his unsuspecting queen, by causing her to 
 be strangled in a bath 534. She was univer- 
 sally regretted, as for learning and humanity 
 she had few equals. 
 
 Amalek, son of Eliphaz, the son of Esau, 
 was the founder of a nation which settler! iu 
 Iflumea, and made war against the Israelites, 
 under Saul and IJavid. 
 
 Amalric, Ajigcri, autlior of a history of 
 the popes, dedicated to Urban V. florished 
 in the l4th century. 
 
 Amalric, Ai-nold, archbishop of Nar- 
 bonne, animated the princes of Spain against 
 the Moors, and obtained a victory over them, 
 1212, of Avhich, as an ocular witness, he has 
 given an history. He died 1225. 
 
 AMAi-TiiiTiA, the name of the Sibyl of 
 Cumic, who sold her books to 'l'ar«|uin. 
 
 Amaltiieus, Jerome, John Bajjtisto, 
 and Cornelius, three brothers born at Oder- 
 zo, in Italy, equally celebrated for their poe- 
 try. The first studied philosophy and medi- 
 cine, the second was secretary at the coun- 
 I cil of Trent, and the last ap])Iieil himself to 
 j literature, and trajislated the catechism of 
 , the council into Latin. Among their poems 
 ' i)rinted at Amsterdam 1685, and in 1728, in 
 I 8vo. is the fnllowing delicate epigram on two 
 ' beautiful children wlio had lost each an eve. 
 
 jAimine .Icon dextro, capta est Leonilla 
 sinistra ; 
 Et poieret forma vincere uterguc Deo.t. 
 
 Parve piier, lumen quod /tubes, concede 
 sorori, 
 
 Sic til Ctvcus Amor, sic erit ilia Venn.t. 
 They arc said by L'advocat to have died al? 
 
AM 
 
 three in 157-i. Tlicre was an arclibishop of 
 Athens of the same name, Altilius, who died 
 about ICUO, ilUistiious lor his learning and 
 disintei-este<i spirit, lie went as nuncio from 
 Paul \ . to Cologne. 
 
 Am A MA, Sivtinus, a Hebrew professor at 
 Franeker, wiio refu^>ed the liljeral offers olthe 
 university of Leydcn, wliich wished him to 
 succeed to the vacant chair of lirpenius. 
 He was hjiig employed in the great design of 
 refuting and ceiisuiing the vulgatc translation 
 which had received the sanction of the council 
 of Trent. This learned work called " Anti- 
 barbarus Bil)licns'" was to consist of two 
 parts, but only orie Mas published before 
 Amaiua died, and so po\>erful were his ar- 
 gitments, that some synods refused to admit 
 candidates to holy orders except they per- 
 fectly understood Hebrew and Greek origi- 
 nals. His precepts and exasDple were suc- 
 cessfully employed in cliecking the dissolute 
 and intemperate manners which prevailed 
 in tlie university of Franeker, and after 
 Iiis death in 1029, the gratitude of the people 
 of Frieshtnd for his memory was shown in 
 their generous coniiuct towards his children, 
 as his son Nicholas acknowledges in a dedi- 
 cation to his Disseriat. marinarum dctas. 
 He was in 1 013 at Oxford, and taught for some 
 time Hebrew in E.M.Ler College. 
 
 Amand, Mark Anthony Gerard, Sieur de 
 St. born at Ilouea in Normandy 1594, distin- 
 guished himself as a poet on comic, burlesque 
 and amorous subjects. His father had the 
 command of a squadron of ships under Eli- 
 zabeth of England for 22 years, and he him- 
 self employed the greatest part of his life in 
 ti'avelling. He was one of the first members 
 of the Fi-ench academy, and instead of spea- 
 king a public oration, he undertook to make 
 a collection of burlesque terms and expres- 
 sions for the dictionary which that learned 
 hody intended to publish. His " Moise 
 Sauve" and his " Solitude" were mucli ad- 
 mired, but have since been neglected or for- 
 gotten. In a poem on the moon it is said 
 that he praised the skill of Lewis XIY. in 
 swimming, a compliment which the mon- 
 arch disdained, and which so affected the 
 poet that he did not long survive the indiffer- 
 ence with which his muse was treated. He 
 died 1661 in his 67th year. 
 
 Amand, St. a bishop of Bourdeaux 404. — 
 Another, bishop of Maestrichtwho converted 
 the Low Countries to Christianity. He died 
 679. 
 
 Am ARAL, Andrew d', a Portuguese of the 
 order of Malta who betrayed Rhodes to So- 
 lyman. He was put death 1522. 
 
 Amaseus, Romulus, a learned professor 
 of Bologna, author of some orations, and of 
 a translation of Pausanias. He died 1558. 
 His son Pompilius published a translation of 
 part of Polybius, and was professor of Greek, 
 at Bologna. 
 
 Amasis, a king of Egypt who died about 
 525 B. C. 
 
 Amatvs de Portugal, a physician about 
 1550, whose real name was John Rod de 
 Castelbranco. TTo travelled through FiUrope, 
 VOL. 1. f) 
 
 AM 
 
 an«l wrntc commentaries on Dioscorides, 
 Avicenua, 8cc. 
 
 Amauui, d<; (Jhartres, aprofes.sor of phi- 
 losophy born at Honiie near Chartres in the 
 l;3th century. He formed a new system of 
 religion on the metaphysics of Aristotle, and 
 acknowledged three persons in the Godhead, 
 which he con.sidcred as the primary cause of 
 matter from which all beings are created. 
 He supposed that there would he three 
 epochs is the government of the world as 
 there were three persons in tho trinity. 
 Fhe reign of (iod he limited to the extinction 
 of the law of Moses, that of the Son was to 
 last as long as the Christian religion, after 
 which woidd succeed the empire of the Holy 
 Ghost when men would offer only a spiritual 
 vvorship to the Supreme Being. These opin- 
 ions were violently resisted, and Amauri 
 having appealed to the Pojjc was condemned 
 by him, and for fear of punishment retracted 
 his pernicious doctrines, and soon after died 
 at St. Mai'tin des Champs of disappointment. 
 His most zealous disciple was Dizant. 
 
 Amauri, king of Jerusalem after Bald- 
 win in 1162, was unsuccessful in an expedi- 
 tion against Egypt, and died 11th July, 1173, 
 in his 38th year. In his character he was brave 
 and warlike, but avaricious and cruel. 
 
 Amauri II. was king of Cyprus and of Je- 
 rusalem, after his brother Guy de Lusignau 
 1164, and lie married Isabella the second 
 daughter of the preceding, who had laid 
 claims to his crown. He was unsuccessful 
 in his wars against the Saracens, and died 
 1205, before succours arrived from the Chris- 
 tian princes of Europe to support him against 
 the infidels. 
 
 Amaziah, succeeded his father Joash, 
 r.s kingof Judah, in his 25th year. He made 
 war against the Edomites, and with the as- 
 sistance of Israel, conquered them in the \ al- 
 ley of Salt, but grown proud of his victory, 
 he threatened his allies and attacked them. 
 The invasion proved fatal to himself. He 
 was taken prisoner, and at last put to death 
 by his subjects, 810 B. C. 
 
 A mboise, Francois d', son of a surgeon, 
 of Charles IX. of France, rose to the rank of 
 counsellor of state by his learning and indus- 
 try. He published the works of Abelard, 
 and wrote several pieces for the theatre, 
 which he refused to print. One of these, 
 however, the Neapolitans, was published by 
 the interference of his friends, and was most 
 universally applauded. He died in the be- 
 ginning of the 17th century. — His brother 
 Adrian, author of the tragedy of Holofernes, 
 Mas bishop of Tregulier, and died 1G16. — 
 James, another brother, studied medicine, 
 and was rector of the university of Paris. 
 Some of his orations are preserved. He di- 
 ed of the plague 1606. 
 
 Amboise, George d', of the house of 
 Amboise in France, was born in 1460 and 
 educated for the church, and at the age of 
 14 elected bishop of Montauban. After the^ 
 death of Lewis XI. lie favored the party of 
 tl'.e «luke of Orleans, and for a while shared 
 his disgrace, but his abilities were, however. 
 
AM 
 
 AM 
 
 re-warded bj the archbishopric of Narbonnc, 
 wlich he exchanged for Rouen. As deputy 
 of Orleans he restored tranquillity and confi- 
 dence in the i)rovince of Kouen, and for his 
 great services v\as promottd to the dange- 
 rous office of prime minister, when his pat- 
 ron, after the death of Charles the "\'III. as- 
 cended the tlw'one, under the name of Lewis 
 XII. In th'S high situation he deservedly 
 ac(juired popularity. Instead of rasing the 
 taxes, he diminished the hurdcns of tlie 
 people, and, by mixing economy with pru- 
 dence, he maintained the honor and glory 
 of the French name. The Milanese was 
 conquered, and added to the kingdom. Abu- 
 ses were corrected , and the administration 
 of justice was rendered more quick and im- 
 partial, so that no longer power or opultiice, 
 but equity, guided the decision of the judge. 
 Amboise, who had obtained a cardinal's hat, 
 aspired to the papal chair, but the intrigues 
 of the Italian bishops were too powerful for 
 his integrity, and he was disappointed. He 
 died of the gout in his stomach at Lyons, in 
 his 50th year, 1510, He left behind him a 
 popular character, and though his genius 
 was not gigantic, nor his counsels guided by 
 ambition, yet he possessed firmness and ener- 
 gy, and he exhibited disinterestedness which 
 awed cibal and intrigue into admiration. 
 His nephew George succeeded him in his 
 archbishopric, and was raised also to the dig- 
 nity of cardinal. He died 1550. 
 
 Amboise. Michael d', of Chevillan, au- 
 thor of several epistles, complaints, ballads, 
 epitaphs, &c. florished in the 16th century. 
 Amboise, Aimery d', brother to the car- 
 dinal, was famous for the naval \ictoiy which 
 he obtained over the Sultan of Egjpt 1510. 
 He died in his 78th year, 8th November, 
 1512. 
 
 Amboise, Frances d', a lady celebrated 
 for the improvement whicli she introduced 
 in the manners and the sentiments of the 
 Brttons. She was wife of Peter II. duke of 
 Britanny, whose great inhumanity towards 
 her she bore with Christian resignation. 
 After his death, 1437, she refused to marry 
 the duke of Sa\oy, and retired to the tran- 
 quillity of a convent, where she died 1485. 
 
 Ambkogi, Antony Marie, professor of 
 eloquence at Rome, was eminent for his 
 learning, his taste, and his eloquence. He 
 published various works, and died at Rome 
 1788, aged 75. 
 
 Ambrose, Saint, arclibishop of Milan, 
 died 4th April 397, aged 57. He is famous 
 for his zeal in the cause of Christianity, for 
 his learning, and for the noble severity with 
 •vfhich he censured and corrected the empe- 
 ror Theodosius, who had barbaroa.sly order- 
 ed several innocent persons to be put to 
 death at Thcssalonica. He is said to have 
 composed that pious hymn *' Te deum." 
 
 Ambrose, deacon of Alexandria, was of 
 an opulent family. He was the patron of 
 Origen by whose eloquence he had been 
 converted to Christianity. He died 250 at 
 Alexandria. His letters mentioaed bj Saint 
 Jerome, are lost. 
 
 Ambrose, of the order of Camaldoii, was 
 born at Poitico in Romania, and distinguish- 
 ed himself by his fluency in the Greek 
 tongue at the councils of Basil, Ferrara, and 
 Florence. He translated several Greek au- 
 thors, and died 2lst October, 1439. 
 
 Ambrose, de Lombez, Pere, a capuchin, 
 author of a tract on inward Peace, and ot" 
 letters spirituelles esteemed for their good 
 sense, moderation and piety. He is extolled 
 as a man of uncommon meekness and hu- 
 manity. He died 25th October 1778, at St. 
 Saviour near Bareges, aged 70. 
 
 Ambrose, Isaac, descended of the Am- 
 broses of Ambrose-liall in Lancashire, was 
 of Brazen Nose college, Oxford, 1621, and 
 took orders, which however he renounced, 
 to adopt the principles of the presbyterians 
 in the civil wars. As he was in indigent cir- 
 cumstances he was often, says "Ward, re- 
 lieved by William eaxl of Bedford, and he 
 became a preacher atGarstang and Preston, 
 and distinguished himself by his vehement 
 zeal in ejecting the ministers of the estab- 
 lished church. He pubHshed a few tracts, 
 one of which " looking unto Jesus" was in 
 high repute among Calvinists, and died of an 
 apoplexy. 
 
 Ambrosini, Bartholomew, was profes- 
 sor of medicine and botany in his native city 
 of Bologna, and published several learned 
 books on tlie studies which he so much loved 
 and adorned. The best known of his works 
 are Panaciea ex herbis quae a Sanctis deno- 
 minantur, 8vo. 1630 — Historia capsicorum 
 cum iconibus, 12mo. — The odorica medicina 
 1632, 4to— He died 1657. 
 
 Ambrosini, Hyacinth, brother and suc- 
 cessor of the preceding, in the care of the 
 botanical garden of Bologna, wi'ote some 
 treatises on the names and synonimes of 
 plants discovered in the 17th century. 
 
 Ambrosius, Aurelianus, a prince of Ar- 
 morica who came, 457, to assist the Britons 
 in the expulsion of the Saxons, w hom Vor- 
 tigern had invited into the kingdom. After 
 the death of Vortigern, he was placed on the 
 throne of Britain, as the I'eward of his me- 
 ritorious services, and he reigned with great 
 popularity. He died at Winchester 508. 
 Arthur is said to have been his eleve 
 
 Ambrosivs, Catharinus Politus, a learn- 
 ed Dominican, fifterwards arclibishop of 
 Compsa, in the kingdom of Naples. In his 
 works, which are scriptural, some of his 
 tenets are erroneous, and he is, therefore, 
 according to Bellarmine, to be read with 
 caution. He died at Naples 1552. 
 A .M E D E r s, vid. A m a d e u s. 
 A melius, Gentilianus, a. Platonic philo- 
 sopher in the third century, disciple to Plo- 
 tinus. 
 
 Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham 
 Nicolas, a native of Orleans 1634, sent as 
 secretary to the French ambassador at Ve- 
 nice. His writings were numerous, but some 
 of ihem gave such offence that he was con- 
 fined in the Bastile. His most popular 
 works were his translation of father Paul's 
 history of the council of Trent, and his 
 
AM 
 
 AM 
 
 >^' Com*tiev," Iransluttil from Baltasar's 
 Ciratiaii's oraculo manual. He also transla- 
 ted Machiavcrs Prince, and the six lirs> books 
 ofTacitus's annals, and wrote a picliminary 
 discern rse for the treaties of pcac- between 
 the i'rciuli kiii.u;s and the princes of F.ui'opc, 
 &c. He died at I'aris 1700, aged nearly 7;i. 
 
 Amelot, Ucnis, a French writer born 
 at Saintongo IGOO. In his life of (Miai-les de 
 Ciondren, one of the superiors of the Oratory 
 founded by Philip of Neri, he spoke willt 
 severity of the abbe St Cyran, and drew 
 upon himself the hatred of the gentlemen of 
 Port Royal. He however disregarded the 
 sni-casniscl their attack, and had inlluence 
 enough in the Sorbonne, and with chancellor 
 Seguier to prevent their obtaining the royal 
 license to print the translation of (he New- 
 Testament, which they had just completed. 
 Further, to thwart their views, he published 
 a translation himself in 4 v(»ls. 8vo. which 
 though not free from error had yet its ad- 
 mirers. In his old age, Amelot solicited his 
 friends in power for a bishoi)ric, bnt though 
 he had supported their cause against the so- 
 ciety of Port Royal he w as refused in his ap- 
 plication. He became meiiiber ot the Orato- 
 ry 1650, and died there 1678. He published 
 besides, a harmony of the gospels, 12mo. — 
 an abridgment of theology, 4to. 
 
 Amerbach, John, a native of Swabia, 
 distinguished for his learning, and more as 
 being one of the first printers, who, instead 
 of the Gothic and Italian, recommended 
 the round an<l perfect Roman letter. He 
 settled with success at Uasil with Froben, 
 anddied in 1515. His son John was professor 
 of law at Basil, and Syndic, and the friend of 
 Erasmus. He died 1562, aged 67. 
 
 Amerbach, Vitus, a native of Bavaria, 
 professor of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, w here 
 he died 1550, aged 70. He translated into 
 Latin, the orations of Demosthenes, and Iso- 
 crates, and wrote besides Commentaries on 
 Cicero, the Tristia of Ovid, Horace's Art of 
 Poetry, &c. 
 
 Americus, Vesputius, a native of Flo- 
 rence, whose mind was early bent to mathe- 
 matics and na^'agation. The fame of Colum- 
 bus attracted his notice, and determined to 
 rival his glory, he obtained from Ferdinand 
 king of Spain a squadron of 4 ships, with 
 Avhith he sailed from Cadjz 1497. During 
 this voyage, which lasted 18 months, he visited 
 the coast of Paria and Terra Firma along the 
 Mexican gulf, and in a subsequent enter- 
 prise the following year with six ships, he ex- 
 tended his discoveries to the Antilles and the 
 shores of Guiana and Vennezueia. On his 
 return in 1500, he was received by the Span- 
 ish court with a coolness which his services 
 ill deserved ; but his discontent was forgotten 
 Hnder the patronage of Emanuel of Portu- 
 gal, who furnished him with three ships in 
 May, 1501. In this third voyage, Americus 
 discovered the Brazils from La Plata to the 
 coast of Patagonia, and he returned to Lis- 
 bon September 1502. A fourth voyage was 
 Undertaken with six ships, with the in- 
 tention of proceeding to the Molucca islands 
 
 in a soutliern direction along the American 
 coast, bnl he was detained by contrary uiiids 
 for live months near the rivei- (^irabadcj, and 
 the want of pro\isioris obliged him to return 
 to Europe. Americus died in the island of 
 Tercei-a in 151i,age«l 6.5. He published an 
 entertaining account of his >oyages, but he 
 is become illustriou-s ab he obtained the sin- 
 gulai- honor of gi\ing his nami- to the m.'w 
 w(»rlil, and thus monopolized the glory which 
 was due to the genius, and the enterprises of 
 the great Columbus. He has been accused 
 by the Si)anish w riters«f giving false ilatvs to 
 his writings, that he n)iglit ( stablish a prior- 
 ily of discovei-y before his rival, 'i'he remains 
 of his ship, the A ictory, were preserved by 
 the kiiig of Portugal in the cathedral of Lis- 
 bon. 
 
 Ames, William, a native of Norfolk, who, 
 after being educated at Christ's college Cam- 
 bridge, left his country, V. here hisCalvinisti- 
 cal tenets were becoming unpopular, and 
 settled as professor in the university of Fran- 
 eker in Holland. Here he enjoyed fame and 
 independence, but as the air of the place was 
 too sharp for his asthmatic constitution, he 
 removed to Rotterdam with the intention of 
 passing into New England. He, however, di- 
 ed at Rotterdam Nov. 1633, aged 57. He 
 was a learned divine, and his writings were 
 voluminous, and all on controversial subjeets, 
 the principal of which is Medulla Theologica. 
 His son ^\ illiam was ejected for nonconfor- 
 mity, from the living of Wrentham in Suflblk 
 in 1662, and died 1689, aged 06. He publish- 
 ed a sermon, " the saint's security against 
 the seducing spirits," &ic. 
 
 Ames, Joseph, a shii)-cliandler of \Vap- 
 ping, who, in an advanced period of life, studi- 
 ed antiquities, and rose by his genius and ap- 
 plication to consequence, and to tlic secreta- 
 ryship of the society of Antiquaries. He 
 pubished an account of the earliest pi'inters, 
 with a register of the books wl-.ich tliey prin- 
 ted, in 4to. 1749, besides the list of Lnglish 
 heads engraved and mezzotinto, See. in Svo. 
 He also compiled the '* parentalia", fioni 
 Wren's jiapers. He died Oct. 7,1759, and 
 the following year his curious collection of 
 fossils, shells, medals, &c. was sold by pub- 
 lic auction. His daughter manied Captain 
 Dampier in the East India sea service. 
 
 Amherst, Jeftery lord, an English gene- 
 ral of considerable celebritv, descended 
 from an ancient family seated at Sevenoaks 
 in Kent. He was born 1727, and at the age 
 of 14 embraced the military profession. In 
 1741 he was aid -de-camp to geueral Ligonicr 
 at the battles of Dettingen, Fontcnoy, and 
 Rocoux, and in 1756 he obtained the colo- 
 nelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. His 
 abilities and experience w ere now called into 
 action ; he was employed 1758 at the siege of 
 Louisbourg, and was made governor of Vir- 
 ginia, and commander in chief of the forces 
 in America, and, in this part of the world, 
 the fall of Niagara, Ticonderago, Queliec, 
 and Montreal, w ith the submission of all 
 Canada, marked tho progress of his judicious 
 and successful measures. His great services 
 
AM 
 
 AM 
 
 were honorably rewarded by the court ; he 
 was made a knight of tlie bath, in 1771 ap- 
 ponited governorof Guernsey, the next )-ear 
 lieutenant general of tlie ordnance, and in 1776 
 created baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 
 1778 he was made commander in chief, and 
 in 1782appointed goldstick, and, though upon 
 the change of ministry, these offices were 
 withdrawn, he was again reinstated in 1793, 
 when two years after, lie resigned the com- 
 mand of the forces to the duke of York, and 
 was raised to the rank of field marshal. 
 He died 1798, and was buried at Sevenoaks. 
 Though twice married, he had no issue, and 
 liis titles therefore have devolved to his ne- 
 phew. 
 
 Amhurst, Nicholas, a native of Mardcn 
 in Kent, educated at Merchant Taylors' 
 school, and St. John's Oxford, from which 
 last he was expelled on a charge of irregu- 
 larity. This disgrace, which he attributed to 
 the liberality and freedom of his opinions, 
 and to his attachment to the Hanover succes- 
 sion, he severely resented, and all his powers 
 of satire and abuse were exerted against the 
 university and its members, in his " Oculus 
 Britannia," and " Terrse filius," published in 
 two vols. 12mo. 1726. After his expulsif)n he 
 settled in London as a professional writer, 
 but his most successful undertaking was the 
 conducting of the " Craftsman," a paper of 
 which 10 or 12 thousand copies Avere daily 
 dispersed, and which for a series of years 
 guided the public taste in politics, and awed 
 the adminstration into measures of populari- 
 ty. In this he was occasionally assisted by 
 lord Bolingbroke, and Mr. Pulteney, and 
 others ; but his own productions were little 
 inferior to the papers of these celebrated 
 leaders of opposition. When the act for li- 
 censing plays was passed, a letter in the 
 name of Oolley Gibber appeared in the Crafts- 
 man, July 2d, 1737, to ridicule the check 
 which the law had placed upon the effusions 
 of poetry, and this so offended the ministry 
 that the printer was siezed, but Amhurst sur- 
 rendered himself, and after being imprisoned, 
 and refusing to give bail for his good beha- 
 viour, he obtained his release by bringing his 
 habeas corpus, and the prosecution was drop 
 ped. On the reconciliation of the opposition 
 to the court, his services, which for 20 years 
 ]iad been exerted in the cause of his parlia- 
 mentary friends, were forgotten, and the ne- 
 glect with which he was treated depressed 
 his spirits, and probably hastened his dissolu- 
 tion. He died of a fever at Twickenham A- 
 pril 2rth 1742, and was buried at the expense 
 of Richard Franklin, his printer. Though 
 his morals were impeachable, and his integ- 
 rity of a doubtful appearance, yet the in- 
 gratitude which marked the evening of his 
 days, reflects dishonor on the name of Bo- 
 lingbroke and Pulteney, and prove that vir- 
 tue and honesty are seldom found with the 
 great, unmixed with interested and ambiti^)us 
 views. 
 
 Ami coNijGiacomo, a Venetian who came 
 to England in 1729, and was employed with 
 sutcegs as a portrait and history painter. 
 
 He adorned the staircase of Powis house, 
 Ormond street, with the story of Judith and 
 Ilolofernes, and the hall of More-park house 
 in Herts with the fable of Jupiter and lo. In 
 1736 Amiconi went to Paris, and marr}'ing 
 an Italian singer, he returned three years 
 after to his own country. He afterwards visi- 
 ted Spain, and was made painter to the king, 
 and died at Madrid, Sep. 1752. 
 
 Amicus, Antony, an ecclesiastic of Paler- 
 mo, historiographer royal to Philip IV. of 
 Spain, and author of a chronological history 
 of the bishops of Syracuse, of SiciliK regum 
 annates ab anno 1060, usque ad prreseussecu- 
 lum. He died at Palermo 1641. 
 
 Ami^j-Ben-Haroux, the sixth calif of 
 the house of the Abbassides, was son of 
 Aaron Raschid, to whom he succeeded. He 
 was wantonly cruel, and imprudent in his 
 generrJ conduct, and was at last conquered 
 and put to death by Thalier, his brother Al- 
 mamoun's general 822, after a shoi't reigu 
 of five years. 
 
 Amiral, Henry, a native of Auzolet in 
 Auvergne, known during the French revolu- 
 tion for his attempt to assassinate Collot d' 
 Herbois and Robespierre, and thus to rid 
 France of her tyrants. He was seized in tlie 
 fact and condemned to die. He suffered 
 with great intrepidity 1792. 
 
 Amman, Paul, of Breslau, was professor 
 of medicine at Leipsic. He wi"ote some bo- 
 tanical tracts, and died 1600. 
 
 Amman, John Conrad, a Swiss physician 
 successfully employed in teaching the deaf 
 to speak in France and Holland. He pub- 
 lished a curious account of the method he 
 pursued in two tracts called Surdus loquens, 
 and died at Amsterdam about 1730. 
 
 Ammanati, Bartholomew, a native of 
 Florence, eminent as a sculptor and archi- 
 tect. Many of the Italian cities, especially 
 Rome, contained specimens of his labors and 
 genius. He wrote a work called Cita, with 
 designs for all the public and ornamental 
 buildings necessary in a capital. He died 
 1586 in his 75th year, or according to some 
 in 1592. 
 
 Ammanati, Laura Battiferri, wife to the 
 preceding, was daughter of John Antony 
 Battiferri, and born at Urbino. She became 
 celebrated for her genius and learning. Her 
 poems which abound with excellent morality, 
 are esteemed high among the productions of 
 the Italian muse. She was one of the mem- 
 bers of the Intronati academy at Sienna, and 
 died at Florence, November 1589, aged 70. 
 
 Ammianus, Marcellinus, a Latin histo- 
 rian. He wrote in 31 books the Roman histo- 
 rv from Nerva to the death of Valens, and 
 died about 390. 
 
 Ammtrato, Scipio, a native of Lucca in 
 the kingdom of Naples. He was intended 
 for the law, but he took orders, and, after a 
 wandering and unsettled life through Italy, 
 he fixed his residence at Florence under the 
 patronage of the grand duke who gave him 
 a canonry in the cathedral. He wrote the 
 history of Florence in 2 vols, folio, besides nu- 
 merous other tracts of Italian both in prose 
 
AM 
 
 AM 
 
 and verso, and died tlierc, the 30lh January 
 ICOO, in liis OlHli year. 
 
 Ammo M,<.lte proj^cnilnroftlic Animoniu.s, 
 the tui-biilciit ciicniics of Isratl, Mas sou «) 
 Lot and lived about IU(K) IJ. C. 
 
 Am MOM us, a I'rriiiattlic pliilosoidur, 
 preci-ptor to IMularili. — Anotlicr jiliiioso- 
 pher in tlie 6lh ccnluiy, son of llennias ol 
 Alexandria, (iiscii»lf ol Pi-oilus, ami aiilhor 
 of commentaries on ArisUille and I'oipiiyry, 
 and also of a Lexicon of Greek synonymcs, 
 printed N'enicc 1497. 
 
 Ammo Nil's, Saccus, a philosopher in the 
 3d century, founder of tiie Kclectic sect. He 
 is said to liavo rejected the Cliristian religion 
 in uliich he Mas educated, and to have estab- 
 lished a school at Alexandria, in whicli he at- 
 tempted to reconcile the tenets of Aristotle 
 and Plato. Longimis was in the number of 
 his pupds. He died A. U. 243. 
 
 Ammonius, Livinus, a Carthusian monk 
 of Flanders esteemed by Erasmus for his 
 learning;, piety, and other excellent qualities. 
 lie died at (ihent 155(). 
 
 Ammo Ni us, a surgeon of Alexandria sui-- 
 named Lithotomist because he first adopted 
 the present mode of extracting the stone 
 from the bladder. 
 
 Am MO Ni us, Andrew, a native of Lucca 
 ■«'ho settled in England and lived for a while 
 under the patronage and in the house of Sir 
 Thomas More. He was intimate with Eras- 
 mus and corresponded with him. He was 
 made secretary to Henry VHI. ai»d employ- 
 ed in a public character by pope Leo X. He 
 died of that dreadful disease the sweatir.g 
 sickness, in 1517 in his 40th year, and was 
 greatly lamented by Erasmus. He wrote 
 sonie poetical trifles in Latin of considerable 
 merit. 
 
 Amontons, William, an eminent me- 
 chanic, born in Normandy 31st August IGftr). 
 When at school at Paris he was siezed with 
 such deafness that he gave up all pursuits 
 of a public nature, and devoted himself to 
 the study of gcometi-y, and of the invariable 
 laws, which regulate the motion of the plan- 
 ets. He suggested some improvements in 
 the structure of barom.eters and thermome- 
 ters, on which he published a treatise, and 
 he invented a method for the rapiil commu- 
 nication of intelligence from one place to the 
 other, which has lately been ado[)ted under 
 the appellation of telegraph. Much of his 
 time was employed in consti'ucting a new 
 hour-glass for the use of the navy, which 
 might not be stibject to the irregularities of 
 sudden and violent motion, and in his new- 
 theory of friction which he read to the royal 
 academy in 1699, he evinced the penetration 
 of his genius, the delicacy of his judgment, 
 and the exactness of his experiments. He 
 died of an inflammation in his bowels, 11th 
 October 1705, aged 42. 
 
 Amort, Eusebius, a learned ecclesiastic 
 of Bavaria. His works are in Latin, and 
 chiefly on theological subjects. He died 25th 
 November 1775, aged 82. 
 
 Amory, Thomas, D. D. in the university 
 «>f Edinburgh, was son of a grocer at Taun- 
 
 ton in Somersetshire, and distinguisheil hiiu- 
 sclf as a preacber among the ilissenters. 
 After passing tbe greatest part of his life 
 near tlie place of his nativity, as i)ublic tcuclt- 
 cr, and aa instructor of youth, he removed to 
 London Mliere he formed an intimate ac- 
 <|uainlanc«: with the ino'^t respectable mem- 
 bers of his persuasion. He was a hold as- 
 sert<jr of tf)leration, and therefore, warmly 
 espoused tlie cause ui those who solicited 
 ibe repeal of the test act. In his general 
 conduct Dr. .Nmoi-y was exemplary, liis dis- 
 courses from the pulpit were excellent, but 
 perhaps too serious ami philosophical ior the 
 vulgar apprehenri'Jii. His writings, which 
 were mostly on theological subjects, have 
 been enumerated by Or. Kippis, liiogr. Brit. 
 I. p. 178. He «licd on the 24lli of .lune 1774 
 in his 74th year, and was buried in Bunhill 
 fields burial grounds. 
 
 Amory, Thomas, Esq. an eccentric cha- 
 racter, sou of counsellor Amory who went 
 w ith king William to Ireland, and acquired 
 considerable property in tlie county of 
 (Jlare. Young Amory was not born in Ire- 
 land though he resided there, and frequently 
 accompanied dean Swift in his walks and ex- 
 cursions round Dublin, Avithout being known. 
 He afterwards lived in Orchard-street, 
 Westminster, about 1757, Avith his wife and 
 a son who acquired reputation as a jihysician 
 during a residence of 27 years at Wakefield. 
 The most remarkable of his ])ublications arc 
 his " memoirs on the lives of several ladies,'* 
 Svo. 1755, and in 12mo. 2 vols, and his life of 
 John Buncle, Esq. 4 vols. 12mo. Intliislast 
 ho is supposed to give a description of him- 
 self. He is said by a person who knew him 
 to have had a peculiar look, though not with- 
 out the deportment of the genileman. His 
 application to his studies was intense, and his 
 walks through the most crowded streets 
 exhibited him w ra])ped in the deepest me- 
 ditation and inattentive to what surrounded 
 him. He died at the advanced age of 97, in 
 May 1789. 
 
 Amos, the third of the 12 minor prophct.s, 
 was a shepherd at Tekoa. He prophesied 
 in ti>e reigns of Jehoram king of Israel and 
 Uzziah, king of Judab, and his prophecies 
 contained in 9 chapters are Avritten in a very 
 ]dain unadorned style. He died about 785 B. 
 C. The father of tlie prophet Isaiah is also 
 called Amos. 
 
 Amour, William de St. a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and canon of Bouvais, v\ as born at 
 St. Amour in Franche Comte. His book on 
 the perils of h.tter times m as condemned by 
 pope Alexander IV'. and he himself was 
 banished to his native town. He was author 
 of several other works, and died September 
 13, 1272. 
 
 Amour, Louis Gorin de St. a doctor of 
 the Sorbonne, author of a journal of what 
 passed at Home during his attenuance there 
 before the pope in favor of some French 
 bishops of the persuasion of tlie Janscnists. 
 He w as expelled from the .Sorbonne for not 
 signing Arnand's condemnation, and died 
 16S7. 
 
AM 
 
 AM 
 
 AmurAth in. succeeded his father Se>» 
 lim II. 1575, and to secure himself in the 
 possession of the throne, he caused his five 
 brothers to be assassinated. This act of 
 cruelty so affected his motlier that she des- 
 troyed herself Amurath like the race of 
 Mahomet was valiant, and he added several 
 of the Persian provinces to his dominions. 
 He died 18th Jan. 1595, aged 50. 
 
 Amurath I. succeeded his uncle Musta- 
 
 pha in 1622, and was like his predecessors 
 
 given to cruelty, and engaged in war. He 
 
 I took Bagdad, 30,0U0 of whose inhabitants he 
 
 put to the sword, though he had promised 
 
 , them protection. He died in 1640, aged 31, 
 
 j of excessive intoxication. 
 
 I Amy, N. advocate of the parliament o^ 
 
 • Aix, was author of some very useful works 
 
 ' in natural science, particularly observations 
 
 : on the waters of the Seine, 8cc. 12mo. — new 
 
 filtrating fountains, l2mo. — reflections on 
 
 lead, copper, and tin utensils, 12rao. &c. He 
 
 j died 1760. 
 
 i Amyot, James, was born at Milan ISl.'J, 
 j of an obscure family, but though of a dull 
 ' understanding, he improved himself by in- 
 defatigable application, and after studyiiig at 
 Paris, he acquired independence and repu- 
 tation, as tutor to the children of persons 
 Ampsingius, John Assuer, a professor ; of respectability. His merit recommended 
 of physic at Rostock, in the beginning of the him to Margaret of Berry, sister to Francis 
 
 Amoureux, X. r, an eminent sculptor | 
 whose works are preserved in his native ci- ; 
 ty of Lvons. He was unfortunately drown- i 
 ed in the Soane in the beginning of the lyth ■ 
 century. j 
 
 Amphibilus, a native of Briton, said to 
 have been born at Exeter, and to have been 
 bishop of Anglesea. He studied at Rome, 
 and is said to have exerted his eloquence in 
 the cause of Christianity, and in making con- 
 vert- in England and in Scotland. Accor- 
 ding to some, he suffered raartvrdom about 
 291. 
 
 Amphilochus, bishop of Iconium, was 
 the friend of Gregory Nazianzen and Basil, 
 and the opposer of the Arians He offend- 
 ed Theodosius by pretending not to pay suf- 
 ficient respect to his son Arcadius, upon 
 •which he observed that if he thus vindicated 
 his son's character, surely God would vindi- 
 cate that of his son and punish his blasphe- 
 jnei*s. Tliis reproof was felt by Theodosius 
 who favored the Arians, and laws were 
 soon enacted to prevent their assemblies. 
 Amphilochus died 394. 
 
 A M P H 1 N o M u s and A N A p I u s, two broth- 
 ers of Catana, whose names are immortali- 
 zed for saving on their shoulders their aged 
 parents, during an eruption of JEina 
 
 17th century, autlior of several medical trea- 
 tises, printed 1619. 
 
 Amru Ebx-al-as, a celebrated mussul- 
 man, at first the enemy and afterwards the 
 friend of Maliomet. He extended his con- 
 quests in Egypt, and Svria, and Africa, and 
 died governor of Egypt 663. 
 
 Amsdorf, Nicholas, a spirited follower 
 of Luther and bishop of Nuremburg. He 
 died at Magdeburg 1541, and the sect who 
 adhered to his tenets, and supported in op- 
 position to Mala.ictlion, that good works are 
 not necessary to salvation, were called Ams- ! 
 dorfians. I 
 
 Amurath I. an Ottoman emperor, who ; 
 succeeded his father Orchan, and was known 
 
 1. and he w as promoted to a public professor- 
 ship in the university of Bourges. His time 
 was here usefully devoted to literature, and 
 he published translations of the loves of The- 
 agenes and Chariclea, besides Plutarch's lives 
 and morals. He visited Venice and Rome, 
 and in his return to France, he was at the re- 
 commendation of cardinal de Tournon in- 
 trusted with the care of the king's two 
 younger sons, and for his meritorious servi- 
 ces he was i-aised by Charles to the bishop- 
 ric of Auxerre, the abbey of Cornelius de 
 Compiegne, the high office of great almo- 
 ner and curator of the university of Paris, 
 pnd commander of the order of the Holy 
 Ghost. He died sixth February 1593, in his 
 
 lor his cruelties towards his son, and those • 7yth year. He also translated the seven 
 vho espoused his cause. He was a great first books of Diodorus Siculus, some trage- 
 v.arrior, and obtained o7 victories, in the last dies from the Greek, the pastorals of Dapli- 
 of which he perished, 1389, aged 71, by the . nis, 8cc. 
 hand of a soldier. He 
 
 was the first who es- 
 tablished the formidable force of the Janissa- 
 ries. 
 
 Amurath IT. was son and succes'sor of 
 !Mahomet, as Ottoman emperor, and his ar- 
 mies were directed against the falling em- 
 pire of the east. He was the first Turk 
 ■«iio used cannon in the field of battle. He 
 resigned the crown in favor of his son Ma- 
 homet 1443, and retired to (he st elusion of 
 the dervises; but the invasion of the Hunga- 
 rians, roused him from his solitude to con- 
 quer at the dreiidfid battle of Varna. He 
 afterwards reduced the rebellious .'annissa- 
 rJes to obedience, aufl defeated the famous 
 Scanderbeg, and finding his son inca,)abie to 
 lioM the reigns of a turbulent empire, lie 
 abandoned his retirement again for the throne 
 and again routed the Hungarians, He died 
 1451, aged 75. 
 
 Amyrault, Moses, a French protestant 
 divine born at Bourgueil in Tourraine 1596. 
 He studied the law, but afterwards entered 
 the church, and was divinity professor at 
 Saunmr, and distinguished himself by his 
 zeal and activity so mucji, that he was depu- 
 ted by the national council of Charenton, to 
 present an address to the French king, con- 
 cerning the inspection of edicts in favor of 
 the protestants, wilhout however paying 
 homage ui)on his knees. Richelieu, who 
 was present at this interview, saw and admi- 
 red the bold character of Amyrault, and he 
 wished to use his abilities to procure a re- 
 conciliation between the Romisli church and 
 the protestants, but in vain. His life was 
 passed in the midst of theological disputes, 
 in which he displayed much firmness and 
 composure, and as he enforced by his wri- 
 
AN 
 
 A^ 
 
 nugS as M'cll as his tliscourscs the obe<liohce 
 due to a lawful sovereign, and llie impi-opn- 
 iity of resisting the constituted authorities in 
 matters not of conscience, lie was ealeenied 
 by persons ot" dillerent persuasions, and 1)} 
 the ministers of the king themselves. This 
 Immaiic, virtuous, and iliaritable man died 
 the 8th Feb. IGG4, leaving one son, who dis- 
 tinguished himself as au advocate at I'aris, 
 but retired to the Hague, on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes. His works, wliich 
 are very numerous, arc chiefly theological. 
 The following (juaint lines were writteu by 
 fd- <lu Bosc under his portrait : 
 Jl *Mose ad JMoscm par JMosi noil fid t vlliia. 
 JMore, ore, ct calamo, mirns ulevque fait. 
 
 Amyrut2.es, a philosopher of Trebizond, 
 Avho was carried to Constantinople w ilh Da- 
 vid emperor of Trebizond, when tliat city 
 was reduced 14G1. He renounced the Chris- 
 tian faith for Alahometanisra, and assumed 
 the name of iMahomet Beg. He translated 
 several bofiks into Arabic at the desire of 
 Mahomet H. whose favor he enjoyed. 
 
 Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher, 
 who Visited Athens in the age of Solon. Ou 
 his return to Scythia he wished to intro- 
 duce the laws and customs of the more pol- 
 ished Greeks into his country, but M'as 
 thwarted in his views by the king, and at last 
 perished by the hand of this cruel sovei'eign. 
 
 Anacletus, a bishop ofRome after Linus 
 79. He suftered martyrdom 13 years after. 
 
 An ACLETUS, an antipope, supported in 
 liis election by Roger king of Sicily, against 
 Innocent H. the favorite of the emperor 
 Lotharius n. The influence of Innocent at 
 last prevailed, and his rival died in obscurity 
 1138. 
 
 Anacoana, queen of Xiragua, in the 
 island of St. Uomingo, was cruelly put to 
 death by Ovando, who owed her, agreeable 
 to the promises of Bartholomew Columbus, 
 both friendship and protection. 
 
 Anacreox, a lyric poet of Teos, who 
 florished about 532 years B. C. His morals 
 were licentious, and his odes, therefore, ex- 
 hibit the character of a man basely devoted 
 to every intemperate indulgence, and who 
 considers life as best spent in riot and de- 
 bauchery. 
 
 Anagnosta, John, one of the Bizantine 
 historians, whose work, de rebus Constanti- 
 nopolitanoruin Macedonicis, was edited in 
 Greek and Latin at Cologne 1653. 
 
 Anastasius I. the Silentiary, emperor 
 of the east, was born of obscure parents at 
 Duras iu lllyricum, but his engagements 
 about the imperial family rendered him 
 known, and by marrying Ariadne, the widow 
 of the emperor Zeno, he was enabled to as- 
 cend the throne 491. He possessed merit 
 and valor, and his reign might have been 
 prosperous if he had not embraced the te- 
 ^uets of the Eutychians, and thus ofiended 
 liis subjects. He at last perceived his error, 
 and withdrew his protection from these 
 heretics. He died 518, aged 88. 
 
 Anastasii'sH. was raised to the throne 
 i^em a private station by the acclamations of 
 
 the people 713. Three years aflev, l»ow- 
 t\er, he wishecl to abdicate the sovereiga 
 [lower for a religious habit, but with equal 
 levity he siglied ag ,iii for the imperial pur- 
 ple ; and, a»si.sted by the Bulgarians, he be- 
 sieged Constantinople, where hi.s rival Leo 
 the l.sauriaii was heated on the tlirone. His 
 hopes ot success soon vanished, he was l>e- 
 trayed by the Bulgarians iuio tlie hands of 
 Leo, and cruelly put to death 71'j. 
 
 An AS rASXLS 1. pope, succeeded Siricius 
 in tlie pap:d chair 398. He excommunica- 
 ted the Origenists, and brougbt on a recon- 
 ciliation between tlie eastern and westera 
 churclies. He died WZ, much respected for 
 his sanctity and virtues. 
 
 Anastasils II. pope, after Celasius 49G, 
 died after a short reign of two }ear3. 
 
 A.NASTASiLS HI. pope, after Sergius HF. 
 911, was eminent for wisdom and modei-atiou. 
 He sat in tiie papal chair only two years. 
 
 Anas T ASICS IV. pope, 'after Eugenius 
 HL 1153, died the following year Dec. 2. 
 He show ed himself very charitable and hu- 
 mane during a famine. 
 
 Anas lASius, an antipope, against Bene- 
 dict IH. 855. Though for a while supported 
 by the Imperialists, he at last gave way to his 
 more fortunate rival, and died in obscurity. 
 
 Anastasius, Bibliothecarius, a learned 
 Greek of the 9tli century, librarian of tlie 
 church of Rome, and abbot of St. Mary be- 
 yond the Tiber. He wrote. Liber Pontifi- 
 calis, four vols. fol. 718, containing the lives of 
 some of the popes ; and assisted at the eigiitli 
 general council of Constantinople, whose ca- 
 nons he translated from Greek into Latin. 
 Bishop Pearson places him in the sixth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Anastasius, Sinaite, a monk of mount 
 Sinai, in the seventh century, author of some 
 theological tracts, published at Ingoldstadt, 
 4to. 1606. 
 
 Anastasius, Theopoiitanus, bishop of 
 Antioch, was banished from his see 570, for 
 supporting, against the sentiments of Justin- 
 ian the opinion of the incorruptibles, which 
 asserted that the body of our Saviour was 
 incapable of coiTuption, even before his re- 
 surrection. He was restored 593, and died 
 six years after. His successor was of the 
 same name, and was author of some religious 
 discourses. 
 
 A N A T o L I u s, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 yielded, after some dispute, with respect to 
 the equality of the two metropolitan churches, 
 superiority in ecclesiastical uflairs, to Leo 
 pope of Rome, and died 458. 
 
 Anatoli us a bishop of Laodicea about 
 269, eminent for his knowledge of arithme- 
 tic, geometry, and literature. His tract ou 
 the time of celebrating Piaster, is in the Doe- 
 trina Temporum, printed, Antwerp, 16.34. 
 
 Anaxagoras, a celebrated philosopher 
 of Clazomcnx, who had Euripides and Peri- 
 cles among his pupils. He was accused of 
 impiety at Athens and banished. He died 
 at Lampsacus 4ti8 B. C. aged 7-2. 
 
 Anaxandrides, a king of Sparta about 
 550j B. (.'. father ofCk-omenes and Leonidas. 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 A K AX AN" DR IDES, a comic poet of Illiodeii 
 about 350, B. C starved to death for censur- 
 ing the Athenian government. 
 
 Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera 
 said to have been pounded to death by Nico- 
 creon king of Cyprus. 
 
 Anaxii-aus, a Pythagorean philosoplicr, 
 banished from Italy in the age of Augustus. 
 
 AxAXiMANDER, a philosopher of Mile- 
 tus, successor to Thales. He was tolerably 
 ■well acquainted with geography and astrono- 
 my for tlie times. He died 547 B. C. aged 
 64. There was also an historian of tiie same 
 name. 
 
 Anaximenes, the pupil and successor 
 of Anaximander, florished 550 B. C 
 
 Anaximenes, an historian of Lampsa-. 
 «us who accompanied Alexander the great 
 in his expedition. He wrote the history of 
 Greece, besides the lives of PhiUp and of his 
 son Alexander. 
 
 Ancharano, Peter, a native of Bologna, 
 chosen in 1409 by the council of Pisa, to de- 
 fend the rights of that assembly during the 
 schisms of the popes. He wrote several 
 "books on civil and canon law, and on the 
 4ecretals, and died 1417. 
 
 Ancharano, James, or Paladino, author 
 of two carious books, on the temptations of 
 the virgin Mary, and of Christ, by the devil. 
 
 Ancillox, Uavid, a protestant divine 
 bom at Metz, who in his youth refused to sa- 
 crifice his religion to the solicitations of the 
 Jesuits. He studied divinity and pliilosophy 
 at Geneva under Du Pin, Spanheim, the 
 Deodati, Sec. and deserved to be recommend- 
 ed by the synod of Charcnton to the church 
 of Meaux. After the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, he retired to Frankfort, and set- 
 tled at Hanau, where his dlscoui'ses were 
 heard and admired by the most crowded audi- 
 ences. His colleagues in the ministry, how- 
 ever, were jealous of his popularity, and their 
 little intrigues forced him to abandon the place 
 He came to settle at Berlin, where he was 
 received with kindness by the court, and had 
 the satisfaction to see his family promoted to 
 places of honor and trust, lie died in his 
 75th year, 3d Sept. lOO'i. As his learning 
 was very extensive, he published several use- 
 ful works, and from the affluence of his cir- 
 cumstances, he made so judicious a collec- 
 tion of books, that it was frequently visited 
 as a curiosity by foreigners who travelled 
 through Metz. The best known of his works 
 are a relation of the controversy concerning 
 traditions, 4to. 1657, — an apology for Luther, 
 Zuinglius, and Beza, IfiGO, — the life of Wil- 
 liam Farel, — Conversations, two vols. 12mo. 
 published by his son. 
 
 AxciLi.ox, Charles, eldest son of the 
 foregoing, was born at Metz, July 2'jtb, 1 G59, 
 and was made inspector of the French courts 
 of justice in Berlin, and historiographer to 
 the king. He wrote on the edict of Nantes, 
 and the persecution of the protestants, kc. 
 and died at Berlin July 5th, 1751. 
 
 Anckwitz, a Pole of considerable abil- 
 ities. After being employed by his country 
 as ambassador at the court of Denmark, and 
 
 iifegotiating a treaty with the ilusians, he was, 
 at the insurrection of Warsaw in 1794, seiz- 
 ed and imprisoned. His enemies accused 
 him of attempts to betray bis country to the 
 Russians, and they endeavored to prove 
 the assertion by the papers which they found 
 in his possession. He was in consequence 
 condemned and hanged at Warsaw with the 
 greatest ignomy. 
 
 Ancol'rt, Florent carton d,' a French 
 actor and dramatic writer, born at Fontain- 
 bleau, October 1661. The Jesuits tried in 
 vain to gain hiiu into their society, but he 
 preferred the study of philosophy and law to 
 divinity, and at last turned bis thoughts to 
 the stage by marrying in bis lyth year an ac- 
 tress. Not satisfied with the unbounded ap- 
 plause given to his popular exertions, he 
 commenced writer for the stage, and obtain- 
 ed by his pieces credit to himself and wealth 
 to the actor. His conversation was so agree- 
 able that he was universally courted, and 
 Lewis XIV. bestowed many marks of his 
 favor upon him, as also the duke of Bavaria, 
 whose arrival at Paris was celebrated bv the 
 poet, by^ a particular entertainment written 
 on the occasion. Ancourt, after being the 
 hero of the stage, retired in 1713 to his es- 
 tate at Courcelles le Roy, in Berry, that he 
 might devote himself to religion. He tliere 
 translated the psalms into verse, and wrote 
 a sacred tragedy never pi-inted. He died 6th 
 December 1726, in his 65th year. His plays 
 were 52 in number. His works appeared m 
 9 vols. 12mo. 1729. 
 
 Angus Marti us, fourth king of Rome, 
 gained victories over the r.eigbboring states, 
 and extended the confines of his kingdom to 
 the sea shore, and built Ostia. He died after 
 a reign of 24 years, B. C. 646. 
 
 ANDERSO^^, Alexander, professor of ma- 
 thematics at Paris, and author in the 16th 
 ceqtury of a book called Supplementum 
 Apolloniilledivivi, dedicated to cardinal Per- 
 ron, 1592. 
 
 Anderson, Andrew, a Glasgow printer, 
 who obtained by clandestine means a patent 
 from Charles II. to print every thing in Scot- 
 land for 41 years. After his death, his pa- 
 tent was disputed, and though restricted to 
 the printing of bibles and acts of Parliament, 
 it sunk into contempt. 
 
 Anderson, Adam, a Scotchman, for 40 
 years employed as clerk to the South-sea 
 house, and also trustee for the colonization 
 in America, kc. He is known as the author 
 of an historical and clironological deduction 
 of trade and commerce, a most valuable book 
 published in 1762, and since re-published, 
 four vols. 4to. He was married three times, 
 and died at his house, Red Lion-street, 
 Clerkenwell, Jan. 10th, 1775. 
 
 Anderson, James D. D. brother to 
 Adam, was ministci" of the Scots presbyte- 
 rian church in Swallow -street, London, and 
 editor of the Diplomata Scotite, and Royal 
 genealogies. He was a thoughtless impru- 
 dent man. 
 
 Anderson, James, esq. an advocate at 
 the Scotch bar, and clerk of the Scotch par- 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 liament 1700. He was author of a masterly 
 vindication of tlie in<Ifi)cn(Icncc- ol tlicScotili 
 jiarlianicnl, ftn- wliicli lie waspublicJy thank- 
 ed by that hotly, anil rewarded with a pen- 
 sion of i(K) i)<)unils per .'innuni He made a 
 collection of records iVoni kintj Duncan to 
 Rohcrt Bruce, which were beautifully en- 
 graved and )»nblislivd in one vol. fol. by liinl- 
 diman. He died at Kdinl)uri;h ITl'J, a.^ed ki. 
 
 Anderson, John, A. M. was born near 
 filasgow, and was educated at St. Andrews. 
 He Mas a popular preacher, and a nervous 
 and spirited w ritt-r in favor of the prcsby- 
 terians, against the episcopalians. He was 
 much abused by his antagonists especially 
 Calder. He was miinster of Dumbarton 
 1704, and in 1710 removed to Glasgow. He 
 died aged 42, 17'2(). 
 
 Anderson, Edmund, a native of Lin- 
 rnlnshire, descended from a Scotch family. 
 He studied at Lincoln college, O.Ktbrd, and 
 afterwards at the Inner Temple, and was 
 promoted to the dignity of judge under Eli- 
 zabeth, 1578. He Mas r.dvanced to the office 
 of chief justice of the common pleas in 1582, 
 and knighted, and four years after he sat in 
 judgment upon the unfortunate Mai'y of Scot- 
 land, w hose life was saci-ificed to the jealousy 
 and ambition of her rival. He afterwards 
 presided at the trial of Davison, who had is- 
 sued the warrant for the execution of that 
 ■wretched queen. During the time that he 
 served hl.s country in the capacity of judge, 
 lie was esteemed for his firmness and im- 
 partiality. He maintained the dignity of the 
 throne, and the riglits of the people; hut he 
 never sacrificed his private feelings to influ- 
 ence and cahal,and he resisted Elizabeth her- 
 self, M hen .she was advised to act contrary to 
 the laws of the land. He was continued in his 
 office under James, and died first of August 
 1605. His M orks, which are all on laM', and 
 which fully evince the integrity of his heart, 
 and the depth of his judgment, were publish- 
 ed by I. Cioldesborough, esq. 1653, in 4to. 
 
 An DEuso .V, John, author of the natural 
 history of Iceland, Greenland, Dafis's straits, 
 &c. was syndic of his native city, Hamburgh, 
 and acted as its commercial agent and nego- 
 tiator in various courts of Europe. He died 
 1743. 
 
 Anderson, George, a native of Weston, 
 Buckinghamshire, who, though for some 
 time eiigagetl in the humble occupations of 
 a day laborer, distinguished himself by the 
 powers of his genius, and his self-tauglit 
 knowledge of mathematics. A neighboring 
 clergyman saw and noticed the poM'ers of his 
 mind, :• id M-ith friendly humanity enabled 
 him to receive instructions at a grammar- 
 school, and to enter at New College, Oxford, 
 where he look his master's degree and took 
 dej'.con's orders. From Oxford he came to 
 London, nnd obtained the appointment of 
 clerk in t-he board of control, under the 
 present Lord Melville ; but so indefatigable 
 was his application, that he brought on a 
 disorder Mhich proved fatal, SOth April 1790, 
 in his 36th year. His widow received a pen- 
 sion, as the reward due to the- merits of lier 
 VOL, I. 10 
 
 husband. He M'as author of a general view 
 ol' tlie v;u'i:ilif)ns in the afiaii'S of the East 
 India Company, since the conclusion of the 
 war of 1784, and he also translated Archime- 
 des' treatise on measuring (he sand. 
 
 A N DEiiso N, L.irz, a minister of Ciustavus 
 Vasa, whose abilities and intrigues raised him 
 from obscur-ity to tht; dignity of chancellor 
 of Sweden. He was the means of the intro- 
 duction of Luthcranism into Sweden. 
 
 Anderson-, James, L. L. D. a native of 
 Scotland, and formerly of Monk's Hill, 
 Aberdeenshire. Distinguished by superior 
 talents for exj)erimeiital husbandry, he 
 Mas employed by government to examine 
 into the state of the western coasts and isl- 
 ands of Scotland, and confirmed by his rela- 
 tions the accounts m hich had been given of 
 the melancholy poverty and depression of 
 the inhabitants. Dr. A. Mas the author of 
 numerous works on agriculture and political 
 economy; and was conductor of the Bee, a 
 j)eriodical jjublication, consisting of essays, 
 philosophical, philological, and miscellane- 
 ous, published some years ago at Ediidjurgh, 
 and discontinued upon the completion of 
 eighteen small octavo volumes. He was also 
 the author of several articles for the Ency- 
 clop. Brit. 1st. vol. Edin. which are, under 
 the heads dictionary, winds and monsoon.s, 
 language, .sound. He contributed numerous 
 essays, under a variety of signatures, in the 
 early part of the Edinburgh Weekly Maga- 
 zine, the principal of which Mere, Agricola, 
 Timoleon, Germanicus, Clmon, Scoto Bri- 
 tannus, E. Aberdeen, Henry Plain, Impar- 
 tial, a Scot. He revieMcd the sulject of 
 agriculture for the Monthly Review for sev- 
 eral years He Mas born about the year 1739, 
 at Hermiton, a village about six miles from 
 Ediaburgh, and died at West Ham near 
 London in 1808. 
 
 Andier des Rochers, John, a French 
 engraver born at Lyons, known for his en- 
 gravings after Corregio, and particularly for 
 liis j)ortraits in busts of persons distinguished 
 by birth or talents, amounting to upM ards of 
 700, with descriptive verses at the bottom by 
 Ga^on. He was rcM'arded with a fine gold 
 medal by the emperor Charles VI. for a por- 
 trait of his majesty. He died 1741, very 
 advanced in years. 
 
 Andocides, an Atlienian orator, four of 
 M'hose orations are extant. He florished 
 B. C. 4G0. 
 
 Andrada, Diego de Payva d', a Portu- 
 guese, born at Conimbria. He was sent by 
 king Sebastian to the council of Trent, 1562, 
 and there in defending the canons against 
 Chemnitius, he distinguished himself by his 
 eloquence as a ])reacher, nn<\ his vivacity in 
 reasoning as an author. Though a warm 
 catholic he is universally quoted by the pro- 
 testants, and deservedly admired lor his 
 great erudition, deep penetration, and un- 
 corrupted judgment. 
 
 Andrada, Francis d', brother to the 
 above, and historiographer to Philip III. of 
 Spain, MI'S author of an history of Joho HI. 
 of Poi-tugal, printed 1533 in 4to. 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 Andrara, Tliomas d', reformer of the J 
 barefoot Augustines, was called 'I'homas of | 
 Jesus. He was with Sebastian in Africa, and 
 beirig taken by the infidels, was confined in 
 a cave, where he wrote his " Sufieriiigs of 
 Jesus," translated into English by Weilon. 
 He refused to purchase his liberty accoiding 
 to the offers of his sister, but preferred con- 
 soling tlie captivity of his fellow slaves. He 
 died 1682. 
 
 Andrada, Anthony d', a Jesuit of Por- 
 tugal, who when missionary discovered Thi- 
 bet and Cathay, of which he lias written an 
 account. He died 1634. 
 
 Andre, Nathaniel St. a surgeon intimate 
 Tiilh Pope. He was poisoned by drinking a 
 glass with an unknown patient, 1725, but un- 
 expectedly recovered, lie died advanceil in 
 life I7r6 at Soutlianii^on. He was imposed 
 upon in the atiair ot Mary Tofts, but be af- 
 tei-wanls discovered it, and publicly ac- 
 knowledged his error. 
 
 Andre, John, aBritish officer, who from 
 the compting iiouse, entei'ed the army, and 
 embarked for the new continent under gen- 
 eral Clinton, during the American troubles. 
 He rose by his merits to the rank of major, 
 and when general Arnold made an offer of 
 surrendering a strong position to the iiritish 
 forces, Andre was intrusted with the deli- 
 cate negotiation. When challenged by the 
 American out-pcsts, he had the imprudence 
 to betray his commission by offering the sen- 
 tinal his watch and money if permitted to 
 return. The offer was indignantly rejected, 
 and Andre examined before the American 
 officers, and discovered by the papers which 
 he had in his pocket, was regarded as a spy, 
 and tried by a court-martial, by order of 
 general Wasliington. He was found guilty, 
 and sentenced to be hanged. Though he 
 lequested to die like a soldier, the ignomi- 
 nious sentence was executed upon him 2d 
 October 1780, and he fell with great intrepi- 
 dity at the age of 29 The American gene- 
 ral was censured for the severity of his con- 
 duct, and not only Englislunen, but the 
 Americans themselves, murmured at the 
 cruel conduct of the new government, and 
 pitied the late of a deserving officer. A 
 monument was erected to his memory by 
 the king, in Westminster Abbey, with every 
 mark of respect which could honor his 
 virtues and commiserate his misfortunes. 
 
 Andreas, James, an eminent Lutheran, 
 born 1528, at Warbli'ig in the dutchy of Wir- 
 temberg. His parents, who were poor, had 
 bound him to a carpenter, but he was re- 
 lieved from this humble situation by some 
 persons of distinction, who had observed his 
 promising genius, and in two years of close 
 application he made himself master of Latin, 
 Greek, and logic. He took his degrees at 
 Tubingen, and was in 1540 made minister 
 of Stutgard, which soon after he resigned. 
 In those turbulent times of theological con- 
 tention he took a bold and active part, and 
 ■was employed either as a writer or as a de- 
 puted divine, at the public conferences held 
 at Worms, Katisbun, Augsburg, kc. In 
 
 1561 he was made chancellor and rector of 
 the university of Tubingen, and from his 
 learning and eloquence he acquired the 
 friendship of the dukes of Wirtemberg and 
 j Brunswick, and of the emperor Maximiliau 
 I H. His M orks are numerous, and all on 
 polemical divinity, the most famous of which 
 is that on Concord. He died 7th January, 
 159U, 61 years and 9 months old. On his 
 death-bed he made a solemn profession of 
 his faith in protestantism, though the catho- 
 lics have asserted falsely, that he expressed 
 wishes of being reconciled to the Roman 
 church. 
 
 Andreas, John, a native of Mugello 
 near Florence, who studied the canon law 
 at Bologna, and by his application obtained 
 there a professor's chair. He gained great 
 popularity by his learning, as well as by the 
 austerity of his life, as much of his time was 
 devoted to prayer and fasting, and he lay 
 upon the ground for 20 years, covered only 
 with a bear skin. Poggius, however de- 
 tracts from his merits, by mentioning a story 
 highly subversive of his great continence. 
 His daughter, called Novella, was carefully 
 instructed in the learning of the times, and 
 when her father was employed, she was in- 
 troduced in his room to read lectures to his 
 scholars; but that her great beauty^ might 
 not draw off the attention of her audience, 
 a curtain was placed before her. Novella 
 married John Caidcrinus, a learned canon- 
 ist. The works of Andreas were numerous 
 and all on law He died of the plague at 
 Bologna in 1348, after enjoying his profes- 
 sorship 45 years. In his epitaph he was 
 styled " Rabbi doctorum, lux, censor, nor- 
 maque morum ;" and pope Boniface called 
 him " lumen mundi." 
 
 Andreas, John Valentine, a German 
 protestant divine, anther of some mystical 
 books in Latin. Some call him falsely the 
 founder of the sect ot the Rosicrusians. He 
 died 1654. 
 
 Andreas, John, a Mahometan of Xativa 
 in Valencia, converted to Christianity on 
 hearing a sermon in the great church of 
 Valencia. He was instantly baptized and 
 called John Andreas, from the calling of St. 
 John and St. Andrew. He was afterwards 
 admitted into holy orders, and exerted his 
 abilities and his zeal in the conversion of the 
 jNIoors, with wonderful success. He translated 
 from the Arabic into Spanish the laws of the 
 Moors, but his njost valuable work was the 
 " Coid'usion of the sect of Mahommed" in 12 
 chapters, in which he throws into view all 
 the stories, fables, absurdities, and contra- 
 dictions which theimpf)stor has used as wea- 
 pons to propagate his religion among the 
 credulous Arabians. This work has been 
 translated into several languages, and is fre- 
 (piently quoted by Christian writers. 
 
 ANDREiE, John Gerhard Reinhard, a 
 native of Hanover, son of an apothecaiy. 
 He was brought up to his father's ])rofession 
 and followe<l the bent of his inclination in 
 travelling over different countries to ascei'- 
 tain their n?Vual history and their pro- 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 Unctions, thus to ciiIhi'sc his kno\vlciIj;;e of 
 vhemisl!-y and botany. I U- <lit<l ir'.l.J, uj^i-d 
 69. He w rote various works on liis favorite 
 studies, the best known of \vbi«li are his 
 Tour in Switzerland, 4t«). 177G — a treatise 
 on the several kinds of eartii found in Han- 
 over, 1709, Sec. 
 
 AN'URiiiN'i, Isabtdla, a famous actress 
 born at Pa<lua 156'2. Slie distinguished her- 
 self not only on the sta;^e but also as a poet- 
 ess, and the euloginms passed upon her as 
 veil as lier writings shew that she possessed, 
 vith great personal beauty, wit ami genius 
 in a superior degree. She visited France, 
 ■where she was received by the court with 
 particular attention. She died of a miscar- 
 riage at Lyons, IDlbof June 1G04, in her4'2d 
 year, and her husband Fran, is Andreini 
 praised her virtues in the following ei)itai)h : 
 •* Isab. Andr. Patavina mulier magna virtute 
 pra'ditn, honestatis ornanientum, maritalis- 
 cjue pudifitiie decus, ore facunda, mente 
 fiecunda, religiosa, pia, niusis arnica, et artis 
 sceniccC caput, hie resurrectionem expectat." 
 Her compositions were, sonnets, songs, mad- 
 rigals, eclogues, hue. printed at -Milan 1G05. 
 Her husband, who quitted the stage on her 
 death, m rote some dialogues which possessed 
 merit. 
 
 And RE LINUS, Publ. Faustus, a native 
 of Forli in Italy, professor of philosophy at 
 ]*aris, and poet laureat to Lewis Xll. and to 
 his (jueen. He was dissolute in his manners, 
 but neither his life nor his satires against 
 the clergy, as Erasmus observes, brought 
 him into trouble. His epistles were learned, 
 witty, and useful, and his verses elegant, 
 especially those on Livia his mistress, wliich 
 procured him the prize of Latin poetry 
 from the Roman academy. He died 1518. 
 His works consist of four books of love-let- 
 ters, miscellaneous elegies, about 200 dis- 
 lichs, and the 12 eclogues published by Opo- 
 rinus in his collection of 38 Bucolic poets. 
 
 Andrew, St. a fisherman of Bethsaida 
 in (iaiilee. After being for some time a dis- 
 ciple of John the Baptist, he was called with 
 his brother Peter to witness the holy life and 
 to learn the doctrines of our blessed Saviour. 
 It is supposed that he preached the gospel in 
 Scythia, and that there he was put to 
 death on a cross of the figure of the let- 
 ter X. 
 
 Andrew, a native of Damascus, bishop 
 of Aleria in Crete, and thence called of 
 Crete, and of Jerusalem, because he re- 
 tired there and died 720, or 723. He wrote 
 commentaries on some hooks of scri[)tures, 
 besides sermons, published at Paris 1044, 
 folio. 
 
 Andrew, a native of Pisa, known as a 
 sculptor, architect, painter, and musician. 
 He was highly honored by the Florentines, 
 many of whose edifices were built on l»is 
 plans, as also the arsenal of Venice. He 
 died at Florence 1330, aged GO. 
 
 Andrew, bishop of Samosata, ably de- 
 fended Theodoret against Cyril, in the 5th 
 century. Some of his letters are still extant. 
 
 Andrew, Jonn, secretary of the Vatican 
 
 and bishop of Aleria in Corsica, puLlishcd 
 editions (,\ Livy, Auliis (itllius, Hcior.ius, 
 Strabo, &tc. and died 1493. 
 
 A \ UKEW, of Itatisbon, was author of a 
 chronicle of the dukis ol Bavaria, and of an 
 histoi-y of Jiohemia, in the 15th cejitury. 
 
 A.NiJKKW, Toliias, awth<»r of Mrlbodi 
 Cartesiana; assertio |irinted 1Gj3, was a liuld 
 defender of the (Jartesian philosoph}'. He was 
 jirofessor of (ireek and of histor} at (ironin- 
 gen, and died 1G7G. 
 
 Andrew del Sarto, a paint<'r horn 
 at Florence 1183, son of a tavior. He wnn 
 a great favorite of Francis I. ol France, m ho 
 wished to retain him, but in ^ain, as his wife 
 insisted upon his residence in Italy He is 
 jiarticularly commended for the coloring of 
 his pictures, and the correctness and elc» 
 gance of his figui-es. though there is a cold- 
 ness and uniformity in all. He possesserl the 
 happy talent of copying pictures to such 
 perfection, that Julio liomano, who had 
 finished tlie draperies of Raphael's Leo Xth. 
 took a copy of that celebrated piece by Del 
 Sarto for tho original. He died 15.30. 
 
 Andrew, Valei-ius, a native of Brabant, 
 born 1588, jjrofessor of civil law at Louvain, 
 and author of Bibliolheca Belgica, or account 
 of Belgic worthies, valuable for the informa- 
 tion it contains, though occasionally inaccu- 
 rate, published 1C43. He was still living in 
 1G52. 
 
 Andrew, Ives Mary, a native of Cha- 
 teaulin in Cornouailles, professor of maihe- 
 matics at Caen for 33 years. He was a man 
 of great learning and genuine vivacity. His 
 poetry is admired, but his chief work is 
 his essay sur le beau, as also his traite sur 
 rhomme. He retired from his laborious 
 office 1759, and died 1764, February 2Glh, in 
 his 89th year. His works Avere published to- 
 gether 17G6, five vols. 12mo. 
 
 Andrew I. king of Hungary, eldest son 
 of Ladislaus the bald, left his native country 
 with B(.la his brother in 1044, when Peter 
 was raised to the throne. He Avas afterwards 
 invited back by the people, who m ished to 
 restore the Pagan religion, but w hen invest- 
 ed with the royal power he violated his j)ro- 
 mise, and obliged his barbarous subjects to 
 embrace Christianity. He was attacked by 
 his brother and slaiii in battle, 1059. 
 
 .Andrew IT. king of Hungary, succeeded 
 his nephew La<lislans 1204. Me Avas in the 
 crusades, and behaAed with such valor that 
 he obtained the surname of lerosolymilan. 
 He was successful in the wars m which he 
 Avas engaged, and he endeavored to melio- 
 rate the situation of the middle ranks of his 
 kingdom. He died 1235. 
 
 Andrew III. king of Hungary, grandson 
 of the preceding, succeeded on the death of 
 Ladislaus, 1209. His elevation Avas opposed 
 by Charles of Sicily, son of Ladislaus' sister, 
 and a civil war and all its terrors Avere the 
 consequence. The troubles continued till 
 the death of both the rivals, av ho died the 
 same year 1305 
 
 Andrew, son of king Charobcrt of Hun- 
 gary, king of Naples, Avas called by the Xca- 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 politans Andreasso. He married Joan II. 
 queen of Xai)les his cousin, but such was 
 the dishke which was kiudled between these 
 youthful sovereigns, that the queen was at 
 last persuaded by her favorites to consent to 
 the assassination of her husband in his 19th 
 year, 1345. 
 
 Andrews or An due we, Eusebius, a 
 barrister of good family in Middlesex, se- 
 cretary to lord Capel, and on the breaking 
 out of the civil wars, a colonel in Charles' 
 service. After the loss of Worcester, he 
 attempted the recovery of the island of Ely, 
 and being taken prisoner by tlie republican 
 army he was prosecuted before Bradshaw 
 and the high court of justice. He was con- 
 demned to be hanged and quartered, but on 
 bis petition the sentence was changed to be- 
 heading, which he suffered with great forti- 
 tude on Tower Hill, 22d August 1650. 
 
 Andrews, Lancelot, an English divine, 
 born in London 1565. After being educated 
 at Merchant Taylors', he entered on one of 
 Dr. Watts' scholarships at Pembroke-hall, 
 Cambridge, wliere he distinguished himself 
 as a public lecturer in divinity. His abilities 
 ■were made known to Walsingham, secretar}" 
 to Elizabeth, who procured for him, on the 
 death of Fulke, St. Giles Cripplegate in Lon- 
 don, and a prebend and residentiaryship of 
 St. Paul's. He was afterwards chosen mas- 
 ter of his college, and on the decease of 
 Elizabeth he gained the favor of James so 
 much by his pulpit eloquence, that the mon- 
 arch emj)ioyed liim to defend his knightly 
 right against the attack of cardinal Bellar- 
 mine, under the name of Matthew Tortus. 
 Andrews supported his cause with firjnness 
 and spirit in his Tortura torti, and the king 
 rewarded his zeal with the rank of privy 
 counsellor, and the place of almoner, the 
 deanery of the royal chapel, and the bishop- 
 ric of Chichester 1605, He was afterwards 
 advanced to Ely, and then to Wmchester ; 
 but though he enjoyed in the highest degree 
 the favors of the monarch, he did not forget 
 the dignity of his character, or his indepen- 
 dence as an Englishman ; and uhen James 
 wished to know the sentiments of his cour- 
 tiers with respect to raising money without 
 parliamentar}' authority, he found Andrews 
 decidedly severe against the unconstitutional 
 measure. He died at Winchester-house in 
 Southwark, Sci)tember 27, 1626, and was 
 huried in St. Saviour's church, where a 
 neat monument is erected. Milton has writ- 
 ten an elegant elegy on him. Besides the 
 Tortura torti, he Avrote a manual of devo- 
 tions in Greek, translate*! by Stanhope into 
 English, a volume of sermons printed after 
 his decease by Laud and Buckeridge, and 
 lie had a share in translalins: the Pentateuch 
 and the books from Joshua to 1st Clironicles. 
 
 Andriscus, an impostor who pretended 
 1o be the son of Perses the last king of Ma- 
 i-e<lonia. After i-eigning some time over the 
 country, he was defeated by the Romans, 
 and put to death by order of the senate, 
 B. C. 147. 
 
 Andromachus, a Cretan, pliysician to 
 the emperor Nero. 
 
 Andronicus I. son of Isaac Commenus, 
 was impriso'.ied for his rebellious conduct 
 against the emperor Manuel, but after 12 
 years confinement, he escaped into Russia, 
 and on the elevation of voune Alexis 11. he 
 had the art to cause himself to be received 
 as a protector, and as partner of the throne. 
 Thus armed with power he strangled the 
 unsuspecting youth, and seated himself sole 
 emperor on tlie throne of Constantinople 
 11S;3, in his 71 st year. His cruelties however 
 rendered him odious, and he was two years 
 aflei" seized in an insurrection, and put to 
 death in the most ignominious manner, and 
 Isaac Angelus placed in his room. 
 
 Androxicus PaljEologus II. suc- 
 ceeded his father Michael A HI. 1282 His 
 feeble rule was unable to witiistand the at- 
 tacks of barliarians from without, and the 
 dissentions of contending cliiefsfrom within ; 
 and he was banished from the throne by his 
 grandson of the same name, and finished his 
 days in a monastery 1332, aged 74. 
 
 Andronicls Pal.£Ol,ogus III. grand- 
 son of the preceding, was warlike, bold, and 
 enterprising. He died of a fever occasioned 
 by intem])ei'ance, universally regretted by 
 his subjects, June 1341, in his 45th year. 
 
 Andkonicus IV. was associated to his 
 father John V. on the Constantinopolitan 
 throne, 1355. His perfidy irritated his father, 
 who put out one of his eyes, and raised his 
 brotherManuel in his place. He died in exile. 
 
 Androtsticus, founder of a sect of the 
 same name, adopted the errors of the Seve- 
 rian.s, and supported that the upper part of 
 a woman was the work of God, but the lower 
 the work of the devil. 
 
 Andronicus, a learned man of Thessa- 
 lonica, who took refuge in Italy, after the 
 fall of Constantinople, and taught Greek at 
 Rome, Florence, and Paris. He died at 
 Paris 1478. 
 
 Andronicus, Livius, the oldest of the 
 Roman dramatists. His first piece was pre- 
 sented before the Roman people about 240 
 B.C. 
 
 Andronicus, Cyrestes, an Athenian, 
 said to be the inventor of weather-cocks, and 
 the architect of the famous octagon temple 
 built at Athens in honor of the winds. 
 
 Andronicus, a Rbodian philosopher, 
 M'ho published the collected works of Ai'is- 
 totle. He florished in the age of Sylla, 
 about 63 B, C. 
 
 Androuet du Cerceau, James, an 
 architect at the end of the 16th century, who 
 furnished the designs for the grand gallery 
 of the Louvre, the Pontneuf, kc. He pub- 
 lished some Morks on his profession, and 
 died abroad, whither he had retired as a 
 zealous disciple of Calvin. 
 
 An DRY, Nicholas, a professor of philoso- 
 phy, and dean of the faculty of medicine at 
 Paris, was a native of Lyons, and author of 
 several treatises now little known, except 
 those on medicine, which preserve his fame, 
 especially a treatise on the generation of 
 worms in the human body — on phlebotomy 
 — on orthoptcdia, or the method of correcting 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 deformities in cliildrcn. lie died 1742, 
 aged S+. 
 
 Aneau, Bai-tholoinew, a native of liour- 
 ges, priiieipal of tlie college of Lyons. In 
 1565, during a piocussicjii, a slonc uns 
 thrown from the college upon the priest 
 •who carried the consecrated breiid, and im- 
 mediately the i)lace was stormed, and 
 Aneau, whose (Jalvinistical opinions were 
 un[>opidar, being found alone and suspected, 
 was (Iragged, and inhumanly niui-dered by 
 the poi)ulace. He was atillior of some satires 
 and other pieces in I'rencli and in l>atii\. 
 
 Anello, Thomas, called commoidy 
 Massanieilo, a fisherman of Naples, born 
 16'>). He felt lor the wrongs of his counti-y, 
 M'hen the Austrian government, to which 
 Naples was subject, laid a f»-esh tax upon 
 fruits which the already oppi-csscd people 
 ■were unable to bear. A number of hoys, to 
 the amount of iiCKX), between the age of 16 
 and 17, were armed with canes by the de- 
 magogue, the \ iceroy was attacked, and the 
 government was susitended. Anello posses- 
 sed firmness and popularity, and he was in- 
 vested with the supreme power, and saw 
 himself suddenly at the liead of 150,(>'J0 
 people, who with the most imj)licit obedi- 
 ence bowed to his v^ry nod. In his cl< vation 
 he did not forgt;t the right of the nation, he 
 signed a solemn convention with the terrified 
 government, and after he had secured the 
 freedom of the subject, he nobly determined 
 to lay^ aside his power, and to retire to a 
 private station. The thought was heroic, 
 but the solicitations of his wde and kindred, 
 or the more powerful calls of ambition, for- 
 bad it ; and he still continued his authority, 
 lost in debauchery and intemperance, tiil 
 tlie dagger of four assassins rid the world of 
 a man whom the into.xication of splendor 
 began to render cruel and vindictive, 1047. 
 
 AxEURiN, a British poet, celebrated as 
 the king of bards, and also as the heroic 
 leader of the Olidinian Britons at the battle 
 of Cattraeth. The valor displayed on this 
 bloody day^ was celebrated by the warlike 
 bard in a poem which is still preserved 
 among the recortls of Welch literature, as 
 also his odes of the months. He died aljont 
 570. Some suppose that this fanied poet 
 •was the same as the veuerable historian 
 Gild as. 
 
 AxGE DE St. Joseph, le Pere, a Car- 
 melite of Toulouse, whose real name was la 
 Rrosse. He travelled into Persia as mis- 
 sionary, and translated the Persian pharma- 
 copeia into Latin, pi'inied 1631, 8vo. Paris, 
 besides a treatise on the language of the 
 counti-y, a useful and very valuable jier- 
 formance, edited Amsterdam, 1684, folio. 
 He died at Perpignan, 1697. 
 
 AxGE DE Sie. Rosalie, a learned 
 Augustine born at Blois. He died at Paris 
 1726, aged 71, before he had completed the 
 new edition of the history of the royal familv 
 of France, &c. by Anselm. This valuable 
 work was afterwards edited by Sfmplicien 
 his associate, in U vols, folio. Ange had 
 ■written before I'Etat de la France, 5 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Anceli, Bonaventurc, a native of }"cr- 
 rara, and professor of the law, author of the 
 history of l^irma, printed 1591. He died 
 1576, at Pa!'ma, where he had settled. 
 
 Angeli, Jialdus, an Italian physician of 
 reputation, author of a Latin ti-eatise ou 
 vipers I.) SO, ito. He lived at the latter end 
 of the 16th century. 
 
 Ange 1,1, Peter, a Latin i)Oet of Barga 
 in Tuscany. After teaching the learned 
 languages at Ileggio in Lombardy, he came 
 to I'isa, whei-e Cosmo I. patronised him, and 
 seated him on a prolesxorial chair. \N hen 
 the town was suddeidy besieged by Strozzi 
 in 1554, Angeli animated the students by liis 
 examjile, and withstood tiie enemy till suc- 
 cours came from Floi-ence. He \» role two 
 ])oems, Cynegeticon or of the Chase, in six 
 books, pi-inted in Svo 1568, \\liich cost hini 
 'JU years labor, and Syrius or the cxpeflitioti 
 of (jodfrey de Bouillon, in 1'2 books, 1591, 
 4to. He died 1596, aged 79. 
 
 A ngeltc, John, a Dominican of P'iezo- 
 la, known as the painter of p«>pe Nicholas 
 V's chapel, for which he refused the arch- 
 bishopric of Floi-ence. He is said to have 
 left designedly some inaccuracies in his great 
 works, that he might not draw too much the 
 admiration of mankind. He died 1455, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Axgei.is, Dominicode, a native of Leccc 
 in Otrar.to, wliose learning {)rocured him ad- 
 mission int > the most celebrated academies, 
 when he travelled through France and Spain. 
 When IMiilip V. of Spain was master of 
 Naples, he was ajj^iointed Jjistoriograplier, 
 . and afterwards Mas made secretary to the 
 duke of Gravina. He deserved every dis- 
 tinction, as his services in literature show. 
 His compositions are 14 in number, mosllv 
 upon historical, biographical, or critical sub- 
 jects, in Italian. He died at Lecce, 0th Au- 
 gust 1719, in his 44th y^ear. 
 
 A ngelo Bug XAROTi, Michael, a great 
 painter, sculptor, and architect. He was 
 born 1474, at the castle ofChiusi in Tuscanv, 
 and was nursed by a woman of Settinianno, 
 whose husband was endnent as a sculptoi-, 
 so that he was said to have sucked sculptor 
 with his very milk. His genius was carlv 
 displayed, and it raised such jealousy among 
 his youthful rivals, that one of them, Tcr- 
 rigianno, struck him with such violence ou 
 the nose, that he carried the mark to his 
 grave. The protection of Lorenzo de Me- 
 dicis raised him to consequence. An acade- 
 my was erected, but tlie jjaintei- fled m ith liis 
 patron during the troubles of Florence, and 
 retired to Bologna. It is said that, about 
 this time, lie made and buried an image of 
 Cupid at Rome, which was soon after dug 
 up, and considered by ciii'dinal (iregorv as a 
 most valuable antique, till -Michael Angelo 
 proved it to be his own, by fitting to it the 
 1)i'oken arm which it had lost, and which he 
 had kept on pui-pose. Tlie most celebrated 
 of '.lis pieces is his last judgnient, painted 
 for Paul HI. tliough it is perhaps to be lamen- 
 ted, that the artist's revenge had been cruel- 
 ly immortalized, by liis representiition of a 
 
x\N 
 
 AN 
 
 cflr4linal, who was his enemy, in the number 
 of tlie damned. His architectural abilities 
 are best displayed in the public buildings of 
 Florence, and particularly of Rome, where 
 he completed the building of Si. Peter's 
 church, in the execution of which he spent 
 17 laborious years without salary. He was 
 also an elegant poet, as his sonnets, canzonets, 
 bcc. published by his grand-nephew at Flor- 
 ence 1627, fully show. He died 1564,aged 00. 
 
 AxGELO, Thomas de, an ecclesiastic, 
 author of an history of Sicily for the first five 
 centuries, and of other works. He died in 
 anadvanceil age at Messina, 1720. 
 
 A>fGEL0\T, Francis, born at Terni in 
 Spolatto, was author of an history of his na- 
 tive town, and of a valuable Augustan histo- 
 ry t)y medals, from J. Csesar to Constantine 
 the great, the best edition of which is Rome 
 1685, fol. He wrote also the history of Ter- 
 ni, and died 1652. 
 
 Angel us, Christopher, a learned Greek, 
 driven from Peloponnesus by the Turks. 
 He came to England, and studied at Cam- 
 bridge under the patronage of the bishop of 
 Norwich. He afterwards went to Baliol col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he proved very useful 
 in instructing the students in Greek. He died 
 1638. He was author of several works, the 
 most valuable of which is his account of his 
 sufferings, printed 1617, in Greek and English. 
 
 AxGiER, Samuel, a native of Dedham, 
 in Essex, educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was ejected for nonconformity 
 from hisliving at Denton, Lancashire, in 1662, 
 and died 1677, aged 72. He was author of 
 a theological treatise called a lielp to better 
 hearts for better times. 
 
 Angii.bert, St. descended from a no- 
 ble family of Neustria, studied under Alcui- 
 nus wilh Charlemagne, and not only became 
 his minister and favorite, but married his 
 daughter Bertha. He was made governor 
 of the coast from the Scheld to the Seine, 
 but he resigned his honors and the company 
 of his wife for the monastery of Centula or 
 St. Requier of which he became the abbot. 
 He was often drawn from his I'eligious re- 
 tirement to affairs of state ; he went three 
 times to Rome, and saw Charlemagne crown- 
 ed emperor of the West. Of his works few 
 remain. He was so elegant a poet that Char- 
 lemagne called hin» his Ifomer. He died the 
 18th of February 814. 
 
 AxGioLELuo, boiMi at Vicenza, wrote 
 in the Italian and Turkish tongue an history 
 of Mahomet I. which he inscribed to him. 
 He had been slave to Miistapha in an expe- 
 dition to Persia 1473, antl therefore his his- 
 tory isthatof an eye witness. He wrote also 
 Iho history of Usson Casson. 
 
 Axci.icus, Gdbertus, physician to Her- 
 bert, archbishop of Canterbury, was author 
 of a compendinm of physic, the earliest ex- 
 tant, of which Dr. Freind has spoken at 
 length. He lived acconling to some at the 
 latter end of the l;)lli century. 
 
 Anglic us, Ricardus, an English medical 
 Avriter, who studied at Oxford, and after- 
 wards at Paris. He was a very early author 
 
 on medicine, and eminent in his profession., 
 A list of his works is preserved in Aikin's 
 Biog. Mem. of medicine. He lived about 1230. 
 
 Anglus, Thomas, an English priest, the 
 friend of Sir Kenelm Digby, known by the 
 several names of Albius Candidus, Bianchi, 
 Richworth, White, and Vitus, which he as- 
 sumed in the different countries of Europe, 
 where he spent the greatest part of his life. 
 He distinguished himself by Iiis learning and 
 genius, but his fondness for the Peripatetic 
 philosophy, and his attempts to apply the 
 principlesofAristole to explain the mysteries 
 of religion, created him many enemies, who 
 procured the condemnation of his writings, 
 both at Doua,.v and at Rome. He died after 
 the restoration of Charles H. but the year is 
 unknown. 
 
 Anguier, Francis and Michael, two bro- 
 thers, natives of Eu, in Normandy, who a- 
 dorned Paris by their beautiful sculptures. 
 The former died 1699, aged 95, and the other 
 1686, aged 74. The tomb of James Souvre 
 at St. John de Lateran, the ornaments of St. 
 Denis, &c. are among the most admired pie- 
 ces of Michael ; and of those of F'rancis, the 
 large crucifix over the high altar of the churclt 
 of the Sorbonne, the mausoleum of the duke 
 of Montmorency, at Moulines, of De Thou. 
 
 Anguillari, John Andre del', an es- 
 teemed Italian poet, who wrote a tragedy on 
 CEdipus, notes on the Orlando of Ariosto, 
 and a valuable translation of Ovid's Meta- 
 morphoses, printed \ enice 1554 in 4to. He 
 lived in the 16th century. 
 
 Angusciola, Sophonisba, a native of 
 Almona in Italy, eminent for her historical 
 and portrait paintings. She bestowed sucli 
 attention to her profession that she became 
 blind. She died 1626, aged 93. Her sister 
 Lucia and Europa, also excelled in the exe- 
 cution of the pencil. 
 
 A NT GET us, pope of Romc, after Pius, 157, 
 suffered martyrdom under M. Aurelius, 168, 
 
 Anich, Peter, son of a turner, was born at 
 Oberpersuf near Inspruck 1723, and after 
 being employed as a laborer and a shepherd, 
 his genius for mechanics burst forth, and was 
 improved and corrected by the friendly as- 
 sistance of father Hill a Jesuit. He was ad- 
 mired for his knowledge of astronomy, for 
 the elegance and accuracy of the maps and 
 charts which he drew ; and the pair of globes 
 Avhich he made for the university of Inspruck 
 were justly considered as of superior beauty 
 and value. He died earl)' in life 1766, seri- 
 ously lamented, and the empress queen hon- 
 ored his memory by bestowing a pension of 
 50 florins on his sister. 
 
 A Ni CH I Ni, Lewis, a Venetian engraver, 
 much celebrated for the delicacy and preci- 
 sion with which he engraved even the min- 
 utest objects. It was at the sight of his pie- 
 ces that Michael Angelo exclaimed, that the 
 art of engraving under his haiul had reached 
 the summit of pei'fection. His best pieces 
 was a medal of Alexander the great, pros- 
 trating himself before the high-priest at Je- 
 rusalem, the bead of pope Paul III. and Hen- 
 ry HI. of France on the reverse. 
 
AN 
 
 AxiELLo, Thomas, vid. Anrllo. 
 
 A N KEus r AOOM, John .lanns,f» Sw tdisli 
 otHce r who, in llic wartarritd on In Swtdcn 
 agauist Uussia, surtercd liiiiisclf to be gained 
 over against the intrrcsls c»t' his country. 
 lie was (liseovered and sentenced to dcalli, 
 but tlie pardon othis king, instead «trproducing 
 gratitude and h))aliiy, rendered his iialred 
 more inveterate. He cunspired against Cius- 
 tavus, and as the unsuspecting njonarch cn- 
 teied a room wliere a masked hall was assem- 
 bled, the assassin disciiarged at him a pistol 
 containing two halls and some nails. 'I'he 
 wound was mortal and the king expired, 2yih 
 ISIarch IT'J'J. The 2rth ol April following 
 the bloody murderer was led to execution, hut 
 instead of contrition he gloried in his deed. 
 His right hand and his head were cut ofi". 
 
 Anna Commena, daughter of Alexis 
 Commenus emperor of Constantinople, anrl 
 celebrated for the Greek history which she 
 has written, in which, uith great elegance and 
 spirit, though often willi partiality, she 
 records the events which dislinguisiied her 
 lather's reign. 
 
 AxNA IvAXOVNA, daughter of Ivan A - 
 lexiovitch, emperor of Russia,'married in 1710 
 Frederic William duke of Courland, and suc- 
 ceeded Peter H. on the throne 1730. At 
 the death of her husband, 1719, she took for 
 her favorite Biren, a person of low birth, but 
 great duplicity ; and when raised to the throne 
 her subjects were ruled by this capricious 
 and cruel minion, who it is said banished no 
 less than 20,000 persons to Siberia through 
 pique, malice and revenge. Anna died 1740, 
 aged 47. She was succeeded by her grand- 
 nephew Ivan, whose minority was intrusted 
 to the care of the guilty Biren, now raised 
 to the dignity of duke of Courland. 
 
 Annand, "William, A. M. a native of 
 Edinburgh, m ho was cliosen one of the min- 
 isters and became a popular preacher there. 
 He behaved with great kindness towards the 
 persecuted presbyterians, and opposed James 
 when he wished to dispense with the penal 
 laws. At the revolution he was made dean 
 of Kaphoe in Ireland, where he died 1710, 
 aged 64. He wrote a volume of valuable ser- 
 mons, little known. 
 
 Annat, P'rancis, a native of Rouergue, 
 of the order of the Jesuits, teacher of phil- 
 osophy at Toulouse, and afterwards employed 
 at Rome and in France, iu the service of the 
 pope. He was made confessor to the French 
 king 1054, which oflice he held IG years, and 
 then solicited his dismission from increasing 
 infirmities. He is known for his great zeal 
 in opposing the Jansenists, and for his un- 
 common modesty and disinterestedness w hich 
 never employed the influence he possessed 
 at court to promote his family. His wri- 
 tings, which are controversial, are admired 
 for great judgment, learning, and modera- 
 tion. He died at Paris 1G70, aged 80. 
 
 Anne, of Austria, daughter of Philip II. 
 of Spain man-ied Lewis XIII. 1C15, and was 
 mother of Lewis XIV. of France. The in- 
 trigues of Richelieu rendered her marriage 
 state imliappy, but during the minoriiy of iicr 
 
 AN 
 
 j son, she was permitted to govern the kingdom 
 In means ol. Mazarine ; hut though she (ilfend- 
 ed the nation by means of this lavorile, her 
 power was rendered popular by the victories 
 of the great Cond<;. W hen Lewis \1V. suc- 
 ceeded to the government in lOtio, •,|ie retired 
 to a con>ent, and died 1C06, aged G4. 
 
 A N N E, of Beauicu, daughter of L«Mvis XII. 
 of France, married the dukiMif Bourbon, and 
 w as legent during the minority of her brother 
 (Charles \ 111. Ilei* government was marked 
 by prudence, iirmness, and wisdom, thoiigU 
 in her private character she was vindictive 
 and violent. Jibe died at Chantelle Id'J'J, 
 aged GO. 
 
 Anne, of Britany,wa.s daughter and lieir- 
 ess of the I.ist duke of thaldutrhy. She was 
 wife of Maximilian of Austria, and next 
 married Charles \ III. of Prance, and after 
 his death Lewis XII. She was celebrated 
 for her beauty, her modesty, and her [latron- 
 age of the learned and the indigent. She 
 died 1514 in her S8th year. 
 
 Anne, of Cleves, a daughter of John IIJ. 
 duke of Cleves. Her picture by Holbein 
 was shewn by lord Cromwell to the licentious 
 Henry VUl. and he demanded her for his 
 queen. The painter had flattered the prin- 
 cess, and Henry, soon disgusted with the 
 Flander's mare, as he called this ill treated 
 woman, obtained a divorce from his obsequi- 
 ous parliament. Anne, without struggle, and 
 indeed with unconcern, left England, and 
 retired to Cleves, where she died 1557. 
 
 Anne, daughter of James II. succee<led 
 William III. as queen of England. Her reign 
 forms a brilliant epoch in the English history 
 from the victoi-ies of Marlborough ; but she 
 possessed not tlie firmness required to dis- 
 tinguish the merits and virtues of her sub- 
 jects; and while slie suftererl herself to be 
 ruled by a cabal, she lost the power of de- 
 stroying the dissensions which agitated hei' 
 courtiers. Under her administration, Scot- 
 land was united to England. The queen 
 possessed the peculiar felicity of having for 
 her ministers the ablest statesman that ever 
 lived, and among lier subjects the most learn- 
 ed, sublime, and eloquent writers in the walks 
 of poetry, science, and general literature; 
 and therefore with truth her reign has been 
 denominated the Augustim age of England. 
 In 1GS;3 she married prince George of Den- 
 mark, by whom she had several children who 
 all died young. She died August 1714 aged 5(». 
 
 Anne, dutchess of the \iennois, after the 
 death of her brother John I. defended her 
 rights with great courage and equal success 
 against the claims of Robert duke of Bur- 
 gundy. She died 12yG. 
 
 Anne, ofFerrara,daughterof Hercules IL 
 duke of Ferrara, married 1549 Francis duke 
 of Guise, and behaved with great spirit and 
 courage during the unfortunate quarrels of 
 the league. She was afterwards for some 
 time imprisoned at Blois. 
 
 Anne, of Russia, daughter of Jaraslaus, 
 married Henry I. king of France loi4, after 
 his death she marrieil Raoul, who was allied 
 to her first husband : in con'^equrncc of which 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 she was excommunicated, and at last repudi- 
 ated, and obliged to return to Russia. 
 
 AxxE, of Cyprus, married in 1431 Lewis 
 duke of Savoy, and showed herself able, 
 active, and discriminating at the head of pub- 
 lic afiairs. She died 11th Isov. 1462. 
 
 AxxE, of Hungary, daughter of Ladislaus 
 VI. married Ferdinand of Austria, and 
 placed him upon the throne of Bohemia. She 
 died 27th Jan. 1547. 
 
 A :c N" E D E G o N X A G u E , Av i fe of Ed w ai-d 
 count Palatine, died at Paris Gth July 1GS4 
 aged G8, and was honored with an eulogium 
 by the celebrated Bossuet. 
 
 Annebaut, Claude d% of an ancient 
 family in Normandy, was taken prisoner 
 with Francis I. at the battle of Pavia. He 
 •was afterv»ards marshall and admiral of 
 France, and distinguished hini.self by his 
 bravery and wisdom. He died 2d Nov. 1.t53. 
 
 Anxeix de So uvenei,, Alexis Francis, 
 a learned advocate of the parliament of Bri- 
 tany, known by an elegant epistle in verse 
 to the shades of Boileau. He died at Ren- 
 nes 1758 aged 69. 
 
 Axxesley, Samuel, LL. D. a native of 
 Cumberland, educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards chaplain of a man of 
 ■war, and then minister of Blisse in Kent, 
 ^vhere his services as a pastor were of the 
 most benevolent nature. He afterwards, in 
 consequence of his violent sermons against 
 the monarchy, obtained St. GilesCripplegate, 
 London, from wliich he was ejected by the 
 act of uniformnity 1662. He died 10U6, Dec. 
 51, aged 77, author of sevei-al sermons. It 
 is said John Wesley was his grandson by the 
 mother's side. 
 
 AxxESi.EY, Arthur, earl of Anglesey, 
 a native of Dublin I6l4, educated at Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, which he left to study 
 the law at Lincoln's Inn. In the i)cginning of 
 the civil warshe favored the royal, cause and 
 satin the parliament held at Oxford in 1048; 
 but he afterwards espoused the i-epublican 
 side, and was employed with success asa com- 
 missioner in quelling the disturbances of Ul- 
 ster, and in with(lra\\ing the command of 
 Dublin from the hands of the duke of Or- 
 iBond. The violence of his party, however, 
 disjdeased him, and, after the death of Crom- 
 •wcil, he began to favor the re-establishment 
 of regal authority, and on Charles's return 
 he was made a ])cer for his signal services, 
 as his patent mentions, in effecting the resto- 
 ration. He was made treasurer of the navy 
 1667, and 1672 commissioiser to examine the 
 affairs of Ireland, and the next year privy 
 seal ; but his political quarrel with Lord Cas- 
 llehavon and the duke of Ormond, with res- 
 l)ect to the insurrections in Ireland, rendered 
 him unpopular with the king, to whom, in 
 1682, he ventured to present a petition a- 
 gainst the succession of the duke of York, 
 and he resigne«l, and retired to his seat at 
 Bleaching.lou, Oxfordshire. He was maiked 
 out by James II. for the office of chancellor, 
 bt»t his death jirevented his elevation to this 
 dignity, April Gth, 1686, in his 73d year. He 
 wus a JTian of abilities, and great sagacity 
 
 and learning. lie wrote, besides political 
 pamphlets, a valuable histoi-y of the troubles 
 of Ireland, from 1641 to IGGO, said to have 
 been destroyed. He was the first of those 
 spirited nobles, who considered a choice li- 
 brary as an ornament to their splendid 
 equipage, and he made a valuable but expen- 
 sive collection. On tite sale of his books, a 
 memorandum was found on a leaf, to men- 
 tion that the E«<ov Burtxtxvi was not the work of 
 the unfortunate Charles, but of Dr. Gauden, 
 which circumstance produced a war of con- 
 troversy. His interesting memoirs were 
 published IGO.1, 8vo. 
 
 Annius, de Vlterbo, a Dominican, M-hosc 
 real name was John Nanni, master of the 
 sacred palace of Alexander VI. He wrote 
 commentaries, he. besides 17 books of anti- 
 quities, a foolish and injudicious collection of 
 the spurious works attributed to Xenophon, 
 Archilochus, Phih), Fabius I'ictor, Berosus, 
 Sec. a mean artifice, which for some time suc- 
 ceeded upon the unsus])ecting judgment of 
 the learned. He died 1502 at Rome, aged 70. 
 
 Anscharius, a Frenchman, bishop of 
 Hamburgh and Bremen, celebrated for the 
 success of his preacliing in the conversion 
 of the Danes to Christianity. He died 865, 
 aged 64. 
 
 AxsEGisus, abbot of Lobbes in the dio- 
 cese of Cambra.y, made a collection of the 
 capitularies of the emperor Charlemagne, 
 and Lewis his son, in 2 vols, folio. He was 
 a man of great learning and application, and 
 died 83.S. 
 
 AxsEGist'S, a learned priest of Rheims, 
 often confounded with the preceding. He 
 was made archbishop of Sens, and died 883. 
 
 AxsELM,a native of Aost in Savoy, who, 
 after travelhng through France, where he 
 was prior of Bee, and abbot of Caen in Nor- 
 mandy, came over to England in 1092, and 
 \\ as with difficulty prevailed upon by king 
 Rufus to fill tlie vacant see of Canterbury. 
 Though gratitude might have influenced the 
 conduct of a subject, Anselm looked with 
 mdifterence upon the monarch, and refused 
 to receive the metropolitan pall from his 
 hands. A quarrel thus begun, was more 
 strongly fomented, while the one wished to 
 abridge, and the other wished to enlarge, 
 the powers of the church, and therefore, 
 Anselm had no sooner left the kingdom to 
 repair to Rome, than the king seized the re- 
 venues and privileges of the archbishop. 
 The prelate complained to Urban II. who, 
 uhile he wished to defend the nghts of his 
 office, did not fail to listen to the more pow- 
 erful arguments of his rival, accompanied 
 by presents and promises, and the dispute 
 remained undecided till the death of the 
 monarch, and the pope. On the accession 
 of Henry I. Anselm, who had resided at Ly- 
 ons, received an invitation to return, and his 
 arrival was marked with the most extraor- 
 dinary respect, both from the king and the 
 people ; but when rc-investiture was demand- 
 ed, and the homage generally paid to a new 
 monarch, the haughty prolate refused, and 
 found his conduct applauded at Rome. The 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 k'inR was f5rm in his tlctermiiinlion, and An- 
 selin was bound toijbey titc coinniands of tlic 
 pone, who rcj^arded the claims of liie kiupj 
 as inU'usivc. The bishops, who had bt-lore 
 espoused the cause of the king, now ciiangcd 
 tlieir sentiments, and Anselm, who had re- 
 tired into Xonnandy,at last had the i^ratifica- 
 tion to see the kinj; con^e to sohcit a recon- 
 cihation, whiih was cH'ecled in the abbey of 
 lice. Ansehii returned to Enphmd before 
 the final settlement of this dispute, and died 
 2lst of April UO'J in his 7Cth year. He was 
 autlior of several theologic:»l treatises. Me 
 vas the first prelate who insisted upon tlie 
 celibacy of his clerg)-, in the synod of West- 
 minster 1102. In his timt', it is remarkable, 
 that the archbi.shop of York alteiupted to 
 throw off the de|)endency on the see of 
 Canterbury, in which, however, lie failed. 
 Anselm was canonizetl under Henry Yll. at 
 the instance of his successor cardinal Morton. 
 His works were published at Cologne 1612, 
 and at Lyons 1630. 
 
 Amselm, an Augustine monk, author of 
 a chronological history of France, Sec. 1694, 
 continued afterwards and swelled, by Ange 
 an»l Simplicien, to nine vols, folio 1726. He 
 died at Paris 1604, aged 69. 
 
 An'Selm, Anthony, son of a surgeon of 
 Armvignac, distinguished himself as a prea- 
 cher and poet. His panegyrics and funeral 
 orations were much admired. He died 1737, 
 aged 86 
 
 AxsER, a Latin poet, the friend of Anto- 
 ny, in the age of Horace and Virgil. 
 
 Axsox, George lord, was son of William 
 Anson, esquire, of Huckborough, the descen- 
 dant of an ancient family in Staffordshire. 
 His fondness for naval history and bold ad- 
 ventures was perceived and encouraged by 
 his father, and after receivnig a becoming 
 education he distinguished himself in the na- 
 vy so much that he was sent with a squadron 
 of five ships to annoy the Spaniards in the 
 southern ocean, and he sailed from Ports- 
 mouth 18th Sept. 1740. He was 40 days in 
 crossing Cape Horn, March 1741, in the most 
 tempestuous season, but undismayed he pro- 
 ceeded and reached Juan Fernandez with on- 
 ly two ships and two smaller attendant vessels 
 and 335 men^ From thence he Sf t sail to 
 attack Paita, and after he had destroyed his 
 ships as unserviceable, except the Centurion 
 of 64 guns, he crossed the Pacific ocean, and 
 after refreshing for some time in China, he 
 returned towards the east, and took the fa- 
 mous Acapulco galleon, oif the Philippine 
 islands. He touched at Canton, where he 
 supi)orte(l the dignity of the British flag, and 
 returning by the Cape of Good Hope, he 
 passed during a fog through a French fleet, 
 and arrived at Spithead the 15th June 1744, , 
 after a voyage of three years and nine months. 
 His riches were conveyed to London in 32 
 waggons, with music playing, and amidst 
 the shouts of the rejoicing populace, and 
 the booty was divided among those brave 
 men who had shared his glory and his toils. 
 Some years after, his good fortune next led 
 him among a French fleet of six men of var 
 VOL. I. 11 
 
 and four East India ships vvhicdi lie took. 
 It was on this occasion tliat the French ad- 
 miral said to him, in presenting his sword, 
 and pointing to two of his ships " monsieur, 
 V0U8 avez \aincu I'iii vincible, et la gloire vous 
 suit." His great services were rewarded by 
 (ieorge II. with a peerage, and he was 
 placed at the head oi the admiralty, nomi- 
 nate«l vice admiral of Fngland on the death 
 of sir John Norris, and became the na>al 
 oracle of his country. He afterwards pro- 
 tected with a squadron tlie descent made in 
 1758 at Cherbourg and St. .Maloes, but his ex- 
 ertions were too great for the languid sUite of 
 his health, and the last oflicc he performed 
 was the conveying ot (Charlotte, the consort 
 of George IIL to England. He died June 
 6th, 1762, at his seat Moor park Herts, la- 
 mented by the whole nation. He had no issue 
 by his lady, who was daughter of Earl Hard- 
 wicke, antl who died before him. Lord Anson 
 was a great and popular character, he posses- 
 sed such inoffensive artless manners, that it 
 M'as jocosely said of him by a person who ob- 
 served liow he was imposed upon by charac- 
 ters of whose company he was too fond, that 
 he had been round the v.orld but never in it. 
 His voyage round the world was a well exe- 
 cuted performance, compiled by Benjamin 
 Robins ; and so ])opular that four large im- 
 pressions were sold in 12 montlis, and it was 
 translated into several languages. 
 
 Anstis, John, a native of St. Neots in 
 Cornwall, born 2Sth Sept. 1669, and educated 
 at Exeter college Oxford, and at the Middle 
 Temple. He was in 1702 member for St. 
 Germain's, and opposed the bill for occasion- 
 al conformity, for which he was ridiculed 
 among the Tackers. He was commissioner 
 of prizes under queen Anne, and was garter 
 king at arms from 1714 to his death, which 
 happened March 4th, 1744. He was buried 
 at Dulo in Cornwall. He was distinguished 
 by his great knowledge of heraldry, a science 
 which he enriched by many learned publi- 
 cations, as well as other genealogical trea- 
 tises, kc. some of wliich were left in ma- 
 nuscript and purchased by All Souls college. 
 The best known of his publications were a 
 letter on the honor of tJie earl marshal, 8vo. 
 1706 — the form of the garter installation, 8vo. 
 1720 — the register of the noble order of the 
 garter, 2 vols, folio, 1724 observation intro- 
 ductory and an historical essay on the knight- 
 hood of the bath, 4to. 1725. His eldest son 
 John was also acquainted with heraldry. He 
 was of Corpus Christi, O.xford, where he took 
 his degi'ec of L. L. D. He was associated with 
 his father as gai'ter king 1725, and made ge- 
 nealogist and register of the bath. He died a 
 bachelor Dec. 5th, 1754. 
 
 Antagoras, a Rodianpoet, in the service 
 of Antigonus of Macedon. 
 
 Antelmi, Joseph, a canon of Frejus in 
 Provence, author of .some theological tracts, 
 among which is a dissertation on the church 
 of Frejus, and an inquiry concerning the 
 author of St. Athanasius's creed . He died 
 1697 aged 49. 
 
 Antesignan, Peter, a native ofRaba's- 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 tcinsiii the 16tli Centuiy, author of a Ci-eek 
 and an universal ^ammar, aud editor of 
 Terence. 
 
 Anthem I US, Procopius, of the family of 
 the tyrant Procopius, married Plavia Euphe- 
 mia, daughter of Marcian. His alliance as 
 Avell as his valor procured liini the title of 
 Augustus 46". He gave his daughter in mar- 
 riage to Ricimer, a general, who soon after 
 attacked Rome and imhrued his hands in the 
 blood of his father-in-law 472. 
 
 Anthemius, an architect of Ijydia, in the 
 fith century, who was also an able mathema- 
 tician, ami good experimental philosopher, 
 and invented several machines to imitate 
 thunder, earthquakes, kc. He Avas employ- 
 ed by Justinian in the erection of St. Sophia's 
 church, Constantinople, and other edifices. 
 
 Anthony, Saint, the founder of monastic 
 life, w as born at Coma in Egjpt, 251 . He sold 
 liis possessions, wliich he distributed to the 
 poor, and retired into the desert, where, for 
 20 years, say the catholics, his virtue was 
 exposed to the greatest temptations from the 
 ■wiles of Satan, till he prevailed, and saw him- 
 self at last surrounded by a crowd of follow- 
 ers, zealous to merit his blessings and to imi- 
 tate his piety. He twice visited Alexandria 
 to give assistance to the suft'ering Christians 
 under the persecution of Arius. He died 350, 
 in the 105th year of his age. St. Athanasius, 
 to whom he gave his tunic, has written his 
 life. Two orders of chivalry have been insti- 
 tuted under his name. 
 
 Anthony, Francis, was born in London 
 April 16th 1550, and studied at Cambridge, 
 Averehe laid the foundation of that chemical 
 knowledge which enabled him to impose upon 
 ihc credulous and the unwar}', by selling his 
 panacea of potable gold, on which a treatise 
 vas printed at Hamburgh 1598. His success 
 as an em|)iric was great, but he was violently 
 opposed i)y Drs. Gwinne and Cotta, and it 
 V as confidently asserted that his nostrum was 
 \)oisonous, and many on their deathbed attri- 
 buted their death to it. The inofl'ensiveness 
 of his manners, his learning and his private 
 virtueSj'however, stemmed the torrent of un- 
 ])0\)ularit3 , and though he was fined and im- 
 prisoned for practising without a license, his 
 reputation and his fortune increased. He 
 died in llartlujlomeM' Close, May 2Cth, 1623, 
 figed 74, and was buried in the church there, 
 leaving two sons both physicians, one of 
 vhom, tToluijSucceededJiis father as the pro- 
 prietor of his medicine, and the otlier prac- 
 tised at Bedford m ith deserved applause. 
 
 An iHONY, John, son of the above and ven- 
 der ofhisAurumPotabile, was author of" Lu- 
 cas redivivus," or gospel physician, &cc. prin- 
 ted 4to. 1650. He died Apri'l 2Sth 1655, aged 
 70. A monument is placed over him and hisfu- 
 thcr in St. Bartholomew the great in London. 
 A:cTHONY, king of Navarre, was sou of 
 (yharles of Bourbon, duke of \ endome, and 
 married .loan d' Albret 1548, who brought 
 liim the i)rincipality of Bearne and the king- 
 dom of Navarre. He was a weak and irre- 
 solute ]trince. He abandoned the protectant 
 tenets lor the ct^thojic faith; and the;i ionucd; 
 
 with the duke of Guise aud the constable 
 Montmorency, the fanious league called the 
 triumvirate. During theci\il wars, in 1562, 
 he took the command of the army, and Blois, 
 Tours and Rouen surrendered to his arms. 
 He was wounded on the shoulder at the siege 
 of this last place, and died 35 days after at 
 Andeli, 17th Nov. 1562. His son was after- 
 wards the celebrated Henry IV. of France. 
 
 Anthony, titular king of Portugal, was 
 son of Lewis the second sonof king Emanuel. 
 His pretensions to the throne were opposed 
 by Philip II of Spain, w ho sent the (luke of 
 Aha against him 1580, and obliged liim tolly 
 from his dominions. Anthony was a wretch- 
 ed fugitive in Holland, France and England, 
 and died at Paris, 2d ^lay 1595, aged 64. 
 
 Anthony, illegitimate son of Philip duke 
 of Burgundy, deserved by his valor the name 
 of the Great. He was engaged in Africa 
 against the Moors, and in Switzerland, and 
 was taken prisoner at the battle of Nanci. 
 Lewis XI. of France and Charles \IU. hon- 
 orably I'e warded his services. He died 1504» 
 aged 83. 
 
 Anthony, a native of Andalusia. Vicl. 
 Antonius called Nebrissensis. 
 
 Anthony, Paul Gabriel, a learned Jesuit, 
 born at Luneville. He was professor of phi- 
 losoph)- and theology, and died at Pont-a- 
 Mousson 1743. He wrote theologiauniversa 
 dogmatica, 7 vols. 12nio. and theologia mora- 
 lis, four vols. 12mo. 
 
 Anthony, a Sicilian, who when taken 
 prisoner by Mahomet II. at the Negropont 
 1473, set fire to the arsenal of Gallipoli, for 
 which he was ordered to be sawed in two by 
 the vindictive Turk. 
 
 Anthony, N. an architect who settled at 
 Paris, from Switzerland, during the revolu- 
 tion, and adorned the capital with several 
 beautiful edfices. He died ofau apoplexylSOl. 
 
 Anthony, of Padua, a Franciscan monk, 
 born at Lisbon. He taught in the Italian 
 universities and died at Padna 1231 aged 36. 
 His works appeared at the Hague 1641. 
 
 Anthony, of Pratovecchio, a lawyer of 
 Tuscany, professor at Bologna. He publish- 
 ed his course of feudal law 1428, besides 
 other admired woi'ks on the same subjects'. 
 He died about 1464. 
 
 Anthony, St. a native of Lisbon 1195, 
 professor of divinity at Toulouse, Montpel- 
 lier, and Padua, where he died 1231, aged 36. 
 His memory is still so much venerated in 
 Poi'tugal, that he is looked upon as the gen- 
 eral of the armies of the kingdom. Some of 
 his works, especially his sermons, are extant. 
 
 An I ho NY, a native of Palermo, sent by 
 Alphonso \. king of Naples to purchase the 
 bone of the arm of the historian Livy, which 
 the people of Venice pretended they posses- 
 sed. He was known as a poet and writer. 
 He died 6th Jan. 1471 at Naples, aged 78. 
 
 Anthony, of Messina, called also Anto- 
 nello, was the first Italian who])ainted in oil, 
 about 1430. He had received the secret 
 iVom Van-'cyck, and he was basely murde- 
 red by Andrew del Castagno, who wished 
 to possess alouc the valuable iufonnatiou. 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 AxTlGEXiDES, a Tlichnu musician mIio 
 inslructed Alciljiudcs ami otlicis in pla} inj; 
 on tlie flute. 
 
 Anticom'S I. a Maccdnniaii i^rncral, 
 "wlio at(fi" Alexander's deatli olifaiiu'd lor iiis 
 share Pamphylia, Lydia, I'iirygia major, Sec. 
 He was slain at the battle of Ipv.iis ;)(H li. (J. 
 
 Antigonus, (ionatas, giandson of the 
 above, uas remarkable for his allectiou to 
 bis father Demetrius I'olifjrcetts. He foiitjjht 
 ajijainst the ( iauls and i'v rrhns, and died J5. C. 
 
 AxTiGOVUS, [)oson, kin:::: of Macedonia 
 after Demetrius Tl. took Sparta and defeated 
 the Illyrians. lit died H. C. 2'21. 
 
 An iiGONUB, Carysliiis, a (i reck philoso- 
 pher about 30() li. C. author of a e(jllection 
 of wonderful stories ' 
 
 Antigonus, Sochicns, founder of tlie 
 sect of the Sadducees about 300 B. C, in op- 
 position to the Pharisees. 
 
 Antigonvs, son of Aristobulus II. king 
 of Judica, was led in t!ie procession when 
 Pompey triumphed over Jerusalem. He at- 
 tempted in vain to recover the kingdom by 
 soliciting the favors of Ciesar, and then had 
 recourse to Pacorus king of Parthia, who 
 placed him ou the throne of Jerusalem. He 
 vas afterwards driven from his power by the 
 generals of M. Antony, and ignominiousJy 
 put to death 37 B. C. ' 
 
 Antimacho, Mark Anthony, a native 
 of Mantua, author of some Latin poems, and 
 of some Italian translations from the Greek. 
 He died 1552 at Ferrara, where he was 
 much respected as a Greek professor. 
 
 AXTIMACHUS, a Greek poet, author of 
 the Thebaid, or theWar of Thebes, B. C. 408. 
 
 Antine, Maur Francois d', a Benedic- 
 tine who was born at Gouvieux in Liege, and 
 died 1746, aged 58. He was liighly admired 
 for his piety, and the mildness of his man- 
 ners. He published the first 5 vols, of Du 
 Cange besides other valuable liistorical works, 
 especially the art of verifying dates, 1750 in 
 4to. re-printed folio 1770. 
 
 AxTiocHus I. succeeded his father Se- 
 Icucus on the throne of Antioch, and died 
 B.C. 261. 
 
 AntiochusII. surnamed Theos, lost a 
 great part of his dominions by the revolt of 
 the Parthians and other nations, and was poi- 
 soned by his wife Laodice, B. C. 246. 
 Antiochus III. or Great, son of Seleucus, 
 .succeeded his brother Seleucus Ceraunus. 
 He recovered some of the provinces which 
 had been taken from him by the king of 
 Kgypt, but his war with the Romans proved 
 di.sastrous, and lie Avas conquered by the 
 Scipios, and died soon after, about B. (J. 187. 
 
 Antioch us IV. son of the Great, succeed- 
 ed B. C. 176, after his brother Philopater. 
 Me was successful against Eg}pt, and after- 
 •wards invaded Judcea, where he behaved 
 M-ith unparalleled crueltv to the inhabitants. 
 Ife died B.C. 165. 
 
 AxTiocHus Y. was slain l)y Demetrius in 
 the 2d year of his reign aged 1 1. 
 
 Antiochus, Sidctes^ obtained the crown 
 !^r Syria by putting to death Tryphon. He 
 
 was slain in a ballK; against the Parihiuns 
 B.C l.iO. 
 
 Antioch is, firypus, son of Sitletes, cau- 
 sed his nM)lher (Meopatra to drink a cup (.f 
 poison uhich siic had pr« |)ared fr)i- him. lie 
 fell by the hand of one ol his subjects M. ('. '.'7 
 
 Aniiochus, a Stoic pliilo>>oidier ofAi- 
 calon M. C. 100. 
 
 Antioch us, author of homilies on the 
 RcriptiM'eH printed in the Bibl. J'alrnm, was 
 a monk of Seba in Palestine in ll.e 7th ei n- 
 tury. 
 
 An'tipatkr, one of Alevunder's gene- 
 rals, who obtained for his share, at the di\i- 
 sion of the empire, the European provinces. 
 He died B.C. J 18, aged SO. 
 
 Antipa TEK, Lielius Ctel. a Latin liistu- 
 rian, who wrote an account of the Punic 
 wars, now lost. 
 
 \n riPATER, a Stoic philosopher of Si- 
 don. 
 
 Axtipater, a Jew, minister to ILrca- 
 nus, the brother of Aristobulus the nigh- 
 priest. By the friendship of the Romans he 
 obtained the sovereign power over his coun- 
 try, but his conduct rendered him unpopular, 
 and he died by poison B. C. 
 
 Axtipater, a bishop of Bostra in Ara- 
 bia, who wrote against Eusebius' defence of 
 Origen in the 5th century. 
 
 Antiphilus, a painter of sucli emi- 
 nence that he was the rival of the great 
 Apelles. 
 
 Axtiphon, tlie Rhamnusian, an oratoi' 
 of Athens, put to deatli B. C. 411, for his as- 
 sisting in the establishment of the 400 tyrants 
 
 An tisthenes, a philosopher of Athens, 
 founder of the sect of the Cynics. 
 
 Antoinette, queen of France, vi<l, 
 Marie. 
 
 Antoni de Sceaux, a famous rope 
 dancer on the French stage, who died 1732. 
 
 Antonia, daughter of Mark Antony 
 and Octavia, married Drusus, by wliom she 
 had three children, and proved a virtuous 
 wife in the midst of a dissipated city. She 
 died in the reign of her grandson Caligula. 
 
 Antoniano, Silvio, a man of extensive 
 learning, born of obscure parents at Rome 
 1540. When he was but ten yeai's old, he 
 could compose verses with uncommon fa- 
 cility, and as a proof of this, lie was produ- 
 ced at the table of the cardinal of Pisa, 
 where Alexander Farnese gave him a nosc- 
 gav, and desired him to give it with an ap- 
 propriate address to the man whon\ he con- 
 sidered as likely to be pope, which he im- 
 mediately did to the cardinal of Medicis, 
 afterwards Pius IV. with a delicate poetical 
 eulogium. These uncommon talents were 
 improved by the patixmage of the duke of 
 Ferrara ; and when Pius IV. was seated in St. 
 Peter's chair, Jie remembered the youthful 
 poet, and gave him an honorable situation in 
 his palace. Antoniano was professor of belles 
 lettresat Rome, and saw not less than 25 car- 
 dinals among his auditors; and afterw.u'ds as 
 rector, and under Pius V. secretarv (•> the 
 sacred college for 25 years, he preserved the 
 same dignitr of character and tlic oame 
 
AN 
 
 AN 
 
 popularity. He -was as last made cardinal 
 by Clement YIIl. but he refused the hon- 
 ors of a bishopric, satisfied with literary 
 ease and I'etirement. He died through ex- 
 cessive application 1G03, in his G3d yeax", 
 leaving several admired pieces both in prose 
 and vei'se. 
 
 Antoxides, Vatjder Goes, John, a 
 poet born at Goes in Zealand, April 3d, 1547. 
 The early part of his life was past at Am- 
 sterdam, and he uas bred up as an apothe- 
 cary ; but the fondness which he had for the 
 classics proved more powerful than the pes- 
 tle nnd mortar, and though he pursued his 
 medical studies, and took a degree at Ley- 
 den, under the patronage of Buofero, he ap- 
 plied himself to cultivate poetry. His first 
 attempt was a tragedy called 'I'razil or the 
 invasion of China. His modesty would not 
 permit him to make it public ; but Vondel, 
 "who was engaged on a similar play, read it 
 ■with raptures, and as it was to be de oted to 
 the flames, obtained the permission to adopt 
 as his Ortn some of the most striking and 
 beautiful passages. On the conclusion of 
 tlie war with England, in 1697, the poet 
 •wrote his Bello.ia chained, and afterwards 
 his beautiful poem called the river Y, in 
 four books. In this he has displaced his ge- 
 nius as a poet. The river on which Amster- 
 dam is built, is a fertile subject for superior 
 talents, and as such it has been treated. 
 The 1st books give a description of ever}' 
 thing worthy of admiration on the banks of 
 the Y, on which the city stands. In the 2d, 
 lie contemplates the navies which repose on 
 its bosom, and spread commerce and know- 
 ledge through the world. In the 3rd, in a 
 masterly episode, he transports himself to 
 the bottom of the river, and sees the divini- 
 ties of the ocean going to celebrate the an- 
 niversai-y of Thetis's marriage with Peleus; 
 and in the last, he paints the wonders of the 
 other side of the river ; and concludes with 
 a delicate complinient to the magistrates of 
 the city. After Vondel, Antonides hob's 
 the palm of poetical excellence, and for his 
 sweetness of expression and elegance of style 
 he is desei'vedly admired, though correct- 
 ness and majesty are often sought for in 
 vain. He married, 1G78, Susanna Bci'mans, 
 who was also fond of poetry, and died of a 
 consumption 18th Sept. 1GS4. His works 
 were edited at Amsterdam 1714 in 4to. 
 
 Antoninus Pius, a celebrated Roman 
 emperor, who succeeded Adrian 138, and 
 died universally lamented IGl. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, surna- 
 Tcied the Philosopher, succeeded the prece- 
 ding, and married Jiis daughter Faustina, 
 His conduct on the throne was so universal- 
 ly popular that the gratitude of Rome pla- 
 ced him at his death among the number of 
 •the gods, 180. He was succeeded by his 
 Avorthless .son Commodus. 
 
 Antoninus, a geograplier, Avhose age is 
 nnknoMn. His Itinerariura was edited by 
 Gale, London, 4to. 1709. 
 
 Antonio, Nicolas, a native of Seville, 
 who, after studying at Salamanca, retired to 
 his native town, where he composed his use 
 
 ful Bibliotheca Hispanica, in four vols. foli« 
 l67-2j containing an account of all the Spa- 
 nish writers. As he was an ecclesiastic, 
 he was happily patronised both in Spain and 
 at Rome, and the whole of his income was 
 spent either in acts of charity, or in the pui"- 
 chase of books, Mhich at last swelled his 
 collection to 30,000 volumes. Besides his 
 Bibliotheque he projected other works, and 
 wrote a treatise on exile, &c. He died 1684 
 aged G7, leaving nothing behind him besides 
 his valuable collection of books. 
 
 An TO Ni us, Marcus, a Roman orator of 
 great celebrity, and much commended by 
 Cicero. He was killed in the civil wars of 
 Marius and Cinna, B. C. G7. 
 
 Antonius, Marcus, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, grandson of the orator. He distin- 
 guished himself in war, and, as the friend of 
 Julius Caesar, he obtained consequence at 
 Rome and in the armies. On the death of 
 Cajsar he conducted himself with great art, 
 and by his dissimulation obtained a share of 
 the Roman empire, in the triumvirate which 
 he formed with Augustus and Lepidus. He 
 had married Octavia the sister of Augustus, 
 but his partiality for Cleopatra, the beautiful 
 queen of Egypt, occasioned a civil war, and 
 Antony, crushed at the battle of Actium, 
 fled to Egypt, there to perish by his own 
 hands B. C. 30. 
 
 Antonius, Marcus Junius, son of the 
 triumvir, debauched Julia the daughter of 
 Augustus, and desti'oyed himself when his 
 disgrace was made public. 
 
 Antonius, Liberalis, a Greek author, 
 of whom nothing is known. He wrote ia 
 Greek, metamorphoses, inserted in the My- 
 thologi Grseei, and printed, London 1676, 
 and Amsterdam 1688. 
 
 Antonius, Honoratus, bishop ofCon- 
 stantine in Africa, author of a letter to Ar- 
 cadius 435. 
 
 Antonius, called Nebrissensis, or Laxi- 
 bra, his native village in Andalusia. He stu- 
 died at Bologna, and was afterwards for five 
 years pi'ofessor at Salamanca, which he left 
 to teach in cardinal Ximenes' university of 
 Alcala. He was concerned in tlie cardinal's 
 polyglot and in some commentaries, &c. and 
 historical works. He died July 11th, 1522. 
 
 Antony, rid. Anthony. 
 
 Anvari, called king of Khorassan, from 
 the superiority of his poetical talonts, was the 
 favorite of the sultan Sangiai^, and the rival 
 of the poet Raschidi, who had espoused the 
 cause of Alsitz. \Vhilst the two princes 
 were engaged in war, the two poets assailed 
 one anotlier by rhymes sent on the point of 
 arrows; but this amusement was of short du- 
 ration. Anvari was accused for his predic- 
 tions as an astrologer and fled to Balke, 
 where he died 1200. He possessed genius, 
 and to his correct judgment the Persians 
 owed the repression of licentiousness among 
 their poets. 
 
 A N V I L L E, John Baptiste Bourguignon d'j 
 a celebrated geographer, whose early genius 
 tended to that superiority which he has so 
 justly acquired. While at school he drew 
 cJiarts aid globes for his amnscmoiit; hrfra- 
 
AP 
 
 AP 
 
 ced with indefatigable zeal the mafcli of p;cn- 
 erals, and in iiis ri[icr age lii" applied himself 
 daily for 15 liours during 50 years logive cor- 
 rectness, accuracy, and perfection to liis la- 
 bors. Jlis maps are l»ighl> and deseiveflly 
 esteemed, as modern discoveries are careful- 
 ly niarked out. lie is author ofseveral very 
 valuable works on geography and history, 
 besides learned papers in the acaiiemy of 
 inscriptions. Tlic l)esl known of his works 
 are — a dissertation on the c.\tent of anciint 
 Jerusalem — some pai-ticulars of ancient liaul 
 from the remains of tlie Romans — an abridg- 
 ment of ancient geography, 3 vols. — on an- 
 cient and modern Kgypt, with a description 
 of tlie Arabian gulf-^tbe govei-nments es- 
 tablished in Eiiroi)e after the fall of the Ro- 
 man empire in the west — a treatise on itine- 
 varv measures ancient and modern — geogra- 
 pliical analysis of Italy, fccc. — He died at Paris 
 tJSth Jan. i7S2, aged 80. 
 
 Anyta, a Greek poetess. 
 
 Anytvs, a rlietoriciau of Athens, vho 
 caused the condemnation and death of So- 
 crates. He was afterwards stoned to death 
 at Heraclea. 
 
 Ape LLES, the prince ofpainters, was born 
 at Cos. He was patronised by Alexander 
 the Great, and the genius of the painter was 
 equal to the greatness of the hero. 
 
 Apelles, a heretic of Syria in the '2d 
 century, who, upon beingdisgraced for incon- 
 tinence, became the tool of Philumena, a 
 woman who pretended to be inspired. He 
 wrote the revelations which she dictated as 
 oracles and by which she presumed to deny 
 the resurrection of the body, to reject the law 
 of Moses, and to disbelieve the authority of 
 the prophets. He lived to a great age, and 
 cxercioed much authority over his followers, 
 Avho were called Apellites, or Apellcians. 
 
 Apellicon, a peripatetic i)hilosopher, 
 ivho, by purchasing the works of Aristotle, 
 Avas the means of their preservation, about 
 90 B. C. 
 
 Aper, Marcus, a Roman orator, said to 
 be author of the dialwgues of orators, printed 
 generally with Tacitus and Quintilian. He 
 died A. D. 85. 
 
 Aphthonius, a rhetorician of Antioch 
 in the third century, author of some treati- 
 ses, a system of rhetoric Upsal 1670, Svo. — 
 fables printed with those of Esop, Frankfort 
 1610, 8 vo. 
 
 Apicius, the name of three Romans, in- 
 famous for their gluttony, the first of whom 
 lived in Sylla's age, the second under Augus- 
 tus, and the last under Trajan, of these the 
 2d is best known. 
 
 A PI EN, Peter, a matliematicpn of Ingol- 
 stadt, born at Misnia. He was author of a 
 cosmography., published 1539, and other 
 ■works, for which he was ennobled by Charles 
 V. He died 1552. 
 
 Apien, Pliilip, son of the preceding, was 
 born atlngolstadt, and died atTubingen 1589, 
 aged 58. He wrote a treatise on sun-dial?., 
 and otlier woi-ks, and applied himself to the 
 study of medicine, which he practised with 
 success. He was a great favoiile of Cii.lrles 
 V. 
 
 Apton, an ancient grammarian of Oasis 
 in Hgypt, who proved a greut enemy to Jo- 
 sephus, and also to the Jewibh tuition. 
 
 A POCAUCM LS, a Creek of mean origin, 
 who became the favorite and tlje master of 
 the emperor Andronicus. He built prisons 
 to coniine his enemies, anu he was at last cut 
 off by .some of tlio^e whom his truelty had 
 incensed, 1345. His son, who was governor 
 of Thessalonica, perished in a bedition. 
 There was a man of the same name of some 
 consecjuence in h'tters in the 13tli century, 
 to whom Actuaj-ius dedicated his works on 
 medicine. 
 
 Apollixaris, C. Sulpit, a native ofCar- 
 thage, professor of grammar at Rome in the 
 second centu:'y. 
 
 Apollinarius, a presbyter of Alexan- 
 dria in the 4th century. His son, bishop of 
 Laodicea, m rote a book against paganism, 
 which he sent to Julian. Julian sent it back 
 with " I have read, understood, and condem- 
 ned; " to which the bishop answered '* You 
 have read but not understood, or you would 
 not have condemned." Jlis assertion that 
 Christ did not assume human flesh, but pas- 
 sed through the body of the virgin as through 
 a canal or pipe, was condemnetl by two coun- 
 cils. He wrote some learned works in poet- 
 ry as well as prose, and died about 380. 
 
 Apoi.lodorls, a grammarian of Athens 
 B. C. 104. 
 
 Apoklodorus, an architect of Damas- 
 cus under Trajan. He built the I)ridge over 
 the Danube, and was put to death by Adrian. 
 APOi-LonoKus, a painter of Athens, the 
 rival of Zeuxis, B. C. 408. 
 
 Apollonia, St. a martyr of Alexandria, 
 who in her old age was threatened with death 
 if she did not renounce the Christian religion. 
 She threw herself upon the funeral pile, 
 which was prepared to destroy her 248. 
 
 Apollonius, a Greek poet of Rhodes, 
 author of the poem on the argonautic expe- 
 dition under the Ptolemies. 
 
 Apoi.loxius, a geometrician of Perga 
 in Pamphylia, B. C.240. 
 
 Apollo Nius, a grammarian cff Alexan- 
 dria, in the 2d century, author of a work on 
 Syntax. 
 
 Apollonius, a Roman senator who suf- 
 fered martyrdom for the Cliristian religion 
 in the 2d century. 
 
 Apollonius, a Stoic philosopher of 
 Chalcis, who was preceptor to the emperor 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Apollonius, a grammarian, author of 
 a lexicon on Homer in the age of Augustus. 
 Apollonius, a Pythagorean philoso- 
 pher of Tyana, in the first century, whose 
 life was written by Philostratus. 
 
 Apollonius Coll.vtius, Peter, a 
 priest of Navarre in the 15th century, who 
 wrote an indifferent poem in four books on 
 Vespasian's siege of Jerusalem, bebides Da- 
 vid's battle with Goliath, hcc. 
 
 Apolj.os, a Jew of Alexandria, who be- 
 came a convert to Christianity, and employ- 
 ed his eloquence with such effect, especially 
 at Corinth, that his powers of preaching; 
 
AQ 
 
 AQ 
 
 vrere more regarded nnd admired tlian tliose 
 of Paul. Though a scliism was almost form- 
 ed by the adherents of these two holy men, 
 they' were themselves united l>y the lirmcst 
 Louds of tliarity and frieudslji(). 
 
 Apono, I'etcr d', was horn near Padua, 
 and studied at Paris, v.liere he took his de- 
 crees in nunliciiie and pliilosophy. As his 
 :il)ilitics were great, liis advice was eagerly 
 solicited; hut he was high in liis demands for 
 r.tlcndance, and he refused to go to pope 
 >lonorious J V. without leceiviug AOO ducats 
 lor each day's vi>it. His learning and suc- 
 cess in his profession procured him enemies, 
 he was suspected of magic, and was said to 
 ]»o?Pess the power of cal'ingi)ack to Ids pock- 
 et the money which ho had si)eiit, and to 
 have enclosed in a crystal bottle the sjiirits of 
 seven familiar demons, who were devoted 
 to his wishes. I'hese were sei-ious ciimesin 
 a barbarous age, and before a sanguinary in- 
 quisition ; but he died before the ])rosecu- 
 tion Vy-as completed, in his SOth year, 1316. 
 His body was, however, ordered to be burnt, 
 in Padua, but as it was removed by his friends, 
 ojiiy his eiTigy was thrown into the fire His 
 remains were at last suftered to repose in 
 tiie church of St. Austin without a memento. 
 He published some works on medicine and 
 necromancy, &cc. particularly Hcptameron, 
 printed with tlie first volume of Agrippa's 
 works — Elucidarium necronianticuni, — li- 
 ber experimentoruro mirabilium de annuUs 
 secundum 28 mansiones lunaj — de medicina 
 omnimoihi, kc. His statue was afterwards 
 honorably placed by the duke of Urbino be- 
 tween those of Livy, Albert, and Julius 
 Paulus. 
 
 Apostolius, ?.]ichael, a learned Greek, 
 author of a colleclion of apoplithegms of 
 wise men, and of proverbs, in the 15th cen- 
 turv. Onlv extracts from these have been 
 published ; the first 1619, and the last 153S. 
 
 AP'Pi AX, a native of Alexandria, author 
 of a history of Rome, in (ireek. 
 
 Appian, Peter, a mathematician, vid. 
 Apien. 
 
 A PRIES, a king of Egypt, after Psammis 
 591 ]). C He is supposed by some to be 
 the Pharaoh Hophr^i of the scriptures. 
 
 Aprosio, Angclico, an Augustine, born 
 at ^ entimigila in the Genoese, 1G07, a place 
 ■which he greatly adorned by a beautiful and 
 valuable collection of books, of which he 
 published an account. He had disguised 
 himself under various a])pcllations in that 
 book, from an excessive delicacy forliis cha- 
 racter as an ecclesiastic. After travelling 
 through Italy, he settled at Venice, and was 
 honoiH(l with a place in several academies, 
 in reward for his learning and his services to 
 literature. Jlehas been greatly praised by 
 authors, and his life is written in the liibli- 
 oiheca Aprosiana, which lie printed 1673. 
 He died about lG8'2, 
 
 Apuleius, Lucius, a Platonic philoso- 
 plier of the 2d century, -who settled atliomr, 
 and was author, among other things, of the 
 '« Golden Ass.'' 
 
 Aq^i'av7 V ". , Oetavio, cardinal, legate, 
 
 and archbishop of Naples, was descended 
 from an illustrious family. He is eminent as 
 the friend and patron of science and karned 
 men, and he was particularly attached to tlie 
 famous Peiresc. He obtained from Clement 
 VHI. the legation of Avignon, where his 
 government was guided by justice, wisdom 
 and moderation. He died 5th December, 
 1612, aged 52. 
 
 Aq^uaviva, Andrew Matth. d', duke of 
 Atri, and prince of Teramo, a Neapolitan 
 nobleman, who patronised literature. He 
 M'as also fond of military glory, and served 
 under Ferdinanil of Arragon with great cre- 
 dit. He \vrote an imperfect encyclopedia, 
 besides commentaries on Plutarch's Morals, 
 and died 1528, inhis72d year. 
 
 A(i^UAviVA, Claude, son of Andrew, was 
 governor of the Jesuits, and was eminent 
 for his moderation and meekness. He Avrote 
 several letters and lectures on his religion, 
 and also a tract on the cure of mental diseas- 
 es. He died 1615, aged 72 years. 
 
 Aq^uit>a, a mathematician of Pontus, em- 
 ployed by Adrian to rebuild Jerusalem. He 
 embraced Christianity, and afterwards be- 
 came a Jew, and was circumcised. He was 
 engaged in translating the bible from He- 
 brew into Greek; and though he was in 
 some instances very incorrect and partial, 
 the v/ork was generally approved by the 
 Jews. Only a few fragments of it r'cmain. 
 
 Aq_uilano, Serasino, a native of Aqui- 
 la, known by his sonnets, eclogues, and 
 other poetical trilTes, published at Rome 
 1503. He was the rival of Tebaldeo de 
 Ferrara. He died at Rome, 1500, in his 
 35th year. 
 
 Ac^uiLANUs, Sebastian, an ItaHan physi- 
 cian, whose real name is unknown. He was 
 born at Aquila of Abruzzo, and was profes- 
 sor at Padua. He was a follower of Galen, 
 and obtained reputation and success in his 
 ju'ofession. Among his treatises is one de 
 Galico morbo. He died 1543 at Padua. 
 
 Aq_uinas, St. Thomas, called the angelic- 
 al doctor, was of the noble family of Aquine, 
 descended from the kings of Arragon ami 
 Sicily. He was educated by the monks of 
 >lount Cassino, and removed to Naples ; but 
 the inclination which he had to embrace an 
 ecclesiastical life was opposed by his mother, 
 who, after great difficulties, obtained him 
 from the power of the monks, and confined 
 him in her castle for two years. He howev- 
 er escaped, and fled to Naples, and after- 
 wards to Rome ; and when improved by stu- 
 dy, and the famous lectures of Albertus 
 Magnus at Cologne, he appeared at Paris, 
 and read pidjlic lectures to an applauding au- 
 dience. On his return to Italy, he became 
 divinity professor to several universities, and 
 at last settled at Naples, where he led an ex- 
 emplary life of chastity and <levotioii, and 
 refused the archbishopric of the city, in the 
 most disinterested manner, when offered by 
 Clement T\\ Gregory X. invited him to the 
 council of Lyons, to read the book which he 
 had written against the Greeks; and he died 
 on hi"? way to join theponlifi'al the inonaste- 
 
All 
 
 A« 
 
 ryot" Foss.inova, near Tc'iTaciiiM, 7lli Mnrdi 
 l'27'i, ill liiH 5()lli year. He mjis caiioni/cd 
 13'2i). His wriliiij^s, which htc huuiltoms, 
 and mostly iH)f)i) theological suhjects, ]>it)\e 
 liini to liavc hecii a maii ol" p;reat iLaruiii};, 
 and extensive kuowledgc. They have often 
 been i»ul)lishe«l, in l" vols, folio. His aiilhor- 
 ily in religion became (lecisi\e in the catlio- 
 lic schools, and he aiH)roached so neai- to 
 the erudition of St. A nimustine, that he was 
 said, in the true spirit of the nietciupsycho- 
 sis, to possess the transmigrated soul of tiiat 
 celebrated saint. It Mas in defence of Tho- 
 mas Acjuinas that Henry NIll. composinl tlie 
 hook wliich procured Itiin from the pope the 
 Utie ol l)ef..ii(Ur of tile Faith. 
 
 Ac>^ui\o, riiilii*, a .lew of Carpentras, 
 converted to Clii'istianity, and ])rofessor of 
 Hebrew at Paris. He wrote a Ilebrew tal- 
 mudical, ^<.c. dictionary, and corrected Le 
 Jay's polyglot iJible. He died 1G50. His son, 
 licwis d' A(|uiiio, was author of several val- 
 uable books in Oi-iental literature. Antoine, 
 son of Lewis, -was physician to Lewis XIV. 
 Hud died 1090. 
 
 AuABSCH AH, author of a history of Ta- 
 merlane, and of a treatise on the unity of 
 God, was a Mahometan historian of Damas- 
 cus, Avhodied there 1450. 
 
 Aragon, Janed', wifeof Ascanius (^olon- 
 na, was illustrious for her virtues and her 
 lortiludc during the c-uarrels which her luis- 
 band's family had with Paul IV". Siie died 
 1577, in an advanced age. Her memory vviis 
 lionored by the poets of the times, and tlie 
 verses were published in one volume. 
 
 Aram, Eugene, a native of Ramsgill, 
 Yorkshire, son of a gardener. His genius dis- 
 played itself whilst he followed the iiumble 
 occupation of his father; matliematical calcu- 
 lutions and geometricjilki^owledge were quic- 
 ly acquired, and, v.ith the most indefatigable 
 zeal, Lilly's grammar, though in uniiitellgible 
 language, was learnt by heart, and afterwards 
 Camden's Cireek, till this self-taught classic 
 imfolded the meaning of a few Latin lines, 
 and then with rapid steps advanced to the 
 comprehension of more difiicult authors, till 
 tUe whole stores of Latin and Greek litera- 
 ture were familiarized to his understanding. 
 He also studied and made himself perfect in 
 Hebrew, and with these great acquirements 
 he gained his livelihood, by engaging in seve- 
 ral schools in the south of England. lu 1757 
 he came to tlie free school at Lynn, a per- 
 fect master of the niost abstruse studies, and 
 acquainted with heraldry and botany. He 
 had begun to make collections for radical 
 comparisons between the modern languages 
 and ancient tongues, and already more than 
 3000 words were selected to establish this 
 surprising affinity in a comparative lexicon, 
 ■when his labors were arrested by, the hands 
 of justice. He was taken up at livnn, 1758, 
 for the murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoe- 
 maker of Knaresborough, who had been 
 murdered thirteen years before ; and, after 
 atrial, in which he defended himself with 
 coolness and ability, he was found guilty of 
 the cryiie, and aflcv aUcmpting to com.mit 
 
 suicide, he suQercd dt.-atl» at York, Augtisf, 
 17;)'J. He acknowledged the justice of Win 
 sentence, am! attributed the crime to a sns- 
 l»icif)n of ailultei-v between lii.s wile and 
 Clarke. 
 
 AiiANTiirs, Julius, an Italian jdiyfeician 
 and anatomist (jreminence, the pupil of \ e- 
 salius anil ikirl. Magus, known l>y a leat iicd 
 treatise on the human fu.-ttiu, printed \ cnicu 
 Ij'j.i. He was horn at Bologna, an<i died 
 there l.")Sl, aged 01. 
 
 AiiArus, a Greek poet, author of phe- 
 nomena, still e.\taiit, aljuiit .'jOO IJ. C. 
 
 A K AT us, a native of Sicyon, illui^trious 
 as the deliverer of his country, and as the 
 heroic promoter of the Achican league. He 
 died about 210 U. C. and it is said that he 
 was poisoned. 
 
 AREOGAsrES, a Roman general, who 
 murdered Valentinian, and placed Eugenii.s 
 on the throne. He was attacked and defeat- 
 ed bv Theodosius, and destroyed himself 
 A. J). 39-i. 
 
 Arrhtssei., Robert d', a native of l>ri- 
 tany, wiio founded tiie uiona.-jtery of Fon- 
 tevraullj and separated his male ami female 
 disciples. He has been acCiised of inconli- 
 ncncv, but ably defended l>v his Ibl'oweri. 
 ilc died 1117. 
 
 AuBucKLE, James, M, A. a native <if 
 Glasgow, master of a scltool in I he north 
 of Ireland. He possessed genius, anil hi-i 
 merit was acknOivle<lgetl in liis .poems- 
 He proposed a translation of ^'irgil, buL did 
 not finish it. He died 17oi, aged 34. His 
 poems were published in 1 vol. 12ino. 
 
 Art, UTHxoT, Ale.xaiuier, son of lorl 
 Arbuthnot, was eminent for his learning aa 
 a scholar, and his piety as a divine. He was 
 a zealous defender of the reformation, and 
 published Buchanan's histoi'y of Scotland, 
 besides some poetical trifles, and orations on 
 the origin of law, printed 1572. He died at 
 Aberdeen, 1538. 
 
 Arbuthnot, John, M. D. son of an epis- 
 copal clergyman, was descended from tlie 
 noble family of the same name, and born at 
 Arbuthnot, near Montrose. After finishing 
 his education at Aberdeen, he came to Lon- 
 don, where he acquired reputation by at- 
 tacking " Woodward's essay towards a na- 
 tural history of the earth ;" and he soon rose 
 in the medical prefession, when lie had suc- 
 cessfully attended prince George of Denmark, 
 who was taken suddenly ill at Epsom. He 
 was made physician to queen Anne, 1709; 
 and, soon after, his acquaintance was formed 
 with the most celebrated v its of tlie age, 
 with two of whom. Swift and Pojie, he eii- 
 gage<l, in 1714, to compose, in the true Cer- 
 vantic style, a satire on degenerated taste and 
 the abuse of learning. Of this plan only the 
 first book Mas published, under the name of 
 " memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus." The 
 queen's death in some degree overturned the 
 hopes and fortunes of Arbuthnot. He felt 
 the blow, and passed some time with his 
 brother, the banker, at Paris. In 1727, he 
 published in 4to. his tables of ancient coins, 
 &c, and afterwards employed his pen iu med- 
 
AQ 
 
 AQ 
 
 ■^ere more rej^arded and admii'cd than tliose 
 of Paul. Tliougli a scliism M-as almost form- 
 ed by the adherents of theso two holy men, 
 they -were themselves united hy the lirmcst 
 "bonds of charity and friendshi[). 
 
 Apo.\'o, I'eter d', was horn near Padua, 
 and studied at Paris, v,l:ere lie took his de- 
 j^vec3 in medifinc and pliilosophy. As liis 
 sibilitics vere great, his advice was eagerly 
 solicited ; but he was hii;h in his demands for 
 f.tlcndance, and he refused to gf) to pope 
 Jlonorious JV. v.ithout leceiving AW ducats 
 ior each day's vi.^ii. His learning and suc- 
 cess in liis profession procured him enemies, 
 he was suspected of magic, and was said to 
 ]'0?sess the power of calling hack to liis pock- 
 et the money wliich he JKid spent, and to 
 Jiave enclosed in a crystal bottle the sjiirits of 
 seven familiar demons, Avho were devoted 
 to his wishes. These were serious ciimesin 
 a barbarous age, and before a sanguinary in- 
 cjuisition ; but be died before the prosecu- 
 tion v/as completed, in his 80th year, 1316. 
 His boily was, however, ordered to be burnt, 
 in Padua, but as it was removed b}- his friends, 
 only his eiTigy was thrown into the fire His 
 remains were at last suftered to repose in 
 the church of St. Au-stin witliout a memento. 
 He published some works on medicine and 
 necromancy, Sec. particularly Hcptameron, 
 printed with tlie lirst volume of Agrippa's 
 works — Elucidarium necronianticura, — li- 
 ber experimentorum mirabilium de annulis 
 secundum '28 mansiones lunaj — de medicina 
 omnimoihi, &c. His statue was afterwards 
 honorably placed by the duke of Urbino be- 
 tween those of Livy, Albert, and Julius 
 Paul us. 
 
 Apostolius, ?.Jichael, a learned Greek, 
 author of a collection of apophtb.egms uf 
 wise men, and of proverbs, in the l.Tth cen- 
 turv. Oniv extracts from these have been 
 published ; the first 1619, and the last 1538. 
 
 Ap-pi AX, a native of Alexandria, author 
 of a history of Rome, in (ireek. 
 
 A p PI AN, Peter, a raalhematician, vid. 
 Apien. 
 
 Apries, a king of Egypt, after Psammis 
 594 J). C He is supposed by some to be 
 the Pharaoh Hophra of the scriptures. 
 
 Aprosio, Angclico, an Augustine, born 
 at ^ entimigila in the Genoese, 1007, a place 
 ■which he greatly adorned by a beautiful and 
 valuable collection of books, of which he 
 published an account. He had disguised 
 himself under Aarious a]»pf llations in that 
 ]x)ok, from an excessive (lelicacy for his cha- 
 racter as an ecclesiastic. After travelling 
 through Italy, he S( ttlcd at Venice, and was 
 honored with a place in several academies, 
 in reward for his learning and Ids services to 
 literature, ilehas been greatly praised hy 
 autiiors, :md liis life is written in the Bibli- 
 filbeca Aprosiana, Avhieh lie printed 1673. 
 He died about lC8'2. 
 
 ApuLiiiui;, Lucius, a Platojiic philoso- 
 ydicr of the 2d century, who settled at Komr, 
 and was author, among other things, of the 
 '« Golden Ass.'' 
 
 Aqj-wnvA, Ootavio, cardinal, legate, 
 
 and archbishop of Naples, was descended 
 from an illustrious family. He is eminent as 
 the friend and patron of science and karned 
 men, and he was particulai'ly attached to tlie 
 famous Peiresc. He obtained from Clement 
 VHI. the legation of Avignon, where his 
 government was guided by justice, wisdom 
 and moderation. He died 5th December, 
 lOrJ, aged 52. 
 
 Aq^uaviva, Andrew Mattli. d', duke of 
 Atri, and prince of Tcramo, a Xeapolitau 
 nobleman, who patronised literature. He 
 M'as also fond of military glory, and served 
 under Ferdinand of Arragon with great cre- 
 dit. He wrote an imperfect encyclopedia, 
 besides commentaries on Plutarch's Morals, 
 and died 1528, inhis72d j'ear. 
 
 Aq^uavi va, Claude, son of Andrew, Avas 
 governor of the .Fesuits, and was eminent 
 for his moderation and meekness. He wrote 
 several letters and lectures on his religion, 
 and also a tract on the cure of mental diseas- 
 es. He died 1615, aged 72 years. 
 
 Aq^uila, a mathematician of Pontus, cm- 
 ployed by Adrian to rebuild Jerusalem. He 
 embraced Christianity, and afterwards be- 
 came a Jew, and was circumcised. He Avas 
 engaged in translating the bible from He- 
 brew into Greek; and though he was ia 
 some instances very incorrect and partial, 
 the v.'ork was generally approved by the 
 Jews. Only a few fragments of it I'cmain. 
 
 Aq_uilano, Serasino, a native of Aqui- 
 la, known by liis sonnets, eclogues, and 
 other poetical trifles, published at Rome 
 1503. He was the rival of Tebaldeo de 
 Ferrara. He died at Rome, 1500, in liis 
 35th year. 
 
 Aq^uilanus, Sebastian, an Italian physi- 
 cian, whose real name is unknown. He Avas 
 born at Anuila of Abruzzo, and was profes- 
 sor at Padua. He was a follower of Galen, 
 and obtained reputation and success in his 
 profession. Among his treatises is one de 
 Galico morbo. He died 1543 at Padua. 
 
 Aq^uinas, St. Thomas, called the angelic- 
 al doctor, was of the noble family of Aquine, 
 descended from the kings of Arragon an<l 
 Sicily. He was educated by the monks of 
 Mount Cassino, and removed to Naples ; but 
 the inclination which he had to embrace an 
 ecclesiastical life was opposed by his niocher, 
 who, after great difficulties, obtained him 
 from the power of the monks, and confined 
 him in her castle for two years. He howev- 
 ei- escaped, and fled to Na|)les, and after- 
 wards to Rome ; and when improved by stu- 
 dy, and the famous lectures of Albertus 
 Magnus at Cologne, he appeared at Paris, 
 and read public lectures to an applauding au- 
 dience. On his return to Italy, he became 
 divinity pi'ofessor to several universities, and 
 at last settled at Naples, wliere he led an ex- 
 omplaiy life of chastity and devotion, and 
 refused the arclibishopric of the city, in the 
 most disinterested manner, Avhen offered by 
 Clrnient IV. Gregory X. inviteil him to the 
 council of Ijvons, to read the book which he 
 hud written against the Greeks; and he died 
 oa his Avay to join thepontifi'at the monaste- 
 
All 
 
 AH 
 
 ryot" Fossanovn, near Tcrraclim, 7lh Maicli 
 l-27-i, ill liis 5()lU year. He «iis caiioni/.cd 
 13'23. His wriliiif^s, uliicli nvc imiiici-ons, 
 and mostly ihjoii theological siiUjects, jhonc 
 him to have hccn a iiiaii u( preat iearniu};, 
 and extensive knowledge. I'hey have often 
 heen published, in IT vols, folio. His nnliior- 
 itv in religion became decisive in the callio- 
 lic schools, and lie ajuiroached so near to 
 the erudition of St. Augustine, that he was 
 said, in the true spirit of the nictcmpsycho- 
 sis, to possess the iraiismigrate<l soul of that 
 celebi-ated sniiit. It v as in defence of Tlio- 
 mas Aquinas that Henry \ HI. composed the 
 hook which procuie«l liiin from the pope the 
 title ol DelVndi r of the Faitli. 
 
 A(>_uixo, I'hilip, a Jew of Carpentras, 
 converted to Christianity, and ]u-ofessor of 
 Hebrew at Paris. He wrote a llebrew tal- 
 mudical, tvc. dictionary, and corrected Lc 
 .fay's polyglot Bible. He died 1G50. His son, 
 I^ewis d' Aiiuino, was author of several val- 
 uable books in Oriental literature. Antuine, 
 son of Lewis, was physician to Lewis XIV. 
 and died 1090. 
 
 AuABSCHAH, author of a history of Ta- 
 merlane, and of a treatise on the unity of 
 God, was a Mahometan historian of Damas- 
 cus, whotlied there 1450. 
 
 Aragon, Janed', wifeof Ascanius ('olon- 
 na, was illustrious for litr virtues and her 
 fortitude during the quarrels which her hus- 
 band's family had with Paul IV. Siie died 
 1577, in an advanced age. Her memory vviis 
 honored by the poets of the times, and tlte 
 verses were published in one volume. 
 
 AnAM, Eugene, a native of Ramsgill, 
 Yorkshire, son of a gardener. His genius dis- 
 played itself whilst he followed the humble 
 occupation of his fiitlier ; matliematical calcu- 
 lations and geomctric.ilki^owledge were quic- 
 Ij acquired, and, v.ilh the most indefatigable 
 •/eal, Lilly's grammar, though in unintellgible 
 language, was learnt by heart, and afterwards 
 Camden's Creek, till this self-taught classic 
 imfoUled the meaning of a few Latin lines, 
 and then with rapid steps advanced to the 
 comprehension of more difficult authors, till 
 the whole stores of Latin and Greek litera- 
 ture were familiarized to his understanding. 
 He also studied and made himself perfect in 
 Hebrew, and with these great acquirements 
 he gained liis livelihood, by engaging in seve- 
 ral schools in the south of England. la 1757 
 he came to the free school at Lynn, a per- 
 fect master of the most abstruse studies, and 
 acquainted with heraldry and botany. He 
 had begun to make collections for I'adical 
 comparisons between the modern languages 
 and ancient tongues, and already more than 
 3000 words were selected to establish this 
 surprising affinity in a comparative lexicon, 
 when his labors were arrested by, the hands 
 of justice, lie was taken up at I^nn, 1758, 
 for the murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoe- 
 maker of Knaresborough, who had been 
 murdered thirteen years before ; and, after 
 atrial, in which he defendetl himself with 
 coolness and ability, he was found guilty of 
 the crime, and afiev attempting to com.mit 
 
 suicide, he suQcrtd di-ath at York, Augrisf, 
 17.)y. He acknowledged the ju'^tice <»f his 
 sentence, and attributed the crime to a sus- 
 l»icion of adultei-y between his wile and 
 Clarke. 
 
 AuANTius, Julius, an Italian physicia* 
 and Hiialomist (jf eminence, the |)upil of \ e- 
 salius and iJarl. -Magus, known l>y a learned 
 treatise on the human furtiis, printed \ enlcu 
 l:t'J5. He was born at Bologna, and died 
 there 15SI, aged 01. 
 
 AiiATUs, a (ireek poet, author of phe- 
 nomena, still extant, about TjOO B. C. 
 
 AuATUS, a native of Sicyou, illustrious 
 as the deliverer of his country, and as the 
 heroic pronioter of the Aclucan league. He 
 died about 'JIO B. C. and it is said that lie 
 was poisoned. 
 
 ARnoGASTES, a Roman general, who 
 murdered Valentinian, and placed Eugenius 
 on the throne. He was attacked and defeat- 
 ed by 'Iheodosius, and destroyed himself 
 A. J). 39-i. 
 
 Arrhtssei., Ilol>ert d', a native of Bri- 
 tany, who founded the monasterv of lon- 
 tevraull, and separated his inaie ant' leuiak; 
 disciples. He has been acCiised of inconli- 
 ncncy, but ably defended l»v his followers, 
 lie died 1117. 
 
 Arbuckle, James, M. A. a native of 
 Glasgow, master of a school in (he north 
 of Ireland. He possessed genius, and his 
 merit was acknowledged in liis .poems- 
 He propose " 
 not iiuish it. 
 
 1 a translation of A'irgil, buL did 
 He died 176i, aged Si. Hii 
 
 poems were published in I voL 12ino. 
 
 Art, UTHXOT, Ale.\aiiuer, son of loi-l 
 Arbuthnot, was eminent for Ids learning as 
 a scholar, and his piety as a divine. He was 
 a zealous defender of the reformation, and 
 published Buchanan's history of Scotland, 
 besides some poetical trifles, and orations on 
 the origin of law, printed 1572. He died at 
 Aberdeen, 1538. 
 
 Arbuthnot, John, ]M. D. son of an epis- 
 copal clergyman, was descended fi-om the 
 noble family of the same name, and born at 
 Arbuthnot, near Montrose. After finishing 
 his etiucation atx\berdecn, he came to Lon- 
 don, where he acquired reputation by at- 
 tacking " Woodward's essay towards a na- 
 tural history of the earth ;" and he soon rose 
 in the medical prefession, when he had suc- 
 cessfully attended prince George of Denmark, 
 who was taken suddenly ill at Epsom. He 
 was made physician to queen Anne, 1700 ; 
 and, soon after, his acquaintance was formed 
 with the most celebrated v its of the age, 
 with two of whom, Swiit and Pope, he en- 
 gagetl, in 1714, to compose, in the true Cer- 
 vantlc style, a satire on degenerated taste and 
 the abuse of learning. Of this plan only the 
 first book was published, under the name of 
 " memoirs of Alartinus Scriblerus." The 
 queen's death msonie degree overturned the 
 hopes and fortunes of Arbuthnot. He felt 
 the blow, and passed some time with his 
 brother, the banker, at PaiMs. In 17^27, he 
 ])ubli.ihed in 4to. his tables of ancient coins, 
 &c. and afterwards employed his pen iu med- 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 ical tracts, one of wliicli, " effects of air on 
 human bodies," was unhappily suggested by 
 the asthmatic complaint under which he la- 
 bored. He died under thisdrcadful disorder, 
 at bis house, Cork-street, February 1735. 
 JHis son George enjoA'cd a place in the Ex- 
 chequer, and was one of Pope's executors; 
 and his daughter Anne was a legatee in the 
 poet's will. In praise of Arbuthnot, too 
 much cannot be said. His benevolence Avas 
 equal to his wit, and it is admitted that he 
 ■was inferior to none in learning, vivacity, 
 and genuine humor. The letter which he 
 -wrote to Pope on his death bed is a strong 
 instance of the goodness of his heart, the pu- 
 rity of his principles, and the constancy of 
 his religious faith. His miscellaneous works 
 have been frequently edited, but not in a cor- 
 rect form. 
 ARC,Joanof. Vid. Joan. 
 Arcadius, succeeded his father, the 
 g:reat Theodosius, as emperor of the east, 
 .'395, whilst his brother Honorlus became em- 
 peror of the West. He died 408. 
 
 Arcadius, an African bishop, put to death 
 by order of Genseric, the Vandal king, 437, 
 because he opposed with great violence the 
 Arians. 
 
 Arcere, Antliony, a native of jNIarseilles, 
 who was a priest of the oratory. As he was 
 skilled in the Oriental languages, he travelled 
 into the east, where he made a valuable col- 
 lection of manuscripts. He began a French 
 and Turkish dictionary, the compilation of 
 Avhich was unfortunately prevented by a fever, 
 Avhich proved fatal, lOyy, in his 35th year. 
 Arcere, Lewis Elienne, a priest of the 
 ora'.ory of Marseilles, known as a poet, but 
 more as the historian of Kochelle and of A- 
 miens, in a work published, 2 vols. 4to. in 
 175G. He died 1781, in extreme old age. 
 
 Arcesilaus, a Greek piiilosopher, who 
 succeeded Crates in his school. He was born 
 about 316 B. C. 
 
 Archei.aus, son of Herod the great, 
 kingof Judcea, disputed with his brother An- 
 tlpas for the sovereignty, on hisfother's death. 
 Augustus, as umpire, divided the dominions 
 between the two bi'Others ; but Archelaus 
 showed himself so oppressive, that the em- 
 peror banished liim to Gaul, A. D. C, where 
 he died. 
 
 Archelaus, king of IVIacedonia after 
 Perdiccas II. was an able i)rincc, and a great 
 encourager of learning. He died about 398 
 B.C. 
 
 Archelaus, a philosopher, successor to 
 Anaxagoras at Lampsacus. He afterwards 
 settled at Athens. 
 
 Archelaus, a bishop of Alcsopotamia, 
 278, known for opposition against the Mani- 
 chieans. A Latin translation of his work is ex- 
 tant. 
 
 Archelaus, a geographer in the age of 
 Alexancler. 
 
 Archtas, a native of Antioch, known for 
 the oration which his friend Cicero spoke in 
 liis defence. 
 
 Arch ID amus, kingof Sparta after Age- 
 silaus, his father, B. C. 561. 
 
 ArchigekeS, a Greek physician in the 
 age of Trajan. 
 
 Archilochus, a Greek satirist of Faros, 
 the inventor of iambics, B. C. 640. 
 
 Archimedes, a celebrated mathemati- 
 cian of Syracuse. He defended his country 
 against the besieging Romans, and at last per- 
 ished by the hand of a soldier, who would not 
 respect his literary retirement and peaceful 
 occupation, B. C. 208. 
 
 Archinto, Octavius, descended of a no- 
 ble family in the Milanese, is known for his 
 ** antiquities," in 1 vol. folio. He lived in the 
 16th centur}'. 
 
 A RCH o N, Lewis, a chaplain of Lewis XIV. 
 born at Kiom in Auvergne. He was patron- 
 ised by the cardinal of Bouillon, and made 
 himself known by his entertaining history of 
 the French king's chapel, in 2 vols. 4to. 1711. 
 He died at the abbey of St. Gilbert-neuf-fon- 
 taines, of whicli he was the head, 1717, in 
 his 72d year. 
 
 Archytas, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
 and mathematician of Tarentum, known 
 also as the general of his country, about 400 
 B.C. 
 
 Arcons, Cxsar de' a Gascon, advocate 
 in the parliament of Bourdeaux. He died 
 1681, author of some treatises on the flux and 
 reflux of the sea, and longitude, dissertations 
 on the scri])tures, &c. 
 
 Ar CQ_, Philip Auguste de St. Foi d', an inge- 
 nious Parisian, said to have been the natural 
 son of count Toulouse. He is known for his 
 history of commerce and navigation — histem- 
 ple of silence — letters of Osman, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 — his general history of war, 2 toIs. 4to — his 
 Loisirs, See. The last years of his life were 
 spent at Gentilly in great devotion. He di- 
 ed 1774. 
 
 Arcudi, Alexander Thomas, a Dominican 
 of Venice, author of Galatino literata ; — the 
 history of Athanasius — and other historical 
 and biogi'aphical works. He died about 1720. 
 
 Arcudius, Peter, a (ireek ecclesiastic of 
 Corfu, employed in Russia by Clement VIII. 
 He was patronised by the pope's nepliew, 
 cardinal Borghese; and he distinguished him- 
 self as a writer on controversial works against 
 the Greek and Protestant churches. He di- 
 ed of an accident at Rome, 1635. 
 
 Arculphus, a French divine, who in the 
 7th century, travelled to the hoi}- land, of 
 Avhich he a\ x-ote an interesting account, pub- 
 lished in 4to. at Ingoldstadt, 1619. 
 
 Arcy, Patrick d', an Englishman. Vid- 
 Darcy. 
 
 Arden, Edward, a native of Warwick- 
 sliire, of a respectable family, who married 
 Mary, daughter of Sir George Throgmorton, 
 and lived a retired life on his estate, both 
 from inclination and from his attachment to 
 the catholic religion. He had frequent quar- 
 rels with his neighbor, the great earl of 
 Leicester, whose pride looked down with 
 contempt on the independence of a country 
 gentleman, and his ruin was determined. 
 Somerville, a rash, thoughtless young man, 
 who had married one of his daughtei's, was 
 drawn into u supposed conspiracy against 
 
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 AR 
 
 the queen's life ; and though no evidence n\t- 
 pearcd agaiiisl liini, cxcc'iit the report ot a 
 letter which Jiad been thrown into the tire 
 by his father-in-law, not onl} he, but Artlcn, 
 his Mile, his ilaughter, wile ol boinerville, 
 and Somcrville's sister, were conveyed to tlie 
 Tower, and alter torture had been barba- 
 rously used to draw eonlessions from Aiden 
 and from Hale a priest, who was supposed 
 to have been coneerned, tins unhappy family 
 "were condemned to sutler death. Somerv ilie 
 •was found strangled the night before his ex- 
 ecution, as was supposed, that lie might not 
 accuse his per:Hcut(jrs, and Aiden expired by 
 the hand of the executioner in Smitldiehl, 
 December 'JO, 1383, in his ;')-'d year, amidst 
 tlie tears of pitying thousands. I'he rt;st 
 were pardoned, but tiie mangled heads of the 
 father and of the son in-law were exposed on 
 Lontlon bridge. The dignity of this lespect- 
 able family was restored by the prudence 
 and good fortune of the two next heirs, and 
 became nearly allied to the Fieldings, eurls 
 of Denbigh. 
 
 Ardekn, Jolm, an early medical writer, 
 settled at Newark from 1J48 to 1370, after 
 which he came to London. He was eminent 
 in his profession, and thence his cures were 
 attributed to magic and superstition. He 
 vrote a treatise on the fistula in ano, pub- 
 lished by Read, 1588, and lefl a MS. in the 
 Sloane Library, de re herbai'ia, physica et 
 chirurgica. 
 
 AuEAGATHUs, a Greek physician, at 
 Kome, 13. C. 269. 
 
 Arena, Anthony de, a native of Soliers 
 near Toulon, author of some inferior trea- 
 tises on jurisprudence. He alsowrote maca- 
 ronic verses, p farago of barbarous language, 
 partly French, and partly Latin, and partly 
 provincial, first brought into fashion by Mer- 
 lin Coccaio. His chief work is his war of 
 Charles V. in Provence, reprinted in 1747. 
 He was judge of St. llemi, near Aries, and 
 died 1544. His other peices appeared 1670, 
 12mo. 
 
 AuESi, Paul, a native of Cremona, bishop 
 of Tortona, and author of some theological 
 Avorks, in Latin and in Italian. He encou- 
 raged learning, and distinguislied himself in 
 the order of Tiieatins. He died at Tortona, 
 1645, aged 71. 
 
 AreijT.us, a Greek physician, in the 
 age of Vespasian, whose works were edited 
 by Wigan, Oxford, 1723. 
 
 Aretaphii.a, a woman of Cyrene, who 
 avenged the death of her husband, Phadi- 
 rnus, on his murderer, Nicoorates. 
 Are . e, daughter of Aristippi/s, of Cyrene, 
 acquired reputation as a teacher of philoso- 
 phy. 
 
 Arethas, a bishop of Cappadocia, in 
 the lOth century, anthor of a commentarj' 
 on the Revelations, still extant. 
 
 Aretin, Guy, a Benedictine monk, known 
 for his discovery of a new method to learn 
 music, which he published under the name 
 of ** Micrologus." He is the inventor of six 
 notes in music, "ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la," 
 borrowed, it is said, from the Jivmn to St. 
 vol,. I. 113 
 
 John, by f:»king the first and sixth syllables: 
 UT queaiil laxis utsonure fibril 
 
 Mira gesloruni FAinuli luuruui 
 
 soL\e polutis i.Abiis reatum. 
 
 Some allrihiite the word ganin:Ut to him, 
 which he Ijorrowed from the 3d letter of 
 the Greek, i.i the inaikingof his notrs, and 
 with the idea that music originated in («reeee. 
 One of his letters was i>rinled by Baronius 
 in tlie annals uniler1022. 
 
 AitEiiN, Leonard, a native of Arezzo, 
 from wh','nce his name, belter known than 
 his family appellation ot Bruiii. He was one 
 of the most learned men <jf the 15th century, 
 and he may be considered as the restorer of 
 the (ireek language to Italy. He was cm- 
 ployed as secretary of the briefs under five 
 popes, after which he became secretary to 
 the republic of Florence. He translated 
 some of Plutarch's Lives, and wrote some 
 historical pieces, admired for their elegance 
 and accuracy. His history of the Goths ac- 
 quired him also fame and patronage ; but 
 his reputation suffered, when Christopher 
 Perrona discovered it to be nothing but a 
 compilation or translation of Procopius. He 
 died at Florence, 1443, in his 74th year. Pog- 
 gius, who had cultivated his friendship for 
 40 years, spoke his funeral oration. 
 
 Are r I n, Francis, a man eminent for his 
 learning, and his knowledge in Greek. He 
 studied at Vienna, and afterwards taught 
 there with such success that he was called 
 prii.ce of subtleties, and liis wit became pro- 
 verbial. In law, his opinion was considered 
 of such weight, that whatever cause he pre- 
 viously condemned was generally lost. He 
 read lectures also at Pisa and Ferrara ; but 
 he was disappointed in his expectations at 
 Rome, though Sextus IV. declared he would 
 have honored him with a cardinal's hat, which 
 was due to his merits, where he not afraid 
 that by so doing he should rob the public of a 
 most incomparable professor. Aretin, whose 
 temper was choleric, never kept his servants 
 more than one or two months, as he expected 
 better attendance from new ones. He was par- 
 simonious, and as he lived in celibacy, his for- 
 tune became immense and was divided among 
 his relations. He died about 1470. 
 
 Areti-'c, Peter, natural son of Lewis Boe- 
 ci of Arezzo, became so celebrated for his 
 satire, that he was called the scourge of prin- 
 ces. His friendship was courted by Charles 
 V. and Francis I. who no doubt dreaded the 
 venom of his pen more than they esteemed 
 his merits; and he grew so arrogant, that he 
 represented himself on a medal as a god, and 
 on the reverse received the presents of ob- 
 sequious monarchs. His lampoons, as it was 
 observed, subdued more jjriiices than the 
 most powerful conqueror ever had done. It 
 is to be lamented, that a genius, which so 
 strongly possessed the powers of satire and 
 genuine humor, was not fully employed in 
 lashing the vices of men. The name of Are- 
 tin will be execrated by the modest and the 
 virtuous, for the obscenities, the profane, and 
 immoral writings with which he has insulted 
 the world. His comedies were highly ap- 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 plauiled, Ills letters arc valuable, and his 
 Avorks of devotion may be read with satistac- 
 lion and surprise. Some have said, but faiselj, 
 that he abandoned his lascivious principles. 
 He ridiculed Peter Strozzi, who threatened 
 revenge, not that of the pen, but that of supe- 
 rior manual strength, which so terrified the 
 poet, that he confined hiniself whilst his an- 
 tagonist remained at Venice. Aretin is said 
 to have died, by falling tVoni a chair, and in- 
 juring his head, upon laugliing immoderately 
 at some indelicate conversation at which he 
 was present. He died 1556, aged 65. 
 
 Aretin, John, an able writer of Berne, 
 in the 1 5th century. He is author of examen 
 theologicum— a catalogue of comets — sei'- 
 
 nions, fecc. 
 
 Aretin, Angelo, a learned professor of 
 Jaw at Bologna and Ferrara. He w rote four 
 treatises on his profession, and died 1480. 
 
 Argall, John, au eminent scholar, edu- 
 cated at Christ-church, and rector of Hales- 
 w orth, Suffolk. He died suddenly at a feast 
 at Cheston, one mile from his parsonage, Oc- 
 tober 16()6. He published two tracts in Latin. 
 
 Argellata, Peter, a physician of Bo- 
 logna, who died 1423. His treatises on sur- 
 gery was printed, folio, 1480, at Venice. 
 
 Argellati, Philip, an indefatigable wri- 
 ter, born at Bologna, and died at Milan, 25th 
 January 1755, aged 70. He wrote a cata- 
 logue of iSIilanese writers, 2 vols. fol. and of 
 Italian translators, 5 vols. 4to. besides edi- 
 tions of various Italian authors, kc. 
 
 Argems, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Mar- 
 quis d', a native of Aix in Provence. He 
 followed for some time the military profes- 
 sion, andafterwardsdistinguished himself as a 
 writer, and as the friend of the king of Prus- 
 sia, with whom he lived 25 years as chamber- 
 lain. He returned to his native countrj-, and 
 died there, at the end of 1770, iiged CO. He 
 ■was a man of strong sense, and great learn- 
 ing, as hislettres Juives, Chinoiscs, Cabalis- 
 tiques, and his philosophy ot good sense, 8cc. 
 sufficiently prove, though it is to be lamented 
 that he occasionally di.sgraced his pages by 
 expressions of licentiousness and infidelity. 
 
 A R g E N s o L A, Leonard and Bartholome w, 
 two Spanish poets of merit. The conquest 
 of the ^loluccas was the admirir.! Avork of 
 Bartholomew. 
 
 Argenson, Mark Rene Ic ^'oyel•, Mar- 
 «juisd', celebrated as thciiist who introduced 
 lettres de cachet, during his admin'^lr.ition of 
 the police at Paris, 1697, wji.s born at Venice, 
 where his father was ambassador from the 
 French court. He was highly res])ected for 
 his abilities, and the lirmness of his charac- 
 ter. He succeeded d' Aguesscau in the office 
 of chancellor, 1719, but Mas disgraced the 
 following vear, and died of a broken heart in 
 1721, aged 69. 
 
 Argent A L, Cliarles Augustus count d', 
 a foreign minister at the French court, known 
 as the friend of L.ekain, Voltaire, and other 
 learned men, and as the author of .some ele- 
 gant verses. He died 6111 Januarv 1788, 
 aged 88. 
 
 ARoeNTiEP, John, born atCasllenovoin 
 
 his valuable and interesting col- 
 
 tle novis erroribus, &c. 3 
 
 sembling Bossuei 
 
 He died in 1740, 
 
 , a work much resembling Bossuet's 
 
 Piedmont, died at Turin, 1 37'2, aged 58. He 
 studied medicine, and acquired high reputa- 
 tion in the theory, but not in the practice, 
 of his profession. He was called Censor Medi- 
 corum, because he censured Galen. His 
 works appeared in 12 vols, folio, Venice, 1592. 
 
 Argentina, Thomas d', a learned head 
 of the Augustincs in 1345, author of commen- 
 taries on the master of the sentences, prin- 
 ted, folio, Strasburg, 1490. 
 
 Argentre, Bertrand d', a native of Vi- 
 tre, eminent for his knowledge of jurispru- 
 dence and history. He died 1590, in his 71st 
 year, of a broken heart, on account of the 
 disasters brought upon his country by the 
 plague. He wrote an account of Britany, &c. 
 
 Argentre, Charles Duplessis d', a na- 
 tive of Britany, doctor of the Sorbonne, alo- 
 mnncr to the king, and bishop of Tulles, and 
 known for" 
 lectio judiciorum 
 vols, folio 
 
 histoire des variations 
 aged 67. 
 
 Argenville, Anthon. Joseph Dezel- 
 lier d', a French writer, son of a bookseller 
 at Paris. He wrote several useful works, 
 especially his lives of painters, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 1755, of which Horace Walpole does not 
 speak with sufficient encomium — a valuable 
 treatise on gardening, 4to. 1747 — a catalogue 
 of French fossils — and other curious and val- 
 uable works. He Avas also one of the com- 
 pilers of the encyclopedia. He died Novem- 
 ber 30, 1765. 
 
 Argoli, Andrew, a native of Tagliacoz- 
 zo in Italy, patronised by the senate of Ve- 
 nice, and made professor of mathematics at 
 Padua, with the title of chevalier He died 
 1657, author of a book, dediebus criticis, 4to. 
 1652 — ephemerides from 1640, after his 
 death continued to 1700, 4 vols.4to. — proble- 
 mata astronomica. 
 
 Argo LI, John, son of the preceding, pub- 
 lished an idyllium on the silk worm, at the age 
 of 15. With the desire of attaining further 
 applause, he shut himself up, and at the ex- 
 piration of seven months, at the age of 17, 
 he produced his Endymion, in 12 cantoes, a 
 poem so elegant that it was attributed to the 
 abilities of the father, and not of the son. He 
 wrote other pieces, equally admired and fol- 
 lowed the profession of jurisprudence at Bo- 
 logna for five years, with great credit. He 
 died about 1660. 
 
 Akgonne, Don Bonaventure d', a na- 
 tive of Paris, author of some useful works, 
 especially miscellanies of history and litera- 
 ture, replete with entertaining anc^ilotcs, 
 and valuable reflections, published under 
 the name of Vigneul de Marvillo, re- 
 printed, 3 vols. 12mo. 1725. He died a 
 Carthusian monk at Gaillon, near Rouen, 
 1704, aged 64 He wrote also a method of 
 reading the church fathers, 12mo. 1607. 
 
 Argou, Gabriel, an advocate of the par- 
 liament of Paris, born at Vivarez. ^'e died 
 at the beginning of the 18th century, author 
 of an excellent work, linstilation au droit 
 li'ancois, 3 vols, 12mo. 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 Argues, (Gerard dci5, a gcomoti-icinn, in- 
 timHtc with Descartes. He was Ixjni at Ly- 
 ons, 1597, and died there IGCl. He ■wrote 
 treatises on conic sections, on perspective, 
 On stone-ciUlingv^on the practice of draw- 
 ing, kc. *^ 
 
 AuGYRE, Isaac, an eminent mathema- 
 tician of the 14th ccntiirv, author of some 
 ■works on geography and chronology. 
 
 Argvkop VI. us, Joannes, a learned man 
 W'lio iled from Constantinople when taken 
 by Maliomet If. and contrilmted to tlie re- 
 vival of (ircek literature in Kurope. He 
 vas received with kindness hy Cosmo de 
 Medicis, <luke of Tuscany, placed in the 
 professor's chair at Florence, and made tutor 
 in the prince's family. He retired from 
 thence, iluring the plague, to Rome, where 
 lie lectured on Aristotle. He died of a fever 
 occasioned In' eating melons, in his 70th 
 year, about 1478. He translated several of 
 Aristotle's works, in a manner which pro- 
 ved him to be an ahle Crecian, and a scliolar 
 of the most comprehensive erudition. He 
 •was said to he an intemperate epicure, so 
 that the whole of his fortune was squandered 
 in supplying the delicacies of Ids table. He 
 treated the character of Cicero with con- 
 tempt, because he had said of his favorite 
 Creek, that it is a language verborum inoj)S. 
 He left some sons, ef|ually learned. His 
 commentary on Aristotle's ethics was print- 
 ed 1541, folio. 
 
 Ariadne, daughter of Leo I. married 
 to Zeno, who succeeded as emperor, 474. 
 She was so disgusted with the intemperance 
 of her husband, and so eager to enjoy the 
 cojTipany of her favorite Anastasius, that she 
 forgot her dignity and character in barba- 
 rity. Zeno, when intoxicated, was shut up 
 in a sepulchre, -where he was suffered to 
 die; and Anastasius, tho'igh of obscure 
 origin, was placed on the throne. She 
 died 515. 
 
 Ariarathes L a king of Cappadocia, 
 engaged on an expedition against Egypt with 
 ])arius Ochus. 
 
 Ariarathes H. nephew of tlie prece- 
 ding, >vas defeated by the Macedonians, and 
 put to death 321 B. C. 
 
 Ariarathes HI. son of the lid. reco- 
 vered his kingtlom by the conquest of the 
 Macedonians. 
 
 Ariarathes IV. son of Ariamnes, mar- 
 ried the daughter of Antiochus, and died B. 
 C. 220. 
 
 Ariarathes V. king of Cappadocia, 
 died B. C. IGG, after a reiga of 62 years. 
 He was learned and humane. 
 
 Ariarathes VI. son of the preceding, 
 perislied in battle, B. C. 1.'30. 
 
 Ariarathes VII. son of the Vtth. was 
 murdered by his brnther-in-law, Mithridates. 
 
 Ariaka rHES Vin. son of the Vllth. was 
 also murdered by Mithridates, who placed 
 on the vacant tiirone his own son, whom lie 
 called the IXHi Ariarathes. 
 
 Arias Montanus, Benedict, a native 
 ef Seville, eminent for his knowle<lge of mo- 
 eern and ancient literatacc. He was en- 
 
 gaged by Philip II. of Spain, to publish an 
 edition of the polyglot iiible, which he com- 
 pleted, and published at Antwerp, 1509-72, 
 in 8 Aols. folio. The monarch liberally of- 
 fered the author a bishopric, but it was mo- 
 destly refusetl, and only a pension of 2(X)f» 
 ducats accepted, and the honor of being 
 chaplain to the king. Arias wrote some 
 biblical and historical treatises, besides 
 translating the Psalter into Latin verse. He 
 died 1;)'.»S, in bi.s 7 1st year. 
 
 Arias, Francis, a learned Jesuit, author 
 severalof theological treatises. He died 1C05, 
 aged 72. 
 
 Aribert, son of Clotairc H. king of 
 France, obtained part of Aquitaine as his 
 patrimony from his elder brother, Dago- 
 bert I. lie caused himself to be crowned 
 king at Toulouse, and died two years after, 
 GjO. 
 
 Arieh, Jacob Juda, a learned raldii of 
 Amsterdam, in the 17th century, author of 
 a description of the tabernacle, which has 
 been translated from the Hebrew into 
 Flemish, Spanish, and I^atin. 
 
 Ariobarxan'ES I. king of Cappadocia, 
 B. C. 91, was replaced on his throne by the 
 Romans, after liis expulsion by Tigranes. 
 
 Arioearzanes II. king of Cappadocia, 
 ■was put to death by Cassius, as being the 
 friend of the murdered Cte^r. 
 
 Ariobarzaxes hi. brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was put to death by Antony, and hi.s 
 dominions seized by the Romans. 
 
 Ariosti, Attilio, a musician, born at 
 Bologna. • He was at first of the order of the 
 Dominicans, but quitted the society w ith the 
 permission of the ]>ope, and distinguished 
 himself as a composer at Bologna, and Ve-^ 
 nice, and in Germany. He afterv.ards came 
 to England, where his abilities, especially 
 his masterly execution on the viol d'amore, 
 a new instrument, gained him api>lause and. 
 opulence. He published by .subscription, a 
 book of cantatas, 1725 ; but how soon after 
 he died is not ascertained. 
 
 Arios f o, Lodovico, or Lewis, an illus- 
 trious poet, born at Reggio, 1474, of a family 
 allied to tiie dukes of Ferrara. His early 
 genius displayed itself in the composition of 
 the play of Pyramus and Thisbe, which he 
 acted with his brothers and sisters ; but his 
 father, like the father of Ovid, viewed his 
 studies with a jealous eye, and bade him for- 
 sake the muses for the bar. After his fa- 
 ther's decease, he returned to his favorite 
 pursuits, and, under the friendly patronage 
 of HippolitG, cardinal d'Estc, he began the 
 plan of a poem, which was to immortalize 
 the Italian muse. He was invited to write 
 in Latin by caitlinal Bembo; but with the 
 ardor of a poet he replied, that lie aspired 
 to the first rank of Italian composition, and 
 knew he must be placed only second as the 
 votary of the Latin muse. He read with at- 
 tention the works of Homer and Virgil, and, 
 with a mind stored with ail the learning of 
 ancient times, he borrowed a subject from 
 Bojardo's Orlando Inamorato, and produced 
 bis ineomparubie poem of Orlando Furiosa. 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 Though peculiarly devoted to poetry, Ariosto 
 however, was employed in negotiations; and 
 •when, on the death of Hippolito, Alphonso, 
 duke of Ferrara succeeded as patron of tlie 
 poet, he showed his regard for him by ap- 
 pointing him governor of Graftignana, a post 
 which he discharged with lionor antl hdehty. 
 For his I'etirement, he built a house at Fer- 
 rara; and when questioned why he, who 
 shone in the description of magnificent halls, 
 and splendid palaces, had made it so small, 
 he replied, that words were cheaper placed 
 together than stones. He read his poems 
 Mith so sweet a voice, that his friends were 
 enraptured to hear him; and he possessed 
 <!0 delicate an ear, with so choleric a temper, 
 that he once entered into a potter's shop, 
 who had been repeating some of his verses, 
 vith an improper accent, and broke a great 
 nuraber of the pots exposed to sale The 
 inan expostulateil in vain at the violence of 
 the stranger. I have not sufficiently i-eveng- 
 ed myself on thee, exclainud Ariosto; I have 
 broke only a few pots, and you have spoiled 
 the most beautiful of compositions to ray 
 face. Ariosto was of a sickly constitution, and 
 ■was frequently attended by physicians. He 
 flied at Ferrara, 8th July, 1533, in his 59th 
 year. A bust v.as erected to his memory, 
 ■with an epitaph written by himself. He had 
 two sons by a favorite, called Alexandra, 
 ■whom he would have mai-ried, had he not 
 been apprehensive of losing his benefices. 
 The Orlando Furioso has been deservedly 
 extolled, and it ranks high after Homer. 
 Ariosto possesses all the fire of poetry ; he 
 passes with incredible rapidity and ease 
 from the terrible to the tender, from the 
 soft to the sublime ; every character is in- 
 teresting ; his heroes are valiant without 
 rashness; and his heroines are feminine 
 ■without vulgarity ; and nature appears in ."^ll 
 ber native majesty, adorned by all the graces 
 of art, and recommended by the most en- 
 chanting language of poetry. Besides the 
 Orlando, Ariosto wrote seven satires, five 
 comedies, sonnets, ballads, &c. His life has 
 been written by Sir John Harrington, pre- 
 fixed to a translation of the Orlando Furioso, 
 in 1G34 ; and in 1783, Hoole gave a spirited 
 and elcrant version of this admired poem. 
 
 Ariosio, Gabriel, brother to the poet, 
 ■was himself eminent as a Latin poet, in the 
 style of Statins. His poems were published 
 at Ferrara, l.'>82. He died 1552. His son 
 Horace ■was born at Ferrara, and died there 
 1593, aged 38. He was author of a sprited 
 defence of his uncle's poem against Pekgri- 
 no; and he himself composed I)esi(les come- 
 dies, a poem called Alpheus. 
 
 Ariovistus, king of Germany, assisted 
 the Gauls against the Romans, and was de- 
 feated by J. Csesar. 
 
 Aripf-r'i, kingof Lomhardy, succeeded 
 his father, Ragimbert, 702. He was cruel 
 and vindictive in hisconduct, and w:3sdro\vn- 
 cd as he attempted to swim across a river, to 
 escape from the pursuit of his enemies, 73G. 
 
 Art SI, Francis, an able writer of Cremo- 
 itp, who died 25th January 1743, aged 86. 
 
 Among his valuable works is Cremona litera- 
 
 ta, 3 vols. fol. 
 
 ARiST.£NiETEs, author of elegant love 
 epistles in (jieek, died at Nicomedia, 358. 
 
 Aristander, a sootlx^ayer in the army 
 of Alexander the Great. ''" 
 
 Aristarchus, a philosopher of Samos, 
 said first to have supported the diurnal re- 
 volution of the earth. 
 
 Aristarchus, a grammarian of Sa- 
 mothrace, patronised by Ptolemy, B.C. 160. 
 
 Aristarchus, a Jew of Thessalonica, 
 the companion of St. Paul. 
 
 Arisi EAS, a Greek historian, 550 B. C. 
 
 Aristeas, one of the 70 translators of 
 the Septuagint at the court of Philadelphus. 
 
 Aristels, a Greek mathematician, 350 
 B. C. 
 
 Ar I ST IDES, a celebrated Athenian, the 
 friend of Tlicmistocles. His virtues and 
 services where such, that he received the 
 honorable appellation of just. He died in 
 great poverty, about 407 B. C 
 
 Aristides, a philosopher of Athens, 
 who was converted to Christianity, and wrote 
 an apology for the Christians, A. U. 125. 
 
 Aristides, a sophist of Mysia, who ob- 
 tained from the emperor the rebuilding of 
 Smyrna, which had been destroyed by an 
 earthquvike, 178. 
 
 Aristides, a painter of Thebes, B. C 
 340, one of whose best pieces represented 
 the taking of a town by storm. 
 
 Aristides, an historian of Miletus, who 
 wrote an account of Italy, &c. 
 
 Aristippus, a philosopher of Cyrene, 
 disciple to Socrates, died about 400 B. C. 
 he placed pleasure as the cliief good of man. 
 
 Arjsto, a Stoic philosopher of Cos, B. C. 
 200. He maintained that virtue is the su- 
 preme good. 
 
 Aristo, a Peripatetic philosoplier, B. C. 
 230. 
 
 Aristo, Titus, a Roman lawyer of emi- 
 nence, in the age of Trajan. 
 
 Aristobulus I. high-priest and king 
 of the Jews, after his father Hvrcanus. 
 He died B. C. 104. 
 
 Aris I OBULus H. son of Alexander Jan- 
 nseus, was deposed by Pompcy, and carried 
 prisoner to Rome, where he was poisoued, 
 B.C. i5. 
 
 Aristorulus, an Ale'caiulrian Jew, who 
 united the Peripatetic philosopiiy with the 
 laws of Moses. 
 
 Ar J s 1 OBui.us, grandson of the prece- 
 ding, was made, liigh-j)riest, but was after- 
 wards put to death by Herod, who was jea- 
 lous of his popularity, B. C 30. 
 
 Aristogi ro\, an Athenian, celebrated 
 for his union w illi Harmodius, by w hich the 
 tyranny of the Pisistratidaj, was abolished at 
 Athens, B. C. 510. 
 
 Aristomenes, a Messenian, whose 
 courage caused his countrymen to oppose 
 and avenge the oi)pression of the Spartans, 
 B. C. 685. He was successful in various bat- 
 tles. 
 
 Aristophanes, a celebrated comic wri- 
 ter of Athens, in the age of vSoc rates. He 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 united the greatest wit with the most biting 
 satire, and, in those days when living chnriic- 
 tera could be attacked on the stage with im- 
 punity, his influence was very gi-eat. So- 
 crates, among others, felt the bitterness of 
 his sarcasms. Only eleven of his pieces are 
 preserved. 
 
 Aristotle, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Stagira. lie was employed as the tutor of 
 Alexander the (ireat; but his fame is built 
 on the werks which he composed on ethics, 
 poetry, i)olitics, physic, logic, fcic. He died 
 about 3'23 B. C. arid it is said that he threw 
 himself into the Kuripus, because he could 
 not explain satistactorily the causes of the 
 flu.\ and reflu.v. 
 
 A III s TOKEN us, a Grecian philosopher 
 of Tarentum, the disciple of Aristotle, 
 about 324 B. C 
 
 Aui us, founder of the sect of the Arians, 
 was an African by birth. Disappointment 
 made him a sectary. He propagated the 
 opinion, that the word was not a divine per- 
 son; and the heresy, though condemned by 
 various councils, gained followers, and exci- 
 ted schisms in the Roman empire. The Ni- 
 cene creed was drawn up to combat his er- 
 rors. He was the vielent enemy of Athana- 
 sius. He died at Alexandria 38G. 
 
 Arkel, Cornel. Van, a Dutcli divine of 
 Amsterdam, educated under Limborch and 
 Le Clerc. He was eminent among the Ar- 
 menian preachers, and died 1724, aged 54. 
 He is author of Hadriani Junii, Romani me- 
 dici, animadvcrsis, and de coma commenta- 
 rius, 8cc. 
 
 Arkeniioi.7-, John, a native of Helsing- 
 fors in Sweden. He studied at Upsal, and 
 obtained the place of registrar, which he lost 
 for writing against cardinal Fleury, in his 
 considerations sur la France par raport a la 
 Suede, written at Paris. In 1743, he obtain- 
 ed the office of secretary of public accounts, 
 and was appointed, in 174G, keeper of tlie 
 cabinet curiosities of Cassel. He died 1777, 
 author of some treatises on political subjects, 
 memoirs of queen Christina, &c. He also 
 published Grotius' letters to that queen, and 
 began ai- history of Frederic, never com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Arkwright, Sir Richard, a man who 
 rose to opulence and reputation from the 
 humble station ef penny barber, in Bolton, 
 Lancashire. He was the inventor of the 
 spinning jenny, a system of machinery which, 
 by his genius and perseverance, and by the 
 assistance of Cay, a watcli maker of War- 
 rington, and Atherton of Liverpool, was 
 made to shorten and facilitate the labor of 
 spiiuii*ig cotton, and whicli has introduced 
 plenty and independence among the lower 
 orders of the community, by giving employ- 
 ment to the industry of many thousand fanu- 
 lies. This enterprising man, after trying 
 his fortune at Preston with Smalley, and 
 at Nottingham, raised extensive Morks at 
 Cromford-bridge, Derbyshire, where he 
 built a beautiful mansion, and a church, in 
 ■^vhich his remains were deposited When 
 sheriff" for the county, he was knighted, and 
 
 at his death, 3d August 1702, he left proper- 
 ty to the amount of nearly half a njillion. 
 
 AuLALD, James Antony, a native of Ge- 
 neva, eminent as a painter. He came to 
 Paris, where he was [jatronised by the duke 
 of Orleatis, regent of ibe kingdom, and af- 
 terwards passed to London. His mobl cele- 
 brated piece was a tojiy of Leda, \\ bich at 
 last, in a moment of superstitious devotion, 
 he him himself destroyed, by cutting it in an 
 anatomical stvie, and di\i(Iirig the limbs 
 among bis friends. A copy of this celebra- 
 ted picture was sold in London lor fiOO/. He 
 died at (ieneva, May 25, 174.5, aged 75. 
 
 Arloi TA, a beautiiul woman of Falaisc, 
 daughter of a tanner. She was seen gazing 
 at her door by Robert duke of Xormatifly, 
 as he passed tb rough the street; and he made 
 her his mistiess. She bad by him the con- 
 queror, William ; and after Robert's death, 
 she married f Jerluin, a Norman gentleman, 
 by whom she had three children, for wJioiu 
 William honorably provided. 
 
 Arlotto, a native of Magellr*, in Tus- 
 cany, 1385, whose right name was Mainardi, 
 though he is better knoM n as Arlotto. He 
 was early brought up in the trade of the 
 woollen manufacture, which formed the em- 
 ployment and the consequence of the Flo- 
 rentines; but he left it for the church ; and 
 he had the good fortune to obtain the rural 
 deanery of St. Cresci in the diocese of Fie- 
 sole. The income of this was sufficiently 
 large to maintain him in ease and indepen- 
 dence ; and as residence was not required, 
 he indulged his partiality for foreign ceun- 
 Iries by travelling. He visited Loudon where 
 he was noticed by Edward IV. and after a 
 serious of strange adventures, he returned 
 to his native country. As he posesssed an 
 inexhaustible fund of genuine humour, he 
 was the companien of tlie gay and the dissi- 
 pated, and hr frequently forgot the dignity 
 of his ecclesiastical character, by descending 
 during the most solemn services, to the low 
 bufibonery of a mimic, or the broad jest of a. 
 debauchee. On his return to his deanery, he 
 swore that he would clear his church of 
 mice ; and accordingly the animals Avcre 
 caught and confined in great numbers in a 
 glass cage for a month. Only one survived 
 this droitdful punishment, it was restored to 
 liberty, with a little bellaboutits neck, which 
 served to scare away the whole race, and it 
 was alive tliree years afterwards. Among 
 the patrons and friends of Arlotto were Lo- 
 renzo Medici, and his brother Guliano, who 
 loved him for his levity and the witticisms of 
 his conversation. He died at Florence, 1483, 
 in his 98th year, and was buried in a tomb, 
 which ten years before he had perparedin St. 
 James's church there. 
 
 Armagnac, John d', of an ancient fami- 
 ly in France, was raised to the highest digni- 
 ties in the national church. He died about 
 1408. 
 
 Arm AG N'AC, Bernard cnuNt d', brother of 
 the preceding, v as placed at the head of the 
 party of Orleans by the queen of Charles 
 VI. of France. He quarrelled with his be- 
 
Ml 
 
 AR 
 
 Though peculiarly devoted topoetiy, Ariosto 
 however, was employed in negotiations; and 
 Trhen, on the death of Hippolito, Alphonso, 
 duke of Ftrrara succeeded as patron of the 
 poet, he showed his regard for him by ap- 
 pointing him governor of Graftignana, a post 
 ■which he discharged with lionor and tideiity. 
 For his retirement, he built a house at Fer- 
 rara ; and when questioned why he, who 
 shone in the description of magnificent halls, 
 and splendid palaces, had made it so small, 
 he replied, that words were cheaper placed 
 together than stones. He read his poems 
 with so sweet a voice, that his friends were 
 enraptured to hear him; and he possessed 
 so delicate tm ear, with so choleric a temper, 
 that he once entered into a potter's shop, 
 who had been repeating some of his verses, 
 "with an improper accent, and broke a great 
 nunaber of the pots exposed to sale The 
 rnan expostulated in vain at the violence of 
 the stranger. I have not sufficiently reveng- 
 ed myself on thee, exclainu d Ariosto; I have 
 broke only a few pots, and you have spoiled 
 the most beautiful of compositions to my 
 face. Ariosto was of a sickly constitution, and 
 was frequently attended by physicians. He 
 died at Ferrara, 8th July, 1533, in his 59th 
 year. A bust Avas erected to his memory, 
 •with an epitaph written by himself. He had 
 two sons by a favorite, called Alexandra, 
 whom he would have married, had he not 
 been appreheisive of losing his benefices. 
 The Orlando Furioso has been deservedly 
 extolled, and it ranks high after Homer. 
 Ariosto possesses all the fire of poetry ; he 
 passes with incredible rapidity and ease 
 from the terrible to the tender, from the 
 soft to the sublime ; every character is in- 
 teresting ; his heroes are valiant without 
 rashness; and his heroines are feminine 
 without vulgarity ; and nature appears in .'^11 
 her native majesty, adorned by all the graces 
 of art, and recommended by the most en- 
 chanting language of poetry. Besides the 
 Orlando, Ariosto wi-ote seven satires, five 
 comedies, sonnets, ballads, 8cc. His life has 
 been written by vSir ,Tohn Harrington, pre- 
 fixed to a translation of the Orlando Furioso, 
 in lG3i ; and in 1783, Hoole gave a spirited 
 and elcrant version of this admired r»oem. 
 
 Ariosio, Gabriel, brother to the poet, 
 was himself eminent as a Latin poet, in the 
 style of Statins. His poems were published 
 at Ferrara, 1582. He died 1552. His son 
 Horace was born at Ferrara, and died theie 
 1593, aged 38. He was author of a sprited 
 defence of his uncle's poem against Pekgri- 
 no; and he himself composed besides come- 
 dies, a poem called Alpheus. 
 
 Ariovistus, king of Germany, assisted 
 the Gauls against the Romans, and was de- 
 feated by ,J. Csesar. 
 
 ARiPKRTjkingof Lombardy, succeeded 
 his father, Rngimbert, 702. He was cruel 
 and vindictive in hisconduct, and w;jsdro\vn- 
 cd as he attempted to swim across a river, to 
 escape from the pursuit of his enemies, 73G. 
 
 Arisi, Francis, an able writerof Cremo- 
 zt&j who died 25th January 1743, aged 86. 
 
 Among his valuable works is Cremona litera- 
 ta, 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Aris rjEN.ffi;iEs, author of elegant love 
 epistles in Greek, died at Nicomedia, 358. 
 
 Aristander, a sootlxjayer in the army 
 of Alexander the Great. '•'' 
 
 Aristarchus, a philosopher of Samos, 
 said first to have supported the diurnal re- 
 volution of the earth. 
 
 Aristarchus, a grammarian of Sa- 
 mothrace, patronised by Ptolemy, B.C. 160. 
 
 Aristarchus, a Jew of Thessalonica, 
 the companion of St. Paul. 
 
 AiiiSTEAS, a Greek historian, 550 B. C. 
 
 Aristeas, one of the 70 translators of 
 the Septuagint at the court of Philadelphus. 
 
 Aristeus, a Greek mathematician, 350 
 B. C. 
 
 Ar 1ST IDES, a celebrated Athenian, the 
 friend of Tliemistocles. His virtues and 
 services where such, that he received the 
 honorable appellation of just. He died in 
 great poverty, about 407 B. C. 
 
 Aristides, a philosopher of Athens, 
 who was converted to Christianity, and wrote 
 an apology for the Christians, A. D. 125. 
 
 Aristides, a sophist of Mysia, who ob- 
 tained from the emperor the rebuilding of 
 Smyrna, which had been destroyed by an 
 earthquake, 178. 
 
 Aristides, a painter of Thebes, B. C. 
 340, one of whose best pieces represented 
 the taking of a town by storm. 
 
 Aristides, an historian of Miletus, who 
 wrote an account of Italy, &c. 
 
 Aristippus, a philosopher of Cyrene, 
 disciple to Socrates, died about 400 B. C. 
 he placed pleasure as the chief good of nian- 
 
 ARjSTO,a Stoic j)hilosopher of Cos, B. C. 
 260. He maintained that virtue is the su- 
 l)reme good. 
 
 Aristo, a Peripatetic philosopher, B. C. 
 230. 
 
 Aristo, Titus, a Roman lawyer of emi- 
 nence, in the age of Trajan. 
 
 Aristobulus I. high-priest and Jcing 
 of the Jews, after his father llvrcauus. 
 He died B. C. 104. 
 
 Aris r OBULus n. son of Alexander Jan- 
 nseus, was deposed by Pompey, and carried 
 prisoner to Rome, where he was poisoned, 
 B.C. i5. 
 
 Aristobulus, an Alevandrian Jew, m ho 
 united the Peripatetic philosopliy with the 
 laws of Moses. 
 
 A w IS 1 OBui.us, grandson of the prece- 
 ding, was made, liigh-jjriest, hut was after- 
 wards put to death by Herod, who was jea- 
 lous of his popularity, B. C 36. 
 
 Aristogitox, an Athenian, celebrated 
 for his union with Harmodius, by which the 
 tyranny of the Pisistratidaj, was abolished at 
 Athens, B. C. 510. 
 
 Aristomenes, a ]Messenian, whose 
 courage caused his countrymen to oppose 
 and avenge the oi)pression of the Spartans, 
 B. C. 685. He was successful in various bat- 
 tles. 
 
 Aristophanes, a celebrated comic wri- 
 ter of Athens, in the age of vSocrates. He 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 united the greatest wit with the most biting 
 satire, an<l, in tliosc days wlion living cliarac- 
 ters could be attacked on the stage with im- 
 punity, his influence was very gi-eat. So- 
 crates, among others, felt the hittci-ness of 
 his sarcasms. Only eleven of his pieces are 
 preserved. 
 
 Aristotle, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Stagira. lie was employed as the tutor of 
 Alexan«Icr the (ireat; but his fame is buill 
 on the werks which he composed on ethics, 
 poetry, politics, physic, logic, fccc. lie died 
 about 3'i3 B. C. and it is said that lie threw 
 himself into tlie Kuiijius, because he could 
 not explain satisfactorily the causes of the 
 flux and reflnx. 
 
 Aris TOXENUS, a Grecian philosopher 
 of Tarentuin, the disciple of Aristotle, 
 about 324 B. C. 
 
 Arius, founder of the sect of the Arians, 
 was an African by birth. Disappointment 
 made him a sectary. He propapted the 
 opinion, that the word was not a divine per- 
 son; and the heresy, though condemned by 
 various councils, gained followers, and exci- 
 ted schisms in the Roman empire. The Ni- 
 cene creed was drawn up to combat his er- 
 rors. He was the vielent enemy of Athana- 
 sius. He died at Alexandria 386. 
 
 Ark EL, Cornel. Van, a Dutch divine of 
 Amsterdam, educated under Limborch and 
 Le Clerc. He was eminent among the Ar- 
 menian preaeliers, and died 1724, aged 54. 
 He is author of Hadriani Junii, Romani me- 
 dici, animadvcrsis, and de coma commenta- 
 rius, kc. 
 
 Ark E Nil o 1. 7., John, a native of Helsing- 
 fors in Sweden. He studied at Ujisal, and 
 obtained the place of registrar, which he lost 
 for writing against cardinal Fleury, in his 
 considerations sur la France par raport a la 
 Suede, written at Paris. In 1743, he obtain- 
 ed the office of secretary of public accounts, 
 and was appointed, hi 1740, keeper of the 
 cabinet curiosities of Cassel. He died 1777, 
 autlior of some treatises on political subjects, 
 memoirs of queen Christina, &c. He also 
 published Grotius' letters to that queen, and 
 began ai- history of Frederic, never com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Arkwright, Sir Richai'd, a man who 
 rose to opulence and reputation from the 
 humble station of peiuiy barber, in Bolton, 
 Lancashire. He was the inventor of the 
 spinning jenny, a system of machinery which, 
 hy his genius and perseverance, and by the 
 assistance of Cay, a watch maker of Wai'- 
 iMnglon, and Atherton of Liverpool, was 
 made to shorten and facilitate the labor of 
 spinning cotton, and which has introduced 
 plenty and independence among the lower 
 orders of the community, by giving employ- 
 ment to the industry of many thousand fanu- 
 lies. This enterprising man, after trying 
 his fortune at Preston with Smalley, and 
 at Nottingham, i-aised extensive works at 
 Cromford-bridge, Derbyshire, where he 
 built a beautiful mansion, and a church, in 
 which his remains M-ere deposited When 
 sheriff' for the county, he was knighted, and 
 
 at his death, 3d August 17'JC, he left proper- 
 ty to the amount of nearly half a million. 
 
 A R LA I 1), James Antony, a native of Ge- 
 neva, eminent as a jiainter. I'e came to 
 Paris, where he was [jalroniscd by the duke 
 of Orleans, regent of tbe kingdom, and af- 
 terwards passed to London. His most cele- 
 brated piece was a copy of Leda, ^^ bich at 
 last, in a moment of superstitious devotioii, 
 he him himself destroyed, by culling it in an 
 anatomical style, and dividing the limbs 
 among bis friends. A copy of iliis celebra- 
 ted picture was sold in London for fiOO/. He 
 died at (itneva, May 25, 1743, aged 75. 
 
 Arloi TA, a beautilul woman of Falaisc, 
 daughter of a tanner. She was seen gazing 
 at her door by Robert duke of Normandv, 
 as he passed tli rough the street; and he made 
 her his mistiess. She bad by him the con- 
 queror, William ; and after Robert's death, 
 she married 1 Jerluin, a Norman gentleman, 
 by whom she had three children, for wJioni 
 William honorably provided. 
 
 A R LOT TO, a native of Magello, in Tus- 
 cany, 1385, whose right name was Mainardi, 
 though he is better known as Arlotto. He 
 was early brought up in the trade of the 
 woollen manufacture, which formed the em- 
 ployment and the consequence of the Flo- 
 rentines; but he left it for the church ; and 
 he had the good fortune to obtain the rural 
 deanery of St. Cresci in the diocese of Fie- 
 sole. The income of this was sufficiently 
 large to maiistain him in ease and indepen- 
 dence ; and as residence was not required, 
 he indulged his partiality for foreign ceun- 
 tries by travelling. He visited London where 
 he was noticed by Edward IV. and after a 
 serious of strange adventures, he returned 
 to his native country. As he posesssed an 
 inexhaustible fund of getiuine humour, he 
 was the companitm of the gay and the (iissi- 
 pated, and hi frequently tbrgot the dignity 
 of his ecclesiastical character, by descending 
 (luring the most solemn services, to the low 
 buflbunery of a mimic, or the broad jest of a 
 debauchee. On his return to his deanery, he 
 swore that he would clear his church of 
 mice ; and accordingly the aniuials Avere 
 caught and confined in great numbers in a 
 glass cage for a month. Only one survived 
 this drcitdful punishment, it was restored to 
 liberty, with a little bell about its neck, which 
 served to scare away the whole race, and it 
 was alive three years afterwards. Among 
 the patrons and friends of Arlotto were Lo- 
 renzo Medici, and his brother Guliano, who 
 loved him for his levity and the Avitticisms of 
 his conversation. He died at Florence, 1483, 
 in his 98th year, and was buried in a tomb, 
 wliich ten years before he had perparedin St. 
 James's church there. 
 
 Armagnac, John d', of an ancient fami- 
 ly in France, was raised to tlie highest digni- 
 ties in the national church. He died about 
 1408. 
 
 Arm AG N AC, Bernard couNt d', brother of 
 the pi'ecedmg, was placed at the head of the 
 party of Orleans by the queen of Charles 
 VI. of France. He quarrelled with his bcv 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 Refactress, and was some lime aftcrwarils as- 
 sassinated, (Uu-ing nn insurrection, 1418. 
 
 Armellivo, Francis, a banker, made 
 cardinal by Leo X. who found him an able 
 minister in the art of raising money. He be- 
 came nnpop'Uar on account of the taxes 
 which lie recommended. He died 1527. 
 ^ Aii.ME NO N' vii.LE, Joscph John IJiiptist 
 
 Fleurinn d', a Frencii statesman, keeper of 
 the seals from 1 722 to 1727, when he was 
 dismissed. He died the following year. 
 
 Armimius, a brave chief of the Cafti, 
 called the deliverer of Germany. Though 
 noticed and lionored by Augustus, he de- 
 termined to avenge the wrongs of his en- 
 slaverl country. The Romans were defeat- 
 ed untler Varus, and Arminius at last, after 
 various encounters with the enemy, was as- 
 sassinated, A. D. 21. 
 
 Arminius, James, a native of Oudc-wa- 
 ter, in Holland, 1560, founder of the sect of 
 the Arminians. As he lost his father early, 
 he was supported at the university of Utrecht, 
 and of iMarpui-g, by the liberality of his 
 friends; but when he returned home, in the 
 iTciidst of the ravages caused by the Spanish 
 arms, instead of being received by his mo- 
 ther, he found tliat she, as \vell as her daugh- 
 ters, and all her family, had been sacrificed 
 to the wantonness of the ferocious enemy. 
 His distress was for a wliile inconsolable, but 
 the thirst after distinction called him to the 
 wewly founded university of Leyden, where 
 his industry acqt^ired him the protection of 
 the magistrates of Amsterdam, at whose ex- 
 pense he travelled to Geneva and Italy, to 
 hear the lectures of Theodore Beza and 
 James Zabarella. On his return to Holland, 
 he was ordained minister of Amsterdam, 
 15S8; and so great was his po])ularity, and 
 so powerful his eloquence, that he was every 
 ■where followed by admiring auditors, and 
 the enemies of his doctrines and of his suc- 
 cess were silenced by the solidit)' of his ar- 
 guments, by the perseverance of his mind, 
 and the i'.tegrity of his heart. In' theologi- 
 cal riisputes upon grace, and other contested 
 points, he preserved his high reputation ; 
 an<l though not only Ids friends but the ma- 
 gistrates frequently interfered in the dispute, 
 the force of his reasoning was never weak- 
 ened, or his leHniing misapplied in iedecent 
 invectives As proi'essor of divinity at Ley- 
 den, to wiiich oiiiL-f he was called leo.S, he 
 distinguished himse'f by thi*ee valuable ora- 
 tions on the object of theology — on the au- 
 thor and end of it — and on the certainty of 
 it and he afterwards explained the prophet 
 Jonah. In his public and private life, Armi- 
 nius has been admired for his moderation ; 
 and though many gross insinuations have 
 been thrown against him, yet his memory- 
 has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens, 
 and he seemed entitled to the motto which 
 he assumed, — a good conscience isaparadise. 
 A life of perpetual labor and vexation of mind 
 at last brought on a sickness of which he di- 
 ed, October 19, 1G19. His writings were all 
 on controversial aiul theological subjects, and 
 were published in 1 vol. 4to. Frankfort, 
 
 ' 1631, The Arminians, in the number of 
 whom appear Grotius, Episcopius, Courcel- 
 le, Le Clerk, &cc. are still numerous and pow- 
 erful iu Holland. They maintain, that man 
 is made by God a free agent, and that provi- 
 <lence before-hand decrees his salvation or 
 damnation, which however, totally depend 
 upon his own uninfluenced action ; a doc- 
 trine directly opposed by the Calvinistical 
 tenets of predestination. Of these impor- 
 tant opinions Hurnet has given an account in 
 his exposition of the 17th article. 
 
 Armstrong, Thomas, an active sup- 
 porter of the royal cause during the civil 
 wars, for which he was honored with knight- 
 hood. Cromv ell knew and dreaded his abi- 
 lities, therefore he seized his person, and 
 threatened to put him to deatli. After the 
 restoration, Armst./ug showed the most vio- 
 lent opposition to popery ; and when Mon- 
 mouth was determined on rebellion, he 
 espoused his cause, and visited with him the 
 guards, with the intention either of attack- 
 ing them by force, or gaining them by arti- 
 fice. These bold measures rendered him 
 suspected to the government ; and he fled 
 from the country, and was in consequence 
 outlawed. His persecutors, however, seized 
 him abroad and he was brought to London, 
 and executed without a trial, 2()th June 1684. 
 Armstrong, Dr. John, a celebrated 
 pnet, born at Castleton, Edinburghshire, 
 where his father and brother were minis- 
 ters. He took his degrees of M. D. in the 
 university of Edinburgh, 1732, but he did 
 not meet with the success in his profession 
 which his mei'its deserved. His first exer- 
 tions for the amusenxent of the public, were 
 some small medical tracts, which were fol- 
 lowed by the economy of love, a poem after 
 the manner of Ovid, objectionable for its li- 
 centiousness, though admired for the spirit 
 of its lines, coi-rected and pur\ged in the edi- 
 tion of 1768. In 1744, the art of preserving 
 health was published, and on this great and 
 highly finished performance, the fame of 
 Armstrong totally dejjends. By means of 
 his friends, the poet was recommended to 
 tiie notice of the great. He was appointed 
 physician to the lame and sick soldiers, be- 
 hind Buckingham-house, and in 1760, he 
 was n)ade pliysician to the army in Germa- 
 ny. It was at tliis time that he wrote his 
 poem called '• Day," inscribed to John 
 Wilkes; and the freedom of remark which 
 he used in one passage upon Churchill not 
 only drew the vengeance of the satirist upon 
 him, but dissolved the frientlsliip w hich had 
 before cordially existed with Wilkes. He 
 collected his scattered pieces which he pub- 
 lished in 1770, and the following year he 
 w rote a short ramble through Fravice and 
 Italy by Lancelot Tem])le. He died in Sep- 
 tember, 1779, leaving behind him about 
 3000/. a sum which surprised his friends, as 
 they knew that his income was small, and 
 that Jiis heart was generous. Mr. Nicholl's 
 anecdotes of Bowyer contain some further 
 particulars of this great and ingenious man. 
 His medical esssays appeared collected in 1 
 
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 volume 4to. 1773. Of these the essny lor 
 abriilging tlic stmly of i»hysic. was first priitl- 
 cd 17 J5, ami the synojisis of the liisiory and 
 cure of tlic venereal disease in 17.^7, Svo. 
 His sketches or essays on various suhjects by 
 Lancelot Temple were printed 17 oH. 
 
 AuMsruoNG, John, a native of I.eith, 
 educated at Edinburu;h, where he took his 
 dcgjree of .M. A. ami n\ here he publi.^lied his 
 juvenile poems, and an essay on the means 
 of punishing and preventing crimes. lie 
 came to London about !7'J;>, and earned a 
 scanty subsistence by writing for the news- 
 papers, and pi-eaching among the dissenters. 
 lie died, after a short illness, in his 2Clii 
 year, 1707. 
 
 Ahmyne, Lady Mary, danghtcf of Henry 
 Talbot, the fourth son of (.eorgc, earl of 
 Shrewsbury, married Sir \\ illiam Armyne, 
 and rendered herself distinguished by her 
 piety and benevolence, as well as her know- 
 ledge of history, of divinity, and of the lan- 
 guages. She was very liberal to the poor, 
 and contributed largely towarils the encour- 
 agement and support of the missionaries sent 
 to North America. She also endowed three 
 hospitals; and died IG75. 
 
 Arnald, Richanl, B. D. a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at lienet's and Emanuel col- 
 lege, and presented to the rectory of Tliur- 
 caston in Leicestershire. He published se- 
 veral sermons, and besides a commentary on 
 Avisdom, on ecclesiasticus, kc. but his best 
 known performance is his commentary on 
 the apocrypha. He died 1756 ; and his wi- 
 dow, (laughter of Mr. Wood, rector of Wil- 
 ford, Nottingham, 11th April 1782. His 
 son. Dr. Arnald, was patronised by Dr. 
 Hurd, bishop of Worcester. 
 
 Arxall, William, an attorney's clerk, 
 i\ho became a political w riter in the pay of 
 sir Robert Walpole. It appears from the 
 report of a secret coiumitte, that, in four 
 years, he received 10,997^. ds. 8(/. for his 
 pamphlets; and thougli so liberally rewonl- 
 ed, he died of a broken heart and in debt, 
 1741, aged 20. 
 
 Arxaud de Meyrvii.le, or Meue- 
 viL, a poet of Provence, in the service of 
 viscount Beziers, of whose wife he became 
 deeply enamoured. He praistd the lady in 
 anonymous lines; and when at last discover- 
 ed, he was not discarded, but received valu- 
 able presents from the hands of a woman 
 IN ho had the virtue to pity and not to en- 
 flame his passion. He die(l 1220. 
 
 Arxaud de Villa No v a, a physician, 
 who improved himself by travelling thiough 
 Europe, and created liimself enemies by ha- 
 ving recourse to astrology. He enjoyed some 
 reputation at Paris, and afterwards retir?(l 
 to Sicily, to Frederic king of Arra'^on. He 
 
 ,» ' t_l o 
 
 Avas shii)wrecked on the coast of Genoa as he 
 was returning to attend pope Clement, wlio 
 labored under a severe illness, 1510 or \313. 
 His works appeared at Lvons, 2 vols, folio, 
 1520, and liasil, 1585. 
 
 Arnaid, Anthony, an advocate, of Paris, 
 horn 1550. He \vas altorney general to Ca- 
 tharine de Mecfici, Rnd acqui)'ed opulence 
 
 and reputation by the exertion of hiM ahili- 
 lits, and parlicnlarly distinguished liimself 
 in detcnding, with sticcess, tlie univer'itv of 
 Paris, where he had been educate<l aguinst 
 the Jesuits, 15U4. He niarrieil Catharine, 
 (laughter of the adNoeale-general, Marion, 
 Ba}le denies his biing of the iX-fornie(l reli- 
 gion. He died in his Oodi, or, according to 
 some, in his 7(Mh or lO.id year. 
 
 Arnauu 1>' A.N'niLLi, Robert, eldest 
 son of the j)rcceding, was early introduced 
 at court, where he disti: gnishcd himself as 
 the friend of the great, an<l the i>atron of 
 genius and learning. He retired in his 55tli 
 year, to the convent of Po; • Roval des 
 Champs, and employed himself not only to 
 study, but to the cultivation of trees, the 
 fruit of which he yearly presented to tjneen 
 Anne of Austria, lie died 1074, in his Stjili 
 year. He was author of memoirs of his own 
 life — menutirs of the house of Portugal — be- 
 sides a translation of Josephus, and other 
 works. 
 
 Arxaud, Anthony, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Paris, February 0, 1612. 
 He was originally intended for the law ; but 
 the representations of his friends ai.'l of St. 
 Cyren i)i'evailed upon him to study divinity, 
 in which he took his degrees at the Sor- 
 bonne. He was engaged in the controversy 
 of the times upon grace, and sided, like his 
 family, with the Jansenists against the Je- 
 suits, and supported the cause with great 
 ability and vehement zeal. In one of his 
 public letters, however, he proceeded far- 
 ther tl)an propriety or prudence permitted ; 
 for which he was expelled from the faculty 
 of divinity ; and it was during this suspen- 
 sion of popular favor that he retired, and 
 for twenty-five years devoted himself to the 
 composition of those works in logic, geome- 
 try, grammar, theology, and metaphysics, 
 which have immortalized his name. On his 
 return to public life, he was presented to the 
 king, and recovered his popularity ; but the 
 violence and animosity of his enemies rlrovc 
 him a second time, 1679, into obsc.irity in 
 the Netherlands, where he continued his 
 controversial labors against the Caivanists 
 and Jesuits. He died, in his 82d year, 9th 
 August 1694, desiring that his heart might 
 be deposited in the Port Royal. He was a 
 man of a mild and inoffensive chaisicter, of 
 no very promising appearance, but endowed 
 with uncommon powers of mind, ^'he Je- 
 suits carried their hatred against him so lar 
 as to destroy the sheet which Perrault, in 
 his panegyric of great men, had wi-itten in 
 his favor. His works are very numerous. 
 His letters, after his death, were published 
 in 9 vols. by!father Quesnel. 
 
 Arnaud, Henry, br«)ther of Robert and 
 Anthony, was made bishop of TonI ; but as 
 his election was disputed, he w as not put in- 
 to posses'iion. He was employed as a nego- 
 tiator at the court of Rome; and, on his re- 
 turn, in 1G49, he was matle bishop of An- 
 gers, where, like a father, he protected the 
 poor, and by the most exemplary virtues 
 discharged the high dtities of his office. 
 
AR 
 
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 Wlien the queen mother marched -vvitli an 
 army to punish the rebellion of Angers, the 
 good bislioj) disarmed her resentment, in his 
 administration of the sacrament. Take, 
 says he, to the incensed princess, the body 
 of him who forgave his enemies as he was 
 dving on the cross. An interesting account 
 of his negotiations was published at Paris, 
 in 5 vols, l-^mo. 1748. He died at Angers, 
 June 8, 169^2, in his 93 ih year. 
 
 Arxaud, Angelique, sister of Henry, 
 was abbess of the Port Royal convent, and 
 distinguished herself by the reformation and 
 the sanctity wliich she inti'otluced tliere, and 
 afterwards also at the convent of Maubuis- 
 son, where she presided five years. She 
 removed afterwards to Paris, with the king's 
 permission, and died 166i, aged 65. Six 
 sisters of her family, with their mother, 
 passed the evening of tiieir life in her 
 convent. 
 
 Arn'aud, de Brescie, a boUl and inde- 
 pendent ecclesiastic, the disciple of Peter 
 Abelard, in the l'2th century, who main- 
 tained, that it was unlawful for the clergy to 
 hold a temporal estate. On the death of In- 
 nocent »I. by whom he had been condemned, 
 and obliged to fly to Switzerland, he attack- 
 ed the papal power, drove the pontiff from 
 Kome, and reformed the government of the 
 city. He was afterwards seized, and by or- 
 der of Adrian IV. he was burnt alive, in 1115, 
 and his ashes thrown into the Tiber. Some 
 of his foUowers came to England, 1160; but 
 were all put to death, as persons dangerous 
 and hostile to the happiness of the state. 
 
 Arnaud, Anthony, son of Robert, Avas 
 abbot of Chaumes. He lived with his uncle, 
 the bishop of Angers, and died 1698, author 
 of some meraoii'S, in three vols. l!2mo. 
 
 Arnaud, Francis, a native of Carpen- 
 tras, abbot of Grand Champs, He distin- 
 guished himself by his literary labors, in 
 connection with Sicard, especially the Ga- 
 zette litcraire de TEurope — in the journal 
 etranger — and in pieces on philosophy, lite- 
 rature, and the arts, -4 vols. l!2mo. 177U; and 
 he died at Paris, tid Dec. 1784. 
 
 Arnaud, Simon, marquis of Pompone, 
 was brother to the preceding, and known at 
 the court of Lewis XIV. as an able negotia- 
 tor, and as an ambassatlor to the Hague and 
 Stockholm. He was afterwards made se- 
 cretary of state, an office from which he was 
 soon removed. He died 1C99, aged 8 . 
 
 Arnaud, Henry Charles, son of Simon, 
 was born at the Hague. He distinguished 
 himself as an ecclesiastic, and more as a 
 statesman in the character of an ambassador 
 to the court of Vienna, and as chancellor. 
 He died 1750, in his 87th year. 
 
 Ar.vdt, John, a native of Bellenstadt in 
 Anhalt, known as minister of Quedlinburg, 
 and afterwai'ds of Brunswick, where his 
 abihties as pi'eacher were obstinately oppo- 
 sed by the envv of his ecclesiastical brethren. 
 As he lived in times when controversial 
 points were disjjuted upon with acrimony, 
 he felt the rancor of opposite opinions. He 
 ivas for eleven years niinister of Kell, on the 
 
 presentation of the duke of Lunenberg^ 
 where he died 1621. His chief work is his 
 treatise of true Christianity, in 4 books, iu 
 German, which, on account of its excel- 
 lence, has been translated into several lan- 
 guages, and, among others, into English, by 
 Boehui, and dedicated to queen Anne, 171'J, 
 in 8vo. in 3 vols. 
 
 Arndt, Joshua, professor of logic at 
 Rostock, died at Gustrof, the place of his 
 birth, 5th April 1687, in his 61st year. He 
 wrote miscellanea sacra, Svo. 1648 — tracta- 
 tus de superstitione, Leipsic, 1707, 4to.— 
 Clavis antiquit. Jud. See. His son Charles 
 was professor of poetry and Hebrew at Mech- 
 lin, and died 1721, author of some learned 
 dissertations in the Lepsic miscellany. 
 
 Arne, Thomas Augustine, son of an up- 
 holsterer in Covent Garden, whom Addison 
 characterized in the Tatler, No. 135 & 160. 
 He was educated at Eton and bound to an at- 
 torney : but he possessed a strong inclination 
 for music, and soon rose to be leader of the 
 band at Urury Lane. He composed in 1733, 
 the music for Addison's opera of Rosamond, 
 in 1738, that for Milton's Corans, and in 1740 
 that of Mallet's masque of Alfred, in which 
 Rule Britannia was first introduced: and, in 
 consequence of his high reputation, ha was 
 created Mus. D. at O.xford, in 1759. He died 
 of a spasm in the lungs, March 5, 1778, au- 
 thor of the favorite opera of Artaxerxcs, the 
 Guardian outwitted, and the Rose. Mrs. 
 Cibber, the famous actress, was his sister. 
 Though apparently little attached to religion, 
 he was a catholic, and died a penitent son of 
 Rome. 
 
 Arngrim, Jonas, a learned ecclesiastic 
 of Ireland, who wrote a peice on the Runic 
 letters, found in Olaus Wormius' collection, 
 besides other tracts illustrative of the history 
 of ills country. He died about 1649. 
 
 Arnis.«:us, Kenningus, a German profes- 
 sor of physic at Helmstadt. He is known 
 for his able political treatises in defence of the 
 authority of princes. He travelled through 
 France and England, and was honored with 
 the place of counsellor and ])liysician to the 
 king of Denmark. He died November 1635. 
 
 Arnobius, rhetorical professor at Sicca 
 in Numidia, at the end of the 3d century, 
 was a violent enemy to Christianity, and af- 
 terwards its .stedfast friend. 
 
 Arnobius, a native of Gaul, author of a 
 commentary on the Psalms, and of a defence 
 of the Pelagians in the 5lh century. 
 
 Arnold, Samuel, an eminent musical 
 composer, educated under Gates and Nnres, 
 at St. James's chapel. His cure of Saul, 
 and his prodigal son, obtained him great ap- 
 plause and celebrity, so that, in 1778, he 
 was honored with the degree of Mup. D. by 
 the university of Oxford. After leaving Co- 
 ventGarden, where he first appeared, 1760, 
 he became proprietor of the fashionable Ma- 
 ry bone Gardens ; and, in 1 783, succeeded Dr. 
 Nares as organist of the royal chapel. He 
 was also organist of Westminster Abbey, in 
 which his remains are deposited. He died 
 13th Oct. 1802. Besides musical composi- 
 
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 AR 
 
 tions, he began a splendid edition of Handel's 
 works, in ir8G. 
 
 Arnoi.d, of Brescia. Vid. Akxaud. 
 
 Akxold, Nicula.s, a i)roit*slant ol' Lcsna, 
 who improved himself In travellin;;, anil af- 
 terwards sucf(.-eded l(» llie professDi-'s chair uf 
 theology at Franeker in I'rie.sIaiKl, \shi:rc he 
 ac(]iiired reputation by his sermons and po- 
 leniit-ai woiks, printed, Leipsic, IS'JS. lie 
 died 1080, aged 0-2. 
 
 Arnold, Jetfery, author of a history of 
 mvstiral thcoIo''v, and of a history of the 
 ehurih and of heretics, printed, Leijisic, 
 17(KJ, besides oilier tracts, was a zealous ndn- 
 iste!' of I'erleherj^, and a strong advocate of 
 the pietists. Me ilicd ITl-i. 
 
 Arnold, of Hildesheim, an hisloriati of 
 the 13th century, who continued llelmeMns' 
 chronicle of the Sclavonians, published at Lu- 
 bec, 1659. 
 
 AuNOLD, Christopher, a native ofXurcm- 
 berg, who studied at Altorf, and afterwards 
 travelled on the continent and in England. 
 He died professor at Altorf, 10S5, aged 5H. 
 He is author of testimojiiiuu Flavianuin, sen 
 cpistoliC 30, de Josephi testimoniode Chrijto 
 — Rtiperti historia universalis — editions of 
 Latin classics, Sec. 
 
 Ar.\old, Benedict, an American, born in 
 New England, and brought up as a surgeon. 
 He quitted this profession for the sea ; and 
 after being for some years employed as mas- 
 ter and supercargo of a trading vessel, he 
 embraced, with enthusiasm, tlie republican 
 cause against the mother-country, and took 
 the command of a company of volunteers at 
 New-Haven. His goocl conduct raised him 
 to higher offices, and he was for the boldness 
 of his ciiaracter, pointed out to make an at- 
 tack, thi'Ough pathless wilds, upon Canada. 
 In his attempt to take Quebec by surprise, 
 lie received a wound in the leg; and upon the 
 failure of his plans, and tlie deatli of his gal- 
 lant associate, .Montgomery, he withdrew the 
 remains of his forces to Crown Point. He 
 Mas afterwards em\)ioyed in the floti'la on 
 Lake Champlain; but though he seemed at- 
 tached to the American cause, either dissa- 
 tisfaction, or the fear of finding himself on 
 the vanquished side, induced him to open a 
 negotiation with sir Henry Clinton, and, as 
 a proof of his sinceiity, to deliver up into 
 the hands of the English West Point, of 
 which he had the coinmand. In the at- 
 tempt, i>oor Andre was sacrificed, and Ar- 
 nold, with dilncuUy, escaped on board a 
 British ship of war. Here he was treated 
 v.ith respect, and honorably employed; and 
 on the unfortunate conclusion of the war, he 
 was rewarded with a pension. He was af- 
 terwards in Nova Scotia, and in the West In- 
 dies, last war, where he was taken by the 
 French, from whom he escaped. He rettir- 
 ned to England, and died in London, 1801. 
 
 Arnoul, a bishop of Lisieux, who resign- 
 ed his office to retire, in his old age, to the 
 abbey of St. \'ictor at Paris, where he died 
 3lst August 1184. His letters are curious, 
 in containing an account of the discipline and 
 
 VOL. I. ]r> 
 
 manners of his time, printed, Paris, 1583, 
 Svo. 
 
 .VrntxcmL'S, John Henry, a learned 
 Duuliinan, law profc9.sor at Utrecht, where 
 he died, 1799. He wrote academical discour- 
 ses and dissei'tations — miscellanies — 'nstilu- 
 tiones juiio Beigici, '2 vols. Svo — Sedulius 
 and Arator — panegyi-ici veteres, &ic. 
 
 Arnt, Nicholas, a Dominican, horn at 
 Merancouit near Verilun. He was profes- 
 sor of metaphysics at Padua, where he died, 
 1092, aged 0;i. His workj, in 10 vols, were 
 chiefly on the theology and piiilosoijliy of 
 A<piinas, and curious tor the cxtravaga-ice 
 of his ideas, and the denunciations which he 
 pronounced against the Tui-kish empire. 
 
 Arxulph or Er.n ULPH, a monk of St. 
 Lucian de Beauvais, patronised by his friend 
 Lanfranc of Canterbury, and made bishop of 
 Rochester under Henry I. He wrote an his- 
 tory of the church of his diocese, which is 
 still preserved at Rochester, and which has 
 been published by Dr. Thorpe. He was also 
 author of sf me theological treatises, and died 
 in March 1124, aged 84, after being nine years 
 bishop of the see of Rochester. 
 
 Ar.vulph, natural son of Carloman, king 
 of Bavaria, was elected emperor of (Germany 
 8.S8, and crowned at Rome 890, by pope 
 Formosus. He died, as is supposed, by i oi- 
 son, 899, and was succeeded by his son, 
 Lewis IV. 
 
 Arxulph us, an Egyptian, famous at 
 Rome, in the reign of M. Antoninus, for his 
 skill in magic. 
 
 Arxway, Jolin, a native of Shropshire, 
 who studied at St. Edmund hall, O.vford, and 
 became rector of Hod ret and Ightfield, in his 
 native country. In the civil wars he lost his 
 estates, and I'etired to Oxford, 1640, where 
 he served the king, and was made a»'chdea- 
 con of Coventry ; but on the success of Crom- 
 well, he left the kingdom, and went to the 
 Hague, where he published two pamphlets 
 on the moderation of Charles I. — and au 
 alarm to the English. He afterwards went 
 to Virginia, where he died, of a broken 
 heart, 1053. 
 
 Aron, Peter, a musical writer, horn at 
 Florence. He was patronised by Leo X. 
 and was made canon of Rimini. The best 
 known of his compositions is de institutione 
 harmonica, translated into Latin, 1516. 
 
 Arpixo, Josejih d', a celebrated pain- 
 ter, born at Arpino, 1560. hi his I3tli 
 year he was in the hnmble situation of wai- 
 ter on the painters who were adorning the 
 Vatican ; and it was from this time that his 
 genius burst forth. The pope was made ac- 
 quaiuted with his merit, and favors were heap- 
 ed upon him, and he was created knight of St. 
 Michael. He possessed spirit ; but when Ids 
 I'ival Caravagio attacked him, he refused to 
 fight him before he was a knight like him- 
 self. Against Annibal Carachi he likewise 
 meditated revenge ; but the painter showing 
 him his pencil, added, with this weapon 1 
 defy you. The best pieces of Arpino, who 
 is known amon'.,- painters by the name of Jo- 
 sepin, arc from the hi«:torr of Rome, the 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 most capitul of which is the battle of Romu- 
 lus with the Sabiiies. He died at Rouie, 1640 
 aged 80. 
 
 Arragox, Jeanne d', a celebrated Italian 
 lady, mother of Marc Anthony Colonna, who 
 distiiigiiibhed himself against the Turks at 
 Lepanto. She is known for the very singular 
 honor paid her, by the wits of the age, who 
 embalmed her virtues and her praises in ele- 
 gies in all languages, published at Venice 
 15.S8, under the title of Tempio alia divina 
 signora Arragona. She died 1577, in a great 
 old age. 
 
 Arran, James Hamilton earl of, a Scotch 
 nobleman, who was hiiiidy favored by Hen- 
 ry n. of France, in 1555, and made ca])tain 
 of his Scotch life guards. He was distin- 
 guished for his virtues and abilities, and at 
 one time aspired to the hand of queen Eliza- 
 beth of England, which, however, he did not 
 disclose, to pay his adoration to her more 
 beautiful rival, the now widowed queen of 
 Scots. Mary received his proposals with 
 indifference and contempt, and Arrau sunk 
 into despair and insanity. He died 1609. 
 
 Arria, the wife of Paetus, under Clau- 
 dius, is celebrated for her heroism, and con- 
 jugal fidelity. 
 
 Arriaga, Roderic d', a Spanish Jesuit, 
 professor of theology at Salamanca and 
 Prague. His works were on metaphysics, 
 printed, Antwerp 1632, and on divinity 8 vols. 
 fol. 1643. He died 1667, aged 75, at Prague. 
 
 Arrian, a Greek historian, of the second 
 century, born at Nicomedia, and highly hon- 
 ored at Rome. He wrote the history of 
 Alexander the great, dissertations on Ei)io- 
 tetUR, kc. 
 
 Arrowsmitii, John, a theological pro- 
 fessor at Cambridge, 1660, author of several 
 valuable works stronglyCalvinistic, especially 
 Tactica sacra — Codman, or exposition of St. 
 John's first chapter — a chain of principles, 
 or a course of theology, all in 4to. 
 
 Arsaces I. a Parthian, who emancipated 
 his countiy from the Macedonian yoke, B. 
 C. 250, into an independent kingdom. He 
 was killed in battle, after reigning 38 years. 
 
 Arsaces H. son of the first, made war 
 against Antiochus the great. 
 
 Arsaces Tiranus, king of Armenia, 
 taken prisoner by Sapor king of Persia, who 
 bound him in silver chains. He died in his 
 prison of Echatana, B C. 362. 
 
 Arsenius, bishop of Constantinople, ex- 
 communicated Micliael Paltcologus, for dis- 
 possessing John Lascaris of the ciown. Tlie 
 emperor demanded ab.solution, but the i)re- 
 late refused without resignation, and in con- 
 sequence of his firmness, he was banished 
 to an island, where he died in the thirteenth 
 century. 
 
 Arse N I us, a Roman deacon appointed 
 by pope Damascus, preceptor to Atcadius, 
 fion of Theodosins. The virtues of the mas- 
 ter were unable to correct the haughtiness 
 of the pupil. One day Theodosins found his 
 son .sitting and the preceptor standing I)efnre 
 him, upon which he ordered him to sit down 
 and his pupil to rise, but this did not avail. 
 It is even said that the licentious prince or- 
 
 dered his master to be dispatched, and that 
 Arsenius, discovering the perfi''y, fled from 
 the court to Eg} pt, ami passed tin; rest of his 
 life among the anchorili-s of Scctis, wb.ere 
 he died, :ge(l 95. His tract for the rule of 
 tiie monks is pi-eserved. 
 
 AusEMi s, archbishop of Malvasia in the 
 .Morea, was excommunicated by the patri- 
 arch for submitting to the jiope. He was 
 author of a collection of apophthegms, and 
 some scholia on Euripides, and died at Ve- 
 nice, 1435. 
 
 .-\rse'z.an, Paderd', a ns-tive of Toulouse, 
 author of two tragedies, Agamemnon and 
 Ani-igone lie died I696. 
 
 Art ABA XL'S, a king of Parthia, who 
 conducted himself with great severity, but at 
 last obtained the good wishes of his subjects, * 
 and died A. D. 48! 
 
 Artabaniis, a king of Parthia, insulted 
 by Caracalla. He was defeated in battle, and 
 in him the empire of Parthia became ex* 
 tinct, A. D. 226. 
 
 Artam, Joseph, a native of Mazara in 
 Sicily, who in iiis youth fought a duel and 
 killed his adversary, and fled to Candia when 
 it was besieged i>y the Turks. In this place 
 he highly dislinguishtd himself, and was 
 knigiiled, and on his return to Europe, he 
 Avas patrfmised by several princes, especially 
 the fluke of Brunswic, and the empi-ror 
 Leopold. He was so skilful as a duellist, that 
 he was cailed the chevalier du Sang. He 
 cultivated ])oetry with success, and wrote 
 several pieces, and died 1679, at Naples, iu 
 his 51 St year. 
 
 Artavd, Peter Joseph, a native of Bo- 
 nieux, in the comtat Vanaissin, bishop of 
 Cavaillon, esteemed '"or his learning, his ex- 
 emplary piety and goodness of heart. His 
 works are pastoral discourses, &c. He died 
 1760, aged 54. 
 
 Art Am, archbishop of Rheims, was be- 
 sieged in his palace by Hubert and Hugues, 
 counts of Paris, assisted by William of Nor- 
 mandy. His enemies prevailed, aiul Hugues 
 was named his successor Afterwards he 
 was restored to his diocese, where he died 
 948. 
 
 Artavasdes I king of Armenia, after 
 Tigranes his father, behaved with perfidy te 
 Crassus and M. Antony, After the battle 
 of Actium, his head was cut oft' and sent to 
 Media. 
 
 Art AVAS des II. grandson of the above, 
 was king of Armenia, under the protection 
 of Augustus. 
 
 AktaxerXes I. king of T*ersia son of 
 Xerxes, is supposed to be the Ahasureus of 
 scripture. He ditd 424, B. C. and was suc- 
 ceded by Xerxes. 
 
 .\rtaxerxes II. surnamed Mncmon, 
 defeated his br('tl)er Tyrvis at t^e battle of 
 Cunjixa, 401 B. C. He died aged 94, after 
 a reign of 62 years. 
 
 Artaxerxes hi. succeeded the second, 
 and slew all his brothers, and the whole of 
 his family. He ma«le war agjiinst Egypt, and 
 was niurdored by Bj-goas (he eutiuch, who 
 madu handles for knives with his bones, B.- 
 C. 538. 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 AUTAXERXES HlCBEC ANT, SOU of H slicp- 
 lienl, fi-sL kii.i; ut i'cisia, tA' iIil- race <>i lUc 
 Sassaiiitk -s. \ic dcHalcil Ai'Havau und luar- 
 ricd his (laiit^liter, \slion* he onkM-t-d to l)C 
 pul to death, hieaiiJii- she ntteniplt d to poi- 
 boii him. Her lile was preNei'ved as she was 
 pregnant, ai<d the cliild she hi-onjjht fortlj 
 vas received uith gratilude by tlie latlier, 
 uiul became iiis suciei^sor hy the name ol 
 Sapor, A. IJ. iJU) 
 
 Ai< I AX IAS 1. ji^overiior of Upper Arme- 
 nia uniici' Aiitiochus, made him^ell Iving of 
 the couiitr\, and maintained his power 
 against Antioclius 
 
 An \ AXiAS li. king ot" Armenia after Ar- , 
 ta>asdes 1. was expelled by Anthony, and 
 restoretl hy tiic assistance of the Parthians. 
 'I'igraues succei-ded him. 
 
 Aktaxi.vs III. son oi' Polemo, was made 
 king by riertnanicus, in the room of Orodes 
 son of \ Onones, and reigned IT years. 
 
 AnrEAGA, JJou Stephano, a Spanish 
 Jesuit, who died at I'aris, 1800, aged 55. 
 He is aiUlior of a treatise on ideal beauty in I 
 Spanish, an edition of which appeared in I 
 llidian — the revuUitions of the Italian theatre ' 
 to the present time, in Italian, 3 vols. Svo. 
 1785. He left in MS. another learned work 
 in Italian called Ivitmo Sonoro, edelritmo 
 iiiulo dcgli Aiitichi. j 
 
 Ar'iedi, Peter, a physician of Sweden, 
 so intin.ate with Linjiteus, that they made 
 each other heirs of their manusci-ipts, and 
 literary property. He is known for his dili- 
 gence in the history of fossils and qnadru- 
 peds. He was accidentally drowned in u 
 canal atLeyden, 1735, in his 30th year, and 
 the works wliich he intended to publish were 
 completed for him by his friends, under the 
 title of liibliotheca ichthyologica, and Pliilo- 
 sophia ichthyologica. I 
 
 AiiiEMAS or Artemox, founder of a | 
 sect in the third century, which maintained ; 
 that Christ was but a man, without the I 
 powers or substance of a Cod. 
 
 Artemiuorus, a philoso])her of Ephe- 
 sus, author of a book on dreams, in tlie age 
 of the Antonines. 
 
 Artemidorus, an Ephcsian, author of 
 a description oftlie earth 100 B. (;. 
 
 Artemisia I. cpieen of Caria, assisted 
 Xerxes against the Clrceks, and behaved 
 with astonishing valor 
 
 Artemisia II. ((ueen of Caria, is cele- 
 brated for the erection of a mausoleum, to 
 honor the memory of her husband Alauso- 
 lus. She took Rhodes, B. C. '251. 
 
 Artiiingtox, Henry, a native of York- 
 shire, who joined with Edmund Copp'nger 
 and ilacket, jjnd, under the pretence o.'' be- 
 ing inspired, attempted to introduce a re- 
 formation in the kingdom, by the most vio- 
 lent and the wildest schemes. Ilacket was 
 Jianged for his conduct, and Arthington ob- 
 tained his pardon by recantation. 
 
 Arihur, a British prince, wliosc exi.st- 
 cnce some historian.s regard as fabulous. He 
 is said to have succeeded liis father as king 
 of Britain 510. He attacked the Saxons, 
 ■whom he deteated, and afterwiirds carried 
 
 Ills victorious army against the Picts, anil 
 ag.tinsl lr< l.md and the western Isles of Scut- 
 land. Ueturniiig from the lield he «levoled 
 himself to cultivate the arts of peace, hikI 
 iHrcame u most i)Opular govej-nor. He esiab- 
 lishetl the order ot the knights of the round 
 table at Winchester, and ilied about 542. 
 
 AuiJiun, duke of Britany, was the post- 
 humous son ol' CieonVey Plantagenel son ol 
 Henry 11. by Conslantine dangliler of the 
 duke of Brilany. Though established in Uh 
 domini(Mis by Kichard 1. his uncle, he was 
 ti'eated harshly by the ne.xt king John, also 
 his uncle, who took iiim prisoner, and con- 
 fine»l him in the castle ol Itoueii, where il 
 is supi>osed he was murdered. 
 
 AiiriG.N'i, .\nthony («achet d', an eccle- 
 siastic, born at A ienna, know n by his me- 
 moires d'histoire, de criticjue, bic. 7 vols. 
 12mo. Paris, 174'J; a work partly compiled 
 from the writings of the abbe Brun. He 
 was a man deservedly esteemed in his pri- 
 vate character. He died at Vienna in lus 
 G5th year, Gth May, 1768. 
 
 Artlsi, tjiamara, a musical writer, au- 
 thor of the art of counterpoint reduced to 
 tables, published 1580, at A'enice, and com- 
 pleted 158'J — the imperfections of modern 
 music, lOOO and IGO.), &c. 
 
 Arvieux, Laurent d', a native of Mar- 
 scillus, who, during 12 years residence in 
 Palestine, acquired the ©riental languages, 
 and was employed as a useful negociator for 
 the French court. His name deserves to be 
 mentioned with every mark of respect, for 
 his deliverance of 380 captives from the 
 dungeon of Tunis, who, in mark of their 
 gratitude, presented him with a purse of 600 
 pistoles, which he generously refused. He 
 also redeemed 240 slaves at Algiers, and af- 
 ter serving his country at Constantinople, 
 Aleppo, and other places, died 1702, aged 
 67. His travels to Constantinople, Aleppo, 
 Arabia, &c. were published by le P. Rabat 
 at Paris, 1735, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 AiiviRAGus, a king of Britain, in the 
 age of Domitian. He \vas buried at Glouces- 
 ter, in a temple built by liim in honor ol' 
 Claudius. 
 
 Arundel, Mary, daughter of Sir Tho- 
 mas Arundel, and wife first to Robert Uat- 
 clitr, and secondly to Henry Howard, earl of 
 Arundel, is known by her translation of the 
 wise sayings, kc. of Alexander Severus, and 
 of other things from Seneca, Plato, &c. She 
 lived in the middle of the I6th century. 
 
 Arundel, Thomas, son of the earl of 
 Arundel, was made bishop of Ely, though 
 only 21 years old, under Edward HI. and 
 afterwards translated to York, and from 
 thence to Canterbury. He also held with 
 the prinuicy the office of lord chancellor. 
 His quarrel with Richard II. obliged him to 
 leave the kingdos.i, and to fly to Rome, and 
 to his resentment may in some degree be at- 
 tribiired the success w ith which Henry I\'. 
 invaded England, and seized the crown. He 
 was a zealous defender of the temporal pow- 
 er of the church, and he persecuted the fol- 
 lowers of V.'icklifi'v, it!i great seveiity, anil 
 
AS 
 
 AS 
 
 fdvbade the ti'anslation of tlie Bible into tlic 
 Tulgav tongue. He died 1414. 
 
 Arundel, Tlioinas Howard earl of, is 
 famous for the discovery of the Parian mar- 
 bles wliich bear his name, and which he gave 
 to tlie university of Oxford. Prideau.K, 
 Chandler, and Maittaire, are in the number 
 of those who published an account of these 
 valuable relics oi antiquity. 
 
 Arundel, Blanche, daughter of lord 
 Worcester, and wife of lord Arundel, is 
 eelebrat« d for her brave defence of War- 
 dour Castle, against the parliamentary forces. 
 Though assisted only by '25 men, she resist- 
 ed the attack of 1300 men, and at last capi- 
 tulated on honorable terms, which the con- 
 querors basely violated. She died 1649, 
 aged GO, and was buried in W^trdour Castle 
 chapel. 
 
 Arzachel, a Spanish astronomei*, au- 
 thor of a book of observations on the obliqui- 
 ty of the ecliptic in the 11th century. 
 
 Asa, son of Abijab, made king of Judah, 
 B. C. 955. He solicited the aid of Benhadad, 
 king of Syria, against the Israelites for 
 •which he was reproved by the prophet 
 Hanani. He was a great enemy to idolatry, 
 and reigned 41 years. 
 
 Asaph, St. a native of North Wales, who 
 ■was a monk of Llanelvy under Kentigern, 
 the bishop of that see. He succeeded to the 
 bishopric, and so great was his sanctity, that 
 Llanelvy exchanged its name for St. Asaph, 
 'ihe bishop wrote the ordinances of his 
 cliurch, the life of his predecessor, &c. and 
 died about 600. The see was vacant nearly 
 500 years after his death. 
 
 Asaph, a musician of the tribe of Levi, 
 in the age of king David. He is said to have 
 composed several of the psalms. 
 
 Asar-Haddon, king of Assyria after his 
 father Sennacherib, obtained afterwards the 
 kingdom of Babylon, and died B. C. 667, 
 after a reign of 45 years 
 
 AscELiN, an ecclesiastic who in the 11th 
 century defended transubstantiation against 
 Berenger. 
 
 AscHAM, Roger, a native of Kirkby- 
 Wiske, near Northallerton, Yorkshire, 
 known for his learning, and more for the re- 
 spectable share he bore in the education of 
 the family of Henry VHI. Under the liberal 
 and early patronage of Sir Anthony Wing- 
 field, he was brought up at St. Jolin's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he distinguished 
 himself by his application, and a superior 
 knowledge of the (ireek language. He was 
 introduced to Henry ^'HI. to whom he in- 
 scribed his treatise on archery, and he not 
 only received a pension, but as he wrote a 
 beautifid hand, he was appointed to instruct 
 in writing prince Edwanl, the lady Eliza- 
 beth, and the two brothers, Henry and 
 Charles, dukes of Suffolh. Filizabeth was 
 indebted to him also for her knowledge of 
 Greek and Latin, as he read with her the 
 best part of Livy, (Cicero, I.socrates, Sopho- 
 cles, kc. He alterwai'ds returned to Cam- 
 bridge .'iS ptiblic orator of the university, and 
 was invited 1550, to attend Sir Richard 
 
 Moryslne in an embassy to Charles V. and 
 it was on his way to London he visited lady 
 Jane Grey at Bradgate-hall, in Leicester- 
 shire, in whose hands he found a Greek edi- 
 tion of Plato's Pliicdo, a book fi"om which 
 this amiable woman said she received more 
 real pleasure than from sharing the diver- 
 sion of her attendants and family who were 
 hunting in the park. His time was not un- 
 pleasantly spent in Germany , as he assisted 
 the ambassador, and applied himself to poli- 
 tics so successfully that he wrote a book on 
 the affairs of the empire. He was appoint- 
 ed, when returned to England, Latin secre- 
 tary to king Edward, an oHice which was 
 .^till continued to him under Mary and Eli- 
 zabeth ; but though a favorite at court and 
 universally respected, he did not use his in- 
 fluence to ra-se hinjself to priferment, as a 
 prebend in the church of York was the only 
 favor he received, and unasked, from the 
 crown. He died in London, -ith January, 
 1568, aged 53, and was interred in St. Se- 
 pulchre. Buchanan wrote the following 
 just tribute to the memory of his departed 
 friend : 
 ^Ischamum extinctum Patrice Graidcgjie CU' 
 
 Et Laticc vera cum pietate dolent. 
 Principibiis vixit earns, jucTindus amicis. 
 
 Re modicd : in mores dicere fama neqvit. 
 Ascham's most valuable work is ins school- 
 master, which he wrote at the request of 
 Sir Richard Sackvil'.e, in consequence of a 
 dispute with respect to the various modes 
 of education. His Latinity and the elegance 
 of his diction in his letters have been greatly 
 and deservedly admired. His works were 
 printed in one vol.4to. 1760, and the School- 
 master was edited by Upton in 1711. 
 
 AscHAM, Anthony, author of tracts on 
 astrology, and on the properties of herbs, 
 gathered 1550, was a physician, and also an 
 ecclesiastic. He was preferred by Edward 
 VI. to the living of Barnishton, Yorkshire. 
 
 AscHAM, Anthony, a friend of Cromwell, 
 and a member of the long jiarliament. He 
 was educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge. He was assassinated with his 
 interpreter by six exiled royalists in Spain, 
 where he had been sent as envoy from Eng- 
 land, 6tli June, 1650. He wrote a discourse 
 on the revolutions and confusions of govern- 
 ments, 8vo. 1648. 
 
 AscHARi, a mussulman doctor, founder 
 of a sect which bears his name. He suppos- 
 ed that the Supreme Being follows only gen- 
 eral established laws; but the Hanbalites, at 
 the head of which was his father-in-law Han- 
 bali^e, supported that providence acted dif- 
 ferently in particular circumstances. As- 
 chari (!icd at Bagdad, 940. 
 
 AscLEPiADES, a Greek philosopher, B. 
 C. 350. He worked at the mill in the night 
 that he might on the day be enabled to at- 
 tend Plat?>'s lectures. 
 
 A SCO LI, Cecco di, or Francisco de Sta- 
 bili, professor of mathematics at Bologna, 
 w rote an Italian ])oem on the system of Kra- 
 pedoclcs, for which he was burnt as a here- 
 
AS 
 
 AS 
 
 tic at Florence, 1.328, aged 70. lie M-ns also 
 author ol a coniineiitary on tlic spliLTc of 
 ,]ohii ll<tly Wood, or Sacrobftsco. 
 
 AscoNius He Di AN lis, a g;ramn»arian of 
 Padua in the ;i.i(c of Augustus. 
 
 AscouCH, William, niade })ishop of S:i- 
 runi 14.J8, was niuidcred at tin- altar hy Jack 
 Cade and his fuiiowcrs 1450. ile was de- 
 scended froui a very ancient Linculni>!iire 
 family. 
 
 AsDKrB.\i., founder of Ni'w (Jartliaj^c in 
 Spain, was lu"olher-in-la\\ of the gr.;at Anni- 
 bal. He wa,^ assassinated l»y a (.aul. 
 
 AsuiiuBAi. Bauca, brother of Annibal, 
 was killed at the balllc of the iMetaurus as 
 lie was advunciti^ into Italy with reinforce- 
 ments. 
 
 AsELLi, Caspar, a pliysician of Cremona, 
 known as the discoverer of the lacteal veins 
 in the mesentery. He was professor of ana- 
 tomy at Paris, where he died lO'iO, and he 
 published a valuable account of his discov- 
 eries, printed Milan, 4to. 162". 
 ■ AsFELU, Claude Francois Bidal marquis 
 d', an illustrious wai-rior at the battle of Al- 
 manza in 1707, i-ew.nrdcd by tlie kings of 
 Spain and of Fratice fur his impurtant ser- 
 vices. He took Fhilipsburg iu 173i, and 
 died at Paris 1743. 
 
 AsFELD, Jacques Vincent Bidal d', an ec- 
 clesiastic, bi'other to the preceding, im]>ri- 
 soned for his attaclimeut to the Janscnists. 
 He wrote several iminteresting treatises on 
 theology, and died at Paris 1745, aged SI. 
 
 AsGILE, John, a lawyer of eminence, 
 known for his wit and his misfortunes. He 
 ■was brought up at I./incoln's inn under the 
 patronage of judge Eyre in king William's 
 leign, and his abilities were such that he 
 i-ose to consequence and employment. Two 
 treatises replete with humor and sarcasm 
 had alreaily given him popularity, when he 
 published another on the possibility of avoid- 
 ing death, which drew down upon him the 
 odium of the friends of the church, and par- 
 ticularly of Dr. Sacheverell; so that, whea 
 he afterwards went to Ireland, and by suc- 
 cess in the law purchased an estate and pro- 
 cured a seat i-- the house of commons, he 
 was ignominiously expelled for the contents 
 of his pamphlet. On his return to Kngland, 
 lie was returned for Bramber in Susse.v ; but 
 here the morality of his, writings was also 
 called in question, and though he made an 
 eloquent defence in favor of his opinions, 
 which he refused to retract, he was expelkMl 
 as a disgraced and unworthy member. 'I'lws 
 blow hastened the ruin of his fortunes, he be- 
 came a prisoner of the King's Bench and af- 
 terwards of the Fleet, w here he continued to 
 subsist by writing political pamphlets, and by 
 transacting some professional business. Af- 
 ter 30 years thus spent in confinement and 
 poverty he expired in November 1738, aged 
 upwards of 80. 
 
 Ashe, Simeon, a nonconformist, chaplain 
 to lord Warwick during the civil wars. He 
 was a man of jiroperty, and of great influ- 
 ence among his persuasion. He was educa- 
 ted at Emanuel college, and settled iu Staf- 
 
 fordshire, ■whore he became acquainted with 
 i)od, Ball, llildersham, Langit), and f)lliers- 
 llis principles were obnoxious to Cron» well's 
 |>:irty, and it is said, that he was greatl} in- 
 strumental in the restor;(li*)n of Charles If. 
 lie died 10(32. He publiahed bermons, and 
 edited Ball's works. 
 
 Ashley, Uobei-t, a nritivc of Nashhill in 
 Wilts, e<Iucaled at llarlhall O.vford and the 
 .Middle Temple Lftndon. He was culled to 
 the bar, and distinguished himself as an eini< 
 neiit \witer, as a collector ol books, in Hol- 
 land, France;, bcc. and as a benefactor to th^: 
 society to whidi he belonged. He published 
 a relation of the kingdum of Cochin (jhiiia, and 
 the life of Almanzor, kc. and died Octfiber 
 IGil, in an advanced old age, an<l was buned 
 in the Temple church. 
 
 AsHMOLE, orAsMOi.E, Elias, was bora 
 at Liihfield, 23d May iGl7, and is know n as 
 an anticjuarian and as the founder of the 
 Ashmolean museum at Oxford. He was edu- 
 cated at the grammar-school in his native 
 town, became a chorister of the cathedral, 
 and at the age of 16 was admitted into the 
 family and under the patronage of James 
 Paget, baron of the exchefiuer, by whose 
 means he rose to be solicitor and attorney ia 
 the common pleas. At the beginning of the 
 disputes which preceded the civil war, he 
 retired to Oxford, where, having entered a 
 member of Brazen-nose college, he labored 
 w ith great assiduity in mathematics, phiioso- 
 p!iy, and aslronotny. He afterwards engaged 
 in the service of the king as commissiotier 
 and register of excise, and was captain iu 
 lord Ashley's regiment; hut the fatal battle 
 of Worcester oi)liged him to retire to Che- 
 shire for a while, tdl again he returned to 
 London, and 1647, to iinglefield in Berkshire, 
 where he married lady Mainwaring. Ever 
 employed in advancing science, his labors 
 were ind.jfatigablc in procuring a collection 
 of the manuscript works of English che.uists, 
 and in tracing the lioman roads mentioned iu 
 the itinerj^ry of Antoninus. His greatest 
 work was the history of the order of the gar- 
 ter, which procured him not only fame and 
 additional respectability, but the patronage 
 of Charles II. by whom he was graciously re- 
 ceived at the restoration, and honored with 
 the place of Windsor herald, besides a pen- 
 sion of 40U/. out of the customs of paper. 
 The valuable collection of coins to the imm- 
 ber of 9000, besides books and other curiosi- 
 ties which he had made, was unfortunately 
 destroyed at the Middle Temple by fire iu 
 1679 ; but his most precious gold medals, 
 and manuscripts v\ ere then at Lambeth, and 
 thus escaped the dreadful conflagration So 
 much public merit did not pass unrewarded 
 bv the learned bodv to which he belonged; 
 the university of Oxford granted him the 
 degree of doctor in physic by diploma, and 
 in 16S3 they completed a handsome building 
 for the reception of the valuable colleciion of 
 manuscripts, books, medals, and curiosities, 
 which he intended to deposit within its pre- 
 cincts as a token of his gratitude, and as the 
 memorial of his zeal iu the cause of science 
 
AS 
 
 As 
 
 Ashmole died at Lambelli, May iSlh, 1 oUJ, 
 aged 75. Hii) works, souie of \vliii:li arc stili 
 in munuscipt, are al! on historical and anti- 
 qiiai'iai) subjects, but liifjhly esteemed loi" the 
 de|)lli of rcstarcli and various iuioniiation 
 •uhicli they contain. His history ot" JJork- 
 shire — his miscelhinics on several curious 
 subjects — and inenif)irs of his life in the torni 
 of a diary — were published alter his death. 
 
 AsHTON, Charles, a learned critic, elec- 
 ted masterof Jesus colleije, Cambridge, 1701. 
 He lived to a great age, disting;iislied for his 
 cVudition and for the delicac\ and correct- 
 ness of his criticisms, flis works were ail 
 critical. It was said of the university of Cam- 
 bridge that, among those whom the fellows 
 appointed to the iieadship of a college, there 
 were not three equal to those only three 
 ivhom the privileu^e of vi=iitors selected to 
 preside over societies to which before tliey 
 did not probably belong; tliat is, Bentiey of 
 Trinity by the king; Ashton of tTcsus by the 
 bishop of Ely; anil Waterland of .Magtlaien, 
 by the carl of Suffolk; a circumstance highly 
 honorable to tlie elector as well as to the 
 elected. Among his publications were — lo- 
 cus .lustini martyris emeudatus, &c. — fully 
 Hiid Hirtius reconciled as to the time of Cae- 
 sai-'s going to the African war, kc. — Origin 
 de oratiune, 4to. — Hierocles in aurea carmi- 
 ria Pythagf)rea comment. 1742, 8vo. kc. 
 
 Ash TO X, Thomas, D. IJ. a learned divine, 
 educated at Eton and King's college, Cam- 
 bri<Ige, and afterwards prouioted to the rec-" 
 lory of Aldinghani in Lancashire, and St. Bo- 
 tolph in London. He was aiso fellow of Eton, 
 and, as preacher at Lincoln's inn, he acqui- 
 red great popularity by the elegance of his 
 langiiage and the persuasive eloquence of his 
 delivery. He j)ublished some sermons on 
 various occasions, besides controversial pam- 
 phlets against Jones a melhodist, and upon 
 filling the Eton fello\vshii)S with persons who 
 are or have been fellows of King's college. 
 He died ^March 1st, 1775, in his 59ti» year, 
 aftci- surviving some years a dreadful attack 
 of the palsy. 
 
 AsHWELL, George, was born in Ludgate- 
 strect, and educated at Harrow, and AVad- 
 ham college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow. Dui-ing the civil war he preached 
 frequently before tlie king, but he submitted 
 to theautliorily of the parliamentary visitors, 
 and was afterwards rector of Han well near 
 IJanbury, where he died lGl).3, aged 66. His 
 writings were on divinity, but not in high 
 esteem. The best known was a treatise on 
 the Apostolic, Athanasian, aral Nicene creeds, 
 Svo. 161.3. 
 
 Ash WOOD, Bartholomew, a minister of 
 Axminster in IJevo,;, from which he was 
 ejected in 1062. He was afterwards minis- 
 ter of a congregation at Peckliam in Surrey, 
 and died there a i'ew years before the revo- 
 lution. He wrote some small tracts, especi- 
 ally the heavenly trade, — and the best trea- 
 sure- 
 
 AsHM-ORTii, Caleb, a native of Xorthamp- 
 tonshire, who, from the humble emi)loy- 
 ment of carpenter, rose, by the instruction 
 
 and patronage of Dr. Doddridge, to the re- 
 spectability of minister of a dissenting con- 
 gregation, and at last successor in the school 
 of his able master. He wrote the paradigms 
 of Hebrew verbs, and other works, and (Tied 
 at Daventry 1774, aged 05, respected as a 
 man and as a scholar. He was created D. 
 D. by a Scotch univer'sity. 
 
 Askew, Anthony, a native of Kendall in 
 AYestmorland, eminent as a physician and as 
 a man of letLers. He was educated at Sed- 
 l)urgh school, and Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his first degree 1745. 
 He aftei'vvards .studied ojje year at Leyden, 
 and then acconopanied the English ambassa- 
 dor to Constantinople. On his return to 
 England he look his degree of M. I), at 
 Cambridge, and began to practise. He was 
 also made fellow of the royal society, and of 
 tl)e college of physicians ; but iiis celebrity 
 ari.ies more from his fondness for literature 
 than his success in the medical profession. 
 He collected a most valuable library, which 
 was disposed of by public auction for above 
 5,000/. He died at Hampstead 1784. 
 
 Askew, Anne, daughter of sir William 
 Askew of Kelsay, Lincolnshire, was eminent 
 for her virtues and misfortunes. She mar- 
 ried when young Mr. Kyme, against her in- 
 clination, and the treatment which she i-e- 
 ceived from lier husband was .so inhuman, 
 that sue came to the court of Henry VI H. in 
 person to solicit a divorce. Her story inter- 
 ested the ladies of the court; but as it was 
 suspected that she w as attached to the refor- 
 mation her person was seized and confined 
 in jSewgate, arid afterwards cruelly tortured 
 in the I'ower; and in 1546 she was burnt iti 
 Smithfield with her tutor and two other per- 
 sons, like herself, more attached to her faith 
 than to life. Some of her letters, ])reserved 
 by Fox and Stry[)e, prove her to have been 
 amiable, accoinplishe*!, and virtuous. Slie 
 was about 20 w hen she sutl'ei'ed. 
 
 Asp ASIA, a native of iNliletu.",, who settled 
 at Atliens. 'i'hough her character and corn- 
 pan, were niosc licentious, yet her wit and 
 learning wei'e so dazzling that Socrates him- 
 self visited her. Pericles m; . ried her, after 
 divorcing his wife. 
 
 AsPASiA, the mistress of young Cyrus, 
 and after his death of his brother Artaxerxes, 
 was originally called Milto. 
 
 AsPEi.T, Peter d', a native of Treves, 
 who studied medicine at Paris, and was in 
 consequence of his curing the po])e in a dan- 
 gerous disorder, raised to an archbishopric 
 by the grateful pontiff. He died l3'-20, 
 
 AssEi.ix, Giles Thomas, a native of Vire, 
 and doctor of the Sorbonne, respectable for 
 his piety as well as his poetical abilities, 
 which frequently were rewarded Avith the 
 prize. He died at Paris 11th Oct. 1567, 
 a'^ed 75. He was the pupil of Thomas Cor- 
 neille, and the friend of la MotI.e Houdar. 
 His poems are blamed by some for want of 
 ornament; the best 'are, an ode on the im- 
 mortality of the soul — and the other on the 
 existence of God. 
 
 AssELYN, John, a piipil of Yandenvelde, 
 
AS 
 
 AS 
 
 •who nfrer visitinp^ Italy srttlrd at Am^itrr- 
 «l;iin, wlicro lu- ac(|iiirc(l cokbrit}" as an lils- 
 torical ami laiuhcape jTtinU'r. lie died IfoO, 
 aged 4(t. 
 
 AsSEK, a .Icwisli i'ali!)i mCiIic .lllli ftnliirv, 
 author of llic Tahiiiid of llahyinn, priiin<l 
 ■with notts Ainslctdam, io 1'2 vols. Inl. 174k 
 
 AssRK, of St. l)a\i(I'.s, a loaniL-d atillmi- in 
 the ieii;ti of Allied, raised totlic sue of Slier 
 borne l»y that pj-ince, of wliose life he \vi-<it<- 
 an ai-enniit. 'I'liore is a chronii-le or annals 
 ascribed also to him, printed nt Oxford Ifiyi, 
 fol. It is said that he persnaded Alfred to 
 found Oxfoni, and to maintain pruftssors 
 there. Me died (><»'i. 
 
 AsSHF.TOX, Dr. Willit.m, born in ir,4l, 
 was tlip son of the rector of Atiddleton in 
 Ijaneashire, and was of Hrazen-nose colleg;e, 
 of which lie became a fillow. Hr obtained 
 l»referincntby means of the (hike of Orniond, 
 to whom he was chaplain, and distiii{;nished 
 liimself as the projei '.n-of that most clmrila- 
 ble scheme of pioviding a maintenance for 
 t!ie widows of clergymen and others, liy a 
 'ointure payable by the mercers' company. 
 This scheme was lue labor of many years, 
 and before it was completed, he had addres- 
 sed himself to tiie corporation of the clergy 
 aud to the bank of Enivkind, who showed an 
 unwillingness to adopt bis plan, lie refused, 
 a few years before liis death, the headship 
 of Brazen-nose. He died ii^ his Gyth }ear in 
 September 1711, at Reckenham, to the rec- 
 tory of uliicli he had been presented by the 
 St. Johns. He wrote, besides devotional 
 tracts, some pieces ai^aiast the dissenters 
 and papists. 
 
 Assoucr, Cliarle.s Coypeau, Sleui* d', a 
 poet called the ape of Scarron, was the son 
 of an advocate of the parliament of Paris, 
 where he was bora 1604. The wildness of 
 his character disi)layed itself at the acre of 
 eight, when he ran av.ay from his fatiier, 
 and after .strange adventures at Calais, Ij0:i- 
 don, Turin, and Montpellier, he came to 
 Home, where, for his ridicule of the popish 
 covirt, he was imprisoned. On his liberation 
 he came to Paris, where some improper a- 
 tnours exposed him to persecution and to con- 
 finement in the Bastille and in the Cliatelet. 
 He died 1679. His poetry consists of scat- 
 tered pieces, puhlislicd in tliree vols. ICmo, 
 lei's, in which the reader finds little wit, but 
 much immorality and bufiooncry. He also 
 translated part of Ovid's metamorphoses, 
 and Claiulian'srape of Proserpine. 
 
 As r El. I,, Mary, a learned woman, 
 daughter of a merchant of Newcastle up'on 
 Tyne. She was educated b}' her uncle, a 
 clergyman, act only in logic and pliilosophy, 
 but in the learned languages, so that the 
 most difficult aut'iors, iMato, Epictctus, (Ci- 
 cero, and Antoninus, were as familiar to lier 
 as the writings of herown countrymen. She 
 lived at Cliclsea, where she employed lier- 
 self in acts of devotion and c)iaritv ; ami she 
 became acquainted with tlie most learned 
 men of the age, Atterbnry, Dodwell, Nor- 
 ris, Hickes, ScC. and like li»em advance»l the 
 cause of Scien»o and piety, by useful publi- 
 
 cations on religion and morality. SJje di(J 
 nr.t long survive iho amputation of one of 
 her breasts for a c:uicer; l»iit after she had 
 dirrded her sln-oud aii<I cfif!ln for some 
 lime to be j)tMcct| \t\ lur bedside, she e.vpi- 
 red, 1731, in her G.ld vear, ami was buried 
 at (.'helsea. Il»r pidilicit ions ucre, hlt«T» 
 concerning the l<i»e of<i«Ml, Svo. Ifil'.* — an 
 essay in defence of the female sex in a letter 
 to a lady, Svo. iri'lfl — a serifius jiroposal to the 
 ladies for tJK- atlvaiicoment of rbcir true and 
 greatest iiitvrests, 2 jiarfH, ICmo. 101)7 — a. 
 fair way with the dissf titers and their pat- 
 ions, iroi, 4to. — relU'iMioMR on marriage, Svo. 
 !<"(*;) — the Christian religion, as prolessed by 
 a daughler of the church of Enjjiaud, 1705, 
 Svo. ^cc. 
 
 AsTEUius, an Arian, of Cappadocla, in 
 I lie 4tli century. He ai^ninloncd his failb,to 
 esc.'ijK' tlic persecution under -Ma.viniiman, 
 and thus lost his reputation for piety and 
 consistency. 
 
 AsTERiirs a native of Antioch, made, in 
 the 4th century, bishop of Amasea ia 
 Pontus. 
 
 As I ER I US Urb.\xvs, a bishop of the 3d 
 cetitury, engaged in a controversy with the 
 Montanists of Ancyra in (iaiatia. 
 
 AsTLE, Thomas, an English antiquary, 
 born in StaiTord shire, wliere his father was 
 a fiirmer. He was engaged, in 170.3, under 
 tiie {latronhgc of ]\!r. (ircnville, in examin- 
 ing the records of "W'estminstcr with Sir Jo- 
 seph Aybifle and Dr. ]);icarel; and, in 
 I7i)0, he superintended the printing of the 
 ancient Parliamentary records. He was. jn 
 177.5, made chief clerk of the record office 
 in the Tower, and succeeded Sir John Shel- 
 ley as keeper. He died December 180.3. 
 He w rote a curious work on the origin and 
 progress of writing, as well hieroglyphic as 
 elementary, first printed 1784, in "4to. anil 
 again edited 180;i. He also conlributed some 
 valuai)le papers to the Archwologia, and 
 other publications. 
 
 AsTLE, John, -w.is horn nt "Whem in 
 Shropshire, and apprenticed to Hudson the 
 portrait painter, known as tiie ma^^ter of 
 SirJosliua Reynolds. After improvir.g his 
 talents at Rome, under the patronage of lord 
 Chesterfield, and co]tying some of llic finest 
 works of Titiin ami r>eiitivogiio, he return* 
 ed to England, and from thence pasFcd to 
 Iroland, where he r.-'r^idly g.'rined reputation, 
 and increased his fertune with ;500'J/. On his 
 return to London, he passed throns,h Knuts- 
 ford, where, at an asficnibly. lie gained the 
 heart of lady Daniel, who, witli her hand, 
 gave him soon afl r the whole Duckenfichl 
 estate in fei;, worth .'iOOOA a year. A fon<l- 
 ness for extravagance and diseipation seemed 
 to be liis only passion ; but v hlle he squan- 
 dered with one hand, Fortune seemed, in 
 the most profuse manner, to rcj)leni£h the. 
 other. The death of his hvolhcr brought 
 him U),(X>0/. and his sucposs in t;aintitij;, and 
 other contingencies, incre.'^sed his property 
 so much, that at one time he wns worth up- 
 wan Is of 1(>0,0(>()/. Of this sum, '23,0tJ^L'. 
 were spent in fanciful improvement? in hif 
 
AS 
 
 AT 
 
 houses at Dackenfield and in London ; and 
 30,000 as he inforiued Dr. Warren, vanished, 
 in seven years, in criminal pleasures the re- 
 collection of which ollen wi'ung his heart 
 with anguisli, as his body suftered under the 
 pressure of pain and debiMty. He posses- 
 sed the cOMvivinl habits which hospitality 
 should maintain, he was free, easy, and en- 
 gai];nig in his manners, and though too often 
 a debauchee in character, yet his heart was 
 not devoid of sensibility ; as it must be ad- 
 mitted, that the man who at last, in seeing 
 the vanity of pleasure and of life, wishes he 
 coukl retrace tlie steps of childhood, aiid 
 give the world a better example, is not total- 
 ly <lead to virtue. He was tlirce times mar- 
 ried, and pr(jved an alfectionate husband ; 
 but his management of his three children 
 Avas such as sliowed t'.iat he did not possess 
 the judicious and parental attention which is 
 required from a father. 
 
 As TOLPH, king of Lombardy, after Ids 
 brother Rachis, 749. He attacked the pope's 
 dominions, and would have overrun Ilaiy, 
 had he not been prevented by the negotia- 
 tions and the arinics of Pepin of France. 
 He died '50. 
 
 As roN, Sir Artliur, a native of Fulharn, 
 of an ancient family, who, after serving 
 abroad, came back, on the breaking out of 
 the civil wars, to offer his life and fortunes 
 to Charles I. He was at the head of tlie 
 dragoons at the battle of Edgehill, and three 
 times defeated lord Essex; and for ids servi- 
 ces was intrusted with the government of 
 Heading, and afterwards of Oxford. After 
 the king's death, he went to Ii-eland, and 
 bravely defended Drogheda against the re- 
 publicans; hut wJien he was ol)liged to sur- 
 render the place to Cromwell, tlie victorious 
 enemy ordered his brains to be dashed to 
 pieces by repeated blows with the wooden 
 stump which he used, in consequence of the 
 amputation of his leg by an unfortunate 
 accident. 
 
 Aston, Sir Thomas, of an ancient C'hesh- 
 ire family, was educated at Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford, and, in I6i8, was made a ba- 
 rou't. In 103.5, he served the oHice of she- 
 rift' for his native county ; and, in tlie civil 
 ■oars, raised a troop of hor.se for the king, 
 but was defeated and wounded at Xamtwich, 
 in lOi'i. He was afterwards taken prisoner, 
 but in his attempt to make his esca{)e from 
 his confinement at Stafl'ord, he was struck 
 •with great violence by a soldier on the head, 
 so tliat the blow produced a fever, which 
 proved fatal, 1043. He is author of a re- 
 monstrance against presbytery — of a short 
 survey of presbyterian discipline — of a brief 
 review of the institution, succession, and 
 jurisiliction of bishops, kc. 
 
 iVsiORGAS, Marchioness of, a lady, in 
 the reign of Charles H. of Spain, wlio kdled 
 with hei own hands a beautiful mistress to 
 whom her husband was criminally attached. 
 She altcrwards prepared the heart of this 
 Unfortunate victim, and when her husband 
 harl eat it, she rolled the bleeding head of 
 his murdered mistress before liim ou the ta- 
 
 ble. This wretched guilty woman escaped 
 into a convent, where she became insane 
 tiirough rage and jealousy. 
 
 As iRONOME, I', an historian of the 9th 
 century, author of the life of Lewis the 
 Debonnaire, his patron, preserved in du 
 Chesne's collection. 
 
 AsTRUC, John, a French physician of 
 Satives, in Lower Languedoc, who, after stu- 
 dying at Monlpellier, accjuired great reputa- 
 tion at Paris, both as a practitioner and as a 
 professor. He was for some time in Poland, 
 physician to the king at Warsaw His 
 works, de morbis venereis, &cc. are highly es- 
 teemed. He was born 1084, 19th March, 
 and diedal Pari.s, .5th May 1700. Resides the 
 above, he wrote treatises on pathology — on 
 ulcers and tumors— -on therapeutics — on the 
 inoculation of the small-pox — on female dis- 
 eases, translated into English — memoirs re- 
 lating to the natural history of Languedoc, &c. 
 
 As "YAGES, a king of Media, B. C. 594, 
 called by some the Ahasuerus of scripture. 
 
 At A, Abdal, a mussulman dervise in the 
 age of Tamerline, regarded as a god by his 
 followers. 
 
 Atabalipa, or Atahualpa, the last 
 king of Peru, of the race of the incas. He 
 was made king of Quito on his father's death, 
 1529 ; hut he aspii'ed to the whole kingdom, 
 and defeated his brother Huolscar, who sat 
 on the throne of Peru. When Pizarro with 
 the Spaniards invaded the kingdom of Peru, 
 the unhappy monarch was invited to a par- 
 ley, and treacherously .seized, and soon after 
 barbarously strangled, or burnt at the stake, 
 1.533, though he hlid paid for his ransom all 
 the gold wiiich a room pointed out by the 
 Spaniards could contain. Some of the Span- 
 isli authors have endeavored to represent 
 him as an usurper, and as faithless in the 
 first treaty which he had made witli Pizar- 
 I'O; hut little credit is to be give»i to their as- 
 sertions. They wisli to wipe off the odium 
 deservedly fallen on their countrymen, by at- 
 tacking the innocent character oi' Atabalipa. 
 
 AriiAi.iAH, v» ife of Jehoram, and mo- 
 ther of Ahaziah king of -Judah, wasdaugliter 
 of Ahab, by Jezebel. Her son, excited by 
 her advice and example, committed every 
 excess of cruelty and m ickedness ; and, af- 
 ter ids death, the licentious mother, to ob- 
 tain the sovereign power, niunlered the 
 whole of the royal family, except Joash, who 
 Mas with difliculty preserved by Jehoshaba, 
 daughter of Jehoram. She was, after a reigu 
 of seven years, made to expiate her crimes 
 by death. The history of this vicious i)rin- 
 cess is the subject of one of the finest of the 
 tragedies of Uacine. 
 
 Athanasius, St. a native of Alexandria, 
 raised, in consequence of his abilities and 
 greateloquence, to the see of his native town, 
 A. D. 320. He was a violent opposer of the 
 Arians, and suffered great persecution for 
 his firniness. He died 371. 
 
 Atheling, Edgar, son of Edward, and 
 grandson of Edmund Ironside, king of Eng- 
 land, was regarded as the future monarch; 
 but the intrigues of Harold prcTailed against 
 
AT 
 
 AT 
 
 Jiim. The battle of irastiiiRs, lOCO, In des- 
 troying his rival, lut oil' his hopes of suctess ; 
 ami, alter making some resistance at York 
 to little purpose, he iled to Scotland and af- 
 terwards to Normandy. Jle was leconciled 
 to the conqueror, and was at the first cru- 
 sade with IJaldwin II. where he i)ehaved 
 •U'ilh great intrepidil} . He passed ihe la.sL 
 years of his life at Aialn\sl)ury. 
 
 Athei.sta.n, though hut natural son of 
 Edward the elder, was made king of Eng- 
 land after his father's death, 9'-5. lie was 
 happily successful against the Danes, whom 
 lie defeated in Noilhumbeiland ; and after- 
 wards he devoted himself to the arts of 
 peace. He encouraged commerce, by be- 
 stowing the title of thane on such of his 
 jiierehants as had perfonned three voyages. 
 He died 941. 
 
 Ath exagoras, a Christian philosopher 
 of Athens, in the 2d century. 
 
 AriiE. Vitus, a Greek grammarian and 
 writer of Alexandria, in the 3d century. 
 
 Athen/eus, a mathematician, B. 0. 200. 
 
 ATUEN.ffi:us, an orator at Home in the age 
 of Augustus. 
 
 Athenodorus, a Stoic pliilosophcr, pre- 
 ceptor to Augustas. He died in iiis native 
 town of Tarsus, aged 82. 
 
 Athias, Isaac, author of an explication 
 of the law of Moses, printed at Amsterdam 
 and Venice, was a Jew of Spain. 
 
 Athias, Joseph, a learned printer of 
 Amsterdam, who published an edition of the 
 Hebrew Bible, 2 vols. 1677, highly esteemed, 
 besides editions in Spanish, English, and 
 German. His sei'vices were rewarded with 
 a gold chain and medal by the states. He 
 died 1700. 
 
 Atkixs, James, D. D. a learned Scotch- 
 man, of Kirkwall in Orkney, educated at 
 Edinburgh and Oxfoi'd, and patronised by 
 the marquis of Hamilton. He Avas made 
 bishop of Moray in 1077, and afterwards 
 translated to Gallowaj'. He died at Edin- 
 burgh, October 28, 1087. He wrote against 
 the preshyterians; hut his treatises are now 
 unknown. 
 
 Atki NS, Sir Robert, was descended from 
 the ancient family of the same name in 
 GlocestcTshire. He was educated at Baliol 
 college, and after being made a knight of the 
 Bath, and taking liis degrees in law, he was 
 made a judge of the court of Common Pleas, 
 1672, which he resigned, in 1679, through 
 disgust at the conduct of the government. 
 He showed his impartiality on the bench, 
 though his mind was occasionally tinctured by 
 superstition; and at the revolution, which 
 he favored with all the ardor of a patriot, he 
 •was made I^ord chief baron by William. In 
 June 1095 he resigned his high office, and 
 spent the last fourteen years of liis life in 
 peaceful and dignified retirement at Saper- 
 ton Hall in (ilocestershire. He died in the 
 beginning of 1709, aged 88, leaving behind 
 him a character of great probity, and repea- 
 ted instances of unsliaken attachment to the 
 freedom and constitution of England. He 
 ivas twice married, and liis only son, Sir 
 vol. I. 14 
 
 Robert Atkins, inheritcil his virtues, fluil 
 was for a long tirue re[)resentative of the 
 county. He pul;lished, in folio, the history 
 of (Jloccstcrshiie, from the materials collec- 
 teil by Di". Parsons; and died 1711, aged 64. 
 The writings of Judge .\lk.ins arc all ou 
 constitutional and juridical subjects, and arc 
 highly valued. 
 
 ArKV.N'S, Richard, a native of f ilocester- 
 shire, educated at Hallol, and Lincoln's Inn. 
 He suH'eretl (luring the ci\il wars for his at- 
 tachment to the royal cause, and spent above 
 wool, in lawsuits, in tw cnty-four years, t«) es- 
 tablish the rigjit of the king's grant in piinting 
 law books. He published on the subject his 
 original and growth of printing, in 4lo. and, 
 five years after, his vindication, Sec. He was 
 unliappily married. He died in confinement 
 in the Marshalsea, September 14, 1677. 
 
 Atratus, Hugh, or Black, called tlie 
 phoenix of his age, from the great powers of 
 his mind, and his unwcai'ied application, was 
 born at Evesham in Worcestershire, and 
 was made a cardinal by Martin H. 1281. He 
 died of the plague, six years after, author of 
 genealogia humana — problemata — canones 
 medicinales, 8cc, 
 
 At TALUS I. king of Pergamus, was a 
 great patron of learning. He died in hii 
 72d year, B. C. 198. 
 
 At TALUS II. son of the above, succeed- 
 ed liis brother Eumenes, 159, and reigned 
 21 years. 
 
 At TALTJsni. nephew of the second, died 
 B. C- 133, in the fifth year of his reign. As 
 he had no issue, he left all his possessions tp 
 the Romans. 
 
 Attalus, a native of Pergamus, who 
 was burnt alive for the Christian religion, iu 
 the persecution of M. Antoninus, 177. 
 
 Attexduli, Margaret, a sister of 
 Sforza, grand constable of Naples. When 
 her brother was perfidiously seized, she 
 armed her friends and domestics, and at 
 their head made reprisals, and thus obtained 
 the liberation of the captive. 
 
 Atterbury, Lewis, son of Dr. Atter- 
 bury, rector of Milton, Northam,\)tonshu'e, 
 was educated at Christ Church, and submit- 
 ted to the republican visitors. He was, in 
 1654, made rector of Great Rissington, Glo- 
 cestershire, and three years after, obtained 
 the living of Milton Bucks. After the res- 
 toration, he took his degree of D. D. at Ox- 
 ford. He was, on his return from London, 
 drowned, near his house, December 7, 1693. 
 He published three sermons. 
 
 Atterbury, Lewis, eldest son of the 
 preceding, was educated at AVestminstei- 
 school, and Christ Church, Oxford. He 
 was chaplain, in 1683, to the lord mayor, 
 sir William Pritchard, and tlie next year 
 became rector of Symel, in Northampton- 
 shire, which he afterwards resigncil, upon 
 greater promoliou. He succeeded as prea- 
 cher at Highgate chapel, where he had of- 
 ficiated tor the late incumbent, Daniel La- 
 thom, and, by being one of the chaplains of 
 the princess Anne, he recommended him- 
 self to favor, and was afterwards, \7^T, pre 
 
AT 
 
 AT 
 
 sented to the living of Shcpp&rton by the 
 queen, and by the bishop of London to that 
 of Hornsey, 1719, in which parish his own 
 cbapcl Avas situate. His charitable disposi- 
 tion was strongly displayed in his studying 
 physic for the benefit of the poor at High- 
 gate, and distributing advice and drugs gra- 
 ils. On the death of Dr. Sprat, the arch- 
 deacon of Koehestei', he made application 
 for the oHice, and as his bi'Other was bishop 
 of the see and patron, he expected no re- 
 fusal ; but he was disappointed and Dr. 
 Hrydges was nominated. He died at Batli, 
 of a paralytic stroke, October 29,1731, in 
 his 75th year, and he was buried at High- 
 gate. He was author of two volumes of ser- 
 mons, and other tracts, and he left his col- 
 lection of pamphlets, hcc to Christ Church. 
 lie gave 10/. a year to a master to instruct 
 girls at Newport Pagnel, and left the bisliop's 
 son, Osborne, heir to his fortune. He had 
 married the niece of Sir Robert Bedingfield 
 knight, mayor of London, by whom he had 
 three sons and a daughter, none of whom 
 survived him. 
 
 Atterbury, Francis, bishop of lio- 
 chester, was born at Midd'.eton Keynes, near 
 JS'ewport Pagnel, March 6, I66i2; and after 
 finishing his education at Westminster, he 
 entered at Clirist Church, w here he became 
 known by his wit and his learning. His po- 
 etical abilities were early displayed ; and as 
 a defender of the protestant religion, he also 
 acquired celebrit3^ He was, however, un- 
 willing to submit long to the confinement and 
 sameness of a college life. Though dis- 
 tinguished in the society as a scholar, and a 
 tutor, he frequently complained of the liard- 
 ship of his situation to his father, and at last 
 followed his advice, by marrying miss Os- 
 born, a lady in the neighborhood, from whose 
 distant relationship to the Leeds family, he 
 expected preferment. On leaving Oxford, 
 lie was elected lecturer of St. Bride's, Lon- 
 don, 1G91, and soon after made chaplain to 
 AVilliam and Mary. With the eloquence of 
 n popular preacher, he nossessed the obsti- 
 nacy of a controversialisi, and therefore his 
 sermons and works when published, drew 
 upon him the anmadversions of Hoadly, of 
 Bentley, of Wake, and others. His zeal, 
 however, in the service of the church, and 
 in support of the rights of convocations, was 
 rewarded by the thanks of the Lower House 
 of Convocation, and by a diploma of the de- 
 gree of D. D. from tiie university of Oxford. 
 I'referment and distinction were now heap- 
 ed upon him ; Sir .T-ohn Trelawncy, bishop 
 rif Exeter, gave him the archdeaconry of 
 Totness, he became chaplain to queen 
 Anne, and was, in October 1704, raised to the 
 (leancry of Carlisle. In 1712, lie was made 
 dean of Christ Church, though power and 
 inllucncc were exerted in favor of his anta- 
 gonist, Di'. Smalridge; and the following 
 vear he attained the hei2:ht of his ecclesias- 
 tical dignity, by being made bishop of Uo- 
 thester, and dean of Westminster, at the 
 particular recommendation of chancellor 
 HarcotU't. 'NVhen George succeeded to the 
 
 throne, the bishoT) was treated with coolness 
 and indifference ; and he resented the af- 
 front, and displayed his attachment to the 
 house of Stuart, by refusing to sign the de- 
 claration of the bishops, and by opposing iu 
 the parliament, with vigor and eloquence, 
 the measures of the government. This de- 
 cided and hostile behaviour proved the be- 
 ginning of his misfortunes. He was suspec- 
 ted of favoring the pretender, and August 
 24, 1722, he was arrested as a traitor, and 
 confined in the Tower Though the raes- 
 seng(;rs treated him with rudeness and harsh 
 incivility while they secured his person and 
 seized his papers, yet the council behaved 
 towards him with that candor, attention, 
 and afiability, which justice and impartiality 
 recommend. March 23, 1723, a bill was 
 brought in the house of commons to inflict 
 penalties on Francis, bishop of Rochester, 
 and he was ordered to prepare his defence. 
 He declined using his influence among the 
 commons, but, as he wrote to the speaker, 
 he reserved the vindication of his conduct in 
 that house, of which he had the lionor to be 
 a member. The trial lasted above a week. 
 The bishop was supported by all the learn- 
 ing and the eloquence of the bar, and he 
 spoke in his own cause with all the energy of 
 the persuasive powers which he was known 
 to possess ; but he was condemned by a ma- 
 jority of 83 to 43 votes ; and the king, on 
 the 27th May, confirmed the decision of 
 parliament. The bisliop met the disgrace of 
 hanishment with unusual firmness and dig- 
 iiity ; he took an affectionate leave of his 
 friends ; and, June 18, 1723, he embarked 
 in the Aldborough man of war, and was 
 landed at Calais, where he met lord Boling- 
 broke, whom the royal pai'don recalled to 
 FiUgland, upon wliich he observed with his 
 usual facetiousness, " then his lordship and 
 I are exchanged." It is to be lamented that 
 persecution is not softened by the fall of an 
 enemy. Atterbury, in his exile, was pur- 
 sued with more vindictive rage than when 
 in England. Access to him was denied to 
 his family, without the king's sign-manual, 
 and the favor was with difficulty obtained 
 from the extortion of high fees. He wished 
 to pass the remainder of his life at Brussels ; 
 but he was hurried to Paris, where he had 
 the prudence to resist the solicitations of the 
 pretender, and not concern liimself with his 
 secret negotiations. He was from thence 
 carried to Montpellier, for two years; and 
 on his return to Paris, vorn ou'. by the un- 
 kindness of mankind, and domestic sorrow 
 on the loss of his daughter, in 1729, he died, 
 February 1.5, 1732. His body was brought 
 over to England, and deposited in Westmin- 
 ster Abbey, in a monument which, in 1722, 
 he had prepared ; but no inscription marks 
 the spot, as his friends were unwilling that 
 his name should be recorded on marble 
 without mentioning that he died bishop of 
 Rochester. He had by his lady, who died 
 April 26, 1722, four children ; Francis, who 
 died an infant; Osborne, whose descendants 
 arc still alive ; Elizabeth, uho died in 1716, 
 
AV 
 
 AU 
 
 i»gcd 17 ; nnd Mary, who married ^NFr. Mo- 
 rice, and died 17'Z'J. Mowcvci' hIainuMc his 
 conducl may appear as a poliliciaii, it is to 
 be reineniberc(l thai lliose who have drawn 
 his portrait have espoused a diULrent cause. 
 His good sense and his pruih-nee forhul us 
 to think that lie formed any plot for the res- 
 toration of the Stuarts, to whom it is prol)a- 
 ble that he was attached from strong preju- 
 dices, from earl} liahits, and from the ((;m- 
 per of the limes, which permit neutrality to 
 no man; hut it is certain, that he was offer- 
 ed the see of Winchester, and a pension of 
 5000/. if he would discontinue his opi)Osition 
 io the measures f)f \Valpole, and it is known 
 that the rejection of this mean oiler Iiastcned 
 his downfal. His private cliai'acier as a man 
 "uas most amiable and exemplary; as a 
 prcadier, lie was great and eloquent ; and 
 as a w ritcr, liis sermons, Ins letters, and 
 other tracts, prove most decidedly, that he 
 possessed piety, geniu.s, flow of language, 
 and erudition. 
 
 Atticus, llerodes, a eelebrated orator 
 horn at Marathon. lie was preceptor to 
 Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Varus, and died 
 at Marathon, 76 A. I). 
 
 Atticus, Titus Pomponius, a Roman, of 
 the most amiable manners, who in the midst 
 of civil wars and party animosities, maintain- 
 ed his independence, his character, and his 
 possessions. He was respected by all parties, 
 and his virtues and moderation deserved the 
 general esteem. He died aged 77, B. C. 54. 
 
 Atticus, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 Avas the enemy of John Chrysostom, whom 
 he expelled from his see. He died 42'. 
 
 Attila, king of the Huns, ravaged 
 fJauland Italy, and levied contributions from 
 Theodosius and Valentinian, the Roman em- 
 perors. He died 453. 
 
 AvALOs, Ferdinand Francis, d', marquis 
 of Pescara, in the kingdom of Naples, was 
 distinguished for his valor in the service of 
 Charles V. He was taken prisoner at the 
 battle of Ravenna, 1512, and employed the 
 liours of his captivity in writing a dialogue 
 of love, addressed to his wife, the virtuous 
 Victoria Colonna. His abilities contributed 
 much to the battle of Bicoque, the recovery 
 of the Milanese, and the victory ef Pavia. 
 It is said that the pope wished to gain him to 
 his cause by the promise of the kingdom of 
 Naples. He died without issue, at Milan, 
 4t'.i November 1525, aged 36. 
 
 AvALOs, Alphonsod', marquis del Vasto, 
 was the heir of the preceding, who was his 
 I'elation. He assisted bravely the arms of 
 Charles V. in Italy ; but he was defeated at 
 Cerisoles, 1544, and died 31st March 1546, 
 aged 42. 
 
 AvAXTio, John Marion, a learned civi- 
 lian, who left Rovigo when his brother had 
 been assassinated there, and settled at 
 Padua, where he acquired great reputation. 
 He died 2d March 1622, aged 5S. He Avrote 
 a l)oem, and left a manuscript of an eccle- 
 siastical history, and concilia de criminnli- 
 bus rebus, &c. His son, Charles, distin- 
 guished himself as a physician, and by Jiis 
 
 annotations on Bap. Fiera, published after 
 his death at I'adua, 1649, in "ito. 
 
 AuBERi, Peter, a French lawyer, who 
 died 1733, aged 'Jl. He left to his native 
 city, Lyons, where he had exercised vai-ious 
 civil oliices, his valuable library. He was 
 author of retoiir d'isle d'amour, a romance — 
 2 vols, oi Jactumn, in 1710 — an edition of 
 Richelct's dictionary, 3 vols, folio, 1728, 8cc. 
 
 AuBEK r, W illiam, a native of Poitiers, 
 advocate at Pans, where he died, IHul. He 
 was author of some works of merit. 
 
 Albekt du Bavei, N. aFrench oflicer 
 engaged in the American war. At the re- 
 vohitiun he distinguished himself in favor of 
 the popular cause, in the national assembly, 
 at the defence of Mentz, in 1793, and in the 
 war of la V^endee. He was afterwards am- 
 bassador at Constantinople, and died of a 
 fever, brought on by excess and intemper- 
 ance, 17th December 1797. 
 
 AuBEuriN, Edme, minister of the re- 
 formed church at Charenton, and afterwards 
 at Paris, in 1631, died at Paris, 1052. He 
 was author of a work on the eucharist of the 
 ancient church, fol. 1033, which was attacked 
 by Arnauld and others. 
 
 AuBERY, or AuBRY, Jolin, a physiciaa 
 of Bourbonois, author, among other things, 
 of a curious and learned work called I'anti- 
 dote de I'amour, 1599, in 12mo. and of an 
 apology for physic, Latin, printed, Paris, 
 1608, 8vo. 
 
 AuBERY, Anthony, a lawyer of Paris, 
 remarkable for his uncommon application to 
 study, from 5 in the morning till 6 in the 
 evening. His works, the principal of which 
 are, his history of Richelieu, 2 vols, folio, 
 1600, and Mazarin, 4 vols. 12mo. 1751, and 
 of the cardinals, 5 vols. 4to. 1642, are not 
 possessed of superior merit, though they 
 contain historical anecdotes and judicious 
 remarks. He wrote besitiCJ a treatise on the 
 pre-eminence of the kings of France, 4to. 
 1649, and on the French king's pretensions 
 to the empire, 4to. 1667. He died of a fall^ 
 1095, aged upwards of 78. 
 
 AuBERY, Louis, sieur du Maurier, tra- 
 velled with his father, who was ambassador 
 to Holland, and visited Poland, Berlin, and 
 Rome. After a few years passed at court, 
 he retired to lead a life of literary and phi- 
 losophical ease at his country seat, where he 
 died, 1087. His memoirs on the history of 
 Holland, 2 vols. 12mo. 1082, are often quot- 
 ed, and are truly valuable. His grandson 
 published, in 1737, his memoirs of Ham- 
 burgh, Lubec, Ilolstein, Denmark, and 
 Sweden. 
 
 AuBESPiNE, Claude del', was descend- 
 ed of a noble family in Burgundy. He was 
 usefully employed in the service of Francis I. 
 Henry IT. and his two successors, so that his 
 advice often guided the measures adopted ia 
 the cabinet. He died in 1507, the very day 
 after being consulted by Catharine de Me- 
 dicis. 
 
 AuBESPiNE, Charles de, m.irquis ofCha- 
 teau-neuf, chancellor of France, was:iM;.jle 
 statesman, but proud jiyd ha'ighty iu his 
 
AU 
 
 AU 
 
 demeanor. He excited the jealousy of 
 Richelieu ami INIazarin, and though the favo- 
 rite of the court, was iinpiisoued ior tea 
 3'ears; and died 1G53, aged 73. 
 
 AuBESPiNE, Gabriel dc 1', an ambassa- 
 dor iu England, and atterwards bishop of 
 Orleans. He was a man of abilities, and 
 wrote several things on ecclesiastical history, 
 kc. He died 1G3U, aged 52. 
 
 AuBESPiNTE, Magdelene dc 1', wife of 
 Nicolas de Neufville dc A'^illcroi, was cele- 
 Vated for her wit and beauty at the court of 
 Cliarles IX. and his two successors. She 
 died at Villeroi, 1596. She translated the 
 epistles of Ovid, &:c. 
 
 A UBiGXE, Theodore Agrippa d', a learn- 
 ed Frenchman, grandfather to madarae 
 Maintenon. He is said to Iiave translated 
 the Crito of Plato into French Avhen he was 
 only eight years old; but the improvement 
 of liis mind was checked by the death ot his 
 father, when he had attained his 15th year, 
 f30 that he forsook letters for the court, and 
 became the favorite of Henry IV. An nu- 
 courteous behaviour, however, rendered him 
 soon unwelcome ; and he retired to Geneva, 
 tvhere his abilities were courted and admi- 
 red. His principal work is an hislorie uni- 
 Terselle, 3 vols. fol. which merited to be pub- 
 licly burnt by the parliament of Paris, be- 
 cause he treats the name of king with unbe- 
 coming harshness and studied contempt. He 
 died at Geneva, 1G30, in his 80th year. He 
 wrote an account of his own life, which was 
 printed 1731, besides two satirical pieces, 
 the confession of Sancy, and the baron de 
 Faeneste. 
 
 Aubrey, John, an English afntiquary, 
 born at '.•■.aston-Piers, in Wiltshire, Novem- 
 ber 3, 1625, or 1626, and educated at Malms- 
 tur}', Avhere he had for his school-fellow the 
 famous Thomas Hobbes, with whom he cul- 
 tivated a long and sincere friendship He 
 entered as gentleman commoner of Trinity 
 College, Oxford, and, four years after, 1646, 
 -was admitted of the Middle Temple ; but 
 his father's death checked his study of the 
 law ; and the various litigations which he had 
 in succeeding to his paternal estates, not on- 
 ly reduced his property, but called him to 
 more active pursuits. As a man of letters, 
 lie distinguished himself in the Monasticon 
 Anglicanum, and preserved the remem- 
 brance of Osney abbey by a curious draught 
 before it was destroyed ; he corresponded 
 vith the most learned of the age ; and as- 
 sisted Anthon)' AVood with confidential ma- 
 terials. Alter the restoration, he visited 
 Ireland. After being 1 v.ice shipwrecked, he 
 left his country for a short tour to Orleans ; 
 but misfortunes crowded upon him so that 
 he jjarted with all his estntes, and at last was 
 reduced to indigence. His virtues and his 
 learning, however, were not forgotten. Lady 
 Long, of Dray tnn, received him with hospi- 
 talit}, and, under her protection, he con- 
 tinued hJG ii)<lefatigable labors in pursuit of 
 antiquities and of natural curiosities. He 
 died suddenly about 17()0, "and was buried at 
 Drayton, ills works are diiclly on antiqui- 
 
 itions 
 
 ties, consisting of miscellanies on appariti 
 magic, .harms, &c. 1696 and 1721, 8va 
 ])erambulation of the county of Surrey, 5 vols. 
 8vo. 1719, besides MSS in the Oxford mu- 
 seum. 
 
 AuBRlOT, Hugo, a native of Burgundy, 
 famous as the builder of the Bastille by order 
 of Charles V. of France, in 1369. He was 
 accused of heresy, and became the founder 
 of the sect wliich were called after him Hu- 
 gonots, but for his error lie was condemned 
 to be confined for life between two bare 
 walls, for which, however, he was set at 
 liberty by the Maillotins, who rebelled against 
 the power of the inquisition, and wished him 
 to be their leader. He died iu Burgundy, 
 1382. 
 
 AuBUSSON, Peter'd, grandmaster of the 
 order of St. John of Jerusalem, 1476, was 
 born at Laraarche, and died at Rhodes in 
 1503, aged 81, after having repeatedly sig- 
 nalized himself as a Avai'rior against the be- 
 sieging Turks, and as a statesman. He is 
 however blamed for betraying to the pope 
 prince Zizim, the brother of Bajazet, who 
 had returned to Rhodes, trusting to his ho- 
 nor and protection. For this act of villany 
 he was made a cardinal. 
 
 AuBUSSON, Francis d', duke de la Feuil- 
 lade, was descended from the preceding, 
 and distinguished himself in the wars of 
 Flanders. He died suddenly, 16S1. 
 
 AuDEBERT, (iermain, a counsellor of 
 Orleans, who, in a tour through Italy, cele- 
 brated Venice in a poem, for which he was 
 honored by the Venetians with the order of 
 St. Mark. He was ennobled by Henry HI. 
 and died 1598, aged above 8Q. His Latin 
 poems were published in Hanover 1603, in 
 8vo. 
 
 AuDEBERT, John Baptist, a French na- 
 turalist, born at Rochefort, 175^. As an 
 engraver his merit was ^ery great, and his 
 application in the cause of science was inde- 
 fatigable. He died 1800. His first per- 
 formance w as I'Histoire des Singes, des ma- 
 kis, and des galeopitheques, 1 vol. fol. 1802, 
 and such w as the execution of the w ork that 
 he was introduced to the ablest artists and 
 the most eminent persons of Paris. 
 
 AuDiFRET, Jean Baptiste d', a native of 
 Marseilles, employed as ambassador to the 
 courts of Parma, ^lodena, Mantua, &cc. He 
 died at Nancy, 1733, aged 76, autboj' of an 
 useful geography ancient and modern, in 3 
 vols. 4to. 1689. 
 
 Audi FRET, Hercules, of Carpentras, was 
 the preceptor of Flechier. He wrote ora- 
 tions, kc. and died 1659 
 
 AuDTGDTER, Vital d', a native of Ville- 
 franche tie Rouergue, known for his adven- 
 tures in quest of independence. He was au- 
 thor of some romances, light poems, kc. 2 
 vols 1614, — a treatise on duels 1617, &c. and 
 was assassinated 1630. 
 
 Audi us, the founder of a sect in the 4lli 
 century, was banished into Scytbia, where 
 his disciples became numerous. He celebar- 
 ted Easter likethc Jewish passovci', and con- 
 sidered the Dcitv as having a human form. 
 
AV 
 
 AV 
 
 AuDLEV, James lord, of HtUigli, S(a(- 
 fonlsliirc, is distiiiguibhitl for his valor in 
 tht; Mars of France umler Eilwiinl 111. :it the 
 battle of Poitiers. After deeds of liL-roisni, 
 he was so severely uouiuled that his atten- 
 dants bore him with diHicnlty from the field. 
 These hit;li services weiv rt-warded l»y the 
 DIaek. I'nnce, m ho bestowed on Iiin\ a pen- 
 sion, and made liiin constable of (ilocester 
 castle, p:ovei-nor of Atniilaine, ami Senes- 
 chal of Poictou. He was one of the first 
 knights of the garter, and died about 1380. 
 
 AuDi.EY, Kdiiinnd, a descendant of t>ie 
 above, educated at Oxford, and successively 
 made bishop of Uochester, Hereford, and 
 Salisbury. He died M'ii; and the honor of 
 being chancellor oi llie garter, uhicli he 
 fceld, has passed, by the interest of bishop 
 Scth Ward, to his successors at Salisbury. 
 
 AvDLEY or AwDELEY, Thomas, of a 
 noble family in Essex, was called to the bar 
 after an education at the university, and in 
 15!29, his merits raised him to the chair of 
 the house of commons. He was so subser- 
 vient to the will of the capricious Henry, 
 that he not only received trom him the scite 
 of Christ church priory, with the plate and 
 lands belonging to it, but was appointed 
 chancellor in the room of sir Thomas More. 
 He also sat as judge at the trial of his dis- 
 honored predecessor, and at that of bishop 
 Pisher, and easily consented to all the rapaci- 
 ous and cruel measures of his tyi'annical 
 master. He was a great benefactor to Mag- 
 dalen, Cambridge, and died 1544. 
 
 AuDRAN, Girard, son of an engraver of 
 Lyons, perfected at Rome what he had learn- 
 ed at home, and at his return to Paris, en- 
 gaged to finish the battles of Alexander by 
 lie Brun. He gained great reputation by liis 
 art, as he was esteemed the most correct 
 liistorical engraver that ever lived. Besides 
 Alexander's battles he finished six sheets of 
 the Cupola of Val-de-grace, from the designs 
 of Mignard. He died 1703, aged 63. His 
 imcle Charles was also an eminent artist, 
 born at Paris, 1594. His works are marked 
 with a K. 
 
 AuDRAif, Claude, brotlier to Girard, an 
 historical painter employed by Le Brun. He 
 died at Paris, 1684, aged 42, professor of the 
 academy of painting. His nephew, of the 
 same name, excelled as a painter of orna- 
 ments. His best work is the 12 months of 
 the year with the presiding deities. He died 
 1734, aged 49. 
 
 AuDRAN, John, nephew of Girard, an 
 engraver of Lyons. His principal works 
 vere the draught of fishes and the resurrec- 
 tion of Lazarus, from Jouvenet ; the rape 
 of the Sabincs from Poussin ; the coronation 
 of Mary de Medicis ; the departure of Hcni-v 
 JV. for Germany, kc. He died 17"iG, a;;ed 
 89. This family has been particularly dis- 
 tinguished by painters and engravers. There 
 m-ere one or two still living in 1789, and stiil 
 ■worthy of the reputation of their ancestors. 
 
 AvED, Jacques-Andre Joseph, a painter 
 of eminence, sou of a physician of Douai. A 
 »)oi-tvait of the ambassador of the Porte pre- 
 
 scntffd (o Eonis XV. procured him a name 
 and distinilioii. lit: ilicd at Paris, 1760, 
 aged 64. 
 
 AvEiRo, .h)se|ih duk<; of, a Portnjrtiece 
 noble, who conspired \\ ith the Jesuits av-.tinst 
 king Joseph 1. anfl, after shooting at the king, 
 was sci'.'.ed and bi-okc (;n the wheid, 17.i9. 
 
 A V i:.v )'a'c,\, a Spanish moor, known as a 
 Peripatetic philosopher, who atteuipte<l to 
 rec((ncile an<! «'\plyin llw Koran b}' the svs- 
 tem of Aristotle, forwiiieh he was impii* 
 soned at Corduba. He is author of a coiu- 
 menlary on Euclid in the 12lh (-(Miturv. 
 
 AvEi.AT', a ['ortiij^'uesc painlei-, w'ho be- 
 came so rich by his profession that his name 
 became jiroverbial. 
 
 AvENTix, Jolin, was born of obscure 
 parents, 1460, at Abenspcrg, in Bavaria, and 
 after studying at Ingolstadt and Paris, he be- 
 came professor of the learned languages at 
 A ienna and (.racow. He was made tutor to 
 the duke of Bavaria's children, and increas- 
 ed his reputation by writing the annals of 
 Bavaria, which were first published in 1554, 
 by Jerome Zieglerus. In 15'29, Avenlin wa» 
 violently seized and imprisoned, it is suppos- 
 ed, on a complaint of heresy, but as no 
 charge was made against him, he was re- 
 leased from his captivity by his patron, and, 
 though now 64, l.e began to think of mar- 
 riage. In the etfervescence of a heated 
 brain, he consulted his Bible, and determin- 
 ed to take the first woman he met, whiclx 
 proved to be his own maid, deformed, poor, 
 and ill tempered. By this union he had a 
 son who died young, and a daughter who sur- 
 vived him. lie died 1534, aged 68. He has 
 been suspected by the Jesuits of being a Lu- 
 Uierian in disguise, but the imputation is 
 agamst liis writings and not against his re- 
 ligion, as his well known annals speak with 
 freedom of the libertanisnx of the Catholic 
 clerg)'. 
 
 AvENZOAR, an Arabian physician of the 
 12th century, author of a treatise for the 
 proper use of medicine. He was a follower 
 of Galen. He died at Morocco, at the ad- 
 vanced age of 135. Dr. Preind speaks of his 
 practice and of liis abilities with great com- 
 mendation. 
 
 AvERA^iius, .Joseph, a native of Flo- 
 rence, possessed of strong powers of mind. 
 He acquired very r.i]>idly an intimate know- 
 ledge of the learned languages, of mathema- 
 tics and philosop.hy, and of law. Besides 
 translating the works ol" Archimedes, in his 
 leisure hours, he ascertaineil the momentum 
 of bodies on inclined jilanes, defended Gali- 
 leo's philosophy, and iiHjuired into the swift- 
 ness and propagation of sound. As a lawyer 
 he was patronised by Cosmo Hl.de Medicis, 
 who made him i)rofessor of civil law at Pisa. 
 He died 22d Sept. 1738, aged 76. There 
 arc four volumes of his dissertations on the 
 Florentine academy, published by Anton. 
 Francisco Gorio. 
 
 AvERAXirs, Benedict, eldest brother 
 of the preceding, wa? born :;t I'lorence, 1645, 
 r.nd early distinguislied himself by his ad- 
 vancement in literature, and hi^ familiar ac- 
 
AV 
 
 AU 
 
 qnaintance xvitri the obscurest parts of Plato 
 and Aristotle, He also cultivated poetry, but, 
 by the direction of his father, he studied 
 jurisprudence at Fisa, and in 1676, he was 
 inade Greek professor there by Cosmo III. 
 and six years after, raised to the chair of 
 humanity. He was universally respected for 
 his learning, sotliathe Avas solicited by the 
 nnivei-sity of Pavia to accept a professoi''s 
 chair, and also by pope Innocent XI. wlio 
 admired his genius. To improve and facili- 
 tate liis style, he translated Sallust, Celsus, 
 and other Latin authors into Greek, and 
 •wrote Greek elegies. In 1688, he published 
 his orations, and died 1707. His disserta- 
 tions delivered at Pisa, liis orations, his poe- 
 try, and other works, were printed after his 
 death, in 3 vols. fol. at Florence, 1717. — His 
 younger brother, Nicholas, was also distin- 
 guished for his knowledge of jurisprudence, 
 aiwJ of mathematics. 
 
 AvERDY, Clement Charles de I', a native 
 of Paris, minister and comptroller of the 
 finances under Lewis XV. was at one time 
 the favorite of the people. Though he in- 
 troduced the reform of abuses, and encour- 
 aged commerce and industry through the 
 nation, his endeavors proved abortive in the 
 inidst of a luxurious court and of an unprin- 
 cipled ministr}-; and in 1764, the measures 
 vhieii he was forced to recommend proved 
 so unpopular, that he solicited and obtained 
 his dismission. He retired to his country 
 seat, where the revolution found him enga- 
 ijed in agricultural pursuits, and regardless 
 of the politics and the prejudices of party. 
 The recollection of his services and of his 
 abilities was too powerful to suffer him to 
 end his days in privacy ; he was suspected, 
 and consequently condemned and guillotined 
 Oct. 1794, aged 74. He was author of the 
 Code penal, 1752, 12mo. — the king's sove- 
 reignty over Britany 1765, 8vo. — memoirs 
 about Robert J)' Artois, &c. — experiments 
 at Gambai's his country seat on barley, &ic. 
 178S, 8vo. 
 
 AvERROER, an Arabian philosopher boni 
 at Corduba, where his father was judge, un- 
 der the emperor of Morocco. His know- 
 ledge of law, divinity, mathematics, and as- 
 tixiiog}' was very extensive, and to this was 
 added the theory i-ather than the practice 
 of medicine. After being professor in the 
 university of Morocco he was called away 
 to sncceeil his father in the important office 
 of judge, in Corduba, and soon after he was 
 invested with the same powers in Morocco 
 and Mauritania. So extensive an authority 
 «Iid not fail to raise enemies, jealous of merit 
 and detractors of eminent talents; but the 
 genius of Averroes rose superior to private 
 fnvy. He possessed a firmness and patience 
 of mind, which covdd distinguish and inves- 
 tigate the bias of human passions, and he 
 tias every where humane and libei'al, so 
 that the opulence which he derived from his 
 maiTiagc and from his posts was not heaped 
 np, but generously dis])ersed tor the relief 
 of indigence and starving merit. The repea- 
 ted attacks of malice however have too often 
 
 . prevailed, and Averroes is in the number of 
 j those whom superior virtues have not al- 
 ways shielded. He was at last represented 
 by the nobility and doctors of Corduba, to 
 Mansor king of Morocco, as a profane phi- 
 losopher and a heretic, and the judge upon 
 this accusation was insulted and imprisoned. 
 Many of his enemies urged the necessity of 
 capital punishment on so great an offender; 
 but it was at last agreed by the doctors whom 
 the monarch consulted that Averroes should 
 retract. He was accordingly conducted to 
 the gate of the mosque, bareheaded, where 
 every one who entered indignantly spit into 
 his face ; after which he was asked by the 
 doctors if be repented of his heresy, to which 
 he replied Yes, and was discharged. He 
 continued under disgi^ace, though permitted 
 to read lectures at Fez,till thekingdiscovered 
 that his successor did not possess the same 
 uprightness and virtue, and that the dignity 
 of the law could be supported by none bet- 
 ter than by Averroes. He was therefore re- 
 stored to all his honors, though unw illing to 
 leave the tranquillity of retirement, yet glad 
 to find his innocence acknowledged by the 
 people and the monarch. He died at Mo- 
 rocco 1206. As a judge he was humane and 
 impartial, as a man he was friendly and char- 
 itable, so that it may be said that virtue is the 
 grow th of every climate and of every religion. 
 Jn his private life Averroes was regular, and 
 devoted much ofhistimeto philosophical 
 pursuits. He grew very corpulent, so that 
 he eat but once a day. He was particularly 
 fond of Aristotle, on whose works he wrote 
 commeiitaries, and for which he was called 
 the commentator. Ludovicus Vives how- 
 ever and others assert that he did not under- 
 stand the writings of the philosopher, as he 
 was ignorant of Greek and Latin, and recei- 
 ved all his knowledge from a wretched trans- 
 lation from the Latin into Arabic. He also 
 wrote a treatise on astrology, and made an 
 epitome of Ptolemy's Almagest. The me- 
 dical works of Averroes are scarce and above 
 mediocrity, and of his numerous verses on 
 amorous and light subjects very few remain. 
 He looked back upon hisyouthful follies with 
 regret; and though a Mahometan in religion, 
 he exclaimed in the spirit of a Christian, 
 *' Would to God I had been born old, or that 
 in my youth I had been in a state of perfec- 
 tion." The best edition of his works is that 
 of Venice, 1608. 
 
 AvESBURY, Kobert, an English historian, 
 author of the history of Fidward III. to the 
 year 1356. The work was published by 
 Hearne 1720. 
 
 Auger, Kdmund, a Jesuit, Avhose elo- 
 quence is found to have converted 40,000 
 protestants to the catholic faith. His disin- 
 terestedness was such that he refused pro- 
 motion in the church and even a bishopric. 
 He died 1591, aged 61. 
 
 Augurei.t>i, John Aurelius, a poet and 
 philosopher of llimini, who died at Ti-evisa, 
 1524, aged 83. He was professor of litera- 
 ture at V'enice, and it was said of him by 
 Paulus Jovius that he had a great genius in a 
 
AU 
 
 AV 
 
 liltle body. He ruined himself by pretend- 
 ing that he h;id discovered the idiilosoplicr's 
 stone, so lliut l^eo X. to whom lie (le<lic:iled 
 liis best poem called Clirysopa'a, };ave him a 
 large empty jmrse, adding, he who ran make 
 gold, wants nothing but a jdace to keep it in. 
 His poems were printed at N erona li91,'lt<). 
 and 1518. 
 
 AuGusTiN, Antony, a native of Saragos- 
 sa, distinguished by liis abilities, and entidoy- 
 ed by the ])ope as amijassador to Kngland 
 1554, and afterwanis as his agent at the coun- 
 cil of Trent. In 1574 he was made arcld)i- 
 shop of Tarragona, and so c]iaiital)le was 
 his deportment in this high station, that he 
 did not leave enough wherewith to l)c buried, 
 158G. He was author of some treatises and 
 of dialogues on medals, in Si)anish 1587. 
 
 A UGi'STlXE, Saint, a father of the church, 
 horn at Tagaste in Africa. Me became, from 
 a debauched youth, a stead}' arul zealous 
 Christian, and was made bisho[) of flippo. 
 He died 430, aged 76. His ^vorks, w hich are 
 much esteemed, were edited 10 vols. fol. 
 1579 and 1690 Paris. 
 
 Augustine or Austin, Saint, first 
 archbishop of Canterbury, "was sent with 40 
 others by pope Gregory I. from Kome to 
 convert the Britons to Christianity, and he 
 landed in the isle of Thanet about the year 
 590. He met with a kind reception from 
 king Ethclbert, and after making a number 
 of proselytes he returned to Aries in France, 
 vhere he was consecrated metropolitan of 
 the English church. He fixed his seat at 
 Canterbury, and by the directions of the 
 pope he used with tenderness and modera- 
 tion his new converts, by permitting them 
 ^till to assemble in the temples which were 
 now converted into Christian churches, and 
 by only destroying the idols to which they 
 paid the most solemn worsliip. The con- 
 version of the whole nation however was a 
 work of difficulty. Austin found adversaries 
 unwilling to yield to reason and argument, 
 and probably the disrespect which he shewed 
 to the Britons in x'eceiving their deputies 
 sitting, and without the common forms of ci- 
 vility, irritated against his doctrines a people 
 naturally superstitious, and strongly attached 
 to the reUgious tenets of their forefathers. 
 "With too much hauglitiness he insisted on 
 their celebrating easier like the Romish 
 church, and though he was lenient in some 
 particulars, he was too sanguine in establish- 
 ing the pope's supremacy among independ- 
 ent barbarians. Austin died at Canterbury 
 C04, and superstition has ascribed miracles 
 to his ashes. A festival was ordered in hon- 
 or of him by the pope's bull in Edward Hld's 
 Feign. 
 
 Augustine, Leonard, commonly called 
 Agostinl, a learned antiquarian of Sienna in 
 the I7th century. His valuable work called 
 Le gemme antiche figurate, first published 
 1C57, 2 vols. 4to. and 1707, four vols. 4to. has 
 been universally admired, and was transla- 
 ted by Gronovius into Latin, printed at Am- 
 sterdam 1G85, and Eraneker 1694. 
 
 AuGUSTULus, lioraulus, the last empe- 
 
 ror of Rome, was son of Orestes who harf 
 disposed Julius Nepos. Young atid unexpe- 
 rienced, he was unable to withstand the at- 
 tacks (if Odoaccr king of Italy, and after tlje 
 death of his father Orestes and the ruin of 
 his country, he retired to Campania, where 
 he sj)ent the rest of his life in obscurity, 
 maintained by a sm.ill pension. 
 
 Augustus, C. Jul. Cxs. Octavianus, the 
 first Roman emperor, was born B. C. 62. 
 Me was educated under (lie care of his uncle 
 Jul. Cajsar, and after his death, lie had the 
 artifice to conclude a treaty with Antony an<l 
 Lepidus, and by thus establishing a triumvi- 
 r.'ite, he made himself absolute at Rome. 
 Mis associates Antony and Le])i(ltis were re- 
 moved in conse(|uence of (juarrels and in- 
 trigues, and the young Cajsar, now sole mas- 
 ter of Rome, was in the 36th year of his age 
 called Augustus by the obsequious senate, 
 and invested with tiie sovereign power. Thus 
 raised to the highest elevation, he used his 
 power with moderation and prudence, antl 
 all his measures tended to increase the glory 
 and the triumphs, the comforts and the pros- 
 perity, of Rome. Augustus died at Nola 
 A. D. 14, aged 76, and his memory was em- 
 balmed by the panegyrics of tlie poets and 
 historians, whom with a lavish hand he pro- 
 tected and patronised. 
 
 Auhadi-Maragah, a musselman pocf: 
 who put into Persian verse the Giam-giam, 
 a book full of Mahometan spirituality. He 
 was poor, but he was enriched by the pre- 
 sents of the emperor of the Tartars in 131i*. 
 His tomb is held in great veneration at Ispa- 
 han. 
 
 AviGENNA, a famous Mahometan physi- 
 cian and philosopher, who early applied him- 
 self to the study of literature, to botanv, 
 arithmetic, and mathematics. At the age ot" 
 16 he was so far acquainted with physic that 
 he visited patients with great reputation and 
 success, and that he might still more improve 
 his understanding, he applied himself to Aris- 
 totle's metaphysics, which, after reading 40 
 times, he gave up in despair as unintelligible, 
 till by accident he met a beggar that ottere^l 
 him to sale a treatise of Al Earabius on me- 
 taphysics, which clearly opened to him the 
 sense and the meaning of the Grecian philo- 
 sopher, which he had so long studied in vain. 
 He now acquired credit as a physician by 
 curing the king of Khorassan, but his ene- 
 mies raised a perscution against him, when 
 the monarch's library was destroyed by fire, 
 as he was foolishly accuswl of the mischief, 
 that he might arrogate to himself all the 
 learning which he had received from books- 
 There have not been wanting persons to 
 assert that all his celebrity arose from the 
 superior talents of his master, to whom his 
 mother had bound him as a servant on pre- 
 tence of being deaf. The old man, as it is 
 said, admired his fidelity and services, and 
 left his papers open to his view, which the 
 crafty pupil copied and sent to his mother, 
 and after his master's deatli published as the 
 result of his own knowledge and experience. 
 In thQ opinion of Dr. Ereind, who must be 
 
AU 
 
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 considered as a judge, Avieenna had f<?w 
 merits, his Mrilings are extracts from Galen, 
 from llliazes, and from Halyabbas ; and lie 
 often confuses the nature or description of a 
 ilisease hv an affected display of learned 
 terms. Avieenna died 103G, in his 5Cth 
 year, m ith the character of a learned man 
 hut too much addicted tOAvine and to effemi- 
 nate pleasures. His books on medicine and 
 philosophy including his smaller tracts were 
 in number about 100, now nearl\' all lost. 
 
 AviExus, Itufus Festus, a Latin poet, 
 uho translated Aratus' pha'nomena, S<c. in 
 the fourth centurv. His woi'ks were edited 
 12mo. Paris i5<>0,'and 1731, 8vo. 
 
 A VI LA, Louis' d', a native of Placcntia, 
 srencral of cavalrv under Charles V. at the 
 siege of Metz 1552, of winch the defence 
 Avas conducted by the duke of Guise. He 
 Avrote memoirs of the African war, and of 
 the wars of Charles V. against the protestants 
 of Gerniany, printed 1540, and is censured 
 by De Thou for his partiality. 
 
 A VI LA, Giles Gonzales d', historiographer 
 to tlie Spanish king, died 1658, aged above 
 80, author of a Spanish history of the anti- 
 -quities of Salamanca, the state of the churches 
 in India, &c. 
 
 AviLA, Jolin d', a learned and pions ec- 
 clesiastic of Toledo, who died 1569, author 
 of some spiritual letters. Sec. 
 
 A VI LA, Sancho d', bishop of Murcia and 
 afterwards of Placentia, distinguished him- 
 self by his piety. He wrote some theological 
 tracts, and died 1626, aged 80. 
 
 AviLER, Augustin Charles d', a native of 
 Paris, taken b)- the Algerine pirates as he 
 was saihngfrom Marseilles to Rome with the 
 view of enlarging his ideas of architecture. 
 During his two years of captivity at Tunis he 
 merited the thanks of the dey by producing 
 the much admired plan of the mosque there, 
 and on regaining his liberty he visited Rome, 
 and afterwards beautified Montpellier by the 
 erection of a magnificent gate in honor of 
 Lewis XIV. He died at Montpellier, 1700, 
 aged 47. He Mrotc a course of architecture 
 in two vols. 4to. highly esteemed. He had 
 hefox'e translated from the Italian Scamozii's 
 sixth book of architecture. 
 
 A V IRON, James le Bathclier, author of 
 commentaries on the provincial laws of Nor- 
 iTiandy published after his death, lived in the 
 16th century. 
 
 A VITUS, Mark Miecilius, a native of 
 Auvergne, emperor of the \\est on the 
 death of Maximus 455. His elevation was 
 not attended by popularity and by virtuous 
 actions; on the contrary he devoted himself 
 to pleasure, and soon offended the senate, so 
 that at the end of 14 months lie was marked I 
 lor disgrace and death. He ffed from the j 
 liands of his persecutors towards the Alps, 
 and died on the road. His daughter married 
 Apollinaris Sidonius, an historian who em- 
 balmed tlie memory of his tather-in-law. 
 
 AuLus Get.lius, a Latin grammarian 
 in tiie age of Trajan. His noctes atticte are 
 a valuable and interesting work. 
 
 AuMONT, John d', count of Chateroux, 
 
 mnrshal of France under irenry III. antl 
 governor of Champagne and Britany under 
 Henry IV. He distinguished himself hy his 
 bravery, and fell at the siege of Comper near 
 liennes, 1505, aged 73. 
 
 AuMONT, Anthony d', grandson of the 
 preceding, was also marshal of P>ance, and 
 governor of Paris. He distinguished himself 
 at the battle of Hethel, and died at Paris 
 16GU, aged 68. 
 
 AuxGERviLLE, Richard, a native of 
 St. Edmundsbury, Suffolk, educated at 0.x- 
 ford. He was tutor to Edward III. and for 
 his services was raised to the see of Durham, 
 1333, and in 1334 made lord chancellor, and 
 two years after treasurer. He was not only 
 learned, but the munificent patron of learned 
 men, and founded a library at Oxford. He 
 wrote Philobiblos or tlio right use of books, 
 printed Oxford 1599, and died at Durham, 
 1345, aged 74. 
 
 AuN'ov, Marie Catharine Jumelle de 
 Bernville Countess d', widow of count d'Au- 
 noy, and niece of madame Desloges, is known 
 as a voluminous Avriter of romances in a 
 careless style, and with much affectation of 
 the supernatural and marvellous. Her ad- 
 ventures of Hippolytus, earl of Douglas, and 
 tales of the Fairies, are her best pieces. Her 
 husband was accused of treason, and Avitli 
 difficulty cleared himself. One of his three 
 accusers afterwards through remorse of con- 
 science confessed the charge to be false. She 
 died 1705. 
 
 Ave CARD 1, Lucia Albani, an Italian po- 
 etess of Bergamo. Her pieces possessed 
 such merit, that Tasso became her commen- 
 tator. She died at Brescia, where she had 
 married a Venetian nobleman. 
 
 AuRELiAN, son of an Illyrian peasant, 
 was raised to the imperial throne of Rome, 
 after Claudius II. His conquest of Zenobia 
 is famous. He Avas assassinated 275. 
 
 AuRELirs Victor, Sextus, a Roman 
 historian of the fourth century, prefect of 
 Pannonia and consul. His Roman history is 
 much admired. 
 
 Aurelli or Arelli, John Mutio, a 
 liatin poet, who closely imitated Catullus, 
 but without foiloAving his feeble or indecent 
 parts. He was made by Pope Leo X. gor- 
 ern(U" of a place, where he Avas found dead 
 sonn after with his mule at the bottom of a 
 well, 1520, and it is supposed that his op- 
 pression had drawn upon him this violent 
 puhisliment from the inhabitants. 
 
 Auren'g-zeb, great mogul, conspired 
 Avilh Morad one of his brothers against his 
 father Shah-Gehen at Agra, and kept him in 
 confinement till he caused him to be poison- 
 ed by one of his physician"--. His brothers 
 ^Nlorad and Dara Avcre destroyed Avith equal 
 cruelty, and he became master of a large 
 domiiii()n, which he extended by the conquest 
 of Decan, Visapour, Golconda, and nearly 
 the whole Tiidian pcninsvda. A pOAver ac- 
 quired by perfidy atul bloodshed, was main- 
 tained with vigor and etjuity, and though 
 Aurcng-Zeb did not escape the tortures of 
 a reproaching conscience, he was mild in his 
 
AU 
 
 AU 
 
 uianners, and consulted the jj;oo(l of liis sub- 
 jecis As he had bi.»'ii cruel lo liis father, he 
 dreaded retaliation trnin his suns, and lived 
 himself constantly in iiis camp, in the >.')i!st 
 of his soldiers, lie died at Ahniednager, 
 1707, aged 89 
 
 AuREOl.rs, Manius \ciliuR, a Dacian, 
 Avho from a shepherd liecaine a j^enerai, and 
 had the meanness to cause his patron, (jlalli- 
 cnns tlie cnijjei'or, to he assassinated, lie 
 vas pnt to death at Milan '207, by llie second 
 Claudius. 
 
 AuuiA, Vincent, a native of Palermo, 
 distinguished as a niaii of letters. He wrote 
 several works in Latin and in Italian. The 
 most esteemed of his writings are his histo- 
 ry ol' the great men of Sicily, in 4to. 1704, 
 ami his history of the viceroys of Sicily, fol. 
 16'J7. He died 1710, aged 85. He was born 
 poor, but indigence is the mother of indus- 
 try, and of distinction. 
 
 AuRIFICUSOrOllIFICUSTJONEFILIUS, 
 
 Nicholas, a (Jarmelitt of Sienna, author of 
 several religious books. His best works is 
 de antiquiiate, and ccremoniis missie in Svo. 
 Jle died the latter end of the iGth century, 
 aged about 70. 
 
 AuRiGNY, Cillcs d', an ingenious French 
 poet of the l6iU century, of wliose private 
 character little is known. His tuteur d'a- 
 jiioui' is a clief d'ujurre for fancy, ease, and 
 elegance. It is with some otheis of liis po- 
 ems inserted in the annales poetiques. 
 
 A u RIG NY, Hyacintha Robillard d', a Je- 
 suit, horn at Caen, and appointed regent of 
 the college of Alencon. He wrote some 
 chronological memoirs on history, valuable 
 for Uieir accuracy. He died 1719, in his 
 44th year. 
 
 AuRiLLOx, Jean Baptiste Elie, a native 
 of Paris, admired for his eloquence in the 
 pulpit, his piety and his learning. He was 
 author of some divinity tracts, and died 
 17^29, aged 78. 
 
 Al'riol, Blaise d', professor of the canon 
 law at Toulouse, known by some poetical 
 pieces, and treatises on jurisprudence. He 
 ■was so terrified at the prediction of an ap- 
 proaching deluge, by a pretended prophet 
 of his time, that he built himself a large ark 
 in which, like another Xoah, he hoped to sur- 
 vive the general calamity. He died 15'\0. 
 
 AuRisPA, John, a native of Noto in Sici- 
 ly* Patronised and j)referred by pope Nicho- 
 las V. He translated Archimedes, lliero- 
 cles' commentary on Pythagoras's golden 
 verses, &c. and died in a good old age at 
 Ferrara, nt the end of the 15 th century. 
 
 A CROC ALU'S, Matthew, a native of Bo- 
 hemia, professor at Wittemburg, and assis- 
 tant to Luther in translating (he Bihle into 
 lierman. He pul)lished a Ohaldee and He- 
 brew grammar, Jstc. Basil 1539, and died 
 1543. 
 
 AuROUX, Matthew, alawycr, author of a 
 curious commentary on the costume du Bour- 
 bonuois. He died about the middle of the 
 18th century. 
 
 Ausoxius, Decimus Magnus, a Latin 
 poet of the foiu'th century, born at iJour- 
 VOL. I. 1^ 
 
 «lraux. lie was preceptor to firatlan, Va. 
 leiitinian's son, and wrote some admired 
 poems, 
 
 ArssuN, Pierre d', a distinguished ofTicer 
 in the French service :it the battles of Ceri- 
 soles and Dreux. He died 15G3. 
 
 Ai r. ri N, William, a barinter of Lincoln's 
 Inn, author of hice homo, or the excellenc) 
 of women, partly extracted from Agiipjia's 
 b(Jok de nobilitate et praecellent. fxminci 
 sexus. He wi-ote also meditations on the 
 fasts and feasts of the church, published af- 
 ter liis death, folio, 1 037. 
 
 AuTELS, Gillaume dcs, an indifferent 
 French poet of tyharolles iu Burgundy, who 
 died 1576 aged 47. 
 
 .\uTEROCHE, Jean Cliappe d', was born 
 at Mauriac, in Upper Auvergne, son of the 
 lord Auteroche, and he early distinguished 
 himself by his rapid progress in the aequisi- 
 tion of learning, which was aided by the ad- 
 vantagesof rank and of opulence. His superior 
 abilities, especially in drawing and mathema- 
 tics, soon recommended him to public no- 
 tice. The principal of his college, de la 
 Tour, mentioned him to Cassini, and the 
 philosoplier found him equal to his great ex- 
 pectations. Auteroche was employed to sur- 
 vey the royal buildings, and he advanced his 
 reputation by translating Dr. Halley's work.s, 
 and displayed the accuracy of his calculations 
 in his assiduous observations on the two co- 
 mets which appeared in 1760. The transit, 
 of Venus over the sun's disk, on the 0th of 
 June 1761, added still to his popularity. 
 While Pinge was sent to the isle of Rode- 
 rigo, the abjie Auteroche braved the rigors 
 of the north, and fixed upon Tobolsk, the 
 capital of Siheria, as the place for his obser- 
 vations. The apiiearance of the philosopher 
 with his mathematical aj)paratus was viewed 
 by the barbarian natives with astonishment 
 and terroi*, so that the governor was obliged 
 to protect liis person with a guard ; but the 
 cause of science triumphed, and though the 
 clouded skies seemed not to pronuse a favor- 
 able day, yet the transit became visible, and 
 the exulting astronomer, who made his ob- 
 servations in the jiresence of the archbishop 
 of Tobolsk, and other men of science, im- 
 mediately dispatched a courier to Paris with 
 the result of his observations. So much iu- 
 trepidity manifested for the advancement of 
 philosophy did not pass unnoticed by theera- 
 preBs of Russia ; the abbe was invited to 
 Petersburg, an : the most ample patronage 
 aiid the highest academical honors were to 
 attend his settlement at Petersburg. The 
 liberal offers were however rejected by the 
 independent Frenchman, \* ho jirepared, in 
 1709, to view another transit of Venus, and 
 crossed in a small vessel the Atlantic, eager 
 to reach the coast of California, w hich was 
 the place most favorable for the observation 
 of the phienomenon. A pestilential disease 
 had spread devastation over the countiy, but 
 the abbe fearless of danger landed at St. Jo- 
 sejih, determined there to make his astrono- 
 mical remarks against the advice of his 
 frieodii. The 3d of June, the wished for day 
 
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 AY 
 
 anived, the observations -were completed, 
 and the disorder seemed to respect tlie per- 
 son of the abbe ; but, however, three days 
 after he was attacked. Yet he might have 
 struggled against the violence of the disease, 
 and survived the dreadful shock, had he not 
 imprudently exposed himself to the air, and 
 to tiie fiuigue of observing an eclipse of the 
 jTioon, on the very day that he took physic. 
 His fate was now decided, he grew worse, 
 and died August 1st, 1769, in his 49th year, 
 a remarkable instance of indefatigable a])pli- 
 cation unfortunately sacrificed to a too eager 
 pursuit after knowledge. Mis papers were 
 preserved by M. Pauli who accompanied 
 him, and were presented to the world by 
 young Cassini. 
 
 AuTHON, John d', abbot of Angle in 
 Poitou, and of the same family from which 
 sprung Barbarossa, Mas historiographer to 
 LewisXlI. His history of France from 1490 
 to 1508 is very circumstantial and entertain- 
 ing, though he is blamed by some for a cool- 
 ness of narration, and a disinteresting detail 
 of trifles occasionally intersj)ersed with im- 
 probable facts, lledied 1523. Part of ids 
 >\'orks was published by Godefroi, and the 
 I'est still icimainsin manuscript. 
 
 Antomxe, Bernard, advocate in the par- 
 liament of Bourdeaux, was author of a com- 
 mentary on the provincial laAv of Bourdeaux 
 — of Censura Gallica in jus civile Romanum 
 — of a comparison of the French and Roman 
 law, kc. He died 1G66, aged 99. 
 
 AuTREAU, Jacquesd', a painter of Paris, 
 who, at the age of 60, began to write for the 
 stage. His pieces were favorably received, 
 and though they were deficient in intricacy 
 of plot and action, yet they were admired 
 for vivacity, ease, and comic spirit. His 
 "uorks were published 1749, in 4 vols. l!2mo. 
 ■with a preface by Pelessier. The best 
 known of his pictures was his Diogenes with 
 a lanthern in his hand in search of an honest 
 man, which he finds in a representation of 
 cardinal de Fleury. Aulreau lived in relire- 
 rnent, an enemy to the parade, bustle, and 
 follies of life, and happy in his poverty. 
 He died at Paris 1745, in the hospital of 
 incuraijies. 
 
 AuvERGNE, Anthony d', a native of 
 Clermont, director of the opera at Paris, and 
 known as a very eminent composer, whose 
 ■^vorks are held in the highest admiration. 
 He died at Lyons, 12th February 1797, 
 aged 84. 
 
 AuviGNY, N. Castres d', a man of great 
 genius, born in the Hainaiit, and intimate 
 with I'abbe des Fontaines, who nurtured and 
 directerj bis taste. lie Avas an officer in the 
 light-horse guards, ami was killed at the 
 battle of Deltingen, 17'j3, in his 3lst year. 
 His writings were numerous for his ago, antl 
 all on historical subjects, the most admired 
 of which are his lives of illustrious French- 
 inen, 8 vols. 12nio. — his history of Paris, 4 
 vols. l'2mo. — besides memoirs of madame 
 Tiarnevelfit, 2 vols. ISmo. — and histories of 
 Home and France abridged. He is authen- 
 tic, though his style is occasionally too de- 
 clamatory and romantic. 
 
 AuxEN^Tius, a native of Cappadocisr, 
 made bishop of Milan by Constantius, but 
 excommunicated by a council at Rome. He 
 was an Arian by principle. He <lied 374.— 
 Another of the same name was so violent in 
 his tenets that he challenged St. Ambrose 
 to a public disputation which he as prudently 
 rejected. 
 
 Au2,oNT, Adrian, a native of Rouen, 
 known as a mathematician. He is said to be 
 the inventor of the micrometer in 1667, the 
 merit of which, however, is claimed also by 
 tlTc English. He first suggested the idea of 
 applying the telescope to the astronomical 
 c^uadrant, tbotigii some attribute it to Picard. 
 He died IC/Jl. He wrote a treatise of the 
 mici'ometer, printed 1693, folio. 
 
 AxERETO or AssERETO, Elaise, a cele- 
 brated Genoese admiral who defeated Al- 
 phonso V. kingof Arragon, in a naval battle, 
 143.'", and took him prisoner. 
 
 AxiOTHEA, a female philosopher in the 
 age of Plato, whose lectures she attended in 
 man's clothes. 
 
 AXTEL, Daniel, a colonel in tlie parlia- 
 mentary army, of whose private character 
 few circumstances are known. He was 
 strongly infected with the puritanical tenets 
 of the times, and so firmly convinced of the 
 justice of the cause of the parliament, that 
 from a gi-ocer he became a soldier, and by 
 his good conduct rose to the place of colonel. 
 He was one of the officers employed at the 
 trial of the king, and his behaviour showed 
 that he had not preserved much reverence 
 for fallen majesty. He afterwards went to 
 Ireland, but being dissatisfied M'ith the con- 
 duct of Henry Ci'omwell, the lord lieutenant, 
 he gave4n his resignation, till the expulsion of 
 the second protector and the restoration of the 
 old parliament called him again toaction. He 
 M-as however opposed liy Monk and dispos- 
 sessed of his command, and after supporting 
 general Lambert against Ingoldsby, he was 
 obliged to fly, but was soon taken and com- 
 mitted to the tower. He was the 50th of the 
 52 excepted from the bill of indemnity, and 
 he was accordingly tried as being concerned 
 in the king's murder. It was sufficiently 
 evident that he had acted with unusual se-i 
 verity against the king, and that he had been 
 concerned in his execution, and therefore he 
 was sentenced to be hanged at Tjburn, 
 which sentence was executed on the 19th 
 Oitober 1660. Axtel in his last moments 
 sliowefl great firmness of mind, and attemp- 
 ted to justify his conduct to the spectators. 
 His bead was stt up at the end of Westmin- 
 ster-hall, and the limbs exposed in other 
 places. He left a widow and seven children, 
 for whom he had provided in the days of his 
 prosperity a suffitient subsistence. 
 
 Ayesha, daugliter of Abubeker, was the 
 most beloved of the wives of Mahomet, 
 though she bore him no child. After his 
 death she opposed the succession of Ali, but, 
 though violent and revengeful, her charac- 
 ter was respected, and wheii taken prisoner, 
 she was dismissed without injui'v. She died 
 677, aged 67. 
 
AY 
 
 AY 
 
 AYi.t:sBiTRY, Sir Tiiomas, a native of 
 London, fducatcil at WcstminsttT school and 
 Christ Church, where lie look his nj:t.siei''3 
 (legi'ee. liis abilities as a luathemalician and 
 man of science rcconiniended him to the 
 <lnke of liuckinj^hani, h\ whose inlliienef lie 
 was nuule a bar(jiiel, and master of the nnnt. 
 During the civil wars he sulfered much from 
 the virnleme of the pei-seeiition of th«- par- 
 liament, and on tlie kinj^'s death he rciired 
 to Flanilers, where he died 1057. In his 
 public character he was a ijreat pati-on of 
 litei'ature ; and ainoiii!; his Irienils particular- 
 ly was Thomas Harriot, and also Thomas 
 Allen who intrusted his MSS. tf) his coidi- 
 dential care. His daui^hter mariied lord 
 Clarendon. 
 
 AYLESHiMtv, William, son of tlie pre- 
 cedmg;, was horn at \V estniinsler, and like 
 his father, educated at \\ esi minster school 
 and Christ Church. Charles I. who knew 
 fiis merits, appointed him tutor to the young 
 duke of iJuckingham, and his brother lord 
 Francis \ iiiiei's, with whom he travelled, 
 ami on his return he was m:-!e groom of the 
 r(»yal chamber, and encouraged to translate 
 d'Avila's hisloi-y of the civil wars of Fratice, 
 Av'hich appeared in London, folio, 1(347, and 
 1678. 'I'hc civil wars reduced liim from 
 comfortable independence to poverty, and 
 he passed to Jamaica, where he died about 
 1657. While in Italy it is said that he was 
 nearly murdered by two assassins, who mis- 
 took him for another person against whom 
 their weapons were directed. 
 
 Ayleti, Robert, a master in chancery, 
 of Trinity-hall, Caml>ridge, L. L. 1). 1(314. 
 He wrote Susanna, or the arraignment of the 
 two elders, in 8vo. I62t2, and divine and 
 moral specidations in verse — the Britannia 
 antiqua illustrata, tliough ascribed to him, 
 was supposed to be wriuen by his nephew, 
 Aylett Sammes, as he did not possess suffici- 
 ent labor and learning for the execution. 
 
 Aylix, Joliii, author of the history of 
 Friuli, found in Muratori's antiquitat. Ital. 
 raedii ievi, Milan, 1740, was an Italian writer 
 of the l4tl» centuiy, 
 
 Aylmer, John, was born at Aylmer-hall, 
 in Norfolk, 15iil, and patronised by the 
 marquis of Dorset afterwards duke of Suffolk, 
 who maintained him at Cambridge, and 
 made him tutor to his children, among whom 
 was lady Jane Grey. He warmly espoused 
 the cause of the reformation, so that his 
 pulpit eloquence was instrumental in con- 
 verting many of the people in licicester- 
 shire; but when Alary came to tKc thn»ne, 
 he had shown himself too zealous against 
 popery to be safe in England, and therefore 
 he fled to Strasburg and Z'.ii-ich till the ele- 
 vation of Elizabeth recalled hi.Ti home. He 
 ■was one of the eight divines appointed to dis- 
 pute with the same number of ('atholics ; 
 but though his learning was great, and his 
 zeal unceasing, lie receive<l little prefer- 
 ment, because it is said he had with some 
 asperity reflected upon the indolence of the 
 bishops and their e.xcessive incomes. His 
 abilities, however, were at last rewarded, 
 
 I and he was mide bishop of London when 
 Sandys was translated from that see to Can- 
 terbury, it is, houcver, a strong reiiection 
 on his character, iliat he sued for dilapida- 
 I tions and with great earnestness his prede- 
 . cessor, who had Imcu warm in his recom- 
 i mendalion ol him to a dioc<.'se, and recr>ver- 
 ; ed 900/. or ItXJO/ His attention as a bisliop 
 I was e.\em|iiar) , he watched wiih a jealous 
 , eye over the dignity of the clergy, and none 
 but deserving characters wei-e admitted can- 
 didates for orders. During the pl.-igue the 
 bishop's humanity was eminently ccjuspicii- 
 ous. By his orders the sick were visited by 
 his clergy, every possible comfort was liber- 
 j ally administeretl, and books with direttiuns 
 I to prevent the spreading of the coi\tagiori 
 i were iVeely circ'dated at his expense. lu 
 his last years he wished to exchange his 
 diocese for Ely or Winchester, hut when 
 this could not be eflfected, he hoped to resign 
 in favor of Dr. Bancroft, which tiie latter re- 
 jected. He died at Fulham, 3i\ of June, 
 1594, aged 73. He was a man of groat learri- 
 . ing, strong sense, of a warm independent 
 ; temper, eloquent and popular as a preacher, 
 ! and as a bishop, rigid in enforcing punctualli- 
 t_\ and subordination, so that the puritans 
 ; and anabaptists whom he opposed, have de- 
 ■ scribed him as intolerable in his conduct, 
 ! virulent in his language, and tyrannical over 
 I his inferiors. Though economical he loved 
 ; magnificence, so that his household consis- 
 ted of 80 persous. He married Jutlith Buers, 
 by whom he had seven sons and two or three 
 daughters. He died rich, but his successor 
 obtained dihipidations. He has been accused 
 of avarice in cutting down the woods which 
 belonged to his diocese, to the amount of 
 1000/. to the hurt of his successor, and iii 
 conseijuence of a representation to the coun- 
 cil of the circumstance, the queen enjoined 
 him to desist. He was author of an answer 
 to Kno.v's blast against the empire of wo- 
 men. 
 
 Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, bart. was de- 
 scended of an ancient Sa.\on family, seated 
 at Bacron Alof, near Wye, in Kent, in the 
 reign of Henry HI. He was educated at 
 Westminster school, and St. Johti's college, 
 O.xf'^rd, and became eminent for his learn- 
 ing and his knowledge of the history and an- 
 tiquities of his country. He intended to 
 write the history of Suffolk, but he droppeil 
 the intention from the deficiency of the ma- 
 terials jiromised to him, and in 1747, ha, 
 circulated proposals for a translation of the 
 French encyclopa^tlia witJi adiiitions aiid .a 
 large collection of articles concerning the 
 history and antiquities of Great-Britain, ia 
 10 volumes 4to. price 9/- 9*. but after the first 
 volume ^^ as publi.sbcd, the prosecution of 
 the work was laid aside for want of sufikient 
 patronage. Sir Joseph was elected vice- 
 president of the antiquarian society, and his 
 various publications on the antiquities of 
 England, aiul on local history, and on dif- 
 ferent monuments, proved li-ow well he de- 
 served the jmblic favor. He married, in 
 1^34, -Mrs. Margaret Railton, widow, by 
 
AY 
 
 AY 
 
 whom he liad an only son who died of Uie 
 small pox, at Cambi-idge, in his 21st year, 
 December I'JtIi, 1756, and the liither died 
 i'.t Lambetli, April 1781, aged Tti, and was 
 buried with his lather and son in the vault of 
 Hendou church. His manuscripts were sold 
 after his death. On the establishment of 
 the paper office, he was the first in the com- 
 mission ; he was also secretary to the com- 
 missioners for the building of Westminster- 
 bridge. Besides various papers in the Ar- 
 chieoiogia, he published calendars of the an- 
 cient charters in the Tower of London, 1772, 
 4to. — additions of Leland's collectanea, 9 
 vols. 8vo. — liberniger Scaccarii, 2 vols. 8vo. — 
 Hearne's curious discourses, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Ayi.on, Luke Vasquesd', a Spaniard en- 
 gaged in the discovery and conquest of Arae- 
 I'ica. He made an expedition into Florida, 
 1520, and is supposed to have perished in a 
 second voyage to the same place. 
 
 AvMAii, James, a peasant of Dauphine, 
 who acquired some reputatio •■ by pretend- 
 ing to discover secrets, hidden treasures, 
 robberies, &c. by means of a sacred wand. 
 His fraud wivs discovered, and he retired 
 again to obscurity. De Vallemont, however, 
 wrote a book on his divining rod. He died 
 1708, in his 46th year. 
 
 Aymon, John, a Picdmontese who em- 
 braced the tenets of Calvin in Holland, and 
 afterwards returned to the Romish church 
 under the patronage of the cardinal de Noial- 
 les, who procured for him a pension. He 
 was permitted access to the king's library at 
 Paris, but he dishonorably abused the confi- 
 dence reposed in him by conveying away 
 some of the books, and among others the 
 manuscript original of the synod of Jerusa- 
 lem, held 1672 This he printed in Holland 
 with other pieces, under the name of monu- 
 mens de la religion des Grecs, et de la 
 fausset6 de plusieurs confessions de foi, 1718, 
 in 4to. This was answered and criticised 
 with spirit and ability by Renaudot. He 
 wrote besides some treatises on ecclesiastical 
 histoiy, especially les S> nodes nalionaux des 
 eglises reformecs de France, 1710, 2 vols. 
 4to. — tableau de la cour de Rome, 1707, 
 12mo. — the letters of Cyril, Lucar, itc. 
 
 Ayres, John, an English penman of con- 
 siderable eminence, of whose life few par- 
 ticulars are known. He was in the house- 
 holil of sir William Ashnrst, lord mayor of 
 London, 1694, to whom he dedicated his 
 arithmetic made easy, a popular work of 
 which a 12th edition appeared 1714. His 
 tutor to penmanship, engraved by John 
 Strut, was published 1695, and inscribed to 
 king William ; and in 1700 appeared his 
 Paul's school round hand. He lived at the 
 hand and pen in St. Paul's chnrcli yard, 
 w here he published several other works on 
 penmansliip. 
 
 Ayrmin ov Ayermin, William, a na- 
 tive of Lincolnshire, made ctiancellcr of 
 FiHgland b} Edward lU. and afterwards trea- 
 surer. He was also sent as ambassador to 
 Rome, where, by his intiigues, he obtained 
 the nomination to the vacant bishopric of 
 
 Norwich from the pope, whicli so offended 
 the king, that he refused for a long time to 
 admit him to his see. He died about 1387. 
 
 Aysa, a Moorish female, taken prisoner 
 by the Spaniards under Charles V. at the 
 siege of Tunis. She rejected with noble in- 
 dignation the offers of MuleyHaseen who 
 wished to redeem her from captivity, and 
 observed that as he had been stripped ol his 
 kingdom, she uisdainea to owe her liberty to 
 so great a coward. 
 
 Ayscough, George Edward, son of Dr. 
 Ayscough dean of Bristol, and of Anne, 
 fifth sister of lord Littleton, was an otticer 
 in the foot guards, and distinguished by his 
 literary accomplishments. He wrote Semi- 
 rarais a tragedy, 1777, and on his return trom 
 the continent, which he visited for the bene- 
 fit of his health, he publishe»l letters front 
 an officer of the guards to his friend in Eng- 
 land, w ith some account of Prance and Italy 
 1778, .Svo. He fell a victim to a rapid con- 
 sumption l4th Oct. 17/9. 
 
 Ayscough, Samuel, an indefatigable 
 compiler. He was born at Nottingham, 
 where his education was begun under the 
 care of Mr. Johnson, till the misfortunes of 
 his father rendered his further progress itt 
 learning impossible. Prom the mean occu- 
 pation of servant in a mill, young Ayscough 
 was drawn by the friendship of a schooi-fel- 
 low who knew his meiit and liis industry, 
 and he was in 1770 admitted into the British 
 museum, and some time after obtained the 
 office of under librarian. His time was use- 
 fully employed in this noble national estab- 
 lishment, and he made a correct catalogue 
 of the MSS. of the collection. He also as- 
 sisted in the arrangement of the papers in 
 tho Tow-er, and made an inde.x to the first 
 56 vols, of the Gentleman's Magazine, to 
 the Monthly Review, to the British Critic, 
 to Shakspeare, and to other popular works. 
 He wrote besides remarks on the letters of 
 an American farmer, &(•. He was for some' 
 time curate of St. Giles's in the Fields, and 
 he began in 1790 to preach the Pairchild 
 lecture on Whit-Tuesday, founded in Shore- 
 ditch church, before the Royal Society, 
 which he continued for 14 years. In 1804 
 the lord chancellor gave him the living of 
 Cudham in Kent, but the appointment cam« 
 too late to a man who desc rved, for his inde- 
 fatigable industry and correct conduct, bet- 
 ter preferment, for he died the next } ear. 
 
 Ayscue, Sir George, a gallant English ad- 
 miral descended from an ancient family in 
 Lincolnshire. He was knighted by Charles 
 L but in the civil wars he declared for the 
 commonwealth ; and when the fleet revolted 
 to piince Rupert, he brought his ship, the 
 Lion, into the Thames, and was rewarde<l 
 for his attachment to the pai-Iiament with a 
 command on the Irish station, where his va- 
 lor and experience greatly contributed to the 
 reduction of Ireland. In 165) he reduced 
 Barbadocs, and the next year he defeated a 
 Dutch fleet, aid soon after, in consequence of 
 his dispute w itli Bl;;ke, he retired from tlw 
 service to command the fleet of Charles G\is- 
 
AZ 
 
 AZ 
 
 taviis king of Sweden. After tlio restoration 
 he wa» prnnuiled in the Enj^lisii ii:ivy, and in 
 IGGG connnantU'd tlie lioyal I'rince, tlie 
 lari^est al»i|> in tlic uorhl ; wiicn, during a <Ie.s- 
 pcriitc figlit of four davs wilii the Dutch 
 ilect, he unforluniUfly, :irter piTfornuiig re- 
 l)eated acts of heroism, sli lu k on the (ial- 
 loi)er Sand, and was, agwinst his will, obliged 
 by liiscrcw tosun-ender. The Dutch, proud 
 of their cai)tive, carried hin» from town to 
 town as a spectacle to the people. Sir 
 <icorge after this never went again to sea, 
 but lived and died in retirement. 
 
 AiAKi AH or L'y/AiAH, king of Jndah af- 
 ter Aniaziah, U. C 810, was at first a good 
 and popuhtr prince, but afterwards became 
 an idolat* r, and died a leper. 
 
 AxAKi.vs, a rabbi, author of a Hebrew 
 work called the light of the eyes, containing 
 various historical miscellaneous subjects, be- 
 sides Aristcas' letter on the Sei)tuagint trans- 
 lated into Hebrew. Tlie work was printed 
 at Mantua 1574. 
 
 AxEVEDO, Jgnatius, a Portuguese Jesuit 
 born 15*27. lie relinquished the indepen- 
 dence of a large fortune to embark as a mis- 
 sionary to India. The vessel in which he was 
 was attacked by pirates, and he ai\d his I'J 
 companions wre massacred by the barbarous 
 enemy 15th July 1570, near Palma. This 
 cruel event was feltand lamented through Eu- 
 rope, and Azevedo was proclaimed a martyr 
 by a papal bull. 
 
 Az A 1 c i; E T A, Martin, surnamed Navarre, 
 'd. lawyer, born 1494 at Verasoa, near Pam- 
 -peluna, distinguished as a professor in Tari- 
 
 ou"i universities. He di. d «t Home 1586k 
 His works appeared at L)on8, G vols, folio, 
 
 i5'jr. 
 
 AiOKit'S, John, a native of Lucca near 
 Carthrigena, who became eniinent aniong 
 the Jesuits, as a public professor, at Alcalri, 
 and at Konu*. lie wrote Institutionuni mo- 
 ralium, 3 vols, folio in cnnticum, &cc. and died 
 at Rome lGO;i. 
 
 Azz-i He For I I, Faustina, a native of 
 Arezzo, distinguished for h<r poetical ta- 
 lents, and admitted into the academy of Ar- 
 cadia under the name of Eurinomia. She 
 published a volume of Italian poems, and 
 died May 4, 1724. 
 
 Azzo, Fortius, a native of IJoIogna, made 
 professor of law there 1190. He is author 
 of a summary of the code, and the institute, 
 much esteemed. He died 1220. 
 
 AzzocuiDi, Valerius FMaccus, a l<'arnefl 
 antiquarian of liologna. He wrote on the 
 origin of the town of Bologna, r.nd the chro- 
 nology of the first king of Etruria, and oii 
 the age of tlie patriarchs mentioned in Ge- 
 nesis. Hg died at Bologna, 1728, aged 77. 
 There were tw o other authors of that name, 
 of no great celebrity. 
 
 Axxor.iN'i, Lawrence, secretaiy to pope 
 Urban \ HI. and bishop of Narni, died ISTrJ. 
 He wrote an admired satire against de- 
 bauchery, 8vo. His relation, Decio, was rais- 
 ed to the dignity of cardinal by Innocent X.. 
 He wrote political aphorisms, and was Uie 
 favorite of Christina queen of Sweden who 
 left to him all her property. He died 1G89, 
 aged 07. 
 
 BA 
 
 BAAHDIN, Mahomet Cebet Amali, a I 
 learned Persian, author of a summary '. 
 of civil ami canon law, which was complet- 
 ed and enforced thi'ough Persia by the com- 
 mand of Abbas the great. 
 
 Baan, John de, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Haerlem 1633. He studied under Bek- 
 ker, and acquired so much celebrity, that 
 Charts H. and all the royal family were 
 painted by him. After some residence in 
 England, he went to Italy, where he was pa- 
 tronised by the grund duke of Tuscany. His 
 talents were so great, that he excited the 
 jealousy of inferior artists, and one of them 
 nearly succeeded in stabbing him to the 
 heart. This ingenious man, whom his pen- 
 cil had rendered i-ich and independent, died 
 at Amsterdam 1702. His son James was 
 also an artist of eminence, who followed 
 king William into England at the revolution, 
 and ilied 1700, aged 27. 
 
 Baarsdorp, Cornelius, author of Me- 
 tbodus universe artis medico;, 5 vols, folio, 
 Bruges 15.38, was patronised by Charles V. 
 to whom he was physician and chamber- 
 lain. 
 
 Baart, Pete", a Latin and Flemisli poet 
 and physician, author of the Flemish Geor- 
 
 BA 
 
 gics, a poem in imitation of Virgil, antl 
 highly cnmn)ended by his countrymen, but 
 with undiscerning partiality. He wi'otc also 
 another poem, called le Triton de Frise. 
 The year of his death is unknown. 
 
 Baba, a Turkish impostor. He anonn- 
 ced himself in 1260, in the town of Aniasia, 
 as the messenger of God; and ^* hen oppo- 
 sed by the Turks, he collected a number of 
 adherents, at whose head he laid waste the 
 fairest portion of Natolia. He was at last 
 overpowered, and his sect totally dispersed. 
 
 Babek, a Persian, who in 823 assembled 
 a miUtitude of fanatical followers, with whom 
 he defeated the troops of the caliph Almr^- 
 mon. He was conquered by the ne.vt caliph, 
 and after being led about on an elephant 
 through the streets of Samara, his hand's 
 and legs were cut ofV, and he expired in the 
 midst of tlie greatest agonies. One of the 
 ten executioners who followed liim declarerl 
 that he had himself put to death not less 
 than 20,000 men. 
 
 BABACorscHi, tlie surname of a mufti 
 of Cafla in the Taurida, author of a political 
 treatise called the friend and favorite oi' 
 pripces. He died 783 of the hegira. Ano- 
 ther of the same name and place <lied 974, 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 sntlior of a T)Ook of moral essays called tlie 
 Garden of Anemones. Both productions are 
 probably by tbe same pen, from a mistake 
 in tf»e figures of the liegira, from the negli- 
 gence of copyists. 
 
 Babeuf, Francis Noel, a native of St. 
 Quintin. He was at first a menial servant in 
 the fan»ily of a benevolent master near Roye, 
 Avliose kindness in Histructing him in reading 
 and writing, he I'epaid by dibtressing I im in 
 an iniquitous lawsuit. He next became an 
 aitorney, and in the beginning of tlie French 
 revolution, he esca]>ed from the prison ol" 
 Arras, where his dishonesty had inimured 
 Lim, to come to Paris, where, assuming the 
 name of Gracchus, lie published a paper cal- 
 led the Tribune of tlie people. By dissemi- 
 nating the most pernicious principles, and I'C- 
 commending the division of all property, he 
 continued popular, and on the fall of Robes- 
 pierre, he was regarded as a proper person 
 to succeed the tyrant, and to guide the des- 
 tinies of France, by shedding the blood of 
 her virtuous citizens. This [»roiligate char- 
 acter was at last denounced by some of his 
 accomplices, and condemned to the guillo- 
 tine. He suffered with great composure, 
 179", aged 37. An account of his trial, in 
 ■which he displayed great eloquence and as- 
 tonishing firmness of mind, has been publish- 
 ed in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bab IN', Francis, a native of Angers, 
 known as a learned and virtuous ecclesiastic. 
 He was divinity professor, and published the 
 conferences of the diocese of Angers, 18 
 vols. 12mo. continued in ID other volumes, 
 by la Blaniere. He died 19th Dec. 1734, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Babin'gton, Gervase, a native of Not- 
 tinghamshire, educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a felloAv. 
 By the interest of Henry earl of Pembroke, 
 to whom he was chaplain, he obtained pre- 
 ferment, and was at last raised lo the see of 
 JLlandafT, and from thence translated to Here- 
 ford; and in 1597 to Worcester. He was a 
 great benefactor to the cathedral library at 
 Worcester. He died of the jaundice May 
 17th, 1610. He -wrote notes on the five 
 books of Moses, and expositions of the ci'eed, 
 &c. besides sermons published in folio, 1615 
 and 1637. 
 
 Babixgton, Antliony, a native of Der- 
 byshire, known in English history for his 
 conspiracy to assassinate, with other Roman 
 catholic associates, queen Elizabeth, and 
 thus to procure the I'elease of the unfortu- 
 nate Mary of Scots. This diabolical scheme 
 ■was zealously undertaken in the hope that 
 Mary would reward her deliverer by taking 
 1dm to share her throne. The plot was dis- 
 covered by Walsingham, and the conspira- 
 tors suffered death, 15S0. 
 
 Baeur, grandson of Tamerlane, dis- 
 puted with his elder brother Aly Doulat for 
 the sovereignty, and in consequence of a 
 treaty obtained the province of Georgia. He I 
 •was afterwards engag(;d in bloody wars with 
 bis relations, and after a terrible battle he 
 ordered the head of liis brother Mohammed, 
 
 w ho liad fallen into his hands, to he cut off 
 in his presence. He died 1471, in conse- 
 quence of a violent fit of passion. 
 
 Babylas, a bishop of Antioch, put to 
 death during the persecution of the emperor 
 
 Deciii:^., 251 
 
 Baca I, the surname of Ibrahim Ben- 
 omar, a learned mu'>iulman, who died 885, of 
 the hs-gira. He is author of several treati- 
 ses on the manners of ancient philosophers, 
 on the art of divination by numbers, the 
 liraises of poverty, a commentary on the Ko- 
 ran, &CC. 
 
 Bacalaki, the surname of Abuhecre, the 
 author of a book to explain the difficult pas- 
 sages which occur in the Koran. 
 
 Baccalar-y-sanna, Vincent, marquis 
 of St. Philip, a native of Sardinia, who raised 
 himself to consequence by his services to 
 Charles H. and Philip V. of Spain, in his 
 native country. He wrote The Monarchy 
 of the Hebrews, which has been translttted 
 into French, 4 vols. l^mo. — and Memoirs of 
 Philip V. 4 vols. VZmo. and died at Madrid 
 1726. 
 
 Baccalt, a learned Mahometan, sur- 
 named, from his learning, the ornament of 
 the doctors. He wrote a book on the prayers 
 of the Musselmans, and on the gloiy and 
 excellence of the Arabs. He died in the year, 
 of the hegira 562, or, according to othei'.s, 
 573. 
 
 Baccelli, Jerome, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who translated the Odyssey into 
 Italian seioiti verses 1558. He died before 
 the completion of his translation of the Iliad. 
 
 Bacchetti, Lawrence, professor of 
 medicine and jurisprudence at Padua, pub- 
 lished dissertations on acids, alkalis, &c. and 
 died 1708. 
 
 Bacchini, Benedict, a Benedictine of 
 Parma, author of a literary journal which 
 gave offence to his superiors. He retired to 
 Modena, vhere he became librarian and 
 historiographer to the duke, and afterwards 
 he filled the chair of ecclesiastical history 
 with ability. He published several very 
 learned works, and made a collection for the 
 history of the house of Este, which he left 
 in the hands of Muratori. He died 1721, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Bacchylides, a lyric poet of Cos, who 
 flori.shed about 432 B. C. 
 
 Bacchylus, bishop of Corinth in the 
 second century, wrote a letter in the name 
 of the bishop of Achaia, on the proper time 
 for the celebration of the feast of Easter. 
 
 Baccio, Andreas, a native of Ancona, 
 professor of medicine at Rome, and ]>liysi- 
 cian to pope Sixtus V. He wrote some 
 learned and valuable treatises, de vcnenis et 
 antidotis ; de gemmis, de thermis, de natur.ili 
 vinorum historia, &c. He died about the be- 
 ginidng of the 17th centurv. 
 
 Bkacio, Francis Bartholomew, an liisto- 
 rical and portrait painter of Florence, who 
 died 1517, aged 48. His coloring and the 
 elegance of his figures were mucli admired. 
 
 Bach, John Sebastian, a German musi- 
 cian, born at Eisenach. He ■«vas in the ser- 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 vice of the duke of Saxe ^^ cimar, and was 
 eminent for liis skill in playing on iUc oi-^:\u. 
 His compositions an; imich admired. lie 
 «lit'd at Lc-ipsic, I75i, a;^cil (Vj. His sons, 
 Charles and John, were equally cnnnciit as 
 musicians aiul comp(jscTS. 
 
 Uaciia i; MO N, I^tvvis Petit dc, a native 
 of Paris, known as the author of secret inc- 
 moirs, to ehicidate tlie history of literalnrc 
 in Pi'aue*', in jO vols. I'Jmo. and oilier works, 
 lie died May 1st, 1771. 
 
 15 ACH ELI ER, Xicliolas, an arcliitect and 
 sculjuur, who, aflii- btn«ling at Uome undir 
 Michael Angelo, ii:lroducedat Toulouse and 
 Luita, the i^raceful :(nd easy manner of his 
 luaster instead oi the heavy gothic which then 
 prevailed. He adorned several churches by 
 his srtdpture, and was universally admired 
 for the power of his chisel, lie died af- 
 ter LktS. 
 
 Uachin'i, TJernardine, a Benedictine, 
 Lorn at Borgo San Domino. The weakness 
 of his constitution obliged him to relinquish 
 tlje pulpit, and in his learned retirement he 
 composed some Aahiable books in Latin and 
 Italian, a literary journal from 1686 to 1697, 
 i) vols. Vto. de sistrorum figuris, &cc. and died 
 at Bologne, September 1st, IT-l, aged 70. 
 
 Bach o VI us, Reinier, a native of Cologne, 
 \vho became eminent as a civilian. He left 
 licipsic, because his tenets as a C:\lvinist 
 vere disagreeable to the people, and after- 
 •wai'ds he embraced the opinions of the Ca- 
 tholics, and was made professor at Heidel- 
 herg by the duke of Bavaria. ' 'e died 1614, 
 aged 70. His son was professor also at Hei- 
 delberg, and died a good Catholic. He pub- 
 lished exercitations ad partem posteriorem 
 Chiliados Fabri, 1024 — de aclionibus, lO'iG 
 — depignoribus & hyi)Othecis, 1627 — dlspu- 
 tat. de variis juris civilis materiis, 1604 — In 
 institutionum Juris Justinian, libros 4 com- 
 inentar. 1628. 
 
 Bacici, John Baptiste Gauli, a native of 
 Genoa who, at the age of 14, entered into llie 
 service of a dealer in pictures at Home, 
 vhere lie saw and was patronised and in- 
 structed by Rernini. He soon became emi- 
 nent as a painter, and particularly distin- 
 guished himself by drawing the portrait of a 
 man dead for 20 years, whose features he gra- 
 dually collected from the information of sur- 
 viving friends, so that at last he produced a 
 most perfect and complete resemblance, 
 riiough bold in his ideas and great in his co- 
 lorings and his foreshortening, Bacici is occa- 
 sionally blamed for incorrectness, and for 
 •want of taste in liis draperies. The violence 
 of his temper proved fatal to liis fannly, in 
 reproving his son before his companions he 
 gave him a blow on the face, which so irri- 
 tated the feelings of the youth that he threw 
 himself into the Tyber, and left his father in- 
 con.solabIe. He died 1709, in his 70th year. 
 
 Backer, James, a Dutch portrait ])a'in- 
 ter of eminence, who died 1560, aged 30. 
 
 Backer, Jacob, a portrait painter, l)orn 
 at Hcnlingen. His pieces ai-e much admi- 
 red He died 16;>1, aged 42. 
 
 Backhouse, William, a Berk sliii'e gen- 
 
 tleman, educated at Christ Church. He left 
 Oxford wilhnul a degree, and retired to his 
 seat, \s here he devoted hiniself to alchemy 
 and astiology, and had among Ids pupils anj 
 fiiends I'di.is Ashmole,>v ho calU <1 him father. 
 He (lied 1662. He was author of the jtlea- 
 sant fountain of knowledge, from thePrencli, 
 8vo. 1644 — The complaint of nature — The 
 gr)lden fh( cc, ^<r. — and he alsf) invented the 
 instiument called the Way wiser. 
 
 Backhuysen, Ludol'ph, a painter of 
 Kmbden, whose sea [jieces were much ad- 
 mired. He <lied 17(J9, ageti 78. 
 
 Bacox, Robert, an English friar, known 
 at Oxford a.s divinity pi()fessf)r as well as by 
 his ojjposition to Peter de Kupibus bishop of 
 A\ iiiton, the 4"avorite of Henry HI. He vi- 
 sited Paris, and in 12J3 was made treaiiirer 
 of .Salisbury cathedral. He wrote among 
 other things the life of St. Kdmund the pri- 
 mate, and died 1248, and was buried at Ox- 
 ford. 
 
 Bacon*, Iloger, was born near Ilcliestcr, 
 of a respectable family, 1214. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and visited Paris, the com- 
 mon resort of the learned of the times, and 
 after taking the degree of doctor, and be- 
 coming monk of the Franciscan order 1240, 
 he returned to his native country. A strong 
 inquisitive mind soon raised him to coii.se- 
 quence, and as he was liberally supported iu 
 his pursuits by the munificence of his friends, 
 among whom v. ere bishop Grostete, Kicli 
 the primate, Shirwood chancellor of Lincoln, 
 and i)rofessor Fishacre, he made the most 
 rapid sti'ides in the advancement of science 
 and philosophy. His experiments and his 
 calculations w ere so far above the compre- 
 hensions of his age, that he was accused of 
 magic; and the eagerness with whicli he stu- 
 died astrology strongly supported the suspi- 
 cion. The monks of his order grew jealous 
 of his reputation, his works were rejected 
 from their library, an<I the princip ,1s of the 
 order was prevailed upon to imprison him. 
 In his confinement Bacon composed his 
 " Opus majus," addressed to the Pope, in 
 which he hoped to prevail upon the pontitf 
 to reform the errors of the church, or pro- 
 pose some efficient method to stop the pow- 
 er of scepticism and of antichrist. At last, 
 after ten years of painful soliiude, he was set 
 at liberty by the interference of his friends, 
 and the success of his application to the ge- 
 neral of his order, Jeroni d'Ascoli, who was 
 lately raised to the papal chair, to whom he 
 inscribed liis treatise ** on the means of 
 avoiding the infirmities of old age." The 
 remainder of his life was spent in academical 
 repose at Oxford, where he died llth June, 
 1294. Bacon is universally allowed to have 
 been a man of superior merit, and his exam- 
 ple and the vast acquirements of his mind in 
 a barbarous age strongly evince with wiat 
 sticcess industry and jiersevcran- e may la- 
 bor in the road of learning. The discoveries 
 and the more accurate experiments of the 
 moderns pay daily tributes of gratitude and 
 reverence to this father of philosophy, and 
 it is now majiitest that to his comprehensive 
 
 ; 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 miad were known many of tlic secrets wliicTi 
 the tnil and repeated efforts of succeeding 
 ages liave scarce brought to liglit. He was 
 acquainted witli the structure of an air pump 
 ;uid with the laws of optics, and the power of 
 glasses ; he knew tlie preparation of phospho- 
 nis, and he clothed in unintelligible language, 
 the name of gunpowder, which he said was 
 formed with sulphur, nilre and charcoal, as 
 if he anticipated the devastation whicii its 
 discovery by Sehwart, some ages after, was 
 to bring upon mankind. In his writings, 
 vliich amounted to above 80 treatises, some 
 of which are published and some preserved 
 in manuscript in the libraries of Karope, he 
 wsed an elegant and nervous stylo, and was 
 always accurate in his observations on na- 
 ture. His great knowledge of chemistry 
 Jias been most satisfactorily proved by the 
 experiments of Mr. Romberg. To his me- 
 rits much praise is paid by Drs. Jebb, 
 Browne, Boerhaave, Frcind, Peter Shaw, 
 &c. 
 
 Baco.v, Sir Xicholas, keeper of the great 
 seal under Elizabeth, and the descendant of 
 ■an. ancient Suffolk family, was boi'u 1510. 
 He wasofCorpusChristi college, Cambridge, 
 to which he became a munificent benefactor, 
 and after travelling in France he studied the 
 Inw at Gray's Inn. He was employed under 
 Henry VIII. to whom he proj)osed a plan, 
 v^hich however was nevei* adopted, for the 
 erecting of a college to instruct young states- 
 riien in all the branches of political know- 
 ledge. He was knighted by Elizabeth, and 
 raade keeper of the seals in the room of 
 Heath archbisiiopof York; hut as he favored 
 the Suffolk succession he was treated with 
 coldness, and suspected of assisting Hales in 
 ■writing a tract to favor the claims of the 
 dutchess of Suffolk against the rights of the 
 queen of Scotland. He was, however, soon 
 after reinstated in tlie queen's good opinion 
 Ly the inrrrference of sir William Cecil, and 
 he died 2Uth February 1579. He was buried 
 in St. Paul's, and his monument was de- 
 stroyed by the great fire in IGOO. By Jane 
 Ferneley his first wife he had three daugh- 
 ters and three sons, Nicholas, Nathaniel, and 
 Edward ; and by his second, Anne Couk, he 
 left two sons, Anthony and Fj'ancis. 
 
 Bacon, Anne, second daughter of sir 
 Anthony Cook, preceptor to king Edward 
 YI. and wife of the preceding, was eminent 
 for her learning, piety, and virtue. She 
 translated from the Italian into English O- 
 chine's sermons, and Jewel's apology for the 
 church of England, from the Latin ; and 
 died about the begir.ning of the reign of 
 James I. at Gorhambury, near St. Albans. 
 
 Bacox, Francis, viscount St. Albans, was 
 son of sir Nicholas Bacon mentioned above, 
 and was born at York-house in the Strand, 
 2'2d January l.iGl. He was early introdu- 
 ced at court ; and after he had studied at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, under Whitgift, 
 afterwards archbisho;) of (Canterbury, he ac- 
 companied, though little more than 10, sir 
 Amias Pawlet, ambassador to the court nt 
 France, where, by his diligence and punctu- 
 
 ality, he gave gi'eat satisfaction to the queeUf 
 Dui-ing his travels, his failier died ; and as he 
 found himself not master of the independ- 
 ence which he expected, he applied himself 
 to the study of law at Gray's Inn; and, by 
 the means of lord Burleigh, he obtained at 
 ooui't the reversion of the registership to the 
 star chamber, worth 1600/. a year, which, 
 however, he did not enjoy till twenty years 
 after. Whilst at Gray's Inn, where he was 
 chosen Lent-reader, he fcu'med the plan and 
 drew the outline of his great philosophical 
 woi-k, the iiistauration of the scier.ces ; but 
 r.eitlu^r his learning nor his abilities recom- 
 mended him at court, as the favors of the 
 queen were divided between the Cecils 
 and the earl of Leicester, who was after- 
 wards succeeded by Essex : and Bacon, un- 
 fortunately for his advancement, warmly 
 embraced the cause of the latter. Elizabeth 
 was sensible of his great ta'ents, but neither 
 her partiality nor the friendship of Essex 
 could overpower the cold phlegmatic aver- 
 sion of tlie Cecils, who represented Bacon 
 as a speculative man, v, hose head was filled 
 with philoso[diy, and not with political know- 
 ledge. The disapporntment was gre^it, and 
 Bacon would liave buried himself in a foreign 
 kingdom, if his fi'iends had not interfered. 
 On the succession of James I. he rose into 
 power, though still opposed by Cecil earl of 
 Salisbury and by sir Edward Coke. He was 
 knighted and successively made attorney- 
 general, keeper of the seals, lord chancellor, 
 and raised to the peerage. His elevatioa 
 was not unattended by the envy of enemies; 
 and he was soon accused at the bar of the 
 house of lords by the commons of gross bri- 
 bery and corruption. The king, who sa%T 
 that not only Bacoii but his favorite Villiers, 
 was aimed at, advised liis chancellor to make 
 no defence, and promised him both protec- 
 tion and A^vor if he wei*e condemned Bacon, 
 unhappily fm* his reputation, made no de- 
 fence, and he was found guilty, 3d May, 
 1621, fined 40,000/. imprisoned in the Tower, 
 and declared incapable to serve his majesty, 
 and unworthy to retain his seat in parlia- 
 ment. Though there is some reason to sup- 
 pose that Bacon listened to bribery, either 
 by himself or his servants, in casjs wliich 
 were pending before him, yet it is remark- 
 able that none of his decrees in chancery 
 were afterwards set aside, as dictated by op- 
 pression, partiality, or falsehood; a fact that 
 establishes his probity far beyond the power 
 of interested declaimers, or venal paneg}'- 
 rists. The fine was remitted by the king; 
 and though the disgraced chancellor deter- 
 mined to spend the rest of his life in pri- 
 vacy, yet he was restored to the public opi- 
 nion, and sat in the first pailiament called by 
 Clu'.rles. At no time, cither of elevation or 
 disgrace, Bacon forgot the great object of his 
 heart: he labored assiduously and earnestly 
 for the establishment of his new j)hilosoi)hy. 
 He died April 9, 1626, at lord Arundel's 
 house, Highgate, of a fever, and was buried 
 in St. Michael's church, St. AJban's, wliere 
 sir Thomas Meautys, his secretary, erected 
 
BA 
 
 AH 
 
 a mfMinmcnt (n liis honor. At the .iji;c ornO, Un- 
 coil iiiari-icd tlic daiigliter otaitli-i-inan Itaiu- 
 ham, of London, by whom he had no issue. 
 The lady siirvivcMl him 20 years. In his con- 
 duct. Bacon Mas j;<. ntrous and hn inane, for 
 thouy;h he had a cjood income, ISOD/. h year 
 from liis pension,, Old 7(H)/. (Voin hisestatcs, his 
 del)ls at his decease u ci"e lonnd lo amount lo 
 S'ijOUU/. liacon has been censured, and de- 
 servedly, lor stantliiij^ loi-lli as the accuser (jf 
 Kssex, a man wlio had patronised and pro- 
 tected him. As a w riter, his " novum orga- 
 niim scientanuni," lias, among his otlier per- 
 formances, imniorlaliv.od his name. He has 
 introduced a new species of philosopliy to 
 enlii;lilen and djj:;nily man, to teach him Jiow 
 to think, and to lead him from error, from 
 darkness, and false comprehension, to truth 
 and to the most accurate conclusions. Ba- 
 con, however, as a pliilosophcr, has met op 
 ponents, and Hume has not hesitated, in his 
 comparison of his merits witli tliose of (iali- 
 leo, lo raise the Italian far above the fame of 
 his countryman Bacon's works were col- 
 lected in 5 vols. 4to. and beautituliy printed 
 by Bowyer and Strahan ITCtO, and in 1778 in 
 5 vols. 4to and since, 10 vols. 8vo, 
 
 Bacon, Anthony, elder brother to the 
 chancellor, dislinguisheil himself foi* his great 
 knowledge of politics, which, however, he 
 did not display in the public service, as he 
 was satisfied with the tranquillity of a more 
 pi-ivate station. He was very intimate with 
 Essex, and he assisted him with his advice, 
 in the midst of his distresses, and even re- 
 sided for some time in liis house, as he was 
 unable from lameness to visit him frequently. 
 He left his estate to his brother, the chancel- 
 lor. 
 
 Bacox, Sir Nathaniel, knight of the bath, 
 half brother to the chancellor, was distin- 
 guished as a painter in the style of the Fle- 
 mish school. Some of his pieces are pre- 
 served at his seat atCulford, and atGorham- 
 bury, among which a picture of himself by 
 himself is much admired, and a cook-maid 
 with dead fowl. 
 
 Bacox, Phanuel, was educated at Mag- 
 dalen college, O.vford. He took his degree 
 of D. D. 1735, anrl became rector of Baldon, 
 Oxfordshire, where he died, January -2, 1783. 
 He wrote, besides five plays, published in 
 17.57, an elegant poem called " the artificial 
 kite," first printed in 1719, and inserted in 
 the Gentleman's Magazine 1758 ; and he was 
 admired for the ready flashes of his wit and 
 for liis punning. 
 
 Bacon, John, an English sculptor, born 
 at South wark, 24tli November, 1740. At 
 the age of 15, he was bound to a china ma- 
 nufacturer at Lambeth ; and in this employ- 
 ment he so distinguished himself by his assi- 
 duity, that in a little time the improvements 
 of the manufactory were all the eftbrts of his 
 genius. From the various models which 
 were presented to his view, he laid the foun- 
 dations of his future fame ; and in his execu- 
 tion displayed such taste and correctness, 
 that he obtained not less than nine premiums 
 Irom the society fm* the encouragement of 
 VOL. I. 16 
 
 arf5. lie formed and carried ijjto pcrfectiou 
 the' designs of making statues of artificial 
 .stone, and in 17G3, he began first to u»e the 
 instrument, since improved, by which he 
 transferred the lorm of the model to the 
 marble. He obtained, in 17G9, the gold me- 
 dal of the- i'ov.'d societv, anfl was arlmitted an 
 associate; and his manly ligur<; of Mars in- 
 creased, il possible, the high rejtutatioa 
 which he had already acfjuired. His admi- 
 red bust of the king, for Ur. .Murkham, to 
 be placed in Christ (/hurch-ball, Uxfon), 
 procured him the royal patronage. Auolhei* 
 bust was also made lor (iottingen ui.'iversity; 
 and he was now considered as the only artist 
 whose genius could delineate the grou[» of 
 lord Chatham's monument in (iuildhall, and 
 that of the celebrated Guy, for his noble hos- 
 pital. The other more remaikable produc- 
 tions of his chisel are Mrs. Draper's monu- 
 ment in Bristol cathedral, two groups at the 
 top of Somerset-house, a statue of Henry V'l. 
 for Eton college, judge Blackstone's statue 
 for All-soul's college, Chatham's monument 
 in Westminster abbey, and the statues of 
 Jobn-son and of Howard in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral. An inflammation in the bowels proved, 
 fatal to this most ingenious artist, 4th August, 
 1799. He left a wife and eight children. 
 The inscription over his grave declares, ia 
 his own words, that whatever he might have 
 been as an artist, his belief in Christ is the 
 only important thing now. The article on 
 sculptor in Kees' encyclopaedia was his ele- 
 gant production. 
 
 Baconthorpe, John, a monk of Nor- 
 folk, called the resolute doctor. He wrote, 
 commentaries on the four books of senten- 
 ces, a compendium of the law of Christ, &cc. 
 and died in London, 134G. 
 
 Bacoue, Leo, a protcstant of Gascony, 
 wlio became a convert to popery, and was 
 the only one who as such obtained a bishop- 
 ric under Lewis XIV. at the solicitation of 
 the duke of Montausier, as the rewai-d of his 
 Latin poem on the education of a prince. 
 He died bishop of Pamiers, 1694, aged 94. 
 
 Bacq^uerre, Benedict dc, a physician, 
 little known, but as the author of an excel- 
 lent w ork, '* senum medicus," printed at 
 Cologne, 1G73. 
 
 BACQ_uET,advocntetothe kingof France, 
 wrote some ingenious law works, printed^ 
 Lyons, "2 vols. fol. 1744. He died 1597. 
 
 Bactishua, George Ebn, a Christian 
 physician, noticed at the court of Alman- 
 sor. As he had an old woman for his wite, 
 the caliph sent him 3000 dinars, and tliree 
 beautiful girls, as a present, w hicli the phj- 
 sician sent back, observing, that his religioa 
 forbade him the use of more than one wo- 
 man at a time. Almansor, pleased with him, 
 sent him back to Korasan. His son (iabriel 
 was also a physician in tlie household of 
 HaroHu Al R.ischid. 
 
 Bauakscui, a Persian poet under the ca- 
 liph Moctafi. Hisdivan, or collection of poems, 
 is written upon the fortunes which attended 
 the great men of the court ; and he says, 
 that the varied scene i'n hum-uji affairs ought 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 not to create surprise, as we see that lite is 
 measured by an hour-glass, and that an hour 
 is always above and Vlie other below in alter- 
 nate succession. 
 
 Badasch, a commentator on the book of 
 Ben Sarragi, on Ai-abic grammar. He died 
 in the year of the hegira 528. 
 
 Badcock, Samuel, son of a butcher of 
 South Moulton, was born February 23, 1747, 
 and was educated, after his family, in the 
 tenets of the dissenters, among whom he was 
 intended for minister. During the period of 
 his education, he imbibed some of the strong 
 principles of the methodists on free grace, 
 election, &c. which in his maturer years he 
 totally abandoned. His tirst employment as 
 pastor was at Wimborne, in Dorsetshire ; 
 from whence he shortly removed to Barn- 
 staple, in Devonshire. In this new situation, 
 he met some of Dr. Priestley's theological 
 works, which he admired so much, that he 
 paid a visit to the author atCalne, and after- 
 wards corresponded with him. His vivaci- 
 ty, however, the modest elegance of his dis- 
 courses, and tlie easiness of his manners and 
 con>versation, soon raised him enemies among 
 a set of men who had embraced the rigid te- 
 nets of the nonconformists in the age of 
 Cromwell, and he was ejected from his of- 
 fice, in 1777, on a scandalous imputation, 
 which afterwards proved false, and highly 
 reflected on his accusers. He retired to 
 South Moulton, where he found his friends 
 sincere, but his income small. In 1780, he 
 began to w-rite for the Monthly Review, and 
 likewise published a small, but accurately 
 penned, pamphlet on the topic of the day, 
 the materir.lity-or immateriality of the soul. 
 As a I'eviewer, he distinguished himself by 
 his critique on Madan's Thelyphthora, and 
 the Chattertonian controversy ; but when 
 Priestley's corruptions of Christianity ap- 
 peared, his observations upon it wei-e so 
 pointed, so forcible, and so well supported, 
 that they drew an answer from the author in 
 less than a month, in which the abilities of 
 the unknown critic were candidly allowed to 
 be great and respectable. Priestley fountl 
 himself likewise attacked by archdeacon 
 Horsley ; and when Badcock, in the Review, 
 praisc(l the performance, the offended uni- 
 tarian, who had discovered his anonymous 
 antagonist, accused him of misrepi'esentation 
 and gross illiberality. Badcock had the good 
 sense not to reply. During his residence at 
 South Moulton, he married the daughter of 
 Samuel Wesley, master of Tiverton school, 
 and brother to the famous .]ohn Wesley ; 
 ajid from the papers which be received by 
 that connection, he published an account of 
 the family. His literary character was now 
 so well established, that his assistance was 
 courted by Mr. professor White, who had 
 been appointed Bampton lecturer at Ox- 
 ford, in 178.5 ; and from their united laljors 
 "were produced those sermons which have 
 been so much and so deservedly admired. 
 What the extent of this connection was, has 
 been a matter of controversy ; but it must 
 be allowed, even by Dr. Gabriel, who took. 
 
 up the pen with more warmtli than pru- 
 dence, that the professor claims unequivo- 
 cally the whole merit of the plan and of the 
 execution of the better part, and that what 
 he wrote possesses equal strength, elegance, 
 and energy, as what was furnished by his co- 
 adjutor. If Dr. White had been more punc- 
 tual in his payment of a reward so justly de- 
 served, his character might have been unas- 
 sailed, and be miglit have securely reposed 
 under the patronage of the great. In 1786, 
 Badcock quitted the di.ssenters, and the foU 
 lowing spring was ordained at Exeter, by 
 bishop Ross. He engaged as assistant to Dr. 
 Gabriel at the octagon chapel, in Bath, where 
 he preached a much admired charily sermon, 
 printed, but not published. He preached al- 
 so bcfoi'e the judges at Exeter, in Lent, 1783 ; 
 and the following May 19th, he died, of a 
 bilious complaint, at the house of his friend, 
 sir John Chichester, baronet. Queen-street, 
 May Pair. His constitution was naturally 
 weak, and he was frequently attacked by 
 unpleasant and delirious headaches, which so 
 fhuch affected his spirits that he dreaded the 
 loss of reason far more than death. The 
 powers of his mind were strong and vivid, 
 and his genius was exerted, with the liberal- 
 ity of his friends, to support him above the 
 embarrassments of indigence. 
 
 Bad ENS, Francis, an historical and por- 
 trait painter of Antwerp. He died 1603, 
 aged 32. 
 
 Badew, Richard de, a native of Badow 
 Essex. He was chancellor of Cambridge 
 1326, and laid the foundation of a college cal- 
 led University hall, which was destroyed ac- 
 cidentally by fire ; and when rebuilt b}-^ the 
 daughter of Robert de Clare, earl of Gloces- 
 tei', was called Clare-hall. 
 
 Badile, Anthony, an Italian painter of 
 Verona, whose peiceswere admired for cor- 
 rectness and taste. He died 1560, aged 80. 
 
 Baduel, Claude, a protestant divine at 
 Nismes, professor in Switzerland, where he 
 died 1561. He wrote on theological subjects. 
 
 Baersius, or Vekenstil, Henry, au- 
 thor, among other things, of tables of the 
 longitudes and latitudes of the planets, pub- 
 lished 1528, was a painter and mathemati- 
 cian of Lou vain, in the 16th century. 
 
 Baerstrat, a Dutch painter. His sea 
 and fish peices were much admired. He di- 
 ed 1687. 
 
 Bafk ARKAH, the surname of Abn Zohal, 
 a commentator on Euclid. 
 
 Bagdedix, Mahomjned, an thor®f a trea- 
 tise on the division of sup^'rficies, published 
 in a Latin translation by John Dee, was an 
 Arabian mathematician of the lOlh century 
 
 Bagford, John, a native of Lonclon, 
 originally a shoemaker, and afterwardsa book- 
 seller and an antiquarian, and a collector of 
 old English books, curious prints, bcc. He 
 enriched the fasnous library of Moore, bishop 
 of Ely, for which he Avas admitted into the 
 Charter-house by the prel.^te. He died at 
 Islington, May 15th, 1716, aged 65, and was 
 buried at the Charter-house. His very val- 
 uable collection of books and antiquities, pro- 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 cured not only at liomc but abroa<l, was piu-- 
 chased by the carl of (Jxlord, and added lo 
 bis library- He published i)ro|)osals, l'i»7, in 
 the Philosophical Tiansaciions, lura }j;;t,-rKMal 
 history of printing; and liis manuscripts, 
 though badly written, and worse spelled, may 
 be consulted with advanlnge. Some ol' his 
 letters and collections are preserved in the 
 British Museum and in the public library of 
 Cambridge. There was a print engraved of 
 him, 1728, by (ieorge A erlue. 
 
 Baggeu, .Tohn, m;ule bishop of Copcidia- 
 gen at the age of -'.>, in consecpiencL- of his 
 extensive knowledge of oriental learning and 
 of theolog}', Mas a native of l^unden, and di- 
 ed 16Uj, aged 47. He [)nblished some learn- 
 ed tliscourses in Danish and Latin. 
 
 Baci, Zadel), a Mahometan commenta- 
 tor on the book escharat, &c, who died the 
 vear of the hcgira 1013, 
 
 Bag LI ox I, John Paul, a native of Peru- 
 gia, who usurped the s')vereignty of his coun- 
 ti'y, of which he was dispossessed by Ciesar 
 Borgia. He afterwards served in the Italian 
 armies, especially in the pay of Venice, and 
 was at last treacherously invited to Rome by 
 the pope, Leo X. who dreaded his intrigues, 
 and cruely beheaded, 1520. 
 
 Baglivi, fieorge, a native of Apulia, 
 vho, after studying at Padua, settled as pro- 
 fessor of anatomy at Rome, Avhere he died, 
 1706, in his 58th year. He possessed supei'i- 
 oi" abilities in his profession, as is fully evin- 
 ced by his compositions, all written in Latin, 
 and first published in 1710, in4to. He wrote 
 a curious dissertation on the anatomy, &c. of 
 the tarantula. 
 
 Bagn'ioli, Julius Coesar, an Italian poet 
 of Bagna Cabano, patronised by Michael 
 Perreti, prince of \"enefr«. His best peites 
 are the judgment of Paris, and the tragedy of 
 Ai-agonois. He died about 1600. 
 
 Bagoas, an Egyptian eunuch, in the ser- 
 vice of Artaxerxes. He was put to death by 
 t^odomannus, 356. 
 
 Bagshaw, William, a native of Tidswell, 
 educated at Corpus Christi college, Cam- 
 bridge, and minister of Clessop, which he 
 resigned in 1662, for not submitting to the 
 act for uniformity. He continued to preach 
 pi'ivately, as he was eloquent and popular, 
 and a large meeting-house was erected for 
 him at the revolution. He wrote several 
 valuable treatises ; and died 1703, aged 75. 
 
 Bagshaw, Edward, AL A. a student of 
 Christ Church, Oxford, for some time assis- 
 tant at Westminster, under Busby. He was 
 ordained by Brow nrigg bishop of Exeter, but 
 })roved so violent in his principles tliat he 
 v.as imprisoned for nonconfomity, and died 
 in New-gate, 1671. He was a man of abilities, 
 and wrote Dissertationes duie Antisocinianai, 
 4to. — de monarchia absoluta dissertatio po- 
 litica, Jscc. 
 
 Baguki, a Mahometan, author oi" a book 
 on intemperance and convivial companies. 
 He died 679 of the hegira. 
 
 Baha, a learned Mussulman, surnamed 
 the ornament ofjustice and religion, and re- 
 garded as ;i saiiit and a worker of miracles. 
 He died 857 qitlic hegira. at Ha.r;tra. 
 
 Bahai.i, a Mussulman, autlior of a book 
 on the derivati«jn of Arabic names. He di- 
 ed in the 2'iOth year of the hegii-a. — Ano- 
 thir, who abridged a treatise on the diver- 
 sity of opinions of Mahometan doctors. He 
 died the 321st year of the hegii-a. 
 
 Bahau Ai. iiEFDH, or the sea of memo- 
 ry, wrote a treatise on the manners and qual- 
 ities of ])i-inces, and died in the year 255th 
 of the hegira. 
 
 B.\HiEK, John, a priest of the oratory, 
 born at (yhattillon. He wrote some Latin 
 poems on various subjects, inserted in the 
 collection of de Brieniie ; and died 1707. 
 
 Bah RAM, a brave general, under (Jhos- 
 roes I. or Nushervan, and under his son Hor- 
 mouz, whom he deposed, to seat himself ou 
 his throne. His usurpation was cliecked by 
 Chosrocs, the son of Hormouz ; and, when 
 defeated, he fled to the the great khan, by 
 whom he was afterwards put lo death. 
 
 Bahrdt, Charles Frederic, M. A. a na- 
 tive of Bisschosswerda, who studied at Leip- 
 sic, and assisted liis father, who was there di- 
 vinity professor. An intrigue drove him 
 from Leipsic to Erfurt, where he gave lec- 
 tures on biblical antiquities; and he then re- 
 moved to Giessen, and afterwards to Durk- 
 heira. Here, as preacher to coimt Von 
 Leiningen Dachsburg, he op'^ned a house for 
 the instruction of youth, Avhich he called 
 Philanthropinum ; but his plans failing, he 
 went to Hollaiwl, and then to England, where 
 he obtained four pupils. On his return to 
 the continent, he found that his conduct had 
 given offence at Vienna, and therefore he re- 
 tired to Prussia, and next settled at Halle, as 
 an inn-keeper and farmer. The sentiments 
 of which he boasted in public as a deist, and 
 the establishment of a lodge of new free- 
 masons, rendered him susi)ected to the ma- 
 gistrates, and he was imprisoned for twelve 
 months. He died 1792, aged 51. His char- 
 acter was unprincipled and licentious. He 
 turned out his wife from hi.«; protection and 
 house, to live in adultery with his servant ; 
 and in every part of his conduct gloried in 
 what could oflFend religion and morality. 
 Besides his essay towards a system of the 
 (ioctrines of the Bible, 1769, he^ published 
 other works, equally singular for extrava- 
 gances, profaneness, and licentious opinions. 
 
 Baiax, or Baion, a native of Goa, who 
 embraced Christianity, and came to Rome, 
 where he was ordained priest, about 1630, 
 He was author of some ingenious w orks, be- 
 sides a translation of the iEneid into Greek 
 verse, and the Lusiad of Camoens into 
 Latin. 
 
 Baj.ard, Andrew, an Italian poet o( 
 Parma, patronised by the duke of Milan, in 
 tlie 1 5th century. His poems were first pub- 
 lished by Fogliazzi, 1756. 
 
 BAJA2.ET I. emperor of Turkey, suc- 
 ceeded his father Amurat I. 1389. He con- 
 quered, with unusual rapidity, the provinces 
 of Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Thessaly ; and 
 after he had made the emperor of Constan- 
 tinople tributary to his power, and defeated 
 the army of Sigismund, king of Hungarv, 
 l.)9G, be marched to attack. Tamerlaoe, in 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 the east, whom he treated with such con- 
 tempt, that he caused his ambassadors to be 
 shaved in derision. He was, however, to- 
 tally defeated nearAugoury, l40'2, and taken 
 prisoner ; and when tlie proud conciueror 
 asked him what he would have done with 
 him if he had obtained the victory, Bajazet 
 answered, 1 would have confined you in an 
 iron cage. Such, then, siiall be tljv fate, 
 rejoined Tamerlane. In his cage, B.ijazet 
 behaved with his native fierceness, expect- 
 ing that his sons would rescue him ; but 
 ■when he was disappointed, he dashed his 
 head against the bars of the cage, and died, 
 1403, at Antioch in Pisidia. Some hf)wevcr 
 say, that he waslionorably treated by Tamer- 
 lane. 
 
 Bajazet II. succeeded his father Maho- 
 met 11. 1481, and caused his brother Zi- 
 zini, who opposed him, to be assassinated. 
 He extended the boundaries of his king- 
 dom ; and though checked in his attacks on 
 Syria, he made himself master of the strong- 
 est places of the Peloponnesus, and obligefl 
 the Venetians to sue for peace. His reign 
 •was distracted by intestine discord, and he 
 fell by the perfidy of his son Selim, who not 
 only dethroned him, but caused him to be 
 poisoned, 1512, in his GUtli year. 
 
 Baier, John William, a divine of Xu- 
 remberg, rector and professor of divinity at 
 Halle, where he died, 1094, aged 49. He 
 •was author of a compendium of theology 
 and other learned works. 
 
 Baier, Jean Jaques, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born at Jena, practised with success in 
 several cities of Germany, particularly at 
 Ilatisbon, Nuremberg, and Altorf, where 
 he was professor of physiology and presi- 
 dent of the college of physicians, &c. and 
 vhere he died, 14tli July, 1735. He was 
 author of some Latin dissertations, &c. on 
 medical and botanical subjects, particularly 
 Gemmarum affabi-e sculptarum thesaurus — 
 de hortis celelwioribus Germaniis & horti 
 medici Altdorfini histor. — orationes varii 
 argument! — biographia professorum in acad. 
 Altdorf. &c. 
 
 Baif, Lazarus, a native of Pins, near la 
 Fleche, abbot of Charroux and Grenetiere, 
 and employed as ambassador to Venice, bcc. 
 by Francis I. He wrote some learned, but 
 incoherent, treatises, — de re navali — de re 
 vestiaria, printed at Basil, 1541 ; and died 
 l.')45. His son, John Anthony, wrote some 
 poems, and died 159-J. 
 
 Bail, Lewis, author of a summary of 
 councils, printed, 2 vols. fol. Paris 1072, and 
 an account of celebrated preachers, was a 
 native of Abbeville, whoflorished in the 17th 
 century. 
 
 Bailies, William, a Prussian physician, 
 member of the Loudon and Edinburgh soci- 
 eties, and author of an essay on the Bath 
 •waters, kc. 1757. When introduced to the 
 king of Prussia, the monarch told liim, that 
 to have acquired the great reputation w hich 
 he possessed be must have killed many peo- 
 ple. He boldly replied, not so many as 
 ypur majesty. 
 
 Baillet, Adrian, a learned Frenchmahj 
 born of poor parents atJSeuville, near Beau- 
 \ais, in Picardy, and educated b> the hu- 
 manity of the fathers of a neighbouring 
 convent. He early distinguished himself by 
 his great application; and when in orders, 
 and possessed of the small living of Lardie- 
 res, which produced not more than 30/. a 
 year, he maintained himself and his brother 
 respectably. In 108O, he became library 
 keeper to M. de Lamoignon, and began to 
 form an index of every subject w hich was 
 treated in the books w hich he possessed ; 
 and so voluminous were his labors, that they 
 were contained in 35 folio volumes, and all 
 written with his own hand. His next work 
 was " jugemens des savans." which had a 
 very rapitl sale, and which he totally gave to 
 the Ijookseller, requesting only a few copies 
 for his friends. As in this work he men- 
 tioned not only the praises but the censures 
 passed on ditt'erent authors, he met with 
 violent opposition, and those who suftered 
 by the lash of his criticism rose up in their 
 defence, so that under the names of Asi- 
 nus in Parnasso, anti Baillet, &c. he was 
 virulently attacked and ridiculed. The Je- 
 suits were particularly severe against him, 
 because he had spoken disrespectfully of 
 their society ; and, on the other hand, ex- 
 pressed himself in handsonie terms of the 
 gentlemen of the Port Royal. Besides these, 
 his indefatigable labors produced a prolix 
 life of Descartes, 2 vols. 4to.— an history of 
 Holland — the lives of saints, 4 vols. fol. — 
 and several theological works; and he form- 
 ed the plan of " an universal ecclesiastical 
 dictionary," which was to contain a perfect 
 system of divinity, supported by authorities 
 from scripture and fiom the fathers of the 
 church, in 3 vols, folio, when he died of a 
 lingeringillness,2lst January 1700, in ]us57tb 
 year. 
 
 Bailli, Roche le, called also Riviere, a 
 native of Falaise, physician to Henry IV. 
 Ht; was learned and successful, but too strong 
 a supporter of the docti-ines of Pai'acelsus. 
 He wrote a treatise on the plague and other 
 works in Latin, and died at Paris, 1605. 
 
 Baillie, Robert, a native of Glasgow, 
 known as a presbyterian xlivine and ^s a firm 
 opposer of episcopacy. He was tutor to lord 
 Montgftmeiy, and was patrojiised b}- lord 
 Eglintoun. He was one of those who drew 
 up an accustition against Laud ; and during 
 the troubles of Scotland, he was ever active 
 in support of the presbytery, as well as in 
 opposition to toleration. After the death of 
 Charles i. he waited as a deputed divine 
 from the general assembly upon Charles II. 
 at the Hague, and he expressed in a speech 
 his respect for liis sovereign, and his abhor- 
 rence for the murderers of his father. On. 
 the restoration, he was made principal of 
 the university of Gla.sgow, by the interest 
 ot Lord Lauderdale; but so great was his 
 aversion to ei)iscopacy, that he refused a 
 bishopric. When he was vi.sited, during his 
 illness, by the new-made arclibishop of Glas- 
 gow, he addressed him in these •words ^^ 
 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 ** Mr. Andrews, (I will not call you my lord,) 
 king Charles would have iiunle me one of 
 these lords, hut 1 do not lind in the New 
 'l'esl:in»eiit tli:it Christ had anv lords in his 
 house ;" hut he accompanied his censure 
 •with kindness and courteous liheiality. He 
 died July iGfi'J, ai;ed (>:>. He had hy his first 
 ■wife several children, of whom one son and 
 five daughters survived him. His writings, 
 ■which ai'e now lilile perused, displayed 
 great learning and ingenuity. His Icltei'.sand 
 journals ha\e lately been puhlished, Edin- 
 Lurgli, '2 vols. 8v(». 177 3. 
 
 B.\ii.LOM, William «le, a lear»cd French 
 physician, who obtained great reputation by 
 his profession, as well as Ijy his charity, (lis 
 ^vorks, which are valuable, were edited by 
 his friend and relation, th'; ingenious Dr. 
 'J'hevart, \ enice, 1731, in -ito. and Ceneva, 
 176'2, 4 vols. 4to. iiaillou died IGIG, in his 
 78th year. 
 
 Uai Li.Y,vTames, a French writer, horn at 
 Versailles, lie died 18ih November 1768, 
 aged Ci7. His " theatre" appeared 1768, 2 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Baillv, John Sylvain, a fi^mous astrono- 
 mer, son of the preceding, born at Paris, 
 15tli September 1730. He was carefully and 
 tenderly educated by his friends, and his 
 mind was stored with the treasures of science, 
 though without the labors of classical in- 
 struction. At the age of 16, he wrote two 
 tragedies; in one of which, Clotaire, he 
 painted in vivid colors llie sutTerings and the 
 death of a mayor of Paris by an infuriate 
 populace ; dreadful prognostic of the mise- 
 ries which awaited him. Dramatic compo- 
 sitions, however, were not calculated to dis- 
 play the powers of his genius. The acci- 
 dental friendship of the abbe de la Caille di- 
 rect d him in the pursuit of science; and, in 
 1703, he introduced to the academy his ob- 
 servations on the moon, and the next year 
 his treatise on the zodiacal stars. In 17G6, 
 he published his essay on the satellites of 
 Jupiter, and in other treatises enlarged fur- 
 ther on the impoi'tant subject. In 1775, the 
 first volume of liis history of ancient -and 
 modern astronomy appeared, and the tliird 
 and last in 1779; and, in 1787, that of In- 
 dian and oriental astronomy, in 3 vols. 4to- 
 lie was drawn from his literary retirement 
 to public view as a deputy to the first na- 
 tional assemhly; and such was his popularity, 
 that he was, on July l4th, 1789, nominated 
 mayor of Paris. In this dangerous office, he 
 conducted himself in a very becoming man- 
 ner, eager to check violence, and to enforce 
 respect forthe laws; but his impartiality was 
 considered soon as a crime; and when he 
 spoke with reverence of the royal family, 
 on the trial of the queen, he was regardecl 
 as unfit to preside over the destinies of a re- 
 bellious city. He descended, in 1791, from 
 his elevation, and retired to Melun, deter- 
 mined to devote the rest of his life to lite- 
 rature and science ; but the sanguinary tri- 
 bunal of Itobespierrc, who knew his merit, 
 and would not protect it, dragged him to ex- 
 ccutiou. Ho lost his head by t.lie guillotiue, 
 
 12th November 1793, exhibiting, in death, 
 heroism, resignation, and oigmty. iiesidcH 
 his great w oi-ks, he wrote the cloges oi Leib- 
 nit'/., (,'hailiH V. la (Jaille, Corneilie, two 
 " rapports," and left among liis pa[>erb me- 
 moirs of the revolution, and a work on the 
 origin <tf tables, and ul ancient religions. 
 
 Baii. Lv, David, a painter, horn at Ley- 
 dtMi. His father, who was a painter, placed 
 him under the care of de Ceyn, the engra- 
 ver ; and after visiting Italy and Holland, he 
 settU<l at l>e\den, where he accpiired great 
 reiMitation for his historical pieces, ilo died. 
 103O. 
 
 Baili.y, James, a French painter of 
 Cracay in Berry, who died 'Jd September 
 1679, aged 50. His tlowers, fruits, btc, were 
 much admired. 
 
 Baixuridge, John, a physician and as- 
 tronomer of Ashby de la Zouch, in Leices- 
 tershire. After taking his degrees at Ema- 
 nual college, Cambridge, under the tuition 
 of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of 
 Norwich, he settled in his native country, 
 where he practised physic, and undertook 
 the care of a grammar school ; and from 
 thence he was invited by his friends to Lon- 
 don, where his application to astronomy and 
 mathematics, and his scientific description of 
 the comet of 1018, published in 4to. raised 
 liim to fame and consecjucnce. In 1619, he 
 was made, by his friend, sir Henry Saville, 
 first astronomical professor at Oxford ; and 
 he entered at IMerton college, where he 
 was appointed reader of Linacer's lecture. 
 He died in lGi3, aged 01, and his body, 
 after it had been carried to the schools, 
 where the singular lionor of an oration was 
 pronounced o\er it b\ the university orator, 
 was buried near the altar of Merton church. 
 Bainbridge was indefatigable after litera- 
 ture ; and he begun at the age of 40 to study 
 the Arabic, that he might give a more cor- 
 rect edition of all the ancient astronomers, 
 agreeable to the statutes of his founder. Se- 
 veral of his works have been published. His 
 Procli sphtcra, Ptolemsei de bypothesibus 
 planetarum liber sing'ularis, with Ptolemy's 
 canon I'egnorura, appeared in 1020, in 4to. 
 
 Bai THosus, founded, with iiis friend Sa- 
 doc, the sect which denied a future state and 
 resurrection. These heretics, at first called 
 Baithosici, were better known by the name 
 of Sadducees. 
 
 Baius, or De Bay, Michael, a native of 
 Melin, made divijiity professor of Louvain 
 by Charles V. His abilities were so respec- 
 table, that he was sentas deputy atthe coun- 
 cil of Trent; but his wisli to bring back the 
 followers of I^uther and Calvin to the bosom 
 of the church, induced him to .adopt some 
 of the tenets with respect to justification, 
 which drew upon him the clamors of the 
 Fi-anciscans and other catholic.<;, so tliat his 
 writiiiQ-s were not onlv denounced l.>v tlie in- 
 quisition of Louvain and the Sori)onne, but 
 the pope, Pius V. condrmncd 76 of the points 
 \\ hfrch he ailvanced. He was obliged, there- 
 fore, to acknowledge his errors and his sub- 
 mission to the holy sec; and a cccoiid time 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 the pnpal power interfered between his fol- 
 lowers and those l)i' the Jesuit Lessius, -wlio 
 filled Louvain and tlic Low Countries with 
 their clamor and ultercation. Baius died 
 iCth SeploniLor 1581), aged 76. His works, 
 •which are written in a correct and close 
 stvle, far superior to the learning of the 
 times, were published 1696, in 4to. at Co- 
 logne. He was very attentive in his studies, 
 and it is said that he read St Augastin not 
 less than nine times, to acquire the graces 
 and beauty of his langUBge. His nephew, 
 James Buius, also doctor of Louvain, wrote 
 on the euchariat, inc. and died 10 li. The 
 opinions of Baius were adopted by Cor- 
 nelius Janscnius. 
 
 Baker, David, an English Benedictine, 
 ■nho studied at Broadgate-hall, now Pem- 
 broke college, Oxford, and Avas converted 
 from Atheism to Christianity. He travelled 
 in Italy, and resided in England in the time 
 of Charles I. as missionary ; after which, he 
 settled as director and confessor of the Eng- 
 lish nuns at Cambray. He died in London, 
 1641. He was reniark;ible for his religions 
 zeal. His writings were mostly on theologi- 
 cal subjects, and said by Wood to be pre- 
 served in the monastery at Cambray. His 
 collections for an ecclesiastical history of 
 England, in six folio vaUunes, are lost. Though 
 none of his works v.ere ever printed, they 
 were judiciously drawn up, and have proved, 
 according to Hugh Cressy, very serviceable 
 to succeeding writers. 
 
 Baker, Sir Richard, author of the chro- 
 nicles ofthe kings of England, was born at 
 Sissinghurst, in Kent, and after studying 
 three years at Hart-hall, Oxford, he w.ent 
 &bi*oad to complete his education. He was 
 knighted at Theobalds by James I. 1603; 
 and as he posserssed Middle Aston, and other 
 property in Oxfordshire, he was made sheriff 
 1620. He married a daughter of sir George 
 Manwaring, of Shropshire, and by becom- 
 ing surety for some of her family he was 
 I'uined, and died in the Fleet prison, Februa- 
 ry 18, 1645, and was buried in St. Bride's 
 church. He was a man of extensive learning, 
 as liis miscellaneous works sufficiently prove. 
 The last edition of his chronicle Avas 1730, 
 fol. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, a native of Ilton, So- 
 jTiersetshire, who, after studying at Magda- 
 len-hall and Wadhani college, Oxford, ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Bishop's Nymmet, in 
 Devonshire, where he lived a retired and 
 literary life, and died 1690, aged C5. He 
 distinguished himself by his general knovv- 
 ledge, and particularly by his acquaintance 
 vith the mathematics, as he showed by his 
 useful book called geometrical key, he. 1684, 
 in 4to. and by the answers he sent to the 
 <[ueries proposed to him by the royal society, 
 for which he received their medal. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, a learned antiquary, 
 born of a very respectable family. His 
 grandfather, sir George, -who was recorder 
 of Newcastle, dibiinguished himself by his 
 great exertions in the royal cause, and was 
 almost ruined by his libcralitv in favor of the 
 
 monarcli. His son, George, of Crook, in 
 the county of Durham, married into the 
 Northumberland family of Forstcr ; and 
 Thomas, one of the issue of this marriage, 
 was born September 14th, 1656, i\nd educa- 
 ted at Durham grammar-school, and a.'V.er- 
 wainls at St. John's college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow 1680. Reentered 
 into orders, and was presented to Long New- 
 ton rectory by bi.5iiop Crew, to whom he 
 was chaplain ; but he was soon after disgra- 
 ced, for refusing to read James H's declara- 
 tion for liberty of conscience ; and he resign- 
 ed his living, 1690, and returned to college, 
 whei'e he enjoyed his fellowship till, with 
 twenty-one otiiers, he was dispossessed, in 
 1717. He might have continued in this, but 
 j he refused to subscribe to what his con- 
 j science disapproved; and he expressed 
 I greater indignation against the unprincipled 
 time-serving conduct ofhis immediate friends 
 than against the severity of his persecutors. 
 Though deprived of all offices, he still con- 
 tinued to reside in the college a commoner 
 master till the day of his death, supported, 
 it is said, by Mathew Prior, who retained 
 his fellowship to suppl}' the income to his 
 friend. He was attacked by a paralytic 
 stroke, which in three days terminated his 
 existence, July 2d, 1740. He was buried in 
 the outer chapel of the colle^^e, near Ash- 
 ton's monument, and, by his direction, noth- 
 ing has been erected over his remains. In 
 private life, Baker was distinguished by his 
 affability, his easy and mild nianners, and as 
 a scholar he was equally knoMu. Besides his 
 '- reflections on learning," which passed 
 through eight editions, and his preface to 
 bishop Fisher's funeral sermon for the coun- 
 tess of Richmond and Derby, nothing has 
 been published of his Avorks ; but liis labors 
 were indefatigable in making collections for 
 the history of St-. John's college and the an- 
 tiquity of Cambridge univet'sity, so that not 
 less than 39 volumes in folio and three in 4to. 
 of these valuable manuscripts are preserved 
 both in the British museum and the public 
 library of Cambridge. As his industry Avas 
 so great, and his abilities as an antiquarian 
 so remarkably extensive, it is to be lamented 
 that he did not complete a plan Avhich might 
 hare rivalled the sister university in the 
 labors of her Wood. Baker, as executor of 
 his elder brother's will, Avas the means of 
 founding six exhibitions at St. John's, with 
 money which had been left for charitable 
 uses. He w;is intimate Avith the most cele- 
 brated literati ofhis age, Avho respected his 
 talents, and freijuently consulted him. There 
 is a good likeness of him by C. Bi'idges, and 
 an excellent portrait of liim is also preser- 
 ved by the Antiquarian society. 
 
 Baker, Henry, an ingenious naturalist, 
 born in Fleet-street, London. His mother 
 Avas a midwife of great practice; and he Avas 
 ajiprenticed to the eminent bookseller Avho 
 succeeded the Dodsley's; an employment 
 which, however, he early resigned for phi- 
 losophical pursuits. His chief employment 
 Avas to correct the stammering of grown up 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 persons, and to teacli the <lcaf anil diimT) to 
 sneak; and so successrul were liis cxeitioiis, 
 tliat he acquired an ample I'ortune by this 
 most lionorahle ^jrofcssifxi. Ho was an ac- 
 tive and useful mcniber of tlu; royal and an- 
 tiquarian societies, to whose hii^h leptitation 
 he contributed by freiiuent and st nsible lou)- 
 niunications. lie wrf)te poetry in ibovdun^rr 
 part of his life, and maintained throni;hout 
 a. character lespertable for urbanity nf man- 
 ners, and a coiiciliatinj;- tleporlnicnl. He 
 died in the Strand, i3.)lh November, 1774, 
 in liis 7lst year, and was buried in St. Mary- 
 le-Strand church-yard. ilis miorosc()i>i(al 
 experiments were very valnable, and have 
 been published. His valuable collection of 
 shells, native and foreign fossils, petrefac- 
 tions, corals, ores, kc. was sttid by auction, 
 March loth, 177;), and the following day. 
 His name roust be mentioned as the first who 
 introduced into England the large Alpine 
 strawberry, the seed of which was transmit- 
 ted to him in a letter by professor Bruns, of 
 Turin. He likewise introduceil the seeds of 
 the true rhubarb, rheum palmatum, sent 
 over to him by Dr. Mounsey, the physician 
 of the empress of Russia. He married the 
 youngest daughter of the Avell-known Daniel 
 Dufoe, by M-hom he iiad two sons, who died 
 hcfore him. I'he eldest, David Erskine 
 Bakei", was brought up to the business of a 
 silk throwster, in Spital-fields ; but he grew 
 extravagant and inattentive, and at last lost 
 himself, by enlisting in the mean retinue of 
 a company of strolling players. He wrote 
 jvoetry, and that entertaining book called tlie 
 companion to the play-house, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 17C4, since enlarged, under the title of bio- 
 graphia dramatica, 'i vols. Svo. The secoi.d 
 son, Henry, was a lawyer, but far from re- 
 spectable in his profession. He left an only 
 son, born February 17th, 17G3, to whom his 
 grandfather left all his j)roperty. It is said 
 that the art of instructiug deaf persons 
 perished with Baker, as he enjoined those 
 Avho benefited by his services the most pro- 
 found seci'ecy, and moreover took a bond of 
 100/. for their faithful observance of the pro- 
 mise. 
 
 Bakewell, Robert, eminent as the im- 
 prover of British cattle, was born, 1726, at 
 Disljey, Leicestershire, whore Lis father 
 liad a farm. His attention was directed to 
 the improvement of the breed of cattle, and 
 so successful were his labors, that the Dish- 
 ley sheep became celebrated over the coun- 
 try, and one of his rams was let for the ex- 
 tra«*iHliiiary price of 400 guineas, and his 
 bulls at 50 guineas each a season. He died 
 much respected, 1798. 
 
 Bakhuisen, Ludolph, a painter and en- 
 graver of Erabden, who died 1709, aged 7S. 
 He was self-taught, but his genius soon re- 
 commended him to public notice and to re- 
 putation. His pieces, the subject of which 
 are generally tempests and sea views, kc 
 are highly admired for their spirit, their 
 correctness, and the softness and delicacy of 
 his coloring. Ajnong his patrons and fre- 
 quent visitors were the king of Prussia, the 
 czar Peter I. and the graad duke of Tusca- 
 
 ny, ^^ ho chose among his collection Mf^ / 
 best miglit adorn their palaces. V 
 
 Balaam, son of }{eor or Bosor, a cele- 
 brated prophet of Pelbor, in .\resojU)tamia, 
 who was siiit tor b\ Bulak, king of Moab, 
 that he might curse the children of I.srael. 
 'I'he cui'se w hich he intended to pionouncc 
 against this favorite p;tO[)Ie was, by the in- 
 IhiiMice of the Almighty, changed into a bles- 
 sing ; but though h<? thus (lisai)|)ointed the 
 expectations of jialfik, the wicked prr)phet 
 encouraged him privately to allure the Israel- 
 ites to the comiiiiiision of «lebancliery and 
 lewdness ; and the advice fatally succeeded. 
 Balaam was Lilleil ^^ith JJalak in a battle, 
 about U.'iO, B. C. 
 
 Bai.amio, Ferdin-and, a native of Sicilr, 
 physician to pope Leo X. about 1555. JJr, 
 was eminent in literature as well as medi- 
 cine, and tratislalcd so»ne of Galen's works 
 into Latin, published 15bG, in Latin, at Ve- 
 nice. 
 
 Balassi, Mario, a painter at Florence. 
 His copy of Raphael's transfiguration was 
 much admired, as also his historical pieces- 
 He died 1CG7, aged 6.3. 
 
 Balathi, a surname of Abulfeda 0th- 
 man ben Issa, who wrote a treatise on the 
 chai^acters of different alphabets, kc. 
 
 Balbi, Jolm or ,Ianua, a Genoese Do- 
 ininican, author of several commentaries, 
 Sfc. His chief wwk is his •* catholicon," an 
 useful and popular book, containing a classi- 
 cal encyclopaedia, &c. printed 1460, folio, 
 Mentz. It was one of tlie first books ever 
 printed. 
 
 Balbin'us, Docimus Ccelius, emperor »f 
 Rome, -37, with ]Maximu.s, was the next 
 year mtirdered by liis soldiers. 
 
 Balbo, Jerome, a bishop of Goritz, M'ho 
 died at Venice, 1535. He wrote de I'ebtjs 
 Turcicis, 15(26, 4to. — defuturisCaroli V. suc- 
 cessoribus, &c. 
 
 Balboa, Vasco Nugaes de, a Ctistilian, 
 known by his enterprising genius and his 
 misfortunes. He acquired reputation as one 
 of the American adventurer.^, and in 1513 
 he left Spain, to discover the South Sea, 
 and in one month after his departure he 
 gained the wished for ocean. Fame, fljui 
 not the accumulation of wealth, was the ob- 
 ject of his heart. Though he could possess 
 pearls and gold, he preferre<i the love of his 
 fellow adventurers. He was fonnd at Santa 
 Maria, on the coast of Darien, where he had 
 built a town, and crossed the isthmus, in thtj 
 meanest habit, building a hut for his dwel- 
 ling, by the governor of the .Spanish king, 
 who became jealous of his popularity, and 
 falsely accused him of felonv. The charge 
 was easily proved before a. corrupted tribu- 
 nal ; and the unfortunate Balboa lost Jiis 
 head by a tyrannical sentence, 1517, at the age 
 of 4-2. 
 
 Balbuexa, Bernard de, a Spanish poet 
 of eminence, born at Toledo, and educated 
 at Salamanca, where he took his doctor's 
 (lecrrees. He settled in America, and died 
 there lfi'27, after being seven years bishop ol 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 BALCAXQ.rAL, Walter, a Scotsmaii, who 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 Denbigh- 
 
 v^tendeil James I. when he came to England, 
 \iud bfecame his chaplain. He took ihe de- 
 gree ot" D. D. at Oxfoid, and appeared at the 
 synod ot" Dort as repiesencative for the 
 ciiureh of Scotland. He was successively 
 master of the Savoy, in 1624 dean of Roches- 
 ter, aii<l in 1639 dean of Durham. He wrote 
 king C arles' declaration concerning the 
 late tumults in Scotland, fol. 1630 — ser- 
 mons, — epistles concerning the Uort synod, 
 ^c. He was a great sufterer during the re- 
 bellion, and with 'lifticuity escaped his perse- 
 cutors. He died at Chirk castle, 
 shire, Christmas day, 1645. 
 
 Balde, James, a native of Upper Alsatia, 
 very highly applauded in Germany for his 
 poetry, and surnamed the Horace of his 
 country. He died at Xeuhurg, 16{)S, in his 
 f)5thyear; and so honored was his memory, 
 that the senators of the place eagerly solicited 
 to obtain his pen, which was, as a most pn ci- 
 ous relict, carefully kept in a silver case. The 
 labors of Balde are miscellaneous, partly dra- 
 matic, partly odes, kc. exhibiting strong 
 flashes of genius, but without the correct- 
 ness and judgmei'.t of mature taste. His 
 Uranie victorieuse was rewarded by Alexan- 
 der VII. with a gold medal. The best edi- 
 tions of his works are, Cologne, 4to. and 
 liimo. 1645. 
 
 Balderic, a bishop of Noyon, in the 
 l!2th century, author of. the clironiqiie des 
 eveques d'Arras et de Cambrai. — Another, 
 of the same age, bishop of Dol, was author 
 of the crusades, kc. 
 
 Baldi, Lazarro, a disciple of Peter da 
 Ccwtona, born in Tuscany, and distinguished 
 as a painter. He was employed by Alexan- 
 der Vn. in the painting of the gallery at 
 Monte Cavallo. He died 1703. 
 
 Bai.,dini, John Anthony, a nobleman of 
 Placentia, engaged as ambassador at various 
 courts of Europe, and at the congress of 
 Utrecht. He died 1735, aged 71. He made 
 a valuable collection of curiosities and of 
 books, a catalogue of which appeared in the 
 Italian literary journal. 
 
 Baldinucci, Philip, a Florentine of the 
 academy of la Crusca, well acquainted with 
 painting and sculpture, of w hich he began the 
 history, at the request of cardinal Leopold of 
 Tuscany. Hts death, in 1696, in his 72d 
 year, prevented the execution of a plan ac- 
 curately and ably conducted. He wrote the 
 general history of painters, 6 vols. — an ac- 
 count of the progress of engraving on copper 
 — a vocabulary of desigjis. 
 
 1>.\LD0CK, llobert de, an ecclesiastic, 
 who shared the favors and the misfortunes of 
 Edward II. He died in Mewgate. 
 
 Baldock, lialphe de, was educated at 
 "Merton, Oxford, arul made bishop of London 
 on the death of Gravesend, 1304. His elec- 
 tion was disputed ; but he was confirmed by 
 the pope, and consecrated at Lyons by the 
 cardinal of Alba, 1306 ; and on liis return to 
 England he wasmnde chancellor f>f the realm 
 by Kidward 1. w hich he I'esigned on the king's 
 death. He was a virtuous and charitable 
 prelate; and his history of the British affairs. 
 
 uoAv nn fortunately lost, thotigh seen by Le- 
 land, proves that he possessed learning and 
 great judgment. He died at Stepney, July 
 24th, 1313, and was buried in St. Mary's 
 chapel, at the east of St. Paul's, to the build- 
 ing of which he had liberally contributed. 
 
 Baldus, or Baldi, Bernard, a native 
 ot Urbino, abbot of Guastalla, distinguished 
 by his great learning, indefa'.igable applica- 
 tion, and ids knowledge of sixteen languages. 
 He published tracts on mechanics, kc. and 
 had begun an historical and geographical de- 
 scrijition of the world, which he did not finish, 
 dying 1617, aged 64. His lives of mathema- 
 ticians appeared 1707. 
 
 Baldi'S, de Ubaldis, a civilian of Peru- 
 gia, and writer on the canon law, who died 
 1433, at Pavia. His works appeared in 3 vols. 
 folio. 
 
 Baldwin I. count of Flanders, was en- 
 gaged in the crusades, and behaved with such 
 bravery, that when Constantmople was taken, 
 li04, by the united forces of the French and 
 Venetians, he was appointed emperor of the 
 East. His virtues deserved the high eleva- 
 tion; but, in those turbulent times, he was 
 unfortunate in a battle whicli he fought 
 against the Greeks and Bulgarians, 15th 
 April, 1205. He was taken prisoner by his 
 ferocious enemies, and, after a confinement 
 of sixteen months, barbarously put to death, 
 in his 35th year. 
 
 Baldwin II. the last Latin emperor of 
 Constantinople, was raised to the throne 
 122S, in his llth year, after his brother Ro- 
 bert. His reign was agitated with the dis- 
 sensions of powerful rivals ; and though he 
 was once victorious over his enemies, he had 
 the misfortune to see his capital taken, by 
 Michael Palseologus, in 1261, and, to avoid 
 falling into the hands of the conquerer, he 
 fled to Negropont, and then to Italy, where 
 he died, 1273, aged 55. His only son Pliilip 
 died two years after him. 
 
 Baldwin I. king of Jerusalem, was bro- 
 ther of Godfrey de Bouillon, whom he ac- 
 companied to Palestine during the crusades. 
 After the death of Godfrey, he succeeded to 
 tlie throne of Jerusalem, 1100, and the next 
 year conquered the towns of Antipatris, 
 Cicsaria, and Azotus, to which Acre was ad- 
 ded in 1104, after an obstinate siege. Ho 
 died 1118, and his remains were deposited 
 in a church on Mount Calvary. 
 
 Baldwin II. king of Jerusalem, was son 
 of Hugh count Rethel, and succeeded to the 
 throne after Eustace, brother to Baldwin I. 
 had declared his unwillingness to reign, 
 1118. He was a brave warrior, and defeated 
 the Saracens in 1 120, but four years after he 
 was unfortunately taken prisoner, aufl ob- 
 tained his release only by delivering up the 
 town and fortress of Tyi*e. He died 1131. 
 
 Baldwin 111. king of Jerusalem, son of 
 Fulk of Anjou, succeeded his father, 1143, 
 under the guardianship of Ids mother. He 
 was successlul in some battles, and took As- 
 calon, and died 1103. 
 
 Baldwin IV. king of Jerusalem, suc- 
 ceeded his father Amaui-y, 1174. A-s he 
 
BA 
 
 15 A 
 
 •^ns a leper, llaymond of Tripoli held Uic 
 reins of government, which were resii^ned 
 by the subtle sovereign to his nepliew, IJald- 
 ivin V. He died llS.>,.'iiul his successor the 
 foilowinj? year, as it is said, of poison, ad- 
 ministered hy Ids mother, that her husband, 
 liuy de Lusignan, niight ascend the vacant 
 throne. 
 
 Baldwix, Francis, a native of Arras, 
 professor of law at liourges. Angers, Paris, 
 Strashui-g, and Heidelberg. He was patro- 
 nised hy Anthony king of Navarre, Oliarles 
 v. and by Henry 111. duke of Anjou, and af- 
 terwards king of France, whom he intended 
 to accompany when electe<l king of Poland ; 
 hut a violent fever checked his journey, and 
 pi-ovcd fatal, l;irj, in his 5 kh year. Ho died 
 a catholic, though it is said that he four times 
 exchanged his religion from catholic to pro- 
 lestant. He was author of leges de i-e rus- 
 tica — novella eonstitutio prima — de hicredi- 
 bus — k; de lege Placidia, he. 
 
 JJai.dwin, Martin, a native of Camper, in 
 Brabant, first bishop of Ipres, Avho distin- 
 guished himself at the councils of Trent and 
 iVIalines, 1570, and wrote commentaries, kc. 
 
 Baldwin, Frederic, a native of Dres- 
 den, Aviio wrote commentaries on St. Paul's 
 epistles, 8cc. and died 1027. 
 
 Baldwin, a native of Exeter, primate of 
 England, who attended Richard I. in his 
 crusade to the holy land, and died there, 1191. 
 His works appeared by Tissier, 1G6'2. 
 
 Bale, Robert, a native of Norfolk, edu- 
 <;ated among the Carmelites of Norwich, 
 "where he became prior, and died 1503. He 
 is author of annales per breves ordinis Car- 
 3nelit. — historite ^eUie prophetse- — officium 
 Simonis Angli, &c. 
 
 Bale, John, a native of Cove, in Suffolk, 
 educated, from poverty, among the Carme- 
 lites at Norwicli, and thence removed to Je- 
 sus college, Cambridge. He was a Roman 
 catholic, but by the influence of lord Went^ 
 %vorth he became protestant. The resent- 
 ment of the Romish priests, however, Avas so 
 great, that he fled over to Holland, where 
 lie continued six years, till he Avas recalled 
 and promoted by Edward VI. to a living in 
 Hampshire, and afterwards raised to the see 
 of Ossory, in Ireland, which however, he 
 abandoned, on the accession of Mary, to 
 iivoid the persecution of the cfitholics. He 
 retired to Holland and SAvitzerland ; but on 
 the accession of Elizabeth he refused to re- 
 turn to his diocese, satisfied in the peaceable 
 enjoyment of a prebend at Canterbui-y, 
 ■where he died, 1503, aged 07. During his 
 absence in Holland, he wrote some excellent 
 hooks in English ; but his most valuable work 
 is his Latin account of the best English Avri- 
 ters, Avhich he gradually enlarged, and dedi- 
 cated to Edward VI. It containe«l a catalogue 
 of361S years, from Japhet to 1557, extracted 
 from Bcrosus, Bede, kc. printed Basd, 1557. 
 
 Balechon, Nicholas, an eminent engra- 
 ver, born at Aries, son of a button-seller. 
 He died suddenly, at Avignon, August 1705, 
 aged 40. There was much delicacy and 
 i£oftness in his execution. Ilis principal 
 
 VOL, I. 17 
 
 pieces are Ics belles marines, Ste. Gene\ieve, 
 and a portrait of Frederic Augustus king of 
 Poland. Of this last he took proof ini[)rcs- 
 sions, contrary to his promise to tht; dau- 
 phincss, for which violation of his m (*rd ht- 
 was expelled from the academy, and sent f(» 
 a disagreeable retirement. He was Avell ac- 
 (juainted wilb chemistry. 
 
 Balen, -Matthias, a native of Dordt, honi 
 1011. He published, in 1G77, an interesting 
 account of his native city. 
 
 BALEN,Hendrick\ an, a native of Antwerp, 
 eminent as a painter. His best pieces are the 
 drowtdng of Pharaoh, and the judgment of 
 Paris. He died 1032, aged 72. His son John 
 was also eminent as a landscape painter. 
 
 Bales, Peter, a man eminent for his skill ia 
 penmanship, and considered as the inventor 
 of short-hand Avriting. He studied at Clo- 
 cester-hall, Oxford ; and in 1575 he Avrote 
 the Lord's prayer, the creed, tlie ten com- 
 mandments, with two short prayers in Latin, 
 besides his own name, motto, day of the 
 month, year of the Lord and of the queen's 
 reign, all within the circle of a single penny, 
 inchased in a ring and golden border, w hich 
 he presented to the queen at Hampton courts 
 to the admiration of her majesty and the 
 Avhole court. He was employed by Walsing- 
 ham in imitating hand-writing for political 
 purposes; and four years after, 1590, he 
 opened a school near the Old Bailey. He 
 published at this time his *' Avriting scliool- 
 master," an useful performance, Avhich ap- 
 peared recommended by no lass than eigh- 
 teen copies of complimentary verses from 
 men of genius and learning. He is impro- 
 perly suspected by Anthon}"" Wood of being 
 concerned in Essex's treasonable practices. 
 He died 1610. 
 
 Balestra, Anthony, an historical pain- 
 ter of Verona, who, in 1094, Avas rcAvarded 
 with the prize of merit by the academy of 
 St. Luke. He died 1720, aged 54. 
 
 Baley, Weaker, a native of Portsham, 
 Dorsetshire, educated at AVinchester-school, 
 and New college, Oxford, of Avliich he be- 
 came a fellow. He Avas proctor of the 
 university, 1558, and took his degrees in 
 physic, Avliilst he studied divinity with equal 
 attention. He was made professor of phy- 
 sic at Oxford, and soon after became physi- 
 cian to queen Elizabeth, which recommend- 
 ed him to practice and to opulence. He died. 
 March 3, 1592, aged 63, and is buried iu 
 New college chapel. His Avritings Avere 
 chiefly on the eye-siglit and its preserAation, 
 and Avere neither valuable nor learned. He 
 also Avr.ote a discourse on the qualities of 
 pepper, 15 88, 8vo. — directions for health, 
 4to. 
 
 Balcuy, Jolin, an English divine, born 
 at Shefiield, Avhere Ids fatlior was master of 
 the grammar school. He Avas admitted of 
 St. John's college, Cambridge, Aviiere he la- 
 ments, that two years Avere lost to himself by 
 an improper foiulness for reading romances, 
 till he Avas awakened from his inactivity by 
 perusing LiAy, and by reflection urged to 
 more serious anil lionorablc pursuits. SoiTKi 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 Tyavt of his time ^vas spent in iKe care of 
 Sheffield school, either as head or assistant; 
 and afteruards he entered the family of Mr. 
 Banks, of Lincolnshire, as tutor. "When 
 admitted to orders, he soon «listiiiguished 
 hin»self as a preacher. During the four first 
 vears of his residence on the donative of 
 Lamesley and Tanfield, in Durham, he ne^er 
 omitted Mriting a new sermon every week, 
 Fo that afterwards he committed at once to 
 the flames 200 of these valuable composi- 
 tions, in the presence of his son, afterwards 
 arch-deacon and prebendary of Winches- 
 ter, wliom he wished to excite to the same 
 laudable application. As a writer, he became 
 respected in the Banejorian controversy, and 
 at all times he maintained the character of a 
 good divine, and a warm advocate in the 
 cause of rational religion and Christian li- 
 Lert}'. His works ooiisi!:t of sermons and of 
 tracts, ail on divinity ; and though some of 
 his philosophical o])inions are considered 
 erroneous, his principles must ever be ap- 
 plauded, and his discor.rses highly admired. 
 He was a great friend to toleration, and 
 V. liilst he abhorred the tenets of the Romish 
 church, he cultivated an acquaintance with 
 the most I'espectable of the dissenters and of 
 the quakers. His defence of Hoadley re- 
 commended him to the friend.ship and pa- 
 tronage of that prelate ; but he nobly dis- 
 dained to use the esteem of the great for his 
 character as a step to rise to preferment. 
 Besides a prebend at Salisbury, be obtained 
 the living of North Allerton, which he re- 
 tained till his death, which happened at Har- 
 rowgate, 2lst September, 1748, in his 63d 
 year. 
 
 Bali, Meula Pali, a Mussulman who 
 wrote on the jurisprudence of his country, 
 and died the year of the hegira 977. 
 
 Baliol, Sir John, the founder of Baliol 
 college, Oxford, w^as born at Barnard castle, 
 Durham. He was governor of Carlisle, 124S; 
 anil the guardianship of Alexander HI. of 
 vScotland and of Margaret, daughter of king 
 Henr}' HI. of England, his wife, was intrus- 
 ted to his care; but an accusation of miscon- 
 duct drew upon him the -.engeance of the 
 English king, which he avertecl by paying a 
 large sum of money. The foundation of his 
 college Avas laid, 120.3, and the building was 
 completed by his lady. During the wars ot 
 Henry HI. and his barons, he supported the 
 king's power. He left three sons. 
 
 Baliol, John de, king of Scotland. He 
 was descended I'rom David earl of Uunting- 
 .on, brolher of kingAVilliam calk<l the I. ion ; 
 and on the dcatli of queen Margaret, in her 
 passage from Norway, he laid claims to the 
 crown, in which he was opposed by Bruce, 
 his rights were established by the decision 
 of I'Mward I. of England, who acted as arbi- 
 trator; and he did t:omage Tith November, 
 12U2. Vvhen, however, he found himself 
 not an independent monarch, but a vassal of 
 .Enghiiul, he bfildiy .shook olf the yoke, and 
 made an alliance with the French king, and 
 war was kindled between the two countries; 
 • )Ui the- buttle of Dunbar proved fatal t:o Ba- 
 
 liol, who, with his son, was carried a captive 
 to the Tower, and afterwards was released 
 by the po\»e's legate, 1299. Baliol retired 
 to France, where he died, 1314. His son 
 Edward afterwards claimed the kingdom, 
 and obtained it foi- a little time; but dying 
 without issue, the family in them became 
 extinct. 
 
 Balkini, a surname of Yelaleddin, who 
 wrote a book on the jurisprudence of the 
 Mussulmans, besides treatises on the diffi- 
 culties of various sciences, on hermaphro- 
 dites, 8cc. 
 
 Ball, John, an English divine, horn in 
 Oxfordshire, 158J, and afterwards minister 
 of Whitmore in Staffordshire, where his 
 abilities as a teacher were displayed in the 
 respectability of his pupils. Though in his 
 principles a puritan, he was severe against 
 those who sejiarated from the church. He 
 wrote a book on the power of godliness ; and 
 died 1640. 
 
 Ballard, George, a native of Campden, 
 in Gloucestershire, who, while the obscure 
 apprentice of a habit-maker, employed the 
 hours which his companions devoted to sleep, 
 to the acquisition of the Saxon language, and 
 recommended himself by his industry to the 
 patronage of lord Chedworth, who liberally 
 ottered him an annuity of 100/. a year, of 
 which, however, he only accepted 60/. as 
 sufficient for his expenses. He went to Ox- 
 ford, where, by tlie kindness of Dr. Jenner, 
 he was made one of the eight clerks of Mag- 
 dalen college, and afterwards one of the bea- 
 dles of the university. His weakly constitu- 
 tion was impaired by the severity of his stu- 
 dies, and he died June, 1755, in the prime of 
 life. His access to the Bodleian was the 
 means of kis iucreasing his valuable collec- 
 tions ; but he published onl}' " memoirs of 
 British ladies celebrated for their writings," 
 in 4to. 1752. His account of Campden church 
 was read bcfoi'e tlie antiquarian society, 
 1771, November 21. 
 
 BALLENDEX,orBuLLANDEN,Sir John, 
 a Scotch historian, in favor with James VI. 
 He took oi'ders, and was made canon of 
 lloss and archdeacon of Murray, and he af- 
 terwards succeeded to the office of clerk- 
 register to the court of chancery, which the 
 troubles of the times obliged him to resign, 
 but to M'hich he was restored in the succeed- 
 ing reign. He wns also a lord of session ; but 
 the opposition \ihich he, with Dr. Laing, 
 made to the reformation, rendered him ob- 
 noxious to the ruling powers, so that he re- 
 tired to ixomc, wliere he died, 1550. He 
 wrote several pieces in prose and ver.se, be- 
 sides a translation of Hector Boetius' history. 
 
 Ballerin'i, Peter and Jerome, two 
 learned brothers, ecclesiastics, at Verona, 
 the former of whom was born 169S, the lat- 
 ter 170'2. They devoted themselves with 
 equal alacrity to the pursuit of literature, 
 particularly ecclesiastical history ; and be- 
 .sides several valuable woi'ks of their own, 
 they edited the works of Leo the Great, 
 tlinse of cardinal Noris, those of Gilbert bi- 
 shop of Verona, &;c, I'hev M'ere still living 
 in 1758. 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 BALLEXrEUD,n native of fJencva, author 
 of tlic education pliysi'iuc ilcs eMfaiis, a valu- 
 able composilion, iiouoraljly noticed by the 
 society of sciences of liaerlcm. lie wrote 
 also on tiie causes of the death of so many 
 children, an equally meritorious imhlication. 
 lie (lied 1774, Hi;cd iS. 
 
 Ballt, Joseph, a native of I*alermo, ca- 
 non of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples, and 
 author of <lc fa'cunditate dei — de niorte cor- 
 porura naturalium, Sec. He died 1G40. 
 
 Balliani, John Bajttist, author of a 
 treatise on the natural motion of heavy bo- 
 dies, 1G45, uas a native of <ienoa, and also a 
 senator. He died InfiG, agjed 80. 
 
 B A 1. 1. IN, Claude, a |o;oldsmith of Paris, 
 early distinguished by his superior genius. 
 He executed, in the most perfect style of 
 elegant M-orkmanship, tour vases, represent- 
 ing the four ages of ihe worki, for Richelieu, 
 with four antique vases to match them, and 
 also silver tables, dishes, girandoles, kc. for 
 Lewis XIV. and was advanced on tlie death 
 of Varin, to the lucrative direction of the 
 dies for striking medals, Sec. Several works 
 of this illustrious artist are still admired at 
 Paris, St. Denys, and Pontoise ; but the sil- 
 ver vessels made for the monarch were con- 
 verted into coin, to defray the expenses of 
 his protracted wars. Ballin died 22d Janua- 
 ry, 1678, aged 63. 
 
 Balsamox, Theodore, a learned patri- 
 arch of Antioch, some of Adiose works ai'e 
 ■written against the Romish church, and on 
 the canon law, printed, Paris, 1620, in folio. 
 He died 1'214. 
 
 Balsham, Hugh de, bishop of Ely, found- 
 ed Peter-house, at Cambridge, and died 
 1286. 
 
 Balthasar, Ckristopher, a king's ad- 
 vocate at Auxerre, who abandoned the emo- 
 luments of his office, and the catholic re- 
 ligion, to embrace the tenets of the pi'otes- 
 tants, in whose favor he wrote several con- 
 troversial treatises, especially against Baro- 
 nius, which were received Avith great avidi- 
 ty. The syno<l of Loudun granted him, in 
 1659, a pension of 750 livres, for his liierary 
 servfces. 
 
 Balthazarini, surnamed Beaujoyeux, 
 an Italian musician, reconimendeil by Bris- 
 sac, governor of Piedmont, to Henry III. of 
 France, by whom he was liberally patroni- 
 sed, and for the entertainment of whose court 
 he wrote several l)allads and pieces of music. 
 He composed a ballet called Ceres and her 
 nymphs, for the nuptials of the due de 
 Joyeuse with the queen's sister, mademoi- 
 selle de Vaudemont ; and this is regarded as 
 the origin of the ballet heroiqne of France. 
 
 Baltus, John Francis, a Jesuitof Metz, 
 author of several works, especially of an an- 
 swer to FontencUe's iiistory of oracles, print- 
 ed at Strasbnrg, Svo. He died librarian of 
 Rheiras, the 9th of March 1743, at the age 
 of 76. 
 
 Bai.ue, John, a cardinal, born of mean 
 parents in Poitou. He raised himself to con- 
 sequence by flattery and merit, and gradual- 
 ly became bishop of F.vrenx ami of Avras. 
 
 He wa3 raised to the purple by Paul IT. and 
 when honored with tin- eonlidence of l^ewis 
 XI. he became Win minister, and acted as 
 general over his troops. Ungrateful to his 
 tluty and to his m;isler, he lortucd intrigues 
 with the dukes of Burgundy and Berri ; and 
 when at last discovt red by the king, he whs 
 imprisoned for eleven years; alter which he 
 repaired to U(une, and rose to new prefer- 
 ments. He Jdtcruards came to France as 
 pope's legate, though he iiad so ill deserved 
 of the confidence and honor of his country, 
 lie died at Anc.ona, 14U1. 
 
 Bal.'z.ue, Stephen, a native of Tulles in 
 Guienne, patronised by Peter dc Marcu, 
 archbishop of Toulouse, by 'I'ellitr, after- 
 wards chancellor of France, and by Colbert. 
 He employed the hours of his easy indepen- 
 dent life, in enriching the libraries of his 
 patrons with valuable manuscripts, till in his 
 .39th year lie was appointed prolessor of 
 canon law in the royal college v, ith every 
 mark of distinction. His lives of the poi>es 
 of Avignon proved .so interesting to the king 
 that he granted the author a pension, but. 
 his attachment to the duke of Bouillon, the 
 history of vhose family he had underUikeii 
 to write, but in which he inserted .some of- 
 fensive remarks, was soon after productive 
 of trouble. When the duke was banished 
 he shared his disgrace, and was confined by 
 a lettro de cachet at Orleans ; he however 
 was restored to favor, though he was not 
 replaced to his directorial chair of the Royal 
 college, which he before held. He died 28tli 
 of July, 1718, in his 87tli year, j-.nd left be- 
 hind him tlie character of an imlefatigable 
 collector of curious manuscripts and annota- 
 tions. He wrote little though he possessed 
 an extensive acquaintance with polite litera- 
 ture, and was connected by correspondence 
 and friendship with the most learned meu 
 of his age. By his will he capriciously left 
 all his property from his family, to«i woman 
 not related to him. He wrote also the histo- 
 ry of Tulles. 
 
 Balxac, John Louis Guez de, a native 
 of Angouleme, who visited Holland in his 
 17th year, where he wrote a discourse on 
 the state of the united provinces. He tra- 
 velled with the duke d'Epernon, and was at 
 Rome with the cardinal de la Valette, but 
 he found at la.st the tranquillity of I'Ctire- 
 ment on his estate at Balzac more congenial 
 to his studious inclinations, than paying court 
 to Richelieu, who flattered his ambition T»it!i 
 promises of high patronage. He was univer- 
 sally admired for tiie elegance of his wri- 
 tings, especially his letters to A'oltaire, who 
 ho<\ ever censures his style, but .illows him 
 the merit of having given harmony and num- 
 bers to French ])rose. His writings created 
 him some political opponents, but t.'iough 
 he dreaded the weapons of an adversary, lie 
 was pleased \> itli the familiarity of the great, 
 and a p'jnsion fi-'Tni the court of 2000 livres, 
 and the pompous title of histor.ograpl.er of 
 France and counsellor of state. He was of a 
 weakl)' constitution, so tliat he used to say 
 when he Mas but 30, thut he was older thuu 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 ius faihcr. He died Feb. ISdi, 1Cj4, in his 
 ^th year, and left 12000 livres to the hospi- 
 tal ot" Notredame des Anges, in which he 
 ■was buried, besides a small estate for a gol- 
 den medal, as the reward of the best conn- 
 position on a moral subject, to be adjudged 
 every two years by the French academy. 
 His works, consisting of le Prince — le So- 
 crate Cliretien — I'Aristippe — Entretiens — 
 Christ victorieux, &c. were collected and 
 printed at Paris in 1GG5, with a preface by 
 abbe de Cassagnes. 
 
 Bamboche, a nick-name given to Peter 
 dc Laer for his deformity. He was a native 
 of Laerden, near Marden, in Holland, where 
 he died, 1673, aged 60. 'i'hc chief l^lerit of 
 jiis pieces, is the ease and correctness Avith 
 which he delineate? characters, so that 
 shops, inns, conversations,, cattle, 8cc. are 
 touched with the highest success by his pen- 
 cil. He improved much in his profession 
 by a residence of 16 months at Home. 
 
 Bam BRIDGE, Chi'istopher, a native of 
 Westmoreland, educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, and employed as ambassador from 
 Henry VIH. to pope Julius H. who raised 
 him to the purple. He was made bishop of 
 Hurham, and in 150S, translated to York, 
 and six years after he was poisoned by his 
 servant, who thus revenged himself for some 
 blows which he had received from him. 
 
 Ba MP FIELD, Francis, M. A. a naiive of 
 Devonshire, educated at Wadhain college, 
 became prebendary of Exeter, a»id minister 
 of Sherborne, Dorsctsliire, but was ejected 
 ior nonconformity. He was author of a 
 book on the observation of the sabbath, and 
 died in Newgate 1684. 
 
 Banchi, Sei-aphin, a Dominican of Flo- 
 j'cnce, Avho came to France for the improve- 
 ment of his studies. When Peter Barrere, 
 H youtli of 27, formed the diabolical project 
 of assassinating Henry IV. Bauchi became 
 acquainted with the secret, Avhich he pru- 
 dently revealed to one of the lords of the 
 court. The assassin was thus discovered as 
 he was ready to perpetrate the deed, and 
 Banchi was rewarded with the bishopric of 
 Angouleme, which however he resigned, in 
 l60ti, for the life of a recluse in the monastery 
 of St. James de Paris, where he died some 
 years after. His writings were cluefly con- 
 troversial. 
 
 Banck, Lawrence, a Swede, professor of 
 law at Norkoping his native place. He died 
 in 1662, author of several works of jurispru- 
 dence, and ti-eatises against the pope's usur- 
 pation. 
 
 Bancroft, Richard, was born near Man- 
 chester, and educated at Jesus college. He 
 was chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and bishop 
 of Lon(ion, 1597, and advanced to Canter- 
 bury on the death of Whitgift, 1604. He 
 was a strong advocate for the royal preroga- 
 tive, and the riglits of the church ; and in a 
 conference at Hampton court in an oi'ation 
 of mean llattery, he compared James I. to 
 Solomon for Avisdom, to Hezekiah for piety, 
 and to Paul for learning. He was indefatiga- 
 ble in his endeavors to establish episcopacy 
 
 in Scotland. Me died at Lambeth, 161 Oj 
 aged 66. 
 
 Bancroft, John, neiihcAV to the pri- 
 mate, was born in Oxfordshire, and educated 
 at Christ Church. He Avas afterAvards elec- 
 ted master of UniA-ersity college, and during 
 the 20 years in Avhich he presided over the 
 society, he laboriously employed himself in 
 establishing their rights and improving their 
 property. In 1622 he Avas raised to the see 
 of Oxford, and built the palace ofCuddesden 
 for the residence of the bishops. He died 
 1640, and Avas imi'ied at Cuddesden. 
 
 Bandarra, Gonzales, a Portuguese cob- 
 Icr, Avho distinguished himself some time as 
 a pi-ophet and versifier. Ife Avas silenced by 
 the inquisition, and narroAvly escaped being 
 burnt 1541, and died 1556. 
 
 Bandello, MattheAv, a natiA^e of Castel- 
 nuovo in the Milanese, author of several cu- 
 rious novels in the style and manner of Boc- 
 cacc. He Avas ruined by the Spanish con- 
 quests at PaA'ia and Milan, and retired as an 
 outcast into France, upon the estate of his 
 friend Caesar Fregosa near Agen. He Avas 
 made bishop of Agen in 1550 by Henry II. 
 and devoted his time to literary pursuits, ra- 
 ther than to the discharge of his episcopal 
 functions. He resigned his bishopric in 1555, 
 according to his promise, and the vacant see 
 Avas conferred on James the son of Fregosa. 
 He died in 1561. His novels Avere edited at 
 Lucca 1554, in three vols. 4to. Avith a fourth- 
 volume printed at Lyons, and again at Lon- 
 don 1740, in four vols. 4to. 
 
 Baxdixeli. I, Baccio, a native of Flo- 
 rence, knoAvn by his pieces in painting and 
 designing, and particularly in sculpture. His 
 copy of the famous Laocoon, in the garden 
 of the Medioisat Florence, is much admired. 
 He died in 1559, aged T2. 
 
 Banduri, Anselm, a monk born at lla- 
 gusa, Avho studied in France, Avhere he was 
 patronised by the duke of Orleans, and ad- 
 utitted into the academy of inscriptions. The 
 grand duke of Tuscany, aaIio Avas not igno- 
 rant of his merit intended to place him at the 
 head of the academy of Pisa. He died at 
 Paris 1743, aged 72. His antiquitates Cou- 
 stantinopolitanie, in two vols. fol. and his nu- 
 misraata lloman. Imperat. a Trajano ad Pa- 
 Iteologos 171S, are chiefly valuable. 
 
 Sanguis, Peter, a native of Helsingberg 
 in Sweden, professor of theology at Abo for 
 32 years, and in 16S2 raised to the see of. 
 Wyburg. He wrote an ecclesiastical history 
 of Sweden, a sacred chronology, and other 
 Avorks, and died 1696, aged 63. 
 
 B a N G u I s I, Thomas, author of an I f ebrcAv 
 
 lexicon, and of a treatise on the origin of 
 
 the diAcrsity of languages, Avas professor of 
 
 j Hebrew, theology, and ]>hi]osophy at Copen- 
 
 liagen, where he died 1661, aged 61. 
 
 Baxier, Anthony, an ecclesiastic of the 
 diocese of Clermont in Auvergne, Avho ac- 
 quired by liis industry and the patronage of 
 his friends those means of education \\ hich 
 the poverty of his j)arents could not supply. 
 He Avas intrusted Avith the care of the chil— 
 dren of -Monsieur de Metz, president of the 
 
15A 
 
 liA 
 
 riiaiiiber of accounts at Paris; ami it was for 
 their education and improvLincnltliat lie ap- 
 plied liimselfto nr»ythoIotj;ical studies, and 
 soon produced his " llisloiical cxphmation 
 of fables." This work on its appearance w us 
 «!iiversaUy admired, and procured the author 
 admission to the academy of insoiptions be- 
 sides (he applauses of the learned world. A 
 new edition spoon after appeared with impor- 
 tant improvements, and the addition of five 
 dialogues, further to illustrate and to enrich 
 the work. The fruits of his literary labors 
 vcre numerous and valuable, various essay 
 and not less than 30 dissertations wer? pro- 
 duced by him to the academy of Belles l^et- 
 tres, the treatises on history and literature 
 by Vit^neul Marville or rather Bonaventure 
 li'Argonne, were republished, and new j 
 light and beauty given to the voyages of Paul 
 Luc.".s into Egypt, and of Cornelius le Brun 
 to the Levant. In the last ten years of his 
 life Banicr particularly devoted his time to 
 liis favorite study of mythology, and then 
 translated the metamorphoses of Ovid, with 
 liistorical remarks and explanations, publish- 
 ed at Amsterdam in folio, 1732. It was also 
 at that time that he completed his raytholo- 
 g)^ or fables explained by history, Paris 1740, 
 in 3 vols. 4to. or 7 in 12mo. a bookabounding 
 in erudition, and deservedly admired. He 
 vas prevailed upon by the booksellers wlien 
 lie labored under the attacks of a fatal dis- 
 temper, to superintend a new edition of a 
 general history of the ceremonies, &c. of 
 all the nations in the Avorld, which 20 years 
 before had appeared in Holland, and he had 
 the gratific^ation to see it finished in 1741 in 
 7 vols. fol. with the assistance of le Maserier 
 a Jesuit of learning. Banierdied Nov. 19th, 
 1741, in his G'Jth year. An English transla- 
 tion of his mythology and fables of the an- 
 cients was printed in London the year of 
 liis death in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Banister, John, a learned physician of 
 the 16th century, wlio, after studying at Ox- 
 ford and proceeding there to his first degree 
 in physic in 1573, removed to Nottingham, 
 uliere he acquired great reputation. He 
 was author of several works on physic and 
 surgery. 
 
 Banister, Richard, tke younger, was 
 educated under his relation of whom men- 
 tion has just been made, and applied himself 
 to the acquisition of superior skill in com- 
 plaints of the eyes, ears, hare-lijjs, and wry 
 jaecks. He was settled at Stamford in Lin- 
 colnsliire, but he occasionally visited London, 
 and otVier places. He obtained a certificate 
 •f the magistrates of Norwich of his having 
 cured 24 blind persons in that city. His lan- 
 guage is harsh, and of his life the only ao- 
 count is to be derived from his works. The 
 time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Banks, Sir John, an eminent barrister of 
 Gray's Inn, born at Keswick in Cuniberlaud, 
 and educated at Queen's college, Oxford. 
 He was in 1630 attorney general to the 
 prince of Wales, and was afterwards made 
 chief justice of the king's bench frtjm which 
 ha removed to Ibc cqjnmon pleas. He died at 
 
 Oxford, Dec. 2fith, irjf.4. Scver.d of his :NrSJ^ 
 on law are still eMant, His wife is famouv 
 for defending Corif-castie against the jiarlia- 
 ment, tdl reh'eved by the earl of Carnarvon, 
 
 Ba.\"i;s, vlohn, a nativy of Sunning iiv 
 Berkshire, ap[)renticed to a weaver at liea- 
 <Iing. He left his ti'a«!e in conscfjuence ot 
 breaking hio a;-m, and retired to London 
 with ten pounds left him by a relation, aud 
 after feeling all the hardsl!i[».<j f)f diiap|>oiiit 
 ment and poverty, he Ijecaoio, from a book- 
 seller's stall in SpilalliehLs, and a bookbinder's 
 sho]), a wri'xr of miscellaneous essays, and 
 ;olicited suij3crii)tions to some trilling poems. 
 Pope, to whom lie addressed a letter and a 
 poem, honored liim with an answer and ;i 
 double subscription, and the obscure poet 
 rose to literary consequence, and distin- 
 guished himself as the author of the critical 
 review of Oliver Cromwell's life 12ino. a 
 work frequently reprinted. He wrote be- 
 sides, in the beginning of his literary careci', 
 the \V'eaver's miscellany, in imitation of 
 Duck's thresher, and in the latter part oi" 
 his life he was engaged on the Old England 
 and Westminster Journals. He died of -a 
 nervous disorder at Islington, Aoril 19lh> 
 1751. 
 
 Banks, John, was a member of tlie soci- 
 ety of New inn, which he abandoned for (he 
 cultivation of tlie muses. Asa writer fo:* 
 the theatres he did not meet with that en- 
 couragement v.'hich might give reputation to 
 his labors, and independence to his fortune. 
 Though his language is not often the Ian- 
 guage of poetry, nor his style the effusion of 
 genius or vivacity, yet there is something in- 
 teresting in his compositions. The subjects 
 are happily drawn from history, and those 
 incidents are introduced which can move the 
 heart aiul call forth all the sympathizing feel- 
 ings of an audience. His tragedies are se- 
 ven in number, of which t]ie best is indubi- 
 tably the earl of Essex, a drama abounding 
 in bold strokes of nature, and some fine in^ 
 instances of the patlietic. The time of his 
 death is not known- His remains were de- 
 posited in St. James's, Westminster. 
 
 Bannes, Dominique, a Spanish ecclesi- 
 astic, Avlio died at Medina del Campo in 1604, 
 aged 77. His writings on Aristotle and on 
 the fathers aboundeil in warmth of language 
 rather than in taste or judgment. 
 
 Banxier, John, a Swedish general un- 
 der Gustavus Adolphus. He distinguished 
 himself in various battles, and after tho Oeath 
 of his master added to the gloiy of Sweden 
 by fresh victories and by the taking of seve- 
 ral important places from the Germans and 
 Saxons. In the latter part of his life he was 
 unfortunate, and he forgot his militarv- cha- 
 racter to csjjouse the daughter of the prince 
 of Baden, after the death of his wife. He 
 died 10th May, 1611, aged 40. 
 
 BANQ.ro or Banc HO, a Scotch general of 
 royal birth, often victorious over the Danes 
 and the Highlanders in the reign of Donald 
 VH. He joined Macbeth in the overthrow 
 of his sovereign, and for liis services Avas 
 murdered by the usurper. 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 Baptist, Jolin, surnamed INIbnnoyer, a 
 wative of Lisle, resident for some time in 
 England, and distinguished as a painter of 
 fiowers. He studied at Antwerp, and he 
 displayed the superiority of his talents in as- 
 sisting le Brun in painting the palace of Ver- 
 sailles, in which the flowers were his execu- 
 tion. The duke of Montague, who was am- 
 bassador in France, saw and admired his me- 
 rit, and he employed him Avith la Fosse and 
 Rousseau in tlie decoration of Montague 
 house, now the British museum. A looking- 
 glass which he adorned Avilh a garland of 
 flowers for queen Mary, is still preserved at 
 Kensington palace. There is a print of him 
 from a painting by Sir Godfrey Knellcr, in 
 Walpole's anecdotes, lie died 1699, and ^-as 
 buried in London. His son Anthony distin- 
 guished himself also in flower painting. 
 Another of the same name, called also Gas- 
 pars and Lely's Baptist, was born at Ant- 
 werp. He visited England during the civil 
 vars, and was engaged in general Lambert^s 
 service, and after the restoration he painted 
 the attitudes and draperies of sir Peter Le- 
 ly's portraits. He died in 1691, and was bu- 
 ried at Saint James's. Charles H.'s portrait 
 in painter's hall, and that in St. Bartholo- 
 mew's hospital, were painted by him. 
 
 Baptistin, John Baptiste Struk, a mu- 
 sician of Florence, who died 1740. He com- 
 posed the three operas of Meleager, Manto, 
 and Polydorus, and excelled in the music of 
 his cantatas. He first introduced the use of 
 the violencelloin France. 
 
 Barach was fourth judge of the Hebrews 
 for 33 years, about 1240 B. C. He delive- 
 red his country from the oppression of Jabin 
 king of Canaan, and of Sisera, -with the as- 
 sistance of Deborah. 
 
 BARADiEus, called also Zanzalns Jacobus, 
 bishop of Edessa, revived in the sixth centu- 
 ry the tenets of the Monoph'Sites, who sup- 
 ported that there was but one nature in 
 Chi'ist. His followers were called from him 
 Jacobites. He died 588. 
 
 Bar ANT, A NO, lledemptus, a monk born 
 at Serravalle near A'erceil in Piedmont, was 
 professor of philosophy at Anneci, and the 
 correspondent of the great Bacon. He pos- 
 sessed vast energj' of mind, and acquired 
 great reputation at Paris, both as a preacher 
 and a philosopher, but more as a warm and 
 judicious opposer of Aristotle's doctrines. 
 HediedatMontargi.e, 23d December 1622, in 
 his 33d year, and thus early was finislied a 
 career, which promised to add much splen- 
 dor to literature, and to criticism. His works 
 on philosophical suhjects, were " doctrina dc 
 coelo," 16l-r, fol. — de novis opinionibus phy- 
 sicis, 8vo. 1617 — Campus philosophorum, 
 8vo. 1G20. 
 
 Baratier, John Phillip, a most extraor- 
 dinary person, liorn January 19th, 1721, at 
 Schwobach, in the Margravate of Anspach, 
 and of such uncommon powers of memory, 
 that at the age of four, he conversed wiih 
 his mother in French, v,hh lus father in lia- 
 tin, and w ith his servants in (German. The 
 rapidity of iii? i.-ni.tfncmcnls aujrmcnted 
 
 vith his years, so that he became perfectly 
 acquainted with Greek at six, Avith Hebrew 
 at eight, and in his 11th year translated from 
 the Hebrew into French the travels of the 
 rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, which he enrich- 
 ed with valtiable annotations. His proficien- 
 cy in mathematics was so great that he sub- 
 mitted to the London Royal Society a scheme 
 for finding the longitude, which, though 
 found insufficient, exhibited the strongest 
 marks of superior abilities, with all the la- 
 bor of mathematical calculation. He visited 
 Halle with his father in 1735, where he was 
 oftered by the university the degree of M. A. 
 The young philosopher drew up 14 theses, 
 which he printed, and the next morning dis- 
 puted upon them with such ability and logi- 
 cal precision that he astonished and delight- 
 ed the most crowded audience. At Berlin 
 he was received with kindness by the king of 
 Prussia, and honored with those marks of 
 distinction which his superior genius deserv- 
 ed. His abilities however, so great and so 
 splendid, shone but like a meteor ; a consti- 
 tution naturally delicate, was rendered still 
 more weak by excessive application ; and a 
 cough, spitting of blood, and fever on the 
 spirits, put an end to his life, at Halle, fifth 
 of October 1740, in his 20th year, Baratier 
 has deservedly been mentioned as a prodigy 
 of learning and of genius, his memory was 
 universally retentive, and his application 
 scarcely credible, when it is recollected that 
 he spent 12 hours in bed till his tenth year, 
 and ten afterwards. In one winter he read 20 
 great folios, w ith all the attention of a vast com- 
 preliensive mind, and the large woik which 
 lie prepared on Egyptian antiquities, showed 
 the variety of materials collected, as well as 
 their judicious and laborious arrangement. In 
 his domestic economy he was very temperate ; 
 he ate little flesli, lived totally on milkj.tea, 
 bread, and fruit ; he disliked wine, he had 
 an aversion to dancing, music, and the sports 
 of the field, so that he wished for no recrea- 
 tion from study but in walking, or in the con- 
 versation of a few friends, whom he loved, 
 and courted, with all the openness and un- 
 reserved gaiety of a generous heart. 
 
 Baratier, Bartholomew, author of a 
 new digest of the feudal law, printed 1611 at 
 Paris, was a native of Placentia, and profes- 
 sor of jurisprudence atPavia and Ferrara in 
 the fifteenth century. 
 
 Barb A, Alvarez Alonzo, curate of St. 
 Bernard dc Potosi, is the authcw of a scarce 
 book called arte de los metallos, Madrid 1620, 
 4to. reprinted 1729 in 4to. with the addition 
 of Carillo Lasso's treatise on the mines of 
 Spain. His works have been abridged in 
 Frt;nch, iu one vol. l2mo. 1750, willi a valua- 
 ble collection of treatises on the same subject. 
 
 Barb ADii.i.o, Alphonsus Jerome deSa- 
 las, author of severaladmircd comedies, died 
 at Madrid about 1630. The elegance and 
 correctness of his style improved and embel- 
 lished the Spanish language. He also wrote 
 the adventures of Don Diego de Noche, 1G24, 
 in Svn. 
 
 Uakeabixo, a Portuguese, whose work 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 </a tbe state of literature in Portugal, pvin- 
 ted at Paris 174G, was severely cunBured by 
 ■i Portuguese Jesuit, and aJ>ly defended by 
 J)oii Joseph de Mayino. 
 
 Uakbaiio, Pi-aiicis, a noble Venetian, 
 distinguished by jiis learning as vtell as his 
 political talents. lie defended Prcscia, of 
 which he was govcnor, against ihc duke ol 
 Milan, and obliged the besiegers to retreat. 
 lie w rote a treatise in Latin, de re uxoi-, on 
 the choice ofa uife,and the <luties of women, 
 1.S15, Paris, besides a translation of some of 
 Plutarch's works, &ic. lie died 145 t, aged 
 about 50. His letters appeared 1 74; J. 
 
 Barbaro, Ermolao, the elder, nephew 
 to Francis, was bishop of 'I'rcvisa, and ufter- 
 wainls of Verona, where he died 1470. lie 
 translated some of Aesop's fable* into Latin, 
 when only 1'2 years old. 
 
 Barbaro or Barbarus, Ilermolaus, 
 grandson of Francis, a learned Venetian, 
 employed by his countrymen as ambassador 
 to the emperor Frederic, to his son Maxi- 
 milian, and to Pope Innocent VIIL He was 
 honored by the pope with the vacant pat- 
 riarchate ofAquileia against the wishes of 
 his countrymen, a\ ho had passed a law that 
 their ambassadors should accept no favor 
 li'ora the Roman pontiff; and so inexorable 
 vere the Venetians, that Barbaro's father, 
 who was far advanced in years and intrusted 
 •with the first offices of the state, was unable 
 to avert their resentment, and died, in con- 
 sequence, ofa broken heart. Barbaro wrote 
 some excellent treatises as well as poetry ; 
 and in translations from Plutarch and Uios- 
 corides he showed liis abilities as a Greek 
 scholar. He died at Rome 1493, aged 3'J, of 
 the plague, according to Bajle. 
 
 Barbaro, Daniel, coadjutor of the pat- 
 riarchate ofAquileia, with his uncle Hermo- 
 lao, was sent as ambassador iVom Venice to 
 England, where he continued till 1551. He 
 died 1570, and left several learned works be- 
 hind him, among whi.c4i were a treatise of 
 eloquence, in 4to. 1557, Venice — an Italian 
 translation of Vitruvius 1584, — the practice 
 of perspective, folio. 
 
 Barbarossa, Aruch, a well known pi- 
 rate, who made himself master of Algiers, 
 and murdered the king Selim Entemi, whom 
 he had come to assist and defend against his 
 Spanish invaders. He afterwards made him- 
 self master of Tunis, and of Tremecen, 
 whose sovereign was assassinated by his own 
 subjects. His success was stopped by the 
 juarquis of Gomares governor of Uran, whom 
 the heir of the Tremecen dominions had in- 
 vited to his support; but when besieged in 
 tlie citadel he made his escape by a subter- 
 raneous passage; but though he strewed the 
 ways with silver and gold, he was overtaken 
 and cut to pieces, bravely defending himself 
 with a few Turkish attendants, 151S, in his 
 44th year. 
 
 Barbarossa, Cheredin, successor to iiis 
 brother Aruch on the throne of Algiers, was 
 the able admiral of the naval forces of Selim 
 IT. He obtained possession of Tunis, but ■v\ as 
 checked by the arms of Cliarlcs V. after 
 
 which he plundered several towns of Italy, 
 and then ailvanced to Ycnien in ArkbiH, 
 which he concpien-d for the eniperor of the 
 Turk.s. He died 1547, aged 8<», Iciwitig hii 
 son Asan in possession <»f the kingdon». 
 
 Bakb AKo ux, Charles, deputy Irom Mar- 
 seilles to the iiRtional convention, prove<i 
 himself one of the bitterest enemies of lb* 
 nid'ortunale I^ewis XVI. whose accubal^oa 
 he reiid with triumph in the assembl}-. Hti 
 was intiiD'ite with Ruhuid, :ujd with boldness 
 attacked titc Orleans part\, the usurpation 
 of Rcl)erspierre, and the machinations of the 
 Jacobiiis. His conduct rendereil him obnox- 
 ious to the demagogues in power; and when 
 the Girondists were overthrown, he was ac- 
 cused but escaped into Calvados. He after- 
 wards i)assed from Quin)per to Bourdeaux, 
 where he was recognised and immediately 
 guillotined, 25th June 1794. 
 
 Barbatelli, Bernardino, a painter, 
 disci])Ie of Ghirlandaio of Florence. He stu- 
 died at Rome, and his fruit pieces, animals, 
 flowers, &c. were much admired. He died 
 1612, aged 70. 
 
 Baubazan', Stephen, a native of St. Far. 
 geau-cn-Puisaye in Auxerre, who made him- 
 self acquainted v ith authors of tlie middle 
 centuries, from whom he drew the most cu- 
 rious anecdotes and remarkable stories. He 
 assisted in the completion of the Recueil al- 
 phabetique, in '24 vols. 12mo. 1745, and the 
 following years; a laborious but desultory 
 work. He wrote also instructions from a 
 father to a son, 1760, 8vo. He died 1770, in 
 the 74th year of his age. 
 
 Barbazax, Arnaud Guillaume de, one 
 of the courtiers of Charles VII. of France, 
 distinguislied as a warrior. He died of the 
 wounds which he had received at the battle 
 of Belleisle, 1432. 
 
 Barbe, a Bohemian lady who married 
 the emperor Sigismond. She was devoid of 
 those virtues w liich ought to adorn elevated 
 rank, and even ridiculed those of her atten- 
 dants whose conduct was more chaste than 
 her own. SIic died 1451. — Another, queen 
 of Poland, surnamed Esther for her ]»iety. 
 She died 1525. — Another, also queen of Po- 
 land, married secretly to Sigismond Augus- 
 tus, and pul^licly acknowledged alter the 
 death of his father. She died 1551. 
 
 Barbeau des Brl yeres, Jean Louis, 
 son of a wood-monger at Paris, rose by tti^ 
 strength of his genius from the mean occi:- 
 paLion of his father. He resided 1-0 or IS 
 years in Holland, and on his return he as- 
 sisted for 23 years M. Bauche in the com- 
 pletion of his works. His first publication i» 
 1759, was his niappe monde historique, a?i 
 ingenious chart, in which was united all thi 
 information whiclj geography, chronolosr.-, 
 and history could i)roduce. He published 
 besides the tablettes chronologiques of Lcng- 
 Ict, a translation of Slrnhlcmberg's descrip- 
 tion of Russia, La Croix's modern geogra- 
 phy, besides large contributions to the works 
 of his friends, aiul the two last ^ olumes of the 
 Bibliotheque de France, by le Long. Bar- 
 beau had to struggle through life against pc- 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 ■srei't}'-, but it did not ruffle his temper, or 
 render him luiwilling freely to communicate 
 to others from the vast store of his know- 
 ledge in geography and history. Two years 
 before his death he married, that his infirmi- 
 ties might be alleviated by the aftectionate 
 attention and concern of a female friend. 
 He died of an apoplexy at Paris, Nov. 20th, 
 1781. 
 
 Barber TNI, Francis, a poet of Barberi- 
 no in Tuscany, born l^Gk Of all his works 
 there is extant only his poem called the 
 precepts of love, a composition extremely 
 elegant, chaste, moral, and instructive. It 
 Tvas edited at Rome 1640, by Fred. Ubaldini, 
 with a glossary explanatory of obsolete words, 
 kc. and the life of the author. The family 
 of the Barhcriiii was distinguished in Europe 
 in the 1 7th centur;,-. Francis, nephew of 
 pope Urban VII I. w&s a cardinal and legate 
 of the holy see in France and S])ain. He 
 died in 1679, aged 83. — His brother Anthony 
 ■H-as likewise a cardinal, and he became known 
 Vy his abilities as a negotiator and ambassa- 
 dor. He was archbishop of Rheims, and 
 died 1671, aged 64. — Another, brother of 
 pope Urban VIH. who died 1646, aged 77^ 
 and ordered this inscription to be placed on 
 liis tomb : " Hie jacet pulvis & cinis, postea 
 nihil." 
 
 Barbeu de Bourg, James, a native of 
 ]\Iayenne, physician of the academy of Stock- 
 holm, and author of the gazette de medicine, 
 — le Botaniste Francois, two vols. — elemens 
 do medicine, &c. He was born 12th Feb. 
 1709, and died UthDec. 1779. 
 
 Barbey, Marc le, a celebrated physician 
 of Bayeux, who checked the ravages of the 
 {)lague, among his countrymen, but refused 
 to exercise liis profession to save the friends 
 of the league. He was the favorite of Henrv 
 
 O ml 
 
 VI. who ennobled his famil)-. He died about 
 the last years of the sixteenth century. 
 
 Bareeyrac, John, a native of Bariers, 
 in Languedoc, teacher of philosophy at Ber- 
 lin, and afterwards for seven years profes- 
 sor of law and histoi-y at Lausanne, from 
 whence he passed to Groningen. He was 
 eminent in the knowledge of the law of na- 
 ture, and of nations ; and besides a treatise 
 on the morality of the fathers, and another 
 on gaming, two vols, he translated into French 
 Pufi'cndorf's works, besides Noodt's discour- 
 ses, Grotius' de jure pacis, kc. some of Til- 
 lotson's sermons, &c. Some of his critical 
 and literary remarks were also inserted in 
 the various journals of the times. We died 
 1729, aged 5.5. His brother Charles was 
 eminent as a physician at Cereste in Pro- 
 vence, and he was tlie friend of Locke and 
 Sydenham. He died at Montpellicr, 1699, 
 aged 70, autlior of two works, traites de me- 
 dicine, 12mo — ami quicstiones medicte duo- 
 <lecim, 4to. in.">8. 
 
 Barbier d'AucouR, John, a native of 
 J^angres, whose great application raised him 
 from the obscurity and indigence of his fa- 
 inilj. He devoted himself to the studies of 
 the bar, but he was unsuccessful in his first 
 pleading', either from f»'ar, or tailure of me- 
 
 mory, a circumstance to whicli Bolleau, in 
 the Lutrin, has alluded ; and so small were 
 his pecuniary resources, that he consented 
 to marry his landlord's daughter, that he 
 might thus satisfy the large demands which 
 he had upon him. The patronage of Col- 
 bert, one of whose sons he educated, pro- 
 mised him better times, but the minister's 
 death disappointed him, and a more fortu- 
 nate attempt at the bar at last restored him 
 to his lost character. In his last cause in de- 
 fence of Le Brun, a valet accused of murder- 
 ing his lady, he (lisplayed, besides generosity 
 of heart, a most commanding eloquence. He 
 died <?f an inflammation in the breast, Sept. 
 13, 1694, aged 53. He told the abbe Choisi 
 who visited him in his last illness, that he re- 
 jjoiced in leaving none to inherit his miser3^ 
 I His works were trivial, except his *' Senti- 
 mens dc Clcanthe sur les entretiens d'Ariste 
 Sc d'Eugcne par Bouhours, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 1671, a book of infinite value for its ingenious 
 reasoning and the justness of its criticism. 
 He wrote besides some treatises against the 
 Jesuits. 
 
 Barrier, Mary Ann, a native of Orleans, 
 v.' ho published at Paris several tragedies and 
 operas, which have been attributed but false- 
 ly to her friend and adviser the abbe Pele- 
 grin. She died in 1745. Her woi'ks are 
 scarce above mediocrity, as she has exhaust- 
 ed all her powers to magnify the character 
 of her heroine, while her heroes are drawn 
 as uninteresting and insignificant personages. 
 
 Barrier, Lewis, a favorite of Gaston 
 duke of Orleans, raised to the bishopric of 
 Langresby Mazarin for betraying the secrets 
 of hij master. He was mean in his charac- 
 ter and little respected. He left \W crowns 
 for the best epitaph for his tomb, which was 
 written in a style of irony by Monnoye, Ho 
 died 1670. 
 
 Barbieri, John Francis, a pupil of the 
 Caracci, and a strong imitator of Caravag- 
 gio. He is called among artists Guercino. 
 His historical pieces possessed merit. He 
 died 1666, aged 76. His brother Paulo An- 
 tonio was eminent in drawing quiet scenes 
 acd animals. He died 1460. Vid. Guer- 
 c I X o . 
 
 Barbosa, Alius, one of tlie chief resto- 
 rers of learning in Spain. He was instructed 
 in Greek by Angelus Politian in Rome, and 
 was a professor at S.ilamanca for 20 years. 
 H-e was preceptor to the king of Portugal's 
 sons Alplionsus and Henry, and died 1540 in 
 a good old age. He wrote some Latin poems, 
 a treatise on jjrosody, &c. 
 
 Bar BOS A, Peter, a native of Viana ia 
 Portugal, professor at Coimbra, and after- 
 wards chancellor of the kingdom. He died 
 1590, author of some commentaries on the 
 Digests, three vols. fol. 1613, &c. 
 
 li AH BOS A, Emanuel, a Portugese, autlior 
 of Sfime treatises. He died 1638, aged 90, 
 author of a treatise de potestate episcopi, &o. 
 His son, Augustin, distinguished liimsclfby 
 his knowledge of law. He was made bisho]> 
 of Ugcnto, and died 1649. He wrote several 
 ecclcsiaslieal trosthea, &c. 
 
liA 
 
 BA 
 
 DAaBOU, Hugh, son of John, a printer of 
 eminence at Lyons, who settled at Linioj^es 
 in 1580, where, among other hooks, he prin- 
 ted Cicero's letters to Atticns, kc. with »lu 
 Bos' notes. His descendants have carried on 
 the same profession at Paris with eniohniient 
 to themselves, and advantage to tlie puhlic. 
 
 Barbour, .lolin, a Scotch ecclesiastic, 
 employed hy David Ih-uce as amhassador at 
 the English court. He wrote in verse an ac- 
 count of the life and actions of Rohert Bruce, 
 a woi'k highly esteemed for its authenticity, 
 printed at Glasgow 1671. He died 1378, 
 agetl .'58. 
 
 ItAunuD, a celehratcd musician at the 
 court of Kosrii l\»rviz, king of Persia, of the 
 fourth dynasty. He was so eminent in his 
 profession, that his name is become prover- 
 bial. 
 
 Barcali, author of a commentary on 
 the Arbain. He died in the 9f50tli year of 
 the hegira. Another, of t!)e same name, au- 
 thor of some books of devotion. He died 
 the fJSlst or 9.S2d of the hegira. 
 
 liARCiiusEN or Barkhausen^, John 
 Conrad, a native of Heme in Germany, who 
 settled at Utrecht, where he acquired emi- 
 nence as a ])hysician and as a lecturer on 
 chemistry. His elementa ciiemicse — historia 
 mediciniu, &c. are iiighly esteemed. He di- 
 ed 1717, aged 51. 
 
 Barclay or Barklay, Alexander, a 
 writer of the IGth century, born in Scotland 
 according to Mackenzie, or according to 
 Wood, at Barclay in Somersetshire. He 
 was of Oriel college, Oxford, and from thence 
 travelled over Holland, Germany, France, 
 and Italy. On his return he was preferred by 
 Cornish, the provost of his college, who had 
 been raised to the bishopric of Tyne. Au- 
 thors disagi'ee about his preferment. He 
 was rector of Baddow Magna in Essex, ac- 
 cording to Wood, but he is mentioned by 
 others as rector of AUhallows, Lombard 
 Street. He was an elegant wi'iter, and trans- 
 lated some of the best authors on the conti- 
 nent, and among them Navis Stultifera, kc. 
 He died at Croydon in an advanced age. 
 
 Barclay, William, a native of Aber- 
 deen, who, not meeting the patronage which 
 he expected from Mary queen of Scots, 
 went over to France, where he studied civil 
 law at Boiirges, and was made pi'ofessor of 
 the newly founded uni ersity of Pontamous- 
 son, by the duke of Lorrain. His son was 
 nearly engaged to follow the tenets of the 
 Jesuits, which the father prevented, and the 
 dissention between him and the society was 
 so great, that he abondoned Lorrain, and 
 came to England, where king James offered 
 him some handsome preferment, provided 
 he subscribed to the articles of the Anglican 
 church, a condition which he declined. He 
 returned to France, and died professor at 
 Angers in 1605. He wrote several books on 
 the kingly and papal power, &c. 
 
 Barclay, John, srwi of the preceding, 
 was educated by the Jesuits, but removed 
 from their society, by his father, who was 
 afraid he should follow their tenets. He vi- 
 vo I,. 1. 18 
 
 si*ed England with his father, ami conij)!!- 
 mented with a Latin poem king James, who 
 wished to patronise him, hut he returned to 
 France. After the <leath of his father he 
 resided in liOndon for ten years, and after- 
 wards went to Itome, wljere he was well re- 
 ceived hy pope Paid V. and cardinal Hellar- 
 min. He died at Rome 1021, and his sou 
 erected a monument to his honor in St. 
 Laurence's church, on the way to Trivoli. 
 His works were numerous and elegantly- 
 written. The most celebrated are his Eu- 
 phormio, a satire in Latin; and his Argenis, 
 &.C. which has been translated into various 
 languages, a kind of romance in the style of 
 Petronius and Apuleius, in which he des- 
 cribes the manner of a court, &cc. Piercsc 
 had the care of the first edition, and under 
 the effigies of the author Grotius wrote these 
 lines; 
 
 *• Genie Caledoniust Gallus natalibus, hie 
 est 
 Rninam Romano qui docet ore logui." 
 
 Barclay, Robert, a native of Edin- 
 burgh. His father, colonel Barclay, sent 
 him to Paris to the care of his uncle, who 
 presided over the Scot's college ; but in be- 
 coming acquainted with the literature of the 
 times, he imbibed the tenets of the Roman 
 catholics. On his return to Scotland, he 
 embraced the principles of the nuakers with 
 his father, and he showed himself, by his ac- 
 tions as well as by his writings, a most zealous 
 defender of the sect. His writings are nu- 
 merous, and chiefly on theological or contro- 
 versial subjects. The most celebrated is his 
 apology for the quakers, published in Latin 
 at Amsterdam 1076, and two years after 
 translated by himself, and addressed to 
 Charles H. with excessive freedom of lan- 
 guage. He was universally respected, not 
 only for the celebrity of his writings, but 
 the purity of his life. He travelled over 
 England, Holland, and Germany, w ith the 
 famous legislator Penn, with the intention 
 of making converts; and on his return spent 
 the rest of his life in dignified retirement. 
 He died at Ury, third of October, 1690, in 
 his 42d year. 
 
 Barcochebas, ofBarcochab, the son 
 of a star, a celebrated impostor, who intro- 
 duced himself to the Jew ish nation, as the 
 star predicted by Balaam. His followers be- 
 came so numerous over Judaea, that the Ro- 
 mans found it difficult to oppose them. Ju- 
 lius Severus at last took signal vengeance on 
 the nation for the Roman soldiers that had 
 been slain, and he almost destroyed the 
 whole race, 134 A. D. 
 
 Barcos, Martin de, a native of Bayonne, 
 nephew of the famous abbe St. Cyran. He 
 was engaged in the controversies which took 
 place about the Jansenists, but his works on 
 the subject are now justly forgotten. He 
 died 1G78, aged 78. 
 
 Bard, a Mahomedan author, who wrote 
 on the pronunciation of the vowels of the 
 text of the Koran. 
 
 Bardas, a chief at Constantinople, uncle 
 and guardian to Michael TIT. After various 
 
BA 
 
 13A 
 
 attempts to seize the soverelgr. power, hy 
 violence and ai-tiiice, he was put to death b} 
 Bacilius the Macedonian, 866. 
 
 Bard AS called Scelerus, a general 
 raised to the purple by his soldiers after the 
 dea-ih of John Zimisces. He was opposed 
 by Bardas Phocas, anil in consequence of a 
 defeat fled to Bagdad, wliere he was impri- 
 soned 970- He was al'terwards rdconciled to 
 Phocas, and after his death was honorably 
 treated by his successor Basil. 
 
 Bardesanes, a native of Edessa in Sy- 
 ria, eminent as an author. He -was the foun- 
 der of a sect which bore his name, and sup- 
 ported the existence of jEons, but denied 
 the doctrine of the resurrection. He flor- 
 
 ished about 172. The author of a curious 
 
 book on the gymnosophists, in the third cen- 
 tury, bore that name. 
 
 Bardet, Peter, an advocate of reputa- 
 tion, author of a "recueil d'arrets," tv.o 
 vols. fol. He died at Moulins 1G85, aged 94. 
 
 Bardhadi, a Mahomedan, author of a 
 moral treatise called Adah. 
 
 Bard IX, Peter, a native of Rouen, au- 
 thor of several treatises of an inferior cha- 
 racter. He was tli'owned in 1637, in at- 
 tempting to save his pupil M. D'Humieres. 
 His epitaph by Chapelain, in a style of ful- 
 some panegyric, mejitioncd that the virtues 
 Were drowrod with him. He wrote le grand 
 Chambellan de France, fol. 1G23 — Pensees 
 morales sur I'Ecclesiaste 8vo. 1629 — Le 
 Lycee, ou de I'honnete horame, two vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 Bardney, Richard, a Benedictine of 
 Bardney in Lincolnshire, author of a life of 
 Grostete bishop of Lincoln, in Latin verse. 
 He died 1504. 
 
 Bareboxe, Praise God, a violent leader 
 of Cromwell's parliament of 1654. He was 
 a lealhcr-seller by trade, but he acquired 
 such celebrity as an orator and a demagogue, 
 that the p.nrliament was ludio'ously c-illed 
 after his assumed name. Two of his bro- 
 thers, it is said, had adopted likev, ise scrip- 
 ture names, ono of tliem, "Clirist came into 
 the world to save Barbone ;" and the other, 
 " if Christ had not died thou hadst been 
 damned, Barbone," which the wits of the 
 time ahlneviated to the two last words. 
 When Monk led his army to London, Bare- 
 bone acted with such violence at the head of 
 the rabble, that the general sent a petition 
 to parliament to dismiss and punish this fu- 
 rious zealot and his partisans. 
 
 Bare XT, Dieterick, a Hutch painter, 
 born at Amsterdam. He was the disciple of 
 Titian, and excelled in historical pieces and 
 in portraits. He died 1592, aged 58. 
 
 Baretti, Joseph, a native of Turin, 
 son of an eminent architect. He received a 
 respectable education, but the little I'urlune 
 ■which he inherited was lost at fai'O, and the 
 indigent son became an author by profession. 
 After enduring matiy difficulties, ami after 
 visiting several countries of Europe, he 
 came in 1750 to London without any recom- 
 mendations, and with an imperfect know- 
 ledsre of the Englisrh language fie acci- 
 
 dentally met at the Orange coffcc-hoivse ^h 
 Lennox, whose wife wished for instructiou 
 in the Italian language, to enable her to 
 translate some of the romances from which 
 Shakspeare had drawn his plays, and frora 
 this connection, arose the consequence and 
 respectability which he afterwar<!s enjoyed- 
 Mrs. Lennox introduced him to Dr. John- 
 son, whose friendship he long and sincerely 
 enjoyed, and he was soon after introduced to 
 the Thrale family, and to other persons ot 
 respectability and distinction. After a resi- 
 lience of ten years in London, he resolved to 
 revisit his native country, and he set out on 
 13th August 1760, through Spain and Portu- 
 gal, not however without ex])res3ing with all 
 the power of gratitude, his deep sense of the 
 kindness, generosity, and philanthropy of 
 England. In his journey he followed the 
 directions of Dr. Johnson, and in taking no- 
 tice of whatever scenes passed before his 
 eyes, with the good-humor and playfulness 
 of youth, accompanied with the accurate 
 judgment of the philosopher, he produced a 
 most amusing and valuable performance, 
 published in four vols. 8vo. At Venice he 
 published a periodical x>aper called Frustra 
 literaria, under the character of a peevisli 
 soldier returned home after an absence of 50 
 years. This satirical performance raised 
 against him a host of enemies, and after an. 
 absence of six years he returned to England, 
 where he in a little time engaged In an inju- 
 dicious controversy with Mr. Sharp, -who 
 had just published '* letters from Italy, &c." 
 He made some short excursions to France 
 and Spain in 1768 and 69 ; and it was after 
 his return that an accident happened which 
 threw a veil of horror over the remaining 
 part of his life. On his return from the 
 Orange coffee-house through the Hay-mar- 
 ket about seven o'clock in the evening, he 
 was attacked by a Moman whose indecorous 
 behaviour provoked him to strike her on the 
 hand. She continued her insults, a«ul three 
 men, who apparently were in connection 
 with the woman, approached to push him. 
 ■with rudeness from the pavement, and to 
 trample upon him, when he, alarmed for his 
 safety, struck one of them, Eran Morgan, 
 with a knife, and repeated the blows agaiu 
 and again when pursued and collared- The 
 wounds were so deep that Morgan died the 
 next day in Mi<Idlesfc.^: hospital, and Baretti 
 was at the following sessions at the Old Bai- 
 ley tried for murder. The infamous life of 
 his assaiiar^t, and the respectability of his own 
 character, were strong in favor of his inno- 
 cence ; aiul he refused the accustomed pi-i- 
 vilege of having the half of his jury of fo- 
 reigners. He read his defence from a prin- 
 ted paper, and he accounted for the knife 
 which inflicted the wounds, by saying that 
 he wore it as all foreignei-s do, to cut sweet- 
 meats and fruit in deserts. His innocence 
 was acknowledged, and he was acquitted, 
 as having committed the murder in his 
 self defence. He returned to his literary 
 life, and improved his fortune as well a., 
 his reputation by various useful publica- 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 lijoiis. lie received, it is said, 500Z. for 
 Itis travels, and he not only i)iocure(I pecu- 
 niary assistance from Mrs. Aliddlelon, one 
 of his pupils, hut was fortunate enoui^h to 
 receive a pension of 80/. per annum fr(jni 
 lord North's administration. IJut as the 
 ■wants of literary men, hov ever, are nunie- 
 l*0us, and their profusion piovei-bial, Ji:i- 
 retti soon found himself in indigent circunj- 
 stances, and the refusal wliich he met in his 
 application to the hooksellcrs for relief, 
 whilst in the i)rosecution of his improve- 
 ments for his dii tionary, ruflled his spiiils, 
 and hastened in some degree his decline. An 
 attack of the gout was neglected, and the 
 advice <if medical men, whonx he oppro- 
 hriously denominated vultures, was disre- 
 jjarded till a recovery was impossible. On 
 the morning of his death, he declared that 
 he had dreaded the arrival of that day; he 
 put off the attendance of his barber to the 
 morrow, and with great cheerfulness took 
 his last leave of his friends. About eight, he 
 took a glass of wine, and immcdiatel}- after 
 expired, iMay 5th 17S9, in his 73d year, and 
 ■was buried on the ninth in Mary-bone new 
 Lurying ground. In his private character he 
 was highly respectable, his integrity was un- 
 impeached, and his conversation always easy 
 and free, and was directed to the improve- 
 ment and instruction of his liearers. He 
 \vas of a benevolent and charitable disposi- 
 tion, and never hesitated to divide his last 
 shilling with an indigent friend. It is to be 
 lamented, that among his papers, which 
 were carelessly burnt by his executors, there 
 ■were some letters and valuable communica- 
 tions from Dr. JoJinson. His works were 
 numerous, but though in general interest- 
 ing and useful, he disregarded them in one 
 of his letters, as hastily and injudiciously 
 produced under the pressure of distress and 
 poverty, and not abounding with that ele- 
 gance and correctness, which a more settled 
 life and more opulent circumstances might 
 have supplied. His works are, besides the 
 travels, tlie dictionary Italian and English, 
 a vols. 4to. — a dissertation on Italian poetry 
 — the Italian library, as introductive to the 
 Italian language — an Italian grammar — an 
 account of the customs of Italy, two vols. 
 Svo. — an introduction to most of the Euro- 
 pean languages, 8vo. — a Spanish and Eng- 
 lish dictionary — Tolondron speeches to John 
 Bowie, about his edition of Don Quixote, 
 Svo. — &c. 
 
 Barezi, a Mahomcdan, horn at llama, 
 author of several treatises on the Koran, 
 &cc. He died the year 738 of the hegira. 
 
 Bargrave, Isaac, an ecclesiastic of great 
 abilities, member of Clarehall Cambridge, 
 •and chaplain to James I. and Charles. He 
 •was made dean of Canterbury, I4lh Octo- 
 ber, 1G25 ; but he suffered greatly during 
 the civil wars, and Sandys, a man whose 
 life he had saved, treated him and his tamilv 
 "wilh unusual severity, and imprisoned him 
 jn the Fleet. Bargrave survived that mark 
 of ingratitude only three weeks, and died of 
 a broken heart, 1643, aged 50. He was a 
 
 zealous defender of the liberties of the king- 
 dom, civil and religious, and it is said that he 
 offended king James, at St. Margaret's, 
 We.'itminster, by a (liscourse agaiii.st po- 
 l)ei'y, he. 
 
 B ARID AH, a Mahomcdan writer on 
 Aristotle's works. 
 
 Baium, a Mahomedan author, who 
 wrote on the introduction of Poi-phyry's sa- 
 
 Baukh AM, John, a native of Exeter, who, 
 after studying at Oxford, and hnlding several 
 places of prcfenuLnt, died at Bocking in 
 Essex, of which he was rector and dean. 
 He is mentioned by Speed, and others, as 
 possessing " learning, virtue, and courtesy." 
 His \aluable collection of coins and medals, 
 which he gave to Laud, was presented to the 
 university. Though he never published any 
 thing, yet his friends had reason to acknow- 
 ledge his great erudition, sa that Guillim's 
 display of heraldry , and Speed's John and 
 Henry II. are attributed to him. 
 
 Bark I, a Mahomedan, author of a trea- 
 tise on geomancy. 
 
 Barksdale, Clement, a native of Winch- 
 comb, Clocestershire, edu'cated at Abing- 
 don school, and Oxford. He was elected 
 master of Hereford school, hut during the 
 civil wars, he left his situation and took pu- 
 pils at Hawling, in Glocestersliire. On the 
 restoration he was presented to the living of 
 Naunton, where he died 1687, aged 78, His 
 works are, besides .several sermons, and 
 some tracts, monumenta literaria, sive obi- 
 tus et elogia, doctorum virorum ex historiis 
 Thuani, 4to. — Nympha Libethris, or the 
 Corswold muse, Svo. 1651 — the life of (iro- 
 tius 1652, 12mo. — memorials of worthy per- 
 sons, 1661, 12mo. 
 
 Barlaam, a monk of Seminara, in Cala- 
 bria, who in visiting Constantinople to learn 
 the Greek language, gained the favors of the 
 emperor Andronicus, who made him abbot 
 of St. Salvador, 1339. He was also sent by 
 that prince into tlie West, to promote the 
 reunion of the two cluirches, and to solicit 
 the assistance of Christian princes against 
 the Mahometans. He afterwards had a 
 controversy with Palamas, a monk of Athos ; 
 but though he wrote against the Latins, he 
 no sooner returned to Italy, and took posses- 
 sion of the see of Gieraci, •which was after- 
 wards removed to Locri, tlian he severely 
 attacked the Greeks. This circumstance, so 
 inconsistent, has given occasion to some au- 
 thors, to say that there were two persons of 
 that name. He died about 1348. His letters 
 were pubU^iied at Ingolstadt, 160i. 
 
 Barl/Eus, Gasparaus, a Latin poet of 
 Antwerp, appointed subprincipal of the: 
 college of Leyden, but afterwards rejected 
 from his ofiice, for the zealous share which 
 he took in the disputes of the Arminian?. 
 He now took his degrees in physic at Caen, 
 and in 1631 v/as invite J by the magisti'ates of 
 Amsterdam, to fdl the chair of professor of 
 philosophy, vhiclihe held till his death in 
 1G4S, ill his 64th year, though his writings, 
 iu favor of Arminius, raised him a num»- 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 ber of enemies, who loudly called for liis 
 dismission. His orations are admired for 
 their wit and purity, and his poems for their 
 elegance and correctness. Two volumes of 
 liis letters were published after his death. 
 He wrote also an account of count Maurice's 
 govei'nment in Brazil. 
 
 BARL.3LUS, Lambert, a Greek professor 
 at Leyden, avIjo wrote annotations on Lu- 
 cian'sTimon, and Hcsiod's theogony, and 
 assisted liivius in the translation of the con- 
 fessions of the reformed churches into Greek. 
 He spoke Greek with the same fluent facility 
 as his mother tongue. He died 1655. 
 
 Barland, Adrian, a native of Barland, 
 m Zealand, professor at Louvain, and author 
 t)f notes on Virgil, Terence, Pliny the youn- 
 ger, and Menander, besides an abridgment 
 of universal history — the chronicle of the 
 dukes of Brabant^de literatis urbis Romie 
 principibius, &c. He died 1542. 
 
 Barletta, Gabriel, a Dominican, horn 
 at Barletta in the kingdom of Naples. He 
 acquired some celebx'ity as a writer and as a 
 preacher, and it became proverbial to say, 
 nescit praedicare qui nescit Barlettare. It is 
 reported that his sermons rapidly passed 
 through 20 editions, but so incongruous was 
 the composition, so full of serious reflections 
 and ridiculous levities, of obsolete words and 
 of modern and ancient idioms, that a more 
 singular and extraordinary performance 
 scarce ever appeared. The best edition is 
 that of Venice 1577, two vols. Svo. He was 
 Lorn about 1400, but the time of his death is 
 unknown. 
 
 Barlotta, Joseph, a Sicilian poet of 
 the 18th century, whose odes, sonnets, can- 
 tatas, &c. possess some merit. 
 
 Barlow, William, prior of a monastery, 
 before the dissolution, was raised to the see 
 of St. Asaph, and afterwards of St. David's, 
 in the reign of Henry VIU. He was tran- 
 slated to Bath and 'Wells 1547, but was 
 ejected by Mary because he was married, 
 upon which he retired to Germany. On 
 Elizabeth's accession, he was promoted to 
 the see of Chichester, where he died, 1568. 
 He was author of several controversial 
 hooks, &c. 
 
 Barlow, Francis, a native of Lincoln- 
 shire, the pupil of Shepherd. He e.xcelled 
 in his representation of birds, beasts, fishes, 
 ^cc. He died 1702. 
 
 Barlowe, Thomas, a native of Lang- 
 hill, Westmoreland, educated at Appleby 
 .school, and Queen's college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow. He kept his pre- 
 ierment during the civil Avars, and became 
 successively keeper of the Bodleian, provost 
 of his own college, Margaret professor of 
 divinity, archdeacon of Oxford, and bishop, 
 of Lincoln, 1675. He was violent against 
 the Roman catholics, but it has been men- 
 tioned that he paid his court to James H. 
 when on the throne, and with the same 
 time-serving spirit he vented his resentment 
 at tlie revolution against those of the clergy 
 who refused to take the required oaths. In 
 his opinions he was a strong Calvanist, and 
 
 warmly supported the Aristotelian tenets 
 against the new philosophy introduced by 
 the Royal society. He died at Bugden, 
 Huntingdonshire, Oct. 8th, 1691, in the 
 85th year of his age. Such of his books 
 were given to the Bodleian of which there 
 were no copies already deposited there, and 
 the rest to Queen's college. His works 
 wci'e against popery and on cases of con- 
 science, and chiefly controversial. His ma- 
 nuscripts passed into the hands of his chap- 
 lains, Offley and Brougham. 
 
 Barlowe, W^illiam, sow ef "William 
 Barlowe, bishop of St. David's, studied at 
 Baliol college, and distinguished himself as 
 the first discoverer of the nature and pro- 
 perties of the loadstone, the piercing and 
 cementing of which he eft'ected by a new 
 method. He explained the difference be- 
 tween iron and steel, and why a magnet by 
 being doubly capped takes up a greater 
 weight. His opinions were made public in 
 three different treatises. He died 1625. 
 
 Barnabas, St. a Levite, born at Cyprus. 
 As soon as he embraced Christianity, he 
 so'-d his estate, and delivei'ed his money to 
 the apostles, and was afterwards sent to An- 
 tioch, to confirm the disciples. He preached 
 the gospel in company with St. Paul, and af- 
 terwards passed with St. Mark into Cyprus, 
 M'here he was stoned to death by the Jews. 
 Thei'e is extant a Greek letter written by 
 him, which was published with learned notes 
 by Le Clerc, at Amsterdam, 1724. 
 
 Barnard, Theodore, a native of Am- 
 sterdam, who studied under Titian, and 
 acJorned the cathedral of Chichester by his 
 paintings of the kings and bishops. There 
 is a family near Chichester descended from 
 him. 
 
 Barxard, John, a native of Castor in 
 Lincolnshire, who studied at Queen's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and was made by the par- 
 liamentary visitors fellow of Lincoln, Ox- 
 ford. He married Dr. HeA'lyn's daughter, 
 and settled at Waddington, the advowson of 
 which he purchased. He obtained after the 
 restoration a prebend of Lincoln. He died 
 at Newark, on a journey to Spa, Aug. 17, 
 1683, and was buried at Waddington. He 
 wrote against scandalous ministers, &c. be- 
 sides the life of his father-in-law. 
 
 Barnard, Sir John, an upright magis- 
 trate, and an incorrupt statesman. He was 
 born at Reading, where his father, a quaker, 
 was a wine merchant. He succeeded to the 
 business, but at the age of 19 he relinquished 
 the quakers for the established church, and 
 became first known in the examination 
 w hich he underwent in the house of lords on 
 a wine bill, to the passing of which the mer- 
 chants objected. The spii-ited and becom- 
 ing manner in which he expressed himself 
 on the occasion, gained him popularity. He 
 became candidate for the city of London, 
 and was elected in 1722, and he served the 
 city in the six succeeding parliaments. In 
 1727, he was appointed alderman of Dow- 
 gate ward, and in 1738 he filled the chair of ' 
 the city with all the dignity which became a 
 
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 ^refit and opulent corporation. His contliict 
 ill piirlianient was over {juideil Ly a stron}^ at- 
 lachnieiit to his country ; Ik- supported i:\cry 
 measure which contributed In extend ctjni- 
 nierce and ])rosperity, and in his opposition 
 to Walpole, especially durin;< the debates on 
 the excise act, ids lanj;UH};e w as lirni, ntatdy, 
 and patriotic. Jn July 1758 this virtuous ni.i- 
 gistrale resijj^ned Ids .!j;«)wn, to the great re- 
 gret of the city, and retired to his seat at 
 Clapiiani. After atlaininjjj neai-Jy the Hi^c ot 
 8<K he expired, 'i'Jth August, 1700, leasing 
 one son and two daughters. The gencr.ti 
 character of sir .lolin may he collected in 
 the respect and esteem of his fellow citizens 
 on his resignation. He was coniplimented 
 with all those expressions of gratitude and 
 admiration which are due to integrity and 
 to virtue, and Ids public and private life 
 vas e(|ually made tlie subject of panegyric 
 libci-ally bestowed anil meritoriously earned. 
 He had been knighted in 1732 by George 11. 
 and in memorial of his merits his fellow ci- 
 tizens erected his statue i-i the Exchange. 
 
 Barxave, Anthony Peter Jos-eph Ma- 
 rie, a native of Gi-enoble, brought uj) to the 
 bar. The revolution called him to Paris, 
 ■where, as a deputy to the national assembly, 
 lie »lispla\ed great eloquence and strong 
 powers of mind. His popularity howevcl* 
 quickly vanished, when he expressed some 
 interest for the captive family of llie mo- 
 narch, whom he had conducted back from 
 Varennes to Paris, and ventured to predict 
 that liberty by its excesses might be pro- 
 ductive of a thousand miseries to his coun- 
 try. He was sent to prison, and after 15 
 months of confmemtnt, he was dragged to 
 Paris, Mhei'c his innocence and the energy 
 of his appeal to the sense of the nation, 
 would have procured his acquittal if his 
 iudges had been upright. He was guillotined 
 29th Nov. 1793, aged 32. 
 
 Barxes, Juliana, a native of Roding, in 
 Essex, prioress of Sopewell nunnery, near 
 St. Albans, eminent for her learning, piety, 
 and personal accomplishments. She has 
 been mentioned with great commendation 
 by Bale, Hollingshead, and others. She 
 A\rote some treatises on hunting, hawking, 
 kc. besides a book on heraldry. She was 
 living in i486, according to tlie titles of hci- 
 book, 26 years later than the period men- 
 tioned by Bale. 
 
 Barnes, Joshua, a native of l^ondon, 
 educated at Christ hospital, and atlmitted 
 servitor of Emanuel, Cambridge, of which 
 lie became fellow, and where he soon dis- 
 tinguished himself by his great learning, and 
 his superior knowletlge of Greek. Tn 1700, 
 Mrs. Alason, of Hemmingford, Huntingdon- 
 shire, a widow not beautiful in person, but 
 possessed of L'OO/. a year, visited him at 
 Cainbridge, and her offer to settle on him 
 the half of her income at her death, induced 
 him to solicit her hand, -which the obliging 
 fair-one did not refuse to Joshua, for whom, 
 she observed, the sun stood still. He dic(l 
 August 3d, 1712, in his 57th year, and his 
 widow, -who was nearly oi' tlie srane age as 
 
 himself, erected a monument over him at 
 Hemmiiigfo!-d. His works were valu.-djie 
 for their erudition and criticism. The chief 
 were, a poetical paraphrase of Esther 
 1070— the life of E«l«ard 111. dedicate*! to 
 James 11. in 1088 — a learned edition of Euri- 
 [tides, in ItJ'ji — Anacreon, in 1705 — and llo- 
 njer, btc. in 17O0. lienlley used to ridicule 
 his learning, and with pedantic pride ob- 
 served, that he kiicvv (jreek as inucli as a 
 cobler. 
 
 Barnes, JJobcit, 1). J), was employed by 
 Henry A HI. to collect the opinions of the 
 (.iei-man divines, about hi.s ilivorce from 
 (jueen (Jatherine. His attachmetit to Lu- 
 ther's doctrines incurred the displeasure of 
 the monarch, who bent him to the linvcr. 
 He was burnt alive at a stake, in 154t>. He 
 wrote a treatise on justificaliiKi, and the his- 
 tory of the popes. 
 
 Barxeveldt, John d' Olden, a slates- 
 man of great al)ilities, ambassador to Eliza- 
 beth in England, and to Henry IV. of Prance. 
 His attempts to limit the authority of Mau- 
 rice the second stadholder of Holland, raised 
 him enemies, by whose virulence he was 
 accused of designs to deliver the country to 
 the Spaniai'ds, and in consequence ol this 
 false charge, he was tri(!d and beheaded ia 
 1019. His sons, William and Rene, resented 
 the cruelty exercised against their father, 
 and though the elder escaped, Rene fell the 
 punishment due to a conspirator. The 
 mother stepped in defence of her son, and 
 when Maurice expressed surprise to see her 
 eager to save him when she had seen his 
 father fall unlamented, she indignantly re- 
 plied, "1 would not solicit a paidon for my 
 husband, for he was innocent. 1 a-^^k it for 
 Tiiy son because he is guilty." 
 
 Bard or Baroni, Peter, a native of 
 Estampes, in Prance, who left his country 
 on account of his attachment to protestant- 
 ism, and found a hospitable asylum in Eng- 
 land, in the house of lord Burleigh, and at 
 Cambridge with Dr. Pierce, by whose in- 
 fluence he was chosen Margaret professor of 
 divinity 1574. 'I'he tranquillity of his resi- 
 dence was however of short duration. He 
 opposed ^^'hitacre, Tindal, and Chadderton, 
 who violently supported the tenets of abso- 
 lute predestination, and whilst he gave a 
 more moderate explanation to the doctrine 
 in his sermons and in his lecture^, he found 
 himself cited before the vice chancellor, and 
 accused before archbishop "\\ hitgift ; and 
 though lord Burleigh the chancellor disap- 
 proved of the virulence of his prosecutors, 
 he found himself obliged to leave Cambridge 
 for Crutchedfriars, London, Mhere he died. 
 He was buried in St. Olave, Hart-street. His 
 writings were on divinity subjects, and in 
 Latin. 
 
 Bar o CHE, Prederic, a painter of Urbi- 
 no, who learnt sculptor of his father, and 
 architecture and geometry and perspective 
 of his uncle, and drew the heads of his Vir- 
 gins after the features of his sister, and those 
 of his Jesuses after his nephew. Cardinal de 
 la Revere became early his patron, but the 
 
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 fcjitous}' of his rivals proved nearly fatal. 
 He was maliciously poisoned, and Jhoiigh ho 
 recovered by tlie immediate application of 
 medicine, his constitution grew weak and 
 languid, and he lingtred in an unhealthy 
 state, till his 84th year, 161'2. His paintings 
 are in great esteem, his historical pieces are 
 deservedly admired, but he shines with su- 
 perior lustre in the execution of his devo- 
 tional portraits. His merit was universally 
 admitted, and his infirmities alone prevented 
 Idm from excepting the honors which were 
 liberally offered to him by the duke of Tus- 
 cany, the emperor Rodolph H. and Phi- 
 lip II. of Spain. In correctness he is great; 
 he understood well the effects of light and 
 shaile, and though the attitudes of some of 
 Lis figures are out of proportion, he certain- 
 ly may be said to approach near the softness 
 and graces of Corregio. 
 
 Baron, Bonaventure, a native of Clon- 
 mel, Ireland, educated by his uncle Luke 
 Wadding, and afterwards employed as divin- 
 ity professor at Rome, where he spent 60 
 years, and died blind in a good old age, 
 March I8th, 1690. He was a learned and 
 ■voluminous writer. His Theologia in G vols, 
 is his best performance. See a list of his 
 works in sir James Ware's writers of Ire- 
 land, p. "iSS. 
 
 Barox, Michael, son of a merchant of 
 Issondun, became celebrated as a player. 
 His powers in expressing the passions were 
 unusually groat and he was deservedly called 
 the lioscius of his time. He was not insen- 
 sible to the popularity which lie enjoyed, and 
 "with arrogance and vanity he observed, that 
 once in a ceritury perhaps a Ciesar might 
 arise, but that 2000 jears were requisite to 
 produce a Baron. His superior excellence 
 Avas in a great degree owing to his own ex- 
 ertions, so that Racine in representing his 
 Andromaclie to the actors, with the judg- 
 ment and correctness of a poet and of a man 
 of feeling, paid him the highest compliment, 
 assuring liim that he could give him no in- 
 structions, " for addccl he your own heart 
 >^ill tell you more than any lessons of mine 
 can suggest." He died at l*aris 22d Dec. 
 1729, aged 77. Three volumes in l2mo. of 
 theatrical pieces, appeared in 1760, under 
 Itis name, of which however some supposed 
 that lie was not the author. His dialogue is 
 lively, and his scenes diversified; but there 
 is not frequently that brilliancy of coloring 
 >vhich an acquaintance with the manners of 
 the great could have supplied. Mis " Co- 
 quette, — I'ccole des peres, — I'homme a bon- 
 ne fortune, &c." are his best pieces. His 
 father M'as also on the stage for .some tin)e. 
 When playing Don Diego in the Cid his 
 sword fell, and kicking it as the character 
 reqnircfl, he wounded his little toe against 
 tlie point, but he disregarded the blow till a 
 gangrene informed him of his danger. He 
 might have saved his life by aniputation, but 
 he observed, that a tlieatrical monarch with 
 a wooden leg would be hissed, and there- 
 fore he waited patiently tlic slow approach- 
 es of death, which happened in 1655. 
 
 Baron, Hyacinth Theodore, a learned 
 physician of Paris, author of a Latin disser- 
 tation on chocolate. He had also some share 
 in the pharmacopreia of Paris for 1732. He 
 died 29th July, 1758, aged 72. 
 
 Baroxi, Adrianne Busile, a native of 
 Mantua, .sister to the poet Basile. She was 
 so admired for her beauty, her wit, and her 
 accompiishments, that volumes were written 
 in her praise. Her daughter Leonora posses- 
 sed equal charms, and met equal admiration, 
 and in 1639, a collection of peices in Latin, 
 Greek, Spanish, Italian, and French, was 
 published, in which her beauty and her per- 
 fections were portrayed with all the graces 
 of poetry. She resided long at Rome, where 
 she appeared occasionally as a singer. She 
 also wrote some poetical trifles. 
 
 Basonius, Cajsar, a native of Sora in 
 Italy, educated at Veroli, Naples, and Rome. 
 In this last place he became a priest, and 
 was appointed soon after confessor to Cle- 
 ment VIll. keeper of his library, and raised 
 to the rank of cardinal. On the death of the 
 pope 1605 he was nearly elevated to the pon- 
 tificate, as he had 31 voices in his favor, but 
 his election was opposed by the Spanish fac- 
 tion, as he had asserted that the claims of 
 the king of Spain on Naples were founded on 
 false grounds. His constitution was injured 
 by his intense application, so that in his old 
 age he digested his food with difficulty. He 
 died oOth June, 1607, aged 68. His works 
 are numerous and valuable, especially Ids 
 Annales ecclesiaslici, in 12 vols. fol. abridged 
 by several authors, by H. Spondajus, Lud.. 
 Aurelio, and Bazovius. 
 
 Barou Du SoBEiL, N. a native of Lyons, 
 distinguished as a lawyer, and as a man of 
 letters. He translated some things from the 
 Knglish, and wrote the eulogy of his friend 
 Prost de Royer. He was put to death after 
 the siege of Lyons, at the end of 1792, by the 
 bloody revolutionists. 
 
 Barozzi, James, an architect, born Ir 
 the dutcliy of Modena, and better known by 
 the name of Vignoia. His skill in architec- 
 ture Mas displayed in the splendid edifi- 
 ces of Bologna, and in the canal between 
 Ferrara and Bologna. He succeeded M. An- 
 gelo as the architect in the erection of St. 
 Peter's at Rome, and died threrc 1577. He 
 was member of the academy of designs at 
 Rome, and was much noticed during an ex- 
 cursion in France. He wrote a treatise on 
 perspective, and also rules for the five orders 
 of architecture, a popular work which has 
 passed through 16 editions. 
 
 Barrai., Peter, an ecclesiastic of Greno- 
 ble, who kept a school at Paris, and disLin- 
 giiished himself as the author of a diction- 
 airc historique, &c. des hommes celebres, 
 6 vols 8vo. a work generally esteemed, though 
 in some articles partial and unnecessarily se- 
 vere. He also abridged Pitiscus's dictionaire 
 des anticj. Rom. and published an abstract 
 of Sevigne's letters. His style was manly and 
 vigorous, though occasionally negligent and 
 incorrecL He died at Paris, July 21st, 1772. 
 Barke, Francois Poullaiu de h, a French 
 
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 ectlcsiastic at Paris, wlio obtaificd u piofcs- 
 sorial cimir at Geneva. Heilicd tUcre IT'iJ. 
 Jle published sonu; treatises on tlic e{|ualily 
 ot" llie two sexes, the eilucalioii of women, 
 &CC. in a st>'le little ahove mediocrity. 
 
 Baruf., Lonis Francoi.4 Jos. de l;i, a na- 
 tive ot Touruay, member ol the auadeiuy 
 des inscri[)tions, editor of Moreri's dictiona- 
 ry, and autlioi- of some books on antitinarian 
 history, ^c. among which are njemoiisof the 
 liistury of France and l{ur:?undy. He also 
 asbi-ted Banduri in his imperinm orientale, 
 and in liis colleetion of Itoman medals from 
 Decius. He was rewarded with a pension 
 by tlic grand duke of Tuscany, and died at 
 I'aris 1738, aged 50. 
 
 Barke, Michel dela, a musician of Paris, 
 eminent as a playt-ron the German flute, and 
 as the author ok some musical «omyositions. 
 He died 1744. 
 
 Barre, Joseph, an ecjilesiastic, canon of 
 St. Genevieve, and chancellor of the univer- 
 .sity of Paris, where lie died '2Si\ of June 17G4, 
 aged T'2. He was well versed in ecclesiasti- 
 cal and profane history. His history of 
 Germany 1 1 vols. 4to. is the best of his works, 
 though it does not abound either in eleganc 
 ol language, choice of matter, or happy and 
 interesting combination of events. He pub- 
 lished, besides a life of marshal de Pabert, 2 
 vols. l'2mo. — History of the laws and the tri- 
 bunals, of Justice, 4to. — Vindicije librorum 
 tleutero-canonicorum veteris Test. &cc. 
 
 Barre, Madame du, celebrated as the 
 mistress of the eft'eminate Lewis XV. was 
 the daughter of an obscure silversmith of 
 Paris, of the name of Chivaux. Her eldest 
 sister was the mistress of a colonel Barre, 
 atul in visiting her she was accidently seen 
 tiiul admired by the fickle monarch. That 
 she might the better improve this infamous 
 attachment, she secretly married the bro- 
 ther of her sister's seducer, and was now re- 
 ceived at court, and loaded with all the hon- 
 ors and riches which a captivated master 
 could bestow. At the revolution she was ac- 
 cused before the bloody tribunal, who wished 
 to share her ill acquired opulence, and she 
 was dragged to the scaffold, where her fears 
 and pusillanimity exposed her to the deri- 
 sion of her enemies, and the contempt of 
 the spectators, and she closed like a coward 
 alifeofgiilt, licentiousness, and infamy, 1793. 
 
 Barre Aux, Jacques Vallce, a native of 
 Paris, known, by the libertinism of his life 
 and conversation. As his connections were 
 noble, and his income ample, he spared no- 
 thing to give variety to his voluptuous pur- 
 suits ; his w inters were passed in the mild 
 climate of Florence, and in summer he was 
 lost amidst the fiiasipation of the capital. In 
 his old age he became a convert to Christian- 
 ity. He died at Chalons sur-Saone 1673, in 
 his 7'2d year. An elegant sonnet '* Grand 
 Dieu, Sec." is the only thing which he wrote, 
 and some even have asserted that it was not 
 his comi)Osition. 
 
 BARRELtER, Jamcs, a Dominican, who, 
 as a preaching friar, made the tour of Spain, 
 France, and Italy. As he was particularly 
 
 fond of botany he made a large collection of 
 plants, 8tc. during his journey, and he inten- 
 ded to give agemral history of [daiils c:dle«l 
 Hortus mundi, (ji- Oibis botanicus, wht.ii a fa- 
 tal asthma sloiqied his useful labors 167.'j, la 
 his fi7th year. A colleciion of bis intended 
 work was afterwaids puMislicd by de Jus- 
 sieu, called " 1*1; . tie per Galliam, ^c. obser- 
 vatae cum iconiljus iEneis, 1714, in folio. 
 
 Barreke, Peter, a i)hysician of re[)uta- 
 tion at Perpignan, author ot treatises on the 
 color ol' negroes, 4lo. 1741, on the history of 
 ecpiinoctial France, &c. 1748, 12mo. Ke di- 
 ed 17.55. 
 
 Barrett, George, a native of Dublin, 
 eminent as a self-taught painter. Jn his 
 youth he obtained the prize of 50/. from the 
 Dublin society for the best landscape in oil, 
 and in 17G2 he also with another landscape 
 gained a similar prize from the London socie- 
 ty for the encouragement of arts. He was 
 zealous in the establishment of the I'oy.'xl 
 academy, of which he was member. His 
 most admired pieces are pi*eserved in the 
 coMections of the dukes of Portland and Buc- 
 cleugh, Mr. Locke and others. He died 
 1784, aged 52. 
 
 Barrett, William, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, who settled at Bristol as a surgeon, 
 and devoted much of his time for twenty 
 year.9 in making collections for the history 
 of tkat city. The Avork was published iu 
 4to. 1788, and the author died the next year. 
 He was interested much in the Chattertoniaa 
 controversy, as he was one of the earliest 
 friends and patrons of the imfortunate youth. 
 
 Barriere, Pierre, a man who, from a 
 sailor, became a soldier, and formed the 
 project of assassinating Henry IV. of FYance 
 He imparted this diabolical purpose to Se- 
 raphiu Bonchi an Italian monk, who inform- 
 ed the courtiers of the king's danger, and 
 Barriere was seized and broken on the wheel 
 at Melun 26th Aug. 1693. 
 
 Barrington, John Shute, son of Ben- 
 jamin Shute, merchant, was born at Theo- 
 bald's, Herts, and partly educated at Utrecht. 
 He early embibed the tenets of the dissen- 
 ters, in whose favor he wrote so.Ti.e treatises. 
 He applied himself to the law, and so con- 
 spicuous were his abilities, and so great hi'S 
 atithority among the dissenters considered, 
 that the ministry, at the instance of lord 
 Somers, applied to him when he was but- 
 24 years old to exert his influence with the 
 Scotch presbyterians to promote the union 
 of the two kingdoms. He was successful, 
 and his labors were rewarded by tJie appoint- 
 ment of commissioner of the customs ia 
 1708, from which however he was removed 
 three years after on the ctiange of adminis- 
 tration. His character was so highly i^espec- 
 ted that John "Wildman, esq. of Becket, 
 Berks, though a stranger, left him his es- 
 tate, and Some years after the eame liberal 
 and honorable compliment was paid him by 
 Francis Barrington of Tofts, who had mar- 
 ried his relation, and whose name and arms 
 he assumed. i\Ir. Sliute sat in parliament 
 for Berwick-upon-Tweed, bxit he did vfsi 
 
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 fc;iloL;5>3' of his rivals proved nearly fatal. 
 He was maliciously poisoned, and though ho 
 recovered by the iniraediale application of 
 medicine, his constitution grew \\ eak and 
 languid, and he lingercti in an unhealthy 
 state, till his 8ith year, 161'2. His paintings 
 are in great esteenn, his historical pieces are 
 deservedly admired, but he shines with su- 
 perior lustre in tlie execution of ids devo- 
 tional portraits. His merit was universally 
 admitted, an<l his infirmities alone prevented 
 Idm from excepting tiie honors which were 
 iiberally offered to him by the duke of Tus- 
 cany, the emperor Rodolph H. and Phi- 
 lip II. of Spain. In correctness he is great; 
 he understood well the effects of light and 
 ehace, and though the attitudes of some of 
 his figures arc out of proportion, he certain- 
 ly may be said to approach uear the softness 
 and graces of Corregio. 
 
 BarOiV, Bonaventure, a native of Clon- 
 mel, Ireland, educated by his uncle Luke 
 AVadding, and afterwards employed as divin- 
 ity professor at Rome, where he spent 60 
 years, and died blind in a good old age, 
 Alarch I8th, 169G. He was a learned and 
 Tohiminous writer. His Theologia in G vols, 
 is his best performance. See a list of his 
 T/orks in sir James Ware's writers of Ire- 
 land, p. "253. 
 
 Baron, Michael, son of a merchant of 
 Issondun, became celebrated as a player. 
 His powers in expressing the passions were 
 unusually great and he was deservedly called 
 the Itoscius of his time. He was not insen- 
 sible to the popularity which he enjoyed, and 
 ■with arrogance and vanity he observed, that 
 once in a ccritury perhaps a Ciesar might 
 ai'ise, but that tiOOO 3'ears were requisite to 
 produce a Baron. His superior excellence 
 Avas in a great degree owing to his own ex- 
 ertions, so that Racine in representing his 
 Andromache to the actors, with the judg- 
 ment and correctness of a poet and of a man 
 of feeli.'ig, paid him the highest compliment, 
 asstiring Idm that he could give him no in- 
 structions, " for added he your own heart 
 >\ill tell you more than any lessons of mine 
 t'an suggest." He died at Paris 22(1 Dec. 
 1729, aged 77. Three volumes in 12mo. of 
 theatrical pieces, appeared in ITGO, under 
 his name, of which however some supposed 
 that lie was not the author. His dialogue is 
 lively, and his scenes diversified; but there 
 is not frequentU^ that brilliancy of coloring 
 Avhich an acquaintai'.ce with the manners of 
 the great could have supplied. Mis " Co- 
 quette, — I'ccole des pcres, — I'homme a bon- 
 ne fortune, 8:c." are his best pieces. His 
 father was also on the stage for some time. 
 "VVhen playing Don Diego in the Cid his 
 .sword fell, and kicking it as the character 
 required, he wounded his little toe against 
 the point, but he disregarded the blow till a 
 gan/rene informed him of his danger. He 
 might have saved his life by amputation, but 
 he observed, that a tlieatrical monarch with 
 u wooden leg would be hissed, and theie- 
 fore he waited [latiently the slow approach- 
 es of death, which happened in 1655. 
 
 Baron, Hyacinth Theodore, a learned 
 physici.'in of Paris, author of a Latin disser- 
 tation on chocolate. He had also some share 
 in the pharmacopoeia of Paris for 1732. He 
 died 29th July, 1758, aged 72. 
 
 Baroxi, Adrianne Basile, a native of 
 Mantua, sister to the poet Basile. She was 
 so admired for her beauty, her wit, and her 
 acctmipiishments, that volumes were written 
 in her praise. Her daughter Leonora posses- 
 sed equal charms, and met equal admiration, 
 and in 1639, a collection of peices in Latin, 
 (ireek, Spanish, Italian, and French, was 
 published, in which her beauty and her per- 
 fections were portrayed with all the graces 
 of poetry. She resided long at Rome, wdiere 
 she appeared occasionally as a singer. She 
 also wrote some poetical trifles. 
 
 Basonius, Cajsar, a native of Sora in 
 Italy, educated at Veroli, Naples, and Rome. 
 In this last place he became a priest, and 
 was appointed soon after confessor to Cle- 
 ment VHl. keeper of his library, and raised 
 to the rank of carflinal. On the death of the 
 pope 1605 he was nearly elevated to the pon- 
 tificate, as he had 31 voices in his favor, but 
 his election was opposed by the Spanish fac- 
 tion, as he had asserted that the claims of 
 the king of Spain on Naples were founded oa 
 false grounds. His constitution was injured 
 by his intense application, so that in his old 
 age he digested his food with difficulty. He 
 died 30th June, 1607, aged 68. His works 
 are numerous and valuable, especially Ids 
 Annates ecclesiastici, in 12 vols. fol. abridged 
 by several authors, by H. Spondajus, Lud^ 
 Aurelio, and Bazovius. 
 
 Barou Du SoBEiL, N. a native of Lyons, 
 distinguished as a lawyer, and as a man of 
 letters. He translated some things from the 
 Knglish, and wrote the eulogy of his friend 
 Prost de Royer. He Avas put to death after 
 the siege of Lyons, at the end of 1792, by the 
 blood}' revolutionists. 
 
 Baroxzi, James, an architect, born Ir 
 the diitchy of Modena, and better known by 
 the name of Vignola. His skill in architec- 
 ture Mas displayed in the splendid edifi- 
 ces of Bologna, and in the canal between 
 P'errara and Bolosna. He succeeded M. An- 
 gelo as the architect in the erection of St. 
 Peter's at Rome, and died threrc 1577. He 
 was member of the academy of designs at 
 Rome, and was much noticed during an ex- 
 cursion in France. He wrote a treatise on 
 perspective, and also rules for the five orders 
 of architecture, a popular work which has 
 passed through 16 editions. 
 
 Barr.\i,, Peter, an ecclesiastic of Greno- 
 ble, who kept a school at Paris, and disim- 
 guished himself as the author of a diction- 
 aire historique, &c. des hommes celebres, 
 G vols 8vo. a work generally esteemed, though 
 in some articles partial and uimecessarily se- 
 vere. He also abridged Pitiscus's dictionaire 
 des antiq. Rom. and published an abstract 
 of Sevigne's letters. His style was manly and 
 vigorous, though occasionally negligent and 
 incorrect. He died at Paris, July 21st, 1772. 
 
 Barre, Francois Poullaiu de h, a French 
 
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 ccfclcsiastic at Paris, wlio obtained a profts- 
 sorial cliair at Cieiieva. He died tlicre IT'iJ. 
 He piiblislit'd sojut." treatises on the equality 
 of llie two bfe'xes, tlie education (»f women, 
 &CC. in a st^le little ahove mediocrity. 
 
 Haruk, Louis Francoi.s Jos- tie la, a na- 
 tive ot" ruurnay, lueuiber ol" tlie ai.a<li;my 
 des inscriptions, editor of Moreri's diutiona- 
 ry, and auilior of some books on antifpiarian 
 history, ^c aiiKtng uhicli are memoirs of tlie 
 history of France and llurj^undy. He also 
 assirted Banduri in his iM)|)erium orientaie, 
 and in liis colleetiou of lioman medals from 
 Decius. He was rewanied with a pension 
 bv the grand duke of Tuscany, and died at 
 r'aris irj8, aged 50. 
 
 Barhe, Micliel dela, a musician of Paris, 
 eminent as a player on the German flute, and 
 US the author ol some musical «ompositions. 
 He died 1744. 
 
 Barre, Joseph, an ecislesiastic, canon of 
 St. Gene%'ieve, and chancellor of the univer- 
 .sity of Paris, where he died 2Si] of June 1764, 
 aged 72. He was well vei'sed in ecclesiasti- 
 cal and profane history. His history of 
 Germany II vols. 4to. is the best of his works, 
 though it docs not abounfl either in eleganc 
 ot language, choice of matter, or happy and 
 interesting combination of events. He pub- 
 lished, besides a life of marshal de Fabert, 2 
 vols. l'2mo. — History of the laws and the tri- 
 bunals, of Justice, 4to. — Vindicix librorum 
 tleutero-canonicorum veteris Test. &c. 
 
 Bar RE, Madame du, celebrated as tlie 
 mistress of the efteminate Lewis XV. was 
 the daughter of an obscure silversmith of 
 Paris, of the name of Chivaux. Her eldest 
 sister was the mistress of a colonel Barre, 
 and in visiting her she was accidenlly seen 
 and admired by the fickle monarch. That 
 she might the better improve this infamous 
 attachment, slie secretly married the bro- 
 ther of her sister's seducer, and was now re- 
 ceived at court, and loaded with all the hon- 
 ors and riches which a captivated master 
 could bestow. At the revolution she was ac- 
 cused before the bloody tribunal, v. ho wished 
 to share her ill acquii-ed opulence, and she 
 was dragged to the scatFold, where her fears 
 and pusillanimity exposed her to the deri- 
 sion of her enemies, and the contempt of 
 the spectators, and she closed like a coward 
 alifeofg. lilt, licentiousness, and infamy, 1793. 
 
 Barre Aux, Jacques Vallee, a native of 
 Paris, known, by the libertinism of his life 
 and conversation. As his connections were 
 noble, and his income ample, he spared no- 
 thing to give variety to his voluptuous pur- 
 suits ; his winters were passed in the mild 
 climate of Florence, and in summer he was 
 lost amidst the dissipation of the capital. In 
 his old age he became a convert to Christian- 
 ity. He <lttid at Chalons sur-Saone 1673, in 
 his 72d year. An elegant sonnet '* Grand 
 Dieu, kc." is the only thing which he Avrote, 
 and some even have asserted that it was not 
 his composition. 
 
 Barrelier, James, a Dominicrin, who, 
 as a preaching friar, made the tour of Spain, 
 France, and Italy. As he was particularly 
 
 fond of botany he made a large collection of 
 plants, he. iluring his journey, and he inten- 
 ded to give agemi'id hist«jry of (daiits called 
 Hortus mundi, or Orliis botanicu.s, when a ta- 
 tal asthma stopped his useful labors 167.'3, la 
 his r)7th year. A collection of his intended 
 work was aftci u atils pidilislicd by de Jus- 
 sieu, called " i^l: . tie per Galliam, 8cc. obser- 
 vatae cum iconilius yEiicis, 1714, in f(»lio. 
 
 Barre RE, Peter, a i)h\hician of rt.[)uta- 
 tion at Perpignan, author of treatises on the 
 color of negroes, 4to. 1741, on the history of 
 equinoctial France, &c. 1748, 12mo. Ke di- 
 ed 17.55. 
 
 Barrett, George, a native of Dublin, 
 eminent as a self-taught painter. In his 
 youth he obtained the prize of 50/. from the 
 Dublin society for the best landscape in oil, 
 and in 1702 he also with another landscape 
 gained a similar prize from the London socie- 
 ty for the encouragement of arts. He was 
 zealous in the establishment of the royal 
 academy, of which he was member. His 
 most admired pieces are preserved in the 
 collections of the dukes of Portland and Buc- 
 cleugh, Mr. Locke and others. He died 
 1784, aged 52. 
 
 Barrett, William, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, who settled at Bristol as a surgeon, 
 and devoted much of his time for twenty 
 years in making collections for the history 
 of tbat city. The Avork was published iu 
 4to. 1788, and the author died the next year. 
 He was interested much in the Chattertoniaa 
 controversy, as he was one of the earliest 
 friends and patrons of the unfortunate youth. 
 
 Bar R I ere, Pierre, a man who, from a 
 sailor, became a soldier, and formed the 
 project of assassinating Henry IV. of France 
 He imparted this diabolical purpose to Se- 
 raphiu Boiichi an Italian monk, Avho inform- 
 ed the courtiers of the king's danger, and 
 Barriere was seized and broken on the wheel 
 at Melun 26th Aug. 1693. 
 
 Barring TON, John Siiute, son of Ben- 
 jamin Shute, merchant, was born at Theo- 
 bald's, Herts, and partlv educated at Utrecht. 
 He early embibed the tenets of the dissen- 
 ters, in whose favor he wrote so.Tie treatises. 
 He applied himself to the law, and so con- 
 spicuous were his abilities, and so great his 
 authority among the dissenters considered, 
 that the ministry, at the instance of lord 
 Somers, applied to him when he was bur 
 24 years old to exert his influence with the 
 Scotch Presbyterians to promote the union, 
 of the two kingdoms. He was successful, 
 and his labors were rewarded by tlie appoint- 
 ment of commissioner of the customs ia 
 1708, from which however he was removed 
 three years after on the change of adminis- 
 tration. His character was so highly i^espec- 
 ted that John "Wildman, esq. of Becket, 
 Berks, though a stranger, left him his es- 
 tate, and Some years after the eame liber.-^l 
 and honorable compliment was paid him by 
 Francis Barrington of Tofts, who had mar- 
 ried his relation, and whose name and arms 
 lie assumed. Air. Suute sat in parliament 
 for Berwick-upon-Tweed, but he did vfs": 
 
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 disLinguisii himself as an eloquent oi- a Irc- 
 queiit speaker. lu 1720 lie was raised to the 
 peerage of Irelanil bj' the title of Viscount 
 Barriiigton, but in 1723 his character was 
 undeservedly tarnished for his conduct in 
 the Harburgli lottery, for which he was ex- 
 ^lelled from tlie house. lie died at JJecket 
 Dec. 4th, 1734, in his 6Gth year. He was 
 the disciple and the friend of the famous 
 ISIr. Locke. He was author of miscellanea 
 sacra in two vols. 8vo. explaining the spirit- 
 nal gifts, &c. by which the apostles propaga- 
 ted Christianity, a work which strongly sup- 
 ported the truth of religion, and which shook 
 the inliilelity of Anthony Collins. He wrote 
 also other treatises on divinity and po- 
 litical subjects, such as an essay on the several 
 dispensations of God to mankind — a tract 
 on the toleration of protestant dissenters 
 1701, — the riglits of protestant dissenters in 
 2 parts, — and in' these he displayed not oidy 
 erudition but a warm attachment to the 
 rights of mankind, and strongly maintained 
 the importance and necessity of free inquiry 
 in matters of religion. He married x\nne, 
 daughter of William Daines, by whom he 
 had six sons and three daughters. 
 
 Barrington, Uaines, fourth son of lord 
 Barrington, was, in 1757, appointed a Welsh 
 judge, and afterwards second justice of Ches- 
 ter. These offices, which he discharged with 
 great dignity, he resigned some years before 
 his death, and devoted himself to those lite- 
 i-ary pursuits which he loved. He was author 
 of observations on the statutes, 4to. — tracts on 
 the probability of reaching the north pole, 4to, 
 kc. — and made besides valuable communica- 
 tions to the royal and antiquarian societies, of 
 which he was a disiinguished membei', and of 
 the last of which he was vice-president. He 
 died Max'ch 14, 1800, aged 73, at his cham- 
 bers in the Temple, and was buried in the 
 Temple church. 
 
 B.v RUING TON, Samuel, fifth sou of lord 
 Barrington, distinguished himself by his na- 
 val services, especially in the West-InJies, at 
 the taking of St Lucia, atid at the siege of 
 Gibraltar with lord Howe in 1782. He was 
 made post captain 1747, rear admiral in 
 1778, and died 16th August 1800, aged 71. 
 
 Barros, or De Barros, John, a native 
 of Viseo, engaged as preee])tor to the chil- 
 dren of Emanuel, king of Portugal. After 
 being three years governor of St. George, oii 
 the coast of xVfrica, he was recalled by his 
 pupil, king Juan, to be treasurer of the In- 
 dies; and in this employment he formed the 
 design of writing the history of that lately 
 discovered part of the globe. He died at 
 Pompal, the place of his literary retire- 
 ment, 1570, in his 74th year. His history is 
 divided into 4 decades, arid though censured 
 by la Boulayc le Goux, and extolled by Pos- 
 sevin and de Thou, it contains a collection 
 of many hiUierto unknown facts, though un- 
 adorned with the graces of elegance, or the 
 strictest attachment to truth. Alfonso Ulloa 
 translated the book from Portuguese into 
 Spanish. The work was edited, 3 vols. fol. 
 Lisbon, 1736. 
 
 Barrow, Isaac, a native of Spin ey Ab- 
 bey, Cambridgeshire, educated at Peter- 
 house, of which he became fellow. He was 
 ejected in 1643, and then retired to Oxford, 
 and was made chaplain of New college, and 
 after the restoration he was consecrated bi- 
 shop of Sodor and Man, and soon after trans- 
 lated to St. Asaph. He died 1680, and was 
 buried in St. Asaph cathedral. The two sees 
 over which he presided were much benefit- 
 ted by his liberality, especially the former. 
 
 Barro\v, Isaac, a learned mathematician 
 and divine of an ancient family in Suffolk, 
 was born in London. From the Charter- 
 house, where he gave few proofs of applica- 
 tion, and many of his fondness for fighting, 
 he went to Felsted in Essex, where a change 
 of disposition from indolence toindusti*y sooa 
 distinguished him. He was admitted pen- 
 sioner of Peter-house, Cambridge, 1643 ; 
 but when he went two years after to reside, 
 he became member of Trinity college, where 
 his uncle had entered, after being ejected 
 from Peter-house for writing against the 
 covenant. He Avas afterwards chosen fel- 
 low of the college ; but though his income was 
 small, from the losses which the civil war 
 had brought upon his father, he did not in- 
 gloriously submit to the ruling powers ; and 
 though he inadvertently subscribed to the 
 covenant, he soon repented of this weak- 
 ness, and insisted upon the erasure of his 
 name. His studies were directed to divini- 
 ty ; but when he observed the connection 
 w hich exists between chronology and astro- 
 nomy, he applied himself with indefatigable 
 zeal to those higher sciences, and made a 
 rapid progress besides in^anatomy, botany, 
 and chemistry. Upon his disappomtment in 
 not being elected Greek professor, on the 
 death of Dr. Duport, he resolved to travel, 
 and to supply his expenses he parted with 
 his books, and left the kingdom, 1655. He 
 visited Paris, Leghorn, and Florence, and 
 every where enriched the stores of his mind 
 by observation and inquisitive researches, 
 liis progress might, however, have been 
 checked, had not his pecuniary difficulties 
 been i-emoved by the liberality of Mr. James 
 Stock, a young merchant of London, whom 
 he met at Florence. From Leghorn he pas- 
 sed to Smyrna, and in his voyage displayed 
 his uncommon coni'age, by assisting the 
 crew- of the vessel in beating oft' an Algerine 
 corsair that threatened them with death or 
 slavery. He passed from Smyrna to Constan- 
 tinople, where he resided one year, and re- 
 turned to England through Venice, Germany, 
 and Holland, in 1659. He now took orders, 
 agreeable to the statutes of his college, and. 
 in 1660, he was elected to the Greek profes- 
 sorship of the university, and two j'ears af- 
 ter, to that of geometry in Gresham college. 
 The next year he was made Lucasian mathe- 
 matical lecturer at Cambridge, an office 
 which, in 1669, he resigned to his great 
 friend ls:iac Newton, that he might with 
 closer application devote himself to divinity. 
 He now received the preferment which vas 
 due to his merit frora hh uncle, bishop of 
 
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 St. Asnpl), and fiom \V:ird, bishop of Salis- 
 bury, Hiid, ill 1072, the kiiit^, wlioin he 
 seived by )iis conduct, and iUittercd by his 
 poetry, raised him to the raastcrshij) ol" 
 Trinity college, observing, with real trulli, 
 that he gave it to the best scholar in Eng- 
 land. He was vice chancellor in 1G75; but 
 his public services were of short duration. 
 l[c died of a fever, 4lh May, 1677, aged 47, 
 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where 
 his friends, by contribution, erected a mo- 
 nument over him, of which the epitaph was 
 •written by Dr. Mai)lctott. The wiitings of 
 Harrow ai'e numerous and valuable, and 
 cluelly on mathematical subjects. As a di- 
 vine he was great as well as exemplary, so 
 that Charles 11. whose chaplain he was, cal- 
 led him, with propriety, " an unfair preach- 
 er," meaning that he exhausted evei'y sub- 
 ject, and left nothing for others to say. Bar- 
 row is a remarkable instance of the amend- 
 ment which may happily be produced from 
 youthful irregularities. His conduct when a 
 boy was so displeasing to his father, that the 
 old man was heard to say, that if it pleased 
 God to take any of his children, he hoped it 
 might be his son Isaac. The mathematical 
 part of his valuable works consists of Euclidis 
 elementa, & data — lectiones geometricx — 
 Archimedis opera — Apollonii conicorum, li- 
 bri 4. — Theodosii sphericorum, libri 3. — 
 Nova methodo illustrata et succinct^ de- 
 monstrata — &c lectio in qua theoremata 
 
 Archimedis de sphsera et cylindro & 
 
 mathemalicic lectiones habit£e in scholis 
 publicis acad. Cantab, published after his 
 death. His sermons Are liighly esteemed, 
 and have been frequently edited. His works 
 in English were published together by Dr. 
 Tillotson, in 3 vols. fol. IGS'J. 
 
 Barry, Girald, a native of Pembroke- 
 shire, called Giraldus Cambrensis, He was 
 of a respectable family, and obtained prefer- 
 ment in the church, and was at last nomina- 
 ted bishop of St. David's by the chapter, 
 which, however, could not be sanctioned by 
 the pope. When afterwards oftered the 
 same bishopric, in 1-215, he indignantly re- 
 fused it. He is author of the history of the 
 conquest of Ireland, and of the topographia 
 Hibernica, edited by Camden, 1602 — itine- 
 rarium Cambrise, edited by Dr. Powel, be- 
 sides ecclesice speculum against the monks. 
 
 Barry, James, son of the representative 
 of Dublin, was brought up to the bar, and 
 in 162'J, made king's serjeant, and in 163-i, 
 knighted, and appointed one of tlie barons 
 of the exchequer. At the restoration he 
 Avas made chief justice of the king's bench, 
 and raised to the peerage, by the title of lord 
 Santry. He was intimate witli the unfortu- 
 nate Stafford; and died 1673, and was buried 
 in Christ Church, Du})lin. He wrote the 
 ease of tenures upon the commission of de- 
 fective titles, published, Dublin, fol. 1037, 
 and 12mo. 1725. 
 
 Barry, Spranger, was born in Dublin, 
 
 son of a silversmith, 20th November, 1719. 
 
 After following unwillingly for two or three 
 
 years, his father's business, his inclination 
 
 VOL. I. 19 
 
 for theatrical pursuits burst forth, and, in 
 1744, he appeared on the stage, in the cha- 
 racter of (Jliiello. As his acting was of supe- 
 rior order, he was received with unprece- 
 clented applause ; and he bo higbly establisb- 
 ed his character at (Jork, as well as in tbe 
 capital, that he ranked witli the great names 
 ol Ciarrick, (Jibber, Sheridan, Quin, aiVcL 
 WoHingtou, who at that season were enga- 
 ged on the J)nblin stage, and from whose ex- 
 ertions in proiluciiig fuil and applauding 
 hou.ses, a Barry, Quin, or (iaiiick fever, 
 became proverbial for diseases contracted in 
 an overloaded theatre. In 1746, Bai-ry cam*-* 
 to England ; but his connection with Drury- 
 lane was of short duration. In Corent-gar- 
 den, however, he became a formidable op- 
 ponent to the great Jioscius, as he played 
 the same characters, and divided w ith him 
 the applauses of the town. After eleven 
 years of arduous contention, in which the 
 liighest powers of theatrical eloquence were 
 successfully displayed by both rivals, Barry 
 joined with Woodward, of Covent-garden, in 
 an expedition to Ireland, where they built, 
 at great expense, two elegant play-houses, at 
 Dublin and Cork. The plan did not, how- 
 ever, succeed. Woodward left his friend to 
 settle the debts of this ruinous scheme, and 
 returned to Lon<lon, where he was followed, 
 in 1766, by Barry. Barry engaged Avilli 
 Foote at the Opera-house, Hay-Market, and 
 there introduced his wife in the character 
 of Desdemona, which she supported with so 
 much force and propriety that Garrick,then 
 in the pit, atlmired her powers, and not on- 
 ly foretold the high rank to which her abili- 
 ties were soon to raise her, but actually en- 
 gaged her and her husband at Drury-lane. 
 In 1773, he returned to Covent-garden, 
 where, though broken by infirmities, and 
 the agonies of hereditary gout, he occasion- 
 ally called forth those bursts of univei-sal ap- 
 plause which soothed his old age, and brought 
 back to his recollection the exertions of his 
 more vigorous years. He died 1774, univer- 
 sally regretted. His greatest cliaracters 
 were Othello, Macbeth, Lear, Essex, and 
 Jaffier ; and so powerfully expressive of 
 grief and agony were his features, that the 
 spectators, says a writer of the times, were 
 disposed to pity before lie spoke, and his 
 broken throbs so Avrung the soul that their 
 distress could be relieved only by torrents of 
 tears. In his person, Barry was pleasing, 
 elegant, and graceful, his address was in- 
 sinuating, and his judgment so correct, that 
 the man was lost in the actor. 
 
 Barry, James, a native of Cork, in Ire- 
 land, wliose genius cai'lv marked him for 
 
 • * 1 T ' ■ 
 
 emmence as a paniter. His piece on the 
 legendary baptism of the king of Cashel re- 
 commended him to the notice of the Dublin 
 society for the encouragement of arts ; and 
 by a consequent introduction to Mr. Burke, 
 he was noticed by .lohnson, sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds, and othi-'r men of great public fame. 
 By the friendship of his patron Burke, he 
 was enabled to travel through France and on 
 the continent, and to improve himself in the 
 
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 celebrated schools of Italy. On Lis re^u•n to 
 England, in 177'i, he pubUshed in reply lo 
 Wiukelraan, an inquiry into the real and 
 imaginary obstructions to the acquisition of 
 the arts in England. About this time he 
 -wished, with other artists, to adorn St. Paul's 
 cathedral with religious paintings; but the 
 plan was rejected, as unworthy of the simple 
 spirit of the prolestant faith ; and therefore 
 he proposed to the society of arts to adorn 
 their great room with allegorical paintings ; 
 ■which noble and patriotic design was com- 
 pleted in the labor of seven years, in a series 
 af six very beautiful and correct pictures. 
 in 177" lie was elected royal academician, 
 and m 1786 appointed professor ot painting 
 to the royal academy. He was, in 1799, re- 
 moved from his office, and soon after expel- 
 led from the learned body whose fame and 
 honor he had long supported by the elegant 
 labors of his pencil and the animated lan- 
 guage of his lectures. The cause of this dis- 
 grace is attributed by some to the republican 
 principles entertained, and publicly set forth, 
 hy the professor, too often in a manner of- 
 fensive to the feelings of moderate and im- 
 partial men. This eminent artist was at- 
 tacked by a paralytic stroke, whicii ten days 
 aftei' proved fatal. He died 2-2d March, 
 1806, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral, 
 with every mark of respect from some of the 
 learned socitt} of which he had been a 
 jnember. At his death he was engaged in a 
 picture of Pandora, of unusual size, 18 feet 
 long and 10 bi-oad, w hich therefore remains 
 unfinished. Several of his pieces have been 
 engraved, especi-ally his Jupiter, by Smith, 
 his Venus rising from the sea, by Green, &c. 
 
 Barry, George, a Scotch divine, born in 
 Berwickshire, educated at Edinburgh, and 
 successively minister of Kirk-wall and of 
 Shapinhay in the Orkneys, where he died, 
 September 1805, aged 57. His statistical ac- 
 count of his two parishes for the publica- 
 tion of sir .Tohn Sinclair was much admired, 
 and his reputation as a writer and as a pub- 
 lic teacher procured him from the univer- 
 sit}' of Edinburgli the degree of D. 1>. Much 
 of his time was devoted to the history of the 
 seven islands of the Orkneys, and this very 
 valuable composition made its appearance a 
 little before th^ author's death, in one vol. 
 4to. adorned with maps, fccc. From his cha- 
 racter as a preacher. Dr. Barry was ap- 
 pointed, by the society for propagating Chris- 
 tian knowledge, their superintendant of the 
 schools in that distant part of Scotland. He 
 left a widow and nine children. 
 
 Barsuma or Barsoma, metropolitan 
 of Nisibis, revived the doctrines of Nestorius. 
 He wrote several books in Syriac. — Also an- 
 other, who propagated the tenets of Euty- 
 chius, and wrote in Syriac several treatises. 
 
 Bar I AS, Guillaume de Salluste du, a 
 French p.<»etborn at Monfort, in Armagnac. 
 He was commander of a corps of cavalry un- 
 «ier Henry 1\'. ; and he travelled through 
 England, Denmark, and Scotland. The po- 
 em which rendered his fame known, was 
 his commentary of the week of creation, in 
 7 bQoksj a work in which he displayed his 
 
 conceit, as well as the barbarity of his age,, 
 by calling the head the lodging of the under- 
 standing, the eyes the twin stars, the nose 
 the gutter or chimney, the teeth a double 
 palisade, used as a millto the open gullet, &c. 
 Tliis i)oem, so incorrect and so injudicious, 
 had, however, its admirers, and in five or six 
 years it passed through 30 editions. Bartas 
 wrote some other poetical pieces but all ia 
 the same contemptible style. What, hov.';-. 
 ever, renders his character amiable, is the 
 integrity of his life, and the innocence and 
 modesty of his conduct. He i-etired from 
 the bustle of the world tolas shateau de Bar- 
 tas, where his Ume was devoted to literary 
 pursuits. l)e Thou spoaks of him in the-- 
 most flattering terms. He died 1590, at the- 
 age of 46. llis works were collected by 
 iiigatul, in 1611, folio, Paris. The poem was 
 translated into English by Sylvester. 
 
 Barth, John, was born at Dunkirk, and 
 by his bravery and enterprise he rose froni 
 the obscurity of a fisherman's occupation to 
 consequence in the French navy. When he 
 had the command of a squadron of seven 
 frigates, he eluded the vigilance of the En- 
 glish and Dutch, who were blocking up Dun- 
 kirk, destroyed a fleet of 86 English mer- 
 chantmen, afterwards made a descent neax* 
 Newcastle, in Noi'thumberland, where he 
 destroyed 200 liouses, and brought back 
 prizes to the value of 500,000 crowns. In 
 various actions with the Dutch, he distin- 
 guished himself by liis courage, presence of 
 mind, and great dexterity. He often enga- 
 ged superior forces, and always obtained the 
 advantage ; and so high were his services con- 
 sidered that he was ennobled. In 1694 he 
 was particularly successful, as, with a smal- 
 ler number of ships, he attacked the Duteh 
 fleet, which had captured the merchant 
 ships, laden with corn, which he was or- 
 dered to join, and had tlie good fortune to 
 take the whole of the enemy, besides those 
 ofhisown nation that had surrendered. His 
 uncouth figure and rough manners were the 
 ridicule of the coui'ticrs of Lewis XIV- 
 When the monarch told him that he had 
 made him chef d'escadre, you have done 
 very well, replied the unpolished seaman. 
 His language was ineorreat, his words few, 
 and he could neither read nor wi-ite, but 
 merely was able to scrawl his name. This 
 great man, who rose without friends and 
 without ])atrons, by merit alone, died at Dun- 
 kirk, 27th April, 1702, of a pleurisy, at the 
 age of 51. His life was published, in 12rao. 
 in 1780. 
 
 Barthe, Nicolas Thomas, author of 
 some dramatic pieces, of a translation of 
 Ovid's art of love into French verse, &c. 
 was a native of Marseilles, and died at Paris, 
 17S5, aged 52. 
 
 Bart HE I- EM I, Nicolas, a Benedictine 
 monk of the 15th century, born at Loches, 
 author of some Latin poems, now very 
 scarce, and a treatise on active and contem- 
 plative life. They are mostly devotional. 
 
 BARTHEr.EMi, Jean Jacques, celebrated 
 as the author of the voyage of Anacharsis, 
 was bora at Cassis, near Aubagnc, in Pro- 
 
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 BA 
 
 vence, QOth January, ITIG. He was edu- 1 
 catcd at Marseilles in llic oratory, and after j 
 •levotinjj hiiuKelf to Hebrew, Syriac, and 
 (Jrcck, he was admitted into the chiircli. 
 His abilities recoiunu:nde«l hiiu to (iros de 
 JJoze, witli Nvhont lie became.^ I74t, asso- 
 ciate in the care of the med.tis of tiie king's 
 cabinet at Paris. He was afterwards placed 
 in tiie office of secretai-y to the academy of 
 inscriptions, and on the death of Boze he 
 succeedetl as keeper of the cabinet of me- 
 dals. He visited Italy in 17;»r>, and not only 
 enlarged the powers of his own mind, but 
 benefited the rej)ublic of letters by the ju- 
 dicious observations which he made on the 
 valuable relics of the lately discovered city 
 of Herculaneum. On his return to France, he 
 was honored with a seat in the royal society of 
 London, and his services to literature were re- 
 warded by the minister, the duke deChoiseul, 
 with a pension of about 250/. a year, to which 
 was ailded, in 1765, the place of treasurer of 
 St. -Martin de Tours, and, five years after, 
 the post of secretary-general to the Swiss 
 guards. The public had already applauded 
 the literary abilities of Barthelemi, who had 
 been admitted into the French academy, 
 when his great work, entitled the voyage of 
 the young Anaciiarsis in Greece, wliich ap- 
 peared in 7 vols. 8vo. 1788, commanded the 
 universal admiration of the world. This 
 composition was the labor of 30 years, and 
 in elegant and chaste style exhibited the 
 most pleasing characters of antiquit}', inter- 
 spersed with philosophical reflections, inte- 
 resting anecdotes, and amusing descriptions, 
 and every where abounded with proofs of 
 3udf;:ment, taste, and erudition. In 1793, the 
 veuerable philosopher was dragged from his 
 peaceful retreat, under the reign of terror, 
 to a prison ; but he was soon after liberated, 
 by order of the government, at a moment 
 when, with calmness and resignation, he 
 expected the fatal deci'ee which had already 
 hurried so many of his countrymen to the 
 grave. He died 30th April, 1795, universally 
 respected, not only for his learning, but the 
 mildness of his temper, for his modesty, 
 and h>s affability and unaffected manners. He 
 wrote, besides other works, contributions, 
 ehiefly on medallic subjects, to the memoirs 
 of the academy of inscriptions, and the 
 journal des savans. 
 
 Barthelemi des Martyrs, a Domi- 
 nican of Lisbon, made archbishop of Bra- 
 ganza, and highly extolled by Roman catho- 
 lic writers for his great charity and other 
 meritorious actions, in times of public dan- 
 ger and calamity. He died 1590, aged 76. 
 
 Barthius, Gaspard, a native of Custrin, 
 in Brandenburg. As his father was pro- 
 fessor of civil law at Frankfoi-t on the Oder, 
 lie received the best instruction, so that he 
 is mentioned by Baillet as having, at 12 years 
 of age, translated the psalms into Latin 
 verse, of every measure. He unfortunately 
 lost his father, but his education was not 
 on that account neglected. He went through 
 nil the universities of Germany, and after- 
 wards visited Italy, Fraucc, Spuin, England, 
 
 and Holland, and made' himself a perfect 
 master ol most of the foreign languages, as 
 hib elegant translations from the Spaiiihh and 
 French evidently show. He settled at Leip- 
 sic, and devoted himself totally to litiraluie. 
 In his'old age he relinquished all wotlillv af- 
 fairs for devotion. He died Sepleniber, 1 058, 
 aged 71. His commentai'ies on Statius and 
 (JIaudian, in 4to. and his adversaria, in fol. 
 are his best works. 
 
 Bariholt.v, Gaspard, a native of Mal- 
 moe in Schonen, who is said, at the age of 
 three, to have learned to read perfectly iu 
 fourteen days, and to have com[)Osed with 
 correctness at the age of 13 some Greek 
 and Latin orations. After finishing his stu- 
 dies, he travelled through the greatest paii. 
 of Europe, and directed his atteitlion to 
 medicine, in which science he took his de- 
 gree. He at last settled at Copenhagen as 
 Latin profcpsor, an employment which, six 
 months after, he exchanged for the chair of 
 medicine, which he filled witli credit and 
 respectability. A severe illness, however, 
 alarmed his conscience, naturally weak, and 
 he vowed to apply himself to divinity if he 
 recovered. He kept his vow, and afterwards 
 succeeded to the theological professorship 
 on the death of Aslach. He died of a vio- 
 lent cholic, the 13th July, 1029, at Sora, 
 aged 44. His works wei'e on anatomy, me- 
 taphysics, logic, and rhetoric. 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas, son of tlie pre- 
 ceding, was born at Copenhagen, 20th Oc- 
 tober, 1616, He studied physic at Leyden, 
 Paris, Montpelier, Padua, Malta, and Ba- 
 sil ; and in 1646 he returned to his native 
 city, where he ■nxis appointed mathematical 
 professor, and the next year promoted to 
 the anatomical chair, which he held for 
 thirteen years. Ill health obliged him to re- 
 sign, and he retired to his small estate of 
 Hagested, near the capital, where his hopes 
 of repose and literary ease were disturbed 
 by the destruction of liis library and valuable 
 papers by fire in 1670. His misfortunes 
 did not pass unnoticed. The university of 
 Copenhagen made him librarian, and the 
 monarch made him his physician, with a 
 handsome salary, exemption from taxes, and 
 the honor of a seat in the council of Den- 
 mark. He died 4th December, 1680, His 
 works are chiefly on medical subjects. 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was professor of history and law at 
 Copenhagen, and counsellor to the king. He 
 died 1()90. He published antiquitates Da- 
 nica:, kc. His brother Krasmus was pro- 
 fessor of geometry and medicine at Copen- 
 hagen, and died 1698, aged 73, Another 
 brother, called Gasper, succeeded his father 
 in the anatomical chair — .lohn was professor 
 of theology — and a daughter called Mar- 
 garet was eminent as a poetess in the Da- 
 nish language. 
 
 Bartholomew, St. one of the apos- 
 tles, who preached the gospel in the Indies, 
 in Ethiopia, and Lycaonia. It is said that 
 he was flayed alive in Arir.enia ; but the as- 
 sertion is not Avcll authcnlicuted. 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 celeLrtitetl schools of Italy. On his rettirn to 
 England, in 1772, he published in reply Lo 
 Winkelraan, an inquiry into the real and 
 imaginary obstructions to the acquisition of 
 the arts in England. About this time he 
 -wished, v ith other artists, to adorn St. Paul's 
 aathedral with religious paintings; but the 
 plan was lejected, as unworthy of the simple 
 spirit of the protestant faith ; and tlierefore 
 he proposed to the society of arts to adorn 
 their great room with allegorical paintings ; 
 ■which noble and patriotic design was com- 
 pleted in the labor of seven yeais, in a series 
 9f six very beautiful and correct pictures. 
 Jn 1777 lie was elected royal academician, 
 and in 1786 appointed professor ot painting 
 to the royal academy. He was, in 1799, re- 
 moved from his office, and soon after expel- 
 led from the learned body whose fame and 
 honor he had long supported by the elegant 
 labors of his pencil and the animated lan- 
 guage of his lectures. The cause of this dis- 
 grace is attributed by some to the republican 
 principles entertained, and publicly set forth, 
 hy the professor, too often in a manner of- 
 fensive to the feelings of moderate and im- 
 partial men. This eminent artist was at- 
 tacked by a paralytic stroke, which ten days 
 aftei* proved fatal. He died 2'2d March, 
 1806, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral, 
 with every mark of respect from some of the 
 learned society of which he had been a 
 member. At his death h€ Avas engaged in a 
 picture of Pandora, of unusual size, 18 feet 
 long and 10 bi-oad, which therefore remains 
 unfinished. Several of his pieces have been 
 engraved, cspeci-ally his Jupiter, by Smith, 
 liis Venus rising from the sea, by Green, he. 
 
 Earry, George, a Scotch divine, boi'n in 
 Berwickshire, educated at Edinburgh, and 
 successively raiivister of Kirk-M'all and of 
 Shapinhay in the Orkneys, where he died, 
 September 1805, aged 57. His statistical ac- 
 count of his two parishes for the publica- 
 tion of sir .lohn Sinclair w as much admired, 
 and his reputation as a writer and as a pub- 
 lic teacher procured him from the univer- 
 sity of Edinburgli the degree of D. 1>. Much 
 of his time was devoted to the history of the 
 seven islands of the Orkneys, and this very 
 valuable composition made its appearance a 
 little before the author's death, in one vol. 
 4to. adorned with maps, kc. From his cha- 
 racter as a preacher, Dr. Barry was ap- 
 pointed, by the society for propagating Chris- 
 tian knowledge, their superintendant of the 
 schools in that distant part of Scotland. He 
 left a widow and nine children. 
 
 Barsuma or Barsoma, metropolitan 
 of Nisibis, reyived the doctrines of Nestorius. 
 He wrote several books in Syriac. — Also an- 
 other, who propagated the tenets of Euty- 
 chius, and wrote in Syriac several treatises. 
 
 Bau'i as, Guillaume de Salluste du, a 
 French p.<K'tborn at Monfort, in Armagnac. 
 He w as commander of a corps of cavalry un- 
 dei" Henry W . ; and he travelled thi'ough 
 England, Denmark, and Scotland. The po- 
 em which rendered his fame known, Avas 
 bis commentary of the week of creation, in 
 7 bqoks j a work in which he displayed his 
 
 conceit, as well as the barbarity of his age,, 
 by calling the head the lodging of the under- 
 standing, the eyes the twin stars, the nose 
 the gutter or chimney, the teeth a double 
 palisade, used as a millto the open gullet, &c. 
 This [loem, so incorrect and so injudicious, 
 had, however, its admirers, and in five or six 
 years it passed through 30 editions. Bartas 
 w rote some other poetical pieces but all ia 
 the same contemptible style. What, hov.»;-. 
 ever, I'enders his character amiable, is the 
 integrity of his life, and the innocence and. 
 modesty of his conduct. He retired from 
 the bustle of the Avorld to his chateau de Bar- 
 tas, where his time was devoted to literary 
 pursuits. De Thou speaks of him in the- 
 most flattering terms. He died 1590, at the- 
 age of 46. His works were collected by 
 liigaud, in 1611, folio, Paris. The poem was 
 translated into English by Sylvester. 
 
 Barth, John, was born at Dunkirk, and 
 by his bravery and enteri)rise he rose from 
 the obscurity of a fisherman's occupation to 
 consequence in the French navy. When he 
 had the command of a squadron of seven 
 frigates, he eluded the vigilance of the En- 
 glish and Dutch, who were blocking up Dun- 
 kirk, destroyed a fleet of 86 English mer- 
 chantmen, afterwards made a descent near 
 Newcastle, in Northumberland, where he 
 destroyed 200 houses, and brought back 
 prizes to the value of 500,000 crowns. In 
 various actions Avith the Dutch, he distin- 
 guished himself by his courage, presence of 
 mind, and great dexterity. He often enga- 
 ged superior forces, and always obtained the 
 advantage ; and so high were his services con- 
 sidered that he was ennobled. In 1694 he 
 Avas particularly successful, as, with a smal- 
 ler number of ships, lie attacked the Duteh 
 fleet, Avhich had captured the merchant 
 ships, laden Avith corn, Avhich he Avas or- 
 dered to join, and had the good fortune to 
 take the whole of the enemy, besides those 
 of his own nation that had surrendered. His 
 uncouth figure and rough manners were the 
 ridicule of the courtiers of Lewis XIV- 
 "When the monarch told him that he had 
 made him chef d'escadre, you have done 
 very well, replied the un[)olished seaman. 
 His language Avas ineorrect, his words feAV, 
 and he could neither read nor Avrite, but 
 merely was able to scrawl his name. This 
 great man, Avho rose without friends and 
 without patrons, by merit alone, died at Dun- 
 kirk, '27th April, I70'J, of a pleurisy, at the 
 age of 51. His life was published, in 12mo. 
 in 1780. 
 
 Barth E, Nicolas Thomas, author of 
 some dramatic pieces, of a translation of 
 Ovid's art of love into French verse, &c. 
 Avas a native of Marseilles, and died at Paris, 
 1785, aged 52. 
 
 Bart HE I.EM I, Nicolas, a Benedictine 
 monk of the 15th century, born at Loches, 
 author of some Latin poems, now very 
 scarce, and a treatise on active and contem- 
 plative life. They are mostly devotional. 
 
 Barthei.emi, Jean Jacques, celebrated 
 as the author of the voyage of Anacharsisj 
 was born at Cassis, near Aubagnc, in Pro- 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 ', 20lh January, 171G. lie was edu- 1 
 at Marseilles in llic oratory, and alter ' 
 
 vence, 
 cated 
 
 iJevotiiig liimself to IK;Ijre\v, byriac, and 
 Creek, he was admitted into the churcli. 
 His abilities rccoiniiiended hiiu to (iros de 
 JJoze, with \vl)oi)i lie became, 174t, asso- 
 ciate ill the care of the medais of the king's 
 cabinet at Paris. He was afterwanls placed 
 in the olhce of secretary to tiie academy of 
 inscriptions, and on the death of Boze he 
 succeeded as keeper of the cabinet of me- 
 dals. He visited Italy in 17 ">;'>, and not oidy 
 enlarged the powers of his own mind, but 
 henefited the rciuildic of letters l)y tbc jn- 
 dicious observations which he made on the 
 vaUiable relics of the lately discovered city 
 of Herculaneum. On bis return to France, lie 
 Mas honored with a seat in the royal society of 
 London, and his services to literature were re- 
 warded by the minister, the duke deChoiseul, 
 with a pension of about "iSOl. a year, to which 
 was atlded, in 1765, the place of treasurer of 
 St. Martin de Tours, and, five years after, 
 the post of secretary-general to the Swiss 
 guards. The public had already applauded 
 the literary abilities of Barthelemi, who had 
 been admitted into the French academy, 
 when his great work, entitled the voyage of 
 the young Anacliarsis in Greece, which ap- 
 peared in 7 vols. 8vo. 1788, commanded the 
 universal admiration of the Avorld. This 
 composition was the labor of 30 years, and 
 in elegant and chaste style exhibited the 
 most pleasing characters of antiquity, inter- 
 spersed with philosophical reflections, inte- 
 resting anecdotes, and amusing descriptions, 
 and every where abounded with proofs of 
 judgment, taste, and erudition. In 1793, the , 
 veuerable philosopher was dragged from his 
 peaceful retreat, under the reign of terror, 
 to a prison ; but he was soon after liberated, j 
 by order of the government, at a moment 
 when, with calmness and resignation, he 
 expected the fatal decree Avhich had already 
 liurried so many of his countrymen to the 
 grave. He died 30th April, 1795, universally 
 respected, not only for his learning, but the 
 mildness of liis temper, for his modesty, j 
 and h's affability and unaffected manners. He 
 wrote, besides other works, contributions, 
 ehiefly on medallic subjects, to the memoirs 
 of the academy of inscriptions, and the 
 journal des savans. 
 
 Barthelemi des Martyrs, a Domi- 
 nican of Lisbon, made archbishop of Bra- 
 ganza, and highly extolled by Roman catho- 
 lic writers for his great charity and other 
 meritorious actions, iu times of public dan- 
 ger and calamity. He died 1590, aged 76. 
 
 Bart HI us, Gaspard, a native of Custrin, 
 in Brandenburg. As his father was pro- 
 lessor of civil law at Frankfort on the Oder, 
 lie received the best instruction, so that he 
 is mentioned by Baillet as having, at 12 years 
 of age, translated the psalms into Latin 
 verse, of every measure. He unfortunately 
 lost his father, but his education was not 
 on that account neglected. He went through 
 nil the universities of Germany, and after- 
 wards visited Italy, Frauce, Spuiu;, England, 
 
 and Holland, and made' himself a perfect 
 mastei- ol iu«ist «jf the foreign lan.miages, as 
 his elegant translati(jns Iron* the Spaiiish and 
 French evidently show. He settled at l..eip- 
 sic, and devoted himself totally to literature. 
 In hisold age he relinquished all worldly af- 
 fairs for devotioTi. He tlied September, 1658, 
 aged 71. His oomiaentarics on Statius and 
 (Jlaudian, in 4lo. and his adversaria, in fol. 
 are his best works. 
 
 B.iR'i HOLi .V, Gaspard, a native of -Mal- 
 moe in Schoneii, who is said, at ibe age of 
 three, to have learned to read perfectly iu 
 fourteen days, and to have composed with 
 correctness at the age of 13 some Greek 
 and Latin orations. After finishing his stu- 
 dies, he travelled through the greatest part 
 of Europe, and directed his atterition to 
 medicine, in which science he took his de- 
 gree. He at last settled nt Copenhagen as 
 Latin profeesor, an employment which, six 
 months after, he exchanged for the diair ot 
 medicine, which he tilled with credJt and 
 respectability. A severe illness, h©we\er, 
 alarmed his conscience, naturally weak, and 
 he vowed to apply himself to divinity if he 
 recovered. He kept his vow, and afterwards 
 succeeded to the theological professorship 
 on the death of Aslach. He died of a vio- 
 lent cholic, the 19th July, 10-29, at Sora, 
 aged 44. His works were o.t anatomy, me- 
 taphysics, logic, and rhetoric. 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Copenhagen, 20th Oc- 
 tober, 1616. He studied physic at Leyden, 
 Paris, Montpelicr, Padua, Malta, and Ba- 
 sil ; and in 1646 he returned to his native 
 city, where he ■b^s appointed mathematical 
 professor, and the next year promoted to 
 the anatomical chair, %\hich he held for 
 thirteen years. Ill health obliged him to re- 
 sign, and he retired to his small estate of 
 Hagested, near the capital, where his hopes 
 of repose and literary ease were disturbed 
 by the destruction of liis library and valuable 
 papers by fire i.u 1670. His misfortunes 
 did not pass unnoticed. The university of 
 Copenhagen made him librarian, and the 
 monarch made him his physician, with a 
 handsome salary, exemption from taxes, and 
 the honor of a seat in the council of Den- 
 mai-k. He died 4th December, 1680. His 
 works are chiefly on medical subjects. 
 
 JBartholi.n', Thomas, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was professor of history and law at 
 Copenhagen, and counsellor to the king. He 
 died 1690. He published anticjuitates Da- 
 nica;, &tc. His brother Krasmus was pro- 
 fessor of geometrv and medicine at Copen- 
 hagen, and died 1698, aged 73. Another 
 brother, called Gasper, succeeded his father 
 in the anatomical chair — John was professor 
 of theology — and a daughter called Mar- 
 garet was eminent as a poetess iu the Da- 
 nish language. 
 
 Bar r ho LOME \v, St. one of tlie apos- 
 tles, who preached the gospel in the Indies, 
 in Ethiopia, and Lycaonia. It is said that 
 he was flayed alive in Armenia ; but the as- 
 sertion is not well aulhciiiicaled. 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 Bartholomew, The INIartyr, an eccle- 
 siastic, a native of Lisbon, who attended the 
 council of Trent, and -was strenuously ur- 
 gent for the introduction of a reform among 
 the clergy. He was made archbishop of 
 Braga, where, daring a pestilence, he be- 
 haved with all the kindness of a friend, and 
 the mild benevolence of a good Christian. 
 He retired in his old age from his see to a 
 monastery, and died 1520, aged 76. His 
 •works have appeared in 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Bartlet, John, intimate with bishop 
 Hall, was minister of St. Thomas, near Ex- 
 eter, from which fee was ejected for refusing 
 to comply with the act of conformit3^ He 
 died in a good old age. He was author of 
 some divinity tracts. His brother William 
 ■was also ejected from Bideford rectory, and 
 Avas a violent independent. He died 1682, 
 author of a model of church government. 
 
 Bartoli, Daniel, a Jesuit of Ferrara, 
 ■who settled at Rome, where he published 
 several historical works, in Italian. His best 
 composition was an history of his society, in 
 6 vols, folio, and translated into Latin by 
 Giannini ; and he deserves the praise of la- 
 borious attention, of purity and precision in 
 style, and happiness in diction. He died at 
 Rome, 1685, aged 77, much respected. 
 
 Bartoli, Cosimo, a native of Florence, 
 sent to Venice as the resident of the great 
 duke Cosmo. He continued there five years, 
 and wrote an account of Frederic Barbarossa 
 in Italian, besides other works, in the 16th 
 century. 
 
 Bartolo, a lawyer of eminence, born 
 in the march of Ancona. He took his de- 
 grees at Bologna, and became law professor 
 at Pisa, from whence he removed to Perugia. 
 He was honored with the title of counsellor 
 by the emperor Charles IV. and died 1359, 
 aged 46, leaving behind him 10 vols, in fol. on 
 laAv subjects. 
 
 Bartolocci, Julius, a Cistercian monk 
 of Celano, Naples, Hebrew professor of the 
 Neophytes at Rome. He published a bib- 
 liotheca rabbinica, 4 vols. fol. to which his 
 pupil, Imbonati, added a 5th. He died 1st 
 November, 1687, aged 74. 
 
 Barton, Elizabeth, a religious impostor 
 in the age of Henry VIII. called the holy 
 maid of Kent. The convulsive fits and dis- 
 tortions to which she was subject, were con- 
 verted to purposes of deception bj' Masters, 
 the minister of Aldington, her native place, 
 find she Avas so perfectly instructed in her 
 ai*t, that she imposed not only upon the vul- 
 gar, but upon the more enlightened mind of 
 sir Thomas More, bishop Fisher, and arch- 
 bishop Warham. Her external conduct, her 
 piety and devotion, countenanced her profes- 
 sion, and she was believed when she asserted 
 that she saw visions of angels, and that in 
 ber trances the virgin Mary appeared to her 
 to comfort her. Commissioners were ap- 
 pointed to examind into the truth of these 
 reports, and when the artifice had so far suc- 
 ceeded, the impostor began to prophesy, and 
 she acknowledged that God haa revealed to 
 her, that if Henry divorced queen Catha- 
 
 rine, his feign wrald not extend to a month's 
 duration. The popish priests, encouraged 
 by her success, fanned the flame, the king's 
 character was blackened, and he was even 
 insulted to his face by some of his preachers, 
 till the boldness of the imposture roused his 
 resentment. The maid and her accompli- 
 ces were produced before the star-chambei', 
 the whole plot was I'evealed, and the confes- 
 sion of the actors was publicly read to th^ 
 astonished populace at St. Paul's cross, and 
 the holy maid and her confederates. Masters, 
 Bocking, Deering, &c. wei'e condemned and 
 executed at Tyburn, April 20th, 1534. 
 
 Baruch, the prophet, author of a book 
 not received as canonical among either Chris- 
 tians or Jews, was the friend and associate 
 of Jeremiah, whom he accompanied into 
 Egypt. He afterwards went to Babylon 
 with the Israelites in their captivity. 
 
 Barwick, John, a native of Witherslack, 
 in Westmoreland, educated at Sedberg- 
 school, where he acted with credit the part 
 of Hercules in one of Seneca's tragedies. At 
 St. John's, Cambridge, he gained so much 
 reputation that, when only 20 years of age, 
 he pleaded before the privy council, in the 
 controverted election of a master. His zeal 
 in the royal cause was particularly great. 
 He wrote against the covenant, procured the 
 plate of the university for the king's service, 
 and managed with acMress and secrecy his 
 correspondence when at Carisbrook-castle 
 and in other places. His attachment was 
 transferred to Charles II. but he was at last 
 betrayed by one Bostock of the post office, 
 and he underwent all the severity of impri- 
 sonment, rendered still more terrible by the 
 ravages of disease, and the cruelty of his per- 
 secutors. When restored to liberty, his loy- 
 alty continued unabated, and, to his great 
 sagacity and retentive memory. Clarendon, 
 it is said, owes many of the materials of his 
 history. On the restoration of Charles, Bar- 
 vy'ick refused the bishopric of Sodor and Man, 
 and tl.^at of Carlise, satisfied with the deanery 
 of Durham, which he afterwards exchanged 
 for that of St. Paul's. He died of a pleurisy, 
 22d of October, 1664, aged 52. 
 
 Barwick, Peter, brother of the dean, 
 was eminent as a pWsician for his skill iit 
 the small-pox, and in several kinds of fevers. 
 He published in Latin a life of his brother, 
 and supported Harvey's doctrine of the cir- 
 culation of the blood, and defejided the Ei- 
 kon Basilike against Dr. Walker. He died 
 Aug. 1705. 
 
 Barzerin't, a ^lahomedan writer.- 
 Another railed Hagi, who wi"ote in Turkish 
 verse " the five columns or grounds of Mus- 
 sulmanism." 
 
 Bas, Le, a French engraver of eminence. 
 His landscapes and sea pieces, particularly, 
 were well executed. He died since 1765. 
 
 BASCHijMattbew, anativeofUrbino, who 
 became founder of anew order of Franciscan 
 capuchins, Avhich was approved by a bull of 
 pope Urban Vlll. He died at Venice, 1552. 
 
 Basedow, John Bernax'd, a native of 
 Hamburgh, son of a barber. He was the 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 pupil of Reimarus, and afterwards studied 
 at Leipsic, and in consequence of his charac- 
 ter and abihties, he obtained, in 1753, the 
 chair of professor of moral philosophy and 
 belles lettres at Soroe in Denmark, which, 
 however, he afterwards lost for sptukint"; ii'- 
 reverently of religion. He next tried a plan 
 of education in a new method, but thouj^h he 
 obtained large sums of money to carry his 
 schemes into execution, the measures failed 
 upon trial. lie was author of various Avorks 
 of no great merit, though possessed of ])lau- 
 sible assertions. He died 1790, aged 67, a 
 victim it is said to intemperance. 
 
 JJashuysex, Henry James Van, a native 
 of Hanau, and there professor of ecclesiasti- 
 cal history, and of the oriental languages. 
 He Avas afterwards called to tlie divinity 
 chair of Berlin, and made member of the 
 royal society there. He printed in his own 
 Jiouse various learned works, chiefly on rab- 
 binical subjects, and died 1758, aged 79. 
 
 Basil, St- bishop of C^sarea after Euse- 
 bius 370 was exposed to the persecution of 
 Valens, because he refused to embrace Ari- 
 anism. He died 379, aged 53. 
 
 Basil, an Arian made bishop of Ancyra 
 by Eusebius, on the deposition of Marcellus 
 His appointment was vacated by the council 
 of Constantinople. 
 
 Basil 1. a native of Adrianople, of an 
 obscure family. He was taken pi'isoner by 
 the Bulgarians when a soldier, and he esca- 
 ped to Constantinople, with only his wallet on 
 his back, and his stick in his hand. Here he 
 was noticed by the emperor Michael, and 
 raised gradually to consequence, and at last 
 taken as partner of the empire. Basil dis- 
 covered that Michael, jealous of his popu- 
 larity, intended his destruction, and he anti- 
 cipated the blow, and became sole emperor 
 in 867. He reigned till 886, when he was kil- 
 led by a stag in hunting. He defeated the 
 Saracens at Caesarea, and he Mas distinguish- 
 ed for his prudence and his love of jtistice, 
 thougli some marks of weakness and ambi- 
 tion appear in his character. 
 
 Basil II. son of Rom anus, and emperor 
 of Constantinople after John Zimisces, died 
 1035, aged 70, after a reign of 50 years. He 
 "Was valiant and fond of justice. His inhu- 
 manity, however is remarkable, after he had 
 in 1014 defeated the Bulgarians, killed 5000, 
 and taken 15,000 he permitted only one in 
 every 100 to retain his eye-sight, that he 
 might conduct his 99 eyeless companions to 
 their teriilied monarch, who it is said sur- 
 vived only two days the hoi-l-id spectacle. 
 
 Basil, an impostor, who disturbed the 
 peace of Constantinople in 934, by pretend- 
 ing to be Constantine Ducas, who had been 
 dead for some years. Romanus, however, 
 the reigning emi)eror, resisted with success 
 the artifices and the designs of his rival, wlio, 
 after being punished in vain with the loss of 
 his hand, was at last seized and burned alive 
 at Constantinople. 
 
 Basil, a physician, Avho became the head of 
 asectcalled theBogomilesin Bulgaria, and re- 
 commended a community of goods, and even 
 of wives. He was at last condenmcd fur his 
 
 heresy, by a synod at Constantinople. He 
 pretended that Cod had another son called 
 Sathaiiael, who revolted against his father, 
 and was hurled from heaven with the angels 
 which espoused his cause, and that he was 
 afterwards shut U[>in hell by Chri:il, who had 
 been sent to destroy him. 
 
 Basiliuls, a secretary of Alexandria, 
 in the second century, who e^ijoiued to hi;i 
 followers, a strict silence of five years. 
 
 Basilices, brother of Verina wife of 
 Leo I. emperor of the east, was unsuccess- 
 ful in an expedition against Censeric, and 
 lost the greatest part of his fleet. He after- 
 wardsseizedtheempire under Zenolsauricus, 
 and governed with cruelty. Two years after, 
 477, he was attacked by the deposed empe- 
 ror, his army was defeated, and he was 
 doomed to the horrors of a prison, where 
 he expired the following year. During Jiis 
 short reign part of Constantinople was de- 
 stroyed by fire, and the valuable library of 
 upwards of 120,000 volumes was totally de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Basilowitz., Iwan, abold hero, who rose 
 against the tyranny of the Tartars, and in 
 giving freedom to his countrymen laid the 
 foundation of the Russian power, and first 
 assumed the name of Czar, and added Astra- 
 can to his dominions. He reigned 50 years, 
 and died 1584. He was succeeded by Focdor. 
 
 Basine, wife of Basin king of Thuringia, 
 fled from her husband to Trance to espouse 
 Child eric I. " Had I known a more valiant 
 hero tlian yourself," said she to this new- 
 lover, " I would have flown over tlic seas to 
 
 his arms." She became mother of the ereat 
 
 a'' 
 ovis. 
 
 Basingstoke or Basixge, John, was 
 born at Basingstoke, and studied at Oxford 
 and JParis. He visited Athens, and brought 
 back several Greek MSS. He was intimate 
 with Grostete bishop of Lincoln, who made 
 him archdeacon of Leicester. His works 
 are sermons, Latin translations from Greek 
 books, &c. He is supposed to have first in- 
 troduced the use of Greek numeral figures 
 into England. He died, according to Le- 
 land, 1252. 
 
 Basire, Isaac, D. D. a native of Jersey, 
 who studied at Cambridge, and was archdea- 
 con of Northumberland, and chaplain to 
 Charles I. During the rebellion he retired 
 to Oxford, and in 1G4G travelled towards the 
 Levant Avith the intention of recommending 
 the doctrines of the church of England to 
 the Greeks. After preaching in Greek to 
 the bishops and clergj' of the Morea, he ex- 
 tended his travels to Aleppo and Jerusalem, 
 where he visited the temple of the sepulchre, 
 and returned through ^Icsopotamia and Con- 
 stantinople to Transylvania, where George 
 Ragotzi 11. the prince of the country, raised 
 him to a divinity pi-ofcssor's chair. On the 
 return of Charles II. he came back to Eng- 
 land, and Avas promoted to a prebend of Dur- 
 ham, [and died October, 1G76. His Avorks Avere 
 diatriba de antiq. Eccles. Brit, libertate — a 
 letter to sir Richard Brov. n, relating to his 
 travels, &:c. — the history of the English and 
 .ScGti.'Ii presbytery, &c. 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 BASKEnviLLE, John, a native of Wol- 
 xerly, Worcestershire, distinguished as a 
 printer. As he ^\as brought up to no occu- 
 .pation, and in possession of an estate of only 
 601. per annum, he became a writing master 
 at Birmingham, and afterwards turned his 
 attention to the lucrative trade of a japan- 
 ncr, and five years after, in 1750, he com- 
 menced printer. He spent much money in 
 the improvement of this favorite pursuit, 
 and it was not before 1756 that he publislied 
 his first work, a beautiful 4to. edition of \iv- 
 gil.- Other books equal in beauty and exe- 
 4;ution issued from his press, till in 17G5 he 
 solicited his friend Dr. Franklin to procure 
 Lira at Paris purchasers for his types. The 
 expenses of the war, of 1756, prevented his 
 iiieeting there, the encouragement which 
 he hoped, but after his death, the types, 
 much to the disgrace of the booksellers of 
 London, as well as the British nation, were 
 doomed to add celebrity to the labors of the 
 literati of France, a society of which pur- 
 chased them in 1779 for 3700/. and soon af- 
 ter expended not less than 100,000/. in pi'in- 
 ting the works of Voltaire. Bnskerville, in 
 his private character, was indolent, peevish, 
 and resentful, and he was so far an infidel 
 that he raised himself a mausoleum in his 
 ^ound that his body might not rest among 
 Christians, whose religion he disregarded. 
 He died 1775, aged 6'J, leaving no issue. 
 
 Baskerville, Sir Simon, knight, de- 
 scended from the ancient family of Bask- 
 erville in Herefordshire, Mas born at Exeter, 
 and studied at Exeter college, Oxford, of 
 ■which he became feilo\T. In 1606 he was se- 
 nior proctor of the university, and he adorn- 
 ed his public character by an intimate ac- 
 quaintance with the learning of ancient and 
 modern times. He particularly devoted 
 himself to medicine, and as a phy-&*.cian in 
 London, he not only obtained distinction, 
 and the honor of knighthood, but he amas- 
 sed so large a fortune, that he was called 
 Baskerville the rich. It is said that he had 
 no less than 100 patients a week, and the 
 hospitality of his life, and his liberal and 
 affable manner, deserved the success which 
 he obtained. He died fifth July 1041, aged 
 68, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. 
 
 Basnage, James, a native of lionen, in 
 Normandy, son of Henry. He studied at 
 Saumur under Taiiaquil Faber, and when 
 he had made a rapid progress in the ancient 
 as well as the modern languages, he went at 
 the age of 17 to Geneva, where he prepared 
 himself under the ablest masters for the mi- 
 nistry. He settled in his native town, but 
 the disgrace of the protestants in 1685 d -ove 
 him to Rotterdam, where he continued as 
 pastor till the interest of the pensionary 
 Heineius obtained for him, in 1709, a share 
 in the ministr}' of the Walloon church at the 
 Hague. Basnage distinguished himself, not 
 only as a divine, but as a statesman, so that 
 Voltaire said with truth, that he was more 
 fit to be a minister of state than of a parish. 
 His abilities wei-c courted by the duke of Or- 
 leans, regent of France, who directed his 
 
 ambassador du Bois to follow his advice m 
 the negotiation for an alliance between Hol- 
 land, France, and England ; and the exiled 
 protestant, as a reward for his political ser- 
 vices, obtained the restitution of all his for- 
 feited property. As a scholar Basnage was 
 of a superior order, in private life he was 
 aftable, candid, and sincere, and he had the 
 happiness of cultivating friendship with the 
 ' greatest men in Europe, his epistolary cor- 
 respondence with whom does honor to his 
 head and heart. He fell a victim to a com- 
 plication of disorders, '<^2d December, 1 723, 
 in his 70th year. His works are numerous, 
 and his history of the Jews since the time of 
 Christ, 15 vols. 12mo. 1716, is particularly 
 valuable. 
 
 Basnage, Henry, bi'other to James, was 
 j advocate of the parliament of Rouen, but he 
 fled to Holland upon the proscription of the 
 protestants, and died there, March 29, 1710, 
 in his 54th year. Among other works, he 
 revised the dioUonaire of Furetiere, 3 vols, 
 fol. 
 
 Basnage, Benjamin, a protestant, Avho 
 succeeded his father as minister of Carentan, 
 was author of a valuable treatise on the 
 church. He assisted at the national synod of 
 Charenton, and also came to Scotland un- 
 der James VI. as deputy from the French 
 churches. He died 1652, in his 72d year. 
 
 Basnage, Anthony, eldest son of Ben- 
 jamin, was minister of Bayeux, and after 
 being imprisoned at Havre de Grace for his 
 religion, he fled to Holland on the revocation 
 of the edict of Kantes, where he died 1691, 
 aged 81. 
 
 Basnage du Fraq_uexay, Henry, 
 younger son of Benjamin, distinguished him- 
 self as an advocate at Rouen. He was emi- 
 nent for learning, as well as eloquence, as his 
 treatises show. He published the Coutume 
 de Normandie, — a treatise on mortgages, he. 
 and died 20th October, 1695, aged 80. 
 
 Basnet, Edward, a native of Denbigh- 
 shire, made in 1537 dean of St. Patrick in 
 Ireland. During O'Neal's rebellion in 1539 
 he warmly espoused the cause of government, 
 and marched at the head of the troops in a 
 military character under the lord lieutenant, 
 and for his services was made a privy coun- 
 sellor, and received a grant of the lands of 
 Kilternan, in the neighbourhood of Dublin. 
 He died in the sixth Edward's reign. 
 
 Bass AN, James du Pont, a painter born at 
 Bassan in Italy. As he chiefly lived in the 
 country, and possessed a mind well stored 
 with literature, his pieces are generally oft 
 subjects of landscapes, animals, and night 
 scenes, and with so much success that Annibal 
 Carrache was himself deceived by a book 
 which he had drawn on a wall, and which he 
 attempted to seize, as if real. In his flowers 
 he interwove serpents with great dexterity, 
 though little taste. His valuable pieces were 
 dispersed through Europe, and among others 
 Titian purchased severed of them. Bassan 
 died at Venice 1592, aged 80, leaving four 
 sons, all painters. Of these Francis was em- 
 ployed by ilie Venetian republic, with Paul 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 Veronese and Tintorct, to adorn tlic pulacc 
 of St. Murk, lie was ol" a luelanclioly turn, 
 and once thought liimselt" pursued by ar- 
 chers, so that in a fit of self-created terror 
 he tlirew himself out of a window and (lied 
 soon after, lOyl, aged •I't. — Leander, another 
 brother, obtained as u reward for his ])ieces, 
 the collar of St. Mark, from the doge of Ve- 
 liice, and a gold medal from the emjieror 
 Kodolphus 11. — John Itajjtistc and Jer<jnie 
 •Were eminent as iniitat(jis of the style and 
 manner of their father. 
 
 1JASSA.NDYNE, Thomas, a Scotchman, 
 educated at Antwei-p. He learned the art 
 of i>rinting at Paris and Loydcn, and retur- 
 ned home in 1558. He joined himself to the 
 reformers, and printed several valuable 
 books, lie died 1591. 
 
 Bassani, James Anthony, a Jesuit of Vi- 
 cenza, eminent as an eloquent preacher, and 
 con-sequently distinguished by pope Benedict 
 XIY. He died 1747, 21st May, aged Gl. 
 His sermons w ere published at Bologna and 
 ^'cnice, 1752 and 1753. 
 
 Bassani, John Baptiste, an admired Ita- 
 lian composer, master to Corelli, in the 17th 
 century. His compositions are described by 
 Burney and Hawkins as chaste, and ])athetic. 
 
 Bassan 1 IN, James, a Scotchman, who 
 after studying astronomy and the matliema- 
 tics at (jilasgow, travelled in quest of lear- 
 liing, through the Netherlands, Switzerland, 
 Italy, and Germany, and at last settled at 
 Paris, where he acquired hoth reputation 
 and money, as a mathematical teacher. He 
 j-eturned in 1562 to his native country, and 
 became early acquainted with sir Robert 
 JNIelvil, a strong partisan of Mary queen of 
 Scots, and he afterwards supported the pi'e- 
 tensions and ambitious views of the earl of 
 Murray. Bassatitin died 15G8. In his reli- 
 gion he was a zealous protestant, as a man 
 of learning he was strongl)^ tinctured with 
 tlie failings and the superstition of the time. 
 He placed great confidence in astrology, and 
 with more zeal than good sense asserted the 
 influence of the planets on the affairs of the 
 world. His works are all on mathematical 
 subjects, and though not free from pedantiy, 
 and improbable conclusions, tliey yet bear 
 strong testimony to his merits as a phtloso- 
 phcr. 
 
 Basse LIN, Oliver, a fuller of Yire in 
 Normandy, in the 15th century, known for 
 his songs anrl ballads, called Vaudevilles by 
 corruption for Vaux de Vire, the place 
 where he lived. 
 
 Basset, Peter, chamberlain to Henry Y. 
 accompanied that prince in all his expedi- 
 tions, of which he has given an interesting 
 account in one volume. The Avork has 
 never been printed, but is preserved in the 
 lierald's oflice. The historian says that Hen- 
 ry died of a pleurisy, others however attri- 
 bute his death to a dilfercnt disorder. 
 
 Bassi, Laura, wife of Joseph Yerati, hon- 
 ored in 1732 with the degree of doctor of 
 philosophy for her high mental accomplish- 
 ments, which she displayed in her lectures 
 Qii experimental piiilosophy. Her private 
 
 life was also (Reserving of the higliest e»cG- 
 luiunts, and exhibited her as the possessor ot 
 every amiable virtue. She died2Ulh J'cbru- 
 ary, 177H. 
 
 Bassitii KiiAiArii, a Mahometan, au- 
 thor of a treatise on piayer. 
 
 B.\ssOMPiERUE, Francois de, a mare- 
 chal of France, of a family of distinction iu 
 Lorraine, was confined in the Bastille by 
 kichtlieu, who dreaded the power of his sa- 
 tire. He remained in this confinement 1<> 
 years till the dcalh of his persecutor, and em- 
 ployed his time in writing his memoirs, pub- 
 lished, 3 vols, in 16G5, Cologne, which arc 
 interesting, though occasionally triviah On 
 his release he received the otter of 500,000 
 livres from the dutchess of Aiguillon, niece 
 of Richelieu, which he politely refused, ad- 
 ding, " Madam, your uncle has done me too 
 great an injury, to allow me to receive so 
 much good from you." — He was employed 
 in embassies by Lewis XUi. and he posses- 
 sed all the requisites of a courtier, with 
 great presence of mind, affability, wit, and 
 uncommon genei'osity. He spoke the lan- 
 guages of Europe with great fluency. He w as 
 much addicted to pl«uy and women, so that it 
 is said that on the morning in which he was 
 arrested, he burned not less than 6000 let- 
 ters which he had received from Sadies of gal- 
 lantry. He was found dead iu his bed, 12th 
 October, 1G4G, in his C7th year. The ac- 
 count of his embassies appeared in 2 vols. 
 12mo. IGGS. 
 
 Bassyille, Nicholas John Hugon de, a 
 Frenchman, sent as envoy to Rome to re- 
 claim some of his countrymen, who had been 
 imprisoned there. During a tumult caused 
 either by the dissatisfaction of the Italians, 
 or the intrigues of the republicans, he was 
 stabbed with a razor, I3th January, 1793, and 
 died 34 hours after. This violence offered 
 to his person was made a pretence for severe 
 measures against the pope. Bassville wrote 
 elements of mythology 8vo. — memoirs of 
 the French revolution. Sec. 
 
 Bassuel, Peter, a native of Paris, dis- 
 tinguished as a surgeon and a lecturer. His 
 dissertations in the memoirs of the acade- 
 mies of surgery and of the sciences are val- 
 uable compositions. He died 1757, aged 51. 
 
 Basta, George, a native of Rocca, near 
 Tarentum, distinguished as a warrior, and 
 engaged in the service of the duke of Par- 
 ma, and afterwards of the emperor, in Hun- 
 gary and Transylvania. He died I6t)7, au- 
 thor of two treatises in Italian, on military 
 discipline. 
 
 Bastard, Tliomas, a native of Blanford 
 in Dorsetshire, educated at Winchester 
 school, and New college, Oxford, from which 
 he was expelled for a libel. He obtained 
 preferment by means of the earl of Suffolk, 
 lo whom he was chaplain, and he distinguish- 
 ed himself as a poet, not less than as a prea- 
 cher. He was three times married. His 
 faculties were disordered on the close of hh 
 life, and he died in an obscure situation near 
 Dorchester, April 19th, 1G18. He was a 
 mull of Icaniing;, and chiefly eminent for his 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 witty and facetious conversation. He pub- 
 lished epigrams, sermons, &cc. 
 
 Bast ON, Robert, a Carmelite monk, 
 born near Nottingham, poet laureat, and 
 pubhc orator at Oxford. He attended Ed- 
 ward [. in his expedition against Scotland, 
 but he was taken prisoner, and instead of 
 celebrating the victories of his master, he 
 Avas compelled by torture to sing the succes- 
 ses of the Scottish monarch. He wrote 
 several works in a style barbarous, but not 
 totally contemptible, for the age in which he 
 lived. He died 1310, and wiis-buried at Not- 
 tu>gham. 
 
 Bastwick, Dr. John, a native of Wi'it- 
 tle in Essex, born 15'J3, of Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, which he left without degree. 
 He travelled nine years, through Europe, 
 and became doctor of physic at Padua. His 
 publication called llagellum pontificis, ice. 
 drew upon him the resentment of the bish- 
 ops, though he declared he did not wish to 
 reflect upon them or their office, and he was 
 lined lOUOZ. excommunicateclj kc. and impri- 
 soned, till he made a recantation of his as- 
 sertions. In his confinement, which lasted 
 two years, he wrote several things, and in 
 his new litany inveighed against the severit}' 
 of liis treatment, which called down the 
 vengeance of his enemies. He was there- 
 fore fined 5000^. sentenced to be pilloried, 
 to lose his ears, and to be imprisoned for life. 
 He was consequently immured in St. Mary's 
 castle in the Scilly islands, till the civil wars 
 put an end to his sufferings. In 1G40, the 
 house of commons voted the proceedings 
 against him, and against Prynne and Burton 
 illegal ; he was recalled to London amidst 
 the acclamations of thousands, and he was 
 repaid the fine from the forfeited estates of 
 the archbishop of Canterbury and the other 
 commissioners who had so severely treated 
 him. He was living in 164S, but the year of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 Bate, John, U. D. prior of the Carme- 
 lites at York, was born in Northumberland, 
 and studied at Oxford at the expense of some 
 powerful patrons. He distinguished liim- 
 self by his knowledge of philosophy, divini- 
 ty, and Greek, He published several things 
 chiefly critical and theological, and died 2Gth 
 January, 1429. 
 
 Bate, George, a physician, born at 
 Maids-morton near Buckingham. He stu- 
 died at New college. Queen's, and St. Ed- 
 mund's hall, Oxford and practised as a physi- 
 cian in the university. He possessed such in- 
 sinuation united with great talents, that he 
 was physician to Charles I. while at Oxford, 
 afterwards to Oliver Cromwell, and to the 
 royal family after the restoration. His re- 
 commendation to the favor of Charles II. 
 originated, it is said, in the report that he 
 liad given the usurper a strong dose which 
 hastened his death. He wrote among other 
 pieces a Latin account of the civil wars, and 
 died I66y, and was buried at Kingston-on- 
 Thames. 
 
 Bate, Julius, a friend of Hutcliinson, by 
 whom he v.as recommended to Charlco duke 
 
 of Somerset, and to the living of Sutton in 
 Sussex, He attended Hutchinson in his last 
 illness, and thus he was enabled te contra- 
 dict the report which had been spread, that 
 his friend on his death-bed had recanted to 
 Dr. Mead the publication of his writings. 
 Dr. Mead, it is to be observed, had much to 
 his surpi'ise been dismissed from his atten- 
 dance on Hutchinson. Bate was author of 
 some valuable pieces on criticism and divin- 
 itv, and in defence of his friend's system, 
 lie died 7th April, 1771. 
 
 Batecumbe, William, a mathematician, 
 who florished 1420. He studied at Oxford, 
 where he taught mathematics, and he distin- 
 guished himself by his writings on philoso- 
 phy, kc. the chief of which are, de sphera; 
 concavte fabrica k usu — de sphsera solida — 
 conclusione sophise — de operatione astrolab. 
 he. 
 
 Batemax, William, bishop of Norwich, 
 was founder of Trinity -hall, Cambridge. He 
 was well versed in civil and canon laws, and 
 died 1354 at Avignon, where he was embas- 
 sador at the pope's court. 
 
 Bates, William, a nonconformist divine, 
 educated at Emanuel and King's colleges, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees, and 
 at the restoration was created D. D. by 
 royal mandate. He was chaplain to Charles 
 II. and minister of St. Dustan's in the west, 
 from which he was ejected by the act of uni- 
 formity. He was at the conference of the 
 Savoy for reviewing the public liturgy, and 
 he also was, with Jacomb and Baxter, en- 
 gaged in the dispute against Pearson bishop 
 of Chester, Gunning of Ely, and Sparrow of 
 Norwich. His character was so respectable 
 that, though a noncomformist, he might 
 have obtained the deanery of Coventiy, or 
 even been raised, accord! ^ to Dr. Calamy, 
 to any bishopric in the kingdom. His great 
 intimacy with Tillotson, lord chancellor 
 Fiucli, lord Nottingham, and lord keeper 
 Bridgman, is a further proof of his merit 
 and respectability. He published the lives 
 of some eminent men in Latin, in 4to. 1681. 
 His Avurks were published in a folio volume 
 after his death. Ho resided at Hackney the 
 last part of his life, where he died 1699, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Bathalmiusi, a Mahomedan writer of 
 eminence, of the family of Ali, who died in 
 the year of the hegira 421. He wrote a book 
 of genealogies, a treatise on the qualities of a 
 good writer, kc. 
 
 Bathe, Henry de, a native of Devon- 
 shire, appointed 1238, under Henry HI. to 
 the office of justice of the common pleas, 
 and afterwards of justice itinerant. Though 
 for a while under disgrace, 1251, in conse- 
 quence of some slanderous accusation, he 
 was restored to royal favor, and advanced to 
 the i)Iace of chief justice of the king's bench. 
 He died 1261. 
 
 Baihc, William, an Irish Jesuit, rector 
 of an Irish school at Salamanca, where he 
 died 1614. He is author of introduction to 
 the art of music, 1584, 4to. London. — Janua 
 linguarum, iGll,— besides some pieces ou 
 divinitv. 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 Rathuust, Ralph, a Latin poet, pliysi- 
 cian, and divine of Trinity college, Oxford, 
 of which he M'as elected pi-csidunt ItJT, k 
 In tlie yoiinj^er part of lite he lei I di\init\ for 
 j)h}sic, hut after the restoration he took ov- 
 ders, and hecajnc dean of AV^ells, and vice 
 chancellor of the university. He refused, 
 in 1091, the hishopric of IJristol, from his 
 great regard lor the society over which he 
 presided, and whose chapel he rebuilt in a 
 \cry neat and elegant style. He was a man 
 of great erudition, as appears from his poems 
 and other pieces, lie died 170-i-, in his 8ith 
 year, and was huried in the cliapel of his col- 
 lege. His life lias been written by Tliomas 
 AVarton. 
 
 Ba I HURST, Allen, descended fi-om the 
 Jlathursts of Northaujptonshirc, was edu- 
 cated at Trinity college, Oxfonl, under his 
 uncle, the president, and afterwards was 
 elected in two parliaments for Cirencester. 
 He opposed the duke of Marlborough, and 
 lie was one of the 12 lords introduced in one 
 day, 1711, to tlie upper house, to iorni a 
 majority. He continued firm to his political 
 friends even in their disgrace. He boldly 
 opposed the attainder of lord Bolingbrokc, 
 and the duke of Ormond, and in 1718, he be- 
 gan to show himself as a speaker among the 
 peers, the most formidable opponent of the 
 meas*arcs of the court, and of Walpole in 
 l)articular. In 1704, he married Catherine, 
 daugliter of sir Peter Apsley, ofSusse.\, by 
 '»vhom he had four sons and five daughters. 
 His only surviving son was for some years 
 chancellor of England, and made a peer by 
 the title of lord Apsley. Lord Bathurst was 
 employed abowt the person of Frederic, 
 prince- of Wales, and of his eon, George IH. 
 at whose accession he resigned his oflices 
 for a pension of 1200/. In his private cha- 
 racter, lord Bathurst was a man of great 
 generosity, afiable in manners, and humane 
 in sentiment, and his long and familiar ac- 
 quaintance with Pope, Swift, and Addison, 
 prove him to have possessed wit, taste, and 
 erudition. He was attached to rursl amuse- 
 ments, and fond of conviviality. He, drank 
 regularly his bottle after dinner, and laugh- 
 ed at the temperate regimen of Dr. Cado- 
 gan, which 50 years before J)r. Cheyne had 
 pecommended to him, assuring him that he 
 should not live seven years more if he did 
 uot abstain from wine. He was made an 
 earl in 1772, and died at his seat near Ciren- 
 cester, IGth Sept. 1775, aged 91. 
 
 Batoni, Pompeo, a native of Lucca, 
 eminent as a painter. His merit was so 
 universally acknowledged, that the greatest 
 personages wei'C proud of his society, and 
 the emperor Joseph added to the honors 
 already bestowed upon him, the title of 
 nobility. His best piece is Simon the ma- 
 gician contending with St. Peter, which is 
 preserved at Rome in the great church, de- 
 dicated to the apostle. Batoni died 1787, 
 aged 79. 
 
 Battaglint, Mark, bishop of Xocera 
 and Cesena, died 1717, aged 71. He wrote 
 s history of councils, fol. 1C86, and annales 
 
 VOL. I. CO 
 
 dn snccrdoce dc I'cmpire du 17 siecle, 4 vols, 
 fol. 17(H to 1711. 
 
 Bat I ELY, Dr. Jolm, born at Bui-y, Suf- 
 folk, was fellow of 'i'rinity college, Cam- 
 briilge, and chaplain to the pi-imate San- 
 croft, v. ho gave him the Ii\ing of Adishain, 
 and the archdeconry of the diocese. He 
 wrote Anti'iuitiites Kutupinai et St.Kflmund- 
 burgi, and died 10th Oct. 1708, aged 01. 
 
 Batieux, (Charles, a J*'rench ])hiloso- 
 pher, philosophical professor in the Uoyal 
 college, member of the French academy, 
 »Mc. eminent for liis erudition, as well as for 
 his private virtues, and the humanity which 
 was directed to the maintenance of a nu- 
 merous and impoverished family. His 
 works are various, ;uul all chiefly on classical 
 literature, in which he disp.'-tiys frequently- 
 more method and more labor, than elo- 
 quence or purity, not without a mi.xlurc of 
 metaphysical ideas. It is said that his deatli 
 was accelerated by grief in observing that 
 the elementary book whicli he wrote for the 
 military school of Paris, did not succeed so 
 well as he wished. He died at Paris, I4ili 
 July, 1780, aged 07. Among other works 
 he published the four poetics of Aristotle, 
 Horace, Vida, andBoileau, with notes, two 
 vols. 8vo. 1771. 
 
 Battie, Dr. William, a physician, bom 
 in Devonshire, and educated at Eton, and 
 King's college, Cambridge, where his mo- 
 ther attended him, to supply him with the 
 necessaries wliich his youth or inexperience 
 might want. He obtained a Craven scholar- 
 ship, but liis views to study the law were 
 checJved by liis porerty, and he turned his 
 thoughts to physic, when he found that 
 his ])ecuniary distresses could not be relieved, 
 by repeated applications to two opulent 
 cousins of the name of Coleman. He prac- 
 tised at Uxbrulge and London, and became 
 physician to St. Luke's, and in 1738, aftei* 
 a long courtship, he married the daughter 
 of Barnham Goode, under master of Etoa 
 school, a man whom, for a satirical poem. 
 Pope has immortalized in his Dunciad. 
 Thougli the Colemans had a political dis- 
 like to Goode, they behaved with kindness 
 to his daughter, and the survivor of them, 
 left 30,000/. to her husband. Dr. Battle 
 was lampooned for the active part which lie 
 took with the college of physicians against 
 Dr. Schomberg, in 1750, in the Battiad, a 
 
 Soem said to be written by Schomberg, 
 loses Mendcz, and Paul Whitehead. Dr. 
 Battle's publications were all on medical 
 subjects, and all respect:ible. His observa- 
 tions on madness recommended him to pub- 
 lic notice, and he was, with Dr. Muuro, ex- 
 amined at the bar of tlie house of commons, 
 M-ilh respect to the private madhouses in 
 the king<lom, and the highest testimonies of 
 his abilities are recorded in the journals of 
 the d::y. Dr. Battie died of a paralytic 
 stroke, 13th June, 1776, aged 75, leaving 
 three daughters. He published an edition of 
 Isoe rates, two vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bauab, a ■Mahomedan, who rendered 
 the Arabic idphabet more perfect, after 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 Ben Molak. He died 1q the year 413 of the 
 Legira. 
 
 JJaudelot de Dairval, Charles C02- 
 siir, an advocate of the pai-liameut of Paris, 
 avuhor of a curious and elegant treatise, 
 called " de I'utilite des voyages," 1727, in 
 two vols. I'imo. He died of the dropsy 
 1 722, aged 74. 
 
 Bau'det, Stephen, an eminent French 
 engravei" of Blois, who was successfully em- 
 ployed on Poussin's pieces. His chief work 
 is Adam and fc'.ve, irom Dominino. He died 
 1C71, aged 73. 
 
 Baudier, Michael, a native of Lan- 
 gucdoc, historiographer of France under 
 Lewis Xin. He wrote the history of the 
 Mahometan religion, Svo. 1038 — the life of 
 cardinal Amhoise, 1051, Svo. — of marechal 
 de Toiras. 1644 — of Ximcues, Suger, &c. — 
 and though his style is heavy and inelegant, 
 vet his M orks are curious and interesting, 
 and valuable for their authenticity and the 
 variety of his matter. 
 
 Baud IX, Peter Charles Lewis, a native 
 of Sedan, elected to the national assembly 
 and to the convention. Here he conducted 
 himself with moderation, though not always 
 Avith firmness. It was he who nobly ex- 
 claimed on the laws made with respect to 
 emigrants, " if among the millions of the 
 guilty, ten innocent per.-ons can be found, 
 the law which strikes them is unjust." He 
 died December I'yj. He wrote anecdotes 
 on the constitution, 1794, Svo. cmi the liberty 
 of the press, 17'J5, Svo. 
 
 Baud I us, Dominique, a native of Lcisle, 
 who studied at Aix la Chapelle, Leyden, 
 and Geneva. He visited England in the 
 suite of the ambassador of the states of 
 Holland, and formed an acquaintance with 
 sir Philip Sidney, and afterwards he went 
 to France, where he staid 10 years, and by 
 means of Achilles de Harlai he was admit- 
 ted advocate of the parliament of Paris. 
 He next went to Leyden, where he was 
 raised to the professorial chair of eloquence, 
 and with Meursius named historiographer 
 to the states of Holland in IGll. He was a 
 man of genius, as well as erudition, and in 
 his Latin poems, some of which he dedicated 
 to the king of FiUgland and to the prince of 
 Wales, he displayed taste and elegance of 
 composition. He was a zealous advocate for 
 a truce between Spain and Holland, and the 
 two discourses wliich he published on the 
 subject were so much misrepresented to 
 prince Maurice, that he was accused of be- 
 ing bribed by the French ambassador, and 
 with difficulty he escaped the vengeance of 
 his enemies. He died at Leyden, 22d Au- 
 gust, 1613, aged 52. He was so addicted to 
 wine and to sensual pleasures, that his cha- 
 racter was exposed to the severest ridicule, 
 especially from the pen of Scioppius. His 
 letters, poems, 8cc. were published 1007. 
 
 Baudoi.v, Benedict, a divine of Amiens, 
 author of a learned dissertation on the shoes 
 of the ancients, published 1015. From this 
 circumstance some have imagined that he 
 was the son of a shoemaker. 
 
 Raudori, Joseph du, a native of Van- 
 lies, educateil among the Jesuits. He is au- 
 thor of various discourses, &c. He died at 
 Paris, 1749, aged 39. 
 
 Baudot de Juilli, Nicholas, a native 
 of Vendome, son of a collector of excise. 
 He is author of several historical pieces 
 written with method and ingenuity, though 
 too much in the spirit of romance. His his- 
 tory of the conquest jf England, by William. 
 of Normandy, 12mo. of Philip Augustus, 
 tAvo vols. 12mo. and Charles VH. two vols. 
 12mo. are his best pieces. He wrote be- 
 sides the history of Catherine of France 
 queen of England — Germaine de Foix — the 
 secret history of the constable of Bourbon — 
 Spain invaded by the Moors, four vols. &c. 
 He died 1759, aged 81. 
 
 Baudouix, emperor of Constantinople. 
 Vid. Baldwin. 
 
 Baudouin, John, a native of Pradelle 
 in the Vivarais. He was in the service of 
 queen Margai'et of France, and of marechal 
 de Marillac, but he was neglected. He pub- 
 lished translations of Sallust, Tacitus, Lu- 
 cian, Suetonius, &c. but as he wrote more 
 for bread than fame, his language was occa- 
 sionally inelegant, and oftener inaccurate. 
 He died at Paris, 1650, aged 66. 
 
 Baudraicu Mich. Anton, an ecclesi- 
 astic, born at Pr.ris. He visited Rome, 
 Germany, and England, and distinguished, 
 himself by his '* Dictionaire Geographique, 
 tv>'0 vols, fol." printed first in I^atin, and af- 
 terwards in French. The work is not with- 
 out its errors, which have not been corrected 
 in subsequent editions. He died 1700, in his 
 G7th year. 
 
 Baudricourt, Jean de, a marechal of 
 France, Mho signalized liimself with Charles 
 Vni. in the conquest of Naples, 1495. His fa- 
 ther Hobert was the person whointroduced the 
 famous maid of Orleans on the public stage. 
 
 Bauhinus, John, a physician of Amiens^ 
 who retired, on account of his religion, to 
 Basil, where he jji'actised with great reputa- 
 tion, and died, 1582, aged 71. 
 
 Bauhinus, John, eldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, distinguished himself as a physiciaa 
 and medical writer at Basil and Lyons. He 
 was ])hysician to the duke of Wirtemburg, 
 and (lied at Montbeillard 1613, aged 73. The 
 best known of his works is Historia planta- 
 ruin universalis, fol. thi-ee vols. He wrote 
 a treatise on the medicinal waters of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Bauhinus, Caspar, was physician t« 
 the duke of Wirtemburg, and ])rofessed 
 botany at Basil, where he died 1624, aged 
 65. He is styled in his epitaph the phcenix 
 of his age for anatomy and botany, but Rio- 
 Ian accuses him of ignorance and presump- 
 tion. He wrote Institutiones anatomicai — 
 thcatrum botanicum — pinax theatri botanici 
 — a treatise on hermaphrodites, &cc. — His 
 son, John Caspar, was equally' eminent, and 
 he published his fatlier's theatrum botani- 
 cum, and died 1685, aged 79. 
 
 liAULDPX, Paul, a native of Rouen, pro- 
 fessor of sacred history, at Utrecht, and 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 i,on-in-la\r of Henry B:\snagc. Begltlessome 
 chronolofjical tables and iiistorical treatises, 
 he published Laclantins' de inorle persecut. 
 vitli Ifanied notes. He died 170(), age<l 07. 
 JJAULO r or ilEAULi Eu, James, a lillto- 
 tomisl, born of obscure parents in a bandct 
 in Franche-cointe. He served in u regi- 
 luenl ot" cavalry, till he foruicd an MC(|uaiu- 
 tance with an empirical siii-geon called Pau- 
 louiii, who pretended to cut lor the stone. 
 Alter five ov si.\ years of instruction, he be- 
 gan to practise for himself, and he travelled 
 in a monastic habit over dilferent parts of 
 J'ranCe, and to (icneva and Amsterdam, 
 •with the boldness of an enthusiast. He used 
 to neglect his patients after the operation, 
 adding, " I have extracted the stone, (iod 
 will cure the wound." His success was 
 great, so that at Amsterdam the magis- 
 trates, in gratitude for his services, had his 
 portrait engraved, and a medal struck. His 
 method was adopted from Holland by Che- 
 sclden with such unusual success that it was 
 called the English operation, though certain- 
 ly tlie invention belonged to the French. 
 After visiting Rome and Vienna, iiaulot re- 
 tired to a seat near Besancon, where he died 
 1720, aged 69. The history of this great 
 man, who so honorably devoted his life to 
 the service of humanity, was written by 
 Vac her 1757, l2mo. 
 
 Baume, James Francis de la, a native of 
 Carpeutras, and canon of St. Agricola's 
 church, Avignon, author of a poem called 
 the Christiade, in G vols. V2mo. a work un- 
 interesting, and wi'itten in a pompous and 
 affected style. He wrote besides a pamphlet 
 called eloge de la paix, and other small 
 pieces. He also wrote for more than 10 
 years for the Courier de I'Europe. He died 
 ut Paris 1757, aged 52, 
 
 Baume, Nicholas Auguste de la, a mare- 
 chal of France, who served in Germany and 
 against the Camisards with great credit. He 
 died at Paris 171G, aged 70, leaving no chil- 
 tlren, though twice married. There were 
 of this family many members who distin- 
 guished themselves by their abilities as states- 
 men and ecclesiastics. 
 
 Baume, James de la, a Jesuit of Paris, 
 who died 1725, aged 76. He is author of 
 some Latin poetry, orations, &c. 
 
 Baumer, John William, a native ofRhe- 
 ■weiler, who studied at Jena and Halle, and 
 left the pursuit of divinity for medicine, of 
 ■which he was made professor at Erfurt. He 
 wrote the natural history of the mineral 
 kingdom, 2 vols. — the )iatui*al history of 
 precious stones, and other works, and died 
 1788, aged 69. 
 
 Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, a 
 native of Berlin, who studied at Halle, where 
 he was made professor of philosophy, and 
 afterwards at Frankfort, on Oder. He 
 wrote metaphysica, 8vo. — Ethica philoso- 
 phica, 8vo. — asthctica, inilia])hilosoph. prac- 
 ticx, primse, &c. — and died 176, aged 48. — 
 His brother, Sigismund, was a Lutheran 
 minister, divinity professor at Halle, and 
 tlied 1757, 
 
 Raur, Jolin William, a painter and en- 
 gra\er(>f SUasburg, commonly called Wir- 
 lembaur. He e.xcelled in pictures of pro- 
 cessions, pnhlic places, and markets, but 
 though his works possessed animation, his 
 figures are little and mean. He died at \'ien- 
 na 1610, aged .JO. 
 
 Balk, Frederic William Von, a native 
 ol Hessian Hanau,who served in the Hessian 
 troops in tiie pay of Britain 1755. In 17.>r 
 be svas nia<le a general, and was ennobled 
 by Frederic H. of Prussia, and in 1769 he 
 entered into the service of the Russians, and 
 was appointed by Catherine inspeclf>r olthe 
 salt-works of Novogorod. His abilities as an 
 engineer and mechanic were also employ- 
 ed in supplying .Moscow with water, and in 
 making deeper the canal of Petersburg, and 
 in constructing a capacious harbour at iu 
 extremity. He died 178J, author of me- 
 moires historiques and geographiques sur \j 
 Valachia, 8vo. — of a chart of Moldavia, to 
 illustrate the war between the Turks and 
 Russians, in seven sheets. 
 
 Bausch, the surname of Abu Giafar, 
 who wrote a treatise on the seven different 
 modes of reading the Koran. He died the 
 year 546 of the hegira. Buu?ch signifies a 
 water-melon or grapes. 
 
 Baussiri, a Mahomedan, author of a 
 poem in praise of Mahomet, who had cured 
 him, as he said, of the palsy in a dream. 
 Every line of this poem ends with an M, the 
 initial of tlie prophet's name, and so highly 
 is the performance valued that many of tlie 
 Mahomedans learn it by heart, on 'account 
 of its excellent maxims. 
 
 Bautru, William, a Frenchman famous 
 for his wit, which he displayed v ilh great 
 freedom and efficacy at the court, and 
 among tlie ministers. After seeing the 
 escurial, in Spain attended by an ignorant 
 librarian, he told the king that it would be 
 advantageous for him to make his librarian 
 his treasurer, because, said he to the mo- 
 narch who inquired why, he never touches 
 what he is intrusted with. He died at Paris 
 1665, aged 77. 
 
 Bauves, James de, a learned advocate 
 of the parliament of Paris, in the 17th cen- 
 tury, intimate with Despeisses, with whom 
 he wrote a treatise on successions. 
 
 Bauvin, John Gregory, a native of Ar- 
 ras, who studied the law, and was eminent 
 for his knowledge of belles lettres. He m rote 
 a tragedy called Arminius, which he after- 
 wards amended under the name of the 
 Cherusci. He wrote other pieces, and died 
 1776, aged 62. He laboied all his life under 
 pecuniary difficulties. 
 
 Baux, William de, prince of Orange, re- 
 ceived in 1214 from the emperor Frederic T. 
 the title of king of Aries and Vienjia. He 
 was murdered by the people of Avignon 
 1218, and his body cut to pieces, and it was 
 their cruelty which caused the siege ot 
 Avignon by Lewis VIII. in 1226. 
 
 Baxter, Richard, a nonconformist, boi'u 
 at Rowton, Shropshire, 1 2th November, 16T 3 - 
 He compensatetl for the deficiences of a ne- 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 glccted education b}- unusual application, 
 ^nd was appointed master of Dudley free- 
 school by the interest of Mr. Richard Foley 
 of Stourbridge, and soon after admitted into 
 ordei's by the bisliop of Winchester. His 
 scruples uere raised by the oath which was 
 proposed by the convention at that time sit- 
 ting, and he was among the number of those 
 •who shov.ed their dislike to an tmqualitied 
 submission, " to archbishops, bishops, et 
 cxtera," as they knew not what the ct ctetera 
 comprehended. In 1G40 he was invited to be 
 minister at Kidderminster, but the civil 
 ■war which broke out soon after, exposed 
 him to persecution, as he espoused the cause 
 of the parliament. He retired lo Coven- 
 try, and continued his ministeral labors till 
 the success of the republicans recalled hini 
 to his favorite flock at Kidderminster. I'lie 
 usurpation of Cromwell gave liim great of- 
 fence, and he even presume^l lo argue in 
 private with the tyrant on the nature and il- 
 legality of his power, but in the only sermon 
 Avhich he preached before him he wisely 
 confined his suhject to the dissensions v, hich 
 existed in the kingdom on religious matters. 
 He was in London after Cromv.ell's death, 
 and preached before parfiamcnt the day be- 
 fore the king's return was voted, and likewise 
 before the lord mayor for Monk's successes. 
 Charles IL made him one of his chaplains, 
 and chancellor Clarendon oflered him the 
 bishopric of Hereford which he refused, al- 
 leging in a letter his I'easous of conscience, 
 and he only requested permission to continue 
 his ministry at Kidderminster, which was 
 not complied with. His opposition to the 
 church government was now so open tnat 
 he felt the persecution of the court, and he 
 •was continually watched, and did not even 
 escape confinement. In 1672 hoping to find 
 less acnmony among his enemies he came 
 to London, where he built a meeting-house 
 in Oxendon-street, but his preaching was 
 forbidden here as well as in Swallow-street, 
 •where he wished again to collect a congre- 
 gation. In 1682 he was seized and fined 195/. 
 for preaching five sermons w-ithin five miles 
 of a corporation, and he would have been 
 imprisoned had not his pliysician Dr. Tho- 
 ii^as Cox pleaded the infirmity of his health. 
 His paraphrase on the New Testament, 
 drew upon him, in 1085, the vengeance of 
 Jeffries, and he was condemned to be im- 
 prisoned for two years, from which punish- 
 ment, six months after, he was discharged 
 by the interference of lord Powis with king 
 James. He died December 8th, 1601. He 
 was interred in Christ Church. His compo- 
 sitions were very numerous, not less than 80 
 according to Mr. Long of Exeter, or accor- 
 ding to Dr. Calamy 120, or 145 says the lii- 
 ographia Britannica. Burnet speak* of Iiim 
 as a man of great piety, whose learning 
 •would have commanded universal esteem if 
 not directed to politics. He was moving and 
 pathetic, but he possessed too much of the 
 subtle and metaphysical. 
 
 Baxter, William, nephew to the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Lanlugany, Shropsliire. 
 
 His early education was much neglected, so 
 that when he entered at Harrow school, at 
 the age of 18, he knew not one letter, and 
 understood nothing but Welch, Applica- 
 tion, however, surmounted all difficulties. 
 As a grammarian, a critic, and an antiqua- 
 rian, he equalled his contemporaries, as his 
 editions of Horace, published 1710, Anacre- 
 oa 1005, his translations of sonic of Plu- 
 tarch's lives, his glossary^ of Tioman antiqui- 
 ties 1726, and his dicXionaiy of British antiqui- 
 ties 1719, sufficiently evince. The best part 
 of his life was employed in imparting in- 
 struction. From a i>rivate school at Totten- 
 ham high cross, he Avas elected master of the 
 Mercer's school, London, which laborious 
 and honorable office he ably tilled and con- 
 ducted for more than 20 years. He resign- 
 c<l a little before his death, which happened, 
 3lst May 172S, in his 73d year. Some of 
 his letters, &cc. are preserved in the philoso- 
 phical transactions. No. 306 and 311. 
 
 Baxter, Andrew, a native of Old Aber- 
 deen, who was engaged as tutor by the first 
 families of Scotland. As he travelled with 
 his pupils, he resided some time at Utrecht, 
 and visited different places in France, Ger- 
 many, and Flanders. He man-ied a cler- 
 gyman's daughter at Berwick, by whom he 
 had three daugliters and one son, Alexander, 
 whose communications to the Biographia 
 Britannica represent Jiis father as a man of 
 great learning, tried integrity, candor and 
 humanity. He was intimate with Wilkes, to 
 whom he dedicated one of his works. Of his 
 compositions the most valuable is his inquirv 
 into the nature of the human soul, &c. of 
 ■which the third edition was published in 1741. 
 He died of a complication of diseases, but par- 
 ticularly the gout, 23d April 1750, aged 63. 
 He wrote besides Matho five Cosmotheoria 
 puerilis, dialogues, See. translated into Eng- 
 lish, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, chevalier 
 de, a soldier of fortune, born at Dauphine. 
 He followed Charles VIII. to the conquest of 
 Naples, and he eveiy where distinguished 
 himself by his heroic valor, and obtained the 
 love of the army. His genei-osity and his 
 humanity have been deservedly celebrated. 
 He gave back to the daughter of his hostess 
 at Brescia, the 2000 pistoles Avhich he had 
 received for the protection of the house, and 
 he triumphed over his passion, in refusing 
 to oficr violence to a most beautiful woman, 
 whom fear and poverty had submitted to his 
 power. He was with Francis I. at the battle 
 of Marignan, and when mortally wounded, 
 against the iuiperialists in 1524, he seated 
 himself under a tree, exclaiming, that in his 
 life he had always faced the enemy, and that 
 in his death he would not turn his back upon 
 them. He Avas in his 48th year, 32 of which 
 had been devoted to the^ service of his king 
 and country. His remains were honored 
 uith the most magnificent obsequies by the 
 duke of Savo)', and he was lamented not only 
 by his own men, but by the enemy. Not less 
 than four persons have written an account of 
 his life. 
 
BA 
 
 BA 
 
 "Bayer, Thcopliilus Sigfrcd, a Cerrnan, 
 who devoted himself with great inchiKtiy to 
 ancient anil modern lani;ii:tge3. Alter \i3it- 
 jng. Dantzic, Berlin, Halle, Lcipsic, and 
 other towns oi' CJermany, he settled at Ko- 
 iiigsberg as lihraiian, and nine ycais after, 
 1726, he went to IVtersburg, where he 
 became professor of Cireek. and Roman an- 
 tiquities. He died there in 1738, aged 4+. 
 He wrote a niimljer of valuable dissertations. 
 His Musicum Sinicum in two vols. 8vo. is 
 liighly esteemed. His grandfathei", John 
 TJaycr of Augsberg, was a mathematician of 
 ,grcat eminence, and cljsefly known for his 
 ♦lescription of the stars in a book ])ublished 
 1G03, called Ui-anonietria, in whicii he as- 
 signs the names of the Greek letters to the 
 stars of each constellation. His Uranome- 
 tria was republished by himself in 1627, with 
 great improvements, and the new title of 
 Cceluni Stellatum Christianum. 
 
 Bayeux, N. an advocate of Caen, rewar- 
 <led with the poetical prize of the academy of 
 Kouen for his ode on filial piety. He also 
 translated the Fasti of Ovid, 1783, and 1789, 
 4 vols. 8vo. with valuable notes, and wrote 
 reflections on the reign of Trajan, 1787, in 
 4to. He was accused of a criminal corres- 
 pondence with IMontmorin and de Lessart, 
 and consequently imprisoned. The massa- 
 cres of September in 1792, put an end to his 
 life. 
 
 Bayle, Peter, horn IStli Nov. 1047, at 
 Caria, a small town of Foix, was educated 
 hy his father, who was a protestant minis- 
 ter, and gave early strong proofs of superior 
 genius. His scruples were raised by the 
 controversial books which he perused, and 
 by the conversation of ^ popish pi-iest who 
 lodged with him, when he attended the 
 Jesuit's college at Toulouse, and with all the 
 precipitation of immature judgment, he em- 
 braced the catholic religion, which 18 months 
 after he renounced as superstitious and un- 
 supported by revelation. He now was em- 
 ployed as tutor in three private families, but 
 this sphere of action was too circumscribed 
 for his rising fame, and he retired therefore 
 to Paris, and soon after was i-aised to the 
 chair of a philosophical professor at Sedan, 
 by the united suffrages of the senate of the 
 university, who thus rewarded his merit, in 
 preference to three competitoi's of great in- 
 fluence an«l of acknowledged talents. In this 
 new situation he maintained the high cha- 
 racter which he had acquired, but the cause 
 of the protestants was not favored at tiie 
 court of Lewis XIV. and among othor estab- 
 lishments the college of Sedan was suppres- 
 sed by a royal edict 1681. Bayle, thus aban- 
 doned to himself for some lime, doubted 
 whether he should take refuge in f^ngland or 
 Holland, but an honorable invitation from 
 Ilotterdam drew him to that city, where he 
 was appointed i)rofessor of phijosophy and 
 liistory, with an annual salary of 500 guil- 
 ders. In tlii.s peaceful retreat, he began to 
 publish some of his Avorks, which, with the 
 admiration of the learned, brought upon him 
 the resentment and envy of rivals and ene- 
 
 mies, and the censure of Crisiina, queen of 
 Sweden. 'I'his famous princess, m bo prided 
 herself on her discernment and mental ac- 
 quirements, and who professed herself u 
 catholic, more from conviction than preju- 
 dice or educatif)!!, had been alluded to by 
 Ba\ le in one of his jourrah, as the author 
 of a letter on the persecution of the protes- 
 tants, and therefore a correspondence was 
 opened with him, and he was persuaded by 
 the <iueen in a letter, lull of conceited terms 
 of high superiority, but not without great 
 civility, to apologize for his expressions, and 
 to acknowledge her as the patroness of learn- 
 ing, and the fi-iend of merit. His most in- 
 veterate enemies wei^e Jiirieu and Itenaudot, 
 and it is to be lamented, that men of science 
 cannot engage in controversy without bitter- 
 ness of reHection and acrimony of language. 
 He w as afflicted in his latter years with a de- 
 cay of the lungs ; but as he cfinsidered it as 
 an hereditary complaint, he disregarded the 
 advice of medical men. He died 'J8th De- 
 cember 1706, after writing the best part of 
 the day. The works of Bayle are " thoughts 
 on the comet of 1680, 4 vols. 12mo." in whicli 
 he intrpduces with much good sense, pro- 
 fnne and religious conclusions — " nouvelles 
 de la rei)ublique des lettres," a very popular 
 periodical work, published from 1GS4 to 
 1087 — " a philosophical commentary on the 
 words of our Saviour, ' compel them to 
 come in,' 2 vols. 12mo." — " answers to the 
 questions of a provincial, 5 vols. 12mo." — 
 " letters in .'5 vols." and a '* dictFJiiarv histo- 
 rical and critical, 4 vols, folio." — Of these 
 works, which all possess great merit, and 
 display strength of mind, deep research, and 
 vast erudition, the dictionary is the most 
 celebrated. In this, however, as w ell as in 
 others of his publications, Bayle gave the 
 reigns to the licentiousness of his ideas. He 
 is to be censured, not only for indelicate 
 expressions frequently introduced Avith tlie 
 eagerness of a depraved and prurient ima- 
 gination, but for impious and profane senti- 
 ments, and so far did his active adversary, 
 Jurieu, prevail against him, in his accusa- 
 tion before the consistory of Rotterdam, that 
 his judges yielded to the truth of the repre- 
 sentation, and called upon the author to cor- 
 rect his expressions, and show more caution 
 in his priucii>les in his second edition, from, 
 which, consequently, some offensive passa- 
 ges were properly expunged. Among the 
 homage paid to the aljilities of Bayle should 
 be mentioned, not only the opinion of ^'ol- 
 taire, who considers the dictionary as a book 
 where a man may learn to tliink, but the 
 deci-ee of the parliament of Toulouse. When 
 his I'elations wished to cancel the will that 
 he had made in Holland, as not varid iu 
 France, Senaux, one of his judges, A\iihthe 
 indignation of a man of sense and iiumanitv, 
 exclaimed, that the learned were citizens of 
 all countries, and that he ought lut to be 
 branded with the name of foreigner, in 
 whose birth and writings France had so 
 much reason to glory. In his private cha- 
 racter Buyle V. as libera!, open, and disiute- 
 
BA 
 
 BE 
 
 rested, he was fond of independence, and 
 maintained his principles under persecution 
 and in distress. IJis life was a series of litera- 
 rj occupation, and it is not to be wondered 
 that his writings are so numerous, since, to 
 a happy judgment and a copious fluency of 
 ■words, he added the powers of a very reten- 
 tive memor}'. His various compositions, he- 
 sides the dictionary, have been published in 
 4 vols, folio. Des Maiseaux has wi'itten his 
 life. 
 
 ]?AYLE, Francis, a professor of medicise 
 at Toulouse, where he died 1709, aged 87. 
 He was a man of merit, and wrote some 
 medical treatises. 
 
 Bavley, Anselm, «i) English divine, who 
 became minor canon vf St. Paul's and West- 
 minster Abbey, and .s ibde^n of the chapel 
 royal. He was educate-'. ^i/Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford, where he took th^d degree of L.L..D. in 
 1764. He died 1794. He was author of some 
 useful publications, the antiquity, confidence, 
 and certainty of Christianity, canvassed, on 
 Dr. !Middleton's examination of the bishop 
 of London's discourses on ])rophecy — prac- 
 tical treatises on singing and playing with 
 just expression, &c. — a plain and complete 
 grammar of the English language—a gram- 
 mar of the Hebrew, with Mul without points 
 —the old testament, Hebrew and English, 
 with remarks critical and grammatical, 4 vols. 
 8vo. — the commandments of God, in nature, 
 institution, and religious statutes in the Jew- 
 ish and Christian churches — t^^o sermons, 
 Svo. — alliance between music and poetry, 
 8vo. — &c. 
 
 Bayly, Lewis, a native of Caermarthen, 
 educated at Oxford, and made bishop of Ban- 
 gor in lOlG. He is author of a book called 
 *' the practice of piety," which became so 
 popular that in 1754 it had reached the 59th 
 edition. The bishop died 16o4 leaving four 
 sons. 
 
 Bayly, Thoma.s, son of the preceding, 
 •was educated at Cambridge, and made sub- 
 dean of Wells by Charles.l. He was with 
 Charles at Oxford, and defended with lord 
 Worcester Uagland castle ; after which he 
 retired to the continent a\ here he became a 
 zealous papist, and published some religious 
 and controversial tracts. After being settled 
 at Uouay for some time he went to Italy, 
 where he died in great poverty in an obscure 
 ho.spital, according to Dr. Trevor, fellow of 
 IMerton, who saw the place where he was 
 buried. 
 
 Bayly, Nathan, was author of an English 
 dictionary, and of some other grammatical 
 works. 
 
 Baynard, Anne, daughter of Edward 
 B. a physician of eminence, Avas born at 
 Preston, Lancashire, 1672. As she was well 
 instructed in classical literature, and in the 
 sciences, she wrote Latin with great ease and 
 fluency. 8he died 1697, and was buried at 
 Barnes in Surrey. 
 
 Baynes, Sir Thomas, knt. a physician, 
 professor of music in Cresham college, was 
 educated at Christ's college, (iambiidgc, and 
 accompanied Sir John Finch to Italy and 
 Turkey. He died at Constantinople 16S1, 
 
 I aged about 59, and was soon followed to the 
 grave by his friend sir John. They both 
 j together left munificent donations of 4000?. 
 to Christ's college. 
 
 ' Baynes, John, son of an attorney, was 
 I born atMiddleham in Yorkshire, and educa- 
 i ted at Richmond school, from whence he 
 ■ passed to Trinity college, Cambridge, of 
 I which he became fellow in 1780. Great ap- 
 plication marked his progress in literature, 
 and at the age of 20 he obtained the me- 
 dals for the best exercises on mathemati- 
 cal and classical suhjects. He entered at 
 Gray's inn under Allen Chambre, esq. and 
 espoused, with all the eagerness and viva- 
 city of a young man, the politics of the times, 
 and he stood forth as a vehement champi- 
 on of reform at a meeting at York in 1779, 
 His abilities were displayed not only b\ his 
 speeches as a member of the constitutional 
 society, but he employed the great poet- 
 ical talents, which he undoubtedly posses- 
 sed, to fan the flames of party. As his 
 pieces were all anonymous, it is difficult to 
 ascertain what he wrote, but the London 
 Courant among otlier papers owed its fame 
 for some time to his exertions, and he has 
 been considered by some perhaps Avith 
 impropriety, as author of the celebrated 
 archaeological epistle to dean Milles. In 
 his friendship Baynes was warm, zealous, 
 and sincere, he Avas at all times a strong ad- 
 vocate for his favorite liberty, and he ex- 
 claimed with more animosity than prudence 
 against the election of some of the fellows of 
 his college, so that his remonstrance drew 
 upon him censure from the heads of the so- 
 ciety, and an admonition to behave with 
 more respect to his superiors, -He was at- 
 tacked by a fever, hastened it is supposed by 
 excessive application, and after three days 
 illness he expired Aug. 5d, 1787, aged 29. 
 His remains were deposited in Bunhillfields 
 church-yard, near those of Dr. Jebb, a man 
 whom he esteemed and loved. 
 
 Bat, IRE, Claude, a native of Dijon, son of 
 a porter, whom the revolution raised from 
 obscurity to consequence and infamous cele- 
 brity. In the national assembly and in the 
 convention lie shone above all others for vio- 
 lent measures, and as the tool of the Jaco- 
 bins he inveighed indecently against the king, 
 and proposed a law to set a price on the 
 head of la Fayette. At last Robespierre, 
 tired with his bloody services, caused him to 
 be condemned, and he suflTered with Danton 
 5th April, 1794, aged 30. 
 
 Ba'z,2.a2,, a Mahomedan, author of two 
 treatises on theological subjects, for the use 
 of the Mussulmans. 
 
 Be, Guillaume le, an engraver and letter 
 founder at Troyes. In 1545, at the age of 
 20, after seeing the manner of composing 
 types, in the famous house of Robert Ste- 
 phens, he went to Venice, where he cut 
 punches for the Hebrew printing house of 
 Mark Anth. Justiniani, and acquired both 
 rej)uUition and opulence. He returned to 
 Paris, where iie died 1598, aged 73. He is 
 mentioned with credit by Casaubon in Scali- 
 gers's opuscula. His son Henry was a prin- 
 
BE 
 
 Bi: 
 
 ter of rcBpectability at Paris, and his sons 
 and grandsons were equally eminent in the 
 sajne protession ; the last ul them died 1085. 
 Beacon, Thomas, a divine educated at 
 Cambridge, and the first Englishman who 
 ■wrote against bowing at the name of Jesus. 
 He retired to Clermany, under Mary, and 
 Avrote a consohitory epistle to the persecuted 
 protestants. Under Elizabeth he obtained 
 a prebend at Canterbury. Of his works his 
 **decoen!i domini" alone was in Latin in 3 
 vols, fob 
 
 Be ALE, Mary, daughter of Mr. Cradock, 
 minister, of Walton on Thames, was born in 
 ISuRblk, and distinguished herself as a por- 
 trait painter in oil, water colors, and crayons. 
 She copied sir Peter Lely's and Vandyke's 
 portraits, and was little inferior to her con- 
 temporaries. Her portraits of Tillotson, 
 Stillingfleet,Patrick, Wilkins, and other di- 
 vines, are preserved at the earl of Ilches- 
 ter's. She died Dec. 28th, 1697, aged GO, 
 leaving two sons, who for some time studied 
 painting. One of them afterwards studied 
 physic under Sydenham, and practised at 
 Coventry. Walpole's anecdotes contain an 
 engraving of her, from a painting by herself. 
 Beard, John, known for his eminence as 
 an actor, was brought up in tlie King's chapel, 
 and at Cannons in the duke of Chandos' 
 chapel. His first appearance at Drury-lane 
 "was in sir J. Loverule in the *' devil to pay," 
 Aug. 30th, 1737, but his success and popu- 
 larity were interrupted for a few years, by 
 his marriage w ith lady Henrietta, daughter 
 of the earl of Waldegrave, widow of lord 
 Edward Herbert. He afterwards exchanged 
 Drury-lane for Covent-gardcn. His wife di- 
 ed 31st of May 1753. Six years after, he 
 married the daughter of Mr. Rich, whom lie 
 succeeded in the management of Covent- 
 garden. In 1759, he appeared in the cha- 
 racter of Machcath, and divided the ap- 
 plauses of the town for 52 successive nights, 
 ■with Miss Brent in Polly. In 1 7G 8 he I'c ti- 
 red from the stage, and died that year, in 
 his 74th year, respected for his private cha- 
 racter as much as he had been for the su- 
 perioi'ity of his theatrical talents. His re- 
 mains "were deposited in Hampton church 
 vault. 
 
 Beaton, orBsTox, David, archbishop 
 of St. Andrew's and rardinal, was born 
 1494, and educated in the university of St. 
 Andrew's and Paris. His abilities, which 
 were great, but more probably the interest 
 of his uncle, James Beaton, archbishop of 
 Glasgow, raised him to consequenjce. In 
 1528 he was made lord privy seal, and some 
 years after he was employed in the honora- 
 ble office of negotiating the king of Scot- 
 land's marriage with Magdalen, the French 
 king's daughtei', and aflcrwanls that witli 
 Mary, daughter of the duke of Guise. His 
 popularity raised him enemies, and not only 
 the Scots but Henry YHI. himself grew jea- 
 lous of his influence, and when he was raised 
 to the rank of cardinal and the primacy of 
 Scotland, the English monarch sent an am- 
 bassador to kiBg James, to uudcrmiue the 
 
 power of the prelate, an«J to iiisinuate the 
 dccji and perfidious sthemes whiililie me- 
 ditated in t'avor of the cutholic cause. James 
 however was deaf to the representations of 
 Henry ; the cardinal, at the head of his 
 clergy, proudly sunirnoned heretics before 
 him, and with all the bigotry and furious zeal 
 of persecution, he directed his rcsctitment 
 particularly against sir John Borthwick, the 
 favorite of tiie king of England, and George 
 Buchanan, illustrious as a poet and historian. 
 The death of James for a while checked the 
 careerof Beaton ; he aspireil to the regency, 
 but he liad the mortification to see the en- 
 vied power vested in the hands of tlie earl 
 of Arran, and himself confined a prisoner in 
 Blackness castle. His intrigues soon libe- 
 rated him ; he was reconciled to the regent, 
 and in the fullness of his power lie again 
 vented his pei'secution against the protes- 
 tants. Among those who suffered, none 
 deserved the tears of humanity more than 
 George Wishart, who Avas precipitately 
 tried, condemned, and burnt as a heretic, at 
 St. Andrew's, in the presence of his haughty 
 persecutor. This inhuman deed, though 
 applauded by the catholics, roused tiie in- 
 dignation of the kingdom; but the cardi- 
 nal's pride soon raised against him a formi- 
 dable conspiracy. He rejected with dis- 
 dain a petition of Norman Lesley, son of 
 lord Rothes, and the indignant youth bound 
 his family to resent the insult. The prelate 
 was attacked in his castle, his servants were 
 secured, and the first sound that awoke him 
 from his sleep were threats against his life. 
 He opened his door upon promises, it is said, 
 that no violence should be oftered to his per- 
 son, but he was struck by one of the Lesleva 
 and by Carmichael, and the fatal stab w as "at 
 last given by James Melvil, one of the as- 
 sociates in the bloody deed, with a cool fe- 
 rocity, which, while it insulted the bleeding 
 victim, profanely called upon the God of 
 peace to witness the revenge of Wishart's 
 innocence. This was the 29th of ]^Iay, 1546. 
 
 Beaton, James, nephew of the archbish- 
 op, was born at Balfour, and raised to the 
 see of Glasglow before his 25th ^year. At 
 the reformation in 1560, he fled to France 
 with the records and sacred vessels of his 
 cathedral, which he presented to the Scotch 
 college of Paris. He left a MS. history of 
 Scotland, and died at Paris 1603, aged 73. 
 
 Beatrix, daughter of the count of Bur- 
 gundy, married the emperor Frederic I. ia 
 1156. It is pretended by some historians that 
 she was insulted by the people of Milati, and 
 that the emperor revenged her wrongs by 
 the destruction of the place, and the ignomi- 
 nious punishment of the inhabitants. 
 
 Beatrix, of Provence, daughter of Rsy- 
 mond Berenger count of Provence, married 
 in 1245 Charles son of Lewis VIII. of France 
 who was afterwards crowned king of Nai>les 
 and Sicily. She died at Nocera. 
 
 Bea'itie, James, a Scotch poet, son 
 of a respectable farmer, and born in Jvin- 
 cardinshire, October 1735. He was edu- 
 cated at Aberdeen, where he obtained a 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 jscliolarsbip, and afterwards he undertook 
 the care of Alloa scliool iu Fifeshire, 
 IVom whence he removed to Aberdeen 
 grammar school as assistant, and married 
 the daughter of the liead master. He now 
 distinguished himself as an elegant writer, 
 and the publication of his minstrel, which 
 was begun in 1771, and finished in throe 
 years, procured liim the patronage of lord 
 Errol, and the professorship of moral philo- 
 so[)hy and logic in the Marischal college of 
 Aberdeen, with a pension of 2U0/. from the 
 king. Soon after this he visited London, 
 ■where he was received by Dr. Johnson, 
 Dr. Porteus, and other high and literary 
 characters, with all the respect due to merit 
 and virtue. He died August 1S0.3, univci'sal- 
 ly regretted as a man who had devoted his 
 lime to the advancement of literature, of 
 taste and of morality. Besides his elegant 
 poem of the minstrel, he published a small 
 volume of poems and translations 17G0, — the 
 judgment of I'aris 17G5, — an essay on the 
 nature and immutability of truth, in opposi- 
 tion to sophistry and scepticism, 1770, a 
 ■work of great merit and full of sound argu- 
 ment, urged with such force against David 
 Hume's doctrines that he never heard the 
 name of Bcattie mentioned without emotion, 
 — dissertations moral and critical in 4to. 1783, 
 — the evidences of the Christian religion in 
 two small volumes, written at the request 
 of his friend the bishop of London, — ele- 
 ments of moral science, delivered in lectures 
 to his pupils, &c. 
 
 Beat TIE, James Hay, son of the above, 
 -was bora at Aberdeen, 6th November 1768. 
 He early displayed great powers of mind, 
 and at the age of 13 he entered at the Maris- 
 chal college where he took his master's de- 
 gree in 1786. His abilities were so promi- 
 sing that, before he was 19, he was appoin- 
 ted by the king, at his father's solicitation, 
 and with the approbation of the college, as- 
 sistant professor of moral philosophy and logic. 
 To the mildest manners he united the pro- 
 foundest devotion ; he always carried about 
 him a pocket bible and a Greek new testa- 
 ment. He was in his tlisposition very cheer- 
 ful, he studied music as a science, and was so 
 fond of it that he built himself an organ, upon 
 ■which he performed skilfully. He was car- 
 ried off by a nervous atro])hy, lUtli November, 
 1790, to the great grief of his father and of 
 the university of which lie was a member. 
 His father published a small volume of his 
 poetry in 1799, and gave a pleasing and pa- 
 thetic account of his lamented son, of wliom 
 he observes that h* never found fault with 
 Jjira more tljan three or four times in his life. 
 He had irayji-essed early upon his mind the 
 strict rules of morality, and particulary to 
 speak the truth and keep a secret, and, 1 
 never found, .«:ays the afflicted father, that in 
 a single instance he transgressed either. 
 
 Beatus UiiENANVS, SOU of Autliouy 
 Bildc, whose name was altered to Rhenatms, 
 as ^cing a native of Rhcinach. He was a 
 learned man, and ])ublibhed, among other 
 classical works, the liistory of Veil. Patcrcu* 
 
 lus, the works of Tertullian with valuable 
 notes, and other pieces, &c. He died at 
 Strasburg, 1547. 
 
 Beau, John Lewis Ic, a learned professor 
 and academician of Paris. He wrote a dis- 
 course on the dangers which attended lite- 
 rary men from poverty and from opulence, 
 and he strongly recommended mediocrity as 
 the truest standard of happiness. He pub- 
 lished Homer in Greek and Latin, !2 vols. 
 1746, and Cicero's orations with annotations, 
 3 vols. 1750, and died I2th March, 1766, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Beau, Charles le, elder brother of the 
 preceding, was also distinguished as a scho- 
 lar and professor of belles lettres at Paris, 
 and like Rollin he enjoyed and deserved the 
 love and veneration of a great number of re- 
 spectable pupils. Besides valuable contribu- 
 tions to the memoirs of the academy, he 
 wrote an history of the lower empire, in 22 
 vols. 12mo. admired for its correctnes.s, ele- 
 gance, and accuracy. The honor of a seat 
 in the academy of belles lettres was intended 
 for him, but he no sooner understood that 
 Bougainville, the translator of Anti-Lucre- 
 tius, opposed his pretensions, than he no- 
 bly transferred his interest to the support of 
 his rival, exclaiming " eveiy sacrifice should 
 be made to oblige a man of merit." He was 
 gladly received on the next vacancy. He 
 died March 13th, 1778, aged 77. His ope- 
 ra latina were edited in 1783, at Paris, in 
 3 vols. 12rao. 
 
 Beaucaire de Peq^uillon, Francois, 
 was born in the Bourbonnois, and raised to 
 the see of Metz, by the interest of his pupil 
 cardinal Charles de Lorraine. He wrote, 
 besides his treatise des enfans, morts dans 
 le sein de leur mere — rerum Gallic, com- 
 mentaria, from 1461 to 1562, and died 1591. 
 In his history of France, which, as he desi- 
 red, appeared only after his death, he is too 
 partial to the Guises, but otherwise he rs cor- 
 rect and elegant, a polite scholar, and the 
 friend of virtue and merit. 
 
 Beauciiam, Richanl, earl of Warwick, 
 a brave general, who in various encounters 
 defeated the French. He was at the coun- 
 cil of Constance, and died at Rouen in Nor- 
 mandy 1439, aged 53, and his remains were 
 brought to England and deposited at War- 
 wick. 
 
 Beau CHAMPS, Pierre Francois Godard 
 de, was born at Paris, where he died 1701, 
 aged 72. Besides translations of Rhodantis 
 & Doricles by Theodorus Prodromus, and of 
 the loves of Ismene and Ismenias by Eusta- 
 thius, &,c. — he wrote " lettres d'Heloise & 
 d'Abelard," and rechcrches sur les theatres 
 de France, in 3 vols, a work which better re- 
 flection and judicious selection might have 
 enriched with valuable anecdotes, and a com- 
 prehensive view of the progress of the stage. 
 
 Beauchateau, Franc. Matthieu Cha- 
 telet de, son of a player, born 1645, was dis-' 
 tinguished as a poet at tlie age of eight, and 
 early noticed by the mother of Lewis XIV. 
 by Mazarin, Seguier, and others. At 12 he 
 publislied some of his poems, called la lyre 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 du jeune Apollon, and coming over to Ejig- 
 land he was admired by Croniwell. Tic tra- 
 velled inlo Persia, where it is supposed that 
 he died, as no iutelhgence was ever after 
 heard ot him, 
 
 Beaveu, John, a Benedictine moiik ol" 
 Westminster abbey, in the 14th century, 
 author of a manuscript chronicle of Hritisli 
 aftairs from Brutus to his own time. This 
 work Ucarne was prevented by death Jrom 
 publislufig. He is (|UOted with respect by 
 Stow, Leland, and others. He wrote also de 
 rebus cosnobi ^'estmonast. 
 
 Beaufils, Cuillaumc, a Jesuit of Au- 
 vcrgne, wi»o died at Toulouse in 1758, aged 
 84. He was eminent as a preacher and as a 
 literary character. He wrote funeral dis- 
 courses, thaJife of madame de Cliantal, kc. 
 
 Beaufort, Margaret, daughter of John 
 Beaufort, duke of Somerset, the grandson of 
 John of Gaunt, was born at Bletso^j, Bedford- 
 shire, in 1441. She became mother of llen- 
 vy VH. by Edmund Tudor earl of Richmond ; 
 after whose death she married sir Henry 
 Stafford; and for her third husband took 
 Thomas eavl of Derby. She founded the 
 colleges of Christ and St. John, Cambridge. 
 She died 2yth June, 1509, highly respected, 
 and was buried in Westminster abbey, where 
 a black marble monument is erected to her 
 memory. 
 
 Beaufort, Henry, brother of Henry 
 IV. of England, was successively bishop of 
 Lincoln, and afterwards of Winchester, chan- 
 cellor of England, ambassador to France, a 
 cardinal in I4i26, and legate in Germany. 
 He crowned, in 1431, Henry VI. in the me- 
 tropolitan churcli of Paris. In his character, 
 he was proud, haughty, and ambitious; and 
 he is well delineated by our immortal poet. 
 He died at Wrnchester, 1447. 
 
 Beaufort, Francois Vendome due de, 
 son of Caesar duke of Vendome, was born at 
 Paris, 1G16. He was imprisoned for conspi- 
 ring against Mazarin, and attempted in vain 
 to excite a rebellion. He distinguished him- 
 self in the French civil wars, and became a 
 great favorite among the populace, whose 
 manners and language he strangely aft'ected. 
 He acquired additional honors against the 
 Turks in Africa, and afterwards at the siege 
 of Candia, where he was slain in 16C9. It 
 has been said, with little probability, that he 
 "was the man in the iron mask so long and so 
 mysteriously confined in the bastille at Paris. 
 
 Beaufort, Lewis de, a learned man, 
 author of the history of Germanicus, — of a 
 dissertation on the uncertainty of the five 
 first ages of the Roman republic, — of a his- 
 tory of the Roman-republic, or ancient go- 
 vernment of Rome, kc. He was member of 
 the London royal society ; and died at Maes- 
 tricht, 1795. 
 
 Beaui.ieu, John Bnptiste Allais de, au- 
 thor of Part d'ecrire," 1681 and 1G88, in fo- 
 lio, was a celebrated writing-master at Paris. 
 
 Beaulieu, Sebastian Poutault de, an en- 
 gineer, who drew, and had engraved, all the 
 sieges and military campaigns of Leuis XIV' . 
 in 2 vols, folio, lie died 1G74, 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 Ol 
 
 Beaulieu, Louis le Blanc de, a tlicologi- 
 cal professor of Sudan, boin at Plessis-.Marli. 
 He died 1075, aged 04, with the lejiutalion 
 of being learned, courteous, and moderate iu 
 his opinions. llis ihe.ies were published 
 I(JS3, in folio. 
 
 Beaulieu, N. Baron dc, an Austrian 
 general, wiio distinguished himself in quel- 
 ling the insurrection of the Jirabanters iu 
 1789, and afterwards against Biron, the 
 French general. In 1790 he was sent to 
 command the Austi-ian armies in Italy, hut 
 sunk before the superior goo«l foi-tun« of Bo- 
 naparte, and after losing the battles of Alon- 
 tenotte, Milessimo, Mondovi, fcic. he resign- 
 ed his power into the hands of ^Vurmser, 
 and die(l soon after. He was brave and ac- 
 tive, but more fit to command a detachment 
 than a large army. 
 
 Beaumanoiu, Jean dc, called marcchal 
 de Lavardin, rose by liis abilities and virtues 
 to the government of Maine, and to military 
 dignities. He died at Paris, 1014, aged 03, 
 highly respected. 
 
 Beaumarch Ais, Peter Augustin Caron 
 i]c, son of a clock maker, was born at Paris, 
 24th January, 1732. He was brought up to 
 his father's profession, and invented a new 
 escapement in the rnachiner}' of a watch, 
 which was disputed with him by anotlicr 
 artist, but honorably adjudged to him by the 
 academy of sciences. He was also eminent 
 as a musician, and excelled on the harp and 
 guittar, so that he was noticed by the sisters 
 of Lewis XV. and liberally patronised for the 
 part which he supported in their private 
 concerts. The abilities which he displayed 
 in three lawsuits in wliich he was engaged, 
 recommended him to government, and pro- 
 cured him some honorable employment. 
 Upon the breaking out of the revolution, he 
 fled to Holland, and then to England ; but af- 
 tewards returned to France, and was impri- 
 soned. Liberated with dift^iculty from the 
 abbaye, he died suddenly, in 1799, •\ged 09. 
 He wrote memoires contre les sieurs dc 
 Goesman, la Blache, Marin, d'Arnaud, 1774 
 — memoir in answer to W. Kornman, 1787 
 — Eugenie, a drama, in five acts, 1707 — the 
 two friends, a play, 1770 — the barber of Se- 
 ville, a comedy, 1775 — the marriage of Figa- 
 ro, 1784 — Tarare, an opera, 1787 — la mere 
 coupable, 1792, Sec. These plays, and his 
 great and indefatigable activity, contributed 
 much to render liim independent and ri(j*i. 
 
 Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la, a 
 native of Valleraugues, in the diocese of Al- 
 lais, whose literary tame procured liim au 
 honorable reception in Denmark, and after- 
 wards at Berlin, w here he became acquainted 
 with Voltaire, whose abilities he admired, 
 but whose irritable temper, opposed to liis 
 own, produced dissension, distrust, and en- 
 mity. On his return to Paris, 1753, le Beau- 
 melle was confined in the bastille for some 
 severe remarks in his book called *' mes 
 pensees ;" but he was restored to libertv", 
 aTuI retired to To>}lousc, where he married 
 the daughter of M. Lavaisse, by whom he 
 left a son Tviid a daughter.' ilis merits were 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 uot, however, permitted long to languish iu 
 the country. He was called to Paris to he 
 lihrarian to the king ; hut a dropsy in the 
 chest rapidly terminated his useful career, 
 INJoveinber 1773, in his 4Gth year. His most 
 valuable works are, the memoirs of mad. 
 Maintenon, 6 vols. 12mo. — letters to A'ol- 
 taire — thoughts of Seneca — a commentary 
 on the Henriacie — a defence of the spirit of 
 laws, &c. He possessed the powers of wit 
 and satire in a I'espectable degree; hut it is 
 to be lamented that his personalities were so 
 illiberal against Voltaire, whOm, iu spite of 
 liis (juarrcl, he still respected and esteemed. 
 
 IiEAiMOXT, Sir John, son of Francis 
 Beaumont, one of the judges of queen Eliza- 
 hetii, retired, after three year's residence at 
 Broadgate-hall, O.xford, to his native county, 
 Leicestershire. He was kniglited by king 
 Charles, and died 1C/2S, aged 4G. He distin- 
 guished him.self as a poet, and wrote the 
 ** crown of thorns," a poem, in eight books 
 — Bosworth-field, 8ic. — besides some trans- 
 lations from Horace, Persius, Virgil, kc. co- 
 pied and published by his son sir John. 
 
 Be.\umoxt, Francis, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, studied at Cambridge and at the In- 
 ner Temple. His dramatic pieces, which 
 he composed in conjunction with Fletclier, 
 acquired him great celebrity, and though he 
 did not reach his 30th year before he paid 
 the del)t of nature, March 1615, the correct- 
 ness of his judgment, his taste, and his geui- 
 tis, have immortalized his name as a poet, 
 lie was intimate a\ ith Ben Jonson, who sub- 
 mitted his pieces to his criticising eye. He 
 Avas buried iu St. Peter's, Westminster, hut 
 ihere is no inscription on liis tomb. He left 
 a daughter, who was alive in 1700. His works 
 are published with those of Fletcher. 
 
 Beaumont, Joseph, successively mas- 
 ti'i- of Jesus college and Peter-house, Cam- 
 l)ridge, and regius professor of divinity, was 
 author of Psyche, or love's mysterj', iu 24 
 t-'autos, an allegorical poem, much admired. 
 He wrote observations on Dr. More's aj)olo- 
 gy, kc. He died 1699, aged 84. A colkc- 
 tion of his poems appeared in 1749, in 4to. 
 
 Beaumoxt de Pekefix, Hardouin, 
 archbishop of Paris, wrote a valuable histo- 
 ry of Henry l\. for the use of Lewis XIV. 
 to whom he was preceptor. He dis])layed 
 Avith fidelity, elegance, and fire, the great 
 virtues and amiable character of his hero. 
 He died 1G70. 
 
 Beaumont, mad. ie Prinze de, an ahle 
 and lively writer, whose works, in the form 
 «f romances, letters, memoirs, &c. were 
 intended to improve youth in morality and 
 i-eligion. She was born at Kouen, 2Gth 
 April 1711, aiul died at Anneci, 1780. 
 
 Beaumoxt, Elias de, a native of Caren- 
 tan, in Xormandy. He was brought up to 
 the bar; but though he possesseil powers of 
 mind equal to the profession, he unfortu- 
 Tiatcly was not blessed v. ith tlie gift of pleas- 
 ing elocution, aiu! thcrcfoi-e he retii'ed from 
 1 he public eye to his closet. The memoire 
 wliich he wrote on theCalashad a mostpow- 
 *. rfu! cfllct over the French nation, lie wrote 
 
 besides various other memoires which pos- 
 sessed merit. He died at Paris, 10th Jan- 
 uary 1785, much esteemed. His wife, whose 
 name was Dumesnil-Molin, wrote an interes- 
 ting novel, called lettres du marquis de Ko- 
 selle, 12mo. and died 17S3. 
 
 Beaumont, John Lewis Moreau de, an 
 able political writer, who died 2d May 1785, 
 at Mesnil, near Nantes, aged 70. His works, 
 on the impositions des etats de I'Europe &£ 
 de la France, in 4 vols. 4to. reprinted 1787, 
 were much and deservedly admired on the 
 continent. 
 
 Beaumont, Guill. Rob. Phil. Jos. Jean 
 de, an ecclesiastic of Rouen, known for his 
 piety and domestic virtues. He was author 
 of some theological pieces, and died 1761. 
 
 Beaune, Jacques de, baron of Samblan- 
 cai, a minister of the priories under Francis 
 I. He was obliged by threats to give to the 
 queen-mother the 300,000 crowns which 
 had been promised to Lautrec for the de- 
 fence of the Milanese, and when the expedi- 
 tion failed he was violently accused of pecu- 
 lation. In his justification, he informed the 
 king of the application of the money; but 
 the queen-mother perfidiously obtained the 
 receipts from his secretary, Gentil., and the 
 unfortunate minister havmg now nothing to 
 produce in his defence, was condemned, and 
 executed, 1527. Centil afterwards suffered 
 for some other crime. 
 
 Beaune, Renaud de, a native of Tours, 
 who became ar.chbishop of Bourges, and af- 
 terwards of Sens, 1596. He was strongly 
 attached to the cause of Henry IV. He died 
 IGOG, in his 79th year. 
 
 Beaune, Florimont de, counsellor of 
 Blois, was intimate with Descartes, who 
 pulilicly praised his mathematical know- 
 ledge. He discovered how to determine 
 the nature of curves by the properties of 
 their tangents ; and died 1G52. 
 
 Beaurain, Jean de, a native of Aix en 
 Issart in Artois, known as a negotiator, but 
 more particularly as a geographer. After 
 studying under the famous Sanson, he was 
 made, at the age of 25, geographer to Lewis 
 XV. for whom he composed a curious per- 
 petual almanac. His topogra])hical descrip- 
 tion of the campaigns of Luxemburg from 
 lC90to 1G94, in three vols, folio, were high- 
 ly valued. He died at Paris, February 11, 
 1771, aged 75, of a retention of urine. 
 
 Beaurieu, Gaspard Guillard de, a 
 French writer, born at St. Paul in Artois 9th 
 Jidy 1728, died at Paris in a public hospital, 
 6lh Octobei', 1795. He wtis very eccentric 
 in his dress and character, though in his con- 
 versation he was lively, witty, and entertai- 
 ning. He wrote various things, the best 
 known of which are I'cleve de la nature, the 
 pupil of nature, 1790, 2 vols. 8vo. often re- 
 printed — riieureux citoyen — cours d'his- 
 toire naturclle, 7 vols, 12 mo. &c. 
 
 Beausorke, Isaac de, an able protestant 
 of Xiort, who ficd to Berhn from France for 
 tearing the king's signet from tlie door of a 
 reformed chnrcli which he was forbidden to 
 enter. The king of Prussia esteemed kim as 
 
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 hischajilaiii and counsellor; ami he dcservcil 
 his coiifKkiice hy his erudition, the (Jiieimcss 
 of his character, and the spirit and morality 
 ot his discourses. His wriliii};;s were th<'l<>j^i- 
 cal ; the most esteemed was his iiistory olthe 
 ManichcCans, '2\ols. a woi-k praised hy tiilj- 
 bon. lie died 1738, ajiji-d 79. He w rote be- 
 sides a ilelence ol" the reformation — a trans- 
 lation of the New Testament, with niiits, 
 together with I'Knfanl — disserlatiou on the 
 Atlamites of'JJohemia. 
 
 Beausobiie, l.ouls dc, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Hei-lin, where lie was 
 distinguished as a literary character, and as 
 the friend of the Prussian monarcli. fie 
 Avrole philosopliical dissertations on fire, " les 
 songes d'epicure — le p} rrhonismedu Sage," 
 &c. He died of an apoplexy, December 3, 
 1783, aged 53. 
 
 Beai'Vais, Guillaume, a native of Dun- 
 kirk, member of the academy of Cortona, 
 and author of a history of the Roman eni- 
 j)erors by medals, 3 vols. I'imo. He died al 
 Orleans, 1773, aged 75. 
 
 Beauvais, Charles Nicolas, a native of 
 Orleans, distinguished as a physician, but 
 more as a violent and seditious member of 
 the national assembly and of the convention. 
 He died at Montpelicr, 1704. He wrote 
 essays historiques sur Orleans, 8vo.---des- 
 criplion lopographique du mont Olivet, 8vo. 
 ^cour elementaire d'education pour les 
 sours & muets, &c. 
 
 Beauvais, John Baptiste Charles Marie 
 de, bishop of Senez, died 1789, aged 56. He 
 was eminent as an eloquent preacher, and 
 in private life was very amiable. His fune- 
 ral orations which he published were much 
 admired. 
 
 Beauvau, Lewis Charles marquis de, a 
 French general who distinguished himself at 
 the siege of Philipsburg, 1734, at Clausen, 
 Prague, and in Flanders at the siege of 
 Ypres, where he received a mortal wound, 
 24th June 1744, aged 34. 
 
 Beauvilliers, Francis de, duke of St. 
 Aignan, was author of some prose and poeti- 
 cal pieces. He died 1687, aged SO, His el- 
 dest son, Paul, was precepter to the duke of 
 Berry, father of Lewis XIV. He died 1714, 
 in his C6th year. His brother, who was 
 bishop of Beauvais, Avrote some pieces of 
 devotion, and died 19th August, 1751. Ano- 
 ther brother, Paul Hippolitus, was eminent 
 in the military service of his country, as well 
 as in negotiations. He wrote " amusemens 
 literaries;" and died 1776, aged 92. 
 
 Beauzee, Nicolas, author of an universal 
 grammar, or exposition of the elements of 
 languages, 2 vols. 8vo. — of an exposition of 
 the historical proofs of religion, and other 
 works, besides the articles in grammar in the 
 encyclopedia, was member of the academy, 
 and professor of grammar in tlie military 
 school. He was born at Verdun, and died 
 at Paris, 25th January, 1789, aged 72. 
 
 Bebele, Henry, a native of Justingen, in 
 Suabia, professor of eloquence at Tubingen. 
 He was an able Latin scholar, and he recei- 
 ved the poetical crown, in 1501, from .Maxi- 
 
 milian 1. Besides his poems, called '^opnscu- 
 la 1{» licliaiia," he wrote smiie tracts, i>:c. 
 
 Becan, Alarlin, a Jesuit, burn ii; lira- 
 bant, unusally zealous in the cause of the 
 pope j'.iid ol tli«' church, was confessor t«> 
 Ferdinand H. and died at \'ienna, 1624. lie 
 wrote the sum of theology, in French ; but 
 sonke of his writings were i»ubliely burnt ai 
 Paris and al Rome. 
 
 Beccadelli, Lewis, a native of Bolog- 
 na, who f(jllowed the ffjrtunes of cardiuul 
 Pole, of whose life he wrote an account, in 
 Latin. He was employed as anibassador at 
 Venite and Augsburg, ami had the care of 
 Ferdinand son of Cosmo 1. duke oi'Tuscanv. 
 He resigned the archbishopric of Ragusa ; 
 but was disappointed in his exjieclations to 
 succee<l to Pisa. He tlieil 1572, sged Hi). 
 He wj'ote a life of Petrarch, in Italian, and 
 correspondeil with Sadolet, Bembo, and 
 other learned men. 
 
 Beccadelli, Antonio, a native of Pa- 
 lermo, professor of belles lettres at Pavia. 
 He was crowned with the poetic laurel by 
 the emperor Sigismund, 1432, ami was in 
 the train of Alphonso king of Naples, who 
 etmobled him, and gave him some lionorable 
 appointments. He died at Naples, 1471, 
 aged 97. His epistles, IScc. were printed at 
 Venice, 1453. He wrote also a book on the 
 sayings and actions of Alphonso king of Ar- 
 ragon ; and showed himself so partial to 
 Livy, that he sold an estate to purchase a 
 copy of the historian. He wrote also Her- 
 maplirodit:us, an obscene and licentious work. 
 
 Beccafumi, Dominique, a shepherd of 
 Sienna, whrse abilities as a painter w ere ob- 
 served and encouraged by Beccafumi, one of 
 his countrymen. In gratitude he exchanged 
 the name of his family, Mecarino, for that 
 of his benefactor. He died at Genoa, 1549, 
 aged 65. His St. Sebastian is much admired. 
 
 Beccari, Augustine, a native of Ferrara, 
 who, and not Tasso, was the first Italian w ho 
 wrote pastorals. His"il sacraficio"' appeared 
 1555. He died 1560. 
 
 Beccari a, JohuBaplist, a learned monk 
 of !Mondovi, known as a teacher of jihiloso- 
 phy and mathematics at P;dermo, Rome, 
 and Turin. The honors whicli he receivetl 
 in this last place, as prece\)tor to the royal 
 family, were unable to divert his attention 
 from philosophical pursuits. He wr.ile dis- 
 sertations on electricity, and an essay on the 
 cause of storms, &tc. He died at Turin, 
 May 22, 17 ^^ 
 
 Beccari a, James Bartholome\r,a native 
 of Bononia, w ho applied himself to the study 
 of medicine, and became professor of natu- 
 ral philosophy in the university of Bononia. 
 A liberal communication with the learned 
 men who fre([uented his company jiroduced 
 anew mode of instruction ; the old forms 
 were abandoned, and lectures in natural phi- 
 losophy, anatomy, chemistry, physic, kc. 
 were delivere<l to crowded autlienccs bv 
 twelve respectable professors ; and as a me- 
 dical reader Beccaria a(<iuired o].ulence 
 and fame. A dangerous fcvcr, however, 
 nearly proved iatal to liiin, and left such 
 
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 unpleasant ti'aces behind as shook his con- 
 stitution. His publications on philosophical 
 and medical subjects were numerous and 
 valuable, so that his opinion Avas courted by 
 the learned of Europe, and his name enrol- 
 led amons; their "most respectable societies. 
 Beccaria studied the diseases of the temper 
 as well as those of the body ; and by perse- 
 verance and attention he converted a sour 
 and ungovernable disposition to mildness and 
 placid composure. He died the SOth Jan- 
 uary 1766, aged 84. 
 
 IjECcaria, Cresar Bonesana marquis, an 
 Italian philosopher, the pupil of Genovesi of 
 Naples, lie published a treatise on crimes 
 and punishni'^nts, which pi-oved a popular 
 Mork, and uas translated into various lan- 
 guages — disquisitions on the nature of style, 
 ^c. He died at ?ililan 1795, aged 75. 
 
 Beccu Ti, Francis, an Italian poet, surna- 
 med II Cappeta. He was professor of law 
 in his native town of Perugia; and died 
 1500, aged 44. He is particularly known 
 by his burlesque poetry, in imitation of Ber- 
 ni. His Avorks were edited by Cavalucci, 
 4to. 1751, Venice. 
 
 Becerra, Gaspard, a Spanish sculptor 
 and painter in fresco. He was the pupil of 
 Rai)haei ; and his best piece is a virgin, made 
 by order of Isabella of V'alois. He died at 
 Madrid 1570. 
 
 Becker, John Joachim, successively phy- 
 sician to the electors of Mentz and Bavaria,, 
 ivas born at Spires, and died at i.ondon 
 1685, aged 40. He possessed great genius, 
 and his discoveries in chemistry and me- 
 chanics were many and important ; but 
 these high merits were obscured by impetu- 
 ous passions, and an unyielding temper, 
 whicii raised him enemies, and at last obli- 
 ged him, after residing at Vienna and at 
 Haerlem, to fiy from Germany for an asylum 
 in Britain. His publications were seven in 
 number, on philosophical subjects, the chief 
 of which are physica subterrauea — instituti- 
 ones chymicie, kc. 
 
 Becker, Daniel, a physician of the elec- 
 tor of Brandenburg, who died in his native 
 city of Konigsburg 1760, aged 43. He was 
 author of commentarius de theriaca, &c. 
 London, 1660, 8vo. — de cultivoro Prussinio, 
 Leyden, Svo. 
 
 Becket, Thomas, was born at London, 
 1119, and educated at Alerton abbey in Sur- 
 I'ey, and afterwai'ds at Oxford and I'aris. 
 By the favor of his patron, 'rheobald, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, he passed to Bononia 
 in Italy, where he studied civil law, and soon 
 after embraced the ecclesiastical profession, 
 and so highly was he recommended to king 
 Henry II. that he was made chancellor 1158. 
 As a courtier, Becket assumed all the gaiety 
 of the times, and when he attended the 
 king to Toulouse, he maintained in his train 
 1200 horse, besides 700 knights or gen- 
 tlemen. On the death of Theobald, the 
 monarch rewarded his favorite with the va- 
 cant see, but, by resigning the seals of chan- 
 cellor, Becket offended his benefactor ; and 
 his subsequent haughtiness and obstinacy, 
 
 and the high tone in which he asserted the 
 privileges of the church, further widened 
 the breach, and disturbed the peace of the 
 kingdom. As the guardian of his people, 
 Heiuy wished tor a community of laws, but 
 Becket refused to repress the disorders of 
 his clergy by sufiering them to be tried in 
 the same manner as the laity, and though 
 for a time he assented to the famous constitu- 
 tions of Clarendon, he retracted his acquies- 
 cence, and resigned his archiepiscopal office 
 at the feet of the pope, who not only forgave 
 the error of his judgment, by reinstating 
 him, but espoused his cause and annulled 
 the decrees. Supported by the papal power 
 the primate excommunicated those who fa- 
 vored the royal cause, and Henry, swollen 
 with indignation, banished his relations and 
 adherents, and sent them in disgrace and 
 indigence to their e.xiled master. Becket 
 continued to indulge his resentment. Not 
 only the representations and intreaties of the 
 clergy, but the interference of the pope by 
 two cardinals, proved for a while abortive 
 with the haughty prelate, who, when at last 
 he condescended to see his sovereign 11G7, 
 broke off the conference, because Henry re- 
 fused to give him the kiss of peace. In 1169, 
 however, another meeting with difficulty 
 took place on the confines of Normandy, 
 and a reconciliation was effected, and the 
 king, in proof of his sincerity, held the bri- 
 dle of Becket's horse while he mounted and 
 dismounted twice. The return of the pri- 
 mate to his country was not attended with 
 the conduct which the friends of public peace 
 expected, he refused to restore the excom- 
 municated bishops ; and so irritated was 
 Henr}' on hearing this, that he exclaimed, 
 " he was an unhappy i)rince, since none of 
 his followers had eitl)er spirit or gratitude to 
 revenge his wrongs oh so insolent a priest.'* 
 The words animated four of his courtiers, 
 who sailed for England and dashed out the 
 prelate's brains before the altar of his cathe- 
 dral on the 29th Dec. 1171. The murderers 
 fled, and to expiate their crimes, they un- 
 dertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where 
 they died. The news of Becket's death 
 alarmed Henry, who not only exculpated 
 himself before the pope, but performed 
 penance at the shrine of the murdered 
 priest, and not only passed the night on the 
 cold pavement in penitence and prayer, but 
 suffered himself to be scourged by the monks. 
 To the violence of his death, and not to his 
 virtues, Becket was indebted for the honors 
 paid to his memory. He not oidy became a 
 saint by the indulgence of the church, but so 
 numerous were the miracles wrought at his 
 tomb that two large volumes could scarce 
 contain the mention of them. The spot was 
 visited by thousands with religious awe, and 
 the shrine of the saint, like that of a god of 
 Delphi in ancient times, was adorned with 
 whatever was most costly, rich, and valua- 
 ble in the kingdom. 
 
 Beckingham, Charles, an eminent dra- 
 matic writer, two of whose pieces, Henry 
 IV. of France, and Scipio Africaiius, were 
 
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 acted and applauded before lie completed 
 iiis '20th year. He died 17;)0, aged 32. 
 
 IJeckimgton, 'I'hoiuas, a native of So- 
 mersetshire, in the fifteeiitli century, author 
 of a book ab(mL thi- rijjbls ot the l^ii}j;hiiJi 
 monarchs in France, lie was of New col- 
 le£;e, and bccanii; bibhup of IJath and Wells. 
 
 liECQ^UE r, Anthony, a tielestine monk, 
 Avho Avrote an history of his order, publishcMJ 
 'ko. 17'21. 11«' was a man of learning, and 
 acquainted vilh many \alnal»le literaiy anec- 
 dotes. He died 1730, aged 76. 
 
 Bectash, Cnii, a learned Mussulman, 
 author of a book called the garden of 
 ihooghts. 
 
 Hec roT., Claude de, abbess of St. FIo- 
 nore de Tarasi,on, was eminent for her 
 knowledge of Latin. Her letters were so 
 polished and elegant, that Francis I. not only 
 showed them to his courtiers as perfect mo- 
 dels, but paid the abbess a friendly visit. She 
 published several pieces in Latin and French, 
 both prose and verse, and died 1547. 
 
 Beda, Noel, a violent ecclesiastic, born 
 in Picardy, and raised to the headship of the 
 college of Alontaign. His attack on Eras- 
 mus was so severe that the ofl'ended scholar 
 convicted him of asserting 181 lies, 210 ca- 
 lumnies, and 47 blasi)hemies. It was by his 
 influence that the Sorbonne did not pro- 
 nounce in faTor of the divorce of Henry 
 Vni. and so irritative were his writings and 
 his conduct, that he was three times sent 
 into banishment, and at last died in his exile, 
 in the abbey of Slount St. Michael, Feb. 8th, 
 1537. His Morks were ueithcr elegant nor 
 correct. 
 
 Beda or Bede, surnamed tlie Venera- 
 ble, was born at Wearmouth or Jarrow, in 
 the county of Durham, and from his earliest 
 A'ears educated in the monastery of St. Pe- 
 ter. The monastic life gave him the oppor- 
 tunities which he so ardently desired, his 
 time was devoted to the severest studies, 
 and his name and learning became so re- 
 spectable that pope Sergius in vain solicited 
 his presence at Home. He was courted by 
 the most learned of his countrymen, and 
 particularly by Egbert, bishop of York, to 
 vhom he wrote, in the last years of his life, 
 an epistle, valuable for the curious statement 
 ■which it gives of the ecclesiastical aft'airs of 
 the times. Confinement and api)lication at 
 last overpowered his constitution ; but though 
 laboring under the complicated weight of a 
 consumption and an asthma, he continued 
 occasionally to impart instruction to the 
 monks of the monastery, till he expired, 
 fiGth May 735, aged 63. His remains were 
 deposited at Jarrow, but afterwards removed 
 to Durham, and placed with those of St. 
 Cuthbert. Of his writings, which were all 
 composed in Latin, the most celebrated were 
 his ecclesiastical histoi-y from the time of Ju- 
 lius Caesar to his own age, collected from 
 the annals of eonvcr)ts and ancient chro- 
 nicles — his commentaries on scripture, kc. 
 His works were so universally admired that 
 not only his countr} men, but foreignei-s, 
 were loud in his praises. Some however 
 
 have severely attacked liis literary diaractcr. 
 He certainly possessed all the puerile crc- 
 «lulity of the tiniCH; he indulged in the rela- 
 tion <if legendary miracles. He wrijle, bavs 
 dii Fin (tomG, p. HH.) with sui pribing facility, 
 but without elegance, art, purity, or reflec- 
 tion ; and though his st\ le is clear, he ap- 
 piars lo he a greater master of learning than 
 of judgment, or true critical taste. He was 
 however, according to Camden, Bale, Fits, 
 and others, a man of superior powers of 
 n^ind, and he shone like a meteor in the 
 (hukness of a barbai'ous age. So valualjle 
 were his writingH considered that a council 
 ordered them to be publicly read in churches. 
 The best edition of his history is that of 
 l7-2'2 in folio. 
 
 Bedell, William, an illustrious prelate, 
 born 1570, at Black Xolley in Essex. He 
 studied at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 which he left to reside upon the living of St. 
 Kdmunilsbury, SuiToik, and five years after, 
 1604, he went to Venice as chaplain to the 
 ambassador sir Henry Wotton. During a 
 residence of eight years in this ancient re- 
 public, he diligently applied himself lo the 
 study of Hebrew, and formed a friendly and 
 intimate acquaintance with Paul Sarpi, tlie 
 rabbi Leo, and Antonio de Dominis, men 
 equally celebrated for their learning antl 
 piety. On his return home he was presen- 
 ted to the living of Horingsheath, and twelve 
 years after he was unanimously elected to 
 the provostship of Trinity college, Dubli?i, 
 which by the king's command, though re- 
 luctantly, he accepted, and two years after 
 the favour of his palror.s, sir Thomas Jermvn 
 and bishop I^aud, I'aised him to the see of , 
 Kilmore and Ardagh. In this high station 
 Bedell behaved with that strong sense of 
 propriety which Jiis private manners so much 
 promised. He exhoi-ted his clergy to ex- 
 emplary conduct and residence ; and, to 
 show them his own moderation, he resigned 
 the bishopric of Ardagh. His ordinations 
 were public and solemn, example was made 
 to go hand in hand with profession in the 
 great business of religion, and in a synod of 
 his clergy which he convened for reforma- 
 tion, some canons were enacted, excellent 
 and conciliatorv. A strong advocate for the 
 church, he always abhorred the persecution 
 of the papists, and supported the justice and 
 the rights of his cause by the arms of meek 
 l)ersuasion, not of virulent compulsion. The 
 liturgy as well as the bible was translated 
 into Irish, and every method pursued which 
 might inform and enlighten the minds of a 
 rough and uncivilized jieasantry. So much 
 exemplary meekness did not go unapplaud- 
 cd ; when the country was torn by rebellion 
 in 1641, the bishop's palace was the only ha- 
 bitation in the county of Cavan that remain- 
 ed unviolated. Malice however prevailed, 
 the rebel!', who had declared that the pre- 
 late should be the last I'^nglishmau driven 
 from the country, demanded the expulsion 
 of the unfortunate men v ho had fled to his 
 roof for refuge, and when he continued firm 
 to his refusal, he and his family were seized 
 
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 anil sent prisoners to tlic castle of Clough- 
 l>ougljttr. The liorrors of coiifnienient, and 
 more particularly tlie misfortunes of liis 
 country, liowevci-, bi-oke his heart, he ex- 
 pired on tiic Tth of February 1G41, in the 
 Iiouse of Dennis Slieridan, a protestant, to 
 ■whose care he had been intrusted. His 
 memory received unusual honors from the 
 rebels, who in a lai'ge body accompanied liis 
 remains, and f.red over his grave in the 
 chui'cl}yard of Kiimore, with all the homage 
 due to a worthy man, a pious Christian, and 
 iin exemplary prelate. 
 
 Beuekic, Henry, a monk who fiorishcd 
 about the year 1380. He was born at Saint 
 EiimundsburVj Suftblk, and distinguished as 
 an eloquent preiRher. He was for his learn- 
 ing honored with the degree of doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and chosen for his virtues provin- 
 cial of the Augustitic order in England. He 
 •wrote several theological treatises. 
 
 IjEdfori^, Hilkiah, a quaker of Sibscy, 
 Lincolnshire, who settled as stationer in 
 London. His son of the same name was 
 educated at St. John's, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow ; but though patronised 
 h}' the earl of Winchelsea, the politics of 
 the revolution deprived him of his benefii-e 
 in Lincolnshire. He was fined 1000 marks 
 in 1714, for publishing *' The hereditary 
 right of the crown of England asserted," 
 though the real author Avas Harbin, a non- 
 juring priest, whom his friendship thus pro- 
 tected. He wrote an answer to Fontenclle's 
 oracles and Dr. Barwick's life, translated 
 from the Latin, isic. and died Nov. 26th, 
 1724, aged 61. 
 
 Bedford, Thomas, second son of Hil- 
 kiah, was educated at Westminster school 
 and St. John's, Cambridge, and he acquired 
 as a nonjuring clergyman some reputation 
 among his party at Compton, near Ash- 
 bourne, Derbyshire, where he died Februa- 
 ry 177.3, in good circumstances and much 
 respected. In his earlier years he was 
 chaplain at Angiers in France, in the family 
 of sir John Cotton, hart, and his marriage 
 Avith the sister of George Smith, esq. of 
 Durham, enabled him to pre])are for the 
 press an edition of Simeon of Durh;im's 
 history. He wrote also an historical cate- 
 chism. 
 
 Bedford, John duke of, third son of 
 Henry IV. distinguished liimself as the gen- 
 eral of the English armies in France, during 
 the minority of Henry VJ. whom he pro- 
 claimed king at Pai'is. He defeated the 
 French fleet in several encounters, especial- 
 ly near Southain])ton, and in the battle 
 ■where he routed the duke of Alencon. He 
 died at Iloiien l4.5.'i. A\'heu some courtiers 
 fldviscd Charles \U\. of France to demolish 
 the monument of this noble foreignei", the 
 monarch answered "Sufter to sleep in ]»eacc 
 the ashes of a man who when alive made all 
 France tremble." 
 
 Bedloe, ^\ illiam, a low adventurer, 
 whom tiic success of Oates animated to the 
 discovery of a pretended popish plot, for 
 which the house of commons voted him 500/. 
 
 The play called " The excommunicated 
 prince," ascribed to him, is attributed by 
 Wood to Thom. Walter of Jesus college, 
 Oxford, He died August 20th, 1680. 
 
 BEDOSdeCELLES, Fi-ancis, a Benedic- 
 tine of St. Maur, member of the academy of 
 Bourdeaux, was born at Caux, and died 25th 
 November, 1770, aged 53. He published a 
 treatise on ilialling, 8vo. 1780, and one ou 
 the art of making organs, 4to. 
 
 Be DK ED DIN, Baalbeki, a pliysician of 
 Baliiec, in the seventh century of the hegira, 
 author of a treatise on those merlicines 
 which excite pleasure, &c. He inveighs 
 against Avicenna for ranking coriander 
 among the simples wliich enliven the heart. 
 
 Beek, David, a Flemish painter. Vid, 
 Bek. 
 
 Bega, Cornelius, a Dutch painter born 
 at Haerlem. His landscapes, cattle, and 
 conversations, were much admired. Durius: 
 a plague he tell a victim to his excessive at- 
 tention to his mistress, who was attacked by 
 the disease 1664, in his 45th year. 
 
 Beger, Laurence, son of a tanner of 
 Heidelberg, was librarian to the elector of 
 Brandenburg. He published several valua- 
 ble books on antiquities and medals, particu- 
 larly thesaurus ex thesauro, palatinus selec- 
 tus, seu gemmse, folio, — spicilegium anti- 
 quitatis, fol. — thesaurus five geramie numis- 
 mate, &c. 3 vols, folio. He died at BerUu 
 1705, aged 52. He wrote, besides a book in 
 favor of polygamy at the instance of Charles 
 the elector palatine, who wished to espouse 
 his mistress, but he recanted its tenets after 
 the prince's death. 
 
 Begeyn, Aliraham, a Dutchman, born 
 1650, painter to the king of Prussia. His 
 landscapes and other pieces adorn the royal 
 palaces of Berlin, and also some of the 
 public buildings of the Hague. 
 
 Begox, Michael, a native of Blois, who, 
 alter practising law, distinguished himself in 
 the marine, and as governor of the I'rencli 
 West-India islands, inc. He was unitersally 
 respected for the benevolence of his charac- 
 ter. He died l4th March, 1710, in his 72d 
 yeai'. He had collected a most valuable cabi- 
 net of anti([ues, medals, prints, and curi- 
 osities, and from the various memoirs which 
 he selected, Perrault derived his materials 
 for his *' History of the illustrious men of 
 France." 
 
 Beguillet, Edmund, advocate in the 
 parliament of Dijon, ami correspondent of 
 the academy of belles lettres, devoted him- 
 self much to agriculture and domestic eco- 
 nomy. He died May 1786. He is author of 
 a work on the principles of vegetation and 
 agriculture, 8vo. 1769 — treatise on the vine 
 ami wines, 1770 — on mills and millwrights — 
 fccc. 
 
 Beh A 1 M, Martin, a native of Nuremberg, 
 ■whose penetrative genius, enriched by the 
 studies of navigation and cosmography, 
 formed the first itiea of a new world. This 
 bold adventurer sailed in 1460 in quest of 
 discoveries, and actually visited the Brazils, 
 tliu isle of Fayal, and the straits of Ma- 
 
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 rcllan, and on liis return he conslrnctrd f» 
 gjolje of '20 inches diameter, with Ji rcpre- 
 seiitittioii of liis voyage, still to be seen at 
 Nurenibcrg. This curious circuiTisl.incc, il' 
 supported by truth, iletracts from the lonp; 
 established merit of Columbus, as the first 
 discoverer of America, lie died at I^isbon, 
 15U0. 
 
 IjEHN, Aplirn, an En!j;lish poetess, born 
 at Canterbury. She eniburke<i willi her fa- 
 ther, -Mr. Johnson, wlio was appointed v;o- 
 vernor of Surinam, but his death on the 
 passage dcstroyeil her prospects, and she re- 
 turned to England, where she married :Mr. 
 Behn, a merchant, of Dutch extraction. It 
 is however to be observed, tliat her resi- 
 dence at Surinam introduced her to tJie 
 conjpany of Oroonoko, a native prince, 
 ■whose story she has pathetically described 
 in a novel bearing the same name, and 
 though assertions injurious to her character 
 liavc been uttered by malice or envy with 
 respect to this illustrious American, it must 
 be confessed that his fondness for his wife 
 Imoinda, and the vigilance of her relations, 
 are the best proofs of her virtuous deport- 
 ment. Charles II. was pleased with her vi- 
 vacity, and she was employed by the court 
 to discover the machinations of the Dutch 
 against Englaml. She was successful in this 
 attempt, and the love which Vander Albert 
 liad formerly entertained for her person, 
 Avas converted into an engine to serve her 
 country. The unwary Dutchman in his 
 rnoments of fondness betrayed the inten- 
 tions of De Witt and De Ruyter to sail up 
 the Thames, but the English court unfortu- 
 nately considered the secret as improbable, 
 and Mrs. Behn renounced her politics, and 
 on her return home devoted herself, some- 
 times under the fictitious name of Astraea, 
 to pleasure and the muses. Her works were 
 miscellaneous, and chiefly consisted of poems, 
 sonnets, and songs, 17 plays, besides novels, 
 letters, and histories, and translations, and 
 after a long indisposition, she died, April 
 IGth, 1689, and was buried in the cloisters of 
 AVestminster abbey. Her memoirs have 
 heen published, and prefixed to her works, 
 three vols. 8vo. — Her writings, like her life, 
 are too often marked by licentiousness. 
 
 Beich, Joachim Francis, a painter, born 
 at llavemberg, in Swabia. His landscapes 
 and battles were much admired. He died 
 1748, aged 83. 
 
 Beidhavi, a judge of Schiraz, in Persia. 
 He wrote two volumes on the Koran, and 
 died the year 085, or 69'2, of the hegira. 
 
 Beierlinck, Laurence, an ecclesiastic 
 of Antwerp, who edited Zuinger's theutrum 
 vitaj humanaj, and Biblia sacra, he. He 
 died I62r, aged 49. 
 
 Beixascui, John Baptist, a painter, born 
 at Piedmont. lie studied at Home under 
 Eanfranc, and was knighted in honor to his 
 great merit. He died I'JSS, aged 54. 
 
 Beithau, Ben, an African, author of an 
 history of sim])les in alphabetical order, kc. 
 He died the Ginth year oi' tlie hegira. 
 
 JBek, David, a native of Delft, in the Xe- 
 
 tlierlands, pupil to Vandyk. His ^hU'ft'tct 
 as a painter higldy reconimended him to 
 ("harles 1. of England, and to the kings of 
 France and Denmark, and tfi queen Chris- 
 tina of Sweden. It is said that in travelling 
 through Germany, he fell sick at an inn, and 
 was considcrecl as dead. His servants, liow- 
 ever, drinking by his bed-side, poured, in a 
 frolic, a glass of wine into his mouth, obser- 
 ving that he was a friend tf) the bottle when 
 alive, and the sudden application operating 
 upon him, he opened his eyes, and gradually 
 revived. He died at the Hague, 105G, aged 
 o5. He had been in most of tiie capitals of 
 Europe, to paint the most illustrious [)ersons 
 of each court for (Miristina of Sweden. 
 
 Bekker, Balthasar, a Dutch divine of 
 Warthuisen, in Groningen. After studying 
 at the universities of Groningen and Frane- 
 ker, he settled as minister (»f Oosterlingen, 
 where he published a catechism for children, 
 M hicli drew upon him the censures of seve- 
 ral ecclesiastical assemblies. The synod of 
 Franeker, however, approved of his doc- 
 trines, and recommended the book as full of 
 wholesome and useful instructions. He pa.s- 
 sed afterwards to Loenen near Utrecht, to 
 Wesop and to Amsterdam, where he acqui- 
 red celebrity, by writing a treatise on comets, 
 and an exjiosition of the book of Daniel. 'I'he 
 most known, however, of his publications 
 was " the woiltl bewitched," an inquiry ii;t(> 
 the vulgar notions of spirits, and devils. So 
 high was the clamor raised against him by 
 this composition, that he was suspended 
 from his ministerial office, though the magis- 
 trates of Amsterdam, -with unparalleled ge- 
 nerosity, continued to pay him his salarv. 
 A medal was struck to ridicule the process 
 of the synods against him. Bekker died of a 
 pleurisy, June Iltli, 1698. 
 
 Bel, John James, a native of Bourdeaux, 
 author of the " dictionaire neologique," since 
 improved by des Fontaines — of critical let- 
 ters on Voltaire's Mariamne — and of an apo- 
 logy for Houdar de la Motte. He was severe 
 against the use of novel expressions and af- 
 fected terras, and united, with great pene- 
 tration, the powers of irony and satire. He 
 died at Paris, of excessive labor, 1738, aged 
 45. 
 
 Bel, ^Nlathlas, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Orsowa, in Hungary. He studied phy.sic at 
 Halle, which he relinquished for divinity. 
 He was rector of the school of Presburg, 
 and mini.ster, and was ennoblefl by Charles 
 \T. for his literary works. He wrote ajjpa- 
 ratus ad historiam Hungariai, and notitia Hun- 
 garice nova ; two works of merit, w huh pro- 
 cured liim honorable marks of esteem and 
 admiration from the pope, the empress ot* 
 Russia, and the king of Prussia, lie died 
 ir49, aged GO. 
 
 Bel, Charles Andrew, son to the above, 
 was born at Presburg, and v. as honorably 
 appointed to the pi'ctfessorship exlraorJinary 
 of Leipsic, 1741, an»l in 1756 to that of poe- 
 try, with the office of librarian, and the title 
 of counseller of state. He wrote <lt' vera 
 origine -be epocha Hunnorum, Sec. 4to. and 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 anil sent prisoners to llic castle of Clough- 
 Ijoiigliter. The horrors of cotifinenient, and 
 more particularly the misfortunes of liis 
 country, howcvei-, broke his heart, he ex- 
 pired on the nh of February 1641, in the 
 Iiouse of Dennis Sheridan, a protestant, to 
 ^vhose care he had been intrusted. His 
 memory received unusual honors from the 
 rebels, who in a large body accompanied Iiis 
 remains, and f.rcd over his grave in the 
 churchyard of Kiimore, with all tlie homage 
 <lue to a worthy man, a pious Christian, and 
 an exemplary prelate. 
 
 Beueuic, Henry, a monk who fioiishcd 
 about the year 1380. He M-as born at Saint 
 li(iniun<isbuiT, Suffolk, and distitiguished as 
 an eloquent preacher. He was for his learn- 
 ing honored with the degree of doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and chosen for his virtues provin- 
 cial of the Augustine order in England. He 
 wrote several theological treatises. 
 
 IjEdford, Hilkiah, a quaker of Sibscy, 
 Lincolnshire, who settled as stationer in 
 London. His son of the same name was 
 educated at St. John's, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow ; but though patronised 
 by the earl of Winchelsea, the politics of 
 the revolution deprived him of his benefice 
 HI Lincolnshire. He was fined lOUO marks 
 in 1714, for publishing *' The hereditary 
 right of the crown of England asserted," 
 though the real author was Harbin, a non- 
 juring priest, whom his friendship thus pro- 
 tected. He wrote an answer to Fontenclle's 
 oracles and Dr. Barwick's life, translated 
 from the Latin, bcc. and died Nov. 26th, 
 1724, aged 61. 
 
 Bedford, Thomas, second son of Hil- 
 kiah, was educated at Westminster school 
 and St. John's, Cambridge, and he acquired 
 as a nonjuring clergyman some reputation 
 among his party at Compton, near Ash- 
 bourne, Derbyshire, where he died Februa- 
 X'y 177.3, in good circumstances and much 
 respected. In his earlier years he was 
 chaplain at Anglers in France, in the family 
 of sir John Cotton, hart, and his marriage 
 Avith the sister of George Smith, esq. of 
 Hnrham, enabled him to pre{)are for the 
 press an edition of Simeon of Durhiun's 
 history. He wrote also an historical cate- 
 chism, 
 
 Bedford, John duke of, third son of 
 Henry IV. distinguished himself as the gen- 
 e»-al of the Englisli armies in France, during 
 the minority of Henry VJ. whom he pro- 
 claimed king at Pai'is. He defeated the 
 French fleet in several encounters, especial- 
 ly near Southam])ton, and in the battle 
 vherc he routed the cluke of Alencon. He 
 died at Itonen l43.-i. AN'heu some coui-tiers 
 «dvised Charles \U\. of France to demolish 
 the monument cjf this noble foreigner, the 
 jnonarch answered "Sufler to sleep in ])cace 
 the ashes of a man who when alive made all 
 France tremble." 
 
 Bedloe, ^^ illiam, a low adventurer, 
 whom tiie success of Gates animated to the 
 discovery of a pretended popish plol, for 
 which the hou«;c of commons voted him 500/. 
 
 The play called "The excommunicated 
 prince," ascribed to him, is attributed by 
 Wood to Thorn. Walter of Jesus college, 
 Oxford. He ilied August 20th, 1680. 
 
 BEDOsdeCELLES, Fx'ancis, a Benedic- 
 tine of St. iMaur, member of the academy of 
 Bourdeaux, was born at Caux, and died 25th 
 November, 1770, aged 53. He published a 
 treatise on dialling, 8vo. 1780, and one on 
 the art of making organs, 4to, 
 
 Be DK ED DIN, Baalbeki, a physician of 
 Balbcc, in the seventh century of the hegira, 
 author of a treatise on those medicines 
 which excite pleasure, &c. He inveighs 
 against Avicenna for ranking coriander 
 among the simples \\hich enliven the heart, 
 
 Beek, David, a Flemish painter. Vid. 
 Bek. 
 
 Beg A, Cornelius, a Dutch painter born 
 at Haerlom, His landscapes, cattle, and 
 conversations, were much admired. During 
 a plague he fell a victim to his excessive at- 
 tention to his mistress, who was attacked by 
 the disease 1664, in his 45th year, 
 
 Beger, Laurence, son of a tanner of 
 Heidelberg, Avas librarian to the elector of 
 Brandenburg. He published several valua- 
 ble books on antiquities and medals, particu- 
 larly thesaurus ex thesauro, palatinus selec- 
 tus, seu gemraK, folio, — spicilegium anti- 
 quitatis, fol. — thesaurus five gemmae numis- 
 mate, &c. 3 vols, folio. He died at Berlin 
 1705, aged 52. He wrote, besides a book in 
 favor of polygamy at the instance of Charles 
 the elector palatine, who wished to espouse 
 his mistress, but he recanted its tenets after 
 the prince's death, 
 
 Begeyn, A!)raham, a Dutchman, born 
 1650, painter to the king of Prussia. His 
 landscapes and other pieces adorn the royal 
 palaces of Berlin, and also some of the 
 public buildings of the Hague. 
 
 Begon, Michael, a native of Blois, who, 
 after pi-actising law, distinguished himself in 
 the marine, and as governor of the I'rench 
 West-India islands, kc. He was universally 
 respected for the benevolence of his charac- 
 ter. He died l4th March, 1710, in his 72d 
 year. He had collected a most valuable cabi- 
 net of antiques, medals, prints, and curi- 
 osities, and from the various memoirs which 
 he selected, Perrault derived his materials 
 for his *' History of the illustrious men of 
 ' ranee, 
 
 Beguillet, Edmund, advocate in the 
 parliament of Dijon, and correspondejit of 
 the academy of belles lettres, devoted him- 
 self much to agriculture and domestic eco- 
 nomy. He died Ma)' 1786. He is author of 
 a work on the principles of vegetation and 
 agriculture, Svo. 1769 — treatise on the vine 
 and wines, 1770 — on mills and millwrights — 
 fecc. 
 
 Behaim, Martin, a native of Nuremberg, 
 whose penetrative genius, enriched by the 
 studies of navigation and cosmography, 
 formed the fii-st idea of a new world. This 
 bold adventurer sailed in 146() in quest of 
 discoveries, and actually visited the Brazils, 
 the isle of f aval, and the straits of Ma- 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 rellan, ami on liis return he constructed n 
 eiobe of '20 iiiclics diameter, witli a repre- 
 senUitioii of his voyage, still to be seen at 
 Nuremberg. This curious circumstance, if 
 supported by truth, detracts from the lonj^ 
 ostabhshed merit of CoUimbus, as the first 
 discoverer of America. He died at Lisbon, 
 15Ut). 
 
 Ueiin, Aphra, an Enp;hsh poetess, horn 
 at Canterbury. She enibarke<l with her fa- 
 ther, Mr. Johnson, who was appoiiitetl go- 
 vernor of Surinam, but his deatli on the 
 passage destroyed lier prospects, and she i-c- 
 turued to England, where she marrie<l Mr. 
 Behn, a merchant, of Dutch e.xtraction. It 
 is however to be observed, that her resi- 
 dence at Surinam introduced her to tJie 
 company of Oroonoko, a native prince, 
 whose story she lias pathetically described 
 in a novel bearing the same name, and 
 though assertions injurious to her character 
 have been uttered by malice or envy with 
 respect to this illustrious American, it must 
 be confessed that bis fondness for his wife 
 Imoinda, and the vigilance of her relations, 
 are the best proofs of her virtuous deport- 
 ment. Charles II. was pleased with lier vi- 
 vacity, and she was employed by the court 
 to discover the machinations of the Dutch 
 against England. She was successful in this 
 attempt, and the love which Vander Albert 
 liad formerly entertained for her person, 
 ■was converted into an engine to serve her 
 country. The unwary Dutchman in his 
 moments of fondness betrayed the inten- 
 tions of I)e Witt and De Ruytor to sail up 
 the Thames, but the English court unfortu- 
 nately considered tlie secret as improbable, 
 and Mrs. Helm lenounced her politics, and 
 on her return home devoted herself, some- 
 times under the fictitious nanie of Astrsea, 
 to pleasure and the muses. Her works were 
 miscellaneous, and chiefly consisted of poems, 
 sonnets, and songs, 17 [ilays, besides novels, 
 letters, and histories, and translations, and 
 after a long indisposition, she died, April 
 iGth, 1089, and was buried in the cloisters of 
 Westminster abbey. Her memoirs have 
 been published, and preiixed to her works, 
 three vols. 8vo. — Her writings, like her life, 
 are too often marked by licentiousness. 
 
 Beich, Joachim Francis, a painter, born 
 at llavemberg, in Swabia. His landscapes 
 and battles were much admired. He died 
 1748, aged 83. 
 
 Beidhavi, a judge of Scliiraz, in Persia. 
 He wrote two volumes on the Kr)ran, and 
 died the year 085, or 69'2, of the hegira. 
 
 Beierlinck, Laurence, an ecclesiastic 
 of Antwerp, who edited /winger's thuutrum 
 vita; humana;, and Biblia sacra, he. He 
 died 1627, aged 49. 
 
 Bei.vascui, John Baptist, a painter, born 
 at Piedmont, lie studie»l at Home under 
 JLanfranc, and was knighted in honor to his 
 great merit. He died I'iSS, aged 51. 
 
 Beit II An, Ben, an Afi'ican, author of an 
 history of sim])les in alphabetical order, kc. 
 He died the Oiuih year of tlic hegira. 
 
 Bek, David, a native of Delft, in the Ne- 
 
 tlierlands, pupil to Vandyk. His abilil/c? 
 as a painter higldy recommended him tf> 
 Charles 1. of England, and to the kings of 
 France ami Denmark, and to queen Chris- 
 tina of 8we«len. it is s:ii(l that in travelling 
 through Germany, he fell sick at an inn, and 
 was considered as dead. His servants, liow- 
 ever, drinking by his bed-side, poured, in a 
 frolic, a glass of wine into his mouth, obser- 
 ving that he was a friend to the bottle when 
 alive, and the sudden application operating 
 upon him, he opened his eyes, and gradually 
 revived. He died at the Hague, 105G, aged 
 .•)5. Me had been in most of the capitals of 
 Europe, to paint the most illustrious persons 
 of each court for (Miristina of Sweden. 
 
 Bekker, Balthasar, a Dutch divine of 
 Warthuisen, in Croningen. After studying 
 at the universities of Cioningen and Frane- 
 ker, he settled as minister of Oosterlingen, 
 where he published a catechism for children, 
 which drew upon him the censures of seve- 
 ral ecclesiastical assemblies. Tlie synod of 
 Franeker, however, approved of his doc- 
 trines, and recommended the book as full of 
 wholesome and useful instructions. He pas- 
 sed afterwards to Loencn near Utrecht, to 
 Wesop and to Amsterdam, where he acqui- 
 red celebrity, by writing a treatise on comets, 
 and an exposition of the book of Daniel. The 
 most known, iiowever, of his publications 
 was " the world bewitched," an inquiry into 
 tlie vulgar notions of spirits, and devils'. So 
 liigh was the clamor raised against him by 
 this composition, that he was suspended 
 from his ministerial office, though the magis- 
 trates of Amsterdam, with unparalleled ge- 
 nerosity, continued to pay him his salarv. 
 A medal was struck to ridicule the process 
 of the synods against him. Bekker died of a 
 pleurisy, June llth, lt)98. 
 
 Bel, John James, a native of Bourdeaux, 
 author of tlie " dictionaire neologique," since 
 improved by des Fontaines — of ci-itical let- 
 ters on Voltaire's Mariamne — and of an apo- 
 logy for Houdar tie la Motte. He was severe 
 against the use of novel expressions and af- 
 fected terras, and united, with great pene- 
 ti'ation, the powers of irony and satire. He 
 died at Paris, of excessive labor, 1738, aged 
 45. 
 
 Bel, INIathlas, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Orsowa, in Hungary. He studied physic at 
 Halle, which he relinquished for divinity. 
 He was rector of the school of Presburg, 
 and minister, and was ennobletl by Charles 
 VT. for his literary works. He wrote appa- 
 ratus ail historian! Hungaria;, and notitia Hun- 
 garice nova ; two works of merit, v Inch pro- 
 cured liim honorable marks of esteem and 
 admiration from the pope, the empress of 
 Russia, and the king of Prussia, lie died 
 1749, aged Gt'. 
 
 Bel, Charles Andrew, son to the above, 
 was born at Presburg, and v. as honorably 
 appointed to tiic professorship extraordinary 
 of Leipsic, 1741, and in 1756 to that of poe- 
 try, with the office of librarian, :\nd the title 
 of counseller of state. He wrote t\c vera 
 origine -Sc epocha Hunnorum, Sec. 4to. and 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 was engaged in the acta eruditoium, from 
 ir54 to 17SI. He died 1782, aged Gi. 
 
 Belcamp, John Van, a Dutchman, em- 
 ployed under Vanderdort to copy pictures 
 in the king's collection, which he executed 
 ■with judgment and accuracy. He died 165;!. 
 
 Belchier, John, was born at Kingston, 
 Surrey, and alter an Elon education was put 
 apprentice toCheselden, tlie most celebrated 
 surgeon of his age. Perseverance and assi- 
 iluiiy soon rendered him eminent in his pro- 
 tession, and in 1736, in his 30th year, he suc- 
 ceeded Craddock as surgeon in Guy's lios- 
 pilal. In tliis employment he became re- 
 spected and beloved for liis attention, and, 
 unlike tlie mercenary practitioners of the 
 times, he considered not the emoluments of 
 his office, hut I'le character of his station, 
 and treated witli unwearied patience and hu- 
 manity those whom diseases or misfortunes 
 had placed under Ids care. In his private 
 life he was eipially amiable, his wliole time 
 ■u-as devoted eitlier to his friends or to the 
 imj)roTement of his profession, and many 
 are the ingenious cora;iiunieations witli m hicii 
 he favored the philosopliical transactions and 
 other publications. He reii^jected the name 
 of Guy almost to adoration, observing, that 
 no other man would have sacrificed 150,000/. 
 for the relief of his fellow creatures. After 
 enjoying an uninterrupted health, he died 
 almost suddenly in 1785, in his 79th year, 
 and he was buried in the cliapel of Guy's 
 hospital. 
 
 Belesis, a Chaldean, made governor of 
 Babylon, for liis services in elevating Arbaces 
 to the throne of Media, 770. B. C. 
 
 Belgrade, James, a Jesuit, born at Udi- 
 na, eminent as a mathematician, poet, and 
 antiquary. His treatise on the existence of 
 God, demonstrated by geometrical theory, 
 is an able work. He died 1789, aged 85. 
 
 Belidor, Bernard Forest de, an emi- 
 nent French engineer, professor of the aca- 
 demies of Paris and Berlir), and author of the 
 dictionaire portatif de I'ingenieur, 12mo. 
 His hydraulics, architecture, inc. are still 
 liighly valued on the continent. He died 
 September 8th, 1761, in his 70th year. 
 
 Belixg, Richard, a native of Belings- 
 to'.vn, in the county of Dublin. After being 
 educated in Dublin, and in the catholic tenets 
 of his family, he studied law at Lincoln's Inn, 
 hut without the intention of practising, as he 
 became a leading officer in the rebellion of 
 1041. He was afterwards a mentber of the 
 catholic council of Kilkenny, and so high 
 Avere his services valued, that he went over 
 as ambassador to the pope, and brought back 
 the nuncio Kinuccini with him. The in- 
 trigues of this foreign prelate, however were 
 unfriendly to the views of the catholics, and 
 this was no sooner discovered than Beling 
 became reconciled to the duke of Ormond 
 and the royal authority, and on t!ic success 
 of the parliamentary forces, he retired to 
 France, where he devoted his time to give a 
 T.atin Instory of the rebellion, which dis- 
 tractetl his unfortunate country- This i)Ook, 
 called "S'indiciarum Catholic, llibcrni:c, is 
 
 considered as highly important and authen- 
 tic. Beling returned to Dublin after the res- 
 toration, where he recovered his estates, 
 and where he died September, 1G77, aged 
 
 04. 
 
 Be LI SARI US, a celebrated general in the 
 service of the emperor Justinian. After 
 serving his country against the Persians, the 
 Vandals in Africa, the Goths and the Huns 
 in Italy, and every where displaying marks 
 of wisdom, fortitude, bravery, and heroism, 
 he was accused of rebellion, and dishonora- 
 bly condemned by the weak emperor, who 
 confiscated his estates. The story of his 
 being blind, and begging for his bread, is of 
 modern invention. He died 565. 
 
 Bell, Beaupre, was descended from ati 
 ancient and respectable family, settled at 
 Beaupre-hall in Norfolk. He was educated, 
 at AVestminster school, and entered at Tri- 
 nity college, Cambridge, 1723, and distin- 
 guished himself as an antiquarian. His col- 
 lections consisted of the naost valuable me- 
 dals, seals, drawings, coins, &c. v/hich he 
 presented to Trinity college. He died of a 
 consumption when young, and ttnmarried. 
 He was biiried in St. Mary's chapel iu Out- 
 well church, Norfolk. 
 
 Bellarmin, Robert, a celebrated Je- 
 suit, born in Tuscany, 1542. After a resi- 
 dence of seven years at Louvain, he re- 
 turned to Italy, and recommended himself 
 by his lectures to the pope, Sixtus V. who 
 employed him, and raised him, in 1599, to 
 the dignity of cardinal. He was afterwards 
 advanced to the see of Capua, which he re- 
 signed in 1605, that he might bestow greater 
 attention to the affairs of tlie church, and be 
 near the pope's person. His infirmities 
 however increased upon him, he left the 
 Vatican, 1621, and died 17th September, 
 the same year, at the house of the Jesuits, 
 and received at his burial all the honors 
 which were due to a saint. Bellarmin de- 
 servedly acquired great reputation as a con- 
 troversial writer ; his jiowers of eloquence 
 were extensive, and so formidable were the 
 labors of his pen, in defence of the Romish 
 church, that for 40 or 50 years there was 
 scarce a man of abilities among the jjrotes- 
 tants, who did not take up the shield to op- 
 pose his opinions. He did not liowever 
 adopt all the tenets of the Jesuits ; he could 
 not embrace fully the doctrine of predesti- 
 nation, nor many of the expressions of the 
 Romish litanies, and he rather inclined to 
 the opinions of St. Augustine. His most fa- 
 mous book is his body of controversy, in 
 four vols, folio, besides a commentary on the 
 psalms, a treatise on ecclesiastical Avriters, 
 &c. liis life has been published by James 
 Fuliguti, and he is represented as a man of 
 uncommon temperance, patience, and chas- 
 tity, small in stature ; but thongh indifferent 
 ir» bis person, he showed the strong feelings 
 of his soul in every feature. Some particu- 
 lars of him are to be seen further in Alc- 
 gambus, Possevinus, Sponde, &c. 
 
 Beli.ay, William du, a French general, 
 disii)iguishcd also as a negotiator, so that 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 Charles V. observed that his pen had fouplit 
 more against him than all the lauccs of 
 France. lit- stronply interested liinjscif in 
 favor of Henry ^ 111. to obtain his divorce 
 from queen Catiierine. His penetration was 
 remarkable, so that by intri};ue or bribery 
 he made himself master jf the most see ret 
 councils (jf the em]»eror. ^V ith the \ic\v' of 
 communicating:; some important intelii}^( lue 
 to Francis 1. he left Pieclmont, of which he 
 vas viceroy, but his infirmities were so great 
 that he died on the way at baphorin, I>c:- 
 tween Lyons ;>:id lioan, yth January, 1543 
 He was buried at Alons. Of his composi- 
 tions the most known is his Latin liistor}' of 
 liis own times, of which however the best 
 part has been lost. 
 
 Bell AY, John du, bidhop of Bayonne, 
 and afterwards of Paris, was engaged as a 
 negotiator between Henry VIH. of England 
 and the pope, with respect to his (livcjrce; 
 but he labored in vain to ])revent the bull ol" 
 excommunication from being fulminated 
 against the refractory prince. His abilities, 
 liowever, Avere more immediately directed 
 to the service of Francis I. and when lliat 
 monarch opposed the invasion of Provence 
 by Charles V. Bellay, now became a cai'di- 
 nal, assumed the defence of Paris, and foi-ti- 
 ficd it Avith a strong rampart still to be seen. 
 The death of Francis was attended with the 
 disgrace of Bellay; cardinal de Lorraine be- 
 came the favorite, and the discarded minis 
 ter I'ctired to Rome, where his great riches 
 enabled him to build an elegant palace. He 
 died there IGth Feb. 1.560, aged G8, leaving 
 the cliaracter of an able negotiator, a bi-il- 
 liant wit, and an insinuating court iei*. To 
 his fondness for literature the French owe 
 the institution of the college royal. He 
 Avrote harangues, elegies, epigrams, odes, 
 an apology for Francis I. he. collected to- 
 gether in one vol. 8vo. 1549. 
 
 Bellay, Martin du, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was engaged as a negotiator by 
 Francis I. whom lie served with iidelity anil 
 success. He w rote historical memoirs found 
 among the fragments of his brother William. 
 He died at Perche 1559. 
 
 Bellay, Joacliim du, was born at Lire, 
 24 miles from Angers, but the talents which 
 nature had bestowed upon him were neglect- 
 ed by the inattention of bis elder bi-other, to 
 whose care he was intrusted. He, however, 
 at last burst forth tli rough all obstacles, and 
 tliough liis health was impaired by the weight 
 of domestic misfortunes, he studied the pro- 
 ductions of ancient and modern times, and 
 ♦excelled so much in poetry, that he was cal- 
 led the Ovid of France, He followed his re- 
 lation the cardinal to Italy, but returned 
 after three years' absence to Paris, where 
 his cousin, F.ustache du Bcilay, the bisliop, 
 procured him a canonry, aiid a peaceful re- 
 tirement from the malice of liis enemies, 
 ■who envied his fame and his merits. He 
 died of an apoplexy 1st January, 1560, aged 
 .'^7, and deserved the tears and the regret of 
 the learned, who stafedhiin with truth pater 
 elegantiarum, pater omnium Icporuir.. He 
 
 VOL. I. <22 
 
 I has been censured for improper attd indeli- 
 ' cate expressions in his writings. His Latin 
 poetry, printed at Paris 4to. 1569, is not de- 
 void of merit, though inferior to his French 
 verses, published l.)6l. The fbllowiiig neat 
 couidel on a dug is by him ; 
 
 jAitratttfuvcH e.cci'pi, mntus amantea ; 
 
 Sic lilacui domino, .v/r plucni (ioiiuude. 
 
 JJelll, Etienne de la, an artist in draw- 
 ing and engraving, who died at Florence 
 1664, aged 54, highly respected, and a great 
 favorite of the duke. 
 
 Belle, Alexis Simon, a painter, disciple 
 of Francis de 'I'ro^, patronised by tlie king 
 of France. He died at Paris 1734, aged 60. 
 He united with great judgment the happy 
 art of making dress and other accessaries 
 subservient to the brilliancy of his coloring. 
 
 Belleau, Remi, one ol' the seven poets 
 called the pleiades of France, was born at 
 Xogent le Rotron, and lived in tiie family of 
 Renatus of Lorraine. He excelled as a pas- 
 toral writer, and in his translations of Ana- 
 creon he preserved all the beauties and ease 
 of^the original. His poem on the nature and 
 difference of precious stones is much ad- 
 mired. He died at Paris 1577, aged 49. 
 
 Bellecour, Colson, a distinguished ac- 
 tor on the French stage. He excelled as 
 much in comic parts as de Kain iu tragic. 
 He died 1786. His wife, who survived hinx 
 till 1799, Mas equally celebrated, and i)ar- 
 ticnlarly in the low characters of Moliere's 
 comedies. 
 
 Belleforet, Francis de, a natire of 
 Sarzan in Guienne, whose early years were 
 sui)ported by the labors of a poor widowed 
 mother, and the greater partiality of the 
 queen of Navarre. He studied at Bourdeaux 
 and Toulouse, and passed to Paris, where 
 lie was honored witli the friendship of the 
 learned and the great. His history of the 
 ninth Charles of France — his universal histo- 
 ry of the world — his annals or general his- 
 tory of France, are the most known of his 
 works. He died at Paris 1583, aged 53. 
 
 Bellegarde, JeanBaptiste Morvan de, 
 a_ Jesuit of Pthyriac, in tlie diocese of 
 Nantes, expelled from his society for being 
 a Cartesian. He died 26th April, 1734, 
 aged 86. His works, which are numerous, 
 but witliout depth or ingenuity, consist 
 chiefly of moral treatises, translations of the 
 fathers, of Chrysostom, Basil, Ambrose, 
 Thomas a Kempis — and versions of the clas- 
 sics — a version of las Casas"" history of the 
 Indies, in four small volumes. 
 
 Bellexden, "William, a Scotchman, 
 master of the requests to James VI. and 
 hunianity professor at Paris. In the enjoy- 
 ment of literary ease, he devoted his time 
 to classical pursuits, and published some 
 learned works, called Ciceronis princeps, 
 1608, and Ciceronis consul, 1612, dedicated 
 to Henry prince of Wales, with treatises orx 
 political writers, &c. His admiration of the 
 Roman orator, and of Seneca and Pliny, was 
 further demonstrated iu a more comprehen- 
 sive work, "de tribus luminibus Itomano- 
 rum," the completion of which; however. 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 ■was stopped l»y death. Tliis valuable trea- 
 tise was edited in 1787, witli all the care 
 and homage which the labors of an elegant 
 scholar could receire iVom the nervous pen 
 ofDr Parr. 
 
 Bellengeu, Francis, a learned doctor 
 of the Sorbornne, who translated Dion) sius 
 of Ilalicarnassus, and also Herodotus, of 
 uhich the copy was left in MS. and among 
 other things, he wrote criticisms on Rollin's 
 ■^vorks, to prove his ignorance of Greek. He 
 vas horn in the diocese of Lisieux, and died 
 at Paris 10th April, 1749, aged 61. 
 
 Belle T, Charles, a native of Querci, 
 vhodied at Paris 1771. He obtained several 
 prizes at Marseilles, Bourdeanx, and Rouen, 
 and was universally esteemed foi* his learn- 
 ing and benevolence. His writings are, 
 I'adoration Chretienne dans la Devotion de 
 llosaire, I'Jmo. 1745 — several pieces of elo- 
 (juencc — les droits de la religion sur le cceur 
 de I'honime, 1764, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Bellet, Isaac, an eminent physician, 
 author of a treatise on the effects of the ima- 
 gination on pregnant women — a history of 
 Catiline's conspiracy, &c. He died at Paris 
 1778. 
 
 Belltevre, Pompone de, Avas born at 
 Lyons, and distinguished himself as a nego- 
 tiator at the court of Charles IX. Henry HI. 
 and Henry IV. but after enjoying the smiles j 
 and lavors of princes, as a counsellor, and 
 as chancellor of France, he was disgraced 
 for the introduction of Silleri. He died at 
 I*aris 9lh September, 1607, in his 78th vear. 
 There have florished of the same family j 
 some superior character.s, the best known 
 of whom was a president of the parliament 
 of Paris, to whose humanity and charitable 
 feelings the poor and helpless were indebted 
 for the foundation of the general hospital of 
 Paris, 
 and Holland. 
 
 Belltn, C4entil, a Venetian, so eminent 
 as a painter that ^Mahomet solicited him to 
 come to Constantinople. He complied with 
 the request, and adorned that capital with 
 the most masterly eftbrts of his pencil. His 
 best piece was the decollation of .lohn the 
 Baptist; the skin of the neck of which, how- 
 ever, the grand signior censured, as i-.ot 
 agreeable to nature, and to convince the 
 painter, summoned a slave before him, and 
 ordered his head immediately to be struck 
 off. This so intimidated Bellin, that instead 
 of correcting the fault, he earnestly soli? ited 
 his dismission He returned to Venice 
 loaded with presents, and died 1501, aged 80. 
 
 Bellin, John, brother of the preceding, 
 vas equally distinguished as a painter. He 
 vas one of the first who painted in oil ; a 
 secret which he stole from Antoine de Mes- 
 aine, by assuming a disguised character. He 
 died 1512, aged 90. 
 
 Bellin, James, a learned and laborious 
 pjographical engineer, of I'aris, who enrich- 
 ed litei-ature bv 80 valuable marine charts, 
 by essays on the geopraphy of Great-Bri- 
 tain, hie. He was member of the royal so- 
 ciety of Loudon, and dietl 3lst March, 1772, 
 ligcd $a. 
 
 He Avas also ambassador in England 
 
 Bellini, Laurence, a physician of Fib* 
 rence, who, after studying at Pisa, under 
 the able direction of Oliva et Borelli, was- 
 elected there professor of philosophy, though 
 only 20 years of age. He ei joyed the patro- 
 nage and friendship of the grand duke Fer- 
 dinand II. and as an anatomist and physician 
 deservedly acquired great celebrity. His 
 works were numerous and in Latin, and 
 much admired. After being thirty years 
 professor, he left Pisa for Florence, where 
 he <lied January 8, 1703, aged 60. 
 
 Bellocq.. Peter, was valet de chambre 
 to Lewis XIV. but better known for his wit, 
 his physiognomy, and his satirical wi'itings. 
 He was the friend of Moliere and Racine, 
 and died 4tli October, 1704, aged 59, author 
 of a poem on the hotel des invalides — satires 
 — petits raaitres — nouvellistes, &c. 
 
 Belloi, Peter, a native of Montauban, 
 who espoused the cause, and wrote in favor 
 of Henry III. against the Guises. He was 
 advocate in the parliament of Toulouse, and 
 was honored and promoted by Henry IV. 
 His writings are now little known. 
 
 Belloi, Peter Laurence Buyrette du, a 
 native of St. Flour, in x\uvei'gne, who, after 
 being educated by his uncle, who intended 
 him for the bar, abandoned his country, and 
 a profession which he despised, and retired 
 to Russia, where he assumed the character 
 of comedian. He returned to Paris in 
 1758, and recommended himself to public 
 notice by the tragedy of Titus, and after- 
 wards that of Zelmira. His most popular 
 piece was the siege of Calais, which drew 
 upon him not only the favors of the king, 
 but the applauses of the nation. The magis- 
 trates of Calais honored him with the free- 
 dom of their city, and placed his portrait 
 among those of their benefactors ; and Vol- 
 taire paid the highest compliment to the 
 genius and merit of the poet ; which, how- 
 ever, the ill-natured satirist, after Belloi's 
 death, either through envy or insincerity, 
 withdrew. The success of the siege of Calais 
 was followed by Gaston and Bayard, inferior 
 in merit, in sentiment, and composition. 
 The last pieces which he composed were 
 Peter the cruel, and Gabrielle de Vergi ; 
 but so little were they admired, that the 
 poet's heart was broken through disappoint- 
 ment ; he fell a prey t ) a lingering disease; 
 and though Lewis XVI. who knew his merit, 
 with an exemplary benevolence of heart, 
 sent him 50 louis d'or, and the comedians 
 ])romised their iniitcd support for his benefit, 
 he expired on the 5th of March, 1775, aged 
 48. The works of Belloi were published by 
 Gaillard, it) 6 vols. Svo. with a life and valua- 
 ble annotations. Though frequently happy 
 in noble sentiments an<l fine strokes of na- 
 ture, Belloi sacrificed simplicity and tlje 
 true pathetic to unnatural hai-angues aiid 
 bombastic ejaculations. 
 
 BuLLONi, Jerome, a banker at Rome, 
 made a marquis by pope Benedict XIV. wha 
 knew and esteemed his merit. He wrote 
 an essay on commerce, printed 1750, and 
 often re-edited, and translated into Englishi^ 
 German, and French, lie died 1760, 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 Bei-I-ORI, John Peter, celebrated as an 
 inti(Hiaii:tii, was lioni al Hoimc, aul <lii<l 
 l(jijG, agtti SO. lie was cliief liltrariati lo 
 «iueen (, lirisliiia. His writiiis^s, wliicli :ire 
 .in I'J tli ill' r flit |tuljlic;iti(iiis, are v:ilti:il>lc' ami 
 curious tor tlic iulorioation m liicli lliey con- 
 tain on the antiiiuitics, monuments, fccc. of 
 Rome and Italy. I'lii' most known are, ex- 
 plication des medallions rares dn cabinet <!u 
 cartlinal Campej^ue, 4to. — Ics vies des pein- 
 tres, arcnlteetes, et sculpteurs moderiies, 
 167'2, 4lo. — description des tableaux peinls 
 par Raphael au > alican, ll>95, 4bl. inc. 
 
 liEi.i.o rn, Peter, an historical painter, 
 born at Venice. Ilis portraits v ere also 
 much admired. He dieil 1700, aged 75, 
 
 liEi.MCCi, Anthony, a painter, born at 
 Venice, Ifi.S-i. He was disciple to Dominico 
 Defmico, and was employed in the service of 
 the emperor Joseph, anil afterwards of the 
 elector I'alatine. 
 
 Bei-on, Peter, M. D. was horn in tlic 
 Maine, and travelled into .fudea, (ii-eece, 
 and Arabia, of w Inch ])laces he published an 
 interesting account. His other works were 
 on birds, tishes, bcc. all equal!} valuable. He 
 •was assassinated from motives of resentment, 
 near Paris, 1504, in his 4Gth year. 
 
 Belot, John de Blois, an advocate of 
 Paris, who, in 1 037, wrote an apology for 
 the Latin tongue, to prove the impropriety 
 ©fusing the French in learned works. He 
 was advocate to the privy council of Lewis 
 XIV. 
 
 Belsunce, Henry Francis Xavier de, 
 descended from a noble family in Guienne, 
 •was of the society of the Jesuits, and became 
 bishoj) of Marseilles in 1709. His name is 
 immortalized by tiie humanity of his conduct, 
 for, during the dreadful plagite which rava- 
 ged the city of Marseilles in 17*20, he was 
 seen running from street to street to adminis- 
 ter relief and consolation to the afllicted, as a 
 physician, a magistrate, and as a spiritual 
 guide. In the town-hall of the city he is rep- 
 resented with all tlie amiable features belong- 
 ing to his character, as bestowing his bcne- 
 <}iction on some poor wretches wlioarc lying 
 at his feet. So exemplary a conduct drew 
 upon him the love of the people an<l the fa- 
 vors of his sovereign ; hut the good bishop re- 
 fused the more elevated rank of the diocese 
 of Laon in Picard}-, offered him by Lewis 
 XV. observing, that Marseilles was dear to 
 liim by habit, as well as by calamity. He 
 Avas honored by the pope with the pallium, 
 vhich is never granted but to an archbishop, 
 but the highest reward was the applause of 
 the good, and a tranquil conscience. He died 
 in 1755, mourned as lie deserved. He foun- 
 ded a ollege at Marseilles for benevolent 
 purposes, that still bears his name. His 
 V ritings were chiefly pastoral instructions — 
 a history of the bishops of Marseilles — the 
 life of mad. de Foix Cfindale, 8:c Aninter- 
 esfting and elegant accontit of the piague and 
 of the humanity of Beisunce was written by 
 Bertrand, 
 
 Belus, founder of the Babylonian mo- 
 uarchy, 1322 U. C. was made a god by his sou 
 and successor Xinus. 
 
 Belyn", a British prince, who is said to 
 have served under the famous Caractacus. 
 His father's name was Cynvelyn. 
 
 Belyn o i.EY.v, a British chief, illustri- 
 ous lor his vigoi-ous resistance against tlic 
 attacks of Kdwin, iti 02O. As he and his f(jl- 
 lowers bound tliemselves close together with 
 tlie bridles and tetters of their horses, they 
 were called the golden baiideil tribes, and af- 
 terwards wore a golden band as the insignia 
 of thtrir rank. 
 
 liEMUo, Peter, a noble Venetian, whose 
 father was governor ofUavenna. He stmlied 
 at Florence, Ferrara, and in Sicily ; and he 
 notonh acquired the ease and delicacy of the 
 Tuscan language, but he imbibed a higher 
 taste than his conteniporaries for the litera- 
 ture of Greece. He was drawn from the re- 
 tirement wdiich he loved to be the secretary 
 of pope Leo X. in 1518; but ill health oI>liged 
 him to remove from Rome to Padua, and af- 
 terwards to Venice. His services to tlie holy 
 see were rewarded by Paul IH. who raised 
 him to the rank of cardinal, and made liim 
 bishop of Bergamo, where he died, 20tli 
 January, 1547, aged 77, from a contusion re- 
 ceived on his side against a wall, while on 
 horseb^'ck. He was buried in the church of 
 Minerva. An epitaph was written over iiis 
 grave by his son Torquato, and a marble sta- 
 tue was erected to his honor at Padua by his 
 friend Jerome Quirini. Bembo's lite has been 
 written by de la Casa. His writings consist 
 of letters — a history of Venice in 12 books — 
 speeches — the life of (iui Ubaldi de .Monte- 
 feltro duke of Urbino, all in Latin Of his 
 poetical pieces, only one is in Italian. His 
 style is elegant and correct, though frequent- 
 ly he affects too much of the Ciceronian ; 
 but the subject of his poetry is too often in- 
 delicate, and it must be shocking to the ears 
 of virtue to understand that a cardinal could 
 write in a manner that w ovdd have disgraced 
 the most profligate debauchee. 
 
 Beme, or Besme, a domestic of tbe Gui- 
 ses, so called because a Bohemian by birth. 
 His real name was Charles Dianowitz. He 
 murdered Coligni, and was rewarded by the 
 cardinal de Lorraine with the hand of one 
 of his illegitimate daughters. Berae was af- 
 terwards seized by tbe protcstants at Sain- 
 tonge in 1575, and killed by his keeper, 
 whom he attempted to shoot, in order to es- 
 cape frn;n confinement. 
 
 Benn AVI DIG, Marcus Mantua, a lear- 
 ned law professor of Padua, highlv honored 
 by Charles V. and Pius IV. He died 28th of 
 March 1582, aged 93. His writings were 
 collectanea superjus Caisarum, ^'enice 1583, 
 fol. — vitie virorur.i illustrium, Paris 15G4, 
 in 4to. 
 
 Bexbow, John, an English seaman, who 
 fought a most desperate engagement in the 
 Meiliterranean, against an African corsair, 
 and for his great gallantry was invited to the 
 S[)anisli court by (yhaides II. who not only 
 loiided liim with presents, but recommended 
 him to James II. This high distinction in- 
 troduced Benbow into tbe English na^T, 
 where after the rcvfdutiou his skill and 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 bravery were employed in the protection of 
 commerce, and in the blockading and bom- 
 barding the French ports. The activity 
 ^vhich he every wliere dispK^yed, was deser- 
 ^ug of the higliest favors, he was raised to 
 the rank of a vice admiral, and with a squad- 
 ron under i»is command he Mas sent bv king 
 "William to tlie West Indies, where his cou- 
 rage and good conduct were so conspicuous as 
 lo call forth the commendation of the com- 
 mons, whilst they censured the object and 
 views of his e:v]»edition. In a second voyage 
 to the West Indies, he fell in with the Frencb 
 fleet under du (.asso near St Martha's on 
 tlie Spanish coast, which he pursued and at- 
 tacked with liis usual bravery ; bnt the me- 
 rit of Bcabow did not animate his men, his 
 oificers refused to do theii' duty, and the ad- 
 miral wlio h''.d lost a leg in the engagement, 
 ■was thus dishonorably robbed of a most glo- 
 rious victory. On his arrival in Jamaica, 
 Benbow arrested Itis cowardly officers, but 
 their punishment could not check the rapid 
 powers of disease. The admiral was ex- 
 hausted by the severity of his wound, and 
 more by a bi'oken heart occasioned by the 
 cowardice of his fleet ; he fell a prey to a 
 consumptive disoi'der, and died 4th Nov. 
 1702, aged about 52. 
 
 Benbow, John, son of the admiral, was 
 shipwrecked on the coast of Madagascar, 
 the same year that his father died in the 
 West Indies. A long residence among the 
 rude natives, much altered his manners, 
 so that when at last he returned to his coun- 
 try by escaping on board a Dutch ship, his 
 friends found no longer tlie liveliness and 
 case which they had admired, but a melan- 
 choly and habitual taciturnit}'. He died sev- 
 i-ral years after his return in privacy. He 
 did not write, as was generally supposed, an 
 account of his stay at Madagascar, but the 
 barren journal v.hich he kept was acciden- 
 tally burnt at his brother's lodgings in 1714. 
 
 Buxcr, or Bencio, Francis, author of a 
 poem on the death of the five martyrs of 
 Lis society in India, and of other poems and 
 orations, was a Jesuit in Italy, and the disci- 
 ple of Muretus. He died at Rome 1594. 
 
 Benda, George, a native of Altbenadky 
 in Bohemia, master of the chapel of the 
 duke ofSaxeGotha. In 1778 he settled at 
 Hamburgh, and afterwards went to Vienna, 
 and then returned to Gotha, where he was re- 
 warded for his musical talents with a pension, 
 and where he died 1795, aged 74. His three 
 brothers were like himself eminent as musi- 
 cians, and his sister also married a musician. 
 He wrote some pieces for the harpsichord, 
 but of all his oom{)Ositions produced on the 
 stage liis Ariadne in the isle of Xaxos is the 
 most deservedly admired. 
 
 Bexdish, Bridget, wife of Thomas Ben- 
 dish, esq. was daughter of general Ireton, 
 and grand-daughter of Oliver Cromwell, 
 whom she resembled in aftected piety, dress, 
 deep dissimulation, and personal arrogance. 
 After managitig her salt works at South town 
 in Norfolk witli all the labor and fatigue of 
 llic most !aeui;d servant, she sometimes 
 
 spent her eviening at the public assembly at 
 Yarmouth, where a princely behaviour, and 
 the assumption of dignified manners, ensu- 
 red her the respect and admiration of her 
 neighboui-s. This remarkable woman who 
 in public life might have required some ce- 
 lebrity by her self-command and the strong 
 powers of her mind, died in retirement 
 1 ~-l7 ^ revering the memory of her grand- 
 fatlier as a hero and a saint. 
 
 Bexdlowes, Edward, a man of educa- 
 tion and property, who after studying at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge travelled over the 
 greatest part of Europe, and on his return 
 home became the Mecoenas of the age. Po- 
 ets, musicians, bufi'oons, and flatterers sha- 
 red his favors, and reduced him from an in- 
 come of 700 or 1000/. a year to almost po- 
 Vt-rtv ; and after a long residence at Oxford 
 he died there 18th Dec. 1686, aged 12,. Ho 
 wrote himself some poetical pieces, and was 
 the friend of Davenant, Payne, Fisher, &c. 
 He was inclined to popery, though age pro- 
 duced an alteration in his religious senti- 
 ments. 
 
 Benedetto, le, or Benedict Castigli- 
 one, a native of Genoa, known as the pupil 
 of Pagi, Ferrari, and Vandyke, and eminent 
 as a painter of historical pieces, but espe- 
 cially markets and animals. His best pieces 
 are in his native city, though he resided at 
 Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, and Par- 
 ma. His touch is very delicate, and in the 
 clear obscure, his success is wonderfully 
 great. He was also an engraver, lie died 
 at Mantua, 1670, aged 54. 
 
 Benedict, St. a native of Italy, whore- 
 tired at the age of 14, to Sublaco 40 miles 
 from Rome, and devoted his life to the most 
 penetential austerities, in a cave far from 
 the conversation of mankind. So much se- 
 verety did not pass unnoticed, he was sur- 
 rounded by crowds of admirers, and Bene- 
 dict become a saint, built twelve monasteries, 
 and laid the foundation of the society of 
 Benedictines, so famous in Europe. His 
 regula monachorum is the only authentic 
 book he wrote. He died about the year 
 542 or 547, aged 67. His life has been writ- 
 ten by Gregory the great with a long ac- 
 count of pretended miracles. 
 
 Benedict, a famous abbot of the 7tli 
 century, of a noble Saxon family. He not 
 only devoted himself to the services of reli- 
 gion, but introduced into England great im- 
 provements, in architecture, with the polite 
 arts, from the continent. He founded two 
 monasteries, and introduced chanting in 
 choirs in 678, and was canonized for his sanc- 
 tity after death. 
 
 Benedict I. pope, surnamed Bonosus, 
 succeeded John III. 574, and Mas active and 
 humane, during the calamities inflicted by a 
 famine, and by the invasion of the Lombards. 
 He died 30 July 578. 
 
 Benedict II. succeeded Leo II, in tlie 
 papal chair, 684. and died 8th May, 685. 
 
 Benedict III. a Roman ecclesiastic, made 
 pope 855, after the death of Leo IV. He 
 was opposed by the antipope Anastasius, and 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 (lied 10th March, 858. Tlie rcimi of jjopc 
 Joan is placed between the death of Leu and 
 the succession ol tlie 3(1 IJencilicl, hut though 
 the story is supported l)y some authors, it is 
 discredited hy many, who assort thattlie pa- 
 pal scat was only v;u:iMt four da}s between 
 the death of Leo and the election of JJe- 
 ne/lict. 
 
 Uenedict TV. succeeded John IX. and 
 died October, 003, after a reign of three 
 years. 
 
 Benedict V. vas elected in 901, in o])- 
 position to Leo. VIll. His short reign was 
 stormy, and ho was carried to i^Iani burgh by 
 the emperor Otho, who favored his rival. 
 He Avas in conse«juence abandoned hy his 
 subjects, and he died 5th July, 965. 
 
 Bf. NKDICT VJ. a Jionian ecclesiastic, 
 made pope after John Xlll. 972. He was 
 strangled in prison by his rival the antipope 
 .Bonifaco, two years after. 
 
 BcxEDiCT VII. successor to Douus II. 
 075, died 10th July, 0S3. 
 
 Benedict VIII. bishop of Porto, suc- 
 ceeded Sergius IV. 1012. He -was oppo- 
 sed by Gregory, but his cause was warmly 
 espoused by the cmperoi* Henry II. who 
 came in person to Rome and Avas ci'owned, 
 with his wife Cuncgonde, by the hands of the 
 sovereigu pontiff". On that occasion the pope 
 presented to the emperor, an apple of gold, 
 enriched with two circles of jcAvels crossed, 
 surmounted with a cross of gold. To the 
 arts of the politician Benedict united the va- 
 lor of the warrior, and defeated and utterly 
 exterminated the Saracens who had invaded 
 Italy, 1016. He also defeated the Greeks 
 who had ravaged Apulia, and died 10th Julv, 
 10i24. 
 
 Benedict IX. though only 12 years old, 
 ascended the papal throne after John XIX. 
 1033, supported, by the power of Alberic, 
 duke of Tusculum, his fiither, who had in- 
 sured his election by his gold. The Romans, 
 displeased with his debaucheries, obliged 
 him to abdicate, and after various attempts 
 to secure his independence, he sold his ho- 
 nors as he had purchased them, and retir- 
 ed to a monastei'v, where he died 1054. 
 
 Benedict X. antipope, was placed in St. 
 Peter's chair 105 S, by a number of factious 
 Komans ; but his election was disputed, and 
 Nicolas II. was appointed in his I'oom. He 
 died 18th January, 1059. 
 
 Benedict XI. Nicolas Bocasin, son of a 
 shepherd, was I'aised to the papal chair after 
 Boniface VIII. 1303. He was poisoned by 
 some seditious cai'dinals, wlio caused him to 
 he presented with a bason full of beautiful 
 figs, of which he eat immoderately, and died 
 soon after, 6th July, 1303. 
 
 Benedict Xll. James de Nouvcau, sur- 
 named the Baker, because his father was of 
 that trade, was doctor of Paris, and cardi- 
 nal, and was tJected 1334, after John XXII. 
 Considering himself incapable of the office, 
 lie told the cardinals who had unanimously 
 elected him, you have chosen an ass. His 
 conduct, however, was dignified anil firm, 
 rmne inclined to maiutaiu the autUoritv of 
 
 his situation than enrich his family. He died 
 at Avignon, universally respected, ^ilh A- 
 pril, 1342. 
 
 Benedict XIH. was born at Rome of the 
 noble family of the IJrsini, and took the ha- 
 bit of the Dominicanu of A'enice, and was 
 bishop of Macedonia and Benevento. He 
 nan-owly escaped ])orishi!ig by an earlh- 
 (juako, which proved fatal to the people of 
 lionevento, and demolished his palace, 16SS. 
 Ho was oloctod jtope 172(, anil confii-mod iii 
 a full syiirxl the famous bull unigciiitus, atid 
 approved the opinion of the 'i'iiomists on 
 grace and predestination. He died 2lst Teb- 
 ruary, 17.30, aged 81. 
 
 Benedict XIV. a native of Bologna, of 
 the family of the Ijamhoitini. Ho Mas made 
 titular archbishop of I'heodosia 1724, a car- 
 dinal 1728, and in 1731 archbishop of Bo- 
 logna. On the death of Clemtnt XII. in 
 1740, the conclave was held in suspense du- 
 rmg five months, by the prevalence of two 
 opposite factions, and Lambortini, by a fa- 
 cetious sally, drew the sufirages of 44 mem- 
 bers in his favor, and thus secured the elec- 
 tion. Why sj)end so much time ? exclaimed 
 he. If you wish to elect a saint, place Gotti in 
 the chair — if apohtician, Aldrovandi — but if 
 you wish a good companion, choose me. Thus 
 raised to power, he showed himself a friend 
 to reform, zealous, vigilant, impartial, and 
 moderate. As he had cultivated leaiMiing, 
 he was the munificent patron of learned 
 men, and liberally encouraged the fine arts. 
 He died 8th INIay, 1758, aged 83, and Avas 
 succeeded by Clement XIII. His Avorks 
 were published in 6 vols, folio. 
 
 Benedictus, Alexander, an Itidian ana- 
 tomist, about 1425, author of some Latin 
 treatises on liis profession, printed together 
 at Ye*iice, in 1 vol. fol. 1535, and also at 
 Basil. 
 
 Benefield, Sebastian, D.D. an English 
 divine, born at Prestbury, Glocestershire, 
 educated at Corpus Christi, Oxford, and ap- 
 pointed Margaret professor of divinit)-. He 
 died, aged 59, 1 C30, at jMeysey Hampton, 
 Glocestershire, of which place he v as rec- 
 tor. He was fond of retii-ement, and exem- 
 plary for piety and integrity. His Avorks are 
 learned, and all on theological subjects. He 
 Avas strongly attached to Calvin's opifiions. 
 
 Benezet, St. a shepherd of Vivarais, 
 who pretended to be inspired to build the 
 bridge of Avignon. He died 1184. Only 
 four arches remain of the 19 of this once fa- 
 mous bridge. 
 
 Bexezet, Anthony, a man Avho, after 
 engaging in a mercantile line, and in the bu- 
 siness of a cooper, at last devoted himself to 
 the education of youth, an oitice av hich he 
 discharged with tlie most scrupulous atten- 
 tion, aiid from the most humane motives. 
 He was author of " a caution to Great Bri- 
 tain and her colonies, 1767," *' an historial 
 account of Guinea, Avith an inquiry on the 
 slave trade," he. in 1772, in Svo. HisAvhoIe 
 life was employed in acts of charity, and his 
 death therefore was universally lamented. 
 Several hundred negroes allcudcd his fane- 
 
BL 
 
 BE 
 
 Tfti, anJ an American officer wlio had been j 
 engaged in the continental war, returning 
 Irom his funeral, exclaimed, that " he had 
 rather be Anthony Benezet in that cofiiii, 
 than George Washington uilli all his gior} ." 
 
 Be^:hadad 1. king of Damascus, or Sy- 
 ria, B. C. 940, attacked Israel, and took Dan 
 and Napthali at the instigation of Asa, king 
 of Judu. 
 
 Ben HAD AD II. son and successor of the 
 preceding, 9U0 B. C laid siege to Samaria, 
 and was defeated at last by Ahab king of Is- 
 rael, who treated liim with humanity. He 
 afterwards defeated Ahal), and slew him. In 
 Ills old age he sent Hazael his minister to 
 consult Elisha the jjrophet, whether the sick- 
 ness with M hich he was afflicted should prove 
 fatal. The perfidious minister at his return 
 stifled his master and ascended on his throne. 
 
 Benjiadau hi. succeeded his father 
 Hazael 8oG B. G. He was defeated and 
 ruined bj' .losiah king of Judah. 
 
 Be XI, Vaul, a native of the island of Gan- 
 glia, white under the power of the Vene- 
 tians. He Avas professor of Padua, and is 
 known by his opposition to the della crusca 
 academy at Florence, whose dictionary he 
 censured, and whose opinions he refuted, in 
 his defence of Tasso and Ariosto, the first of 
 -whom he compared to Virgii, and the latter 
 to Homer. He wrote also some treatises on 
 the pastor fulo of Guarini, and besides these, 
 •^vhicli were in Italian, he composed several 
 works in Latin, all collected in 5 vols, folio, 
 1022, Venice. He died I2th July 1625. 
 
 Benjamin, the youngest of Jacob's 12 
 sons, was born of Ilachel about 1738. B. G. 
 and was tenderly loved not only by his father, 
 but also by his own brother Joseph. The 
 history -of these two brothers in the bible is 
 particularly striking, and pathetic. He died 
 in Egypt, aged 111 years. Ttie tribe of 
 Benjamin was almost totally exterminated in 
 consequence of the violence offered to the 
 •wife of a Levite of the town of Gilboah, and 
 only 600 men survived the dreadful slaugh- 
 ter. 
 
 Benjamin, a rabbi of Tudcia in Navar- 
 re, who travelled over all the world to ex- 
 amine the synagogues and ceremonies of his 
 nation. He published a cui-ious account of 
 liis travels, which was printed at Gonstanti- 
 nople in 8vo. 1543, and translated into French 
 by I. Ph. Baratier, 2 vols. 8vo. 1704, and into 
 English by Gerrans. He died 1173. 
 
 Benini, Vincent, a native of Gologna, 
 ■who practised physic at Padua. He had a 
 press in his house, where he printed good 
 editions of eight classic authors. He was 
 author also of Latin notes on Gelsus — obser- 
 vations in Italian, an Alamanni's poem called 
 Culture, and a translation of Fracastorius' 
 Syphilis. He died 1764, aged 51. 
 
 Benivieni, Jerome, a poet of Florence, 
 >vho aspired to rise to tl»e elegant style and 
 melodious diction of Dante and Petrarch. 
 His poems, which were chiefly on divine 
 love, were highly esteemed. His private 
 character was very amiable. He died 1342, 
 aged 89, and dcsirtjd to be buried iu the same 
 
 grave with his friend the well-known Jolm 
 Pico de Mirandola. His works appeai'ed at 
 Florence 1519, 8vo. 
 
 Bexnet, Henry, earl of Arlington was 
 born 1018. He was educated at Ghrist 
 Ghurch, Oxford, and strongly esiwused the 
 royal cause during the civil wars. He i*e- 
 tired afterwards to the continent, and was 
 knighted at Bruges, by Gharles 11. who em- 
 ployed him as his minister at Madrid, and 
 after tlie restoration as his secretary of state. 
 His abilities were fully equal to the impor- 
 tant office, and it reflects no small credit on 
 his integrity tliat though he was one of the 
 five ministers, Gliflbrd, Ashley, Buckingham, 
 Arlington, and Lauderdale, denominated 
 from their initials, cabal, he did not enter 
 into their views, nor supyjort the scheme 
 which they formed to render the monarch 
 absolute. TJie war with Holland, which had 
 been undertaken by the perfidious intrigues 
 of the courtiers now drew forth the indigna- 
 tion of the people, and Bennet, now earl of 
 Arlington, found that Lauderdale and Buck- 
 ingham exonerated themselves by throwing 
 the popular odium upon their late coadjutor. 
 Their accusation however proved abortive, 
 Arlington defended himself before the com- 
 mons, and he was acquitted by a small ma- 
 jority. After serving the king 12 years as 
 secretary, Arlington retired upon the indo- 
 lent ofiice of chamberlain ; and though no 
 longer in possession of the favoi's of the ca- 
 pricious Charles, he was yet employed as a 
 negotiator with the prince of Orange ; but 
 he was unsuccessful in his endeavors to pro- 
 cure a general peace. He died July ?Sth, 
 1G8.». His only child Avas a daughter mar- 
 ried to the duke of Grafton. In his general 
 character Arlington is described by Burnet 
 as a proud man, but his abiUties were so 
 strong, and at the same time so versatile, 
 that he was the onl}' person who could man- 
 age with success the king's temper. He was 
 a papist in religion, though when in power 
 he inveighed with bitterness against the Ro- 
 man catholics. 
 
 Bennet, Dr. Thomas, born 7th May 
 1673, was educated at the grammar-school 
 of Salisbury, his native city, and passed to 
 St. John's college, Gambi'idge. In 1700 he 
 accidentally preached a funeral sermon on 
 his friend Mr. John Rayne, rector of St. 
 James, Golchester, and so highly was his 
 discourse applauded, that the parishonei'S 
 petitioned Gompton bishop of London to 
 appoint him to the vacant beneflce, a request 
 which was liberally granted. His exertions 
 in his new situation were great and success- 
 ful, he Mas followed as a popularpreacher for 
 several years, till the other churches of the 
 town were at last filled with ministers of abi- 
 lities, and the charms of novelty vanished, 
 and an income of nearly 300/. a year w^as re- 
 duced to 60/. Upon this he removed to 
 London, where his abilities and his popu- 
 larity procured him tlie chaplancy of Chel- 
 sea hospital, and afterwards tlie lectureship 
 of St. Olave, Southwark, and the vicarage 
 of St. Giles, Ciipplegate, worth neat 500/. a 
 
i5E 
 
 hi. 
 
 VMr. He (lied of an apoplexy at London, 
 October Dili, IT'2H. lie was author of seve- 
 ral sermons, religious antl politic at tracts, an 
 essay on the 39 articles, hic. and u llehiew 
 grammar. 
 
 Ben NET, Christopher, a native of So- 
 mersetshire, educated at Lincoln ci)llet;e, 
 Oxford, and distinj^nished as a jjhysician and 
 laendjcr of the collet^e of physicians in Lon- 
 don, lie wrote several treatises on medical 
 subjects, particularly Tahidorum theatruni, 
 sen Phthibicos, Sic. \enodochiuin, iinc. trans- 
 lated into Lnglish 1720, and died April, 1055, 
 aged about ;)S. 
 
 l$ENNEr, Robert, B. D. was educated at 
 Oxford, and made rector of Waddesden, 
 Bucks, by lord \\'harton, from which he 
 vas ejected for non-conformity 1002. He 
 afterwards had a i)rivate congregation at 
 Aylesbury and at Ucailing, at which last 
 l)lace he died 1087. He wrote the theologi- 
 cal concordance of synonimous words in 
 scripture. 
 
 Benoit, Elie, a protestant minister of 
 Paris, who lied to Holland on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, and became pastor 
 of Delft. He ded 1728, aged SS. He wrote 
 several works held in high esteem, especially 
 Jiis historic de I'edit de Nantes, 5 vols. 4i.o. 
 1093. Of the lady whom he married, he 
 lias given a most disagreeable picture, re- 
 presenting her as morose, avaricious, inso- 
 lent, and for 47 years the disturber of his 
 repose. 
 
 Benoit, fatlier, a learned Maronite, 
 Lorn at Gusta, in Phcenicia. He was early 
 sent to Rome, and educated among the JMa- 
 ronites, and afterwards he became, under 
 the patronage of Cosmo III. Hebrew pro- 
 fessor at Pisa. At the age of 44 he was ad- 
 mitted among the Jesuits, and died at Rome, 
 i2'2d September, 1742, aged 80. He Mas the 
 editor of the works of Ephrem Syrus, 3 
 vols. fol. 
 
 Benserade, Isaac dc, a French poet, 
 born at Lyons, near Roan. Early deprived 
 of his father, he had to struggle with po- 
 verty, and he gave up the little property to 
 ■which he was entitled, rather than to main- 
 tain his riglit by a lawsuit. His vvit and his 
 poetical talents soon however rendered him 
 popular ; he w as noticed by Richelieu, to 
 ■whom, according to some, he was related, 
 and a pension was settled upon him. After 
 the death of Riclielieu, he attached himself 
 to the fortunes of the duke de Breze, who 
 patronised him, and so highly was he es- 
 teemed at court, tliat he was named as en- 
 voy to Christina, ([ueen of Sweden, an em- 
 ployment however which he did not under- 
 take. As a poet his talents were great, and 
 his name becanie popular, and for a time he 
 divided the applauses of the town with the 
 celebrated Voiture. His rondeaux on Ovid 
 are his worst performance. In the last part 
 of his life he retired from the court to Gen- 
 tally, where he employed himself in works 
 of piety, and translated almost all the 
 psalms. He was so afRicled with the stone, 
 that he reluctantly submitted to the opera- 
 tion of cutting ; hut the sui'geon putictuving 
 
 an arter}', ran away instead of checking thg- 
 eflusion of blood, and the unforLunaie dh- 
 tient soon alti i* ex[»ired in the ai-m;, of hii 
 fi-iend and confessor Conmire, October 19th, 
 
 loyo. 
 
 Benson, George, a dissenter, horn ut 
 (ireat Salkeld, Cumberland, Septembec 
 1099. After being educated under Dr. 
 Dixon, at \\ hilehaven, and at the university 
 of (ilasgow, he assumed the ministerial cha- 
 racter in London, aiifl went to icsidc for se- 
 ven years, as pastor of a dissenting congre- 
 gation at Abingdon, Berks. He removed in 
 1729 to Southwark, and in 1740 he became 
 the associate of Dr. Lardner, at Crutclied 
 Eriars. He particularly devoted his time to 
 the study of the sacred writings, and follow- 
 ing the example of Locke, he directed his 
 labors to elucidate scripture, and published 
 a paraphrase and notes, on several of St. 
 Paul's epistles. He wrote beside.s the life 
 ol' Christ — a defence of the reasonableness oE 
 prayer — tracts on persecution — an history 
 of the planting of Christianity, from the 
 epistles and acts of the apostles, in two vols. 
 4to. a work replete with taste, judgment, 
 and erudition, and which procured him aii 
 honorable degree by diploma from Scotland^ 
 and letters of kindness and acknowledg- 
 ment from the fu'st divines of tlie age^ 
 Hoadley, Herring, Butler, Conybear, &c. 
 He died 1703, in his 04th year. His post- 
 humous works appeared 1704, in 4to. 
 
 Bent, John Van de^ a native of Am- 
 sterdam, who studied under Vandervelde 
 aiid Wouvermans, and died 1090, aged 40. 
 His landscapes are particularly esteemed. 
 
 Bentham, Tiiomas, a native of York- 
 shire, made fellow of Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, 1540, an office which he lost during^ 
 the tyrannical reign of Mary. On Eliza- 
 beth's accession his merits were rewarded 
 with the bishopric of Lichfield and Coven- 
 try. He was autlior of an exposition of the 
 acts of the apostles, and translated into 
 English some of the books of the old testa^- 
 nient. He died 1578. 
 
 Bentham, Edward, canon of Christ 
 church, was born at Ely 23d July, 1707, and 
 as his father, v .lO was a clergjman, had a 
 numerous faip.y, he was by the advice of 
 dean Smalri ge, educated at Christ Church 
 school, anc' afterwards admitted of Corpus- 
 He was for a little time vice principal of 
 Magdalen-hall, and in 731 he was elected 
 fellow of Oriel, and 13 years after he was 
 preferred to a stall in Hereford cathedral, 
 in this situation he maintained the same cha- 
 racter of application and integrity which he 
 had supported iu the university, and introdu- 
 ced ngularity and economy in the atiairs of 
 the cliapter. ' On the death of Dr. Fanshawe 
 he was nominated by the king to the divinity 
 chair at Oxford, a respectable ofHce whiclx 
 he accepted with great reluctance. His lec- 
 tures in this new appointment were learned 
 and instructive, tliey were delivered three 
 times a week, during term time, and the 
 course continued one year. In liis private 
 character Dr. Bentiiam Avas reserved, though 
 his manners were amiable, and his conduct 
 
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 BE 
 
 mild, pious, and benevolent. He published 
 some single sermons and also tracts, and he 
 was preparing an answer to Gibbon's ob- 
 jectionable chapters, when he died in his 
 t>9th year, 1st August, 1776. He was buried 
 in Christ Church cathedral. 
 
 IJextham, James, M. A. brother to the 
 preceding, was educated at Ely school, and 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, and he became 
 prebendary of Ely in exchange for North- 
 wood rt'ctory, and in 1783, rector of Bow- 
 brick-hill, Bucks. His office in the cathe- 
 dral of his native place, engaged his atten- 
 tion to cluirch architecture, and he enriched 
 t;cclesiastical literature by the publication of 
 " the history and anlifjuities of the church of 
 Ely, from the foundation, 675 to 1771," in 
 4to. As a further specimen of his re- 
 searches, it was his intention to give an his- 
 tory of ancient architecture in the kingdom, 
 but the avocations of a busy life prevented 
 the completion. To his patriotic exertions 
 it is to be observed that the island of Ely 
 owes many of its improvements. By his 
 spirit of perseverance, against clamor and 
 vulgar prejudice, turnpike i-oads were made, 
 travelling was rendered easy, and the un- 
 fruitful lands of that part of the kingdom 
 ■were converted into valuable fields by drain- 
 ing. He died I7th Novembei', 1794, aged 86. 
 
 Bentinck, Wdliam, first earl of Port- 
 land, M-as descended from a noble family in 
 Holland. When the prince of Orange was 
 seized with the small-pox, it was recom- 
 mended by his physicians that he should re- 
 ceive the warmth of a young person Avith 
 him in the same bed. Bentinck cheerfully 
 offered himself, and consequently caught the 
 disease in a violent degree, but the pains and 
 the danger to which he submitted were am- 
 ply repaid by the favor and friendship of the 
 prince. William brought him with him to 
 England, raised him to the peerage, and 
 granted him lands in Denbighshire, which 
 were, on the representation of the parlia- 
 Tnent, exchanged for other grants. The 
 earl, faithful to his principles, served the 
 king in various offices civil and military, 
 and attended him in his last moments. He 
 died 1709, and was buried in Westminster- 
 abbey. 
 
 Bentivogmo, Guy, was born at Fer- 
 rara, 1579, and studied at Padua. His ad- 
 dress and intrigues i)roduced a reconciliation 
 between two factions which laid claim to the 
 sovereignty of Ferrara after the death of 
 duke Alfonso, and so highly were his services 
 valued by the Roman pontiff that he was 
 made chamberlain of the palace, and after- 
 wards employed as nuncio to Flanders and 
 in France, dnd at last, in 1621, raised to the 
 dignity of cardinal. His popularity was so 
 great that ho probably would have succeeded 
 to St. Peter's chair, on tlie death of pope 
 Urban VII. had he not been attacked by a 
 violent disease; produced by his attendance 
 on the conclave during the intense heats of 
 the summer ; so that in consequence of want 
 of I'cst for 11 successive nights, he expired 
 September 7th, 1644, in liis 6r»ih year. The 
 
 most known of his works are his history of" 
 the civil wars of Flanders — an account of 
 Flanders — and letters and memoirs. 
 
 Bentivogt.io, Hercules, an illustrious 
 native of Bologna, esteemed and employed 
 by his relation Alfonso duke of Ferrara. He 
 distinguished himself also as a poet, and 
 Avrote satires, sonnets, comedies, &ic. Jie 
 died at Venice, 1583. 
 
 Be NT LEY, Richard, son of a mechanic of 
 Wakefield, Yorkshire, became eminent as a 
 critic and a divine. He was of Saint Jolin's, 
 Cambridge, where his great abilities soon re- 
 commended him to public favor and to the 
 friendship of Stillingfleet, wliose son he at- 
 tended as tutor to Wadham college, Oxford. 
 The first specimen of his literary fame, was 
 his lectures on Boyle's foundation, in Avhich 
 he displayed great powers of mind, support- 
 ed by the profound philosophy of Newton 
 and the clear reasoning of Locke, on the be- 
 ing and power of a God. The public admi- 
 ration on this performance recommended 
 the author to the place of librarian at Saint 
 James's, and this situation, whilst it pro- 
 duced a quarrel, gave at the same time rise 
 to a long celebrated controversy. Mr. Boyle, 
 son of lord Orrery, had obtained the use of a 
 MS. from the library to complete the edi- 
 tion of " the epistles of Phalaris," which he 
 was then going to publish, and when Bentley 
 demanded the book sooner than was expec- 
 ted, the request was considered as anaffi-ont, 
 and a war of Avords arose which drew forth 
 on both sides the most briUiant and spirited 
 exhibition of Avit, criticism, and erudition 
 ever before known. On the death of J)r. 
 Montague, 1700, Bentley was raised to the 
 mastership of Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 an high and respectable situation which liis 
 learning and abilities deserved, and soon af- 
 ter, his preferment was increased by the 
 addition of the archdeaconry of Ely, a bene- 
 fice in the island, and the office of chaplain 
 to the king. His prosperity, however, was 
 not without its attendant evils. In the go- 
 vernment of his college Bentley was arbi- 
 trary and severe, and his fellows complained 
 to the bishop of Ely the visitor, and charged 
 him among other crimes with embezzling 
 the money of the college, an accusation 
 which created the most virulent contentions 
 in the society, and which, at last, after 20 
 years' continuance, established the innocence 
 of the master. As divinity professor he like- 
 wise exposed himself to the obloquy of the 
 university; he refused to admit without the 
 fee of four guineas, several persons to the 
 degree of doctor, agi'eeable to a mandate of 
 George I. when he visited Cambridge, for 
 which measure he was suspended and de- 
 graded, by the university. An appeal was 
 made to the king in council, and the mattei' 
 was referred to the judges of the kiitg's 
 bench, who reversed the proceedings against 
 him, and directed his honorable restoration 
 to his dignities. During these unhappy strug- 
 gles Bentley preserved his unshaken firm- 
 ness of mind, and his time was devoted to 
 the advancement of science, and to laborious 
 
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 criticism. His editions of Terence, Hor.ice, 
 Phiedrus, Milton's i)iu;ulise lost, fcic. evince 
 tlie great powers of his mind, and tlie most 
 extensive acquaintance with classical litera- 
 ture. After nearly ton yrars of gradual de- 
 cay, this super: jr scholar ilied at the college, 
 1-ith July, ir-i'i, aged 80, aud was buried in 
 the chapel, to which he was a lil)eiul bene- 
 factor. In his private character Ur. Hrntlev 
 was hospitable, warm in his friendship, and 
 respected i\qM beloved as the master of a fa- 
 mily. He left three children. His son of 
 the same name was educated under him at 
 Trinity. Elizabeth his eldest daughter mar- 
 ried, I7i2r, sir Humphry Kidge, and Joanna 
 married the eldest son of bishop Cuniber- 
 land. J)r. Bentley also published a Laiin 
 epistle to Dr. Mill, with critical observations 
 on John Malala's chronology, 16'Jl, and an 
 answer to Collins' discourse on i'vec thinking. 
 Ben r LEY, 'J'homas, nephew to the pre- 
 ceding, was autlior of *' the wishes," a co- 
 medy, which was represented at Drury-lane 
 JTOl, but withdrawn in 1782, from some ap- 
 parent allusions to party politics. He also 
 ■wrote Piiilodaraus, a tragedy, and a satirical 
 poem called patriotism. He died 1782. 
 
 Benvenuti, Charles, a Jesuit, born at 
 Leghorn, and made mathematical professor 
 at liome. He was author of an abridgment 
 of philosophy — dissertation upon liglits — re- 
 flections on Jesuitism, &c. On the suppres- 
 sion of the Jesuits he retired to Warsaw, 
 and died 1789, aged 73. 
 
 Benwell, William, an able divine, and 
 elegant scholar, born at Cavershara, Oxford- 
 shire, in 17G5. From Reading school, where 
 his abilities were fostered by the judicious 
 care, and directed by the clasical taste, of his 
 brother-in-law, Di-. Valpy, he entered, in 
 1783, at Trinity college, Oxford. In the uni- 
 versity the same ardent application continu- 
 ed to mark his progress, and his labors as a 
 Latin poet were, in 1785, rewarded by the 
 chancellor's prize. The subject was the 
 plundering of liome by Alaric, and it was 
 treated with great judgment, and with all 
 the energy of description, and the majestic 
 dignity of the Mantuan bard. Two years 
 after ne obtained another prize for anEng- 
 lish essay, " on what arts the moderns have 
 excelled the ancients," in which he displayed 
 deep research and correctness of judgment, 
 in a style chaste and elegant. The same 
 year he entered into orders, and in 1787 took 
 his master's degree, and in 1790, was elected 
 fellow of his college, where he gained the re- 
 spect of the society, as an active and well in 
 formed tutor. In 1794 he obtained the 
 living of Hale Magna in Lincolnshire, which 
 lie soon resigned for Chilton in Suftblk. In 
 June 1790, he married the eldest daughter 
 of J. Loveday, esq. of Caversham, and 11 
 ■weeks after this amiable and deservedly re- 
 spected character was borne to his givive. 
 He resided at Milton, Wilts, and during a 
 contagious fever which raged in the village, 
 from his great benevolence of heart, he exert- 
 ed himself in aftbrding consolation to the poor 
 sufferers, and unhappily caught the infection. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 no 
 
 which, after ten days, proved fatal, Clh Sept. 
 1790. He was buried at Caversham, where 
 in the church a small tablet, in modest lan- 
 guage, records his virtues. At his death Mr. 
 Benwell was engaged in publi->hiiig Xeno- 
 phon's memorablia, of which the half wa3 
 alreauy printed. As a polite and classical 
 scliol.arhis name must stand high, as a divine 
 the simplicity of his discourses made its way 
 to the heart of his hearers, by his zeal, hi» 
 earnestness, and his eloquence, aided by the 
 most powerful recommendati'jn of his exem- 
 plary conduct and benevolent manners. As 
 a j)Oct he rose to the eminence of genius and 
 originality, and though he wrote little, yet; 
 the few pieces which have appeared in print, 
 and those which are preserved in the hands 
 of his friends, exhibit him expressing the 
 true merit and the majestic graces of the 
 muse. Had he lived longer, literature would 
 have been more highly enriched b} his pro- 
 ductions, religion would have been adorned 
 by his persuasive eloquence, and his power- 
 ful example, and the world beneiited by the 
 exertions of his charity, his benevolence, and 
 philanthropy. 
 
 Benyowsky, Count Mauritius Augustus 
 de, magnate of Hungary and Poland, was 
 boin 1741, at Verbowa in the Hungarian pro- 
 vince of Nittria. He embraced early the 
 profession of arras, and manifested those 
 strong powers of mind which shone with, 
 such peculiar lustre in the midst of liis dan- 
 gers f:nd misfortunes. After serving in the 
 imperial armies, he at last joined the confe- 
 deration of the Polish nobles, to withstand 
 the encroachment of foreigners. He accep- 
 ted a high command in the army, and in his 
 military capacity he distinguished himself 
 against the Russians in various skirmibhes, 
 with unparalleled bravery and success, till 
 several wounds disabled him, and he fell into 
 the hands of the enemy. The triumph of 
 the Russians was great, in possessing the per- 
 son of so indefatigable an adversary; but in- 
 stead of respecting his misfortunes, tliey in- 
 sulted his fate, and with shocking barbarity 
 they loaded him with irons, and confined 
 him in a prison, where the dead carcasses of 
 his companions in misery poisoned the air, 
 and threatened a pestilential contagion. If 
 he was so fortunate as to escape, it was to 
 fall again under the power of his persecutors, 
 and to add to his sutFerings, he was hurried 
 away through the deserts of Siberia to Kam- 
 schatka, where he found himself an insulted 
 exile and degraded prisoner on tlie 3d Uec. 
 1770. He did not, however, sink under his 
 confinement; in this distant retreat he form- 
 ed the design of escaping, and so highly was 
 his character of bravery and heioism respec- 
 ted, that even the daughter of Mr. >{i!oD, 
 the governor of the place, consented to share 
 his fortunes, and to assist him in his esca])e. 
 Alter being nearly discovered, he succeeded 
 i'j his attemnts; he made himself master of 
 ^•^mschatka by forr..- and stratagem, and ac- 
 ^'Ompanied by 86 faithful followers and nine 
 ^^'oraen, among \. ^;om was his fair protector, 
 he sailed on the lUhMay, 1771, from the 
 
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 ijarbor, an J. passing by the island of For- 
 mosa and the coast of China, he reached, 
 17th Sept. the i>oit of Macao, from whence 
 he departed for Europe in a French vessel. 
 He no sooner landed in France, than he was 
 encouiagod by the French court to form a 
 settlement in the island of Madagascar, and 
 as he silently aspired to the honor of found- 
 ing a colony at Formosa, when poor and for- 
 saken, he now eagerly embraced the propo- 
 sal, antl on 'i-Jd March, 1773, after a resi- 
 dence of scarce seven months in Europe, he 
 set sail for Africa. His great genius might 
 liavc surmounted all difficulties in his new 
 t stablishmcnt, in the midst of barbarous un- 
 civilized nations; butBenyowsky had to con- 
 tend M ith more dangerous advers^aries, with 
 the envy and malice of favorites, courtiers, 
 and governors, who thwarted his views and 
 opposed his career of glory. It is scarce to 
 he wondered that in those disappointments 
 and provocations, he forgot his allegiance to 
 ll)e French monarchy- He considered him- 
 self as an independent sovereign, and the 
 power which he had acquired by his valor, 
 and by his insinuating manners among the 
 barbarians of Madagascar, Avas consolidated 
 by the stronger cement of popularity, and 
 the aftection of the natives. On the 11th 
 October he left this rising settlement forEu- 
 1 ope, that he might increase his connection, 
 and form reciprocal alliances with the more 
 polished nations of the north, but though he 
 oftered his friendship and services succes- 
 sively to the courts of France, Germany^ 
 and England, and claimed their support as 
 tlie independent sovereign of Madagascar, 
 his offers were disregarded, and he embark- 
 ed again for Africa, l4th April, 17S4, from 
 Ij')ndon, accompanied by his family and a 
 number of settlers. His return to Madagas- 
 car was not followed by those happy conse- 
 quences, which the friends of virtue and hu- 
 manity could wish. He attacked a French 
 settlement, and the governor of the isle of 
 France sent a small force to oppose his pro- 
 gress. Benyowsky met his invaders with his 
 usual bravery, but his adherents were few 
 and timid, and tlie hero, abandoned by the 
 SO natives that were with him, and assisted 
 only by two Europeans, found himself over- 
 })owered, and a ball having struck him on 
 the right breast, decided the fortune of the 
 <lay. He fell behind the pai'apet, but his in- 
 human enemies dragging him by the hair, 
 saw him expire ir a few minutes after, 23d 
 May, 1786. 
 
 Benxei.ii'S, Eric, an obscure native of 
 AVest Gothland, who, after a good educa- 
 tion, became tutor to the sons of the chan- 
 cellor of Sweden, and by his influence rose 
 to ecclesiastical dignities and the archbishop- 
 lic of Upsal. He was author of the lives of 
 the patriarchs, and translated the bible into 
 the Swedish language. He died 1709, aged 
 67. 
 
 Bexzio, Trifone, an Italian poet, born 
 at Assiso. Deformed in person, he com- 
 pensated for the unkindness of nature, by a 
 lively disposition, agreeable manners, ami 
 
 the most fascinating powers of conversatioji. 
 Hia integrity, and the amiableness of his 
 manners, were such, that he was called the 
 Socrates of Rome, He wrote poems in La- 
 tin and Italian, which are preserved in the 
 collections of Pallavacini, Gruter, and Vac- 
 chi. He died about 1570. 
 
 Beoteo, Angelo, a poet born at Pa- 
 dua, and surnamed Ru^zante. He directed 
 his whole attention to copy the manners of 
 tlie vulgar, and he is peculiarly happy in his 
 descriptions of rustic simplicity and gro- 
 tesque drollery. His principal pieces are 
 la Vaccaria — la Moschetta, &c. — He died 
 1542. 
 
 Berauld, Nicolas, a native of Orleans, 
 in the iGth century, preceptor to the Co- 
 lignys, and famous for great learning, and 
 for his acquamtance with Erasmus and 
 other learned men. He compiled a Grceco 
 Latin Lexicon. His son Francis was also 
 eminent as a scholar, and quitting the catho- 
 lic tenets, became principal of the colleges 
 of Montargis and Rochelle. 
 
 Berchet, Peter, a French painter, who 
 died 1720, aged 61. He is known in Eng- 
 land for several ingenious pieces, and as the 
 painter of the cieling of Trinity college cha- 
 pel, Oxford. 
 
 Bercheur, Peter, a Benedictine, who 
 died 1362. He is known as the translator 
 of Livy, by order of John, king of France, 
 &c. in which office, it is remarkable, that he 
 invented and introduced various words, 
 which are now of good authority in the 
 French language A MS. of this his work is 
 preserved in the Sorbonne. 
 
 Berengarius, Jacobus, a surgeon of 
 Carpo, the first Av-ho cured the venereal dis- 
 temper by mercurial ointment. His success 
 in this disorder procured him both fame and 
 money, and he grew so insolent that he 
 wrote in a contemptuous style to the pope 
 and to the king of Spain, who invited him 
 to practise at their courts. He died 1527. 
 
 Berenger, archdeacon of Angers, main- 
 tained that the bread and wine used in the 
 sacrament were not the real body and blood 
 of Christ, but merely human food, of Avhich 
 the communicants partook by faith. These 
 tenets which had been before supported by 
 John Scotus Erigena, and were afterwards 
 m:iintained by the Sacramentarians, were 
 violently opposed by Lanfranc, and Beren- 
 ger was condemned at Paris and at Rome, 
 but though he was convpelled to make a pub- 
 lic recantation, he died 1088, firmly attach- 
 ed to his oi)inion. 
 
 Berenger I. son of Eberard duke of 
 Friulo, caused himself to he declared king 
 of Italy in 8'J3. His pretensions were op- 
 j)03ed by Guy, duke of Spoletto, who twice, 
 defeated him, but the support of Arnolph 
 king of Ciermany, confirmed him in his 
 power, though again attacked by Lambert, 
 tlie son of his old rival, and by Lewis Bosou 
 king of Aries. Prosperity for 20 years 
 seemed now to attend him, and he had the 
 interest to ])rocure himself to be crowned \n 
 915, emperor of Germany, but lUs rival. 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 Hodolpli, king of lliirgundy, at last prevail- 
 ed against him, and id the dreadful hattle of 
 Placentia, lJercn;<i'r was defeated 'J'J'J, and 
 two years after cruelly assassiiiat<!d. His 
 only <iaui;htor, (Jillette, became, by Albert 
 marquis of Vvre, mother of lierenfjer 11. 
 who assumed the title of king of Italy in 
 1)50. He was defeated by the emi)«;ror Olho, 
 who had at first espoused his cause, but now 
 made war against him, and he was sent to 
 Germany, where he ilied 9G6. 
 
 Berengek, Feeler, a disciple of Abelard, 
 who supported his doctrines in a severe 
 *' Apology" ;igain3t Saint Bernard. 
 
 Berenice, daughter of Agrippa, king 
 of .ludea, married her uncle Herod, and 
 aftei'wards Polemon king of Cilicia. She 
 afterwards lived in incestuous adultery with 
 her brother Agrippa, and was so much loved 
 by Titus, that he would have declared her 
 empress, if not prevented by the fear and 
 indignation of the Uoman people. 
 
 Berenicius, a curious ciiaracter, who 
 appeared in Holland in 1670, and maintain- 
 ed himself by grinding knives, and sweep- 
 ing chimneys. His abilities were such that 
 he could repeat by heart Horace, Virgil, 
 Homer, Aristophanes, Cicero, Pliny, &c. 
 and he was besides well versed in all modern 
 languages, and could ti*anslcte passages ex- 
 tempore from gazettes into Greek and La- 
 tin verse. He was at last suffocated in a bog 
 into which he had fallen when in a state of 
 intoxication. The Georgarchoniomachia is 
 attributed to him. It is generally sTipposed 
 that he was an expelled Jesuit. 
 
 Beret IN, Peter, a native of Cortona, in 
 Tuscany, eminent as a painter, and honored 
 by pope Alexander VIT. and by Ferdinand 
 if. He succeeded best in great subjects, and 
 vhiefly excelled in the grace and expression 
 of his heids. His private character was 
 amiable. He died of the gout 16C9, in his 
 73d year. 
 
 Berg, Matthias Vanden, a paintei", who 
 was disciple of Rubens. He was born at 
 Ypres, and died 1087, aged 72. 
 
 Bergamo, James Philip de, an Augus- 
 tine monk, born at Bergamo, 1434, author 
 of a Latin chronicle of the world, from the 
 creation to his own time. 
 
 Berghem, Nicolas, a painter of Haer- 
 lem, who died there 1G83, aged 59. Though 
 blamed for hasty execution, his designs are 
 great, and the most minute things show 
 equal perfection with the most principal 
 figures. His landscapes are highly finished. 
 
 Bergier, Nicolas, historiographer of 
 Finance, is known as the learned author of 
 the history of the great roads of the Roman 
 empire, first printed 1622, and again in 1792, 
 two vols. 4to. He died 15th September, 
 1623, and his sou published his unfinished 
 liistory. 
 
 Bergier, Nicolas Sylvestei-, an ecclesi- 
 astic, born at Darnay, in Franche comte. 
 He became principal of the college of Besan- 
 con, professor of theology, and canon of 
 Paris cathedral, and he might have risen to 
 higlier preferment, but when oftercd an 
 
 abbey, he answered, ** I am already rich 
 enough." His manners were amiable, and 
 his cliaracter ii-reproacliable. He died at 
 Paris 9th April, 1790. He is author of a 
 refutation of the svslem of nature, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — Deism self-confuted, 2 volh. 12nio — 
 Evidences of Christianity, 2 vols. — and other 
 learned and valuable; works. 
 
 Beugler, Etiennc, a learned German 
 critic of the 1 8th century. He greatly con- 
 tributed to the journal of Lti[)sic, and wrote 
 some valuable notes on Aristophanes insert- 
 ed in the Leyden edition 1760, besides com- 
 mentaries, ice. He went to Turkey, and 
 there abjured his religion lor Mahometan- 
 ism, and died there. 
 
 Bergman, Torbern, a native of Cathc- 
 rineburg, educated at Upsal, and distin- 
 guished for his knowledge of medicine and 
 chemistry. He was the friend of Linnaius, 
 and gave him a collection of i)on-descrii)t in- 
 sects, one of which the philosopher called 
 by the name of Bergman. In 1761, his 
 abilities rccommende<l him to tlie chair of 
 mathematics and natural philosophy at Up- 
 sal, and in 1767, to that of chemistry. His 
 labors were usefully employed in investiga- 
 ting the secrets of nature, he discovered the 
 properties of fixed air, made experiments 
 on the regulus of manganese, the earths 
 ponderosa and magnesia, and other mineral 
 substances. Among his many publication-j 
 are a treatise on electric attractions, and a 
 theory of the earth ; and he was also one of 
 those employed to observe the transit of 
 Venus in 1761. He was made rector of Up- 
 sal university, and died soon after, 17.S4. 
 
 Berigard, Claude, a native of Mou- 
 lins, professor of philosophy at Pisa and Pa- 
 dua. He died at Padua of an umbilical 
 hernia, 1663, in his 85th year. His works 
 are on philosophy, consisting of circulus 
 Pisanus, Florence 1641, 4to. — dubitationcs 
 indialogum Galilrei pro terrae iinmobilitate, 
 1632, 4to. 
 
 Bering, Vitus, a professor at Copenha- 
 gen in the 17th century, historiographer to 
 the king, and eminent as a Latin poet. His 
 works are much admired. 
 
 Bering, ^ itus, a Danish navigator, com- 
 modore in the service of Russia. He was 
 sent by Peter I. in 1728, with some ships to 
 explore the north coasts of America, but it 
 was only in a third voyage, made in 1741, 
 that he discovered any thing remarkable. 
 His sliip struck on an island on the coast of 
 Kamtschatka, and while repairing the da- 
 mages sustained there, he died in the place. 
 The island and the straits still bear Ids 
 name. 
 
 Berkeley, Dr. George, a native of 
 Kilcrin in Ireland, deservedly celebrated for 
 his writings. He was educated at Kilkenny 
 school and Dublin college, and early recoHi- 
 mended himself to public favor by the supe- 
 rior powers of his mimi. Though from the 
 tenor of some of his sermons he was falsely 
 styled a Jacobite, he however was introduced 
 to queen Caroline, and his opinions and con- 
 versation were courted by men of all pai*- 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 ties. By the recommendation of Swift, lie 
 accompanied as chaplain lord Peterboroii.a;h, 
 ambassador to the king of Sicily, and after- 
 vards, when disappointed in his expecta- 
 tions of preferment, he spent four years on 
 the continent as tutor to the son of Dr. Ashe, 
 bishop of Clogher. ])nring- liis travels 
 through Apufia, lie comtnunicatcd some in- 
 genious observations on tlie tarantula to Dr. 
 J'Veind, and he made some valuable collec- 
 tions for a natural history of Sicily, which 
 unfortunately for tlie world were lost on his 
 Vapsage to Naples. Soon after his return to 
 London, in 1/21, he went as chaplain with 
 the duke of Grafton, viceroy of Ireland, and 
 •\vhiie courted by the great and the learned, 
 lie found his fortune increased by a legacy of 
 about 4000/. from the celebrated Vanessa, 
 who repaid the coldness or cruelty of Swift, 
 hy bestowing her property on his more de- 
 serving friends. In 1724, he was made dean 
 of Derry, but in the midst of his easy for- 
 tune and respectable connections, he formed 
 the wild scheme of erecting a college in the 
 Bermuda islands, for the conversion of the 
 savage Americans to Christianity ; but 
 though he was supported by the patronage 
 of the king, and the influence, zeal, or pre- 
 tended piety of the minister, with the pro- 
 mise of a grant of 10,000/. and ably seconded 
 ' hy men of abilities who followed jjis fortunes, 
 he proved the abortion of his hopes, after 
 residing nearly two years at Newport in 
 America, and he returned disgusted and 
 disappointed to England. He was raised to 
 the see of Cloyne in 173.5, and 12 years 
 after, he refused the offer from lord Ches- 
 terfield of a translation to Clogher. After 
 discliarging the high duties of his office with 
 all the decorum and sanctity of a primitive 
 bishop, he came to reside in 1752 at Oxford, 
 in quest of literary retirement, as well as to 
 superintend the education of his son ; but 
 tlie prospects of human life, alas! are short; 
 on the 14lh of tlie following January he was 
 seized with a palsy of the heart, whilst his 
 lady was reading a sermon to him, and so 
 suddenly and calmly did he expire, that his 
 daughter only discovered while presenting 
 him a cup of tea that he was no more. He 
 %vas buried in Oxford cathedrjil, and Dr. 
 IVIarkham wrote his epitaph. His ])rivate 
 character was truly great and exemplary, 
 so that Pope's panegyric is far from mis- 
 applied in attributing " To Berkley every 
 virtue under heaven." As a scholar and 
 philosopher the bishop of Cloyne ranks 
 high. His theory of vision, published 1709, 
 nvid his principles of human knowledge, 
 1710, and diidogties between Hylas and Phi- 
 lonous, 171.3, in opposition to sceptics and 
 atheists, display gi-eat vigor of thought, 
 strength of i-easoning, and subtle argumcn- 
 t:^tioi). H'^ wrote besides sermons, the mi- 
 ntite i)}iilosoj)]ifcr, 2 vols. 8vo. 1732, a mas- 
 terly perff)rman<c, in dialogues, after Pla- 
 to's in:irmc:* — some mathematical disquisi- 
 tions — Siris, a learned and curious ir.quiry 
 concerning the virtues of tar-water, 174t, 
 a work which he said cost him more labor 
 than any of his pcrforraanccs. See. &;c. 
 
 Berkeley, George, L. It. D. second 
 son of the bishop of Cloyne by Anne daugh- 
 ter of John Forster, speaker of the Irish 
 house of commons, Avas born in Grosvenor- 
 street, London, 28th September 1733, and 
 after being under the care of his father, he 
 entered at Christ Church, Oxford. He 
 v.as honorably patronised by archbishop 
 Seeker, who revered the memory of his il- 
 lustrious father, and together with the livings 
 of St. Clement's Dane, London, and Tys- 
 hurst church, Sussex, he obtained the chan- 
 cellorship of Brecknock, and a prebendal 
 stall in Canterbury cathedral. He married 
 Eliza, daughter of the reverend Heniy 
 P'insham, descended from the Cherrys of 
 Shottesbrook, Berks; and supported a vir- 
 tuous and amiable chai'acter in public and 
 private. He died January 6, 1795, and was 
 buried in the same vault with his father. He 
 wrote some single sermons, one of which, oa 
 Charles' martyrdom, has gone through six 
 editions ; and a volume was published after 
 his death by his widow. 
 
 Berkeley, George, earl of, privy coun- 
 sellor of Charles H. was descended from 
 Robert Fitzharding, of the royal family of 
 Denmark. He was author of historical ap- 
 plications, and occasional meditations on se- 
 veral subjects, written by a person of honor, 
 12mo. 1670, a book of great merit. He left 
 a valuable collection of books to Sion college, 
 and died 1698. 
 
 Berkeley, Sir William, of the same 
 family Jts the preceding, distinguished him- 
 self as vice-admiral of the white in the 
 dreadi'il engagement with the Dutch, 2d 
 June 1666, when he led the van into the 
 midst of the enemy's fleet, and fell in his 
 cabin, overpowered by numbers. 
 
 Berkenhout, Dr. John, a native of 
 Leeds, in Yorkshire, educated in his native 
 town, and early sent to Germany to acquire 
 the modern languages, and qualify himself 
 for the mercantile profession of his father, 
 who was born in Holland. He however dis- 
 dained the drudgery of the counter. He 
 travelled over Europe ; and hy the friend- 
 ship and recommendation of Baron Bielfeldt 
 at Berlin, he entered into the Prussian ser- 
 vice, which he quitted on the breaking out of 
 hostilities between England and France in 
 17.')G, for the command of a troop in his na- 
 tive country. In 1760 he preferred a litera- 
 ry life to military service, and began to study 
 physic at Edinburgh, from whence he passed 
 to Leyden, where he took his degrees, iu 
 1766. He settled at Islewoi-th, in Middle- 
 sex, and in 1778 he accompanied the com- 
 missioners to America ; but being suspected 
 of improper intrigues with the members of 
 congress at Philadelphia, he was sent to 
 prison ; from which, however, he was libe- 
 rated, and rewarded with a pension on Jiis 
 return home. He died 3(1 April 1791, aged 
 Co, eminently distinguished for liis vast eru- 
 dition, for univer.sal knowledge, and for great 
 powers of mind. His publications on various 
 subjects are numerous and highly respecta- 
 ble ; the most known of which are, his 
 pliarmacopocia nudici — his outlines of the 
 
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 BE 
 
 natural liistory of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 3 vols. l'2mo. — his iiist lines ol" the theory, 
 &c. of phrtosophical chemistry — his bii>L;ra- 
 phia litcraria — his ways and means, or hints 
 
 for taxation his symptomatology chivis 
 
 Anglicu lingnic botanicie — letters to his son, 
 &c. 
 
 Uf.ukh E YDRN, Job and fierard, two 
 Dutch painters, born at llat-rieni. 'I'lie ei- 
 tlest excelled in landscapes, and was drowned 
 in one ot the canals ol Holland, Ifi'.KS, aged 
 70; and the other was particuhuly happy in 
 his views oi" towns, palaces, and temples. 
 He died 1G93. 
 
 Beukley, Sir A\'illiam, a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at Merton college, Oxford, 
 and, in IGGG, made governor of \'irginia. 
 He made a collection of the laws of the 
 provinces, and wrote an account of the coun- 
 trv, in folio, and wrote also the lost lady, a 
 tragi-co.v.edy. lie returned IGTG, and died 
 13th July 1677 i and was buried at Twicken- 
 ham. 
 
 Bernaert, Nicasius, a Dutch pai^iter, 
 the disciple and imitator of Snyders, who 
 died 1663, aged TO. 
 
 Bernard, St. known as one of the fa- 
 thers of the church, and as the founder of 
 IGO monasteries, was born at Fontaine in 
 Burgundy 1091. As abbot of the reli- 
 gious house of Clairvaux, in 1115, he acqui- 
 red celebrity, as a preceptor his lectures 
 were frequented by the most famous men, 
 and all affairs of importance were referred 
 to the consideration and decision of his su- 
 perior powers of judgment. He firmly op- 
 posed schismatics, supported the power of 
 the popes, convicted Abelard of heresy at 
 the council of Sens in 1140, and by his unex- 
 ampled sanctity .wrought miracles to com- 
 mand the reverence of an admiring vulgar. 
 He died 1153. His works have been pub- 
 lished by Mabillon, in 2 vols, folio, 1G90. 
 
 Bernard of Menthon, a native of Sa- 
 voy, born 9'-23, who was made archdeacon of 
 Aoust, at the bottom of the Alps, and in the 
 discharge of his ecclesiastical duties labored 
 strenuously to convert the uncivilized inhabi- 
 tants of the mountains to Christianity. To 
 forward his humane purposes, he founded 
 two monasteries in the passes of the Alps, 
 for the relief of pilgrims and unfortunate 
 travellers ; and they still subsist a monument 
 of his benevolence, and a happy asylum to 
 the weary. 
 
 Bernard, Edward, was horn at Perry 
 St. Paul nearTowcester, Northamptonshire, 
 2d May IG38, and received his education at 
 Northampton, andMerchant-taylors' school, 
 from whence, after a residence of seven 
 years, he went to St. John's college, Oxford, 
 1655. The proficiency of his early years 
 w<is so great in classical literature, that he 
 applied himself at the university not onlv to 
 philosophical and mathematical studies, but 
 to Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and (■o])tie. In 
 1668, he visited Leyden, to consult some ori- 
 ental manuscripts presented to that universi- 
 ty by Jos. Scaliger and Warncrns; and in 
 lfir3 he was appointed successor to sir Chris- 
 topher ^Vren, as Suviliau ;irofessor of as- 
 
 tronomy, to whom, four years bcforo, he 
 had liei n chosen (h'pnty. In the intended 
 plan ot pnblishiiig all the ancient mathema- 
 ticians, -Mr. Bertinrd's assiduity was great, 
 he collected and coniparcd whatever was 
 most curious and valuable in the Bodleian 
 and other libraries, and presented the pul)- 
 lic with a .specimen of the \\(jrk ; \vhiili, 
 howe\er, eiihei- from its vast extent, or the 
 negligence of its first patrons, Avas never 
 complete*!. He was sent, in l("i7G, to Paris, 
 by ('harles If. to superintend the education 
 of his two natural children by the dulchcis of 
 Cleveland; but the simple and reserved 
 manners of tlie professor w ere not in unisiou 
 with the gay dissipation of a court; and he 
 retired, in one year, from a situation which 
 suited neither his taste nor his inclination. 
 He went to Leyden in 1C83, to attend the 
 sale of Nic. Hcinsius' library, and repeated 
 his visit some years after, when the books of 
 Coliuswerc sold. As he had been obliged to 
 give up his preferments on his election to 
 the professorship, he bcgaii now to be tired 
 with an office which confined his attach- 
 ments and his pursuits ; and he resiprncd it 
 1691, to take the living of Brightwell, Berk- 
 shire. He died of a consumption, at Oxford, 
 January 12, 1696, in his 59lh year, and he 
 was buried in St. John's college chapel, 
 where a monument is erected to his memo- 
 ry. Dr. Smith, vho knew him well, speaks 
 of him with the candor and warmth of a 
 friend. He describes him as mild in dispo- 
 sition, an enemy to disputes, a candid judge 
 of literary labors, tolerant as a a churchman, 
 sincere in his friendships, exemplary in his 
 conduct, and eminent for his learning, as his 
 publications and manuscripts fnllv evince. 
 His works are, a treatise on ancient weights 
 and measures, annexed to Pococke's com- 
 mentary on Hosea — private devotions, 1689 
 — orhis eruditi literatura a charactere Sama- 
 ritico deducta — etymologicum Britannicum, 
 &c. — besides various astronomical papers in 
 the pldlosophical transactions. 
 
 Bernard, James, was born at Nions, in 
 Dauphine, 1st September 1658, and educa- 
 ted at Geneva. Tlie persecution of the 
 protestants obliged him to fly from France 
 to Switzerland, and from thence to Holland, 
 where he became minister of Ganda, and 
 professor at the Hague. His sermons, as 
 well as the celebrity of his writings, recom- 
 mended him to the public favor, and the 
 people of liCyden fixed upon him for their 
 minister; but William 111. who hated his re- 
 publican principles, refused to confirm their 
 choice, and it was not till 1705, after the 
 king's death, that he appeared as public 
 preacher there. He was aiso professor of 
 philosophy in the imiversity ; but he em- 
 braced the system of Descai'tes, till his know- 
 ledge of I'ngli.sh made him acquainted with 
 the sublime discoveries of Newton. He died 
 27th Aiiril, 1718, aged CO. His v.i-itings 
 were mostly periovlical, such as histoire 
 abregeede I'F.urope — nouvellcs de la repub- 
 lique des letties — besides a supplement to 
 ^Moreri's dictionary, in 2 vols, folio, sermons, 
 ike. Sec. 
 
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 IBE 
 
 "Bernard, Catharine, was born at Rouen, 
 and died at Paris, 1712. Ske wrote poetry 
 ^v•ith ease and elegance, and obtained tliree 
 -times the poetical pi'ize at the French aca- 
 demy. Her tragedies, Brutus and Laodamia, 
 ■were received with applause on the French 
 theatre ; and slje was rewarded with a pen- 
 sion of 200 crowns by Lewis XIV. She sup- 
 pressed some of her pieces which might re- 
 liect upon her morahty and religion. Two 
 romances, count d'Amboise and Inez de 
 Cordova, are attributed to her. 
 
 Bernard of Thuringia, a fanatical her- 
 mit, who, in the last part of the lOtli cen- 
 tury, pretended to announce the immediate 
 end of the world, and X)revaiied so much 
 upon the vulgar, that a solar eclipse just at 
 that time was interpreted as a completion of 
 the prophecy, and all, in the utmost conster- 
 nation, tied to caves and mountains. His re- 
 veries arc now justly forgotten. 
 
 Bernard of Brussels, a painter of the 
 16th century, eminent in liis hunting pieces, 
 in which he introduced his patron Charles 
 V. His last judgment is still shown at Ant- 
 vcrp. 
 
 Bernard, Peter Joseph, son of a sculp- 
 tor at Grenoble in Dauphinc, was educated 
 "by the Jesuits of Lyons, whose fraternity he 
 refused tojom, for the pleasures of the capi- 
 tal. Though he possessed wit and a lively 
 poetical genius, his compositions could not 
 {jrocure him bread, so tijat for two years he 
 •was engaged as clerk to a public notary. He 
 ■was at last recommended to the marcjuis of 
 ■Pezay and marechal de Coigni, whom he ac- 
 companied ill the campaigns in Italy. The 
 death of de Coigni ii\ 1756 left him withoxit 
 n patron, but his conversation recommended 
 him to the great and opulent at Paris, till, in 
 1771, tlie sud'.'ien loss of his memory cut 
 short the liappiness of his life, and in his in- 
 4^ellectual imbecility he continued to his 
 death, November 1, 1775. He wrote some 
 operas, besides other lighter pieces, which 
 for their ease and el.oganco, have procured 
 him the name of le genlil Bernard. 
 
 Bernard, Dr. Francis, physician to 
 James II. w;is eminent for his learning, and 
 for a collection ot-books, whicli sold, in 169S, 
 for inoO/. a high jirice for the times. He 
 <lied February lU, IG'J", aged 6'J. His bro- 
 ther Charles, who was surgeon to the prin- 
 cess Anne, v/as also the collector of a curious 
 library, sold in 1711. 
 
 Bernard, Kichard, rector of Bate- 
 combe, in Somersetshire, died in 1641. He 
 was author of Thesaurus biblicus, a valuable 
 •concordance — and an abstract of the bible. 
 
 Bernard, Samuel, a historical painter 
 ^vho died at Paris 1687, aged 72. He cn- 
 $jraved Raphael's history of Attila, with 
 great elegance and success. His son of the 
 same name, was, on account of his riches, 
 «alled the Lucullus of liis age. He -was 
 employed in the court of Lewis XIV. and 
 <lied 17.30, aged 88. 
 
 Bernard, John Baptiste, an ecclesiastic 
 who died at l*aris, 1772, aged 62. He wrote 
 some discourses and funeral orations, much 
 admired. 
 
 BerN'Ardt, John, an artist of lialy', 
 known for his exquisite skill in cutting crys- 
 tals. He was patronised, among others, by 
 Ale.xander Farnese, and died at Faenza, 1555. 
 
 Bernaudine, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Massa, 1380. He was educated at Sienna; 
 and after being employed as commissary at 
 .lerusalem, he became eminent as a preach- 
 er, so that several cities of Italy solicited him. 
 for their bishop This popularity raised hini 
 enemies, w ho accused him before pope Mar- 
 tin V. of erroneous doctrines ; which, how- 
 ever he refuted. He died at Aquila 1444, 
 after founiling 300 monasteries in Italy ; and 
 he was canonized six years after by pope 
 Nicholas. His works have appeared in folio 
 and 4to. 
 
 Bernazzang, a painter of Milan, in 
 the 16th century, eminent in the represen- 
 tation of landscape and animals. He painted 
 some strawberries on a fresco wall so natu- 
 rally, that the plaister was torn down by the 
 fx-equent pecking of peacocks. 
 
 Bern I A, or Berni, Francis, an eccle- 
 siastic of Florence, where he died, 1543. 
 He was patronised by Julio de Medicis, af- 
 terwards pope Clement XII. and he distin- 
 guished himself so much as a satirical poet, 
 that a species of burlesque was called, among 
 the Italians, Berniasque. His Orlando Ina- 
 morato Rifatto is much esteemed. It is but 
 the work of Boiardoput into a more elegant, 
 witty, and satirical dress. His Latin poems 
 were collected with those of Segni, &c. 
 1562, atid his Italian pieces -w ere placed in a 
 collection with those of Varchi, Moro, 
 Dolche, &c. 1548, reprinted at London, 
 1721 and 1724, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bernier, P'rancis, a native of Angers^ 
 who studied at Montpellier, and ti'avelled to 
 the holy land, and through Cairo and Suez 
 to tho Mogul empire, where lie resided for 
 twelve years, eight of which he was physi- 
 cian to the emperor Aarungzebe, from 
 which circumstance he was called the mo- 
 gul. He wrote an account of his travels on 
 his return to Paris, published 1699 and 1710, 
 and died 22d September, 1688. 
 
 Bernier, .lohn, a native of Blois, phy- 
 sician to iNIadame. He wrote some medical 
 essays, 4to. — topographical histories — cri- 
 tique on the works of Rabelais — anti-mena- 
 giana ; but in an inferior style. He died 
 poor at an advanced age, 1668. 
 
 Bernini, or Berni n, John Lawrence, 
 was born at Na]des, and became celebrated 
 for his superior skill in painting, architecture, 
 sculpture, and mechanics. No less than fifteen 
 of his pieces adorn the church of St. Peter 
 at Rome, the most admired of which are 
 the altar and tabernacle, St. Peter's chair, 
 kc. He was in France, where he gained 
 the admiration of the court of Lewis XV. 
 He died at Rome, 29th November, 1680. 
 Several of his pieces are preserved in the 
 Floi'entine gallery. It is said, that in view- 
 ing the picture of Charles I. by Vandyke, 
 of whiclj he ej«2cuted three busts, he ex- 
 claimed, that he had never seen a more un-- 
 fortunatc looking face before. 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 BtRNis, Francis Joachim tie PieiTc dc, 
 t cardinal, born 1715, of an ancient, but re- 
 Juccti family. He was brouglit up al tbe 
 scbuol of St. Sulpicc, and intended for tbe 
 church ; but Fleury, to whom lie was intro- 
 duced, conceived a dislike for him ; and he 
 might liave long remained in obscurity, if 
 madanie Pompadour, pleased with a song 
 ■which he had written for her, hail not 
 stepped forth to patronise him. By her in- 
 fluence, he was sent ambassador to Venice ; 
 aiid at his return was regardwil as an able 
 and useful statesman, and admitted into the 
 ministry. His services to the court of Roine 
 •were rewarded with a cardinal's hat, in 
 1758 ; hut, soon after, the misfortunes of 
 the French arms in Germany were in some 
 degree attributed to him by the weak Lewis 
 XV. and he was sent in exile to his abbey. 
 In 1764 he was recalled from disgraceful ob- 
 scurity, and soon after employed as ambas- 
 sador at Rome, where his intrigues were 
 exerted to procure the suppression of the 
 Jesuits, tliough it is said he disapproved of 
 the violence of the measures. To his other 
 dignities of cardinal and archbishop of Albi, 
 vas added tlie title of the protector of the 
 French churches at Rome ; and his sole 
 ambition was now to live in splendor and 
 magnificence at the papal court. The re- 
 volution came to destroy his enjoyments, 
 and from the highest affluence he was sud- 
 denly reduced to poverty ; which was, how- 
 ever, relieved for a while by the kind offices 
 of the chevalier Azara, and a pension from 
 the Spanish court, lie died at Rome, 1st 
 November, 1794, universally regretted, es- 
 pecially by the Romans. His works, con- 
 sisting of poetical pieces, on the four seasons, 
 tbe four parts of the day, on religion, an 
 epistle to indolence, hue. have appeared in 3 
 vols. 4to. 
 
 Bernoulli, James, a celebrated mathe- 
 matician, born at Basil 2/"th December, 1G54. 
 He studied in the university of his native 
 town ; but though his father wished him to 
 follow the clerical profession he pursued the 
 bent of his native genius in matiiematical lear- 
 ning. He travelled to Geneva and France, 
 and afterwards visited Flanders and England, 
 where his reputation had already preceded 
 him, in consequence of his leai-ned treatise 
 on a comet which appeared about the year 
 16S0. His writings procured him universal 
 esteem. He was invited to fill tlie professo- 
 I'ial cbair at Heidelberg in I6!i4; whicli, how- 
 ever, his union with a Swiss lady of respec- 
 table family prevented ; but three years after 
 he succeeded to a vacant chair in liia native 
 city. His lectures were frequented by num- 
 bers, wiio admired his ingenuity, the extent 
 of his knowledge, and the accuracy of his ar- 
 guments; and tbe dignity of honorary mem- 
 ber was bestowed U[)on him by the acade- 
 mies of Paris and Berlin. Intenseness of ap- 
 plication brmiglit on a complication of disor- 
 ders, and Bernoulli, reduced by a slow fever, 
 expired the 16th August 1705, ordering, like 
 anotber Archimedes, a spiral logarilhniical 
 
 curve to be engraved on liis tumb, wiUi the 
 
 words •' eadcm mutata resurgo," in allusion 
 to the th'.y of resurrection. His discoveries 
 in matbematics, especially tbe properties of 
 the curve, have immortalized his name. He 
 was the friend and correspondent of the I'a- 
 mous Boyle, of Leibnitz, and of other learned 
 men. 
 
 Bernoulli, John, brother to James, 
 was professor of matbentatics at lironingeu 
 in 1695, and afterwards successor to his bro- 
 ther at Basil, where he was born in 1607, and 
 where he died in 1748. He pursued tbe same 
 studies as his brother, e(pially distinguishing 
 himselfas a geometrician. He visited France 
 for information, and his learning and bis cor- 
 respondence gained him the friendship %^ 
 Mallebranche, la Hire, Cassini, Varignon, 
 I'Hopital, Newton, and Leibnitz. He was en- 
 gaged for some time in a mathematical dis- 
 pute with his brother, wliich was terminatej. 
 only by death, and he maintained opinions 
 with respect to the barometer, which drew 
 severe animadversions from Hartzocker. 
 His treatise on the management of ships ap- 
 peared 1714, and in 1730 his memoir on the 
 elliptical figure of the planets, which was ho- 
 nored witli the prize of the academy of scien- 
 ces. His works were publislied at Geneva 
 1742, in seven vols. 4to. The children of 
 Bernoulli were deserving of their father's 
 fame. Nicliolas the eldest, died at Peters- 
 burg in 1726, a few months after he had 
 been honorably called by the Czar to fill the 
 professorial chair, and Daniel and John, pos- 
 sess equal claims to the admiration and ap- 
 plause of men of science and virtue. These 
 apposite lines were placed by Voltaire, ur.» 
 der Beri'.ouUi's portrait : 
 *S'o7i esprit vit la verity, 
 Et son cceur connut la justice ; 
 II a fait rhoimenr de la Suisse y 
 Et celni de Vhiimanit^. 
 Thus elegantly translated : 
 
 Istefiiit ctdtor justi, verigue repertory 
 Exiitit Uelvetiia decus, & decus extitiS^ 
 orbi. 
 Bernoulli, Daniel, son of John Ber- 
 noulli, was born at Groningen, February 9th, 
 1700, and died March, 1782. He was inten- 
 ded for a mercantile profession, but he dis- 
 tinguished liimself in the same pursuits as 
 his father, and alter passing some time iu 
 Italy and at Petersburg, lie was appointed to 
 a professorial chair at Basil. His learning 
 was extensive, he gained or divided nine pri- 
 zes with the most illusti'ious of the literati 
 of Europe, an honor attained by no othex' 
 besides Euler his pupil ar.l friend. He di- 
 vided a prize with hisfatlier, but the old man 
 felt hurt at the presuniptirm of the son, who 
 had not the wisdom or respect to concenl 
 his triumph. This family quarrel was farther 
 aggravated, for tlie son embr.iced Newton's 
 pliiloso])hy, w bich the father had always op- 
 posed with all the weapons of science. Ber- 
 noulli succeeded his father 1748 in the aca- 
 demy of sciences, and he was succeeded by 
 his brother Jolin, so that for 84 years tbe 
 chair was honorably filled by a Bernoulli. 
 1 As a proof of his popularity at Basil, it niay 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 be mentioned, that it was the strict injunc- 
 tion of every father to his chihi, to how with 
 respect to Daniel Bernoulli when met in the 
 streets. He was honorary member of all 
 learned societies of Europe. Once in his tra- 
 vels he met with a learned stranger who was 
 pleased with his conversation, and asked him 
 liis name, *' I am Daniel Bernoulli," replied 
 he ; " and 1," answered the stranger, who 
 supposed that he was laughed at, " am Isaac 
 Newton." 
 
 BERNSTORFFjJohnHartingErnest count, 
 an able statesman, descended from a noble 
 faiuily in flanover. .Vfter travelling over 
 l-Auopc, and improving the resoui'ces of a 
 mind alreiidy rich witii the stores of science 
 and learning, he settled in Denmark, and 
 became the friend and favorite of Christian 
 YI. He was employed in Various embassies, 
 and at last became the prime minister of the 
 kingdom. In this dangerous office he appli- 
 ed himself to the advancement of the happi- 
 ness of his adopted country. Her commerce 
 "was enlarged, her manufactures encouraged, 
 and every beneficent plan was adopted which 
 could add to the prosperity of the state. A 
 societv for agriculture and economy Avas 
 established under royal ])atronage, and also 
 another for the improvement of the Danish 
 language, and of the fine arts; and under his 
 iailuence, a learned body was formed, whose 
 object was to examine into the history, &c. 
 of the east, of which the travels of Niebuhr 
 Avere a most interesting speciman. Bern- 
 storff was in 1767 created a count, and the 
 next year accompanied his master to Eng- 
 land, but in 1770, he fell under the royal 
 displeasure, and after a life devoted to the 
 service and honor of Denmark, he retired 
 on a pension to Hamburgh, where he died 
 February 18th, 1772. 
 
 Berxstorff, Andrew Peter count, ne- 
 phew to the preceding, was born at Gartow, 
 in Lunenburg, 28th August, 1735, and after 
 studying at Leipsi* and Gottingen, and tra- 
 velling through Europe, he settled in Den- 
 mai'k, to assist and to share the honors of his 
 uncle, lie was, in 1709, raised to the rank 
 of privy counsellor, and though a temporary 
 disgrace banished him to his seat, he was, in 
 1772, recalled to be placed at the head of 
 affairs. As a negotiator Avith liussia, he 
 conducted himself with great ability, and 
 by persuading tlie am])itious (Catherine, that 
 it ill becrimc her dignity to retain a small 
 patrimony which made her dependent on 
 the German emjjire, he obtained for his 
 country the cession of Sleswick, and part of 
 Ilolstein, and thus strengthened Denmark 
 by the accession of a convenient territory, 
 Avhose population amounted to above 10U,U0U 
 men. In the American war he recom- 
 mended the armed neutrality between Rus- 
 sia, Sweden, Denmark, and Prussia, and 
 thus protected commerce against the vio- 
 lence of the bcliigerant powers. He retired 
 in 1780 from the helm of the state, but was 
 again recalled four years after by the prince 
 of Denmark, and he had the sagacity to for- 
 I'car engaging in tlic struggles which kindled 
 
 a war in 1788 between Russia and SwedeiT- 
 This great statesman died 21st June, 1797, 
 universally lamented, and respectfully fol- 
 lowed to the grave by the Danes, who ad- 
 mired his patriotism and virtues, and who, 
 to commemorate his aftability, benevolence, • 
 and popularity, struck medals to his honor. 
 
 Beroaldus, Philip, was borrf of a no- 
 ble family of Bologna, where he was pro- 
 fessor of belles lettres, and where he died, 
 25th July, 1505, aged 52. He was very dis- 
 sipated in his youth, so that he dreaded the 
 restraints of wedlock. A lady however of 
 singular accomplishments was at last united 
 to him, and she proiluced the greatest refor- 
 mation in his conduct. He became regular, 
 beneficent, and unambitious. He possessed 
 great learning for his age, and wrote both in 
 vose and prose, but his chief labors were 
 valuable editions of the classics. His life 
 was published by Jean Pins, at Bologna, 
 1505. 
 
 Beroaldus, Philip, nephew to the pre- 
 ceding, was librarian of the Vatican, under 
 Leo X. He wrote panegyrics, epigrams, 
 and light poetry, with considerable success. 
 He died at Rome 1518, aged 40. His poems 
 were edited at Rome, 1530. 
 
 Beroaldus, Matthew, a native of Pa- 
 ris, author of a chronology, in which he re- 
 jects all heathen authority, for that of the 
 bible. From a catholic he became a Calvi- 
 nistat Geneva, where he died 1584. 
 
 Beroaldus, Francis, son of Mattliew, 
 was born at Paris 1558, and died 1612. He 
 possessed a versatile genius, and with in- 
 ferior powers of mind, he attempted to turn 
 every thing into ridicule. He pretended to 
 be acquainted with various secrets, the phi- 
 losopher's stone, perpetual motion, &c. His 
 " moyen de parvenir" is a collection of sa- 
 tires, trivial anecdotes, and ott'ensive jm- 
 erility. 
 
 Bergs us, priest of Belus, at Babylon, 
 was author of a history of Chaldsea, some 
 fragments of which are preserved in Jose- 
 phus. He lived in the age of Alexander the 
 great. 
 
 Berq^uin, Arnauld, a celebrated French 
 writer, born at Bourdeaux. He first com- 
 manded the public attention by his Idylles, 
 which possess sweetness, elegance, and pa- 
 thos, and he afterwards wrote his romances; 
 but his greatest and most popular work is his 
 ami des e-nfans, in 6 vols. l2mo. This inte- 
 resting work, which conve3S instruction to 
 the youthful mind, and leads it by an amus- 
 ing and agreeable narrative, clothed in sjii- 
 rited dialogue, to the admiration and to the 
 love of virtuous and honorable actio»>s, has 
 been frequently edited and translated into 
 the various languages of Europe. He left in 
 MSS. some other works, comedies, &c. He 
 died at Paris, 21st December, 1791, aged 42. 
 
 Berq^uin, Lewis de, a gentleman of 
 Artois, known as a courtier at the court of 
 France. As he had embraced the tenets of 
 the protestants he was exposed to the per- 
 secution of the papists. He was twice im- 
 prisoned and twice acquitted of heresy, from 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 the respectability of his charnctcr or the in- 
 fluence of the courl, but as he wished to 
 avenge himself on his acciisurs, he was the 
 third time seized, and on refusinj; to make u 
 recantation, he was condemned to be sli'an- 
 gled and burnt, which sentence lie under- 
 went with astonishing fortitude, 156'J, in iiis 
 40th year. He was the Iriend of Erasmus. 
 
 Berkeioui, Nicholas, a painter, boni 
 lit Macerata, was the pupil of Carlo Maiat- 
 li, and died 1G8'2, aged G;l. His historical 
 pieces were much admired. 
 
 Berriman, \Villiam, D. D. was born 
 24tli Septeinbei', 1688, an<l educated at Ban- 
 bury, afterwards at Merchant Taylor's 
 school, and Oriel college. He obtained the 
 living of St. Andrew Undershaft, from Ro- 
 binson, bishop of London, to whom he was 
 chaplain, and became in 17*27 fellow of Eton. 
 He died February 5th, 1750, aged 62. I'herc 
 were published of his five volumes of excel- 
 lent sermons, the three first of which were 
 preached at Boyle's and Mover's lectures, 
 and the two last were posthumous— and 
 some controversial writings. 
 
 Berkuyer, Joseph Isaac, a Jesuit, born 
 at Rouen 6th November 168'2. He died at 
 Pai'is 18th February 1758. He wrote 
 ** I'histoire du peuple de dieu," in 12 vols. 
 4to. a work which abounds in extravagant 
 suppositions, and puerile stories, and which 
 drew upon him the censure of the clerg}' 
 and of the parliament of Paris. 
 
 Berry, Sir John, son of the clergyman of 
 Jvnowston, Devonshire, was a naval officer 
 ^vho distinguished himself against the Buc- 
 caneers, at tlie battle of Southwold bay, and 
 at the demolition of Tangier under lord 
 Dartmouth. He was highly respected by 
 James U. Avhom, when duke of York, he by 
 his presence of mind, saved from shipwreck 
 at the mouth of the Humber, in the Gloces- 
 ter frigate, 1682, and he commanded his 
 fleet in the invasion of William of Orange. 
 He continued to be employed after the re- 
 volution, as his abilities well deserved. He 
 was poisoned in February 1691, on board a 
 ship at Portsmouth, in his 56th year, and 
 was buried at Stepney. 
 
 Berrvat, John, a physician at Paris, 
 Avho published an academical collection, &c. 
 He died in 1754. 
 
 Bersmaxn, George, a German, born at 
 Annaberg, in Misnia. He travelled in 
 France and Italy, and gave lectures in vari- 
 ous places Avith great reputntiooi. He trans- 
 lated David's psalms into Latin verse, and 
 besides wrote notes on Virgil, Horace, &c. 
 and died 5th October, Kill, in his 7.3d year. 
 He had 14 sons and si.K daughters, by the 
 daughter of Peter Hellebron. 
 
 Bertaud, John, born at Caen, died 8lh 
 June, 1611, aged 59. He was chaplain to 
 Catherine de Medicis, and at last was pro- 
 moted to the see of Seez. He wrote verses 
 ^vith great ease and elegance, but when 
 raised to the prelacy, he disregarded the 
 effusions of his muse. His works, consisting 
 of sonnets, canticles, psalms, kc. were prin- 
 ted 1620 in 8vo. He contributed much lo 
 VOL. I. 24 
 
 Oie conversion of Hcniy IV. on whom he 
 composed a funeral oi ation. 
 
 BERrHEAU, Charles, a French protes- 
 tant, born at Slontpellicr, admitted minis- 
 ter at the synod of Vigan. He left his coiiu- 
 ti-y at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 
 an<l settled in IjOiidon, where he was chosen 
 minister of the Walloon church. Thread- 
 needle-street, and where for 44 years hi^ 
 was respected and admired as a ])reacher 
 and an exemplary j)astor. He ])ublisheil 
 two vols, of French sermons, and died 25ih 
 December, 1732, aged 73. 
 
 Berth ET, John, a learned Jesuit of 
 Tarascon, in Provence, v ho died 1692, 
 aged 70. His knowledge of ancient and 
 modern languages was unusually extensive. 
 He wrote dissertations on various subjects, 
 odes, epigrams, sonnets, &c. 
 
 Berthier, Guillaume Francois, a Je- 
 suit, born at Issondun en Berri, known as 
 the conductor of the journal de Trevoux for 
 17 years. He was an able as \fe\\ as candid 
 critic, but his refiections on some of Vol- 
 taire's pieces, drew upon him the vengeance 
 of this satirical poet, which however lie 
 treated with becoming disdain. Soon after 
 the dissolution of the order of the Jesuits, 
 he was made a royal librarian, and joint 
 preceptor to Lewis XVI. and Monsieur, but 
 in 18 months he resigned his employments 
 and retired to OfFemburg, Avhere he con- 
 tinued 10 years. He returned afterwards 
 to France, and died of a fall at Bourges, 15th 
 December, I78i2, aged 78, where his re- 
 mains were interred with particular honor 
 by the chapter of the metropolitan church. 
 His translation of the psalms into French 
 was published in 1785 in 8 vols. 12mo. He 
 wrote the last six volumes of " I'Histoire de 
 I'eglise Gallicane." 
 
 13 E R T H o L E T- F I, A M E E I,, Bartholome w, 
 a painter of Leige, the disciple of Jordaans. 
 He settled at Paris, where he died 1675. 
 His Elijah carried up to heaven is one of his 
 best pieces. 
 
 Beutholon, N. an eminent French 
 writer, born at Lyons, where he died 179'J. 
 He was educated at St. Lazare, and after- 
 wards became professor of medicine at 
 Montpellier, which he quitted for the histo- 
 rical chair of the central school of Lyons. 
 His works were numerous and written with 
 ability, and chiefly on electricity, aerosta- 
 tion, vegetation, kc. His memoire on the 
 cjmscs of the prosperity an<l of the decay of 
 the commerce of Lyons, vas a jtopular 
 work, published 17S2, in Svo. and contained 
 much interesting matter on machines, the 
 arts, &.C. 
 
 Berti, John Laui-encc, a learned Au- 
 gustine monk of Serrave/za, in Tuscany, 
 lorn 28th May, 1696. His great work " (U* . 
 disciplinis theolngicis," in eight vols. 4rii. 
 drew upon him llie censures of the Jesuit?, 
 and he was accused before pope Benedict 
 XIV. as a follower of Jansenius, against 
 which he defended himself in two prolix 
 vols. 4to. He wrote an ecclesiastical history 
 In Latin in 7 vols. 4io. btit his ideas of th-i 
 
BE 
 
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 papal power over the kingdoms of the world 
 are ridiculous and extravagant. He died at 
 Pisa, May '26th, l7f.C, aged 70. 
 
 Beh'jier, John Stephen, a native of 
 Aix in Provence, autlior of two well known 
 treatises, " physique des cometes," pub- 
 lished rr60, l'2mo. and ** physique des corps 
 aninies, 1755," 12nio. He died November 
 Ij, 1783, aged 73. 
 
 Bern IN, Nicholas, a painter, born at 
 Paris 1004. Alter studying at Home he re- 
 turned to Prance, where he was patronised 
 by licwis XIV. and by the electors of Mentz 
 and Bavaria. His pictures, which are pre- 
 served at Paris, possess great merit. He 
 died 173G, aged 72. He was member of the 
 academy of painting, Paris, where he gain- 
 ed a prize in his 18th year. 
 
 Bertin, Exupcre Joseph, a French phy- 
 sician, born at 'I'remblai, in the diocese of 
 Rennes. lie m as for some time physician 
 to the Hospodar of Wallachia, but he left 
 the country in disgust to return to France. 
 He was chosen assistant anatomist of the 
 academy of Paris, and he published his 
 osteology in four vols. 12mo. 1753. He died 
 February 1781, aged 69. 
 
 Bertin, Anthony, a French officer, and 
 poet, born in the isle of Bourbon, 10th Oc- 
 tober, 1752. At the age of nine he came to 
 France, and was educated in the college of 
 Plessis, where he greatly improved liimself, 
 and displayed a strong and elegant taste for 
 poetry. He went in 1789, to St. Domingo 
 to marry a beautiful crcoIe wlinm he had 
 known and loved at Paris, but on the eve 
 of his nuptials he was seized with a fever, 
 and died 17 days after, at tlie end of June 
 1790, aged 38. His works were reprinted 
 at Paris, two vols. 12mo. 1802. The French 
 attributed to him the beauties and the faults 
 of Propertius, a brilliant imagination, often 
 regardless of tlie language of decorum. 
 
 Bertinazz-i, Ciiarles, an actor of merit 
 in the Italian theatre, known by the nick- 
 name of Carlin. He died at Paris, 4th Sep- 
 tember, 1783. 
 
 Bertius, Peter, a professor of philoso- 
 phy atLeydenj. born in Flanders. He came 
 to Paris in 1620, where he renounced the 
 protestant religion, and accepted the pro- 
 fessorial chair of mathematico, and the place 
 of cosmographer to the king. He died 1629, 
 aged 64. He published learned commenta- 
 ries on the affairs of Germany, besides thea- 
 trum geographiae vcteris, two vols. fol. — il- 
 lustrium virorum epistol. selecttc, &cc. Svo. 
 &c. 
 
 Berto.v, Peter Monlan le, an eminent 
 iuusician who settled at Paris, and was em- 
 
 Jjloyed in the management of ihe operas. 
 ie died 14th May, 1780, aged 53. 
 
 Bertu.vde, daugliter of the count of 
 Montfort, married the count of A njou, from 
 Avl»nni she was divorced to unite herself to 
 Philip I. king of France, 1092. 'J'his union 
 \»as opposed by the clergy, but the love of 
 the monarch triumphed over his respect for 
 religion. Bertrade was not only ambitious 
 hut not always continent iu her conduct. 
 
 After the king's death she pretended sancti-* 
 ty, and caused herself to be buiied in a con- 
 vent which she herself had founded. 
 
 Bertram, Cornel. Bonav'enture, a na- 
 tive of Thouars, in Poitou, protessor of He- 
 brew at Genoa, Frankenthale, and Lausan- 
 ne. He died at Lausanne 1794, aged 63. 
 Me was author of a dissertation on the re- 
 public of the Hebrews — a revision of the 
 Geneva French bible — an edition of Pagnin's 
 thesaurus lingute sanct'.e — a parallel of the 
 Hebrew and Syriaclanguages — lucubrationes 
 Fraukendalenses. 
 
 Berirand, John Baptist, a i)hysician, 
 born at Martigues 12th July 1670. He is 
 known for his interesting account of the 
 plague at Marseilles — for dissertations on sea 
 air, 4to. — letters to Deider on the muscular 
 motion, JScc. He died Sept. 10th 1752. 
 
 Bertrand, Nicholas, a physician, who 
 dietl at Paris 1780, autlior of elements on 
 pbysiology, and other works. 
 
 Berulle, Peter, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Serilli near Troyes. He distinguished him- 
 self at the conference at Fontainebleau, and 
 more as being the founder of the oratory in 
 France, an institution which merited, by the 
 piety and good order of its members, the 
 patronage of the king, and of the pope. He 
 was engaged in political aft'airs as almoner td 
 Henry lY. and after his death as chief of the 
 council of the queen-mother Mary de Me- 
 dicis. He also accompanied Henrietta-Ma- 
 ria when she came to England, on her mar- 
 riage with Charles I. Berulle was rewarded, 
 with a cardinal's hat by Urban VIH. 1627, 
 and he died suddenly while celebrating mass, 
 October 2d, 1629, aged 55, after a life of ex- 
 emplary piety and virtue. His writings were 
 on spiritual and controversial subjects, and 
 appeared in one vol. folio. 
 
 Bervllus, a bishop of Arabia, in the 
 third century. In a conference with Origin, 
 he renounced his opinion that Jesus Christ 
 had no existence before his incarnation. 
 
 Besler, Basil, an apothecary of Nurem- 
 berg, born 1561. He wrote some botanical 
 works, held in high estimation, especially 
 Hortus Eystettensis 1613, fol. — Iconesfloruni 
 & herbarum 1616, 4to. — His son, Michael 
 Rupert, also distinguished himself as the wri- 
 ter of the Gazophylacium rerum naturalium, 
 Nuremb. 1642, folio. He died 1661. 
 
 Besly, John, a learned antiquarian, king's 
 advocate at Foutenoy le comte in Poiton, 
 was author of an history of Poiton, published 
 1647 — and the bishops of Poictiers, 1547. He 
 died 1644, aged 72. 
 
 Besogne, Jerome, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, who died 1763, aged 77. He Avrote 
 " I'hibtoire de Port-royal," 6 vols. 12mo. be- 
 sides some theological works. 
 
 Besolde, Christopher, a professor of 
 law at Tubingen, who died 1638, aged 61. 
 He abjured the protestant religion, and was 
 author of some philological works, &c. 
 
 Besplas, Joseph Mary Anne Gros de, a 
 doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Languedoc, 
 and known as an excellent preacher, and as 
 the ciirnest fricDd and comforter of such 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 riiininals as were sentenced to dcutli. He 
 wrote an essay on the eloquence of the pul- 
 pit, and ;i treatise on the causes of puMic. 
 hai»piness, two vols. I'inio. 1778. lie died at 
 Paris 178;?, aged i'J. 
 
 Hessakio.v, a native of Trehizond, titu- 
 lar patri:n-ch nf (Jonstantiiioplc, and a cardi- 
 nal, more illustrious as one of tiie restorers 
 of leaniinu; in the 15th century. He was 
 solicilous to unite the (ireek and Latin 
 churches, and he commanfled universal ad- 
 miration by his clo(iueme at the counsel of 
 Florence. He might have been raised to tlie 
 papal chair, if his (ireek origin had not been 
 objected to, by the intrigues of cardinal Alain. 
 He was engaged in several embassies, but'that 
 to France proved, according to Matthieu, 
 the cause of his death. He oft'ended the 
 jealous Lewis XI. by paying a previous visit 
 "to the duke of Burgundy, so that tlie mon- 
 arch in an insulting manner seized liis beard, 
 observing in fiis vulgar Latin " Barbara 
 Grseca genus retinent quod habere solebant," 
 which so aftVonted the cardinal, that he died 
 soon after, at Ravenna, through chagrin, 
 1472. Bessarion wrote orations — epistles 
 —besides translations of some of Aris- 
 totle's pieces, &c. His valuable library is 
 still preserved at Venice as a curiosity. He 
 was the friend and patron of Poggius, Lau- 
 rentius Valla, Theodore of Gaza, occ. 
 
 Besset, Henry de, comptroller of pub- 
 lic works in France, wrote a curious and val- 
 uable account of the campaigns of llocroi 
 and Fribourg, in 1644 and 1645, in I'imo. 
 He died 1693. 
 
 Betham, Edward, B. D. was educated 
 at Eton, and become fellow of King's college, 
 Cambridge, 1731, and 40 years after of Eton 
 college, He is known for his exemplary 
 manners, the goodness of his heart, and his 
 great liberality, so that he presented to the 
 university 20001. for the better support of 
 the botanical garden, and gave 600/. to erect 
 a marble statue to Henry VT. the founder of 
 the college, within whose walls he had re- 
 ceived his education. 
 
 Bethencourt, Jean de, a native of 
 Normandy, who discovered the Canary is- 
 lands in 1402, and conquered five of them, 
 with the assistance of Henry HL king of Cas- 
 tile. It is said, that his descendants still live 
 there, in honorable independence. 
 
 Bethune, Philii)de, a native of Bethune 
 in Artois, known as ambassador from Frarice 
 to Home, Scotland, Savoy, and Germany. 
 He died 1649, aged 88. An account of his 
 embassy to Germany was published in folio 
 at Paris 1667. 
 
 Bet IS, governor of Gaza, was cruelly 
 treated by Alexander, for bravely defending 
 the place, and dragged when dead by his 
 chariot wheels. 
 
 Betteuton, Thomas, an actor of great 
 eminence, born in Totbill-street, 163.5, and 
 apprenticed to a bookseller. His first ap- 
 pearance as a player was in 1656, at the 
 opera house in charterliouse-yard ; but after 
 the restoration, he was sent by Charles II. to 
 copy the superior graces and ornaments of a 
 
 Paris theatre, and on his return he added all 
 the p(»wers of his taste and genius to the 
 I)rui"\-lanc and Lincoln's-inn-fields theatres, 
 which, after dividing the applauses of the 
 town, united in 10S2, or according to Cibhcr 
 in 1684, into one company. His transccndant 
 abilities drew uiiiversal api»robation ; but 
 merit in all situations is attended with etu-- 
 mies, and Betterton found his character 
 tainished by the envy of interior actors, s<} 
 that, eager to disengage himself from the 
 oppression of the managers, he procured ;* 
 p.-itentto erect by subscjipiion another thea- 
 tre in Lincoln's-inn-fields, which opened in 
 1695. Hut though s>ipi)ort(i| by the patron- 
 age of the king, a»jd the abilities of Congreve, 
 oiu' theatrical hero discovered that the op- 
 position of Vanbrugh andCibber was loo pow- 
 erful ; and though the " mo)n-niiig bride," 
 and '* the way of the world," appeared witli 
 all llicir excellencies, the more rapid pro- 
 ductions of the other house, procured grea- 
 ter success and greater admiration ; and af- 
 ter three or four seasons of unavailing rival- 
 ship, and after endeavouring to establish a 
 new oi)posilion, by building tlie Hay-market» 
 in 1706, Betterton yielded in the struggle, and 
 all the powers of the actors were again re- 
 imited into one society. In his old age Bet- 
 terton was attacked Avith tlie gout, but ho 
 preserved his usual serenity of mind, ami 
 though oppressed by indigence, he found 
 the public inclined to patronise his depart- 
 ing greatness. Love for love was acted for 
 his benefit in 17U9, and Mrs. Bracegirdle 
 and Mrs. Barry stepped forth from their 
 retirement to support the public favorite, 
 and five hundred pounds were cleared for 
 the maintenance of the worthy veteraii- 
 Hamlet was the next year performed with 
 equal success, and the Maid's tragedy was 
 announced for the exhibition of the following 
 spring ; but Betterton exerted too much his 
 languid nerves in the part of Melanthus, 
 and the gout, which he had kept off by ex- 
 ternal applications, flew to his head, and 
 proved fatal, 28th April, 1710. He w»s in- 
 terred in Westminster-abbey, universally 
 lamented, but mourned by none more than 
 by Steele, who pul)lished in the Tatler, 
 (No. 167) a moving detail of the merits of 
 his departed friend. Betterton wrote or al- 
 tered three plays. His greatest merit, how- 
 ever, arises from his theatrical power.s. 
 None, as Cibber says, could act with equal 
 feeling the characters of Othello, Macbeth; 
 Hamlet, Brutus, Hotspur, and the spirit of 
 the poet was transfused into the player, 
 and on his attitude, his aspect, his language, 
 the most eager expectation was suspended, 
 and the eye of liie spectator almost im- 
 bibed the sentiment before it could reach 
 the ear. 
 
 BETTiNi,Dominico, an eminent painter, 
 born at Florence. He died 1705, aged 61. 
 His flowers, fruit, animals, and particularly 
 scenes of still life, possessed great merit. 
 
 Betts, John, a native of Winchester, 
 educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxforil, 
 where he took hi> degree of M. D. I0J4. 
 
BE 
 
 BE 
 
 After the restoi'ation he became one of the 
 king's physicians. He wrote de oi'tu & na- 
 tura sanguinis, 1G69, 8vo. — anatomiaThomte 
 Parr, &c. The time of his death is unknown. 
 ,.' Betussi, Joseph, an Italian poet, of Bas- 
 satio, boi-n 1520. Besides amorous poems, 
 lie wrote the life of Boccacio, and translated 
 his Latin works into Italian. He was the 
 friend of Peter Aretin. 
 
 Beveridge, William, a native of Bar- 
 row in Leicestershire, educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. His applicition was so 
 intense, and his proficiency in Hebrew so 
 respectable, that at the age of 18 he publish- 
 ed " a treatise on the use of oriental lan- 
 guages." He became vicar of Ealing, Middle- 
 sex, which he afterwards gave u[) for St. Pe- 
 ter's, Cornhdl. He gained the public esteem 
 by his eloquence in the pulpit, and was libe- 
 rally patronised by Hinchman and Compton, 
 both successively bishops of London, and he 
 ■was made chaplain to king WilUam in 16S-i. 
 He was successively prebendary of St. Paul's, 
 archdeacon of Colchester, prebendary of 
 Canterbury, and he, in 1691, refused the see 
 of Bath and "Wells, on the deprivation of Dr. 
 Kenn, but in 1704 he was consecrated bishop 
 of St. Asaph. In his episcopal character he 
 strongly recommended to his clergy the ca- 
 techising of cliildren, and earnestness in pub- 
 lic instruction. He died 5th March, 1707, 
 aged 71, and was buried in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral. He left the best part of his property 
 to charitable purposes. He published 150 
 sermons in 12 vols. 8vo. and two vols, folio, 
 besides other theological tracts, &c. in Latin 
 as well as English, - nsisting of institutionum 
 chronologicarum libri duo — Codex canonum 
 ecclesia primitiva — Synodicon sive pandecte 
 canonum S.S. apostolor. concil. ab ecclesia 
 Grieca receptorum, 167'2, 2 vols. fol. — pri- 
 vate thoughts on religion — the church cate- 
 chism explained — the great necessity of fre- 
 quent communion — thesaurus theologicus, 
 or complete system of divinity, 4 vols. 8vo. — 
 a defence of the old version of the psalms — 
 an e:q)Osition of the 39 articles, fol. kc. 
 
 Beverlaxd, Hadrian, a native of Mid- 
 dleburgh, in Zealand, known for his abihties, 
 vhich were shamefully prostituted in the 
 composition of loose poetry and obscene 
 pieces. His treatise on original sin drew 
 upon him the censure of the world, not only 
 the book was burnt with public execration, 
 but the author, who ilagitir.usly boasted of 
 the composition, was driven from the Hague, 
 from Utrecht and Leyden, and at last found 
 an asylum and a pension in England, by the 
 favor of Isaac Vossius. It is said that he re- 
 pented of the profligacy of his life, and the 
 Jmnutral tendency of his writings, of which 
 lie made a recantation in his treatise " de 
 fornicntione cavenda," though his sincerity 
 lias been seriously dfiubtod. The death of 
 Vossius involved him in diilicullies, and to 
 the evils of poverty were added public con- 
 tempt, excited by tlie illiberality of his satire, 
 and soon after the loss of his mental faculties, 
 ■which ]iersecuted him with the apprehen- 
 slou that iJOO men had conspired iiis destruc- 
 
 tion. No mention of him is made after 1712, 
 and it is probable that he died about that 
 time. 
 
 Beverley, John of, a native of Harp- 
 ham, in Northumberland, made abbot of St. 
 Hilda, then bishop of Hexham, and in G87 
 translated to York. He was a learned man, 
 and a great encourager of learning, and he 
 founded a college for secular priests at Be- 
 verley. After liolding the episcopal dignity 
 34 years, he i-etired to the obscurity of a 
 cell, and died 721. 
 
 Bevernixck, Jerome Van, an able 
 Dutch statesman, ambassador to Cromwell 
 in 1054. He brought about a peace between 
 England and Holland, and his negotiations 
 at Nimeguen produced also a general pacifi- 
 cation. He died 1690, aged 76. 
 
 Beverwick, John de, a native of Dor- 
 drecht, educated under the patronage of G. 
 J. Vossius, and distinguished as an able phy- 
 sician and a respectable medical writer. He 
 took his degrees at Padua, and practised iii 
 his native town. He died 1047, aged 41, and 
 merited to be called in his epitaph by Dan. 
 Heinsius *' V^itte ai'tifex, mortis fugator." 
 His works appeared in 4to. 1651. 
 
 Beuf, John le, member of the academy 
 of belles lettres at Paris, was born at Aux- 
 erre. He was a learned antiquary, and has 
 enriched literature with many valuable com- 
 positions on the history and topography of 
 France. This respectable ecclesiastic died 
 1760, aged T2). He wrote memoirs on the 
 history of Auxerre, besides collections for 
 the history of Pai'is and of France, Sec. 
 
 Beurs, William, a Dutchman, born at 
 Dordt 165G, and distinguished as a painter 
 of flowers, landscapes, and portraits. 
 
 Bex ON, Scipio, a native of Remiremont, 
 who died at Paris, 15th Feb. 1784, aged 36. 
 He assisted Buffon in his natural history, and 
 published himself a system of fertilization, 
 8vo. &cc. 
 
 Beys, Charles de, a French poet, the 
 friend and cotemporary of Scarron. His 
 theatrical pieces were not in high estima- 
 tion. He died 1656. 
 
 Beysser, John INIiehael, a native of 
 INIentz, who early showed a great propensity 
 for adventures and travelling. He was in 
 the Indies and in Holland, and became a ge- 
 neral at the beginning of the revolution. 
 He Mas employed in la Vendee, but being 
 defeated, he was accused and condemned as 
 a traitor, and as the accomplice of Hebert, 
 and he suffered with great composure, 13th 
 of April, 1794. 
 
 Bet-a, Theodore, a zealous protestant, 
 born at Vezelai, in Bai'gundy, 24th of June, 
 1519, and educated at Orleans, under the 
 care of Melchior Wolinar. He was in- 
 tevded for the bar, but he earnestly devoted 
 himself to classical literature, and leaving 
 France, he went to Geneva, with a woman 
 to whom he had promised marriage, and in 
 1549 he was electeil to the Greek profes- 
 sorship of Lausanne, ■where for 10 years he 
 supported the character of a respectable 
 lecturer, and an accomplished scholar. In 
 
BI 
 
 BI 
 
 1559 he settled as protcstant minister at. 
 CJeueva, where he became the iViend and 
 the associate of Calvin, whose tenets he 
 maintained with the eloquence of the pul- 
 nit, and the arguments of l(»i;ical disputation. 
 He was delegated by the university of (le- 
 neva to the conference of Poissy beft)re tlie 
 king of Navarre, and his abilities and mo- 
 deration commanded universal respect from 
 a most crowded audience. He remained 
 -witli the duke of Conde during the civil 
 vars of France, and was afterwards en- 
 gaged as au active and zealous advocate in 
 ihe synods, which were lieM on ecclesiasti- 
 cal abairs at liochelle, at Nismes, at Mont- 
 beliard, and at iiern. His intense studies 
 and labors, to which his whole life was ex- 
 posed, early shattered his constitution, and 
 after eight years of gradual decay, he ex- 
 pired I3th Oct. 1G05. His abilities were of 
 the most comprehensive kind, and as he ex- 
 erted himself warmly in support of the pro- 
 testant cause, it is not surprising that he 
 should be branded with the most oppro- 
 brious terras by his religious opponents. 
 His controversies were with the most re- 
 spectable scholars of the times, and he 
 evinced in the contest the superiority of his 
 cause, as well as the extent of his learning. 
 His publications were all on theological sub- 
 jects, partly in French and partly in Latin, 
 a catalogue of which is given by Anthony la 
 Faye, who has written an account of his 
 life. A Greek MS. of the new testament 
 once in his possession, is preserved at Cam- 
 bridge, of which Dr. Kipling has published a 
 copy. 
 
 Beziers, Michael, an ecclesiastic known 
 for his laborious researches on history and 
 antiquity, which he published. He died of 
 an apoplexy, 1782. 
 
 Bezout, Stephen, born at Nemours, 
 1730, died at Paris, 27th Sept. 1783. He is 
 known by his course of mathematics, 4 vols. 
 8vo. and his treatise on navigation, 6 vols. 
 8vo. besides a general theory of algebraic 
 equations, and other works. He was of 
 the academy of sciences, and also examiner 
 of the pupils of the artillery and of the ma- 
 rines, for whose use chietly he published. 
 
 BiANCANi, Joseph, author of cosmo- 
 graphy demonstrated — chronology of emi- 
 nent mathematicians — dissertation on the 
 Mature of mathematics, besides an edi- 
 tion of Aristotle, and other works ; was a 
 Jesuit and mathematician of Bologna, and 
 he <lied at Parma 1G44. 
 
 BiANCiii, Peter, a Roman painter, emi- 
 nent for his portraits and landscapes, sea pie- 
 ces, and animals. He made anatomical figures 
 in colored wax with great success. He died 
 at Rome 173y, aged 45. 
 
 BiAXCHi, Francis, a painter, master to 
 Corregio. He was born at Modena, and died 
 1520. 
 
 BiANCHTN, John Fortunatis, professor of 
 medicine, at Padua, was author of treatises 
 on medical electricity, — on the force of ima- 
 gination on pregnant women, — discourses on 
 jdulosophy, bcc. — and died at Padua 1779. 
 
 Br A XCH TV I, Francis, a native of Yeronfl, 
 illustrious not oidy for his universal barniyg, 
 but the establishment of the Alethofdl socie- 
 ty in his native town, whose pursuits were «li» 
 rccted to physical and mathematical sub- 
 jects. He was patronised by pope Alexan- 
 der VIII. and l)y his succes.sors, and received 
 |)ul)lic marks of respect from llie lioman se- 
 nate. He died 2d March 1720, aged C7. 
 The peojile of A erona honored bis luemoi'y 
 by setting a bust of him in liieir cathedral. 
 His works were in Italian and chiefly on an- 
 tiquities, such as Pala/zo di Cesari, — and in- 
 scrizzioni sepolcrali dellu easa di Augu.slo, 
 fol. 1727, besides pieces of poetry and elo- 
 quence. His universal history 1G1I7, is high- 
 ly valued, and also his hespheri et phosphori 
 nova phienomena, sive observat. in Veneris 
 planetam. 
 
 BiANCHiNi, Joseph, a Veronese orator, 
 known hy his writings against the helium 
 papale of Thomas James. 
 
 Bianco LEL,Li, Pierre Francois, a play- 
 er of eminence, author of some theatrical 
 pieces, and parodies. He died at Paris 
 1734, aged 53. 
 
 BiARD, Peter, a celebrated sculptor at 
 Paris, who studied at Rome. He died Lt 
 Paris, lfi09, aged 50 years. The best of his 
 pieces was the equestrian statue of Hen- 
 ry IV. 
 
 Bias, one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, florished about 680 B. C. 
 
 BiBiENA, Bernardo de, a Roman of ob- 
 scure origin, but great talents. He was in 
 the service of the Medici family, and by his 
 intrigues promoted the election of Leo X. 
 to the popedom, for which he was made a 
 cardinal and employed in important negoti- 
 ations. He afterwards roused the indigna- 
 tion of his patron, and was poisoned as it is 
 supposed by his directions 1520, aged 50. 
 His Calandra, a comedy, is still held in high 
 esteem in Italy. 
 
 BiBiENA, Ferdinand Galli, known as a 
 painter and architect, was born at Bologna 
 1057. He was patronised by the duke of 
 Parma and the emperor, and the magnifi- 
 cent buildings which were erected according 
 to his plans, shew the superiority of his abil- 
 ities in architecture, and the rules of the 
 perspective. He wrote two books on his 
 art, and died blind 1743, leaving two sons of 
 equal merit, one of whom, J. Galli, wrote 
 the histoiy of the amours of Valeria and 
 Barbarigo. 
 
 BiBLiAXDER, Theodore, a learned ori- 
 entallist, professor of theology at Zurich, 
 published an edition of the koran, some 
 commentaries on scripture, &c. He died of 
 the plague 1564, aged 05. His real name 
 was Bouchman. 
 
 BiciiAT, Marie Francis Xavier, a pupil 
 of Petit at Lyons, who came to Paris, and, 
 under the instruction and patronage of De- 
 sault, was appointed medical professor at 
 the Hotel J)ieu. He is author of a treatise 
 on the membranes — recherches physiologi- 
 ques sur la vie kla mort, Svo. 1799 — besides 
 memoirs in the collection of the n\edical so- 
 
^I 
 
 BI 
 
 cietv', and an elogc on Jiis friend Desauit, in 
 the 4th vol. of the journal de chirurgie. He 
 died 1802, aged 31. 
 
 BiDDLEj.iohn, wasbornat Wotton-undcr- 
 Edge, (iloucestershire, and was educated at 
 tlie grammar school there, and patronised 
 l)y lord Berkeley. He entered at ^lagdalen- 
 Ijail, Oxford, and after he had taken Ins de- 
 gree of M. A. he was elected master of the 
 free school of St. Mary de Crypt, in Glou- 
 cester, but his refusal to acknowledge the 
 divinity of the Holy Ghost, interrupted his 
 success and j^opularity, and drew upon him 
 accusations of heresy. The firmness with 
 •wliich he supported his opinions roused the 
 vengeance of his enemies, but thouiCfS he 
 was liberated from prison by his friends, he 
 ■was still unwilling to yield to the arguments 
 •which archbishoj) Usher, in his way through 
 Gloucester, kindly used to remove his doubts 
 and effect a reconciliation. He was sum- 
 moned to appear before the parliament at 
 Westminster, but the 1'2 arguments and 
 othc-i' things vvhich he published as a crite- 
 rion of his faith, instead of liberating him, 
 exposed him to greater persecution, and the 
 assembly of divines, to whom his cause had 
 "been referred, solicited the commons, and 
 an ordinance was passed, to punish with 
 death such as denied the received doctrine 
 of the Trinity. In the struggle for power 
 ■which divided the commons, Biddle pro- 
 cured his release, and passed some time in 
 Staffordshire, till Serjeant Bradshaw, jealous 
 of his liberty, recalled him to London, 
 where he was again confined with greater 
 severity. To the horroi's of a prison M^ere 
 added those of povert)^, but Biddle was a 
 man of learning, and he earned a subsistence 
 by correcting the septuagint bible, in the 
 publications of which Roger Daniel, a Lon- 
 don printer, Avas employed. By the gen- 
 eral obli\ion act of 1654, Biddle recovered 
 Iiis liberty, but a fresh publication again ex- 
 posed him to tJie rigor of Cromwell's parlia- 
 ment, and at last the protector, incited by 
 the intrigues of Griffin, an anabaptist, who 
 had experienced the superior powers of his 
 antagonist in theological disputes, gave or- 
 ders for his banishment to St. Mary's castle, 
 in the isles of Scilly, in 1055, where he con- 
 tinued three years. On tlie restoration, 
 •when the liberty of dissenters was abridged, 
 Biddle, who as a minister, expounded his 
 doctrines in private as well as in public, was 
 seized and dragged before a njagistrate. He 
 was fined 100/. and his hearers 20/. each, but 
 -from his inability to pay, he was detained, 
 nnd after 15 weeks of confinement, a sudden 
 disease came to put an end to his sufferings 
 i22d September, 1662, in his 47th year. He 
 was buried in Old Betblem churcli-yard, 
 Moorfields, and his life has been ])ublishc(l 
 by Mr. Farrington of the Inner Temple, 
 who extols his piety and his exemplary mo- 
 rals. 
 
 BiDi.oo, Go(}frey, a native of Amster- 
 dam, eminent as a physician and an anato- 
 mical writer. He was professor at the 
 Hague, and afterwards at Leyden, and phy- 
 sician to king William, Mhom he attended 
 
 , in England. He died at Leyden, April 1713. 
 aged 64. Some of his poems in Low Dutch 
 Merc published in 1719. His great work is 
 anatomia corporis hamani, Amsterdam, 
 1GS5, foiio. 
 
 BiE, Adrian de, a portrait painter, born 
 at Liere 1591. He settled at Itome, where 
 he met with great encouragement. His 
 architectural pieces were also admired. 
 
 BiEFiELu, James Frederick baron de, 
 a native of Hamburgh, employed by the 
 king of Prussia as secretary of legation, and 
 afterwards as preceptor to his brother, Fer- 
 dinand, and in 1747, made curator of the 
 universities, and afterwards baron and privy 
 counsellor. He spent the last part of his 
 life in literary retirement, and died at Al- 
 i tembourg, 5th April, 1770, aged 53. He is 
 author of several works not highly esteem- 
 ed. Tliey are political institutions, three 
 vols. 8vo. — progress of the Germans in belles 
 lettres, 8vo. — familiar letters, or universal 
 erudition translated into English — dramatic 
 amusements, &c, 
 
 BiELKE, N. baron de, a Swedish gentle- 
 man, engaged in the conspiracy of Anker- 
 stroem, against the Swedish king. When 
 interrogated, he refused to accuse his associ- 
 ates, and swallowed poison Avhich he had 
 concealed about him, and died 1792, aged 50. 
 
 BiEXNE, John, an eminent printer of 
 Paris. He died 1588. 
 
 BiERVE, N. marechal, marquis de, a 
 Frenchman well known for his ready wit, 
 and great facetiousness. He wrote two plays 
 which possess considerable merit — les re- 
 putations, 8c le seducteur. He died at Spa, 
 where he had retired for the benefit of the 
 waters, 1789, aged 42. He i»3 author of the 
 distich on courtezans. 
 Quid faciesy fades Veneris cum veneris^ 
 
 ante ? 
 JVe sedeas ? sed eas lie pereas per eas.—~ 
 
 BiE^, Oudard du, a native of Artois, in 
 the service of Francis I. His great bravery 
 and unusual presence of mind in the field of 
 battle, recommended him highly to the pub- 
 lic favor. After being disgraced for surren- 
 dering Boulogne, he was restored to his 
 rank, and died at Paris 1553. 
 
 BiEZELiNGEN, Christian Jans Van, a 
 portrait painter, boru at Delft. He died 
 1600, aged 42. 
 
 B I FIELD, Nicholas, minister of St. Pe- 
 ter's, Chester, and afterwards vicar of Isle- 
 worth, was a devout and zealous advocate of 
 Christianity, both in the pulpit and in his 
 writings. He died 1622, aged 44. 
 
 BiGXE, Grace de la, of Bayeux, accom- 
 panied king .lohn to Erigland, after the bat- 
 tle of Poictiers. He wrote " le Roman des 
 oiscaux," a poem for the instruction of the 
 king's son. He died about 1374. His name 
 is sometimes written Vigne. 
 
 BiGNE, Marguerin de la, of the same 
 family as the preceding, was doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and eminent as a man of letters. 
 Besides harangues and sermons, he publish- 
 ed a bihliotheca patrum, an useful collection 
 in eight vols, folio, edited also in 16 vols. foT. 
 He gave up his benefices in his native town 
 
BI 
 
 131 
 
 of Bayeux, rather than support a law-suit, 
 and retired to literary pursuits at Paris, 
 wliere iie died about 1591. 
 
 BiGNicouKT, Simou de, a counsellor of 
 Rheiins, eminent for his knowledge of au- 
 tient and modern literature. His " pensees 
 & reflections philosoidiiques," are much 
 esteemed. He wrote, besides epigrams and 
 short poems, in French and Latin, none of 
 which exceed '20 lines, in a style of such 
 neatness and elegance, that he has been com- 
 pared to Catullus. He died at liheims, 1775, 
 aged GG. 
 
 liiGNON, Jerome, was born at Paris, and 
 otlucated by his father. His progress was 
 so rapid, and his abilities so maturely dis- 
 played, that at tbe age of 10 he published 
 his'description of the holy land, and at the 
 age of 14, his treatise on the election of tlie 
 popes. He was noticed by Henry IV. and 
 obtained a place at court ; but after his 
 deaLli, he travelled into Italy, w here lie re- 
 ceived many proofs of esteem from pope 
 Paul V. On his return he devoted lumself 
 to the bar, and with such success, that he 
 was nominated counsellor of state and advo- 
 cate general in the parliament of Paris. He 
 likewise distinguished himself as a politician, 
 lie was consulted by queen Anne of Austria 
 during her regency, he assisted at the com- 
 pletion of the treaty with Holland in 1G49, 
 regulated the succession of Mantua, and 
 concluded the allance with the Hans towns 
 in 1654. He died seTenth April 1G56, aged 
 6G, of an asthma. 
 
 Bigot, Emeri, a native of Rouen, known 
 for his learning, and for his exemplary man- 
 ners. He was very intimate with the lear- 
 ned men of his age, such as Menage, Niclio- 
 las Heinsius, and others, and he liberally as- 
 sisted his friends in their publications. He 
 publislied the life of St. Chrysostom by Palla- 
 di, discovered by him in the grand duke's 
 library at Florence, and died 1089, at Rou- 
 en, aged 64. 
 
 Bir.DERBEK, Christopher Laurent, a 
 Hanoverian lawyer who translated into Ger- 
 man, Abbadie's treatise of tlie truth of the 
 Christian religion. He died 1749. 
 
 BiLFiNGER, George Bernard, a native 
 of Canstadt, professor of pliilosopliy at Pe- 
 tersburg, and afterwards of theology at Tu- 
 bingen, and know n for his valuable treatise 
 called " Dilucidationes philosoph. de dco, 
 aniina humana, mundo, 5cc." He died 1750, 
 aged 57. It is remarked that he, like all his 
 family, was born with 12 fingers and 12 toes. 
 
 BiLLAUT, Adam, a joiner of Ncvers, 
 known by the name of Maitre Adam. He 
 possessed great abilities as a poet, and he 
 had the good sense and fortitude to prefer 
 his obscure residence at Nevers, to a magni- 
 ficent dwelling at Versailles. His " Chevil- 
 les," his " Villebrci[uin, and his " rabot," 
 deservedly procured him fame, and he re- 
 ceived a pension from Richelieu, and from 
 the duke of Orleans. He w as intimate with 
 the poets of iiis age, and displayed great vir 
 vacity and spirit in his verses, though it can- 
 not be ^u^rpvising to find some dull and frivo- 
 
 lous lines from the pen of a man who cultr* 
 vattd the muses wiih the tools of a joiner iu 
 his hand. He died at Nevers IGG'2. 
 
 i}i I.I.I, Jacques de, was born at Guise, in 
 Picardy, and distingiiishcd himself by his 
 le;irning, and his po»tical pieces. \l<t traris- 
 latetl several of llie (jreek fathers into Latiu 
 with spirit and accuracy, and wrote observa- 
 tions on the scriptures. He died 25th De- 
 cember, 1581, aged 47. Chatard wrote his 
 Hfe, 1582. 
 
 BiLi.i, Jacques de, a Jesuit of Compicg- 
 ne, author of opus astronomicon, and other 
 esteemed mathematical works. He died at 
 Dijon 1679, aged 77. 
 
 BiLLiNGSLEY, Heurj", a native of Can- 
 terbury, educated at Oxford. Instead of 
 pursuing his studies he became a haber<iash- 
 er in London, and not only acquired great 
 opulence, but rose to tlie highest honors of 
 the city. He was elected sherifi", alderman, 
 and, in 1598 lord mayor of London, when he 
 i-eceived the honor of kniglithood. His hos- 
 pitable reception of Whitehead the mathe- 
 matician turned his attention to geometry, 
 and by the assistance of this poor inmate he 
 became so skilled in mathematics that he 
 published the first English translation of Eu- 
 clid's elements, with learned annotations 
 1570, folio, for which a preface was written 
 by Dr. Dee. Sir Henry died 1606. 
 
 BiLLiONT, N. Bussa, a celebrated ac- 
 tress, born at Nancy. From her very youth 
 she showed great talents as a singer, and as 
 she grew up she was deservedly applauded 
 on tljc theatres of Brussels and of France. 
 Her husband Biilioni, was ballet-master of 
 the Italian operas at Paris. She died much 
 regretted 17S3, aged 52. 
 
 BiLSOx, Thomas, a native of Winchester, 
 educated at tiie college there, and at New 
 college, Oxford. He early iMstinguished 
 himself as a poet, but when he entered into 
 orders, he applied himself totally to divinity, 
 and met witii sucli success in his professioa 
 tlsat he gradually became master of Win- 
 chester school, afterwards warden of the 
 college, in 1590 bishop of Worcester, and 3 
 years after of W^inchester. He was eloquent 
 as a preacher, and in the pulpit and by his 
 writings he successfully maintained the pro- 
 testant religion against the attacks of bigots 
 and puritans, and deserved the esteem of 
 Elizabeth and her successor. He was en- 
 gaged in all the theological disputes of the 
 times, he assisted in the revision of the bible, 
 and as a delegate he pronounced the famous 
 divoi'ce between Devercux earl of Essex 
 and lady Frances Howard in 1C13. He died 
 18th June, 1616, and was buried in Westmin- 
 ster-abbey. He published a treatise of the 
 dill'erence between christian subjection and 
 unchristian rebellion, dedicated to Elizabeth 
 1585, and anolher in 159.3, on the perpetual 
 government of Christ's church. 
 
 Bingham, Joseph, was born at Wake- 
 field in Yorkshire, September 16G8, and af- 
 ter receiving his education at the grammar 
 school there, he entered at University col- 
 lege, Oxford. His attention was directed to 
 
BI 
 
 BI 
 
 the sUidy of the fathers, and -vvhen he had 
 heard the doctrine of the Trinity attacked 
 in the university pulpit, he took occasion 
 when he preached before that learned body, 
 28th October ir)95, to explain in an elaborate 
 and diffuse manner the three witnesses men- 
 tioned by St. John. The discourse drew up- 
 on him the severest censures, so that he was 
 obliged to give up the fellowship which he i 
 held at University college, and retired to 
 Headboiirne-worth}-, a living in Hampshire, 
 ■which the friendship of Dr. Radclilfe con- \ 
 ferred upon him. The displeasure of the 
 university did not however break his spirits, ' 
 he continued his subject in two discourses 
 before the clergy of Winchester with the 
 gi^neral approbation, and lie vindicated hh 
 conduct by printing the offensive sermons, 
 with a copious preface. Though fixed upon 
 a small living with contracted circumstances, 
 and the father often children, he continued 
 his studies with indefatigable application, 
 and procured from the cathedral libi^ary of 
 Winchester those valuable books which his 
 own small collection could notturnish, in the 
 prosecution of that learned and valuable 
 work which he published in ten volumes 8vo. 
 and two volumes folio called " Origines ec- 
 clesiasticce," His diligence at last was re- 
 warded by sir Jonathan Trelawney, bishop 
 of Winchester, who gave him the living at 
 liavant near Portsmouth, hut the prospects 
 of an improving fortune were suddenly 
 overcloudcil by the south-sea bubble. Under 
 this heavy misfortune he preserved his usual 
 serenity of mind, his literary ]»urb"aits were 
 dii'ected to the improvement of his Origines 
 w hieh have deservedly extended his fame, 
 by being circulated widely on the continent, 
 and translated into Latin. As his constitu- 
 tion had suffered much by his sedentai'v life, 
 he was prematurely snatched a^ay, 17th 
 May 1723, in his 55th year. He m as buried 
 at Headbourne-worthy, but no monument, 
 according to his desires, marks the spot 
 where his remains are deposited. He pub- 
 lished aho a scholastic history of lay baptism 
 and other works. Only two sons and four 
 daughters survived him, thereof the daugh- 
 ters died single, and the fourth mar- 
 ried a gentleman of Hampshire. The eldest 
 son republished his father's books for the 
 use of the booksellers, and his sou Avas pre- 
 sented to the living of Havant in considera- 
 tion of his grandfather's gi'eat merits by 
 bishop Lowth, whose letter, whilst it com- 
 memorates the virtues of a learned and ex- 
 emplary man, reflects the highest honor on 
 the patron and the prelate. 
 
 Bingham, Joseph, second son of the 
 preceding, was educated at the Charter 
 house, and at Corpus Christi, Oxford, where 
 he prematurely died at the age of 2'2, in 
 consequence of excessive application. He 
 promised in his early 3'ears to display all the 
 learning and virtues of his father, so that he 
 had linished, except the preface, a valuable 
 edition ol: the Theban story, which was pub- 
 lished after his <leath. He wa5 buried in the 
 cloisters of Corpus. 
 
 Binning, Hugh, was born in Ayrshire, 
 and educated at Glasgow, where he became 
 professor of moral philosophy. As minister 
 of Govan, he distinguished himself by his 
 eloquence in the pulpit, and his amiable 
 manners. He died of a consumption 1054, 
 aged 29. His tracts, sermons, bcc. were 
 published in 4to, 1735. 
 
 BiCERNSTAHL, a learned professor of 
 the oriental languages at Upsal, was a native 
 of liotarbo in Sudermania. He visited Eu- 
 rope with his pupils, the sons of baron Rud- 
 bek, and afterwards travelled to Turkey, by 
 order of the king of Sweden. He died at 
 Salonica, 12th July, !779. His entertaining 
 letters, written in Swedish during his tra- 
 vels, published 1778, in three vols. 8vo, have 
 been translated, with the continuation pub- 
 lished in 1781, into German by Groskurd, 
 Leipsic, 1779 and 1781, in six vols. 8vo. 
 
 Biox, a Greek poet of Smyrna, B. C- 
 28U. His Idylls are held in high and de- 
 served estimation. 
 
 Biox, a Scythian philosophel', the disci- 
 ple of Crates, and afterwards of Theophras- 
 tus, about 246 B. C. 
 
 Biox, Nicholas, author of an excellent 
 work on the construction of mathematical 
 instruments, translated into English, one vol. 
 fol. and of a treatise on the use of the globes, 
 in 4to. was an able engineer and mathemati- 
 cian, who died at Paris 1733, aged 81. 
 
 BioxDi, Francis, a native of Liesena in 
 Dalmatia, introduced by sir Henry Wootton 
 to the favor of James, who patronised him, 
 and also knighted him. He wrote a valuable 
 history of the civil wars of the houses of 
 \ork and Lancaster in Italia-n, translated 
 into English, by Henry Carey, earl of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 BioNDO, Flavio, latine Blondus. vid. 
 Blondus. 
 
 BiRAGUE, Clement, an engraver of Mi- 
 lan, said to be the first m ho discovered the 
 means of engraving diamonds, of which he 
 gave a specimen in the portraits of don Car- 
 los. He lived at the court of Philip H. of 
 Spain. 
 
 BiRAGUE, Rene de, a native of Milan, 
 who escaped from tlie vengeance of Lewis 
 Sforza into France, and became a favorite 
 at the court of Charles IV". who made him 
 keeper of the seals, and chancellor of the 
 kingdom 1573. He was made a cardinal by 
 Gregory XIII. at the request of Henry III. 
 He was concerned in the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew, and died 1582, aged 74, little 
 respected, from the servility and jierfidious- 
 ncss of his character. One of the same fa- 
 mily distinguished himself as a general in the 
 waA's of Italy, especially in the capture of 
 Carde, a fortress of Piedmont. 
 
 Birch, Thomas, son of a quaker, coffee- 
 mill maker, was born in the parisli of St. 
 John, Clerkenwell, 23d November 1705. 
 His fondness for learning was so great, that 
 rather than follow the profession of his fa- 
 ther, he determined to depend upon his omu 
 exertions for subsistence, and therefore he 
 becume assistant at Ucinelllampstcad school. 
 
BI 
 
 BI 
 
 Avhcrc he received lus education, nnd afler- 
 ivards in t«o otliei- estuhlishnients, all kept 
 by quakers. lie maiTied in 17'2S, but bis 
 happiness was sof)n interrupted l)y the death 
 oliiis wife in cliild-bed, aiul the poij^uaiicy of 
 liis grief was feelinj^ly cxpfcbsed in some 
 beautiful lines. His disserlion of the te- 
 nets of tlie quakers was folbiwcd by his or- 
 dination by the bishop of Salisbury, and he 
 quickly passed, by the favor and patronage 
 of the Ilardwicke family, into the posses- 
 sion ol several benefiees, tiie last of whicJi 
 were the rectory (»f J)epden in Essex, and 
 St. Margaret I*allens and St. (iabriel, Fen- 
 churcli-slreet, London. He died by a fall 
 from his horse between London anil Ilamp- 
 stead, Ofh January, 1760, though it was 
 conjectureQ <»i;it jjis previous indisposition 
 and lowness of spu.v, brought on an apoplexy, 
 which caused his death. He Iimi been ho- 
 nored M itii the degree of b. \j i^y tbe Ma- 
 rischal college of Aberdeen, and \jj i{erring 
 the primate. In his private characLcc. 
 Birch was friendly, communicative, and un- 
 affected, and as a Avriter he possessed un- 
 usual activity and solid judgment. His 
 knowledge of Greek was not considerable, 
 but French and Latin he thoroughly under- 
 stood; and though not particulai'ly distin- 
 guished for general information, his accu- 
 racy as a modern historian is very great. 
 His publications are voluminous, the best 
 known of which are the general dictionary, 
 &c. in 10 vols. fol. in conjunction with Ber- 
 nard and Lockman — heads of illustrious 
 persons of Great-Bi'itain, &c. two vols. fol. 
 — memoirs of the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
 two vols. 4to. — History of the royal society, 
 &c. four vols. 4to. 1756.— Thurloe's state 
 papers, &c. besides lives of Boyle, Tillotson, 
 prince Henry, kc. and an inquiry into the 
 share which Charles L had in lord Glamor- 
 gan's transactions, &ic. <Svo. 1747, kc. He 
 was fellow of the antiquarian and royal so- 
 cieties, and secretary of the last. He left 
 his books and manuscripts to the British 
 museum, of which he was a trustee, and he 
 gave 500/. to increase the salary of the li- 
 brarians of that noble institution. 
 
 Bird, William, knoM'n for his excellent 
 musical compositions, was according to some 
 conjectures employed in king Edward Vl's 
 chapel, and afterwards he became organist 
 of Lincoln cathedral. Few particulars are 
 known of his life, though it is ascertained 
 that he died the 4th July, 1623, aged 80, 
 leaving a son Thomas, educated in the same 
 profession. 
 
 BiREN^, John Ernest, a person of mean 
 birth, noticed by Anne, dutchess dowager 
 of Courland, and raised by her when eleva- 
 ted to the Russian throne to the highest dig- 
 nities. As the favorite minister of the em- 
 press his conduct was violent and tyrannical, 
 not less than 20,000 persons were capricious- 
 ly exiled by him to Siberia, but still he con- 
 tmued in power, and was by his mislress 
 made duke of Courland in 1737. On the 
 death of the empress he assumed the reins 
 of government agreeable to her will, but an 
 TOL. I. (15 
 
 insurrection of the nobles in 1740 prcvnilt-d 
 against him, and ibc sentence of death v as 
 exchanged for banishment into Siberia. Mi; 
 was recalled by Peter iH. and restored to 
 fiivor by (!:itherine. He resigned bis honors 
 ai duke of Courland to Uii son in 1700, and 
 «licd three years after. 
 
 Hini VGCoccio, or Hi k i \f;ci;cci, Van- 
 muccio, an able mathematician of Italy, au- 
 thor of a treatise on the art of fusing and of 
 casting metals ff)i- cannon, Sec. called l*ir')- 
 technia, publishetl in 4to. Ii4(», Venice, and 
 often re-printed. 
 
 Birkenhead, Sir John, born at North- 
 wich, Cheshire, was servitor at Oriel col- 
 lege, under Humphrey Lloyd, by whom he 
 was recommended to Lam), who made bini 
 his secretary, and procured him a fellowship 
 of All Souls. When Charles L came to Ox- 
 ford, Birkenhead sui)ported the royal cause 
 by his writings, and when he was at last ex- 
 pelled from the professorship of moral phi- 
 losophy by the republicans, he buried from 
 an oija«ui.p retreat in London all the shafts 
 of his satire agamst his persecutors. After 
 the restoration he was created doctor of laws 
 by the universit}', elected member for Wil- 
 ton, and knighted, and appointed master of 
 requests. His popularity as a courtier drew 
 upon him the censures of jealousy, and Wood 
 is among those who detract his character. 
 Diyden however, Langbaine, and Winstan- 
 ley, speak of him in the highest terms. He 
 died fourth of December 1679, aged 64, and 
 was interred in St. Martin's in the fields. 
 His writings were chiefly political pamphlets 
 and satirical poems. 
 
 BiRON, Armand de Gonrault baron de, a 
 native of Perigord, who was for some time 
 page to queen Margaret of Navarre, and 
 rose through all the gradations of the army 
 to the rank of marechal de France, 1577. 
 He distinguished himself in the wars of Italy, 
 and in the service of Henry III. and IV. and 
 was engaged in the battles of Dreux, St. Den- 
 nis, and Sloncontour. He was commander 
 in seven battles, and he received seven hono- 
 rable wounds. He was defeated by the duke 
 of Parma, when lie went to the Low coun- 
 tries to assist the duke of Alencon, and he 
 was at last killed by a cannon ball at the siege 
 of Epernai, in 1592, aged 6S. His liumanity 
 was displayed at the massacre at St. Bartho- 
 lomew, when he saved several of liis friends. 
 His commentaries on the campaigns in which 
 he was engaged are lost. 
 
 BiRON, Charles de Gonrault due de, son 
 of the preceding, was admiral and marechal 
 of France, and a favorite of Henry IV. who 
 made liim a iluke, and sent him as his am- 
 bassador to Englanil and other courts. He 
 distinguished himself highly in the civil wars 
 of France, but his atten»pts to league against 
 his master, with Savoy and Spam, proved 
 his ruin. He was discovered and beheailcd 
 31st Julv, 1602. His love of pleasure and 
 gaming is said to have produced those fatal 
 steps to which lie fell a sacrifice. 
 
 BisCAiNo, Bartholomew, a painter of 
 Genoa, who died 16J7, at tiie early age of 
 
BL 
 
 BL 
 
 25, Avlicn his diesigns promised the highest 
 eminence and celebrity iu his profession. 
 
 BiscHOP, John de, a painter, horn at 
 the Hague. His landscapes and historical 
 ]>ieces were lield in high estimation for taste, 
 judgment, and correctness. He died 1686, 
 aged 40. Another called Cornelius, was 
 niso eminent in history and in landscape. 
 He was one of Dol's pupils, and he died 
 1074. 
 
 Bishop, Samuel, M. A. an English poet, 
 horn in London 1731, and educated at Mei'- 
 chant taylors' school, and St. John's college, 
 Cxford, of which he became, fellow. He 
 nfterwards was appointed head master ot 
 Alerchant tajior's school, and obtained the 
 livings of St. Martin Outwich, London, and 
 Ditton, Surrey. Hediedl79.T. His poems, 
 which are on light sulyects, and in a pleasing 
 and elegant style, were published in two 
 vols. 4to. and tM o vols. 8vo. w ith his life pre- 
 fixed. 
 
 Bisi, Bonaventure, a painter of Bologna, 
 ■who died 1662. His works on histoi-ioaJ sub- 
 jects, and also his miniatures, ^vere much and 
 deservedlv admired. 
 
 BissEF, Charles, M.I), at St. Andrews, 
 was author of an essay on fortifications and 
 of some medical tracts. He served in Flan- 
 ders as an engineer, till the peace 1748, and 
 three years after settled at Skelton, in York- 
 shire, where he resumed the practice of 
 physic, to which he had formerly attended. 
 He died at Knayton, near Thirsk, jNlay 
 17yi, aged 75. He wrote an essay on the 
 theory and construction of fortification, 8vo. 
 1753 — a treatise on the scurvy, 8vo. 1775 — 
 an essay on the medical constitution of Great 
 Britain, 8vo. 1702. 
 
 BissET, Robert, a miscellanous author, 
 master of an academy in Sloane-street, Chel- 
 sea. He wrote a sketch of democracy, 1796, 
 Svo. — a life of Edmund Burke, 8vo. — a valua- 
 hle composition, 2 vols. 8vo. — history of the 
 reign of George HI. — an edition of the Spec- 
 tator — memoirs of living authors, &c. This 
 laborious writer was a native of Scotland, 
 and received his education at Edinbuigh, 
 where he took his degree of L. L. D. after 
 which he settled in London. It is supposed 
 that his death was hastened hy the ruined 
 state of his pecuniary affairs, and that he 
 fell a victim to a broken heart, l4th May, 
 X8()5, aged 46, 
 
 BiTOX, a mathematician, who florished 
 ahout 340, B. C. 
 
 BizoT, Peter, canon of St. Savior d'He- 
 risson in Bourges, is author of the valuable 
 Histoire med.dliquc de la Hollande, the best 
 edition of which is that of Vanloom, 1732, 5 
 vols, folio. He died 1696, aged 66. 
 
 Bl^^EI,IvI, John, an historical portrait 
 painter, disciple of Bronzino. He died at 
 Rome 1612, aged 50. 
 
 Mt.ACK, Joseph, a celehrated chemist 
 horn of English parents at Bourdeaux, 1728. 
 lie was educated at Belfast and Glasgow, 
 uhere he took his degree of M. D. in 1754. 
 His abilities were such that he early obtained 
 the professorship of anatomy, which he soon 
 
 resigned that he might more zealously de ' 
 vote himself to chemical pursuits. In 1776 
 he succeeded Dr. Cullen in the professorial 
 chair of chemistiy at Edinburgh, and became 
 distinguished by the superior excellence of 
 his lectures and the number of his pupils. 
 He died 26th November 1799. He was au- 
 thor of a treatise de acido a cibis orto, an in- 
 augural dissertation, on his taking his doc- 
 tor's degree — experiments on magnesia and 
 quicklime — observations on the ready freez- 
 ing of boiled water, inserted in the philoso- 
 phical transactions — analysis of boiling water 
 in Iceland, in the Edinburgh memoirs — lec- 
 tures on the elements of chemistry, edited 
 by Dr. Kobison, 2 vols. 4to. 1803. 
 
 Bi>ACKBURN, William, eminent "» an ar- 
 chitect and surveyor, was h^^n December 
 20th, 1750, in South wf>-^- His native genius 
 overcame the di^-'^^'^^tages of a contracted 
 education, a^^^ *^^ obtained a medal from the 
 royal p-^'^'emy, and the more flattering com- 
 mendation of sir Joshua Reynolds, for the 
 best drawing of St. Stephen's church, Wal- 
 brook. He acquired reputation in business, 
 and when an act was passed in 1779, for the 
 erection of penitentiary houses, to contaiu 
 600 males and 300 females, his plans were 
 approved by the three supervisors, and re- 
 warded with 100 guineas, and he was ap- 
 pointed to superintend the building, which 
 however was suspended for a time by govern- 
 ment. The design, though abandoned, was 
 not lost, the country was awakened to convert 
 the confinement of culprits to useful labor and 
 to reformation of morals, and several prisons 
 were erected on Blackburn's plan. This in- 
 genious artist did not long enjoy the favors of 
 the public, he died at Preston on his way to 
 Scotland 28th October 1790, in his 40th year, 
 and his remains were interred in Bunhill- 
 fields. He was a dissenter, but his manners 
 conciliated the esteem of all ranks, and it is 
 sufficient to say in his praise that he was the 
 friend and the frequent correspondent of 
 Howard. Besides plans for penitentiary hou- 
 ses, Mr. Blackburn drew elegant plans for 
 villas and mansion houses, &c. and likewise 
 three designs for Hackney new church. He 
 left a widow and four children. 
 
 Blackburne, Francis, a native of Rich- 
 mond, Yorkshire, educated at Hawkshead 
 and Sedburgh scliools, and admitted 1722, at 
 Catherine-hall, Cambridge. He was promo- 
 ted in 1739 to the living of Richmond, and 
 as chaplain to Hutton, archbishop of York, 
 he obtained a prebend in his cathedral and 
 the archdeaconry of Cleveland. Though 
 thus supported by the ch'trch, he was not 
 partial to her doctrines, and he favored with 
 some degree of fondness the tenets of the 
 dissenters, as appears from his confessional 
 in 1766, published anonymously, but so popu- 
 lar as to reach a third edition. He w^rote also 
 a view of the controversy concerning the in- 
 termediate state of the soul, &c. in which he 
 asserted, that the soul sleeps in an uncon- 
 scious state till the resurrection. On the 
 death of Dr. Chandler, of the dissenting con- 
 gregation in the Old Jewry, 1776, Black-r 
 
BL 
 
 ?>L 
 
 burnc, whose sentiments were well known 
 to b«; iinfricrully to i\>e cstablislinient, was 
 invited to succeed, wliieli however he re- 
 fused. He dietl at llichinon«l, 17H7. lie 
 pul)lishe(l some oilier w(»rks, all collected to- 
 gether, lately edileii in vols. Svo. 
 
 IJi.ACKHALL, Oilsiuiii^, 1). 1). was horn 
 in London, and educated at Catluiinc-hall, 
 Canihridtjo. He Ijecaiue rector of St. Mary, 
 Aldermanbury, London, chaplain to kintj 
 William, and in 1707 bishop of Kxeter. He 
 <lied iJUth Novendier 1710, and was buried 
 in his cathedral. He was a popular jjreach- 
 er, and as a writer he accjuire*! conse<iuencc, 
 by his sermons at Boyle's lecture, and his 
 defence of Charles 1. as autlior of Icon ]Ja- 
 silike ai^aiiiSt the attacks of Toland. He 
 was an able scholar and an acute divine, 
 orthodo.v in his principles, and charitable in 
 Iiis character ; though some have accused 
 him of opposition to the revolution, so that 
 it is asserted, that he refused for two years 
 to take the oath of allegiance to king Wil- 
 liam. His works have been published in two 
 vols, folio, 1723. 
 
 Black LOCK. Thomas, son of a bricklay- 
 er, of Annan in Scotland, was deprived of 
 his eye-sight by the small-pox about 1721, 
 before he was six months old. This great 
 misfortune was relieved by the kindness of 
 his father, and the assiduities of his friends. 
 His mind was cultivated and improveu by 
 the books which M'ere rerd to him, and so 
 strong were the powers of his understanding 
 that at the age of twelve he Arrote ai small 
 poem not devoid of beauty and elegance. 
 ■ The loss of his father, w ho was unfortunate- 
 ly crushed to death by the falling of a kiln 
 upon him, left him in his 19th year destitute 
 of friends and society ; but however, the 
 kindness of Dr. Stevenson of Edinburgh 
 was extended to him ; he was placed at 
 a grammar school, and soon became ac- 
 quainted with the French, and the best 
 Greek and Latin authors. The rebellion 
 of 1745 interrupted for a while his lite- 
 rary pursuits, but after spending some time 
 at Glasgow lie returned to Edinburgh, and 
 after studying ten years in the university, he 
 acquired the fame of a polite scholar and an 
 elegant poet. His poems were published 
 and universally admired, and though mis- 
 fortune might in the apprehension of an in- 
 fidel have clouded his thoughts with distrust 
 and dissati-sfaction, that the book of nature 
 was shut upon him, we admire every where 
 the most sublime piety, resignation to the 
 will of providence, and that tranciuillity and 
 contentment of mind, which were most fully 
 exhibited in his private character. By 
 means of Mr. Spence, who began to patro- 
 nise him in 17.i4, Blacklock was placed in an 
 eligible situation in the university of Edin- 
 buigh, his labors were rewarded by an ample 
 sale of his poems, he took orders, and in 1766 
 obtained the degree of 1). U. In 1774 he 
 pu'nlished " the ""Graham," a heroic ballad 
 in four cantocs, and two years after he wrote 
 in opposition to Dr. Price, some remarks on 
 civil liberty. This amiable man, respected 
 
 for tlie great and uncommon powers of his 
 mind, nud the exeniplary conduct of his pri- 
 vate life, died July 17'Jl, aged 7U. l>olh 
 Hume and Sp<;iice have b«;en lavish of llair 
 praises on his cliaractei", and the pcjrtrait iu 
 this instance ilrawn by IVieudship is not (;x- 
 aggerated. He wrote besides consoliitions* 
 deduced from naUiral and revealed religion, 
 Svo. — discourses on ihe spirit, and evidence 
 ot (Jhristianity from the l-'rench, 8vo. kc. 
 
 IJlackmoue, sir Jiicliard, from a i)ri' 
 vatc school passed to \\ estmin.ster and Ed- 
 mund-it.ili, Oxford, and after visiting Italy, 
 took his degrees in physic, at I'adua. His 
 early support of the rev«jlution, procured 
 him the \)lace of ])hysician to king William, 
 and the honor of kuightiiood ; but though he 
 ac(juire(l celebrity and opulence in a medi- 
 cal character, he courted popularity as a 
 votary of the muses. Dryden, however, 
 whom he had oflended in some of his ■« li- 
 lings, treated him with contempt and .scur- 
 rility, and Pope, with more illiberality tliau 
 truth, has also directed the .shafts of his ridi- 
 cule against him, in a passage in the Dun- 
 ciad, on which an annotator has placed these 
 words *' a just character of sir H. Black- 
 more, knight, whose indefatigable muse 
 produced no less than six epic poems. Prince 
 and king Arthur 20 books, Eliza 10, Al- 
 fred 12, the Redeemer six, besides Job in 
 folio, the whole book of psalms, the ci^eatiou 
 seven books, the nature of man three books, 
 and many more." Though thus satirized, 
 Blackmore possessed some merit. Addison 
 spoke with respect of his "Creation," and 
 Dr. Johnson considered it as not unworthy to 
 find a place among the noble efforts of the 
 English mu.se. Besides his poetry, sir 
 Richard wrote some theological tracts, and 
 medical treatises, and maintained in private 
 life a respectable character, and showed 
 liimself at all times a warm advocate foi' vir- 
 tue and morality. He died 9th October, 
 1729. 
 
 Blackstone, sir AViliiam, knt. and L. 
 L. D. son of a silkman, was born in Cheap- 
 side, London, 10th July, 1723, the youngest 
 of four children. He received his education 
 at the Charter-house, and entered at Pem- 
 broke college, Oxford, iu 17.38, and so early- 
 distinguished himself by his application, that 
 at the age of 20 he wrote a treatise called 
 elements of architecture, which, though not 
 Juade public, yet received the applauses of 
 the learned and judicious. He, however, 
 soon quitted the muses, after obtaining 
 Mr. Benson's prize medal for the best 
 verses on Milton, as he has beautifully ex- 
 pressed it in his little poem*' the lawyer's 
 lareweil to his muse," and entered at the 
 Middle Temple in 17iO, to study the law, 
 of which he was to become a luminai-y of 
 the first magnitude. He was elected fellow 
 of All-souls, and contributed highly to the 
 respectability of this society, by improving 
 their estates, and promoting the completion 
 of the Codririgton libi'ary. At the bar he 
 did not rapidly obtain popularity, as he did 
 not possess iu a hi^U degree the graces or 
 
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 the powers of oratory, but his writings dis- 
 played sense and deep penetration, and the 
 lectures which he delivered as Vinerian pro- 
 fessor on the hiws of England, received the 
 most unbounded applause. lu 1761, he was 
 elected member for Hindon, and soon after, 
 on refusing the chief justiceship of the Irish 
 common pleas, he received a patent, with 
 the rank of king's council. In 1768 he w^s 
 chosen member for Westbury, and in 1770 
 he was appointed puisne judge of the king's 
 bench, and soon after of the common pleas, 
 and in this new dignity, supported the cha- 
 racter of an upright magistrate, by legal 
 knowledge and impartial discrimination. His 
 intense application proved destructive to his 
 health, in 1779, about Christmas, he was af- 
 flicted with a shortness of breath, which, 
 though removed, was succeeded with a stu- 
 por tnd insensibility that proved fatal, l4th 
 Feb. 1780, in his .'J6th year. lilackstone 
 Tuarried Sarah, daughter of James Clithe- 
 row, of Boston-house, Middlesex, Esq. ity 
 ivhom he left seven children. In Oxford, 
 •where he was respected and beloved, he hc- 
 cnrac principal of New-in-hall, an office 
 which he resigned with the Vinerian lec- 
 tureship in 17Cfi. The first volume of his 
 raluable commentaries was published in 
 1764, and the three following, in the four 
 succeeding years; and so highly are they 
 esteemed, that the prince may learu in 
 them the extent of his privilege, and the 
 subject ascertain the bulwark of his liberties. 
 This respected lawyer was not, however, 
 without his enemies, when solicitor to the 
 queen, he delivered a speech in parliament, 
 ■which difTered from the positions he had 
 laid down in his lectures, and tlie seeming 
 contradiction Avas severely lashed by an 
 anonymous pamphlet, to which were added 
 afterwards the animadversions of Dr. Fur- 
 iieaux and Dr. Priestley. He published also 
 reflections on the opinions of Pratt, ivlore- 
 ton, and W'ilbraham, respecting lord Lich- 
 field's disqualifications to become chancellor 
 of Oxford, 1759 — the great charter, or char- 
 ter of the forest, 1759 — a treatise on the 
 Jaw of descents and fee-simple — an essaj' on 
 collateral consanguinity occasioned by the 
 disputes about the fellowships of All-souls — 
 considerations on copy-holders, inc. 
 
 Blacksto .VE, John, an apothecary of 
 Loiulon, who died 1753, author ofFasciculus 
 l)lantarum circa Ilarefield, with notes, kc. 
 ]2mo. 1737, — of specimen botanicum, in 
 which he mentions the places in Englaiul 
 where particular plants spontaneously grow, 
 8vo. 1746. 
 
 Blackwall, Anthony, a native of Der- 
 byshire, educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, and elected master of the free school 
 of Derby, and about 18 years after, of that of 
 Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, where he 
 died, eighth of April 1730. He distinguished 
 liiraself as author of a Latin grammar, an<l as 
 editor of Theognis, and publislied an intro- 
 duction to the classics, and in 1725 that uni- 
 versally celebrated work " the sacred classics, 
 defended and illustrated," in one vol. 4to. 
 
 which was followed by a second, six years af- 
 ter. Among the many respectable scholars, 
 whom his abilities and assiduity formed, may 
 be mentioned Richard Dawes, and sirHeniy 
 Atkins, who, as patron of the church of Clap- 
 ham rewarded the attention of a deserving 
 master, by appointing him to the vacant be- 
 nefice in 1726, which he resigned three years 
 after. 
 
 Blackwell, Thomas, was born at 
 Aberdeen, fourth of August 1701, and after 
 studying in the Marischal college, he became 
 1723, Greek professor, and distinguished 
 himself by the eloquence and popularity of 
 his lectures. In 1737 he published anony- 
 mously *' an inquiry into the life and writings 
 of Homer, 8vo," which he afterwards accom- 
 panied with " proofs" or translation of all the 
 notes which he had inserted in the composi- 
 tion. He was appointed in 1748 to be prin- 
 cipal of the college, and was the first clerg)^- 
 mau raised to that dignity, since the forfei- 
 ture of the Marischal family in 1716. At the 
 head ofliis society, he displayed the abihties 
 of the scholar and the politeness of the gen- 
 tleman, the college florished, and its mem- 
 bers were respectable in learning and ia 
 numbers. A consumptive disorder early at- 
 tacked his constitution, and it was increased 
 by voluntary abstemiousness. Too late he 
 wished to recover his health by travelling, 
 but he died at Edinburgh, in his way to 
 South Britain, February 1757, aged 56. His 
 other publications were letters concerning 
 mythology, 174S, and the memoirs of the 
 court of Augustus, in three vols. 4to. — the 
 first of which appeared in 1752, the second 
 1755, and the last, after his death. He left 
 no issue. 
 
 Blackwell, Alexander, a native of 
 Aberdeen, who studied physic at Leyden, 
 under Boerhaave, and attempted without 
 success to practise in his native town, and 
 afterwards in London. From a physician, he 
 became a corrector of the press, and a printer, 
 but he failed; and in 1740, he went to Swe- 
 den, wliere by means of a Swedish noble- 
 man, whose friendship he had cultivated at 
 the Hague, he recommended himself to the 
 public as a physician, and as projector for 
 draining the fens and marshes near the capi- 
 tal. His schemes succeeded, he was applaud- 
 ed by the king and his court, but soon after, 
 being suspected of a conspiracy with count 
 Tessin, he was tortured, and beheaded 9th 
 August, 174S. Blackwell married a lady, 
 daughter of a merchant in the neighbourhood 
 of Aberdeen, who possessed great abilities, 
 and who published a curious herbal, contain- 
 ing 500 cuts of useful plants, taken from the 
 life, kc. two vols, folio, by Elizabeth Black- 
 well, the first volume of which appeared in 
 1737, and the second 1739. 
 
 Blackwood, Adam, a native of Dun- 
 fermline, known as a warm advocate of the 
 unfortunate Mary of Scots. He publislied 
 in 15S7, in French, an account of her mar- 
 tyrdf)m, addressed to tlie princes of Europe. 
 He displayed great virulence in the defence 
 of his benefactress, against Elizabeth, whose 
 
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 illegillmacy he vished to establish, lie rc- 
 sidefl at l*oictiers, and died 1G13, He was 
 eminent as a pott, civilian, and divine. His 
 ■works were printed by Scbasl. (Jraiuoise at 
 Paris, IC44. 
 
 Bi.ADEX, Martin, known as ti-anslalor of 
 Ca;.sar's coiTimentaries, vas a lirntenaut co- 
 lonel oiider the duke of .Marlliorouj;!), and 
 iiiemijer in five parii.imcnts. He \mis cfjuip- 
 ti'ollei" of the mint in 1714, and tlirec yeais 
 after named for envoy to Spain, an appoint- 
 ment wbicli he did n<i( accept, lie died 
 174G. He wrote, besith-s tlie (M'amatic pieces 
 of Orplieus and Eurydice, a masque, an<I 
 Solon, a tragi-comedy, but they are of iufe-, 
 I'ior merit. 
 
 Bi.AEU, or Janssen, William, a learn- 
 ed printer, tlie friend of Tycbo IJrahe, au- 
 thor of a beautiful atlas in three vols, folio, — 
 treatises on the globes, &c. He died iu bis 
 native town, Amsterdaui, 1G38, aged Cu. His 
 sons, John and Cornelius, republished in 
 1C63 his atlas in 14 vols, folio, which is vei*y 
 scarce and valuable, as several copies -were 
 destroyed by a lire which consumed the befit 
 part of their proiierty. 
 
 Blagrave, John, was educated at Head- 
 ing school and St. John's college, ().\ford, 
 and early devoted himself to mathematical 
 pursuits at his seat of Southcote. He pul >- 
 lished four works, the mathematical jew( I, 
 &c. — a treatise on the making of the familiar 
 staft', for the mensuration of altitudes, — the 
 astrolabium uranicum generale, — and the 
 art of dialling, — in which he labored to ren- 
 der more popular and more universally un- 
 derstood all mathematical subjects. He was 
 kn private life of a most benevolent disposi- 
 tion, as he evinced among other things in Ids 
 donations of 10/. to be decided by lot to one 
 of three maids from the three j)arishes of his 
 native town of Heading, Avho had lived for five 
 years in the service of the same family. He 
 died 9th August, 1611, and was buried in St. 
 Lawrence's church, Reading, where a hand- 
 some monument was erected to his memory. 
 
 Blagrave, Joseph, a famous astrologer 
 of Reading, probably related to the preced- 
 ing, author of a supplement to Culpeper's 
 herbal, and of an introduction to astrolog}', 
 &c. He died 1G88. 
 
 Blair, John, chaplain to sir William 
 Wallace, and afterwards to Randolph earl of 
 Murray. He wrote an elegant Latin poem 
 on the death of his first patron, and died in 
 the reign of Robert liruce. 
 
 Blair, James, M. A. a native of Scot- 
 land, who, after being unsuccessful as minis- 
 ter of the episcopal church, came to Eng- 
 land, where he recommended himself to the 
 patronage of Compton, bishop of London, 
 who sent him as a missionary to Virginia in 
 IGS.*;. He displayed so much zeal and ability 
 in this employment, that he was ap[)ointed 
 to the high oHice of commissary, uufl so in- 
 tent Avas he to improve the manners and un- 
 <lerstanding of the colonists, that he raised a 
 subscription, and procured a patent for the 
 erection of a college iu Virginia, of which he 
 was honorably nominated the first president. 
 
 He was also ])rfsident of the c.oimril in \ir- 
 ginia, ."Xiid after jiresiding for near 50 years 
 over his college in the most zealous and ex- 
 emplary mimner, he died in a good «)ld age, 
 174;3. His works were sermons in four vols. 
 Svo. London, I Ti-. 
 
 Hlaiu, I'.'iiiick, a surgeon at IJnndce, 
 who first :ic«[nired some i-epntation by his 
 disseetir)ii of at) eU pliant, the jiarliculai.s of 
 which appeared in the pliilosophicul transac- 
 tions. His attachment to the Stuart family 
 expof^ed him to persecution, he was in 1715 
 imprisoned for his conduct, but upon his li- 
 l)cration came to London, and as a member 
 of tiie royal society gained Konie ]>o])ularily 
 bv his l(;ctur<'S on the .sexes of ])lanls, pub- 
 lished under the name of botanic essays. He 
 afterwards settled at Bfiston in Linrolnshirc 
 as a physician, but he gained greater r( pnta- 
 tion than opulence, by his l*harmacf)-botano- 
 logia, a classical dissertation in ali)habetical 
 oi-rjer, on British indigenous and garden 
 plants, of the new dispensatory, in which he 
 proceeded only as far as the letter H. Some 
 others of his publications appeared in the 
 philosophical transactions. 
 
 Blair, Robert, an eminent poet, eldest 
 son of David B. one of the ministers of Edin- 
 burgh. He was educated at the school and 
 college of his native city, and when admitted 
 to orders was appointed minister of Athel- 
 stanford, East Lotliian, where he spent his 
 life devoted to the sacred offices of his mi- 
 nistry, the labors of literature, and the occa- 
 sional pursuits of botany. In which, from 
 his superior knowledge of the use of the mi- 
 croscope, he was a great proficient. By his 
 wife, daughter of Mr. Law, ])rofessor of mo- 
 ral philosophy at Edinburgh, he had five 
 sons and a daughter. He died 4th Feb. 
 1746, aged 47. The only poem of note 
 which he published is his *' grave," which 
 has ensured him fame and immortality. 
 
 Blair, John, L.L.I), a Scotchman, who, 
 after being educated at Edinburgh, travelled 
 to London with Andrew Henderson, a man 
 of considerable abilities, whom he succeeded 
 in the laborious office of usher in a school in 
 Hedge-lane. In 1754 he published " his chrO' 
 nology and histoay of the world," illustrated 
 with tables, kc." a correct and valuable work, 
 which he rendered still more deserving of ptib- 
 lic patronage in his editions of 1756 and 1768. 
 His literary services happily were not forgot- 
 ten, he was elected fellow of the R. and A. S. 
 appointed chaplain to the princess dowager ol 
 Wales, tutor to the duke of York, and with 
 several other valuable preferments was made 
 prebendary of Westminster. In 1763 and 
 1764, he attended his royal pupil in his tour, 
 and visited Lisbon, (Gibraltar, Minorca, Italy, 
 and several parts of France. He died of the 
 influenza, June 24th, 1782, and no doubt his 
 death was accelerated by the fate of his bro- 
 ther captain Blair, who tell gloriously in the 
 naval battle of the 12th April, 1782, and to 
 whose meritorious services tlie nation have 
 erected a monument. The course of lectures 
 on the canons of the old testament by Dr. 
 Blair, have appeared since his death. 
 
13L 
 
 BL 
 
 Blaiu, Ilugli D. D. a ccle])rated divine, 
 son of a mere hunt, born at Edinburgh, se- 
 venth April 171 S. He vas educated at the 
 high school, and in 1730 was admitted at the 
 University, where application and good con- 
 duct marked his progi-ess in tlie paths of lite- 
 rature. In 1 736 lie took his master's degree, 
 and t« o years after was licensed to preach, 
 and 174'2 was promoted to the parish of Co- 
 lessie, in Fifeshire. His abilities were how- 
 ever loo great to be buried in the obscurity 
 of the country, he was soon after invited to 
 the second charge of the Cannongate church 
 of Edinburgh, and in 1758 he was promoted 
 to the High church, and honored with the 
 degree of D. D. by the sister university of St. 
 Andrew's. In 1759 he appeared bt^fore the 
 public as lecturer in rhetoric and belles let- 
 ires, and with such effect, that the King in 
 17G'2 erected for his encouragement, witii a 
 salary of 70/. a year, a professorship on that 
 branch of literature in the university. His 
 dissertation in support of the authenticity of 
 Ossian's poems, appeared in 17G3, and in 
 1777 he published the first volume of bis 
 sermons, which met with such applause that 
 in 1779 he printed a second volume, and af- 
 terwards three volumes moi'e appeared. 
 These discourses became popular, not only 
 in Scotland and Englan.d, but were translated 
 into foreign languages, and claimed the ad- 
 mii'ation of the learned on the continent. 
 Such services in the cause of religion and 
 virtue did not pass unrewarded, and at the 
 instance of the Queen, to whom the sermons 
 were dedicated, the worthy professor ob- 
 tained a pension of 200Z. a year, whicli was 
 inci'eased \00L more in 1783, when his infir- 
 mities obliged hiia to resign his public offices. 
 He not only carried into his retirement the 
 respect and good wishes of liis fcllyw colle- 
 gians, but he was permitted to retain his sa- 
 lary in the most honorable terms. His lec- 
 tures in three vols, appeared in 1783, and ob- 
 tained as rapid a sale and as wide a circula- 
 tion as his sermons, as they were entitled to 
 equal commendation. His sermon preached 
 for tlie sons of tlie clergy in Scotland, Avas 
 published in 1796. Dr. Kiair died at Edin- 
 burgh 27th December, l>iO(), and as a cha- 
 racter amiable in private life, and univer- 
 sally respected as a scholar and as an elegant 
 writer, carried with him to the graAc the 
 regret of every Briton, v. ho venerates piety, 
 virtue, and benevolence. Since his death 
 his life liy Dr. Finlayson, has beiMj prefixed 
 to the fifth volume of his sermons, which he 
 had i)repared but not sent to the press. 
 
 Blake, Robert, was boi-n at Kridgewa- 
 ter, and after being educated at the gram- 
 jnar school of his native town, he entered at 
 St. Alban-hall, and removed to Wadhani 
 follege, Oxford. He took his degree of 15. 
 A. in 1617, but the violence with which Laud 
 espoused conformity of worship in his dio- 
 cese of Bath and 'VVells, revolted the heart 
 of Blake, and instead of cultivating the mu- 
 ses, he became a follower ot the jiuritans, 
 and was elected member for Bridgewatcr. 
 During tlic civil wars he wanidy espoused 
 
 the c.iuse of the ])arriament, and signalized 
 himself so much by his valor, under colonel 
 Fiennes, in the defence of Bristol against 
 prince Rupert, and particularly of Taunton, 
 of which lie was made afterwards governor, 
 that his services were acknowledged by the 
 house of commons, and rewarded with a 
 present of 500Z. In 1649 he appeared in a 
 new character, as admiral of the fleet. In 
 conjunction with Deanc and Popham, he 
 pursued prince Rupei-t to Ireland, where he 
 blocked him up in the harbor of Kinsale, and 
 thence proceeded to the coasts of Portugal 
 and Spain, where he seized several valuable 
 ships, to retaliate for the insults which the 
 governors of the coasts wished to ofiertothc 
 British flag. On his return to England, he 
 was received with all the honors due to his 
 merits, he was made wardeii of the cinque 
 ports, and invested with the chief command 
 in the Dutch war. The naval history of 
 Europe does not afford instances of battles 
 more heroically fought. The abilities of 
 Blake were opposed by the equally celebra- 
 ted powers of Van Trump, a chief who has 
 deserved and received, in the applauses of 
 posterity, the same honors which have been 
 paid to the British victor. The coasts of 
 England and Holland were witnesses of the 
 repeated engagements of these warlike lea- 
 ders, in both of whom intrepidity supplied 
 the want of numbers, and unshaken presence 
 of mind maintained the contest where valor 
 seemed unable to decide the victory. In 
 these numerous and bloody battles the Dutcli 
 lost nearly 40 ships of war, besides a great 
 many smaller vessels, and after thus suppor- 
 ting the naval fame of his country in the 
 German ocean, Blake sailed by order of 
 Cromwell to the Meditei-ranean, where he 
 chastised the insolence of the Bey of Tunis, 
 redeemed the Cliristian captives from slavery 
 and chains at Algiers and Tripoli, alarmed 
 the pope in the castle of St. Angelo, and by 
 the terror of his name compelled the sove- 
 reigns of Venice, Tuscany, and other Italian 
 states to pay homage to the jiower of the 
 British usurper. After thus spreading ter- 
 ror around the shores of the Mediterranean, 
 he returned into the Atlantic, and attacked 
 Santa Cruz, in the island of Teneriffe, and 
 destroyed the whole of the Spanish plate 
 fleet that had taken refuge there. This ac- 
 tion, which is considered as the most bril- 
 liant ever performed at sea, was so welcome 
 to Cromwell and his parliament, that a day 
 of thanksgiving was ajipointed on the occa- 
 sion, and a diamond ring worth 500/. was 
 sent as a present to the illustrious comman- 
 der. England however did not longboastof 
 the possession of her hero, his health rapid- 
 ly declined, and on his return from the Me- 
 diterranean, he e\i)ired just as his fleet en- 
 tered Plymouth, ITth August 1657, in his 
 .■)8lh year. His body was interred in Henry 
 VII's chapel, Westminster, but it was remo- 
 ved in 1661 to vSt. Margaret's church yard. 
 If Blake fought with such zeal for the usur- 
 pation, it is not to be concluded that he was 
 the friend of tyranny or cruel oppressioni 
 
BL 
 
 KL 
 
 When Charles T. was tried, he exclaimed 
 ■with all the hUintness <A' :i scainuii, H^aiiist 
 the proceedings of the ))!\rliaiMent, and ot- 
 fcred fi-eel> to yield uif his lite to save thut 
 of the unfortunate monarch ; and ever ani- 
 mated with the love of his country, he told 
 liis officers when the Dutch expeitcd a 
 cliangc of measures from the dismission of 
 the parliament hy Cromwell, " It is not for 
 us to mind state aflairs, hut to keep loreign- 
 crs from fooling us" — I'hough successful in 
 Ids enterprises and loaded with puhlic favors, 
 Jilake died in sucii circumstances, that his 
 property was scarcely increased 500/. more 
 than he had inhcriled from his father. Like 
 the founders of lionian freedom, he fought 
 for his country and not for private emolu- 
 ment. 
 
 Blake, John Bradley, was horn in Lon- 
 don, 5th November, 1745, and educated at 
 Westminster school. After acquiring a deep 
 knowledge of cliemistry and mathematics, 
 iit the pursuits of his favorite study of botany, 
 lie went to C^hina as supercargo of the India 
 company, and with laudable assiduity col- 
 lected and sent to Europe, the seeds of all 
 the vegetables of that remote country used 
 by the natives for purposes cither of medi- 
 cine, food, or manufacturfo- ^<= began 
 likewise a valuable collection of ores and fos- 
 sils, but his great application weakened his 
 constitution, he was afflicted with the stone, 
 nnd the complaint Avhen attended by a fever 
 proved fatal. He died at Canton, 16th No- 
 vember, 1773, in his 29th year, and the 
 learned world sincerely lamented the loss 
 that science suttered, and sir J. Pringle, 
 president of the lioyal society, paid his tri- 
 bute of respect and applause to his short but 
 useful life. 
 
 Blamont, Francis Colin de, a musician 
 at the French court, whose compositions, 
 especially Dido, and Creek and Roman fes- 
 tivals, were much admired. He died in his 
 native town of Versailles 1760, aged 70. 
 
 Bl AMPIN, Thomas, a learned and labo- 
 rious ecclesiastic of Noyon, in Picardy, 
 editor of St. Augustin's works. He died 
 1710, aged 70. 
 
 Blanc, John, a noble of Perpignan, 
 known for the brave defence whioh he made 
 against the French army that besieged his 
 native town in 1474. He refused to deliver 
 the fortress intrusted to his care, though 
 famine raged around him, and tliongh the 
 enemy, irritated by his obstinate resistance, 
 sacrificed his sou who had in a sully fallen 
 into their hands. 
 
 Bl A N c, Francois Ic, a native of Dauplune 
 author of a valuable book on the coins of 
 France, kc. lie died suddenly in 1698. 
 
 Bi-ANC, Claude le, a minister of France, 
 con%ed for two years in the Bastille, on 
 susi)icion of raalpractices. He was restored 
 to publir. favor and died 1728. His l)roihers 
 were bishops of Avranches and of SarlaL 
 
 Blanc, Thomas le, a Jesuit of Vitri, 
 who died lit Kheims 1669. He was author 
 of some populir works addressed to the 
 'omraou people, as »•' le bon valet," &c. — 
 
 His largest and best known work is his ana- 
 lysis of David's psalms, in si\ vols, folio. 
 
 Bi.AN'c, John llernard le, a native of 
 Dijon, historiographer to the della ciu^ca 
 academy. His genius and learning procured 
 him friends and i)atroiis at Paris and Lon- 
 don, but he prel'err(Ml pear.elnl obscurity to 
 the distinctions which Alaupertuis in 174G, 
 otlcred atBerlinin the name of the Prussian 
 mr)n:irch. He wrote an int'.-resting tragedy 
 called Abcnsaide, besides letters on the 
 English 1758, in three vols. I'imo. which 
 though incoiTect and t'ormal in some degree, 
 are however not without sensible reflections 
 and pleasing anecdotes. Tiiey are certainly 
 inferior to Crosley's London. TIte abbe 
 died in 1781, aged 74. 
 
 Blanc, Antony de Guilletde, professor 
 of rhetoric in the congregation of tlie orato- 
 ry at Avignon, was born at -Marseilles, 2d 
 March 1730, and died at Paris 1799. He 
 afterwards came to Paris where he was ap- 
 pointed professor of ancient languages in the 
 central schools, and member of the institute. 
 He wrote Manco Capac, a tragedy, w hicU 
 did not possess much merit, and met with 
 little success. The Druids, another tragedy 
 1772, was proscribed by the clergy for some 
 oftensive passages. He published besides 
 other pla} s, Virginie a tragedy — Albert I. — 
 
 I'henreux evenement — some romances 
 
 and a translation of Lucretius into French 
 verse. 
 
 Blanc, N. an eminent ari;ist, whose 
 abilities were employed by the French mi- 
 nistry in improving and perfecting the fabri- 
 cation of rire-arms. He died 1802. 
 
 Blanc a, N. le, a young woman who was 
 found wild at Sogny, near Chalons in 1731. 
 She was then about 10 years of age, and pur- 
 sued hares and other animals with astonish- 
 ing rapidity. She was placed in the convent 
 of Chaillot, where she became a nun, and 
 died 1760. 
 
 Blanca, Francis le, a Frenchman, au- 
 thor of a general account of the monies of 
 France, published with figures in 4to. 1690, 
 by order of Lewis XIV. and of a treatise on 
 the coins of Charlemagne and his successors, 
 struck at Rome. He died 1698. 
 
 Blanchard, James, a painter of emi- 
 nence, born at Paris 1600. He improved 
 himself at Lyons, Rome, and Venice, and 
 on his return to France, he showed by his 
 excellent pieces how judiciously he had ex- 
 amined and studied the works of Titian, 
 Tintoret, and Paul Veronese. The most 
 remarkable of his pieces is a kneeling St. 
 Andrew in the church of Notre Dame, with 
 the Holy Ghost descending. His grand 
 pieces are few, as he devoted much of his 
 titne to madonas. He was fortunate in his 
 coloring. He died of an imposthume ia the 
 lungs, in his 38th year. 
 
 Blanchard, Francois, a lawyer of Pa- 
 ris, who died in 1650. He published the 
 *'Eloges des presidens, &c." and " les mai- 
 tres de requetes." 
 
 Blanchard, Guillaurae, son of the 
 preceding, distinguished Iiimself as a lawyer 
 
BL 
 
 BL 
 
 and as the author of a laborious and valuable 
 collection in 2 vols. fol. 1717, of the edicts 
 and declarations of the kings of France from 
 897 to 1715. He died 1724, whilst prepar- 
 ing a supplement to his great work. 
 
 JiLAycHARD, Elias, a native of Langres, 
 eminent for his learning. Some of his dis- 
 sertations are inserted in the memoirs ol tiie 
 academie des inscriptions. He died 1755, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Blanchard, John Baptist, a native of 
 Tourteron, in the Ardennes, of the order 
 of the Jesuits, in whose college at Metz 
 and at A^erdun, he was professor of rheto- 
 ric. On the suppression of the Jesuits he 
 ■went to Namur, and died 1797, aged C6. 
 He wrote the temple of the Muses, a col- 
 lection of fables and remarks — the school of 
 martyrs, a collection of moral reflections and 
 liistoricitl facts. 
 
 Blanche, daughter of Alphonso IX. of 
 Castille, married Lewis VHI, of France in 
 1200, by whom she had nine sons and two 
 daughters, she was on the death of her hus- 
 hancl in 122G, made regent of the kingdom, 
 during the minority and the crusades of her 
 son saint Lewis, and she behaved with mode- 
 ration and spirit in the administration of the 
 government, llappy in the conduct ot lici 
 children whom by her example and her pre- 
 cepts she hud nurtured in virtue and religion, 
 and secure in the esteem and aflection of her 
 subjects, whom her justice and humanity at- 
 tached to her person, she crushed every 
 attempt to disturb her power or weaken her 
 authority. The defeat and imprisonment of 
 her son, it is said, preyed deeply on her 
 mind, and tended to shorten her existence. 
 She died 1st Dec, 1252, and was buried at 
 Maubuisson. 
 
 Blanche, a native of Padua, celebrated 
 for her chastity. After the death of her 
 husband at the siege of Bassano, she refused 
 to gratify the passion of Acciolin, the gene- 
 ral of the enemy ; but when the tyrant of- 
 fered violence to lier person, she threw her- 
 self into her husband's tomb, where 3he Avas 
 crushed to death by the falling of the stone, 
 vhich covered the entrance, 1233. 
 
 Blanche de Bourbox married Peter 
 king of Castille in 1352. She was cruelly 
 treated by her husband who had fixed his af- 
 fections on another, and she was at last im- 
 prisoned antl poisoned 13GI, aged 23. Her 
 misfortunes were avengeil by du Guesclin at 
 tlie head of a French army. 
 
 Blaxchelande, Philihert Francis 
 Rouxelle cle, a native of Dijon, distinguished 
 in the American war, and at the taking of 
 Tobago. He was afterwards engaged at St. 
 Domingo, but on his return to Kochefort he 
 was arrested, and sutiered death I5th April 
 1793, aged 58, a victim to the cowardice and 
 suspicious tyranny of the then existing go- 
 vernment. 
 
 Blanchet, Thomas, an eminent painter 
 of Paris who died at Lyons 1G89, aged 71. 
 He excelled in history and portraits, and 
 several of his pieces arc preserved at Lyons 
 and Pari-s. 
 
 Blanchet, Abbe, censor royal and li- 
 brarian of tlie king's cabinet, retired from 
 public life to solitude at St. Germin-en-laye 
 where he died 1784 aged SO. He was of a 
 melancholy turn of mind, but he possessed 
 great abiUties, as appears by his *' varietes- 
 morales," &c. His apologies, &c. were pub- 
 lished after his death. 
 
 Blaxcof, John Teuniz, a painter born 
 at Alcmaer. His sea pieces and landscapes 
 were in high repute. He died 1670 aged 43- 
 
 Blaxd, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert 
 Fisher of Long Acre, married in 1681 Na- 
 than Bland a linen draper of London by 
 whom she had six children, two of whom 
 onh- grew up to years of maturity. She was 
 taught Hebrew by Van Helmont, and wrote 
 it with great facility. A philactery in He- 
 brew- by her, is still preserved among the cu- 
 riosities of the royal societv. She was living 
 in 1712. 
 
 Blandrata, George, an Itahan physi- 
 cian who renewed all the tenets of Arius 
 with respect to the Trinity. He fled from, 
 the persecution of the inquisitors of Pavia t:i 
 Geneva, and afterwards to Poland, where 
 the king, Stephen Battori, made him a pri- 
 vy counsellor. He attempted to make the 
 kloR a. tollowov to his opinions, but failed. 
 He was strangled by his nephew, a worthless 
 character, to whom he had left his property 
 1593. 
 
 Blasco Nunnes, a Spaniard, who seiz- 
 ed and fortified the isthmus of Darien, and 
 thus taciUtated the progress of Pizarro to the 
 conquest of Peru. He was beheaded on pre- 
 tence of ambitious views. 
 
 Blav'et, N,a musician of Besancon, who 
 was engaged in the opera at Paris, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his taste, and the su- 
 perior merits of his pieces of vocal and in- 
 strumental music. He died 1768, aged 68. 
 
 Blauuer, Ambrose, a native of Con- 
 stance, one of the followers of Luther, whose 
 doctrines lie spread in France and Germany. 
 He died 1567, aged 75. His works on theo- 
 logy are little read. 
 
 Bleddyx, a king of North Wales jointly 
 with his brother Rhiwallon. He became sole 
 monarch 1068, and fell in battle four years 
 after, after governing with justice and mo- 
 deration, and publishing an useful code of 
 laws. 
 
 Bleddyx, a British bard of the 13th 
 century, some of whose pieces are preserved 
 in the Welch archaeologv. 
 
 Bledri, a bishop of LandafF called the 
 wise, from his great learning. He was also a 
 great patron of learned men, and died much 
 respected 1023. 
 
 Bleek, Peter Van, an eminent painter 
 who painted the comedians Johnson and 
 GrifTui in the characters of Ananias and 
 Tribulation in the Alchemist, in a very su- 
 perior manner. He died July 20th, 1764. 
 
 Blecwryd, brother to Morgan the Gla- 
 morgan chief, was chancellor of Landaft', and 
 a man of great learning. He went to Rome 
 about the revision of the Welch laws in 926, 
 with Howcl surnamed (lie Good. 
 
BL 
 
 BL 
 
 BleCNY, Nicholas dc, an eminent French 
 surgeon, -whogavo lectures in his huus>e on tlie 
 various branches ot'his profession, whicli were 
 attended by men of science and learning. 
 He wrote various works on surgery and 
 physic, and also had the management of a 
 journal called New discoveries in all depnrt- 
 ments of medicine. He died at the latter 
 end of tlie I7lh century. 
 
 Bi.ESS, Henry, a i)ain(er, horn at Bovine 
 near Dinant. His landscapes are much es- 
 teemed, and as he generally placed an owl 
 in them as a mark, they are called owl pieces. 
 He died 1550, aged 70^ 
 
 Ble TERIE, "John Philip Rene de la, a 
 native of Kcnnes, who became professor of 
 eloquence in the royal college of Paris, and j 
 riisUnguished himself as author of a life of! 
 Julian, two vols. 12mo. and of a life of Jovian, ' 
 two vols I'imo. two performances replete 
 with erudition, criticism, and judgment 
 though the former possesses superior merit. 
 He wrote besides several dissertations in the 
 memoirs of the academy of belles lettres, 
 and translated some of the works of Tacitus 
 ■with a life of the author, to whose composi- 
 tions he said he Mas much indebted. He 
 possessed learning, and in private life and 
 as an ecclesiastic he was an exemplary cha- 
 racter. He died 1772, in an advanced age. 
 
 Block, Marie Eliezer, an able naturalist 
 of mean parentage at Anspacli. Under a 
 surgeon, to whom he was apprenticed, he 
 applied himself deeply to the study of medi- 
 cine and anatomy, and afterwards turned his 
 attention to natural history. Besides his 
 memoirs on fishes published in the Berlin 
 memoirs, and a treatise on intestinal vermes, 
 he published a valuable work called ageneral 
 and particular history of fishes, with colored 
 plates, 6 vols. fol. 1785 and 1799. He died 
 6th Aug. 1799. 
 
 Block, Daniel, a portrait painter of Po- 
 merania, who died 16GI, aged 81. There 
 were two others of the same family, Jacob 
 and Benjamin, one of whom excelled in ar- 
 chitecture and the perspective, and the 
 other in historical pieces and porti'aits. 
 
 Blockland, Anthony de Montfort, an 
 elegant painter, who died 1583, aged 52. His 
 brothers, Peter and Herbert, who were his 
 pupils, were eminent, the former for his re- 
 presentation of battles, markets, kc. and tlie 
 other of portraits, ale liouse meetings and 
 conversations. 
 
 Bloemart, a painter of Gorcum in Hol- 
 land. He was self-taught, but his genius 
 fully supplied the deficiencies of education. 
 His claro obscuro is peculiarly striking, and 
 the folds of his draperies are much admired. 
 He died in 1647, aged 80. His sons Henry 
 and Adrian were also i)ainters, but not his 
 equals in merit. 
 
 Bloemen, John Francis, a Fle»nish pain- 
 ter, who died at Bome 1740, aged 84. His 
 landscapes were very deservedly admired. 
 
 Blond, Jean le, a poet of iiderior merit 
 in the 16th century. He published his poe- 
 try under the title of le pi'iutems de I'huni- 
 ble esperant. 
 
 VOL. I. 26 
 
 Blond, James Christopher, a painter, 
 born al Frankfort ou the -Maine, lie was 
 the inventor of a new method of engravhig 
 in colors, on which he published a trc-aiise. 
 His portraits and miniuliircs were hold in 
 high estimation, lie died 1741, aged 71. 
 
 Hi.oNDEAU, Claude, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, who began with (Jueret 
 in lOTti, le journal du i'alais, which cxteudy 
 to 1700, in 12 vols. 4to. 
 
 Blo-vdel, Uavid, a ])rotcstant minister, 
 born at Chalons 1591. liis writings iti favor 
 of the tenets wliich he ha*' embraced were 
 universally admired, and for moie than 20 
 times he was appointed secretary to the sy- 
 nods of the isle of France. He was invited 
 to the historical chair at Amsterdam on the 
 deata of Yossius, and his great learning sup- 
 ported the character of his predecessor. His 
 application injured his health so much that; 
 he lost his sight, but even under that calami- 
 ty he diiitated tsvo folio vols, on the genealo- 
 gy of the kings of France against ChoHlct. 
 He was suspected for a while of Arminian- 
 ism, and died April 6lli, 1655, aged 04. His 
 other works are explications on the eucha- 
 rist — on the primacy of the church — en 
 bishops and presbyters — on the sibyls — a 
 defence of the reformed churches against 
 Richelieu — a refutation of the history of 
 pope Joan. 
 
 Blondel, Francis, eminent forhis know- 
 ledge in geometry, as well as of belles let- 
 tres, was professor of mathematics and ar- 
 chitecture, and preceptor to the dauphin 
 of France. He travelled with the count of 
 Brienne as his tutor, betweenl652 and 1655, 
 of which he published a Latin account. His 
 writings were on architecture — and also ou 
 the art of throwing bombs — on a new man- 
 ner of fortifying places, &c. — besides a com- 
 parison between Horace and Pindar. He 
 died Feb. 1st, 1686. 
 
 Blondel, John Francis, nepliew^ of the 
 preceding, was e([ually eminent in architec- 
 tural knowledge. He was born at Rouen, 
 and died Jan. 9th, 1774, aged 69. Besides 
 his course of architecture, six vols. 8vo. — his 
 discourse on architecture, 12mo. — his trea- 
 tise on the decoration of edifices, two vols. 
 4to. — he furnished all the articles on tliat 
 subject in the French encyclopsedia. 
 
 Blondel, Peter James, a native of Pa- 
 ris, who wrote on the truth of the Christian 
 religion, Sec. He died 17.30. 
 
 Blondel, Lawrence, a Parisian, related 
 to the preceding, was author of some books 
 of devotion, &c. He died 1740. 
 
 Blondel, N. a physician of Pithiviers, 
 author of a treatise on the mineral waters of 
 Segrai, and of another on the epidemical 
 disorders in cattle. He died 1759. 
 
 Blondin, Peter, a native of Picardy, 
 the friend of Tournefort, and equally emi- 
 nent as a botanist. He was admitted ijito 
 the French academy 1712, and wrote some 
 curious memoirs, Sec. never printed, and 
 died 1714, aged 31. 
 
 Blondl's, Flavius, a native of Forli in. 
 Italy, secretary to pope Eugcnius lY. and 
 
BL 
 
 BO 
 
 his two successors. Plis works were on an- 
 tiquities, the best known of which are, Roniu 
 itistaiirata — Italia illustratlo^de origine & 
 jrestis Vcuetorum, — Histor. Roman, decades 
 tres, from the )'ear 400 to the year 1440. 
 Ue died 4th June, 14G3, aged 75. 
 
 Bi.ooD, Thomas, better known by the 
 name of colonel lilood, Mas one of Crom- 
 Avell's oflicers. After failijig in his attempts 
 to seize the castle of Dublin, by the activity 
 of the duke of Ormoiid, he came toEnghtnd, 
 vhere he seized the person of that noble- 
 man, with the diabolical intention of hang- 
 ijig him at Tyburn, which a rescue by liis 
 servants iiapj)ily prevented. His next ex- 
 jiloit was to gain access, in the disguise of a 
 clergyman, to the tower, to < arry off the 
 crown and regalia, which he might have ef- 
 fected if he had not hesitated, and in a mo- 
 ment of compassion spared the life of the 
 keeper, Avhom he had devoted to death. 
 Charles II. not only pardoned this bold offen- 
 der, but admitted him into his presence, and 
 lieard him assert that he had once formed a 
 plan to shoot him. He afterwai'ds granted 
 him an estate of 500/. per ann. and showed 
 liim so mucJi favor, tliat the wits of the times, 
 alluding to Coventry's fate, said that the mo- 
 narch kept the rufiian about his person to 
 iutimiilate his enemies. 
 
 Bt.oot, Petei*, a Flemish painter, who 
 died 1G67. His low life scenes were much 
 admired. 
 
 Blostus, orDEBLois^ Lewis, a Bene- 
 dictine, abbot of Liessies in Ilainault. He re- 
 fused the archbishopric of Cambray. He 
 was author of speculum religiosorum, which 
 has been translated into French, and he died 
 1566. 
 
 Blount, Thomas, a barrister at law, 
 born atBordesley, AVorcestershire. He Avas 
 a Roman catholic, and possessed a strong na- 
 tural genius, which he improved by great 
 ajjphcatien. He died 26lh Dec. 1679, author 
 of several respectable publications, viz. Glos- 
 sographia, interpreting Greek, Hebrew, kc. 
 words used in the English language — jocu- 
 lar customs of some manners — a law dic- 
 tionary, folio — Boscobel, orthe king's escape 
 afler the battle of Worcester, &c. kc. 
 
 Blount, Sir Henry, born at Tittenhan- 
 ger, Herts, Dec. 15th, 1602, was educated at 
 St. Albans, and Trinity college, Oxford. In 
 1634 he travelled over France, Spain, and 
 Ilaly, and afterwards passed to Constantino- 
 ple and Cairo, and on his return home, two 
 years after, he published an entertaining and 
 popular account of his observations in the 
 Levant. He was knighted in 1639, and as he 
 Avas attached to the royal cause, and even 
 tutor to the princes, he was present at seve- 
 ral of the battles during the civil wars. In 
 1651 he was em|)loyed by the parliament to 
 remedy the abuses of the law, ami his abili- 
 ties continued to be directed to the improve- 
 iTient of the trade and navigation of the state. 
 His integrity was admired by all parties, and 
 at the restoration he gained the co^ilidence 
 of his sovereign, was sheriff of Herts in 1661, 
 and passed the last 20 years of his life lii lite- 
 
 rary ease and retirement. He died 9th of 
 Oct. 1682. 
 
 Blount, Sir Thomas Pope, son of the 
 preceding, was born 12th September 1649. 
 He was created a baronet by Charles II. and. 
 was made member of parliament for St. 
 Albans, and afterwards for Herts in three 
 parliaments. He was a man of extensive 
 erudition, and a warm supporter of liberty- 
 He wrote the popular book " censura cele- 
 briorum authorum, &c. besides essays, re- 
 marks on poetry, natui'al history, 12mo. 
 1693, &c. He died 30th June, 1697. 
 
 Blount, Charles, younger son of sir 
 Henry, was born 27th April, 1654. He was 
 a zealous advocate for liberty, and possessed 
 all the learning of his family. As a friend to 
 the revolution, and to king William, he pub- 
 lished a pamphlet, which drew upon him the 
 censures of parliament, for asserting that tlie 
 monarch was a conqueror. After his wife's 
 death he fell in love with her sister, and the 
 lady, possessed of beauty, wit, and virtue, 
 strongly favored his passion, but as an appli- 
 cation to the archbishop was disregarded, 
 and such an union universally reprehended, 
 she refused at last his solicitations, and the 
 lover in despair shot himself, and died a few 
 days after of the wounds, in August, 1693. 
 The best known of his works are his Diana 
 of the Ephesians — his introduction to polite 
 literature — and his life of ApoUonius Ty- 
 anteus — his anima raundi, &c. — in which, 
 however, he cavils at the doctrines of reve- 
 lation, and shows himself a deist. His works 
 have been edited together by Gildon. 
 
 Blow, John, was born at Collingham, 
 Nottinghamshire, and distinguished himself 
 by his knowledge of music. He was master 
 of the children of the chapel royal, composer 
 to the king, and after Purcell's death, or- 
 ganist of Westminster. His merit procured 
 him a doct(n''s degree from archbishop San- 
 croft, he died lOtli October 1708, aged 60, 
 and was buried in Westminster-abbey. 
 
 Blum, Joachin Christian, a German poet, 
 born at Rathenau. He studied at Branden- 
 burg, Berlin, and at Frankfort on Oder, un- 
 der Bauragarten ; and, regardless of public 
 affairs, sought the retirement which his easy 
 fortune allowed him, to devote himself to the 
 muses. His works were lyric poems, idyls, 
 orations, German proverbs, and Rathenau 
 delivered, a drama represented at Berlin 
 with success. He died 1790, aged 51. 
 
 Blutaeu, Dom. R;.ohael, a leai-ned 
 preacher, born in London, of French pa- 
 rents. He went to France, and afterwards 
 to Lisbon, where he died, 1734, aged 96, 
 highly honored by the academy of the ap- 
 pliques. He wrote a Portuguese and Latin 
 dictionary, in 8 vols, folio, with a supplement 
 of 2 vols. more. 
 
 Boa DICE A, queen of the Iceni, is known 
 in British and Roman history for the valor 
 which slie displayed against the Romans, 
 who had insulted her and abused her daugh- 
 ters. She was afterwards defeated by Pauli- 
 nus, and killed herself A. D. 60. 
 
 Bo ATE, Gerard, a Dutch physician, who 
 
BO 
 
 liO 
 
 ficttletl ill Ireland, ami wroio ji nnlural liis- 
 torv of tlie country, piiblishcil by Siiiu. 
 JIartlib, V2mo. 165'2. 
 
 l]oBAK I', a (icrnian, (ust keeper «)!' tbe 
 botuiiieal gai'ilen at Oxl'ord, whi< li ums given 
 and eiwlowed by ilie earl ol" iJanby. He 
 wrote a Latin ratalogue of tlie plants con- 
 tained in the garden, kc. ami «lie(l I'ebruai-y 
 10/ 9, aged 81. Dr. I'lot speaks much in Ids 
 coimnendation, and Dr. Z. (irey mentions, 
 in iludibras, p. ivio, a curious anectloie of 
 him. His son .lacob was also keeper of the 
 gardens after liim. 
 
 lioccACE, John, was born at Certaldo in 
 Tuscany, 1313, and intended by liis father 
 for a mercantile profession ; but alter spend- 
 ing six years with a merchant at Florence 
 and Paris, and turning his ihouglits to the 
 canon law, he abandoned the pursuits which 
 interest or authority dictated, and devoted 
 himself totally to literature. He studied 
 under bis friend aud patron IVtrarch ; and 
 by bib suggestions he retired from the tu- 
 xnults and factions of Florence, and visited 
 ^Naples, where he was received with kind- 
 ness by king Robert, of whose natural 
 daughter he became enamoured ; and in his 
 travels in Sicil) he met from queen Joan the 
 flattering reception which his writings and 
 merit deserved. He passed the remainder 
 of his life in his native village, where his con- 
 stitution w as weakened by ids great appli- 
 cation, and where he died, of a sickness in 
 the stomach, 1375. His works are some in 
 Latin and some in Italian. He i)ossessed un- 
 common learning, and he may honorably be 
 reckoned as one of those whose great exer- 
 tions contributed most to the revival of 
 learning in Europe. His best known com- 
 position is " Decameron," a romance occa- 
 sionally licentious, but al)Ounding with wit, 
 satire, and elegance of diction. His life of 
 Dante — his genealogy of the gods — his his- 
 tory oi Rome — his tliesis, &c. are much ad- 
 mired. Though his poetry does not possess 
 the sweetness of Petrarch's lines, his prose 
 is unequalled for its graceful simplicity and 
 varied elegance. 
 
 BoccAci, or BoccACiNO, Camillo, a 
 painter of history and portraits, born at 
 Cremona, where he died 1546, aged .35. 
 
 BocCAGE, Marie Anne le Page, a French 
 lady of Rouen, who, at the age of 10, mar- 
 ried Peter Joseph du Boccage, and acquired 
 great celebrity by her writings. She was 
 the friend of the wits of the age, of Voltaire, 
 of Montesquieu, Henault, and others. Slie 
 obtained a prize from tlie Rouen academy in 
 J 746, and nearly gained another from the 
 French academy, on tlie eulogium of Lewis 
 XV. against her successful rival Mai'montel. 
 Her Paradis terrestre, borrowed from iMil- 
 ton, and her translation of the death of 
 Abel, were much admired. Her poems ap- 
 peared in three vols. 8vo. She died 1802, 
 aged 92. 
 
 BoccALixi, Trajan, a wit, born at 
 Konie, and highlj* honored by the Italian 
 literati for his political discourses and his 
 elegant criticisms. Under the patronage of 
 
 cardinals Borghcse and C.ijctnn, he pub- 
 lisbeil bis Ragguagli di Parnasso, iiis secre- 
 taria di Apollo, and iiis Pietra di l*ar.ig<»ne ; 
 but as in this last piece he had attacktd the 
 tyranny ol tiie Spanisli court, he dreaded 
 its vengeance, and fled to Venice. Here he 
 was attacked in his bed by four ruffians, who 
 killed him, in beating him with bags t'uil of 
 sand. Several reports wei'c spread about his 
 death ; but it was generally imagined that 
 it proceeded from the resentment of the 
 S[)anish court. 'I'he register of St. Mary's 
 in Venice records, that he dietl of a cholic 
 and fever, 16th November, 161.3, aged jT. 
 His works have been translated into seve- 
 ral languages. 
 
 BoccAM A7.2,A, Aiigelus, bishop of Ca- 
 tania in Sicil}-, wrote " brcvis chronica," 
 containing an account of remarkable e\eiits 
 in Sicily, fnmx 1U27 to 128J. He died 1290. 
 
 BoccHus, a king of Mauritania, wiio 
 made his peace with liie Romans by meanly 
 betraying into tiieir hands his son-in-law, 
 Jugurtha, B. C. 100. 
 
 BocciARDi, Clemente, a painter of Ge- 
 noa, who died 1658, aged 38. He is calleil 
 by painters Clenientone. 
 
 BoccoLD, John, a famous fanatic, called 
 Jolin of Leyden, where he was a laylor. In 
 company with John Matthias, a baker of 
 Haerlem, and at the liead of an entliusiastic 
 mob of anabaptists, he seized M mister, 
 where, after the death of his bold associate, 
 he assumed the kingly office, to which he 
 united that of projjhet. In this dangerous 
 elevation, he began to reform the laws, and 
 new-model the government. He maintained 
 and enforced a plurality of wives, and liim- 
 self kept fourteen, one of whom he slew 
 w ith his own hands, because slie questioned 
 his divine authority. When MuiSster was at 
 last taken, this licentious leader, who had 
 scarce reached his 28l1i year, was put to u 
 cruel and lingering death, and liis adherents 
 either punished or dispersed. 
 
 BoccoNi, Sylvio, was born at Palermo, 
 24th April, 1633, and became eminent for 
 liis knowledge of natural liistory, in pursuit 
 of which he visited Italy, Malta, Poland, 
 Germany, France, and England. He was 
 of the order of the Cistercians, and died in 
 one of their convents, near Palermo, 22d 
 December, 1704. His valuable publications, 
 in number twelve, are chiefly on subjects of 
 natural history, botany, mineralogy, Sec. 
 The best known is musea di plante rare, 
 Venice, 1697 — besides icones el descrip- 
 tiones rarioruin plantarum Sicil. Melit (ial- 
 lite, Italite, 1674, Lyons and Oxford, &tc. 
 
 BoccoRis, a king of Egypt, said by Ta- 
 citus and Trogus to have driven the Jews 
 from his dominions, to cure himself of the 
 leprosy, according to an oracle. 
 
 BocH.^R r, Samuel, a jirotestant, born at 
 Rouen, 1599. After studying at Paris, Se- 
 dan, and Sauniur, he visited England and 
 Holland, and enriched his mind with all tlie 
 treasures of Arabic and of Oriental lan- 
 guages. As minister of Caen, lie acquired 
 the public esteem iu Ijis llieological <iisputa- 
 
BO 
 
 BCE 
 
 tioHs with father Veron; and his publica- 
 tions added so much to the reputation of his 
 learning, that the queen of Sweden invited 
 him to her court, and received him with all 
 the respect due to merit and virtue. He 
 died suddenly, wheii delivering an oration in 
 the academy of Caen, May G, 1667, from 
 M'hich circumstance iliis elegant epitaph was 
 ■written by M. Brieux : 
 
 Scilicet hiCC cuiqne est data sors cequissima, 
 talis 
 Tit Kit morsj qnalis vita peracta fiiit. 
 
 JMiisarum in gremioy teneris qui vixit ab 
 annis, 
 jyiusarum in gremio debnit iste mori. 
 Besides his geographia sacra, a most learned 
 and valuable book, he wrote a treatise on 
 the terestrial paradise — sermons — a history 
 of the animals and of the plants and precious 
 stones mentioned in scripture. Sec. His 
 ■works appeared, three vols. fol. Leyden, 
 1712. 
 
 Bo CHE L, Laurent, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, who died in 1620, in a 
 good old age. His works, which are es- 
 teemed among the learned in France, are 
 on subjects of law and history. 
 
 Bo CHI us, John, a native of Brussels, 
 called the Virgil of the Low Countries, 
 from the superior power of his muse. He 
 travelled through Italy, Poland, Livonia, 
 and Russia, and became secretary to the 
 duke of Parma at Antwerp. He died 13th 
 January, 1609, aged 54. Besides elegies, 
 epigrams, kc. printed at Cologne, 1655, he 
 Avrote orations, observations on the psalms, 
 &c. 
 
 BocKHORST, John Van, a pupil of Jor- 
 daens, born about 1610, and eminent as a 
 portrait and historical painter. 
 
 Bocqj_uiLlot, Lazarus Andrew, was 
 born of obscure parents, and died in his na- 
 tive to.vn of Avalon, 22d September, 1728, 
 aged 80. He was advocate at Dijon, and af- 
 terwards became an ecclesiastic, eminent for 
 his learning and i)iet3\ He wrote letters 
 and dissertations — a tract on the liturgy — 
 sermons — the life of chevalier Bayard, Sec. 
 
 Bo DIN, John, a native of Angers, who 
 studied law at Toulouse, where he acquired 
 reputation by his lectui'es. He came to Pa- 
 ris; but not succeeding at the bar, he de- 
 voted himself totally to writing books. His 
 •wit, as Avel! as his merit, recommended him 
 to public notice. Henry HI. visited and 
 -lulmired him; and in the company of the 
 duke of Alencon he visited England, where 
 he was flattered to see his book on " the re- 
 ]>ublic" approved and read in the university 
 of Cambridge. After the death of Alencon, 
 he settled at Laon, where he married, and 
 rose to couse»iuence as a lawyer and public 
 speaker. He died of the plague at Laon 
 1596. His compositions were numerous and 
 resj)ectable. Besides his republic, tie wi-ote 
 a commentary on Appian — discourses on 
 coins — law tables — methods of history — de- 
 Tuonology, Sec. 
 
 BoDLEv, Sir Thomas, celebrated as the 
 founder of the Bodleian library at 0.\ford, 
 
 was born at Exeter, 2d Marcli, 1544, and a^ 
 the age of 12 he removed with his father to 
 Geneva, to avoid the persecutions which 
 awaited the j)rotestants during Mary's bloody 
 reign. In the university of Geneva he had 
 the advantage of attending the learned lec- 
 tures of Chevalerius, Beroaldus, Calvin, 
 and Beza ; and on his retui-n to England, on 
 Elizabeth's accession, he entered at Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxfoixl ; and in 1564 he be- 
 came fellow of Merton college. Here he 
 distinguished himself as lecturer of natu- 
 ral philosophy, and as proctor of the uni- 
 versity ; and after travelling four years in 
 France, Germany, and Italy, he was intro- 
 duced at court, and soon was employed by 
 the queen as an able and faithful negotiator 
 in several embassies to the different courts 
 of Europe. The ingratitude of the great, 
 however, and the cabals and intrigues of 
 courtiers, soon disgusted a mind naturally 
 strong and independent ; and in 1597, as he 
 says himself, he abandoned all public busi- 
 ness, and retired to ease and privacy. Not 
 ignorant how much mankind are benefited 
 by the propagationof learning, he undertook 
 to enrich his favorite Oxford with the most 
 magnificent collection of books ; a task, says 
 Cambden, suited to the dignity of a crowned 
 head. He wrote, February 23, 1597, to 
 Dr. Ravis, the dean of Christ-church, and 
 his ofters were accepted with rapture by the 
 university ; and after the rarest and most 
 valuable books had been procured, with 
 great trouble and much expense, in every 
 part of Europe, a building, fit to receive so 
 magnificent a collection, was begun, the first 
 stone of which was laid down, with great 
 pomp and solemnity, 9th July, 1610. Bod- 
 ley did not live to see the completion of this 
 great work ; but his fortune, by his will, was 
 applied to the use of the foundation ; and 
 his example was followed by the great and 
 opulent, who by liberal donations contributed 
 to the support of the noble institution. The 
 library is under the care of a keeper, to 
 whom a salary of 40/. is allowed ; the under- 
 librarian has 10/. and the whole is under the 
 inspection of eight visitors, who annually, 
 on the 8th of November, assemble, to ex- 
 amine the state of the books, and of thig 
 venerable building, which for its appearaiice 
 and the value of the colU ction which it con- 
 tains, may be ranked among the noblest 
 foundations in the world. Bod ley died 28th 
 January, 1612, and was buried with be- 
 coming solemnity in Merton college choir, 
 where an elegant monument, with appi'O- 
 priate figures, is erected to his memory. 
 His statue was placed in the library by the 
 duke of Dorset, chancellor of the uni- 
 versity. 
 
 BoECE, or BoETHius, Hector, a native 
 of Dundee. Vid. Boethius. 
 
 BcECLER, John Henry, a native of Fran- 
 conia, honored for his learning by several 
 princes, and particularly by Lewis XIV. 
 and by Christina of Sweden, who appointed 
 him her historiographer, with a liberal sti- 
 pend, lie was professor of history at Stras- 
 
I50 
 
 liO 
 
 burg, and tlieJ 1086, aged 7;>. IIis works 
 wcit, ** commentaries on IMiny iui<l on («ro- 
 tius," wlioni lie praises witli great ailiilHtion — 
 *' Notitia Sancti Horn. Imp." — •' 'I'inmror 
 Tamerlane" — '* IlisLoria schola pi-incipum," 
 
 Bo^HMEN, Jacob, a famous Teutonic 
 philosoplier and fanatic, horn near (ioilitz in 
 liermany, 1575. I lis original occnpalion 
 ■was tiiat of a shoemaker, and his industry 
 enableil him to maintain a wife and family 
 in comfortable circumstances. As he pos- 
 sessed luturally a strong bias to superstition 
 and to religious habits, he studied books of 
 divinity, and was a constant attendant on 
 the worship of his church, till at last hi- 
 found liimself suddenly inspired, and con- 
 tinued, as he says himself, " seven whole 
 days in the most e.\cessive joy, wrapt in tlie 
 holy sabbath." This fanatical emotion was, 
 in the course of some years, twice repeat- 
 ed ; and in 1612 the new proselyte aban- 
 doned his trade, and began to write. His 
 first treatise, called " Aurora, or rising 
 sun," was censured by the magistrates of 
 Gorlitz, and suppressed ; but innovations in 
 religion, as w ell as government, have always 
 advocates. Bcclimen resumed his pen, and 
 for the last five years of his life he published 
 more than 20 books on theological subjects, 
 on visions, &c. On November 18, 1624, it 
 is said tliat he pretended to hear music, 
 and he declared to his son, that in three 
 hours he should expire. At the expected 
 time he took a tender farewell of his family, 
 and, desiring his son to turn him, he ex- 
 pired, with a deep sigh, exclaiming, " Now 
 I go into paradise !" This fanatic, whose 
 private life was not disgraced by cruel or 
 immoral acts, has had many admirers in se- 
 Teral parts of Europe. Quirinus Kaiilman 
 was a convert to his opinions, and the 
 quakei'sin England have adopted several of 
 his tenets, according to Dr. H. More. His 
 life has been written, by Fraukenberg. His 
 works have been published, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 BoEL, Peter, a Flemish painter, pupil to 
 Corn, de Waal. He studied at Rome, and 
 died 1680, aged 55. His animals, still life, 
 &c. were much admired. 
 
 BoERH AAVE, Herman, a celebrated phy- 
 sician, born December 3 1st 1668, at Voor- 
 hoot, two miles from Leydcn. He was early 
 intended for the ministry by his father, but 
 an accident turned his thouglits to dift'erent 
 pursuits. In his 12th year he suffered the 
 most excruciating pains from an ulcer in his 
 left tliigh, which boffled all the powers of his 
 surgeon, and lie drew the happiest omen of 
 his future greatness, by curing it himself 
 with a fomentation of salt and wine. Though 
 he left his father in his 16th year and was the 
 <;ldest of nine children in circumstances not 
 the most opulent, he prosecuted his studies, 
 and in the universities of Leydcn he i-ecom- 
 mended himself to universal approbation, by 
 his great application and the vast powers of 
 his mind. He travelled with surprising ra- 
 pidity over the fields of rhetoric, metaphy- 
 sics and ethics ; he acquired the most per- 
 
 fect knowledge of the classics, and became 
 thoroughly acipiaintLcl with malhcmalics, al- 
 gebra, and th<; (liferent branches of natural 
 philoso[)hy. He .still however directed hit 
 chief attention to divinity, but a.s the .sc;»nty 
 revenues of his ]>atrimr)ny were now nearly 
 exh.iiislcd, hi; found a Iriend in John \ ;in- 
 denburg, buij^oniaKter of Leyden, \iho advi- 
 sed him to unile the study of physic, to thht 
 of theology. 'I'he gratelul IJoerhaave com- 
 plied, he had ah-cady received with a golden 
 medal the iipplause of the university by an 
 academic or;ition to prove that Cicero un- 
 derstood the doctrines of Epicurus, and now 
 he increased his re()Utation as tlie tbilower 
 of A esalius, Fallopitis, and Bertliolinus. In 
 his medical and anatomical studies he soon 
 discovered the shallowness of the authors of 
 the middle ages, but he found a treasure of 
 knowledge in his favorite Hippocj-ales and 
 the immortal Sydenham. After extending 
 his researches to botany and chemistry, he 
 went to the university of Harderwick, where 
 he took his degree of M. 1). 1093, and soon 
 after he abandoned all thoughts of entering 
 into the ministry not from choice but rather 
 from the dread of the prejudices which had 
 been raised against him, on the supposition 
 that he favored the tenets of Spinoza. Now 
 totally devoted to the study and practice of 
 physic, he became celebrated not only in the 
 university but through Europe. As profes- 
 sor of physic and botany, he saw his lectures 
 crowded with students eminent for talents 
 and learning, by whom he w as respected 
 and beloved, not more for the vast erudition 
 of his mind, than the noble qualities of his 
 heart. In 1714 he was raised to the high of- 
 fice of rector of the university, and in 1728, 
 he was admitted honorary member of the 
 academy of sciences at Paris, and two years 
 after of the royal society of London. His 
 constitution now began to decay. In 1722 
 he was afflicted for six months with poignant 
 arthritic pains, and fearing a relapse, he re- 
 signed in 1729 the honors of professor, which 
 he had held for near 30 years to the advance- 
 ment of science and the benefit of mankind. 
 His private labors however continued, but he 
 found himself affected in 1727 with a diffi- 
 culty of breathing, and from unusual pulsa- 
 tions, and intermissions of the artery in tlie 
 right side of the neck, he grew^ apprehensive 
 that he had some polypous concretions be- 
 tween the heart and the lungs. He wrote 
 an account of his situation September 8th 
 1738, to his friend Dr. -Mortimer, but the 
 flattering hopes of his recovery vanished, 
 and he expired on the 23d in his 70th year. 
 Boerhaave amassed a large fortune by his 
 profession, but though he has been styled 
 penurious, the bcne\olence of his heart, and 
 the manner in w hich he conferred favors on 
 the indigent and unfortunate, proved that he 
 knew and felt the calls of humanity. Like 
 those that are eminent either in rank or in 
 virtue, he was not without his detractors, 
 but his name must stand recorded in the an- 
 nals of scien«e as a great, and a good man' 
 His valuable works are in Latin, and ail on 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 medical, botanical, and chemical subjeets. 
 He left an only daughter. His fellow citi- 
 zens have erected to his honor in St. Peter's 
 church at Lcyden a monument on which are 
 inscribed these few but expressive words 
 ** Salutifero Boerhaavi genio sacrum.'' His 
 life was publislied by Ur. Burton. 
 
 BoETHiE, Eticnne de la, of Sarlatin Pe- 
 rigord, died at Germignan, near Bourdeaux 
 1503, aged 32. He was eminent as a scholar, 
 and tianslated several of Plutarch's and 
 Xenophon's works, besides " Voluntary ila- 
 very," published after his death by Moii- 
 tagne his friend, to whoni he left his library. 
 
 BoETiiius, Aiiitius Maulius 'I'orquatus 
 Severinus, a celebrated philosopher, made 
 consul at Rome, A. H. 510. He defended 
 his principles against tlie Arians, and dui-ing 
 kis confinement by order of Theodoric, king 
 of Italy, he wrote his Avell known book de 
 consolatione philosophiDe, often published, and 
 translated into English by Alfred. He was 
 put to death, but by \vhat means is unknown, 
 about 524. 
 
 BoETHii'S, BoECE, or BoEis, Hector, 
 was born at Dundee about 1470, and after 
 studying in his native tov,n, and at Aberdeen, 
 he went to Paris, from whence he was re- 
 called to become principal of the college of 
 Aberdeen lately founded by bishop Elphin- 
 ston. His labors in the cause and promotion 
 of learning were indefatigable, and his col- 
 lege florished. He wrote the lives of the 
 bishops of Aberdeen in compliment to his 
 patron Elphinston, whose memoirs fill the 
 third part of the work. He afterwards en- 
 gaged in an history of Scotland in which he 
 displayed gi'eat research and industry, but 
 too much creduality. He has been censured 
 for his fondness for legendary tales, but Eras- 
 mus, who knew him, speaks of him as " a 
 man of an extraordinary happy genius, and 
 of great eloquence." The history was af- 
 terwards continued from the death of James 
 I. where he concluded, to the reign of James 
 UI. by Ferrerius a Piedmontese. 
 
 BoFFRAND, Germain, a native of Nan- 
 tes, celebrated as an architect. He acquired 
 such reputation that several princes employ- 
 ed him in the erection of palaces and public 
 edifices, and France has still to boast of 
 several monuments of his genius in her mag- 
 nificent edifices, in canals, sluices, and brid- 
 ges. He has written a general statement of 
 the principles of his art, with an account of 
 all the works which he erected. He was 
 amiable and respected in his private charac- 
 lei*. He died at Paris 1755, aged 88. 
 
 Bog AN, Zachary, a learned English di- 
 vine, born at Little Hempstone, Devonshire, 
 and educated at St. Alban's hall, and Corpus 
 Christi, Oxford. He wrote comparatio Ho- 
 mer! cum scriptox'ibus sacris quoad Normam 
 loquendi, 8vo. — a vieM' of the threats and 
 punishments mentioned in scriptui*e, 8vo. — 
 additions to Rous's arch^ologias aKicai — me- 
 ditations on the mirth of a Christian life, 8vo. 
 — an help to prayer, published after his 
 death, l2mo. He died 1659, and was buried 
 in Corpus Christi Chapel. 
 
 BoGORis, first Christian king of the Bul- 
 garians, who declared war by his ambassa- 
 dor against Theodora of the eastern empire 
 841. The empress treated him with firm- 
 ness and dignity, and a reconciliation was 
 effected by means of his sister who was pri- 
 soner, and was sent back without ransom. 
 He embraced Christianity 865. 
 
 BoHADix, a learned Arabian, known as 
 the favorite of Saladin, and the historian of 
 that prince's life. He gives an interesting 
 account of the crusades, and of the litera- 
 ture of the 12th century. His works have 
 been edited by Scultens, fol. Leyden 1755. 
 He is said higldy to resemble Plutarch. 
 
 BoHEMOND, pi-ince of Antioch, accom- 
 panied his father Robert Guiscard duke of 
 Apulia in his invasion of the eastern emi)ire 
 1081. He defeated Alexius the emperor in 
 two battles, and succeeded his father as 
 duke of Tarentum. He afterwards embark- 
 ed for the crusades, and took Antioch, of 
 which lie called himself the duke, but soon 
 after he was made prisoner and when set at 
 liberty returned to Europe, and prepared a 
 large army. He married the daughter of 
 Philip king of France, and died in Apulia 
 1111. He was succeeded at Antioch by six 
 princes successively of his own name. 
 
 BoHN, John, a native of Leipsic, eminent 
 as a physician, a professor, and chemist. 
 He died 1719, aged 79. He wrote on phy- 
 siology and acids. His workde ofticio medi- 
 ci duplici, clinico &c forensi, 1704, 4to. is ve- 
 ry valuable. 
 
 BoiARDO, Marteo-Maria, a governor of 
 Reggio, known as the author of Orlando Ina- 
 morato. This unfinished poem is in imita- 
 tion of the Iliad, and founded on the loves of 
 Rolland and Angelica, with the siege of Pa- 
 ris, to represent that of Troy. It was in con- 
 tinnation of it that Ariosto wrote his Orlando 
 Furioso, and the one is nearly an introduc- 
 tion to the other. Boiardo possessed great 
 poetical powers, his imagination was strong 
 and lively, and his conceptions bold and ani- 
 mated. He wrote besides sonnets and other 
 lighter poetry, and also translated Herodo- 
 tus, Apuleius, Sec. He died at Reggio, Feb- 
 ruary 20th, 1494. The best edition of his 
 works is Venice, 4to. 1544. 
 
 BoiLEAu, Giles, eldest brother of Des- 
 preaux, translated Epictetus, and wrote two 
 disputations against Menage and Castor, &c. 
 and died 1G69, aged 38. 
 
 BoiLEAU, James, brother of the prece- 
 ding, was doctor of the Sorbonne, dean of 
 the faculty of divinity, and canon of the ho- 
 ly chapel, and author of several curious ec- 
 clesiastical works. He was born 1 6th March 
 1635, and died 1st August 1716. 
 
 Bo I LEA u, John James, an ecclesiastic of 
 St. lionore at Paris, much esteemed by car- 
 dinal de Noialles. He was. a man of great 
 sense and learning, and wrote letters on mo- 
 rality and religion, 2 vols. 12mo. — the lives of 
 the dutchess of Liancoiirt, and madam Com- 
 be. He died 10th March 1735, aged 86. 
 
 Boi r,E Au Despreaux, Nicholas, a ce- 
 lebrated poet, born at Paris, 1st November, 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 163G. He early lost liis motliei*, and the 
 care of his infancy was inlrustcMJ to a ft luulc 
 servant, who treated hiin with harslmcss. 
 His father, who left liini an oi-phan before he 
 was 17, had not formed the most promising 
 expectations of the powers of his mind ; but 
 the dulhic-ss of youth ('isapi)eare(I as he ap- 
 proached to maturity. He api)lie(l himself 
 to the law ; he was admitted advocate in 
 1G50, but he <lid not possess the patience and 
 application re<iuisite tor the bar, and ex- 
 changing his pursuits for the study of divi- 
 nity, he at last <liscovered tliat a degree at 
 the Sorbonnc was not calculated to promote 
 the bent of his genius, or gain him reputa- 
 tion. In the field of literature he now ac- 
 quired eminence and fame. "I'he publica- 
 tion of his first Satires, IGGG, distinguished 
 him above liis poetical predecessors, and he 
 became the favorite of Finance and of Europe. 
 His art of poeti-y added still to his reputa- 
 tion ; it is a moimment of his genius and 
 judgment, and far surpasses the ars poctica 
 of Horace, in that happy arrangement of 
 his itieas, the harmony of l>is numbers, and 
 the purity of his language. His Lutrin was 
 written in lGr4 at the request of Lamoignon, 
 and the insignificant quarrels of the trea- 
 surer and ecclesiastics of a chapel are mag- 
 nified by the art and power of the poet into 
 matters of importance, and every line con- 
 veys with the most delicate pleasantry, ani- 
 mated description, refined ideas, and the 
 most interesting scenes. Levris XIV. was 
 not insensible of the merits of a man who 
 reflected so much honor on the French 
 ■ nanje ; Boileau became a favorite at court, 
 u pension was settled on him, and the mo- 
 narch in the regular approbation from the 
 press to the works of the author, declared 
 he wished his subjects to partake the same 
 intellectual gratification which he himself 
 had so repeatedly enjoyed. The monarch 
 engaged the poet to write, with Racine, an 
 history of his reign, but the work though 
 begun was never completed. As a prose 
 ■writer Boileau possessed superior merit, as 
 is fully evinced by his elegant translation of 
 Longinus. After enjoying the favors of his 
 sovereign, and all the honors which the 
 French academy and the academy of inscrip- 
 tions and belles letlres could bestow, Boi- 
 leau retired from public life, dissatisfied 
 •with the insincerity of the world and the 
 profligacy of manners which he had sati- 
 rized with spirit and truth, and he spent 
 his time in literary privacy, in the society of 
 a few select and valuable friends. He died 
 an example of great resignation and piety, 
 March 2(1, 1711, in his 7.Hh year. Besides 
 the works mentioned above, he Avrote odes, 
 sonnets, 56 epigrams, critical reflections, 
 some Latin pieces, kc. As a poet Boileau 
 has deservedly obtained the applauses of 
 every man of genius and taste. 2sot only 
 his countrymen boast of the superior ef- 
 fusions of his muse, but foreigners feel and 
 admire the grafces, the strength, and liar- 
 mony of his verse, and that delicacy of sa- 
 tii-e and energj- of style by which he has 
 
 raised hiinself to immortality. Dcs Afaiz- 
 eau.ic hasiwi-itteii his life. 'I'lie best edition 
 of his works is that of 1747, 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Boii.EAU, Charles, ablx- (*f Boileau, was 
 eminent as a preacher at the court of Lewis 
 XIV. He died 1700. He published some 
 sermons, &:c. 
 
 Bo I N oi N, X'icholas, was born at Paris in 
 1G7G, and at the age of 20 he entered into a 
 regiment of mnsqtieleers, a lalM)rious ein- 
 j)loynjent, which the debility of his cOHSti- 
 tion soon obliged him to reliiKpiish for lite- 
 rary pursuits. He became a member of the 
 academy of inscriptions, but his atheistical 
 opinions created him enemies, and thougK 
 he escaped punishment and persecution, he 
 was not free from the censures ami ablior- 
 rence of his countrymen. He died in conse- 
 quence of a fistula, 30th November, 17.'JI, 
 and the honors and ceremonies of public 
 burial were refused to his remains. His 
 works were published after his death by M. 
 Parfait, two vols. 12mo. 1753, consisting of 
 the comedies of trois garcons, le bal (Pau- 
 teuil, le port de raer, le petit maitre de 
 robe, and other pieces. Boindin in his pri- 
 vate character was humane, generous, and 
 sincere. Prefi.xed to his works is his lite by 
 himself, more full of conceit and flatteiy 
 than prudence or sense should have dic- 
 tated. 
 
 Bo IS, Jean du, was born at Paris, and from 
 an ecclesiastic distinguished himself so much 
 in the military service of Henry HI. that the 
 monarch always called him the emperor of 
 monks. After the death of his patron, he re- 
 sumed his cl i-ical character, and became emi- 
 nent as a preacher, but his boldness in accu- 
 sing the Jesuits of the murder of Henry IV- 
 drew upon him the resentment of the order, 
 and on his visiting Rome, he was thrown in- 
 to the castle of St. Angelo, w here he died 
 1G'2G, r:iter a confinement of 14 years. He 
 published some ecclesiastic tracts in Latin, 
 besides a character of Henry IV. and of car- 
 dinal Olivier bis benefactor. 
 
 Bo IS, Gerard du, a native of Orleans, 
 known, as the author of a Latin history of the 
 church of Paris, two vols., folio. He was libra- 
 rian to the house of Honore, and also revised 
 the third volume of the ecclesiastical annals 
 of France, of le Comte. He was a correct 
 writer, and died 15tb July, 1696, aged G7. 
 
 Bo 1 3, Philippe du, a doctor of the Sorbon- 
 ne, who edited Tibullus, Catullus, and Pro- 
 pertius, in two vols. 8vo. — and also Maldo- 
 nat's workSj, and gave a catalogue of the lib- 
 rary of Rheims of which he had the care. 
 He died 1707. 
 
 Bo IS, Philippe Goibaud, a native of Poic- 
 tiers, known as a dancing master, as the tutor 
 of the duke of Guise, and as the le.nrned 
 translator of some of Cicero's and St. Augus- 
 tin's works. He died at Paris 1G94, aged G8. 
 
 Bois d'Annemets, Daniel ilu, of Nor- 
 mandy, was killed in a duel at Venice, 1627. 
 He wrote some curious memoirs of a favorite 
 of the duke of Orleans. 
 
 Bo IS, Guillaume du, was born In Lower 
 Limousin, and by the pliability of his temper. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 and tlie versatility of his talents he became 
 preceptor to tlie duke de Chartres_, a cardi- 
 nal, archbishop of Carabrai, ambassador to 
 tlie English court, and at last prime minister 
 of France. Addicted to debauchery, the de- 
 voted slave of ambition and intrigue, he spa- 
 red no pains to obtain his purposes ; and a 
 penetrating judgment and sanctified dissimu- 
 lation enabled him to convert the sincerity 
 of the prudent and the errors of the vicious 
 to the completion of his views. His constitu- 
 tion was exhausted by his licentiousness, and 
 he died 1723, a»ed 6". His mausoleum is 
 erected in the cliurch of St. Honore at Paris. 
 
 Bois DE LA Pierre, Louise Marie du, 
 n lady of Normandy, who possessed some 
 poetical merit, and wrote memoirs for the 
 history of Normandy, &c. — She died I4th 
 September, 1730, aged 67. 
 
 BoiSMORARD, abbe Cliiron dc, was born 
 at Quimper, w ith a strong and fertile imagi- 
 nation, and a fund of genuine wit. He did 
 not however possess much sincerity, as, un- 
 der a fictitious name, he attacked the Jesuits, 
 of whose order he was a member, and after- 
 wards refuted for a considerable sum the 
 calumnies of their unknown aggressor. Some 
 of his memoirs are highly commended, those 
 of the count Philip Augustus are ascribed 
 to him though they bear the name of Madam 
 de Lassan. He died at Paris 1746, aged 60. 
 
 BoiSROBERT, Francis le Metel de, a na- 
 tive of Caen, known for his wit, his satirical 
 powers, and his facetiousuess. He was pe- 
 culiarly great in the liveliness of his conver- 
 sation, which was aided by a strong retentive 
 memory, enriched with all the treasures of 
 Boccace and Beroaidus, and he recommend- 
 ed himself by his jokes to cardinal de Riche- 
 lieu, of whom he became the favorite and 
 the buffoon. He died 1662, aged 70. He 
 wrote some poems, letters, tragedies, come- 
 dies, hcc. of no considerable merit. 
 
 BoissARD, John James, known as an an- 
 tiquai'y, was born at Besancon, 1528. In 
 pursuit of his favorite study he visited Italy, 
 and the islands of the Adriatic, and examined 
 ■with a most judicious eye the monuments of 
 ancient Peloponnesus ; but these valuable 
 remarks were unfortunately destroyed in 
 the ravages to which Franche Comte was 
 exposed from the people of Lon-aine. Bois- 
 sard saved from the general wreck of his la- 
 bors only the materials from which he pub- 
 lished his account of Rome, in four vols, folio. 
 He wrote, besides epigrams, elegies, thea- 
 trum vitie human.c, in 4to. Frankfort 1599, 
 &.C. but his chief merit is as an antiquarian. 
 His treatise de divinalione & magicis prrvsti- 
 giis appeared after his death. He died at 
 Metz 1602. 
 
 EoTSSAT, Pierre de, a native of Vienna in 
 Dauphine, was known for his eccentricity. At 
 different periods of his life he became a monk, 
 a soldier, and a hermit, and supported his cha- 
 racter with courage and dissimulation. He 
 ■wrote some pieces in verse and prose, besides 
 a translation of an Italian romance, I'histoire 
 ncgropontique, &c. and died 1662, aged 68. 
 
 Boissiere, Joseph de la Fontaine dc h, 
 
 an ecclesiastic of Dieppe, author of sotn« 
 sermons of considerable merit, in si.x vols. 
 12mo. He died at Paris 1732. 
 
 Boissieu, Denis de SMvaing de, a law- 
 yer in the service of Lewis XIII. He died 
 1683, aged 83. He wrote some tracts little 
 esteemed. 
 
 Boissieu, Bartholomew Camille de, an 
 eminent physician, born at Lyons 5th Au- 
 gust, 1734. His abilities procured him both 
 fame and respectability. He died at the close 
 of the year 1770. He published two treatises 
 which possessed merit, and left another in 
 MS. on the method of purifying the air of 
 hospitals and prisons. 
 
 Boissy, Louis de, was born at Vic in Au- 
 vergne, and became at Paris a most popular 
 author, by the sallies of his muse and the ge- 
 nuine delicacy of his wit. But while the fa- 
 vorite of the public, applauded in the thea- 
 tres and in the coftee-houses, he sunk under 
 the most melancholy dejection through want, 
 and took the fatal resolution of starving him- 
 self to death rather than subsist by soliciting 
 relief from the hands either of friendship or 
 of charit}". His M-ife acceded to his measures, 
 and their only child was also made>to share 
 this dreadful fate. They were, however, 
 fortunately discovered by a friend, by whom, 
 in the last gasp of expiring nature, and by tn» 
 tenderest attention, they were restored to 
 life. This extraordinary circumstance ex- 
 cited the pity of the Parisians. Madame de 
 Pompadour no sooner heard of it, than she 
 sent them 100 louis d'ors, and Boissj' soou 
 after was made comptroller of the Mercure 
 de France, with a pension for his wife and 
 son if they survived him. His plays are nine 
 vols. 8vo. the most celebrated of which is le 
 babillard. He died in April 1758. 
 
 Bo I VI N, Francis de, baron de Villers, 
 accompanied marechal de Brisac into Pied- 
 mont, and wrote an account of the wars of 
 the coimtry, which, though not elegant, is 
 authentic, and was continued by Malinger. 
 He died in a good old age, 1618. 
 
 Bo IV IN, John, was born at Montreuil 
 l'Argile,and became Greek professor at Paris, 
 and librarian to the king. He was amiable 
 in private life, and died October 29tb, 1726, 
 aged 64. He Avrote an apology for Homer, 
 and the shield of Achilles, and ti1\nslated the 
 CKdipus of Sophocles, the birds of Aristo- 
 phanes, the batrachomyomachia of Homer, 
 and edited the mathematici veteres 1693, in 
 folio, and wrote a life of le Peletier in Latin. 
 
 BoiviN, Louis, brother of John, was of a 
 character impatient, wavering, and ambi- 
 tious. Some of his pieces are preserved in 
 poetry, and also in the memoirs of tlie aca- 
 demy of inscriptions. He died 1724, aged 75. 
 
 BoiZARD, John, a man of abilities, em- 
 ployed in the niint at Paris. He wrote a 
 book on his employment, which, however, 
 was not made public, as it contained secrets 
 respecting coinage, &c. He died the latter 
 end of the 17th century. 
 
 BuKHAui, a learned Arabian, who wrote 
 at Mecca, a book called Techich, in which 
 he has collected 7275 aiUheutic traditions. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 selected from 100,000 other traditions, all on 
 the Mahometan j-eligion. lie lias hud seve- 
 ral comnjeiitators to explain him. Ile<licd 
 the vear 'JSC of the he^ira, Icavinijf a son cal- 
 led "iman Zadeal Bukhari, equally learned 
 and respected. 
 
 Bo L, John, a Flcmibh painter of eminence. 
 He was born at M alines, and died 15*Jo, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Bo I., Ferdinand, uDulch painter, the pu- 
 pil of Rembrandt, lie died 1G81, i-ged 70. 
 His pieces are portraits, and also on histori- 
 cal subjects, and j)()ssess great merit. 
 
 BoLANGEK, John, a pupil of Guido, 
 ■whose pieces were on the most striking sub- 
 jects in saci-cdand profane history. He died 
 'iCGO, aged 5 i. 
 
 BoLESLAUS I. first king of Poland, suc- 
 ceeded in 9G9 his fatlier duke Vlicislaus. 
 Otho 111 gave him the title of king, and 
 made Poland an independent kingdom in 
 1001. lioleslaus conquered the Moravians, 
 and was a wise and politic prince. He died 
 10'25. 
 
 BoLESLAUS n. called the hold and the 
 cruel, succeeded, on the death of his father 
 Casimir I. 1059. He restored Bcla to the 
 throne of Hungary, and irivaded Russia, but 
 his absence Avith his army in tlie field gave 
 such offence to the PoUsh females, tliat they 
 bestowed their favors on their slaves. This 
 lascivious conduct irritated the absent sol- 
 diers, who returned to avenge the insults of- 
 fered to their bctls. The contest between 
 the husbands and the slaves was long and 
 bloody, but the monarch took advantage of 
 their dissensions to inflame the survivors. 
 Boleslaus was afterwards excommunicated 
 for a quarrel with his clergy, and lie was in 
 consequence shunned as an infected person 
 by his subjects, and died in Hungary about 
 
 1080. There was another king of Poland 
 
 of that name, against whom some of his sub- 
 jects revolted in 1126. 
 
 BoLEYN, Anne, daughter of sir Thomas 
 Boleyn, is known in English history, as the 
 wife of Henry VHI. and as the occasion of 
 the retormation. She went to France in the 
 seventh year of her age, and was one of the 
 attendants of the English princess, wife to 
 Lewis XII. and afterwards to Claudia the 
 queen of Francis I. and then of the dutchess 
 of Alencon. About 1525 she returned to 
 England, and when maid of honor to queen 
 Catherine, she drew upon herself the atten- 
 tion and the affection of Henry VHI. and by 
 her address in the management of the vio- 
 lence of his passion, she prevailed upon him 
 to divorce bis wife, to obtain the possession 
 of her person; and as the pope refused to 
 disannul his man-iage, England was separa- 
 ted from the sjiiritual dominion of Rome. 
 Henry was united to his favorite 14th Nov. 
 1532, by whom he had a daughter, queen 
 Elizabeth, but his passion was of short dura- 
 tion, and Anne Boleyn so long admired, so 
 long courted by the amorous monarch, was 
 now despised for Jane Seymour, and cruelly 
 beheaded May 19lh, 1536. She bore her 
 
 fate with resignation and spirit j but though 
 
 VOL. I. 27 
 
 branded with ignominy by cathoHc writers, 
 she must apjiear innocent in the judguicnt of 
 int partial men, and her disgraceful accusa- 
 tion of a criminal connection with her owu 
 brother and four oilier persons, must be at- 
 tributed to the suggestions and malice of 
 tbat tyrant, who, in every instance, made the 
 law and nHiialily subservient to his lust. 
 
 Boleyn, (ieorge, brother to queen Anne 
 Boleyn, studied at Oxford, .^nd was admired 
 for his wit anil learning at c<jurt. The rise of 
 his sister contribiited also to his elevation. 
 He was made a peer by the title of lord Roch- 
 fort, constable of Dover, warden <jf the 
 Cinque Ports, and engaged in several embas- 
 sies. He shared the queen's disgrace, and, 
 upon a false accusation of incestuous coni- 
 merce Avith her, was beheaded on Tower- 
 hill 17th May, 1530. He wrote some poems, 
 songs, odes, Jkc. which possessed merit. 
 
 BOLINGBROKE. Viil.Sr. J OH\. 
 
 BoLLANDUS, John, a Jesuit of Tillemont 
 in Flanders, possessed of judgment, erudition, 
 and sagacity. He Avas appointed to collect 
 the materials for the lives of the saints of the 
 Romish church, five vols, of Avhlch he pub- 
 lished in folio, but died before the comple- 
 tion in 1665. This Avork, called Acta Sanc- 
 torum, Avas continued by Ilensclieuius and 
 Papebrock, but not finished. There are up- 
 Avards of 47 vols, replete with matter some 
 times interesting, and often tedious. 
 
 BoLOGNE, Jean de, a natiA-e of Douai, 
 pupil to Michael Angelo. He adorned Flo- 
 rence with abeautiful group, representing the 
 rape of a Sabine. He died at Florence 1600. 
 
 Bolognese, Francisco, the assumed 
 name of Francis Grimaldi, the pupil of Ani- 
 bal Caracci. He Avas born at Bologna, and 
 died 1680, aged 74. Hislanscapes Avere par- 
 ticulai'v admired. His son Alexander Avas 
 also an artist of eminence. 
 
 Boi.SEC, Jerome, a Carmelite of Paris, 
 Avho forsook his order, and fled to Italy, and 
 afterwards to Geneva, where he practised as 
 a physician. He Avished, hoAvever, to distin- 
 guish himself as a divine, and embracing the 
 doctrines of Pelagius, he inveighed with bit- 
 terness against Calvin, Avho endeavored to 
 reclaim him, till the violence of his invec- 
 tives, and the boldness of his oratory roused 
 the indignation of the magistrates to banish 
 him from the country. On his return to 
 France, he had recourse to physic for his 
 subsistence ; but his restless temper, render- 
 ed him suspected both to protestants and pa- 
 pists, and he changed the place of liis abode, 
 to aAoid persecution. His insincerity appear- 
 ed every Avhere manifest, and his morality 
 Avas of the most loose nature, since lie did 
 1 ot hesitate to prostitute bis Avife to the ca- 
 nons of Autun, to regain the favors of the 
 cathoUcs. He died about 158i. His li\cs of 
 Calvin and Beza arc a collection of falsehood 
 and abuse. 
 
 Boi.swERD, Shcldt, a native of Flandei-s, 
 eminent as an engraver. His plates, from 
 the pieces of Rubens, Vandyke, Jordano, ftcc. 
 possessed merit. Ills relations Adam and 
 Boetius were inferior to him in merit. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 Bolton, Robei-t, a native of Xortliainp- 
 (.onslih-e, educated at VVadham college, Ox- 
 lord. He resided for some time at Fulhani 
 and Kensington, and became acquainted with 
 Mr. ^\'hisloii. Pope, and Mrs. Butler, a lady 
 whose nspeeted memory he embalmed in 
 Ihe ]nibiic papers of tlie lime by the effu- 
 sions ot a warm heart and the language of 
 friendship. He became chaplain to sir Jo- 
 seph JekyI, master of the rolls, and after his 
 deatli to lord Hardwiek, by wliose friendship 
 and patronage he became dean of Carlisle in 
 1735, Three years after he obtained St. 
 Mary's vicarage, Reading, where he distin- 
 gn^iished himself as an excellent preaclier and 
 rt good parisli priest. He printed some few 
 of bis sermons, and late in life he attacked 
 the vices and foibles of tbe times in small 
 tracts, uliich displayed good sense, great 
 piety, and deep erudition. He died in Lon- 
 don, i!Gth November, 17fi3, aged 65, and was 
 buried ia St. Mary's church, Reading. He 
 married Mrs. Holmes, a widow, with whom 
 he lived 25 years, but left no issue. It is 
 said that he objected to the Athanasian creed, 
 and that therefore he could not early per- 
 suade himself to subscribe to the articles of 
 the church of England. 
 
 RoLTON, or BouLTOX, Edmund, an 
 eminent antiqeary, author of an historical 
 book called Nero Ctesai', dedicated to the 
 duke of Buckingham, in 1624, and valuable 
 for the mefla'is with which it is adorned, and 
 for the curious observations winch it contains. 
 He says that tiie battle of Boadicea with the 
 Romans was fought on Salisbury plain, and 
 that Stonehengc was erected as her monu- 
 ment. He published, besides elements of ar- 
 mories 1610, 4to. — hypercritica or a rule of 
 judgments foi- writing or reading our histo- 
 ries. 
 
 Bo I- TON, Robert, a puritan of great lear- 
 ning and vast powers of oratory. When 
 James I. visited Oxford, 1605, he was ap- 
 pointed as one of the professors publicly to 
 ilispute before him, and the reputation wliich 
 he had acquired was well supported by his nu- 
 merous publications, the best known of wliich 
 is his book on happiness. He died with 
 Chi-istian resignation, December 17th, 1631, 
 aged 60. 
 
 BoLXAXi, Urbano Valeriano, a monk of 
 tlie order of Minorites, born at Belluno. He 
 visited Greece, Eg}pt, Palestine, &c. and 
 twice ascended to the topof ^Etna, to survey 
 its astonishing crater. He was the first per- 
 son who wrote a grammar of the Greek 
 language, in Latin. He died at Venice, 
 where be taught Greek, 1524, aged 84. 
 
 Bo M BE r, LI, Sebastian, a painter of Bo- 
 logna, who died 1685, aged 50. His histori- 
 cal pieces and portraits were held in high 
 esteem. 
 
 Bo>iPERC, Daniel, a famous printer, born 
 at Antwerp. He settled at Venice, and ob- 
 tained a name from the number and correct- 
 ness of the books which issued from his 
 press, especially his Hebrew bible iu four 
 vols. fol. 1549, and his TaUnud, 11 vols. iol. 
 He died 1540. 
 
 Bos' DE St. Hi L AIRE, Francois Xavier, 
 president of the chamber of accounts of 
 Montpellier, was respectable as a scholar 
 and as a magistrate. He wrote a treatise on 
 silk worms, and on the INIaroons of India, 
 12mo. and died 1761. 
 
 Bona, John, an ecclesiastic, was born at 
 Mondovi in Piedmont, 10th October, 1609, 
 and distinguished himself by his learning and 
 his love of solitude. Pope Alexander VII. 
 who knew his merit and his virtues before he 
 was raised to the chair, promoted him to 
 places of honor and consequence to induce 
 him to settle at Rome, and so Avell known 
 and esteemed was his character that it was 
 wished he might be elected to fill the papal 
 chair on the death of Clement IX. who had 
 made him a cardinal. Bona was author of 
 sevei'al tracts on devotion. He died univer- 
 sally respected, 1674. 
 
 BoNA.c, John Louis d'Usson marquis de, 
 a French nobleman, whose abilities were em- 
 ployed by Lewis XIV. in embassies to the 
 courts of Sweden, Poland, Spain, and Con- 
 stantinople. He possessed all the dexterity,, 
 firmness, and dignity requisite for his situa- 
 tion, and to these he added many private 
 virtues and great erudition. He died at Pa- 
 ris, 1738, aged 66. 
 
 BoNACixA, Martin, an ecclesiastic of 
 Milan, in the service of Urban VIII. He is 
 author of some theological tracts. He died 
 1631. 
 
 Bon AMY, Peter Nicholas, a native of 
 Louvres, member of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions, and historiographer of Paris, and 
 known for his learned dissertations, and the 
 most amiable virtues of a private character. 
 He conducted the journal dc A'crdun, a pe- 
 riodical work of great reputation, and died 
 at Paris, 1770, aged 76. 
 
 BoNANNi, James, a noble of Syracuse, 
 author of a valuable book called Syracusa 
 illustrata, in 4to. He died 1636. 
 
 Bo N ANN I, Philip, a learned Jesuit, known 
 for several M'orks on antiquities and liistory^ 
 the best of which are his recreatio in obser- 
 vat. animal, testaceorum, with near 500 fi- 
 gures, 1694, in 4to. — his collection of the 
 medals of the popes, two vols. fol. 1699 — his 
 catalogue of the orders religious and military 
 and equestrian, with plates, four vols. 4to. — 
 observationes circa viventia in non viventibus, 
 4to. 1691 — rausxum colleg. Rom. Kircheria- 
 uum, 1709, ful. He died at Rome, 1725, 
 aged 87. 
 
 BoNARDi, Jean Baptiste, a learned doc- 
 tor of the Sorbonne. He was born at Aix, 
 and died at Paris 1756. He left some manu- 
 scripts, the most valuable and curious of 
 which is a dictionary of anon3Mnous and pseu- 
 donymous writers. 
 
 BoNAUELLi, Guy Ubaldo, a nobleman, 
 born at Urbino 25th December, 1563. He 
 is known as a politician in the service of the 
 duke of Ferrara, but more as the author of 
 his " fills de Stiro," a pastoral, which dis- 
 plays his art and ingenuity, though he makes 
 his shepherds courtiers, and his shepherdesses 
 prudes. The chief eharacter Cclia is cea- 
 
BO 
 
 150 
 
 siirod Tor entertaining a violent prtssion lor 
 two loTt-rs :it once. The best edition is tli:it 
 «»f Glasf^ow, irG.'^, Svo. lie died Jan. 8, 1GU8, 
 :iged 'J-5. 
 
 IJoN AROTA, or liuoNAROTi, sumnmcil 
 Mi«:liael Angelo. lid. Angei-o. 
 
 lio N A V E N r V R E, .lolui Fid.'iuza, a cardi- 
 nal and saitit of llie lioniish eliurth Ijorn in 
 Ktruria V221 lie was of llie order of Si. 
 Francis, Ijul so di.sinlerested in liis conduct 
 that he refused the artlil)isho|)ric of York, 
 otfered him hy Clement l\ . VV hen tlie car- 
 <linals disagreed in llic election of the pope, 
 he wa.s universally called u[)on to decide, and 
 he fi.veil hi!» choice on 'I'heohald, afterwards 
 (.iregoi-y X. lie died l'J74, highly respected 
 and admired. He was canonized 1482. His 
 •\voikson sui)jects of divinity and morals, are 
 in eight vols. fol. 15SS. He has been called 
 tlie seraphic doctor for treating of mystical 
 suliji els. 
 
 Ko.NAVENTUKE, of Padua, a cardinal, 
 who was of the Augustine order, and studied 
 at Pails. He warmly supported the rights of 
 the churcli agtiinst Francis dc Carrario, of 
 Padua, Avho had the meanness to have him 
 shot l»y an assassin with an arrow as he cros- 
 sed the bridge of St. Angclo at Rome, 13S0, 
 in his 54th year. He wrote co:..mentaries on 
 the epistles of St. John and St. James, be- 
 sides sermons, 8cc. He was intimate with 
 Petrarch, whose funeral oration he delivered 
 1369. 
 
 Box BELLES, Henri Francis Comte de, a 
 French officer of rank, author of two treati- 
 ses on militai'y tactics, 8cc. He died 1760, 
 aged 80. 
 
 BoNCERF, a French writer, Avho applied 
 Tiimself to the draining of marshes, and wrote 
 a treatise on the hardships of feudal rights. 
 This work proved so offensive to the parlia- 
 ment that they ordered it to be burnt. This 
 increased his popularity, and at the revolu- 
 tion he was promoted, and employed to dis- 
 miss that parliament which had voted his dis- 
 grace. His services were too great to escape 
 The notice of the revolutionary tribunal, but 
 by the majority of one voice his life was spa- 
 red. He liowever soon after died of a broken 
 heart. 
 
 BoMD, John, an eminent commentator 
 educated at Winchester school and Ne^v col- 
 lege. He was elected master of Taunton 
 school, in his native county of Somerset, 
 Avhich, after distinguishing liimsclf as a suc- 
 cessful preceptor, he resigned for the prac- 
 tise of physic. He died at Taunton, 3d Au- 
 gust, 16l'2, aged 6'2. He wrote valuable notes 
 on Horace, Pcrsius, &c. 
 
 BoNEFACio, Venetiano, an Italian pain- 
 ter, the disciple and successful imitator of 
 Palma. He died 10.30, aged 02. 
 
 Bo NET, Theophilus, a native of Geneva, 
 who, after studying at most of the great uni- 
 versities of Europe, began to practise physic. 
 He was very successful, but after 40 years' 
 experience he wasafllicted with deafness and 
 retired to literary ease. He published in his 
 old age several medical treatises, valuable for 
 the facts and observations w hieh they contain- 
 
 ed. He died of a dropsy 'J9Ui Marcli, lOSO, 
 agt'fl oy. 
 
 BoNFADit'S, James, an Italian writer, 
 boi-n near the lake di (iarda. He was enga- 
 ged as the secretary t>f cardinal Bari, aiid »!'- 
 terwardsof (ilinucci, at Konje, but at last h«; 
 abandoned a ccjurt where merit met no re- 
 ward, and after wandering in difl'erent jilaces 
 of Italy, he settled at Cicnoa, and by reading 
 lectuiX'S on the politics afi<l rhetoric of Arit.- 
 totle he gained popularity, an<l wilh the titlr 
 (if historiogra|)her, a handsome pension. In 
 his historical employment he cixated himsell 
 enemies by speaking with unpardonable free- 
 dom of several families distinguished in the 
 ann^s of Genoa, and in revenge for the sc\e- 
 rity of his remarks some uimatural i)ropen- 
 sities towards a favorite youth which he had 
 gratified, were revealed to the public eye. 
 'Fhe facts were proved, and Bonfadius vsaa 
 sentenced to death, which he suffered in 1:^C0. 
 His writings were sp(;eches, Latin and Italian 
 poems, &c. Before his execution, with the 
 sup;.rstitious notions of a visionary, he wrote 
 to his friend Gi'imaldi, that he would visit 
 him if it were possible in no terrific shape, 
 and report the state of the other world. 
 
 BoiNFixius, Anthon)", an historian, bora 
 at Ascoli in Italy, in the l.'ilh century. He 
 was invited into Hungai'y hy Matthias Corvin 
 tlie king of the country, and he was received 
 by the monarch and by his courtiers with 
 kindness, and allowed a liberal pension. He 
 undertook, at the desire of his patron, an 
 histoi-y of Plungary, and carried it to the 
 year 1495, in 45 books, which were deposited 
 in the royal library at Buda, and not pub- 
 lished before 1568, by Sanbucus. Boniinin* 
 died as is supposed in Hungary about 1502. 
 
 BoNFRERius, James, a learned Jesuit, 
 born in Dinan in Liege. He wrote Latin 
 commentaries on tlie penlateuch and other 
 treatises on scripture names, highly esteem- 
 ed for method and perspicuity, and died at 
 Tournay, 9th Marcli, 1643, aged 70. 
 
 BoNGAUS, James, a native of Orleans, 
 who studied at Strasbuig, and after profiting 
 by tlie instructions of the famous Cnjacius in 
 civil law, he devoted himself for 30 years to 
 tlie service of Henry IV. whom he repre- 
 sented with diguity and firmness at several 
 of the German courts. As a statesman and 
 negotiator he was sagacious and well inform- 
 ed, and as a scholar he possessed an exten- 
 sive fund of erudition. He pnblislied, in the 
 midst of his public avocations, besides his 
 elegant letters, a valuable edition of Justin, 
 and the " gesta dei per Francos," in 2 vols, 
 folio, containing the history of the expedition 
 into Palestine. Bayle speaks of him with 
 high commendation, and represents his style 
 as fine, clear, polite, and full of natural 
 charms. Bongars, as it is sup]iosed, was 
 never married, as the lady to whom he wys 
 engaged, after a courtship of six years, died 
 on the very day fixed for her nuptials. He 
 died at Paris, 161 2, aged 58. 
 
 BoNlCHON, I'rancis, ar? ecclesiastic of 
 Angers, author of a curious book called 
 Pompa Episcopalis, 8tc. He died 16G2. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 Boniface, the apostle of Germany, •was 
 Lorn in England, and commissioned by Gre- 
 gory II. to convert the barbarians of the 
 iiortli to Christianity. He was very success- 
 ful in liis mission, and loaded with honors by 
 the pope. He was killed by some of the pa- 
 gans of Frizland, whom he attempted to 
 convert, 754, aged 74. His writings are ob- 
 scure and inelegant. His letters were print- 
 ed 161 G. 
 
 BoxiFACE I. St. succeeded Zosimus as 
 pope of Home 41 8, supported by the pOAver 
 of Honorius against his rival Eulalius. He 
 died September 422. 
 
 Boniface II. succeeded Felifc IV. in 
 530, and died two years after. His father 
 V. as a Goth. He attempted to inflticnce the 
 cardinals in the choice of his successor, and 
 to elect Vigil, but another council annulled 
 the proceedings. He died Slh November, 
 532. 
 
 Bo XI FACE III. was made pope 000, after 
 Sabinian, and died the same year 12t!i No- 
 vember. He established, by means of the 
 emperor Phocas, the superiority of the Ro- 
 man pontiff over the patriarch of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Boniface IV. was sou of a physician of 
 Valeria, and succeeded the preceding. He 
 dedicated to the virgin and martyrs the 
 pantheon built by Agrippa, and it is still 
 venerated at Rome as a noble and magnifi- 
 cent edifice. He died 614. 
 
 Boniface V. of Naples, succeeded De- 
 odatus, 617. He warmly supported the 
 sanctity of asylums, and died 625. 
 
 Boniface VI. filled only for 15 days the 
 papal chair after Formosus, 896. He was 
 raised and deposed by a faction. 
 
 Boniface VII. surnamed Francon, rais- 
 ed himself to the popedom, after the mur- 
 der of Benedict VI. and John XIV. in 984, 
 and died four montiis after. As he was a 
 monster of cruelty his remains were treated 
 •\vith the highest indignity and trampled upon 
 by the incensed populace. 
 
 Boniface VIII. Benedict Cajetan, was 
 born at Anagni, and employed in ecclesiasti- 
 cal affairs at Lyons and Paris. Martin H. 
 made him cardinal, and after the abdication 
 of Celestinus, which he procured by terrify- 
 ing him at midnight, and threatening him 
 with eternal damnation, if he did not imme- 
 diately resign, he filled the papal chair in 
 1294. His ambition was unbounded, he 
 hurled the thunder of the Vatican against 
 tlie kings of Denmark and France, and an- 
 nulled the election of Albert, to be king of 
 the Romans. The family of the Colonnas 
 ■were particularly marked as objects of his 
 vengeance, and neither submission nor en- 
 treaty could procure a lasting reconciliation. 
 Such insolence did not however long tri- 
 umph, though the pope in liis will hatl de- 
 clared that God had placed him as lord over 
 kings and kingdoms. Philip king of France 
 despised ecclesiastical threats, he orrlered 
 him tf) be seized by his general Nogaret at 
 Anagni, that he might bring him to the coun- 
 cil of Lyons, but the crafty prelate escaped 
 
 from his guards to Rome, wliere, overpow- 
 ered with the indignities oflered to bis per- 
 son, he died one month after, 12th October 
 1303. 
 
 Boniface IX. a native of Naples, raised 
 to the p.apal chair 1386, after Urban VI. He 
 is accused of avarice and usury. He died in 
 1404. 
 
 Boniface, Hyacinthe, a lawyer of Aix, 
 known as the compiler of the decrees of the 
 parliament of Provence, ])ublished at Lyons 
 cie-h.t vols, folio, 1708. He died 1695, aged 
 83. 
 
 Boniface, count of the Roman empire, 
 ably defended Africa, but at last revolted 
 against the empire, at the suggestion of Ac- 
 tius, who secretly planned his ruin. He af- 
 terwards was reconciled to his master, but 
 fell in a dreadful battle with his rival Actius, 
 432. 
 
 Bonifacio, Balthazar, a Venetian, pro- 
 fessor of law at Padua, and afterwards bishop 
 of Casio d'lstria. He was author of several 
 learned tracts on history, such as Historia 
 Trevigniana, 4to. — Historia Ludicia, 4to. 
 1656, besides some Latin poems, &c. He 
 was instrumental in the institution of the 
 academies of Padua and Tre\'isa, and died 
 1659, aged 75. 
 
 Bon JOUR, Guillaume, an Augustine 
 monk, born at Toulouse. He assisted Cle- 
 ment XL in discovering the errors of the 
 Gregorian calendar, and died in China, where 
 he had been sent as a missionary 1714, aged 
 44. He was well versed in oriental literature 
 and wrote some dissertations, kc. ©n scrip- 
 ture, and the Coptic monuments of the Va- 
 tican. 
 
 Bonne, a shepherdess of the Vateline, 
 who became the mistress and afterwards the 
 wife of Peter Brunoro, a famous warrior of 
 Parma. She displayed uncommon marks of 
 courage in the field of battle, and with her 
 husband she supported the fame and power 
 of Venice against the attacks of the duke of 
 Milan. She went with BruHoro to defend 
 Negropont against the Turks, where she 
 signalized herself greatly, and on the death 
 of her husband there, she abandoned the 
 place, and died in the ^lorca on her return 
 to Venice, 1466, leaving two sons to inherit 
 her honors and reputation. 
 
 Bonnecorse, a native of Marseilles, 
 French consul in Egypt. He wrote Latin 
 and French verses, but he was ridiculed in 
 Boileau's Lutrin. He died 1706. 
 
 Bonnecuei L, Joseph Duranti de, an ec- 
 clesiastic of Aix, who translated some of the 
 works of St. Chrysostom, Ambrose, &c. He 
 died at Paris 1750, aged 93. 
 
 Bonnefons, John, was born at Clermont 
 in Auvcrgne, and distinguished himself 
 greatly as a successful imitator of the poetry 
 of Catullus, in his Pancharis and Phaleurio 
 verses, fie had a son eminent also as a 
 poet. He died 1014, aged 60. His poems 
 are printed with Beza's, Paris, 1755, 12mo. 
 
 Bonnefons, Amable, a Jesuit of Riom, 
 who wrote several devotional tracts. He died 
 at Paris 1635. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 BoNNELL, James, an Englisliman, erai- 1 
 nent t'ov his virtues and piety. He wiis born 
 1053 at (Jeiioa, where his father was a rcsi- 
 <lent lucreliaiit^ ami lie ciaiiie to Jwit;lainl 
 ■when two years old, and was educated at 
 Dublin and Cambridge. He was aflerwards 
 tutor in a private family, an<l wiblied to en- 
 ter into tlie church, but as his father had 
 grcatlv suftei-ed during the civil warH, he w as 
 joined with him in a pati-nt to hold the olilce 
 of accomptant general of Ireland. He dis- 
 charged the duties of his office with great 
 integrily and honor, and died at JJuolin, 
 169y, universally respected. His funeral 
 sermon v as preached by bisl.op A\ ettenhall, 
 ami his life \.as written by archdeacon Ha- 
 milton 1703, I'Jmo. in which some of his me- 
 ditations are introduced. 
 
 Uo.N'NEU, Edmund, bishop of London, 
 vas the son of a man of indigent circum- 
 stances, born at Harley in "Worcestershire, 
 and charitably educated at the expense of the 
 family of Lechmere. He entei-ed 1512 at 
 Broadgate-hall, now Pembroke college, and 
 ty his learning and assiduity he recommend- 
 ed himself to the notice of Wolsey, whose 
 influence procured liim several ecclesiastical 
 preferments, and great favor at court. He 
 ■was made chaplain to the king, and he gain- 
 ed his heart by promoting with all his pow- 
 ers his divorce from Catherine of Arragon. 
 He was sent to Rome to plead the king's 
 cause before Clement \l\. but he spoke with 
 such vehemence and indignation against the 
 tyranny of the lioly see, that the pope 
 threatened to throw him into a caldron of 
 melted lead, and he escaped from the ven- 
 geance of the pontiff' only by flight. Bon- 
 ner's abilities as a negotiator were great, and 
 his manners insinuating, therefore he was 
 ambassador severally to the courts of Den- 
 mark, France, and Germany. In 1538 he 
 was nominated to the see of Hereford, by 
 the recommendation of his great friend and 
 patron lord Cromwell, who had now succee- 
 ded to Wolsey's honors, and before his con- 
 secration he was promoted to London. Now 
 raised to the episcopal dignity, he began to 
 show the real sentiments of his heart. He 
 liad formerly opposed the pope's preroga- 
 tive only to rise in Henry's favor, but after 
 his death he convinced the public that he 
 ■was firmly devoted to the catholic faith, and 
 therefore he withstood the measures that 
 •were adopted by Edward VI. to spread the 
 reformation, and for his obstinacy lie was 
 depi-ived of his bishopric, and committed to 
 the !Marslialsea. This persecution endeared 
 liim the more in the eyes of Mary, and of 
 her popish ministers ; she no sooner ascend- 
 ed the throne than Bonner was restored to 
 his honors, and made president of the con- 
 vocation in the stead of Cranmer now dis- 
 graced. In his new office he displayed all 
 the native ferocity of his character. He not 
 only dismissed and excommunicated several 
 of the clergy, but he committed some hun- 
 dreds to the flames for not renouncing the 
 doctrines of the reformatio!), and on every 
 accusation showed himself tlie worthv minis- 
 
 ter of a bloody reign. (Jn the death of Mary 
 he paid his respects to the new queen, but 
 Kliv.abelh turned away from a man stained 
 with the blood of snii'eiing innocence, and 
 the bigoted ecclesiastic soon alter, vv hen 
 summoned before the council, refused to 
 take the oaths of allegiance, and was .again 
 deprived of his bishopric, and imprisoned. 
 He died about liie lOth year f»f his confine- 
 ment 5tli Sejiteiiiber 15G'J, and as he was ex- 
 crjinmunicated, his body was privately buried 
 at mitlnight in St. (ieorge's church-vai'd, 
 Soutliwark, that a imblic ceremony might 
 not draw more strongly the indignation of 
 the populace against his remains. In hi.s 
 person Jionncr was fat and corpulent, his 
 character was ferocious and vindictive, his 
 knowledge of divinity was not extensive, but 
 he was well versed in jioliiics and canon 
 law. He wrote some tracts now deservedly 
 forgotten. 
 
 Bonnet, Charles, a native of Geneva, 
 disturbed from his jjursuits in the law by 
 reading la Pluche's spectacle de la nature, 
 and Reaumur's memoirs of insects. Devoted 
 to the studies of natural history and of me- 
 taphysics, he made some valuable discove- 
 ries in entomology at the age of '2U, and when 
 27, he claimed the public attention by his 
 treatise on phychologv' and his analytical es- 
 say on the mental powers, and his s} stem of 
 physics. He died at Geneva 20th May 1793, 
 aged 73, universally respected as a good 
 Chi'istian and as a benevolent man. He jiub- 
 lished besides considerations on organized 
 bodies — contemplations of nature — and pa- 
 lingencsia, or thoughts on the past and future 
 state of animals and beings, two vols. 8vo. 
 — inquiries on tlie use of leaves in plants, &c. 
 
 BoNNEVAi., Claudius Alexander count 
 de, of Limousin, was allied by blood to the 
 royal family of France. He quitted the 
 French service, Avhere he began to distin- 
 guish himself, and followed the fortunes of 
 pi'ince Eugene. His interest, however, at 
 the court of Vienna was ruined by the in- 
 trigues of his enemy de Prie, and therefore 
 he ottered his services to Russia, and after- 
 wards to Turkey, where he was honorably 
 received, made bashaw of three tails, and 
 appointed to a government, and tlie com- 
 mand of 30,000 men, at the stipend of forty- 
 five thonsand livrcs a year. As the vassal of 
 the Turkish emperor he quelled a danger- 
 ous insurrection in Arabia Pctrce, and de- 
 feated a large Austrian ai-my on the banks 
 of the Danube. His successes however 
 hastened his disgrace. Though the favorite 
 of the sultan he m as disgraced and banished 
 to the island of Chio, from m hich he was af- 
 terwards recalled and restored to places of 
 honor and emolument. He wrote the me- 
 moirs of his own life, published London 
 1755, and died in Turkey 1747, aged 75. 
 
 BoNXEVAT,, Rene de, an inferior writer 
 and poet of iNIans, who died 17G0. 
 
 BoNNiEii d'A:.co, N. a Frenchman, 
 known in the national assembly and in the 
 convention for his strong republican piincir 
 pies. He was engaged as minister in tlie 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 conferences with the English ambassador at 
 iJsle, and afterwards at Radstadt ; on re- 
 turning from which he was assassinated by 
 some men in the dress of Austrian hussars, 
 i28th April 17U9. 
 
 Boxes IS, bishop of Naissus in Dacia, 
 was accused of heresy, and condemned at 
 Capua, by a council of prelates wlio ablior- 
 red his doctrines, that the Virgin Mary 
 should have other children besides Christ. 
 Uonosus died 410; but his doctrines were 
 propagated, and prevailed for more than two 
 centuries alter. 
 
 BoNTEKOEjCornielle, a Dutchman, phy- 
 sician to the elector ot Drandenhurg, and 
 author of a treatise or. tea, and another 
 on ihe climacterical year. He died young. 
 His works were printed, Amsterdam, IGS9, 
 4lo. 
 
 BoNTEMPi, George Andrew Angelini, 
 miuistei of the chapel of the elector of Sax- 
 ony, was a native of Perugia, and known as 
 a good musician, and as the author of nova 
 qiiaruorvocibiis componendi methodus, 1660, 
 and an Italian lii^ilor}' of music, printed Pe- 
 rugia, \Ci'J!y, in folio. 
 
 BoNTEMS, jNIadam, a woman deservedly 
 respected for the delicacy of her wit, the 
 goodness of her understanding, her polished 
 manners, and her benevolent heart. She 
 gave an elegant translation of Thomson's 
 Seasons, 1759. She died at Paris ISlh April 
 J7G8, aged 50. 
 
 BoNTii'S, James, a Dutch physician at 
 Batavia, auLbor of some treatises on the dis- 
 eases, tlie botan}-, and natural history of 
 India, printed Leydeu, 1642, and Amster- 
 dam 1658. 
 
 BoNTiL'S, Gerard, a native of Kyswick, 
 medical professor at Leyden, where he died 
 15th September 1599, aged 63. He invented 
 some famous pills, called pillulie tartarse, the 
 composition of which was long kept secret, 
 but is now known. 
 
 BoNviNCiNO, Alexander, an Italian 
 painter, the disciple of Titian. His works 
 are in high esteem. He died 1504, aged 50. 
 
 BoNwiCKE, Ambrose, a nonjuring cler- 
 gyman, born April 29, 1652, and educated at 
 Merchant Taylor's school and St. John's 
 college, Oxford. He was elected master of 
 Merchant Taylor's school in 1686, and ex- 
 pelled in 1691, for not taking the oaths of al- 
 legiance. He afterwards kept a school at 
 Headlev in Surrev, and had at the same time 
 Fenton for his usher, and Bowyer ti-e prin- 
 ter for his pupil. He had twelve children by 
 liis wife Elizabeth Stubbs. 
 
 Bo DDT, Anselm Von, a physician of the 
 •emperor Rodolph, known by a Latin tract on 
 Jewels, he died 1660. 
 
 Booker, John, a haberdasher, who 
 afterwanls became a writing-master at Had- 
 Icy in Middlesex, and an astrologer, well 
 versed in the discovery of thieves, and in 
 the solution of love iiupiiiies. He is cele- 
 brated by Lilly, who Avas well accjuaintcd 
 ^vith his art ; and he was severely attacked 
 by George Wharton. He wrote the *' bloody 
 Irish almanac," about the w ar of Ireland ; 
 and died April 1607. 
 
 Boone, Daniel, a Dutch painter, who&e 
 pieces are valuable, as expressive, in the 
 most natural forms, of low scenes, &c. He 
 died in England 1698. 
 
 Booxex, Arnold, a native of Dordt, 
 known as a most eminent portrait painter. 
 He was the disciple of Schalken ; and died 
 1729. 
 
 Boot, Arnold, a Dutch ])hysician, au- 
 thor of animadversiones ad textum hebrai- 
 cum, in wbicli he ably defended the He- 
 brew text of scripture against Morin and 
 Cappei. He wrote also some medical trea- 
 tises ; and died at Paris 1653. 
 
 Booth, Bailon, celebrated as an actor, 
 was born in Larjcashire 1681. He was edu- 
 cated by Dr. Busby at Westminster ; and 
 his theatrical powers Avere first roused to 
 action at the representation of a Latin play 
 by the pupils of the school. The superior 
 abilities which he displayed, and the ap- 
 plauses which he received, induced him to 
 oppose the wishes of his father, and there- 
 fore, instead of going to college to prepare 
 himself for the church, he eloped, in 1698, 
 from tlie school, and engaged himself in 
 Ashbury's strolling company in Ireland. 
 After spetiding three seasons in Dublin, he 
 came back to London, where his reputation 
 soon recommended him to the notice of Bet- 
 terton, and his incomparable acting of the 
 character of Maximus m Yalentiniau, and 
 of Artabas in the Ambitious Stepmother, 
 drew upon him the decided approbation of 
 the public. By the influence of lord Bo- 
 lingbroke, he was, in 171. i, eamed as mana- 
 ger of the theatre with Cihber, Wilks, and 
 Dogget ; but his constitution was naturally 
 weak, and he sunk under great exertions. 
 He fell a victim to a complication of disor- 
 ders, and expired 10th Mt»y, 1733. He 
 maintained the high character which he had 
 at fii'st acquired on the stage ; and though he 
 failed in comedy, his ])owers in tragedy 
 evinced sunerior judgment, and wherever 
 the more turbulent passions of the heart, 
 the significant expressions of voice and coun- 
 tenance, were required, he left all competi- 
 tors far behind him. His most capital per- 
 formance was Othello, in the opinion of Gib- 
 ber, Avlio attributed the unrivalled excellence 
 of his Cato to the novelty of the character, 
 and the political temper and feelings of the 
 times. Aaron Hill has also delineated his 
 character with the freedom of a critic and 
 the accuracy of an acquaintance. 
 
 Booth, Henry, carl of AVarrington, dis- 
 tinguished as a statesman, was member of 
 several parliaments for Chester under 
 Charles II. He strenuously opposed the pa- 
 pists, and zealously promoted the exclusion 
 of the duke of York ; and to this resistance 
 to the views of the court he probably owed 
 the confinement which he endured three 
 limes under the tyrannical reign of James 
 II. He was tried for treason, but he was 
 acquitted, in spite of the eftbrts of Jeffries 
 and the coitrt-, and in his retirement he fa- 
 vored the cause of freedom and of William 
 of Orange. At the revolution he was ad- 
 
LU 
 
 130 
 
 vanceil to high ofTices ; but as he wished to 
 check the royal preiofjalive, M'illiam dis- 
 luisSed him from Ids employments, not with- 
 oat com[>limeiitiiijj his j^reat services with a 
 pension of '2U0/. and the earldom ol War- 
 rington. He died '2d January, 1G<J4, u^cd 
 41. He wrote some political tracts, besides 
 speeclies, 8ic. 
 
 Booth, George, earl of Warrington, son 
 of the preceding, published, in 1739, an 
 anonymous tract on " the institution of mar- 
 riage," recommending divorces where the 
 tempers disagree. He died 1758. 
 
 IJoRBONius, Nicholas, a Latin poet, the 
 favorite oi the court of Francis I. He wrote 
 some poems, which he called Nugie, in which 
 he severely attacks the cliaracter of sir 
 Thomas More, with whom he had been in 
 Jiabits of intimacy. He was also connected 
 with Rrasmns, Scaliger, Palingenius, and 
 other learned men of the iGth century. His 
 poems appeared 1540. 
 
 lloRDA, John Charles, an eminent French 
 mathematician, born at Dax kh May 1733. 
 He served at first as engineer and lieutenant 
 in the navy, and in 1771 was sent with Ver- 
 dun and Pingre to America to make obsei^ 
 rations on the situation of various islands, 
 and in 1 774 he continued the same research- 
 es. During the American war he served 
 with credit under d'Estaing, as rear admiral ; 
 but his services to science were of the great- 
 est importance. He introduced more uni- 
 formity in the building of the French ships 
 of war, and by his experiments contributed 
 much to the improvement of all vessels. He 
 published, besides his discoveries in Ameri- 
 ca, &c. in 2 vols. 4to. 1778, llie description 
 and the use of the circle of reflection, in 
 which he recommended the specular circles 
 of Tobias Mayer, 1787, and other treatises, 
 inserted in the memoirs of the academy of 
 sciences. The small rod for the mensura- 
 tion of angles, so useful in astronomy, was 
 of his invention, and he also introduced a 
 new method to observe the length of the 
 pendulum, and the new system of weights 
 and measures adopted by the constituent as- 
 sembly. He died at Paris of a dropsy in the 
 chest,' 17y*J. 
 
 lioRDE, Andrew, a native of Pevenscy in 
 Sussex, born 1500, and educated at Oxford. 
 He studied physic, though entered in the 
 order of the Carthusians ; and after travel- 
 ling over the greatest part of Europe and Af- 
 rica, he settled at Winchester, and took his 
 degrees at Montpcllier, in liis chiiracter he 
 was whimsical and eccentric in the extreme. 
 He was not devoid of wit and learning; but 
 though commended for his skill as a physi- 
 cian, it is probable that he never acquired 
 opulence or distinction by his profession, as 
 he died in the fleet, April 1549. He has 
 been accused by Itale of poisoning himself, 
 because he kept a brothel for the Carthusian 
 monks. He wrote the breviary of liealth, — 
 some medical tracts, — a jest book, 8cc. 
 
 BoRDE, John Benjamin, a French writer, 
 born at Paris 5th "September 1734. He was 
 at first the valet of Lewis X^^ and on tjie 
 
 jnonarch's death, was appoint(;d fai'mcr-gcn- 
 eral. Natuially fond of literature, he culti- 
 vated it in the midst of business, anil wrotn 
 some learned works. His essays on ancient 
 and modern music, 4 vols. 4t(). 1780 — mc- 
 moires hiHtorifpies dc Coucy, 2 vols. 8vo. — 
 pieces interessantes i'or the history of Lew- 
 is Xn[. and Lewis Xl\'. 12mo. — letters oru 
 Switzerlau'd, 2 ^ols. 8vo. — abrege croniijue, 
 8to. — history of the South sea, d vols, bvo— 
 Swinburne's travels translated — besides a 
 valuable collection of airs, in 4 vols. 8vo. ^c. 
 are very interesting proofs of his taste and 
 assiduity as a lover of music, and as an au- 
 thor. During the revolutijn, he retired to 
 Rouen, in hopes of passing the rest of his 
 life in repose, but the satellites of Robespierre 
 discovered him, and he was guillotined 2'id 
 July 1794, aged GO. 
 
 BouRDELOx, Lawrence, a native of 
 Rourges, who died at Paris 1730, aged 77. 
 though an ecclesiastic, lie wrote for the the- 
 atre, but with little success; and his pieces 
 are now deservedly forgotten. His history 
 of the extravagances of Mr. Ouflle has ap- 
 peared in English, 8vo. which ridicules the 
 reading of books on witchcraft, magic, &c. 
 
 B o ivD E N A V E, Toussai nt, piofessor of sur- 
 gery at Paris, is known for his elements of 
 phvsiologv, in 2 vols. 12mo. He was born 
 lOth April 1728, and died March 12, 1782. 
 
 BoRDES, Charles, a poet and philosopher 
 of Lyons, who died 1781. His works were 
 published at Lyons, 4 vols. 8vo. 1783, and 
 among their contents ai'e admired an ode on 
 war, — Blanche de Bourbon a fine tragedy, — 
 elegant epistles, kc. 
 
 BoRDEU, Theophilus de, was born Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1722, at leste in the valley of Os- 
 san in Beam, and early distinguished him- 
 self at the tmiversity of ^Montpellier, where, 
 at the age of 20, he held a thesis de sensu 
 generice considerato, in so learned a manner 
 as to astonish his auditors. He gained great 
 reputation at Paris, and though he had ene- 
 mies as a physician, lie gained the esteem 
 and the approbation of the learned, the ju- 
 dicious, and the great. His constitution was 
 early impaired by a flying gout, and a deep 
 melancholy, and he expired under an atUick 
 of apoplex}"^ 24th November 1776. He pub- 
 lished nine difterent treatises on anatomical 
 and medical subject.^, much admired for the 
 information and judicious remarks which 
 they convey. 
 
 BoRDiNGius, Andrew, a celebrated Dan- 
 ish poet, whose works, highly esteemed in 
 Denmark, were printed 17J8, at Copenha- 
 gen. 
 
 BoRDOXE, Paris, a painter ot \ enicc, 
 who was disciple of Titian, and the favorite 
 of Francis L He particularly excelled in 
 the delicacy oi his strokes and the purity of 
 bis outlines, and gained great reputation by 
 the portraits w hich he took of the beauties 
 of the French court. He retired to ^'enice 
 from France, and died, universally admired, 
 in 1587, aged 75. 
 
 Bore, (.'atharine Von, a nun of the con- 
 vent of Nimptschen, near Witlemberg, wlui. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 conferences with the English ambassador at 
 Lisle, and afterwards at Radstadt ; on re- 
 turning from which he was assassinated by 
 some men in the dress of Austrian hussars, 
 i28th April 17'J9. 
 
 Boxosi's, bishop of Naissus in Dacia, 
 was accused of heresy, and condemned at 
 Capua, by a council of prelates who abhor- 
 red his doctrines, that the Virgin Mary 
 should have other children besides Christ. 
 Eonosus died 410; but his doctrines were 
 propagated, and pi-cvailcd for more than two 
 centuries after. 
 
 BoNTEKOE,Cornie11e, a Dutchman, pliy 
 sician to the elector of JJrandenburg, and 
 autlior of a treatise on tea, and another 
 on the cliniaoterical year. He died young. 
 His works were printed, Amsterdam, IGS9, 
 4to. 
 
 KoxTEMPi, Ceorge Andrew Angclini, 
 ininistei of the chapel of the elector of Sax- 
 ony, was a native of Perugia, and known as 
 a good musician, and as the author of nova 
 tjuaiuor vocibiis componendi methodus, 1660, 
 and an Italian liistory of music, printed Pe- 
 rugia, 16y.5, in folio. 
 
 BoNTEMS, Madam, a woman deservedly 
 respected for the delicacy of her wit, the 
 goodness of her understanding, her polished 
 iuanners, and her benevolent heart. She 
 gave an elegant translation of Thomson's 
 Seasons, 1769. She died at Paris 18th April 
 17G8, aged 50. 
 
 BoxTius, James, a Dutch physician at 
 Batavia, author of some treatises on the dis- 
 eases, the botany, and natural history of 
 India, printed Leyden, 1642, and Amster- 
 dam 1658. 
 
 BoNTius, Gerard, a native of Hyswick, 
 medical professor at Leyden, wliere he died 
 i.Tth September 1599, aged 63. He invented 
 some famous pills, called pilluUe tartarte, the 
 composition of which was long kept secret, 
 but is now known. 
 
 BoNvixciNO, Alexandei', an Italian 
 painter, the disciple of Titian. His works 
 are in high esteem. He died 15G4, aged 50. 
 
 BoNwiCKE, Ambrose, a nonjuring cler- 
 gyman, born April 29, 1652, and educated at 
 Merchant Taylor's school and St. John's 
 college, Oxford. He was elected master of 
 Alerchant Taylor's school in 1686, and ex- 
 pelled in 1691, for not taking the oaths of al- 
 legiance. He afterwards kept a school at 
 Headley in Surrey, and had at the same time 
 Fenton for his usher, and Bowyei* the prin- 
 ter for his pupil. He had twelve children by 
 Lis wife Elizabeth Stubbs. 
 
 Bo DDT, Anselm Von, a physician of the 
 <^mperor Rodolph, known by a Latin tract on 
 jewels, he died 1660. 
 
 Booker, John, a haberdasher, who 
 afterwartls became a writing-master at Had- 
 Icy in Middlesex, and an astrologer, well 
 versed in the discovery of thieves, and in 
 the solution of love inquiries. Fie is cele- 
 brated by Lilly, who was well acquaintcfl 
 with his art ; and he was severely attacked 
 by George Wharton. He wrote the " bloody 
 Irish almanac," about the war of Ireland ; 
 and died April 160". 
 
 Boone, Daniel, a Dutch painter, whos;e 
 pieces are valuable, as expressive, in the 
 most natural forms, of low scenes, &c. He 
 died in England 1698. 
 
 BooNEX, Arnold, a native of Dordt, 
 known as a most eminent portrait painter. 
 He was the disciple of Schalken ; and died 
 1729. 
 
 Boot, Arnold, a Dutch ]diysician, au- 
 thor of animadversiones ad textum hebrai- 
 cum, in whicli he ably defended the He- 
 brew text of scripture against Morin and 
 Cappei. He wrote also some medical trea- 
 tises ; and died at Paris 1653. 
 
 Booth, Bailon, celebrated as an actor, 
 was born in Lancashire 1681. lie was edu- 
 cated by Dr. Busby at Westminster ; and 
 his theatrical powers were first roused to 
 action at the representation of a Latin play 
 by the pupils of the school. The superior 
 abilities which he displayed, and the ap- 
 plauses which he received, induced him to 
 oppose the wishes of his father, and there- 
 fore, instead of going to college to prepare 
 himself for the church, he eloped, in 1698, 
 from tlie school, and engaged himself in 
 Ashbury's strolling company in Ireland. 
 After s]>e"nding three seasons in Dublin, he 
 came back to London, where his reputation 
 soon recommended him to the notice of Bet- 
 terton, and his incomparable acting of the 
 character of Maximus m Valentinian, and 
 of Artabas in the Ambitious Stepmother, 
 drew upon him the decided approbation of 
 the public. By the influence of lord Bo- 
 lingbroke, he was, in 171. i, earned as mana- 
 ger of the theatre with Cihbcr, Wilks, and 
 Dogget ; but his constitution was naturally 
 weak, and he sunk under great exertions. 
 He fell a victim to a complication of disor- 
 ders, and expired 10th May, 1733. He 
 maintained the high character which he had 
 at first acquired on the stage ; and though he 
 failed in comedy, his powers in tragedy 
 evinced superior judgment, and wlierever 
 the more turbulent passions of the heart, 
 tlie significant expressions of voice and coun- 
 tenance, were required, he left all competi- 
 tors far behind him. His most capital per- 
 formance was Othello, in the opinion of Gib- 
 ber, who attributed the unrivalled excellence 
 of his Gato to the novelty of the chai-acter, 
 and the political temper and feelings of the 
 times. Aaron Hill has also delineated his 
 character with tlie freedom of a critic and 
 the accuracy of an acquaintance. 
 
 Booth, Henry, earl of Warrington, dis- 
 tinguished as a statesman, was member of 
 several parliaments for Ghester under 
 Gharlcs II. He strenuously opposed tlie pa- 
 pists, and zealously promoted the exclusion 
 of the duke of York ; and to this resistance 
 to the views of the court he probably owed 
 the confinement which he endured thi-ee 
 times under the tyrannical reign of James 
 II. He was tried for treason, but he was 
 acquitted, in spite of the eft'orts of Jeffries 
 and the court; and in his retirement he fa- 
 vored the cause of freedom and of William 
 of Orange. At the revolution he was ad- 
 
LU 
 
 BO 
 
 vanced to high offices ; but as he m ished to 
 check the royal prerojjalive, AN'illiam «li3- 
 juisSed him from his tniplo} jnents, not with- 
 out comphiHeiitint; his {i;reat services willi a 
 pension of 'JUO/. and the earldom of War- 
 rington. He died '2d January, 1694, aged 
 41. He wrote some political tracts, besides 
 speeches, kc. 
 
 Booth, George, earl of Warrington, son 
 of the preceding, published, in 1739, an 
 anonymous tract on " the institution of mar- 
 riage," recommending divorces where the 
 tempers disagree. He died 1758, 
 
 JioRBONius, Nicholas, a Latin poet, the 
 favorite ot the court of Francis 1. He wrote 
 some poems, which he called Nugie, in which 
 he severely attacks the character of sir 
 Thomas More, with whom he had been in 
 liabits of intimacy. He was also connected 
 with F.rasnuis, 'Scaliger, Palingenius, and 
 other learned men of the 16th century. His 
 poems appeared 1540. 
 
 lloRDA, John Charles, an eminent French 
 mathematician, born at Dax Uh May 1733. 
 He served at first as engineer and lieutenant 
 in the navy, and in 1771 was sent with Ver- 
 <Iun and Pingrc to America to make obser* 
 rations on the situation of various islands, 
 and in 1 774 he continued the same research- 
 es. During the American war lie served 
 with credit under d'Estaing, as rear admiral ; 
 but his services to science were of the great- 
 est importance. He introduced more uni- 
 formity in the building of the French ships 
 of war, and by his experiments contributed 
 much to the improvement of all vessels. He 
 published, besides his discoveries in Ameri- 
 ca, &c. in 2 vols. 4to. 1778, the description 
 and the use of the circle of reflection, in 
 which he recommended the specular circles 
 of Tobias Mayer, 1787, and other treatises, 
 inserted in the memoirs of the academy of 
 sciences. The small rod for the mensura- 
 tion of angles, so useful in astronomy, was 
 of his invention, and he also introduced a 
 new method to observe the length of the 
 pendulum, and the new system of weights 
 and measures adopted by the constituent as- 
 scmblv. He died at Paris of a di'opsy in the 
 chest," 1799. 
 
 lioRDE, Andrew, a native of Pevenscy in 
 Sussex, born 1500, and educated at Oxford. 
 He studied physic, tliough entered in Ine 
 order of the Carthusians ; and after travel- 
 ling over the greatest part of Europe and Af- 
 rica, he settled at Winchester, and took his 
 degrees at Montpellier, in his chr.racter he 
 was whimsical and eccentric in tlie extreme. 
 He was not devoid of wit and learning; but 
 though commended for his skill as a physi- 
 cian, it is probable that he never acquired 
 opulence or distinction by his profession, as 
 he die<l in the fleet, April 1549. He has 
 been accused l)y Itale of poisoning himself, 
 because he kept a brothel for tiie Carthusian 
 monks. He wrote the breviary of health, — 
 some medical tracts, — a jest book, kc. 
 
 BoRDE, John Benjamin, a French writer, 
 hoin at Paris 5th September 1734. }Ie was 
 at first the valet of Ccv.is X'S". and on tjic 
 
 monarch's death, was appointed farmer-gen- 
 eral Naturally fond of literature, he culti- 
 vated it in the midst of business, and wrote. 
 some learned works. His essays on ancient 
 and modern music, 4 vols. 4to. 1780 — mc- 
 moires historiques de Coucy, 2 vols. Svo. — 
 pieces interessantes for the history of Lew- 
 is XIH. and Lewis XIV. 12mo. — letters on 
 Switzerlaiwl, ii vols. Svo. — abrege croniciue, 
 8to. — history of the South sea, 6 vols. 8vo — 
 Swinburne's travels translated — besi<lcs a 
 valuable collection of airs, in 4 voh. Svo. fcuc. 
 are very interesting proofs of his taste and 
 assiduity as a lover of music, and as an au- 
 thor. During the I'evolutijn, be retired to 
 Rouen, in hopes of passing the rest of his 
 life in repose, but the satellites of Robespierre 
 discovered him, and he was guillotined 2'id 
 July 1794, aged 60. 
 
 BouRDELON, Lawrence, a native of 
 Bourges, who died at Paris 1730, aged 77. 
 though an ecclesiastic, he wrote for the the- 
 atre, but with little success; and his pieces 
 are now deservedly forgotten. His history 
 of the extravagances of Mr. Oufile has ap- 
 peared in English, Svo. which ridicules the 
 reading of books on witchcraft, magic, &c. 
 
 BoaDENAVE, Toussaint, pi-ofessor of sur- 
 gery at Parisjis known for his elements of 
 phvsiologv, in 2 vols. 12mo. He was born 
 10th April 1728, and died March 12, 1782. 
 
 BoRDES, Charles, a poet and pbilosopher 
 of Lyons, who died 1781. His works were 
 published at Lyons, 4 vols. Svo. 1783, and 
 among their contents are admired an ode on 
 war, — Blanche de Bourbon a fine tragedy, — 
 elegant epistles, kc. 
 
 BoRDEU, Theophilus de, was born Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1722, at leste in the valley of Os- 
 san in Beam, and earlv distinguished him- 
 self at the university of !Montpellier, where, 
 at tlie age of 20, he held a thesis <le sensu 
 generice considerato, in so learned a manner 
 as to astonish his auditors. He gained great 
 reputation at Paris, and though he had ene- 
 mies as a physician, he gained the esteem 
 and the approbation of the learned, the ju- 
 dicious, and the great. His constitution was 
 early impaired by a flying gout, and a deep 
 melancholy, and he expired under an atUtck 
 of apoplexy 2ith November 1776. He pub- 
 lished nine different treatises on anatomical 
 and medical subjects, much admired for the 
 informatioia and judicious remarks which 
 tliey convey. 
 
 BoRDiNGius, Andrew, a celebrated Dan- 
 ish poet, whose works, highly esteemed in 
 Denmark, were printed 1738, at Copenha- 
 gen. 
 
 BoRDOXE, Paris, a painter ot A enicc, 
 who was disciple of Titian, and the favorite 
 of Francis J. He particularly excelletl in 
 the delicacy of his strokes and the purity of 
 bis outlines, and gained great reputation by 
 the portraits m hich he took of tiie beauties 
 of the French court. He retii-ed to Venice 
 frojn France, and died, universally admired, 
 in 1587, aged 75. 
 
 BoRE, Catharine Von, a nun of the con- 
 vent of Nimptschen, near ^Vitlembc^g, who, 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 tv it'll eight others, quitted the veil on the 
 first (lisseminHlion of Luther's i)rinciples. 
 'I'lie luauy qualities of her mind, the beauty 
 of her person, and the heroic features of her 
 conduct, recommended her to the notice of 
 the great reformer, Avho loved lier, and, 
 thougii far more advanced in life, married 
 her, in her 26th year. Luther reaped in 
 her hdelity both happiness and instruction; 
 and though the tongue of malevolence pro- 
 pagated reports to the discredit of her vir- 
 tue, it must appear incontrovertible, that 
 the aft'ections of her husband were bestowed 
 on none but a woman of delicacy and virtue. 
 After a hospitable and e.\em{)lary life, slie 
 died 1552, aged 53, leaving three sons, Paul, 
 Martin, and John. 
 
 Boil EL, Peter, a native of Castres, phy- 
 sician to the French king, and author of seve- 
 ral curious and valuable publications on medi- 
 cine and antiquities. He died 1GS9, aged 69. 
 
 BoRELi.t, John Alphonsus, was born at 
 Naples, 28th Jan. 160S, and distinguished 
 himself as a philosopher and mathematician 
 at Florence and Pisa, under the patronage 
 of the house of Medicis. As he was con- 
 cerned in the revolt of Messina, he fled to 
 Romt; for safety, where the kindness of 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, alleviated liis 
 distress, and supported his fortunes. He 
 there taught mathematics, and died of a 
 pleurisy, ,Slst Dec. 1679, aged 72. He wrote 
 13 fliirerent treatises in Italian and Latin, 
 liighly esteemed for the erudition and scien- 
 tific knowledge wliich they contain. That 
 '* de motu animalium," in two parts, is par- 
 ticularly quoted by authors as a book of su- 
 perior merit. 
 
 BoRGARUTius, Prosper, an Italian phy- 
 sician of the 16th century, who acquired 
 celebrit}' as an anatomist at Padua and Pa- 
 ris. He published some works in his pro- 
 fession, much esteemed. 
 
 BoRGHESE, Paul Guidotto, a poet and 
 painter, born at Lucca, who, though ac- 
 quaintcil with 14 diiferent trades, dieil poor 
 and neglected 1626, aged 60. He attempted 
 to i-ival Tasso, by a despicable poem called 
 *' Jerusalem ruined." 
 
 BoRGHiNi, Vincent, a Benedictine monk, 
 bnrn at Florence. He wrote, besides an edi- 
 tion f)f the decameron, of Boccace, *' Dis- 
 cnrsi," on the origin, antiquities, inc. of Flo- 
 rence, a most valuable work. He had the 
 magnanimity to refuse the archbishopric of 
 Pisa, aiu! died 16S0, aged 65. 
 
 li oil GUI XT, Raphael, a Florentine wri- 
 ter of comedies, and of a tract on sculp- 
 ture, much esteemed, printed Svo. 1584. 
 
 Borgia, Caesar, a natural son of pope 
 Alexander VI. He no sooner heard of his 
 father's exaltation to the papal chair, than 
 he left Pisa, where he was fixed for his edu- 
 cation ; but the ambitious prospects which he 
 had formed in his aspiring mind, were a 
 little obscured by the coldness with which 
 Alexander received him. He complained to 
 his mother Vanozza, who for a while quiet- 
 ted his impatience, hut he was dissatisfied to 
 set; the dukedom of Gandia conferred upon 
 
 his elder brother Franois, -whdst the pri- 
 macy of Valenza was reserved for himself. 
 Afterwards, by the influence of his mother, 
 whose greatest favorite he was, » preference 
 to three other sons and a daughter called 
 Lucrctia, the dignity of cardinal was con- 
 feri^ed upon him, and he became the friend 
 and confident of his father's counsels. The 
 elevation of Francis, however, to secular 
 power continued to excite his jealousy, so 
 that at once to gratify malice and revenge, 
 he caused his uidiappy brother to be mur- 
 dered by assassins, and thrown into the Ti- 
 ber, where his mangled carcass w as a few- 
 days after found. The pope bitterly la- 
 mented his fate, but all his inquiries after 
 the murdei-er were silenced by Vanozza, 
 who, justly suspected as an accomplice, ter- 
 rified the astonished father, by declaring 
 that if he did not desist, the same dagger 
 was ready to stab him to the heart. Cxsar 
 succeeded to his brother's honors and for- 
 tune, and now he resigned tlic dignity of 
 cardinal, that he might with greater latitude 
 gratify his avarice, ambition, and cruelty. 
 Bands of assassins were kept around him, 
 who sacrificed to his pleasure both friends 
 and foes; but his murderous scliemes proved 
 nearly fatal. United with his father in the 
 attempt to poison nine newly created cardi- 
 nals, that they might seize their posses- 
 sions, the wine was by mistake brought to 
 tliem, so that Ctesar escaped Avith difficulty 
 by the power of antidote and strength of 
 constitution, the pope died of it. His 
 crimes were now too public to be unno- 
 ticed. Though lately .raised to the dukedom 
 of A'alentinois by Lewis XII. he was stripped 
 of all his dignities, and sent a prisoner to 
 Spain, but he escaped to the court of ids 
 brother-in-law, John, king of Navarre, and 
 after trying in vain to restore his fallen for- 
 tunes, he engaged in the civil war, by which 
 his brother's kingdom was distracted, and 
 was killed by the stroke of a spear under the 
 wall*, of Vi'ana, 12th March, 1507. This 
 extraordinary character, so infamous ia 
 principle, has been pi-oposed by Machiavel 
 as a ])attern to princes who would act the 
 part of wise and ^jolitic tyrants. 
 
 BoRGiANi, Orazio, a native of Rome, 
 eminent as an historical and portrait painter. 
 He died 1681, aged 51. 
 
 Boris, Cudenou, an intriguing officer, 
 regent of Muscovy under Foedor. He assas- 
 sinated Demetrius the brother of F^oedor and 
 afterwards Foedor himself, and thus obtained 
 the sovereign power. His success was how- 
 ever of short duration, Griska an impostor 
 arose who pretended to be Demetrius who 
 had escaped from the dagger of his murdti'- 
 ers, and as his cause was espoused by many 
 adherents, and the vaivode of Sandomir, he 
 was enabled to attack Boris, who died of ;i 
 broken heart 1605. Tlie infant son of Boris 
 was proclaimed by the Boyards in opposition 
 to the new usurper, but the fortunes of the 
 false Demetrius prevailed, and the son of Bo- 
 ris .and his mother were murdered 10th June, 
 1005. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 KonT.ACE, Edmund, M . D. son of sir.Tolin 
 Uorlace, lord justice ol Ireland, was educated 
 in Dublin, and afterwards studied at Leyden 
 and Oxford, in wliich places he took his de- 
 j^recs. lie died at Chester, in IOS'2, where 
 he had practised with }:;reat reputation. He 
 wrote several hooks ciiiefly on tlie history 
 and antiquities of Ireland, ike IGSD, in folio. 
 
 BoRLASE, William, L. L. D. was horn at 
 Perideen in Cornwall, second of February, 
 iGDf), and educated at I'enzancc and Ply- 
 mouth, from whence he removed to Kxeter 
 col!ege, O.xford, where lie took his dej^rees. 
 He was made rector of his native [larish, St. 
 Just in Pendeen, by lord King in 1732, and 
 from that circumstance, his genius was now 
 directed with all the judgment of a man of 
 science, to investigate the curiosities, the mi- 
 neral and metallic fossils which surrounded 
 him. He published the antiquities of Cornwall 
 in fol. — observations on the Scilly islands, 4to. 
 —anil the natural history of Cornwall, folio, 
 works universally and deservedly admired, 
 besides communications to tJie philosophi- 
 cal transactions. He enriched likewise the 
 Ashmolean museum at Oxford, with several 
 curious remains of antiquity, for which he 
 •was publicly thanked by the university in 
 1758, and he beautified the grotto of Twic- 
 kenham for his poetical friend Pope. He di- 
 ed ;31st August, 1772, aged 77, leaving two 
 sous out of six, whom he had by a lady to 
 vhom he was married iu 1724. 
 
 Born, Ignatius, a German baron, born at 
 Carlsburg. He resided at Prague, where he 
 devoted himself to mineralog)^ and natural 
 history. Besides some valuable treatises on 
 these subjects, he wrote a satire on the 
 monks, in which he classed them, after tlie 
 system of Linna:us. He died 1791, aged 49. 
 
 BoRNiER, Philip de, a law-yer of INIont- 
 pellier, author of two learned works on the 
 laws of the kingdom. He died 1711, aged 77. 
 
 BoRREL, John, an ecclesiastic, well ver- 
 sed in geometry. He died at Cenar, 1572, 
 aged 80, author of a 4to. volume on geome- 
 try, now little read. 
 
 BoRRi, Joseph Francis, a native of Mi- 
 lan, who distinguished himself by his extra- 
 vagant pretensions as a chemist, a heretic, 
 and a quack. After playing for some time 
 the prophet at Rome, he returned to Milan, 
 Avhere he attached to himself great multi- 
 tudes, from whose credulity he exacted an 
 oath of secrecy, while the riches of indivi- 
 <luals were permitted to flow into his hands, 
 ^yh^\ the expectation that the kingdom of 
 God, like a general fold, was going to be 
 established on earth. His schemes were so 
 ■well concerted tliat he nearly seized the so- 
 vereign power by means of his adherents, 
 till being discovered, he secured himself by 
 flight, whilst the inquisition passed sentence 
 of condemnation on his character, and pub- 
 licly burnt his eftigy and his writings in 1660. 
 From Strasburg, where he had retired, lie 
 came to Amsterdam, and there for some 
 time figured as a character of superior dig- 
 nity and uncommon virtues. He was respec- 
 ted, and courted as an universal physician, 
 VOL. 1. 28 
 
 till a revolution in his fortune drove him 
 away frr>m the country, loaded with the bor- 
 rowed jewels of the credulous Hollanders. 
 At HaniI)Ui-gh lie obtained the pi-otittion of 
 Christina «jueeM of Sweden, by preltrHJiiig 
 to find the philosopher's stone, and he gain- 
 ed the same confidence at Copenhagen from 
 the king of Deimiark. Thougli his hvpocrisy 
 at last became known to his illustrious pa- 
 trons, he gamed his wishes in the liberality 
 fit" their rewards, and attempted to retire to 
 lliuigary. Being however accidentally seized 
 as a spy, his name was reported to the em- 
 peror of (iermany in the presence of the 
 popish nuncio, who claimed him as an ex- 
 communicated heretic. Tlie emperor con- 
 sented, provided his lit"e was spareil, and 
 Borri was conveyed to Rome, and condemn- 
 ed to X)erpetual imprisonment, which was 
 however softened by the interference of the 
 duke of Kstr6es, whom he cured in a dange- 
 rous illness. He <lied at the castle of St. 
 Angelo, in 1695, aged 70. He wrote some 
 books on alchymy, kc. now little read. 
 
 BoRRicnius, Olaus, a natire of Den- 
 mark, educated at the university of Copen- 
 hagen, of which he became a learned pro- 
 fessor in poetry, chemistry, and botany. 
 After practising with great reputation as a 
 physician, and I'efusing the rectorship of the 
 famous school of Heslow, he began to travel, 
 and like a man of erudition and sound sense, 
 he visited Holland, England, France, Italy, 
 and Germany, and after an absense of six 
 years returned to his native country in 166G. 
 His genius procured him the friendship of 
 the literati of Europe, and the rectitude of 
 his pi'inciples the patronage of his sovereign. 
 He was dreadfully afflicted with the stone, 
 and after being iinsHceessfulIy cut for it, he 
 died in October 1690, aged 64. He published 
 several tracts in Latin, on subjects of che- 
 mistry, philosophy, and antiquities. The 
 best known of which are de Poetis Grxcis &i 
 Latinis — antiqua; Romce imago — de usu plan- 
 tarum indigcnarura, 1688 — de somno som- 
 niferis, he. — Borrichius de vita sua, in two 
 vols. 
 
 BoRROMEO, Cliarles, a saint of the Ro- 
 mish church, was born 2d October, 1538, at 
 the chateau d'Autone, and early patronised 
 by his maternal uucle, pope Pius IV. who 
 made him a cardinal and archbishop ot Mi- 
 lan, though only 22 years of age. These 
 high dignities and others which were lavish- 
 ed upon him were due to his merit and his 
 virtues. Barromeo was an example of meek- 
 ness and piety, he reformed the .abuses of 
 his clergy, gave largely relief to the necessi- 
 tous, and provided institutions for the re- 
 claiming of profligate and debauched wO' 
 men. This zeal in the cause of humanity 
 however enraged tlie Humilies, an order 
 which he attempted to reform; and one of 
 the brethren, Farina, fired a gun at the 
 worthy prelate while iu prayer with his do- 
 mestics. The shot was not fatal, and the 
 assassin was deservedly punished. During a 
 dreadful pestilence the attentions of Borro- 
 mco to the distressed of every description 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 T^cre unusually exenixjlary, yet ingratitude 
 and persecution generally await the good 
 and benevolent. He was accused by the go- 
 vernor of Milan, before Charles V. of at- 
 tempting innovations in the ecclesiastical in- 
 stitutions of the city, but his innocence was 
 too phiin to need defence. This great and 
 good man died 3d Nov. 1594, aged 47, and 
 his name was canonized by Paul V. in 1710. 
 He wrote several works on doctrinal and 
 •juoral subjects, in 5 vols, folio. His letters, 
 in 31 vols, are preserved in MS. at Milan. 
 
 BoRROMEo, Frederick, was cousin to the 
 preceding, and like him a cardinal and arch- 
 bishop of Milan, and also the copy of his ex- 
 cellent character. He founded the Anibro- 
 sian library, and died 1632. He wrote some 
 theological tracts. 
 
 BoRROMiNi, Francis, an architect of 
 Bissone, who acquired much reputation at 
 Rome, though in his rivalship with le Ber- 
 iiin, he deviated from that simplicity and 
 those received rules which taste and judg- 
 ment have always pronounced the basis of 
 the beautiful. He died in consequence of a 
 wound Avhich he had given himself in a fit of 
 madness, 16G7. 
 
 BoRZONi, Luciano, a native of Genoa, 
 eminent as an historical and portrait painter. 
 He died at Milan 1645, aged 55. His three 
 sons, John Baptist, Carlo, and Francis Marie, 
 Avere equally great. The two first died 
 young, and the last showed superior genius 
 in the representations of sea pieces, storms, 
 Jxc. He died at Genoa 1679. 
 
 Bos, John Baptist du, a native of Beauvais, 
 member of the French academy, and use- 
 fully employed under Torcy in negotiations 
 Avitii Germany, Holland, England, and Italy. 
 He received a pension for his services, and 
 <lied at Paris, t23d March, 1742, aged 72. 
 He wrote critical reflections on poetry and 
 painting, an elegant work, in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 —history of the league of Cambray — history 
 of the French monarchy, &c. 
 
 Bos, Lambert, a native of Workum, Greek 
 professor at Franeker, where he died 6th 
 January, 1717, aged 47. He devoted him- 
 self wholly to literature, and published the 
 septuagint, 2 vols. 4to.— the antiquities of 
 Greece — and other learned works. 
 
 Bos, Charles Francis du, an ecclesiastic of 
 Lucou) who died there 3d October, 1724 
 He was a man of great piety and extensive 
 erudition. He published some -works on 
 theological subjects, besides the life of Baril- 
 lon bishop of Lucon. 
 
 Bos, Jerome, a Flemish painter, -whose 
 devils, spectres, and incantations, though 
 veil represented, had a most ghastly and 
 disagreeable appearcnce. He died 1500. 
 
 Bos, Lewis Jausen, a F'lemish painter. 
 j\ot only his leaves and flowers wei'e beauti- 
 ful, but the dew was represented upon them 
 BO much like nature as to deserve universal 
 ap]>robation. He died 1507. 
 
 Bosc, James du, a native of Normandy 
 intimate with d'Ablancourt, and author of 
 I'honnete femme & la femme heroique. 
 
 Bosc, Pierre do, son of an advocate of 
 
 Rouen, %vas horn at Bayeux 21st February, 
 1623. He Mas made protestant minister at 
 Caen at the age of 23, and maintained with 
 spirit and success the doctrines he had em- 
 braced. When Lewis XIV. published some 
 severe proclamations against the protec- 
 tants, Bosc obtained a I'oyal audience, and 
 disarmed the rigor of the catholics; but oa 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he re- 
 tired to Holland, where he became minister 
 of the church of Rotterdam, till his death, 
 second January, 1692. His sermons, in four 
 vols. 8vo. are masterly proofs of his genius 
 and oratorical eloquence. Two other vols, 
 in 8vo. consisting of several detached pieces 
 were also printed after his death. 
 
 Boscage R, John, a native of Beziers, the 
 pupil and successor of his uncle la Foret as a 
 law professor. He was author of the institute 
 of the Roman and French law, 4to. and of a 
 posthumous work de justitia <k jure, 12mo^ 
 He died 1684, aged 83. 
 
 Bo SCAN, John of Barcelona, by his resi- 
 dence at Venice, introduced the Italian rhyme 
 into the poetry of his country, and distin- 
 guished himself by the elegance of his diction 
 and the majesty of his lines. He -wrote 
 Medina, 4to. published 1544, and Salamanca, 
 8vo. 1547, two poems, besides some admired 
 sonnets, and died 1543. 
 
 BoscAWEN, Edward, a celebrated admi- 
 ral, second son of Hugh lord Falmouth. He 
 was born in Cornwall, and early devoted to 
 the sea service. In 1740 he was appointed to 
 the command of the Shoreham, and distin- 
 guished himself at Porto Bello, and also at 
 Carthagena, where at the head of a few sea- 
 men he took a battery though annoyed by the 
 most tremendous fire. In 1744 he obtained 
 the Dreadnought of 60 guns, and took the 
 Media commanded by Hocquart, who again 
 fell into his hands at the battle off Cape Fin- 
 isterre, under Anson three years after. He 
 was sent, in 1747, as commander of an expe- 
 dition to the East Indies, with the rank of 
 rear admiral of the blue, and though he was 
 unsuccessful in his blockade of Pondicherry, 
 on account of the monsoons, he had the good 
 fortune to take Madras. On his return, 
 during the peace which followed, he was 
 made one of the lords of the admiralty, and 
 in 1755 he Avas sent to intercept a French 
 squadron in North America, and had the 
 suigular fortune of again taking prisoner for 
 the third time Hocquart in one of the two 
 ships which suiTendered to his arms. In 
 1758, he was joined with lord Amherst, and 
 succeeded in the capture of Cape Breton, 
 and Louisburg. In 1759 he went to the Me- 
 diteranean, and upon the sailing of the French 
 fleet through the straits he immediately 
 left Gibraltar to pursue with all speed the ad- 
 miral de Clue, ami took three of his ships and 
 burnt two in Lagos bay. These great servi- 
 ces were acknowledged by the gratitude of 
 the parliament and the applauses of the na- 
 tion, the admiral was in 1760 made general 
 of marine, with a liberal salary of 3000/. a 
 year, but he did not long survive these hon- 
 ors. He died 10th Jan. 1701, He married 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 >n 1742, the dauj^liler of William Evcl^-n 
 Cilaiiville, esq. by w horn lio liucl three sons and 
 two jhuigliters. lie w as for some lime repre- 
 sentative for the boroui^li of Truro. 
 
 Bo sen, Balihasar \ anden, a painter of 
 Antwerp, whose conversation pieces and 
 portraits are liighly admired. He died 1715, 
 aged iO. 
 
 Bosch, .lacol), a painter of Amsterdam, 
 ■whose fruit pieces were held in great es- 
 teem. He died lO/T), aged 39. 
 
 B0SCIIA.EK rs, Thomas Willebos, a Fle- 
 mish painter of Berg, born in 1513. ile was 
 pationised by the prince of Orange, and dis- 
 tinguished himself in allegory and coloring. 
 He died 16G7, aged 54. 
 
 BoscoLi, Andrew, a painter of Florence, 
 born 1553, llie disciple of Sarti di Titi. His 
 execution and coloring were much admired. 
 
 Boscov I cii, Joseph Roger, a geometri- 
 cian and Jesuit, born at Ragusa, ISth May, 
 1711, and professor of mathematics at Rouie, 
 Pavia, and Milan. Upon the suppression of 
 the Jesuits, he came to France, and after- 
 wards retired to Milan, where he died 12th 
 Feb. 1787. As his knowledge of optics, geo- 
 metry, and metaphysics was very extensive, 
 he was usefully employed by some of the 
 Italian states, in measuring a degree in 
 Lombardy, and he deserved likewise the 
 patronage of the public by his elegant poe- 
 try. His works are on mathematical sub- 
 jects. He travelled over the greatest part 
 of Europe, and greatly improved the theory 
 of achromatic glasses. His poem de solis Sc 
 lunce defectibus is much admired. 
 
 Bosio, James, a monk of Milan, chiefly 
 known for his authentic though inelegant 
 history of the knigbts of Malta in three vols, 
 folio, Rome, 1621, 29, and 84. 
 
 Bosio, Anthony, nephew of the prece- 
 ding, is known by his Italian description of 
 the tombs and epitaphs of the early Chris- 
 tians at Rome. The work was translated 
 into Latin by Aringhi, and is valuable, in two 
 vols. fol. 1051. 
 
 Boson, count of Aries, was made king of 
 Provence in 879. 
 
 BosQ_UET, Francis, hishop of Montpel- 
 lier, died 1670, aged 71. He wrote the lives 
 of the popes of Avignon, and the history of 
 the (iallican church. 
 
 BossE, Abraham, a native of Tours dis- 
 tinguished as an engraver and an architect. 
 He pubhshed some useful treatises on the 
 art of engraving, Svo, — on perspective, Svo. 
 — representations of human figures, from 
 the antiques of Rome, &cc. and died about 
 the year 1660. 
 
 Bossu, Rene le, was born at Paris, 16th 
 March, 1631, and after studying at Nanter- 
 re, he became canon of St. Genevieve. He 
 devoted his time to divinity, and particularly 
 to belles lettres, on which he read lectures in 
 several religious houses. He published a 
 comparison between Aristotle's and des 
 Cartes' philosophy, and a treatise on epic 
 poetry, the best composition ever written on 
 the subject in French, according to Boilcau 
 his friend and favorite. He left several MSS. 
 
 preserved in the abbey of St. John dps 
 Chartres, and died March 1680. 
 
 Bossu ET, .lames, was boi'u at 13ijon, 27tli 
 September 1027, and studied in the college 
 of Navarre at Paris. He «listiiigui:sed him- 
 self as a preacher at Paris, and his great 
 erudition recommended lum so much, that 
 he was made precejitor to the Dauphin in 
 1069, to whom he dedicated his discourse on 
 universal history, in 1081. His merits raised 
 him to further f)ffice3 of honor and trust ; 
 he became bishop of Condom, and after- 
 wards of ileaux, and in 1095 he was made 
 superior of the college which had contribu- 
 ted to the education of his early years. 
 His writings gained universal admiration. 
 As a catholic he displayed firmness and mo- 
 deration, and it is said that his strong appeals 
 to the protestants, in his doctrines of the ca- 
 tholic church, drew away many back from 
 the new tenets to the pale of the Romish 
 chnrch. His history of the protestant 
 churcbes — his history of France, &cc. are 
 well known, but his funeral orations, de- 
 livered in honor of the memory of the 
 princes and great men of the time, possess 
 peculiar sublimity. After a life spent hono- 
 rably iff the defence of the religion which 
 he had embraced, he died at Paris, 12th 
 April, 1704, and was buried at Meaux. The 
 learned evinced their respect lor this great 
 man's memory, by the encomiums, which 
 were publicly delivered to crowded au- 
 diences, as tributes of gratitude, at Meaux, 
 Paris, and Rome. His life has been pub- 
 lished by Burigny. His works appeared at 
 Paris together, 12 vols. 4to. 1743. 
 
 Bossus, Martin, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Verona, and employed by Sixtus IV. He 
 died at Padua 1502, aged 75. He wrote 
 several works in Latin on moral subjects. 
 
 Boston, Thomas, M. A. a native of 
 Dunse in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh, 
 and minister of Siraprin and afterwards of 
 Etterick, where he died of a scorbutic dis- 
 order, 20th May, 1732, aged 36. He wrote 
 a well known book, *' Human nature in its 
 fourfold state," besides other pieces, &c. 
 
 Bo SWELL, James, eldest son of Alexan- 
 der Boswell, lord Auchinleck, one of the 
 Scotch judges, was born at Edinburgh, 20tU 
 October, 1740. He studied civil law in the 
 universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and 
 though inclined to a military life, he followed 
 at last the advice of liis father, and was called 
 to the Scotch bar. As his heart was warm, 
 open, and generous, he cultivated the friend- 
 ship of men of worth and learning, and 
 among those whose intimacy he courted 
 were lord Somerville, Mr. Temple, and 
 particularly Dr. Johnson, to whom lie was 
 introduced. May 16, 1763. A desire of 
 acquiring knowledge by observation, and of 
 studying men and manners, induced hira 
 to visit foreign countries, and after crossing 
 Germany and Switzerland, and paying his 
 respects to the poet of Ferney and to the 
 philosopher of Geneva, he left Italy to ex- 
 amine Corsica, and the kimlness of PaoH 
 was therefore repaid by deserved encomt- 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 urns in the liistoi:*j' -which he published of 
 that island ; a volume which has to add to 
 the commendation of Johnson the labors of 
 Dutch, German, Italian, and French tran- 
 slators. He returned to Scotland in 1766, 
 and three years after he was at the famous 
 jubilee at Stratford on Avon, where he sup- 
 ported at a masquerade the favorite cha- 
 racter of an armed Corsican chief. As his 
 hithnacy with Johnson was founded upon the 
 basis of reciprocal esteem, it is a happy cir- 
 cumstance that he began early to collect and 
 digest the materials for the life of this ex- 
 traordinary man, and therefore the publica- 
 tion of the Avork in 1790 was received with 
 that avidity from the public Avhich is the 
 best tribute to the meraoi'y of an illustrious 
 character, as well as to the judicious execu- 
 tion of the biographer. Besides Ur. John- 
 son's life, he published an account of his tour 
 to the Hebrides with the great moralist — 
 two well known letters to the people of 
 Scotland, and essence of the Douglas cause, 
 when it so much engaged the public atten- 
 tion. Boswell had a strong predilection for 
 the literar}' enjoyments of London, and he 
 not only visited the capital frequently, but 
 at last settled there in 1785, and was called j 
 I'egularly to the English bar. He did not 
 however meet with great success, but though • 
 he did not possess the superior powers of 
 eloquence, he Avas distinguished as a lawyer 
 by strong sense and deep penetration. He 
 •was suddenl}' on his return from Auchinleck 
 seized Avith a disorder Avhich proved fatal. 
 He died at his house in Portland-street, 19th 
 June, 1795, aged 55. He left two sons and 
 three daughters by Miss Margaret Mont- 
 gomery, a lady of amiable manners, to 
 Avhom he Avas united in 1769, and Avho died 
 June 1790. Though the man of Avit, the 
 pleasing and lively companion, Boswell was 
 subject to moments of constitutional melan- 
 choly, and it Avas during those depressions 
 of spirit that he Avrote his hypochondriac, 
 a periodical publication, in 1782. His cha- 
 racter is painted in fluttering colors by John- 
 son, who says, in his tour to the Hebrides, 
 that " Boswell would help his inquiries, and 
 that liis gaiety of disposition and civility of 
 manners Avere suflicient to counterbalance 
 the inconveniences of travel, in countries 
 less hospitable than he bad passed." 
 
 BoTAL, Leonard, physician to Henry 
 III. of France, recommended frequent bleed- 
 ing in fevers, Avliich other medical men se- 
 verely condemned. His works appeared 
 Ley den 1G60, 8vo. 
 
 BoTERO, John, secretary of Borromeo, 
 Avas preceptor to the duke of Savoy's chil- 
 dren. He died 1088. He wrote some poli- 
 tical tracts, hic. 
 
 Both, .lohn and Andrew, two Flemish 
 painters. They Avere so fond of each other, 
 that their pictures Avere genei'ally executed 
 in common. John, who Avas the disciple of 
 Abraham Bloemart, imitated Claude Lor- 
 raine, and his brother copied the manner of 
 Bambocbe. John Avas drowned 1650, in the 
 canal of Venice, and the other died at 
 Utrecht 1656. 
 
 Bo THLAN, a Christian physician of Bag* 
 dat, Avho visited Egypt in 1047, to be ac- 
 quainted Avith his rival in medicine, called Iba 
 RodliAvan. He afterwards Avent to Constan- 
 tinople for one year, and died unmarried. 
 He Avrote some medical tracts, &c. Some 
 saA*^ that he did not embrace Christianity. 
 
 BoTHAVELL, James Hepburn earl, is 
 known in Scotch history for his marriage 
 Avith queen Mary. It is supposed by some 
 historians that he Avas deeply concerned in 
 the murder of the unfortunate Darnley, 
 Mary's husband, and that he was even sup- 
 I)orted by the deluded queen ; but though 
 suspected, his innocence was inferred from 
 his acquittal upon the trial. If the death of 
 Darnley did not seem to pave the way to his 
 elevation, he made himself sure, by seizing 
 the queen at Edinburgh, and carrying her a 
 prisoner to Dunbar castle, where he pre- 
 vailed upon her by violence to yield to his 
 Avishes and to marry him, alter he had di- 
 vorced his own Avife. Though seemingly 
 thus secure in the possession of power, and 
 though created eai'l of Orkney by the unfor- 
 tunate queen, he soon found that his con- 
 duct had roused the indignation of the king- 
 dom. Mary found not in him that fond hus- 
 band she expected, and Bothwell became 
 unkind and brutal. A confederacy Avas 
 formed against him b)' the barons, the queen 
 was liberated from his poAver, and the dis- 
 graced husband escaped to the Orkneys, and 
 afterwards to Denmark, Avhere he died 
 1577. In his last moments, it is said, that 
 with an agonizing conscience, he confessed 
 his OAvn guilt and the queen's innocence of 
 the murder of Darnley. 
 
 BoTiCELLi, Alexander, a painter of Flo- 
 rence, Avho died 15!5, aged 78. His Venus 
 rising from the sea, and his Venus adorned 
 by the Graces were much admired. 
 
 BoTT, John de, an architect born in 
 France, of protestaut parents. He Avas iu 
 the military service of king William III, and 
 afterwards of the king of Prussia, and of the 
 elector of Saxony, king of Poland. The ar- 
 senal of Berlin, the fortifications of VVesel, 
 and several public edifices at Dresden, are 
 monuments of his architectural genius. He 
 died at Dresden, 1745, aged 75. 
 
 BoTT, Thomas, was born at Derby 1688, 
 of a i-espectable family In Staflbrdshire. He 
 Avas the youngest of six children, and the at- 
 tention of his mother fully supplied the neg- 
 ligence of his father, mIio had Avasted away 
 his property in gaming. He Avas brought 
 up among dissenters, and Avas minister of a 
 congregation ; but he afterAvards applied 
 himself to the study of physic, which he 
 however abandoned for the churdh of Eng- 
 land. He obtained Winbiirgh and Edgefield 
 rectories in Norfolk, and died at Norwich 
 23d September 1754. He Avrote some theo- 
 logical tracts besides sermons. His son Ed- 
 njund of Christ Church in Hants, has pub- 
 lished some cases Avith respect to the poor 
 laws. 
 
 BovADiLLA or BoBADiLLA,DonFran- 
 ciso de, a Spaniard, raised from obscurity to 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 he governor g-cncral of the Innlts in IjOO. 
 His conduct m his oHicc vas haut^lity mid 
 tyrannical, but when lie liad tlic prcsump- 
 tion to load with irons, and to send as jn-is- 
 oners to Euroite, Diego (Jolunilms, and liis 
 illnatriuus l)rolhei', to wliosc '/.t;al the <lisco- 
 very of America Avas due, Ferdinand and 
 Tsahclla reiiented of their choice. '\'hv no- 
 ble suH'erers Avere tiealcd m ith dislinction, 
 Ovantlo was sent to supersede I{ova«lilla, 
 •who, however, never reached his native 
 liome, as the flei;t of tw cnfy-onc sliips on 
 on hoard of which lie was, were shipwreck- 
 ed, and with an ininieuso ijuantity of gold 
 sunk to the bottom, I50'2. 
 
 BoucHAKU, David, a famous chieftain, in 
 the service of Henry IV. of Fraiu-e. He 
 ■was governor of I'erigord, and was killed b) 
 u shot at, the siege of Lisle, a small town in 
 liis province, 9th July 1.5U8. 
 
 lioucHARDON, Edniund, a native ot 
 Chaumont in Bassignl, who devoted himself 
 to the stutly of sculpture, and after lie had 
 perfected liimself at Home, adorned IVris 
 with various monuments of his genius. He 
 vas highly honored by tlie king and bj^ the 
 academy, and his amiable manners and his 
 exalted and independent spirit deserved 
 the distinction. Count de Caylus wrote his 
 life. He died 1672, aged 64. 
 
 BoucHAUD, Matthew Anthony, a native 
 of Paris. From advocate of the parliament, 
 lie became professor of the law of nature in 
 the university, and distinguished himself by 
 his publications. Besides various articles in 
 the encyclopaedia, he wrote a commentary 
 on the laws of the 12 tables with interest- 
 ing notes, &c. — poetical antiquities — trans- 
 lations of Juliet IMandeville an English no^el 
 — the dramas of Apostolo, Zeno, inc. He 
 died 1804, aged 85. 
 
 BoucHE, Honorius, an ecclesiastic, au- 
 thor of an ill digested though useful descrip- 
 tion and history of Provence. He died 1671, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Boucher d'Argis, Antoine Caspard, 
 horn 1708, was an advocate of Paris, coun- 
 sellor of the council of Dombes, and author 
 of some respectable publications on law sub- 
 jects. He wrote all tlie articles on jurispru- 
 dence in the encyclopuxlia from the second 
 volume. 
 
 Boucher, Francis, was painter to Lewis 
 XV. and from his excellence in the light and 
 agreeable, he was called tlie painter of the 
 graces, and the Anacreon of painting. He 
 died 1770. His infant Jesus sleeping is much 
 admired. 
 
 - Boucher, John, a seditious doctor of the 
 Sorbonne during the French civil wars. He 
 severely inveighed in his sermons and wri- 
 tings against Henry III. and afterwards 
 against Henry IV. and when Paris submitted 
 to the conqueror he retired into the Nether- 
 lands, Avliere he died dean of the chapter of 
 Tournay, 1644, aged 94. 
 
 Boucherat, Lewis, a native of Paris, 
 who raised himself by his talents and integ- 
 rity to be chancellor of P^rance. He died 
 much respected, 1699, aged 85. 
 
 Bough FT, John, was born at Poitiers, of 
 which he was procureur. He wrote curious 
 annals of Atiuiljiine, I'oiliers, ivc. besitles 
 some moial poeli-y. He died l.'ioO, aged 74, 
 Boucuii 1, John, a niaitre d'hotel to the 
 king of France, wh<» wrote the genealogies 
 of several noble lainilics. He died !084. 
 
 BoucHEi, (■uitlaume, a judge, consul of 
 Poilier.s, author of " Serees," in three vols, 
 a woi'k full of anecdotes, both humorous and 
 in(lelicut<*. He died about 1607. 
 
 IJo ucii r r I., .lubn Joseph, an advocate of 
 Dorat, author of some commentaries on law, 
 &tc. He died 1720. 
 
 BoucHiEU, I'homas, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, is known as the first person who 
 encouraged printing in England. He sent 
 two persons to Ilaerlem, where the art was 
 then beginning to Jiorish, and they were art- 
 ful enough to bribe one of the compositors 
 of the press to embark with them, and to 
 bring with liim a set of letters. This useful 
 foreigner was settled at Oxford, 1464, and 
 thus that university may claim the honor of 
 ])rinting next to Mentz and Haerlem. Bou- 
 chier has been accused of avarice, but it 
 should not he forgotten that the persons he 
 sent to Holland were provided with a thou- 
 sand maiks, 300 of which were his own. He 
 died 1486. 
 
 BouciCAUT, marechal de France, and 
 viscount Turenne, surnamed John de Slein- 
 gue, was eminent as a warrior, and went 
 with Nevers against Bajazet, and was taken 
 prisoner at the battle of Nicopolis. He 
 was for some time governor of Genoa for 
 Charles VI. of P'rance, but while he seized 
 Milan, all the French were massacred at 
 (Jenoa, and he himself was defeated, and 
 escaped with dlHlculty across the Alps. He 
 afterwards distinguished himsulf against the 
 Turks and A^enetians. He was taken pris- 
 oner at the battle of Agincourt, and died ia 
 England l42l. He was fond of music> and 
 some of his ballads are still preserved as pos- 
 sessing merit. 
 
 BouDEWiNS, Michael, a learned physi- 
 cian of Antwerp, author of a publication 
 called Ventilabrum medico theolog. in 4to. 
 1666, useful to divines and medical persons. 
 He died in his native town of Antwerp 
 1681. 
 
 BouDiER, Rene, a native of Ti*elly near 
 Coutances, was remarkable for his great 
 mental accomplishments, and the voluptu- 
 ousness of his manners. He wrote a Roman 
 history, &c. He died November 1733, aged 
 nearly 90. 
 
 Bo u DON, Henry Marie, an ecclesiastic of 
 Evreux, who wrote several books of devo- 
 tion, &c. He died 1702, aged 78. 
 
 BouDOT, John, a learned and intelligent 
 bookseller and printer at Paris, author of a 
 valuable latin dictionary in 14 vols. 4to which 
 has been usefully abridged in 8vo. He died 
 17.54, aged 69. 
 
 BovERiCK, an English clock-maker in 
 tlie 17th century, know n for his ingenuity ia 
 mechanics. 
 
 Bo V Eu 1 us, Zacharius, a Capuchin known 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 «s tlie author of a Latin liistory of his order 
 in two vols. I'olio. He died al Genoa 163S, 
 ^ge«l 70. 
 
 BovETTE de Blemxtr, Jacqueline, em- 
 braced early a religious life, and died at C'ha- 
 tillon 160G, aged 78. She wrote some theo- 
 logical works not devoid of merit. 
 
 liovEY, C^atliarine, married, at tlie age of 
 15, William Rovey, a gentleman of opulence 
 and respectability in Glocestcrshire. To the 
 greatest personal charms she unitcil the 
 most heticvolent character, aud all the mild 
 virtues and henign charities of private life, 
 so that she is deservedly extolled by sir Rich- 
 ard Steele in his dedication of the tw o vols. 
 of his ladies' library. She was left a widoAV 
 early, and died at Haxley, in Glocestershire, 
 1726, aged 37. Her maiden name was 
 Riches. 
 
 BouFLERS, Louis Francois due de, was 
 born lOtli Jan. 1644. He was blessed with a 
 stx'ong military genius, and early distinguish- 
 ed himself. His defence of Lisle in 1708, for 
 nearly four months against prince Eugene, 
 gained him universal praise. ** I am vain," 
 said Eugene, when master of- the place, to 
 Bouflers, *' to have conquered Lisle ; but 1 
 had i-ather enjoy the glory of defending it 
 like you." He was loaded with honors by 
 the court, ajid made a peer of France. He 
 served under marechal de Villars, and at the 
 battle of Malplaquet, in 1709, he displayed 
 so much vigilance, that neither cannon nor 
 prisoners fell into the hands of the conque- 
 rors, {n his private character he was gen- 
 erous and disinterested, humane and virtu- 
 ous, and so superior a general, that "William 
 ni. detaining him prisoner at Namur for 
 reprisals on the Frencli, who had dishonora- 
 bly kept back the garrison of Dixmude, de- 
 clared that he was worth more than 1(»,000 
 men. He died at Fontainbleau 22d Aug. 
 1711, aged 68. 
 
 Bouflers, Louis de, a native of Picardy, 
 born 1534, known for his extraordinary 
 strength and agility, in which he equalled 
 the famous Milo of Crotona. He was killed 
 at the siege of Pont-sur yone. 
 
 Bougainville, John Peter de, was 
 born at Pai*js 1st Dec. 1722. His great 
 learning and uncommon application procu- 
 red him many friends, and a respectable 
 situation in the literary societies of the ca- 
 pital. His ambition, however, was disap- 
 pointed ia his wish to be admitted into the 
 French academy. He urged the precarious 
 state of his health, and the probability of an 
 early vacancy ; but Duclos tlie secretary 
 with great harshness observed, that it was 
 jiot the business of the academy to adminis- 
 ter extreme unction. . As his constitution 
 was greatly weakened by intense study, he 
 died at the early age of 41, June 22d 176.}. 
 He wrote a parellel between Thomas Kouli 
 Khan and Alexander, — a translation of Po- 
 lignac's Anti-Lucretius, two vols. 8vo. &cc. 
 
 BouGAixy 1 LLE, M. U. F. a Frenchman, 
 whose discoveries in his navigation round the 
 world, procured as much glory to his nation, 
 as Cook had before acquired for the English 
 
 name. Neither his virtues nor his services 
 shielded him against the ferocity of a Paris 
 mob, and he was one of the thousands inhu- 
 manly sacrificed on the 10th of August 1792. 
 
 BouGEANT, Guillaume Hyacinth, a Je- 
 suit, born at Quimper, 4th Nov. 1690. He 
 was professor of humanities at Caen, Ne- 
 vers. and Paris, but for a little time fell un- 
 der disgrace by the publication of his amuse- 
 ment philosophique, in which he supposes 
 that brutes are animated by demons. He 
 was a man of engaging manners, great wit, 
 and pleasing conversation ; but the disap- 
 ])ointments which he endured shortened his 
 life. He died at Paris, 7th Jan. 1743, aged 
 53. His publications are respectable, espe- 
 cially his history of the wars, &cc. during 
 Richelieu's and Mazarin's administration, — 
 the history of the treaty of Westphalia,-— 
 the exposition of the Christian doctrine, &c, 
 
 BouGEREL, Joseph, an ecclesiastic, au- 
 thor of Gassendi, and of memoires pour 
 riiistoire des hommes illustres, &cc. He di- 
 ed at Paris 1753. 
 
 BouGOuiNE, Simon, a poet at the court 
 of Lewis XII. author of " I'homme juste,'* 
 and " I'homme pecheur," &c. 
 
 BouGUER, Peter, was born at Croisie 
 10th Feb. 1698. He early distinguished 
 himself by his knowledge of mathematics. 
 He was employed with Godin and de la Con- 
 damine to goto Peru, the better to ascertain 
 the figure of the earth, and he acquitted 
 himself with credit and ability ; but his 
 quarrel with his associates lessened his fame, 
 and drew upon him the character of a rough, 
 ferocious, and unforgiving man. He died 
 15th August 1758, aged 60. His publications 
 are respectable, especially la construction du 
 navire, 4to. — la figure de la terre, 4to.-~ 
 traite de'optique, 4to. — la manceuvTC des 
 vaisseux, 4to. 
 
 BoHiER, John, president of the parlia- 
 ment of Dijon, was eminent as a lawyer and 
 as a scholar. He was member of the French 
 academy, and wrote poetry, translated Pe- 
 tronius and some parts of Virgil and Ovid, 
 besides the Tusculana of Cicero, disserta- 
 tions, ice. He died much respected at Di- 
 jon 1746, aged 73. 
 
 BouHouRS, Dominique, a Jesuit, born at 
 Paris 1628, and celebrated as a critic. He 
 first gave lectures at Clermont, but violent 
 attacks of ihe headach prevented his suc- 
 cess, and he became preceptor to the sons of 
 the duke of Longueville. He afterwards at- 
 tended at Dunkirk the popish refugees from 
 England, and became known by his '* en- 
 tretiens d' Ariste & d'Eugene," an elegant 
 and learned work, which was read with avid- 
 ity, and criticised by the learned in every 
 part of Eui^ope. This performance so pleas- 
 ed Colbert, that he made him tutor to his 
 son, the marquis of Sequelai. His literary 
 fame was not, however, without attacks, and 
 Menage iias levelled against him the well di- 
 rected shafts of criticism. His remarks and 
 doubts on the French language are particu- 
 larly worth attention. He wrote, besides 
 dialogues on the art of thinking well — the 
 
hO 
 
 iiO 
 
 life of Francis Xavier, the apostle of India— 
 the life of l{^nalius — ingenious thoughts of 
 ancients and moderns, &c. liouhours closed 
 his useful life, m hicii never ceased to he af- 
 flicted with the headaolj, at Clermont iJ7th 
 May 1702. 
 
 BouiLLARD, Don James, a learned Be- 
 nedictine, author of an history of St. fier- 
 jnain-des-pres, in fol. He died 172G, aged 
 57. 
 
 BouiLLAUD, IsmacI, was born at Lon- 
 don, 28th Sept. 1605. Though born of pro- 
 testant parents, he embraced the popish 
 faith, and soon became eminent in theology 
 and every branch of science. His connec- 
 tions with tlie learned were very extensive ; 
 but, in the midst of his great reputation, he 
 showed himself modest and diffident. He 
 died 25th November, 1G94. He published a 
 discourse on the reformation of some reli- 
 gious orders — an edition of Ducas, in Greek 
 and Latin, 1649, fol.— opus novum ad arith- 
 meticum infinitorum, 1682, fol, 
 
 BouiLLE, M. le marquis dc, a French 
 general of great charactei*, descended from 
 H noble and ancient family. During the 
 American war, he served with credit in 
 the West-Indies, and was oppointed com- 
 mander in chief of the French islands, and 
 for his services was raised to the rank of 
 lieutenant-general, and of knight of the 
 Holy Ghost. He opposed the rise of the 
 revolution, and particularly the plans of 
 Necker, and, as a friend of the king and 
 monarchy, he repressed, with spirit and ef- 
 fect, the insurrection of the garrison of 
 ]VIctz, of which he was governor, in August 
 1790; but though applauded by the assem- 
 bly for his active conduct, he was accused by 
 the jacobins as a shedder of blood ; and the 
 odium thus directed against him was fartlier 
 increased upon the llight of the king to Va- 
 rennes. Bouille, who failed in his attempts 
 to liberate his master, boldly defended the 
 measures which he had taken, and was in 
 consequence pronounced an enemy to his 
 country, his property was confiscated, and 
 a price fi.\ed on his head. An exile from 
 France, he entered the Swedish army in 
 1791, but soon after enlisted under tlie ban- 
 nei's of Conde, and shared the dangers and 
 the fatigues of the heroic, but unfortunate 
 emigrants. His memoirs of the revolution 
 appeared in 1797, and excited great interest 
 by their impartiality. He died in London, 
 14th November, 1800. 
 
 BouiLLET, John, a physician, who was 
 born at Servian 6th March 1690, and died 
 13th August 1777. Respected as a profes- 
 sional man, he was equally so as the author 
 of elemens de medicine pratique, 2 vols. 4to. 
 ■—■obserTations sur I'anasarque & les hydro- 
 pisies, 4to. — memoirs pour servir a I'histoire 
 tie I'academiedes sciences de Beziers, 4to. 
 
 Bouillon, Emanuel Theodosius, an ec- 
 clesiastic, raised to the rank of cardinal by 
 the interest of his uncle Turenne. He ser- 
 ved Lewis XIV. as his ambassador at Rome ; 
 but he Mas disgraced and exiled, on pre- 
 tcTice of not supporting his ma'^ter's imteiccst 
 
 with suflicienl energy. He died at Rome 24 
 
 March 1715, aged 72. 
 
 Bo u LAI, Ooisar Egasse du, a native of St. 
 Ellier, in the Lower Alaine, hisloriogiaphcr 
 to the university of I'aris, and known by bis 
 " history of the university of Paris, G vols, 
 folio." He died lOth October, 1678. 
 
 BouLAl.vvi LLl LU J, Henry de, a native 
 of St. Suise, early distinguished for his great 
 talents and extensive knowledge ol historv. 
 He wrote an history of the Arabians — 14 
 letters on the ancient French parliaments— 
 the state of France to the time of Hugh 
 Capet — a history of France to the reign of 
 Charles A Til. &c. He died at Paris ia 
 1722 ; and after his death his nnfinisbcfl life 
 of Mahomet was published; a woik\^hich 
 shows his notions of religion to be wavering 
 and indelicate, since he defends the impos- 
 tures which it Mas his duty merely to re- 
 cord. 
 
 BouLANGER, Nicholas Anthony, a na- 
 tive of Paris, mIio, by strong application, 
 overcame the difficulties of a natural stupidi- 
 ty, and became eminent as a mathematician 
 and architect. He was engineer in the 
 army ; and being afterwards employed in the 
 care of the highways of Champagne, Bur- 
 gundy, and Lorrain, he observed, with a 
 curious and inquisitive eye, the various 
 strata of the earth, in cutting through moun- 
 tains to alter or improve the direction of 
 rivers and canals. His conjectures on tiie 
 formation of the globe were curious and in- 
 teresting. He sought for new light in an- 
 cient languages ; but death cut oft" his useful 
 career in 1759, in his 37th year. He v as of 
 a mild and benevolent temper, and resem- 
 bled in features the famous Socrates. His 
 MOrks are I'antiquite devoilee, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 traite du despotisme oriental, 2 vols. &ic. 
 besides the articles, *' deluge, corvee k so- 
 ciete," in the encyclopedia, and a disserta- 
 tion on Elisha and Enoch, Scc It is to be 
 lamented that his sentiments Avere wantonly 
 hostile to the Christian religion. 
 
 Bo UL ANGER, a fanious Augustine prea- 
 cher, better known by the name of petit 
 pere Andre. He died at Paris 1G75, aged 80- 
 
 BouLANGER or BouLLEGER, Claude 
 Francois Felix, a native of Amiens, who 
 was for some time an advocate at Paris, but 
 he became better known as a man of exten- 
 sive erudition and great powers of memory. 
 He Mrote treatises on electricity, 8vo — 
 historical and critical researches on ancient 
 plays, 12nio. — besides fables in verse, in- 
 ferior to la Fontaine. He died 1758, aged 
 34. 
 
 Ecu LAY, Edmund du, a herald at arms 
 to the duke of Lorrain in the middle of the 
 IGth century. He Mrote, besides the jour- 
 ney of duke Anthony to Charles V. some 
 books in verse and prose, now little known. 
 
 BoULLEGER. Vicl. BoUL ANGER. 
 
 Bo UL LEND IS, Louis, an advocate of 
 the parliament of Paris, author of some 
 valuable dissertations ou law, &c. He died 
 at Paris 1762, aged 84. 
 
 BouLLiEii, Davidi Reoaud, was born at 
 
BO 
 
 Bd 
 
 Utrecht, 24th March, 1609, and vas minister 
 of Amsterdam and Leyden. He was re- 
 spectable for liis writings, which are in 
 French and Latin, chiefly on theological sub- 
 jects, the best known of which are, a disser- 
 tation on the existence of God, 1716 — letters 
 on the true principles of religion, ^2 vols. 
 12mo. 1741 — bishop Berkeley's book on tar- 
 water translated, &c. lie died December 
 24, 17511. 
 
 Boui. LONG N'E, Louis, a Frcncli painter of 
 great merit. His picture of Augustus shut- 
 ting the temple of Janus, his flight into 
 Figypt, and several other pieces, preserved 
 in the churches of Paris, are valuable monu- 
 ments of his genius. He died at Paris 1674. 
 
 BouLLONGNE, Bon, eldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Rome and Lombar- 
 dy, and possessed, with his father's talents, 
 a greater versatility of genius, whence he 
 was called the Proteus of painters. He died 
 1G97, aged 43. His younger brother Lewis 
 was equally eminent as a painter. He was 
 patronised by Lewis XIV. and gained univer- 
 sal admiration. He died 1733, aged 79, 
 leaving two sons and two daughters. 
 
 Boulter, Hugh, D. D. was born in or 
 near London, and educated at Merchant 
 taylors' school, and Christ Church, Oxford. 
 He was chosen demy of Magdalen with Ad- 
 dison and Wilcox ; which circumstance, 
 from the respectability of the three students, 
 is called the golden election. His merit and 
 his learning recommended him to the notice 
 of sir Charles Hodges, secretary of state, to 
 Tenison, the primate, and to the earl of 
 Sunderland, by whose patronage he was libe- 
 rally promoted, and made chaplain to George 
 I. whom he attended to H.inover in 1719, and 
 afterwards English tutor to prince Frederick. 
 He was raised to the deanery of ChristChurch 
 and the bishopric of Bristol in 1719. His 
 moderation and firmness were so conspicu- 
 ous, that when the primacy of Ireland be- 
 came vacant, the king appointed him to that 
 liigh station, and with great reluctance he 
 was prevailed upon to accept of the situa- 
 tion. Ireland was then a prey to faction and 
 clamoi', in consequence of Wood's ruinous 
 schemes with respect to the coin ; but the 
 primate's efforts were strenuously directed 
 to restore tranquillity and comfort to the 
 distracted countiy. Though at first unpo- 
 pular, his plans succeeded, the scarcity of 
 silver was remedied, and he became the fa- 
 vorite of the Irish. His munificence to the 
 poor was indeed unbounded, during the 
 scarcity of 1741. Not less than S.'iOO souls 
 were daily supported at his expense, hospi- 
 tals were nobly endowed, the children of the 
 indigent clergy were educated by his libe- 
 rality, public buildings erected, and not less 
 than 30,000/. were devoted to improve the 
 small livings of Ireland. This great and good 
 man, so universally and deservedly esteemed, 
 visited, in June 1742, his native country, 
 and died in London the September follow- 
 ing, and was interred in Westminster abbey. 
 Though a man of erudition, he left nothing 
 ^nt a few occnsional serrnons; but his bene- 
 
 ficence and clianty have gained him iramor-* 
 tal fame. Some of his letters were printed 
 at Oxford in 1769, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 BouQ_UERAXT, a negro of St. Domingo, 
 who i)Ossessed courage, sagacity, and elo- 
 quence, and by his arts raised liimself to 
 consequence among his fellow sufferers in. 
 the colony. He was killed November 1791, 
 bravely fighting in defence of liberty. 
 
 BouQ_UET, Don Martin, a Benedictine of 
 St. Maur, born at Amiens. He assisted 
 Moutfaucon, and made an useful and labori- 
 ous collection of the histox'ians of France, as 
 far as the 3d volume, to which four more 
 were added after his death, which happened 
 at Paris 1754, in his 69th year. 
 
 BouQ^UET, Madam, is celebrated for her 
 humanity during the revolution, in conceal- 
 ing some of the proscribed deputies, though 
 death was the consequence of this mark of 
 friendship. After supporting these unfortu- 
 nate men for some time, and seeing their 
 escape from her aborle but to perish on the 
 scaftbld, she was herself dragged before the 
 bloody tribunal of Bourdeaux, and suffered 
 death with truly Christian resignation. 
 
 Bourbon, Charles due de, son of Gilbert 
 count of Montpensier, constable of France, 
 was born 148^, and early distinguished him- 
 self by his valor in the field, especially in the 
 battle of Marignano. After serving Francis 
 I. he was disgraced, through the intrigues of 
 Louisa the queen-mother, whose offers of 
 marriage he had contemptuously rejected, 
 and he immediately espoused the cause of 
 his great rival Charles V. and by his intre- 
 pidity highly contributed to the victory of 
 Pavia. He was placed at the head of the 
 imperial armies ; but the murmurs of the 
 soldiers for want of pay would have proved 
 destructive to his interests, had he not, with 
 bold enthusiasm, promised them riches and 
 victory, and immediately led them against 
 Rome. The attack was unexpected, but the 
 valor of Bourbon would have overcome all 
 obstacles. He placed the first scaling ladder 
 against the wall, and as he was mounting at 
 the head of his troops he received a shot, 
 which immediately proved fatal, Oth May, 
 1527. His victorious soldiers buried him 
 with great funeral honors. 
 
 Bourbon, Charles de, son of Chai'les 
 duke of V'endome, was a cardinal and arch- 
 bishop of Rouen. He was raised to the 
 throne of France in 1583, on the death of 
 Henry III. and after enjoying the Y)hantom 
 of royalty for a little time, he died 1590, 
 aged 67. 
 
 BouRBONCoNDEjLouisducde, a French 
 general, who gained some reputation at the 
 battles of Steinkerque and Nerwindc, and 
 died suddenly at Paris, 1710, aged 42. His 
 son Lewis Henry was employed during the 
 minority of Lewis XV. but the unpopularity 
 of the measures which his colleagues in office 
 had to propose, at last procured his exile, in 
 1726. He died at Chantilly, 1740, aged 48. 
 
 Bourbon, Nicholas, a native of Van- 
 dreuves, employed in the education of Jeanne 
 tl'Albert, mother of Heary IV. of France. 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 He retired from the ijitrii^es of Uie court 
 to literary ease, and urotL* eight Looks of 
 epigrams, wliich he called Nujja:, besides his 
 pocin on smiths (ft-rrai-ia), of which profes- 
 sion his father was. He died ahuuL the mid- 
 dle of the iGth century. His great nephew, 
 T|vho was horn at 15ar-bur-auhe, and hon- the 
 same name, \vase(|ualiy known and admired 
 as a Latin poet. He was (.ireek professor at 
 Paris, and canon of Orleans and of Aiif^ers. 
 His works were pul)lished 1G51, iu liJino. 
 He died 1G44, aged 70. 
 
 BouRCiiENU DE V Ai.BoNAis, John Pe- 
 ter, became known as a magistrate in his na- 
 tive town of (irenoble. He was attlicted 
 with blindness in his old age ; but (he Tast 
 powers of a retentive memory, and the so- 
 ciety of faithful friends, relieved in some de- 
 gree the horrors of his solitude. He wrote 
 a liistory of Dauphine, 2 vols, fol, &ic. and 
 
 died 1730. 
 
 BouRCHiER, John lord Berners, washy 
 the mother's side allied to the Plantagenets. 
 He studied at O.xford, and afterwards tra- 
 yelled abroad, and became known by his 
 spirited conduct in repressing the insur- 
 gents in Devonshire and Cornwall 1495. He 
 was chancellor of tiie exchequer for life un- 
 der Henry VHI. and made governor of 
 Calais, where he died 153'J. He was author 
 of treatises on the duties of the inhabitants 
 of Calais — ite in vineam meam, a comedy, 
 acted in Calais great church — besides trans- 
 lations of romances and of Froissart's chro- 
 nicle into English, &tc. 
 
 BouKDALOUE, Lewis, a Jesuit, born at 
 Bourges, August 1G32, deservedly celebra- 
 ted as the first and most eloquent preacher 
 of France. His powers were ex/iibited be- 
 fore the court of Lewis XIV. and the mo- 
 narch so strongly felt and admired the effica- 
 cy of his eloquence, that, on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, he sent him to preach 
 the catholic doctrines to the new converts of 
 Languedoc. He died 13th May, 1704, aged 
 72. His sermons have passed through several 
 editions, the best of which is that of Breton- 
 neau, in IG vols. 8vo. 
 
 BouRDEiLLES, Peter de, a French ab- 
 bot and courtier in the service of Charles 
 IX. and Henry III better known by the 
 name of Brantome. The best edition of his 
 memoirs is that of the Hague, in 15 vols. 
 1741, and, though irregular, they are in- 
 teresting, as they contain the private histo- 
 ry of the French monarchs of his age. He 
 died 5th July, I6l4, aged 87. 
 
 BouRDEiLLES, Claude de, grand-ne- 
 phew of the ])recedir)g, was in the service of 
 Gaston of Orleans ; but he retired from the 
 intrigues of lords and courtiers to a private 
 station. He died at Paris IGG3, leaving me- 
 moirs known under the name of Montresor, 
 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 BouRDELOT, John, a native of Sens, 
 master of the requests to Mary of Medicis, 
 and better known as an able and learned 
 critic, and the editor of Lucian, Petronius, 
 and Heliodorus, with notes full of taste and 
 erudition. He wrote, besides an universal 
 
 VOL. T. CO 
 
 liistory, commentaries on Juvenal, &c. and 
 died suddenly at Paris 1G3S. liis sisler'a 
 son, who changed the name of Peter .Miction 
 to tluit of lir)urdelot, became known as a 
 [ihysician at Paris, as the friend of C<jnde,of 
 (xhristina of Sweilen, and as the author of 4 
 sensible treatise ou the viper, 12ino. 1G51, 
 lie wrote also a tieatise on mount yLtna, 
 J^cc. besiileB a MS. catalogue of medical 
 books, with lives of authors, and critical ob- 
 servations on their wcjrks. He died Otli 
 February 1G85, aged 7G. 
 
 BouRDiGNE, Charles, an ecclesiastic of 
 Angers, author of the amusing poem of 
 " la legende de Pierre Faifeu," in 49 chap- 
 ters. He died about the middle of the iGtU 
 century. 
 
 BouRDiN, Maurice, anti-pope in 1118, 
 under the name of firegory VIII. He was 
 taken by Calixtus II. his more successful 
 rival, and died in prison 1121. 
 
 Bourdon, Ame, a native of Camhrai, 
 who, at the age of 36, began to study physic, 
 and acquired great reputation in the profes- 
 sion. He published a valuable anatomical 
 description of the human body, 12mo. be- 
 sides anatomical lectures; and died 170G, 
 aged C8. 
 
 Bourdon', Sebastian, a native of Mont- 
 pellier, eminent as a painter. He studied 
 seven years at Rome, and acquired great 
 reputation and consequence on his return to 
 France. His powers of execution were so 
 strong, that he once laid a wager that he 
 could paint twelve heads after life, and as 
 big as life, in one day ; and he won. His 
 best pieces are, the martyrdom of St. Peter, 
 in the church of Notre J)ame, the sevea 
 works of mercy, &c. Ashe was a protes- 
 tant, he left France for the protection of 
 Chi'istina queen of Sweden ; and died 1662, 
 aged 46. 
 
 BouRDONTNAYE, Bernard Francis Malie 
 de la, a native of St. Malo's, distinguished as 
 a warrior and negotiator. He was made 
 governor of the isles of France and Bourbon ; 
 and, with an enterprising spirit, in the war 
 of 1741, he armed a small squadron, aud laid 
 siege to the English settlement of Madras, 
 which he took, and restored to the conque- 
 red for a ransom of about 9 miUioos. His 
 successes created him enemies. On his re- 
 turn to France, he was accused of suffering 
 himself to be corrupted by the enemy, and 
 sent to the Bastille; but his innocence was 
 revealed before his judges, and in the eyes 
 of France. This persecuted man died 1754, 
 iu consequence of the severe imprisonment 
 to which he had been exposed. 
 
 Bo UR DO I, Charles Anthony, a learned 
 advocate of Paris, author of the " coutumier 
 general," 4 fols. folio. He died December 
 11, 1735, aged 46. 
 
 BouRG, Ann du, a learned counsellor of 
 the parliament of Paris, was cruelly put to 
 death, and burnt, by the influence of Henry 
 II. for embracing the doctrines of Calvin, 
 1559, though several prijices interested them- 
 selves in his fate. He w as then 38 years old. 
 He was the <lescendant of a noble family, and 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 a man of great fortitude, and strong presence 
 of mind. 
 
 BouRGELAT, Claude, of the academy of 
 Berhn, was of infinite service to Prussia, by 
 promoting the establishment of veterinary 
 schools. He wrote some useful treatises on 
 the subject, Sec. and died at an advanced age 
 January 3, 1779. 
 
 Bourgeois, Louis le, an ecclesiastic of 
 Coutances, who wrote some poetry on divini- 
 ty subjects at the latter end of the 17th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Bo URGE T, dom John, a Benedictine of 
 tht diocese of Seez, eminent for his piety and 
 learning. He enjoyed resi)ectab!e offices in 
 the churcli, and was admitted member of 
 the London antiquarian society in 1765. He 
 devoted him.=eU' to the study of antiquities, 
 and left behind him a curious and interesting 
 account of the abbey of Caen, founded by 
 AVilliam tlie Conqueror, and of that of Bee, 
 so -well known in English history as being the 
 nursery of several archbishops of Canter- 
 bury. He died 1st January, 1776, universally 
 respected. 
 
 BouRGET, Clemence de, a lady born of 
 respectable parents at Lyons. She possessed 
 so much merit as a wx-iter, a musician, and a 
 l)oetess, that she was presented to two mo- 
 narchs who passed through Lyons as the most 
 honorable object and the greatest ornament 
 of her native city. She died of a broken 
 hearc, in consequence of the loss of her lover, 
 Jobn (je Peyrat, who fell at the siege of 
 Beaurepaire 1561. 
 
 Bo I'M GOING, Edmund, an ecclesiastic, 
 •who wirnily espoused the cause of the Gui- 
 ses during the civil wars of France, and was 
 torn to pieces by four horses in 1590. 
 
 Bo'RGOixG, Francis, a native of Paris, 
 author of some homilies, kc. He died 1662, 
 aged 77, and bis funeral oration was pronoun- 
 ced by Bossuet. 
 
 BouRGUET, Lewis, a native of Nimes, 
 •wlio fled to Switzerland, on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, and established at Zu- 
 rich the maimfacture of silk, muslin, and 
 stockings. He was professor of philosophy 
 atNeufchatel, anddied 31st December, 1742, 
 aged 64, author of a letter on the formation 
 of stdtsand crystals — la bibliotheque Italique, 
 16 vols. 8vo. — a journal, of which the first 
 volume appeared at Geneva 172.3, &c. 
 
 BouRGi'EviLLE, (,'liarles de, lieute- 
 nant-general of Caen, is known as the au- 
 thor of the histor}' of that ancient town. He 
 died 1593. 
 
 BouRiGNON, Antoinette, a celebrated 
 enthusiast, born at Lisle, in Flanders, 13th 
 JaniTAry, 1616. She was so deformed in 
 outward appearance, that it is said a consul- 
 tation was held in her family to destroy so 
 monstrous a birth. Her mind, however, 
 was of a supei-ior te.xture. She was bold, 
 ambitious after distinction, and strongly 
 tinctured with superstition. Under the af- 
 fectation of immaculate chastity, she left her 
 father's house, when he wished to recom- 
 mend a husband to her choice, and, in the 
 habit of a hermit, she began to propagate 
 her principles, and to form a society of fe- 
 
 males, wliose rule of conduct was the love of 
 God and the gospel. Her devotions were 
 not, however, without interruption. She was 
 exposed to the rudeness and insolence of de 
 Saulieu and others, who not only solicited 
 her in marriage, but even attempted violence 
 against her person. After enjoying the re- 
 putation of superior sanctity for some time 
 in Flanders, she came to Amsterdam, where 
 she gained the friendship of de Lort, an ec- 
 clesiastic of Mechlin, who rewarded her 
 confidence, by leaving her a large estate at 
 his death. She afterwards went to Holstein 
 and Hamburgh, where she gained herself 
 proselytes, by her writings, and her preten- 
 sions to inspiration, and to frequent inter- 
 views with supernatural beings; but she also 
 was exposed to ridicule and to persecution. 
 She died at Franekei', in the province of 
 Frise, the 30th October, 1680, in her 64th 
 year. This extraordinary person was in her 
 principles nearly a quietist. She excluded 
 all external worship, she required a cessa- 
 tion of reason, sense, and understanding, 
 that God might spread his divine light over 
 his devotees. Her birth, her introduction to 
 the world as a reformer, and her death, 
 were accompanied by the appearance of 
 three remarkable comets, and the circum- 
 stance operated powerfully on the minds of 
 her deluded and bigoted followers. Extra- 
 vagant as her conduct and her tenets were, 
 she had many proselytes in Scotland, and 
 among them m^n of learning and respecta- 
 bility ; and it required the abilities of Charles 
 Lesley and Dr. Cockburn to examine and to 
 demonstrate the arts of the enthusiastic im- 
 postor. It is remarkable that she was avari- 
 cious in her conduct, disobedient to her pa- 
 rents, and severe towards her domestics and 
 dependants. Her works were published at 
 Amsterdam in 21 vols. 8vo. 1686, and her life 
 has been written by her disciple Poirct. 
 
 BouRLET DE Vauxcelles, Simon Je- 
 rome, a French writer of great eminence, 
 and in private life much respected. He died 
 at Paris 1799, aged 65. 
 
 Bo URL IE, Antoine de Guiscard, a native 
 of Perigord, who abandoned his country, and 
 af:er visiting Holland, became a pensioner of 
 qneen Anne in England. He was accused of 
 treason against the state in 1711 ; and when 
 examined before the privy council, he stab- 
 bed lord O.vford, for which murderous action 
 he was sent to Newgate, where he destroyed 
 himself. 
 
 BouR.v, Samuel, a native of Birmingham, 
 educated at Glasgow. He was, in 1742, mi- 
 nister of a dissenting congregation at Riving- 
 ton, Lancashire, and then removed to Nor- 
 wich as assistant to Dr. J. Taylor. He was 
 author of some sermons, and had a dispute 
 with Dr. Chandler about the duration of fu- 
 tui*e punishments. He died atNorwich 1796, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Bo URXE, Vincent, an amiable writer, fel- 
 low of Trinity college, Cambridge, and usher 
 of Westminster scliool. He published a vo- 
 lume of elegant poems, in 12mo. reprinted 
 in 4to. 1772, and died young. 
 
BO 
 
 150 
 
 BouKEE, Ed me Bernard, an ecclesiastic, 
 -who died at Dijon I/'i'J, aged 70, author of 
 some sermons, and otiier works ol" theo- 
 logy. 
 
 Boi'iiSAULi , Edmund, a native of Mussi 
 I'Eveque in Burgundy, who l>y application 
 remedied the detects of a bud education, 
 and gained tlie favor of the criui-t of Lewis 
 XI\ . by the wit of his conversation and tlie 
 \ivacity of his muse. He became secretary 
 to the dutchess of Ani;oiiIeine, with a j)en- 
 sion of i>U(K) livres, and Ids business was 
 cluefly to turn the gazette into rliyme. His 
 satire, however, directed against the Fran- 
 ciscans and Capuchins, |)roved nearly latal 
 to him, and the powerful intiuence of his 
 patrons alone saved him from tlie dungeons 
 of the Bastille. He was dismissed with dis- 
 grace, and again received into favor, and 
 died of the cholic, oth September, 17U1, 
 aged 6J, at Monllucon, where he v/as ap- 
 pointed receiver ot the excise. Boursault 
 possessed merit as a poet. Mis ^sop in the 
 city, and iEsop at court, are still deservedly 
 honored with the public applause on the 
 stage, for the various and interesting scenes 
 of life which they exhibit, with happy sa- 
 tire, and in elegant language. He wrote, 
 besides other plays, some romances, letters, 
 and fables, inc. In his private character, 
 he was amiable. Thougli he was in acts of 
 political hostility vvith Boileau, he visited 
 him at Bourbon with the oHer of liis purse 
 and services ; and this liberality produced a 
 reconciliation and the closest intimacy. His 
 theatre appeared in 3 vols. 12mo. 1746. 
 
 BouRSiER, Lawrence Francis, a doctor 
 of the Sorbonne, who died at Paris in 1749, 
 aged 70. He was author of several contro- 
 versial books in divinity, and of an able 
 treatise called Taction de dieu sur les crea- 
 tures, 2 vols. 4to. or 6 vols. rimo. which 
 •was attacked by Malebranche. He Avrote 
 also an address to Peter the great when he 
 visited Paris, for the re-union of the Greek 
 and Latin churches. 
 
 BocJusiER, Philip, an ecclesiatic of Pa- 
 ris, who died 17G8, aged 77. He was the 
 first concerned in t!ie nouvelles ecclesias- 
 tiques in 1727, in wh'ch he was assisted by 
 Berger, d'Etemare, de Fernanville, and 
 others. 
 
 BouRVALAis, Paul Poisson, a famous 
 French financier, who rose from obscurity 
 to opulence and consequence, by industry, 
 and afterwards assisted by dishonest means. 
 He was accused of having amassed a princely 
 fortune from the distresses of the state dur- 
 ing the Spanish succession war, and his vast 
 wealth was forfeited. He was some time 
 after indemr.ifii^d; but his disgrace had broken 
 a heart naturally fierce and impatient, and 
 he died the year after, 1710. 
 
 BouKZEis, Amable de, an ecclesiastic, 
 ■whose pen and abilities were employed for 
 political purposes by Richelieu and >iazarin. 
 He died at Paris 10 i2, aged 60, author of 
 some theoligical tracts, kc. 
 
 BousSAUD, (iodfrey, chancellor of the 
 university of Paris, wrote some tracts on di- 
 vinity and morality, and died 1520. 
 
 BotssEAi', James, j^n eminent »culptor, 
 who died at NIadrid in 1740. Some of his 
 pieces arc much admired. 
 
 BousSE'i , John Baptist de, a native of Di- 
 jon, known as a musician of superior taleutft. 
 He died 1725, aged 63. 
 
 BoL'SSE'r, Rene Dronanl de, a native of 
 i'aris, who died there 1760, agetl 57. He 
 was eniinent for his taste and genius as a 
 musician. 
 
 Bon rAUD, Francis, an ecclesiastic, re- 
 commended to the notice of J^ewis XIV. by 
 Bossuet. He wrote several Latin jjoems 
 without genius or elegance ; and died 1729. 
 
 Bou 1 Aui, Francis de, a prolessor of lavr 
 at Toulouse, where he died 1733, author of 
 several valuable publications on his profes- 
 sion. 
 
 BouTAULD, Michael, a Jesqit of Parii, 
 author of several usefid treatises on theology. 
 He died 1688, aged 81. 
 
 BouTEKONE, Claude, a learned antiqua- 
 rian of Paris, author of a curious treatise on 
 the court of France. He died 1690. 
 
 Boui HRAis, Raoul, a native of Chateau- 
 dun, author of some books on law, kc. He 
 died 1630, aged 78. 
 
 BouvART, Michael Philip, professor of 
 medicine at Paris, was born at Chartres, and 
 died at Paris lyth January, 1787, aged 66. 
 He acquired great celebrity in his proi'ession, 
 and wrote some tracts on medicine which 
 possessed merit. He once visited a banker 
 who was seized with melancholy at the pros- 
 pect of bankruptcy, and finding that the dis- 
 order of his patient was such as his purse 
 could remove, he honorably sent him 20.000 
 livres to enable him to meet his creditors. 
 His eloge was pronounced by Condorcet. 
 
 BowKR, Archibald, was born near Dun- 
 dee in Scotland, 17th January, 1685, and edu- 
 cated at Douay, from whence he passed to 
 Rome, 1760, and became a Jesuit. P'ither 
 his dislike to the cruelties of the inquisition 
 of Alacerata, to which lie was counsellor, or, 
 as his enemies assert, his amorous propensi- 
 ties, shook his religious principles, and after 
 being distinguished as a preacher and a pub- 
 lic prolessor, he resolved to abandon a mode 
 of life which he now regarded with abhor- 
 rence, and made his escape A\ith great diffi- 
 culty, and through many dangers, from Peru- 
 gia to England, in 1726, By the conversa- 
 tion of Dr. Aspinwall, Dr. Clarke, and bishop 
 Berkeley, he renounced the tenets of the 
 catholic church, and some time after embra- 
 ced those of the church of England. His 
 learning recommended him to the great, and 
 he had the good fortune to become acquain- 
 ted with lord Aylmer, in whose family he 
 passed several years, and when he sufficient- 
 ly understood English, he began to labor for 
 the booksellers by the publication of the His- 
 toria literaria, which he abandoned in 1734, 
 for a large share in the composition of the 
 L'niversal History. Unsteady and insincere 
 in his piiticiples, he was again reconciled to 
 the Jesuits in 1745, and two years after, 
 again made public his dissent from the reli- 
 gion of those within whose pale he had late- 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 ly been received as a penitent refugee. 
 About this time, he wished to convert the 
 money which he had acquired into a life an- 
 nuity, but the manner in wliich he relates 
 the circumstance, differs so much from the 
 report made by liis antagonists that there is 
 reason to suppose he acted unfairly. The 
 firm patronage of lord Lyttelton, however, 
 broke the asperities of his fortunes, he was 
 made librarian to queen Caroline in 1748, to 
 Avhich was afterwards added the clerkship of 
 buck warrants. His history of the popes 
 ■was begun and continned to the seventh vol- 
 ume a little before his death, but his quar- 
 rels with the Jesuits rendered his principles 
 suspected both as an historian and as a man. 
 His insincerity was discovered, and his im- 
 posture revealed, l)y the keen searching eye 
 of Dr. Douglas afterwai'ds bishop of Salisbu- 
 ly, and from a favorite writer, he became a 
 suspected character, and he saw all those 
 ■who had supported and patronised him ex- 
 ^•ept Lyttelton, turn away with disdain and 
 indignation from him. His honesty has also 
 teen doubted in his revision of the second 
 edition of the universal history, for though 
 he I'eceived 300^. for his assistance, he abu- 
 sed the confidence reposed in him, and made 
 no additions to the work intrusted to his 
 care. Bower married a niece of bishop 
 ^'icholson in 1749. He died September se- 
 cond, 17GG, aged 80, v/ithout an}"^ public pi'o- 
 fession of his faith, though his wife soon after 
 attested that he died in the protestant per- 
 suasion. His writings were not devoid of 
 merit, and to this and to his love of the mar- 
 vellous we are to attribute the violence of the 
 controversy, now so deservedly foi-gotten, 
 ^vhich at that time engaged the public atten- 
 tion. Not less than 22 pamphlets were pub- 
 lished in consequence of the history of the 
 popes, and while scurrility formed the otten- 
 sive weapons of some of his adversaries, 
 those who espoused his cause were not less 
 virulent and determined. 
 
 BowLE, John, descended from a bishop 
 of Rochester of that name, was educated 
 at Oriel college, Oxford, and died on his 
 birth day, 2Gth October 1788, aged 63. He 
 •was the first detector of Laxxder's forgeries, 
 and author of a letter to Dr. Percy, and edi- 
 tor of Don Quixote in Spanish, bcc. besides 
 Marston's satires, and some old English po- 
 etry. 
 
 BowYER, William, a learned English prin- 
 ter, born in London, 1 7th Deceml)er 1(399, 
 educated at Merchant taylors' school,and af- 
 terwards admitted at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge. On his leaving the university, 
 he follow ed the business of his father, who 
 tvas a printer of great eminence, and the 
 first publication which came from his cor- 
 recting hands, was Selden's Avorks by Wil- 
 kins, three vols, folio. He was mude printer 
 of the votes of the house of Commons in 
 1729, by the friendship of Onslow the speak- 
 er, and he held that respectable situation for 
 nearly 50 years. He was admitted into the 
 antiquarian society in 1736, and he proved 
 an oruamcut to the institution by the num- 
 
 ber and value of his communications. In 
 1761, he was appointed printer to the royal 
 society, and two years after he published his 
 excellent edition of the new testament two 
 vols. It was not merely in printing books in 
 a superior style that Bowyer distinguished 
 himself, but in enriching various works with 
 notes, prefaces, and dissertations. He took, 
 in 1766, Mr. John Nichols for his partner, 
 and trusted into his able hands the business 
 which he had conducted with such respecta- 
 bility of character He was in 1767, made 
 printer of the house of Lords, and for the 
 rolls of parliament. His literary career was 
 finished in 1777, by the publication of Bent- 
 ley's dissertations on Phalariswith additional 
 notes. He died 18th November the same 
 year, after suffering severely for two years 
 from the palsy and the stone. His public 
 character Avas the theme of universal admi- 
 ration, and his private virtues proclaimed 
 him a man of probity and the friend of hu- 
 manity. He was married October 1728, and 
 by his wife who died in three years, he had 
 two sons, one of whom only survived him. 
 He took a second wife in 1747, and she died 
 1771, aged 70. His property which was the 
 honorable acquisition of industry, was left to 
 his son except some legacies to a few friends, 
 and annuities to three poor printers of sober 
 life, and well versed in Greek and Latin. 
 His memoirs were published by Mr. Nichols, 
 and they are interesting and valuable. 
 
 BoXHORN, Marc Zuerius, a native of 
 Bergen-op-Zoom, professor of eloquence, 
 politics, and history, at Leyc'»?n. He wrote 
 Historia universalis, 4to. a useful book, ac- 
 cording to Mencke, his continuator, be- 
 sides poems, and editions of *' Scriptores 
 Latini minores." — Poetse Satyr, minores, 
 Stc. — Obsidio Brodana, fol. — virorum illust. 
 elogia, fol. — Chronologia sacra, fol. — thea- 
 trum urbium HoUandiae, 4to. — He died 
 1653, aged 41. 
 
 BoYCE, William, an English musician, 
 born in London, 1710. He Avas at first a 
 singing boy at St. Paul's, but under the care 
 of Dr. Greene, the organist of the cathe- 
 dral, he made such a proficiency that the 
 highest expectations were formed of him. 
 His master at his death intrusted all his 
 MSS. to his cai'e, and the publication of his 
 anthems; but an incurable deafness came as 
 it Avere to darken all the prospects of the 
 young proficient. Perseverance, however, 
 overcame every difficulty, and he continued 
 to prove so excellent a master, that he Avas 
 honorably made, in 1749, Mus. D. by the 
 university of Cambridge, and in 1757 master 
 of the king's band, and afterwards organist 
 and composer to the royal cliapel. This 
 able musician died 1779, and Avas buried in 
 St. Paul's cathedral. His songs were much 
 admired lor elegance and taste, and his an- 
 thems, oratorios, and other musical compo- 
 sitions, possessed superior merit. Of them 
 however but i'cw have been published. 
 
 Bo YD, Robert, a natiA'e of Trochrig in 
 Renfrewshire, educated at Saumur. James 
 I. who knew his merits, Avished to appoint 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 him principal of the university, but as he 
 favorcil the puritans, he i)i'eferre<l to be- 
 come the minister of liis nulive purish, of 
 •which he was the patron. He wrotea k-arncd 
 commentary on the epistle of the Epiiesians, 
 and died Ifi'iO, aj?ed 50. 
 
 Boyd, Mai-k Ah-xander, a native of Gal- 
 loway in Scotland, eihicated under the care 
 of his unele, who was archhishop of Cilas- 
 gow. He was however of such a bold un- 
 tractable spirit, that he early lied from his 
 instructors to Flanders, and engaged in the 
 wars of the united provinces and of Fi-ance. 
 Ill Paris be lost all bis property by gaming, 
 and the distress to which be was reduced, 
 roused him to reflection, so that he applied 
 himself to study civil law under Cujacius^ 
 He returned to Scotland, where he died of 
 a slow fever ICOl, aged 39. He left in MSS. 
 some Latirj poems, much adnnred for ele- 
 g^ance and taste, of which the Epistol'.c He- 
 roidum, and the hymns, appeared in the 
 Ueliciai poetarum Scotorum, Amsterd. two 
 vols, l'2m.o. 1637. 
 
 Boyd, Robert lord, a Scotchman, son of 
 sir Thomas Boyd of Kilmarnock. He be- 
 came the favorite oi the court and of the 
 people, and was raised to the peerage, and 
 on the death of the second James, was made 
 judiciary of the kingdom, and one of the 
 regents during the king's minority. Ambi- 
 tious however of having no rival, he carried 
 off tlie young king from Linlithgow to Edin- 
 burgh, and declared himself sole regent. 
 Not only the favors of the crown were now 
 distributed to his family and adherents, but 
 the king's sister was married to bis son, af- 
 terwards lord Arran, till the monarch, ex- 
 tricated from the power of his guardian, 
 ventured to call a parliament in 1469, to in- 
 quire into his conduct. Afraid of bis ene- 
 mies, Boyd fled to England, and died at 
 Alnwick 1470, and his son, divorced from 
 his wife, was obliged to leave the kingdom 
 for Antwerp, where he died 1474, This 
 family are the progenitors of the lord Kil- 
 marnock who suffered in the rebellion of 
 1745, 
 
 BoYDELL, John, an eminent artist, born 
 at Dorrington, Shropshire, and brought up 
 to the business of land surveyor under the 
 care of bis father. The accidental meeting 
 of some landscapes so captivated bis atten- 
 tion, that he studied engraving under an 
 able master, and determined to seek reputa- 
 tion and opulence in this new profession. 
 His landscapes, published in 1745, for the 
 use of learners, pi'oved the source of profit, 
 as well as celebrity, and in the metropolis 
 he became the friend and the patron of ar- 
 tists of genius and ability. Eager to exhibit 
 the productions of his countrymen in one 
 pleasing and recommending view, he nobly 
 stood forth as the public encourager of me- 
 rit, and by opening the Shakspeai'e gallery 
 in Pall-mail, be exhibited the beautiful and 
 highly fmisbed labors of the English school. 
 His virtues and popularity had so powerfully 
 recommended him to the notice of the citi- 
 zens of London, that he was elected an al- 
 
 derman, and in 1791, served the distin- 
 guished (iiricc of lord mayor. Sensible of 
 the respect and esteem of his fellow citi- 
 zens, he perpetuated their kindness and bis 
 own merits, by Jtrescnling to the corpoi atiou 
 some valnahle pictures, which are pre- 
 served as monuments of bis friendship in 
 the council cbamher of (iuiUlball. Mr. Boy- 
 dell disposed of all his property, in the 
 prints, pictures, Jscc. of the Shakspeare 
 gallery, hy a puMic lottery, a circumstance 
 which some have attributed, if not to the 
 enormous expenses which bis patriotic con- 
 «luct as the patron of artists drew upori him, 
 at least to the losses which be endured iu 
 bis continental connections in consequence 
 of the French revolution, and of the war 
 which was kindled in 1793, between the two 
 countries. This worthy man died in 1804, 
 aged 85, 
 
 BoYENVAL, Peter Joseph, a wortldess 
 character, employed as the agent of Fou- 
 quier-Tainville in denouncing the wretched 
 victims confined in the Luxembourg and 
 otiier prisons. After shocking scenes of 
 cruelty and insulting barbarity, this bloody 
 monster suffered on the scaffold, with his 
 ferocious employer, 1795, aged 26. 
 
 BoYER, Abel, was born at Castre in 
 France, 1064. The edict of the revocation 
 of Nantes banished him to Geneva, from 
 whence he came to FVaneker and to Eng- 
 land, where he spent the best pai"t of his 
 life, and died at Chelsea, November 1729. 
 He is chiefly known by his useful French 
 and English dictionary, and his French 
 grammar, which have passed through seve- 
 ral editions. His history of William and 
 Mary, three vols. 8vo. — bis political state of 
 Great Britain, a periodical Avork like the 
 annual register — liis annals of (|ueen Anne, 
 11 vols. 8vo, hi.c. are inferior works. 
 
 Bo YER, Claude, was born at Alby, and af- 
 ter applying with little success to the elo- 
 quence of the pulpit be became a player. 
 He wrote 22 dramatical pieces, but as they 
 were irregular in the plan and inelegant in 
 the composition they were received witli 
 universal disapprobation on the stage. He 
 died at Paris, 22d July, 1098, aged 80, 
 
 Bo YER, John Baptist Nicholas, a physi- 
 cian, knight of the order of St. Michael, and 
 distinguished for the zeal, skill, and humani- 
 ty, which he displayed during the dreadful 
 plague at Marseilles in 1720. His success in 
 combating the violence of contagious disor- 
 ders recommended him to the notice of the 
 French king and to the gratitude of Spain 
 and Germany, He gave an edition of the 
 Pbarmacopieia Parisiensis 4t©. and died at 
 Paris second April 1708, aged 75. 
 
 BoYLE, Richard, known by the title of 
 great earl of Cork, w as born at Canterbury 
 in 1560. After a private education, he en- 
 tered at Benet's college, Cambridge, and be- 
 came a student of the Middle Temple, but 
 as be lost early bis parents, and as bis patri- 
 mony was slender, he abandoned amanner of 
 life which was attended with great expense, 
 and no immediate advantage, and went to 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 i)ublin in June 15S8, in quest of fortune, 
 •with fewer pounds in his pocket than he af- 
 terwards acquired thousands a year. Ills 
 abilities recoui mended him to the great and 
 powerful, he drew meuiorials and cases with 
 precision and accuracy, and in the service of 
 the government he acquired a knowledge of 
 public affairs. Me married, in 1595, Joan 
 Ansley of Pulborough in Essex, who died 
 four years after in child-bed, and left him 
 without diildren, but in possession of 5001. 
 a year in land, which proved the foundation 
 of his future pros\)erity. He was not howev- 
 er without enemies, he was represented to 
 the queen as a traitor, in corresponding with 
 the Spaniards, but he was permitted to 
 answer his accusers, and sir Henry Wallop, 
 the most violent of his persecutors, was dis- 
 gi'aced l.i}' Elizabeth. His merits were too 
 great to be long neglected, he was appointed 
 to offices of trust in Ireland under his friend 
 sir George Carew, afttrwards earl of Tot- 
 ness, and by his patronage he rose to conse- 
 quence and dignity. He Mas knighted, made 
 a privy counsellor, and afterwards advanced 
 to the peerage, first by the title of lord 
 Boyle, afterwards of earl of Coi-k. In his 
 elevated situation he felt the storms which, 
 agitate the great, and received many morti- 
 fications from the jealousy of Wentworth, 
 earl of Stratford, when viceroy of Ireland. 
 His whole life v. as devoted to the support of 
 his country, towns Mere built on most eligi- 
 ble spots, and improvements were introdu- 
 ced on his estates with such judgment and 
 success, that Cromwell declared if Ireland 
 had a Cork in every county, rebellion could 
 never have i-aised its head there. He was 
 Tery active in the rebellion of 1641, in favor 
 of government, and four of his sons wei-e en- 
 gaged in the battle of Liscarrol, the eldest of 
 V'hom was slain. He died 15th September 
 1643, aged 78, and so desirous did he sliow 
 himself even in his last moments, to publish 
 to the world the vast fortune m hich he had 
 collected by industrious application from an 
 obscure beginning, that he caused to be pla- 
 ced on his toinb, the motto of his family 
 *' God's providence is my inheritance." 'I'he 
 most memorable circumstance of his life, 
 ■written by himself, have been published by 
 Dr. Birch. He was father of seven sons and 
 eight oau,u,hters, by his second wife Catha- 
 rine Eenton, daughter of the secretary of 
 state, whom he married '2.>th July lei^iS, and 
 he had the singular happiness of seeing be- 
 fore his death three of the five sons who sur- 
 vived him, \\z. Lewis, Roger, and Francis, 
 raised to the [)eerage. 
 
 Boyle, U( g.-r, earl of Orrery, was fifth 
 son of Riciiard earl of Cork, and born April 
 1621. He was made lord Bioghill when 
 only seven years old, in reward ot his father's 
 services, ile was educated in the college of 
 Dublin, and afier making the tour of France 
 and Italy, Mith his eldest brother lord Kinel- 
 meaky, he engaged in the li-ish wars, and 
 distinguished himself bv his courage and 
 bravery. The death of Charles I. proved so 
 very dreadful to his feelings that he left the 
 
 army, and lived in retirement ou his estate 
 at ^larston in Somersetshire, but so appre*- 
 hensive was he of the jealous tyranny of the 
 parliament, that he soon prepared to join in 
 secret the royal party on the continent. His 
 views were discovered, and Cromwell, who 
 knev/ his merit, charged him with the re- 
 solution of abandoning the kingdom, and 
 proved the inutility of denying the charge, 
 by showii.g him copies of letters that had 
 passed between him and his most confiden- 
 tial friends. Broghill was so thunderstruck 
 at the discovery, tiiat Cromwell prevailed on 
 him to espouse his cause rather than to sub- 
 mit to tlie horrors of a dungeon, and m heu 
 he was informed that he was to fight only 
 against the Irish rebels, whose cruelties he 
 detested, he accepted the pledp:es of faith 
 and protection offered him by the republican 
 general. In this new engagement he dis- 
 played so much coolness and activit}' that 
 Cromwell, now become protector, honored 
 hira with his friendship and confidence, and 
 sent him to settle the affairs of Scotland with 
 absolute aulhorit}'. On the death of Crom- 
 well, Broghill supported his son with the 
 same zeal that he had served the father, but 
 -,vhen the pusillanimity of Richard dropped 
 the reins of government, he looked for fu- 
 ture protection from the exiled king. His 
 intentions were however conjectured by the 
 few who still propped the republican go- 
 vernment, he was seized in Ireland, but his 
 firmsiess disarmed his persecutors, and he 
 was permitted to retire unmolested to his 
 estate at Munster. But his thoughts were 
 turned to the restoi'ati(;n of the monarchy, 
 and he prepared measures so eftectually 
 M'ith sir Charles Coote who was in the north 
 <jf Ireland, that the whole kingdom declared 
 for Charles II. The restored monarch paid 
 those marks of respect to Broghill which his 
 services deserved, he was made earl of Or- 
 rer}", and president of Munster. As the 
 supporter of the cause of the protestants 
 against the papists who solicited the restitu- 
 tion of some of their forfeited property, he 
 displayed eloquence, patriotism, and a bold 
 disdain of bribery. His knowledge of law 
 was so e.xtensive that he was offered the 
 seals on the fall of Clarendon, which his de- 
 bility prevented him to accept. In a po- 
 litical view his abilities were directed to 
 strengthen the sinews of the state, and to 
 add vigor to the govei'ument. His merits 
 were not however without enemies, the 
 duke of Ormond envied his j)opularity, but 
 all his efibrts to remove him from the con- 
 fidence of the king ])roved ineffectual. Af- 
 ter a splendid display of the character of 
 statesman, general, and writer, this excel- 
 lent man died October 1679, aged 58, leav- 
 ing two sons and five daughters by lady Mar- 
 garet Howard sister to the earl of Suffolk. 
 His writings were numerous and respecta- 
 ble, and among these several tragedies, co- 
 medies, hue. 
 
 Rovj.E, Robert, seventh son and four- 
 teenth child of Richard earl of Cork, was 
 born at Lismore in Munster, 25th January, 
 
hO 
 
 jBO 
 
 l6'26-7. He was intrusted early to tlie care 
 of a couriHy nurse, tlial lie luij^lil he ti:>iii(<l 
 to a hanly mode ol" lile, and alter receiving 
 some instruction in liis fittlur's iMniily, lie 
 was sent to Kton, where for three or four 
 years under the care of sir Henry Wotton 
 his ahilities be<;:in to blaze with sujHjior 
 splendor. In l(i3S his lather sent him with 
 his brother P'rancis to Geneva, through 
 Dieppe, Paris, and Lyons, and in this peace- 
 ful retieat he devoted himself to a severe 
 course of study, and reipewed his ac(juaint- 
 ance with tlie mathematics. After stayiii';; 
 about 21 months at (ieneva, and e.xamining 
 with a curious eye the wonders of that ro- 
 mantic country, he visited Verona, Venice, 
 Florence, liome, Genoa, and Marseilles. 
 He T-eturned to England in 1644, but uitli 
 diflk'idty, as, from the troubles of Eng;land 
 and Ireland, some of iiis sup{)lies had been 
 lost, and his tutor Mr. Marcombes was 
 obliged to raise money upon liis jewels. His 
 father died before his return, but he found 
 an ample settlement, which however tlie 
 confusion of the time prevented him from 
 immediately possessing. In March IG40 he 
 retired to his estate at Stalbridge, and in 
 this peaceful solitude, regardless of the tu- 
 mults which agitatefl his unhappy country, 
 he spent his time in litei-ary Ial)Oi's, particu- 
 hirly in pliilosophical and chemical studies. 
 His intimacy and corres[>ondence witli lear- 
 ned men promoted the cause of literature, 
 and he was one of the first who, about 1645, 
 laid the foundation of that respectable socie- 
 ty which courted knowledge by reason and 
 experiment, and after tlie restoration assu- 
 med the name of the royal society. He at 
 last fixed his residence in the house of a Mr. 
 Crosse, an apothecary at Oxford, about 16.54, 
 where the philosophical society had removed 
 from the turbulence and faction of Lon- 
 don, and it is a pleasure to record, as the 
 friends and companions of his studies, the re- 
 spectable names of Wilkins, Ward, Waliis, 
 Wren, Willis, Hooke, Pccocke, Hyde, 
 Goddard, Bathurst, Barlow, See. About 
 1678, he invented the air pump, an engine 
 which has thrown new light on the works of 
 the creation. After the restoration he was 
 tr.eated with the respect due to his merit, 
 both by the king and h.s ministers Southamp- 
 ton and Clarendon, liut he refused the high- 
 est ecclesiastical preferment which was olTer- 
 ed to him if he entered into orders, observ- 
 ing Mith becoming firmness and independ- 
 ence, that whatever he did or wrote in sup- 
 port of religion would have greater weight in 
 coming from a layman. In this he proved 
 the goodness of his heart, for all his studies 
 and all his views, both as a man of letters 
 and a man of influeiU'e among the great. 
 were zealously directed to the promotion of 
 piety, learning, religion, and virtue. His 
 character was so universally known and re- 
 spected, that the grand duke of Tuscany, 
 <1istinguished for the most amiable manners, 
 solicited the honor of his correspondence, 
 and Charles II. unasked bestowed upon him, 
 in 1665, as the reward of his splendid talents. 
 
 the vacant provostship of Eton, which, how- 
 ever, ajijuiiisi the adMce of ail his fiJL-nds, he 
 modestly declined. Honors were vain in hit- 
 eyes. I'or tin; same reason he refused to 
 become president of the royal society, which 
 his name and services had so much dignified, 
 lor inde|»endence was the object nearest big 
 heart. The most favored public office he 
 ever held was that of governor of the corpo- 
 ration for the propagation of the gospel, anri 
 this he at last I'esigned when he found the 
 approaching decline of his health. So numc- 
 
 <pproacl»ing decline ot Ins I 
 ■()us were his friends, and 
 
 so anxiously ex- 
 cited was the public curiosity with respect to 
 him, that when his strengtji faileil he pub- 
 lished an advertisement, and i)lace(l an in- 
 scription over his door to inform the world 
 that he declined receiving visits, and what in 
 another might have appeared vanity or os- 
 tentation, must be considered in him as the 
 preparation of a man of sense and virtue to 
 withdraw from the tumult of life, and to 
 make his peace with his Creator. His health 
 now rajjidly declined, so that he made his 
 will ISth July, IG'JI, and expired on the 
 30th of December following, in his 65th 
 year, one week after the death of his be- 
 loved sister and friend lady Ranclagh. He 
 was buried in St. Martin's church in the 
 fields, Westminster, and a funeral sermon 
 was delivered on the occasion by his friend 
 l>ishop Burnet. His character was drawn 
 by the prelate with the pencil of truth and 
 friendship, but the praise of Boerliaave can- 
 not be taxed with adulation or partiality. 
 " Boyle," says this learned man, *' the orna- 
 ment of his age and country, succeeded to 
 the genius and inquiries of the great Veru- 
 1am. Which," says he, " of all Boyle's 
 writings shall I recommend? all of them. 
 To him we ow e the secrets of fire, air, wa- 
 ter, animals, vegetables, fossils, so that from 
 his works may be deduced the whole system 
 of natural knowledge." In his person Boyle 
 was tall, but slender, his countenance was 
 pale and emaciated, and his constitution so 
 delicate that he used cloaks when he appear- 
 ed abroad, and always regulated himself by 
 the state of his thermometer. For 40 years 
 his si)irits and his strength Mcrc so low ard 
 depressed that it is surprising how he could 
 find sufficient resolution to write, and to 
 make the difficult experiments which he 
 performed. He was never married, though 
 it is said that he once courted the beautiful 
 daughter of Carey earl of Monmouth. His 
 disinterestedness in refusing the honor of a 
 peerage is well known, his zeal in the propa- 
 tion of Christianity is equally noble, and it is 
 recorded by his biographers that his chari- 
 ties annually amounted to no less than 10t)0/- 
 V.'hen director of the East India compimr 
 be not only exerted himself in the establish- 
 ment oftheir charter, hut Ite sent to the In- 
 dies .'iOO copies of the gospels and acts of ihr 
 apostles in the Malay:>n language, as he had 
 in the same manner three years before con- 
 veyed to the Levant several copies of Gro- 
 tius' treatise on the Christian religion, trans- 
 lated into Arabic by Dr. Pococke, As an*- 
 
BO 
 
 BO 
 
 ther instance of his wish to support religion 
 may be mentioned the lecture which he 
 founded at St. Paul's in defence of the gos- 
 pel against unbelievers. His works have 
 been published in 5 vols, folio, and in C vols. 
 4to. 
 
 Boyle, Charles, earl of Orrery, was se- 
 cond son of Roger earl of Orrery, by lady 
 3Iary Sackville, and born August 1676. He 
 was educated at Christ Church, under the 
 care of Atterbury, afterwards bishop of Ro- 
 chester, and Dr. Friend, and in 1700 was 
 chosen member for Huntingdon. On his 
 brother's death he succeeded to the earldom, 
 and afterwards became knight of the thistle, 
 major-general in the army, and a member of 
 the privy council. He was envoy from the 
 queen to the states of Flanders and Brabant, 
 and he displayed firmness, M'isdom, and dex- 
 terity in the support of this new character, 
 and for his services was raised to the dignity 
 of the British peerage. His disinterested- 
 ness was such, in his political career, that he 
 frequently voted against the minister, and 
 the apostacy was soon after punished by a 
 privation of his offices of honor and emolu- 
 ment. In September 1722 he was sent to 
 the tower, on suspicion of being an associate 
 in Layer's plot, but after six months' impri- 
 sonment he was admitted to bail, and his in- 
 nocence fully asserted upon the minutest in- 
 quiry. He died, after a short illness, 21st 
 August, 1731. His writings were Lysander's 
 life, translated from Plutarch — besides his 
 edition of Phalaris' epistles, which produced 
 the celebrated controversy with Bentley, in 
 ■n'hich he was assisted by his friends Aid rich 
 and Atterbux'y. The astronomical appara- 
 tus, called Orrery, was so named by the in- 
 ventor Graham, in gratitude for marks of 
 favor and protection which he had received. 
 
 Boyle, John, earl of Cork and Orrery, 
 born 2d Jan. 1707, was the only son of the 
 preceding, by lady Elizabeth Cecil, daugh- 
 ter of the eai'l of Exeter. He was for six 
 years under the care of the poet Fenton, 
 and after passing through Westminster 
 school, he entered at Christ-church. He 
 was married in 1728 to the daughter of lord 
 Orkney, but this union proved the source of 
 domestic infelicity by the quarrel of the two 
 earls. This lady died in 1732 at Cork, and 
 six years after he married Margaret Hamil- 
 ton, a lady of Irish extraction, with whom 
 he lived in the enjoyment of domestic tran- 
 quillity, truly sensible, as he expresses it 
 himself, that *' the noise and Itustle of life 
 are despicable and tasteless, when we have 
 experienced the real delight of a fire-side." 
 He did not shine as a public orator, his 
 time was mostly spent at his seat at Marston 
 in Somersetshire, where, devoted to literary 
 ease and retirement, he published an ad- 
 mired translation of Pliny's letters, two 
 vols. 4to. addressed to his sons, 17.51 — be- 
 sides letters on the writings of Swift, his 
 respected friend, in 8vo. He travelled to 
 Italy in 1754, with the intention of collect- 
 ing materials for the history of Florence, 
 but only 12 letters on the subject received 
 
 his finishing hand. He returned to England 
 through Germany and Holland, and after 
 sustaining with great resignation the severe 
 loss of his wife in 1758, and of his eldest son 
 the following year, he fell a victim to an he- 
 reditary gout, 16th Nov, 176ii, in his 56tli 
 year. The Gentleman's magazine for 782, 
 pp. f23, 286, &c. mentions his Florentine 
 history. His letters were published after 
 his death by Buncombe, Avith an account of 
 his life, and it appears that he M'rote muchia 
 the periodical works of the day, especially 
 the World and Connoisseur. He published 
 his great grandfather's dramatic works, two 
 vols. 8vo. 1739, and his state papers in 1742. 
 
 Boys, John, an English divine born in 
 Kent. He was educated at Benet's college, 
 Cambridge, and in 1590 obtained the vica- 
 rage of Tilmanstone, and the rectory of 
 Bettishanger in Kent, and afterwards he 
 was promoted to the deanery of Canterbury 
 1619. He died suddenly 1625, aged 54. His 
 works, chiefly on theological subjects, were 
 published one vol. fol. 1629. 
 
 BoYSs, Boys, or Bois, John, one of the 
 translators of the bible under James I. was 
 born at Nettlestead in Suftblk, 1560, and 
 educated at Hadley school, and St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. After studying medi- 
 cine for a little time, he was ordained and 
 succeeded his father as rector of West 
 Stowe, which, however, he resigned upon 
 his marriage with the daughter of Mr. Holt, 
 rector of Box worth, whom he succeeded in 
 1596. His domestic aifairs were conducted 
 with so little economy that to relieve his 
 wants he sold his valuable books. He how- 
 ever was reconciled to the extravagance of 
 his wife, and as his knowledge of classical 
 literature had been so eminently displayed 
 at college, he was selected to translate the 
 bible, and was afterwards one of the six who 
 met to revise the whole at stationer's hall. 
 He assisted sir Henry Saville in the publica- 
 tion of St. Chrysostom, but the death of his 
 patron left him in poverty, and instead of 
 succeeding to a promised fellowship of Eton, 
 he received onlj' one copy of the work to 
 which he had so much contributed. Andrews, 
 bishop of Ely, at last made him prebendery 
 of his church in 1615. He died 1643, aged 
 84, leaving several valuable MSS. In his 
 studies he paid particular attention to the 
 three rules given him by Dr. Whitaker, he 
 studied always standing, never in a window, 
 and never went to bed with his feet cold. 
 
 Boyse, Joseph, a dissenting minister, born 
 at Leeds in Yorkshire, l4th Jan. 1660, and 
 educated near Kendal. He was at Amster- 
 dam, where he sided with the Brownists, 
 and afterwards became popular as a preach- 
 er in London and Dublin, and had for his co- 
 adjutor Thomas Emlyn, so well known for 
 his writings and his sufferings. A long and 
 intimate friendship was however severed by 
 theological disputes, ana instead of becoming 
 the defender of Emlyn, Boyse inflamed his 
 persecutor by publishing a book against him. 
 He died about the beginning of December 
 1728, and his funeral sermon Avas preached 
 
BO 
 
 KR 
 
 at Dublin on the 8tli of the same month. He 
 was eminent for his Icaruinj^ and piety, as 
 his works in 2 vols. fol. siiflicicnily jtrovo. 
 
 KoYSE, Samuel, son of the precerjing, 
 was born in 17US, and after a private edu ra- 
 tion at Dul.'lin, hr entered at the university 
 of (ilasgow, will re he married a tiadesnian's 
 dauj^hter before he had attained his twen- 
 tieth year. .\ scanty subsistence, a fondness 
 for dissipation, and want of economy in his 
 domestic affairs, soon rendered his situation 
 dependent and uncr)mfortai)Ie, and he came 
 to Edinburgh, where the publication of some 
 pieces of poetry, which possessed both £^e- 
 iiius and judp;nient, pitxhiced him presents 
 from the opulent, antl the patronage of lady 
 Eglinton. With a view of bettering; his con- 
 dition, he passed to London ; but neither the 
 recommendation of lord Storniont, lord 
 Mansfield, and the diitchess of Cordon, nor 
 the notice of Pope, could con-ect his low and 
 vulgar opinions. He was fond of the mean- 
 est companions, and so poor antl imprudinit 
 that he had not, says Gibber, a shirt, coat, 
 or any kind of apparel, so that he sat up 
 v'liole days in bed wrapped up in a blanket 
 and by the most fallacious pretences of 
 sickness and distress, procured the bene- 
 factions of the iiumane and compassion- 
 ate. In 17A5 he was engaged at Reading 
 in compiling " a review of the transac- 
 tions of Europe, from the war with Spain 
 in 1739, to the insurrection in Scotland in 
 1745, &c." but the stipend lie received from 
 Mr. Henry was small, and the loss of his 
 Avife contributed to disturb his plans of set- 
 tlement, and to exhibit his character as af- 
 fected, frivolous, and volatile. Experience, 
 it was ho|)ed, had taught him, on his return 
 from Reading, the necessity of temperance 
 and regularity ; but his health now rapidly 
 declined. He died in obscure lodgings near 
 Shoe-lane, May 1749, and was buried at the 
 expense of the parish. His works were 
 chiefly poetical, and it is said, that if all he 
 wrote were collected, it Mould form six mo- 
 derate volumes. Tlie best known of his 
 poems is called " Deity," which has deserv- 
 ed the commendation of Hervey and Field- 
 ing, and which shows him to have possessed 
 great powers of mind. In him mankind may 
 read tliat awful lesson, that the best talents, 
 if not guided by virtue and industry, mav, 
 instead of producing honor and distinction, 
 degenerate into contempt, vice, and vul- 
 garity. 
 
 RozE, Claude Gros de, was born at Ly- 
 ons, 2Sth .Ian. 1680, and distinguislied him- 
 self by Jiis knowledge of antiquities and 
 medals, which gained the patronage of chan- 
 cellor Pontchartrain, and other illustrious 
 characters, and the honor of a seat in the 
 French academy, and in the academy of belles 
 lettres, of whicli he became perpetual sec- 
 retary. He was respected for his private 
 character, as well as his great learning. 
 His works Avere on medallic subjects, be- 
 sides historical panegyrics on the members 
 of the academy, the first I.t vols, of which 
 he published — and a " ' " 
 
 VOL. I. 30 
 
 a valuable catalogue of 
 
 his own librarj'. Ho died at Paris lOlli 
 Sept. 1753, Hge<l 74. 
 
 liuAccioi,! .\i i)£:ll' API, Franci3, an 
 Italian po<t of Pibtoya, who, at the age of 
 4t>, became an ecclesiastic, and was patro- 
 nised by po])e Uiban VIII. and by cardinal 
 Anthony IJerberini, with whom he hail been 
 secretary. He wrote several tragedies, 
 comedies, and pastoi-als — besides *' la croce 
 riacrjuistata," a poem whicli the Italians 
 rank next toTasso's Jerusalem — and a poem 
 in 23 cantos, on the jjojie's election, for 
 which, at his p.itron's desire, he assumed 
 the surname of Delia Api, and added to his 
 arms three bees. He died in his native 
 country at the age of 80, 1045. 
 
 JJuACTON, Henry de, a native of Devon- 
 shire, who studied at Oxford, and became 
 eminent as a lawyer, and in 1244 was made 
 one of the judges itinerant by Henry HI. 
 He is chiefly known by his excellent work 
 " de legibus 8c consuetudinibus Angliie," a 
 most finished and valuable performance, di- 
 vided into five books, and containing, in good 
 language, a curious and interesting detail ot 
 the legal learning, the laws and customs of 
 our ancesters. Though blamed bv Hcuard 
 lor mingling teo much of the civil and cauou 
 law in his compositions, he has long been 
 held as a writer of the first authority, and 
 deservedly esteemed by lord Coke, and other 
 great lawyers, as the first source of legal 
 knowledge. 
 
 Bradbury, Thomas, a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at Clapham in company with 
 Dr. Watts, and distinguished among the 
 nonconformists as a bold and eloquent, 
 preacher in defence of Calviuistical doc- 
 trines and revolution principles. He M-rote 
 some theological treatises — besides three 
 vols, of sermons — and the mvsterv of god- 
 liness. He died 1757, aged 85, and was bu- 
 ried in Bunhill fields. 
 
 Bradford, Samuel, was born in Black- 
 friars, 20th December, 1652, and after 
 studying at St. Paul's school, the Charter 
 house, and Benet's college, Cambri<lge, lie 
 went abroad on account of some scruples of 
 conscience, and applied himself to physic. 
 He afterwards was reconciled to the doc- 
 trines of the church, and as the friend of 
 archbishop Sancroftand the chai)lain of king 
 AV illiain, he rose in ecclesiastical prefer- 
 ment, to the rectory of St. Mary-le-bow, a 
 prebend of Westminster, and the master- 
 ship of his ov/n college. In 1718 he became 
 bishop of Carlisle, and in 1723 of Roches- 
 ter, w l.ich he held to the time of his death, 
 1 7th March, 1731, aged 79. He edited 
 Tillotson's sermons, and the work may be 
 considered as valuable, as he had been in 
 the primate's family, as tutor to his chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Bradford, John, an English martyr, 
 born of a respectable family at Manchester. 
 He was for some time clerk to sir John 
 Harrington, the treasurer of the English 
 forces at Calais, but afterwards turned his 
 thoughts to the study of divinity, and took 
 his master's degree at Cambridge. He was 
 
BR 
 
 33R 
 
 eloquent as a preacher, and his ahililics ex- 
 posed him to persecution in Mary's reign, 
 so tliat, after a long imprisonment, he was 
 burnt in Smithfield^ 1st July, 1555. Some 
 of his letters are extant. It is said that he 
 was so struck by hearing a sermon from La- 
 timer on restitution, that he made a restitu- 
 tion of some of the king's goods, Avhich he 
 had dishonest!}' appropriated to his own use 
 uhile clerk at Calais. 
 
 Bradford, John, a Welcli poet of me- 
 i"it. He presi<Ied in 1760, in the bardic chair 
 of Glamorganshire, to which he had been 
 called 30 years before, though a youth. He 
 Avrote several moral pieces of great merit, 
 preserved in the Evergreen, a magazine in 
 the Welch language. lie died 1780. 
 
 Rradick, Walter, author of " Chohe- 
 letli or royal preacher," a poem of conside- 
 rable merit, was a merchant of Lisbon, 
 Avhere he lost all his property by the earth- 
 quake. On his return to England, loss of 
 sight was added to poverty, till his suffer- 
 ings were relieved by the queen, who 
 placed him as a pensioner in the Charter- 
 house, wliere he died 31st December, 1794. 
 
 Bradley, James, D. D. was born 1092, 
 at Shireborn in Glocestersliire, and educat- 
 ed at Nortlileach and Baliol college, Oxford, 
 A\ hence he proceeded into orders, and was 
 promoted to tlie living of Bridstow, Here- 
 fordshire. His talents were directed to ma- 
 tliematical pursuits, in the company and 
 under the direction of his maternal uncle, 
 i)r. Pound, rector of Wanstead, Essex, a 
 man of singular genius, and great learning, 
 and from his own accurate observations with 
 the sector, he settled, upon the most cor- 
 rect basis, the laws of the altei-ations of the 
 fixed stars in consequence of the motion of 
 light, and also the nutation of the earth's 
 axis. His great merit did not pass long un- 
 rewarded, he was chosen Savilian pi'ofessor 
 •>.of astronomy at Oxfoi'd, 1721, on the death 
 of Dr. Keill, to which was afterwards, in 
 17.30, added the lectureship in experimental 
 philosophy, and with these honors, a distinc- 
 tion equaliy flattering to the lover of science, 
 the friendship of the great and the learned, 
 of lord ^Macclesfield, sir Isaac Newton, Dr. 
 Halley, &c. In 1742 he succeeded Dr. Hal- 
 ley as astronomer royal at Greenwich, and 
 in this important appointment his attention 
 Avas directed to improve and increase under 
 the royal patronage, and the gift of 1000/. 
 and tlic assistance of those able artists, 
 George Graham and Bird, the valuable 
 instruments which enrich this celebi'ated 
 observatory. His great disinterestedness 
 appeared on his refusal of the living of 
 Greenwich, but his services were too nu- 
 mei'ous to be neglected, and the king there- 
 fore settled a pension of 250/. upon him. 
 J^Iis laborious studies impaired his health ; 
 lie long apprehended that he should survive 
 his reason, but his fears proved false, and an 
 inflammation of the kidneys, followed by a 
 suppression of urine, carred him off 13th 
 July, 1762. He left only one daughter, and 
 was buried at Minclunhamptou, in Glouces- 
 
 tershire, lew of his compositions, besides 
 papers in the philosophical transactions, 
 vyere published ; but his valuable observa- 
 tions on astronomy, &tc. are carefully pre- 
 served in MS. in 13 folio and two quarto vo- 
 lumes. 
 
 Bradley, Richai'd, F.R.S. was made pro- 
 fessor of botany at Cambridge, 1724, by the 
 influence of Dr. Bentley, who trusted to a 
 pretended verbal recommendation from Dr. 
 Sherard. The inabilities of the new pro- 
 fessor to read lectures was soon made a]>pa- 
 rent to the university, and his ignorance of 
 the learned languages rendered him ridicu- 
 lous. Mr. J. Martin was therefore appoint- 
 ed his substitute as professor, though he 
 himself ventured to deliver lectures on the 
 materia medica at the Bull Inn, 1729 ; but 
 his conduct was regarded as so offensive, 
 that the heads of the university had it iu 
 agitation to procure his removal, when he 
 died in 1732. He wrote sonie things on hus- 
 bamlry, natural history, Sec. and for some 
 money permitted the booksellers to use his 
 name in a traslation of Xenophon's econo- 
 mics. 
 
 Bradshaw, Henry, a Benedictine monk 
 of Chester, in the fourteenth century, author 
 of a poeiical chronicle, called the life of St. 
 Werbux'g. 
 
 Bradshavv^, John, serjeant at law, was 
 born in 1586, at Marple-hall iu Cheshii'e, 
 near Chapel le Frith, where his ancestors- 
 had been settled for many generations. He 
 was one of the judges of the sheriff^'s court 
 in London, and on the trial of Charles I. he 
 was nominated by the parliament, president 
 of that bloody tribunal. Though he beha- 
 ved with disrespect and audacity to his so- 
 vereign, some have imagined that Im was but 
 the tool of a party, and that his private sen- 
 timents were favorable to the royal cause. 
 His attachment to the republican form of 
 government, however, was such that he in- 
 veighed against the usurpation of Cromwell, 
 and for his obstinacy he was dismissed from 
 the office of president. He died 1059, but 
 the place of his burial is unknown, though 
 some have mentioned an inscription engra- 
 ved on a cannon near Martha bay, in Jamai- 
 ca, which intimates that his ashes were de- 
 posited there. He might have wished like 
 others to fly the insults which attended the 
 bones of those who sat in judgment over 
 Charles, but it is more probable from papers 
 preserved in the British museum that he 
 died in England, and on the 31st October 
 1659. He was rewarded by the parliament 
 for his services as president, with the estate 
 of Summer-hill, belonging to lord St. Al- 
 ban's, w orth 1000/. a year. It is supposed by 
 some, that he communicated some old evi- 
 dences to Need ham, to be inserted in his 
 translation of Sclden's Mare clausum. 
 
 Buadwar DIN, Thomas, a native of Hat- 
 field in Sussex, educated at Merton college, 
 Oxforrl, where he was proctor and divinity 
 professor. For his great merit as a mathe- 
 matician, philosopher, and divine, he was 
 made confessor to Edward IU. during his 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 wars iu France, Avherc as a preacher his 
 eloquence liad great inlluence in restrain- 
 ing the violence and lawless conduct of 
 the military. He Lecann" arclibishop ot" 
 Canterbury in 1348, and from his learning; 
 was called the proloiiud doctor. Anioni; 
 fither things he |)td)lishc(I a tract called Cau- 
 sa Dei — besides geonietria specuhitiva — 
 arithmetica speculaiiva — tractalus itropoitio- 
 iium, Venice, 1503. He was consecrated at 
 Avignon, and died I'ihO, at l/anibeth. He 
 Mas buried in Cai>tcrl)iiry cathedral. 
 
 Ukauv, Nicholas, 1). U. ivas born at 
 Bandon in Ireland, October iJ8lh, 1659, and 
 at the age f»f 1'2 hr came over tol'ingland, and 
 ■was e«ku-ated at Westminster college and 
 Christ Church, Oxforcl. He afterwards rc- 
 tuiiied <o Ireland, where his lather, who 
 •was i:i the military line, i-esided, and he took 
 Iiis degrees at the university of Dublin. He 
 showed liimseU ze do-.is and active during 
 tlje revolution, and thrice successi\ely by his 
 influence ami address he saved his native 
 town from conflagration agreeable to the or- 
 der's oi king James' generals. He abandon- 
 ed the preferment which by the friendship 
 of AVt •'enhal, bishop of Cork, he held in 
 ilrela;i<i, asid as chaplain to William and 
 M.iry he rose to consequence in the church, 
 and heeame rainister of Richmond and rec- 
 tor of Ciapham in Surrey. He died !20th 
 May 17!2ti, aged 66. He wrote three vols, 
 of sere- OTIS besides a translation of Virgil's 
 JEneid. and his Avell known version of the 
 psalms ill conjunction with Mr. Tate. 
 
 l»RAu\', liobert, a native of Norfolk, edu- 
 cated Hi Jaius college, Cambridge, of which 
 he beciiue master 1660. He was in 16ro, ap- 
 poiHteti keeper of the records in the Tower, 
 and soon utter regius px-ofessor at Cam- 
 bridge, where he died ITOU. He was emi- 
 nent as a physician. His letter to Dr. Sy- 
 denham has been published, but he is best 
 Jtnown as the author of an history of Eng- 
 land, three vols. fol. in which he zealously 
 supports the royal prerogative. lie also 
 published a treatise on burghs, folio. 
 
 Br^vhe, Tycho, descended from an illus- 
 trious Swedish family, was born at Knud- 
 storp in Denmark, 1546, and distinguished 
 himself as an astronomer. He studied rhe- 
 toric and philosophy at Copenhagen, but so 
 great was his admiration of the skill of astro- 
 nomers in calculating eclipses to the preci- 
 sion of a moment, that he employed all his 
 Tuonej' in purchasing books for his favorite 
 pursuit, and often spent whole nights with a 
 small celestial globe in his hands in learning 
 the names of the stars, and in the acquisition 
 of a science which he called divine. His 
 friends in vain attempted to represent astro- 
 nomy as beneath his rank ; he continued his 
 .study with increasing application, and gain- 
 ed the patronage of the Danish king, at 
 whose request he read some popular lectures 
 on the theory of comets. His knowledge 
 was improved by visiting Switzerland, Italy 
 and Germany, and he would have removed 
 to Basil, if the king of Denmark, with a mu- 
 nificence truly noble, had not retained li'im 
 
 iu his dominions, by settling upon luia for 
 life the island of Kucn in the Sound, and 
 buihling a commodious observatory and ela- 
 boratory, which he called Cranibui-gh, and 
 to which he annexed a pension of two thuu- 
 sanil crowns, besides preferment of equal or 
 superifU' value. Thus tiattered by his sove- 
 reign and honored with the praises and the 
 visits of the noble aiid the great, especially 
 of James H. of Scotland, when he curiie to 
 Denmark, to marry the princess Anne, 
 Brahe might be said to live hajipy and re- 
 spected. Malice however attacked him in 
 his retreat, his enemies vilified his services, 
 he was abandoned by the king, and bidding 
 ailieu to his favorite Uraniburgh, he found 
 at last an a.sylum at Prague, under the pro- 
 tection of the emperor, an(l with a pension 
 of 3(M)0 crowns. He died soon after of a 
 suppression of urine, '24th October 1601. 
 (ireat as an astronomer and chemist, Braho 
 was superstitious, too much given to credu- 
 lity and astrological presages, irritable in his 
 temper, and not always respectable in his 
 connections. He left a widow, two sons and 
 four daughters, with little to inherit but his 
 fame and his misfortunes. The Rodolphine 
 tables and the historia ccelestis, are the best 
 of his works, but the wildness of his opinions 
 is sufficiently proved by the absurdity of the 
 system which he endeavored to establish in 
 mere opposition to the Copcrnican. 
 
 Braili.ter, Peter, an apothecary at 
 Lyons, author of a curious book on the 
 abuses and the ignorance of physicians, in- 
 scribed to Claude de Gouffier, 15 57. 
 
 Braint Hir, the nephew of Cailwallon, 
 king of North Wales. He supported brave- 
 ly his uncle against Edwin king of England 
 in 620, and when defeated he went privately 
 to England, and by his conciliating conduct 
 gained such a number of adherents, that he 
 was enabled to make head against the enemy 
 and to recall his uncle who had fled to Ire- 
 land, and to replace him on his throne, C3.3, 
 after the battle of Hatfield, in whicli Edwiu 
 fell. 
 
 Brakenburg, Keinicr, a painter oT 
 Haerlem, who died 1649. Ilis pieces are 
 generally on low and vtilgar subjects, hut 
 always display elegance, spirit, nature and 
 interest. 
 
 Bramante d'Urbixo, Lazarus, was 
 born at Castel-Duranti in Urbino 1444, and 
 distinguished himself as an architect at Na- 
 ples and Home, It was in conformity to his 
 plan that pope Julius II. was persuaded to 
 rebuild the church of St. Peter, but though 
 the Avork was conducted with great expe- 
 dition, the artist ditl not live to see the com- 
 pletion of his noble design. He died 1514, 
 aged 70, eight years after the foundations had 
 been laid, and the merit of fuiishing the 
 building was reserved for Micliael Angelo. 
 Bramante was amiable in his private charac- 
 ter, and as a poet and musician he was also 
 eminent. His poetry was published at Mi- 
 lan, 1756. 
 
 Bramer, Leonanl, a disciple of Renx- 
 brandtj born al J^ellt, 151)0. His rcsurrec- 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 tioii of Lazai'us, preserved at Uomc, is much 
 admired. 
 
 Bramhall, John, a native of PontetVact 
 in Yorkshire, who was educated at Sydney 
 college, Cambridge, and after taking orders 
 succeeded to a living in the city of York, 
 "where he married a clergyman's widow, 
 with whom he received a considerable for- 
 tune, and what he regarded still more, a very 
 valuable collection of books. By his success- 
 ful controversy on religious topics with a 
 secular priest and a Jesuit, he recommended 
 himself to the notice of Matthews, arch- 
 bishop of York, by whom lie Mas promoted 
 to the prebend of llippon. About the year 
 1633, he went over to Ireland, on the invita- 
 tion of lord Wentworth, and for his services 
 as visitor of the revenues of the church he 
 obtained the archdeaconry of Meath, and in 
 lf)3i the bishopric of Londonderry. His 
 authority was powerfully exerted in uniting 
 the churches of Ireland and England, and 
 by his eloquence the two sister countries 
 adopted the same form of worship and the 
 same tenets of faith. He was not however 
 without enemies ; he was not only chai-ged 
 ■with arminianism and popery, but at cused of 
 high treason, and of attempts to introduce 
 an arbitrary and tyrannical government ; and 
 after being some time in confinement he was 
 liberated by the influence of Usher the pri- 
 mate, and the immediate intei'ference of the 
 king. After some time spent at Hamburgh 
 and Brussels, he ventured to revisit Ireland, 
 but his influence was considered as so dan- 
 gerous by the parliament, that his person 
 was in the most imminent danger, and 
 Cromwell, from whose vigilance he escaped, 
 was heard to declare in disappointment that 
 he would have lavished not a little money to 
 secure that Irish Cantei-bury, as he called 
 liim. On the restoration his services entitled 
 him to the highest honors, and he was accord- 
 ingly translated to the see of Armagh, 18th 
 January IG60-1, and as primate of Ireland, 
 and speaker of the house of lords, he dis- 
 played those abilities of persuasion, and that 
 patriotic zeal which he possessed in so emi- 
 nent a degree. His constitution now began 
 to decline, he was twice struck with the pal- 
 sy, ami a third attack proved fatal, at the 
 end of June 1603, in his 70lh year. His 
 works on theological subjects mostly were 
 reprinted at Dublin, in one folio volume, 
 1 677. The most valuable of his composi- 
 tions is that against Hobbes, on liberty and 
 necessity. 
 
 Bra?:, son of Lyr, was father of Carracta- 
 cus king of Britain. With two others, Pry- 
 dain and Dynwal, he is said to have estab- 
 lished the rights of an elective monarchy in 
 Britain. He was carried to Rome, where it 
 is supposed he embraced Christianity, which 
 he contributed to spread among his uncivi- 
 lized countrymen. He died about 80 A. D. 
 Brancas Vii.LEXEUVE, Andrew Fj'an- 
 cis, abbe d'Aulnav, was born in the Venais- 
 sin, and died Apiil Uth, 1758. His works, 
 though correct in matter, do not recommend 
 themselves eitJier by elegance of style or 
 
 choice of ideas ; they are a system of modem 
 cosmography and geography in general— 
 ex])lanation of the flux and reflux of the sea 
 — letters on cosmography — ephemerides 
 cosmographiques. 
 
 BuANCKER, Thomas, a native of Devon- 
 shire, educated at Exeter college, of which 
 he was electe<l fellow. He afterwards be- 
 came rector of Tilston, Cheshire, and mas- 
 ter of Macclesfield school. He died 1676 
 aged 40, and was buried at Macclesfield. He 
 possessed abilities as a mathematician, and 
 wrote the doctrine of the sphere, in Latin, 
 Oxford, 1662 — introduction to algebra, 1668. 
 Bran DEL, Peter, a painter, born at 
 Prague, and educated under Schroeter. 
 Though Aveli paid for his portraits and his- 
 torical pieces, which possessed real merit, 
 his extravagance kept him in continual want, 
 and he died very poor at Prague, 1739, aged 
 79. 
 
 Brandi, Hyacinth, a painter, the pupil 
 of Lanfrac, born at Poll near Rome. He 
 possessed great merit, and his pencil was 
 employed in beautifying the churches and 
 palaces of the capital of Italv, where he died 
 1691, aged 58. 
 
 Brandmui.ler, John, professor of He- 
 brew at Basil, was born at Biberac, and died 
 1596, aged 63. He wrote four funeral oi-a- 
 tions from the Old Testament, and eighty 
 from the New, Sec. His son James, who 
 died 1629, wrote, in three vols. 4to. analysis 
 typica librorum veteris & novi testamenti, 
 Basil, 1620. The son of James, was profes- 
 sor of jurisprudence at Basil, and died 1677, 
 aged 50. He Avrote some valuable works on 
 the law, besides poems, &c. 
 
 Brandmuller, Gregory, a painter of 
 Basil, who died 1691, aged 30. He was the« 
 pupil of Lebrun, and obtained a prize of the 
 Paris academy. His historical pieces and his 
 portraits were much admired. 
 
 Braxdolini, Aureho, a native of Flo- 
 rence, eminent as a poet. He was for some 
 time resident in the university of Buda un- 
 der the patronage of Matthias Corvinus, 
 king of Hungary, and after his death he en- 
 tered among the Augustines at Florence. 
 The best known of his works is de ratione 
 scribendi, in which he gives good directions 
 for the acquiring of a good style. He was 
 also eminent as a preacher. He was surna- 
 med Lippo because he was blind. 
 
 Bkaxdox, Charles duke of Suffolk, a 
 favorite of Henry "NTH. of England. He 
 was valiant in the field, and handsome in his 
 person, and gained the public esteem by his 
 courteous behaviour. At the tournament of 
 St. Denys, in honor of Mary the sister of 
 Henry who married Lewis XII. of France, 
 he was attacked by a strong and gigantic 
 Cierman, at the instigation of the French, 
 who were envious of his reputation, but he 
 repulsed and defeated his antagonist, and so 
 noble was his conduct, says Henault the his- 
 torian, that it won the heart of the youthful 
 bride, who in three short months became a 
 widow, and soon ottered her hand and her 
 fortune to her favored champion. The mar- 
 
BR 
 
 15 R 
 
 ria>»e accordingly was celebrated vitli the 
 jiennlssioii ol Henry. Sullblk dicil 1545, 
 Icavin}^ l»is fourth wife a widow, and lie mus 
 buried lionoialjly l»y the iiiiis;. 
 
 Brandt, Sebastian, a counsellor of Stras- 
 bur{;!f, and professor of law, was aiitlior of a 
 poem called " Navis stnltifera niorlalium," 
 1488, 8vo. of which there appeared a French 
 translation li'J7. He died 15t2U, aj^ed 00. 
 
 Brand r, Joim, secretary of Antwerp, 
 was eminent for liis erudition, and his pa- 
 tronatje of science. He is author of " eiot^-ia 
 Ciceronia Roman, domi militiieque ilhistri- 
 um." Hcdied 163'J, a.^'ed 80. 
 
 Brandt, Sebastian, a chemist of Germa- 
 ny, who employed a great part of his life in 
 search of the philosopher's stone, in the 
 preparation of urine, and found after distil- 
 lation that shining substance since called 
 phosphorus. He made the discovery public, 
 but concealed the process, Avhich however 
 Kimckel, chemist to the elector of Saxony, 
 easily guessed. He died '2d May, 1521, aged 03. 
 
 Brandt, Gerard, a minister of Amster- 
 dam, author of the life of de Ituytcr the ad- 
 miral, of a Flemish history of the reforma- 
 tion of th<? Low Countries in 4 vols. 4to. after- 
 Avards abridged in a French translation of 3 
 vols. 12mo. The work was so popular, that 
 Fagel said once to bishop Burnet, that it 
 Avas worth learning Flemish to read the ori- 
 ginal. He died at Rotterdam 1085, aged 59. 
 
 Brantome. Vid. Bourdeili.es. 
 
 Brasavoi-a, AntoniusMusa, a physician 
 of eminence, born at Ferrara, where he was 
 professor of medicine, and where he died 
 1555, aged 55. His abilities recommended 
 him to the popes and the other princes of 
 Italy, to whom he was physician, and also to 
 Francis I. of France, Henry VHI. of Eng- 
 land, and Charles V. of Germany. He wrote 
 some works on medical subjects, and besides 
 commentaries on Hippocrates and Galen. 
 
 Br asbridge, Thomas, a native of North- 
 amptonshire, educated at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, of which he was elected fellow 1502. 
 He is known as a physician and a divine, and 
 he wrote the poor man's jewel, or a treatise 
 of the pestilence, with a declaration of the 
 herbs cardius benedictus and angelica, k'c. in 
 8vo. 1578 — quiestiones in officia Ciceronis, in 
 8vo. Oxford 1615. 
 
 Brasidas, a general of Lacedccmon, who 
 conquered several of the allied cities of A- 
 thens, B. C. 424. When besieged in Amphi- 
 polis he defeated Cleon in a sally, and died 
 some time after. 
 
 Brathwayte, Richard, a native of 
 Westmoreland, known as a poet. He enter- 
 ed at Oriel college, Oxford, 1604, and thence 
 removed to Cambridge, and afterwards be- 
 came captain in the army, and a justice of 
 peace in his native county. His works are 
 the golden fleece and other \)oems, 1611, 
 8vo. — the poet's willow, or the passionate 
 shepherd, Svo. 1614 — the prodigal's tears, 
 or farewell to vanity, 1014, Svo. — essays on 
 the five senses, 8vo. 1020 — the English gen- 
 tleman, 4to. often edited, kc. l-fe died at 
 Appleton, Yorkshire, about 1073. 
 
 Rrauwer, Adrian, a painter, born at 
 Haerlem. His pieces possess great merit; 
 and are chiefly on vulgar subjects, pulilic- 
 houses, shows, and fairs, Jncc. He died of in- 
 temperance, 1038, aged 30. 
 
 BuAY, Solomon de, a native of Hat ilem, 
 eminent as a poiU ait i);tinter. Ue died 1004, 
 aged 07. His son Jacob excelled in iiistori- 
 cal re|)resentation.s, and died at the end of 
 the 17th century. 
 
 Bray, Sir Reginald, was descended fi-om 
 a family which c:tnn; to England, with tin- 
 Con(|ueror, and settled in the counties ot 
 Northampton and Warwick. He Avas in- 
 strumental in raising Henry A II. to the 
 throne, and he negotiated with the duke of 
 Buckingham and others that prince's mar- 
 riage with Elizabeth daughter of Edward IV. 
 He was a man of valor, and was made a. 
 knight baronet at the battle of Bosworth- 
 field, or as some say, at that of Black- 
 heath, and he received as the reward of his 
 services the forfeited land of lord Audley. 
 St. George's chapel at Windsor, and that of 
 Henry \TI. at Westminster abbey, are men- 
 tioned as specimens of his skill in architec- 
 ture, as he contributed to the raising and 
 embellishing of them. He died 5th August, 
 1501, and was buried, as is supposed, in the 
 south aisle of the chapel of \Vindsor, w hich 
 still bears his name. He was twice married, 
 but had no issue. His estates descended to 
 his brothers, whose descendants in Surrey 
 still enjoy part of the land which once be- 
 longed to their great relation. 
 
 Bray, Thomas, D. D. a native of Mars- 
 ton, in Shropshire, educated at Hart-hall, 
 Oxford. He was at first patronised by lord 
 Higby, but his abilities soon recommended 
 liim to bishop Compton, by whom he was 
 sent as commissary to settle the church af- 
 fairs of Maryland and Virginia. In this em- 
 ployment, which engaged the best part of 
 his life, and obliged iiiui to cross tiie Atlan- 
 tic several times, he behaved with all that 
 zeal and disinterestedness which characterise 
 the true Christian. He instituted libraries 
 in several parts of America for the informa- 
 tion and improvement of the missionaries 
 employed in preaching the gospel, and every 
 method was pursued by his example and re- 
 commendation which might render the con- 
 version of negroes and pagans to the gospel 
 easy and certain, and increase the influence 
 of religious ])rinciples. It was not only the 
 money subscribed by individuals, or granted 
 by corporations, for those charitable pur- 
 poses, which was economically spent, but 
 I)r. Bray contributed ths whole of his small 
 fortune to the support of his liberal plans, 
 better gratified in the promotion of public 
 happiness, tlian in the possession of ])rivale 
 wealth. To his great and indefatigable ex- 
 ertions many of the societies estabiished in 
 London owe their institution, especially that 
 for the relief of ])Oor proselytes, that for the 
 reformation of manners, and that for the 
 propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, kc. 
 This great and good man, whose whole life 
 was thus devoted to benevolent purposes. 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 snd -whose higli services deserved and re- 
 ceived the gratitude of king- and parliament, 
 died 15th February, 1730, aged 73, leaving 
 onl)' one daughter. He was author of some 
 useful publications, i)articu!arly his cateche- 
 tical letters, apostolic charity, bibliotheca 
 parochialis, &c. 
 
 liREBEur, Geoi-ge de, a Freucli poet, 
 born at Thorigny in Normandy. He was no- 
 ticed, but his merits were not rewai'ded by 
 INIazarinc. He travestied the first book fif 
 Lucan, an attempt which, by his ingenious 
 mode of raillerv, and bv the keenscveritv of 
 
 his satire, created him popularity as well as 
 enemies. He died 1G61, aged 43. 
 
 Brebeuf, Jean de, uncle to tlje pi'ecc- 
 ding, distinguished himself as a missionary, 
 to convert the wild inhabitants of Canada to 
 Christianity. He was cruelly burnt by these 
 infatuated savages in 1649, in his 5Gth year. 
 
 Brecourt, Guillaume Martourcau do, 
 a French poet, better known also as an ac- 
 tor. He died in consequence of his extraor- 
 dinary exertions on the stage, in 1G85. 
 
 Breda, Peter Van, a painter of Antwerp 
 •who died 16S1, aged 50. His landscapes 
 were much admired, 
 
 Breda, John Van, a Flemish painter, who 
 obtained a comfortable independence, by ex- 
 ercising his profession in England. His land- 
 scapes, fairs, markets, conversations, Sec. 
 Avere particularh' spirited. He died on the 
 continent, 176U. 
 
 Bredenbach, Matthias, a controversial- 
 ist writer of Kerpen, who died in 1559, in 
 his 70th year. 
 
 Breenberg, Barthol. a painter of some 
 distinction, born at Utrecht in 1620. He di- 
 ed aged 40. His views of ruins are particu- 
 larly valuable. 
 
 Bregy, Charlotte Saumaise de Chazan, 
 comtesse de, a maid of honor to Ann of Aus- 
 tria. She was niece to Salmasius, and be- 
 came known for the ease and elegance of her 
 conversation, her wit, and the beauty of her 
 person. She died at Paris 1G93, aged 74. 
 Some of her verses and letters w ere publish- 
 ed in 1G88, in 12mo. abounding in metaphy- 
 sical conceits, and occasionally interesting de- 
 scriptions. 
 
 Breitkopf, John Gottlieb Emmanuel, 
 a native of Leipsic, known as a writer, and 
 as a printer. He wrote treatises on the ori- 
 gin of printing, — on the history of playing 
 cards, — the invention of paper from linen 
 rags, — and tlie invention oi" engraving on 
 wood in Europe, — and on bibliography. As 
 a printer he acquired deservcil celebrity af- 
 ter his father. By reading a treatise of Al- 
 bert Durer, he was induced to improve the 
 shape of types, upon scientific and mathe- 
 matical principles, and he also found out a 
 method to print musical notes, cliarts, and 
 r.'iap". with tvpes, and witiiout engraving. 
 This worthy man died at J-,eipsic 1794, aged 
 
 Bremont, Francoisde, a Parisian, made 
 rccretaiy to the lioyal JiOndon societ}', in 
 <'onseqnence of his translating their philo- 
 sophical transnc'ion^- ll*' 'lie! ;•;. Parl.^ I~4'J, 
 
 in his 29th year, admired for Ids laborious 
 application and critical discernment. 
 
 liREXNER, Henry, a native of Kronoby in 
 West Bothnia, who in 1G97 went with Fab- 
 ricius the Swedish ambassador to the Per- 
 sian court. On his return, he was arrested 
 at Moscow, in consequence of the Avar with 
 Sweden; but his hours of confinement were 
 devoted to literary pursuits. He translated 
 into Latin the history of Armenia by Moses 
 Armenius Choronensis, printed Stockholni 
 1723; and also wrote observations on the 
 Czar Peter's expedition against the Persians 
 Mith a map of the Caspian and of the rivev 
 Dwina. He was made keeper of the royal 
 library at Stockholm, where he died 1732, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Brennus, a general of Gaul, famous for 
 his invasion of Thessaly, and his attempts to 
 plunder the temple of Delphi. Ho killed 
 himself, B. C. 278. 
 
 Brennus, a general of Gaul, celebrated 
 for his irruption into Italy, and his siege and 
 seizure of Home, where the valor of Camil- 
 lus at hist defeated him, and totally destroy- 
 ed all his army, 388 B. C. 
 
 Brext, sir Nathaniel, a nativd of Wool- 
 ford, Warwickshire, educated at Merton 
 college, of which he became the warden, by 
 the influence of Abbot the primate whose 
 niece he had married. Among other things 
 he published a Latin and English ti-anslation 
 of the history of the council of Trent, a copy 
 of Avhich he had procured at Venice. He 
 was knighted by Charles I. at Woodstock ; 
 but his loyalty gave way to his eagerness to 
 retain his oflices, and as the friend of the pu- 
 ritans, he continued at the head of his col- 
 lege, and was made the chief visitor of the 
 university'. He died in London 6th Nov- 
 1652, aged 79. 
 
 Brentius or Brextzen, John, was 
 born at Wiel in Swabia, and distinguished 
 himself as the friend and follower of Luther. 
 He Mas the founder of the ubiquists, a sect 
 who maintained the presence of the body of 
 Jesus every where. He was highly honored 
 by the duke of Wirtemburg, and deserved 
 it, if Ave reckon the ponderous form of his 
 controversial writings in eight folio volumes. 
 He died at Tubingeu 1570, in his 71st year, 
 leaving 12 children by a second wife. 
 
 Breq_uignv, Lewis George Edward de, 
 author of the lustory of the revolutions of 
 Genoa, three vols. l2mo. — lives of eminent 
 Greek orators, with occasional translations, 
 two vols. 12mo. — (liplomata, chartse, ad res 
 Francisc. spectautia, 4to. — chronological ta- 
 bles, &c. relative to French history, five vols, 
 fol. — an edition of Strabo, &c. — was member 
 of the French academy, and of that of in- 
 scriptions, and died 1775, aged 80. In his 
 searcli after materials to elucidate French 
 historv, he was ."^ome tin-»e resident in Lon- 
 don, to examine the records of the Tower. 
 
 Brerewood, Edwai'd, a learned anti- 
 quary, born at Chester, of which his father 
 was three times mayor. After finishing his 
 education at Brazen-nose, Oxford, he was 
 elected tlic first astronomical professor of 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 Gresham college. lie ilied in London of a 
 fever, 4th November, IG13, aged 48, luucli 
 respected, not oiilv tor his great Icaruiug, 
 but his highly exemplary \)rivate character. 
 His works, consisting of nine treatises, were 
 published after his ileath, among which the 
 most esteemed are " on the weight and va 
 lue of ancient coins, in Latin, 1 014, in 4(o." 
 — 'inquiries touching the diversity of lan- 
 guages and religion through the world, 1G14, 
 'Ito. &c. — elements of logic, he. 
 
 Bret, Anthony, author of the life of Ni- 
 non de THnclos, l'2mo. — Uie four seasons, a 
 poem — I'ecole amoureuse Sc la double extra- 
 vagance, two vols. 8vo. — new Cleopatra, 3 
 vols. — eastern fables — commentary on the 
 works of Moliere, 8vo. — memoirs of Bussy 
 Itabutiii, two vols. 12mo. — was a native of 
 Dijon, and died at Paris, 1702, aged 75. 
 
 Uretox, Nicholas, a writer of ballads 
 and interludes of some merit, in the age of 
 Klizabeth. His Phillidc and Corydon are 
 preserved in Percy's collection, and the titles 
 of his compositions arc mentioned in Win- 
 stanley's ames tvpog. and Osborn's Harl. 
 Catal. 
 
 Breton NEAU, Francis, a Jesu it of Tours, 
 who died at Paris, 1741, aged 81. lie is au- 
 thor of a life of James II. and of seven vo- 
 lumes of sermons, edited by Berryer, and 
 recommended, if not by the eloquence, yet by 
 the more excellent example of the preacher's 
 virtuous life. 
 
 Bretonnter, Barthol. Joseph, an advo- 
 cate in the parliament of Paris, author of 
 some useful law tracts. He died at Paris 
 1727, aged 71. 
 
 Bretteville, Etienne du Bois de, a 
 Jesuit of Norn\andy, author of some theolo- 
 gical tracts. He died in 1688, aged 38. 
 
 Brettixger, John James, a native of 
 Zurich, professor of Hebrew, and author of 
 an edition of the new testament, from tho 
 septuagint, in four vols. 4to. and some pieces 
 on painting, poetry, and antiquities, &c. He 
 died IT7C}, aged 75. 
 
 Breval, John Durant de, was educated 
 at Westminster school, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow 
 1702. In consequence of a dispute with 
 Bentley, the master of his college, he quitted 
 the university, and rose to the rank of cap- 
 tain under the great Marlborough. Besides 
 poems and plays, Breval was the writer of 
 four entertaining volumes of travels, and by 
 his censure of Pope, he gained immortality 
 among the heroes of the Dunciad. He died 
 Jan. 1739. 
 
 Breugei,, Peter, or Old, a native of 
 Breugel, near Breda, distinguished as a pain- 
 ter, and celebrated for the originality of cha- 
 racter, and truth of delineation which he in- 
 fused into his ])ieces, especially such as re- 
 presented the feasts and rustic enjoyments 
 of Ids countrymen. He died at Antwerp in 
 the last part of the loth century, and with 
 his dying breath consigned to the flames 
 those ligliter pieces of his pencil which in 
 unguarded moments he had painted, often- 
 sive to jnodesly and virtue, lie Avas twice 
 
 maj-ried. Some of his pieces are in llie pos- 
 session of the grand duke of Tuscany. 
 
 JiuEUGEL, I'eter, eldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, surpassed in the description of ma- 
 gicians ami devils, whence he is called Hel- 
 lish Breugel. 
 
 Breugel, John, second son of old Pe- 
 ter, surnamed Velvet, irom his mo<le of 
 dress, chieily excelled in painting flowers 
 and fruits, in which his superiority was 
 inimitable, so that l{u])ens himself solicited 
 the perfecting strokes of his pencil in the 
 ilnishing of his Verlumnus and Pomona. 
 After visiting Italy, and resirling long at Co- 
 logne, respecte(i and beloved, he died about 
 1642, remarkable for never having admitted 
 
 a pupil near his person. Another of that 
 
 name, called Abraham, born at Antwerp, 
 1672, excelled as a flower and landscape 
 painter. 
 
 Breul, James du, a Benedictine monk, 
 author of the antiquities of Paris, 4to. 1612 
 — les fastes de Pierre Bonfons augmentes, 
 a work of singular merit — supplementum 
 antiquitatum, Paris, 4to. 1714— the life of 
 cardin. Ch. de Bourbon, 4to. — a chronicle oC 
 the abbots of St. Germain, &c. He died 
 1614, aged 86. 
 
 Brevix r, Daniel, a native of Jersey, 
 who studied at Saumur, and then became 
 fellow of Jesus college, Oxford, after the- 
 foundation of three fellowships at Jesus, 
 Exetei', and Pembroke, by Charles I. for the 
 education of the divines of Jersey and 
 Guernsey. During the civil wars he retired 
 to France, and after the restoration he was 
 raised to the enjoyment of a prebendal stall 
 of Durham, and in 1681 to the dignity of 
 dean of Lincoln. He died May 5th, 1695, 
 aged 79. He wrote a treatise on the Lord's 
 supper, and other theological pieces, in La- 
 tin, now no longer remembered. 
 
 Brewer, Anthony, author of the country 
 girl, a comedy — the lovesick king, a tra- 
 gedy — and otiier pieces, was a poet of ge- 
 nius, and highly esteemed among the wits 
 and the courtiers of the first Charles' reign. 
 Little is known of his iiistory. 
 
 Breynius, James, of Dantzic, Avas au- 
 thor of plantarum exoticarum centuria, with 
 plates, fob 1678 — fasciculus, plantarum ra-. 
 rior.4to. 1689. He died 1697, aged 60. 
 
 Bridjvine, N. a famous French preach- 
 er of the diocese of Uzes, compared by 
 Maury, in his principles of elntjuence, to 
 Demosthenes and Bossuet. Hjs powers of 
 delivery were sucli, and bis address so com- 
 moniling, that he could be hcartl distinctly 
 by 10,000 people in the open air. He died 
 1 767, author of cantiques spirituels, printed 
 lemo. 1748. 
 
 Bridault, John Peter, a French wri- 
 tci', who died 24tli Oct. ^761. He wrote 
 phrases and sentences from Terence's co- 
 medies, 12mo. — and manners and customs 
 of the Romans, tw-o vol^. 12rao. 
 
 Bridge, V»'illiam, a leading preacher 
 among the indepen<lents of England. When 
 expelhd by bi.shop Wren, he became a 
 zealous pastor at Rotterdam, and soon after 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 returned to England, and resided at Yar- 
 mouth. He was member of the assembly of 
 divines held at AVestmiuster. He wrote 21 
 treatises, in two vols. 4to. besitles sermons, 
 ixc. and died March 1670, aged 70. 
 
 Bridgewater, Francis Egerton duke 
 of. Celebrated as the first person who planned 
 sind completed the cutting of a navigable ca- 
 nal in England, was born 21st May, 1736. 
 He succeeded to his titles on his brother's 
 death, 1748 ; and as soon as he was master 
 of his fortune, he began, with unwearied 
 '/eal, to execute the plans of improvement 
 which he had early meditated. With the 
 assistance of Brindle}', a man of astonishing 
 powers of mind, but without the polisli and 
 the advantages of education, he surveyed his 
 estate at Worsley, and obtained an act to 
 open a communication by a canal between 
 INIanchester and Worsley, and afterwards, 
 under the power of another act, to return 
 over the river Irwell to Manchester. Though 
 a solid rock opposed the line of his progress, 
 all difaculties were removed, air funnels 
 were made through the hill to discharge all 
 dangerous effluvia from below, and the canal 
 was conveyed not only more than a mile under 
 the ground, but over an arch above 40 feet 
 above the surface of the Irwell, so that while 
 vessels pass one another in the dark and 
 subterraneous cavity, others sail on the ca- 
 nal above, while some are below the arch in 
 full sail. Thus, by means of these stupen- 
 dous works, the coals which were found in 
 the duke's estate were conveyed, with great 
 facility, to the neighbouring towns, and the 
 commerce of Liverpool was thus united by 
 tiie Mersey to Manchester, and to the 
 southern parts of the kingdom. Though 
 the sums spent on these astonishing works 
 •were almost beyond calculation, and nearly 
 ruined the noble and enterprising projector, 
 5'et he had the happiness to see his plans 
 succeed to the fullest wishes of his heart, 
 and, with the infinite benefits which he con- 
 ferred on the national commerce ami on 
 provincial intercourse, he had the satisfac- 
 tion to find his income increase in a most 
 rapid progression. This truly great and il- 
 lustrious character died March 1803, leav- 
 ing the bulk of his immense fortune to his 
 nephew, the earl of Bridgesvater, the mar- 
 quis of Stafford, and other I'elations. He 
 never was married. 
 
 Brtdgman, John, a native of Exeter, 
 educated at Cambridge, where he obtained 
 the mastership of Magdalen college. He 
 was chaplain to James 1. who gave him the 
 rectory of Wigan, Lancashire, and made him 
 bishop of Chester 1618. He Avas stripped 
 of his honors in the civil wars, and was a 
 great suflcrer, in person and property. He 
 died at Morton, in Chesliire, 1642. 
 
 Bridgm.\n, sir Orlando, son of the bisli- 
 op of Chester, was made, after the restora- 
 tion, a judge, and afterwards lord chancellor. 
 In his elevated situation, he showed himself 
 Aveak and (irresolute, and was often biassed 
 in his decisions, by the intrigues of his wife. 
 He was removed, for refusing to affix the 
 
 seal to tlie declaration for liberty of con- 
 science, in 1672. He Avrote a treatise on 
 conveyancing. 
 
 Brienne, Walter de, a native of Cham- 
 pagne, distiiiguished for his courage at the 
 siege of Acre against the Saracens. He was 
 afterwards king of Sicily, and duke of Apu- 
 lia; and was killed in 1205, in defending the 
 invaded rights of his wife Maria Alberic, by 
 Avhom he obtained his dukedom. His son, 
 and successor, of the same name, surnamed 
 the great, distinguished liimself also agamst 
 the Saracens, by Avhom he was taken prison- 
 er, and cruelly put to death 1261. 
 
 Brienne, John, Avas made king of Jeru- 
 salem in 1210, Avliich he resigned in favor 
 of his son-in-law, the emperor Frederick H. 
 He Avas afterwards elected to fill the throne 
 of Constantinople, Avhere his bravery repel- 
 led the attacks of the Greeks and Bulgari- 
 ans. He died in 1237, as much censured for 
 his aA'arice as he is extolled for his courage. 
 
 BniETius, Philip, a Jesuit of Abbevdle, 
 known for his pai'allela geographije A'eteris 
 et novie, 3 vols. 4to. 1648, a useful work, 
 never completed. He Avrote r.lso annales 
 mundi, 7 vols. 12mo. and other geographical 
 and chronological works; and died at Paris 
 160S, aged 67. 
 
 Briggs, Henry, a native of Halifa.v, in 
 Yorkshire, educated at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, and made, 1596, first professor 
 of geometry in the college founded by 
 Gresham. He resigned this office in 1619, 
 Avhen made Saviiian professor at Oxford, 
 Avhere he devoted his time to study, and 
 rendered himself beloA'ed by his unaffected 
 manners, great goodness of heart, and hu- 
 mility of deportment. His Avritings consist 
 of eleven different treatises on mathematical 
 subjects, and also arithmetica logarithme- 
 tica, containing logarithms of 30,000 natural 
 numbers. The science of logarithms had. 
 been lately discOAered by Napier, in Scot- 
 land, whom he visited, and by Avhom he Avas 
 honored with many friendly communica- 
 tions. He died January 1630, aged 74. 
 
 Briggs, William, a native of Norwich, 
 a city four times represented by his father 
 in parliament. He Avas educated at Benet 
 college, Cambridge, of Avhich he was chosen 
 felloAV in 1668, and as a student of medicine, 
 ambitious of distinction and eminence, lie 
 travelled through France in search of knoAv- 
 ledge and information. On his return he 
 published a valuable treatise on the eye, 
 and Avas made physician to the king, and 
 univei'sally courted for his skill and expe- 
 rience. He Avas also made physician to St. 
 'Fhomas' hospital. He died l4tli Sept. 1704, 
 leaving one son and two daughters, by his 
 Avife Hannah, daughter of Edmund Hobart. 
 
 Brigham, Nicholas, a native of O.xford- 
 shire, educated at Hart-hall, and at one of 
 the inns of court. He Avas eminent not 
 only as a lawyer, but as a poet, and showed 
 himself so partial to Chaucer, that he re- 
 moved his remains to the south transept of 
 Westminster-abbey, Avhere he erected a 
 monument to his fame. He Avrotc de vena- 
 
BK 
 
 BR 
 
 tibnibus rerum nicmorabiliiim, or memoirs 
 ot eraiiK'nl persons — iniscillmit'ous j»oeiiis — 
 nuMuoirs by way of diaiy, &c. lie died 
 155<J. 
 
 13k iG HTM A \,Tboraa.s, rector of Ma wnes, 
 Bedfordshire, was educated at Queen's col- 
 lege, Cambridge; and wrote I^atin conimen- 
 tiii'ies on the canticles :ind apocalypse. In 
 this last book, which was afterwai'ds trans- 
 lated into I'.iii^lish, and became very popu- 
 lar, he calls the Hnnlish church the church 
 of Laodicea, and the angel loved by God 
 the chui'ch of (Jeneva and ihe Scotch kirk. 
 It is sai<l that he prayed foi- a sudden doatli, 
 and as if his wishes were fulfilled, he died in 
 a coach while travelling, with u book in his 
 kand, 1607. 
 
 Uuu^L, Matthew and Paul, two lirothers 
 of Antwerp, known as eminent painters 
 They both travelled to Rome, where Mat- 
 thew died in 1584, aged 34, and Paul in 
 iri'if), aged 72, They were patronised by 
 the |»ope, and painted together to adorn 
 the Vatican ; but alter the deatJi of his bro- 
 ther, Paul studied landscape, in which he 
 distinguished iiinisclf by his judicious imita- 
 tions of Titian and Carrache. He painted 
 for poj)e Clement that famous piece in which 
 the saint of that name is i-epresented as cast 
 into the sea with an anchor about his neck. 
 
 BiiiN'DLEY, James, was born at Tunsted, 
 in AV^ormhill parish, Derbyshire, and early 
 displayed astonishing powers in mechanical 
 inventions, and the planning of canals. Af- 
 ter being engaged in the hunible oceupation 
 of mill-wright, in Cheshire and Staftbrdshire, 
 he was caliecl to direct and complete the 
 ▼ast plans which the duke of Bridgewater 
 had conceived, in the conveying of a canal 
 over the Mersey and the IJolian, and over 
 many wide and deep vallies, by means o:" 
 elevated aqueducts, and subterraneous per- 
 forations. Every obstacle was surmounted 
 by the genius of the architect, and the opu- 
 lence of his persevering employer, ami new 
 triumphs were prepared for uoldness of me- 
 chanism and undaunted ingenuity in the 
 completion of the grand trunk navigation, 
 which, in uniting the Trent and the Mersey, 
 extended 93 miles, and which hud, at Hare- 
 castle-hill, a tunnel 2880 yards long, more 
 than 70 yards below the surface of the 
 earth. As Brindley's education had been 
 neglected, his calculations were seldom 
 communicated to pai)er. When immersed 
 in deep meditation, he would often remain 
 two or three days in bed, and when he had 
 unravelled the difficulties of his plan, he 
 ■would rise, a/id hasten to execute, without 
 any model or sketch but the strong sugges- 
 tion of his own head. He was simple in his 
 manners; but though sensible of his great 
 abilities, he never betrayed insolent supe- 
 riority. To Ins friends and companions he 
 was communicative and not reserved ; and 
 he wisely showed, that the best purposes of 
 creation are answered by giving encourage- 
 ment and developing the native instincts and 
 properties of the mind. He died at Turn- 
 liurst, in Staffordshire, 27l-li September, 
 VQL. I. :3] 
 
 1772, aged 5fi. ITis end was probably ha«r 
 tened b\ the intenseness of his application, 
 which produced a hectic fever, which for a 
 long time gradually wasted his jtowtrs of 
 life. His other more i-emaikable works 
 were, the canal which joined the navigation 
 of Bristol with that ol I..iveri)OoI, by the 
 union of the grand trunk near Haywood in 
 Staffordshire to the Severn near Bewdlcy — 
 his [dan to clear the Liverpool docks from 
 mud, and to check the intrusions of the sea, 
 by walls built without mortar — an engine to 
 raise water, kc. His attachnuHt to inland 
 navigation was such, that when asked the 
 use of rivers, in the house of commons, he 
 bluntly re]diod, to fee«I navigable canals. 
 
 Bkinvilmeiis, Maria Margaret d'Au- 
 brai, marchioness of, a French lady, known 
 for her intrigues and her crimes. She was, 
 when very young, married, in 1G51, to th» 
 marquis of Brinvilliers, and for some time, 
 maintained a character of prudence and 
 chastity. The introduction of a young of- 
 ficer of Gascony, called de St. Croix, into 
 Iier house, by her husband, however, proved 
 the beginning of her misfortunes and her 
 crimes. She loved this stranger with such 
 aidor that she sacrificed her honor to her 
 guilty passion ; hut her father, who was sen- 
 sible of her debauched conduct, confined 
 her lover in the prison of the Bastille, whilst 
 his daughter, as if penitent for her inconti- 
 nence, devoted herself to religious duties, 
 and assumed the appearance of sanctity. 
 After a yeai-'s confinement, de St. Croix, 
 who had in the prison learned the art of 
 mixing poison, from an Italian of the name 
 of Exili, was permitted to visit his guilty fa- 
 vorite. He communioated the fatal secret 
 of poison, and she with alacrity received it, 
 and unsuspected, by slow degrees, cut off 
 her father, her two brothers, and her sister, 
 in 1670 ; and if she spared her husband, it 
 was because he looked with indifference and 
 without jealousy on her lewdness. An ac- 
 cident brought her crimes to light. St. 
 Croix, in working some subtile poison, was 
 suddenly overpowered by its effluvia, and 
 dropped down dead. As no relation ap- 
 peared to claim his pro])crty, it was sealed ;_ 
 but the marchioness insisted with such im- 
 portunity upon obtaining possession of a par- 
 ticuKir box, that its contents were examined 
 upon suspicion, and it was discovered to 
 contain papers with directions, full of slow- 
 poison. The guilty marchioness escaped, 
 liowevei', her pursuers, and fled to England, 
 and thence to Holland ; but she w as seized 
 at Liege, and brought to Pans, where her 
 crimes were laid open, and she was con- 
 demned to have her head cut off, and then 
 to be burnt. She underwent the dreadful 
 sentence of the law, iGth July, 1G7(), with 
 great firmness, and with the appearance of 
 contrition for the murder of her relations, 
 and the licentious conduct of her life. 
 
 Briq_ue.maut andCAVAGN^ES, two pro- 
 testants, cruelly put to death, with tJieir 
 children, soon after the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, in France, Srth October, 1572. 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 The cause of their death was a suspicion 
 that they were cnnccnied in the conspiraey 
 citColigii} ; but tliey fell iiinocjnt; and their 
 last moments displayed resignation, firmness, 
 and devotion. 
 
 Brisso.vius, Barnaby, a lawyer of emi- 
 nence, Ijorn at Fontenay, in Poictoii. He 
 rendered himself serviceaMc to Henry IH. 
 of France, v. hose ambassador he was in 
 England, and he was elevated to the (iignity 
 of ])resi;lent of parliament by tlie gratitude 
 of his sovereign. During the siege of Paris 
 by Henry IV. he « as dragged to prison by 
 the friends of the league, and cruelly stran- 
 gled, I5th November, 151)1. He had writ- 
 ten some valuable law treatises. 
 
 Brissot, Peter, a native of Fontenay le 
 Comte, in Poictou, eminent as a physician. 
 He warmly embraced the doctrines of Ga- 
 len and Hippocrates, against the prevailing 
 fashion of the times; and that he might ap- 
 pear with greater celebrity in the school and 
 practise of medicine, he travelled, to im- 
 prove his understanding, and enlarge his 
 knowledge. In Portugal, hy insisting upon 
 the necessity of hleeding in the pleurisy, he 
 incurred the hatred and jealousy of his me- 
 dical opponents, and especially of Dcnys the 
 king's physician, whose attacks he repelled 
 by a well written apology. He did not live 
 to see the dispuie settled which he had rai- 
 sed in Portugal, and which, in those days of 
 superstition and error, enlisted even the 
 most awful truths of rehgion in its defence or 
 opposition. He died 1.5'2'2, aged 44. 
 
 Brissot, John Pierre, a Frenchman, 
 son of an innkeeper at Chartres, of great na- 
 tural powers, but of a restless and ambitious 
 soul. Dissatisfied with the political servitude 
 of his country, he for some time ejigaged in 
 the publication of the courier de I'Europe, 
 "ivhicli might disseminate his principles under 
 pretence of foreign or domestic intelligence; 
 and when this failed, he turned his thoughts 
 towards criminal jurisprudence. His theory 
 of criminal laws appeared, in tv/o vols. 8vo. 
 1780, with great popularity, and was soon 
 followed hy two discourses which gained the 
 public prize at Chalons sur ?«iarne. In tlie 
 prosecution of his studies, and after the pub- 
 lication of his philosophical libi-ary, he, after 
 going to Geneva and N'cufchatel, visited 
 England, whose language, laws, and man- 
 ners, he regarded with affectionate reve- 
 I'ence, as diifusive of that liberty which he in 
 vain wished to discover at home. On his 
 return to Paris, 1784, he v.as committed for 
 a few weeks to the Bastille; and this proba- 
 bly tended to inflame his rancor against the 
 abuses and intrigues of monarchy. He was 
 however liberated by the influence of the 
 duke of Orleans, to whose children his wife, 
 of the name of Dupont, had been governess, 
 Under the direction and auspices of marlam 
 Genlis. Kager to promote happiness in every 
 part of the earth, he instituted, at Paris, a 
 society for the abolition of negro slavery ; 
 and more effectually to carry his plans into 
 c-xccution, he passed over to America, to 
 examine the manners and the constitution of 
 
 that newly emancipated republic. His abode- 
 beyond the Atlantic was of short duration. 
 His schemes to establish a colony of French- 
 men, under republican laws, totally tailed ; 
 but the revolution at Paris was an epocb too 
 fruitful in portentous events, and too attrac- 
 tive for his ambitious views, to detain him in 
 America, and he soon appeared in the capi- 
 tal, where he display ed all the ability of a states- 
 man, a demagogue, and a factious partisan. 
 For a while he acquired popularity, support- 
 ed by the gold, the arts, and the intrigues of 
 the infamous Orleans, and as the lea(ier of a 
 party called Brissotins or Girondists, because 
 composed of the members of the Gironde ; 
 and though violent, he is to be commended 
 for the mi'dness which he displayed toward.s 
 the unfortunate Lewis, whose fate he wished 
 to be suspended till the final consolidation of 
 the I'epublic. The versatility of his talents 
 could not, however, ensure his safety. In 
 the midst of political intrigue, and sangui- 
 nary faction, he was denounced as the agent 
 of England by Robespierre and his adherents, 
 and after a mock trial, guillotined, the 30th 
 November, 1793, with his friends and asso- 
 ciates. He was in his 3'Jth year. Besides 
 the works enumerated, he wrote, thoughts 
 on the means of attaining truth — letters on 
 the history of England — an examination of 
 the travels of Chattel!eux in America, with 
 an account of the country, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Britannicits, son of Claudius and Mes- 
 salina. was poisoned by the artifice of Agrip- 
 pina, the second wife of Claudius, who wished 
 to raise her son Nero to the throne, A.D. 55. 
 
 Britannicus, John, an Italian critic, 
 descended from British parents. He was 
 born at Palazzola, near Brescia. His notes 
 on Terence, Juvenal, Persius, Ovid, Statins, 
 he. were greatly esteemed. He died at 
 Brescia, where he taught grammar, 1510. 
 
 Brito, Bernardo de, a monkof Almeyda, 
 in Portugal, author of a large historical ac- 
 count of his country, in 7 vols, folio, 1G12, 
 besides some antiquarian works. He died in 
 1617, at the age of 48. 
 
 Britton, Thomas, a native of Higham 
 Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, engaged in 
 London as a small coalman, an employment 
 to v.hich he afterwards added the pursuits of 
 chemistry, and the practice olmusic. Tiiongh 
 eccentric in his conduct, yet the respectability 
 of his private character recommended him 
 friends, and though in an humble station, his 
 musieal meetings wei'e attended frequently 
 by many of the great and the opulent of the 
 town. After he had long amused and enter- 
 tained the public, a ventriloquist was intro- 
 duced at one of his concerts, who in an unu- 
 sual manner ])roc!aimed the sudden and ap- 
 proaching death of the musical coalman. 
 Britton was so astonished and alarmed by 
 this apparently invisible agent, that he fell 
 ill, and expired a few days after, in Septem- 
 ber 1714. His curious collection of manu- 
 scripts, musical instruments, hue. was, after 
 his death, sold by his widow, by public auc- 
 tion, and ])i-ocured to her a small mttance 
 for the remainder of her life. 
 
CR 
 
 nn 
 
 JJRI7.ARD, orBuiTAuD, John Haplisto, 
 :i i*'reuflj artor, cniiin.iit in coiiumI\. IK- 
 was bora ul Orleans, ami died al I'aris, JOlli 
 January, 1790, ajjed fi'J, uni\crsall,y rcspec- 
 ttd tic crowned NoUairc willi tlie poeti- 
 cal laurel on tlic I'rcncii liieatre. 
 
 Bitizio, Francihco, a laiidsf.ai»e painter of 
 eminence, of Bologna. He dietl lG2j, aj^ed 
 
 Brocardl'S, James, a wild visionary of 
 Venice, who embraced protcstanlism, and, 
 ill Ids retirenient in iiolland, violently at- 
 tacked popery, liis y.eal as a polemical wri- 
 ter probably obscured and overturned the 
 powers of his mind, as, from a warm suppor- 
 ter of reli}j;ion, he entiiusiastically pretended 
 to dive into future events, and expl.tin pro- 
 phecies. His woj'ks, which were printed at 
 Le\den, were publicly disavowed by the se- 
 nate of MiddJeburg, in 1581. The private 
 chai'acter of lirocard was represented as 
 amiable, and liis manners inoffensive. 
 
 JJrocki.esb V, Itichard, a native of Mine- 
 Jiead, Somersetshire, en*inent as a physician, 
 and known as the friend of Wilkes, of John- 
 sou, and of Burke. He studied at Edinburgh 
 and Leyden, where he took his degrees in 
 1745 ; and acquired both opulence and fame 
 in his professional engagements in London ; 
 and nobly presented Burke with lOUO/. tliat 
 he might thus oblige his friend in bis lifetime, 
 rather than leave him that as a legacy at his 
 death. He was admitted at Cambridge ad 
 eundem 1754, and thus obtained a fellowship 
 in the college of physicians, and afterwards 
 served in Germany, 1758, as physician to the 
 army. He died in December, 1797, aged 
 75, and left, among other tinngs, besides an 
 essay on the mortality of horned cattle, Svo. 
 1746, cEconomical observations for the ini- 
 ])rovement of hospitals, in Svo. from 1738 to 
 1703, and various papers inserted in the 
 philosophical transactions. 
 
 BuoDEAU, John, was born at Tours, in 
 1500, and rose to such eminence as a scholar 
 and critic, that Scaligei', Grotius,and others, 
 have bestowed on his merits the most un- 
 bounded encomiums. He studied law under 
 Alciat, and afterv. ards applied himself to 
 philosophy^ and belles Icttres, of which he 
 became the support and the ornament. Af- 
 ter iraveUing in Italy, he returned to France, 
 where he lived in literary retirement, and 
 honorable independence. Pie died 1503, un- 
 married. His annotations on several of the 
 classics were published after his death. 
 
 Brodeau, Julian, a native ofTours, who 
 •wrote a life of Chai-les du Moulin, and died 
 1543, 
 
 B R O E c i; H U Y £ E , or B R. O U K H U S I L s, .! oh n . 
 lit!. B It o i K n u s I V s. 
 
 BuoEK, Klias Vandeen, a native of Ant- 
 W'irp, distinguished for the masterly numner 
 in V. hich he iutroiiuced reptiles and insects 
 in his pictures of flowers and landscapes. He 
 died 1711, aged 54. 
 
 Brogl lo, \'ictor Maurice count de, 
 marshal of France, was born of an illustrious 
 family at Quercy, and liistinguished liimself 
 in tiie service of l^ewis Z'ilV. He died 17:27. 
 
 I aged SO. His son, Francis Marie, was also 
 marshal of I** ranee, and deserved the highest 
 honors by his warlike conduct in it:.!}, anil 
 in the campaigns of 1733 and 1734. lie died 
 1745. His son, also a marshal, was tluf « oii- 
 queror of Bcriigen, and greatly distinguisheil 
 duriiig the seven years' war. He quilted 
 France in 1791, and retired ti> Russia, where 
 he was receive<i with lionorable distinction, 
 and raised to the same rank which iic huM 
 in the emperor's service His son, C'laudius 
 \'ictor, piiiice of Hroglio, eKjjoused tije parly 
 of the republicans at the beginning of the re- 
 volution, and was flattered by the denta- 
 gogues with the title of marshal. His refu- 
 sal to receive as law, while commander of 
 tiie army of the Rhine, the decree which 
 suspended the king's atithority, proved fatal 
 to him. He was called to Faris, and con- 
 demned to dejith by the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal. He was guillotined 2?th June, 1794, 
 aged 37. 
 
 Brogni, Jolin dc, a swine-hcnl, born at 
 Brogni, in Savoy. From his obscurity Ikj 
 rose by application to pi-eferment, under the 
 care of two ecclesiastics, w ho had acciden- 
 tally noticed his healthy appearance. He 
 vtas patronised by Philip duke of Burgundy, 
 and by pope Clement VII. who raised him to 
 tiie see of Yiviers, and lo the dignity of car- 
 dinal. He died at Rome 2oth February, 
 14>36, distinguished for his learning, his vir- 
 tues, and his piety. 
 
 Brokesbv, Francis, a native of Stokes, 
 in Leicestershire, educated at Trinity col- 
 lege, (Cambridge, and promoted to the rec- 
 tory of Rowley in Yorkshire. He was the 
 friend of Dodwell, and also of Nelson, whom 
 he assisted in the compilation of his feasts 
 aiid fasts, and in the ho.spitable re-itlence of 
 Mr. Cherry, at Shotesbrook ; he wrote seve- 
 ral treatises on moral and religious subjects, 
 such as history of the government of the pri- 
 mitive church, Svo. 1714 — life of Henry 
 Doducli. He died about 1718. 
 
 Brome, Adam de, a favorite of Kdward 
 n. recorded in history, as the founder f)f 
 Oriel college, Oxford. He died in 133!^, and 
 was buried at St. Mary's, in Oxford ; but the 
 monument over his remains has disappeared 
 by the ravages of time. 
 
 Brome, Alexaiider de, an attorney of 
 Loudon, in the civil wars, better known for 
 his sonnets and little poetical pieces, in which 
 !ie attacked the ror.nd heads with all the 
 keenness of ridicule and satire. He publish- 
 ed also a version of Horace, and the cunning 
 lovers, a corned}'. He died 1000, aged 40. 
 
 Brome, Richard, a menial servant in the 
 family of Ben Jouson, who rose by the native 
 powers of bis genius t(» great literary emi- 
 nence, as the author of some comedies, 15 r,£ 
 which still exist. His Joviul crow was lately 
 revived at CoVi^iit-garden, anil mot with 
 great success. He died 1G52. 
 
 Brompton', Jolin, a monk in the reign of 
 Edward 111. abbot of .lerevall, near H'wli- 
 mond, in Yorkshire. The Chroniciuj, w hicit 
 passes under his name, and begins at tiie 
 year J8S and ends ll^b', is probably the work 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 of some unknown author, and was procured 
 fbr the raonastery of Brompton, who gave it 
 liis own name. 
 
 Bronchorst, John Van, a painter of 
 Fhinders, in the 17th century, three of 
 ■whose liistorical pieces on oil, and three on 
 glass, adorn the new church at Amsterdam. 
 
 Bronchorst, John, a painter, born at 
 Leyden, wlio excelled in the representation 
 of animals and birds in water colors. He 
 died 17-23, aged 75. 
 
 Bronchorst, Peter, a native of Delft, 
 eminent as a painter. His judgment of So- 
 lomon, and his Christ driving the money 
 changers out of the temple, are still pre- 
 served with great sanctity in his native town. 
 He died 16G1, aged 7.^. 
 
 Brong>'iart, Augustus Lewis, an emi- 
 nent chemist, who died at Paris ISOi-. His 
 papers in th« public journals, and his ana- 
 lytical table of the combinations and decom- 
 positions of (lifi'erent substances, published 
 8vo. 1778, possessed merit. 
 
 Bronxino, Agnolo, a painter at Flo- 
 rence, who died there 1580, aged 69. A 
 nativity is considered his chef d'ccuvre. 
 
 Brook, Ralph, York herald, is known for 
 the errors which he discovered in Camden's 
 popular work, Britannia, and which he pub- 
 lished, with severe remarks, when treated 
 with harshness and contempt by the anti- 
 quarj'. He died 1 5th October, 1625, aged 
 73 ; and in 1723 his second part of discovery 
 of errors was published, with a head of the 
 author. 
 
 Brooke, Sir Robert, a judge of emi- 
 nence in the reign of Mary, born atClaverly, 
 in Shropshire, and educated at Oxford and 
 the Middle Temple. His integrity at the 
 bar and on the bench have been deservedly 
 celebrated. He died chief justice of the 
 common pleas, 155S, and was buried in 
 Claverly church, where a monument pre- 
 serves his memory. He is author of an 
 abridgment containing an abstract of the 
 year books till the time of Mary, fol. — cer- 
 tain cases adjudged, from 6 Henry VHI. to 
 4 of queen ^Iary — reading on the statutes of 
 limitations, 32 Hetny VIII. in 8vo. A per- 
 son of the same name was recorder of Lon- 
 don, and wrote, readings on the statute of 
 magna charta, c. 6, London 1641. 
 
 Brooke, Frances, a woman known for 
 her light pieces of poetry — translations — 
 sonnets — Virginia, a tragedy, 1756 — and a 
 periodical paper, called the old maid, in 1 
 vol. 12mo. 1755 and 1756. Besides these, 
 she wrote the history of Julia Mandeville, 
 a novel, 1763 — memoirs of marquis of For- 
 laix, 4 vols. — the history of Emily Monta- 
 gue — letters from lady Juliet Catesby to lady 
 Henrietta Campley, 12mo. — the excursion 
 — elements of the history of England, from. 
 Milton, 4 vols. 12mo. — the siege of Sinope, 
 H tragedy, acted at Coverit Ciarden, 1781 — 
 and that pleasing and very popular per- 
 formance, Rosina — and last of all, but not 
 equally respectable, Maiian. Her maiden 
 name was ^lonre, and she married the re- 
 verend John Brooke, rector of Colney, in 
 
 Norfolk, and chaplain of Quebec garrison. 
 She died January 26, 1789, at Sleaford, 
 surviving her husband only five days. To 
 the character of learning, genius, and taste, 
 it is necessary to add, that she was amiable 
 in her manners, gentle in her deportment, 
 and a strong supporter of all moral and reli- 
 gious duties. 
 
 Brooke, Henry, a writer of eminence, 
 born at llantaven in Ireland, and educated 
 in the school of Dr. Sheridan, and in Dub- 
 lin college. At the age of 17 lie entered at 
 the Temple, and from the vivacity of his 
 genius, the ex ellence of his heart, and the 
 literary powers of his mind, he soon be- 
 came the friend and favorite of Pope, of 
 Swift, and other great characters. On his 
 speedy return to Ireland, he was called to 
 attend the dying moments of a favorite 
 aunt, who with her last blessings recom- 
 mended to his protection and kindness her 
 farorite daughter. This young lady, pos- 
 sessed of gTeat beauty and every pleasing 
 accomplishment, soon gained the heart of 
 her youthful guardian ; the attachment be- 
 came mutual, a public union at last pro- 
 claimed their secret marriage, and Mrs. 
 Brooke, before she had completed her 14th 
 year, became a mother. For a while the 
 thoughts of future prospects were lost in 
 domestic enjoyments, but an increasing fa- 
 mily called aloud for immediate exertions, 
 and Brooke, unsuccessful as a chamber 
 counsel, found his genius the best support 
 of his fame. By the friendship of lords Lyt- 
 telton and Chatham he was introdsiced to 
 the prince of Wales, and promised himself 
 the fairest harvest of literary labors and 
 poetical exertions. His tragedy of Custavus 
 Vasa was prepared, but unfortunatelj the 
 politics of the time, and the influence of go- 
 vernment, forbade its introduction on the 
 public stage, as it seemed to breathe senti- 
 ments too warm and elevated in favor of li- 
 berty. This disappointment however was 
 succeeded by a rapid sale of the play, and 
 the public, by a most uncommon liberality 
 of subscriptions, repaid in a tenfold degree 
 the most sanguine expectations of the au- 
 thor. Brooke thus patronised by the prince, 
 and flattered by the people, purchased a 
 house at Twickenham near his friend Pope, 
 but a dangerous illness rendered it necessary 
 for him, by the advice of his physicians, to 
 revisit his native air. His gradual recoveiy 
 promised his s])eedy return, but contrary to 
 the general expectation, and to the warm 
 and repeated invitations of his friends, he 
 determined to spend the rest of his life in 
 the retirement and obscurity of Ireland. 
 The political ingratitude of the times, and 
 the violence of party s])irit, as well as the 
 influence of a beloved wife, who was attached 
 to the peaceful scenes of privacy, and not to 
 the tempestuous revolutions of dignified 
 life, were probably the causes of this re- 
 markable seclusion. In his retirement 
 Brooke courted the muses, and though he 
 found Garrick unwilling to support his me- 
 rit by a representation on the London stage, 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 vet he met with some success in DuMjn. 
 Hut titc generosity ol' liis limil Mas too 
 ^iHHt loi" :i limitc<l iiicnmo ; huwrts id-ofusu 
 ill iiis acts ol ti'i<'n(lslii|i :uiii iumiaiiily, nint 
 he was at hist ol)ligt'<l to sell iiis I'avorite re- 
 sidence. Tlie (k'ciiiiin;^ lie:>lt!i ot liis u it'e 
 loo tended to Iisseti his conilorts, and the 
 deulli of that amiahle woman, alter a union 
 of near 50 \ ears of uninterrupted doniesti*; 
 hannonv, put an end to his enjoyments. 
 Fr«)ni the sevcrily of this hiow liis constilu- 
 tion could never recover, he sunk into a slate 
 of imbecilily, and thoiii;li naUire soiriclinies 
 recovered, yet the [towers of his mind iiever 
 ret::ained their wonted In-illiancy. He how- 
 ever bef;iiih:d his hours of ainiction and n\e- 
 lancholy by the sweets of literature, and 
 >vhile at lucid intervals lie wrote those un- 
 t(pnd works wliicli are occasionally tinc- 
 tured with mystitisni, the fool of quality, 
 and Juliet (iren\illc, he thus gained fresli 
 O[)portunities of displaying the excellence of 
 his moral character, and the pure philan- 
 thropy of liis heart. He died at Dublin, 
 10th October, 1783, aged 77. Besides the 
 works alreaily enumerated, his best known 
 pieces are universal beauty, a poem in six 
 books — the earl of VV^estnujreland, a tra- 
 gedy — fables — the earl of Essex, a tragedy 
 — retlemplion, a poem, &c. 
 
 Broome, William, the poet, was born 
 of obscure parents in Cheshire. After being 
 superannuated at Eton, and thus losing the 
 election for King's, he entered at St. John's, 
 Cambridge, by the liberal subscriptions of 
 his friends, where his application and rising 
 talents recommended him to the learned. 
 He was engaged by Pope in furnishing the 
 notes from Eustathius for his Iliad, and 
 when the Odyssey was undertaken, Broome 
 ■was not thought unworthy by his poetical 
 friend of sharing his labors and his success. 
 The '2d, f.th, Sth, 11th, l'2th, Ifiih, ISlh, and 
 ^3i\, together with all the notes, were writ- 
 ten by Broome, who for this laborious con- 
 tribution received the small sum of 500/. and 
 100 copies. But literary iriendship is too 
 often of short duration, and while Broome 
 considered his services as ill repaid. Pope 
 not only disregarded his discontent, but 
 meanly exhibited him to puldic ridicule in 
 the Dunciad and in the Bathos. In 17'28, 
 Broome was created L. L. D. but though he 
 was courted by the great, he did not rise to 
 high preferment in the church, and remained 
 the humble incumbent of Eye, and of Oak- 
 ley Magna in Suffolk. He died at Bath, Ifith 
 November, 1745, and was buried in the ab- 
 bey church. He translated some of Ana- 
 creon's odes, besides a small miscellany of 
 poems. 
 
 BuoscHi, Carlo, a celebrated singer, 
 born at Andria in the Neapolitan states, 
 and better known by the name of Farinello, 
 which he received from the patronage of 
 three brothers called Farina. A fall trom 
 liis horse in his youth rendered castration 
 necessary, and to this accident he was in- 
 debted for the celebrity of his iame and the 
 opulcucc of his formne. After enrapturing 
 
 the crowded audiences of tlie thealrcs ol' 
 Naples, Ivome, Venice, nnd \'ienna, Bros- 
 ihi was inviti'd by lord Essex to Lr>iir|on, 
 where for (hi-et- ) cars he displayed the fu- 
 periority of his powers, and was innnifi- 
 cenlly rewarded. In 17.>7, he left Lonrlon, 
 and |»assiiig through Paris in his way to Mad- 
 rid, he drew the admirHtion and the ap- 
 plauses of the French king atid of his court. 
 In Spain be was (iLated with all liie distino- 
 lion which his talents deserved, so that king 
 Philip not only lavished every honor upon 
 him, liiit regarded him with the confidence 
 and .-lii'ection of an intimate friend, lie held 
 the- same distinguibhcd rank of honorable 
 partiality with PliiIi|)'K successor, Feiflinand, 
 and till his death and that of his cjueen Bar- 
 bara in 1759, he continued the favorite of 
 the court, and deservedly rcsjiected by the 
 public for the generosity of his heart, the 
 benevolence of bis conduct, anfl the conde- 
 scension and aHabilily of his manners, not 
 only to his inferiors, but even to his personal 
 enemies. On the succession of Cftftrles to 
 tiie Spani.sh throne, Farinello, though ho- 
 norably received by the monarch, hastened 
 to his native country, where, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Bologna, he enjoyed the rest of 
 his life in dignified I'ctirement. Though oc- 
 casionally haunted by melancholy, yet he 
 continued tranquil ; the powers of iiis voice 
 remained to the last, strong, clear, and me- 
 lodious, and for three weeks before his 
 death, like the dying swan, he daih' enter- 
 tained his admiring friends. He died 16th 
 September, 178'2, in his 7Sth year, leaving 
 his musical books and lands to his sister. 
 His great readiness to relieve distress, and 
 to sweeten the cup of calamity whenever he 
 found it possible, i)rc vented the accumula- 
 tion of riches, and Farinello, after sharing 
 the favors of monarchs without feeling his 
 heart biassed by flattery, and after remain- 
 ing unsullied by the vices and extravagances 
 of a theatrical life, lived and died esteemed 
 as a man of worth. 
 
 Brossard, Sebastian de, a canon of 
 Meux, who died 17,30, at the age of 70. He ex- 
 celled as a musician, and wrote several trea- 
 tises on the science. His dictionary of mu- 
 sic in .Svo. is highly valued, and proved of 
 great service to Rousseau. 
 
 Brosse, Guy de la, a physician, author 
 of a treatise on the virtues of plants, &c. 
 He is better known as the promoter of the 
 royal foundation of a garden of medicinal 
 plants in iCt'zC) at Paris, of which he was the 
 first director, and which he enriched by a 
 valuable collection of -2000 plants. Fie pub- 
 lished a flescrijttion of tiic medical plants in 
 the gai'den, besides a book de la nature des 
 plantes, 1028 — dessein du janlin royal, Svo. 
 — S: avis defensif, Ifi.ji — and other works. 
 
 BtiossES, Charles de, i>resident of the 
 parlian^ent of Burgundy, was born at Dijon, 
 and died at Pai-is 7tb Nf.^y, 1777, aged 68. 
 He wrote letters on the discovery of Hercu- 
 laneum, besides an history of the voyages 
 towards the south polr, and a translation of 
 Sailust, enriciied with valuable notes — pa- 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 rallel between the worship of the negroes 
 an<l the ancient heatliens — on the mechani- 
 cal formation of languages, kc. 
 
 Brossexte, Claude, an advocate of Ly- 
 ons, who distinguislied liimself by the publi- 
 cation of an history of his native town, be- 
 sides editions of Boileau and Regnier, with 
 valuable notes. He was the correspondent of 
 Voltaire and Rousseau. He died at Lyons 
 1746, aged 75. 
 
 Brossier, Martha, a woman who by the 
 great dexterity with which she distorted her 
 countenance, imposed upon the credulous 
 multitude, and the superstitious clergy in 
 France. Her arts were detected by Henry 
 IV. who was apprehensive lest his enemies 
 of the league should take advantage of the 
 imposture to undermine his power, and 
 after a confinement of 40 days, she was per- 
 mitted to return to her native town of Ro- 
 morantui. The avarice of the father how- 
 ever, who shared largely in the suras be- 
 stowed on the pretended demoniac, hui'ried 
 lier away through France to Rome, where 
 an ample theatre was expected for tlie dis- 
 play of the imposition ; but s)ie was dis- 
 missed with disgrace by the pope in 1599, 
 and she sunk into the obscurity of an hospi- 
 tal, where she died. 
 
 Brotier, the abbe, a Jesuit born at 
 Tanay in the Nivernois, celebrated for his 
 great erudition and the vast powers of his 
 miiid. Well versed in ancient and modern 
 languages, he made evei'y branch of science 
 and literature the object of his studies, and, 
 except in mathematics, to which he gave 
 little attention, he excelled in ail. With in- 
 defatigable zeal he made notes of every 
 thing which he read, and in the regular ha- 
 bit of devoting 12 hours of each ds'v to 
 study, he collected treasures of valuable in- 
 formation for criticism and for historical 
 ■composition. The dissolution of the order 
 of Jesuits made a revolution in his plans and 
 pursuits, but he found an abode of friend- 
 ship and tranquillity in the house of Mr. de 
 la Tour, a printer of eminence. In this re- 
 lii'ement he spent the last 26 years of his 
 life, and gave to the public those editions of 
 Tacitus in four vols. 4to. and in seven, 12mo. 
 and of Plinj'^, which derive their merit not 
 only from correctness, but most valuable and 
 learned dissertations and annotations. Be- 
 sides these, Brotier edited, in an elegant 
 manner, Phajdrus, and Kapin on gardens, 
 and it is to be much lamented that he never 
 -completed the history of France, for which 
 he had in his younger years pi'ovided ample 
 materials. His other works were, an exami- 
 nation of the apolcgy of Pradcs — a treatise 
 ■on the money of the Hebrews, Greeks, and 
 Romans, compared with those of France — 
 memoii's of the Levant — the life of the 
 abbe de Cailie, &c. This worthy man, 
 equally amiable as a private or a literary 
 character, died at Paris, 12th Feliniary, 
 178U, nged 67. His nephew, Andrew 
 Charles, was eminent as a botanist, and 
 «oudu(;led for some time tiie journal calli'd 
 I'auuee ijteraire. During the revolution he 
 
 was accused of attempts against the powei* 
 of the directory, and was bauislied to Guy- 
 ana, where he died in 1798. 
 
 Broue, Peter de la, a native of Toulouse, 
 bishop of Mirepoix, who died 1720, aged 77. 
 He wrote some pastoral letters, and was the 
 friend of the great Bossuet. 
 
 Broughton, Hugh, an English divine, 
 born at Oidbury, Shropshire, and by the 
 friendship of Bernard Gilpin, educated at 
 Cambridge. He wrote against the Roman 
 catholics, and severely attacked Theodore 
 Beza, and the whole body of dissenters. His 
 application was intense, so that he always de- 
 voted to study 12 hours often 16 every day. 
 His works, which were numerous and on 
 theological sulyects, are not held in high 
 esteem. Among them were consent of scrip- 
 tures, or a system of scripture chronology 
 and genealogy, which was attacked by Dr. 
 John Reynolds, 1588 — a discourse on Christ's 
 descent into hell, answered by the prelates 
 Whitgift and Wilson. Broughton was well 
 skilled in Hebrew, and as being an eloquent 
 preacher, he settled as minister of the Eng- 
 lish congregation at Middleburg, and return- 
 ed to England in 1011, and died the next 
 year. 
 
 Broughton, Thomas, a learned divine, 
 born in London, 5th July, 1704, and educa- 
 ted at Eton, where he was superannuated, 
 and at Gonville college, Cambridge. The 
 patronage of the duke of Bedford, to whom 
 he w as chaplain, and that of bishop Sherlock, 
 v/ho gave him Bedminster vicarage, near 
 Bristol, raised him to comfortable indepen- 
 dence, and aftbrded him the means of devo- 
 ting himself to his favorite studies. His pub- 
 lications were numerous and valuable, the 
 best known of which were, Christianity 
 distinct from the religion of nature — part 
 of Bayle's dictionary corrected — Dryden's 
 poems — answer to Tindail's Christianity as 
 old as the creation — Demosthenes' Olyn- 
 thiacs and Philippics — Hercules, a musical 
 drama — various articles in the biographia 
 Britannica — an historical dictionary of all 
 religions, 2 vols. fol. &fc. He died on his 
 living, 21st December, 1774, leaving six chil- 
 dren. Four years afterwards, some of his 
 sermons were published by his son the Rev. 
 Thomas Broughton, vicar of Tiverton, near 
 Bath. 
 
 Broukhusius, John, or Broekhui- 
 ZEN, a learned Dutchman, born 20th No- 
 vember, 1639, died 15th December, 1707. 
 The premature death of his father prevent- 
 ed the completion of his studies, and he was 
 bound to an apothecary, whom he left for 
 military- pursuits. He went to America with 
 his regiment under de Ruyter, and on his re- 
 turn, by being engaged in an unfortunate 
 duel, his life was forfeited to the laws, but 
 preserved by the interference of his learned 
 friend C^rcevius. He published a valuable 
 edition of Tibullus, and Propertius, and also 
 of Aonius Palearius, and Sannazarius, besides 
 some elegant poems in Latin and in Dutch, 
 4to. 1711, and a Latin translation of Rapin's 
 parallel of Homer and Virgil. 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 l^ROUNCKEU, William Viscount, a na- 
 tive of Castle Lyons, in Ireland, cclcbi-ated 
 •for his attacliment lo the royal cause during 
 the civil wars, as well as for his great profi- 
 ciency in mathematical knowledge. Me was 
 engaged in a learned correspondence with 
 Dr. Wallis of Oxford, and was the first pre- 
 sident of the royal society, an oflicc whicii 
 he adorned by his polite manners and exten- 
 sive erudition, lie was also master of St. 
 Catherine, near the Tower, after a severe 
 contest with judge Atkins. He died 5th 
 Api'il, 1684, aged 04, and was buried at St. 
 Ciithcrine's. Some of his essa3's arc pre- 
 served in the philosophical transactions, be- 
 sides des Cartes' compendium of music, 
 translated and publislied anonymously — let- 
 ters to archbishop Usher, published by Dr. 
 Parr, in the life of the primate. 
 
 Brousson, Claude, a native of Nismes, 
 known as an eloquent advocate, and as a 
 •warm supporter of the protestants in France. 
 He encouraged in his own house a private 
 meeting of the leadnig members of his sect, 
 after their churches had been demolished by 
 the persecution of the times; but though an 
 amnesty was oftered to him and his fol- 
 lowers by Lewis XIV. he tied to Ceneva, 
 Lausanne, and other countries, imploring 
 the assistance and compassion of strangers 
 upon his suft'ering brethren. He was at last 
 seized and cruelly broken on the wheel at 
 Montpellier 1098, in his 51st year, on pre- 
 tence of corresponding with the king's ene- 
 mies. The states of Holland nobly allowed 
 his widow a pension of OOO florins, besides 
 the 400 granted to himseif. Brousson was 
 author of some tracts in French in favor of 
 the protestants, besides remarks on amulets 
 — a translation of the new testament, 8cc. 
 
 Bro uwer, Adrian, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Haerlem 1608. His chief merit was ex- 
 pressing with great success the companions 
 of his dissipated hours in the midst of merri- 
 ment and in the noise of a tavern, and for 
 this he was well calculated from the incem- 
 peraoee of his habits. Though poor he never 
 used his pencil but when previous!}' called 
 upon by want, or the dread of a gaol. He 
 hastened his death by his constant intoxica- 
 tion, to which he fell a victim in his 30th 
 year, lO.iS. Rubens, who admired his ge- 
 nius, paid great respect to his remains, 
 ■which had been obscurely deposited in the 
 ground by public subscription. 
 
 Biio-WN, Robert, a man of turbulent cha- 
 racter and wavering disposition, was the 
 founder of the sect of the Brownists. He 
 ■was educated at Cambridge, but either from 
 love of novelty, or from fondness for cele- 
 brity, he sej)arated himself from the church, 
 and when cited by the bishop of Norwich, to 
 answer for the eccenti-icity and depraved 
 tendency of his opinions, he offered insolence 
 instead of submission. The favor of Bur- 
 leigh, to whom he was related, saved him 
 fro.u ecclesiastical censures ; but when he 
 despised the reproof and the counsel of arch- 
 bishop Whitgift, to whom his noble friend 
 Ua4 recommended him, he was permitted to 
 
 withdraw as a refractory recusant to Hoi- 
 land, where for some lime he esta')lished a 
 church of his own persuasion. He after- 
 wards returned to England, and though he 
 continued t() abuse the church, yet we find 
 him promoted to a rectory in Xorthampion- 
 shire, no douljt by the influence of Burleigh ; 
 but though he received the emolument he 
 (ie voted the care of the parish to a curate. 
 In hir. 80th year he was sent to Northamp- 
 ton go:d, for ill treatment to a magistrate, 
 and there he soon after died 1C30, boasting 
 that he had been confined in no less than 3'i 
 ])risons. Some of his tracts, all on theologi- 
 cal subjects, were published at Middlcburg. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, of facetious memory, 
 was educated at Newport school, Shropshire, 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford, whore his 
 many irregularities soon rendered his resi- 
 dence improper. From Oxford he went to 
 London, and then became, through interest, 
 master of the school of Kingston on Thames, 
 an office to v/hich he was inadequate, both 
 from habit and from a certain levity of cha- 
 racter. His speedy return to London was 
 greeted by his old companions with raptures, 
 and now independent in principle and unfa- 
 vored by fortune, he had recourse to scrib- 
 bling for bi'ead. Various pieces issued from 
 the press under the form of poems, letters, 
 and dialogues ; but though tliey were popu- 
 lar and ingenious, they fiiled not the pocket 
 of the author, nor promised future relief. 
 Brow n, indeed, shut the door against lasting 
 intinjacy, as he always preferred his joke to 
 his friend, and considered vvit, even when 
 bordering on indelicacy, superior to moral 
 and religious precepts. Though so lost to 
 serious reflection, and often to every virtu- 
 ous exertion, it is said that he viewed his 
 approaching end with hoi'ror and dismay, 
 and expressed strong s(5ntiments of remoi-se. 
 He died 1704, and was buried in the clois- 
 ters of V/estminster abbey. His works Mere 
 printed in 1707, in 4 vols. 
 
 Brown, Moses, a man who, from a pen- 
 cutter, acquired some eminence as a poet 
 and writer. By the advice of Hervey he 
 took orders, and was promoted to the vica- 
 rage of Olney, Bucks, and the chaplainship 
 of Morden college. ' He published two dra- 
 matic pieces, Folidus or distressed love, a 
 tragedy — and all he-devilled, a farce — besides 
 Percy-lodge, a poem — Sunday thoughts, in 
 blank verse — an edition of Walton's Angler, 
 and piscatory eclogues — and some poems in 
 the Gentleman's magazine, when first under- 
 taken by Cave. He died 13th Sept. 17S7, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Brown, Ulysses Maximilian de, a gene- 
 ral of eminence in the imperial armies, de- 
 scended from an Irish family, and born at 
 Basle, 24th Oct. 1705. His intrepidity and 
 coolness were displayed in the various en- 
 counters at Belgrade, in Corsica, Parma, 
 Canstalla, Banjaluca, Veletri, Placentia, Ge- 
 noa, and Lobositz. In the famous battle ot 
 Prague, May 6th, 1757, he was mortally 
 woundefl, and died on the 26th June follow- 
 ing, aged 52, leaving beliind him the charac- 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 ter of a most consummate general, and an 
 able and skilful nei^otiator. His life \vas pub- 
 lished in two separate volumes in German 
 and French, 1757. 
 
 Browx, John, D, D. an Englisli divine, 
 born at Rothbury, in Northumberland, 5th 
 Nov. 1715, and educated at St. John's, Cam- 
 
 bridge. 
 
 During the rebellion in 17-15 he be- 
 
 haved with great spirit as a volunteer at the 
 siege of Carlisle, and dist ngaished himself 
 as a popular preaclier and as an elegant wri- 
 ter, so that he gained the patronage of Os- 
 baidiston bishop of Carlisle, who obtained for 
 him the living of Moreland in Westmore- 
 land, and afterwards great Horkesley in Es- 
 sex, and on the resignation of.it, St. Nicho- 
 las, Newcastle on Tync. A spirit of inde- 
 pendence strongly marked tb.e character of 
 Dr. Brown, he was conscious of the powers 
 of his mind as a writer, and indignantly re- 
 jected every attempt to shackle his oi)inion3, 
 or influence his reason. The consequence 
 and authorit}' which he had acquired in the 
 republic of letters, introduced him to the 
 company of great men, and even procured 
 him an invitation from the empress of Russia 
 to come to Petersburg, to assist and direct 
 the establishments v/hich she wished to form 
 for the education and improvement of her 
 subjects. This proposal, Mhich had been 
 made by means of Dr. Dumaresqne, the 
 chaplain of the English factory of Peters- 
 burg, and which was so honorable to the 
 empress, was cheerfully accepted by Dr. 
 Brow n ; but while prepai'ing for his journey, 
 a sudden attack of the gout and rheumatism 
 so enfeebled his delicate constitution, and 
 diminished the powers of his raitid, that, in a 
 fatal moment of dejection and melancholy, 
 ]je cut his throat with a razor, Sept. 2.Sd, 
 17G6, in his 51st year. Tiie most popular 
 •works of this ingeniofts but unfortunate man, 
 were " an estimate of the manners and ])rin- 
 ciples of the time," of which seven editions 
 were printed in little more than a year, 1757 
 — a second volume of the estimate — honor, 
 a poem — essay on satire — essays on Shaftes- 
 bury — characteristics — Carbarossa, a trage- 
 dy, 1755, and next year, Athelstan, a trage- 
 dy, both acted with great popularity under 
 Garrick— a dialogue of liie dead between 
 Aristides and Pericles — a political perform- 
 ance to defend Mr. Pitt's character — history 
 of the use and progress of poetry and music 
 —a letter to Dr. Lowth, who, in a pamphlet 
 on the divine legation of Moses, had accused 
 him of being a flatterer of Warburton — and 
 sermons — besides thoughts on civil liberty, 
 licentiousness, and faction — and some anony- 
 mous tracts, &c. 
 
 Brown', John, a painter, born at Edin- 
 burgh 1752, died 1787. He improved the 
 native powers of his genius by travelling in 
 Italy for some years, and visiting the pre- 
 cious remains of antiquity at Rome and in 
 Sicily, patronised and befriended for a while 
 by sir Wm. Young and Mr. Townley. He 
 chiefly excelled in the expression of the fea- 
 tures ; his great characteristics were deli- 
 cacy, taste, and correctness ; and so enrap- 
 
 tured with his art did he appear, that he 
 often presented with the most finished pic- 
 tures, any jjerson who permitted him to take 
 a sketch of whatever struck his fancy, as 
 expressive of beauty, dignity, or grace, ei- 
 ther in the human countenance or in the 
 works of art. Besides eminence as a drafts- 
 man, he possessed all the abilities of the ele- 
 gant scholar and the solid philosoplier, as his 
 letters on the poetry and music of the Italian 
 opera fully evince. These were not, indeed, 
 intended for publication, but his fi-iend lord 
 Mouboddo, to whom the}' were addressed, 
 sensible of their superior excellence, pub- 
 lisheil tliem in 1789, in liimo. for the benefit 
 of his widow, and moreover, bore testimony 
 to the taste and genius of t!ie departe<l pain- 
 ter, by making honorable nientiun of him in 
 the fourth volume of the orighi and progress 
 of language. 
 
 Brown, John, a Scotch physician, bora 
 at Buncle, Berwickshire, author of a systeia 
 of medicine, translated into English, two 
 vols. 8vo. a work ingenious, valuable, and ge- 
 nerally correct. As he had risen to medical 
 distinction, not by a regularly professional 
 education, and as he quarrelled with his 
 great friend and protector Cullen, he drew 
 upon himself the sneers and the opposition 
 of the iTictlical world, who contemptuously 
 called his followers IJrunonists. He died in 
 London 7th Oct. 1788, aged about 52, a vic- 
 tim, it is said, to intemperate habits and li- 
 centious indulgences. He was a strong sup- 
 porter of the doctrine of stimulants, which 
 act on M'hat he calls the correspondent ex- 
 citability in the body. 
 
 Browne, George, an Augustine monk, 
 who, by embracing the tenets of Luther, re- 
 commended himself to Henry VIIL by whom 
 he was made archbi==hop of Dublin 1535. In 
 this situation be so distinguished himself by 
 his zeal in favor of the reformation, and to 
 pi'f)mote the views of his royal master, that 
 Ireland was guided by his councils, and her 
 ecclesiastical affairs settled agreeably to his 
 directions. Browne was made primate by 
 Edward YI. in the room of Dowdal, ejected ; 
 but the tyrannical reign of Mary stripped 
 him of all his honors, and he died two years 
 after, 1556. A curious sermon by him is 
 preserved in sir James Ware's history of 
 Ireland, and in the Phoenix, a collection of 
 tracts. 
 
 Browne, William, an English poet, born 
 at Tavistock, and educated at Exeter col- 
 lege, Oxford. He resided for a little time at 
 the Inner Temple, London, and was after- 
 wards tutor in the families of Carnarvon and 
 Pembroke. He published Britannia's pasto- 
 rals, in two parts — and the shepherd's pipe, 
 in seven eclogues — works of great merit, and 
 deservedly recommended by Selden, Dray- 
 ton, and other judges of poetical fame. He 
 died in his native county, 1045, where he 
 ha<l purchased an estate. His works appear- 
 ed together, 3 vols. 12mo. 1772. 
 
 Browne, sirThomas, born in Cheapside, 
 19th October, 1005, was, though abandoned 
 by the second marriage ot lus mother, an«l 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 the great negligence of his guardian, educa- 
 ted at Winchester school, and I'enilirfjke 
 eollegCj.Oxroril. He early turned hi« thoughts 
 to physic, and alter taking his two first de- 
 a;rces at Oxford, he travelled through I''r:ince 
 and Italy, and after some stay at radua and 
 Montpellier, he was created M. U. at Ley- 
 den. Soon after his return to London, Ifi.Si, 
 he i»id)lished his religio niedici, a hook r«.-- 
 plcte with sound sense and great information, 
 and which with deserved popularity exposeil 
 him to the virulence of critics, ami the envy 
 of rivals. In iGSfi lie settled at Norwich, 
 •where he actjuired an extensive practice, 
 an»l where he married a lady of the name of 
 Micham, with whom he hved 41 years, and 
 bv whom he had 10 children, one son and 
 three daughters of which number only sur- 
 vived him. He was, in 1G71, knighted at 
 Norwich by Charles II. and conUnued to 
 maintain his high reputation as an excellent 
 scholar and an experienced pliysician till the 
 time of his death, which happened on his 
 birtli-day, iCS'i. lie published, besides his 
 *< religio," a treatise on vulgar errors, a 
 work of great and acknowledged merit, be- 
 sides a discourse on sepulchral urns, kc. 
 His character Mas held in such high esteem, 
 and his knowledge so very extensive in every 
 ■walk of science and philosophy, that his life 
 has been published by Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Browxe, Edward, son of the above, was 
 educated at Norwich school, at Cambridge, 
 and Merton college, Oxford, where he took 
 the desrree of M. D. 1GG7. He visited seve- 
 I'al parts of Germany, Hungary, Thessaly, 
 and Italy, and at his return published an in- 
 teresting account of his travels, and became 
 physician to Charles II. and to Bartholomew 
 hospital. He bore also the most distinguish- 
 ed offices of the college of physicians, and 
 fully proved his claims to the high character 
 of a superior scholar in the learned lan- 
 guages, and a fluent writer in most of the 
 modern tongues. The king said of him, 
 that he was as learned as any of the college, 
 and as well bred as any at court. He died 
 August 1708, aged C6, at Northfleet. Be- 
 sides his travels, he wrote several lives in 
 the translation of Plutarch, published in his 
 time. 
 
 Browme, Simon, a dissenting minister, 
 born at Shepton-Mallet, Somersetshire, and 
 early appointed pastor of a congregation at 
 Portsmouth, and afterwards at the Old .Tew- 
 vy, where for many years he was admired 
 for his eloquence, and respected for the cor- 
 rectness of Wis conduct. The death however 
 of his wife and his only son in 1723, had such 
 an effect upon his feelings that it dcprivetl 
 liim of his reason, and at times exhibited 
 liim a melancholy monumeutofgi-eat powers 
 of mind departecl. Unable longer to officiate, 
 he retired to his native town, where, remote 
 from society and unwilling to associate v/ilh 
 his dearost friends, he considered hir. ^Ai' as 
 struck by the Almighty, deprived of his ra- 
 tional soul, and sunk to the level of the brufe 
 creation. He died about the end of 1732, 
 aged 52; and what is j-eraarkable, he com- 
 
 voL. I. 32 
 
 po«ed about two years before liis death, ia 
 his more luminous intervals, two works in 
 defence of (ylnisliaiiily, against the- ultack-s 
 of \\ oolston uiid i'indal, in which he dis- 
 |tla>ed all the ]iowe!'s of a sound and vigor- 
 ous understanding. He wrote a de<iicali(»a 
 to queen Caroline, but on account of somn 
 incoherent expressions it wu'i suppressed by 
 ihe advice of his friends, but afterwards in- 
 serte<l in the Adventurer, No. 88. Sevei-al 
 daughters sui-vived him. 
 
 BiiOWNK, Sir Anthf)ny, a Judge, born in 
 I'ssex, and educated at Oxford. L'lidci- 
 •Vlary he was made serjeant at law, and iu 
 1558 promoted to the oJlice of chiel Justice of 
 the common pleas, whnh he resigned to sir 
 .lohn Dyer on Klizabeth's accession, though 
 he bat as puisne judge of the same court til! 
 his death in 1507. He was a violent papist, 
 and wrote arguments for Mary queen of 
 Scots, her right of succession to the I'.nglisU 
 crown, &CC. publislied by Lesley bishop of 
 Ross. 
 
 Browne, Peter, a native of Jrelanu, pro- 
 vost of Trinity college, Dublin, and after- 
 wards liishop of Cork, where he died, 1735. 
 He wrote in defence of Christianity against 
 Toland, a work which, as Toland obserrcd, 
 raised him to the rank of bishop, the pro- 
 gress, extent, and limits of the human under- 
 standing — two volumes of .sermons — besides 
 a tract against the fasl.ionable custom of 
 drinking to the memory of the dead. 
 
 Browne, Isaac Hawkins, an English jioet, 
 born 21st January, 1706, at Burton upon 
 Trent, where his father was minister. He 
 was educated at 1-iichfield, Westminster, and 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, from whence, 
 after taking liis degree of M.A. he removecl 
 to Lincoln's Inn. llere lie devoted himself 
 to the mtiscs, ami w rote sonje poetical pieces, 
 especially on design and beauty," and his 
 " pipe of tobacco." He served in the par- 
 liament of 1744, and 1748, for Wenlock, and 
 died I4th Februaiy, 1700, in his 5.itli year. 
 His most popular work was *' de animi im- 
 mortalitate," in two volumes, a composition 
 which displayed his great classical taste, as a 
 happy imitator of Virgil and Lucretius, and 
 which so much commanded the approbation 
 of the public, that several translations quick- 
 ly appeared, the best of wliich were those of 
 Soame Jenings and Mr. Lettice. The poems 
 of tliis excellent scholar and trulv amiable 
 man were elegantly published by his son in 
 17G8, in a large 8vo. 
 
 Browne, Sir William, a pliysician ofemi- 
 nenoe, who, after practising with great suc- 
 cess at Lynn, in Norfolk, came to settle in 
 London, where he died lOih March, 1774, 
 aged 82. He left two prize med:ds to Cam- 
 bridge, to be contended for by the rising 
 poets of the university. He is known not 
 only for his abilities in the medical line, hut 
 for many ingenious and entertaining pieces 
 both iu prose and verse, in Latin and in Eng- 
 lish, which he wrote, besides a translation of 
 (Gregory's elements of catoptrics and diop- 
 trics. He was a man of genuine wit, and 
 had a great commrftid of temper; and whC't* 
 
BR 
 
 BR 
 
 1JRU^', Wniitun le, a learned Jesuit, au- 
 thor of a Latin and French dictionary uni- 
 versally esteemed. He died 1758, aged 84. 
 
 JBuuN, Peter Ic, a native of Provence, 
 author of a critical history of the supersti- 
 tious practices whic'ii have seduced the vul- 
 gar and embarrassed the learned, three 
 vols. 12mc. — and on the unlawfulness of 
 <tramalic entertainments in a religious view 
 — and on liturgies — works of merit. He 
 Avas an erclesiastic, and died 1729, aged 70. 
 
 Brunck, Ivicliard Philip Frederic, a ce- 
 )ebrated scholar and writer of Strasburg, 
 jnembtr of the academy of inscriptions, 
 and of the national institute at Paris, died 
 18U3, aged 84. He is particularly known in 
 the republic of letters for his great erudition 
 and liis exten.Hive reading, lie published, 
 besides other works, learned editions of 
 iEsdiylas, Anacrcon, Sophocles, Aristo- 
 phanes, Apollonius Khodius, and Virgil, 
 carefully com])ared with MS. copies, and 
 rendered vakiable by annotations— and also 
 analecta veterum poetarum Griec. 4 vols. 
 8vo. repeatedly edited — and gaomici poetie 
 Graxci, Svo. 
 
 Rrunehaut, a daughter of Athanaglld, 
 the king of the \ isigoths, who married, in 
 ■MS, Sigebert I. king of Austrasia. After 
 lier Ijusband's tieath, she married, at Rouen, 
 ■where she had retired with her two daugh- 
 
 of 
 
 king 
 
 ters, Merovee, son of Cliilderic, 
 Soissons ; but this union was displeasing to 
 her father-in-law, and she therefore retired 
 to Austrasia, where she assumed the re- 
 gency, during her son Childebert's mino- 
 rity. When banished from Austrasia for 
 her misconduct, she went to the court of 
 Thieriy, her grandson, king of Burgundy, 
 •whom she persuaded to take Paris from 
 Clotaire. Ever restless, ambitious, and 
 vindictive, she is known in French history 
 for her great crimes, her debaucheries, and 
 cruelties. She was publicly accused of 
 causing the death of ten kings, and her death 
 Vas as ignominious as her life had been 
 abandoned. She was betrayed into the hands 
 of her enemy Clotaire, who ordered her to 
 he dragged at the tail of a wild horse, and 
 thus she perished in the greatest torments, 
 013. 
 
 Brunei. i.scHT, Philip, a native of Flo- 
 rence, oi'iginally a goldsmith and clockma- 
 kcr, and afterwards (jistiiiguished for his great 
 knowledge of architecture. The dome of 
 St. Mary's church at Florence is among the 
 
 monuments oi 
 
 li 
 
 IS 
 
 genius. 
 
 He was patro- 
 
 nised by the Medicis; and <lied in his native 
 city in 1444, aged G7, universally regretted. 
 He was also an engineer ; and some of his 
 verses apjteared with those of Burchiello, 
 
 Brun'e r, John Lewis, a native of Aries 
 ia Provence, born in 1717, and known as an 
 able writer on ecclesiastical affairs. 
 
 Bruxetto, Latini, a poet and historian 
 of Florence, who distinguished himself as 
 an ambassador, an<l perha])s more as the 
 master of Dante. He is author of " B Te- 
 Eoro," or the origin of all things. He died 
 V^'J5, at Florence 
 
 Brijni, Anthony, an Italian poet, in tlic 
 service of the duke d'Urbino. He was uni- 
 versally beloved for the amiable manners 
 and liveliness which distinguished his cha- 
 racter. He wrote lyrics, miscellaneous 
 pieces, &c. His heroic epislles were much 
 admired for the beautiful engravings which 
 accompanied them, executed from the de- 
 signs of Uominichino. He died 24th Sep- 
 tember, 1635. 
 
 Brunner, John Conrad, a learned phy- 
 sician of Switzerland, who studied at Stras- 
 burg and Paris, and visited Holland, Eng- 
 land, and Germany. He died at Manheim. 
 in 1727, aged 74. He was author of several 
 treatises on medicine in Latin ; and he de- 
 fended the opinion, that the pancreas is un- 
 necessary to the support of animal life, in a 
 4to. vol. 1083. His other works are, de 
 glandulis in duoden* intestino delectis, 4to. 
 1087 — de gland ula pituitaria dissertatio, 4to. 
 1088. 
 
 Bruno, a Romish saint, founder of the 
 Chartreuse. His sanctity recommended him 
 to pope Urban U. He died 1101, aged 41, 
 at a monastery which he had founded in Ca- 
 labria. 
 
 Bruno, Jordano, a native of Nola, who 
 visited Geneva, Lyons, Toulouse, Paris, 
 and London, where he became the friend of 
 Philip Sidney and Fulke Greville. His opi- 
 nions were considered as heretical and im- 
 pi.ous, and consequently exposed hira to the 
 jealousy and persecution of the times. In 
 various cities of Germany he drew ecclesi- 
 astical censures upon him, and at last he was 
 apprehended at Venice, where he was sen- 
 tenced by the inquisition to be burnt at a 
 stake, on the 17th February, lOOO. Though 
 an atheist at heart, he yet believed the ef- 
 fects ef magic and sorcerj-. He wrote, 
 among other things, a curious book called 
 Spaccio della bestia triumphante, dedicated 
 to sir Philip Sidney, and an Italian comedy, 
 called 11 Candelajo, besides some Latin 
 poems. 
 
 Brunsfeld, Otho, a physician, born at 
 Metz, who warmly embraced the opinions 
 of Luther. He was regent of the public 
 school at Strasburg, and took his medical 
 degrees at Basil. He published herbaruin 
 vivic icones, in fol. 3 vols. 1530, and a bio- 
 graphical catalogue of early physicians, 
 15S0, 4to. He was appointed public phy- 
 sician at Bern, and died there 1534. 
 
 Brunswick, Maximil. Jul. Leopold duke 
 of, nephew to the king of Prussia, was born 
 20lh October, 1722. lie served in the array 
 with great reputation ; and, during a sudden 
 inundation of the Oder, near Frankfort, he 
 attem])ted to save some of the unfortunate 
 inhabitants from the waters, and fell a sa- 
 crifice to his humanity, 24th April, 1785. 
 
 BRUSCiiivs, Caspar, a Latin historian 
 and poet of Egra in Bohemia, born in 1518. 
 He travelled mr.ch, and ])ublished various 
 works on ecclesiastical affaii-s, which pro- 
 duced him the patronage of several learned 
 men, and of some princes, who munificently 
 rewarded his labgrs. He was at las.t muv- 
 
BH 
 
 BR 
 
 Uered ia a forest near Rotterdaua, 1559. 
 His writings are very numerous ; but liis ec- 
 wlcsiastical history of (ierinauy iu j)arti- 
 cularly esteemed, thouf^li he is accused ol' 
 lavoririg too strongly the doctriues ot Lu- 
 thei-. 
 
 BnusoNi, Df)mitiuR, author of a face- 
 tious treatise called Speculum miuidi, edited 
 at Rome, 518, in fol. 
 
 Rkusoni, Jerome, a Venetian writer, 
 born at Legnago, of a iioMe family. He 
 "was a member of the Carthusian fraternity, 
 which it is said he <|uitted three ditlerent 
 times. He published SO different works, 
 and die«l ICSO, aged 70. His best known 
 vorks are bis history of Italy, from 1628 
 to I cry, ia fol. and elutidario poetico, 
 ]2mo. 
 
 Brutus, a brother of Ascanius, said by 
 xnonkisli chroniclers to have settled in Al- 
 bion, to which he gave the name of Britain, 
 in the time of his father JT'^neas, and soon 
 after the Trojan war. 
 
 Brutus, Lucius Junius, a Roman, cele- 
 brated as the author of the e.xpulsion of tlic 
 Tarciuins from liome, after the suicide of 
 Ijucrelia. He was made first consul, and 
 fell in the war against the Tarquins, B. C. 
 509. 
 
 Brutus, Marcus Jucius, a son of Jun. 
 Brutus, by the sister of Cato. He joined 
 other conspirators to cut off Julius C'lesar, 
 though he was his friend, and according to 
 others his father. He afterwards fell at the 
 battle of Philippi, fighting against the trium- 
 ▼irate. 
 
 Brutus, Decimus Albinits, a relation of 
 Marcus r.rutus, who with him also conspived 
 against Julius Ciesar, though he was his par- 
 ticular fi'iend anil benefactor. He was after- 
 ■wards besieged in Mutina by M. Antony, 
 and, in his attempt to escape into Gaul, was 
 slain, and his head sent to the conqueror. 
 
 Brutus, John Michael, a learned Vene- 
 tian, wlio travelled over Spain, France, Eng- 
 land, Germany, Poland, and Transylvania, 
 and aci^uired an e.\tensive knowledge of the 
 history, politics, and manners of Kurope. 
 He was invited by Stephen king of Poland to 
 reside at Cracow, to compose a Wstory of 
 that kingdom ; and after the death of his pa- 
 tron, he fixed his abode at Prague, where he 
 •was distinguished by the title of imperial 
 historiographer. His notes on Caisar, Ho- 
 race, and Cicero, display his great abilities 
 as a scholar ; and the general joy which was 
 expressed when Mr. Cromer undertook to 
 publish a new edition of his writings, evinces 
 the eminence of his j)0wers as a philosopher 
 and historian. In his letters to great men 
 and princes, Brutus laid aside the pompous 
 and slavish deference which modern times 
 have introduced in correspondence, and he 
 addressed them with all the simplicity of an 
 ancient Roman. His history of Florence was 
 said to depreciate the merits of the Medicis, 
 and tlierofoie it proved offensive to the duke. 
 Tlie time of his ilqath is unknown. He w as 
 born in 1518. 
 
 Brutus, John, dri eirclcsjastic, of Paris, 
 
 who died there l«t July, 1702, aged 84. He 
 wrote a difecourse (ju marriage, and othec 
 works. 
 
 Bhuyeke, John de la, a native of Dour- 
 dan, member of tlie French ac.i(l(>my, and 
 appoitited by llossuel preceptor of history to 
 the dnk« «)l Hurgwiiily. He died lOyO, aged 
 5'J. He is th«' author of" characters," after 
 the m.'innei' of 'IbeophrastUH, a work highly 
 esteemed in Franri-, as descriptive, not of 
 imaginary, but real |)ersr)ns, in a style rapid, 
 concise, and nervous. This book, if might 
 be expected, procured the author niany ad- 
 mirers, and more enemies; but its merits 
 are so great, that it will always be consider- 
 as a composition of established excellence. "* 
 The best editions are, of Amsterdam, 1741, 
 and I'aris, 1705. 
 
 Bruyn, Cornelius, a painter, born at the 
 Hague. He travelled tlirtnigh Russia, Per- 
 sia, and the I'ast Indies for several years, ot 
 which he published an entertaining and in- 
 teresting account. The be'st edition is that 
 of Rouen, in 1725, in 3 vols. 4to. as it has 
 been improved and corrected by the labors 
 of the abbe Bannicr. 
 
 Bruys, Francis, was born at Scrrieres, iu 
 the Maconnois, and died at Dijon, in his 30th 
 year, 1738. He studied at Geneva and at 
 the H.lgue, where he turned Calvinist, but 
 after visiting Germany and returning to 
 France, l:e recanted. He published an his- 
 tory of the popes, in 5 vols. 4to. 1732 — a cri- 
 tique of literary journals, besides entertain- 
 ing memoires historiqucs critiques, feic. two 
 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Bruys, Peter de, founder of the sect cal- 
 led from him i'elro-Brussians, was a native 
 of Languedoc, He maintained that churches 
 were of no use, he opposed Infant baptism, 
 recommended the destruction of crucifixes 
 and other church ornaments, he forbad the 
 offering of prayers for the dead, and tlecla- 
 reu that the body of Christ was not in the 
 saci'ament. After committing great excesses 
 with tlie view of establishing his tenets, he 
 was seized and burnt alive at St. Gillcs, 
 1150. 
 
 Bruzex de la Martinici.e, Anthony 
 Augustine, was born at Dieppe, and educa- 
 tetl at Paris under the famous Richard Si- 
 mon, his uncle. He was patronised by the 
 dukes of Mecklenburg and Parma, and af- 
 terwards by the king of Naples, who granted 
 liim an honorable pension. He died at the 
 Hague I74y, aged 83. His great work is the 
 grand Dictionaire Historique, &cc. 1730, ia 
 10 vols, folio, reprinted at Paris, vols. 170S, 
 with corrections; a pcrlormance very useful, 
 though not elegantly executed. 
 
 Bry, Theodore de, a painter a'ld engra- 
 ver, who died at Frankfort on the Maine, 
 1598, aged 70. His miniature figures were 
 universally admired. 
 
 Bryan, Francis, or Briant, an English- 
 man, educated at Oxff)rd. He attended, ia 
 1522, lord Surrey, tlie English admiral, 
 against France, and was knighted for his 
 bravery. His abilities were afterwards em- 
 ployed ift variotiS cniba"Tsics, and he was 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 made gentleman of the king's privy cham- 
 ber, and died justiciarj of Ireland, 1548. 
 His songs and sonnets liave beei. printed 
 •with those of iiis friend Surrey, and of sir 
 Thomas Wyatt. He also transhited from 
 tl)e French a dispraise of the hfe of a cour- 
 tier, 8cc. 
 
 Bryant, Jacob, an eminent English 
 scholar, educated at Eton, and King's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he became M. A. 
 1744. He was early distinguished as a po- 
 lished classical scholar, and published ob- 
 servations and inquiries relating to vai-ious 
 parts of ancient history, 8vo. IT6T, and a new 
 syslent nr analysis of mythology, wlierein an 
 attempt «s made to divest tradition of fable, 
 and to reduce truth to its original purity, 
 S vols. 4to. — a work of great merit. He 
 "wrote besides valuable and ingenious disser- 
 tations on Balaam, Samson, Jonah — observa- 
 tions on disputed passages in Josephus, Jus- 
 tin Martyr, &cc. — a treatise on the authenti- 
 city of the holy scriptures — pamphlets on 
 the Kowleian controversy, and against Priest- 
 Icy on necessity — observations on the plagues 
 of Egypt — dissertation on the war of Troy, 
 a work of Singular character, which, with 
 all the weapons of classical knowledge and 
 deep ar.d profound erudition, endeavors to 
 destroy our respect for the authenticity of 
 the iliad, and lo represent Homer, not as 
 the bard of Grecian and Trojan heroes, but 
 as the builder of a well wrought fiction Mr. 
 Bryant was tutor to the sons of the late duke 
 of Mariborongii, and in consequence of the 
 influence of bis iiatron he obtained a lucra- 
 tive appointment in the or<lnance oifice. He 
 ■was thus enabled to spend the rest of life in 
 the enjoyment of learnefi ease, and in his fa- 
 vorite retii-emeut in Bcrksliire, near Wind- 
 sor. This venerable scholar died in 1804, 
 aged 89, in consequence of a mortification in 
 his leg, occasioned by his striking it violently 
 against a chau' whilst attempting to reach a 
 book i'vmn a shelf 
 
 Eleven AX, son of Aulach, the son of Cor- 
 mach one of the Irish kings, is mentioned by 
 th : Welch historians as th" father of one oi 
 the three holy families of Britain, from whom 
 Garthmatheia, which was his ])atrimony, 
 Mas called Brecknock. His chiblren were 
 founders of various churches in Wales. He 
 died A. D. 450. 
 
 BuYENiu'S, Nicephorns, the husband of 
 Anna Comena, refused the throne of Oon- 
 stantinoplvi at the death of Alexis, his father- 
 in-law. He began the life of A!e.\is, which 
 he left nniinished at his death, 1167. It was 
 published at Paris 1661, with a Latin ver- 
 aioti. 
 
 Buc, George, a learned antiquary, born 
 in Lincolnshire, and knighted by James 1. lo 
 whom he uas master of the revels. He 
 Avrote the life of llicir.ird III. in five books, 
 and supported the opinion tliat he Mas de- 
 formed neitiu'r in body nor mind, an idea 
 afterwards maintained by Horace ^yalpole 
 — a treatise on the ancient colleges, and 
 schools of learning in and near London — and 
 &. treatise on the art of levels* 
 
 BucER, Martin, a Dominican, born m 
 Alsace, mIio early embraced the tenets of 
 Luther. He afterwards inclined more to 
 the opinions of Zuinglias, and, in his zeal for 
 the reformation, attempted in vain to recon- 
 cile these tMo powerful leaders. For 20 
 years his eloquence was exerted at Strasburg 
 to establish the protestant cause, but the 
 turbulence of the times, and his opposition 
 to the views of the Catholics at Augsburg, 
 rendei'ed him unpopular, so that he received 
 with pleasure the invitations of Cranmer to 
 settle in England. He was received with 
 gratitude by the nation. Edward VI. treated 
 him with great kindness, and he was appoint- 
 ed theological professor at Cambridge, iti 
 154u, where he died two j'ears after. Five 
 years after, the persecutions of Mary were 
 extended to his remains, which M'ere igno- 
 rainiously burned, but the insult was repair- 
 ed by the good sense of Elizabeth. In lear- 
 ning, judgment, and moderation, Bucer was 
 inferior to none of the great reformers, and 
 with Melancthon he may be considered as 
 the best calculated to restore and maintain 
 unanimity among contending churches, and 
 opposite sects. His M'ritings in Latin and 
 German were very numerous, and all ou 
 theological subjects. His first wife was a 
 nun, by whom he had 13 children, and when 
 she died in consequence of the plague, he 
 married a second, and, as some report, z 
 third time. 
 
 BucHAX, Elspeth, or Elizabeth, a mo- 
 dern fanatic, -who married Robert Buchan, 
 a common workman, in the service of Mr. 
 Martin, a proprietor of the Delft works ia 
 Glasgow, by whom she had several children. 
 Her frequent perusal of scripture, and a 
 most literal interpretation of many of its 
 mystical passages, so worked upon her pas- 
 sions, that she considered herself as a new 
 prophet in 1779, and inculcating the imme- 
 diate dissolution of the world, she gained to 
 her party a great number of the dissolute, 
 the unshiiiking, atid the ignorant. These 
 Buchanites, as they were called, travelled 
 through several parts of Scotland, and as 
 they had no thouglit for the morrow, but 
 considered tliat they should be fed like the 
 ravens of tlie ail*, aiul clothed like the lilies 
 of the field, their doctrines appeared as fas- 
 cinating to the vulgar as they were wild and 
 extravagant. The ctTects of this fanatical 
 sect might have been fatally felt on the mo- 
 rals and happiness of the ])eople, but Mrs. 
 Buchan died in May 1791, aged 5;3, and her 
 followers were soon dispersed. 
 
 Buchanan. George, a learned Scotchman^ 
 born near Kellerne, in Lenox, 1506. Though 
 Ids relations v.ere poor, yet he was veil edu- 
 cated by the advice of his uncle Heriot, who 
 foresaw his future eminence; and at Paris 
 aiid in Sc(»lland, he acipured that learning 
 which contributed so naich to his honor ami 
 the honor of his country. He early embraced, 
 from conviction, the tenets of Luther, and 
 at Paris became acquainted with the earl of 
 Cussilis, wiiij V, honi for five years he was en- 
 gaged as au instructor and a friend. After 
 
BU 
 
 liU 
 
 the death of Cassills he was appointed by the 
 kinff, preceptor to his natural .am the famous 
 Moray, hut tlie jeulotisy of the papists and 
 the severity of his satire ai^aiiist the monks, 
 especially in his ])iece called Francis eanna, 
 reritlered his situation so dangerous that he 
 fled to Kngland, ami from thence to France. 
 For three years, under the f'rjendly patro- 
 nuire of Andrew (iovianus, he lived in obscu- 
 rity at Bourdeaux, and taujjlit in the ])ul)lic 
 scliools there, and wrote four Latin traj^o 
 dies, to draw the attention of Ins [)U|iils Irom 
 the allegories of the moderns to the imitation 
 of the purer models of(ireecc and Home. 
 The jealousy of cardinal lleaton, however, 
 who had persecuted hin\ in Scotland, pur- 
 sued iiini in hij retirement, and he left Bour- 
 deaux for Coiuibra, M-heix-, till the death of 
 l»is patron Govianus, he was respected and 
 admired for his lectures in philosophy and 
 classical learning. Soon his opposition to 
 the Catholic tenets, and his being a foreigner, 
 rendered him suspected, and he was coniined 
 hy his enemies in a monastery, where he 
 translated the psalms of Duvid into Latin. 
 When set at liberty he embarked for Eng- 
 land, and then returned to France, wliere, in 
 1554, the elegant dedication of his tragedy of 
 Jephtha procured him the friendship of 
 marshal de Cossi, who made him for five 
 years preceptor to his sou. In 1566, he was 
 made principal of St. Leonard's college, St. 
 Andrews, and invited by Mai-y of Scots to 
 he the future preceptor to her son ; but he 
 forgot his gratitude in the misfortunes of that 
 unhappy princess, and in his " Detection" 
 severely arraigned her character in favor of 
 his old pupil ^Ioray. The appointment which 
 Mary destined for him was confirmed by the 
 states, and from him James VL derived 
 much of the knowledge of literature and the 
 critical taste which he afterwards displayed 
 on the throne. In the thirteen last years of 
 his life, BuchauMu M^as engaged in wi-iting 
 the hisUirr of his country, but though ner- 
 Tous, elegant, and perspicuous, it is or. asion- 
 ally deficient in fidelity and accuracy. He 
 died at Edinburgh 28th February, 158'2. His 
 character is painted in various and opposite 
 colors, according to the partiality of the 
 protestants and the odium of the catholics, 
 hut posterity views him as an able scholar, 
 whose mind was stored with all the fiie, the 
 elegance, and the graces of ancient litera- 
 ture, and who, in a bai'barous age, revived 
 the beauties and the sublimities of the Ro- 
 man muse. His works were published to- 
 gether Edit\burgh, 2 vols. fol. 1714. 
 
 BucHNER, Augustus, a native of Dres- 
 den, professor of poetry and ehx^uence at 
 Wittemberg, where he died IGGl, aged 70. 
 He wrote preec])ts of literature, &c. 
 
 BtcnoLTZER, Al)raham, a native of Sko- 
 naw near "SVitten^berg, who died at Freis- 
 tadt where he was pastor, 1584, aged 55. 
 He wrote a valuable index chronolcc-icus 
 utriusfpie testamenti, 1616, 8vo. often repub- 
 lished. 
 
 PiUCKELDii s, William, a native of Voi- 
 der, who died at Biervliet in 1449. He was 
 
 publicly honoj'cd witli n superb monument' 
 i)y the JJutch, who gratefully reme»ubered 
 his ingenious invention of the mode oi curing 
 herrings with .salt. 
 
 BucKEi! 1 DOE, John, was born at Dray- 
 cot near Mai'lborfiUgh. His worth, learuiig 
 and elo«|uence, rt.comrnendcd hnn to king 
 James, belor • v. honi he preached at Hamp- 
 ton court, to bring the Melvins and other 
 Sc<»tch presbvlcrian.'i to u true knowledge of 
 the diyi trines of the English church. Mo 
 was made bisho]) of Jiochester in 101 1, and 
 of Ely ilk lG'2S, an<l tiied three years after. 
 He wrote sontc sermons, but his chii ( work 
 is de potestate papic, kc. adversiis Beihir- 
 minuni. 
 
 Buck HOLD, John, a butcher of Leydtn, 
 who heailed the fanatical raob of anabaptists 
 at Munster, over whom he had the art to 
 make himsjtif king. After an obstinate siege 
 jNlunster was taken, and the seditious leader 
 ignominiousiy put to death 1530. 
 
 Buckingham. Vid. Villiers. 
 
 BucQ^UET, John Michael Baptist, a pliy- 
 sician, born at Paris where he died 1780, 
 aged 34, a victim to e.xccssive application. 
 lie was early noticed for his abilities iu every 
 bratieh of medical knowledge, and made pro- 
 fessor of chemistry, and member of the aca- 
 demy of sciences. His lectures were very- 
 popular, and particularly interesting. Se- 
 veral of his treatises are published in the 
 memoirs of the academy. 
 
 BuDiEus, William, was horn in Paris, in 
 1407. As he was of a noble family, atid heir 
 to a splendid fortune, he was early introdu- 
 ced in the schools of Paris and the university 
 of Orleans, but the expectations of his friends 
 were disappointed. He was regardless of 
 study, and totally attached to every species 
 of extravagance pnd dissipation, till at last 
 the follies of youth subsided, and from the 
 most debauched he became tlie most stu- 
 dious, regular, and virtuous man of his age. 
 He not only cultivated ^literature, but pa- 
 tronised it with all the warmth of friendship 
 ancJ interest in other.s, and to his advice and 
 influence with Fi-ancis I. France is inilebted 
 for the foundation of her royal college. He 
 was employed by tlie king as ambrissador to 
 Leo X. and died at Pr-ris !540, leaving four 
 sons and two daughters. His works which 
 are valuable were printed at Basil 1557, in 
 four vols. fol. Budicus was the frequent cor- 
 respondent of Erasmus, hut the eminence of 
 these two men rendered them jealous of 
 each other's reputation. 
 
 Bi'DD^us, Jolm Francis, was born at 
 Anclan in Pomei'ania, and was successively 
 professor at the ujuversity of Cobourg, Halle, 
 and Jena. He was learned and indefatigable 
 in hisstiulies, and as a professor popular and 
 eminent for clea^'ness, judgment, and taste. 
 He died at Jena 1729, aged 02. He wrote, 
 elementa pbilosophire, &c. three vols. Svo. — 
 a system of theology, two vols. 4to. — a Ger- 
 man historical dictionary, two vols. fol. and — 
 several other works. 
 
 BuDGELL, Eustace, descended from » 
 respectable family in Uevonshirej was born 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 made gentleman of the king's privy cham- 
 ber, and died justiciary of Ireland, 1548. 
 His songs and sonnets iiave beei, printed 
 ■with tliosc of iiis friend Surrey, and of sir 
 Thomas Wyatt. He also transhited from 
 tlie French a dispraise of the life of a cour- 
 tier, kc. 
 
 Bryant, Jacob, an eminent English 
 scholar, educated at Eton, and King's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he became M. A. 
 1744. He was oarly distinguished as a po- 
 lished classical scholar, and publislied ob- 
 servations and inquiries relating to various 
 parts of ancient history, 8vo. I76r, and a new 
 systen* nr analysis of mythology, wlierein an 
 attempt »s made to divest tradition of fable, 
 and to reduce truth to its original purity, 
 S vols. 4to. — a work of great merit. He 
 ■wrote besides valuable and ingenious disser- 
 tations on Balaam, Samson, Jonah — observa- 
 tions on disputed passages in Josephus, Jus- 
 tin Martyr, fUc. — a treatise on the authenti- 
 city of the holy scriptures — pamphlets on 
 the Kowleian controversy, and against Priest- 
 ley on necessity — observations on the plagues 
 of Egypt — dissertation on the war of Troy, 
 a work of Singular character, which, with 
 all the weapons of classical knowledge and 
 deep ar.d profound erudition, endeavors to 
 destroy our respect for the authenticity of 
 the iliad, and lo represent Homer, not as 
 the bard of Grecian and Trojan heroes, but 
 as the builder of a well wrought fiction Mr. 
 Br3'»i!t was tutor to the sons of the late duke 
 of MariiiOrongii, and in consequence of the 
 influence of his patron he obtained a lucra- 
 tive appointment in the ordnance ojfice. He 
 ■was thus er.abled to spend the rest of life in 
 the enjoyment of lea"ne<i ease, and in his fa- 
 ■vcrite retiremeiit in Berkshire, near Wind- 
 sor. This venerable scholar died in 1804, 
 aged 89, in couijeq'dence of a mortification in 
 his leg, occasioned by his striking it violently 
 against a chau' whilst attempting to reach a 
 book fr^m a shelf. 
 
 Bare II AN, son of Aulach, the son of Cor- 
 mach one of the Irish kings, is mentioned by 
 th : Welch historians as thv fnther of one of 
 the three holy families of Britain, from whom 
 Garthmathem, which was his ])atriniony, 
 was called Brecknock. His chiblren were 
 founders of various churches in Wales. He 
 died A. D. 450. 
 
 BuYEXTU'S, Nicephorns, the husband of 
 Anna (jomena, refused the throne of Con- 
 stantinople at the death of Alexis, his father- 
 in-law. He began the life of Alexis, which 
 he left unfinished at his death, 1167. it was 
 published at Paris 1661, with a Latin ver- 
 sion. 
 
 Bug, George, a learned antiquary, born 
 in Eincolnshire, and knighted by James I. to 
 whom he was master of the revels. He 
 Avrote the life of Iliciiard HI. in five books, 
 and supported the opinion that he was tie- 
 formed neitiuM' in body i:or mind, an idea 
 afterwards maintained by Horace AValpole 
 — a treatise on the ancient colleges, and 
 schools of learning in and near London — and 
 a treatise on the art of levels* 
 
 BucER, Martin, a Dominican, born in 
 Alsace, who early embraced the tenets of 
 Luther. He afterwards inclined more to 
 the opinions of Zuinglius, and, in his zeal for 
 the reformation, attempted in vain to recon- 
 cile these two powerful leaders. For 20 
 3'ears his eloquence was exerted atStrasburg 
 to establish the protestant cause, but the 
 turbulence of the times, and his opposition 
 to the views of the Catholics at Augsburg, 
 rendered him unpopular, .so that he received 
 with pleasure the invitations of Cranmer to 
 settle in England. He was received with 
 gratitude by the nation. Edward VI. treated 
 him with great kindness, and he was appoint- 
 ed theological professor at Cambridge, in 
 154y, where he died two years after. Five 
 years after, the persecutions of Mary were 
 extended to his remains, which were igno- 
 miniously burned, but the insult was repair- 
 ed by the good sense of Elizabeth. In lear- 
 ning, judgment, and moderation, Bucer was 
 inferior to none of the great reformers, and 
 with Melancthon he may be considered as 
 the best calculated to restore and maintain 
 unanimity among contending churches, and 
 opposite sects. His writings in Latin and 
 German were very numerous, and all ou 
 theological subjects. His first wife was a 
 nun, by whom he had 13 children, and when 
 she died in consequence of the plague, he 
 married a second, and, as some report, a 
 third tinie, 
 
 BucHAK, Elspeth, or Elizabeth, a mo- 
 dern fanatic, "who married Robert Buchan, 
 a common workman, in the service of Mr. 
 jMartin, a proprietor of the Delft works iti 
 Glasgow, by whom she had sevei'al children. 
 Her frecpient perusal of scripture, and a 
 most literal interpretation of many of its 
 mystical passages, so worked upon her pas- 
 sions, that she considei'ed herself as a ne\r 
 prophet in 1779, and inculcating the imme- 
 diate dissolution of the world, she gained to 
 her party a great number of the dissolute, 
 the unthinking, and the ignorant. These 
 Buchanites, as they v/ere called, travelled 
 through several parts of Scotland, and as 
 they had no thought for the morrow, but 
 considered tliat they should be fed like the 
 ravens of the air, aiul clothed like the lilies 
 of the field, their tloctrines appeared as fas- 
 cinating to the vulgar as they were wild and 
 extravagnnt. The cflects of this fanatical 
 sect might have been fatally felt on the mo- 
 rals and happiiicss of the ])eople, but Mrs. 
 Buchan died in May 1791, aged 5;3, and her 
 followers were soon dispersed. 
 Buchanan, George, a learned Scotchman^ 
 bor:i near Kellernt,', in Lenox, 1506. Though 
 his relations were poor, yet he was well edu- 
 cated by the advice of his uncle Heriot, who 
 foresaw his future eminence; and at Paris 
 iiiid in Scotland, he acipiired that learning 
 which coiitri!)Uted so nuich to his honor ami 
 the honor of his countiy. He early embraced, 
 from conviction, the tenets of Luther, and 
 at Paris became acquainted with the earl of 
 Cas.silis, M-itii who'u for five years lie was en- 
 gaged as au instructor and a friend. After 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 the death of Cassllis he was appointed hy the 
 king, preceptor to his niitural son the famous 
 Moray, but tlie jciilousy of the papists and 
 the severity of his satire ap^ainst the monks, 
 especially in his ])iece called Francis canns, 
 rentlered his situation so dangerous that he 
 fled to Kngland, aiul I'rom thence to France. 
 For three years, uralcr the iriendly patro- 
 nage of An<lre\v (jlovianus, he live«l in obscu- 
 rity at Bourdeaux, and taught in tlie public 
 schools there, and wrote four Latin trage- 
 dies, to draw the attention ol' his [)U|tils troin 
 the allegories of the moderns to the imitation 
 of the purer models of(ii'eecc and lionie. 
 The jealousy of cRrdinal Beaton, however, 
 who had persecuted him in Scotland, pur- 
 sued him in liij retirement, and he left Bour- 
 deaux for Coimbra, M'here, till the death of 
 his patron Govianus, he uas respected and 
 admired for his lectures in philosophy and 
 classical learning. Soon his opposition to 
 the Catholic tenets, and his being a foreigner, 
 rendered him suspected, and he was conlin.ed 
 hy his enemies in a monastery, where he 
 translated the psatms of David into Latin. 
 When set at liberty he embarked for Eng- 
 land, and then returned to France, where, in 
 1S54, the elegant dedication of his tragedy of 
 Jephtha procured him the friendship of 
 marshal de Cossi, who made Inm for five 
 years preceptor to his sou. In I56«), he was 
 made principal of St. Leonard's college, St. 
 Andrews, and invited by Mary of Scots to 
 he the future preceptor to her son ; but he 
 forgot Ids gratitude in the misfortunes of that 
 unhappy princess, and in his " Detection" 
 severely arraigned her character in favor of 
 his old pupil ^loray. The appointment which 
 Mary destined for him was confirmed hy the 
 states, and from him James YI. derived 
 much of the knowledge of literature and the 
 critical taste which he afterwards displayed 
 on the throne. In the thirteen last years of 
 his life, Buchanan was engaged in writing 
 the hisitsrr of his country, but though ncr- 
 Tous, elegant, and perspicuous, it is or-, asion- 
 ally deficient in fidelity and accuracy. He 
 died at Edinburgh 28th February, 158^2. His 
 character is painted in varioiLS and opposite 
 colors, according to the partiality of the 
 protestants and the odiuru of the catholics, 
 hut posterity views him as an able scholar, 
 whose mind was stored with all the fii-e, tlie 
 elegance, and the graces of ancient litera- 
 ture, and who, in a barbarous age, revived 
 the beauties and the sublimities of the Ro- 
 man muse. His works were published to- 
 gether Edinburgli, 2 vols. fol. 171-i. 
 
 BucHNER, Augustus, a native of Dres- 
 den, professor of poetry and eloquence at 
 Wittcmberg, where he died 1C61, aged 70. 
 tie Avrote precepts of literature, &c. 
 
 Bi CHOT.TiER, Abraham, a native of Sko- 
 naw near "Wiltemberg, who died at Freis- 
 tadt where he was pastor, 1584, aged 55. 
 He wrote a valuable index chronolc;^icus 
 utrius([ue testamenti, 1616, Svo. often repub- 
 lished. 
 
 BucKELDivs, William, a native of Voi- 
 der, who died at Biervliet in li49. He was 
 
 publicly lionoi'ed with n superb monument' 
 by the Dutch, who gratefully remeiuLicri-ed 
 his ingenious invention of the mode oi cui-ing 
 herrings with aalt. 
 
 JiucKEi! 1 !K;e, .)(»hii, was born at Dray- 
 cot near Marlborough. His worth, leariiUig 
 and elo>|tii'tiee, recomrnendt (1 hiin to kmg 
 James, belor • v. Ijoni he pleached at Hamp- 
 too court, to bring the McUins and other 
 Scotch presbytcrians to u true knowledge of 
 the ilwrtrines of the I'ingliHh churth. He 
 was made bisho]) of iiocliester in lbll,and 
 of Ely in 1028, an<l tlicd three years after. 
 He wrote some sermons, but his chit i work 
 is de polestate papie, bcc. uflversiis Bellar- 
 minuiu. 
 
 BucKHOT. n, John, a butcher of Leyden, 
 who headed the fanatical mob of anabaptists 
 at Munstcr, over whom he hud the art to 
 make himself king. After an obstinate siege 
 Alunster was taken, and the seditious leader 
 ignominiously put to death IjoG. 
 
 Buckingham. Vid. Vii.liers. 
 
 JiucQ^uET, John Micliael Baptist, a pliy. 
 sician, born at Paris where he died 1780, 
 aged 34, a victim to e.\ccssive application. 
 lie was early noticed for his abilities in every 
 branch of medical knowledge, and made pro- 
 fessor of chemistry, and member of the aca- 
 demy of sciences. His lectures were very 
 popular, and particularly interesting. Se- 
 veral of his treatises are published in the 
 memoirs of the academy. 
 
 BudjEits, William, was born in Paris, in 
 1467. As he was of a noble family, and heir 
 to a splendid fortune, he was early introdu- 
 ced in the schools of Paris and the university 
 of Orleans, but the expectations of his friends 
 were disapiiointed. He was regardless of 
 study, and totally attached to every species 
 of extravagance pnd dissipation, till at last 
 the follies of youth subsided, and from the 
 most debauched he became the most stu- 
 dious, regular, and virtuous man of his age. 
 He net only cultivated Jiterature, but pa- 
 tronised it M'ith all the warmth of friendship 
 aiKJ interest in other.s, and to his advice and 
 influence with Francis I. France is imlebted 
 for the foundation of her royal college. He 
 was employed by the king as ambrissador to 
 Leo X. and died at Pi>ris !540, leaving four 
 sons and two daughters. Mis works which 
 are valuable were piititcd at Basil 1557, in 
 four vols. fol. Buda^us was the frequent cor- 
 respondent of Erasmus, hut th.e eminence of 
 these two men rendered them jealous of 
 each other's reputation. 
 
 Bi'DDiEus, John Francis, was born at 
 Anclan in Pomernnia, and was successively 
 professor at the uriversity of Cobourg, Hallc; 
 and Jcnu. He was learned and indefatigable 
 in his studies, and as a professor popular and 
 eminent ftjr elea^'ness, judgment, and taste. 
 He died at Jena 1729, aged 02. He wrote 
 elementa pbilosophiie, &c. three vols. Svo. — 
 a system of theologv, two vols. 4to. — a Ger- 
 man historical dictionary, two vols. fol. and — 
 several other works. 
 
 BuDGELL, Eustace, descended from a 
 respectable family ia Uevousliirej was born 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 at St. Tliomas Hear Exeter, and educated at 
 Christ church, Oxford, from Avhence he re- 
 raoved to the Inner Temple. Instead Jiow- 
 ever of studying for celebrity in the law, he 
 cultivated i)olitc literature, and became the 
 associate of persons of rank and of fashion. 
 When Addison, wlio was cousin to his mo- 
 ther, was appointed secretary to lord Whar- 
 ton the viceroy of Ireland, Eudg^ell was pre- 
 tailed to accompany him, 1710, in tlie hum- 
 bler occupation of one of the clerks of his 
 office. About this time he began his literary 
 career, and with Steele and Addison divided 
 the public favour, as a writer in the Specta- 
 tor, where his numbers were marked w ith 
 the letter X. He also afterwards contribu- 
 ted largely to the Guardian, where his pa- 
 pers are designated with an asterisk. I'he 
 elevation of Addison to Idgher offices in the 
 «tate was shared by his friend, who now be- 
 came an active and eloquent member of the 
 Irish parliament, and was appointed accomp- 
 tant general of tlie kingdom. An unfortu- 
 nate dispute however with Webster, the se- 
 cretary of the duke of Bolton the succeeding 
 viceroy, destroyed the future prospects of 
 Budgcll, who retorted against his antagonist 
 ■with great severity, and did not even spare 
 the character of his patron. The lampoons 
 were too scurrilous to be forgiven, Budgell, 
 by the influence of the duke, was removed 
 from his office, and by his intemperate con- 
 duct in publishing his viiidicatien, he drew 
 upon himself notonly the ridicule and the odi- 
 um of thepublic, butthe strongest though dis- 
 regarded reprehensions of his friend and 
 kinsman Addison. To this ruined state of 
 public character, and to other disappoint- 
 ments, Budgell had to add, in 1720, Ihe fail- 
 ure of the South Sea scheme, in which he 
 lost above 20,000/. and his discomfiture in 
 nis attempts to gain a seat in parliament, 
 ■which cost him more than 50(X)/. Thus baf- 
 fled in his pursuits, and ruined in his for- 
 tunes, he began to look for support in the 
 employment of his pen, but his libellous at- 
 tacks on Walpole and the ministry left little 
 doubt that his senses were occasionally im- 
 paired by the misfortunes and the unkind- 
 ness which he had met ni the world. lie 
 was engaged in the Craftsman, and after- 
 wards published about 100 numbei's of a 
 weekly pamphlet called the Bee ; butthougli 
 the duchess of Marlborough, to whose hus- 
 band he was distantly related gave him 1000/. 
 and Dr. Tir.dal left him by his will 2000/. yet 
 he continued to be a prey to want, involved 
 in debts which he could not discharge, and 
 exposed to law-suits. To the bar, the desti- 
 ned career of his youth, he liad recourse, 
 but this also failed, and in the midst of his 
 despair and distraction he took a boat at So- 
 merset stairs, after having previously filled 
 his pockets with stojtes, and directing the 
 watermen to shoot the bridge, he, when 
 under the arches, threw himself into the 
 river, and never rose more. This melan- 
 choly event happened in 1756, and might 
 have been appreliended from the disordered 
 State of mind and coiwluct which for some 
 
 days preceded it. On his table he left a pa- 
 per, containing these words, 
 
 " IVhat Cato did, and Addison approved, 
 
 *' Cannot be wj-on^." 
 Budgell, as a writer, was ingenious, lively, 
 and interesting, scarce inferior to the elegant 
 style of Addison, and rising above the greater 
 part of English essayists. In his conduct be 
 was impetuous, irascible, and X)roud, in his 
 opinions a sceptic, in his morals a profligate. 
 Besides the works mentioned, he wrote the 
 life of theBoyles, and translated Theophras- 
 tus' characters, dedicated to lord HaUfax, 
 and by some he was supposed, but falsely, 
 to be concerned in Tindal's Christianity as 
 old as the creation. 
 
 BuFFAi.MACo, Bonamico, an eminent 
 historical painter, born at Florence. He 
 advised his friend Bruno to represent the fi- 
 gures of his paintings with labels, so as to in- 
 troduce a living scene. He died 1340, aged 
 79. 
 
 Buffet, Margaret, a Parisian lady, who 
 wrote an interesting eulogy on learned wo- 
 men, besides observations on the French 
 language. 
 
 BuFFiER, Claude, a French writer, born 
 in Poland. He died at Paris 1737, aged 76. 
 His writings were ingenious and interesting. 
 His most esteemed work is a course of sci- 
 ences, on principles new and simple, to forna 
 and engage the understanding and the heart, 
 fol. 1732. 
 
 Buffo N, George Louis le Clerc count 
 de, a learned French philosopher, born at 
 Montbard, in Burgundy, 7th September, 
 1707. His father destined him for his own 
 profession, the law, but nature had marked 
 him for the stdjlimer studies of philosophy. 
 After travelling in Italy, where the works^of 
 art were disregarded by his inquisitive mind 
 for the more attractive charms of nature, 
 and after visiting for three short months the 
 English dominions, he fixed his residence at 
 home, and began his career of fame by devo- 
 ting every day fourteen hours to his favorite 
 .studies. At the death of his mother he in- 
 herited a princely fortune of about 12,000^. 
 per annum, but neither pleasure nor opu- 
 lence diverted the train of his learned occu- 
 pations. In composition he exhibited the 
 severest correctness ; his works when finish- 
 ed were set aside, and some time after, the 
 author returned to the task with all the im- 
 partiality of a stranger, butthe scrutinizing 
 eye of criticism. Though so strongly devo- 
 ted to the sciences, yet he was fond of com- 
 pany ; his table displayed hospitality, and 
 his conversation was easy, pleasant, and void 
 of all aftectation of pedantry and superior 
 knowledge. His favorite authors were Mon- 
 tesquieu, Fenelon, and Richardson. He lived 
 to a good old age, and died 16th April, 1788. 
 His death was hastened by the violence of 
 disease; 5G stones were found in his bladder, 
 which his medical attendants declared they 
 could have removed, if he had been willing 
 to submit to the operation. His funeral was 
 honorably attended by the learned and the 
 great, and 2!J,000 spectators are skid to havR 
 
BU 
 
 Bi; 
 
 assembled to view liis remains borne to the 
 vault of Moiilbard, where he m ished to bf 
 placed near hi.s uile. In the gartleiis ol 
 Mnntliard, near a lui^h tow er, was erected 
 by his only son, a small colunjn, with these 
 words, 
 
 ExcelSip titrri 
 Jlumilis colnmna, 
 J-'iivcii.ti a no 
 Fil. huj/'on. 
 Btiffon translated Xe\\((Mi's ilnxioiig, and 
 Hale's staiics, hut liis great and immortal 
 •work is his " liistoii-e nalui-elle," 35 vols. 
 4to. :;r O'J l'3mo. 174'J — 17G5. 'I'hongh his 
 writings are so deservedly entitled to cele- 
 brity, yet, like other great men, he is not 
 Aviihout his faults. Some critics have exjjo- 
 sed to rnlicule the system which, in divioiiig 
 the whole animal world into six classes, 
 ranks in the same order men and quadru- 
 peds, the lion with the bat, the horse with 
 the hog, as beasts of burden, and the crab 
 and the oyster, as insects with lice and fleas, 
 and the sheh-fish as a worm. De la Cejtede 
 has wrrtten a warm eulogium on his friend, 
 and with equal truth and flattciy he sus- 
 pends in the temple of genius the four lamps 
 of Montesquieu, Voltaire, liousseau, and 
 BufTon. In his i)rivate character Bullbn was 
 a libertine, occasionally vain and puerile. 
 The works of men of genius, he would ex- 
 claim, are few, only those of Newton, Mon- 
 tesquieu, Leibnitz, and my own. His son 
 suffered during the reign of terror, and was 
 guillotined in 1793, exclaiming triumphantly 
 on the scaffold, "citizens, my name isHuf- 
 fon." 
 
 BuGENHACEN, John, a native of Wollin, 
 in Pomerania, the adversary, and afterwards 
 the friend and missionary- of Luther. He 
 preached the new tenets over Germany with 
 great success, and died at Wittemherg 1558, 
 aged 73. He wrote commentaries on the 
 scriptures, Sec. 
 
 BuGiARDiNi, Juliano, a painter of Flo- 
 rence, who died 1556, aged 75. He was 
 highly esteemed by .Michael Angelo, and 
 excelled chiefly in historical paintings, and 
 in landscapes. 
 
 BuiSTER, Philip, a sculptor of Brussels, 
 who died at Paris, 1G88, aged 93. His sta- 
 tues adorn Versailles anil Paris. 
 
 BuKERTOP, Henry de an ecclesiastic of 
 Antwerp, who died at L mvain '27lii May, 
 1716. He wrote various works of controver- 
 sv, Stc. 
 
 Bi'LL, John, a native of Somersetshire, 
 admitted 15S0 bachelor of music at Oxford, 
 and doctor at Camhridge. He was so skilful 
 in music that he was appointed organist to 
 the Queen's chai)el, and on the estal)lishiiicnt 
 of Gresham college, he was elected professor 
 of music, and permitted to delivej- his lec- 
 tures in English. He travelled aflerw ards in 
 Germany and France, and at last w ent to re- 
 side in the Netherlands, w here the archduke 
 patronised him. He died at Lubec, or ac- 
 cording to Wood, at Hamburgh, about the 
 year 1615, aged little more than 50. His 
 compositions in the collection entitled " Par- 
 
 thenie,** show him to have had great p©wei1? 
 of execi'.tiot. on the haipsichoni. 
 
 15 L 1,1-, <ieorge, bishfjp of St. David's, was 
 born at \Vells Zj{.\\ March, 163-i. After be- 
 ing at school at Wells and Tiverton, he en- 
 t»r<(l atLxetcr colli gc, Oxford, in I(j*S; but 
 refusing to Lake the <<alh of allegiance to the 
 commonwealth, the n»xt year he left the 
 uiiivei-sity, and r- tired into Somer.sctshii-e, 
 where the good sense and pious dispositioa 
 of one of" his sister-s removed evei'y a|)[>ear- 
 ancc of levity, which the ifiexperience oi' 
 youth, or the turbulence of the times, might 
 have di-awn o\er his character. Under the 
 care of Wdliani I'homas, a puritan of exten- 
 sive learning and aniiable manner-s, he made 
 l)rogress in divinity, and, at the age of U'., he 
 was ordained by Skinnei', tlie ejected bishop 
 of Oxford, and soon after was appointed mi- 
 nister of St. (Jeorge's, near UristM. In this 
 capacity he gained llie esteem aeid reverence 
 of his parishioners, and by an extempore use 
 of the prayei's of the litni-gy, which were at 
 this time publicly forbidclen, he recommend- 
 ed himself to the good opinion of all parties. 
 Me married in 1658, and was made rector of 
 Suddington in (ilocestershire ; and ourin'>- 
 the 27 years of his residence in this parish he 
 composed the greatest part of his valuable 
 works. His excellent defence of the Aicene 
 creed procured him, in 1685, the honorable 
 degree of D.I). frora the gratitude of the uni- 
 versity of Oxford ; and after passing through 
 the several preferments of jjrebendary of 
 Glocester, rector of Avening, Glocestersliire, 
 and archdeacon of Landaff, he was at last ele- 
 vated to the see of St. David's in 1705, where 
 he resided in pastf)ral dignity, and died l-'e- 
 bruary 17, 1709. Of eleven children by the 
 daughter of Mr Gregory, minister of Ciren- 
 cester, only tw o survived him. His chief 
 works, besides the Defensiofidei Xicente, are 
 his liarmonia apostolica — apologia — exaraen 
 censurse — judicium ecclesiie catholica;, a work 
 lor which he was thanked by Bossuet and 
 other French ecclesiastics — primitiva apos- 
 tolica traditio de J. C. divir.atione, besides 
 various discourses, publisliei! by Nelson, in -i 
 vols.Svo. His character was great, am! amiable 
 in private as well as in public life. His lear- 
 ning, as his judicious editor, Nelson, observes, 
 was tempered w itli that modest and humble 
 opinion of it that made it shine with greater 
 lustre He not oidy inculcated, but in his 
 conduct displayed all the meek and endear- 
 ing virtues of benignity, humility, prudence, 
 piety, and purify of the primiti\e ages of 
 (."hristianity ; and in his last mon)ents exhi- 
 bited that mild resignation which was the 
 best proof of his hofjes and reliance on the 
 great Irullis of the gospel. Mis Latin works 
 were edited by Dr. Grabc, one vol. foiio 
 
 BuLLER, Francis, an English judge, de- 
 scended from a I'espectahle famil\, long set- 
 tled in Cornwall and Dex'onshire. From 
 Westniinster school he entered at the Tem- 
 ple, and was called to the bar in 1763. As a 
 special pleader, and at the bar he soon ac- 
 quired rejiutatioti ; and by his marriage alli- 
 ance with I^d But'uurst, he obtained thv 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 dimity of Welsh judge, and soon after that 
 of justice in llie king's bench His aljilitics, 
 his knowledge, anil his iiitegrit\, eiiavired 
 him here the friendship of lord .Mansfield, 
 ■who wished liirn to be his successor; but the 
 interest of lord Kenyon ])revailed over Iiis 
 recommendation; in conseqoence of wliich 
 sir Francis, who was made a baronet, re- 
 movefl to the common pl'jas. He died sud- 
 denly, Jnne 4, 1800, universally respected as 
 a gooil lawyer and an imparlial judge. He 
 published, in 1772, an inU'otluction to the 
 }aw of nisi prius, a work of acknowledged 
 Tneril among lawyers. 
 
 Bullet, John Baptist, died Ctli Septem- 
 ber, 1775, aged 7G, at Btsancnn, where lie 
 Avas dean uf the university. He pul)lishetl a 
 history of the estabhshment of Christianity, 
 taken fi-om Jewish and pagan authors, in 4to. 
 —the existence of God demonstrated from 
 nature — dissertation on the history of France, 
 8vo. — answers to unbelievers — memoirs on 
 the C'eltic tongue, 3 vols. fol. &c. He pos- 
 sessed a most retentive memory ; but though 
 his works are learned and useful, th'-v do 
 not display cither grace of diction, or ele- 
 gance of style. 
 
 BuLLEVX, AVilliam, an English physi- 
 cian, born in the isle of Ely, and educated 
 both at O.vford and Cambridge, according to 
 historians. He travelled on the continent 
 for ids improvement in the knowledge of 
 medicine and botany, and at last settled at 
 Durham, v here he practised with great re- 
 putation and success. Tanner repoi-ts that 
 he was a clergyman as well as a physician, 
 and that he v.as for four years rector of 
 Blaxall in Sutiblk. He published sevex'al 
 medical works, which are no longer in re- 
 pute ; and was universally esteemed as a po- 
 lished scholar and as a man of probity, bene- 
 volence, and piety. He died in London 1570, 
 ad was buried at St. Giles, Cripplegite, in 
 the same grave w here his brother, Richard, 
 a divine, had, thirteen years before, been 
 deposited. He was fa!?fely accused of mur- 
 dering Thomas Hilton, his patient, who died 
 of a malignant fever; and thougb honorably 
 acquitted, his prosccut;)rs imprisoned him 
 for debt. His jiortrait appears in his go- 
 Ttrnment of health, and in the bulwark of 
 defence. 
 
 BuLLiALDUS, Ismael, an astronomer, 
 born at Laon, in the isle of France. He tra- 
 velled in hib joutb in pursuit of knowledge, 
 and in a more advanced j)eriod he visited tlie 
 famous Hevelius at Dantzic, whose works, 
 like his ow n, had commanded the applause 
 of mankind. He died at Paris 1694, aged 89. 
 His works were, de natura lucis — Philolaus, 
 in four bf)oks, with tables of the system, re- 
 vived by Copernicus — opus novum ad arilh- 
 meticam infinitoruin — treatise on spiral lines 
 — and astronomite et philol. fundamcnta, 
 against AV'ard, the learned bi.ship of Sarum. 
 
 Bllhaud, N. a French botanist of emi- 
 nence, author of Flora Parisiensis, 8vo. — tlie 
 herbal of France, 13 vols. fol. 1780 — dictio- 
 naire elementaire de botanique, foi. — history 
 of poisonous plants in France, fol. — bistoire 
 
 des cliRmpignons de France. He died at 
 Paris 1793, aged 41. 
 
 BuLLiNGER, Henry, -was horn at Ben- 
 garten, near Zurich, and educated at Co- 
 logne In his stutlies in theology, he ir.clined 
 to the doctrines of the Carthusians; but the 
 si)irited writings of Melancthon fixed hi* 
 faith, and, instead of supporting the errors 
 of the ciiurch of Home, lie became a warm 
 advocate for the tenets of the pmtestants. la 
 15119 he settled as protestant minister in his 
 native town, where, by his wife, who died ia 
 1564, he had six sons and five daughters. 
 He was the friend and tlie pupil of Zuinglius, 
 and, after the death of that famous reff)rmer, 
 w ho was slain in a battle fought in 1521, iu 
 consequence of tlie religious differences of 
 the cantons, he succeeded him as ])astor of 
 Zurich, where he had taken refuge with his 
 affrighted family. He diecl 17th September, 
 1575. His works are numerous, and all on 
 polemical subjects, in 10 vols. His kindness 
 to the English divines who tied to Switzer- 
 land from the i)ersecutions of Mary, de- 
 serves to be recorded Mith every commen- 
 dation. He ably confuted the pope's bull 
 whicli excommunicated queen Elizabeth, of 
 which a translation has been published, Iw 
 his capacity of minister of Zurich, he exerted 
 himself much and successfully for the benefit 
 of the poor, and for tbe moral and religious 
 education of his parisliioners. 
 
 BuLTEAu, Louis, a native of Rouen, 
 who succeeded his uncle as secretary to the 
 French king, and afterwards became a Be- 
 nedictine monk of St. Maur. He wrote aa 
 abridgement of the histo;y of the Benedic- 
 tine order — essay on the monastic history of 
 the east — besides a translation of St. Gre- 
 gory's dialogues. He died loQS, aged 78. 
 
 BuLWEK, John, an English physician, 
 author of several works on pby^Jognomy — 
 the language of the hand — and instructions 
 to the deaf and dumb. His most curious 
 book is Anthropometamorphosis, in which 
 he mentions what various shapes and dresses 
 men have assumed in the different ages of 
 the world. lie wrote also Palhomyoamia, 
 or dissection of the significative muscles of 
 the affections of the mind. He lived in the 
 16th century. 
 
 Bu XEL, Peter, a native of Toulouse, who 
 distinguished himself as a correct writer of 
 the Latin language. He improved himself 
 by travelling in Italy, and was patronised by 
 tbe French ambassador at Venice. He died 
 of a fever at Turin in 1546, aged 47, as he 
 was making the tour of Italy as tutor to the 
 son of his friend de Faur. The magisti-ates 
 of Toulouse erected a marble statue to his 
 memory, as a tribute to liis great abilities, 
 and tbe nnblemisbed respectability of his pri- 
 vate character. His epistles were published 
 by Stevens 1581, and also at Toulouse 1687, 
 
 BuXEL, Jacob, a native of Blois, 1558, 
 eminent as a painter. He was brought up 
 under Zucchero, aiid executed, among other 
 things, that finished piece representiiig the 
 descent of the Holy Ghost, preserved at 
 Rome in the church of the Augustine^, 
 
BU 
 
 15 U 
 
 RuKEL, William, ft pliysicinn ofTonlouse, 
 wlio publJslicd, ill 15 IJ, a treatise on ilic 
 j)lai<iie. 
 
 JJuNNiCK, John, ii Flemish painter, born 
 at Utrecht, who iliieflv exi-c-lled in histoii/al 
 pieces, ile ilieil 1727, aj^etl 73. His bro- 
 ther Jacob was eciually eminent in the re- 
 pi'cseiitalion of sea hatlles. Ho (lie«l 1725. 
 
 lit'NO.v, Robert, uii eminent dentist at 
 Paris, wiio pnhiished some learned treatises 
 on his ai-t. He died 17 iS, aged 40. 
 
 Hi . WAN', John, son of a linker, was horn 
 at Elslow, near JJedford. The trillin.^ in- 
 slrticlicin which he received was ([uickly for- 
 gotten, by tiie indnli^ence of every vicious 
 propensity ; hut his i-areer of vice was sto[)- 
 ped by the sudden darting of a voice from 
 Fieavei\ into his soul, say his biographers, 
 which bade iiim either to leave his sins, or 
 follow them and [)erish in hell. From this 
 circumstance his mode of liie was altered, 
 and, after being for a little time a st)ldier in 
 the jjarliament army, where he behaved 
 bravely at the siege of Leicester, he esta- 
 blished himself as a baptist preacher at Bed- 
 ford ; but, as the holder of a conventicle, he 
 ■was adjudged to be imprisoned for life. Du- 
 ring his coiifmeiuent, he u rote several of his 
 ■works, and maintained himself by making- 
 long tagged tliread laces, till, after more than 
 twelve long years' im]>risonment, he was h- 
 berated by the conj passionate interference 
 of Barlow, bishop of Lincoln. When re- 
 stored to liberty, lie travelled through Eng- 
 land to visit aiid comfort the brethren of his 
 persuasion ; and on the publication of tlie 
 act of toleration by James IL he built a 
 meeting house at Bedford, wlierc his doc- 
 ti'ines became popular. He died of a fever, 
 in London, in 1688, aged 60, leaving four 
 children, one of whom. Alary, was born 
 blind. His works were collected and pub- 
 lished in two vols, folio, 1736-7. The most 
 celebrated of his compositions is Ids Pilgrim's 
 progress, a work which, under an allegorical 
 form, conveys and recommends the sublimest 
 truths and purest virtues of morality and re- 
 ligion. It was written during his imprison- 
 ment, and has passed through more than 50 
 editions, and been translated into various 
 languages. 
 
 BuoMMATEi, Benedict, an ecclesiastic, 
 born at Florence, and chiefly known for his 
 work on the Tuscan langunge, in which he 
 gives very useful rules for the writing of Ita- 
 lian. He died 1647. 
 
 Buo>:acorsi, IMiilip, a native of Tus- 
 cany, who, after the fashion of the times, 
 called himself by the new name of Callimaeo 
 Esperiente. He removed from Rome upon 
 being siispeoted of forming a conspir.icy 
 against Paul II. and settled in Poland as tu- 
 tor to Albert the son of king Casimir. IJis 
 abilities were also employed in several hon- 
 orable embassies and as ])rime minister. He 
 died at Cracow 1496, aged 59. He wrote a 
 life of Attila — of Ladislaus king of Polaml 
 before Casimir, besides other works, highly 
 esteemed. 
 
 BUONACORSI, 01" PeRRIN DEL VaGO, 
 
 I a painter of Tuscany, suckled by a she-goat. 
 'Miougli originally poor, and engaged in 
 \):iitjting cimrch camlles, yet his genius raised 
 him to eminence, and, after stinlyingiit iCome 
 and Florence, he <liilinguished himself as a 
 perfect master in lini.shing the finest works 
 of decoration. He died suddenly 1547, in 
 his 47tli ye:ir, when engaged in the ceiling of 
 thf hall of kings at the \ alican. 
 
 BuoN AFEUE, Appiano, a native ofComn- 
 cio. Letter knov.n undi r the names of A[)i)io 
 ameo de faba, and ,\gaijisto Crowiazanio. 
 ile was known as a jjoet and elegant writer, 
 and was ab!>ot of the ("eleslines. The best 
 of his poems is the poetical iconology of great 
 men, in Italian, r)fien edited; and the best 
 prose performr.nce is the hibtoi-y aiid spirit 
 of eveiy sort of jdiilosophy, G vols. 4to. He 
 died at Rome 1 792. 
 
 BuoNAMici, Lazaru.s, a native of Bas- 
 sano, educated at Padua. He was tutor in 
 tlieCampeggi family, and ai'terwards became 
 professor of belles lettres in tiie Sajiienza 
 college at Ifome. At the sacking of that 
 city, 1527, he escaped with difficulty, and 
 with the loss of all his property, and three 
 years after went to Padua, where he read 
 lectures on rhetoric with great applause. 
 His letters and poems were published at 
 \ enice 1572. He died 1552, aged 73. 
 
 BuoxAMici, Castrucio, a native of Luc- 
 ca, who studied at Rome, and devottd him- 
 self to the clerical profession. Not meet- 
 ing, however, with the encouragement which 
 he expected, he turned his attention to the 
 military life, and bore arms with courage 
 and distinction in the service of the king of 
 Naples. He devoted much of his time to 
 study, and ])ublished the history of the war 
 of Velletri, in 4to. 1746, and, four years af- 
 ter, the history of the last war of Italy, in 3 
 vols. 4to. which proc'.ired him from the duke 
 of Parma, the hereditary title of count, and 
 from tiie king the I'ank of commissary-gene- 
 ral, and a i)eiision. These works are highly 
 esteemed, for the purity of llie Latinity, and 
 tlie accuracy of the narration. The author 
 died in his ntiiive city in 1761, in his 5UtU 
 year. 
 
 BuoNAROTTi, or BuoxAROTA, Mi- 
 chael Angeio, a celebrated painter. Vid. 
 A x G E I, o . 
 
 BuoNDELMONTE, a young Florentine, 
 in the beginning of tlie loth century, who 
 had proniised t<» marry a daughter of the fa- 
 mily of the Amidei, but afterwards espoused 
 the more beautiful daughter of the Uonati. 
 This conduct prijvcked the resentment of 
 the slighted fair and of Jier relations, and by 
 their intrigues the youthfu! bridegroom was. 
 a.^jsassinated. The report of this murder 
 was no sooner known, than the whole city 
 was in commotion. The nobility was ilivided 
 into two p.irts, and the (piaiMel became ge- 
 neral, so tliat the friends of Buondelmonto 
 took the name of Guelfs, and supporlcd the 
 power of the pope, and tiieir opponents that 
 of Gibelins, who were attached to the inte- 
 rests of tlie emperor. The animosity thus 
 excited lusted foi- luany ccoUries, »u(l caused 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 Bloodshed and devastation in the city of Flo- 
 rence. 
 
 BuoNFlGLio, Joseph Constant, a Nea- 
 politan, known us the learned author ot" two 
 excellent books, the ancient and modern 
 historv of Sicily and Venice, '2 vols. 4to. 
 1604— ^and the liistory of Messina, 1606, 
 4to. 
 
 BuoNTALENTi, Bei'nai'do, surnamed 
 Cirondile, was distinguished for his know- 
 ledge of architecture, of sculpture, of hy- 
 draulics, and also for his miniatures and his- 
 torical pieces. His madonnas Avas g-reatly 
 admired, When an infatit, the house of his 
 father, on the Arno, fell down, and destroy- 
 ed all the iidiabitants besides himself. His 
 distress was made known to the duke of 
 Florence, who nobly supported and patro- 
 nised him, and thus enabled him to become 
 the honor of his country. He died 1608, 
 aged 61. 
 
 BuPALus, a sculptor of anti(|uity, B. C. 
 540. His ueformed statue of Hipponax the 
 poet, was noticed with such severity of sa- 
 tire by the angry bard, that the sculptor and 
 his brother Athenis hanged themselves in 
 despair. 
 
 B ORCHARD, tutor of Conrad the em- 
 peror, was made bishop of Worms, and 
 died 10-26. liis canons or decrees were pub- 
 lished at Cologi^e 1548. 
 
 BuRCHELLo, Dominico, a harher at 
 Florence, whose wit and genius rendered 
 jbim the favorite of his countrymen. He 
 "wrote sonnets and lighter pieces, which 
 have gained the admiration of critics, and 
 rank him high among Italian poets. Occa- 
 sionally obscure, an<l sometimes enigmati- 
 cal, he is censurable for the little respect 
 vihich he paid to good manners. He died 
 at Rome 1448, aged 68. The best edi- 
 tion of his poems is that of Florence, 8vo. 
 1568. 
 
 BuRi?, Williani de, a bookseller at Paris, 
 known for his great knowledge of old, cu- 
 rious, and valuable books. His bibliographic 
 instructive, 7 vols. 8vo. — and musceum typo- 
 grapliicum, 12mo. are much esteemed. He 
 died 1782, Jidy 15. 
 
 BuRE, Catharine, a learned lady of Swe- 
 den, whose Latin coirespondence with ano- 
 ther Swedish lady, Vandela Skylte, has 
 been printed, and displays elegance of lan- 
 guage, correctness of style, and delicacy of 
 expression. Slie died 1679, aged 77. 
 
 Burette, Peter Joliii, a physician of 
 Paris, who diet! there 1747, aged 82. He 
 was the son of a musician, and played with 
 his father before Lewis XIV. but at the age 
 of 18 he quitted the profession for litera- 
 ture. He became an elegant and polished 
 scholar ; and besides his many valuable con- 
 tributions to the memoirs of the academy, 
 on the games of the ancients, and other cu- 
 rious sul>jects, he was engaged in the journal 
 des savaiis. His treatise on the s\mphony of 
 the ancients is much a<lmired. He was also 
 an able orientalist, and as a professor of 
 medicine in the royal college, and a reader 
 em the materia lusdiea, he acquired great 
 
 applause. The catalogue of his library ift- 
 contained in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Burger, Godfred Augustus, a native of 
 Wolmerswende in Germany, who studied 
 divinity at Halle, and afterwards applied 
 to the profession of law at Gottingon. Poe- 
 try, however, was his favorite pursuit, and 
 the productions of Shakspeare gave him 
 more real pleasure than any other employ- 
 ment. He was for. some time engaged ia 
 the periodical publication of the alma.iac of 
 the muses from 1770 to 1775, and of the 
 German museum, and translated witli great 
 spirit the tragedy of Macbeth, which was 
 acted at Hamburgh. His l.eonora, so wild 
 and terrific, is well known in England. 
 Burgei', who was fickle in his pursuits, was 
 for some } ears engaged as a steward to baron 
 L^slar, and as a farmer ; and in the latter 
 part of hfe he was jirofessor at Gottingen. 
 He was three times married, and was di- 
 vorced from his third wife, who was herself 
 a poetess, but of an immoral character. He 
 died of a consumption 1794, aged 46. 
 
 BuRGES, Cornelius, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, educated at Oxford, where he took 
 hi degree of D. D. He was chaplain to 
 Charles I. but, on the breaking out of the 
 civil wars, he sided with the parliament, and 
 enriched himself by the plunder of that 
 church, which it was his duty to support. 
 At the restoration, his ill-gotten wealth was 
 torn with difficulty from his grasp. He died 
 1665. Some of his sermons and other tracts 
 have been printed. 
 
 Burgh, Ulick de, marqnis of Clanri- 
 carde, was know n for his courtesy and loy- 
 alty, and was author of memoirs relative to 
 the Irish rebellion, published 8vo. 17^2, and 
 improved 1757 in fol. a work instructive and 
 intei-esling, from the character which judge 
 Lindsey has given to the writer. He died 
 1657. 
 
 Burgh, James, a popular writer, born 
 at Madderty in Perthsire. After stud3ing a 
 little time at St. Andrew's for the clerical 
 profession, which his health did not permit 
 him to pursue, he engaged in the linen trade, 
 and was unsuccessful. Disappointed at home, 
 he came to England, where for one year 
 he was engaged in correcting the press, in 
 the house of an eminent printer, and from 
 thence he went as assistant in the grammar 
 school at Marlow, whei-e he published, 
 1746, Britain's remembrancer, a book uni- 
 versally read and admired, and considered 
 as the finished production of some of the 
 bi.shops. On leaving Marlow he was en- 
 gaged in the same laborious employment at 
 Enfield, and afterwards, in 1747, he opened 
 a school on his own account at Stoke New- 
 ington, and three years after he removed to 
 New'ngton (ireen, where for 19 years, with 
 great reputation and success, he trained 
 many respectable pupils to the knowledge 
 of literature, and the practice of virtue and 
 morality. In 1771, he retired to the en- 
 joyment of competence and tranquillity at 
 Islington ; but great is the uncertainty of 
 life, and so fleeting its pleasures, that he 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 found himself grievously attacked by a stone 
 in liis bladder, wliich uliile it exposed iiiiii 
 to exquisite Jiaiii, eiialjled ijini to display llie 
 greatest patience and resii;iiati(m, till lie was 
 hiip|>ily released, 'JGth All};. 1775, in his 
 61st year. His other writings were, ihoiiglits 
 on education — poliiical dis(piisitions, A vols. 
 — Ciito or essays, liJ vols. — the dignity of 
 liuniaii nature, &e. fnie vol. 4to. or two 
 volh. Svo. — the ai-t of speaking, 8vo. — he- 
 sides other treatises. His answer to Lind- 
 sey's apolof^fy for resigning his living at C'at- 
 terick, w as tonsidii-ed so popniar and mas- 
 terly, that tlie university of Oxfcrd honora- 
 bly presented him the degree of doctor of 
 laws 
 
 BuuGOYNE, John, a general in the army, 
 known f')r his defetiee of Portugal in 1762, 
 H"ainst the invading Spaniards, tor his hrave 
 seizure of I'iconderago, and for the fatal day 
 of Saraioga, 17th Oct. 1777, in which, after 
 two baltks, he surrendereil the British army 
 to general (iates. He was supposed to he 
 the natmal son of lord Bingley. He was 
 nutlior of four dramatic pieces, of which 
 the Maid of the oak, a comic opera — Bon 
 ton, an entertainment — and the Heiress, a 
 comedy, written in sprightly and elegant 
 iliah gtie, w ere received with great applause 
 on the public theatres. He wi-ote besides 
 several epilogues, and some fugitive pieces 
 He died -ith "Aug 1792, and nine days after 
 Vas privatelv buried in the cloisters of West- 
 minster abbey. 
 
 BuRiDAisi, John, a French philosopher 
 of Bethune in Artois, in the 14th century. 
 He was professor and afterwards leclor of 
 the univeisity of Paris, from which, being 
 expelled by the realists in opposition to the 
 nominalists, he retired to Germany, where 
 he founded the university of Vienna, f e 
 •wr^te commentaries on .Xristotle's bigic, 
 ethics, &;c. Buridan's ass standhig l;ctw een 
 two bushels of wheat was proverbial in the 
 schools for a long time, but of this the origin 
 is little known 
 
 BiRiGNY, Levesqne de, a native of 
 llheims, -vvho died at Paris, 8th Oct. 1785, 
 aged 94 He wrote a treatise on the au- 
 thority of the pope, four vols. 12mo. 1720 — 
 a learned history of pagan philosophy, 1724 
 — general history of Sicify, two vols. 4to. 
 1745 — revolution of Constantinople, three 
 vols. 12mo. 1750 — Porphyry on abstinence — 
 life of (irotius, of Erasmus, of Bossuet, of 
 Perron. 
 
 Burke, Edmund, a celebrated statesman, 
 son of a respectable attorney, born at Car* 
 low in Ireland, 1st Jan. 1730, and educated 
 nt Bally tore, under Abraham Shackleton, a 
 i|uaker, and afterwards at Trinity-college, 
 JJublin, Avhere, after three years residence, 
 he took his bachelor's degree, 174!t. He af- 
 terwards ap{)lied for the logic professorship 
 at Clasgow, and w hen his solicitations were 
 unsuccessful, he came to London, and in 
 1753 entered at the Middle Temple. But 
 thovgh possessed of great powers of elocu- 
 tion, he paid no serious attention to the 
 lirn', but considered titeratnre and politiss as 
 
 the field most favorable for the exerliou of 
 his genius. For some time he bubsisted on 
 the labors of his pen, awl the remuneration 
 (A the booksellers ; and his vin<Iication of 
 natural society, or a view of the miseries and 
 e\ds arising to mankind, from evei'y species 
 
 of artificial society, in a h tter to lord , 
 
 by a late noble writer, gained him reputa- 
 tion, for the general admiration which re- 
 garded Bolingi)roke as the author, soon re- 
 doiiinled to the honor of the anonymous 
 writer. His essay on the sublime in 1757, 
 increased iiis literary fanic, and reconi- 
 mended him to the notice of the great and 
 the learned, especially Johnson. In 1758 
 Dod.iley began at his suggestion the annual 
 register, which owed much of its celebrity 
 to his pen. In 1761 he visited Ireland, as a 
 C(mipanion of his friend Singlespeech Ham- 
 ilton, by whose interest he procured a pen- 
 sion of 3U0/. on the Irish establishment, and 
 on his return he wt«8 introduced by Mr. 
 Fitzhcrbert to the notice of lord Rocking- 
 ham, first lord of the treasury, who made 
 him his secretary, and had him returned to 
 parliament for Wendover. Though the 
 Hockingham administration w as of short ex- 
 istence, Buike retained his attachment to 
 his friends, and during the American war he 
 distinguished himself as a warm advocate 
 for the liberties of his fellow subjects beyond 
 the Atlantic. He was in 1774 honorably 
 without exjicnse elected member for Bris- 
 tol ; but \)opularity rests on a fickle founda- 
 tion, and an unlucky opinion in favor of the 
 commerce of Ireland, and in favor of the 
 Koman catholics, brought the orator into 
 disgrace with his constituents, at the election 
 of 17 80. He was afterwards member for 
 .Maldon, and durmg the little lime that lord 
 Rockingham succeeded lord North in 1782, 
 he was made pay-master general, and held 
 a seat in the privy council, and afterwards ia 
 the coalition he was admitted to share the 
 triumphs and the disgrace of his friends. 
 Thus driven from power, he continued a 
 zealous and active opponent to Mr. Pitt's 
 administration, and particularly attacked his 
 conduct during the d-'bates on the regency 
 bill. The destruction of the French mo- 
 narchy, however, which caused such satis- 
 faction among his friends, created uneasi- 
 ness and distrust in Mr. Burke, and with a 
 prophetic voice he proclaimecl aloud, the 
 miseries and misfortunes which aw ailed his 
 country, if they followed the examples of 
 her feiocious neighbors, in attempts to al- 
 ter or new model her constitution. So de- 
 termined an oj>posilion to the then popular 
 opinion, produced a sej)aration between 
 Mr. Burke and his former associates, and 
 tlie publication of his famoas reflections on 
 the French revolution, roused the feelings 
 and divided the sentiments of the nation. 
 While the author and his adherents in- 
 veigiied with becoming severity against the 
 disorders and n)ischiefs of anarchy, Paine 
 in his a:iswer, in tlie rights of man, and other 
 insidious writers, attempted to render pala- 
 table to the public, docH*i«es, which tendeH 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 ish I'epublican ism over the ruins of [demeanor. He died Oct. 1703. He -vvrofc 
 property, of suborfiinatioii, of l>np- ' some books, the hest known of which is his 
 
 commentary on the Aew Testament, wliich 
 continues to be a popular work. 
 
 BuRLAM AQ_[Ji, Jolm James, a native of 
 Geneva, professor of civil law there, and 
 afterwards tutor to the prince of iriesse 
 Casseh He was made counsellor of state on 
 his return to Geneva, and died there 174.S, 
 aged 54. His principles of natui-al law, and 
 of political law, three vols. l2mo. are two 
 popular works, which sliow him to have 
 
 to estabi 
 rank, of 
 
 piness and domestic virtue. These literary 
 services aided by the most eloquent language 
 in parliament i-econciled Mr. Burke to the 
 Pitt administration, and a pension was hon- 
 orable bestowed upon him by the king, 
 which, though it drew upon him the sar- 
 casms and reproaches of party, was ap[>laud- 
 ed by every fi'iend of virtue and true loyalty. 
 Thus animated by a spirit of enthusiasm, 
 wliich electrified the whole nation, and as 
 
 the advocate for the war, he was considered ' been well acquainted with his subject, and 
 by many as the oi*acle and the bulwark of 1 all the arguments of Grotius, Puft'endorf, 
 the country, whilst ot lers attributed his I and Barbeyrac. 
 zeal to the effects of a frantic and heated i Burleigh. f7t/. Cecil. 
 imagination. Some time before Ids death I Burley, Walter, an English priest, who 
 Mr. Burke retired from public life; but I left commentaries on Aristotle, kc. — a book, 
 though honored witb the esteem of the I de vita &c moribus philosophorum, printed 
 great and good, he sunk three years after a I Cologne, 1472. 
 
 m 
 
 elancbolv victim to the recent loss of his 
 
 Burman, Francis, of Tjeyden, was pro- 
 
 only and favorite son, and expired at his seat i fessor of theology at Utrecht, where he 
 near Beaconsfieid, .luly Sth, 1797, aged 67. died, 1G79, aged 51. He wi-ote commenta- 
 
 As au author Mr. Burke distinguished him- 
 
 ries on the Pentateucl), and the historical 
 
 self; his essay on the sublime and beautiful ! books of the Old Testament in Dutch — aa 
 
 is considci'ed as a valuable performaiice — 
 and his vindication of natural society, is a 
 bappy imitation of the great Boiingbroke. 
 Tr»r .'^ome time he was engaged for Dodsley 
 in writnig in the animal register, and gave 
 to thatpublic:^tion, by tixe animated language 
 and eleg'uit diction of his pen, a value which 
 
 >bi"idgment of theology — exercitationes theo- 
 logicie, two vols. 4to. — and other works. 
 
 Burman, Francis, son of the preceding, 
 was like him professor at Utreclit, and died 
 1719, aged 58. He wrote on the persecutioa 
 of Dioclesian, &c. 
 Burmax, Peter, also son of Francis, 
 
 it has since lost. His *' reflections" w ere so ; was born at Utrecht, and became professor 
 interesting in the public opinion, that in a j of history and eloquence, and also rector of 
 few weeks 18,000 copies were sold. Dr. ; the university of Leyden. He was in his 
 Parr in his Bellendenus has paid a hand- i temper so quarrelsome, and in his manners 
 some and des. rved compliment to the me- ■; so intemperate and immoral, that his con- 
 rits and virtues of the venerable senator, ! temporaries regarded him with contempt, 
 whose character will always stand high, not- ! and at his death, in 1740, no one was found 
 withstanding the blemish which impartiality j who could honor his memory witli the usual 
 views with sorrow, in his rancorous conduct ; respect of a common eulogy. His chief at- 
 in the accusation of Mr. Hastings. His other , tacks of rancor, of severity, and ridicule, 
 writings were, thoughts on the causes of the I were directed against Le Clerc. Benlley 
 present discontents — a letter to a member i thought higldy of his abilities. He wrote a 
 of the national assembly — an appeal from I book on lioman taxes, and edited with skill 
 the new whigs to the old — letters to a noble j and judgment the works of Virgil, Ovid, 
 lord on the subjects in discussion with the Petronius, Quintilian, Suetonius, Justin, 
 duke of Bedford — thoughts on a regicide ; Velkius, Phiedrus, Valerius Flaccus, Lu- 
 peace — letter to a noble lord, in which he i can, kc. 
 
 sarcastically inveighed against the duke of Burm.4..n, John, of the same ftimlly, was 
 Bedford, for his remarks on having ac- | professor of botany and medicine at Am- 
 cepted a pension, kc. In his last moments, ,' sterdam, and published two curious and va- 
 it is said, that he caused Addison's paper , luable books — rariorum Afric. plantaruim 
 from the Spectator, on the immoi-tality of decades x. 4to. with plates iti 4to. I7.')i^ — 
 the soul, to be read to him. Buike had the I thesaurus Zeylanicus, 4to. 1737. 
 good fortune to rise from an inferior station Burn, Richard, was born at Kirby Ste- 
 to eminence in public life, and had the merit ; phen, near Winton, Westmoreland, and 
 to support his elevation by the most affable j '>ducate(l at Queen's college, Oxford, where 
 conduct, by benevolence of heart, dignified ' he received the honorary degree of L. L. D. 
 manners, and the most correct notions, and ! in lT(j-2. He died at Orton, where he had 
 exemplary practice of moral and religious been vicar 49 years, ';iOth Xovember, 1789. 
 duties. , I He was chancellor of Carlisle, and justice of 
 
 BuRKiTT, W'illiam, was born at Hit- the peace for Westmoreland and Cumber- 
 cham, Northauiptonsliire, 'i5th July, 1650, land, and distinguished himself as the author 
 and educated at Stowmarket school and | of the office of justice of peace, and on tlie 
 
 Pembroke-hall, Canibrifige. He was made 
 vicar oi Dedham in Essex, where, as bffoi-e 
 at Milden in Suffolk, where he was curate, 
 he adorned his office by a ])ious atul practical 
 elQcutiou, and bjr a t'ricadly and chariUible 
 
 ecclesiastical laws, two works of great re- 
 pute and respectability, besides the history 
 and antiquities of Westmoreland and Cuiu- 
 berland. 
 Burn, John, son of the preceding, was' 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 educated to the law, but did not pratico 
 though he possessed i^roat :il)ilitiL'S. He is 
 kiiovsnus the editor ot his t';iihei-'s works, 
 Avhich he improved wilh vuluabh; additions. 
 He died 1802, ajjjed 68. 
 
 BiKNEi, Ciilbert, bishop of Salisbury, 
 ivas borti of h respectable and ancient fa- 
 milv at Kdinbiii'gii, Ihth Scpteitiher, 1743. 
 lie waseilucaled in the college ol Aberdeen, 
 and under the watchful eye of ids fattier he 
 early ac(piiretl ii:d)its of mdustry and appli- 
 cation \» hich attended him through lile, and 
 never, till the infirmities of age compelled 
 liini, tliscontinueil the c"istom of rising every 
 morning at four o'clock to prose utc his 
 studies with ardor and etlect. At the age of 
 18 lie was admiited expectant preacher, but 
 he refused the oiler of a benefice, and in 
 IGG3, two years after his father's death, he 
 Tisited O.xford and Candjri<ige forsix months. 
 »nd soon after passed over into Hollaiul, 
 ■where he applied to the study of Hebrew, 
 and by an indiscriminate and friendly inter- 
 course with men of every religious persua- 
 sion, he fixed his principles of universal be- 
 nevolence and toleration, without regard to 
 tribe or sect. On his return to Scotland in 
 16C5, he was ordained, and afterwards ap- 
 pointed divinity professor at Glasgow; but 
 his benevolent attempts to reconcile the 
 contending parties in ecclesiastical affairs 
 rendered him unpopular and suspected. He 
 afterwards engaged himself to write the 
 histor}^ of the dukes of Hamilton, and re- 
 commended himself so much to the earl of 
 Lauderdale and to the king's ministers in 
 London, by b.is moderation and superior 
 abilities, that he was several times offered a 
 Scotch bishopric, which he as often declined. 
 His interest with the court however was of 
 short duration ; he -jccame suspected, and 
 T'as treated with harshness by the king, 
 Avho ordered his name to be erased from the 
 list of chaplains. To avoid the enmity of 
 Lauderdale, he determined to settle in Lon- 
 don, where he was appointed preacher of 
 the Rolls' chapel, and lecturer of St. Cle- 
 ments. His two first volumes of the His- 
 tory of the Reformation about this time 
 commanded the public admiration, and re- 
 ceived as an honorable testinmny of its me- 
 rits the thanks of both houses of parlia- 
 ment. About this time likewise he became 
 acquainted with the profligate liochester, 
 and by his conversation he reclaimed him, 
 and had the happiness to see him atone for 
 his debaucheries by a most penetential dealii. 
 Upon the change of administration in 1081.', 
 Burnet's conduct gave oflence, and his atten- 
 dance on lord Russcl at his trial created so 
 much indignation at court, that he was by 
 the king's command discharged from his of- 
 fices at the Rolls' chapel and at St. Cle- 
 ments. His character was so Avell estab- 
 lished, that, in his travels in France and 
 Italy, he was received with every mark of 
 attention and respect by the French king, 
 and by pope Innocent H. The accession of 
 James U. to the throne formed a new era in 
 the life of Burnet, Unwilling t« leturu to 
 
 his native country, he resolved to settle ia 
 Holland, and the attention which was paid 
 to him b} the prince and [>riiicess of Oraiige, 
 proved so olleiisive to the Englibh monarch, 
 that he caused his ambassador to demand his 
 banishment from the states, a t} raiinical in- 
 terferi.nce which was rijectcd, as he v. as 
 under tlic ])rotection oi' llie laws as a natu- 
 ralized Hulijecl and the husband of a Hutch 
 lady. Some time alter he accompanied as 
 chaplain ibe prince on his iii\ahion of Eng- 
 land, and so /calously active did he sIkjw 
 himself in his cause, both by his pamphlets 
 and his pu!j)it eloquen<-e, that \V'illiam, a few 
 days after he was seated on the throne, ad- 
 vanced liim to the see of Salisbury. In his 
 new office he was moderate but dignified, 
 though his assertions in a pastoral letter that 
 William's title to the crown v.as founded on 
 conquest, proved highly disagreeable to both 
 houses, and the oH'ensive pstper was pub- 
 licly burnt by the hands of the hanguian. 
 He resided in his (!i(icese the best [uirt of 
 his time, and though he was engaged as pre- 
 ceptor to the duke of Clocesttr, yet he de- 
 voted himself as much to improve the com- 
 forts of Ids clergy, by augmenting poor liv- 
 ings, as to advance the interests of religion 
 by his writings. He died ITth March, 171.5, 
 in his 72d year, and w; s buried at St. 
 James's Clerkenwell. He was thrice mar- 
 ried, first to lady Margaret Kennedy, 
 daugliter of earl Cassiiis, about 1G70 ; se- 
 condly to a Dutcli lady of family and for- 
 tune, who died of the small-pox IfiOS, and 
 thirdly, in the same year, to Mrs. Berkeley, 
 a woman of excellent character. Besides 
 his works already mejitioned, and a third 
 volume of the reformation, &cc. he wrote the 
 History of his own times — an excellent 
 treatise on the pastoral care — an exposi- 
 tion of the 39 articles — and sermons. His 
 son, Thomas Burnet, published an account 
 of his life annexed to the historv^ of his own 
 times, and the marquis of llallifax has drawn 
 his character with great judgment and im- 
 partiality. Of his three sons, the eldest, 
 William, died 17£'J, governor of iS'ew- 
 England — tlie second, Cilbert, was chap- 
 lain to the king, and warmly engaged in the 
 Bangorian coiitroversy as the cliampion of 
 Hoadly — and Thomas became a judge of 
 the common ])leas, and died 1753. 
 
 BuuNET, Eliziibeth, third wife of bisliop 
 Burnet, was the daughter of sir i-iichard 
 Blake, knight, and was born in London 
 1G61. At the age of IS she married Robert 
 Berkeley, estjuire, with whom she went to 
 reside in Holland till the revolution, and 
 after being a widow seven years, she, in 
 17(J0, married the bishop of Salisbur}'. The 
 fortune which she possessed was employed 
 to the most benevolent jmrposos, and the 
 goodness of her heart was displayed in her 
 maternal attention to the children of her 
 last husband. She published a mt.thod of 
 devotion, a book of merit, which showed 
 her great knowledge of religion, and wlpeh 
 was again reprinted four years after her 
 death. She died 1709. 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 Burnet. Dr. Thomas, a writer of emi- 
 nence, born at Crott in Yorkshire, antl edu- 
 cated at North Allerton school and Chire- 
 hall, Cambridge, under the care of Tillot- 
 son, and the patronage of Cudv/ortli. Great 
 abilities and a cultivated understanding re- 
 ccmiraended him to the notice of the pow- 
 erful : and as tutor to the son of the mar- 
 quis of Winchester, and afterwards to lord 
 Ossory, grandson of the duke of Ormond, 
 he gained the esteem and the attachment of 
 men of rank and political influence. By 
 means of his noble friends he was ap- 
 pointed, in 1G85, to the mastership of the 
 charter-house, and in that situation he dis- 
 played great firmness, and a conscientious 
 regard for the statutes of the society over 
 which he presided, by refusing to admit one 
 Pophara to be a pensioner of the house, 
 •without his taking the oaths, in consequence 
 of the dispensation granted hirn by James 
 II. The revolution seemed to open the 
 road (or future preferment, but the publica- 
 tion of his ** Archaioiogite philosophicic, 
 &C.''' drew upon him public censure, and 
 his attempt to allegorise the scripture ac- 
 count of the fall of Adam, exposed him to 
 the. indignation of his ecclesiastical read- 
 ers, who thought the}'' viewed in him a 
 sceptical and infidel writer. Every endea- 
 vour to vindicate himself appeared unsatis- 
 factory ; he was removed from his appoint- 
 ment of clerk of the closet to the king, and 
 it is said, by that unfortunate book, lost the 
 sec of Canterbury on the death of his re- 
 spected friend and patron Tillotson. Thus 
 hanished from royal favor, and regardless of 
 the frowns of the world, he retired to his 
 favorite pursuits in the tranquillity of the 
 charter house, where he died 27th Septem- 
 ber, 1715, aged about 80. His chief work is 
 his theory of the earth, wdiich he published 
 originally in Latin, and afterwards greatly 
 improved in an English dress, at the recom- 
 mendation of Charles II. The celebrity 
 which this book acquired, directed the in- 
 quiries of philosophers to examine its me- 
 rits, and though it is proved fully by the criti- 
 cisms of Flamstcad, Warren, and particu- 
 larly of Keill, to be a system built on wrong 
 data, and moro. the effort of fanciful inven- 
 tion than of deep reflection and mathema- 
 tical precison, yet it is popular, and will be 
 admired, as it possesses uncommon beau- 
 ties, elegant diction, and interesting de- 
 tails. He wrote besides two other learned 
 and valuable Latin works — de fide he officiis 
 christianorum — & de statu mortuorum, &c 
 resurgentium — besides other pieces, in which 
 he questions the eternity of future punish- 
 ments, and adopts the <loctrines of the mil- 
 lennium. These works have been trans- 
 lated into English. 
 
 BtTRNET, Dr Thomas, a Scotch physi- 
 cian, of whose birth, life, and death, nothing 
 is recoi-ded except what is mentioned in the 
 title of his books. He was member of the 
 medical college of Edinburgh, and wrote — 
 thesaurus medicinuj praiticte, If)7;-J, 4to. 
 London, and enlarged IG'jy — Hippocrates 
 
 contractus. Sec. Edinburgh 1685, Svo. ani 
 Loudon 1743, in 12mo. 
 
 Burns, Robert, a Scotch poet of great 
 merit, born 29th January, 1759, at Ayr. 
 Though originally a ploughman, and humbly- 
 educated, he rose to high poetical fame by 
 the untutoi-ed powers of his genius. His 
 writings are all in the Scotch dialect, which 
 undoubtedly lessens their merit, tiiough 
 they possess uncommon beauty and an ele- 
 gant simplicity, which cannot be sufficiently 
 admired. Burns no sooner appeared in 
 print than he was noticed, and drawn troni 
 the plougli to associate with men of letters 
 and opulence. By the exertions of his 
 friends, and Dr. Blacklock of Edinburgh in 
 particular, a handsome subscription of nearly 
 1100/. was raised for hi..., and a place in the 
 excise was obtained, and a farm rented, 
 where he might exercise his genius in noble 
 independence, while he maintained his fa- 
 mily. These generous efforts however were 
 unavaihng ; Burns, transplanted from the 
 plough, was a withered plant ; he contracted 
 bad habits, which, added to a natural pro- 
 pensity for licentious pleasures, shattered 
 his existence, and he sunk into an untimely 
 grave in 1796. He left behind him a widov/ 
 and four children, towards whom the hand 
 of benevolence, guided by the kind interfe- 
 rence of Ur. Currie of Liverpool, who edi- 
 ted his poems and letters in four vols. Svo. 
 1800, has been humanely extended to raise 
 them above the miseries of low and often 
 vicious indigence, and the handsome sum of 
 1000/. has been obtained as the profit of the 
 publication. 
 
 BuRRHus, Afranius, a famous lloman, 
 commander under Claudius and Nero. He 
 attempted in vain to check the vicious con- 
 duct of Nero, who was- his pupil, and died 
 universally regretted, A. D. G2. 
 
 Burro UGH, Edward, a n-ative of West- 
 moreland, who from a churchman became a 
 presbyterian and afterwards a quaker. As 
 a preacher he displayed great intrepidity, 
 and even reprehended Cromwell for his se- 
 verities. He obtained from Charles II. the 
 suspension of the persecution against the 
 quakers of New-England. He was at last 
 imprisoned by an alderman of London for 
 his violent preaching, and died of a gaol 
 distemper in Newgate, 1CG3, aged 2'J. His 
 tracts, &c. were collected in one vol. folio. 
 
 BuRROUGHES, Jeremiah, a nonconform- 
 ist, educated at Cambridge, which he left on 
 account of his tenets. After being shel- • 
 tered in the house of lord Warwick, he re- 
 tired to Holland, and during the civil wars 
 he returned to London, an<l became preacher 
 of Stepney and Cripplegate churches. He 
 was a man of great piety, considerable 
 learning, and of irreproachable manners. 
 He wrote a commentary on Hosea — ser- 
 mons on contentment and resignation — 
 Irenicum, or in favor of Christian peace, 
 &tc. He died in London 1646, Novem- 
 ber 14th. 
 
 Burrow, James, master of the crown 
 office, Mas elected 1772, president of the 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 l^oyal society, w!ii<h he rcsigne<l the uc\t 
 Vf'ar to sir John l*:'iiigIo, and was at that 
 tiuiii kiii,!2;^at«(i w li<-n lh«: soficly prescntid an 
 a<l(h"cs.s to the king, lie published lour \(»ls. 
 of rcjiorts hcsides deciRiotis of the court of 
 king's l)LMnh, — an essay on piincltiation, — an- 
 ecdotes of Oliver (!r'<ni\vt II and liis family, 
 lie. Sir James dietl 5th November ITS-J. 
 
 Burton, Ihriry, an crcksiastic boi-ii at 
 Birsail in Yorkshire, and edtuafed at St. 
 John's collei^e, Canil)ri<l;^e, where h'» took his 
 degrees in arts. 1 f e was niade 15. I). j:t Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards introduced into the fa- 
 mily of lortl Carey, create<l in Ifi'i.'i earl of 
 JNloninoulli, to whese sons he was ti;tor. He 
 vas next clerk of the closet to prince Henry, 
 and alter his «leath to (!ljarles, vlio on ids 
 accession to ihc throne (h.'^eai'ded hiin from 
 his faror. This afTiont, \\ lu-llicr merited or 
 not, was hij^hly resented liy Jjiirlon, who was 
 now inflamed willi the spirit of the times, 
 and railed with vehemence ai^ainst tlie epis- 
 copal bench, especially Neil and Laud. In 
 his office of rector of St. Mattlicw's in Fri- 
 day-street he preached and published two sej-- 
 mons, which were considei-ed as libellous and 
 seditious, and for them he was summoned be- 
 fore the star-chamber and condemned to pay 
 a fine of 50001. to be exposed on the piliory, 
 to have his ears cut off, to be degraded from 
 his ecclesiastical lioiiors, and he imprisoned 
 for life, without the permission of seeing his 
 ■« ife or relations. After enduring tliis severe 
 punishment for 12 weeks in Lancaster gaol, 
 he was for greater security removed, from liie 
 commiseration of tlie populace, to Cornet 
 castle in Guernsey, in October 16.17, from 
 which, three years after, he was lil»crated by 
 the interfei'cnce of parliament. His sufler- 
 ings were rewarded by tlie compassion of pai-- 
 liament, who voted to him G0(;0/. which in 
 consequence of the turbulence of the times he 
 never received, and he was restored to ]iis liv- 
 ing and his degiees, and by cmbrati!;;^ the 
 prevalent opinions of the puritans and ir.de- 
 pcndents he continued to rct;.!n his populari- 
 ty till his death in l6iS, aged G9. His writ- 
 ings were all controversial, and generally full 
 of invectives. 
 
 BuRTON^, William, nn antiquarian, born 
 at Lindley in Leicestershire, and educated at 
 Sutton Coldfield school, a!id Bra7.en-nn5;e col- 
 lege, Oxford. 1 le afterwards became a member 
 of the Inner Temple, and was barrister and 
 reporter in tlie court of common pleas. I'he 
 law however did not long engage his atten- 
 tion ; his favorite sttulies were genealogy, 
 heraldry, and antiquities, and \ni ler the 
 patronage of Yiilars marquis of Bucking- 
 ham, and with the assistance of his friends 
 John Beaumont and Augustus Vincent, he 
 published his gi'cat work on the histoi'y of his 
 native county, in fol. 1622. This composi- 
 tion is valuable on account of its antiquity, 
 though it is not free fi'om errors, and th.ough 
 it is often too overloaded with long genealo- 
 gies and useless digi-essions. Burton was a 
 man of property as well as of education, hut 
 he was a sufferer by the civil Mars. He chief- 
 ly lived at Ids favorite .seat, Faldc, near Tut- 
 
 VOL. 1. .54 
 
 hury, Stafford.shin-, and was intimate with si^ 
 Robert (Jo; ton, wiiliSomner, Michiiel Dniv- 
 ton, arid sir W'liliam Ongdale. He died at 
 Talde Ei.xth April ir,/f5, aged 70. His son, 
 Caskibclnn, iidieiite<l hi.'- virtues and harning. 
 He pnblisbed a j)oeiical trau'ilation of .Martial 
 in lOaS, ainl died i-'ei»ruary 2Stli HiSl, aged 
 72. He left his father's vjdnable coliection of 
 anti(iuities to the learned Waller Chetwynd, 
 ot Stalfurdshiiv. 
 
 B UK TON, Robert, hi-otlier to the ]>reced- 
 ing, was born Kth Feljruary lJ7fi, and idn- 
 calcd at the saine school and c(»llege. He be- 
 came afterwards student of (Jiirist church, 
 and obtainvd the livings of St. Thomas, 0.\- 
 for<l, and Segrave in Leice-tershire, Mhich 
 with some difliculty in those tirbulcnt times he 
 retained till his death in Jan. 1039. He was 
 a man of extensive learning hut of a melan- 
 choly turn of mind, and extravagantly adilict- 
 ed to astrology. His anatomy of nielancholy, 
 by Democritus junior as he calls him.xelf, fully 
 established his character foi* erudition and ec- 
 centricity. The work continued, in a 4to. 
 and octavo form, long a favoi'iteof tlie public, 
 and his bookseller it is said gained an hand- 
 some estate by the sale of it. As Burton di- 
 ed about the time which he had predicted by 
 calculating his nativity, some fooli.shly suspect- 
 ed tliat to give celebrity to tlie accuracy of 
 his art he destroyed himself. He was buried 
 in the cloisters of Chri it ciiurch cathedral. 
 Sterne is said to have borrowed much from 
 his writing.s. 
 
 BuKTOX, Ezekias, fellow of Magdaleu 
 college, Cambridge, and afterwards preben- 
 dai'y of Norwich, was eminent for his learning 
 ;'.nfl piety. He wr.s a strenuous advocate for 
 toleration in support of the plans of his pat- 
 ron lord keeper Bridgcman. He died of a 
 malignant fever, 1(381.* His discourses were 
 published by Tillotson in two vols. He wrote 
 also the preface to bishop Cumberland's lav. s 
 of nature. 
 
 Burton, William, was born in Austin- 
 friars, Lon(^on, educated at Gioccster-hall, 
 Oxford, and alter being urj-.er to the well 
 know n Thomas Fariiaby, he was made mas- 
 ter of the grammar school of Kingston on 
 Thames. He ^as eminent as an universal 
 .scholar, a judicious critic, and an able antiquti- 
 ry. He v.as intimate with many ieaiMied men, 
 especially Usher. He died lo57. He wrote 
 Cr^ca; lingiuie historia — A'eteris linguae Fer- 
 .sicaj historia, published with the preceding, 
 — a commentary on Antoninus' Itinerary, re- 
 lating to Britain, in folio. 
 
 Burton, William, born at Ripjion in 
 Yorkshire, was educated at Christ church, 
 Oxford, w here he took his degree of M. D. 
 Vv'ith difficulty he was di.ssuaded l)y his friends 
 from join i p. g the pretender at Manchester in 
 1745. He practised with gi-eat reputation as r 
 a ])hysician, and wrote the liistorv of York- 
 shire, iu two vols. fol. He died at Y'ork, 
 1759, aged 62. 
 
 Burton, John, D. D. a learned divine 
 born at Wembwoi-th De\onshire, and educa- 
 ted at Okehamitton and Ely schools. He ca- 
 tered ;;fterwai-ds at Corpus Christi college. 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 Oxford, where he soon became Greek lec- 
 turer, and tor near 15 years a respectable 
 und indefatigable tutor. His abilities -were 
 exerted uotoi.ly to render his pupils learned, 
 and the university regular and correct in 
 discipline, but he eii<leavored to smootli 
 the tiilTicuhies which attend the publication 
 of learned and im[)0itanl works^ and drew 
 contributions and exemptions for such books 
 as issued from the Clarendon press. In 
 1733, he was honorably elected to a fellow- 
 shij) of Eton college, and about the same 
 time succeeded Dr. Littleton, as vicar of 
 Mapledurham, Oxfordshire. When he came 
 to reside on his living he found his predeces- 
 sor's widow and her three iid'ant daughters 
 in an helpless unprotefted state, and the be- 
 nevolence with which he treated the mother 
 soon created more than com'non friendship, 
 and at last ended in marriage. His retirement 
 here was employed in improving and embel- 
 lishing his neighl)ourhoo(l, and in suggesting 
 hints for the removing of obstructions in the 
 navigation of the Thames. The death of his 
 wife in 174S, greatly afl'ected him ; he hon- 
 ored her memory, by the tender, affection- 
 ate and liberal treatment which he showed to 
 hei" orphan daughters, and afterwards chief- 
 ly spent his lime at Eton, where he was re- 
 Tered and loved by thejjupils of that respec- 
 table foundation. At an advanced period of 
 life, when his eyesight began to fail, he pub- 
 lished his scattered ])ieces called opuscula 
 miscellanea ; but soon after a severe attack 
 of an erysipelous fever, destroyed his facul- 
 ties and rendered him a melancholy monu- 
 ment of fallen greatness. This worthy and 
 truly amiable man, died 11th February 1771, 
 aged 76, and was buried at the entrance of 
 Eton chapel. Besides the {)referment3 men- 
 tioned, he was made rector of AVorplesdon 
 in Surrey, 1766. 
 
 Buiiv, Arthur, D.D. a natire of Devon- 
 shire, educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 from which he was ejected in IO4H, after a 
 residence of 10 years, by the parliamentary 
 visitors. At the restoration he obtained a 
 prebend of Exeter, and in 1665, was made 
 rector of Exeter college, and chaplain to the 
 king. His " naked gospel," in which he 
 defended and avowed the principles of the 
 Socinians, caused his ejection from his pre- 
 ferment, and the work was burnt by order 
 of the university of Oxford. He vindicated 
 his conduct in some pamphlets, and died 
 about the end of the 17th century, nearEx- 
 oter. 
 
 liuRY, Elizabeth, daughter of Captain 
 Lawrence, was born at Linton, Cambridge- 
 shire, and mai'ried Mr. Lloyd of Hunting- 
 donshire, and after his death Samuel Bury 
 a dissenting minister of Bristol. She was a 
 resjiectable woman in private life, and par- 
 ticularly excelled in her knowledge of divini- 
 ty, of mathematics, and of the learned 
 languages, especially Hebrew. Her life 
 and diai-y were published by her last hus- 
 band, and Dr. Watts honored her virtues 
 with an elegant elegy. She died at Bristol, 
 1720, aged 76. 
 
 BuRZUiE, alearned Persian philosopher 
 and physician, in the reign ofChosroes sur- 
 named Nuschirvan the just, by whom he 
 was employed to obtain a co])\ of a famous 
 book among the Indians, called the wisdom 
 of all ages. He with some difficulty obtained 
 the valuable composition, and after transla- 
 ting it, dedicated it to his royal master. The 
 translation MJiich is descended to the pres- 
 ent times is greatly altered from the original. 
 
 Bt'S, Ctesar de, a native ofCavaillon, who 
 atoned for the irregularities of youth, by a 
 pious life, which he devoted to the ref()rma- 
 tion of the clergy. His labors were approv- 
 ed bvthe pope, he was made general of his 
 new order which he called the fathers of 
 the christian doclrine, and he obtained a ca- 
 nonry for his services. He wrote familiar in- 
 struction on the christian doctrine, once very 
 popular, and died 1607, aged 03. 
 
 BusBEQ^uius, Auger Gislen, a natural 
 son of the bjrd of Busbec, was born at Corn- 
 mines in Flanders. He was educated with 
 the greatest care by his father, w ho perceiv- 
 ed in him the prominent features of a man 
 of genius and talents. He visited London in 
 the suit of the imperial ambassador, and iu 
 1554 went himself at the head of an embas- 
 sy to the capital of Turkey, where, besides 
 examining with the eyes of a statesman, the 
 character and genius of the inhabitants, he 
 made a curious and valuable collection of 
 coins, manuscripts, and inscriptions. He 
 published an interesting account of histravels, 
 pi-inted by Elzevir, Leyden 1633, which is 
 hiafhly commended bv Thuanus ; and so res- 
 pectable and useful were his abilities consid- 
 ered, that he was drawn from the pi'ivacy of 
 retirement to attend Elizabeth when she es- 
 poused Charles IX. of France, and to remain 
 at the French court, as imperial ambassador. 
 He died October 1592, aged 70. 
 
 Busby, Kichard, a celebrated schoolmas. 
 ter,.born at Lutton in Lincolnshire, 2'2d Sept. 
 1606, and educated at Westminister school, 
 of whiclu after taking his degrees at Christ 
 church, Oxford, and being promoted to a pre- 
 bend of Wells, and the living of Cufhvortli, 
 Somersetshire, he was appointed mastei- 13tk 
 December 1640. For 5.*) years he presided 
 over that respectable institution, and had the 
 happiness to see many of his pupils fill the. 
 higiiest offices of the church and state, with 
 credit and ability. After the restoration he 
 was made prebendarj' of Wesminister by 
 Charles II. and in the same year he took his 
 degree of D. D. He died sixth April 1695, 
 in his 89th year, and was buried in Westmin- 
 ster abbey, where a fine monument is erect- 
 ed to his memory, w ith a Latin inscription to 
 commemorate the great abilities, useful ser- 
 vices, and honorable conduct of this eminent 
 scholar. The great opulence which in a la- 
 borious office he accjuired was liberally disper- 
 sed for the promotion of piety and learriing, 
 or for the rc-lief of virtuous and suftcring in- 
 digence. He wrote some books for the use 
 of his school, where they arc still retained as 
 a monument of Uiserudition, and critical dis- 
 cernment. 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 BuSCHETTO DA Da LICIT TO, RD emi- 
 nent architect and n)ccli;tnic ol llie llll> ii;ii- 
 lury. The cathecli-al of Pisa, one of tlie fin- 
 est of tlio bnililiiif^s of Il:ily, is a lusliiif^ nion- 
 unii-nt of his gital abilities, in a harljitroiis 
 and it^norant age. 
 
 Brsciii NG, Dr. Anthony Frederic, a na- 
 tive of Stadliaj^en in l'rus-.ia, ethif-atcd at 
 Ilalle, and made pastor of t!>e Lulhei'an 
 churcli at Preshurg. lie was anthor of a 
 new treatise on geography in German, two 
 Yols. 1754. This work was liherally reward- 
 «(| on tlie continent, and its merits were 
 made knftwn to the Knglish in a translation 
 in six vols. 4to. 1708-1/79. Dr. Busohing 
 died irO.3, agc-d fi'J, at Berlin, where Fre- 
 deric 11. had placed him as director of the 
 college. 
 
 BiscHius, Herman, a German scholar, 
 known for some commentaries wiiich he 
 ■wrote on classical anthors ami for some Latin 
 poems. He contributed much to the res- 
 toration of learning in Europe, and ahly sec- 
 onded the doctrmes of Luther 1534, aged 
 66. 
 
 CusHELL, Thomas, a native of Worces- 
 tershire, etlucated at Baliol college. He was 
 afterwards in the service of Bacon the ehan- 
 •ellor, and upon his disgract- he retired to 
 Oxforilshire, to reside on his estate. He 
 was in his principles a strong royalist, and 
 had the honor to receive (Miarles L and his 
 queen at his seat, and for his attachment to 
 his cause he was made master of the royal 
 mines in Wales. In this new appointment 
 he estahlished a mint, and coined money, 
 Avhich he sent to the monarch at Oxford. 
 At the restoration he was j)ermiLtcd by an 
 act of parliament to work and improve the 
 lead mines of Mendip in Somtrsetshii'e. He 
 died 1C74, u<J!;e(\ 80, and was buried in tlie 
 cloisters of AV'estminster abl)ey. He wrote 
 speeches and songs at the presentment of tlie 
 rock at Euston to the (jueen, 4to. 1030, — a 
 remonstrance of his majesty's mines in 
 Wales, IG+ti, 4to. — e.xtract of Bacon's phi- 
 losopliical theory of mineral prosecutions, 
 4to. 1600. 
 
 Busi.EinEN, Jerome, a statesman, in the 
 service of Charles V. who employed him in 
 various embassies. He was a learned man, 
 and the friend of Erasmus, sir Thos. More, 
 &c. and he founded in Lou vain, the college 
 of the thi-ee tongues, Hebrew, Greek, and 
 Latin. One of his letters appears in More's 
 Utopia. He died L'»17. 
 
 BussiERE, John <Ie, a learned Jesuit, au- 
 thor of an hi.^tory of Franco, 'i vols. 4lo. — 
 an abridgement of universal liistory — Scan- 
 derberg, a Latin heroic poem in eight books 
 •^and other pnums. He died 107S, aged 71. 
 
 BussY, Roger liabutin count of, a Frcncli 
 ■writer, horn 3d April 1018, in Normantly. 
 He devoted himself to a militai-y life for sonu; 
 time, an<l rose to high rank, but his pui)lica- 
 tinn of les amours des Gaules proved so of- 
 fensive on account of the liberty which Ik; 
 took v. iih the character- of the French ladies, 
 that lie was deprived of all his honors, an(l 
 thrust into the Bastille, 1GG5. The follow- 
 
 ing year he w.^s liberntcd, hnt on cnnditlotj 
 (*f li\ingin exile on his estate in Burgundy. 
 As a writer he is eminent for his wit, the 
 fire and ehgunce of his diction, and the in- 
 teresting manner of his narratives. He 
 wrote be.sides memoirs, — abridged history of 
 Lewis the grerd, — letters, in hcven rols. — 
 po( ins, ^<c. Me died lO'J.i. 
 
 BuTLEU, ^\'il!iam, a physician, horn at 
 Ipswich, and cducaied at Clare-hall, Cam- 
 hriclge, of which he became a felhjw. He 
 practised at Cainbridge without a <legree, 
 but the oddity of his manners, and the bold 
 and irregidar method in u hich he tre.tted 
 his patients, atid often successfully, render- 
 ed him a favoi-ite in his profession. Some 
 anecdotes of him are recorded, w hich exhib- 
 it him m<>re as a capricious ;tn<i obstinate 
 hoy, or a madman, than as a man of soinid 
 sense and sagaci(jU3 conduct. He died 21uh 
 Jan. 1618, aged 82, and was huried in St. 
 Mary's churcii, Cambridge. He left no 
 writings behind him. 
 
 Butler, Charles, a native of Hamp- 
 shire, author of a popular hook en bees, cal- 
 led the feminine monarchy, and of a treatise 
 on music. He was master of Basingstoke 
 school, and vicar of Lawrence A\'otton, and 
 died 1047. 
 
 Butler, Samuel, the poet, -was horn at 
 Strensham in Worcester; iiire. After being 
 educated at Worcester grammar-school, his 
 father, who Mas a farmer, sent him to C;am- 
 hridge, whore, however, he never was ma- 
 triculated, and after staying six or seven years 
 there, he became the clerk of Mr. Jefterys 
 a justice of the peace. In tliis employment 
 he devoted himself to poetiy and other litei*a- 
 ry pursuits, as well as to music and painting. 
 AfterMai'ds he was'in the iamily of the count- 
 ess of Kent, where he ucX oidy hati aeceps to 
 a valuable library, but familiarly conversed 
 with the great Selden, wimse amanuensis he 
 occasionally was. For some time after he 
 was in Bedfordshire in the house of sir Samuel 
 Luke, one of Cromwell's officers. In tins 
 sitmition no doubt he ])lanned, if he did not 
 write, his Hudibras, as the knight was intend- 
 ed for tlie hero of the poem. Upon the re- 
 storation he became secretajy to lord Carbe- 
 ry, by whom he was appointed steward of 
 Ludlow- castle, and some time after married 
 Mrs. Herbert, a lady whose fortune was lost 
 to the poet by being laid out m bad securities. 
 In 1663 Butler a[<]Hared in anew chnracter, 
 by the publication of the first part of his Hu- 
 dibras in three caDtos, and the merit of the 
 poem was no sooner know n at court bv the 
 i-dluence of t!ie ear! of Dorset, than the king, 
 and the whole of the royalist party received 
 it with enthusiastic a'pplause. The next vear 
 the second part was published, and a third in 
 1 07S ; but the golden <lreams of the poet were 
 rhsappointed ; and tlioiej^^h the nation expected 
 it, and the merit ('f the poem had the 
 strongest claim to royal patronage and public 
 rennuieration, yet Bi.t'er sunk in w ant and 
 e.bsciu-ity. In vain his friends interested 
 them.sclves in his favor, the monnrch et'joye?^ 
 the w it of Hudibras, hut forgot his merits and 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 his necessities, in (he midst of his flatterers and 
 concubines, and though it is said that the \ioet 
 once received 300 guineas from the royal 
 purse, his general treatment denies the asser- 
 tion. From this shametul neglect of pining 
 Airtue, we are to himent the discontinuation 
 of Iludibras. Butlcv wlio did more by the 
 sarcastic jjowcrs of his m.use, to expose to 
 ridicule the fanatical supporters of republi- 
 canism, than all tlie courtiers wlio sluu'ed the 
 smiles of Chai-les, refused to write more for 
 the amusement of an ungrateful nation, the 
 author was uni'ewanlcd, and the poem I'e- 
 mained unfinished. Butler soon after died 
 2jth Sept. 16S0, and was buried in Covent 
 garden church-yard, at the expense of liis 
 friend Mr. Longueviile, who had in vain solici- 
 ted a subsci'iption for his decent interment in 
 "Westriiinster abbey. Sixty years after, tlie 
 memory of the poet was rescued from se- 
 pulchral oblivion, and a monument was erect- 
 ed to him in Westniinstei'- abbey by Mr. Bar- 
 ber, a printer, max or of London, who, from 
 his respect to departed genius, deserves to be 
 recorded as tlie best and most disinterested 
 friend of the uidortunate poet. Mr. Thyer 
 of Manchester publislied some time after But- 
 ler's death tliree vols, of his ])osthumous 
 works, and afterwards two ; but they throw 
 no light upon tlie history of ihe life and suf- 
 ferings of the poet. The best edition of his 
 Ilnchbras, is by Dr. Zacharj' Tirey, 2 vols. Svo. 
 Butler, jos^^ph, an l-^nglish prelate, born 
 at Wantage in 1692. His father, Avho \\asa 
 respectable ti'adesman, hut a presbyterian, 
 intending him for the ministry v)f his own per- 
 sua.sion, placed iiim at the school of Jeremiah 
 Jones of Tewksbury, in Glocestershire, where 
 he had tlie famous Isaac AVatts for his school- 
 fellow. Before lie left this place, he, though 
 
 young, wrote some remarks on Ur. Samuel July 1634. He was confined in the tower for 
 Clark's firrt sermon at Boyle's lecture, v>hich eight months by Cromwell ; and upon his lib- 
 arc annexed to the treatise on the being of eration he went over to Flanders. He accom- 
 God. 'I'he pi-inciples of the dissenters were I panied Charles on Ids restoration, and was 
 
 excellent and immortal pubUcation, entitled 
 The analogy of religion, natural and revealed, 
 to the coubtltution and course of nature, in 
 Svo. 173G. This \aluable work luis been ably 
 analysed h^r Dr. Ilaiilax, and the objections 
 raised against the bishop, and the imputatioa 
 of popery, have been satisfactorily removed. 
 Me published also some sermons, and an ex- 
 cellent charge to the clergy of his diocese, on 
 external religion, for wliicli he was attacked, 
 but ably defended by Seeker. 
 
 Butler, James, duke of Ormond, an able 
 statesman, born I'Jth October 1610, at Clerk- 
 enwell, Lorulon. He succeedeil his grand- 
 father as earl in 1G32, and early distinguisi led 
 himself agair.stthe rebels of Ireland, for Nxhich 
 services he was created a marquis. During 
 the civil wars he was lieutenant of Ireland; 
 but upon the invasion of the isiand by Crom- 
 well, he retired to France, where he was 
 honorably received by tite French nobility, and 
 afterwards employed by (/harles II. in various 
 negotiations with the royalists in England. On 
 the rest(>ration, to which he had so much con- 
 ti'ibutcd by his counsels and Ins abilities, he 
 was, with other honorable appointments, cre- 
 ated a duke, and nominated viceroy of Ire- 
 land. In this (jfFice he, by his vigilance, pre- 
 vented Blood from seizing his person and the 
 castle of Dublin ; and some years after he 
 again Avith difficult}' escaped, by the interfe- 
 rence of his servants, from the violence of the 
 same assassin, who dragged hin^ from his coach 
 in St. James's street, with the intention of 
 hanging him at Tyburn. The duke died 21st. 
 July 168S, in his 78th year, and was buried in 
 Westminster abbey, res])ected not more as a 
 soldier than as a humane and benevolent man. 
 
 Butler, Thomas, earl of Ossory, soii 
 of the preceding, was born at Kilkenny 9th 
 
 now examined with soberness by this youthful | 
 but able scholar, and, after mature dcUbera- 
 tion, rejected, for the more genuine doctrines 
 of the established church ; and Butler, pur- 
 suing his plan, entered at Oriel college, Avliere 
 he formed an honorable and lasting intimacy 
 with Edward Talbot, t!ie son of the bishop of 
 Durliam. In consequence of this respectable 
 connection, and by the recommendation of 
 his own great abilities, he was appointed 
 
 freacher at the Kolls, and made rector of 
 laugliton and Stanhope, and prebendary of 
 Rochester. In 1736 he was appointed clerk 
 of the closet to queen Caroline, and, two years 
 after, nominated to the see of Bristol and 
 deanei'v of St. Paul's. In 1 746 he was made 
 
 made a lieutenant-general in Ireland, and in 
 1666 raised to tlie honor of an Enghsh peer- 
 age, as lord Butler of Moor-park. He serv- 
 ed as a volunteer against the Dutch, and shar- 
 ed the glories of loi'd Albemarle's victory, 
 and further contrd)uted to the honor of his 
 countrv in the engagement off Southwold 
 bay. In consequence of these services he 
 was promoted in the navy, and in 1673 was 
 made admind of the whole fieet, in the ab- 
 sence of prince Rupert. In 1677 he com- 
 manded the English in the service of the 
 ])rince of Orange, and at the battle of Mons 
 he gathered fresh laui'els against the French. 
 In the senate he vindicated his father so ably 
 against loi-d Shaftsbury, that the veteran ora- 
 clerk of the closet to the king, and, four years 1 tor was confounded and abaslied at the exer- 
 after, he was translated to Durham, a dignity { tion of his powers. He died 30th July 1680, 
 ■which he did not long enjoy, as he (bed at ; aged 46. His father said he would not ex- 
 Bath 16th Jimc 1752. He was bui'ied in Bris- ' cliange his dead son for any living son in 
 tol cathedral, where a monument is erected i christendoTU, so respectable and popular was 
 
 to his meniory. This prelate was respectable 
 in private as well as in public Hfe. The pow- 
 ers of his mind were great, clear, and com- 
 prehensive, and from his deep learning, and 
 pious regard for virtue and religion, arose that 
 
 his character. 
 
 Butler, Aiban, a Roman catholic, bora 
 at London, and educated at Doway. He was 
 dii-ector of the English college at St. Omer's, 
 and wrote the Jives of the fathers, saints, and 
 
BU 
 
 BU 
 
 martyrs, in English, with vukuiole notes. 
 He (iiotl l'8i2. ... 
 
 tiv i i» <i«.-or,i;c, D. D. an En(jli?.h (hviin-, 
 l>orii at Lichlicht 'iOth 1)<jcciu1u r i i\\. i'roiu 
 SiaJfunl school he was removed to VVcstniin- 
 ster, au;l in 1700 lie was cho.scn studiMit of 
 Christ church, O-xlord. In 1 /().") he took or- 
 ders, ami In the kindness of his iriend sir Ed- 
 ward Winnington he was, in 1771, iiresiiited 
 to the hviiigs\ji" Stanlnrd and Cliilon, VVor- 
 cestershiie, and in 1787 he obtained trom 
 lord l-'oley the valuable vicarage of lvid«ler- 
 minster. lie was allacked by a ])aral>Ue 
 stroke in June 17ij5, and \icldcd with seren- 
 ity and composure to a gradual decay, v. Inch 
 ])r')ved fatal the .K»lh Sej)t. loUowing. He 
 was buried in blantord ciiurcli, where a short 
 inscrii>uon in niodcst language records his 
 merits. Ur. Hutt was ihslinguished as a 
 l)reaclier, ardent yet meek, pathetic yet un- 
 ullected, ilirecting all the powers of his elo- 
 quence with the pure spirit of devotion, and 
 the mild graces of benevolence and cluislian 
 charity. As a poet, he possessed origlnaiity, 
 force, and sublimity, and what the muse in- 
 bl)ired was expressed with ail the fire ar.d en- 
 ergy of li-ue genius. In private life he was 
 deservedly a(ln\ired for the urbanity of his 
 manners, the goodness of his heart, and the 
 fervor and ste;idiness of his friendship. Ills 
 convei-sation was easy and cheerful, often 
 sparkling with wit, but never offensive for il- 
 liberality of reflection or coarseness of ideas. 
 He published a volume of sermons, and in 
 1784 he dedicated to the king his versification 
 of Isaiah, and in 1793 he collected and pub- 
 lished his poems, in "2 vols. 8vo. An interest- 
 ins; and w ell w ritteu account of his hfe has 
 appeared from the classical pen ot his iriend 
 Ur. Valpy. 
 
 J3uTTS, sir Wilham, a physician to Henry 
 VHI. educated at Gonvile hall, Cambridge, 
 of which he became a fellow. He favored 
 the reformation, and was the friend of Cran- 
 iner He was knighted by the king, and 
 was one of the founders of the royal college 
 of physicians, Avherc liis name is mentioned 
 Avith high commendation. He is introduced 
 by Shakspeare in his Henry VHI. as the 
 great friend of Cranmer. He died 1545, and 
 was buried in Fulham church. 
 
 Buxton, Jedediah, an extraordinary cal- 
 culator, born at Elmeton, near Chesterfield, 
 in Derbyshire. Though the son of a schoolmas- 
 ter, and the grand son of a clergyman, h.e was 
 shamefully neglected, and knew neither to 
 w rite nor read. His powers of meditation, 
 and his command of thought, were so aston- 
 ishing, that, in the midst of tlie greatest mui- 
 titmles and the most confused noises, he would 
 reply with (juickness and accuracy to the 
 most dinicult questions. He was accidental- 
 ly asked by a stranger how many cubical 
 eighths of an inch there were in a body, 
 wliose three sides were 2o,l45,789 yards, 
 5,64'2,732 yards, and 54,965 yards; and tliough 
 surrounded by a lumdred laborers, he pro- 
 ceeded to the intricate calculation, and, in 
 five hours, gave a correct answer to the as- 
 tonished incpiirer. Other instances are men- 
 tioned of his puw ei'fully retoutivc memory ; 
 
 and it is said, that, by walking, he coul ' mea- 
 sure any piece of land with as much exact- 
 ness as il he had niarked it witU a chain. 
 The givat f)l)ject of his heart, next to figuivs, 
 was to see the rojal family; aiid to gratily 
 this strong projiensity, he walked to London, 
 in 1754, but returned in disappointment. 
 While ill the capital, ho was introduced to 
 the royal .society, and he visited J)rurv-lane 
 at the ixpix'seiilalioji of Uiciiard 111. where 
 it was expected the novelty of the scene and 
 the spLndor of the exhibition would plerajc 
 and engage his attenti(yn, jSiothing, howev- 
 er, struck him; but he employed himself in 
 nnniLiei-ing the steps of the dancers, and in 
 counting, with great nicety, all tlie words 
 which Carrick had uttered during the per- 
 formance. He died at the age of 7t>, about 
 the }ear 1774, and left beiiind him several 
 children. 
 
 BuXTORFF, John, a leanicd Hebrean, 
 born at Camen in Wesipliaha, professor at 
 Basil, where he (lied of the plague 1629, aged 
 65. He displayed his extensive knowledge of 
 rabbinical learning as the author of some val- 
 uable books, especially an Hebrew gram- 
 mar — a lexicon Chaldaicum talmudicum &c 
 rabbinicum, 1639, folio — a Hebrew bible — 
 synagoga Judaica, or the religious ceremonies 
 of the Jews — a small Hebrew and Chaldaic 
 lexicon, I'Jmo.-institatio epistolaris Judaica — 
 a rabbinical commentary — thesaurus hnguce, 
 Hebraicie, 2 vols. 8vo. kc. 
 
 BuXTORFF, John, son and successor to 
 the preceding, was born at Basil, where he 
 died in 1664, aged 65. He translated the 
 moreh nevocliim of Maimonides — the book 
 called Cosri — a va'uable Hebrew concoi-d- 
 ance — a defence of the points and vowels of 
 the Hebrew text against Lewis Cajtellus — 
 anticritica, likewise against Capeilus — be- 
 sides some dissertations on Jewish liistoiy 
 and literature. Like his father, he gained the 
 esteem and veneration of the learned for his 
 extensive erudition. Botli indeed received, 
 as they merited, the most flattering marks of 
 respect from Gerard Vossius, Joseph Scali- 
 ger, and Isaac Casaubon. 
 
 BuxroKFF, John, was nephew of the 
 preceding, and succeeded him in tiie oriental 
 chair at Basil, a;i honor which four of the 
 family enjoyed during a whole century. He, 
 hke his predeccssoi's, ably vindicated the use 
 of vowels and points, and published sevei*al 
 learned dissertations on the Hebrew language, 
 besides verses, sermons, &c. He died in 
 1732, leaving a son who has not degenerated 
 from the learning of his family. 
 
 Buy de Mouxas, Claude, born at Ly- 
 ons, died at Paris 1783. He is author of'a 
 valuable atlas of geography and history, 4 
 vols. 4to. 1762-177U, and cosmography, in 
 8vo. 1770. He was for some time geogi-aphi- 
 cal tutor to the royal family. 
 
 B VZA N V A L, N icliolas Clioart de, a French 
 prelate, born at Paris 1611. He quitted the 
 law ar.d its honors fur the church, and was 
 macie bi.shop of Beauvais 1652. He was an 
 excellent diocesan, and constantly resided 
 among his ]>eople, beloved and respected. 
 He died 1679. 
 
BY 
 
 BY 
 
 BuzoT, Francis Nicholas Leonard, one 
 of the heroes of the Frencli i-evoUition, was 
 born at Evreux, March 17G0. He was mem- 
 ber of the national assembly and of the con- 
 vention, where he was snrnamed the evil 
 prophet, because he constantly inveighed 
 against pretended plots, and suspected ma- 
 cliinatioiis. Ucgai'dlcss of the cries of faction, 
 he ha<l the courage to attack the Orleans par- 
 ty, and particularly Danton and Ro.'jespierre, 
 in consequence of which his destruction was 
 decreed. He was proscribed 31st May 1793, 
 but escaped, and wandered poor, wretched, 
 and destitute in the department of Calvados, 
 -where he was at last found dead by the side 
 of his friend Pcthion. Some have attributed 
 his death to assassination, and others to sui- 
 cide. His enemies, tlie Jacobins, to render 
 him more odious, called hiiu king Buzot. 
 
 flvFiELD, Nicholas, a native of War- 
 wickshire, educated at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford. When admitted into orders he settled 
 at Chester, and afterwards removed to Isle- 
 vorth, where be died, 162Z. In his princi- 
 ples he was a strong calvinist and Sabbatarian, 
 and wrote some voluminous tracts on divini- 
 tv. His son Adoniram espoused the cause of 
 tiie parliament in the civil wars, and was clerk 
 of the assembly of divines at Westminster. 
 
 BVN.EUS, Anthony, a native of Utrecht, 
 the pupil of Crifivius, and well skilled in clas- 
 sical and historical learning. He wrote de 
 calceis Hebra*orum — Christus crucifixus — 
 explicatio historiai evangelicaj denativ. Chris- 
 ti, &c. and died at J)eventer 169S, aged i4. 
 
 Byng, (ieorge, lord Torrington, was born 
 1663, and at the early age of U engaged in 
 the naval service of his country. He gradu- 
 ally rose by merit, and in 1704, witli the rank 
 of rear admiral of the red, he greatly contri- 
 buted to the capture of Gibraltar, under sir 
 Cloudesley Shovel. For his services at the 
 battle of Malaga he was knighted, and after 
 bravely protecting the borders of Scotland 
 against the pretender, and maintaming the 
 honor of his country in the Baltic, he was in 
 1718 appointed commander in chief of the 
 fleet in the Mediterranean, wliere he bravely 
 protected the coasts of Italy against the in- 
 vasion of the Spanish anus, and defeated 
 some of their formidable armaments. His 
 merits were gratefully acknowledged by the 
 queen of Denmark, and by the emperor 
 Charles VI. who complimented him on his 
 valor, and presented him with his picture set 
 in diamonds. On his return home George I. 
 acknowledged, in the handsomest manner, 
 the length arid value of his services, made 
 him treasurer of the navy, and rear admiral 
 of England, and raised him to the honors of 
 a viscount, and in 1727 George H. made him 
 first lord of the admiralty, a place wliich he 
 filled with honor to his countrv till his deatli, 
 17th Jan. 1733. He was buried at Southhill, 
 Bedfordshire. 
 
 Byxg, John, son of the above, served in 
 the glorious expeditions of his fathei', and by 
 his merits, as well as the influence of his name, 
 was raised to the rank of admiral. His at- 
 terapb: to relieve Fort St. Philip in Miuorcn, 
 
 when blockaded by a French fleet imder la6t- 
 lissoniere, proved abortive, and his hesitation 
 in engaging the enemy, when a bold attack 
 might have perhaps gained him the victory, 
 drew the clamors of the nation against hira. 
 The ministry, who M-ished to avert the pub- 
 lic odium from their unsuccessful measures, 
 beheld with seeming satisfaction tiie unj)opu- 
 larity of the admiral, and when he was con- 
 demned by a court-martial, they suffered him, 
 though recommended to mercy, to be sacri- 
 ficed to the general indignation, and he was 
 shot at Portsmouth 14th March 1757, meet- 
 ing his death with cairn resignation. 
 
 Bynkersuoek, Cornelius Van, a na- 
 tive of Middlebui'g, who studied the law at 
 Franeker, and became president of the coun- 
 cil in Holland, and law professor at Leyden. 
 He is author of observations on the Itoman 
 laws — an admired treatise on the right of 
 ambassadors — besides other valuable works. 
 He died 1743, aged SU. 
 
 Byrge, Justus, an ingenious mathemati- 
 cal instrument maker in France. The in- 
 vention of logarithms, and of the com])ass 
 of proportion, is attributed to him, but cer- 
 tainly on very indefensible ground. He flor- 
 ished at the end of the 16th century. 
 
 BYROiM, John, a poet, and the inventor 
 of a system of short-hand writing, was borR 
 at Kersal near Manchester, and after being 
 educated at the Charter-house, he entered 
 at Trinity -college, Cambridge, of which he 
 became a fellow, under the i)atronage and 
 friendship of Bentley. His talents for poetry 
 were displayed while in the university, by 
 the publication of his beautiful pastoral of Co- 
 lin to Phcebe, which appeared in the first 
 volume of the Spectator, as well as two in- 
 genious essays on dreams. As he did not 
 take orders he soon lost his fellowship, and 
 with it the comforts of independence. He 
 afterwards went to Montpellic^r for the re- 
 covery of his health, but an intimate acquaint- 
 ance with the writings of Malebranche, Bou- 
 rignon, and Behmen shook his religious 
 principles and made liim imbibe the tenets of 
 wild and visionary enthusiasm. On his re- 
 turn to Loudon he wished to apply himself to 
 physic, but he had not sufficient resolution, 
 and the sight of one of his cousins soon en- 
 gaged him in thoughts towards matrimonial 
 happiness. Though he was successful in Ids 
 appeals to the lady, her obdurate parents re- 
 fused to consent 'to a union with an indigent 
 man, and abandoned their daughter who at 
 last luid given her hand to her unfortunate 
 lover. Byrom's little property was soon con- 
 sumed, and to maintain himself he began to 
 teach at Mancliestcr a new method of short- 
 hand M-riting, which he had invented at Cam- 
 bridge, and he afterwards removed to Lon- 
 don, accompanied by his wife. His industry 
 was rewarded, he obtained a handsome com- 
 petence, and regularly spent his summers 
 with his increasing family at Manchester, till 
 the death of his elder brother without issue, 
 and his succession to his estiite, restored him 
 to his long Avished for independence. He spent 
 ia domestic retirement in the company of his 
 
BZ 
 
 BZ 
 
 worthy wife, the remaining years of his life, 
 ill \uiiiiiija variety of picccb of iiocli'), which 
 hf composed wilh great ease and fluchry, anil 
 whicii very injudiciously he employed on all 
 subjects, either religious or chisnical. lie di- 
 ed at Mancluster '2Mh Sejit. 1703, aged 72, 
 leavinjj behind him the diarader of uii inof- 
 fensive man, whf), to consi(lei:d)le learning 
 and poetical f^enius, united mild and amiahle 
 manners. liis pen Avas nc\Lr dipix-d in the 
 gall of satire or ridicule, lie was made I'el- 
 lou of the royal soeictN in 17'ii. 
 
 Uy THNEK, ^ ictoi'inus, a native of I'oland, 
 eminent tor his knowh-dge of Hebrew, lie 
 came vei-y ycHing to Oxford, and read lec- 
 tures in Hebrew, and afterwards removed to 
 Cambridge and then into Cornwall, vhere he 
 began to practise jjliysic. His best known 
 work is Lxia ])roi)lielica l)a\iilis regis, five 
 analysis crilicopractica psalmorum, -ko. He 
 died 1664. 
 
 Biovit'S, Abraham, a learned Polander, 
 educated firsl at Prosovitz, uud afterwards at 
 
 Cn'.cow. He visited Italy, and piv? lectures 
 of l^hilosophy at .Milan, and of divinity at Ho- 
 logna, and as his w ritings tended to support 
 the authorities of the ecclesiastical states, he 
 was received with great distinction when he 
 was introduced to ihe po[)e, and lrMlg(<l in tlie 
 \atican. Hi; afiei'wards left this resilience, 
 being terrified by the murder of one of his 
 servants, and retireil tf» the convent of .Min- 
 erva, where he died 1017 aged 70. His uork.s 
 are represented as so numerous that it wouM 
 re(|uiie some pages to enumei-atc them, but 
 the chief are the Continuatirtn of liaronius* 
 annals of the church, in 9 vols. fol. from the 
 year II IS — ami lives of the po[»e8, 3 vols. — 
 lie was of the Dominican order, and was for 
 some time yirincipal of a college of Domin- 
 icans at Cracow His attack on the empei'or 
 Lewis of Bavaria was severely resented by 
 the duke of that house, and he was obliged 
 not only to retract, but to .submit to the impu- 
 t:ition of a malevolent, feeble, injudicious, 
 I and illiberal historian. 
 
 CA 
 
 CAB, Ben Zohair, an Arabian poet, who 
 died in the first year of the hcgira. He 
 is chiefly known as the o{)ponent, and after- 
 wards as tlie friend of Mahomet, whom he 
 assisted m the ])ropagation of his religion, and 
 iu the composition of the Koran. 
 
 Caqades orCoBAD, king of Persia af- 
 ter his brother Ralasch, was deposed for his 
 improper conduct, but recovered his power, 
 which he left, after a successful war with the 
 Romans, to his son Chosroes, .531. 
 
 Cabasilas, IViilus, archbishop of Thes- 
 salonica, wrote against the claims of the bish- 
 op of Rome to universal supremacy, and to 
 infallibility. He wrote also an exposition of 
 the liturgy, 8cc. and was succeeded by his 
 nepliew Nicholas, in the l4th century. 
 
 Cabassole, Philip de, chancellor and 
 chief minister of the (pieen of Sicily, was 
 made a cardinal by Urban V. He died 1372, 
 metropolitan of Constantinople, and author 
 of a treatise on the life and miracles of Mary 
 Magilalen, and de nugis curialium. He cor- 
 responded ^\ith the poet Petrarch. 
 
 Cabassut, John, professor of the canon 
 law at Avignon, was born at Aix, and died 
 1685, aged 81. He is author of juris canoni- 
 oi tlieoria 8c ^jraxis, fol. 1G38 — nolitia e.\clesi- 
 ast. consiliorum, cajionum veterumque ec- 
 olcs. rituum, 1670, in fol. 
 
 Cabel, Adrian Vander, a native of Rys- 
 wick, eminent as a painter of I:. ndscapes, cat- 
 tle, Sec. He died 1095, aged 64. 
 
 Cabestan or Cabestaing. William 
 de, a provencal poet in the service of Tricline 
 Carbonal, witc of Raymond de Sci!lat»s. He 
 gained so m\ich the aft'ection of his mistress 
 that the husbiind, jealous of the favor, mur- 
 dered him, an<l pressed his lieart, whicli he 
 placed on the table before his guilty wife. — 
 She ate of the horrid food, aud when inform- 
 ed of it (^e4 of griQf 1'213. 
 
 CA 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, son of Jolm C aLof, a 
 Venetian, Avas born at Bi'istol 1467. Under 
 the eye of his father he learnt mathematics 
 and cosmography, and by accompanying him 
 in several voyages he became, even before he 
 was 20 years old, very eminent in the art of 
 navigation. In 1497 he was engaged with his 
 father by Henry VII. for the discovery of a 
 north-west passage to India, and after touch- 
 ing at Prima Vista and St. John's island they 
 sailed as far as Cape Florida before their re- 
 tui'n home. Succeeding voyages completed 
 the discoveries thus begun ; a settlement was 
 made on the coast of Newfoundland, and 
 Sebastian, by being the first among Europe- 
 ans who touched the new continent, estab- 
 lished a greater claim to give his name to 
 those unknown regions than either Ameri- 
 cus Vespucius or even Columbus himself. — 
 The next exertions of Sebastian were under 
 Henry VHI. to penetrate to the East Indies 
 by the south, hut the want of support on the 
 part of sir Thomas Pert vice-admiral of 
 ILngland, disappointed his hopes, and he re- 
 turned home after penetrating only as far 
 as the Brasils and visiting Hisnaniola and 
 Porto Jiico. In 1524 Cabot was employed 
 by the king of Spain, and in the character 
 of chief pilot of Spain to sail to the Moluc- 
 cas by the straits of Magellan, but the. mu- 
 tinous spirit of his crew checked his pro- 
 gress, and he stijpped at Paraguay, from, 
 whence, after five years* residence, he re- 
 turned to Europe, and though be exhibited 
 the most flattering proofs of the fertility and 
 opulence of the countries he had visited, he 
 was treated with coldness b)' the court and 
 by the mercantile companies, whose avari- 
 cious hope he had in vain endeavored to re- 
 alize. Disgusted with the ingratitude of the 
 Spaniards, Cabot returned and settled at 
 
CA 
 
 CM 
 
 Bristol, -where his great merits soon rccorii- 
 nieuded him to Edward \l. and Somerset 
 the protector, and from his experier.ce and 
 great knowledge he was now consulted as an 
 oracle on commercial affairs, and wit'ii a lib- 
 eral pension he was appointed governor of 
 the company of the merchant adventurers. 
 In 1552 he planned a ^o^age for the discove- 
 ry of the northern parts ot the world, and 
 to him therefore England owes her first 
 mercantde connection with Itiissia, by the 
 establishment of tlie Russia company, of 
 vhioh Cabot was honorably appointed gov- 
 ernor for life by tlie charter of Philip and 
 Mary. After a very active and most useful \ 
 life, this worth.y and pati'iotic man died aged 
 about TO. It is reinarked of him, that be 
 first observed the variation of the needle. 
 His directions vi'iih respect to an intended 
 Toy age to tJatbay are found in Haklujt's 
 >oyages. lie jtubiished a map of the world, 
 besides an account of his voyages in the 
 southern parts of the world, printed ^ enice 
 1583, folio. 
 
 Cabot, Vincent, author of " les politi- 
 qnes," a work in foui* vols, dedicated to 
 llichelieu, and finished by Capistron the 
 poet and his executor, was a learned civi- 
 lian of Toulouse in the 16th century. 
 
 Cabral, or Cabrera, Pedro Alvares, 
 a Portuguese, sent in 1500 by king Emanu- 
 el with a fleet to the East Indies. A storm 
 drove him on the coast of Brazil, where he 
 called the place Avhcre he landed Santa 
 Cruz, and he afterwards reached his destina- 
 tion, and compelled the chief of Calicut to 
 submit to his arms. He returned to Europe 
 in 1501, loaded with the treasures and curi- 
 osities of tbe east. An account of his voy- 
 age was published in a collection by Kamu- 
 sio, Venice. 
 
 Cadalous, a bisliop of Parma, made 
 pope under the title of Honorius II. He 
 •was deposed by the council of Mantuu, and 
 died some sime after, 1064. 
 
 Cadamosto, Lewis, a famous Venetian 
 iiavigcitor, born 1422. He was engnged in 
 the service of flenry of Portugal, and in 
 1455 he proceeded to Madeira, and visited 
 the Canaries and tlie coast of Africa as far 
 as the mouth of tbe Gambia. The follow- 
 ing year he prosecuted his discoveries as far 
 as liie river St. Doniinic, and on his return 
 to Portugal he v.as received with great hon- 
 or, and during his residence at Lugos treat- 
 ed with every mark of respect and gratitude 
 by the inhabitants. He returned to \'e!iice, 
 where he died 1464, and an account of his 
 voyages was afterwards published and trans- 
 lated into Freuch by Redoner in the IGth 
 century. 
 
 Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, came 
 to Europe about 1493 li. C. and inti-oduced 
 the knowledge and the use of the alphabet. 
 
 Cadmus, a Milesian, the author of an 
 lustory of Ionia. Another, who wrote an 
 history of Alliens. 
 
 Cadog, son ofPirychan, was founder of 
 seme »hurches in Wales in the fifth centu- 
 ry, and died in Prance. 
 
 Cadog, a bard of the sixth century cal 
 led the wise. He first collected British pro- 
 verbs together. 
 
 Cadogan, William Bromley, second 
 son of lord Cadogan by Frances daughter of 
 lord Montfort. From Westminster, where 
 his abilities were rewarded with several 
 prizes, he went to Ciirist church, Oxford, 
 and afterwards was presented to the livings 
 of St. Giles' Reading, and St. Luke's Chel- 
 sea. In the discharge of his religious and 
 ecclesiastical duties, he was indcfatigably 
 zealous and ardent, and inclined strongly to 
 the tenets of the methodisis, though he re- 
 tained tbe forms of tlie church of England. 
 Some of his sermons have been published. 
 He died ISth January 179", aged 46, and 
 his parishioners at Reading, in respect to 
 his memory, all put on movu-ning. 
 
 Cadwaladyr, king of Britain in 660, 
 had tbe misfortune to see his kingdom over- 
 run by the Saxons, and its independence 
 destroyed. He died at Rome 703, and was 
 the last king of the Britons. He is called 
 one of the three blessed kings, for his be- 
 nevolence ni the relief of the chrisiians. 
 
 Cadwaladyr Cesail, a Welch bard 
 of sjme merit in the I6tii century, whose 
 works are still preserved in MS. — There 
 was also another of the same name and in 
 the same age. 
 
 Cadwallon, son of Cad wan, was prince 
 of North Wales, and fled to Ireland, on be- 
 ing defeated by Edwin of England 620. 
 On his return he took the name of king, i 
 and was engaged in perpetual war with the 
 Saxons. His memory has been highly hon- 
 ored by the bards, whom he patronised. 
 
 Cadwgan, a prince of South Vv'ales. 
 The ill conduct of his son Owen in carry- 
 ing away Nest the wife of Gerald, proved 
 the ruin of his family. He fled to Ireland, 
 but on his return was assassinated by his 
 nephew 11 10. 
 
 CiECiLiANus, bishop of Carthage 311, 
 was expelletl from his oflicc by a council of 
 Numidia, which declared his election void. 
 
 C-SCiLius Sta TILS, a comic poet in the 
 age of Ennius. 
 
 Cmlivs, Anrelianus, an African physi- 
 cian, whose age is unknown. His works are 
 extant. 
 
 CiESAR, C. Jul. a Roman general, famous 
 for his learning, his intrigues, his ambition, 
 his valoi", his military successes, and his tra- 
 gical death. He compiered (iaul, and was 
 tlie first Roman who invaded Britain, which 
 he twice reduced to apparent submission. 
 His arms were equally successful in Africa, 
 in Egypt, and in Asia, and divided the 
 woi-l(i with two other triumvirs, after whose 
 death he grasped ut the sovereign power of 
 Rome under the title of emperor. His am- 
 bitious views were defeated by the jealousy 
 of his enemies as well as of his friends, and 
 he was stabbed in the senate-house B. C. 43, 
 in the 56th year of his age. 
 
 CitSAR, Julius, a learned civilian, born 
 at Tottenham 1557, and educated at Mag- 
 dalen hall, Oxford. He took the degree of 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 tJoctor of the civil law at^l'arls 1581, uiul four 
 years after became lioctor of the uanon law 
 ?.t Oxford. He was master of the coiut of 
 requests under Elizabelh, judt;c of llie ad- 
 inii'alty, and master of St. Catlierine's uear 
 the Tower, and under James I. he was 
 knigliled, and appointed chancellor of the 
 excliequer, an ottice which he resigned on 
 succeeding to the maslershii» of the rolls 
 1614. He was a man of great learning and 
 integrity, charitable antl benevolent. Ho 
 died '28lh April I03f», and was buried in 
 Great St. Helen's church, IJishopsgale, Lon- 
 don. His manuscripts, which were very 
 valuable, were sold by Patterson the auc- 
 tioneer in 17.i7, for more than ,'J'K)/. and they 
 now adorn the marquis of Landsdovvn's li- 
 brai'y. 
 
 CiKSARALPiNus, Andreas, a i)hiloso- 
 pher of Arezzo, physician to pope Clement 
 VhI. He was a man of great erndition, and 
 from some passages iu his writings it has 
 been conjectured that he was acquainted with 
 the circulation of the blood. He w^is also 
 •well skilled iu botany, but the regular dis- 
 tribution which he makes of plants was not 
 adopted till 100 years after, by Uobert Mor- 
 ison, professor of botany at Oxford. He 
 published a treatise de plautis, &c qusestiones 
 peiipateticie, and died at Home 23d Febru- 
 ary 10O3, aged o4. 
 
 Caff A, Melchior, a native of Malta, 
 •whose abilities in sculpture were usefully 
 employed iu adorning the churches of Rome 
 and Italy. He was compared for excellence 
 and genius ^to Bernini. He died at Rome 
 1687, aged'oO. 
 
 CAFrARELLi duFalga, N. a French 
 officer employed in the armies of the Rhine 
 in 1792, and afterwards in Italy and iu 
 Egypt. He died 1801, much respected for 
 his merit and courage. 
 
 Caffiaux, D. Joseph, a native of Va- 
 lenciennes, who died at St. German des pres 
 1777, aged 03. He was a Benedictine of the 
 congregation of St. Maur, and wrote au es- 
 say towards an history of music 4to. — the 
 liistory of Picardy, with the assistance of 
 Gamier — and the genealogical treasure, a 
 valuable and interesting work. 
 
 Caffieri, Philip, a sculptor of Rome, 
 born 1634, invited to France by Mazarine, 
 and made by Colbert inspector of the ma- 
 rine at Dunkirk: His sou Jauit s was equal- 
 ly eminent. His busts in bronze were much 
 admired. He died 175.T, and his sorj John 
 James followed his i)rofcssion with equal suc- 
 cess. 
 
 Cagliari, Paul, a native of Vei-ona, 
 son of a sculj)tor, better known by the name 
 of Paul Veronese. He distinguished him- 
 self as a painter ; and for his admirable exe- 
 cution, and the majesty of his compositions, 
 he was generallv culled by the Italians " the 
 happy painter.' His hrst pieces were drawn 
 at Mantua, but after adorning many of the 
 cities of Italy with the fine executions of his 
 pencil, he settled at Venice, where he en- 
 tertained greater hopes of celebrity. In his 
 t'onduct Paul Veroiicsc was rcspecfahle, he 
 
 VOR. I. iicy 
 
 not only rooommended himself lo liic pooil 
 o\)inion of his countrymen and competitors, 
 but rteciri-d the most flattering compli- 
 menl.>5rrom hcveral crowned heads, who ur- 
 gently invitcMl him to settle in their domin- 
 ions, a distinction which he rejected with all 
 the lirmness of a man attached tf) his coun- 
 try, and eager to promote her glory and her 
 fame. ]*atd died of a fever at Venice in 
 i.^SS, aged 5Ci, and had a tomb and brazen 
 statue erected to his honor in the church ni' 
 St. Sebastian. His two sons, (iabi-iel and 
 Cliai-les, were likewi.se painters, and to the 
 genius of their father joined an unusual de- 
 gree of fraternal affection, (jharles died 
 Ij'jf), when '26 years old, and Gabriel fell 
 a victim to the plague 1631, aged 03. Paul 
 had also a brother Benedict, eminent asjt 
 sculptor and painter. He assisted his ne- 
 phews in completing their father's unfinished 
 pictures, and as his style resembled that of 
 his brother, the pieces of Benedict, often 
 ])ass for the tnore celebrated compositions of 
 Paul. Benedict more frecjueutly practised 
 in fresco, and chiaro-obscuro, and to the- 
 merits of a painter he added the learnini^ 
 and genius of a poet and satirist. He died 
 1598, aged 66. 
 
 Cagliostro, Count Alexander, an im- 
 postor of some celebrity, born at Palermo 
 eighth of June 1743. His real name Mas 
 Joseph Balsamo. He was of mean parentagcj 
 and the early deathof his father devolved tne 
 care of his infant years to his mother's rela- 
 tions, by whom he Avas placed at the semina- 
 ry at St. Roche in his native town. At the 
 age of 13 lie became a novice to the friars of 
 mercy at Cartagirone, where his many irre- 
 gularities and a constant disposition to mis- 
 chief exposed him so much to severe chas- 
 ti.sement that he threw off" the cowl. A se- 
 ries of frauds, of impostures, of villany, ai\d 
 it is even saitl of uuirder, obliged him at last 
 to fly from Palermo, and after practising 
 some of his stratagems at Home and Messina, 
 we find him visiting the islands of tiie Archi- 
 pelago and Alexandria, and afterwards ex- 
 hibiting his artful imi)ostures in almost everv* 
 city of Euroj)e. He was at last arrested for 
 some enormities at Rome, and died in the 
 castle of St. Angelo the latter part of the, 
 year 1794. A c(jmpendium of his life froia 
 the documents produced against him has been 
 published by the apostolical chamber at 
 Rome, and contains a curious account of a 
 man who, by a versatile genius, a superficial 
 knowledge of philosophy and chemistry, and 
 a pretended intercourse with supernatural 
 agents, imposed upon the credulity not only 
 of the vulgar, but of the great, the learned 
 aiul opulent, and acquired to himself celebri- 
 ty and an independent fortune. 
 
 Cagmaci, called Gaulussi from his de- 
 foi'inity, was an Italian painter of the ISth 
 century, disciple to Guido. He died at Vi- 
 enna, aged 80. 
 
 Cagnati, Marsilio, a physician of Ve» 
 rona, who studied at Padua, and settled at 
 Rome, under tlie patronage of Clement 
 A IJl. and PiulT- asj»rof(?ssorf)f philosophy 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 and mcdjcine. He -wrote rariarum observa- 
 tioaum, Svo. — de sanitate tuenda, 4to. — de 
 aeris Roniani salubritate, &c. <ito. — opuscula 
 ?aria, 4to. 1603. 
 
 Cahagnes, James, professor of medicine 
 at Caen, died 161^2, aged 64. He wrote 
 Latin treatises on fevers, and on tlie disor- 
 ders of the head, 16 18 — besides eenturie des 
 eloges des hommes ceiebres <ie Caen, 1609, 
 Svo. 
 
 Cahusac, Lewis de, a French writer, 
 born Jit Montauban, where he resided for 
 some time as secretaiy of the intendaiice. 
 On publishing his tragedy of Pharamond, a 
 piece which though offensive against histo- 
 rical truth had great success, he came to 
 Paris, and became secrotai-y to count de 
 Clermont, whom he accompanied in the 
 campaigns of 1743. He wrote some roman- 
 ces, besides several operas, which were re- 
 ceived witli great applause. The poet, who 
 possessed abilities, was in his mannei'S ari'O- 
 gant, and so tender of his reputation, that it 
 is said his sensibility turned his head. He 
 died .Ht Paris June 1759. 
 
 Caiaphas, the high priest of the Jews, 
 before whom our Saviour was carried, and 
 by whom he was condemned. He destroyed 
 himself when dismissed from his office by Vi- 
 telliiis. 
 
 Caiet, Peter Victor Palraa, a native of 
 Montricliard in Touraine, who from a eal- 
 rinist became a catholic, and died IGIO, aged 
 85, doctor of the Sorbonne, and Hebrew pro- 
 fessor in the royal college. He w as so re- 
 spected for his learning, that lie was highly 
 feivored by Catharine of Bourbon, and Henry 
 IV. admitted him (o court, notwithstanding 
 the slovenly appearance of his dress. He 
 was for some time foolishly employed, as many 
 of the learned men of the times, in searching 
 for the philosopher's stone, and he was se- 
 Tcrely attacked by the calvinists, whose ten- 
 ets ho had abjured. Most of his woi-ks are 
 tjontrovcrsial, but his chronologic septennaire 
 in 8vo. from the peace of Vervins lo'jS to 
 1604, and his chronologie novennaire, from 
 1589 to 1598, in three vols, are valuable and 
 interesting compositions. 
 
 Caietax, a cardinal, born at Caicta in 
 the kingdom of Naples, 1469. His proper 
 name was Thomas de Vio. He was of the 
 order of the Dominicans, and displayed his 
 great talents as professor of philosophy and 
 divinity at Paris and Home, till his book in 
 support of the power of tlie pope, raised him 
 to tlie rank of cardinal and to the archiepis- 
 eopal see of Palermo. He was employed by 
 the pope in several imijortant negotiations, 
 but especially in opposing the doctrines of 
 Luther, which he found it impossible either to 
 silence or check. Hedied 1534, aged 65. He 
 was a man of great learning as a logician, and 
 philosopher and divine. Besides some com- 
 mentaries on Aristotle's philosophy, and 
 Thon;as Aquinas' theology, he published a 
 literal translation of the greatest part of the 
 books of the old and new testaments, which 
 his death prevented him from completing 
 He has besa attacked by cavUiiial Pallavicini 
 
 for his translation, but he has been ably de- 
 fended by father Simon. 
 
 Caietan, Constantine, a Benedictine, 
 who died at Rome, 17th Sep. 1650, aged 85. 
 He edited the works of Peter Uarien, four 
 vols fol. — and wrote some treatises to prove 
 " the imitations of Jesus Christ," to have 
 been written by a Benedictine, &c. 
 
 Cailler, Nicholas Lewis de la, a French 
 mathematician and astronomer, born at Ru- 
 migny, 1714, and educated at the college of 
 Lisieux at Paris. He became the triend and 
 disciple of Cassini, and w ith de Thury pro- 
 jected the meridian line, which extended from 
 the observatory to the extremities of France, 
 In 1739 he was named professor of mathemat- 
 ics of the college of Mazarine, and for his 
 great knowledge was elected honorary mem- 
 ber of most of the learned academies of Eu- 
 rope. In 1750 he Avent under the royal pat- 
 ronage to the Cape of Good Hope, to see the 
 stars of the southern hemisphere, of 10,000 
 of which in the course of two years he deter- 
 mined the exact position. The whole of his 
 time was usefully employed in the serAice of 
 astronom)^, mathematics, and navigation, but 
 unfortunately a malignant fever teiminated 
 his labors in 1762, in his 48th year. He pos- 
 sesses the great character of clearness, ac- 
 curacy, and precision. His works contaia 
 several volumes in 4to. and Svo. besides de- 
 tached papers in the collection of the academy. 
 
 Cain, the eldest son of Adam, devoted 
 himself to agriculture, hut finding the obla- 
 tions of his brother Abel more propitiously 
 received than his OAvn, he slew him in the 
 year 130 after the creation. He was cursed 
 for his cruelty, and wandered tov. -.rds the 
 east of Eden, and built a city, to which he 
 gave the name of his son Enoch. According 
 to Jewish traditions he Avas killed by Lamech. 
 In the second century there arose a sect of 
 Cainites or Gnostics, who paid particular re- 
 spect to Cain's menioiy. 
 
 Cairo, Francisco, a painter of Milan, 
 born 1598, m ho studied at Rome and Venice. 
 Amadeus of vSavoy knighted him, and great- 
 ly patronised him. His pictures are on reli- 
 gious subjects, and are considered as of supe- 
 rior excellence. 
 
 Caius or Kayes, Dr. John, a physician 
 born at Norwich, 6th Octobei', 1510, edu- 
 cated .'it Norwich-school and GonAil-hall, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow, 
 1533. To improve himself he visited France, 
 Flander.% and Germany, and after studying at 
 Padua under ^tlontanus, he took his degree 
 of M. D. 1541, and three years after return- 
 ed to England. His great know ledge of medi- 
 cine I'endered him popular, he became phy- 
 .sician to Edward VI. and to his two sisters, till 
 a suspicion of favoring the catholics discarded 
 him from royal pati-onage, 1568. He died at 
 Candjridge, 1573, and by the munificent do- 
 nation of some estates, he erected his hall int«* 
 a college, jiow called Gonvil and Caius col- 
 lege. Ilis monument is in the chapel with 
 these two woi-ds, " Fui Caius." He wrote 
 the lijstory of Cambridge, and some other 
 learned woi'ks. 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 Caius, John, a poet laarcfvt to Edward 
 IV. He travelled into Italy, mid traiisbted 
 the history of the siege of Khodes. 
 
 Caius, Thomas, a native of L'tncolnvliire, 
 educated at AU-souls, Oxford, of \vi»ii;h he 
 became felloAv, He was afterwards prebenda- 
 ry of Sarum, and master of University col- 
 lege, where he died May 157-. He was a 
 man, as Autliony Wood says, eminent in the 
 knowledge of the learned luni^uages, in [>o- 
 ctry, and all kinds of worth. At the request 
 of Catherine Parr, he translated Erasmus' 
 paraphrase on St. Mark, and published also 
 a book on the antitjuity of tlie university of 
 Oxford to wliieh Cains of Caml)ridge replied — 
 besides a translaU«)n of Aristotle's de mirabi- 
 libus mundi — Euripides' tragedies, kc. 
 
 Caius, a Roman saint, made bishop of 
 lioroe 283. He is said to have been related 
 to the emperor Uioclesiun, and to have died 
 296. 
 
 Calaber, an ancient Greek poet, author 
 of the paralipometia, or supplement to Ho- 
 mer's lUad. 
 
 Calabrois, Matthias Preti, a painter of 
 Calabria, the pupil of Lsmfranc. His Avoi'ks 
 are preserved at Modena, Naples, and Malta. 
 He died 1699 at Maita. 
 
 Calamv, Edmund, a presbyte^rian divine, 
 born at l.,ondon February IGOO, and educated 
 at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, where he fail- 
 ed obtaining a fellowship on account of his at- 
 tachment to anti-arminianism. Dr. Felton, 
 bishop of Ely, made him one of his chaplains, 
 and gave him the vicarage of St Mary's, 
 Swaffham-prior, Cambridgeshire, which he 
 resigned on being appointed lecturer of Bury^ 
 Suffolk, where he conliimed ten years. 
 Though here he conformed to the churcli of 
 England, he soon embraced the popular par- 
 ty, and was engaged in the publication of the 
 famous treatise against episcopacy, called 
 Smectymnuus, from the initials of the five 
 persons engaged in the work, Stephen 
 Marshal, Edward Calamy, Thomas Young, 
 Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow. 
 He was an active member of the assembly of 
 divines, and in his sermons before the parlia- 
 ment, and the citizens of London, he dis- 
 played the character of an eloquent preacher 
 and a zealous partisan. He however resisted 
 the usurpation of Cromwell, and promoted 
 the restoration of Chai'ies II. with such ear- 
 nestness and loyalty, that he v/as offered the 
 bishopric of Lichfield, which he strenuously 
 declined. He was one of the commissioners 
 at the conference at the Savoy, and was soon 
 after ejected from his living of St. Maiy 
 Aldermanbury for nonconformity, though 
 the king seemed to interest himself in his 
 favor. An occasional sermon in his late 
 parish cliurcb, in the absence of the then 
 vicar, in IGG'2, so offended his liearers, that 
 he was sent to Newgate by the lord mayor, 
 but in a few days dischai'ged by the king. 
 The sight of tlie conflagration of London is 
 said to have broke his heart. He died '29th 
 October 16G6. He was twice married. Ry 
 his first wife he had a sou and daughter, and 
 by the secoad seven children. He was a 
 
 man of a bold undaunted spirit, who p3ssie»- 
 sed all the hluntness and ])uritanical pnde of 
 the times. He published some single ser- 
 mons, besides coi)U'o\ersial treatises. 
 
 Calamv, Ucnjamin, f»on of the j)rece» 
 ding by his secoixl wife, from St. Paul's 
 school enlei'ed atCalha)"ine-h:dl, Cambridf^'e, 
 of M liich he becanic telloNV and tutor. He 
 was made minister of St. Mary Alderman- 
 bury ill l67r, cha[)lain to the king, and llirf-e 
 years after took his degree of D. i). In LOhS 
 lie publi.'.hed a sermon which he had preaih- 
 ed in his pari-sh chnrth, for wliicli he was 
 severely attacked b> Delaunc, a warm non- 
 conformist, whom, tor his virulence, govern- 
 ment seized and sent to Newgate. l)r. (ca- 
 lamy interfered with Jeffries the chancellor 
 for the unhappy libeller; but all applications 
 were unavailing, and Delaune, fined a suni 
 which he could not (lischarge, died a victim 
 to the o[»pressive measures of the times, and 
 his wife and children shared the same fate in. 
 the same confinement. After the resigna- 
 tion of St. Mary Aldermanbury, Dr. (Calamy 
 succeeded to other more valuable livings, 
 and the prebend of Harleston, in the cathe- 
 dral of St. Paul ; but his happiness was in- 
 terrupted by the severe sufterings of his 
 friend alderman Cornish, who was tried and 
 executed for high treason. The repeated 
 ajjplications of friendship for mercy, could 
 not influence the inexorable Jeft'ries; and 
 the execution of Cornish, it is said, broke 
 the heart of his surviving friend, who died in 
 January 1686. His funeral sermon was 
 preached by Dr. WiUiam Sherlock, after- 
 wards dean of St. Paul's. He published 
 seven sermons in his lifetime, and thirteea 
 more were given to the world after his death. 
 
 Calamy, Edmund, an eminent divine 
 among the uoa-conformists. He wasgrandsoa 
 to Edmund Calamy, by liis son Edmund, 
 and was born 5th .\pril 1671. He was edu- 
 cated at Merchant-taylor's, where .'ui inti- 
 mate friendship was begun with Dawes, af- 
 terwards archbishop of York, and Boulter, 
 primate of Ireland ; and after studying logic 
 and philosophical knowledge under Mr. 
 Craddockat Wickam-brook, Suffolk, lie pas- 
 sed over to Utrecht. Here he devoted him- 
 self with unusual application to the study of 
 civil law and philosophy, and acquired such 
 a character for abilities that a profcsaor's 
 chair at Edinburgh was offered to him. On 
 his return to England, he brought letters of 
 recommendation to Drs. Pocock and Ber- 
 nard, two celebrated scholars of '^>xfovd, by 
 whose inflticnce he was permittecl admittance 
 to the valuable treasures of the Bodlei.Tn libra- 
 ry. His studies were now directed todivinity, 
 and as he inclined to the non-conformists, he 
 eoon became an active minister in the meet- 
 ing-houses of London, a>id succeeded, ia 
 1703, Vincent Alsop at Westminster. He 
 abridged Baxter's history of his life and 
 times, and at'terwards, in future editions, 
 continued the work by a copious account of 
 such ministers as were ejected for their re- 
 ligious opinions after the restoration to the 
 time of onecn Anae. The book was attackr 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 ed by Hoadly, afterwards bishop of Winches- 
 ter, and a controversy between the two op- 
 ponents, which continued for some time, and 
 produced on both sides replies full of much 
 learning, not however without the bitterness 
 of party zeal. In 170'J, Calamy was honor- 
 ed, on his vi-;it to Scotland, with the det^ree 
 ofD. D. by the three universities of Edin- 
 bui*gh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen. He pub- 
 lished, in 1718, a vindication of his grand- 
 lather and others against the reflections of 
 Echard in his history of England. Calamy 
 died 3d June ir3'2. lie was a man of great 
 erudition, remarkable for the candor and 
 benevolence of his disposition, and the mod- 
 eration of his religious opinions. Uesides the 
 persons mentioned, he was intimate with 
 Henry Dodwell, the earl of Sunderland, and 
 Trimnell, bishoj) of Winchester. His writ- 
 ings were mostly controversial, besides !2 
 vols, of sermons,' and 4 of Baxter's history. 
 He was twice married, and was the father of 
 thirteen children. 
 
 Calaxdrucci, Giacintho, a painter at 
 Rome, pupil to Carlo Maratti. Many of his 
 .pieces adorned the churches of Rome. He 
 died 1707. 
 
 C A I. AX us, an Indian brahmin, who burn- 
 ed himself in the presence of Alexander and 
 his army, who were astonished at his reso- 
 lution and composure, B. C. 325. 
 
 Calas, John, an unfortunate merchant 
 of Toulouse, of the prostestant religion. 
 When his son, Mark Anthony, who had em- 
 braced the tenets of the catholics, had, in a 
 moment of gloomy melancholy, committed 
 ssuicide, the father was seized by the suspi- 
 cious government as guilty of trie murder. 
 No proof could be brought against him, but 
 the jealousy entertamed against his religion ; 
 and though the improbability of a father, an 
 old man of the age of 65, murdering his own 
 son, a robust young man aged 29, and in a 
 house where his family were then resident, 
 was self-evident, yet he was condemned, and 
 broke on the wheel, 9th March 1762. This 
 treatment was reported to the French king 
 by tiie agonizing widow and her family ; but 
 the wishes of the monarch were frustrated by 
 the jealousy of ministers, wlio thought that 
 they granted too much to the protestants if 
 they allowed the revisal of the bloody sen- 
 tence of the tribunal of Toulouse. His wid- 
 ow died in 1792, aged 94. His son Lewis 
 practised for some time in London as sur- 
 geon, and returned to France 1793. 
 
 Calasio, Marius, a Fr;'.nciscan at Rome, 
 professor of Hebrew. He ])ublished a valuu- 
 ble concordance of the Hebrew bible, in 4 
 lajge vols, in fol. 1621. It was republished in 
 London in 4 vols 1747, by Romaine, Mores, 
 antl Luizena, but with no great degree of ac- 
 curacy. 
 
 Calcagnixi, Celio, a native of Ferrara, 
 employed by the emperor in embassies as well 
 as in ii.iiit:u-} affairs. He died at J'errara, pro- 
 lessor of belles lettre.s, 154(i, :>ge<I 61. He was 
 eminent for his erudition ;ind classical kiuiw- 
 ledge ; and it is said that lu supx rte the 
 rotation of the earth before Coperaitus pub- 
 i^ishedjiis famous system. 
 
 Calcar, John de, was born in the duchj 
 of Cleves, and died young, at Naples, 1546. 
 He was very eminent as a painter, and took 
 for his models the finished pieces of his mas- 
 ter Titian, and of Raphael. His nativity was 
 so admired by Rubens, that he never would 
 part M'ith it. To Calcar we owe the anatom- 
 ical figures of the book of Vesal, and the 
 portraits of painters. 
 
 Calderixi, Uomizzio, a native of To- 
 ris, in the Veronese territory. He was pro- 
 fessor of belles lettres at Rome, where he 
 died 1478, aged 32, and so sincerely regretted 
 that his scholars attended his funeral in deep 
 mourning. He published a translation of 
 Fausanias' two first books into Latin, besides 
 some commentaries on the Latin poets, and 
 some original poetry. 
 
 Calderoxi de la Barca, don Pe» 
 dro, a Spanish poet, who from a soldier be- 
 came an ecclesiastic, and canon of Toledo. 
 His dramatical pieces were published, 9 vols. 
 4to. 16S9, Madrid. They possess all the ex- 
 travagances of Shakspeare's muse, with oc- 
 casionally sublime and pathetic passages, but 
 all throughout devoid of correctness and reg- 
 ularity. He florished 1640. 
 
 Calderwood, David, a Scotch divine- 
 He applied himself with uncommon dili- 
 gence to the study of divinity and of the writ- 
 ings of the fathers, and became an active, 
 zealous, and determined opposer of episco- 
 pacy in Scotland. He was minister of Crel- 
 ling, near Jedburgli, in 1604 ; but his violent 
 resistance to the attempt of James I. to unite 
 the churches of England and Scotland drew 
 down upon him the suspicions of the court ; 
 and when he headed a party, and protested 
 against the measures pursued by parliament 
 and the ecclesiastical convocation for the 
 management and external policy of the 
 church, he was summoned to answer for his 
 rebellious and seditious conduct. His obsti- 
 nate refusal to submit to the interrogatoi'ies 
 of James occasioned his imprisonment, and 
 afterwards his banishment from the kingdom. 
 He retired to Holland, where he published 
 his celebrated treatise, Altare Damascenum, 
 feu ecclesie Anglicanoe politia, &cc. 1623. iHe 
 afterwards returned privately to Scotland, 
 where he employed his time in collecting 
 memorials of the ecclesiastical affairs of Scot- 
 land from the reformation to James's dtath ; 
 a valual)le collection, still pi^eserved in the 
 university of Glasgow. Tile' time of his 
 death is not precisely known. He is repre- 
 sented in the ])reface to the last edition of the 
 Aitare as being minister of Pentcaitland, 
 near Edinburgh, in 1638. He was a man of 
 quick parts, of a great and comprehensive 
 mind, and of tleej) erudition, and much es- 
 teemed as a minister by the nouconfoi-niists. 
 
 Caldwai.l, Richard, a ^diysician, born 
 in Staffordshire about 1513, and educa- 
 ted at Brazen-nose, of which he became fel- 
 low. He was so eminent in the knowledge 
 and practice of medicine, that he was elect- 
 ed censor, and afterwanis president of the 
 college of physicians, where he founded a 
 chirui gical lecture with a handsome salai-y. 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 He wrote, according to Wood, several trea- 
 tises on ph} .sic, besiiles a transiatiun of the 
 table of sur};ery by Horatio More of Flor- 
 ence. He (lied 1585, arxl was buried in St. 
 IJtiinet's cburcb, near l^aul's \vh:irl. 
 
 Caleb, h Hebrew, sent bv Moses, with 
 Joshua, lo examine the land of Canaaii. He 
 brought back a faitli'ul and encouraging ac- 
 count, and was permitted in consetjiicnce to 
 share the victories of his nation, and to ob- 
 tain the lanil of Hebron. He died aiyed 114. 
 
 Caled, orlvuALED, oue of Maliomet's 
 friends, called from his courage the sword of 
 God. In the spreading the dcjclrines of the 
 koran, an«l the dominion of the prophet, he 
 committed atrocious cruelties, and even put 
 to death the garrison of i )amascus ufter he 
 had granted them tiieir liberty. He was cut 
 oft* hv the i)lagiie (J:Vj. 
 
 (Iale.n DAKio, Pliilip, an architect and 
 sculpti^', celebrated for the beautiful porti- 
 cos which be erected round the palace of St. 
 Mark, at \ et»ice, about 1354. 
 
 Calentius, Elisius, a native r)f xVaph>s, 
 preceptor to Frederic, son of Ferdinand H. 
 king of Naples. He was a man of great tal- 
 ents as a poet and philosophei", and in his 
 manners he was mild, humane, and benev- 
 olent. His imitation of the battle of the mice 
 and fi'ogs by Homer was reprinted at Kouen, 
 in 1 738. His works were published at Rome, 
 infolio, 1503, the year after his death. 
 
 Calepino, or daGalepio, Ambrose, 
 a noble native of Bergamo, who entered 
 among the Augustines. His vocabulary of 
 the Latit) tongue first appeared 1503, and 
 with such celebrity, that it has been often 
 reprinted and improved, and enlarged to ii 
 vols. fol. 1G81. He died blind 1511. 
 
 Cai.iaviri, Luca, an Italian painter, 
 born at Udino. He died ITIS, aged 50. He 
 e.Kcelled in representing sea views, land- 
 scapes, and sea port towns. 
 
 Caligula, Caius Ciesar, a Roman em- 
 peror, son of Germanicus and Agrip])iiia. 
 He succeeded Tiberius A.l). 37, and after 
 the promising virtues of a happy reign dis- 
 played tlie most ferocious and dissipated 
 eharacter, till the conspiracy of Chcerea cut 
 liim off, A.l). 41, in his 29th year. 
 
 Callard, John Baptiste, professor of 
 medicine in the university of Caen, where he 
 died 1718. He established a botanical gar- 
 den there. His great work is, lexicon me- 
 dicum etymologicum, 1693, I'imo. of wliich 
 he was preparing an improved folio edition 
 when he died. 
 
 Calliach, Nicolas, a native of Candia, 
 professor of belles lettres at Padua, wlieic lie 
 died 1707, aged 62. He wrote de ludis 
 scenicis, in 4to. 
 
 Callicratidas, a Spartan general, 
 who succeeded Lysander in Asia. He 
 defeated Conon, and afterwards perished in 
 a naval battle, B.C. 405. 
 
 CALLiEiiES, Francis dc, an eminent 
 statesman, born at Torigni, near Bavenx. 
 He was engaged in several embassies un<Ier 
 Lewis XIV. and was honorably rewarded 
 for Ids services, lie published some poetical 
 ti-acts, bic. aud died 1717, aged 7'^. 
 
 C.\LMMACHUS, a Greek poet in the 
 reign of Ptolemy Evergetes. His works 
 have been translated into English by Dodd. 
 
 (J A I, :. I M ACHL'S, an architect, inventor of 
 the Coi'intliian capital, Irom seeing an acan- 
 thus spreading its bi-anches most gracefully 
 over the monument of a Corinthian lady B. 
 C. 540. 
 
 Callistjienes, a philosopher, who at- 
 tended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, 
 and wa3»ruell\ mangled by him on .suspicifin 
 of a conspiracy. He took poison given him 
 by Lysimachus, and thus put an end to his 
 misery, ii.C. 328. 
 
 Callistus, Johaimcs Andronicus, a 
 native of Thessahinica, and profe.ssor of 
 peripatetic jjliilosopby at Constantinople 
 when that city was taken by the Turks in 
 1453. Like'tbe rest of the learned men, he 
 lied from the fury of the enemy, and con- 
 tributed to the revival of learning in the 
 west of Eurojie. He first settled at Rome, 
 and afterwards at Florence, where his pu- 
 pils were numerous and respectable. In hia 
 old age he went to France ; but died there 
 soon after his arrival. Some manuscripts 
 are now preserved which are ascribed to 
 him. 
 
 Callixtus I. was pope after Zephyrin- 
 us, 209, and suffered martyrdom four years 
 after. 
 
 Callixtus II. Guy, son of the count of 
 Burgundy, was archbishop of Vienne 1083, 
 and made pope 1119, and held the first La- 
 teran council. He died 1124. 
 
 Callixtus III. a Spaniard of Xativa, 
 elected pope 1455. He wished to stir up the 
 princes of Europe against the Turks, but 
 without success. Ke was learned, pious, 
 and good ; and died 1458. 
 
 Callixtus, George, a Lutlieran divine, 
 born at Middleburg in Holstein. He was 
 ])rofLSSor of theology at Hemstadt ; and died 
 1656, aged 70. He a\ rote a treatise against 
 the celibacy of the clergy, 4to. 1631 — anti- 
 moguntinus, 1644 in 4to — and other infe- 
 rior works ; and was the' founder cf a sect 
 among tlie Lutherans, Mhich was called Cal- 
 lixtins, whose object vas to reconcile the 
 discordant opinions of all the protestants. 
 
 Callot, James, a famous engraver, honi 
 at Nancy, 1.SU3, of a noble family. His de- 
 sire to sec the capital of Italy, and her val- 
 uable monuments, tempted him twice to 
 elope from his family, at the age of 12, and 
 two years after, when at last permitted by 
 his fatlier to reside at Rome, he applied 
 himself witli such assiduity to the arts of de- 
 signing am! engraving, tliat lie socn became 
 celebrated for the boldness, beauty, and ex- 
 ecution of his pieces. He was for some 
 lime at Florence under the patronage of the 
 gi-eat duke, after whose death he resided at 
 the court of Lorrain, and in 162S visited 
 France, -where the munificence of Lewis 
 XIII. invited him to design and engrave the 
 scige of Rochelle and the isle of Rlie. When 
 Nancy was rc^Iuced by the arms of France, 
 Callot refused to employ his pencil to perpe- 
 tuate the misfortune of ills country, and Lew- 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 IS,' ^'ho admired his superior abilities, fes- 
 pected a patriotic reluctance, which neither 
 bribes nor promises could conquer. He died 
 28th March 1636, aged 34, when he was 
 preparing to leave Nancy for his more clas- 
 sical residence at Florence. It is said that 
 be left not less than 13S0 of his pieces ; an 
 astonishing number tor the short jjcriod of 
 his life. He is deservedly commended for 
 the sublimity of his pieces, not only in 
 miniature bat in the great. 
 
 Calme r, Augustin, a learned French- 
 man of the order of the Bcnedictins, made 
 abbot of St. Lepold de Nanci, and after- 
 •warJb of Senones, where he died 1757, aged 
 85. He was well acquainted v. itli tl»e ori- 
 ental languages, and he published several 
 learned works, which at the desire of his 
 friends appeared in French rather than 
 Latin. He wrote a commentary on the 
 books of the old and new testament, 2'2 
 Yols. 4to. — dissertations on the commenta- 
 ries, 3 vnl.s. 4to. — history of the old and new 
 testament, 4 vols. 4to. — historical, critical, 
 &e. dictionary of the bible, — universal his- 
 tory sacred and profane, 1.5 vols 4to. of 
 ■which only eight were pnnted, ecclesias- 
 tical and civil history of Lorrain, 3. vols, 
 ibl. Sec. 
 
 Calmo, Andrew, a Venetian, famous as 
 an actor and a comic writer. The best of 
 his comedies is Kodiana. A volume of his 
 letters was for some time very popular. 
 He died at Venice 1571, aged about 6i. 
 
 Calo, John or Joh.iunitz, a Bulgarian, 
 raised by Innocent f H to the title of indepen- 
 dent king. In 1205 he conquered and put 
 to death the emperor Baldwin, and after 
 dreadful raTages over Greece he was himself 
 assassinated. 
 
 Calonne, Charles Alexander de, an il- 
 lustrious French statesman, born at Douay 
 1734, of noble parents. He was educated at 
 Paris and intended for the bar, but after- 
 ■wards he was made solicitor general to the 
 parliament of his native town, master of re- 
 quests, intendant of Metz, and in 1783 he 
 succeeded Necker as comptroller general of 
 the finances. 'I'his last office required great 
 abilities and undaunted firmness, and the 
 new minister possessed them ; and though 
 •when he came into power he found an empty 
 treasury, and the nation discontented with 
 the extravagance of the court, he a<iopted 
 such vigorous measures as restored credit 
 to the state, and rendered the expenditure 
 subservient to the resources of the country. 
 To carry his schemes of reform and to ex- 
 onerate the ptrople of some burdens, by sup- 
 pressing some of the abusive privileges of 
 the higher orders, he advised the king to 
 convene the notables of the kingdom, whose 
 authority and consent might give weight and 
 importance to his measures. The plan was 
 grand, and might hav:j been happily pro- 
 ductive of good in another age, but unfor- 
 tunately the nobles and the elergy Mere 
 alarmed at the thought of losing their privi- 
 leges, and the minister, opposed by the 
 great, and not ably supported by the timid 
 
 monarch, yielded to the storm, and took 
 refuge in England, where he composed his 
 requete au roi, and his reponse a I'ecrit de 
 M. Necker, which proved him to be a 
 good scholar, an acute politician, and a loyal 
 subject. At the end of the revolution he 
 revisited his country, and died at Paris 1802. 
 He wrote, besides an essay on agriculture 
 l^mo. — observations sur plusieurs matieres 
 de droit civil & coutumier, 4to. — de I'etat 
 de la France present Jk a venir, 1790, 
 Svo. a work of great merit, — de finances 
 publiques de la France Svo. — lettre a Tiiuteur 
 des considerations sur I'etat des affaires 
 publiques, 1798. Svo. &c. 
 
 Calovius, Abraham, a native of Mo- 
 rungen in Brunswick, divinity professor at 
 Ua(lstock, which he quitted for IDantzic, and 
 afterwards for Wittemberg. He was a 
 strong Lutheran, and opposed with great 
 warmth the union of the protestfmt church, 
 in consequence of which his followers were 
 called Calovians. He wrote several contro- 
 versial tracts, and died 1086, aged 74. 
 
 Calprenede, Gautier de la, a gentle- 
 man in ordinary to the French king, who 
 wrote, it is said, with the assistance of the 
 prince of Conde, some curious romances 
 now forgotten, such as Cassandra, Cleopatra, 
 Pliai-amond, &c. He died in 1663, aged 51. 
 
 Calpurnius, a Sicilian poetofthe third 
 century, author of seven eclogues, &cc. 
 
 Calvart, Denys, a painter of Ant- 
 werp who opened a school at Bologna and 
 had Guido, Albano, and Dominichino among 
 his pupds. His pictures, admired for dig- 
 nitv, taste, and coloring, are preserved at 
 
 Rome, ' ~ 
 Bologna 1619, aged 67. 
 
 Calvert, George, descended from a 
 noble family, was born at Kipling in York- 
 shire, 1585. He was educated at Trinity 
 college, Oxford, and after his return from 
 the tour of Europe, he became secretary 
 to Uobert Cecil. In 1605, he attended 
 James 1. on his visit to the university of 
 Oxford, and was there with other respectable 
 characters made M. A. and afterwards he 
 was made clerk to the privy council, was 
 knighted by the king in 1617, and in 1619 
 made secretary of state, and the next 
 year honored M-ith a pension of 1000/, out of 
 the customs. In 1624 he resigned the seals 
 to the king, confessing himself to be of the 
 Roman catholic persuasion, but notwith- 
 standing this, he continued in favor with the 
 monarch, and was created lord Baltimore 
 in 1625. He twice visited Newfoundland, 
 where the king had granted him a large 
 tract of land, but finding that his property 
 in that remote part of the globe was ex- 
 posed to the ])lunder of French vessels, he 
 abandoned it for the neighbourhood of Vir- 
 ginia when Charles I. granted him a pa- 
 tent for Maryland. He died at London 15th 
 April, 1032, and his son who inherited his 
 enterprising spirit, planted there a colony 
 of aliout 200 families, which bore the name 
 of Baltim(U'e. 
 
 Calvert, James, a noueonforraist, bora 
 
 Bologna, Rome, and Reggio. He died at 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 at York, and educated at Clare-hall, Cam- 
 bridge, at the time of Tillotson. After be- 
 ing silenced at Topcliffby the act of unifor- 
 mity he removed to York, where in retire- 
 ment lie composed his learned work called 
 Na[d»thali, seu colleclatio theologica de 
 reditu decern trihuum conrersione Judajo- 
 rum & lizekiei, -ito. He also for some time 
 employed himself in the education of some 
 of his opulent neighbours, and died De- 
 cember 169S 
 
 Calvi, Lazaro, u famous painter of Ge- 
 noa, in the I Gth century. 
 
 Calvin, John, a celebrated reformer 
 born at Noyon in Picardy lUth July 1509. 
 He studied grammar under (yOrdelius at 
 Paris, and in consequence of tiie majiy ex- 
 traordinary marks of his early piety he was 
 intended by his father for the church, and in 
 15'27 he was presented to the rectory of 
 ]Marteville, which two years after he resign- 
 ed for Pont PEveque near Noyon. His ex- 
 tensive knowledge of the holy scriptures 
 soon disgusted him with the superstitions 
 of the Komish church, and with the appro- 
 bation of his father he resigned his ecclesias- 
 tical honors, and applied him.self to the study 
 of the law. Under Peter dc I'Etoile and 
 Alciat, he made great progress in that 
 science, and further improved his knowledge 
 of divinity. Eager to defend the tenets of 
 the reformation he displayed his zeal against 
 the Sorbonne at Paris, and with difficulty es- 
 caped from the vengeance of tiie catholics. 
 From France he retired to Basil, and in his 
 obscurity attracted the attention of the 
 world, by his celebrated dedication to Fran- 
 cis I. in his apology for the reformers, a com- 
 position which divides the applauses of the 
 learned with that of Thuanus to his history 
 and that of Casaubon to Polybius. When 
 the malevolence of persecution had ceased, 
 Calvin, after visiting Italy and Finance, set- 
 tled at Geneva, and yielding to the strong 
 and awful solicitation of Farel, and the 
 choice of the consistory and magistrates of 
 the city, he consented to become in 1536 their 
 minister, and professor of divinity. The 
 speedy check however which he wished to 
 impose upon the immoralities of the people, 
 and their domestic dissension soon rendered 
 him unpopular, and when he refused to ad- 
 minister the sacrament indiscriminately, the 
 public indignation was so violently raised 
 against liim, that he was desired to leave 
 Geneva in two days. He retired to Stras- 
 hurg, where he established a French re- 
 formed church, and two years after he ap- 
 peared with Bucer at the diet of Worms and 
 Ratisbon for the protestants, and had a 
 long and friendly conference ..with the cele- 
 brated Melancthon. But though flattered 
 and admired in Germany, Calvin had a se- 
 cret affection for the church of Geneva, and 
 no sooner did the people earnestly solicit a 
 reconciliation than he returned, in l.')4l, 
 and prevailed upon them to establish a 
 I'hurch discipline, and a consistorial jurisdic- 
 tion with the power of inflictingcensures and 
 canonical pur.ishmcnts, The power thus be- 
 
 stowed into the hand of Calvin was great^ 
 and it unfortunately was abused. The re- 
 former, who so loudly exclaimed against the 
 tyranny of liome, directed the whole tor- 
 rent of his persecution against Scrvelus, a 
 phjsician, who hud in an ambiguous style 
 written upon the trinity; and his vengeance 
 was not appeased till the unfortunate he- 
 retic had expired ui the flames. This severi- 
 ty raised niany enemies to Calvin, but his 
 ardour was undaunted, and in the midst of 
 his avocations and the distractions of Ge- 
 neva, he directed by his letters the many 
 churches of Germany, France, England, 
 and Poland, which looked up to him as 
 their head and supreme governor. Disinter- 
 ested in his conduct, zealous only in the 
 cause of reformation, possessed of a clear 
 understanding, sound judgment, and happy 
 memory, lie exercised his great and exten- 
 sive talents in the support of truth, and ia 
 the propagation of the genuine precepts of 
 the gospel. His creed however was either, 
 from singularity or opposition, contrary to 
 the tenants of the other protestants, and 
 the ui tenable doctrines wh.ich he propa- 
 gated about an absolute predestination have 
 tended to render his followers, not only during 
 his age, but in succeeding times, gloomy, pre- 
 sumptuous, obstinate, and uncharitable. He 
 died May 26, 1564, and though he had longj 
 enjoyed a high reputation and exercised 
 an unbounded authority, he left only 300 
 crowns to his heirs, including his library, 
 the books of which sold afterwards at a 
 great price. By the advice of his friend 
 Bucer, Calvin married, at Strasburg, Idolet- 
 te de Bure, widow of an anabaptist whom 
 he had converted, and by her he had a sor* 
 v.ho died in his infancy. The death of hi? 
 wife, which happened in 1549, afflicted him 
 greatly. The works of Calvi;i were printed 
 in 12vo!s. fol. Geneva, and in nine Amster- 
 dam, in 1667. They are chiefly on theolo- 
 gical and controversial subjects, but they 
 display his great erudition ; and JosepU 
 Scaliger has properl)' observed that no com- 
 mentator has better hit the sense of the pro- 
 phets than he ; and he commends him far- 
 ther for not attempting the explanation of 
 the book of revelations. 
 
 Calvisius, Sethus, a learned German, 
 born at Grosivib in Thuringia in 1559. He 
 distinguished himself as a learned and accu- 
 rate chronoloq-er. His elenchus calendarii a 
 papa Gregorio XIII. comprobati, was pub- 
 lished in 1611 ; and ia 1620, three years af- 
 ter his death, appeared his improved chro- 
 nology ; a work in which he has employed 
 20 long years of laborious study. 
 
 Cai.xa, Antonio, an Italian painter in the 
 17th century, pupil to Carlo Cignani at 
 Rome, whose pieces he judiciously imitated. 
 
 Camarco, Mary Ann Cupi de, a cele- 
 brated stage dancer, born at Brussels, 1710. 
 Her great powers were exliibited at Brussels 
 and at Paris, an<l it is said that she main- 
 tained a respectable chra'aater. She died 
 28th April 1770. 
 
 Cama?;sei or Cam^ct. Andreiv, an 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 Italbin painter of Bevagna. He studied un- 
 der Doraiuichino and Andrew Sacchi, and 
 died in 1057. His historical paintings are 
 preserved at Rome, but one of his pieces, 
 Venus and the Graces, is to be seen at Wil- 
 ton. 
 
 Cambaceres, N. a native of Montpel- 
 lier, whose eloquence as a preacher was 
 much admired at court, and was at last re- 
 warded by the archbishopric of llouen. He 
 died Nov. Cth, 1808, aged 80. His nephew 
 was the second consul with Bonaparte, after 
 the abolition of the directory. 
 
 Cambert, a French musician in the 
 service of Ann of Austria. He first intro- 
 duced with Perrin operas in France, but 
 when his labors were eclipsed by the moi'e 
 successful performances of Lulli, he came 
 over to England in 1072, where Charles 
 made him master of his band. He died 1077. 
 Besides his operas and musical pieces, he is 
 chiefly known for his great skill and exqui- 
 site taste in touching the organ. 
 
 Cambis-velleron, Joseph Lewis Do- 
 minic, marquis de, a French nobleman, 
 born at Avignon, 1706. He was learned and 
 polite, and served some time in the army as 
 a captain of dragoons and a colonel. He 
 died 1772. He published a valuable cata- 
 logue raisoune of the MSS. in his cabinet, 
 two vols. 8vo.—memoireshistoriqucsde la vie 
 de Roger de St. Lary de Beilegarde, 12mo. 
 1767. His library was very valuable and se- 
 lect, and he had collected some important 
 materials for the history of his province. 
 
 Cambridge, Richard Owen, a learned 
 Knglishman, bora in London, 14th Feb. 
 1714, and educated at Eton school and Ox- 
 ford. After three years' residence in the 
 university, he in 1737 entered at Lincohrs- 
 inn, and in 1741 married Miss Trenchard, 
 with whom he settled at Whitminster, Glo- 
 cestershire. He published the Scribleriad, 
 a poem, 1744 — and in 1761 an history of the 
 M-ar on the coast of Coromandel, and contri- 
 buted some valuable papers to the World. 
 His works were collected and printed to- 
 .gether by his son G. O. Cambridge, M. A. 
 with his life, two vols, 4to. 1803. He died 
 much respected in private life, as a cheer- 
 ful companion, exemplary in his conduct, 
 and virtuous and benevolent in practice, 
 17th Sept. 1802. He was inventor of a cu- 
 rious double boat, which is said to possess 
 jfreat swiftness in sailing with equal safety, 
 ft was formed with tv. o distinct boats, 50 
 feet lorig, though but 18 inches wide, con- 
 nected together by a deck at the tlistance of 
 12 feet. 
 
 CambvoES, king of Persia, after his 
 'father Cvrns, 1). C. 529, made war against 
 Egvpt and ^Ethiopia, and died in conse- 
 quence of a wound uliich he had accident- 
 Ally given himself in the cigbth year of his 
 reign. He was cruel and vindictive in the 
 extreme. 
 
 Cam HEN, Wil'.iafn, a celebrated antiqua- 
 rv, was born at London, 2d iSIay 1551. Af- 
 ter studying at Christ's hosjjital and St. 
 Paul's school, he enUjied at 1 j as a servitor 
 
 at Magdalen college, Oxford, from whenc'5 
 he removed to Broadgate-hall now Pembroke 
 college, and two years and a halt alter to 
 Christ church with his tutor and friend Dr. 
 Thomas Thornton, on his promotion to a 
 canoniy. The prejudices of these popish 
 days prevented him not only from obtaining 
 fellowship at All-souls, but from being ad' 
 mitted to his first degree in arts, and ]t was 
 not till 1573 that he was made li. A. an honor 
 long due to his learning and application. By 
 the friendship of Dr. Goodman dean of West- 
 minster, he was appointed in 1575 second 
 master of Westminster school, and it was 
 during his relaxation from the labors of this 
 important office, that he applied himself ta 
 the compilation of his valuable work the 
 Britannia, or history of the ancient Britons, 
 their origin, manners, and laws, which ap- 
 peared in Latin, 1586, and passed rapidly 
 through several editions. His abilities were 
 now so universally acknowledged, that Piers 
 bishop of Salisbury, in 1588 conferred on him 
 the prebend of Iflfarcomb, though he never 
 was in holy order3, and the same year he was 
 admitted to the degree of M. \. In 1593 
 he succeeded Dr. Grant in the headship of 
 Westminster-school, and four years after he 
 published a Greek grammar, which though 
 judiciously digested, and long popular, must 
 be considered rather as an epitome of the 
 grammar of his predecessors, than as an 
 original work. In 1597 Camden was re- 
 moved from his laborious office, upon being 
 appointed Clerencieux king of arms, an em- 
 ployment more congenial to his taste and his 
 pursuits. In 1600 he published an account 
 of the monuments of the kings, queens, and 
 nobles in Westminster abbey, and three 
 vears after at Frankfort, a collection of our 
 ancient historians, called " Anglica, Nor- 
 manica, Hibernica, Cambrica, a veteribus 
 descripta, &c. In the following year he 
 published remains of a greater work con- 
 cerning Britain, &c. the materials of which 
 had been communicated to him when he 
 wi'otc his Britannia. He published in 1607, 
 a complete edition of his Britannia in folio, 
 greatly enlarged and adorned with cuts, of 
 which an able translation was given to the 
 world in 1095 by Dr. Gibson, afterwards 
 bishop of London, and in 1017, appeared 
 his Annales rerum Anglicanarum, during 
 queen Elizabeth's reign, the continuation of 
 which was finished in 1617, but not made 
 public in his life time. Camden died at 
 Chisselhurst in Kent, ninth November 1023, 
 and though he had directed to be buried, 
 where he died, his remains where <leposited 
 in great pomp in Westminster abbey op- 
 posite Chaucer, where on a white marble 
 monument his effigies is represented as hold- 
 ing a book, on the leaves of which are in- 
 scribed Britannia. Camden was respected 
 as a man not only of great and extensive 
 learning, and just taste, but of amiable 
 manners, easy and candid in his conversa- 
 tion, and the friend of learned men, and 
 eminent scholars. His reputation was so 
 well established on the continent, tliat fo» 
 
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 reigiiers considered tlitir travels iiioomplete, 
 it* not |>crniitted t<» sec and eonvcrse willi 
 the iuitiiof iiftlie IJiitaniiia, and it is said tiiat 
 not less than six (ienniii ii(j1>Ics in one day 
 visited liini, and re(|U<.;sled liiiu to write his 
 Ictiiiua in (lieir hook. Camden t'oniidcd a 
 lectnreshipon liistory at Oxford, a noljli- and 
 inuiiiliccnt donation, which m hile it rellecls 
 the hi'^iiest iion< r on his memory, enaljles a 
 learned body to i-emnnerate its desci-vini; 
 members with a resi»i'et:d>lc api'ointmcnl. 
 His books and piipirs he be<|Ueathetl to sir 
 llt)bert Cotton <if Conini;tnn, but tlie great- 
 est part of tluin are supposed to liavc been 
 destro>ed durin^j thi;ci\il wars. 
 
 Camekaiiius, Joarhimns, a Gei-mun, 
 born at lianibtrj^ in l:.(tO, and eduealcil at 
 Lc-ipsic. 1 1 is }^:-eat application in the ae.tiui- 
 sitioii of Cirecian and ifoman literature 
 soon made him known to the literati of tlie 
 age, and in those days of tlieological dissen- 
 tion, lie became the friend of Erasmus, and 
 also of iMelancthon, whose life he wrote in 
 a very cojiious manner. During the pohtical 
 troubles of Germany in 1525, Camerarius 
 visited Prussia, and soon after was made 
 X)rofessor of belles lettres at Nuremberg. In 
 152", he married a woman of very respec- 
 table connections, with whom he lived 40 
 years, and by whom he had five sons and 
 four daughteis, who all grew up to be an 
 honor to their family. He was in 153G drawn 
 from his loved retirement by Ulrlc prince 
 ofWirtemburg, who employed liim to restore 
 the ancient discipline of the university of Tu- 
 bingen, and some time after, at the request of 
 Henry and .Maui-ice of Saxony, he assisted 
 in the establishment of the Leipsic univer- 
 sity. During the various rel'gious disputes 
 ■wliich took place in consequence of the re- 
 formation, ('amerarius was consulted, and 
 his opinion respected, especially in the diets 
 of Nuremberg and Hatisbon. He died at 
 Leipsic 17th April 1575, full of yef^rs and 
 honor, surviving his wife not quite a year. 
 Besides Melancthon, he was intimate with 
 Carlowitch, Turnebus, Vietorius, Wolfius, 
 Baumgartner, and indeed every man of 
 learning and consequence in his age. His 
 literary labors were very great, as he trans 
 lated Herodotus, Demosthenes, Euclid, Xe- 
 nophon. Homer, Theocritus, Sophocles, 
 Lucian, Theodoret, Nicephorus, and othei-s, 
 and he deservedly was called by Vossius tlie 
 phcenix of Germany. Erasmus however has 
 spoken of liim with some degree of indifto- 
 rence, by saying that Camerarius showeil 
 more industry than genius in what he wrote. 
 
 Camerarius, Joachim, son of the pre- 
 ceding, devoted himself particularly to tin 
 study of medicine, botany, and chemistry 
 and refused for his favorite pursuits the flat- 
 tering and advantageous ofters of princes, 
 who solicited to have him about their person. 
 He wrote some treatises on botany, and died 
 1598, aged 68, at Nuremberg. 
 
 Cameron, John, a Scotchman, profes- 
 sor of Greek at Glasgow, anil afterwards 
 divinity lecturer at Montauban, where he 
 died 1C25, in consequence of some severe 
 
 VOL. I. 36 
 
 blows which he had received in the strect.-i 
 frimi some zealot whom !»<• had olVi-nd.ed. 
 lie published "defence of grace," l624, a 
 w oik which some imagined was too favora- 
 ble to the catholics, besides uiv rotheciuia 
 evangelicum. All his works appeare«l in 
 tir.ee vols. 4to. 1077, at Saumui-, and in 1 
 vol. fol. Geneva. 
 
 Camilla, daughter of king Metahus, 
 and the ally of Turnus, is celebrated by Vir- 
 gil, for the valor she di-.i)layed against JEuc- 
 as in Italy. 
 
 Ca.miL LI'S, Marcus Fucius, an illusfri- 
 ous Roman, banished by hii countrymen on 
 suspicion of peculation. His services ari'l 
 character were remcnihi red when Rome 
 was taken by the CJauls, and he issued from 
 his banishment to defeat the enemies of liis 
 country. He died B. C. Sf>5. 
 
 Camoens, Lewis, a Portuguese poet, de- 
 servedly called the Virgil of his country. 
 He was born at Lisbon, i!i\j.7, and studied at 
 Coimbra, from whence he went in the ser- 
 vice of his country to Ceuta, where he lost 
 one of his eyes in a campaign against the 
 Moors. He afterwards passed to the East 
 inilies, in hopes of bettering his fortunes, 
 V. here he began the composition of his ce- 
 lebrated Lusiad, but on his return he had 
 the misfortune to be shipwrecked, and with 
 difficulty saved his life, swimming with his 
 right hand, aud supporting his poem wilh 
 his left. VV^hen restored to Portugal in 1 5Cy, 
 he finished his poem, and dedicated it to 
 king Sebastian, but his hopes of patronage 
 and of honorable remuneration were cruelly 
 disappointed. The mei-ils of the poet were 
 neglected by the monarch and his courtiers, 
 and Camoens, feeling all the miseries of in- 
 digent and despised virtue, expired in the 
 midst of his ungrateful countrymen, a prey- 
 to poverty and the deepest wretchedness 
 1579. Admired for the boldness of his de- 
 scriptions, the unatt'ected display of his 
 learning, and the happiest flights of a sub- 
 lime iii»agination, Camoens is yet censured 
 for the obscurity of some of his verses, 
 and for an injudicious mixture of heathen 
 mythology and christian truths. The Lusiad 
 however will always rank high in tlie list of 
 heroic poems. It has been translated into 
 French once, twice into Italian, four times 
 into Spanisli, and into Knglish by Fansliaw, 
 besides the eleg.uit version in which Mr. 
 Mickle has immortalized his name with the 
 fame of his favorite author. 
 
 Campanella, Thomas, an Italian phi- 
 losopher belonging to the Dominican oriier, 
 born at Stilo in Calabria, September, 5th, 
 1508. His great and extensive know letlge of 
 the ancient classics soon enabled him to ex- 
 amine with accuracy the tenets of the peri- 
 patetic philosophy, and to prove them built 
 upon false and untenable foundations. The 
 superior information and brilliant elo- 
 quence which he displayed in his disputa- 
 tions on theology w ith professors of long 
 established reputation, increased with his 
 fame the number of his rivals and enemies, 
 aud he was accused before the inquisition, of 
 
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 having obtaiiici] by magic that vast extent of 
 leai'iiiiig uhich he possessed. He fled mion 
 this from Naples to Rome, and afterwards V> 
 Florence, and on his way to Bologna his pa 
 pers were seizei!, bui his person remained 
 unmolested. Some expressions however 
 ■nhicli he dropped some years after, against 
 the Spanianls, procured his arrest. He ap- 
 jteared in 15'J9 at Naples as a crimin,-.! 
 against the state, and Mas seven times put to 
 the J'auk and condemiied to jierpetual im 
 piisoiiment. The weight of his sufferings 
 was at last lessened hy tlie interference of 
 the pope with Philip IV'. of Spain in 1626, 
 but M hen restored to liberty, to avoid the 
 further persecutions of the Spaniards, he re- 
 tii-cd secretly to France, v iitre the fi-iend- 
 bliip of Hichfclien and the favor of Lewis 
 Xhl. procured him a pension of '2LM)0 livres. 
 He died in tiie monastei'y of tha Dominicans 
 i2lst March 16,59. His writings were nume- 
 rous, the best known of which are de recta 
 t'atione studendi, — aphorisiData polilica, — de 
 monarchia Hispanica. 
 
 Camp A NO, John Antonio, a native of 
 Campania, of obscure origin. ^Vhile tend- 
 ing sliecp he was noticed by a priest who 
 admired his promising appearance, and who 
 kindly instructed him in tlie learned langua- 
 ges, and enabled him to become professor of 
 j'hetoric at l*erugia. He was raised to a 
 bishopric by pope Pius U. and engaged at 
 the congress of llatisbon, and made gover- 
 nor of Citta (le Castello by Sixtus IV. His 
 opposition to some of the measures of the 
 court of Rome rendered him unpopular 
 with the pope, and he removed to his see of 
 Terrj no where he died 1477, aged 48. He 
 ■wrote the life of the famous commander 
 Ai.''rew Bi'accio, besides orations, letters, 
 Latin poenis, moral and political treatises, kc. 
 publislie*! together 1707 and 1734 at Leipsie. 
 
 (Jampan'O, Xovarese, an Italian ecclesi- 
 astic in the l.jth century, author of commen- 
 taries on Euclid, and several treatises on 
 flslrononiy still preserved in MS. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, son of the earl 
 of Argyle, was born in 1598, and became 
 known for his strong partiality to the cove- 
 nanters, though he retained all his attach- 
 ment to Charles I. by whom he was created 
 a marquis. Me 0])posed Cromwell's inva- 
 sion of Scotland, and placed the crown on 
 the head of Charles \i. when his coronation 
 took place at Scone in 1651. But not- 
 v/ithst riding his attacliment to the king, 
 and the display of an undaunted character in 
 political life, he was seized in London when 
 lie came to congratulate Charles on his re- 
 storation, and upon being condemned as 
 guilty of high treason was beheaded as a 
 traitor at Edinburgh cross, '27tii May, l()6l. 
 He wrote instructions to a son, and defences 
 against the grand indictment of higii treason. 
 
 Campbell, ArchiLiald, earl of Argyle, 
 son of the jireceding, distinguished himself 
 so mtch by his bravery at the battle of Dun- 
 bar, and on other occasions, that Cromwell 
 exempted him from the general pardon 
 {{I'autcd in 1G54-. In consequence of the in- 
 
 terception of one of his letters, in which he 
 spoke of the ingratitude of courts, he was 
 ti ied before the parliament of Scotland, foi* 
 leasing, making, or sowing dissentions be- 
 tween the knig and the suljject by false in- 
 formation. He was condemnei! to lose his 
 head, and the sentence would have been ex- 
 ecuted had not the great Clarendon interfe- 
 red with the king. Argyle was afterwards 
 restored to ro}al favor, and made privy 
 counsellor, and one of the hn'ds of the trea- 
 sury, but he was afterwai'ds again exposed 
 to persecution and most iniquitously con- 
 demned to sutler death. He escaped Iron* 
 confinement and after concealing himself in 
 London, he v.ent to Holland, and soon re- 
 turned to Scotland, to support the rebellion 
 of Monnaouth. The plans which he pursu- 
 ed were not however well concerted, he 
 was abandoned by those who ought to have 
 shared his dangers, and he was taken and 
 carried to Edinburgh, where he suifered in 
 pursuance of his former sentence. He was 
 beheaded 50th June 1685. 
 
 Campbell, George, D.D. was educa- 
 ted at St. Andrew's and was promoted to a 
 small living in the Highlands. He was made 
 professor of church history at St. Andrew's 
 1728, and published a discourse on miracles, 
 besides a vindication of the christian religion, 
 8vo. an<! a treatise on moral virtue. He died 
 1757, aged 61. 
 
 Campbell, George, a Scotch divine, 
 born at x\berdeen. He was educated at the 
 Marischal college of w hich he became a 
 principal in 1759, and professor of divinity 
 in 1771. He died 1796, aged 77, a little 
 time after resigning his office. Among his 
 works his translation of the four gospels are 
 particularly entitled to commendation. His 
 answei-to Hume on the miracles was much 
 admired ; but in his ecclesiastical history, a 
 posthumous work, he is censured as partial 
 and bigotted in favor of the presbyterians. 
 
 Campbell, Colin, a Scotch architect, 
 author of \ itruvius Britannicus, 3 vols, folio, 
 and surveyor of tlie works of Greenwich 
 hospital. He gave among other things the 
 designs of Wanstead bouse, the Rolls, and 
 Mereworth in Kent, and died 1734. 
 
 Campbell, John, an eminent writer on 
 ]>iograpiiy, history, and politics, born at 
 Edinburgh, 8th .March 1708. At the age of 
 five he left Scotland, which he never saw 
 again, for the neighbourhood of Windsor ; 
 and he was placed as clerk to an attorney at 
 the usual age, hut the occupation was irk- 
 some to his feelings, and he relinquished it 
 for the iiiore laborious life of an author. In 
 his 30ih year he first appearetl before the 
 ])ublic in the military life of prince Eugene 
 and of Marlborough, in 2 vols. fol. He was af- 
 terwards engaged in the ancient universal 
 history, an<l in 1739, published the travels 
 of Edward Brown, esquire, and the memoirs 
 of Itipperda, and two years after the con- 
 cise history of Spanish America. In 1742 
 the two first volumes of his history of Eng- 
 lisTi admirals appeared, to which two years 
 after tw o volumes more were added^ a work 
 
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 of great merit and csial)lislie<l reputation, 
 aiitl wliic-li, aftci- i)ussiiiy llirtjLi.:;li lluve edi- 
 tions in tilt-' :aillior's lilc-linic, lias Ijcoh 
 edited wilii inii»i(iV».MUeiils by Ur. Herkcn- 
 hout. lie piiljIJslicd in ir-i.i Hennippusrcviv- 
 ed, wliii'Usix years aller was more fully i!u- 
 proved, and in 174't a|»i>eared his " voyages 
 and travels," on the [)lan (dDr. liari-is. Jic- 
 fiides olJier pojHdar publicalions lie was en- 
 gaged intlieiiiogr jpiiia IJiitannica, which lirst 
 appeared in weekly numbers in 17i'), and to 
 which lie I'ontribuled some of the niosl in- 
 teresting and best \vi-itleii articles. In ITJO 
 lie published his \)reHent state of Europe, a 
 \vork extremely pojiuJar by the rapid sale 
 of six large editions, and afterwards he was 
 cmidoyed in tiie modern universal history 
 -u hich aiipe.sred in detaciied parts in 16 vols, 
 fol. His last work was " a political survey 
 of Britain" in -l vols. 4to. irr4, in which he 
 displaced extraordinai-y labor, great judg- 
 ment, and extensive knowledge. These gi'eat 
 literary porformaTices did not pass unre- 
 warded wiih tlie apjilauscof tlie learned, the 
 author was honored in IT 54 l>y the universi- 
 ty v)f Glasgow witli the degree of L. L. 1). 
 and in rrr4 the empress of Itussia, -a ho 
 never failed to disingaish merit in every 
 nation, presented him, in testimony of her 
 regard for his great al»iiities, with her pic- 
 ture. In 1730 our aullior married miss 
 Vobe, of Leominster, with whom hj lived 
 happily 40 years, and by whom he liad sev- 
 en children, one only of whom witii tlieir 
 mother survived him. He lived in the in- 
 dulgence of his literary pursuits so retired 
 that few had the happiness of his acquant- 
 ance, but those that visited hiai found him 
 amiable in his manners, instructive in his 
 conversation, and in his general conduct 
 mild, humane, and religious. He was ap- 
 pointed in ir().5 king's agent for the province 
 of Georgia, an oflice which he held till Ins 
 death, a meiancholy event, which was has- 
 tened by his sedentary mode of lite, and liis 
 intense application. He died of a decline at 
 his house, Queen-square, Ormond-f;treet, 
 2Sth JJecember 1775, aged nearly 6S, and 
 his remains were deposited in the new bury- 
 ing ground behind the Foundling belonging 
 to St. George t!ie Martyr. Besides the larg- 
 er works enumerrited above, Dr. Campbell 
 •wrote other smaller ])!ib!ications, wliicli Ur. 
 Kippis has mentioned in t'le Biograpliia Bri- 
 tannica, and which prove further the great 
 erudition, the comprehensive knowledge, 
 and indefatigable application of the author. 
 
 Gampbell, John,2d duke of Argyle, and 
 duke of Greenwich, was son of Archibald 
 duke of Argyle, and Elizabeth Tollemaehe. 
 He early devoted himself to a nalitary life, 
 and served under the great -Marll orough. 
 He distinguished himself at the battles of 
 Ramilies, of Oudenardc, and Malidacjuet, 
 and assisted at the siege of l.isle and of 
 Ghent. Such services were honorablv r.- ward- 
 ed by theking, he was made knight of the gar- 
 terin 1710, and the following year seiit ambas- 
 dor to Charles IH. of Spain, with the com- 
 laiand of thv^ English forces in that kingdomv 
 
 His 8upi>ort of tlie union with SooUand, ren- 
 dered iiim for a while unpopular uuiong his 
 countrymen, but hi^ merits were acknow- 
 ledged by all p.'u'lies. iJeoigc I. on hi/> ac- 
 cession restored him to the conuriand oC 
 Scotland, of whicfi he had been before ca- 
 priciously deprived, and in 1715 he bravely 
 attacked lord Mar's army at l)uml)lain, and 
 obliged the pretender to retire from the 
 kingdom. In 1718 he was made duke of 
 (ireenwich, but the oppo-iiion wliich he 
 showed to the mea.sures (jf Walpole procur- 
 ed his dismissal from all the ofiic( s of honor 
 and profit which he held, thout^Ii he was 
 a terwarc^s restore«l on the minister's dis- 
 grace. He died 1743, and was buried in 
 \\'eslniinster abbey, where a handsome 
 monumi'iit records his virtues. 
 
 Campbell, .\rchi!>ald, a Scotdi prelate 
 of tiie noble family of the Campbells, made 
 in 17'2l bishop of Aberdeen, which he re- 
 signed in 1724. He was a man of great learn- 
 ing, a'.id intimate with the most famous mea 
 of liii time, with bishop B.ill, Uickes, Grabe, 
 Nelson, and otheis. He died 1 6th J"ine 
 1744, author of the doctrine of a middle 
 state between vleatii and the resurreclioM, 
 fol. 17-21, a woi'k curious ;ind interesting, full 
 of great learning, and profound observations. 
 
 Campeggio, Lorenzo, a Roman cardi- 
 nal, ijorn at Milan 1474. He was profe.ssor 
 of civil law at Bologaa for several years, and 
 marrie<l, but on the death of his w if<-, he 
 embraced the ecclesiastical profession, and 
 in 1512 was made a bishop, and afterwards 
 created a cardinal by Leo X. He cauie to 
 England 1519, as nuncio, to settle the tenths 
 for the crusade against Turkey, and was 
 made bishop of Salisbury, and in 1524 passed 
 into Germany toattempt to resist the torrent 
 (>f the reformation. He afterwards returned 
 to England to settle the affairs about the 
 divorce of Henry VHL and Catherine of 
 Arragon, and when recalled in 152'.) by the 
 pope, he went to the diet of Augsburg again 
 to oppose the progress of Luther.'vnism. He 
 died at Rome, 1539. He was a man of learn- 
 ing and deep political knowledge, and ac- 
 quainted with Erasmus anrl most other 
 learned men in Europe. Some of his letters 
 are published in the collection of Basil 1550. 
 He had a brother Thomas, who was also a 
 bishop, and author of several learned works 
 on the canon law. He died 1564. 
 
 Camper, Peter, a celebrated physiciao, 
 and naturalist. He was born at Leyden, and 
 carefidly educated by his father w ho was a 
 protestant divine, and under Boerhaave, 
 Muschenhroek, Gravesande, and otlier fa- 
 mous professors, he laid (he foiind.uion of 
 that knowledge in wiiich he became so emi- 
 nent. He travelled at the age of 26 over 
 England, France and (Germany, where he 
 was received by the learned with the res- 
 pect due to rising merit, and in Berlin he 
 was particularly noticed by Frederic the 
 great. His works were <s\\ philosophy and 
 natural history, in 6 vols. 8vo. with 100 folio 
 plates beaulife.lly engraved. He wrote, be*, 
 sides a treatise on the physiognomies of luen 
 
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 of different countries, a work of great erudi- 
 tion but occasionally fanciful. He had also a 
 taste for the fine arts, and excelled in the 
 use of the pencil. lie died 1789, highly res- 
 pected. 
 
 Camphuvsex, Dirk, a painter, horn at 
 Dorcum 13SG. He is eminent in liis land- 
 scapes and moonlight pieces. 
 
 Campi, Bernardin, an Italian painter of 
 eminence, author of an interesting book on 
 liisart, called parere sopra la pittura, print- 
 ed at Cremona in 4to. IjSO, He died 1584, 
 aged 6'2. 
 
 Campi, Galeazzo, an Italian painter, 
 ■who excelled in minatures and in history-. 
 He was born at Cremona, and died I53n. 
 
 Campi AN, Edmund, a learned writer, 
 born in London 1540, and educated at 
 Christ's hospital, where he delivered an ora- 
 tion before queen Mary at her accession. 
 He was afterwards elected to St. John's col- 
 lege, O.vford, by White the founder, and re- 
 ceived great applause for an oration which 
 he spoke before queen Elizabeth, when she 
 visited the university. In 1568 he went to 
 Ireland, and wrote an history of the countrj- 
 in two books, but the suspicion of favoring 
 the catholic tenets rendered him unpopu- 
 lar, and he fled to the low countries. Here 
 he renounced prostestantism and entered in- 
 to the body of the Jesuits at Douay, and 
 from tlience passed to Rome, where he was 
 received as a true and useful convert. He 
 wrote a tragedy called Nectar and Ambro- 
 sia, which was acted before the emperor at 
 Vienna, and for six j-earshe taught rhetoric 
 and pliilosophy at Prague, till he was com- 
 missioned by pope Gregory XIH. to pass 
 over to England in 1580. In this delicate 
 employment he used all the arts of cunning 
 and insinuation, but though he seems to 
 have challenged the English clergy to a trial 
 of skill, yet he discovered too much vehem- 
 ence and impetuosity, and when discovered 
 by the emissaries of Walsingham, he Avas 
 dragged to the tower, and being found guil- 
 ty of high treason for adhering to the pope, 
 the queen's enemy, he was hanged and 
 quartered at Tyburn, first December 1581. 
 He was an\an of great learning, an eloquent 
 orator, and a subtile disputant. His writings 
 •uere on controversial subjects, and are now 
 forgotten. His chronologia universalis is 
 however a learned work. 
 
 Campistron, Jean Calbert, a French 
 poet, born at Toulouse in 1015. He became 
 the secretary and the friend of the duke of 
 Vendome, and mei-ited to be ranked little 
 inferior to Racine in the merit of his dra- 
 matic compositions. He diefl of an apoplexy, 
 11th May 172.3, at the age of 67. His plays, 
 three vols. 12mo. fir.st published in 1750, 
 have passed through many editions. 
 
 Campo, Antonio, an Italian author, born 
 at Cremona, of which he wrote an interest- 
 ing history in folio, 1585. It is in high es- 
 teem on account of the plates by Augustine 
 Carachi. 
 
 Cam PR A, Andrew, a musician of Aix, 
 born 4th December, 1660. He was greatly 
 
 admired for his superior knowledge of music, 
 and for the many popular ballets and tragic 
 operas which he composed. He died at Ver- 
 sailles 2yth July, 1744, aged 84. 
 
 Camps, Francois de, a native of Amiens, 
 putroniscd by Ferroni bishop of Mende, 
 and made abbot of Signy. He wrote disser- 
 tations on Medals — on the history of France, 
 kc. He died at Paris, 1723, aged 81, and 
 'by his labors contributed to the more easy 
 elucid.ation of history. 
 
 Campson, Guuri, an able and humane 
 sultan of Egypt, i*aised to that dignity by the 
 Mamelukes, 1504. He was slain in a battle 
 fought against the emperor of the Turks, 
 1516, aged 70. 
 
 (.Iamus, John Peter, a French prelate, 
 born at Paris. He was made bishop of Bel- 
 lay by Henry IV. and consecrated by St. 
 Francis de Sales 1609. As a preacher he was 
 particularly elo<|uent, but at the same time 
 indulged an ironical turn, especially against 
 the monks, which caused them to complain 
 of his conduct to Richelieu. He resigned 
 his see after an enjoyment of 20 years, and 
 though offered two others afterwards he 
 preferred the retirement of a monastery, 
 and died in the hospital of incurables at Paris, 
 1652, aged 70. Among his numerous works 
 are mentioned, pious romances to suppress 
 the licentious productions of his age. 
 
 Camus, Stephen la, a native of Paris, 
 doctor of the Sorbonne 1650 and bisliop of 
 Grenoble 1571. He was an exemplary pre- 
 late, attentive to his episcopal duties, and 
 in his private conduct very austere, always 
 sleeping on straw, and wearing a hair shirt. 
 He was made a cardinal by pope Innocent 
 II. 1686, and died 1707, aged 75, leaving his 
 property to the poor, and to some schools 
 which he had founded. He was author of 
 some pastoral letters, — a treatise on the per- 
 petual virginity of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Camus, Antoine le, a physician, born at 
 Paris, where he died 1772, at the age of 50. 
 In the midst of a respectable practice, he 
 found time to write physic for the mind, 2 
 Tols. 12mo. — Abdeker, the art of presei'ving 
 beauty, a romance, 4 vols. 12mo. on various 
 subjects of medicine, &c. 
 
 Camus, Charles Stephen Lewis, a learn- 
 ed P'rench mathematician, who died 1768, 
 aged 58. He was member of the royal acad- 
 emy of sciences at Paris, and of the royal 
 London society, and wrote a course on ma- 
 thematics, 4 vols. 8vo. — besides treatises oti 
 arithmetic, &c. 
 
 C.AM USA T, Nicholas, a learned French- 
 man of Troyes, of which he was canon. 
 He died 1655, aged 80. He wrote histo- 
 ria Albigensium, 1615 — Melanges histori- 
 ques, 1619 — promptuarium sacrarum anti- 
 quit. Tricassinajdiocesis,8vo. 1610 — and oth- 
 er works. 
 
 Canani, John Baptist, a native of Fer- 
 rara, professor of medicine and anatomy 
 there, and physician to the duke. He wrote 
 humani corporis picturata dissectio, now ve- 
 ry rare, and is said to hare discovered the 
 valves of the reins. He died 1590, aged 75. 
 
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 Canavf., Philip sicur du fresne, a ua- 
 live of I'aris, wlio piiblisheil an accoimt of 
 n jouriicv to (;onstaiiliiio|>lc. lie wasafltr- 
 Avaiils employed by Henry IV. in several 
 cii»l>assies, ai.d fioni a calvinist became a 
 Jlonian catUolic, at the conference of du 
 Perron and de I'lessis Mornay. He died 
 lOlO, aged Cl. He wrote besides an ac- 
 count of Ids embassies, J \ols. fol. 
 
 Canuaules, king of Lydia, was mur- 
 dered by (ivges, who ascended bis tbrone, 
 U. (J. 718. " 
 
 Candiac, John Ijcwis Eliz. de Mont- 
 calm, a child of aslonisliing [towers, brother 
 to llie manpiis of Montcalm. At the af;e 
 of four he Icariieii Latin, and when six he 
 could read Greek and Hebrew to the as- 
 tonishment of the learned. This prodi;j;y 
 of premature superiority in the knowledi^e 
 of literature and of science, was cut off by 
 a complication of diseases at I'aris, Sth Oct. 
 1720, aged seven years. 
 
 Candi ro, Peter, an historical painter, 
 born at IJriiges 1548. His real name was 
 said to be W bite. 
 
 Caneaii or Canghah, an Indian phi- 
 losoj)her, i)hysician, and astronomer. He 
 wrote on the secret of nativities — the con- 
 junction of planets — a manual of medicine — 
 jthysiognomy, de mansionibus lunse, bic. 
 
 Cange, Charles du Fresne du, a learn- 
 ed Frenchman, born at Amiens, and made 
 treasurer of France. He early applied liim- 
 self to the study of ancient and modern his- 
 tory, and published some valuable works. 
 He" died 1GS8, aged 78. Lewis XIV. pre- 
 sentetl a pension to his children, in memory 
 of their father's learning and his services to 
 literature. The most valuable of his works 
 are history of the eastern empire under the 
 French emperors of Constantinople, fol. — 
 Latin Glossary, 3 vols. fol. — a Greek glos- 
 sary of the middle ages, 2 vols. fol. — aimals 
 of Zonaras, &c. — liistoria Byzantina illus- 
 trata in fol. &cc. 
 
 (/ANGiAGO orCAMBisi, Levvis, a pain- 
 ter of Genoa, whose works were in high 
 repute in Spain and Italy. He became en- 
 amored of his deceased wife's sister, and 
 solicited in vain a papal dispensation to mnr- 
 rv her, and died of melancholy in Spain, 
 1585, aged 58. 
 
 Can INI, Angelo, a learned Italian, au- 
 thor of observations on the Greek tongue — 
 institutiones Linguse Syriacte Assyr. — Tlial- 
 niud. ^thiop. Arab, collatione, died 1557. 
 
 Canisius, Henry, a native of Nimegu- 
 en, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, died 
 in lOUO. He left some learned works on his 
 profession, and on anti((uities. — His uncle 
 Peter was a learned Jesuit, author of some 
 theological works. He (iied 1597, aged 77. 
 
 Canitt,, Baron of, a German poet and 
 statesman, born at Berlin, 1054, five inftnths 
 after his father's fleath. He travelled through 
 Eui'ope, and was engaged in important ne- 
 gotiations by the king of Prussia. He took 
 Horace for his model in his German compo- 
 sitions, and w as so popular a poet that his 
 works wei'e published lor the 10th time in 
 
 1750 in 8vo. He died at Berlin, 1C99, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Cann, John, an Englishman of original- 
 ly huntble occupation, w ho lied to Amster- 
 dam at tiie restoration, arid became u great 
 leader antong the HriiWhibls. He published 
 u bible with mai'ginal notes, which was uetl 
 received by the public, and passed through 
 be\eral editions. 
 
 Cannamakes, John a peasant of Cata- 
 lonia, who in a tit ol insanity attacked king 
 Ferdinand, and nearly killed him. He was 
 seized, an«l though the monarch wisheil to 
 pardon him he was strangled in prison I4y2. 
 
 Cano, Alonzo, a native of (irenada, em- 
 inent as u painter, scul|)tor, and architect. 
 He Mas patronised by the duke of (Jlivai'cs, 
 and made director general of the king's 
 works at ]VJadi-id, and preceptoi- to the 
 prince Balthazar (Jarlos. The palaces and 
 churches of Madrid were adorned witli tbe 
 elegant labors of his chisel, as well as of his 
 pencil. He had the singular misfoitune of 
 finding on his return home one evening his 
 house i)limderedj his wife murdered, and 
 his Italian servaut fled ; and while he had 
 reason to suspect the treachery of his do- 
 mestic, in consequence of his jealous and 
 resentful temper, he was himself seized as a 
 l»erpetrator of the horrid deed and tortured, 
 hut no jjunishment could force hiui to con- 
 fess a crime of whicli he was not guilty. He 
 afterwards entered into tbe church to escape 
 further persecution, and died, 676, aged 76. 
 
 Cano or Can us, Melchior, a native of 
 Tarancon, in the diocese of Toledo. He 
 was of the Donnnican order, and professor 
 of theology at Salamanca, and in 1552, he 
 became bishop of the Canaries, which he 
 resigned to enjoy the favors of the court of 
 Philip II. He died at Toledo I.tSO, author 
 of some works, especially locorum theologi- 
 corum, bic. 
 
 Can r ACUXENUS, Johannes, a Byzan- 
 tine historian, born at Constantinople, and 
 nearly related to the imjterial family. His 
 knowledge in literature and in arms was so 
 great, that he became the favorite of the 
 court and people, and was made first lord of 
 the bedchamber to the emperor Andronicus. 
 He retained his offices under his grandson of 
 the same name, who made him generalissi- 
 mo of his forces, and would have admitted 
 him to the throne, if he had been willing to 
 consent. At his death the emperor left the 
 guardianship of his son John Palaiologus to 
 the integi'ity of Cantacuzenus ; but the jea- 
 lousy of tlie empress and of her favorites, 
 thwarted his l)enev(<lent schemes, till at last 
 he assumed himself the imperial puri»le, at 
 the request of the nobles at Adrianople, 
 1342. The new moiiarch was victorious 
 over his enemies, and with unparalleled mod- 
 eration, he adopted the conquered PaliEolo- 
 gus for his associate on the throne, and gave 
 him his daughter Helen in marriage to ce- 
 ment their reconciliation. Jealousy, how- 
 ever, still prevailed, and Cantacuzenus, 
 wearied with the troubles of sovereignty, 
 retired to a monastery accompanied by his 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 uife. In that tranquil retreat he devoted » 
 hiiuseU" to study, anU wrote an history in i 
 Greek of his own times, in four books, from i 
 13'M to 13o3. This worK. is very valuabie. 
 He wrote besides some theological works. 
 Tiie Instory was iranshited into l^atin at In- 
 goistadt, m 1(30J by Fontanus, and in 1045 
 the original Greek v.as splendidly edited at 
 Paris in 3 vols. fol. The time of his death 
 is unknown, though it is supposed that he | 
 lived till about the > ear I4ll, and reached i 
 his iOtitii year. He wrote also a defence of 
 cliristianily against the Mahometans. 
 
 CANTAiiixi, Simon, a painter, born at 
 Pezaro, and thence surnamed Pezarese. 
 He was the pupi! and friend of Guido, 
 wiiose excellence lie so successfully imita- 
 ted, that his pieces wei*e often ascribed to 
 his master. He died at V^erona 164S, 
 aged 06. 
 
 C A N TEL, Peter Josepli, a Jesuit of Caux, 
 vhose extraordinary application to litera- 
 ture shortened his days at the age of 35, 
 1579. He wrote de Uomana repubhca, liJmo. 1 
 1707 — metropoiitarum urbiuin historiie civil 
 & ecciesiast. primus — besides editions of 
 Justin and V^alerius Maximus. 
 
 CA>JTEMii{, Demetrius, a Tartar of il- 
 histrious birth. He visited Constantinople 
 early in life, and promised himself to suc- 
 ceed his fatiier as governor of Moldavia; 
 but he was supplanted by a rival ; and when 
 at lust sent to defend the province against 
 the Russians, he betrayed it to the Czar Pe- 
 ter, whose fortunes he followed, and by 
 whom he was amply rewarded. From Mol- 
 davia, over which he presided, he retired 
 to Ukraine, where he died, much lamented, 
 1728, aged 50. He wrote a Latin history 
 of the rise and fall of the Ottoman empire 
 in Russia, dedicated to the Czar — the sys- 
 tem of Mahomet's religion — the state of 
 Moldavia, in Latin, with a map of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 Cantemir, Antiochus, son of the pre- 
 ceding, displayed the advantages of a well 
 finished etlucation in several embassies at 
 London and Paris. On his return to Peters- 
 burg, he devoted himself to literature, and 
 ■was the first who introduced the graces of 
 poetry among the llussians. He was author 
 of some odes, satires, and fables, besides a 
 translation of Anacreon and of the epistles 
 of Horace. His life was written by Guasco. 
 He died 1744, aged .34. 
 
 Caxterus, William, an eminent scho- 
 lar, born at Utrecht 1542, and educated 
 chiefly at Louvaiu, under Cornel. Valeri- 
 us, and afterwards at Paris, under Auratus. 
 The civil wars of France afforded him an 
 opportunity to visit Germany, Italy, and 
 Venice, where he purchased some valua- 
 ble manuscripts; and on his return to Lou- 
 vain he devoted himself with indefatigable 
 tiiligence to his favorite studies. An appli- 
 cation so intense, which regularly began at 
 7 in the morning, and continued till mid- 
 night, with the intervention of scarce four 
 hours for exercise and retVeshment, was 
 not calculated to insure longerity, and con- 
 
 sequently Canterus fell a sacrifice to his stu- 
 dious retirement, and died in his 3od vear, 
 1575, His mind was stored wiin vast erudi- 
 tion, and from his famdiar acquaintance 
 with six languages, besides that of his coun- 
 try, viz. L.atin, Greek, Hebrew, French, 
 Italian, and German, the greatest expecia- 
 tions, as Thuanus observes, might have 
 been formed from him. His works were 
 purely philological, such as, novarum lec- 
 tioaum libri octo — syntagma de ratione 
 eraendandi Grsecos autores — not«, scholia, 
 &CC. ill Euripiil, Sophocl. iEschyl. (Jic. Pro- 
 pert. Auson. Arnob — besides various read- 
 ings on some of the septuagint MSS. and 
 translations of several Greek authors. 
 
 Canto n, John, an ingenious philosopher, 
 born at Stroud, in Glocestershire, 31st July 
 1718. He was early initiated in the know- 
 ledge of mathematics, in which science he 
 displayed astonishing powers ; but soon af- 
 ter he became engagud in the bu.siness of his 
 father as a broadcloth weaver. His leisure 
 hours were, however, devoted to his favor- 
 ite pursuits, and he eluded, with successful 
 perseverance, the vigilance of his father, 
 who forbade him to study by candle-light ; 
 and at last constructed, in secrecy, and by 
 the help of a common knife alone, a stone di- 
 al, which besides the hours of the day, show- 
 ed the sun's rising, and his place in the eclip- 
 tic, with other particulars. The ingenuity 
 ot the son thus procured the encourage- 
 ment of the father, who placed on the front 
 of his house the favorite dial. This was 
 seen and admired by the curious and the 
 learned in the neighborhood; and Canton 
 was invited to the undisturbed use of some 
 valuable libraries. Martin's grammar, and 
 a pair of globes, then first seen by the untu- 
 tored youth, raised his genius to noble ex- 
 ertions. He was invited to London by Dr. 
 Miles of Tooting, and he engaged himself 
 with Mr. Watkins at an academy in Sj)ital- 
 square. In this situation, with all the ad- 
 vantages to be derived from a comfortalile 
 independence, he pursued his studies, and 
 at last succeeded AVatkins in the manage- 
 ment of his school; and, in 3744, married 
 Penelope, the daughter of Mr. Thomas 
 Colbrooke. In 1745, the discovery of the 
 Lcyden phial in electricity attracted his at- 
 tention to the improvement of a science for 
 v.hich he had always shown great pai'tiality. 
 In 1750 he was elected member of the roy- 
 al society for his method of making artificial 
 magnets, for which he was honorably re- 
 warded with the gold medal. He was also 
 honored with a degree by the university of 
 Aberdeen, and chosen, in 1751, one of the 
 council of the roval society. He was the 
 first person in England who, on July 20, 
 1752, ascertained the truth of Ur. Frank- 
 lin's hypothesis of the similarity of light- 
 ning and electricity, by attracting fire from 
 the clouds; and this circumstance recom- 
 mended him strongly to the notice and 
 friendship of the American philosopher. 
 His discoveries and improvements in philo- 
 sophy continued to be great and important, 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 and his opinions were communicated to the 
 iv>\ al -lOcit ty III various papirs, on tlit- slioot- 
 iiig ol the stars, the tUctiii.al properties of 
 the tourniMJiii, llie varmtioii of liie needle, 
 the transit ot \ enus in irfil, llie compres- 
 siljilitv of water, the making ol [lijn^phoi-iis, 
 the fixing of eleetricul eondui-tors on hiiihl- 
 ings, (lie inmiiiousiiess of the sea occasion- 
 ed hy tile putrefaction of its animal sul)- 
 slances, &cc. Jicbides these <litl'erent sub- 
 jects, he treated of some others, not oni\ in 
 "llie transactions of the society, but in the 
 Gentleman's magazine, with a laudable zeal 
 for exi»eriiiiental Iciiowledge, and tlie ci-tah- 
 lishineiit of truth. lie died of a dropsy in 
 liis chest, 'J'^il March 177'2, in his 54th year. 
 In private life he vias an pmialile and sensi- 
 ble man, mild in his manners, and affable in 
 liis conduct. He was succeeded in his school 
 by his ehlest son, William, who inherited 
 much of his love ibr science. His wife sur- 
 Tived him, and seven children. 
 
 Cantwell, Andrew, a physician ofTip- 
 perary, who died lliltJuly 1704. lie ac- 
 quired celebrity by his practice, and more 
 by his publications. He wrote Latin tiisscr- 
 tations on medicine, fevers, and secretions 
 —new experiments on Mr. Stephens' reme- 
 dies — history of remedy for weakness of the 
 eyes — account of the small-pox — disserta- 
 tion on inoculation, &c. 
 
 Canus, or Caxo, Sebastian, a Spaniard 
 \vho accompanied Magellan in his voyage 
 round the world, and, after his death, pursued 
 his course to Sunda, and round the Cape of 
 Good Hope. He returned to Spain 152-2, 
 after sailing round the world in three years 
 and four weeks. There was another Canus, 
 James, a Portuguese, who discovered the 
 kingdom of Congo, in 1484. 
 
 Canute, a king of Denmark and Nor- 
 way, sovereign also of England. He resign- 
 ed his crow n, and retired to a monastery, 
 Tvliere he died 1U26. 
 
 Canute, or Knud, surnamed the Great, 
 succeeded his father Sweyn as king of Den- 
 mark, and afterwards undertook an ex{)edi- 
 tion against England. He attacked Edmund 
 Ironside with such boldness and success, 
 that the two rivals agreed to divide the coun- 
 try between them, and while Edmund was 
 satisfied with the land at the south of the 
 Thames, his opponent claimed the north as 
 his own. When Edmund was murdered hy 
 Edric, 1017, Canute seized the whole king- 
 dom, and endeavoured to establish himself 
 by the punishment of Edric and of the no- 
 bles, and by the laying of a heavy tax on the 
 people. His reign, though severe, was im- 
 partial, and he regarded bfith nations equally 
 as his subjects, and distributed justice with- 
 out favor. He showed himself also superior 
 to the flattery of his courtiers on the sea- 
 shore at Southampton, and whilst they wish- 
 ed to extol him as more than a mortal, he 
 showed them, that as the sea refused tooht.y 
 his summons, and retreat back at his word, 
 so is every thing on earth subservient to the 
 Avill of him w liom the winds and the sea 
 obey. He repressed the invasion of the 
 
 Swedes, and killed their kinp; in battle ; and 
 afti-rwards, in his old age, he ma«le a ]»il- 
 grim;ige to Home. He died at Shaftshury 
 10;J5. 
 
 Canute IV. king of Denmark after 
 
 Harf)l«|, lOSO, was surnamed the I'iou.s, His 
 
 great partiality and li!>ei"al donations to the 
 
 ! church raised an insurrection against him, 
 
 I ill uhich he was slam by one of his subjects, 
 
 i 1087. He was canonized by pope Alexander 
 
 HI. in 1164. 
 
 Canuti, Dominieo, an Italian painter of 
 eminence, instructed hy the sole powers of 
 his genius. His pieces are preserved at Home 
 i and Bologna. He died 10." 8, aged 55 yearii. 
 I CAPACCio,JnlioCa;sare, a learned Italian, 
 I author of a histoiy of Naples, ami other 
 ' works. He was tutor to prince Urbino, and 
 I secrctarv to the city of Naples ; and died 
 ' 1C31. 
 
 Capasso, Nicholas, a native of Fralta, 
 in the kingdom of Naples, professor of civil 
 law at Naples. He was eminent as a poet, 
 I and he spent, it is said, more than twenty 
 ■ years in translating Homer into tlie Neapo- 
 I litan patois; a work much esteemed by 
 judges of this vulgar idom. Mis poetical 
 ; pieces were printed at Naples 1780, 1 vol. 
 I 4to, and possess merit. His prose composi- 
 tions are not much esteemed. He died at 
 Najiies 1743, agc<l 75. 
 
 Capecio, Scipio, a.NeapolItan Eatin poet 
 of the 16th centur}', wlio successfnlh imita- 
 ted Lucretius' book de rerum natura, pritited 
 1542, and elegantly 1754. Ha wrote besides 
 elegies, epigrams, &c. highly esteemed. He 
 was I'-iw professor at Naples. 
 
 Capel, Arthur lord, a virtuous noble- 
 man, whose attachment to the cause of 
 Charles I. proved fatal to him. At first he 
 favored the ])9rliament, nnd voted for the 
 death of Strafford, of which he sincerely re- 
 pentecl ; and when he saw the violent mea- 
 sures of the republican chiefs, he sided with 
 the king, and was created lord Ca])el of 
 Hadham. He, with lord Norwich and sir 
 Charles Lucas, boldly defended Colchester; 
 hut upon the surrender, he, in violation of a 
 solemn promise of quarter, was l>elieaded on 
 the scaftbld, March 9, 104n. While in pri- 
 son, he wrote some beautiful and elegant 
 verses, which have frequently appeai'ed be- 
 fore the public. 
 
 Capel, Arthur, son of tlie preceding, was 
 made earl of Essex by Charles II. and em- 
 ployed as ambassador to Denmark, and as 
 viceroy of Trcland. He was first lord of the 
 treasury 1079, and supported the exclusion 
 singly of the duke of Yoi-k, for which, 
 though his former services were acknow- 
 ledged, and the merits of his family known, 
 he was dishonorably struck oHT the list of 
 privy counsellors, and in 1683 accused by 
 lord Howard as an accoro]>lice in the Rye- 
 house plot. He was soon after found with 
 his throat cut with a razor, but though it 
 was evident that he was murdered, the coro- 
 ner's jury pronounced a verdict of felo de se. 
 Capei.l, Edward, was born at Troston, 
 near Bury, Suffolk, lUh June 1713, acd 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 educated at Bury school. Upon his ap- 
 pointment to the office of inspector of plays, 
 by the patronage of the duke of Grafto-i, he 
 turned his thoughts to an immaculate edi- 
 tion of Shakspeare's phiys. Three and 
 twent}- years were employed in searching 
 old manuscripts, and in examining various 
 readings, before the puhlication appeared ; 
 but after all, the public were disappointed 
 in their expectation of illustrative notes and 
 commentaries to adorn an edition of 10 vols. 
 8vo. The labors of Malone, Steevens, Far- 
 mer, Percy, and others, checked the ardor 
 of Capell to finish what he had so long pro- 
 mised, and, after forty years, the annota- 
 tions appeared as posthumous, under the 
 care of Mr. C'ollins, the editor, in .3 vols. 
 4to. This publication is in itself valuable, 
 and throws great light on the characters of 
 Shakspeare, and tlie various sources from 
 whence the fables were derived. Capell 
 died 24th January ITSl. He wrote besides 
 Prolusions, &;c. and his altered play of Anto- 
 ny and Cleopatra was acted at Drury-lane 
 1758. 
 
 Capella, Marcianus Minius Felix, a 
 Latin poet in the 5fh century, whose poem 
 de nuptiis Philologiaj et Mercurii has been 
 published. 
 
 Capello, Bianca, a Venetian lady, who, 
 after marrying a person of inferior rank, re- 
 tired to Florence, where she had the im- 
 prudence to become the mistress of Francis 
 the grand duke Cosmo's son. After the 
 death of her husband, she had the art to 
 prevail upon her lover to marry her, and 
 she was formally recognised, in conse- 
 quence of an embassy to the Venetian states, 
 as a true daughter of Venice. Though pos- 
 sessed of great powers of mind and strong 
 resolutions, she showed herself odious and 
 tyrannical at Florence, so that her memory 
 is still held there in abhorence. The sudden 
 death of her husband and of herself, within 
 a few days of each other, m October 1587, 
 was justly attributed to poison administered, 
 it is said, by cardinal Ferdinand, their bro- 
 ther. 
 
 Capellus, Lewis, a French protestant 
 divine, born at Sedan, and profesor of divinity 
 and oriental languages at Saumur. He was 
 engaged in a long and learned controversy 
 ■with the younger Buxtorff concerning the an- 
 tiquity of the Hebrew points; and whilst 
 his adversary maintained, that they were 
 coeval with the language, he supported, that 
 they were unknown before the dispersion of 
 the Jews, and that they were invented by 
 the Masoreth rabbis of Tiberias, about 6U0 
 years after Christ. The learned were oti 
 this occasion divided. The Germans sup- 
 ported the opinion of their favorites the 
 Buxtorffs, while Capellus was seconded by 
 all the powers and abilities of the protes- 
 tants, by Luther, Calvin, Zuinglius, and af- 
 terwards, by Scaliger, the (^asaubons, the 
 Heinsii, Grotius, Krpenius, Salmasius, and 
 ethers. . Besides his controversial books, he 
 •wrote critica sacra, in which he was engaged 
 ftir thirty six years ; a work of merit, but 
 
 such as displeased some of the protestants 
 for the liberty of his criticisms on the bible. 
 Capellus died at Saumur 1G58, aged nearly 
 80. He wrote some account of himself in 
 his " de gente Capeilorura." 
 
 Capilupus, Camillus, an Italian writer, 
 who published the stratagems of Charles IX. 
 against the Hugonots, with an account of the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 
 Capilupus, Laelius, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was author of some Latin poems, 
 preserved in the delicia; poetarum italico- 
 rum. He died 1;>60, aged G2. His brother 
 Julio was equally distinguished as a man of 
 letters; and llippolito, another brother, be- 
 came bishop of Fauo, and died at liome 
 168(1. 
 
 Capistrax, John, a famous preacher ia 
 the Romish church, lie declaimed against 
 the Turks and infitlels, and was so successful 
 in a discourse against guming,at Nuremberg, 
 that his auditors, with eager zeal, burnt all 
 their cards and dice in his presence. He 
 headed a crusade against the Hussites, and 
 for his services to the church was canoniz- 
 ed in 1690, '234 years after his death. His 
 writings have long since sunk into oblivion. 
 
 Capisucchi, Blasius, marquis of Alon- 
 tei'io, was in the service of the pope, and 
 distinguished himself at the siege of Poitiers 
 against the Hugonots 15C9. 
 
 Capisucchi, Paul, a canon of the Vati- 
 can, and bishop of Neocastro, employed by 
 the pope in several embassies, and particu- 
 larly in the celebrated divorce of Henry VIH. 
 and Catharine of Arragon. He died at 
 Rome 1539, aged 60. 
 
 Capito, AVolfgang, a German protestant 
 divine, author of a Hebrew grammar, and 
 other works. He died of the plague in his 
 native city Haguenau in 1542, 
 
 Capitolinus, Julius, a Latin historian 
 in the 3d century, author of the lives of the 
 emperors, &c. 
 
 Caporali, Ctesar, an Italian writer, 
 born at Perugia, He was governor of Atri, 
 and died at Castiglione in 1601. He posses- 
 sed great vivacity, and an inexhaustible fund 
 of genuine wit. He wrote two comedies, 
 besides the life of Mectenas, and some bur- 
 lesque poems, in 12mo. 1656. 
 
 Cappe, Newcome, a dissenting minister, 
 who died 1801, at York, where he was set- 
 tled. He was a native of Leeds, and was 
 educated under Doddridge and Leechman. 
 He was author of some sermons on the go- 
 vernment and providence of God, 8vo. 1795 
 — illustrations of some scripture passages, 
 he. 
 
 Cappeli.o, Bernardo, a native of Ve- 
 nice, banished from his country for the free- 
 dom with which he expressed his sentiments 
 on the affairs of the state. He was the friend 
 of Bembo, and was eminent as a poet. 
 
 C A PP ERG N I ER,Claude, a learned French- 
 man of Montdidier in Picardy. Though 
 brought up to tlie business of a tanner, he de- 
 voted himself earnestly to the study of the 
 learned languages, and made such a proti- 
 cieacy tJiat he was offered the chair of pro- 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 fesSor of tlie Greek language in tlie iiniver- 
 sity of Hasil. He died ut Paris in 1744, aged 
 73, in tlie house of M. Crozat, whose three 
 sons he hud educated. IJe published an 
 edition of Qiiintiiian ; and after his death his 
 edition of autient Latin ilit-toricians was 
 made public at Strasburg, ito. His relation 
 John succeeded him as professor, and pub- 
 lished editions of Cxsar and Plautus, and 
 died 1774. 
 
 Capranica, Nicholas, a learned Italian, 
 made secretary to pope Mai'tin V. and raised 
 to a hishoi)ric, and to the i-ank of cardinal. 
 'J'iiis last honor, however, was not confnnj- 
 ed, in consequence of the death of the pope ; 
 and fjapranica, refused a seat in the conclave 
 and plundered of his property by Eugenius 
 1\'. ap[)lied to the council of liasil, which 
 confirmed all his claims. He was afterwards 
 employed by Eugenius in various embassies, 
 and commanded the Koman army against 
 J-'rancis Sforza, by whom he was defeated 
 and wounded. He directed, by his will, that 
 his palace at Rome shoulil he turned into a 
 college. He died 1458, aged 58. 
 
 Capuiata, Peter John, a Genoese, au- 
 thor of a history of the aRairs of Italy dur- 
 ing his time, from 1G13 to IG60. 
 
 Caracai.la, Marcus Aurel. Antonin. a 
 Jloman emperor after his father Scverus, 
 211. He disgraced himself by wantonness 
 and cruelty, and was at last assassinated by 
 one of his; guards at Edessa, 1317. 
 
 Caracci, Lewis Augustine, and Hanni- 
 bal, celebrated painters of the Lombard 
 school, all natives of liologna. The two last 
 were brothers, sons of a taylor, and Lewis 
 was their cousin, and son of a butclier. 
 Lewis, discouraged at first in his profession, 
 yet persevered by the advice of Tintoret, 
 and by studying the pieces of the greatest 
 masters, he soon excelled in design and 
 coloring and infused grace and elegance into 
 his figures. He had the satisfaction of hav- 
 ing his two cousins in the number of his 
 friends and pupils, and with them he united 
 in laying the foundation of that school, which 
 has become so celebrated for the great 
 genius of its students. A choice collection 
 was made of antique statues, and valuable 
 books on the profession, and a skilful anato- 
 mist exerted his talents in describing: and 
 explaining the motions and the power of the 
 muscles and the limbs of the human frame. 
 'Ihe fame of the Caracci soon spread 
 through Italy, and Hannibal, wliese powers 
 of memory were so retentive that he never 
 1 ailed to recollect what he once saw, was 
 liberally invited by cardinal Farnese to paint 
 and adorn the gallery of his palace. He 
 ■was soon followed by Augustine, but on an 
 unexpected quarrel between tlie brothers, 
 Augustine retired to the court of Parma, 
 where, after some years spent in <lissipation 
 and in consequent remorse, he died 1602, 
 aged 45. The labors of Hannibal however, 
 which render the Farnese gallery sucli an 
 object of delight and admiration to the curi- 
 ous, were unlianUsomely rewarded bv his 
 VOL. T. "37 
 
 enaployer, and for the immortal executions 
 of his pencil during eight long years he re- 
 ceived a sum scarce ecjuivalent to 200/. This 
 ill Ireatment (piite overpowered liis facul- 
 ties, and in his agony of rage and des[)air, 
 he vowed never to touch again his pencil, h 
 resolution which his wants made him vio- 
 late. Though occasionally deprived of his 
 senses, yet he proved licentious in his morals 
 :uid hastetved his own death by his debauch- 
 eries, at Naples ICOO, in hLs 49th year. 
 \V'hile Hannibal was engaged at Rome, 
 Lewis remained at Hologna, admired by the 
 neighbouring clergy, whose churches he 
 adorned by his pieces and designs. He 
 died at Rologna in H)l[), aged 03. The most 
 admired piece of Augustine, is the com- 
 munion of St. Jerome, in JJologna. The 
 works of Hannibal are chiefly admired as 
 possessing all the sweetness and purity, the 
 judicious distribution of coloring, and the 
 delicate correctness of the most approved 
 masters. He had so much veneration for 
 the labors of Raphael, that he ordered him- 
 self to be buried in the same tomb, and hit 
 remains were accordingly deposited in tlie 
 rotunda at Rome. Augustine had a natural 
 son Antonio, who studied under Hannibal, 
 and who displayed such taste and judgment 
 in his pieces, that had he lived he might 
 have surpassed the fame of his immortal re- 
 lation. He died 1618, at the age of 35.— 
 From the school of the Caracci sprung 
 tliose illustrious painters, who have done so 
 much for their ow n glory, and the reputa- 
 tion of their instructors, Guido, Domiui- 
 chino, Lanfrancho, inc. 
 
 Caraccio, Anthony, a Roman nobleman 
 of the I7th century. He wrote tragedies, 
 besides an admired epic poem, 40 cantos, 
 called Imperio Vendicato, in 1090, in 4to. — 
 This work, though praised by many, is yet 
 far inferior to the finished poems of Ariosto 
 and Tasso. His tragedy II Corradino is ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Caraccio LI, John, the secretary and 
 favorite of Joan II. queen of Naples. She 
 raised him to great honors, and afterward 
 caused him to be assassinated. 
 
 Caraccioi.i, Robert, a noble ecclesias- 
 tic patronised by Callixtus III. and Sixtus V. 
 and made bishop of Aquino, and afterwards 
 ofLecce. He Avas eloquent as a preacher 
 and eminent as a politiciam His sermons 
 appeared at Lyons 1503. He died 1495, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Caraccioli, Lewis Anthony, a native of 
 Paris, of a noble family. He was for some 
 time in the army in the service of the king 
 of Poland, and on his return to France de- 
 voted himself to literature, and died 1803, 
 aged 80. He published letters 4 vols 12mo. 
 w hich were imposed upon the world as the 
 correspondence of Ganganelli, pope Clement 
 XTV. A nearer examination howeverproved 
 the deceit, when Ganganelli was represented 
 as speaking of Herculaneum, before it was 
 discovered, and of the writings of Gesner be- 
 fore they were published. These letters poi- 
 sess notwithstanding meritj and are written 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 in an elegant style, and abound with morali- 
 ty, and pleasing hiscoricul relations. 
 
 Carac fACUs, a king of Britain, celebra- 
 ted for his heroic conduct and his firmness 
 wlten carried before the Emperor Claudius, 
 A. D. 52. 
 
 Caradog, a British historian who wrote 
 the chronicle of Wales, from fi86 to his own 
 times, which has been continued to 1 1 06, and 
 by anotl)er hanil to liSO, still in >IS. He 
 die*! 11 50. 
 
 Carafi, a Mahometan doctor, who died 
 the year 684 of the hegira. He is the author 
 rjf some books in defence of his religion, and 
 on other subjects. 
 
 Caramuel de LoBKoviTSH, John, a 
 native of Madrid, who, from a monk and 
 bishop, became a soldier and a general, and 
 again exchariged military honors for the cro- 
 sier. He dieil at Vigevano 16S!2, aged 76. — 
 He was possessed of great powers of mind, 
 and was said to be endowed M'ith genius to 
 
 the eighth degree, with eloquence to the 
 fifth, and with judgment to the second. His 
 ■works, nli on coiitri)versial subjects, were 
 published in seven vols. fol. 
 
 Caravagio, ^Nlicliael Angelo Amerigi 
 da, son of a mason nt Caravagio in the Mi- 
 lanese, was born 1560. Without the assist- 
 ance of a master, he acquired deserved ce- 
 lebrity as a painter, but his temper was so 
 quarrelsome that he found few friends, many 
 rivals, and more enemies. After a life of 
 misfortunes increased by licentiousness of 
 conduct, in the Midst of poverty and perse- 
 cution, he at last expired on the common 
 road 1609, in his 40th year. From his ser- 
 vile and correct adherence to nature, he was 
 surnamed the naturalist; but though Rubens 
 himself acknowledged him as his superior in 
 the clear-obscure, yet he failed in large com- 
 positions, and represented his figures all on 
 the same plan without gradation, and per- 
 sjKJctive. When once shown a fine collec- 
 tion of antique figures, he pointed to the 
 living forms about him as superior models, 
 and immediately painted a gipsy in the street 
 with such exactness of delineation that criti- 
 cism was silent. Unable once to pay his reck- 
 oning at an ale-house he painted the sign 
 afresh, and so highly finished was the piece 
 that afterwards it brought the owner a very 
 considerable sum. 
 
 Car A LSI us, a native of Flanders, era- 
 ployed by the emperor Probus and his suc- 
 cessor, to protect the coasts of Caul against 
 the invasion of the Saxons. He acquired in 
 this office such skill and popularity, and so 
 much property, that when threatened by the 
 emperor Maximian, he fled into Britain 
 where he proclaimed lumself independent 
 > emperor 287. All attempts to reduce him 
 to obedience proved unavailing, and after an 
 arbitrary reign he was at last assassinated by 
 one of his soldiers named Allectus'2y3. Some 
 of his coins are still preserved. 
 
 Cardan, Jerome, an Italian of extraor- 
 dinary character, natural son of an advocate 
 of Milan, and born at Pavia 24th September 
 1501. He was born after three days labor. 
 
 when cut fi'om his mother, who had taken 
 some potion to procure an aboition, and he- 
 came into the world witii his head covered 
 with black curled hair. He studied at Pavia,. 
 and after taking his degree of M. D. at Pa- 
 dua, he was engaged as a professor of medi- 
 cine and of mathematics in several universi- 
 ties of Italy. In 1552 he visited Scotland ab 
 the request of the archbishop of St. Andrew's, 
 whom he cured of a violent asthma that had 
 baftied the skill of the most expert physicians. 
 He afterwai'ds travelled through London, 
 where he calculated the nativity of Edward 
 VI. and passing through the Low Countries 
 France and Germany, he returned after an 
 absence of 10 months to Milan. Here and at 
 Pavia he continued his lectures, but some 
 oftence procured his imprisonment at Bolog- 
 na, 1571, from which he extricated himself 
 with difiiculty and passed to Home, where he 
 lived in private retirement, and where he 
 died 21st September, 1575. Cardan was iu 
 his conduct fickle and eccentric, when i'ree 
 from pain he usually excited the most disa- 
 greeable sensations by biting his lips, squeez- 
 ing his fingers or whipping his legs, that thus 
 he might obtain relief from those violent sal- 
 lies of the imagination and lively impres- 
 sions on the brain which disturbed the tran- 
 quillity and the serene composure of his mind. 
 Though poor he never disgraced himself by 
 any mean or immoral action, but he was too 
 often pleased to speak on subjects which 
 
 might give uneasiness to his hearers, and he 
 was immoderately attaclied to gaming. When 
 he had cast his nativity and fixed on the day 
 of his death, it is said that he abstained from, 
 food, and thus he destroyed nature that he 
 might exactly fulfil his prophecy. He wrote 
 various things wliich displayed the eccentri- 
 city of his character and the wildness of his 
 opinions. His works were printed at Lyons 
 1663, in 10 vols, folio. 
 
 Cardi, Ladovici, apaiiiter born at Cigoli, 
 the disciple of Andrew del Sarto and Cor- 
 regio. He died IGl.l, aged 54. His Ecce 
 homo, and a dead Christ vith the virgin and 
 Nicodemus, in the Pitti palace at Florence, 
 are much admired. 
 
 Car DO NNE,l)ionis Dominic de,aFrenchs: 
 man, keeper of the MSS. in the royal libra- 
 ry of Paris, and professor of the Turkish 
 and Persian languages in the royal college, 
 (lied December 1783. His works were an 
 history of Africa and Spain under the Arabs, 
 three vols. 12mo. — miscellanies of oriental 
 literature, four vols. 12mo. — Indian tales and 
 fables, 8vo. — &c. 
 
 Carew, George, a native of Devonshire, 
 educated at Broadgate hall, Oxford. He 
 however abandoned his literary pursuits for 
 a military life, and behaved with great spirit 
 in Ireland, and in the voyage to Cadiz. He 
 M'as made president of Monster by Eliza- 
 beth, and James appointed him governor of 
 Guernsey, and created him baron Carew of 
 Clopton. Charles raised hiiu afterwards to 
 the dignity of earl Totness. He died inthe 
 Savoy 1029, aged 72, and was buried at Strat- 
 ford-upon-Avons He was universally cs- 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 T/5cmed ns a man of worth, the Hivoritc of 
 The prince and tlM> friend of the pcnjili'. lie 
 ■wrote the history of f lie late wars in Ireland, 
 ])iiblished folio, London IfiSS. 
 
 Cak E \v, 'I'homas, :» niitive of Glocester- 
 ahire, educated at (jorpns Christi, Oxford. 
 His Mit recomnuMideU him to the notice 
 not only of 13en .loiison and Davenan', hnt 
 of Charles I. who made him a gentleman of 
 lus privy cham!)er and sewer in ordinary. 
 He died about Ih.)'.), leavinij; several poems, 
 and a masf[ue called Cu'ltini Hritannicum, 
 performeil at Whitehall hy the kinjj and 
 some of his favorites, in IftoJ. 
 
 Carew, Uiehurd, author of the survey of 
 Cornwall, was born at Anthony in ('ornwall, 
 ancl edncateil at Christ church, Oxford. — 
 From thence he removed to the Middle 
 Teni[)le, atid after travelling abroail he set- 
 tled in his native county, where he became 
 a justice of the peace, and high sheriff in 
 1686. In his retirement he devoted himself 
 to antiquarian pursuits, and was intimate 
 M'ith some of the learned men of his time, 
 especially sir Henry Spelman. He died No- 
 vember sixth l'>20, aged G5, and an exLi'ava- 
 gant inscription on his tomb described him as 
 another Livy, another Maro, another P«pi- 
 rian. His survey, though praised by Cam- 
 den, is not regarded by Gough as a valuable 
 performance. It was reprinted in 1723, and 
 next in 1769. 
 
 Carew, George, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Oxford, and after 
 heina: called to the bar became secretary to 
 chancellor Hatton. Elizabeth, who knew his 
 merits, knighted him, and ap\)ointed him as 
 her ambassador to Polan<l. In the following 
 reign he was one of the commissioners for 
 the union of the two kingdoms, antl after- 
 wards he resided as ambassador in the French 
 court for four vears, where he gained the 
 friendship of T huanus, and furnished him 
 %vith some useful information for the com- 
 pletion of the 121st book of his history. On 
 his return from France, he was made mas- 
 ter of the court of wards, an honorable situa- 
 tion which he did not long enjo)% as he died 
 161.3. He wrote a relation of the state of 
 France, with the characters of Henry IV. 
 and of the principal persons of the court, a 
 work (>f great merit, m hich long remained in 
 MS. till Dr. Birch gave it to the world in 
 1749. Sir George Carew had two sons and 
 three daughters by his wife 'I'homasina, 
 daughter of sir Francis (Jodolphin. 
 
 Carew, Banipfylde Moore, an eccentric 
 character, son of a clergyman at Bickley, 
 Devon. He was educated at Tiverton school, 
 hut he disappointed the expectations of his 
 parents by withdrawing himself from their 
 protection antl associating with gipsies. A 
 wandering life and all the adventures of a 
 mendicant had greater charms than all the 
 splendors of imlished society, and Carew," 
 the friend, the companion, the hero of the 
 gipsies, was unanimously elected their king, 
 an honor which he continued to deserve the 
 whole of his life. It is said that he was twice 
 transported from Exeter to Xovth America, 
 
 for enticing dogs to follow him, but so ar.tful 
 were his expj.iliiMits that he both times re- 
 turned before the ship which conveyed him 
 from Europe. In his wanderings with his 
 assori.'itcs it was his glory to extort charity 
 under various assumed characters, either as 
 the shattered sailor, the unfortunate trarlefl- 
 man, the broken soldier, or the distressed 
 and ruined clergyman, so versatile and impo- 
 sing were his talents whether disguised as a 
 beggar or a gentleman. He died about 1770, 
 aged 77. 
 
 C/Akew, sir Alexander, a Cornish gentle- 
 man, member for his county in 1640. lie vo- 
 ted for the death of Strailford, and for his 
 attachment to the cause of the republicans 
 he was made governor ofSt. Nicholas' island 
 and fort, at Plymouth. In this office, either 
 through disaft'ection or the fear of seeing 
 his estates plundered hy the royalists, he 
 made overtures to deliver up the garrison, 
 hut his intentions were discovered, and he 
 was dragged to London, and by the sentence 
 of a court martial beheaded on Tower hill 
 1644. 
 
 Carey, Henry, a man who, to poetical 
 and musical talents, joined the more danger- 
 ous power of wit ami malevolent satire. He 
 wiHjte some dramas for Goodmanfields thea- 
 tre and ridiculed the bombast of modcrft 
 tragedies in his clirononhotonthologos in 
 17 3i. He was a great enemy to the Italian 
 operas and Italian singers, and distinguished 
 his zeal and loyalty by tlie composition of the 
 popular song of " God save great George our 
 king." His satirical vein procured him ene- 
 mies, and like most men of genius he was 
 persecuted by indigence, which unfortunate- 
 ly aided by melancholy dejection, incited him 
 to commit suicide. He destroyed himself 
 in 1744. His songs were published by him 
 in 1740, and his dramatic pieces in 174.3. 
 Though the author of so many ballads it is 
 remarkable that none offend against morali- 
 ty and virtue, a strong proof of the goodness 
 and integrity of his heart. His son George 
 Savilo, who at one time was on the Covent 
 garden stage, wrote, besides a 'lecture ou 
 mimicry, some liglit dramatic pieces. 
 
 Caribeu T, or Char iREUTjkingof Pa- 
 ris after his father Clotaire I. 561, was a- 
 mild monarch, and in his government popu- 
 lar and just. He was, however, licentious ia 
 his manners; au<l, after putting away his 
 cjueen, he ninrried two of her servants xt'ho 
 were of the meanest condition, daughters of 
 \i • ol-combers, and the third was the daugh- 
 ter of a shepherd. During his n^ign the 
 mayors of the palace acquired that gi'eat 
 power which afterwards proved so fata' to 
 th.i monarcy. He left only daughtex's be- 
 hind him, and died 567. 
 
 Carixus, Marcus Aurelius, son of th<i 
 emperor (Jams, was investeil with the pur- 
 ple by his father, and tiiree years after was 
 slyiu by a tribune. 
 
 Car I.ETON, sir Dudley, was born at T5:d- 
 don Brightwell, in Oxfordshire and educa- 
 ted at Christ church. When he had finished 
 his travels, he attended sir Rotph WJiiwood 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 as liis secretary into Hie Lov,- Couutries, and 
 soon alter he was himself employed as am- 
 bassador, and for twenty years served his 
 sovereign at Venice, Savoy, France, and ihe 
 United Provinces. Charles rewarded the 
 fidelity of his services by creating him baron 
 Imbercourt, viscount Dorchester. He died 
 secretary of state 16.31, aged 58, and was 
 buried in Westrainster-abbey. In those 
 days of political scepticism, and approaching 
 revolution, he used to say, that there will be 
 mistakes in divinity while men pi'each, and 
 errors in government while men govern. 
 He wrote various pamphlets, besides letters 
 from Holland during his embassy, from IGIG 
 to 1620, Mhich were printed at lord Hard- 
 ■wicke's expense in 1757, and again in 1775, 
 in 4to. 
 
 Carleton, George, a native of Nor- 
 ham, Northumberland, maintained at Ed- 
 mund-hall, Oxford, by the northern apostle, 
 Bernard Gilpin. In 1580 he was elected 
 fellow of Merton, and in 1617 was appointed 
 bishop of LlandafF. He was sent by vTames, 
 with three other divines, to the synod of 
 Dort, where he ably maintained the cause 
 of episcopacy. On his return, he was trans- 
 lated to Chichester, and died nine years af- 
 ter, 1628, aged 69. He wrote several theo- 
 logical tracts, besides the life of his patron 
 Gilpin ; and in his character he displayed a 
 great aversion to popery, whilst he strictly 
 supported the rigid tenets of the calvinists. 
 Carlini, Agostino, a native of Genoa, 
 who settled earl}^ in England, and became 
 keeper of the royal academy in London. 
 He was an artist of celebrity, and was chiefly 
 admired for his draperies. He died 14th 
 August 1790. 
 
 Carloman, eldest son of Charles Mar- 
 tel, succeeded him in the kingdom of Aus- 
 trasia, 741. After defeating the Germans 
 vith great slaughter he retired from the 
 helm of government to the obscmnty of a 
 cloister, and died at Vienne in Dauphine 
 17th August 755. ■ Another, son of Lewis 
 the German, who shared the kingdom of 
 Bavai'ia with his brothers Lewis and Charles 
 and became kitig of Italy and emperor. He 
 died 880, without issue. Another, son of 
 
 Pepin, and brother of Charlemagne, was 
 king af Austrasia and Burgundy. At his 
 death, in 771, his brother Charlemagne be- 
 came king of the whole French monarchy. 
 ■ Another, brother of Lewis III. who ob- 
 tained Aquitain and Burgundy as his portion. 
 On his brothei-'s death in 88'2, he beci.'ne 
 sole king of France, and died in consequence 
 of a wound received from a wild boar in 
 6th December 884. 
 Carlone, John, a Genoese pamtcr, who 
 excelled in the art of foreshortening. He 
 died at the early age of 40, in 1630, and his 
 imperfect pieces were finished by his bro- 
 ther John Baptist. The family were long 
 eminent as sculptors and painters. 
 
 Carlos, don, son of Philip king of Spain, 
 ■was deformed in his person, and violent and 
 irrascible in his temper. He showed himself 
 rudely disobedient to his faUier, and at- 
 
 hunting. 
 
 tempted to excite in Holland an insurrec- 
 tion, that he might place himself at the 
 head of it. The violence of his conduct, and 
 his determined opposition to the measures 
 of his fathei-, at last proved his ruin, and 
 Philip, incensed by the ingratitude of his son, 
 caused him to be seized and thrust into a 
 prison, Avhere he was condemned to death, 
 lie died 24th July 1568, it is supi)Osed, by 
 poison, or, according to others, by being 
 strangled, or by opening his veins in a bath. 
 It is imagined by some authors, that Philip 
 treated him with all this cruelty from jealous 
 motives, because he attempted to gain the 
 affections of his mother-in-law, Elizabeth of 
 France, whom formerly lie had courted, but 
 whom Philip had himself married. 
 
 Carlyle, Joseph Dacres, a learned 
 orientalist, born at Carlisle, where his father 
 practised as a physician of eminence. He 
 was educated at Carlisle school and Christ- 
 college, (Cambridge, and in 1777 obtained a 
 fellowship at Queen's. At the univei'sity he 
 devoted himself to the study of Arabic and 
 the oriental languages, in which he made 
 great progress, with the assistance of David 
 Zabio, a native of Bagdad, who was resident 
 at Cambridge. After ten years' residence 
 at college, he married, and settled at Car- 
 lisle, and in 1794 he succeeded Dr. Craven 
 as Arabic pi'ofessor, and in 1705 was made 
 chancellor of Carlisle. In 1799 he went to 
 Constantinople in lord Elgin's embass}-, and 
 not only obtained admission into the libraries 
 of that celebi-ated city, but he made excur- 
 sions into Asia Minor, examined the site of 
 Troy, visited Egypt, Syria, fjnd the Holy 
 Land, and after examining every thing with 
 the eye of a divine, a philosopher, and an 
 antiquarian, returned by Constantinople, 
 through Italy and Germany, and reached 
 England in September 1801. The services 
 which he had rendered to literature and 
 oriental science were,not, happily, forgotten. 
 He was made rector of the valuable living 
 of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; but while he 
 promised himself long life, his constitution, 
 undei'mined by the severities of travel in 
 foreign climates, hastened to a rapid decay, 
 and he expired, deservedly and universally 
 lamented, l'2th April 1804. At the time of 
 his death he was employed in the publication 
 of a bible in Arabic, and in completing his 
 observations on t!ic Troad, and the various 
 places which he had visited in the cast ; a 
 valuable performance, which will be grate- 
 fully received by the public from the hands 
 of his friends* 
 
 Carmath, an impostoi*, who in the year 
 891, began to oppose the doctrines of Ma- 
 homet, and by his austerity, gained numer- 
 ous adherents. He declared, that God had 
 
 commanded him to pray, not five times a 
 day, as the Mussulmans, but fifty times. 
 His sect declined by degrees, when no longer 
 supported by his eloquence, and is now un- 
 known. 
 
 Carmichael, Gerrhom, a native of 
 Glasgow, educated at the university there, 
 in which he becarac professor of moral phi- 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 Josopliy. He «lied I'.SS, :\<;ct\ 50. lie wrote 
 notes oil I'll lit iidorl", J)cbnles a systfiii of 
 jnoral philosophy, uhicli lie d'd not live to 
 complete. 
 
 Cahmichael, Frederic, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Aberdeen, and be- 
 came at lasl one of the nunisters of Hdin- 
 l)ur|;h. He died of a fever 1751, ai^'d k). lie 
 published one volume of sermons, much ad- 
 iniretl for their elej^ance and neatness. 
 
 (JARNEADKS, founder of the third aca- 
 demy, was an African. He was at iiome as 
 "ambassador from Athens, and died U. C. 
 
 Cauo, Hannibal, an Italian poet and orator 
 of CJvila Nuova, who served tlie duke of Par- 
 ma and Cardinal J'arncsc as secretary, an<l 
 afterwards was made knight of Malta. He 
 tiiuislated the iEneid, in blank verse, 2 vols. 
 Uo. 17G5, i)ublished at Paris, with so much 
 spirit, that some judges have declared the 
 composition scarce infei-ior to the original. 
 His poems and sonnets were much admired, 
 and appeai'ed at Venice 15G4, 4to. He pub- 
 Jished also letters, printed, Padua, 174U, 3 
 vols. 8vo. — a translation of Aristotle's rheto- 
 ric — and orations of Gregory Nazianzen. He 
 tlied at liome I5C6, and was buried in the 
 ohurcli of St Lawrence of Damascus. 
 
 Caroline, daughter of John Frederic 
 margrave of Brandenburg Anspach, by 
 Eleanor Louisa his second wife, was born 
 1st March IGS'J. Her hand w as solicited by 
 Charles HI. of Spain, afterwards emperor ; 
 but she refused him, and soon after, in 1705, 
 married the son of the elector of Hanover, 
 by whom she had four sons and five daugh- 
 ters. She was crowned queen of England 
 11th October l7!27 ; and during the reign of 
 her husband displayed great dignity, mode- 
 ration, and sagacity, as regent of the king- 
 dom, and as the patroness of learning and 
 learned men. She died !2()th November 
 1837. Her character is drawn in flattering 
 terms by Dr. Clarke, in his corrcspoudeucc 
 with Leibnitz. 
 
 Carolostaut, or Carlostadius, 
 Andrew Bodenstein, a native of Carlostadt 
 in Franconia, made dean of Wittemberg, 
 1512, in the year when Lutlier took his 
 doctor's degree. He espoused all the great 
 reformer's tenets; but a dispute unfortu- 
 nately led him into extremes, so that he 
 ventured to deny transubstantiation. He 
 was professor of divinity and minister of 
 Basil ; and was the first protestant divine who 
 raarriod. He died at Basil 1541. 
 
 Cauo i o, John Francis, an Italian jjainter 
 who died 1516, aged 76. He was disciple to 
 Andrew Mantis^na. 
 
 Caroto, John, brother and pupil to the 
 preceding, settled at Venice. Paul Vero- 
 jiese and Anselmo Canneri were in the 
 number of his pupils. 
 
 Carpen'Teu, Nathaniel, a native of 
 Hathcrleigh in Devon, educated at Edmund 
 Iiall, Oxford, and Exeter college, of whicli 
 lie became a fellow, 1G07. He was after- 
 wards promoted to a deanery in Ireland, 
 and died at Dublin 1035, He was eminent 
 
 for his leai'ning, particularly his knowledg;e- 
 of inathematit;s ; and he ably opposed tlie 
 Aistotelian philosophy. He wrote geogra- 
 phy, in 2 books, besides Arcfiitophcl, or the 
 wick(*d politician, and philosophia libera, inc. 
 C.MiPENTEU, Peter, a Frenchman, born 
 at (Jharlcville. He was eminent for his 
 learning, and assisted in the edition of the 
 glossary of Ducange, in G vols, folio, and 
 wrote, besides, alphabettnn tN ronianum, fol. 
 1747. He was patronised by the French 
 ministry, and was of the order of Cluni. He 
 died at Paris, December 17G7, aged 70. 
 
 Carpen riEii, N. a native of Beauvais, 
 esteemed as a calculator, and a great arith- 
 metician. He wrote some valuable treatises 
 on liis profession, and died 1778. 
 
 Carpi, Ugo da, a painter, celebrated for 
 tlie discov«;ry of painting in chiaro-obscuro. 
 This he performed by means of two pieces 
 of waxwork, one of whicli delienatcd the 
 outlines and shadows, ami the other impres- 
 sed the colours. He died 15U0. 
 
 Carpi, Girolarao, an Italian painter of 
 Ferrara, who died 1556, aged 55. He imi- 
 tated (Jorregio's manner with gi-eat success. 
 Carpone, Julio, a Venetian painter, 
 who died 1674, aged C3. He was admired 
 for the great correctness of his bacchanals, 
 triumphs and sacrifices. 
 
 Carpo CRATES, a heretic of Alexandria, 
 about the year 130. He revived and im- 
 proved the gnostic heresy, and the antino- 
 mian doctrines, that actions are indifferent, 
 as the passions are implanted in us by the 
 divinity. His son, Epiphanius, followed and 
 supported^ h.is opinions. 
 
 Carpzo VI us, Benedict, a native of Bran- 
 denburg, known as an able professor of law at 
 Witteinbeig. He died 1624, aged .li'J, and left 
 four sons; Conrad, his successoj'in the univer- 
 sity of Wittemberg; Benedict, an able profes- 
 sor of law, and aftei-wards of divinity, who 
 (lied at Leijjsic in IGGG, aged 71 ; David Bene- 
 dict, a Lutheran, author of a dissertation on 
 tlie dress of the Hebrews; John Benedict, a 
 Lutheran also, professor of divinitv at Leip- 
 sic, Avhere he died 1657, author of the peni- 
 tence of the Ninevites, and of some contro- 
 versial tracts, &c. John Benedict had a son 
 of tlie same name, who died at Leipsic 
 1699, sged 60, author of some dissertations 
 on the scripture, besides translations from 
 rabbinical books. His brother, Frederic 
 Benedict, was a learned counsellor of Leip- 
 sic, where he died 1699, aged 50. The 
 famous journal Acta Eruditorum, begun 
 1632, was greatly enriched by contributions 
 from bis pen. 
 
 Carr, Robci-t a Scotchman, first intro- 
 duced to the notice of James I. in 1609. The 
 monarch condescended to tcacii Latin to his 
 favorite, and raised him to the lionors of the 
 peerage, by the title of duke of Somerset ; 
 but though he saved him afterwards from 
 the punishment he di served fi;r the murder 
 of sir Thomas Ovcrbnry, he discarded him. 
 from his favor, so that he died forgotten and 
 abandoned, IG.IS. 
 Carra, John Lewis, a French deina- 
 
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 goj^ue, born at Pout de Vesles in 1743, an(i 
 brought up to the law. He afterwards de- 
 voted hiiuselt' to literature, and was also 
 secretai'v to the hospodar of Moldavia. On 
 the breaking out of the revolution, he came 
 to Paris, where he published les annales po- 
 litiqucs 8c literaires, a popular journal ; and 
 in consequence of his ser\ii'es in the cause of 
 tlie republic he was made keeper of the na- 
 tional libi'ary, and member of the conven- 
 tion. Jiestless and ambitious in this assem- 
 blv of blood, lie favored tlie cause of the Gi- 
 rondists, and for some time w as employed as 
 commissioner with the army ; but the cla- 
 mors of his enemies at last prevailed against 
 him. He was accused of being in the pay of 
 England, and of plotting the exclusion of the 
 Boux'bons, with the intention of raising the 
 duke of York to the throne. When his par- 
 ty was proscribed by Robespierre, he was 
 ■«ith them hurried to the guillotine, 51st 
 October 179.^. He was author of new pi-in- 
 ciples of philosophy, C vols, 4to. — an history 
 of Moldavia and Wallachia, 12rao. — an essay 
 on aerial navigation — examinations of animal 
 magnetism — historical memoirs of the Bas- 
 tille» &c, 
 
 Carracci. Vid. Caracci, 
 
 CARRAN'z,A,Bai'lholome\v, a Spanish Do- 
 minican priest, who accompanied Philip 
 ■when he married Mary of England. He 
 distinguished himself at the council of Trent, 
 and was made archbishop of Toledo. He 
 ■was accused of heresy afterwards, and sent 
 to Rome, where, after experiencing great 
 harshness of treatment, he died in the con- 
 Tent of Minei'va 1570. He was very re- 
 spectable for his learning, as well as for his 
 private life, and the innocence of his con- 
 duct. He wrote a collection of councils, 
 some theological tracts, &c. 
 
 Carre-, Lewis, a member of the French 
 academj' of sciences, tlie discijde and parli- 
 zan of Malebranche. He died 1711, aged 
 48. He wrotesome mathematical treatises — 
 on measuring surfaces and solids — on iinding 
 the center of gravitation, percussion, and 
 oscillation — besides papers in the memoirs of 
 the academy. 
 
 Carrera, Peter, a priest of Sicily, au- 
 thor of an ingenious treatise on chess, a game 
 in which he was very expert, in 4to. 1GI7. 
 He died at Messina 1647, aged 76. He 
 wrote, besides, a history of Catana, 2 vols, 
 fol. 
 
 Carrier, John Baptist, an infamous re- 
 publican, born near Aurillac, 1756. He 
 was bred up to the law, and at last was cho- 
 sen deputy to the national convention, by 
 Avhich he was sent as an able missionary to 
 la Vendee, with a number of as.>Jassins. In 
 this office he became known for his refined 
 cruelty. At Nantes, the scene of his barba- 
 rities, he often in one day caused twenty - 
 four persons to be put to death, though 
 young and innocent, and, by a new mode of 
 "torment, phiced them, male and female to- 
 gether, in the most indecent posture, in bar- 
 ge§, on the Loire, and then sunk the vessels 
 ^ia the middle of tlie river. After perpetra- 
 
 ting every crime of cruelty, lust, and tyran- 
 nical avarice, he was recalled, on the fall of 
 his friends of the roounUiin ; and when the 
 public indignation called vengeance on his 
 head, he was condemned by the revolution- 
 ary tribunal to a deserved death, and was 
 guillotined 15th December 1794. 
 
 Carriera, Rosa Alba, a Venetian por- 
 trait painter in crayons. Her father was a 
 drawing master : and she acquired by the 
 labors of her pencil deserved celebrity in It- 
 aly, and afterwards came to Paris, Avhere 
 she was admitted member of the academy of 
 painting I7lii0. Alter painting the royal fa- 
 mily, she went to A^ienna, and died at Ven- 
 ice 1761. 
 
 Carrieres, Lewis de, a priest, whodi- 
 ed at Paris in 1717, in an advanced age. He 
 published a French commentary on the bible, 
 24 vols. l2mo. 1716. 
 
 Carrouages, an ingenious clockmaker 
 of Pavia. He made for Alciat a clock, whose 
 hammer in sti-iking kindled a fire, by means 
 of a flint, and lighted a lamp. 
 
 Carstares, William, a learned Scotch- 
 man, born at Cathcart, near Glasgow. He 
 was educated at Utrecht, and became the 
 confidential friend of the prince of Orange 
 before his invasion of Britain. At the revo- 
 lution, William appointed him his chaplain 
 for Scotland, and consulted him without re- 
 serve on every occasion with respect to the 
 political affairs of that kingdom. Queen Anne 
 on her accession continued him chaplain for 
 Scotland ; but he soon retired from court, 
 and was elected principal of the college of 
 Edinburgh, and one of the ministers of the 
 city. He died universally respected, in 1715. 
 His state papers, letters, &c. were published 
 in 1774, in a 4to. vol. by Dr. M'Cormick. 
 He was in his character benevolent and pa- 
 triotic, liberal and humane. He supported 
 the union, but he also oppose<i the bill for 
 the tolerating of the episcopal clergy in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Carsughi, Rainer, a Jesuit of Citerne 
 in Tuscany, who died provincial of his order, 
 1709, aged 62. He is known for an elegant 
 poem, in Latin, on the art of writing well, 
 printed at Rome, 8vo. 1709. 
 
 Carte, Thomas, a learned English liis- 
 torian, born at Clifton, AV'arwickshire, April 
 1686. lie was educated at University col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he took his first de- 
 gree, but afterwards proceeded M. A. at 
 Cambridge. He then took orders, and of- 
 ficiated as reader of the abbey-church liatb, 
 where in a sermon he ably vindicated the 
 memory of Charles L and there published 
 his first composition, the Irish massacre set 
 in a clear light. On George's accession, as 
 he refused to take the oaths, and as he as- 
 sumed the lay habit, he has been accused of 
 being concerned in the rebellion of 1715. 
 lie however continued his attachment to the 
 Stuarts, and became secretary to bishop At- 
 terbury, a circumstance which re.ndered 
 him suspected to government, so that, on the 
 imprisonment of the prelate, 1000/. were ot- 
 fercd for the appi'ehenaion of Carte, who 
 
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 escaped by flying into France. Here lie rc- 
 inaiufil in exile, under the assume<l tiaino of 
 Phillips, for six or seven years, seiluoiisly 
 cmpluyed in literary j)ursuiis, till f|iiecn (Ju- 
 rolirie, who knew and rcspccteil Ids iiurit, 
 procured his recall. Soon atter his returr. 
 he published hia history of Janjcs dulvc of 
 Orinf)inl, in 3 vols, folio, 1735 ami 50. li> 
 1738 he issued propcmals for a new history of 
 Kiif^land, and whilst he was employed in 
 r.ollecting materials in public and [trivate li- 
 braries, so great was the popularity of his 
 name that subscriptions upon suhscriptions 
 appeared for his eneoura};enjent to the 
 amount of Goo/, a-ycar. Nol only individu- 
 als, but many of the public Companies of 
 I.ondon, antl the city itself, honorably ap- 
 peared to support and animate Ih* labors of 
 the national historian. 'I'he 1st vol. was pub- 
 lished in 1747, the second in 1750, the third 
 in 1752, and the fourth, which extends the 
 history to the year 1654, and which was 
 posthun\ous, iu 1755. Tlie work is a com- , 
 position of R;reat merit, which displays the 
 author's al)ilities in a very respectable view. 
 That there are prejutlices and partialities in 
 the narrative cannot be denied : but the his- 
 tory is valuable for infoi-rnaLion on many cu- 
 rious, important and interesting facts. It is 
 worth while to remark the temper of the 
 times, for no sooner did the first volume ap- 
 pear than a violent outcry was raised against 
 the author, for inserting, in a note, that a 
 certain Christopher Lovel had been healed 
 of the evil at Avignon by the holy touch of 
 the pretender, and even the corporation of 
 London, yielding to the general prejudice, 
 hastily withdrew their very liberal subscrip- 
 tion. Carte died at Calcedot-house, near 
 Abingdon, Berks, 2d April 1754. liis pa- 
 pers were left to his widow, Avho afterwards 
 married a catholic of the name of Jernegan, 
 and they were deposited in the Bodleian li- 
 brary in 1778, for a valuable consideration. 
 These manuscripts were esteemed so im- 
 portant, that lord Hard wick obtained the 
 perusal of them for 'iUO/. and Mr. M'Pher- 
 son for SOU/. Besides the works already 
 mentioned. Carte wrote the history of the 
 revolutions of Portugal — a collection of ori- 
 ginal letters and papers on the aftairs of En- 
 gland, '2 vols. 8vo — catalogue des roUes Gas- 
 cons, &c. — and other historical pieces. In 
 manners Carte was friendly and convivial, 
 and m his conversation easy and entertain- 
 ing. 
 
 CarteTL, Christopher, a naval officer, 
 in the service of the prince of Orange, born 
 in Coruwall. He commanded a fleet which 
 sailed from Holland to .Niuscovy, and he was 
 sent by queen Elizabeth in company with 
 Drake to the West Indies, where he dis- 
 played courage and intrepidity, at the taking 
 of St. Jago, Carthagena, and St. Augustin. 
 He died in London 159'2, aged 43. 
 
 Cari tR, Francis, an English writer, who 
 died first August 17 S3. He published a jour- 
 ney from Malaga to Gibraltar, 2 vols. Svo. 
 with plates, 177C, reprinted 1778, valuable 
 for the engraved coins it cx5ntains, collected 
 
 from the cabinet of the Spanish medallis* 
 I'lores. He began an interesting account of 
 the earliest printed Spanish hooks, and as he 
 unfortunately died as soon as the first sheet 
 was [irintcd, the work iiiusl ever remain iii- 
 comi»letc. 
 
 (Jakter, Elizabeth, an English lady of 
 learned celebrity, Ijorn at Deal, where her 
 father, the Rev. Dr. Carter, was minister. 
 The superior talents Mbich she early display- 
 ed were arih.'ritly oullivated by her father, 
 who iustructed her in the learned languages, 
 and stored her mind with the ciioicest trea* 
 hures of ancient literature. As a specimen 
 of her extensive erudition, she published all 
 tiie works ofEpictetns with an elegant trans- 
 lation, ami with notes and a learned intro- 
 duction ; a performance which was received 
 in the most flattering manner by the learned 
 world, and has since been lepiinted. Her 
 poems on several occasions were published 
 in 17G2, and appeared under the recommen- 
 dation of luid Itatli, and lord Littleton. She 
 also contributed two papers to the Rambler, 
 i<os. 4i on religion and superstition, and 100, 
 on modish pleasure, in wjiich she shows her- 
 self a wortliy coadjutor of the great moral- 
 ist. She wrote, besides somv' scattered pie- 
 ces, an ode to wi.sdom inserted in Richard- 
 son's Clarissa, &Jc. and as a poetess she dis- 
 played great simplicity of sentiment, min- 
 gled with melodious sweetness of expres- 
 sion, sublime ideas, and the purest morality 
 Mrs. Carter was never married. She died 
 in very good circumstances, and re.'^pect.ed 
 by a very numerous circle of friendi?, in 
 Clarges street Piccadilly, I'Jth P'ebruary 1806, 
 aged'^Sy. 
 
 C.\RTERET, John, earl of Granville, suc- 
 ceeded his father, George Lord Carteret, at 
 the age of 5, and, after a respectable edu- 
 cation at Westminster and Christ cliuroh, 
 Oxford, he took his seat in the house of lords 
 1711. The zeal and activity which he dis- 
 placed in supporting the Hanoverian succes- 
 sion recouimended him to (^corge I. by 
 whom he was employed m various ofiicea, 
 and in 1719 sent to Sweden, Avlicre he 
 brought about a recoucilialion between the 
 kings of Sweden and Denmark. In 17'2l lie 
 was ma<ie secretary of state, and went m 
 1724 to Ireland as viceroy, and again filled 
 the same higli ajipointnicnt with equal cre- 
 dit and honor at tlie accession of George IL 
 till 1730. He warmly opposed W'alpoie, and 
 on his removal from office he obtained tlie 
 place of secretary of state, 174'2; and tliougli 
 before he had blamed continental alliances, 
 he pursued them with the same alacrity as 
 his predecessor. In 1744 he SHCceeded, ou 
 his mother's death, to the title of viscouu*, 
 and earl Granville, and died 1763, much re- 
 spected as a man of learning, and the friend 
 and patron of learned men. 
 
 Cart EROMACO, Scipio,a native of Pis- 
 toia, who studied (ireek under Politian, and 
 was made Greek professor at Venice. He 
 died at Rome 1513, much respected as a 
 scholar and as a man. Besides an edition of 
 Ptolemy's geography, he published a Latin 
 
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 oration of Aristides' Greek oratiou in praise 
 of Rome — a Latin oration in praise of Greek 
 learning 1504, &c. 
 
 Cartes, Renedes, a celebrated French 
 philosoplier, born at la Haye in Touraine, 
 Sist March 1590, and educated by the Jesu- 
 its of la Flechc. His father, wlio was of a 
 no])le family, urged him early to pursue a 
 military life, and heat last complied by en- 
 tering into the service of the prince of 
 Orange 1616. Literature and pliilosophy, 
 however, stdl continued his favorite pursuits 
 amidst the dissipation and bustle of the 
 camp, and during the truce between the 
 Spaniards and the Dutch whilst in t.lie garri- 
 son at Dreda, he displayed his great superi- 
 ority of mathematical knowledge, and pub- 
 lished a Latin treatise on music, and laid the 
 foundation of his future works. In 1619 he 
 entered into the service of the duke of Ba- 
 varia, and two years after, upon the death of 
 his general, count Bucquoy in the Hungarian 
 campaign, he quitted the army, and travel- 
 led through tlie various countries on the bor- 
 ders of the Baltic. Upon his return to Pa- 
 ris, and after visiting Switzerland and Italy, 
 he applied liimself to the study of philosophy 
 with uncommon ardor, but he seemed to be 
 in an unsettled wavering state by frequently 
 changing his habitation, and fixing his resi- 
 dence sometimes at Amsterdam, sometimes 
 near Franeker, and sometimes at Deventer. 
 In 1637 appeared his four treatises concerning 
 naethod, dioptrics, meteors, and geometry, 
 and about this time he received a friend- 
 ly and pressing invitation from sir Charles 
 Cavendish to come and settle in England, 
 which a few years before he had visited, but 
 the troublesofthe times, and the approaching 
 civil wars prevented his wishes. The invi- 
 tations of Louis XIIl. v/ere not more success- 
 ful, and Descartes refused to quit his retire- 
 ment, though the Frensh monarch liberally 
 settled upon him a pension of 3000 livres. 
 His reputation Avas now so well established 
 that princes were anxious to court his good 
 opinion, and to refer their literary disputes 
 to his arbitration. He corresponded in a 
 friendly manner with Elizabeth the daughter 
 of the elector palatine, king of Bohemia ; and 
 Christina the celebrated queen of Sweden 
 not only paid the most flattering testimony to 
 his abilities, but pressetl him m the most 
 earnest terms to settle in her dominions. 
 Descartes did not refusi- the liberal invitation, 
 he came to Stockholm in October 1648, and 
 was admitted to the confidence of the queen, 
 whom he attended every morning at five 
 o'clock, to instruct her in philosopliical 
 knowledge. Sensible of the merit of the 
 learned sti-anger, Christina formed the most 
 generous platis for the instruction and im- 
 provement of her subjects, and in rewai'ding 
 the philosopher with an handsome estate, 
 and an annual pension of 3000 crowns, slie 
 meditated the establishment of a learned 
 academy under Ids ijuidancc as directoi-, but 
 death prevented these munificent intentions. 
 Descartes died 11th February 1650, aged 54. 
 m=; bodv wa^ interred at Stockholtii, but 17 
 
 years after it was removed to Paris and de- 
 posited in the church of Genevieve du Mont. 
 He never was married, but by a woman who 
 cohabited with him, he had one daughter, 
 who died when five years ob'. Descartes is 
 deservedly esteemed as a man uf genius, 
 well acquainted with mathematics and philo- 
 sophy, possessed of a strong mind capable of 
 profound meditation, of patient inquiry, but 
 not devoid of great warmth of imagination. 
 His treatise of the world is an ingenious X)er- 
 formance, but the doctrine of vortices can- 
 not stand the examination of trutii and the 
 clear demonstrations of the Newtonian phi- 
 losophy. He advanced far beyond his pre- 
 decessors, ami if he had done nothing be- 
 sides introducing a spirit of inquiry and a 
 wish of examining the mysterious operations 
 of nature, he would have labored much for 
 the benefit of mankind. Piesides the works 
 mentioned already, he puljlished a treatise 
 on mechanics, besides letters, Sic. For some 
 of his improvements in algebra and geome- 
 try, he is said to be indebted to Thomas 
 Harriot's artis analyticca praxis. 
 
 Cartier> James, a Frencli navigator, 
 born at St. Maloes, who under the (lirec- 
 tion of Francis I. discovered in 1 534 the best 
 part of Canada, of which lie published an ac- 
 curate account. 
 
 Cartismandua, queen of the Brigan- 
 tes in Britain, is known in history for treach- 
 erously betraying Caractacus to the Ro- 
 mans, and for discarding her husband Yeri- 
 usius to marry his armour-bearer "N'elocatus. 
 When her subjects revolted against her, she 
 solicited the assistance of the Romans, who 
 thus obtained possession of the whole coun- 
 try. 
 
 Cartwright, Chri.stophcr, an English 
 divine well skilled in Hebrew. He was 
 born at York and died 1652, aged 50 years. 
 He wrote Electa Rabbinica in Gcnesim &; 
 Exodum 8vo. 1048 and 1653. 
 
 Cartwright, Tliomas, a puritan of 
 eminence, born in Hertfordshire, and ed- 
 ucated at St. John's college, Cambridge. He 
 devoted himself so rigorou.sly to study that 
 he did not allow himself more than five 
 hours' sleep in the night, a custom from 
 which he never departed through life. A- 
 bout 1553, he left Cambridge to be articled 
 as a clerk to a counsellor butin 1560 he again 
 returned to the seat of the mutes, and be- 
 came fellow of his own college, and after- 
 wards of Trinity. AV'hen queen Elizabeth 
 visited the university, Cartwright wa.s among 
 the few men of learing an<l eloquence Avho 
 were selected to dispute before their sove- 
 reign, but his popularity as a preacher and 
 a sch(,lar was soon assailed when he ventur- 
 ed to inveigh against the ecclesiastical gov- 
 ernj-ncnt of the church. The chancellor of 
 the univei-sity, sir WiHian\ Cecil, was di- 
 rected by archbisliup Grindal to proceed 
 against him, and he was not only forbidden 
 to propagate his doctrines, but deprived of 
 the divinity IMargarct professorship which 
 he held, and of his fellowship at Trinity 
 Thus disgraced and exiled he travelled into 
 
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 Germany, and after cstablishlnj? a corres- 
 pondeiice with some of the learned men of 
 llie times, l»e was cliosen luiuistur of the 
 Knglish nicrciiants at Aiilweri), and after- 
 wards at Mi(hllehurg. Ahoiit t\io years af- 
 ter he returned to Eiij^land l)y tlie solicita- 
 tions of his friends, and he boldly undertook 
 the defence of the puritans, by publish- 
 ing admonitions to the parliament. 'Hiis 
 pamphlet became popidar, and received 
 li spirited reply from Dr. Whitgift; but 
 after a paper war continued with more ac- 
 rimony than moderation, Cnrtw right found 
 it safer to leave the kingilom, wliilst his 
 victorious opponent was raised to the see 
 of ^Vorccster. During the five years of his 
 absence, he officiated as minister to tlie 
 English factories, and he received a strong 
 invitation from James ^'I. of Scotland to fill 
 a professorshi[» at St. Andrew's, which he 
 declined. "When he ventured to return to 
 his country he was sent to prison, but lil)er- 
 ated by the interference of lord Burleigh 
 and of the earl of lieicester, the last of 
 whom made him master of his newly found- 
 ed hospital at Warwick. After many per- 
 secutions on account of his tenets, and re- 
 peated imprisonments, which James of Scot- 
 land endeavored in vain to alleviate by ap- 
 plication to Elizabeth, Cartwright died 'J/th 
 Dec. 1603, in his G8th year, and was buried 
 in the hospital at Warwick. His publica- 
 tions were mostly theological, and displayed 
 Lis character as a man of great perseve- 
 lance, e.\tensive learning, genuine piety, 
 great eloquence, and ot a generous, disinter- 
 ested, and benevolent spirit. His practical 
 commentary 0!i the four gospels, and his 
 commentary on the proverbs, were much 
 esteemed. 
 
 Cartwright, William, a native of 
 Northway near Tewksbury, educated at 
 Cirencester and Westminster schools, and 
 Christ church, Oxford. He was an eloquent 
 and popular preacher, and was patronised 
 by bishop Duppa. He was esteemed by Ben 
 Jonson and the wits of the times. He 
 •wrote 4 plays — besides poems — sermons, 
 &cc. He died 1644, aged 3.1. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas, a prelate, born 
 at Northampton, and educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford, where he obtained a fel- 
 lowship. At the restoration he took his de- 
 gree of D. D. and was made chaplain to the 
 king, and prebendary of St. Paul's, and on 
 Pierson's death raised to the see of Chester. 
 He greatly favored the proceedings of.lames 
 II. whom he accompanied on his flight to 
 France, and afterwards to Ireland. He di- 
 ed at Dublin 1G.S9, aged 55, and was buried 
 in great pomp in Christ churcli there. His 
 sermons, &c. have been ])ublished. 
 
 Carvajal, Lawrence de, a Spaniard, 
 ■who Avrote the life of Ferdinand and Isabel- 
 la, in whose court lie was counsellor. 
 
 Carvalho d'acosta, Anthony, a na- 
 tive of Lisbon, eminent for his knowledge 
 of mathematics, Iiydrography, and astrono- 
 my ; but more as tlie author of a topogra- 
 nhioal description of Portugal, in 3 vols. 
 VOIv. 1. Pj^ 
 
 folio. To give accuracy to his work, he 
 climbed mountains, traced the sources of 
 rivers, an<l exhibited every thing with dis- 
 criminating judgment. JIc wrote besides a 
 complete compendium of geography, and 
 a method of studying astronomy. He died 
 1715, aged 65, so poor, that his funeral ex- 
 penses were publicly defrayed. 
 
 Carver, Jonalban, a native of New- 
 England, who during the American war had 
 the command of an indepentlcnt company 
 of pi'ovincials in the attack against Canada. 
 Before that time he had visited the interior 
 parts of North-America, of which he pu]>- 
 lished an interesting account in London, 
 irrO. He was, however, abandoned by his 
 friends, because he lent his name to a cer- 
 tain comi)ilation, and for some time sup- 
 ported himself and his family in the hum- 
 ble appointment of clerk to the lottery. 
 He wrote also a treatise on the culture of 
 tobacco. He died in 1780, it is said, for 
 want of the common necessaries of hfe, 
 aged 48. 
 
 Carus, Marcus Aurelius, a Roman em- 
 peror after the death of Probus, 283. He 
 defeated the Persians and Sarmasians, and 
 was killed in his tent by lightning, or, as 
 some assert, his tent was set on fire by his 
 servants. 
 
 Cary, Robert, was born at Cookington, 
 Devon, and educated at Oxford, wliere he 
 became L.L.D. 1644. He was presented to 
 the living of Porllemouth in Devonshire, 
 and for some time inclined to the tenets ot* 
 the presbyterians, of whose provincial meet- 
 ings he was chosen moderator. Upon tlie 
 restoration he congratulated Charles II. and. 
 was made archdeacon of Exeter; but he 
 was ejected in 1664, by the influence or in- 
 trigues of some of his enemies, and continu- 
 ed afterwards in retirement at his rectory 
 where he died in 1688, aged 73. He pub- 
 lished a chronological account of ancient 
 times, in fol. 1677. 
 
 Cary, Lucius, eldest son of Henry first 
 viscount Falkland, was born at Burford, 
 Oxfordshire, 1610, and was educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin, andSt. John's, Cam- 
 bridge. After visiting the continent he set- 
 tled within ten miles of Oxford ; but though 
 master of a most ample fortune by the lib- 
 erality of his grandfather, he did not devote 
 his time to frivolous or intemperate pur- 
 suits; but to improve the powers of his 
 mind, he courted the company and the cou- 
 versation of the most learned men of the 
 university. So laborious were his studies, 
 that before he reached his 23d year, he had 
 read all the Greek and Latin fathers. He 
 did not, ho.\ever, neglect public atfairs, he 
 served in tJie army of Essex as a volunteer 
 against the Scots, and in 1640 was chosen 
 member of parliament for Newport, Hants, 
 a place which he again represented in the 
 next parliament. In this new scene the can- 
 dor of the commons seemed so fair and 
 plausible, that the unsuspecting Falkland 
 ihveighed against the arbitrary measures of 
 the courts and declared himself a warm ati- 
 
CA 
 
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 oration of Aristides' Greek oratlou in praise 
 of Rome — a Latin oration in praise of Greek 
 learning 1504, &c. 
 
 Cartes, Renedes, a celebrated French 
 philosopher, born at la Haye in Touraine, 
 31st March 159fi, and educated by tlie Jesu- 
 its of la Fleche. His father, wlio was of a 
 iio])le family, urged liini early to pursue a 
 military life, and heat last complied by en- 
 tering into the service of the prince of 
 Orange 1616. Literature and pliilosophy, 
 however, stdl continued his favorite pursuits 
 amidst the dissipation and bustle of the 
 camp, and during the truce between the 
 Spaniards and the Dutch whilst in the garri- 
 son at Dreda, he displayed his great superi- 
 ority of mathematical knowledge, and pub- 
 lished a Latin treatise on music, and laid the 
 foundation of his future woiks. In 1619 he 
 entered into the service of the duke of Ba- 
 varia, and two years after, upon the death of 
 his general, count Bucquoy in the Hungarian 
 campaign, he quitted the army, and travel- 
 led through tlie various countries on the bor- 
 ders of the Baltic. Upon his return to Pa- 
 i"is, and after visiting Switzerland and Italy, 
 lie applied liimself to the study of philosophy 
 with uncommon ardor, but he seemed to be 
 in an unsettled wavering state by frequently 
 changing his habitation, and fixing his resi- 
 dence sometimes at Amsterdam, sometimes 
 near Franeker, and sometimes at Deventer. 
 In 1637 appeared his four treatises concerning 
 method, dioptrics, meteors, and geometiy, 
 and about this time he received a friend- 
 ly and pressing invitation from sir Charles 
 Cavendish to come and settle in England, 
 which a few years before he had visited, but 
 the troubles of the times, and the approaching 
 civil wars prevented his wishes. The invi- 
 tations of Louis XIII. were not more success- 
 ful, and Descartes refused to quit his retire- 
 ment, though the Frensli monarch liberally 
 settled upon him a pension of 3000 livres. 
 His reputation was now so well established 
 that princes were anxious to court his good 
 opinion, and to refer their literary disputes 
 to his arbitration. He corresponded in a 
 friendly manner with Elizabeth the daughter 
 of the elector palatine, king of Bohemia ; and 
 Christina the celebrated <iueen of Sweden 
 not only paid the most flattering testimony to 
 his abilities, but presse<l him m the most 
 earnest terms to settle in her dominions. 
 Descartes did not refuse the liberal invitation, 
 he carae to Stockholm in October lOiS, and 
 was admitted to the confidence of the queen, 
 whom he attended every morning at five 
 o'clock, to instruct her in philosoplncal 
 knowledge. Sensible of the merit of the 
 learned stranger, Christina formed the most 
 generous plans for the instruction and im- 
 provement of her subjects, and in rewarding 
 the philosopher with an handsome estate, 
 and an annual pension of 3000 crowns, slie 
 meditated tlie establishment of a learned 
 academy under his guidance as directoj-, bnt 
 death prevented these munificent intentions. 
 Descartes died 11th February 1650, aged 54. 
 His body wa3 interred at Stockholm, but 17 
 
 years after it was removed to Paris and de- 
 posited in the church of Genevieve tlu Mont. 
 He never was married, but by a woman who 
 cohabited with him, he had one daughter, 
 who died when five years o^'. Descartes is 
 deservedly esteemed as a man of genius, 
 well acquainted with mathematics and philo- 
 sophy, possessed of a strong mind capable of 
 profound meditation, of palient inquiry, but 
 not devoid of great warmth of imagination. 
 His treatise of the world is an ingenious per- 
 formance, but the doctrine of vortices can- 
 not stand the examination of truth and the 
 clear demonstrations of the Newtonian phi- 
 losophy. He advanced far beyond his pre- 
 decessors, ami if he had done nothing be- 
 sides introducing a spirit of inquiry and a 
 wish of examining the mysterious operations 
 of nature, he would have labored much for 
 the benefit of mankind. Piesides the works 
 mentioned already, he published a treatise 
 on mechanics, besides letters. Sec. For some 
 of his improvements in algebra and geome- 
 try, he is said to be indebted to Thomas 
 Harriot's artis analyticcs praxis. 
 
 Cartier> James, a French navigator, 
 born at St. Maloes, who under the (lirec- 
 tion of Francis I. discovereil in 1534 the best 
 part of Canada, of which he published an ac- 
 curate account. 
 
 Cartismandua, queen of the Brigan- 
 tes in Britain, is known in history for treach- 
 erously betraying Caractacus to the Ro- 
 mans, and for discarding her husband Yen- 
 usius to marry Ids armour-bearer Velocatus. 
 When her subjects revolted against her, she 
 solicited the assistance of the Romans, who 
 thus obtained possession of tlie whole coun- 
 try. 
 
 Cartwright, Christoplicr, an English 
 divine well skilled in Hebrew. He was 
 born at York and died 165'2, aged 50 years. 
 He wrote Electa Rabbinica in Genesim &c 
 Exodum 8vo. 1648 and 1653. 
 
 Cartwright, Tliomas, a puritan of 
 eminence, born in Hertfordshire, and ed- 
 ucated at St. John's college, Cambridge. He 
 devoted himself so rigorously to study that 
 he did not allow himself more than five 
 hours' sleep in the night, a custom from 
 which he never departed through life. A- 
 boutl553, he left Cambridge to be articled 
 as a clerk to a counsellor but in 1560 he again 
 returned to the seat of the mutes, and be- 
 came fellow of his own college, and after- 
 wards of Trinity. When queen Elizabeth 
 visited the university, Cartwright wa.s among 
 the few men of learing and eloquence who 
 were selected to dispute before their sove- 
 reign, but his popularity as a preacher and 
 a sch(-lar was soon assailed when he ventur- 
 ed to inveigh against the ecclesiastical gov- 
 ernment of the church. The chancellor of 
 the Tiniversity, sir William Cecil, was di- 
 rected by archbisliup Grindal to proceed 
 against him, and he was not only forbidden 
 to propagate his doctrines, but dcpi-lved of 
 the divinity ^Margaret professorship which 
 he held, and of his fellowsliip at Trinity 
 Thus disgi'aced and exiled he travelled into 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 Germany, and after establishing a corres- 
 pondence with some of the learned men of 
 llie tiroes, lie was cliosen minister of the 
 Englisli mcrcliants at Antwerp, and after- 
 wards at Middleliurej. About two years af- 
 ter he returned to England hy the solicita- 
 tions of his friends, antl ho boldly undertook 
 the <lefence of tin; puritans, by publish- 
 ing admonitions to the parliament. This 
 pamphlet became popular, and i-eceived 
 a spirited reply from Dr. Whitgift; but 
 after a paper wai' cotitinued m ith more ac- 
 rimony than moderation, Cnrtw right found 
 it safer to leave the kingdom, whilst his 
 victorious opponent vas raised to the see 
 of AVorcester. During the five years of his 
 .Mbsence, he officiated as minister to the 
 English factories, and he received a strong 
 invitation from James \l. of Scotland to fill 
 a professorshi[) at St. Andrew's, wliich he 
 declined. "When he ventured to return to 
 his country he was sent to prison, but liber- 
 ated by the interference of lord Burleigh 
 and of the earl of lieicester, the last of 
 whom made him master of his newly found- 
 ed hospital at Warwick. After many per- 
 secutions on account of his tenets, and re- 
 peated imprisonments, which James of Scot- 
 land endeavored in vain to alleviate by ap- 
 plication to Elizabeth, Cartwright died '2rth 
 Dec. 1G03, in his G8th year, and was buried 
 in the hospital at Warwick. His publica- 
 tions were mostly theological, and displayed 
 Lis character as a man of great perseve- 
 lance, extensive learning, genuine piety, 
 great eloquence, and of a generous, disinter- 
 ested, and benevolent spirit. His practical 
 commentary on the four gospels, and his 
 commenlai'y on the proverbs, were much 
 esteemed. 
 
 Cautwkight, William, a native of 
 Northway near Tewksbury, educated at 
 Cirencester and Westminster schools, and 
 Christ church, Oxford. He was an eloquent 
 and popular preacher, and was patronised 
 by bishop Duppa. He was esteemed by Ben 
 Jonson and the wits of the times. lie 
 wrote 4 plays — besides poems — sermons, 
 ice. He died 1644, aged 5:3. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas, a prelate, born 
 at Northampton, and educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxfoi'd, where he obtained a fel- 
 lowsiiip. At the restoration he took his de- 
 gree of D. D. and was made chaplain to the 
 king, and prebendary of St. Paul's, and on 
 Pierson's death raised to the see of Chester. 
 He greatly favored the proceedings ofJames 
 II. whom he accompanied on his flight to 
 France, and afterwards to Ireland. He di- 
 ed at Dublin 1G!^9, aged 55, and was buried 
 in great pomp in Christ church there. His 
 sermons, &c. have been ])ublished. 
 
 Carvajal, liawrcnce de, a Spaniard, 
 who wrote the life of Ferdinand and Isabel- 
 la, in whose court he was counsellor. 
 
 Carvalho d'acosta, Anthony, a na- 
 tive of Lisbon, eminent for his knowledge 
 of mathematics, hydrography, and astrono- 
 my ; but more as the author of a topogra- 
 nhioal description of Portugal, in .3 vols. 
 VOJ-.. I. 3^ 
 
 folio. To give accuracy to his work, he 
 climbed mountains, traced the sources of 
 rivers, and exhibited every thing with dis- 
 criminating judgment. He wrote besides a 
 complete compendium of geography, and 
 a method »)f studying astronomy. He died 
 1715, aged G5, so poor, that his funei'ul ex- 
 penses were publicly defraye<l. 
 
 Carver, Jonathan, a native of New- 
 England, who during the American war hail 
 the command of an independent company 
 of pi'ovincials in the attack against Canada. 
 Before that time he had visited the interim- 
 parts of North-America, of which he pul>- 
 lished an interesting account in London, 
 irrG. He was, however, al)a»idoned by his 
 IVienJs, because he lent his name to a cer- 
 tain compilation, and for some time sup- 
 ported himself and his family in the hum- 
 ble appointment of clerk to the lottery. 
 He wrote also a treatise on the culture of 
 tobacco. He died in 1780, it is said, for 
 want of the common necessaries of hfe, 
 aged 48. 
 
 Carus, ^Marcus Aurelius, a Roman em- 
 peror after the death of Probus, '283. He 
 defeated the Persians and Sarmasians, and 
 was killed in his tent by lightning, or, as 
 some assert, his tent was set on lire by his 
 servants. 
 
 Cary, Kobert, was born at Cookington, 
 Devon, and educated at Oxford, wliere ho 
 became L.L.D. IG44. He was presented to 
 the living of Portlemouth in Devonshire, 
 and for some time inclined to the tenets of 
 the presbytei'ians, of whose provincial meet- 
 ings he was cliosen moderator. Upon the 
 restoration he congratulated Charles II. and. 
 was made archdeacon of Exeter; but he 
 was ejected in 1G64, by the influence or in- 
 trigues of some of bis enemies, and continu- 
 ed afterwards in retirement at his rectory 
 where he died in IG88, aged 73. He pub- 
 lished a chronological account of ancient 
 times, in fol. 1677. 
 
 Gary, Lucius, eldest son of Henry first 
 viscount P'alkland, was born at Burford, 
 O.xfordshire, 1610, and was educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin, andSt. John's, Cam- 
 bridge. After visiting the continent he set- 
 tled within ten miles of Oxford ; but though 
 master of a most ample fortune by the lib- 
 erality of his grandfather, he did not devote 
 his time to frivolous or intemperate pur- 
 suits; but to improve the powers of his 
 mind, he courted the company and the con- 
 versation of the most learned men of the 
 university. So laborious were his studies 
 that before he readied his 23d year, he had 
 read all the Greek an<l Latin fathers. He 
 did not, however, neglect public affairs, he 
 served in tl)e army of Essex as a volunteer 
 against the Scots, and in 1640 was choseu 
 member of jjarliament for Xewport, Hants, 
 a place which he again represented in the 
 next parliament. In this new scene the can- 
 dor of the commons seemed so fair and 
 plausible, that the unsuspecting Falkland 
 ihveighed against the arbitrary measures of 
 the courts and declared himself a warm atj- 
 
CA 
 
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 Yocatc for the prosecution of Strafford, and 
 of Finch, and for the exclusion of the bish- 
 ops from the house of peers. But reflection 
 Avroughta change in liis pohtical sentiments, 
 and the next time that the disquaUfication of 
 the bishops -h as mentioned in the house, he 
 opposed it >viLh firmness and dignity. On 
 this occasion indeed his sincerity was suspect- 
 ed, hut the goodness of his heart forbad 
 the aspersion of liis character, and when he 
 received Avith indifference the compliments 
 Cjf the court to his loyalty, and manfully re- 
 jected the honors and offices v.hich the sove- 
 reign proposed to confer upon liim, it then 
 became evident that his conduct was the ef- 
 fect of principle and not of party. To re- 
 peated solicitations he at last however yield- 
 e<l, and became secretary to the king; but 
 in this high office, he refused to follow the 
 practice of his predecessors, in encouraging 
 and maintaining spies, and in opening sus- 
 pected letters. Eager to support the cause 
 of loyalty, he not only signed with other 
 lords a declaration, that the king's intentions 
 were friendly to the parliament, but he le- 
 vied some soldiers for his service. When 
 he was at Oxford with the king, he accom- 
 panied him to the public library, and Charier., 
 desirous to make a trial of his fortune by the 
 Soi'tes Virgiliauie, opened a Virgil, where 
 he read that passage in the 615th and follow- 
 ing lines of the 4th book of the iEneid which 
 contains the dreadful imprecation of Dido 
 against JEneas. The words were so awful- 
 ly striking, and painted the king's fate so 
 f'athetically, that he felt the application, and 
 "alkland to divert his attention expressed 
 liis wish to try his fortune too, and show 
 liow pueiTJe it would be to dwell too much 
 upon such accidental things. The passage 
 upon which he fixed his eyes began at tlie 
 15iM line of the 11th jEneiO^ and in the la- 
 mentations of Evander on the untimely fall 
 of his favorite son Pallas, was remarkably 
 prophetic of the melancholy fate which a- 
 ■waitcd him. The kindling of the civil wars 
 and the violence of party seemed to operate 
 poAverfuUy upon Iiia mind ; instead of a se- 
 rene, ])lacid, and lively countenance, he now 
 betrayed gloominess, inward sorrovv-, and 
 dejection. Reserve succeeded to an affable 
 behaviour; the negligence of his dress and 
 person fully evinced the great perturbation 
 of his soul, and often in the midst of the 
 deepest silence he would in agonizing accents 
 exclaim peace peace! Though obliged by his 
 oflice to be near the king's person, yet he 
 frequently exposed himself in the thickest of 
 the battle, and observed to his fi'iends, who 
 wished to check his ardor, that his impa- 
 tience for peace proceeded not frojn pusillan- 
 imity. In the morning of the battle of New- 
 bury, it is said, that with a cheerful counte- 
 nance he assured his followers, that, weary 
 of the times, he probably would leave them 
 before night. He dressed himself in a clean 
 shirt, obsernng that should he be slain, his 
 body shmdd not be found in foul linen ; then 
 putting himself in the first ranks of IoimI By- 
 i'On's regiment, he rushed on the enemy. 
 
 and was soon alter shot with a musquet in 
 tlie lower part of the belly, and falling from 
 his hoi'se remained under heaps of slain till 
 the next morning. This illusti'ious charac- 
 ter, who thus fell in liis 34th year in the de- 
 fence of his king, was univei'sally respected 
 as one of the brightest ornaments of the age. 
 His mind was amply stored with all the rich- 
 es of ancient and modern literature, and the 
 goodness of his heart was equal to the vast re- 
 sources of his mind. Mild and gentle in his 
 manners, pious, virtuous, charitable, and re- 
 ligious in his conduct, he was admired evea 
 by his enemies. He was so attached to jus- 
 tice and probity, that lilie Epaminondas, he 
 turned with abliorrence from every appear- 
 ance of deceit and falsehood, and so constant 
 and pertinacious in his purposes that neither 
 threats norintreaties could change him from 
 what he considered as becoming his dignity 
 and the cause which fronr conviction he had 
 espoused. In his person he Avas small and of 
 no great strength, his hair was blackish and 
 somewhat flaggy, and his eye black and live- 
 ly. He was buried in great Tew church, 
 Oxfordshire. His saying was, that he pitied un- 
 learned gentlemen in a rainy day. He is the 
 author of some poems — speeches in parlia- 
 ment — a discourse on episcopacy — on the 
 infallibility of the church of llome — and 
 other pieces. 
 
 Gary, Henry, earl of Monmouth, grand- 
 son to lord Hunsdon, Avas cousin-german to 
 Elizabeth, and Avas educated with Charles 
 I. He suffered greatly by the civil Avars. 
 He translated from various authors sevea 
 folios, tAvo octavos, and a 12mo. and died. 
 13th June, 1661, aged 65. 
 
 Cary, Felix, a learned French writer, of 
 the academy of INlarseillies. He Avrote aa 
 history of ^j^larseilles, of Thrace, and the 
 Bosphorus by medals. He died 1754, aged 
 55. 
 
 Caryl, Joseph, a learned nonconformist, 
 who wrote a tedious commentary on Job, iii 
 three vols. 4to. He was for some time mem 
 ber of Exeter college, and was a popular 
 preacher at Lincoln's-inn, and some j'ears 
 after at St. ]Magnus, London-bridge. He 
 Avas in favor Avith CromAvel!, whom he at- 
 tended as chaplain in Scotland, Avith Dr. 
 OAven. He published several sermons, and 
 died 1673. 
 
 Caryl L, John, a Roman catholic, proba- 
 bly born in Sussex. He Avas secretary to 
 Mary, queen of James II. and he followed 
 the fortunes of his fugitive master, by 
 whom he was knighted, and created earl 
 Caryll, baron Dartford. He was in Eogland 
 in the reign of queen Anne, and Avas inti- 
 mate Avith Pope, to whom he I'ecommend- 
 ed the subject of the Rape of the Lock, a 
 poem Avhich the poet inscril)cd to his catho- 
 lic friend. He wrote two plays, besides a 
 translation of the psalms of David, Sec. He 
 was living in 1717. 
 
 Casa, John de, an Italian Avriter of the 
 16th century, born at Florence. He Avas 
 engaged in various negotiations under the 
 Iiopes, at A'"enice ant:! other place?, and Avar 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 Piadc archbishop of Benevcnto 1544'. His 
 Morks, in Laliii and llalian, were niuch es- 
 teemed, and parliciilarly amunf;; these his 
 — Galateus, stu do moi-inn elcf^antia, a 
 poem printed at Hanover with notes in 8vo. 
 1G03. He wj'ote besiiles some beantiiul Ital- 
 ian pocins, llie lives of canlinals Coiitarini 
 and iJeml)0, and various otlier works, col- 
 lected together at N'eniccin 5 vols. 4to. 17'28. 
 Thongh a cardinal lie was dissolute in his 
 manners, and had a natural son whom he 
 calleil ^inirino. He was suspected of being 
 concerned with cardinal Farnese, lor which 
 lie was disgraced by i)ope Julius IH. but af- 
 terwards restored to favor by Paul IV. and 
 made secretary of state. He died at Uome, 
 1556, aged 5;). 
 
 Casanova, Mark Anthony, a Latin 
 poet of Home, who in liis imitations of Mar- 
 tial displayed great keenness of satire, and 
 severity of wit. He also imitated Catullus 
 in the illustrious characters of ancient Rome. 
 His poems are in the Dcliciie poctarum Ital- 
 orum. He died 1527. 
 
 Casas, Bartholomew de las, a native of 
 Seville, who at the age of 19 accom])anie<l 
 his father in the expedition of Columbus to 
 the West-Indies, in 1493. On his return to 
 Europe he became an ecclesiastic, and in 
 his future api>ointments in (^uba, he began to 
 display that humanity and those benevolent 
 feelings which do such honor to his heart as 
 the friend and advocate of the poor Indians 
 ■whom the cruelty of his countrymen oppres- 
 sed and murdered. INIore fully to plead 
 their cause he appeared before Charles V. 
 and unfolded such a tale of misery and per- 
 secution, that the commiserating monHrch 
 made severe ordinances to punish the cruel- 
 ty of his governors, and protect the inno- 
 cence of his Indian subjects. These scenes 
 of horrors however were too far removed 
 from Europe, to be effectually checked, 
 and in spite of the remonstrances of las Ca- 
 sas, and the decrees of Charles, the Indians 
 were tortured, plundered, and wantonl)' 
 put to death. Even a doctor, Sepulvedo, 
 ■was found to defend the conduct of the Span- 
 iards, l)y the example of the Israelites to- 
 wards the people of Canaan. But this hor- 
 I'ible book, tljough printed at Itome, was 
 proscribed in Spain, and ably refuted by las 
 Casas now made bishop of Chiapa. Soto 
 the king's confessor was at last appointed W^ 
 examine the alleg.nlions of las Casas against 
 the Spaniards, but multiplicity of .affairs 
 prevented Charles from 'adopting that system 
 of humanity which becomes the father and 
 guardian of a people. After more than 50 
 years spent in alleviating the distresses of 
 the Indians, las Casas at last, worn out with 
 infirmities, left America in 1551, and re- 
 turned to Madrid, where he died 1566. 
 This benevolent and truly good christian 
 did not escape the jealousy and persecution 
 of his ungrateful country ; though engaged 
 at rU times in every act of charity he was 
 represented in odious colors to the court, 
 by the malace of those tyrannical governors 
 u'hcse (iPUcUr^s he ^n-posed to public view. 
 
 His " destruction of the Indians" ii.is heeii 
 translated into.scveval languages, and together 
 with his rights of sovereigns and subjects, 
 and his other writings, it shows him to have 
 been a most pious and amial>le character. 
 
 (!asaii, Paul, a native of Placentia, 
 who dieil at Parma 1707, aged 90. He was 
 one of the .lesnits, an<l his great learning re- 
 commended him to (piec.n Christina of 
 Sweden, whom he i)ersiiaded to abjure her 
 religion and (urn ratholic. His writings are 
 mostly on mathematical subjects, besides a 
 valuable treatise on o[>tics, which he wrote, 
 when 8S years old, and bliuil. 
 
 Casaubon, Isaac, a learned critic, horn 
 at Ceneva 18tli Februsiry 1559. He studied 
 at (Geneva, and displayed such powers of 
 mind that, at the age of 25, he succeeded 
 his master Poi-tius in tlie chair of Greek 
 professor. He published in 1583, his notes 
 oTi ]3iogcnes Laertius, which he dedicated 
 to his father, and the next year appeared his 
 lectures on Theocritus, inscribed to Henry 
 Stephens the printer, m hose daughter he 
 married in 15 SO. In 1587 he puljlished his 
 coiTimentary on Strabu, and his new testa- 
 ment ; the next year his notes on Dionysius 
 Halicarnassus ; and the next year notes on 
 Polyxnus ; and the ye;ir aiter, his edition of 
 Ai'istotle. The following years were equal- 
 ly prolitic in learned labors, till in 1596, he 
 exchanged his situation for a professorship 
 at Montpelicr, but here he was disappoint- 
 ed, till after visiting Paris, and being intro- 
 duced to Henry IV". he was promised pat- 
 ronage from the coui't. The monarch how- 
 ever was thwarted in his wishes to provide 
 for Casaubon, by the jealousy of the literati of 
 Paris, and unsble to give him a professor- 
 ship, he appointed him one of the protestant 
 ju<lges at the conference between bishop 
 Perron and du Pl^ssis Mornay. Some time 
 after he was made librarian to tlie king, with 
 a liberal pension, and while he employed 
 himself in writing annotations on the classics, 
 he devoted some of his time to the Arabic, 
 language, and acquired such proficiency 
 that he completed a dictionary, and trans- 
 lated some of the authors into Latin. Hen- 
 vy, who admired the leai-ning of Casaubon, 
 wished him to become a catholic, and recom- 
 mended hira to hold a conference w ith T*er- 
 ron, which, instead of shaking, established 
 more iirmly his faith as a protestant. Cas- 
 aubon, who had published at Lyons his 
 Athenaius under the patronage of his friend 
 de A icq, now gave to the world his Poly- 
 biiis in 1609, with a dedication to the king, 
 much admired as a master piece of its kind. 
 The death of his patron from whom he ex- 
 pected a more liberal remuneration, and at 
 the same time liis religion, induced him (o 
 abandon France for a residence in England. 
 His reputation preceded him, he reached 
 England in October 1610, and was honorably 
 I'cceived by James, who admitted him to 
 Ids table, granted him a pension of ;>00/. and 
 made him prebendary of Westminster and 
 of Canterbury. He did wot long enjoy 
 these miirks ofi'oyal favor, he fell a "victim 
 
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 to a violent disorder in the bladder July 1st, 
 1614, in his 55th year, and -was buried in 
 Westminster abbey. He was father t)( 20 
 children by his vife. 
 
 Casavbo-N, Meric, sonofthe precedi«ig, 
 was born at Geneva 14th August 1599. lie 
 ■was educated first at Sedan, and afterwards, 
 when his father came to England, at Chi ist 
 church, vhere he became student, and took 
 his degrees. His defence of his father against 
 the catholics in 162 J, made him known to 
 king James, and sometime after he was pre- 
 sented to the living of Bledon in Somerset- 
 shiie Lv bisho;; Andrews, and 1628 to a pre- 
 bend of Cantcrburj-, and afterwards to other 
 benefices by the patronage of his friend 
 IjHud. The vi(;lence of the civil wars, how- 
 ever, robbed him of all his prefei'raent, and 
 he v.HS not only persecuted as a suspicious 
 person, batimprisoned. Cromwell, who kncM 
 his abilities, wished to engage him to write 
 an account of the civil wars, but though he 
 was poor and distressed he not only x-efused 
 the employment, but rejected with disdain 
 the oifers of a present, and the promise of a 
 lib.°ial pension. He was also solicited by 
 Christina of Sweden to come and preside 
 ov?r her univei'sities, with a handsome sala- 
 ry, but he declined the honorable offer, and 
 chjse rather to live in England, though 
 without the prospect of future independence 
 At the restoi'ation, Casaubonwas reinstituted 
 in all his ecclesiastical preferments, which 
 he enjoyed till his death, July 4th, 1671, in 
 his 72d year. He had several children, but 
 none of them became known in the world. 
 His talents were very great as a scholar and 
 a critic, as liis editions of the classics and his 
 many other publications fully pi'ove. It is 
 however singular that he should defend the 
 existence of witches, in a relation of what 
 passed between Dr. John Uee and some 
 spirits. 
 
 Caschi, a learned Mahometan, known 
 as an eloquent preacher at Medina, and as 
 the author of some commentaries on the 
 Koran. 
 
 Caschiri, a Mahometan, author of the 
 lives of mussulman saints, and some ingenious 
 fictions and spiritual allegories — There is 
 another of the same name, who died in the 
 year of the hegira 261. 
 
 Case, Thomas A.M. a nonconformist, 
 during the civil wars, who wrote and preach- 
 ed against the royalists. He was born at 
 Boxley in Kent, and educated at Christ 
 church. He was at one time minister of St. 
 Mary Magdalene, Milk-street, and after- 
 wards of St. Giles' in the fields, and was im- 
 prisoned six months in the tower for con- 
 spiring in Love's plot against the indepen- 
 dent government. He waited with other 
 ministers on Charles in 1660, at the Hague, 
 and was one of the commissioners at the Sa- 
 voy. He died 30th May 1682, aged 84 years. 
 His works are chiefly sermons. 
 
 Case, John, a native of Lyme In Dor- 
 setshire, known as an empyric and astrologer 
 and as the successor of Lilly. He wrote the 
 angelical g'lide, showing men and women 
 
 their lot and chance in tliis elementa"y life 
 1697, Svo. But his celebrity arose from the 
 success of his pills, which were recommend- 
 ed to his customers with this elegant distich, 
 
 " Here's fourteen pills for thirteen pence 
 
 *' Enough in any man's own conscience.'* 
 His door was pointed out to the inquiring 
 patients by these two lines which are said to 
 have procured moiT money than all the ver- 
 ses wliich Dryden ever wrote. 
 " Within this place 
 ** Lives doctor Case." 
 Once at a tavern doctor Kadcliffe in a jocu- 
 lar mood pledged him with " here, brother 
 Case, I drink to all the fools your patients." 
 " Thank you, replied the empiric, let me 
 have all the fools, and you may take the 
 rest." 
 
 Casel, John, a native ofGottingen, the 
 pupil of Melancthon and Camerariu.s. He 
 took his degrees at Pisa, and was professor 
 of rhetoric and philosophy at Helmstadt, 
 where he died 1613. He wrote some learn- 
 ed works. His collection of lettei's appeared 
 at Frankfort 1687, Svo. 
 
 Casexeuve, Peter, a native of Tou- 
 louse, who died there 1652, aged 61. He 
 wn)te in French the life and miracles of Ed- 
 mund king of England, 480. — French ety- 
 mologies, — le franc Aleu do Languedoc, 8 
 vols. fol. &c. 
 
 Cases, Peter James, a painter, born at 
 Paris where he died June 1754, aged 79. 
 His genius and the correctness of his style, 
 and excellence of his drapei'ies, make him 
 rank as one of the first painters of the French 
 school. Some of his works are preserved irf 
 Notredame church, in the Jesuits' college, 
 abbey St. Martin, and particularly in St. 
 Gei'main des Pres. 
 
 Casimir Matthias Sarbieuski, a 
 Jesuit of Poland, professor of philosophy and 
 theology at Wilna, whose Latin odes, epodes, 
 and epigrams, are little inferior to the 
 delicate and elegant productions of the best 
 poets of Greece and Kome. Grotius and 
 others have indeed set his fame above that 
 of Horace, but many ci'itics, though fully sen- 
 sible of his great merit, do not elevate his 
 compositions to so high a rank. He was 
 preacher to king Ladislaus V. and died at 
 Warsaw, second April 1640, aged 45, and 
 unfortunately before he had completed his 
 Lesciade, a heroic poem in 12 books, ifi 
 imitation of Virgil. His poems have been 
 frequently edited. The best edition is Bar- 
 bou's 1759, 12mo. 
 
 Casimir L a king of Poland, son and 
 successor of Micislas, 1034. The revolt of 
 the Poles disgusted him, and he privately 
 retired to a monastery at Paris, from w hijeh- 
 he was at last, by the affection of the Poles, 
 drawn to civilize his country and improve 
 his kingdom. He married, with a dispensa- 
 tion from the pope, the daughter of the duke 
 of Russia, and died 1058, in the 24th year of 
 his reign. 
 
 Casimir, XL king of Poland, was the 
 youngest son of Boleslaus HI. and deserved 
 the surname of the just, by his humanity to- 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 wanls the peasrints, whom he In some th;- 
 grec delivered iVom the onpression and vio- 
 lence of their mastei's. He succeeded his 
 brother Mieczlaus, Avhen deposed for cruel- 
 ty 1177, and died 1104, aged 77. 
 
 Casimiu,111. surnained Great, succeeded 
 Lad islaus 1333. He wns a liumane moiiarcli 
 ■AS well as a great w arrior. He defeated JoJiu 
 of Bohemia, and conquered Russia. It is 
 said tlxat he Avas too iTinoh addioled to vi ine 
 and women. He died by a fall from his 
 horse 1370. 
 
 Casimir, IV. son of Jagellon, was grniul 
 duke of Lithuania, and raised to the Polish 
 throne 1447. He made war with success 
 against the Teutonic knights, and against the 
 vaivode of Wallachia, and by an edict com- 
 manded that the Latin tongue should become 
 the vernacular language of the kingdom, 
 which continues to be observed to this d:iy. 
 He died 1492. 
 
 Casimir, John, sou of Sigismund III. 
 from a cardinal became a king, and married 
 the widow of his brother and ])re«lecessor 
 liadislaus VH. He was defeated by Charles 
 Gustavus of Sweden, whom afterwards Avith 
 the assistance of Leopold of Germany he 
 conquered. He also defeated the Russians 
 in Lithuania, but the ingratitude of his sub- 
 jects made him resign the crown, and retire 
 to France, where lie died at Nevers 167'i. 
 
 Caslon, William, an eminent letter 
 founder, born in 1692, at Hales Owen in 
 Shropshire. He was originally apprentice to 
 an engraver of ornaments on gun- barrels, a 
 business which he carried on in Vine street 
 near the Minories, and to which he added 
 the making of tools for book binders, and for 
 chasiiig of silver plate. The neat lettering 
 of a book exposed to sale in a bookseller's 
 shop, accidentally recommended him to the 
 friendship of Mr. Bowyer, who not only en- 
 couraged him in undertaking a letter founde- 
 ry, but liberally Avith two others lent him 
 5001. to make a respectable beginning. His 
 ingenuity soon procured a large and increas- 
 ing concern, he was engaged to cut the fount 
 for the printing of the new testament in Ara- 
 bic, for the use of the poorer christians in 
 the east, and he executed his fount of En- 
 glish letters with such neatness and elegance 
 that types Avere no longer imported from 
 Holland, but by exceeding the productions 
 of the best artificers, large demands for ex- 
 portation to the conrtnent, evinced the great 
 superiority of English Avorkmanshij). After 
 residing for some time in Helmet-row, Old- 
 street, he settled in 1735 in Chiswell-street, 
 where his foundery became the largest in the 
 knoAvn Avorld. He retired from business, 
 and settled at Bethnal-green, Avherc he died 
 'J3d June 1766, aged 74. He Avas buried in 
 St. Luke's church yard, Middlesex. His 
 eldest son, William, succeeded him in his 
 business. Sir John Hawkins has celebrated 
 iiis hospitality and the goodness of his heart. 
 
 Casnodyx, a Welch poet Avho florished 
 at the beginning of the l4th century. 
 
 Cassagnes, James abbe de, a French 
 poet, made librarian to the king, and mem- 
 
 ber of the French academy by the patroa- 
 agj of Colbert. His wish to distingui^.!i him- 
 self as a pulpit orator, it ia said, w-as so fatal- 
 ly checked by Boileau, Avho in the sameline 
 associated him with Colin, one of the most 
 unpopular and ineloquent preachers of tlie 
 age, that he fell into a melancholy deiinim, 
 and actually dieil in a madhouse 1679. He 
 translated Sallust and someof Cicero's works 
 into l-'rench, but his poetical pieces arc now 
 dejcrvedly Ibigotten. 
 
 Cass AN, a christian who renounced his 
 religion to become king of Persia. He was 
 Avarlike, and conquered Syria, and defeated 
 the sultan of Egypt. He afterwards profes- 
 sed again Christianity, and died 1S04. 
 
 Cassana, Nicholo, a painter, born at 
 Venice. His conspiracy of Catiline, contain- 
 ing nine figures as large as life, and his [mr- 
 trait of his patroness queeo Ann, are ^eatly 
 admired. He died in London 1713, aged 54. 
 
 Cassana, Giovani Agostino, brother to 
 the preceding, Avas born in 1664, and Avas emi- 
 nent in draAving beasts, birds, &cc. He died 
 poor at (ienoa. 
 
 Cass.\nder, king of Macedonia, after 
 Alexander, was severe against the Greeks, 
 and died of a dropsy B. C. 30*. 
 
 Cassander, George, an eminent divine 
 born near Bruges, Avho Avas long engaged in 
 the fruitless labor of reconciling the catholics 
 and protestanls. He died 1.S66, aged 53. 
 His Morks Avere printed at Paris 1616, folio. 
 
 Cassander, Francis, a Frenchman, Arho 
 was an able translator of the Greek and La- 
 tin classics. He died poor in 1695. 
 
 Cassandra Fidele, a Venetian lady 
 Avho Avas Avell acquainted Avith the learned 
 languages and philosophy. Her letters and 
 discourses Avere published at Padua by To- 
 masini. She Avas respected by the popes Ju- 
 lius 11. and Leo X. She died 1567, aged 
 102. 
 
 Cassentino, Jacoho di, an eminent 
 painter, the founder of the Florentine aca- 
 demy. He died 1356, aged 80. His pieces, 
 scattered about Italy, Avere deservedly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Casserio, Julio, a native of Placentia. 
 Though of poor parentage his employment 
 as domestic in the family of Fabricius ab 
 aqua-pendente proved the beginning of his 
 fame. He Avas instructed by his master, and 
 proved so able an assistant that he afterwards 
 succeeded him as professor of anatomy and 
 medicine at Padua. He wrote de vocis audit- 
 usque organis historia, fol. 1600 — anatomical 
 tables, — and other Avorks, and died 1616. 
 
 Cassian, a monk in the middle of the 
 fifth century. He founded a monasteiy near' 
 Marseilles, and was the author of the sect 
 of the semipelaglans, Avhose tenets Avere se- 
 verely censured by some synods. He wrote 
 institutio monachorum, &c. 
 
 Cassibelan, or Cassi velauxus, a 
 king of Britain at the invasion of J. Caesar. 
 It is said that he fixed his residence at Ve- 
 rulam, now called St. Alban's. 
 
 Cassini, Johannes Dominicu.s, a cele- 
 brated astronomer born in Pied moat 8th 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 3"une 163^5. He studitd at Genoa, and dis 
 played such poetical powers, that some of 
 his pieces were published when he was only 
 11 years old. He accidentally met a book on 
 astronomy, and he devoted himself with such 
 application and success to that science, that 
 at the age of 15 he was invited by the senate 
 to teach mathematics at BoIog;na. The ap- 
 pearance of a comet in 1652 enabled him to 
 make observations on those eccentric bodies, 
 and to establish the doctrine that they were 
 £)0t meteors, but governed by regular laws 
 like the planets, lie afterwards determined 
 the apogee and eccentricity of a planet from 
 its true and mean place, a problem which 
 Kepler and Builialdus are said to have given 
 iip as insolvable. His reputation became 
 now so great that he Avas employed in settling 
 differences that had arisen in consequence of 
 the immdations of the I*o, and he was ap- 
 pointed inspector general of the fortifications 
 of the castle of Urbino, and of all the rivers 
 in the ecclesiastical states. But still devoted 
 to astronomy, lie made various important 
 discoveries concerning the planets, and he 
 settled the theory of Jupitei"'s satellites, 
 which he published at Rome 166G. So high 
 an opinion was entertained of his abilities by 
 tire French academicians, that Lewis XIV. 
 obtained the pope's permission to allow him 
 to absent himself for six years from his offices 
 at Rome and Bologna. He visited in conse- 
 quence tlic capital of France in 1669, and 
 ■was made royal astronomer, but when his 
 six years were expired, the pope made him 
 forfeit all his emoluments as he did not re- 
 turn ; and Colbert, who knew the greatness 
 of his powers, therefore prevailed upon him 
 to become a naturalized subject of France. 
 As the first occupier of the new built obser- 
 vatorj' at Paris, patronised by the king, and 
 admired by the nation, he proceeded with 
 rapid strides in liis accurate examination of 
 the heavens. The revolution of Jupiter 
 round its axis was determined, four satel- 
 lites more were added to Saturn, and the 
 meridian line in 161)5 Avas proved not to have 
 varied since it had been fixed 40 years be- 
 fore, at Bologna. This great man, and in- 
 comparable astronomer, after continuing 
 the meridian line through France, and en- 
 riching science with a thousand discoveries, 
 died l4th September 1712, and was succeed- 
 ed in the observatory by his son John James. 
 Cassini, John James, son and successor 
 of the preceding, was born at Paris, and 
 educated in the Mazarine college under Va- 
 rignon. He inherited the talents of his 
 father, and described with great labor the 
 perpendicular of the meridian of France, 
 i'rom St. Maloes through Paris to Strasburg. 
 He asserted, contrary to Newton's opinion, 
 that the earth was an oblong spheroid ; an 
 opinion which was proved to be false by the 
 report of the mathematicians who were sent 
 by the French king to measure a degree of 
 the meridian at the equator, and at the po- 
 lar circle. He also turned his thoughts to, 
 electi'icity, in which he made some curious 
 ejcpCJL'imelits. He died at the age of 84», in 
 
 1756, at Thuri near Clermont. His works, 
 greatly esteemed, were elements of astron- 
 omy, with astronomical tables, two vols. 
 4to. — magnitude and figure of the earth, 
 
 Cassini deThury, Csesar Francis, sec- 
 ond son and successor at John James, wa.s 
 born at Paris, 17th June 1714. His progress 
 in science was so rapid, that at tlie age of 
 ten he calculated the phases of the sun in a 
 total eclipse. He was engaged afterwards 
 in the verification of the meridian passing 
 through the observatory at Paris, and he with 
 great assiduity devoted himself to the com- 
 pletion of a geometrical description ofFrance, 
 with very minute and exact particulai's. His 
 labors were warmly supported by the assist- 
 ance of the learned, and the munificence of 
 the court. He died of the small-pox, 4th 
 Sept. 1784, leaving behind him an amiable 
 and respected eharacter. He was succeeded 
 by his son John Dominic. Several of his 
 pieces are in the memoirs of the academy of 
 sciences. 
 
 Cassiodorus, Marcus AureUus, an 
 Italian author, who died 577, aged 96. He 
 was noticed at the court of Tlteodoric king 
 of the Goths, and employed in some offices 
 as governor of Sicily, and as a privy counsel- 
 lor. He afterwards retired to solitude, and 
 built a n)onastery in Calabria, where he in 
 the midst of religious devotion amused him- 
 self in making sun-dials, water-clocks, &c. 
 He wrote commentaries on scripture, &c. 
 The best edition of his works is that of Rou- 
 en, two vols. fol. 1G79. 
 
 Cassius, Cuius, brother-in-law of Bru- 
 tus, was one of Caesar's murderers, tliough 
 his life had been spai-ed at Parsalia by the 
 dictator. At the battle of Phillipi he caused 
 one of his slaves to run him tlirough, not 
 to fall into the hands of the enemy, 42 
 B.C. 
 
 Cassius, Longinus Lucius, a Roman 
 magistrate of great integrity, B. C. 115. 
 
 Cassius, Avidius, a Roman general un- 
 der M. Antoninus. He conquered the Par- 
 thians, Syrians, and Egyptians, and after- 
 wards proclaimed himself emperor. He was 
 soon after assassinated by one of his soldiers. 
 
 Cassius, Parmensis, a Latin poet, said 
 to have been a conspirator against J. Csesar. 
 He was put to death by Augustus. 
 
 Cassius, Severus Titus, aRoman orator 
 in the age of Augustus, eloquent, but violent 
 in liis accusations against individuals. 
 
 Castagno, Andrew del, a painter of 
 Tuscany. He obtained the secret of paint- 
 ing in oil from Dorainico de Yenise, and af- 
 terwards conceived such hati-ed against him, 
 that one evening he assassinated him. L)omi- 
 nico, who knew not his murderer, hastened to 
 the house of his perfidious friend, and ex- 
 pired in his arms. The bloody deed remain- 
 ed undiscovered, till Castagno revealed it on 
 his death bed, and drew upon his memory 
 the execration of his country. He finished 
 in 1478, at the request of the Florentine re- 
 public, the execution of the conspirators 
 against the Medicis. 
 
 Castaldx, -Cornelius, a native of Fe?- 
 
CA 
 
 C'A 
 
 frjj eminent as a poet, lie executed with 
 success an embassy to the republic of \'cii- 
 ice, and founded a coUej^e at I'adua, where 
 he died 1537, aged 57. His poems, consist- 
 ing of Latin and Italian pieces, are much es- 
 teemed, and were edited by abbe Conti in 
 1757 in 4to. 
 
 Castalio, Sebastian, b6rn at Chatillon 
 on the Rhone, v.as the friend of Calvin, by 
 whose influence he became regent in tiie 
 college of Geneva. lie translated tht; bible 
 into elegant L«tin, and displayed his various 
 and extensive knowledge of tb.c Greek and 
 Hebrew by several other publications. His 
 opinions with resi>ect to Sglomon's song and 
 Christ's descent into hell, and about predes- 
 tination and grace, procured him many ene- 
 mies ; and he at last incurred the displeasure 
 of Calvin and of Theodore Beza, who re- 
 viled him as a papist. He was very poor, 
 and his circumstances were still more un- 
 comfortable for the maintenance of a wife and 
 eight children. His colloquia sacra, in ele- 
 gant Latin, appeared in four vols, 12mo. 
 
 Casteels, Peter, a painter of Antwerp, 
 who died at Richmond in Surrey, 1749, aged 
 65. He was settled at Tooting, and he pub- 
 lished in 172G, 12platesof^»irds designed and 
 etched by himself. 
 
 Castel, Lewis Bertrand, a Jesuit and 
 geometrician of Montpelller, who, through 
 his abilities, became the friend of Fontenellc, 
 and other learned men. He published some 
 very ingenious works, but his vi'ai system de 
 physique generale de Newton, in 4to. 1745, 
 gained him universal and deserved reputation 
 as a philosoj)her and a man of science. His 
 optic of colors, 12rao. — histi'eatise on gravi- 
 ty, 2 vols. 12mo. — and his system of mathe- 
 matics, 4to. were also much esteemed. He 
 died 757, aged 69. 
 
 ^Castell, Edmund, D. D. a learned di- 
 vine, born in 1G06, at Hatley, Cambridge- 
 shire, and educated at Emanuel college. He 
 was afterwards removed to St. John's for the 
 convenience of the library in the- compilation 
 of his lexicon heptaglotton, a valuable work, 
 in the completion of which he was assiduous- 
 ly engaged for 17 years, and upon which he 
 expentk-d upv.ards of 1 '2,000/. Such saeri- 
 Sees in the cause of learning deserved high 
 and liberal patronage, but his pi'cfermcnt 
 was at first onlv the small vicarage of Hat- 
 field Paverellin Essex, afterwai'dsthe recto- 
 ry of Wodeham Walter, and then that of 
 Higham Gobion, Bedfordshire. Some time 
 after he became king's chaplain, professoi* 
 of Arabic at Cambridge, and prebendarv of 
 Canterbury. The lexicon was published 1609, 
 but the work, though much commended, re- 
 mained almost entirely unsold upon his 
 hands. Though thus discouraged, he vet de- 
 voted himself to the cultivation of oriental 
 4iterature, and assisted in a very extensive 
 degree the labors of Dr. Walton, in the pub- 
 lication of his polyglott bible. Dr.Castell (Tied 
 1685, aged 79, and was buried in his parish 
 church, Higham Gobion, where he had pre- 
 viously erected a monument. He bequeath- 
 edhis orJGnt!^! manuscripts to the. public li- 
 
 brary of Cambridge, and several of hir. books 
 to some of the colleges, and to particular 
 friends. 
 
 Castei.li, Bernard, a Genoese painter, 
 who died 1629, aged 72. JJesides painting 
 the \>ortraits of eminent poets, he engraved 
 some of the plates for Tasso's .Jerusalem. 
 
 Castf:li,i, ^'alc^■io, son of tiic preced- 
 ing, died in 1659, aged 34. He was particu- 
 larly eminent in painting battles. 
 
 Castei.li, lienedici, a native of Brescia, 
 who became a Benedictine, anil assisted Gal- 
 ileo in the progress of his a«tronomical obser- 
 vatitjus. He was afterwards professor of 
 mathematics at Pisa, and then at itome, and 
 died 1044. 
 
 C.vstei.nau, ^Michael, a Frencliman, en- 
 gaged as ambassador in the service of Charles 
 IX. and Henry HL Ho was five times in 
 England. He died 1592. The memoirs ol 
 his embassies wero printed in 2 vols, folio, 
 16G9, and again Brussels, 17ol, in three vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Castel N a u, Hcnriette Julia de, wife o.f 
 tount de Murat, wrote in an elegant and 
 pleasing style les lutrins de Kerno^i 12mo. — 
 de.s contes de fees, two vols. — le voyage de 
 Campagne, two vols. 12mo. She died 1716, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Casi r.vETRO, Lewis, a learned Italian 
 of IModeua. It it said that he was eng.sged 
 the h^lf of his life in his commentary on Ar- 
 istotle's poetics. As he had travelled in Ger- 
 many he Avas suspected of having embraced 
 the tenets of Luther, and being brought be- 
 fore the inquisition at Rome, he nuule his es- 
 cape from the punishment which awaited 
 him, and fled to Basil, where he devoted 
 himself to liteiSiture, and died 20th Feb. 1571 > 
 aged 66. 
 
 tjASTijl'abbe, an Italian poet of considera- 
 ble merit. His chief poem is gli animali 
 parlanti, or speaking animals. He wrote •vTt- 
 rious other poems, ajid died at Paris, Feb. 
 1803. 
 
 Castiglioxe, Joseph, a native of An- 
 cona, made governor of Corneto 1598, and 
 distinguislied as a poet and critic. He was 
 author of an history of his own times in Latiu 
 verse, and wrote besides varite iectioncs & 
 opusoula, 1694, 4to. ^c. I[e died 1616. 
 
 Castiglione, Balthaz.'uvan Italian no- 
 bleman, born Dec. 6th, 1478, at Casatico in 
 the dud'.y of Mantua. After receiving a 
 very liberal education, he served in the arv- 
 my, under Sforza duke of Milan, and after- 
 wards was engaged by duke Urbino, ar. his 
 ambassador to pope .Julius II. and afterwards 
 to Lewis XII. of France, and Houry VII. of 
 England. He published at Rome 1516 his 
 celebrated " Courtier," a work highly ad^ 
 mired for its moral ami })olit!cnl instructions, 
 and for the elegiinoe of Iho Italian. He mar- 
 ried in his 36th year the daughter of the fa- 
 mous Bentivoglio, who died four years after, 
 leaving him a sou and t^o daughters. The 
 abilities of Castiglione proved veiy serviceable 
 to the holy see, and m ere employed in several 
 negotiations w ith Charles V. und Francis L, 
 He fired at Toledoj^ed Feb. 15*29> aird by or- 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 tier of Charles V. who admired and respected 
 him, his funeral was solemnized with the 
 greatest pomp. Sixteen months after the 
 body was removed by his mother from Tole- 
 do, to a church at Mantua which he himself 
 luid built, and an epitaph was inscribed on a 
 sumptuous monument by cardinal Bembo. — 
 Besides the Courtier, Castighone wrote some 
 very elegant Latin and Tuscan poems, inser- 
 ted in the deliciie poet. Ital. His letters ap- 
 peared at Padua, in 2 vols. 1769. 
 
 Castiglione, Giovani Benedetto, an 
 Italian painter, of Genoa, who died 1670, aged 
 54. He was very great in the representa- 
 tion of landscapes and cattle. 
 
 Castiglione, Francisco, son and pupil 
 to the preceding, was equally respectable in 
 the execution of his pieces. 
 
 Castille, Alphonsus X. of, Vid. Al- 
 
 PHONSUS. 
 
 Castillo, Ferdinand de, a Dominican of 
 Spain, who wrote an account of his oi'der, 2 
 vols. fol. 1584. He died 1593. 
 
 Castilld-y-saavedra, Antony del, a 
 Spanish painter of Cordova, w here he died 
 1667, aged 64. He chiefly excelled in his- 
 torical and landscape painting ; but his coloi^ 
 ing is deficient in grace and in taste. It is 
 said that he died of grief, for being surpassed 
 ■by the pencil of Murillo. 
 
 Castries, N. Marshal de, an ableFrench 
 general, who served with distinction in the 
 seven years war. He was called to the as- 
 sembly of the notables in 1787, but disap- 
 proved of the violent conduct of his colleagues, 
 and left France. He died at Wolfenbutel in 
 Brunswick, Jan. 1800. 
 
 Castro, Alphonso de, a Spanish Francis- 
 can friar, who came into England with Philip 
 II. and was appointed bishop of Compostella, 
 very soon after which he died at Brussels 
 1558. He was an able preacher^ and wrote 
 a popular book against heresies. 
 
 Castro, John de, a native of Lisbon, Avho, 
 after serving against the Mooi*3, went with 
 Gama to the east, and published a desci'ip- 
 tion of the Red sea- When he returned to 
 Europe he was appointed over a fleet, and 
 went with Cliarles V. against Tunis, and af- 
 terwards was sent as governor of the East 
 Indies by the Portuguese government. He 
 died at Diu, which he hud rendered almost 
 impregnable 1548, aged 48. 
 
 Castro, Paul de, a native of Castro, pro- 
 fessor of law at Florence, Bologna, Sienna, 
 and Padua. His works possessed great mer- 
 it, and were edited in 8 vols. fol. He died 
 1437. It became proverbial to say of him af- 
 ter the words of Cujas, qui non habet Pau- 
 lum de Castro, tunicam vendat &: emat. 
 
 Cas TRUCio, Castraeani,a celebrated gen- 
 eral, who was a foundling, discovered by the 
 monk Antonia, and his sister Dianora, in a 
 ■heap of leaves in a vineyard, at Lucca in 
 Tuscany, in 12S4. He was tenderly brought 
 up by the humanity of his preservers, and in- 
 tended for the cliui'ch ; but his fondness for 
 bold exertions and military exercises made 
 him prefer the pi'ofession of arms. He en- 
 tered in his 18th year as a lieutenant in the 
 
 army oT the Gliibelins, whom the party of the 
 Guelfs had just driven from Pavia. The 
 valor and coolness which he displayed recom- 
 mended him to the good opinion of Guinigi 
 the general, and he soon rose, though op- 
 posed and even imprisoned by his enemies, 
 to the highest honor, r.nd was at last declar- 
 ed by the people of Lucca their sovereign 
 prince. Beloved at home and respected a- 
 broad, lie now meditated the extension of 
 his power over the neighboring states, and 
 though flattered by the pope he did not dis- 
 solve into effeminate luxury, or betray ty- 
 rannical o])pression. The Florentines, how- 
 ever, viewed his elevation with jealous enmi- 
 ty, and 30,000 foot, and 10,000 horse appear- 
 ed in the field, 22,000 of which the active 
 general destroyed, with the loss of only 1600 
 of his own men. But here fortune checked 
 the career of his greatness, fatigued after the 
 bloody contest, and regardless of a chill 
 north Avind which blew upon him, he was 
 seized with an ague, whicli carried him off 
 in a few days, when he expected to rise tQ 
 the sovereignty of Italy. lie died in his 44th 
 year 1328, admired in his life -time, and re- 
 gretted after his death. Machiavel has writ- 
 ten liis life, and represented him as a most 
 extraordinary character, of great presence of 
 mind, benevolence of temper, and undaunt- 
 ed firmness, not less in prosperity than adver- 
 sity. He always went bare headed in rain 
 or hail, as w^ell as in the most serene sky. 
 
 Cat, Claude Nicholas le, a native of 
 Bleraucourt in Picardy, intended for the 
 church, but finally educated as a surgeon. In 
 1725 he published a letter on the aurora 
 borealis of that year, and in 1731 he be- 
 came the surgeon of the hotel Dieu at 
 Rouen, where five years after, he formed 
 a public school of anatomy, and a literary so- 
 ciety of which be became the secretary. 
 He was pensioned with 2000 livres by the 
 French king in 1759, and seven years after 
 raised to the rank of nobility. He wrote on 
 the theor_v of hearing 1758, 8vo. — on the 
 nervous fluid, 1765, 8vo. — on astrology, 1767, 
 8vo. — on the senses, 2 vols. 12ino. &c. and 
 died 1768, aged 68. 
 
 Catel, William, a native of Toulouse, 
 counsellor of the city, and author of an his- 
 tory of the courts of Toulouse, fol. — and of 
 memoirs of tlie province of Languedoc, fol. 
 He died 1620, aged 57. 
 
 Catellan, Maria Claire Priscilla Mar- 
 guerite de, a lady of Xarbonne, who died at 
 'I'oulouse 1745, aged 83. Her odes were 
 admired by the French, and were crowned 
 by the Toulouse academicians. 
 
 Catesby, Mark, an English naturalist, 
 lie resided for seven years in Virginia, And 
 made such a collection of natural curiosities, 
 that, at the request of sir Hans Sloane, and. 
 other friends, he visited the Carolinas, an<t 
 the Bahama islands, for the improvement 
 of knowledge. On his return to England, 
 1726, he gave to the public his natural his- 
 tory of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas, 
 2 vols. fol. with colored plates, of his own 
 execution. He was honorably made fellow 
 
CA 
 
 of the royal society, wliosc transactions he 
 curiclicd uilli a paper ou the migrauon ot 
 ).hds He (lied in London, I/4'J, a};cd 09. 
 His great work was again edited in 175* and 
 
 *"c '\.'t1i AKiNE, a danghtcr of Charles VI. 
 of France, mIio married Henry V. ot hng- 
 Uiu\, and atier liis death Owtn 'f udor a 
 Welchuian, by Mlx.ni blio l.a.l IMn.und, the 
 liUher of Henry VH. bi.c died Hoo. 
 
 CvTHAUiNE of Anu.VGON, daughter el 
 Ferdinand V. of Castillc, married Arlhnr, 
 son of Henry VH. in 1501, and (.n h.s »leall., 
 five months after, Henry altera anls the 
 Vlllth Her conduct :is a wde was most e\- 
 Jn^plary, and her many rirtnes place her 
 character in the mosl an.-able l'"'''\'^ '^^j 
 Her divorce Iro.a Henry, who had alien in 
 love with Anna Hc.leyn, produced the relor- 
 malion of England. She wrote some reh- 
 ^ml pieces, and died at Kimbolton, umver. 
 sallv respected. ^ 
 
 C.vTUA.<iNK DE McBlCiS queen of 
 France, daughter of Lorenzo de Medicis, 
 duke of Urhino, married, m 15o4, Henry 
 duke of Orleans, son of Francis 1. I hough 
 at first she had no children, afterwards slie 
 had ten, three of whom became successively 
 kings of France, and a daughter, «iueen ot 
 Na?arre. Her husband died 155U ; and dur- 
 ing the short reign of her son ^V^^^Vnm 
 oMained no influence '" /^^^.^^^'f *V .V"" 
 the superior power of the Guises ; but on 
 the elevation of Charles IX then onl> 1 
 years of age, the queen-mother became the 
 regent, and showed the infamous leauues 
 of her n.ind by the dreadtul '"^"'^^^ ,^^^.f^^: 
 Bartbolomew. Despised for I'^r ^^"^'t ^« 
 aud perfidy, and the slave ol lust, this worth- 
 less and too powerful wQU^an died lob9, 
 
 ""^cVthauine of Sienna, a Romish 
 saint, who, at the age of \^' '^'^J^J'^"^ 
 vowed perpetual celibacy. . As a pretended 
 prophetess, acquainted with futurity, she 
 advised pope Gregoiy to remove the seat of 
 the ecclesiastical government trom Av gnon 
 to Rome, for a continuance ot s'^^-'^"^;^;^ 
 years : fol- which concession, however, the 
 pope expressed sorrow on his ' eat»i-bed. 
 She wrote several things in a fanatical st^ e 
 ]ier letters have been printed. She die 1 
 1380, aged 33, and was canonized Ubl. 
 -Another saint of the same name toundcd 
 a convent in her native town ot Bologn:,, 
 and died 1403. She wrote also some theo- 
 logical books of little value. 
 
 Catharine of Portugal was daugh- 
 ter of John IV. and wife of Charles H. ol 
 England, whom she married iGbl. She was 
 treated with unkindness by the licentious 
 Charles, and after his death she reti rne.l to 
 Portugal, where she was ma.le regent dunng 
 the inrbe'cile state of her brother ^'-^<;^- ^f 
 conquered the Spaniards, and died LUo, 
 
 ^^cItharine of Boun^oN, sister of 
 Henry IV. married, 1599, Henry ot Loi- 
 "aine,^duke de Bar. This union, as being 
 
 vol.. I. '^'^ 
 
 CA 
 
 political, was not i)roductlre of mncli happi- 
 ness. She died without ciuUlren, at Nanci, 
 13th Februaj-v I6u4, aged 40. 
 
 Caihahine Ai.EXiEVNA, empress of 
 Russia, a native «.f Uingen, in Livonia, bont 
 of obscure parents. She wa. early instructed 
 in thehMse ..f a Lnlluran clergyman ; but 
 his death, and that of her mother, lelt her 
 destitute, anil she retin-d to Maiienburg 
 There in 1701, she csixmsed a dragoon ot 
 the Swedish fnitressin that city; but, on the 
 day of her nuptials, and befcne then- consum- 
 in:ai.)n, the unhappv bridegroom lell in the 
 field of battle, and the captive Catharine be- 
 eamethe property of gem^ial La»er, «ho 
 saw and adniire.l her beauty. She was a- 
 lerw.aids in the service of pnnce Mentshicot, 
 and, in her i7th year, she became the mis- 
 tress of Peter the great, and so much capti- 
 vated him that, on the '29th ot > ay LU, 
 he privately married her, and on the I'iih ot 
 the followhig February announced her as his 
 empress in his capital. On his deatn, m 
 17'i5, she was proclaimed as sovereign o a 1 
 the Ritssias: and she deserved tlie higl» 
 di-nltv. The grand designs of the czar were 
 completed bv her extraordinaiy gc-nius, and 
 a mild svstcm of government insured her 
 tlie aftection and respect of her subjects. She 
 dieil 17th May, 1727, aged 38. Notwitli- 
 8landing the noble qualities ot her character, 
 and the great services which she retidered to 
 lier husband, especially at the affair ot Pruth, 
 she was suspected of being faithless to hi.s bed, 
 and a French favorite, de la Croix, the cham- 
 berlain of the court, was beheaded by the 
 irritated husband, and his body exposed to 
 public view with great ignominy. 
 
 Catharine H. empress ot Russia, was 
 daughter of Christian Augustus of Anhalt- 
 Zcrbst, in Upper Saxony, and, at the age of 
 14 she married the duke of Holstein, atter- 
 wards Peter HI. After some years she be- 
 came the mother of a son and daughter ; 
 but tlie mental imbeciUty of her husband 
 rendered Catharine dissatisfied and faithless, 
 and, on the death of the empress, in 1 / Oi2, the 
 voun^ monarch soon found an ambitious 
 rival,''instead of a submissive consort. By a 
 well managed plot she seized hef husband, 
 .luly 14, 1762, and after three davs confine- 
 ment he expired in the castle of Robscha, 
 whilst his murderer proclaimed herseit as 
 sole sovereign empress, and uisured the sta- 
 bility of her government by the wisest and 
 mo<=t popular measures. To remove ever)' 
 obstacle, prince Iwan, grandson ol I'eter an 
 inoffensive youth, was secretly cut off; at^^d 
 ,.e empress, sure of tl^ tranquilhtj^ oM^ 
 
 ame of 
 
 dominions, imposed on Poland her ta> 
 prince Poniatowski, as king, by the na 
 Stanislaus Augustus, in ^'^^- ';''%, ^^^ 
 sovereign, but dissolute as a woman, Catha- 
 Hne was engaged for ten years m a Turkish 
 war and l^tlv with the Swedes, whdst at 
 hom'e she indulged herself in the most sen. 
 sual gratifications, in the companj of ta^o i- 
 ites, whom, however, she rewarded wit^ 
 rofusc liberality. The patronage which she 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 extended to genius and literature, and the 
 beneTolcnt motives Avhich influenctsd her go- 
 vernment in all internal afiairs, -will always 
 appear as illustrious features in the chai*actcr 
 of Catharine. The bloody capture of I&mael, 
 however, and the partition of Poland, must 
 excite indignation against her conduct, as 
 proceeding from the same coiTupted heart 
 ■which Avaded to the throne over the carcass 
 of a murdered husband. She died suddenly 
 of an apoplectic fit lOtli November 17'J7, 
 and was -succeeded by her son Paul, who in 
 1800 was succeeded by Alexander. Catha- 
 rine introduced inoculation into Russia, and, 
 to recommend it to her subjects, she herself 
 first submitted to the operation, and most 
 liberally rewarded the Englibh physician who 
 attended her. 
 
 Catharinus, Ambrose, a native of 
 Sienna, who attended the council of Trent, 
 and attacked Luther and Ociunus. He was 
 raised to the see of Minori, and afterwards 
 to that of Canza, and died 1553, aged 66. 
 
 Cat I LI X A, Liacius Sergius, a noble Ro- 
 man, famous for his debaucheries, his in- 
 trigues, and the dangerous conspiracy which 
 he formed against the happiness and the ex- 
 istence of his country. Cicero, who was 
 then consul, happily discovered the whole 
 plot ; and Catiline, mad with revenge, left 
 Home, and repaired to the army, which was 
 assembling under his auspices. This was 
 soon attacked, and defeated, by the consular 
 forces; and Catiline fell in the number of 
 the slain, B. C. 6!2. 
 
 Catinat, Nicholas, was born at Paris 
 first September 1637, and left the profes- 
 sion of the law for a military life. He soon 
 distinguishedhimself in thisnew career, and 
 at Maestricht, Besancon, Senef, Cambray, 
 Valenciennes, St. Omer, Ghent, and Ypres, 
 he displayed such acts of bravery, that he 
 •was promoted to the highest offices. As 
 lieutenant general he defeated the duke of 
 Savoy in 1688, and took the best part of his 
 dominions, and at \th in Flanders, he ga- 
 thered fresh laurels against the Germans. In 
 the war of 1701, he was put at the head of 
 the French army to oppose Eugene, Avho 
 commanded the Germans in Italy. The 
 highest expectations were formed from his 
 generalship, and even Eugene bore testimo- 
 ny to his greatness by saying, on the indeci- 
 sion of the Freneli court, in appointing either 
 Catinat or Vendome, or Villeroi, " If Vil- 
 leroi commands, I shall beat him ; if Ven- 
 dome, the struggle will be great; but if it be 
 Catinat, I shall be beaten." Misfortunes, 
 however, attended this campaign, the army 
 was not well supported, disunion reigned 
 among the generals, and Catinat to this 
 probably owed his ill success. He was 
 ■wttunded at Chiari, and retreated behind the 
 Oglio, and in disgrace but with gi'eat com- 
 posure submitted to serve as second to Vil- 
 leroi. After being raarescbal of France, and 
 esteemed by the king, this gi'ea? general 
 died at his estate at St. Gratian, i^Hh Febru- 
 ary 1712, aged 74, lea\ing behind him a most 
 i-espectable character for cooiucss in the day 
 
 of battle, presence of mind, and benevoleiice 
 of heart. 
 
 Catineau, N. a native of Beauprcau, 
 who in the revolution boldly took up arms, 
 and headed the Vendeans in 1793. He af- 
 terwards resigned the command to Bon- 
 champ, and soon after fell at the siege of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Cato, Marcus Porcius Censorius, an il- 
 lustrious Roman, known for his temperance, 
 virtue, and valor. He served his country in 
 various provinces and in various offices, and 
 disX'layed his hatred against Carthage, by the. 
 fatal exclamation of " delenda est Cartha- 
 go." He was distinguished n(»t only as a sol 
 dier, but as an historian, and died about 150 
 years B. C. 
 
 Cato, Marctis Portius Uticensis, was 
 great-grandson of the censor, and possessed 
 the same integrity, the same heroic firm- 
 ness, and the same attachment to his coun- 
 try. He boldly opposed the conspiracy of 
 Catiline, and the ambition of Ciesar, and 
 moved the thanks of the senate with the 
 appellation of father of his country, to Ci- 
 cero for his public services. Defeated Avith 
 the republicans at Pharsalia, he fled to Afri- 
 ca, and rather than fall into the hands of his 
 enemy Caesar, whose power he could no 
 longer oppose, he destroyed himself at Utica, 
 after reading Plato's treatise on the immor- 
 tality of the soul, B. C. 45. 
 
 Cato, Valerius, a Latin poet, in the age 
 of Sylla. His Dii'se is the only one of his 
 poems extant. He died B. C. 30. 
 
 Catrou, Francis, a learned Jesait bora 
 at Paris 1659, and died 1737. Besides his 
 translation of Virgil, and a share in the 
 journal de Trevoux, and an history of the 
 Mogul empire, he wrote an history of the 
 fanaticism of the protestants, quakers, &c. 
 and a Roman history with notes continued 
 by Rouille. 
 
 Cattho, Angelo, a native of Tarentum, 
 in the service of the duke of Burgundy, and 
 of Lewis XI. as astrologer and physician. 
 He pretended to foretell future events, some 
 of which, it is said, were truly fulfilled. He 
 died at Beneventum 1407. 
 
 Catullus, Caius \'a!erius, a Roman 
 poet of Verona, who died about 40 B. C 
 His poems are elegant, but occasionally li- 
 centious. 
 
 Catt., James, a native of Zealand, known 
 as a politician but more as a poet. During 
 "Cromwell's usurpation his abilities were cm- 
 ployed by his countrymen as ambassador to 
 London. On his return he retired to his fa- 
 vorite studies in one of his country houses 
 where he died 1660, aged 83. His poems^ 
 which are in Dutch, are higl^ly esteemed by 
 his countrvmen. The last edition was in 
 1756, '2 vols, folio. 
 
 Cavalcanti, Bartholomew, an Italian, 
 Avho served pope Paul HI. in a military as 
 well as a political capacity, and died at 
 Padua 156-2, aged 59. He wrote excellent 
 treatises on rhetoric, and on tlie best forms 
 of a republic. Another Italian of the same 
 name, wrote some poems of merit, printed 
 
CA 
 
 CA 
 
 la^T. lie was of riorciice, and lived in the 
 13lh century. 
 
 Cavalier, John, son of a peasant at 
 Ccveiincs, is lainons for his bravery in the 
 wars of tlie Camisaids, or prolcslant insur- 
 gents aijainst Lc\vis XIV. At tlic head ol 
 an entlmsiaslic laultiUidc lie defeated the 
 bravest of the king's troops, though coin- 
 maudcd by the greatest ^enei-als. ^'illars, at 
 last coiKluded a truce with him, and he m us 
 received into the pay and protection of the 
 king, but fearing treachei-)', he (piitted 
 France, and went to England. He greatly 
 distinguished himself aflevwards in Spain, es- 
 ]iecialiy at tlie battle of Almanza, and was 
 made governor of Jersey, w here it is sup- 
 posed that he died about 1705. 
 
 CwAMERi, Bonaventure, an Italian 
 mathematician, disciple to Galileo, and pro- 
 fessor at Bologna, ■where he died 1047. He 
 wrote on geometry, logarithms, trigonome- 
 try, conic sections, &c. 
 
 Cavallini, Pietro, a painter horn at 
 Rome. His pieces which were in high es- 
 teem and were on religious subjects, are 
 chiefly preserved at Rome. His mosaic over 
 the entrance of St. Peter's is much adnured, 
 as Avell as the Virgin and child in one of the 
 churches of iiome. He died 13G4-, aged 85. 
 He was the disciple of Giotto. 
 
 Cave, Ui\ William, was born in 1637, 
 and educated at St. John's, Cambridge. He 
 was successively minister of Hasely Oxford- 
 shire, Great Alhallows, and Islington near 
 London, and afterwards chaplain to Ciiarles 
 11. and in IG84 canon of \\ indsor. Among his 
 Avorks were an history of the lives, acts, 
 deaths, kc. of the christian fathers during 
 the tiiree first centuries of the church, and 
 his historia literaria, published in 1088, con- 
 taining an account of all writers either 
 against or in favor of Christianity to the 
 14th century, two works which engaged him 
 in a controversial and imi)ortant dispute 
 with Le Clerc. He died 1713, and was 
 buried at Islington. 
 
 Cave, Edward, known as the first editor 
 of the Gentleman's Magazine, was born at 
 Newtcn in Warwickshire, 1691, and educa- 
 ted at Kugby, under the care of Mr. 
 Holyock. In this seminary he gained at 
 first tke go(xl opinion of his master by his 
 abilities, hut wlien the mischievous follies of 
 liis school fellows, more wealthy and there- 
 fore more iiidei)endent than himself, as ere 
 unhandsomely attributed to his unsubmissive 
 disposition, he left Rugby, an»l after being in 
 the employment of a collector of excise, and 
 of a timber merchant, he becanie appren- 
 tice to Mr. Collins, a respectable printer. 
 By his assiduity he soon rose to consequence 
 in his profession, and by the interest of liis 
 wife's relations he obtained a small place in 
 the post oIKce, vhilst still h.e continuetl to 
 print pamphlets, or contributed to the po- 
 pularity of journals and newspapers. He 
 was engaged also by the slationer.s tu correct 
 the gi'ailus ad parnassum, and was hand- 
 somely rewarded for his trouble, and gained 
 soxue addition to his income by editing a 
 
 criminal calendar, and other perio«liial pub- 
 lications. As clerk of the franks in the pust 
 otiice, he used his privileges of e.vamining 
 the right of franking with more freedom 
 than [ileased the members, and he was cited 
 before the house, and alterwards discharg- 
 ed, though nolbing wascverad\anee«l against 
 bis honor or integrity. In I7.}.i he liegaii 
 the (Gentleman's .Magazine, a ])ublicalion 
 which by great and unexpceted success, con- 
 tributed to the indepcn«lence of his fortune, 
 and which still maintains its re|»atatif.n as a 
 valual>lc repository of whatever is curious in 
 antitjuitien, in history, or biogi-aphy. He 
 died lUth January 1754. He had lost his 
 wife three years before by an asthma. He 
 Ava.s a man of great perseverance antl appli- 
 cation, but in his manners he was cold and 
 reserved ; his heart however was warm and 
 charitable, and the money which his dili- 
 gence had laboriously procured was liberally 
 imparted to the necessitous. He was burieil 
 in St. James' church, Clerkenwell, and an 
 inscription is erected to Ids honor in the 
 church of Rugby, by the pen of Dr. Hawkes- 
 worth. Dr. .lohnson, Aviio sliared his friend- 
 ship and pati-onage, has given a short, bnl 
 entertaining, account of his life. 
 
 Cavedone, Jacomo, an Italian painter, 
 Avhose misfortunes, it is said, ovcrpowed his 
 intellects, so that he died poor, in a stable, at 
 Bologna, 1600, aged 8(). His pieces are said 
 to be equal to those of his master Annibal 
 Caracci. 
 
 Cavendish, Thomas, was born at Frim- 
 ly, in Sullolk, and allied to a noble family. 
 He determined to repair, at the expense of 
 the Spaniards, his fortune, which youthful 
 e.\travagaiicehad ruined, and with two sJiips 
 which he built, one of I-JO and the other of 
 Go ton.s, with a bark of 40 tons, lie sailed from 
 Plymouth iilst July 1586. After crossing 
 the straits of Magellan, he began to enrich 
 himself by the many prizes w hich he made 
 in the Pacific Ocean, and especially by an 
 Acapuico ship, which he burned, after tak- 
 ing 60,000/. of gold from her cai-go. Having 
 thuH surrounded the globe, lie returned to 
 Plymouth on the 9th Seiiteinber 15 88; but 
 tiie many riches which he brought home 
 were soon quickly wasted away, and three 
 years after he again embarked in ])ursiiit of 
 new adventures and fresh prizes. He reach- 
 ed the straits of Magelhui April S, 1592, 
 but the lemi»estuous weather obligcfl him to 
 return, and the ill success of his expeditiou 
 so preyed upon his heart that he died of grief 
 on the coast of BraziJ. 
 
 Caven'dish, sir William, a gentleman of 
 Suffolk, known as gentleman usher in the 
 si)lendid estaljiislmient of cardinal Wolsev's 
 household. His attachment to his [)atron 
 was so sincere, that he refused to abandon, 
 him even in his disgrace; and this jiroofnf 
 fidelity was observed by Heni-v- ^ III. who 
 took him under his protection, knigiited him, 
 and c<)nferred upon him several im[)ortant 
 aiid lucrative ofhees. He contmued in favor 
 at the court of Edward VI. and with his sue- 
 ces-ior Mary, and died 15:17. ag':'d about 5'2. 
 
CA' 
 
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 He was three times married, and b}' his last 
 Avife, who was a widow, lie left three sons 
 and three daughters. 'J'his last wife was a 
 lady of great eliaracter, and deservedly es- 
 teemed as tlie njost famous woman ot her 
 times. She was four times married, and hap- 
 pily, and died a widow, 13th February 1007, 
 leaving issue by one husl»atid onh'. Sir Wil- 
 liam was tlie progenitor of tiie dukes of De- 
 vonshire. and Newcastle. He published a 
 life of his patron Wolsey, in which he extols 
 him as a great and perfect character. It 
 ■was printed in 1667, and again in 1706. 
 
 Cavendish, AVilliam, duke of Newcas- 
 tle, grandson of the preceding, was born in 
 I.tO'jJ. His person and elegant manners re- 
 commended him to the favor of James F. by 
 •whom he was made knight of the bath, and 
 baron Ogle, and viscount Mansfield, Charles 
 I. likewise patronised him, and created him 
 ^arl of Newcastle-on-Tyue, and appointed him 
 governor to the prince of Wales. Bucking- 
 ham envied, but could not prevent, the king's 
 partiality, for Cavendish displayed not only 
 the courtier but the loyal subject; and he 
 not only entertained Charles at Welbeck on 
 his march agakist the Scots, but he presen- 
 ted him with 10,000/. and a body of '2o0 
 ki)ights, serving at their own charges, and 
 commanded by himself. The disastrous event 
 of the royal cause at last alarmed Cavendish, 
 and after the battle of Marston-moor he fled 
 to Scarborough, from whence he passed to 
 Hamburgh, and afterwards to Amster<iam 
 and Pai'is. Though an exile, he early fore- 
 saw the fall of the commonwealth ; and he 
 returned with the king, by whom he was 
 created duke of Newcastle. He died on 
 Christmas-day, 1676, aged 84. Besides a 
 treatise on government, he. written while 
 in exile, he published several plays and 
 poems, and a celebrated treatise on horse- 
 manship, of which an elegant edition was 
 some years ago printed His second wife, 
 Margaret, sister to lord Lucas, was a woman 
 of great wit, and many literary accomplish- 
 ments. She wrote the life of her husband, 
 besides various poems and plays, and she 
 ■was buried in the same vault in Westmin- 
 ster-abbey. The title became extinct in 
 I6yi, by the deatli of Henry, the son of the 
 first daice, without issue. 
 
 Cavendish, William, first duke of De- 
 vonshire, was born 25th .January 1640. He 
 sat, when of age, in the long parliament, for j 
 Derbyshire, and in 1665 he accompanied the ; 
 Duke of Yoi-k as a volunteer in the fleet. 
 Four years after, he was in the suite of Mow- \ 
 tagne, the ambassador to France ; and when 
 at the opera at Paris, he was rudely insulted, 
 and severely wounded by three of the king's 
 oflicers; a heinous ofTence, which was par- 
 (loned only by his earnest intercession for 
 the culprits. In his conduct in parliament, 
 Cavendish was bold, manly, and patriotic ; 
 he promoted the inquiry into the m\irdcr of 
 sir Edmonbury Godfrey ; he supported the 
 impeachment of Danby and of Scraggs; and 
 not only appeared at the trial of lord^Russcl 
 personally, to vindicate his character, but, 
 alter his coiulerauatiou, he olfcred to ex- 
 
 change clothes with him ; a proposal which 
 Avas generously refused. In the arbitrary 
 reign of Jan»cs, he preserved the same un- 
 yielding spirit ; and when personally insulted 
 by colonel Culpepper, the favorite of the 
 king, he, though in the -presence chamber, 
 took him by the nose, and dragged him out 
 of the room. This insult offered to the roy- 
 al residence was denounced in the king's 
 bench, and the ofl'euder was fined 30,000/. 
 and, tliough a ])ecr, imprisoned till the mulct 
 was discharged. He, however, escaped to 
 Chatsworlh; and when seized by the sherift' 
 of the county, he gave him for the faithful 
 payment a bond, which AVilliam III. after- 
 wards cancelled. The tyranny of James now 
 induced Cavendish, with other peers, to in- 
 vite the prince of Orange to invade the king- 
 dom ; and on his landing, he joined him Avith 
 a respectable number of followers, and evet* 
 after deserved and enjoyed his fullest confi- 
 dence. At the coronation of W^illiam and 
 Mary he acted as lord high steward ; and, 
 161)1, he attended the monarch to the Hague, 
 where, Avith all the magnificence of an English 
 nobleman, he entertained several sovereign 
 princes at his table. In 1694 he was created 
 duke of Devonshire, and, during the king's 
 absence, he Avas always nominated one ot the 
 lords justices. Under Anne, he Avas enga- 
 ged in the settlement of the act of union Avith 
 Scotland. He died 18th August 1707, and 
 Avas succeeded by his son, the marquis of 
 Hartington. Cavendish was an elegant scho- 
 lar, as well as an able statesman ; and Chats- 
 Avorth reniiiins a noble specimen of lus taste 
 and genius. He wrote poetry w ith great ease, 
 and Ms ode on the death of queen Mary, and 
 his allusion to tlie archbishop of Cambray's 
 supplement to Homer, ai-e still deservedly- 
 commended. 
 
 Cavendish, lord John, son ofthefoiulh 
 duke ot Devonshire, Avas distinguislied as au 
 able politician, and as the friend of lord liock- 
 ingham, and the determined opponent of lord 
 North's measm-es in the American Avar, He 
 Avas twice chancellor of the exchequer. He 
 (bed lyth December 1796, of an apoplectic 
 stroke. 
 
 Cavendish, lord Frederic, of the noble 
 family of DeAonshire, was born 1729. He 
 chose a mihtary life, and by gradual steps 
 rose to the rank of field marshal. He Avas 
 re])rescntativeforDerln shii-e, and afterwards 
 for Derby, in several parliaments, till he re- 
 tired from pubUc life. In the action of St. 
 Cas, on the French coast, September 1758, 
 he Avas taken prisoner; and Avhen permitted, 
 with the other oflicers, to return to his coun- 
 try, on his parole, by the duke d'Aiguillon, 
 he at first refused him, It'St his voting in the 
 house of commons should be considered as a 
 violation of his parole. He Avas one of those 
 ofiicers Avho, v ith ^Volfe, Monkton, and Kep- 
 pel, united in an agreement together, at the 
 beginning of the seven years' war, not to mar- 
 ry till the return of peace, that their military 
 cai-eer might not be interrupted by domestic 
 concerns. He died atTAvickenhsm '2Ut Oc- 
 tober 1 803. 
 
CA 
 
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 Caulet, Francis Stephen ile, a French 
 prelatt", who strongly opposed the rcf^ali', or 
 ».hc right nssuiiKtl l>y ihc ki iij olcU.sposin^ ot" 
 vacant ecclesiastifjil lientfices, for which lie 
 \v»H dismissed IVoni liis see. He died lOSU, 
 uniTersally respected as a Jfood, Ijeiievolent, 
 and virtuous prelate. 
 
 ('aumac, Ciiy <h', a Frem !i aiinlDUiist ol 
 Alonlliilliei', physiciitn to the popes (Jlenienl 
 YI. and Urban V. I lis system of surgery was 
 published at Venice l4yO. He \u-ote also a 
 compendium of surgery. 
 
 Cavoye, Lewis marquis dc, a French 
 military olhcor, who dihitinu^uished himself in 
 Holland, by bra\ely removing; an English fire 
 ship, which threatened the destruction of a 
 ■w hole Heel ; for which he was honorably re- 
 warded. He was the frienil of Turenne, of 
 Racine, Gencst, and other learned men ; and 
 died 1710, a<;ed 7G. 
 
 Caussix, Nicholas a learned Jesuit, born 
 at Troyes, counsellor to Lcm is XHI. He op- 
 posed liichetieu, by -s^hom he Avas dismissed 
 from attendance on t!\e king's person, and 
 banished to a town of Lower Biilany. He 
 V as permitted to return to Pai'is after the 
 carduial's deall* ; and he died in tlie Jesuits' 
 convent July 16.51, aged 71. He published 
 several works in French and Latin. His book 
 de sacra et proi'ana eloquentia, is w ell known 
 in England, and his "court sainte" has been 
 translated into almost every language of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Cawdrey, Daniel, a nonconformist, edu- 
 cated at Petex--house, Cambridge, and eject- 
 ed from his living of Hilling, Northami)ton- 
 shire. He was a member of the Westmin- 
 ster assembly of divines, and wrote, besides 
 sermons and treatises, some strong pieces 
 against the established church. He died 1664. 
 C AWT ox, Thomas, born at Colchester, 
 w as educated at Rotterdam and Utrecht, and 
 afterwards at Merton college, Oxford, and 
 declaring himself a nonconformist, he began 
 to preach to a dissenting congregation at 
 Westminster. He died of a consumption in 
 1677, aged about 40. He v.as a good Hebrew 
 scholar, on which language he wrote a dis- 
 sertation, besides a treatise on divine provi- 
 dence — a discourse on 4.he Syriac version — 
 and the life of his father, who was minister 
 of St. Railholomew, behind the Exchange, 
 who had been accused of being concerned in 
 Love's plot agiunst Cromwell, and who had 
 therefore lied to Holland, where he died, at 
 Rotterdam, 1659. The fatlier, who bore tJie 
 same name, was a good Hebraist, and gave 
 assistance to the compilation of the polyglott 
 bible, and to Castel's polyglott lexicon. 
 
 Caxton, William, the first English i)iin- 
 ter, was born at ^\'eald, in Kent ; and after 
 receiving the common education of the times, 
 he Avas bound to Mr. Robert Large, a mer- 
 cer, afterwards lord mayor of London. His 
 conduct was so commendable, that his master 
 at his dnath loft him a liandsome legacy. Ho 
 nfterwai'ds went as agent to the mercers' com- 
 pany into Holland, and was empowered by 
 Edward IV. to make a treaty of commerce 
 M'ith the duke of Biu'guady. During his rcsi- 
 
 cU'nce abroad he became, with some expense, 
 ac(|u:iinted with the newly discovered art of 
 printing; and at the re(|Ue8t of Margaret of 
 York, duchess of Burgundy, from whom he 
 n-ceivfd a pension, he pHblished his " recuy- 
 ell of the history of Trove," the first book 
 ever printed in i'.nglisli, translated by him- 
 self, 1471. In 1474 he pul)lished, in English, 
 his game of chess ; ii work which, for ita cu- 
 riosity, was purchased for 40 guineas, by the 
 earl of Fembroke, of .Mr. (J ranger. In 1477 
 he publislied t!ie dictcs Jt sayengis of the; 
 l»bilosophers, translated out of French by 
 Anlone erie ltyv\ res, lord Seerh s, ^:c. His 
 last work was, " the holy lives of the fathers 
 hcrmiteslivingiu the deserts," 1491, in whic!^ 
 year he died, leaving beliind him the respoct- 
 able cbaracter of an industrious, honest, wor- 
 thy man, eager to promote learning and reli- 
 gion among his countrymen. 
 
 Caylus, jVnne Claude count de, a French, 
 writer, born at Paris 169'-'. Distinguished as 
 a soldier in Catalonia and at Friburg, he left 
 the army at the jieace of llastadt, and travel- 
 led to Italy and the Levant. His " relics" of 
 Egyptian and other antiquities, in 7 vols. 4to. 
 17j'2-67, is a most valuable work. He wrote 
 also, besides a description of the gerasin the 
 royal cabinet, tlie Hves of celebrated painters 
 and engravers of the French academy ; and, 
 from a passage in Pliny, discovered the an- 
 cient mode of encaiistic painting, and of ting- 
 ing marble. He died 1765. 
 
 C azes, Peter James, a French painter, who 
 studied under IJouasse and Boullogne, and, 
 for his great excellence, was honorably admit- 
 ted into the academy 170;5. His woman with 
 an issue of blood, m the churcli of Notre 
 i)ame, is regarded as a most perfect and val- 
 uable piece. This ingenious artist, whose 
 works are numerous, and in high esteem, 
 died 1754, aged 78. 
 
 Cazotte, James, a native of Dijoti, mayor 
 of Pierry, near Epernay. He was for his 
 loyaltv to the king dragged to the abbaye pris- 
 on, in 1 791:3; and when the fatal month of 
 September came, his daugbtcr, aged 17, who 
 had shared his confinement and misfortunes, 
 accompanied him to the bloody tribunal, 
 where assassins mocked the forms of justice. 
 The blows aimed at the father were repelled 
 by the heroic daughter, and with such eftect, 
 that the murderers, astonished at her con- 
 duct, permitted her and her trembling parent 
 to escape. A few days after, however, Ga- 
 zette was again arrested, on suspicion, and 
 condemned to die. He was guillotined i25th 
 September 1792, aged 7-2. He wrote some 
 things in iirose and verse, which have appear- 
 ed in 6 vols. 12mo. and 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Ceba, Ansaldo, a Genoese, who acquired 
 reputation as a politician, historian, orator, 
 and poet. His treatise on epic poetry is 
 more valued than his poems. He died 1623, 
 aged 58. He wrote also r^sther and Camilla, 
 two heroic poems, besides Alcippo and Ge- 
 malla Capoane, two tragedies, and an his- 
 tory of Rome, S:c. 
 
 Cebf.s, a Theban philosopher, pupil to 
 Socrates. He wrote the table of human life. 
 
CE 
 
 CE 
 
 Cecco ue Ascolt, ov Francis de Gl) 
 Stiibill of Ascoli, professor of astrology and 
 philosophy at Bologna, from which, on an 
 accusation of magic, he removed to Flo- 
 rence, where he became physician to the 
 duke of Calabria. His knowledge here 
 again exposed him to the suspicion of magic, 
 and he was seized by the inquisition, and 
 condemned to be burnt. This cruel sen- 
 tence was executed i327. His poem called 
 I'acerta was for some time popular. 
 
 Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, was born 
 at Bourn, Lincolnshii-e, 1521, and educated 
 at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he 
 married the !?istcr of sir John Cheek, tutor 
 of Edward VI. From Cambridge he re- 
 moved to Gray's iim, and applied himself 
 with such great assiduity, that he soon be- 
 came distinguished at the bar. Upon the 
 death of his wife, he married a daughter of 
 sir Anthony^ Cooke, a lady of great learning 
 and so far advanced his reputation and his 
 fortunes by his matrimonial connections, 
 that he was made master of requests by the 
 pi'otector Somerset, and, by gradual ad- 
 vancement, knighted, and created secretary 
 6f state, and chancellor of the garter. In 
 jNlary's reign, his abilities were respected, 
 and though he had favored the cause of Jane 
 Gray, yet (lie queen often consulted him, 
 though not in office, and he retained the 
 good opinion of her ministers. Under Eliza- 
 beth, he became again secretary, and be- 
 sides master of the court of wards, and 
 chancellor of Cambridge, and in 1571 was 
 created lord Burleigh. He died August 
 1598, aged 78, leaving a son by each of his 
 wives. Tliough twenty-seven years high 
 treasurer of England, he yet died not opu- 
 lent, and Avhile he managed with honest 
 frugality the revenues of the kingdom, he, 
 •with inflexible integrity, disdained to en- 
 rich himself by base and dishonorable means. 
 Besides Latin poems on the death of lady 
 Nevil, and on sir Thomas Chaloner, he 
 vrote some pamphlets in defence of the 
 queen and of her government, and on other 
 treatises. His state papers were published 
 by Haynes 1740, and a continuation by Mur- 
 din 17G0. 
 
 Cecil, Robert, earl of SaHsbury. Yid. 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Cecrops, an Egyptian, founder of the 
 Athenian monarchy, about 1556 B. C. 
 
 Ceduenus, George, a Grecian monk of 
 the 11th century, author of an abridged his- 
 tory from the creation to the year of Christ 
 1057 ; a work collected from various au- 
 thors, and entitled to little esteem. It was 
 printed at Paris 1647, with the Latin version 
 of Xylander. 
 
 Celesti, Andrea, a Venetian painter, 
 "who died 1706, aged 69. His views about 
 Venice are highly admired. 
 
 Celestin I. poj)c, after Boniface II. 
 condemned the doctrines of Xestorius, and 
 died 432, after filling the chair ten years. 
 
 Celestin II. pope, after Innocent II. 
 died 1143, after being elected only five 
 xponths. 
 
 Celestin III. succeeded Clement III. 
 1191, and died seven years after. He claim- 
 ed the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples as ap- 
 pendages to the holy see, and gave the for- 
 mer to Frederic, son of the emperor Henry 
 VI. on his paying regular tribute to the holy 
 sec. 
 
 Celestin IV. was pope only eighteen 
 days, and died 1241. 
 
 Celestin V. was elected pope 1294, but 
 with difficulty could be prevailed upon to 
 leave his humble cell for a throne. He was 
 founder of the order of the Celestin, sup- 
 pressed in France 1778. Celestine resigned 
 the tiara, by the insinuations of Cajetan, 
 who succeeded him, by the title of Boniface 
 A HI. He was imprisoned by his artful suc- 
 cessor in a castle in Campania, and died there 
 1296. He was canonized in 1313 by Cle- 
 ment V. 
 
 Cellari us, Christopher, a learned man, 
 born at Malcalde iu Franconia. He applied 
 himself to classical learning and the oriental 
 languages at the university of Jena, where 
 he took his degree of D. D. 1666, The 
 following year, he became professor of He- 
 brew and moral philosophy at Weissenfels, 
 and in 1673 he Mas appointed rector of Wei- 
 mar college, and three years after removed 
 to Zeits and in 1678 he accepted the rectory 
 of Mersbourg college, where his fame soon 
 drew around him a respectable number of 
 students. Though extremely partial to 
 Mersbourgh, yet he was prevailed upon 
 by the king of Prussia to become professor 
 of eloquence and history in the newly found- 
 ed college of Halle, in 1693, and here he 
 composed the best part of his works, till un- 
 ceasing application hastened the imbecilities 
 of old age, and carried him off in 1703, aged 
 69. His works were very numerous and 
 valuable, and chiefly on geography, history, 
 grammar, and the oriental languages, besides 
 learned editions of more than tv.enty Latin 
 and Greek authors. The best known of his 
 works are, atlas ccelestis, fol. — notitia orbis 
 antiqua, 2 vols. 4to. — historia antiqua, 12mo. 
 — de Latinitatc, &c. 
 
 Cellier, ilemi, a Benedictine of Bar 
 le due. He wrote a general history of sacred 
 and ecclesiastical authors, 23 vols. 4to. — an 
 apology for the morality of the fathers, against 
 the Barbeyrac, kc. and died 1761, aged 73. 
 
 Cellini, Benevento, an eminent sculp- 
 tor and engraver of Florence. He was ori- 
 ginally apprentice to a jeweller and gold- 
 smith, and besides a great taste for drawing 
 and designing, he was an excellent musician, 
 in consequence of which he became the fa- 
 vourite of pope Clement VII. as his gold- 
 smith and musician, and distinguished him- 
 self by his great ingenuity in making medals 
 and rings. The pope had so high an opinion 
 of his valor, that he intrusted to his care the 
 castle of St. Angelo, when Rome was be- 
 sieged by tiie duke of Bourbon, and Cellini 
 supported the character of an able general, 
 and yielded to his assadantonly after a vigor- 
 ous resistance, and by an honorable capitu- 
 lation. Tlrc temper of Cellini did not, how- 
 
CE 
 
 CE 
 
 ever, nccord with his other {,'rcnt jjUfilitit^s. 
 Fickle an<l capricious, he was »-vcr cinlnoilrd 
 iiKjUarrels; and (lissatistifd with liis connti^', 
 fie traveUtMl through I'adiia, S \vit/.( riainl, 
 Geneva, and Lyons, to I'aiis, tii scrk < ni- 
 ployment and patronage under the auspices 
 of Fiancis I. but soon returned lu Italy. 
 From iioine, wliere he was Inr '.oine time 
 imprisoned, on a charge of having lornu riy 
 robbed the castJe of St. Angelo, lie wi.shed 
 10 revisit Pari.s ; but, upon some unexpected 
 disgrace, he determined to travel on a pil- 
 grimage to Jerusalem, tillllic l;rt-ge promises 
 of the French king altered bis purp(»s(;, an<l 
 engaged him to settle in his capital. Flattex"- 
 <:d and liber;illy jialronised at Paris, Cellini 
 vas otlcnded with madame d'Estampes the 
 king's favorite, and abandoned the kingdom, 
 for the protection of Cosmo de JMcdici, at 
 Florence; where a fresh insult dismissed 
 him, but again, after a short absence, to re- 
 turn. He died at Florence, 1570. His life, 
 with curious anecdotes, was translated irom 
 the Tuscan language into English, in 2 vols. 
 Svo. 1771. 
 
 Celsus, Aurclius Cornel, a physician at 
 Rome, under I'iberiu-s, author of books on 
 medicine, besides tracts on agriculture, rhet- 
 oric, fccc. 
 
 Celsus, an epicurean philosopher, known 
 in the 2d centuiy, tor his treatise against 
 Christianity, which was refuted by Origen. 
 
 Celtes, Conrad, a Latin poet of Swein- 
 iiut, near Wertzburg^died at Vienna 1508, 
 aged 4y, after having obtained thehonor of the 
 poetic laurel. He was patronised by the em- 
 peror Ma-ximilian. His works are elegiac 
 verses, odes, epigrams, besides an account of 
 the city of Nuremburg, published 1513, and a 
 poem 01* the manners of the Germans. His 
 style is not inelegant, nor devoid of wit; 
 though from the age in which he lived, he is 
 not to be expected to be a correct writer. 
 
 Censor IN us, Appius Claudius, a Uoman 
 senator, raised to the imperial purple by his 
 soldiers, who seven days after assassinated 
 him, 270. 
 
 Censouinus, a Roman grammarianj in 
 the 3d century, author of a work de die natali, 
 Centi.ivre, Susannah, a celebrated 
 comic writer, born at Holberch, in Lincoln- 
 shire- Her maiden name was Freeman. 
 To a handsome person she united the i)owers 
 of great genius and a creative fcancy; and 
 ihoufjh some anecdotes are related concern- 
 ing the imprudent gaieties of her youth, as 
 the mistress of Anthony Hammond, with 
 whom she lived at Cambri((ge disguised in 
 men's clothes, yet her mind was elegantly 
 cultivated attd improved. She wrote fitteen 
 jjlays, besides little poems, &cc. which pro- 
 cured hei", with the approbation of the pub- 
 lic, the protection of some high and respect- 
 able patrons. Her plots and incideiits are 
 peculiarly hap])y, and the " busy body," and 
 ** a bold stroke for a wife," have long con- 
 tinued to command the applause of every 
 liberal and discerning audience. She was 
 roarricd three times; first to the nephew of 
 sir Stephen Fo.x, who died soon after ; and 
 secondly to an officer, who fell in a duel tMO 
 
 years auer. Her last husband was cook to 
 queen Anne, and fell ih love with her as she 
 was performing Alexander the Great at 
 ^Vinds()^, 1700. She died in very respecta- 
 ble ciicunislanccs, 1st iJecembei' 1723, and 
 was buried iu the church of St. Martiu-in- 
 t he-fields. 'She had been for many years 
 the corrcsponiieiii of llie wits of the limes; 
 of Steele, Rowe, liudgell, Sewelt, &:c. ami 
 she was honored with a place in f'ope's 
 liuntiad Her Dramatic pieces have ap- 
 peared in 3 vols. 12mrt. 
 
 CExroKio, Ascaiiiiis, a n:itive of Milan, 
 in the Hith century, emiiient as a soldier 
 and philo.sopher. He published some valua- 
 ble military and hibtorical memoirs of the 
 wars of his own time, and those of Transyl- 
 vania, in 2 vols. 4to. 15G'J. 
 
 Ceratinus, James or Teyng, of Horn, 
 in Holland, a name which he rendered into 
 Greek, for his own appellation. He obLnincd 
 the Greek professorship by means of his 
 frien<^ Erasmus, and died at Louvain 1530. 
 He published a translation of Chrysostom on 
 the priesthood, into Latin, and a Graeco-La- 
 tin lexicon, besides a treatise de souo litera- 
 rum Grajcarura. 
 
 Cerceau, John Anthony du, a Jesuit, 
 born at Fjiris, who became known as a Latin 
 poet. His Latin poems were published in 
 1705, and gained him reputation; but his 
 French verses in imitation of Marot, were 
 little above mediocrity. He died at Veret, 
 near Tours, 1730, aged 60. He w rote also 
 some comedies for the pupils of the college 
 of Lewis le grand. 
 
 Cerda, John Lewis de la, a Spani.sh Jc- 
 suit of Toledo, esteemed for his learning 
 and great candor. His eommeutaries oii 
 Virgil are very valuable ; but those on Tcr^ 
 tullian do not possess great merit. He wrote 
 also ad versa sacra, fol. 1G26. He died in 
 1643, aged above 80. 
 
 Cerdon, a heretic, of the 2d oeutury, 
 who asserted that Christ had not a real body, 
 and that there were two principles, one 
 good, ci'eator of heaven, the other bad, crea- 
 tor of tlie earth. He rejected the old testa- 
 ment, and considered only a part of the new 
 as authentic. 
 
 Cereta, Laura, a lady born at Brescia, 
 eminent for her knowledge of philosophy 
 and of the learned languages. She became 
 a widow early iu life, and then devoted her- 
 self entirely to literary labors. Her Latin 
 letters appeared at Padua in 16S0. She died 
 1498,. aged 29. 
 
 C ERIN I, Giovanni Dominicf), an Italian 
 painter of Perugia, disciple of Guido and 
 J)ominchino. He died IGSl, aged 75. ilis 
 historical pieces are esteemed. 
 
 Cehinthus, disciple of Simoa Magus^ 
 about 54 A. D. was a heretic, who attacked 
 the divinity of Christ. It is reported that 
 St. John, (»nce going to the bath, saw (Jerin- 
 ihus, and retired from his neighborhood with 
 the strongest indignation. 
 
 Cerisantes, Mark Duncan de, son oi 
 a Scotch physician, settled at Saumur, was 
 preceptor to the son of the marquis of 
 ^'igeaI^, anil, by hio a-dtlVess and karninrg. 
 
CE 
 
 CE 
 
 Cbcco de Ascoli, ov Francis de Gl) 
 Stsibiii of Ascoli, professor of astrology and 
 philosophy at Bologna, fi-om which, on an 
 accusation of magic, he removed to Flo- 
 rence, where he became physician to the 
 duke of Calabria. His knowledge here 
 agriin exposed him to the suspicion of magic, 
 and he was seized by the inquisition, and 
 condemned to be burnt. This cruel sen- 
 tence was executed 1327. His poem called 
 I'acerta was for some time popular. 
 
 Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, was born 
 at Bourn, Lincolnshire, 1521, and educated 
 at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he 
 married the sister of sir John Cheek, tutor 
 of Edward VI. From Cambridge he re- 
 moved to Gray's inn, and applied himself 
 "with such great assiduity, that he soon be- 
 came distinguished at the bar. Upon the 
 death of his wife, he married a daughter of 
 sir Anthony, Cooke, a lady of great learning 
 and s« far advanced his reputation and his 
 fortunes by his matrimonial connections, 
 that he was made master of requests by the 
 pi*otector Somerset, and, by gradual ad- 
 vancement, knighted, and created secretary 
 of state, and chancellor of the garter. In 
 Mary's reign, his abilities were respected, 
 and though he had favored the cause of Jane 
 Gray, yet the queen often consulted him, 
 though not in office, and he retained the 
 good opinion of her ministers. Under Filiza- 
 beth, he became again secretary, and be- 
 sides master of the court of Arards, and 
 chancellor of Cambridge, and in 1571 was 
 ci'eated lord Burleigli. He died August 
 1598, aged 78, leaving a son by each of his 
 wives. Though twenty-seven years high 
 treasurer of England, he yet died not opu- 
 lent, and Avhile he managed with honest 
 frugality the revenues of the kingdom, he, 
 with inflexible integrity, disdained to en- 
 rich himself by base and dishonorable means. 
 Besides Latin poems on the death of lady 
 Nevil, and on sir Thomas Chalonei", he 
 vrote some pamphlets in defence of the 
 queen and of her government, and on other 
 treatises. His state papers were published 
 by Haynes 1740, and a continuation by Mur- 
 din 17G0. 
 
 Cecil, Robert, earl of Salisbury. Vid. 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Cecrops, an Egyptian, founder of the 
 Athenian monarchy, about 1556 B. C. 
 . Ceduenus, George, a Grecian monk of 
 the 11th century, aiithor of an abridged his- 
 tory from the creation to the year of Christ 
 1057; a work collected from various au- 
 thors, and entitled to little esteem. It was 
 printed at Paris 1647, with the Latin version 
 of Xylander. 
 
 Celesti, Andrea, a Venetian painter, 
 "who died 17(]6, aged 69. His views about 
 Venice are highly admired. 
 
 Celestin I. pope, after Boniface II. 
 condemned the doctrines of Nestorius, and 
 died 432, after filling the chair ten years. 
 
 Celestin II. pope, after Innocent II. 
 died 1143, after being elected only five 
 iponths. 
 
 Celestin HI. succeeded Clement III. 
 1191, and died seven years after. He claim- 
 ed the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples as ap- 
 pendages to the holy see, and gave the for- 
 mer to Frederic, son of the emperor Henry 
 VI. on his paying regular tribute to the holy 
 see. 
 
 Celestin IV. was pope only eighteen 
 days, and died 1241. 
 
 Celestin V. was elected pope 1294, but 
 with difficulty could be prevailed upon to 
 leave his humble cell for a thi'one. He was 
 founder of the order of the Celestin, sup- 
 pressed in France 1778. Celestine resigned 
 the tiara, by the insinuations of Cajetan, 
 who succeeded him, by the title of Boniface 
 VIII. He was imprisoned by his artful suc- 
 cessor in a castle in Campania, and died there 
 1296. He was canonized in 1313 by Cle- 
 ment V. 
 
 Cellarius, Christopher, alearned man, 
 born at Mxlcalde in Franconia. He applied 
 himself to classical learning and the oineutal 
 languages at the university of Jena, Avhere 
 he took his degree of D. U. 1G66, The 
 following year, he became professor of He- 
 brew and moral philosophy at Weissenfels, 
 and in 1673 he was appointed rector of Wei- 
 mar college, and three years after removed 
 to Zeits and in 1678 he accepted the rectory 
 of Mersbourg college, where his fame soon 
 drew around him a respectable number of 
 students. Though extremely partial to 
 Mersbourgh, yet he was prevailed upon 
 by the king of Prussia to become professor 
 of eloquence and history in the newly found- 
 ed college of Halle, in 1693, and here he 
 composed the best part of his works, till un- 
 ceasing application hastened the imbecilities 
 of old age, and carried him off in 1703, aged 
 69. His works wei'e very numerous and 
 valuable, and cliiefly on geography, history, 
 grammar, and the oriental languages, besides 
 learned editions of more than tv.enty Latin 
 and Greek authors. The best known of his 
 works are, atlas ccelestis, fol. — notitia orbis 
 antiqua, 2 vols. 4to. — historia antiqua, 12mo. 
 — de Latinitatc, &cc. 
 
 Cellier, Uemi, a Benedictine of Bar 
 le due. He wrote a general history of sacred 
 and ecclesiastical authors, 23 vols. 4to. — an 
 apology for the morality of the fathers, against 
 the Barbeyrac, 8cc. and died 1761, aged 73. 
 
 Cellini, Benevento, an eminent sculp- 
 tor and engraver of Florence. He was ori- 
 ginally apprentice to a jeweller and gold- 
 smith, and besides a great taste for drawing 
 and designing, he was an excellent musician, 
 in consequence of which he became the fa- 
 vourite of pope Clement VII. as his gold- 
 smith and musician, and distinguished him- 
 self by his great ingenuity in making medals 
 and rings. The pope had so high an opinion 
 of his valor, that he intrusted to his care the 
 castle of St. Angelo, when Home was be- 
 sieged by tiie duke of Bourbon, and Cellini 
 supported the character of an able general, 
 and yielded to his assailant only after a vigor- 
 ous resistance, and by an honorable capitu- 
 lation. Tht; temper of Cellini did not, how- 
 
CE 
 
 CE 
 
 ever, nccorJ with bis othcv ;?rcnt quciUtles. 
 Fickle ami capricious, ho was tvcmnlnoilrd 
 iinjuarrels; and dissafisticd with his coiinlpj', 
 he tniveUtMl through I'adua, Swit'/.ciiaud, 
 Geneva, and Lyons, to I'aris, to scrk em- 
 ployment and patronage under the auspices 
 of Francis 1. but soon returned lo Italy. 
 From Uoine, where he was t'ov some time 
 imprisoned, on a charji^c of Iiaving formerly 
 robbed the castle of St. Augclo, he wi.shed 
 10 revisit Fari.s ; hut, upon some uneiipected 
 Hisgrace, he delerniined lo travel on a pil- 
 grimasjje to Jerusalem, lill ihc lin'ge promises 
 of the French king altered his i)urp<)st;, and 
 engaged him to settle in his ca]iital. Flatter- 
 ed and liberally jialronised at Paris, Cellini 
 vas ollcnded with madame d'Kstampes the 
 king's favorite, and abandoned the kingdom, 
 for the protection of Cosmo dc JNJcdici, at 
 Florence; where a fresh insult dismissed 
 him, but again, after a short absence, to re- 
 turn. He died at Florence, 1570. His life, 
 Avitli curious anecdotes, was translated from 
 the Tuscan language into English, in 2 vols. 
 Svo. 1771. 
 
 Celsus, Aurclius Cornel, a physician at 
 Rome, under Tiberiu-s, author of books on 
 medicine, besides tracts on agriculture, rhet- 
 oric, ^c. 
 
 Celsus, an epicurean philosopher, known 
 in the 2d centuiy, for his treatise against 
 Christianity, which was refuted by Origen. 
 
 Cel,tes, Conrad, a Latin poet of Swein- 
 iiut, near Wertzburgj^died at Vienna 1508, 
 aged 4y, after having obtained thehonor of the 
 poetic laurel. He was patronised by the em- 
 peror Maximilian. His works are elegiac 
 verses, odes, epigrams, besides an account of 
 the city of Nuremburg, pablished 1513, and a 
 poem o» the manners of the Germans. His 
 style is not inelegant, nor devoid of wit; 
 though from the age in which he lived, he is 
 not to be expected to be a correct writer. 
 
 Censouinus, Appius Claudius, a Itoman 
 senator, raised to the imperial purple by his 
 soldiers, who seven days after assassinated 
 him, 270. 
 
 Censorinus, a Roman grammarianj in 
 the 3d century, authorof a work de die natali. 
 Centmvre, Susannah, a celebrated 
 comic writer, born at Holberch, in Lincoln- 
 shire- Her maiden name was Freeman. 
 To a handsome person she united the jtowers 
 of great genius and a creative tancy; and 
 though some anecdotes are related concern- 
 ing the imprudent gaieties of her youth, as 
 the mistress of Anthony Hammond, with 
 whom she lived at Cambridge disguiscnl in 
 men's clothes, yet her mind was elegantly- 
 cultivated and improved. She wi'Ote fiftceTi 
 plays, besides little poems, &cc. which pro- 
 cured her, witii the approb.ition of the pub- 
 lic, the protection of some high and respect- 
 able patrons. Her plots and incidents are 
 peculiarly happy, and the " busy body," and 
 ** a bold stroke for a wife," have long con- 
 tinued to command the applause of every 
 liberal and discerning audience. She was 
 Tiiarried three times; first to the nephew of 
 sir Stephen Fox, who died soon after ; and 
 sEJfondly to an officer, who fell in a duel two 
 
 years after. Her last hnshand was cook lo 
 queen Anne, and fell ih love with her as she 
 was performing Alexander the Great at 
 Windsor, 17(irj. She dii-d in very respecta- 
 ble ciirumslances, 1st Decembei» 1723, and 
 was buried iu the church of St. Martiu-in- 
 flu'-fields. ''SIk; had been for many years 
 the conespouiliMii of the wits of the limes; 
 of Steele, Howe, liudgell, Sewell, &c. and 
 she was honoriMl with a place in Fope's 
 liunciad fler Dramatic pieces have ap- 
 peared in 3 vols. 12mrt. 
 
 Ce.v loHTo, A.scanius, a riative of Milan, 
 in the IGth century, emiiicnt as a soi«Iier 
 and philosopher. iJc published some valua- 
 ble military and historical memoirs of the 
 wars of his own time, and those of Trausyl- 
 vania, in 2 vols. 4to. 15G'J, 
 
 Cekatinus, James or Teyng, of Horn, 
 in Holland, a name which he rendered into 
 Greek, for his own appellation. He obtained 
 the Greek professorship by means of his 
 frieny^ Erasmus, and died at Louvain 1530. 
 He publishe<l a translation of Chrysostom on 
 the priesthood, into Latin, and a Graeco-La- 
 tin lexicon, besides a treatise de souo litera- 
 rum Graecarura. 
 
 Cerceau, John Anthony du, a Jesuit, 
 born at Ftiris, who became known as a Latin 
 poet. His Latin poems were published iu 
 1705, and gained him reputation; but his 
 French verses in imitation of Marot, were 
 little above mediocrity. He died at Vcrct, 
 near Tours, 1730, aged CO. He wrote also 
 some comedies for the pupils of the college 
 of Lewis le grand. 
 
 Cerda, John Lewis dc la, a Spani.sh Je- 
 suit of Toledo, esteemed for his learning 
 and great candor. His commeutaries on 
 Virgil are very valuable ; but those on Ter- 
 tulljan do not possess great merit. He wrote 
 also ad versa sacra, fol. 1G26. He died in 
 1643, aged above 80. 
 
 Cerdon, a heretic, of the 2d oeutury, 
 who asserted that Christ had not a real body, 
 and that there were two principles, one 
 good, creatoi- of heaven, the other bad, crea 
 tor of the earth. He rejected the old testa- 
 ment, and considei'cd only a part of the new 
 as authentic. 
 
 Cereta, Laura, a lady born At Brescia, 
 eminent) for her knowledge of philosophy 
 and of the learned languages. She became 
 a widow early iu life, aTid then devoted her- 
 self entirely to literary labors. Her Latin 
 letters appeared at Padua in 16S0. She died 
 1498,. aged 29. 
 
 Cerini, Giovanni Dominico, an Italian 
 painter of Perugia, disciple of Guido and 
 J)ominehini>. He died 1G81, aged 75. iU$ 
 historical pieces are esteemed. 
 
 CsRiNruus, disciple of Simon Magu.'v^ 
 about 54 A. D. was a heretic, who attacked 
 the divinity of Christ. It is reported that 
 St. John, (mce going to the bath, saw (Jerin- 
 thus, and retired from his neighborhood with 
 the sti'ongest indignation. 
 
 Cerisantes, Mark Duncan dc, son ol 
 a Scotch physician, settled at Saumur, was 
 preceptor to the son of the marquis of 
 Vigeaiv, and", by his adirress and learning. 
 
CE 
 
 CH 
 
 gained the notice of Richelieu, who sent 
 him ambassador to Ccmstantinople, aiui af- 
 terwards to Sweden, from which, tlirough his 
 ill conduct and quarrelsome temper in chal- 
 lenging a p'rcneh nobleman, he was recalled. 
 From Paris he went to Naples, and assisted 
 the dukeof (luise in the support of the Nea- 
 politan insurgents, lie died during tlje 
 siege of Naples 1648. He wrote a Latin ac- 
 count of his journey to Constantinople, and 
 two Latin odes by him are also preserved in 
 the Menagiana. 
 
 CerMexati, John de, an Italian histo- 
 rian, who published in Latin an elegant ac- 
 count of his native city Milan, from 1.307 to 
 1313, printed in Muratori's collection of 
 Italian historians, 172C. 
 
 Cerrato, Paul, a native of Alba in 
 Montserrat, 1485. He wrote a Latin poem 
 iu three books, de virginitate, and other 
 poems preserved iu the deliciui poet. Italo- 
 rum. 
 
 Ceruti, Frederic, a native of Verona, 
 brought up by the friendship of the bishop 
 of Agen to the church. This profession 
 however did not agree with his feelings, he 
 left France and his nation and settled at Ve- 
 rona, where lie married and took pupils. 
 He died 1579, aged 38. He wrote in Latin 
 a dialogue on comedy, — another de recta 
 adolescentulorum institutione, besides po- 
 ems, letters, Sec. — and a paraphrase of Ho- 
 race, Juvenal, and Persius. 
 
 Ceruiti, Joseph Antony Joachim, a 
 native of Turin, educated by the Jesuits, of 
 whose society he became a member, and al- 
 so a professor at Lyons. His abilities as a 
 scholar were very respectable, and when 
 young, he obtained two prizes from the acad- 
 emies of Dijon and Toulouse. When his or- 
 der was abolished he wrote an apology for 
 the Jesuits, but on such terms as ofiended 
 the parliament of Paris, and he was obliged 
 to make a public recantation. He afterwards 
 lived for 15 years under the protection of 
 the duchess des Brancas, and at the revolu- 
 tion, through the interest of Mirabeau, ob- 
 tained a seat in the national assembly. He 
 Avas the editor of the feuille viliageoise, a re- 
 volutionary paper, and the year after his 
 death, which happened in 1792, his pieces 
 and miscellaneous works were published in 
 one vol. 
 Cervantes, Fu/. Saavedra. 
 Cervetto, father to the violincello per- 
 former of that name, came late in life to 
 England, and was engaged to play the bass at 
 Drury-lane. He died l4th June 1783, aged 
 103. When once Ciarrick was ])erforming 
 sir John Brute, and the audience in the most 
 profound silence fixing tiieir eyes on the in- 
 comparable actor, poor Cervetto from tlie 
 orchestra uttered a loud yawn, which by its 
 suddenness and odity excited a violent laugh- 
 ter through the house. Garrick, offended, 
 sent for the musician, who assuaged the rage 
 of the hero, by saying with a shrug, " I beg 
 ten thousand pardons, but T always do so ven 
 I am ver much please." 
 Cesalpinus, Andrew, an Italian phy- 
 
 born at Arezzo, about 
 
 tne 
 
 yea; 
 
 sician 
 1159. 
 
 Cesarixi, Julian, a Roman ecclesiastic, 
 employed by Martin V. as a nuncio, and 
 raised by him to the rank of cardinal I42f), 
 and sent to oppose the Hussites, in Bohemia. 
 Under the succeeding pope, Eugcnius, he 
 was sent to the council of Ba.sil, and after- 
 wards to that ofFerrara, where his .-.bilities 
 were advantageously displayed against the 
 Greek schismatics. He went afterwards to 
 Hungary, and by his persuasion the king 
 liadi.slaus broke his treaty with the Turks, 
 and in consequence of it'fell at the battle ot" 
 Varna 1444, where the cardinal was also 
 slain. Some of his orations and letters have 
 been published. 
 
 Cesarixi, Virginio, a learned Roman, 
 made chamberlain to Urban VIH. His learn- 
 ing was so great and his abilities so respecta- 
 ble, that a medal was struck to his honor, 
 on which he appeared with Pico de Miran- 
 duhi crowned with laurel. His poems, in 
 Italian and in Latin, are much admired for 
 their elegance and vivacity. He died when 
 Urban meditated his elevation to the rank 
 of cardinal 1624, aged 29. 
 
 Cespedes, Paul, a vSpanish painter, 
 known also as a Avriter. His treatise on an- 
 cient and modern painting possessed merit, 
 and his last supper in the cathedral of Cordo- 
 'vahas Ions: been admired. He died 1608, 
 
 aged above 
 
 '0. 
 
 Cexeli, Constance de, wife of Barride St. 
 Aunez, governor of Leucate under Henry 
 IV. is distinguished for her bravery. Her 
 husband being taken prisoner by the Span- 
 iards 1570, she put herself at the head of her 
 bi-ave neighbors, and though the besieging 
 enemy threatened to put to death her hus- 
 band, she heroically refused to give up the 
 garrison. The cowardly Spaniards, irritat- 
 ed with her opposition, put her husband to 
 death and raised the siege ; but when the 
 indignant garrison wished to make reprisals 
 on some Spanish captives, the courageous 
 widow stepped as an advocate for their lives, 
 and they were spared. She Avas honored 
 for her conduct by Henry IV. as well as by 
 the whole nation. 
 
 Chabanes, James de, a Frenchman, 
 who displayed great bravery under Charles 
 VIII. and Lewis XII. After signalizing 
 himself in Italy, and in Spain, he fell at the 
 battle of Pavia, 1525. 
 
 Chara>:on, N. de, member of the acad- 
 em)' of belles letters, died at Pai'is 1792, 
 aged 60. He wrote a translation of Pindar, 
 praised by Voltaire, and of Theocritus — 
 besides a dissertation on Homer — the life 
 of Dante — a treatise on music, two vols. 
 8vo. — eulogies of Rameau, See. — his own 
 life — dramatic pieces, &c. — His brother de 
 iMangris wrote Alexis and Daphne, an ope- 
 ra, and other dramatic pieces, and died 1780. 
 
 Chad or, Francis, a capuchin, who at 
 the revolution became a violent jacobin, and 
 distinguished himself in the convention as a 
 bold innovator, cruel in his sentiments, and 
 sanguinary in his measures. He was guil-i 
 
Cli 
 
 ClI 
 
 lolined on tlie accusation of being an accom- 
 jilice of Dantoti, fith April 1794, a^cd S.'i. 
 
 Chabkias, an Atlicni:in {general, who 
 fought against Agesilaus and took Cyprus 
 for tlie king of Kg} pt. He died about 
 355 B.C. 
 
 C H A B R I T, Peter, an advocate in the par- 
 liament of Paris, who died 17S5. lie wrote a 
 book called " of the Preneh monanliy, and 
 its laws," 2 vols. I'iino. 1785, in which he 
 displays great erudition, but copies closely 
 the style and manner of iMontescjuieu. He 
 vas recommended to the empress of Rubsia 
 by Diderot, but died before her determina- 
 tion was known. 
 
 CuABRV, Mark, a painter and sculptor, 
 who died at Lyons 17'27, aged 67. He was 
 bculptor to Lewis XIV. and his statue of 
 that monarch at Lyons, with other speci- 
 mens of liis art, perislied during the revo- 
 lution. His son of the same name was equal- 
 ly eminent as a sculptor, and his works also 
 perished during the revolution. 
 
 CuAis, Cljarles, was born at Geneva 
 1701, and educated for the church. He 
 possessed such eloquence that he was cho- 
 sen pastor at the Hague 1728, where he ex- 
 erted himself by unceasing diligence and 
 great purity of life in the defence and sup- 
 port of religion. He died there 1786, aged 
 85, leaving behind t!ie character of a be- 
 nevolent man, a zealous preaclier, and an ele- 
 gant scholar. Besides publishing the bible 
 with a valuable commentary in 6 vols. 4to. 
 he wrote some divinity tracts, an apology 
 for inoculation, and assisted in the publica- 
 tion of Hainault's history of France, and 
 the bibliotheque historique. 
 
 CuATSE, Father de la, a French Jesuit, 
 born at Forez near Lyons. He was early 
 patronised by cardinal Mazarine, and re- 
 commended to Lewis XIV. whose confessor 
 and favorite he soon became. After the 
 cardinal's death, he increased and support- 
 ed with great dexterity his influence with 
 the king, and not onlf prevailed upon him to 
 marry Madame de Maintenon, but advised 
 him in the management of his aifairs in 
 church and state. In spite of the intrigues 
 of the court, he maintained his situation of 
 favorite to the last, and was even consulted 
 on his death bed by the king about the choice 
 of his successor. He died January 1709, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Chalcidius, a Platonic philosopher, au- 
 ihor of a commentary on the Timieus of Pla- 
 to ^tc. in the third century. 
 
 Chalcondyles, Demetrius, a native of 
 Athens, disciple to Theodore Gaza. At 
 the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, 
 he escaped into Italy, and at Florence un- 
 der the patronage of the Medicis, and at 
 Milan under Lewis Sforza, he established 
 his reputation by teaching tlie Greek lan- 
 guage. He diecl at Milan 1510, aged above 
 80. Besides a learned edition of Suidas, 
 Florence 1499, he published a Greek gram- 
 mar and other tracts. 
 
 Chalcondyles, Laonicus, a native of 
 Athens, in the 15th century, author of a 
 VOT.. T. 40 
 
 Greek history of the Turks, in 10 books, 
 from 129S to 14C2. It was published with a 
 Latin translation 1650, folio, and it was 
 translated into French by Vigenere, and 
 continued by Meztrai 1662, two vols. fol. 
 
 Ciiai.es, Claudius Francis de, a native 
 of Chandicri, brought up among the Jesuits, 
 and made royal professor of hydrography at 
 Marseilles, and of mathematics at l^yons. 
 He was afterwards professor of tlieology, 
 l"or which he was little calcidaled, and then 
 removed by Emanuel of Savf)y to the ma- 
 thematical chair. He was author of a com- 
 plete course of matbemalics, 4 vols. 8vo. — 
 a treatise on navigation and researches on 
 the center of graxity — «n history of niathe- 
 matics from I'bales to 1680 — and died at 
 Turin 1C78, aged 57. 
 
 Chalier, Marie Joseph, a French re- 
 volutionist, bom in 1747, at Beautard in 
 Dauphine. From an ecclesiastic he became 
 a traveller, and at last settled at Lyons as a 
 n\erchant. At the beginning of the revolu- 
 tion he admired the sanguinary conduct of 
 Marat, and determined to imitate it at Ly- 
 ons, by sacrificing to suspicion eveiy man of 
 probity, virtue, and opulence. At the head 
 of the jacobins he proposed to erect a guillo- 
 tine for the destruction of 900 persons, whom 
 he had marked for slaughter, and he him- 
 self was accused and guillotined 17th July 
 1793. When Lyons was taken by the jaco- 
 bins from the royalists, the body of the bloody 
 incendiary was dug up, and his ashes plac- 
 ed in a silver urn, and carried in triumph to 
 the convention. 
 
 Challe, Charles Michael Angelo, pro- 
 fessor in the Paris academy of painting, was 
 ennobled for his great abilities, and had the 
 patriotism to prefer his irative country to the 
 liberal invitations of the kirig of Prussia and 
 of the empress of Kussa. He w as a success- 
 ful imitator of Guido and Salvator Rosa, an<l 
 translated the works of Piranese, and tra^ - 
 elled into Italy. He died 1778, aged 60. 
 
 Chaloxer, sir Thomas, was born in 
 London 1515, and educated at Cambridge. 
 He was in the suite of sir Henry Knevet as 
 ambassador to Charles V. of Germany, and 
 he was so pleased w ith the character of the 
 emperor that he attended him in the fatal 
 expedition to Algiers 1541, Avhere he wa;* 
 shipwrecked, and with difliculty saved his 
 life by clinging to a cable. On his return to 
 London he was made clerk to the council, 
 and from his valor he was knighted by Som- 
 erset, on the field of the battle of Mussel- 
 burg. Elizabeth w ho knew his abilities em- 
 ployed him as her ambassador in Germany, 
 and afterwards at the court of Spain, where 
 he conducted himself with singular address 
 between the opposite factions of Gomez and 
 of the duke of Alva. He died soon after his 
 return to London, October 7th, 1565, and 
 was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. He wrote 
 some Latin poems besides a translation of 
 Morise encomium by Erasmus — de ropublica 
 Anglorum instauranda, 10 hbr. &C. and he 
 was the frirad a.ij admirer of sir "William 
 Ceci! 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 Chai.o'N'ER, sir Thomas, son of the above 
 was eduoated at Magdalen college, Oxford. 
 Oa his return from his travels, he married 
 the daughter of sir W. Fleetwood recorder 
 of Loudon, and in 1591, was knighted, and 
 afterwards nppointed tutor to Henry prince 
 of Wales till the death of that promising per- 
 son. On his estate at Gisborongh, Yorkshire, 
 he discovered alum mines, the first known 
 in England, which were seized by the crown, 
 but durhig the civil wars restored to his 
 family. He died IG15, and his son was cre- 
 ated a baronet 1G21, but the title became 
 extinct in 1680. 
 
 Chajloner, James, son of sir Thomas 
 was boi'n in London and educated at Bra- 
 zen-nose, Oxford. IJe studied at one of the 
 inns of court, b'lt in the rebellion he warm- 
 ly espoused the cause of the parliament, and 
 was even appointed one of the unfortunate 
 king's judges. He was afterwards made gov- 
 ernor of Peel-castle in the Isle of Man, and 
 at the restoration he poisoned himself when 
 he found that his person was going to be ar- 
 rested. He was author of a treatise on the 
 Isle of ^lan, generally joined to King's vale 
 royal of Cheshire, fol. I60G. HFs brother 
 Thomas was also one of the king's judges, 
 and fled to Middieburgh in Holland at the 
 restoration, where he died 1661. He was 
 author of a treatise in which he pretended 
 to have discovered tlie tomb of iMoses on 
 mount Nebo, 1657, in 8vo. which for a while 
 astonished the rabbies and presbytcrians, 
 says Wood, but was soon proved to be an 
 imposition. 
 
 Chaloner, Edward, fellow of All-souls 
 in 1611, became head of Alban hall, Oxford, 
 and distinguished himself as a good preach- 
 er, an able disputant, and a learned divine. 
 He died of the plague at Oxford, July 25th, 
 1625, aged 35, and was buried at Chiswick. 
 His sermons, 13 in number, were greatly 
 admired. 
 
 ' Chalotais, Lewis Rene Caradeue dela, 
 author of a spirited work on the Jesuits, 2 
 vols. 1762, was attorney in the parliament of 
 Rennes, and Mas afterwards imprisoned for 
 his opposition to the measures pursued by 
 the commandant of the province. He died 
 1715, author of an essay on national educa- 
 tion Svo. His son and successor in his of- 
 fices was guillotined at Paris 1794. 
 
 Chamberlaixe, Robert, a native of 
 Lancashire, educated at Exeter college. He 
 Avrote besides nocturnal lucubrations or med- 
 itations divine and moral, with epigrams 
 and epitaphs 12mo. 1631 — the swaggering 
 damsel, 4to— 'a comedy 1640 — Sicelides a 
 pastoral, and died about the middle of the 
 t7th century. 
 
 Chamberlayne, Edward, born at Od- 
 ington, Glocestershire, was educated at Glo- 
 cester school, and Edmund-hall, Oxford. 
 During the civil wars he made the tour of 
 Europe, and after the restoration he accom- 
 j;)anied lord Carlisle as secretary to Stock- 
 holm, and afterwards became the tutor of 
 Henry duke of Grafton, Charles' natural 
 sun, an^ some time ^ftcr of George prince 
 
 of Denmark. Though he took his degrees 
 in arts at Oxford, he was complimented at 
 Cambridge with the degree of L.L.D. He 
 died at Chelsea 1703, aged 87, and at his 
 death ordered some of his books to be cov- 
 ered with wax and deposited in his grave 
 that they might be useful to future ages. 
 Of the six books which his monumental in- 
 scription by Dr. Harris has mentioned, the 
 best known is Anglixe Notitia, or the pre- 
 sent state of England, which has passed 
 through 34 editions. 
 
 Chamberlayne, John, son of the pi'e- 
 ceding, was educated at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, and continued his father's present state 
 of England. He wrote besides various 
 other books, but though reported to be well 
 skilled in 16 languages, and a man of great 
 excellence of character, he never rose high- 
 er than to the office of gentleman usher to 
 prince George of Denmark. He died 1724, 
 highly respected as a good christian in pro- 
 fession and in practice. He also translated 
 Nieuwentyt's religious philosopher, &c. 
 
 Chambers, Ephraim, author of a valua- 
 ble dictionary, was born at Milton in West- 
 moreland. His parents were presbyterian 
 dissenters, and his education was intended, 
 to prepare him for trade, and accordingly he 
 was placed as an apprentice with Mr. Senex 
 the globe maker. In the house of this ingen- 
 ious mechanic Chambers applied Jiimsclf to 
 literary pursuits, and formed the whole plan 
 of his dictionary, which after many years' 
 labor made its appearance in 1728, in 2 vols, 
 folio. Long before that time he had retired 
 to chambers in Gray's inn. The work was 
 published for four guineas, with a most res- 
 pectable list of subscribers, and so flattering 
 was the reception, that the author was hon- 
 orably elected F. R. S. In ten years anoth- 
 er edition was called for by the public, and in 
 the next year 1731), the third edition ap- 
 peared, the fourth in 1741, and the fifth 
 five years after. So rapid a sale of so volum- 
 inous a work, is a very striking proof of its 
 utility, and the abilities displayed in the ex- 
 ecution. Besides the Cyclopedia, Cham- 
 bers wrote some of the pieces in the literary 
 magazine, and he was engaged with Mr. J, 
 Martin, to abridge and ti'anslate the philo- 
 sophical memoirs of the French academy of 
 sciences, a work which appeared in 5 vols. 
 Svo. 1742. When in declining health, in 
 consequence of close application, Chamber.=> 
 passed to the south of France, and died on 
 his return to Canonbury-house, Islington, 
 15th May 1740. He was buried in West- 
 minster-abbey, where an inscription, writ- 
 ten by himself, marks his grave on the 
 north side of the cloistei's. The Cyclopse- 
 dia after the author's death, was enriched 
 with two supplementary folio volumes by 
 Mr. Scott and Dr. Hill, and afterwards the 
 whole was digested into an alphabetical 
 form, with new improvements by Dr. Rces, 
 in four vols. fol. 
 
 Chambers, sir William, F.R.A.S.S. an 
 eminent architect, who became surveyor 
 general of the board of worksj treasurer of 
 
CH 
 
 ClI 
 
 tpJie royal academy, and knight of the pohr 
 star in SwedcT). He was ol' Scotch extrac- 
 tion, and was born at Stockhohu wlierc his 
 father was resident tor some years. He 
 went at the aj<e of IS to tlie I''..ist Indies, in 
 the service of Sweden, and hronj^ht Imck to 
 Enropc that taste for (Miinese and Asiatic 
 architecture, whicli under tlu; kinf^'s pat- 
 ronaj(e became so popuhir in linj;hind. He 
 settled in this country, and as an architect 
 liianned the ma.^nificient buildings of Som- 
 erset-house, whicli display his genius and 
 taste to threat advantaj^e. His stair-cases, 
 and his designs i'uv the interior ornaments of 
 buildings, are said to be particularly admir- 
 ed. He wrote a treatise on civil architec- 
 ture much applauded, and dieil in London, 
 5th March 1 79fi. 
 
 Chambers, sir Robert, a learned judge, 
 born at Ncw-castle-upon-Tyn(.' 1737. From 
 tlie school of Mr. Moyscs in his native town, 
 wliere he had the two Scots for school-fel- 
 lows, he removed in IZ.'i'lto Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards became fellow of 
 University college. In 17G0 he succeeded sir 
 "William Blackstone as Vincrian professor, 
 and as head of New-inn hall, and in 1773 he 
 •was appointed second judge in the Bengal 
 supreme court of judicature. He was knight- 
 ed by the king in 1778, and in 1791 lie be- 
 came chief justice on the resignation of sir 
 Elijah Impey, and in 1797 was elected presi- 
 dent of the Asiatic society. He returned 
 two years after to England, but the climate 
 proved too rigorous for his delicate constitu- 
 tion, and in tlie latter end of 1802, lie pas- 
 sed on the continent for the benefit of his 
 health, and died at Paris 9th May 1803. His 
 remains were conveyed to England, and de- 
 jiosited in the Temple church. IJefoi-c his 
 departure for India in 1773 he married the 
 dauglrter of Mr. Wilton the statuary. As 
 a judge, a scholar, and a man, sir Rob- 
 ert w as highly lespectcd. That integrity 
 whicli should mark the public character was 
 particularly eminent in Jiim, and the benev- 
 olence of his heart ennobled all his other vir- 
 tues. He was a zealous friend to the reli- 
 gious establisliment of his country, and blend- 
 ed a fleep sense of religion, and of a retribu- 
 tion to come in all the actions of liis life. He 
 wrote little though he possessed powers 
 whieh might have instructed and improved 
 mankind in the walks of litei'aturc. The 
 Latin epitaph which adorns the monument 
 of sir \V'^illiam Jones at All-souls, O.Kford, 
 reflects high honor on his feelings, as the 
 long tried friend of the deceased, and on his 
 taste as a classical scholar. The collection 
 of oriental books and MSS. which he made 
 was very valuable, and was disposed of after 
 his death. 
 
 Chamier, Daniel, a protcstant of cmi- 
 nencc, hqrn at Montelimar in Dauphine. 
 He was professor of divinity at Montaiiban, 
 where he was killed at the siege of the place 
 by a cannon-ball iC'il. He was a waiMii ad- 
 vocate for the protestants, and according to 
 Varillas, it was he that drew up the famous 
 ■edict of Nantes. As a ^^-riter his defiance of 
 
 the reformed church against th'» attacks of 
 Bellariuine in four vols, folio, is much es- 
 teemed, besides his epistola: Jesuiticic— his 
 treatise de o'cumeniro jtontific, S*lC. 
 
 (.'h AM I i.L.\ KD, Stephen, a Jesuit, horn 
 at Bourgcs, eminent as a scholar and anti- 
 quary. He «Iied at Paris if 30, aged 70. 
 He published an edition f»f Pru<icntin3 for 
 (he use of the I)au[ilMn — besides disserta- 
 tions on med;ds, gems, fccc. 4to. l7ll. His 
 conjectures in medals c.'initd him often be- 
 yond jtrobability, hnd exposed him to cen- 
 sure and to ridicule. 
 
 CiiAMi I. LA iir, Michael dc, a native of 
 Caen. His father was master of recjucsts, 
 and lie hiinscli' became counsellor in the 
 parliament of Paris, antl ^^ as accidenily in- 
 troduced to Lewis XIV. as an excellent bil- 
 liard player. The monarch, who was par- 
 tial to this game, made Chamillait his favor- 
 ite, and appointed him comptroller general 
 of the linances, and minister at war. Though 
 an excellent character, the new ruinister 
 was unfit for these difficult employments, 
 and had the good sense to resign them 1709. 
 He died 17'2l, aged 70, and universally es- 
 teemed for his facetiousncss goodness of 
 heart and genei-osity. 
 
 Ch/ MOUSSE r, Charles Horabert Pier- 
 ron de, was born in Paris, and succeeded 
 his father as judge in the parliament of the 
 city. C^niversal benevolence was the prom- 
 inent feature of his character. That he 
 might be serviceable to the poor, he studied 
 medicine, and liberally gave his advice with- 
 out the expectation of rcM-ard. He wrote 
 a plan of reform for the great hospital of 
 Paris, called Hotel-tlieu, and in the pursuit - 
 of his humane schemes, he was recommend- 
 ed to Choiseul, who procured him the r.]i- 
 pointmcnt of intendaut-gcneral of tlie miii- 
 tary hospitals of France, with the approba- 
 tion and good w ishes of the king. He sug- 
 gested the establishment of a penny-post of- 
 fice at Paris, besides plans for the abolition 
 of beggars, the bringing of good w ater to Pa- 
 ris, the association for a subscription among 
 the poor, by which they might be sujiport- 
 ed during illness, &c. This woithy and 
 amialilc man died 1773, at the early age 
 of 50. 
 
 Champagxe, T'liilip de, a celebrated 
 painter, born at Brussels 1C02. He was the 
 friend of Poussin and du Chcsnc, and sue- 
 ceedcd the latter as a painter to ISIary of 
 Medicis fjueen of France, w ith a hr.nd.^ome 
 salary, and apartments in the palace of Lux- 
 emburg. His works were numerous, and 
 decorated the churches and palaces of Pa- 
 ris; but perh:jps his best ]»iece is the cicling 
 of the king's apartment at \"incennes. Chain- 
 paigne v.as a man -of great integrity, v ith- 
 out ambition and jealousy, and ho refused 
 to quit the service of his ro} al mistress for 
 a more lucrative appointment under Riche- 
 lieu. He died 107 i. 
 
 Champagne, John Ihijitistc de, nvphew 
 to the preceding, under whom ho .studied, 
 and by whom he was patronised. He was 
 Ixirii at Brussels, and died it Paria l&^S^ 
 
Cii 
 
 CH 
 
 aged 4"2, where he was professor of the acad- 
 enjy of psiinting, 
 
 Champeadx, ^^ illiam de, or Campel- 
 lensis, a native of Cliampeanx in the pro- 
 Yince of Brie, professor of pliilosophy at 
 Paris, vhtre he had Ahelard among Iiis 
 pupils, and afterwai'ds as his rival. He was 
 in 1113 made hishop of Chalons, and died 
 eight years after. He wrote a treatise on 
 the origiji of the souL 
 
 Champfort, N. a native of Paris, at fiist 
 clerk to an attorney, and afterwards tutor 
 in the family of Vaneck a rich citizen of 
 Liege. He devoted himself to literature, 
 and published tfie journal eneyelopedique, 
 and the elogies of Moliere and la Fontaine, 
 which were rewarded with the prize at the 
 Prer.ch academy, and at Marseilles. Thus 
 raised to notice under the patronage of the 
 duke de Choiseul, and Mad. Helvetius, he 
 applied himself to the completion of the 
 French vocabulary, and the dictionary of the 
 theatres, and this' last work induced him to 
 turn his thoughts to dramatic composition, 
 in which he happily succeeded. His Mus- 
 tapha and Zeangir, a tragedy, and his young 
 Indian, and his merchant of Smyrna, two 
 comedies, obtained deserved applause, and 
 his fables, epistles, stories, and lighter pieces 
 of poetry were all equally admired. His 
 labors were praised by Voltaire, and procur- 
 ed him the friendship of Mirabeau, whom 
 he assisted in his treatise on the order of 
 Clncinnatus. He was hke other literary 
 men, the friend of the revolution; biitAvheu 
 he saw himself imprisoned by Robespierre, 
 and with difficulty liberated, and again threat- 
 ened, he in a fit of melancholy destroyed 
 himself, April 1794.. His works were pub- 
 lished together, in 4 vols. 8to. Paris 1795. 
 
 Cham PIER, Symphorien, Camperius, or 
 Campegnis, a native of Lyons, educated at 
 Pavia. He was physician to Anthony duke 
 of Lorraine, and was knighted for his milita- 
 ry courage in the v/ars of Italy. He wrote 
 various works on his profession, and was the 
 founder of the college of physicians at Ly- 
 ons. He died about 1540. His son Claude 
 at the age of 18 wrote a curious book on the 
 singularities of the Gauls. His cousin John 
 was also a physician at Lyons, and published 
 some medical tracts. 
 
 Champion, Joseph, a native of Chat- 
 ham, irOO, eminent as a penman. He kept 
 a boarding school in St. Paul's church-yard, 
 and afterwards in Bedford-street, where his 
 pupils where numerous and respectable. His 
 ■works are practical arithmetic, 1733 — tu- 
 tor's assistant with 40 plates — comparative 
 penmanship, 24 folio plates, a curious per- 
 formance — besides alphabets in various lan- 
 guages and characters, copy books, kc. 
 The exact time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Cham PLAIN, Samuel de, a native of 
 Saintonge, sent by Henry IV. on a voyage of 
 discovery to America. He established a 
 colony in Canada, and built the town of Que- 
 hec, of which he was the first governor. 
 One of the American lakes bears his name. 
 He died about 1635. He Avrote voyages de 
 la Nouvclle, France, or Canada, 4to. 163'?. 
 
 Champmesle, Mary Desmares de, a 
 French actress, born at Rouen. From the 
 obsRiuiiy of a strolling comi)any, she rose 
 to be a popular actress at Paris, and gained 
 the friendship of Racine, who instructed her 
 in the character of some of his tragedies. 
 She died greatly respected 1098, aged 54., 
 Her htisba\id was also an actor, and wrote 
 some dnmiatic pieces, whith were publish- 
 ed in two vols. I'imo. 1742. He died 1701 . 
 
 CHAXcni-i.OR, Ri'diiird, an English na- 
 vigator, lie was engaged in sir Hugh Wil- 
 loughhy's voyage to discover a north-west 
 I>assagetoC ina in 1553, under the direc- 
 tion of Sebastian Cabot; but whilst his compan- 
 ions, with sir Hugh, unfortunately perished on 
 the coast of La])l;ind, where they had stopped 
 to winter, he had the good fortune to reach 
 the Russian shores, wlicre by means of the 
 letters of introduction in various languages 
 which he had witii him, the grand duke 
 John Basilovitz received him with kindness, 
 and permitted liim a free trade with the in- 
 habitants of the country. On his return to 
 England, Chancellor found his patron Ed- 
 ward dead; but Mary the next successor 
 was sensible of the advantages of commerce, 
 and a company w^as establi&lied with the 
 most liberal patronage, and the lucky ad- 
 venturer again permitted to revisit Russia. 
 He was again successful, but on his return, 
 accompanied by a Russian ambassador, he 
 unfortunately was wrecked on the coast of 
 NorAvay, and while he endeavored to pro- 
 vide for the safety of the illustrious foreign- 
 ers with him, he had the misfortune to fall 
 a victim to the severity of the climate. The 
 Russians safely reached London, 1557, and 
 brought the sad tidings of their companion's 
 fate. 
 
 Chandler, iSIary, an English poetess, 
 born at Malmsbury 1087. She was brought 
 up to the business of a millinei*, which she 
 carried on at Bath, but her mind was natur- 
 ally stored Avith the treasures of poetry, and 
 she derived pleasure and assistance from the 
 perusal of the best poets of the nation. She 
 preferred Horace to Virgil or Homer, as be- 
 ing more natural and less overloaded with 
 fables. Her poem on the Bath, was particu- 
 larly applauded by Pope. She was deformed, 
 but her countenance was pleasing. She nev- 
 er Avas married, though she had suitors. She 
 died 11th Sept. 1745, aged 57. 
 
 Chandler, Samuel, a dissenting minis- 
 ter, born at Hungerford, Berks, 1693. As 
 he discovered great partiality for learning, 
 he was educated at Bridgewater, and after- 
 M'ards at Clocester and Tewksbury, with an 
 intention of entering upon the ministry. In 
 this last residence under the great care of 
 Mr. Jones, he made himself perfectly ac- 
 quainted with the classics, and with oriental 
 literature, and had the singular felicit)' of ha- 
 ving as his fellow pupils, Butler afterwards 
 bishop of Durham, and Seeker the primate. 
 In I71G he was chosen minister of a dissent- 
 ing congregation at Peckham, and soon ac- 
 ([uired popularity by his pHlpit eloquence; 
 but unfortiinatelv his circiimstances were re- 
 
Cil 
 
 CH 
 
 <]uce«I to til'" lo\vo«;t cbl) Ity tho south sen 
 scheme, wliicli swalluwifl up the wliolcof his 
 wife's property, and obliged him to maintain 
 Jiimseh lor t.vo or tlirei' ye:»i's :is :i Iiookseller 
 in the Poultry. In 17'^;") he piiljlishcd liis \\n- 
 dication of" the Christian rehf^ion, which in a 
 series ol discourses he ha<l dchvered ni tlie 
 pulpit at the 01<l Jewry. Tliis woik. was ap- 
 ])lau(1ed by Seeker, and not a little increased 
 tlje reputation of llie autlior. Some time af- 
 ter, when on a visit in Scothmd, he was 
 complimented with the dei^ree of 1). 13. hy 
 the universities of Edinbur.u;h and <ilaH_e;o\v, 
 and afterwards he was elected F It. and A. 
 S. S. The death of tieorge 11. brought liim 
 again before the public, in a sermon, in which 
 lie compared that kini; to Davit), a compaii- 
 son ■which procured a severe attack upon 
 Jiim in a paiiiphlet called the liistory of the 
 iiian of (iod's own heart. Dr. (Chandler, in 
 <lefence of liis discourse, wrote an elaborate 
 Avork, which was swelled to Iwo volumes 8vo. 
 eontaining a critical account of David's life, 
 and a refutation of his opponent's sentiments. 
 He died May 8th, 17G0, aged 73, and was 
 buried in Bunhill-fields burying-ground. — 
 Chandler was a man of great learning, elo- 
 quent as a preacher, and universally respect- 
 ed, not oidy by people of his own persuasion, 
 but by many of the established church. He 
 ■was very instruinental in establishing a fund 
 for the widows of dissenting ministers. He 
 wrote besides commentaries on Joel, — his- 
 tory of the persecution and vindication of 
 the old testament, — kc. His sermons were 
 printed in 4 vols. Svo. 
 
 Chandler, Edward, an English prelate, 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. 
 In 169;> he was chaplain to Lloyd bishop of 
 Lichfield and Coventry, whom he succeeded 
 in his see 1717, and 13 years after he was 
 translated to Durham, where he died 1750, 
 aged about 80. He published a chronologi- 
 cal dissertation jirefixed to Arnold's com- 
 mentary on Ecclesiasticus — a biographical 
 preface to Cud worth's treatise on morality 
 — single sermons, ^c. — but his best work is 
 his defence of Christianity from the prophe- 
 cies of the old testament, with a refutation 
 of objections, hi.c. which passed rapidly 
 through three editions. 
 
 CiiANTEREAu LE Fevke, Lewis, a na- 
 tive of Paris, author of an history of the 
 duchies of Bar and Lorraine, of which he 
 was the intendant. He died 1658, aged 70. 
 
 CliANUT, Peter, a Frencliman, sent as 
 ambassador to Christina queen of Sweden, 
 and afterwards to Holland. He died lGG-2, 
 and his memoirs were published after his 
 death. 
 
 Chapelain, John, a French poet, who 
 wa.s born at Paris, and died there 'i-id Feb. 
 1G74, aged 79. As the successor of .Malherbe 
 in epic poetry, he was respected by hii; coun- 
 trymen ; but his Pucelle, a heroic poem, dis- 
 appointed the Avarmest expectations of his 
 friends, who in vain souglit for the display of 
 tho3e abilities which they had ranked with 
 Virgil himself. He was very rich, but lived 
 «s a tnost sordid miser, and neither the re- 
 
 finements of learning, nor tlie frieiuNhip and 
 ll.itlei-y of Balzac, Menage, and itichelieu, 
 could banish that avarice wliich so much dis- 
 graced the man. 
 
 Cii.M'Ei.KE, Claude Emanuel Lullier, a 
 French poet. He studied philo.sopliy under 
 (iasscndus, but he seemed born for the mu- 
 ses. He was intimate with Mfiliere, and some 
 have not scrupled to attribute the finest parl.s 
 of his comedies to the refined taste of his 
 friend. Flattered as a mau of genius, and 
 adnjired not only by the wits of the age, but 
 the king, Chapclle was voluptuous and ex- 
 tra\agant, and more given to intoxication 
 than became his character or fortune. He 
 died 1G8G, aged G.j. He wrote besides po- 
 ems that ingenious work called A'ovage de 
 Bachaumont. His works were reprinted 
 with a<lditions at Amsterdam 1708. 
 
 Ch A PELL E, John de la, a native ofBour- 
 ges, member of the Fi-ench academy, and 
 secretary to the prince of Conti. Besides 
 the life of his i)atron, he wrote plays and 
 other pieces, and died 1723, aged G8. 
 
 Chapellieu, Isaac Rene (iuy de, a na- 
 tive of Rennes, who distinguislied himself in 
 the constituent assembly as a zealous advo- 
 cate for the liberty and the privileges of the 
 people. He became too late sensible of his 
 precipitate measures in pulling down all the 
 bulwarks of the monarchy, and when he at- 
 tempted to repair by moderation the injuries 
 which his measures had causetf, he was ac- 
 cused, and guillotined 2'2d April 1792, aged 
 39. 
 
 Chapman, George, an English poet, who 
 after receiving an u«iversity education set' 
 tied in London, where the great luminaries 
 of the times, Shakspearc, Jonson, Sidney, 
 Spenser, and Daniel, became his familiar 
 friends. He exjjccted preferment from the 
 jiatronage of the Walsingliams, and of Som- 
 erset and prince Henry ; but all his hopes 
 ended in (lisappolntment. Besides 17 dra- 
 matic pieces, one of wliich was the famous 
 mask called the Temple, he translated Ho- 
 mers Iliad and Odyssey, and attempted Hc- 
 siod and Musaius. Pope, who has borrowed 
 much from hini without acknowledgment, 
 calls him an enthusiast in poetry, but the 
 remark is invidious, as Chapman possessed 
 respectable poetical powers, and was a man 
 of some genius. He died lG3i, aged 77, 
 and was buried at St. Giles's in the fields, 
 where a monument was erected over him 
 by his beloved friend Inigo Jones. 
 
 Chapman, John, D. D. a learne<I divine, 
 educated at Eton, and at King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, foi- tlie provostsliip of which he was 
 an unsuccessful catididate. He obtained the li- 
 vings of Mersliam and Adlinglon, Kent, from 
 archbishop Potter, to whom he was chaplain, 
 and at the death of this prelate, as his execu- 
 tor he presented himself, as one of the pri- 
 mate's ojitions, to the precentorship of Lin- 
 coln, an :ip[)ointment which was confirmed 
 by chancellor Heidey, but set o'-ide by the 
 house of lords. He died 1 Uh Ocl'-ber 1784, 
 in his SOlh year. In compliment to his abili- 
 ti 's the university of Oxford presented hiria 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 the degree of D. D. His writings were re- 
 marks on Dr. Middleton's letter to Water- 
 land — Eusebius two vols. 8vo. in which he de- 
 fended Christianity against Morgan and Tin- 
 dal — History of ancient Hebrews vindicated 
 — two tracts relating to Phlegon in answer to 
 Dr. Skyes — besides sermons and other things, 
 and a joint edition of Cicero de officiis with 
 bishop Pearce. 
 
 Chapoxe, Mrs. Sarah, an English wri- 
 ter, boiTi of respectable parents in North- 
 amptonshire, of the name of Mulso. Her 
 marriage pi'ored unhappy, but the comforts 
 ■which she was denied in domestic life, she 
 acquired in the cultivation of literature. One 
 of her first pi'oductions was Fidelia, a simple 
 interesting story in the Adventurer, and af- 
 "wards she rose to deserved celebrity by a 
 poem perfixed to Mrs. Carter's Epictetus, 
 and by her valuable letters on the imprison- 
 ment of the mind, addressed to a young lady 
 1775. She wrote also miscellanies in prose 
 and verse, essays, &c. and died at Hadley in 
 ]Middlese.x, December 25th, 1801, aged 75. 
 She was noticed by the learned and great, 
 and among her friends once reckoned Rich- 
 ardson, Johnson, kc. 
 
 Chappe d'Auterociie, John. Vid. 
 
 Al'TEROCHE. 
 
 Chap PEL, William, a learned divine, 
 born of poor parents at Lexington Notts. 
 10th December 1572, and educated at Mans- 
 field grammar school, and Christ church col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of whiclrhe became fellow 
 1607. When James visited the university in 
 1624, Chappel disputed before him, and 
 ■when he had defeated his opponent Dr. Ro- 
 berts, the monarch, who attempted to sup- 
 ply his place, was equally discomfited. In 
 1633, he was made dean of Cashel, by the 
 influence of his friend Laud, who iflsisted 
 soon after on his becoming provost of Trini- 
 ty college, Dublin, an arduous office which 
 he in vain declined. In 1638 he was elevated 
 to the bishoprics of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 
 and two years after he resigned the pro- 
 vostship of the college. His situation, liow- 
 ever, Avas now exposed to the malice and 
 persecution of those troublous times ; he was 
 impeached in the commons, on pretence of 
 perjury and treason, and for favoring the 
 catholic cause, though when at Cambridge, 
 he was accused of puritanism. He escaped 
 from the impending storm by obtainijig leave 
 to cross to Wales, but here he was seized as 
 a fugitive culprit and imprisoned for seven 
 weeks by the mayor of Pembroke. Liberat- 
 ed with difficulty by the friendship of sir 
 Hugh Owen, he went to Bristol, and thence 
 to Derby, where he ended his days in inno- 
 cent but studious retirement. He died Whit- 
 sunday 1649. He was the author of Metho- 
 dus concionandi, whicli was translated into 
 English and became very popular, besides 
 memoirs of his own life. The whole duty of 
 man has also been attributed to him. 
 
 CHAPU2.EAU, Samuel, a native of Gene- 
 va, preceptor to ^Villiam IH. of England. 
 He (lied at Zcli, 1701, governor of the pages 
 to George duke of IJrunswick-Lunenburg 
 
 He wrote a description of Lyons, an account 
 of Savoy, besides the political state of Eu- 
 rope, and an edition of Tavernier's travels. 
 
 Char AS, Moses, a native of Usez, who 
 practised in the medical line at Paris. He 
 acquired celebrity by his treatise on ti'cacle, 
 and by his pharmacopoeia, in '2 vols. 4to- 
 which had been pai'tly delivered in a course 
 of lectures, and which was translated not 
 only into the langoages of Euroi>e, but into 
 the Chmese. At the i-evocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, Charas left France, and came to Eng- 
 land, and afterwards visited Spain, to ad- 
 minister to the infirmities of Charles U. 
 Here his religion was made the object of 
 persecution, and in the hands of the inquisi- 
 tion, Charas soon changed his creed at the 
 age of 72, and now become a zealous catho- 
 lic, he returned to Paris, where he died 1698, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Chardin, sir John, son of aje-sveller, ■was 
 born at Paris, but came to England upon the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes. Charles 
 H. knighted him. He travelled into Persia 
 and the East Indies, not only as a iiierchant 
 in jewels, but as an inquisitive observer of the 
 customs and manners of mankind. His voya- 
 ges, which have been translated into English, 
 German, and PMeraish, are iiiuch esteemed. 
 He died at London 171^, aged 70. 
 
 Charenton, Joseph Nicholas, a French 
 Jesuit, missionary in China, who after fifteen 
 years' residence returned to Europe, and 
 died at Paris 1735, aged 86. He translated 
 Mariana's history of Spain into French, with 
 valuable notes. 
 
 Chares, a Gi'ecian statuary, famous for 
 the raising of the celebrated Colossus of 
 Rhodes, which was destroyed by the Sara- 
 cens. 
 
 Charette de la Cointrie, Francis 
 Athanasius de, a French royalist, celebrated 
 for the vigorous ar.d flible resistance which he 
 made in la Vendee against the republican 
 forces. He was originally a lieutenant in the 
 French navy, and took up arms at the head 
 of the Bretons, who like himself resented the 
 cruelties practised daily against loyalty, vir- 
 tue, and innocence. He was so successful in 
 the struggle, that the republicans agreed on 
 a cessation of ai'ms with him, and he might 
 have been persuaded to remain a peaceful 
 citizen, had not his blood-thirsty enemies 
 violated the treaty. In a second engagement 
 Charette was overpowered by numbers, and 
 after being dangerously wounded in the head 
 and losing three of the fingers of his left hand 
 with the cut ef a sabi'e, he escaped from the 
 field of battle, but soon to perish. He was 
 seized in a wood, where he had concealed 
 himself, and was dragged to Nantes, where he 
 Avas shot 9th March 1796. When desired to 
 kneel at the fatal moment he refused, but 
 baring his breast, gave with a most firm 
 voice the word of command to the soldiers to 
 fire. 
 
 Chariton, a native of Cyprus, in the 
 fourth century, author of the loves of Chaj- 
 ras and Callirhoe, a pleasing romance, edit- 
 ed by Reiske 1750, 2 vols. 
 
CH 
 
 CJl 
 
 Charke, Charlotte-, youngest daughter 
 of Collcy CJibbcr, was educated in :i maimer 
 more fitting the cliaracter of a Ijov than :i 
 o-irl. She early married Kichard tjharke, a 
 violin ;)erformer, whose debaucheries socjn 
 produced a separation, and threw a liiought- 
 less imprudent wife into the vortex of ihssi- 
 pation and poverty. 'I'he stag** for a while 
 supptjried Mrs. Ctiarke, and Irom the luim- 
 hle part of Mademoiselle in tiie Provoked 
 AVife, she rose to the capital characters of 
 Alicia in Jane Sluue, and Andromache in 
 the Distressed Mother. Unfortunately how- 
 ever her temper proved the source of many 
 calamities, she quarrelled with Fleetwood tin; 
 manager, and though forgiven and reooncil- 
 ed, she again transgressed, and at last luui 
 recourse tor subsistence to tiie scanty pit- 
 tance of a heroine in a strolling company. 
 In 1755 she published a narrative of her own 
 life, but perhaps w ith no great success sufh- 
 cie-nt to administer to her indigence. She 
 died four years after in great distress. 
 
 C H A R I- k M A c N E, or C H A R L E s the great, 
 and hrst, king of Fi-aucc, and first emperor 
 of the West, was son of Pepin and Bertrade, 
 lie succeeded, on the death of his lather, to 
 some GermaH provinces, and after the de- 
 cease of his brother Carloman, 741, he was 
 aeknov\ledged king of France. The milita- 
 ry abilities which he possessed vvei-e soon 
 displayed in his war against the Saxons, 
 -^vhom he defeated ; and after he had ren- 
 dered himself by repeated victories master 
 of Germany and of Italy, and dreaded in 
 Spain by his conquests near Barcelona, he 
 •went to Rome, and in the year 800 renewed 
 in his person the empire of the Caesars, and 
 Avas crowned by Leo 111. emperor of the 
 AVest. This new and extensive power wns 
 acknowledged by neighboring princes, and 
 Charles displayed his pride and magnifi- 
 cence in his pompous reception of the am- 
 bassadors of Nicepliorus emperor of the 
 East. Great in war, he became equally il- 
 lustrious in peace, he protected and en- 
 couraged the arts, and made his palace the 
 nsylura of learned men. Bc-sides monaste- 
 ries he erected academies and schools at Pa- 
 ris and in various parts of his dominions, and 
 directed the powers of his genius to the es- 
 tablishment of salutary laws, and to the pro- 
 motion of commerce and industry among his 
 subjects. This illustrious prince died 814, 
 aged 71, after reigning 4-7 years over 
 "France, and 14 over the Empire, and lie 
 Avas buried in the cathedral of Aix-la Clia- 
 pellc. He appointed his only surviving son 
 Lewis emperor and king, and bestowed the 
 crown of Italy on Bernard, the illegitimate 
 ion of his son Pepin. 
 
 Charles 11. surnamed the bald, son of 
 Lewis the Debonnaire, succeeded to the 
 Fi-ench crown 840. He Avas elected empe- 
 ror by the pope and the Roman people in 
 875, and he distinguished his reign by the 
 victory which he obtained over his brother 
 Lcthaire, at Fontenay in Burgundy. Pru- 
 dence howevc»r did not mark his conduct, 
 and hr foiuid at last his enemies too power- 
 
 ful, and whilst he fled into Italy lie ^as poi- 
 Sf)ned at Briord, Cth October, 877, by one 
 of his servants. The feudal government 
 may be sai<l to have begun under his weak 
 reign . 
 
 Charles Ul. or simple, was born 879, 
 and succeeded to the throne of France 893. 
 His abilities were nneqnal to the arduous la- 
 bor of govcriiiiig a kiiigtlom already di.slracl- 
 by the rebellious spirit of the nobles, and by 
 the invasions of the XormaiiR, anil instead ot 
 mounting ill'.- imperial thionc, which a little 
 art might have secured, he was obliged to 
 resign aomeofhis {irovinces to his vi^-torious 
 eneniies. The haughty conduct of his min- 
 ister Haganon, a man of obscure birtli, but 
 (jf intriguingabilities, at last totally alienated 
 the hearts of his hubjecis, and soon an army 
 headed by Robert of the blooil royal, ap- 
 peared in the Geld. Charle.?, notwithstand- 
 ing the feebleness of hib conduct, ohtiiined 
 the victory and killed his rival ; but another 
 battle, fought by Hugh the great, son of the 
 fallen prince, pro\<'d fatal to the fortunes ot 
 Charles. Hu escaped to the ]»alacc of the 
 count of Vermandois, where he died after 
 scvon years of cruel confinement in the cas- 
 tle of Peronne, 7th October 9'29, aged 50. 
 
 Charles IV. the fair, was third .son of 
 Philip the fair, and succeeded to the 
 French throne on the death of his brother 
 Philip the tall 15'22. His reigo was disturb- 
 ed by quarrels with England, aud peace was 
 at last re-established by the intercession of 
 Isabella, who had married the English mo- 
 narch, and by the cession of Guienno. He 
 died 31st January 13'28, aged 34, after a 
 weak and inglorious reign. 
 
 Charles V. or wise, was son of Johii, 
 and succeeded to the throne of France 13G4. 
 By his abilities and courage and the succes- 
 ses of his famous general du Guesclin, he re- 
 paired the losses which the monarchy had 
 suffered under the feeble administration of 
 his father, an<l the English were gradually 
 dispossessed of the provinces which they 
 had before conquered in France. After :i 
 short reign of IG years Charles, who ha<i 
 made the happiness of his people, and the im- 
 provements of commerce and naval aftairs 
 the particular object of his cares^ died l6th 
 September liSSCi, aged 4.1. He founded the 
 library of Paris, and was the fii'st who bore 
 the title of dauphin. 
 
 Charles \'I. or well-beloved, was son 
 , of Charles V. whoni he succeeded io 1380, 
 
 at the 
 
 age 
 
 of I'J. His inexperience, and 
 
 the ambitious views of his three uncles 
 the dukes of Anjou, Berri and Britany, 
 unfortunately tended to disturb and weak- 
 en the kingdom, when unanimity and vigor 
 were so ne*;essary to Avithstaiid the attacks 
 of the victorious English. An unhappy deli- 
 rium Avith which the monarch was seized fol- 
 lowed by mental imbecility, completed the 
 ruinof the nation, while the civil war on one 
 side depopulated the coiuitry, and the succes- 
 ses of the English, and tlie glorious victory of 
 Ajjincourt, on the other, left the unfortu - 
 nat-e Charles tittle beside the empty title ot 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 king. Henry V. of England -was crowned 
 at Paris, and ruled tlxe kingdom at his plea- 
 sure; but his death, in 1422, and that of 
 Charles soon after, on the 20th October of 
 the same year, produced a change in affairs, 
 and restored to France the benefit of her 
 own native sovereigns. 
 
 Charles VII. surnaraed the victorious, 
 succeeded his father Charles VI. and was 
 crowned at Poictiers 1422. He possessed 
 great vigor and activity, and though at first 
 a king more in name than in power, he 
 bravely resisted theini'oads of his victorious 
 enemies, and though conquered, he still 
 sought for more certain opportunities of an- 
 noying his invaders. IMisfortunes however 
 proved too great for his resources. Orleans 
 the last important place of his dominions, 
 "Was already besieged and ready to fall into the 
 hands of the English, and Charles in despair 
 prepared to retire to Provence, when Joan 
 of Arc, Avas presented to him as the future 
 deliverer of his country. Superstition thus 
 Mas enabled to finish what valor could not 
 do, and Joan, as the pretended missionary 
 of Heaven, quickly drove the English before 
 her, retook all the conquered provinces, 
 and saw her monarch crowned under her 
 victorious standard in the cathedral of 
 llheims. Thus wonderfully restored to his 
 dominions and supported by the valor of his 
 generals, of Dunois, Sacritrailles, Arthus, 
 and Culant, Charles too often forgot his du- 
 ties in the arms of his mistress, and suffered 
 his people to be plundered by worthless fa- 
 vorites. He died 22d July 1461, aged 58. 
 
 Charles VIII. called the afiable, was 
 son of Lewis XI. and ascended the throne 
 1483. He married Anne of Britany, but 
 ■whUe in this union he enlarged his domin- 
 ions, he determined to acquire military glo- 
 ry by the invasion of Italy, and his successes 
 were so rapid that he found himself almost 
 all at once master of Florence, Rome, Cap- 
 ua, and Naples. Proud of his successes, and 
 flattex'ed by the pope, he caused himself to 
 be crowned emperor of Constantinople and 
 king of Naples ; but the submissive princes 
 of Italy rose against their invader, and six 
 months after Charles escaped with diflicul- 
 ty into Prance, and only after the famous 
 battle of Fouroua, in which his ariuv of 8000 
 men routed a force five times more nume- 
 rous than his own. Whilst he meditated re- 
 venge and formed plans of fresh conquests, 
 he was suddenly cai-ried off" by an apoplexy, 
 at Araboise, 7th April 1498, aged 27. 
 
 Charles IX. was born 1.550, and suc- 
 ceeded to the throne, after the death of his 
 brother Francis II. 1500. His minority was 
 guided by his mother Catherine de Medicis, 
 but as the kingdom was divided by factions, 
 ■which assumed the names of Papists, Lu- 
 therans, and Huguenots, nothing for the 
 happiness of the x»euplc or the glory of the 
 throne could be expected. In the midst of 
 these political struggles between the leading 
 men of the times, the Condes, Colignis, and 
 Guises, Charles maintained a conduct full of 
 dissimulation aud hypocrisy ; and while he 
 
 pretended friendship and protection to all 
 his subjects, he was cruelly meditating that 
 fatal massacre of St. BartholomeAv in 1572, 
 which leaves so indelible a stigma of barba- 
 rous cruelty on his name. Though some 
 have considered the bloody deed as the ma- 
 chination of his mother and of her ecclesias- 
 tical counsellors, yet Charles deeply parti- 
 cipated in the crime, and the encourage- 
 ment wliichhe gave to a band of murderers 
 in his own palace, leaves him little clairr* 
 to the forgiveness of outraged humanity. 
 These horrid scenes, it is said, presented 
 themselves in dreadful array to his terrified 
 imagination, and on his death-bed produced 
 the appalling exhibition of a tortured con- 
 science and an avenging Heaven. He died 
 30th May 1574, aged 24. 
 
 Charles the fat, son of Lewis the Ger- 
 man, was elected king of Italy, and empe- 
 ror 881. Though he had the art of obtain- 
 ing all the crowns which once adorned the 
 head of Charlemagne, he did net possess 
 sufficient abilities to support their glory, 
 but by the intrigues of his prime minister 
 Luidward, Avhom he had banished from the 
 court, and by the invasion of Arnold tluke 
 of Carinthia, he was driven from his throne. 
 Reduced to privacy, and dependant on the 
 bounty of the victorious Arnold, he at last 
 dieil of grief near Constance, 13th January 
 888. 
 
 Charles IV. son of John of Luxemburg, 
 and grandson of the emperor Henry VH. 
 ascended the imperial throue 1347. His 
 reign is famous for the golden bull, enacted 
 at the diet of Nuremberg 1356. This cele- 
 brated agreement was ushered forth into 
 the world with curious reasons drawn from, 
 prejudice and superstition, and while it gave 
 Germany a long admired constitution, it 
 proved the necessity' of seven electors, by 
 the seven gifts of the hoi}' ghost, and the sev- 
 en branchesof the holj' candlestick. Charles, 
 who was more fond of the pomp of roy- 
 alty than the prosperity of his kingdom, yet 
 deserved the respect of the learned by the 
 protection which he extended to literature, 
 and the university which he established at 
 Prague. He died at Prague 29th November 
 1378. He was four tinies married. 
 
 Charles V. eldest son of Philip arch- 
 duke of Austria, and Jane of Castille, wa.? 
 born at Ghent, 25th February 1500. He 
 was prochiimed king of Spain 1516, and 
 two years after elected emperor of Germa- 
 ny, on the death of his grandfather Maxi- 
 milian. His elevation to the imperial throne 
 was disputed by the intrigues and the gold of 
 Francis 1. of France, who aspired to the 
 san)e honors, and a fierce war was conse- 
 quently kindled between the two powers. 
 Charles, supported by the aid of Henry VIII, 
 of England, by Adrian VI. by the Floren- 
 tines and Venetians, proved successful in 
 his attacks against the French, who were 
 driven from Italy. Even Marseilles was be- 
 sieged by the imperial troops under Bour- 
 bon, and at the fatal battle of Pavia 1525, 
 Francis fell into the hands of his enemv 
 
*l'Lis advantageous conciuest did not improve 
 the fdiiiifs of (Jlmrles ; instead of ni;ir«-liiii^ 
 into tlic hcartof France, lie negotiated witli 
 Ills jn-isoner, aiul w }>en attLMwanIs tlic I'ati; 
 of war placed Uoiiie and the pojtc in liis 
 power, he found that his successes armed 
 the prine-es of Europe aj^aiuirt him, and ren- 
 dered his power rather suspected than for- 
 midable. The peace of Canibrai in 15'2'j, 
 [»ut an end to the dissentions of the conti- 
 nent ; but diaries, restless ami ambitious of 
 military g;lorv, crossed in 15.'5;) the Mediter- 
 ranean, to {gather laurt-ls on the oast of Atri- 
 «"a. He took (Jouletta, defeated iJurbaros- 
 sa, and after enterinj^ victorious into Tunis, 
 and restoring; iiberlv to 'J'2,C».0<> christian 
 slaves, he replaced Mulei-llassen on the 
 throne. lieturnt-d to Europe Charles, in 
 JSofi, aj^ain turned his arms ap^ainst Francis; 
 lie ravaged Champagne and Ficardy, but ill 
 success obliged him soon to seek a reconcili- 
 ation, and the jieacc of Nice in I'l.iS restor- 
 ed tranquillity between the rival monarchs. 
 After suppressing an insurrection at Ghent 
 1539, Charles in toil mcdittited tlic con- 
 quest ot Algiers ; but the expedition proved 
 unfortunate, and a war with France in 154i2 
 seemed to promise more important con- 
 quests to his gigantic ambition. But tliough 
 leagued with the En^;;lish, he found himself 
 disappointed ; his army uas defeated at Ce- 
 risoles, and he made peace at Crepy 1545. 
 His attempts against some of the Cerman 
 states were equally unsuccessful, and whilst 
 lie endeavored to oppose the dissemination 
 of the principles of Luther, he found himself 
 obliged by the power, the intrigues, and the 
 perseverance of Maurice elector of Saxony, 
 and Joachim elector of Brandenburg, to 
 sign the treaty of Passau in 1552, and to ac- 
 cord liberty of conscience to the protes- 
 fants of Germany. The defeat of his army 
 liefore Metz, by the duke of Guise, under 
 Henry II. of France, afterwards tended to 
 check his pride ; and at last, worn out by in- 
 ftrmities, dissatisfied with t!ie world, and 
 fully sensible of the vanity of al! human gran- 
 deur, he formed the resolution of resigning 
 liis pri.ieely honors. He placed tlie impe- 
 rial crown on the head of his brother Ferdi- 
 nand, and appointed his son Piiilip his suc- 
 cessor as king of Spain, 25th Octobc-r 1 555, 
 and, to the astonislimcnt of the world, re- 
 tired to the privacy of a monastic life. In 
 the monastery of St. Juste, on the borders 
 of Castille and Portugal, Charles attempted 
 to forget the temptations of sovereign pow- 
 er, and the cares of government ; but wliilst 
 his hours were passed in the cultivation of 
 his garden, in mechanical pursuits, in rcli- 
 jjious duties, and monastic dicipline, .some 
 huve imagined that he siglied for th<idigni-, 
 ties, which in a moment of weakness he had ) 
 superstitiously abandoned. That, hcjwever, 
 he evinced his contempt of mortal honors, 
 j*pi>ears by his celebrating his own obsequies 
 in his lifetime, and wishing thus to be for- 
 gotten by the world. This farce of sepul- 
 ture soon became real, the following day he 
 was attacked by a violent fever v, liich proved 
 VOL. I. 41 
 
 faUd the '22d September 1558. AVith some 
 wenknesses, Charles possessed great vij*- 
 ttie.s, and his reign is become intei esting in 
 the history (jf F.ui()pe, by the schism which 
 shook the power of Koine, arid cstab)i>hed 
 the protestant tenets, and by the revolution 
 in commerce, science, and navigation, Mhich 
 the discuvei-ies of (Jolumlnis ett'ected. 
 
 Ch.vhi.es VI. fifth son of the emperor 
 Leopold, was L-orn 1085, and proclaimed by 
 his father, in 170.5, king of Spain, under the 
 title of Charles III. Tliough bravely ojipo- 
 sed by Philip V. he was eiiidjled to cf)ijtinue 
 the war of succession; and wJien elected 
 emperor of Germany, 1711, he still main- 
 tained his claim, by the \alorofhis generals 
 and the fidelity of the Barceloncsc. The 
 treaties of Uadstadt and liaden, iu 1714, at 
 last put an end to the tumults of the conti- 
 nent, and Charles had the good fortune to 
 obtain, in exchange for Sjjaiii, the kingdoms 
 of Naples and Sardinia, the Netherlands, 
 and the duchies of Milan and .Mantua. In 
 1716 a new war was undertaken against the 
 Turks, and by the abilities and successes af 
 prince Eugene, Belgrade, I'emeswar, and 
 all Servia were added to theimpei-ial domin- 
 ions. The intrigues of Aiberoni, the Span- 
 ish minister, rekindled unfortiuiatelv tlic 
 war; but the quadrujile alliance signed in 
 London 1728, between the courts of Sienna, 
 England, France, and the States general, 
 enabled the emperor to obtain an equivalent 
 for Sardinia, wliich the Spaniai-ds had ra- 
 pidly conquered, and at last, after the dis- 
 grace of Aiberoni, Pliilip V. acceded to the 
 tei-ms offered by his opponent, and abandon- 
 ed his claims on Sicily and Sardinia. By thv 
 pragmatic sanction, Charles was empower- 
 ed to make his Austrian states descend, in 
 default of male issue, to his daughters; and 
 he might have closed his reign in honorable 
 l)eace, had he not interfered in the all'airs oT 
 Poland, and supported the exclusion ofStan'- 
 islaus from the tlwone. His territories were 
 afterwards attacked by the Turks; and he 
 had the misfortune to see his armies defeat- 
 ed, and wasted away by disease and famine; 
 and at last he resigned" by treatv, 17;59, his 
 preten.sions to Belgrade. Servia, 'Sabach, and 
 Wallachia. He died 2()ih September 1740, 
 aged 55, and was the sixteenth and last em- 
 peror of t!ie house of Austria in the male 
 line. 
 
 Charles Yll. son of Maximilian Eman- 
 uel, elector of Bavaria, succeeded his father 
 as elector 172G; and upmi the death of 
 Charles \T. he laid claim to Bohemia, Aus-. 
 tria, and the Tyrol, and refused to acknow- 
 ledge the pragmatic sanction, and the rights 
 of Maria Theresa to the imperial throne. 
 Supported by the arms of Lewis XV. he 
 was crowned king of Bohemia, at I'rygue, 
 and emperor at Frankfort, 1742; but Maria 
 Theresa, though for a moment stri|)ped of 
 her (lominions, found powerful allies in the 
 English, and the French and BavariaTi for- 
 ces were d«;featcd Avith great rapidity, and 
 Charles in his turn found himseif possessed 
 only of the empty title of emperor. He died 
 soon after, 20t"h Janyary 1745, aged -13, 
 
CH 
 
 CIt 
 
 •Charles I. king of Spain, was Cliavles 
 V. eioperor of Germany. 
 
 Chahles II. son and successor of Philip 
 JV. as king of Spain lGt)5, wns twice mar- 
 ried, but had no issue. By his last will, made 
 Ifi'jS, he called to the Spanish throne the 
 prince of Bavaria, the nephew of his queen ; 
 but, in 1700, he declared Philip duke of An- 
 jnu liis successor. He died the same year, 
 10th November, aged 39; and the unsettled 
 succession proved the source of civil discord. 
 (Jhnrles was the last of the eldest branch of 
 the Austrian princes who reigned in Spain. 
 
 Charles III. king of Spain, was son of 
 T'hilip V. and on the death of his brother, 
 Ferdinand VI. 1751), he e.xchanged his king- 
 ilom of Sicily for the Spanish dominions, 
 ile possesse<l tibilities as a monarch, and 
 virtues as a man; but his attemi)ts to raise 
 tlie Spaniards from their natural indolence 
 provcfl abortive, and though, in the war 
 with England, he retook Minorca, lie saw his 
 commerce ruined, and his treasures at Ha- 
 vauna fall into the bauds of his eneniies. He 
 died 1789. 
 
 Charles I. king of England, sou of 
 James I. and Anne of Denmark, was born at 
 Dumferiing 19th Nov. 16U0. On his lather's 
 accession to the English throne, he was cre- 
 ated duke of York, and on the death of his 
 brother Henry he became prince of Wales. 
 He succeeded" his father in 1625, and that 
 year married Henriet) a, daughter of Heni-y 
 the great of France, whom he had seen and 
 admired at Paris during the romantic excur- 
 sion which he took to pay his addresses to 
 the infanta of Spain, accompanied by his 
 favorite, Buckingham. The fair prospects 
 •which a new reign and a virtuous monarch 
 might pi'omise to tlie nation, were soon ob- 
 scured by the storms of popular discontent 
 and ])arty prejudice. The Spanish war in 
 ■which the kingdom "was engaged, -was con- 
 ducted with ill success by Buckingham ; and 
 when the parliament inveighed against the 
 haughtiness and mal administration of this 
 hapless favorite, Charles, instead of dismis- 
 sing, resolved to support him. Another 
 parliament proved equally unruly, and was 
 dissolved with e([ual inrlignation by the of- 
 fended monarch, who now began to raise 
 supplies by his own authority, under the 
 name of loai»s, benevolence, and ship money. 
 This, instead of strengthening his power, 
 ren«lered him more impopular; and when 
 Bucklnj»ham failed in his attempt to relieve 
 the protestants of Ilochelle, in iG'i', the 
 clamors of tlie people were L)ud and violent, 
 and the exhausted state of the treasury ren- 
 ilered the calling of a new i)arliamcnt ne- 
 cessary. From tijis turbulent asscndjly 
 Charles obtained, with difiiculty indeed, some 
 supplies; but, in return, he was attacked 
 with representations of grievances, and was 
 obliged to assent to the petition of right, 
 ■which explained and more fully settled the 
 rights of the subject. The progress of his 
 favorite's impeachment was stopped by his 
 ^^ssa.ssination at Portsmouth by the dagger of 
 the fanatic FcltOB ; and the conclusioji of the 
 
 war with Prance and Spain rendered CUavley- 
 less dependent on his i>arliament, Avhich he 
 dissolved, with the resolution ot never calling 
 another. After Buckingham's death, the 
 king placed his confidence on no minister 
 witii equal satisfaction ; but whilst from hi^ 
 better judgment more mild measures were 
 expected, the spirit of dissatisfiiction was 
 kindled in the most violent detjree by the 
 raising of ship-money for the defence of tlic 
 nation. The measure was sufficiently sup- 
 ported by the practice of former reigns, and 
 the unanimous opinion of the judges ; but 
 the arbitrary ])r(>ceedings of the reign of 
 Ilenr}-, or of Elizabeth, were ill calculated 
 to insure obedience in times when the divine 
 right of kings was disputed, and the necessity 
 of parliamentary control loudly proclaimed. 
 Hampden opposed the unpopular tax ; and. 
 though condemned by the court of exchequer, 
 he rejoiced in the struggle which his single 
 arm had waged against the oppi-essive mea- 
 sures of the government. 'I'he attempt of 
 Charles to enforce the reading of the English 
 liturgy in the churches of Scotland excited 
 the same ferment in the north which unhap- 
 pily prevailed in the south ; and when tire 
 Scotch had bound themselves by the oath of 
 the solemn league and covenant to defend 
 their jiresbyterian principles, which they de- 
 clared to be the cause of Christ, and had 
 assembled an army to support their claims, 
 Charles had the weakness to propose a nego- 
 tiation, instead of giving battle ; and while 
 he consented to withdraw liis forces, he had 
 the mortification to observe that, by the in- 
 trigues of llichelieu, his enemies, instead of 
 disbanding their followers, were increasing 
 their means of offence. In 1640 another 
 parliament was called, but, from its clamors' 
 for the redress of grievances, was as soon 
 dissolved; yet such were the distresses ot 
 the monarch for want of mone}', that he was 
 again, the same year, persuaded b)* his coun- 
 cil of peers, assembled at Itippon, to have 
 recourse again to a popular election. This 
 parliament, called the long parliament, met 
 in November 1640; and tlity did not sepa- 
 rate till they had eftected t!ie ruin of the- 
 king and of his government. Instead of 
 listening to the rcpreseiitaliona of the mon- 
 arch, they exclaimed against the arbitrary 
 measures of the court; and that they might 
 strip the throne of ail its ornaments, and, 
 the monarch of all the wisdom and integrity 
 of fiiithful advisers, impeachment and per- 
 secution were denounced against the minis- 
 ters. Strafford was-tried, and condemned,, 
 though Charles opposed the unavailing shield 
 of royalty to save him, and I..aud soon after, 
 on pretences as frivolous as they wei'e cruel, 
 was <lraggcd to the scaffold. To serve the 
 king seemed now to be a crime ; and Charles, 
 stripped of the assistance of his wisest min- 
 isters, was unable to stem against the torrent 
 of fanatic zeal and popular fury, M'hich de- 
 creed the abolition of the court of the star 
 chamber, the high commission, and other 
 oflices which were the bulwark of the mon- 
 archy. While faction thus prevailed at 
 
CII 
 
 CH 
 
 4ion^, tl»e intrigues of tlie puritans Mcre not 
 ill vain in Irilaiid, ami the most Itorrid nius- 
 •iacfes ami uiitrugt-i of i^vcr} kind w crc per- 
 petrated, iti the name of religion, wliilt: ihe 
 uidiappy monarch was \)id)lic.ly branded as 
 the author of national n»i.scTi(.ii, uhieli he 
 could neither foresee nor pi-cvent. In the 
 meantime, tlic vioienci- of the pivbb} terian 
 iaction accpiired slreht;lii in Kngiand ; epis- 
 copacy was declared tube unnecessary; ami 
 the thirteen bishoits who preiunuMJ to make 
 representations against the conducl of tlieir 
 persecutors were sent in disgrace to the 
 Tower, as '^nillv of treason. Instead olcon- 
 cifiating popularity, if indeed any st(![> of 
 tlic devoted monarch couhl conciliate popu- 
 lai-ity, diaries increased the virulence of 
 the commons, by api)eariiig, agreeable to 
 the advice of some of his counsellors, in the 
 house, and from the speaker's cliair im- 
 peaching five of the members. This bohl 
 step ought to have been supported or never 
 adopted ; but Charles, retiiing in ciisappoint- 
 jnent to Windsor, wrote a letter to the par- 
 liament to excuse his conduct, and thus to 
 render liimself ridiculous iu the eyes of tlie 
 nation. The parliament in the mean lime 
 had calleil upon the militia of the city for the 
 defence of their privileges, and the king, 
 who found that nothing but force could now 
 restore him to his dignity and to his conse- 
 quence in the nation, retired to Notting- 
 ham, where, August 25, 1042, he erected 
 the royal standard. This was a declaration 
 of war, which the iiarliament were not back- 
 ward to acknowledge. Various batllcs were 
 fought at Edgchill, Marston Moor, and 
 Newbury, with various success, but all the 
 advantages which the monarch liad gained 
 by the valor of his troops, and the loyalty of 
 his adherents, were unhappily lost in tlie 
 fight of Naseby, 4th June Ibl.i, wlicre, after 
 displaying all the coolness, prudence, and 
 intrepidity of the ablest general, Cliarles 
 ■was obliged to fly with the loss of his artille- 
 ry, his baggage, and his cabinet of letters, 
 •which the republicans published Avith every 
 oftensivc remark of insolence and vulgarity. 
 Thus left without resources, and shut up at 
 Oxford, ignorant whom to trust, and unal)le 
 to increase the number of his adherents, 
 Chai'les formed the fatal resolution of throw- 
 ing himself upon the niercv of the Scotch 
 arm3^ He left Oxford in disguise, and after 
 ■wandering nine days, he appeared in the 
 Scotch ai-my at Newark, but instead of be- 
 ing received as a monarch, and of finding his 
 ini.sfortunes respected as they deserved, he 
 saw himself a prisoner, and soon learnt that 
 his expected friends with unparalleled bar- 
 barity had sold him to the English jiariia- 
 nienl for the sum of 200,()U0/. Chaiies was 
 conveyed a prisoner to Holmby-castle, and 
 to Hampton court, but though here he could 
 not, as he hoped, restore himself to power 
 by interfering between the jarring factions of 
 the puritans and the independents, he had 
 the art to etlect his escape to the isle of 
 Wight. But while he nitnlitated passing into 
 Frjincei^ he sooa found'himself a prisoner in 
 
 the hands of Hammond the governor of C»- 
 risbroiike castle, and wIhmi removed to Hurst 
 castle and to \\ indsoi-, he uidiappily disco- 
 vered that the rudeness with »hicbhewas 
 ti-eated was the prelude to a melancholy 
 tragerly. 'I'hc republicans were sensiblr 
 that their [lower could never he consolidattil 
 till the king w ;is lU) mf)ri;, .and therefore an 
 tmiverHal clamor was raised to pass sentence 
 upon him. IJrought before this sc-r^created 
 high cniiit of ju.'itice, over which lirndshaw, 
 a worthb.ss lawyer, presiutil, ('haihs dis- 
 played the usual independence of his charac- 
 ter. ^Vhile be refused to acknowledge the 
 autboiit_> of his Judges, he betrayed no vio- 
 lent emotions ofturj- or bursting indignation ; 
 he was the m«'ok, the paii( nt, the resigned 
 christian, who yi. Ided witii all the dignity of 
 conscious innocence to the power which 
 usurpaJicui and tyranny had erected for his 
 destructirni. He heard the sentence of 
 death jironounced against him with compo- 
 sure, a!id the three tiays Avliich ie' was allow- 
 ed to pre[iare for anothci' world, were pas- 
 sed in the alfeclionale duties of recomuitnd- 
 ing foi'gi veness of ininiies, modciratioji, and 
 the praclice of every vii-tue to his childreu- 
 and in the becoming offices of a tlevout and. 
 penitent christian. On the scaflohl, Avhich 
 probably to insult him, was eiecteil iu the 
 front of his palace of Whitehall, he preserv- 
 ed his usual composure, and after convcr.sing 
 with Juxon bisf.op of London, who Jittend- 
 cd ium, and witnessed his heroic rosigna - 
 tion, he gave the signal to tlte masked exe- 
 cutioner, who ci-.t off his head at one biow, - 
 ;50th .lannary 1048. Tiic remains of the- 
 martyred monarcii were removed to Wind- 
 sor, I)Ut were rudely interred by order of 
 the parliament without the bui'iai service be- 
 ing read o\er them. 'i'hough inradtcd by 
 repubUcan malice, and tliough mi.sreprei^cnt- 
 cd by political opponents, Charles mu.st be 
 considered as a great man; and whoever 
 wishes to foi-m an accurate ji.ulgmcnt of his 
 character, must view him as the successoV 
 to an almost arbitrary power, as the monarch 
 of a turbulent nation, as the bulwark of 
 what he considered as the constitution and 
 the happiness of his countrv, and as the 
 steady and prudent opposer oi bold unprin- 
 cipled innovators, whose conduct was sehlora 
 guided ])y any but selfish and personal views. 
 As a domestic <;haracter, ho was amiabk 
 and exemplary, and as a man of letters, his 
 abilities were respectable. In his intercnurse 
 with the parliament, he often alone wasop- 
 ])Osed to the insinuating language and sophis- 
 tical arguments of numerous rielegates, but 
 none ever left his presence witliout admiring 
 his hrmness, the acuteness of l:is remarks, 
 the readiness and prnjiriety of his ansuei'S, 
 and the gener.al inteiligonce and powerfiU 
 elocution wi4.h which he supported and 
 ad<)rned his coitversalion. 'I'hough his ene- 
 mies have attempted to mb him of the me- 
 rit of writing the Icon llasilike, a pat-iolJc 
 composition which operated iu his lavrrr like 
 the testament of Caesar at Rcune, and v.hieb 
 rctiuired tkc gigantic ^biiiUes oi" M^ilioa tw 
 
CH- 
 
 CH 
 
 Tiiify it, yet he is now gcncraHy imagined 
 to be the author of it, and not Gauden. 
 Charles left two sons, wlio succeeded after 
 him on the i^rone. One of Ifis daugltlcrs 
 married the duke of Orleairs, brother to 
 Lewis XIV. and another tlie prince of 
 Orange. 
 
 Charles II. king of England, after hisf^ith- 
 erthe first Cliarles, was born -29lh May lOJO. 
 He heard at the Hague of tbe tragical death 
 of his father; and soon after, at the invita- 
 tion of the Scotc-h, who wished in this early 
 proof of loyalty to wipe away their former 
 treachery to his predecessor, he came pri- 
 Tately to Scotland, and was crowned at Scone 
 in 1G51. Though with the title of king, 
 Charles felt himself surrounded hj all the 
 jealousy of the republicans, and the fanati- 
 cism of the presbytcrians, and perhaps might 
 rejoice in the defeat of his followers at Dun- 
 bar, as it set him free from oppressive and 
 suspicious advisers. From Scotland Charles 
 proceeded to Worcester, where he was to- 
 tally defeated by the superior valor of Crom- 
 •weli, and he escaped from the field of bat- 
 tle with great difficult)'. After concealing 
 himself in the branches of an oak in Bosco- 
 hel wood wliere he saw his enemies in full 
 pursuit of him, and after di.sguising himself 
 under the various characters of a wood cut- 
 ter, a peasant, a servant, he. he at last 
 reached Brighton, and embarked for France. 
 The death of Cromwell and the inabilities of 
 his successor, paved the way for his return, 
 femd when Monk, at the liead of tlie army in 
 Scotland, had the boldness and loyalty to de- 
 clare in his favor, he was hailed by universal 
 slmuts of approbation from the nation; and on 
 his birth-day 1660 was restored to the throne 
 of his ancestoi'S. But unhappily, while the 
 gloom and fanaticism of the republicans were 
 deservedly exposed to ridicule, neither vir- 
 tue nor tempei'ance accompanied the return 
 •of the new monarch. Charles did not pos- 
 sess the amiable qualities which adorned the 
 character of his father; though affable and 
 good-natured, he was licentious and immor- 
 al, and the debaucheries which he had seen 
 practised in France, he permitted to florish 
 at his own court. The merits of tho.se who 
 had suffered in the cause of his father were 
 disregarded, while infidelity was countenan- 
 ced, and patronage extended to the worth- 
 less and the proffigate. Though Charles had 
 married in 1662 the princess of Fortugid, he 
 kept several mistresses by whom lie had 
 childrcii, on whom he lavished the treasures 
 and the honors due only to the sons of virtue 
 and merit. As a monarch lie was httle at- 
 tached to the interests or the glory of Eng- 
 land. Dunkirk, so long the pride of the 
 English was sold to France to sup])ly his ex- 
 travagance, and war was imprudently under- 
 taken iu 166.3 against the Dutch, the Danes, 
 and the French. Long accustomed to vic- 
 tory, the English were terrified at tlie .sight 
 of a Dutch fleet, Avhich sailed up the Me<l- 
 vay ; and while the} reflected on the weak- 
 ness of their government, a dreadful plague 
 tame to tlcstroy thousands of the inhabit- 
 
 ants of London, in 166^, and the ue'xtyelar * 
 most tremendous conflagration laid the fair- 
 est part of their city in ruins. Peace withtliP 
 Dutch, in 1067, Avas soon after followed by 
 the disgrace of the virtuous minister Claren- 
 don, and the elevation of those unprincipled 
 favorites called the f^/Z^ai? to power. Charles, 
 regardless of the complaints of his people, 
 scrupled not to receive a pension fiom the 
 French king ; and, in virtue of that disgrace- 
 ful alliance, he undertook a new war against 
 the Dutch. Whilst the peace of Nimeguen, 
 in 1678, restored tranquillity to thecontinenl, 
 the English were alarmed by rumors of 
 treasonable plots, and the arts and malignity 
 of Outes, Bciiloe, and others, were called 
 forth to give ])Opiilarity to the monarch, by 
 sacrificing some innocent individuals, Rus- 
 sel and Svdnev, to the cries of faction. The 
 whole of the reign of this Hcentious mon- 
 arch contains little to recommend him to the 
 respect of posterity ; though it is to be ob- 
 served, that the habeas corpus act, and the 
 bill to exclude the duke of York from tho 
 throne, because he was a papist, were pas- 
 sed into law by the parliament. Charles 
 died suddenly of an apojilexy, 6th February 
 10.S5, leaving no issue by his queen. It i.s 
 said, that in his expiring moments he re- 
 ceived the sacrament from the hands of a 
 popish priest, and thus convinced the world 
 that in suppoiling the churcli of England he 
 had acted the part of a false and hypocriti- 
 cal frioid. 
 
 Charles Gustavus X. king of Swe- 
 den, Avas son of John Casimir, count Pala- 
 tine of the Rhine, and born at Upsal 1622. 
 On the abdication of Christina, he ascended 
 the Swedish throne 1654, and showed him- 
 self prudent and warlike. He attacked the 
 Poles, and, in consequence of his famous 
 victory at Warsaw, he found himself master 
 of the Avhoie country, from Dantzic to Cra- 
 cow. F'ortune, however, proved incon- 
 stant, and Casimir king of Poland, Avith the 
 assistance of the emperor Leopold, Avas 
 soon enabled to I'ecovcr all his lost provin- 
 ces, aiul to drive his enemy back to Swedert. 
 Charles, expelled trom Poland, turned his 
 arms against the Danes, and marched to the 
 gates of Copenhagen ; but soon after found 
 his victories checked by the misfortune;* 
 wliich befel his flag. He died at Gofteid>urg 
 13lh February 1660, aged only 37. An ac- 
 count of his life has been written by Puffen- 
 dorf, 2 vols. fi)l. 
 
 Charles XI. son and successor of the 
 preceding, Avas born 25th December 165.5. 
 The war Avith Denmark, which was ended 
 soon after his accession, Avas renewed by the 
 .ambition of Christiern V. in I67't; but 
 though Charles proved victorious, and ob- 
 tair.ed possession of Melmstadt, Lunden, 
 Landscroon, bic. he lost hh province of Po- 
 merania; Avbich, however, tbe peace of Ni- 
 meguen restored to hin\ in 1676. He died 
 15th April 1697, aged 42, at a time Avhen Jiis 
 Avisdom had marked him as the mediator 
 and umpire of the peace of llyswick. He 
 Aviscly zefoimed thtt abuses of his coUilS of 
 
Cil 
 
 CH 
 
 5u:dicalAirc, ami cnforci-d ihc quick .ant] im- 
 nnrtial (Ifrisioii ol nil disimlcs iinioiiii; liis 
 Milijccls. 'riit»ii;;li i\s|icclt«l as a t;(>()(l prince, 
 he yet showi-il llilu^'('lt' in boinu iiistaiu-cs ty- 
 i-aniiic:il, and ahii<l;^t(l llic i»iivilc}^es of llie 
 senate and «!' llie i»L<)|)le. 
 
 <JiiARl.ES XII. of Sweden, was horn 'J7th 
 .Imur 1082. J''j"f>in liis tarliesl years lir 
 jrluwcd to ijuilal*; llic liiroic cliaraiter ot 
 Alexander ; ami, in Ids eagerness lo rc-i};;n, 
 lie raiised liiniselflo l)e declared king at the 
 age of 1;"), and al Itis contnalion l)oldly seized 
 the crown tVom the Ijands of the archhislioj) 
 of U|)sal, and sel it on his owr» head. His 
 youth seemed to invite tiie attacks of his 
 iicighhors, of Poland, Denmark, and Rus- 
 sia ; hut Charles, nnaweil by tiie prospect of 
 hostilities, and I hough scarce IS, wis(;ly de- 
 tennined to assail his enemies one after tlie 
 "othei". He hesieL;ed Copenltagen, and hy hi.-, 
 vigorous measures, so terrified the Danish 
 monarch that, in less than six weeks, lie 
 obliged him to sue for peace. From hum- 
 bled Denmark, (lliarles niarclied against the 
 'llussians; and though at the head of only 
 StXIO men, he attacked the enemy, who were 
 besieging N'avarre with 100,000 men. The 
 conflict was dreadful, 30,000 were slain, 
 20,000 asked fui- ([uarter, and the j-est wei-c 
 taken or destroyed; while the Swedes had 
 only I'iOO killed, and 800 vvounded. From 
 ^avaiTe, the victorious monarch advanced 
 ir.to Fohuul, defeated the Saxons who op- 
 posed his march, and obliged the Polish 
 king, in suitig for Yjeacc, to renounce his 
 crown, anil to acknowledge Stanislaus for liis 
 successor. Had Charles been now reconci- 
 led to the Russians, he might have become a 
 great monai-ch, as he was a successful war- 
 rior, but the hope of future triumphs flat- 
 tereti his ambition, and as if determined to 
 dethrone the czar, he advanced into Ukraine, 
 whilst his enemies lied on every side before 
 him. The battle of Pultowa, however, 
 proved unfortunate, July 170y, Charles de- 
 feated and wounded, fled from the field, and 
 ?;ought protection at Bender from the Turks. 
 His affairs were now desperate, the banished 
 Augustus was restored to the Polish throne, 
 and the grand seignor tired of his guest, 
 wished him to remove from his dominions. 
 Charles vviih only 40 domestics opposed for 
 some days a Turkish army, and when obliged 
 to submit, he sullenly feigned sickness, and 
 during ten months he lay in l»ed. At last he 
 Jcft his confinement with only two taitliful 
 attendants, and travelling post reached in 
 eleven days Stralsund, from which he cros- 
 .sed to Sweden. Untamed by misfortunes, 
 lie immediately invaded Norway, with an 
 army of -'0,000 men, but at the siege of 
 Frcderick'-ihall, Avhile visiting the works, he 
 ■was struck by a cannon ball, and expired on 
 the spot, I'itii December 1718. Charles, in 
 his imitation of Alexander, converted liis 
 iirnmess into obstinacy, his courage was 
 rashness, and his sev^erity was cruelty. He 
 possessed nothing of the great qualities or 
 the amiable virtues of the hero, though he 
 'was bold cvin to madness, ajid persevering 
 
 eveii to his ruin. At the battle of Narva, 
 when five (»f his horses were sli«)t, he ex- 
 claimed as he mounted a fresh charger, 
 " these people find me exercise." When 
 one ilay dictating to his secretary at Stial- 
 .suikI, a homh fell on the roof of the house, 
 and crushed the room next the place where 
 lliey were sitting. I'nt while the secretary 
 dropped his pen, all lerrilled, the monarcji 
 asked calmly uhat was the matter: "The 
 homi)!" replies the secretary. " The bomb! 
 cries the monarch, what has the bomb to do 
 with what I am dictating; write on." 
 
 Charles I. king of .Naples, was count 
 of Anjou, and brolher lo St. Lewis king of 
 France, whom he accompanied on his Fgyp- 
 tian expedition, when; he shared his fortunes 
 and his captivity. On his return to Furope, 
 he as the husband of lieatrix the heiress ot" 
 Provence, assumed the rights of a sovereign, 
 and coiuiuered Aries, Alarseilles, and Avig- 
 non, and afterwards at the request of pope 
 Url)an I\'. he marched against Manfroi tlie 
 Sicilian usurper. His expedition was suc- 
 cessful, Manfroi was defeated, lii65, an<l the 
 year after cruelly put to death, and the con- 
 queror assumed the title ol" king of Naples 
 and Sicily. The widow of Manfroi and his 
 son shared also his untimely fate, and Con- 
 radin duke of Swabia grandson of tlie em- 
 peror Frederic H. who had ventured to lay 
 claim to the Sicilian crown, was seized, and 
 aftei* the mockery of a trial expired under 
 the hands of the public executioner. Though 
 success followed the monarch in his expedi- 
 tions against Tunis and the Chibelines, yet 
 his arbitrary and cruel massacres exciteil the 
 indignation and the hatred of liis subjects. 
 An insurrection was formed, and the rebel- 
 lious Sicilians on Easter monday 1282 sacri- 
 ficed 81KJ0 Frcnch)nen to their fuiy, on the 
 ringing of the bells for the evening service, 
 which bloody catastrophe is still handed 
 «lown to execration, under the name of Sici- 
 lian Vespers. Charles died 7th Jan. 1^85, 
 tortured by the sad reflection, that his cru- 
 elty had occasioned so much dissatisfaction, 
 and such dreadful bloodshed. Charles, 
 thougii an arbitrary, was an able and politic 
 prince, his power was acknowfedged all 
 over tlie Mediterranean, and to his do- 
 minions in Italy and in France he added the 
 sounding title of king of Jerusalem. 
 
 Charles 11. king of Naples, surnamed 
 the lame, was a prisoner at Messina in the 
 hands of the Sicilians, who wished in his 
 death to avenge the cruelties which his father 
 liad exercised against their favorite Conra- 
 din. The execution of the sentence was 
 stopped by the interference of Constance 
 «pieen of Arragon, whose husband Peter 
 HI. had laid claim to the Sicilian crown, and 
 Charles, thus saved from death, directed all 
 the powers of his mind to the recovery of 
 his father's dominions. He prevailed ngainst 
 his rivals, and was crow ned king at Home, 
 and he employed himself zealously in pro- 
 moting the arts of peace and of commerce, 
 and the practice of religion among his sub- 
 jects, lie died at Naples 1309, aged (31, 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 leaving by his •wife, Maiy of Hungary, seve- 
 ral children. He was succeeded by his son 
 liobert. 
 
 Oharles III. king of Naples, was grand- 
 son of (lie preceding, and by his marriage 
 ivitli Margaret the niece of Joan queen of 
 Xapies, lie obtained the kingdom, 1.380, on 
 the excommunication of that princess. He 
 showed himself infamous, by cruelly putting 
 the <le{)Osed queen to death, and he after- 
 vards quarrelled with the pope who had 
 supported his claims to the crown. He was 
 killed in his attempts to obtain the crown of 
 Hungary 1386, aged 41. 
 
 Charles H. king of Navarro, son of 
 Philip count d'l'Lvcreux, was surnamed the 
 bad. He M-as horn 133"2, and as the son of 
 the daughter of LcAvis Hutin of Franco, 
 he on his mother's death, though only 18, 
 succcedecl to the throne ot Navarre. Cru- 
 elty and artifice marked his conduct, he 
 caused to be assassinated Charles of Spain, 
 constable of Trance, and when arrested by 
 the order of king John, his father-in-law, he 
 not onlv contrived to retvaiu his iiberlv, but 
 with horrid vengeance caused slow poison 
 to be administered to the dauphin, his bro- 
 ther-in-law, after he had seduced him fi*o)u 
 his aftection and allegiance to his father. 
 tJnable to place himself on the throne of 
 France, he espoused the interests of the 
 English who invaded the kingdom, and 
 where he could not succeed by open force, 
 he effected his purposes by the instruments 
 of poison or assassination. His death, which 
 happened 1st Jan. 1387, in his 55th year, 
 was extraordinary. His physicians had or- 
 dered him to be wrapped up in clothes dip- 
 ped hi brandy and sulphur, to support and 
 re%'ive a constitution, weakened by leprosy 
 and by debauchery, and while the operation 
 was performing, his servant dropped a taper 
 on the inflanimable linen, which caught fire 
 and consumed to the very bones the unhap- 
 py man befoi-e he could be extricated. 
 
 Charles Martel, sou of Pepin He- 
 ristal, by a concubine, obtained great power 
 as duke of Au.strasia, and by defeating 
 Childeric H, of France, he made himself 
 master of the kingdom. Instead of ascend- 
 ing the throne, he remained satisfied with 
 the title of mayor of the palace, whilst the 
 government was conducted agreeable to his 
 will. He waged war against the Saxons; 
 and in a battle near Poictiers against the 
 Saracens, in which he slew Abderam the 
 chief, it is said, that not less than SZ.'ijOOO of 
 the enemy were destroyed. So much valor, 
 accompanied with the most consummate 
 prudence, rendered him poptdar, and at 
 the death of Thierri the king I'ol ^ Charles 
 retained in his hands the reins of govern- 
 ment, under tlie title of the duke of the 
 Franks. He died 'il(S. Oct. 741, respected 
 as a lather, and a benevolent prince. His 
 sons Carloman and Pepin inherited his do- 
 minions, and Pejiin thus became the first 
 king of the CarlovingiaJi race. 
 
 Charles, duke of Hurgundy, surnamed 
 the wai'rior, and tl>c i-ash, was son of Philip 
 
 the good, and born at Dijon 1433. Early 
 inured to war, he conquered the people of 
 Liege and Ghent, and carried his arms 
 against Lewis XI. of France whom he took 
 prisoner, and obliged to make peace on his 
 own terms. His attacks against the Low 
 Countries, Guelderland and Zutphen, were 
 attended with success; but he met a severe 
 check in Switzerland, and when he at- 
 tempted to re]>uir his losses, another defeat 
 ruined his army, and drove him awaj' in dis- 
 grace. He was slain 5th Jan. 1477, as he 
 was endeavoring to escape from the siege of 
 Nanci. He had four wives, the second of 
 Mliieh was Margaret of York, sister to Ed- 
 ward IV. 
 
 Charles, count of Flanders, was son of 
 Canute, king of Denmark, and succeeded 
 Baldwin 1119. By his benevolence and 
 virtues, he became popular among his Flem- 
 ish subjects; but the goodness of his heart 
 could not avert the dagger of an assassin, by 
 which he perished 1124, while engaged IH 
 dev«)tion in a church at Bruges. 
 
 Charles I. duke of Lorraine laid claim 
 to the crown of France on the death of his 
 nephew Lewis the indolent; but M-as defea- 
 ted and taken prisoner. He died in the 
 fourth year of his confinement 994, aged 41. 
 
 Charles H. duke of Lorraine, son of 
 duke John, was a prudent and warlike 
 prince, and died 1430. 
 
 Charles IV. duke of Lorraine, son of 
 Francis count of Vaudemont, and grandson 
 of Charles III. was born 1603. He was fond 
 of military glory, and was engaged in fre- 
 quent disputes with Lewis XIIl. whose arms 
 were too powerful for him to oppose. Though 
 twice stripped of his dominions by the French 
 his restless ambition refused to enjoy tran- 
 quillity, and by embracing the cause of the 
 Spaniards, he exposed himself to new trou- 
 bles. He was seized by the duke of Condd, 
 and imprisoned at Antwerp and Toledo, and 
 not restored to liberty till the signing of the 
 Pyrenean treaty. In 1G62, by the treaty of 
 Montmartre, he resigned his dominions to 
 Lewis XIV. provided he was acknowledged 
 in France as prince of the blood xwal ; but 
 afterwards he revoked the agreement. De- 
 prived again by tbe fortune of war of his 
 provinces, he united his forces to those of 
 the emperor, and though defeated by Tn- 
 I'enne 1674, he repaired his military reputa- 
 tion, and after routing the French, he took 
 the marshal of Crequi at Treves. He died 
 soon after at Birkenteld 1675, aged 72. He 
 had married the princess of Cantecroix, but 
 before her death he took another wife, 
 whom, however, the king of France con- 
 fined in a convent. 
 
 Charles V. of Lorraine, nephew of the 
 preceding, was son of duke Francis, and was 
 born at Vienna, 1043. He early entered into 
 the service of the emperor Leopold and ac- 
 fpiired great militaiy glory in his campaigns 
 in Hungary. In 1674, he declared himseh" 
 a candidate for the crown of Poland, but 
 neither his intrigues nor his vahu- could se- 
 cure his election. He touk Philip:sliurgh in 
 
(At 
 
 CH 
 
 IG/'6, and the following year married the 
 (jiiecn dowafjer of Poland, sister to the cm- 
 j»uror. Afterwards lie was engaged against 
 the Turks at the head of tlie imperial armies, 
 and tliougli partially «Ufi'ated he was soon 
 ena'ded with llie powerful assistance of ,l(dui 
 Sobieski, to drive them from hei'ore the walls 
 of "N'ieima. Various successes followed this 
 glorious campaign, anil Jluda t\ ould have 
 fallen had not the duke's progress been ar- 
 i*estcd by a violent fever, but he recovered 
 to defeat the 'I'urks, in the dreadful baltle 
 of Mohatz in 1087, and to over-run all 'l"ran- 
 sylvania. His services wore afterwards ein- 
 ployed against the French in Klanders, but 
 his career of glory was cut short by death, 
 after taking Alentz IG'JO, in his 4'Jth year. 
 Lewis XIV'. said of him that he Mas the 
 •uisest and the most generous of his enemies. 
 He was father of Leopold the father of the 
 emperor Francis 1. 
 
 Chari.es Alexander, of Lorraine, 
 •grandson of the preceding, was governor of 
 the Low Countries, and general of the im- 
 perial armies. He was opposed to. the king 
 of Prussia, and in liis campaigns against the 
 French in Hohemia and in Cermany, he ac- 
 quired great glory. Though defeated by the 
 king of Prussia, he had the good fortune to 
 rout his generals in two engag<iments. He 
 died 4th July 1780, aged CS, universally re- 
 h'pccted as a brave warrior and an amiable 
 man, 
 
 Charles, Emanuel, duke of Savoy, snr- 
 named the great, uas born 1502. 1^1 e early 
 signalixed himself in the battles of Vigo, 
 Ast, Chatillon, &c. and not only seized 
 Provence and Dauphint^, hut hiid claims to 
 the throne of France, on the death of Hen- 
 ry ni. With the most ardent ambition he 
 next aspired to the kingdom of Cyprus, to 
 the province of Macedonia, and at last he 
 attempted to seize, in 10U2, the town of Ge- 
 neva, in the mi»lst of a profound peace. 
 This violent measure was resented by the 
 Cenevese, who hanged as public robbers a 
 :e*- of his Avretched followers whom they 
 had taken prisoner.*;. He ne.xt laid claim to 
 ihe dominions of .Mantua, on the death of 
 ihc duke Francis, hut to little effect, and by 
 the insi<lious ailvice of tlie French, he at- 
 tacked tienoa, but desisted through the in- 
 terference of the Spanish monarch. On the 
 death of the emperor Matthias, he became 
 % candidate for the imperial crown, and 
 next by attempting to seize Montserrat, he 
 drew upon himself the hostilities of France, 
 Spain, and Germany. He died at Savilion 
 '^Gtli July 1630, aged 7S, it is said of a bro- 
 Tcen heart, because he had lost Pignei-ol. 
 
 Charles Emanuel, H. son of Victor 
 Amadeus I. succeeded to the dukedom of 
 Savoy on the death of his brother Franci.s, 
 1638, though only four years old. The 
 weakness of his minority induced the Span- 
 iards to attack his dominions, hiit the inter- 
 ference of the king of France, and the 
 J)eace of the Pyrenees, restored him to all 
 his possessions. He was an amiable and be- 
 ncvoleot prince, vho regarded the Ijappi- 
 
 nfss of his peojilc as of greater value than 
 foreign coucjuesls. Jn cultivating the arts of 
 peace, and in improving the commerce of 
 his sul)jeets, he made a large and <-omnio- 
 (lions mad through an arch »)f .')(H) pai-es 
 long in a rock at Mc^ntevisa, between l)au- 
 phiiie and Savoy, and embeliifJied 'I'urin 
 and other places in his dominion.s with noble 
 and uselid ttlifues. 'I'lie last part of his lile 
 was unfortunately imbillered by ihe revolt 
 of his protest ant subjects in the V.iudf>i»«, 
 who cfuiiplained of the opj)rc8sion of his go- 
 vernors, fie died 107.1. 
 
 Chaklfs, Emanuel, HT. son of A'irtor 
 Amadeus il. -n'as born 1701, and succeeded 
 on the \ (limitary abdic.ttion of his father, 
 1730. He ardently embraced the projects 
 of J-'rancc and Spain to humble the Atis- 
 trians, and after the celebrated victory of 
 Guastalla, he oljtained the cession of some 
 valuable teri'itories in the Milanese. \V'ith 
 political inconsistency he afterwards in 1742, 
 joined his forces and innucnce to the quei'ii 
 of Iliingary against his two former allies, 
 and though he was often unsuccessful, yet 
 he had the courage to defend iiimself in the 
 held, even against sui)erior numbers, and at 
 the conclusion of the war he lost norte of his 
 former possessions. The return of peace 
 now aiforded him opportiuiities to display 
 his patriotism and humaa»'y. He was mild, 
 prudent, and economical m his administra- 
 tion, abuses were corrected in every de- 
 partment, salutary reforms were intro- 
 duced, vice and luxury were checked, anch 
 a new code of laws mru'c humane and more 
 decisive was established. He died 20th 
 February 1773, ageil 72. He was three 
 times married. 
 
 Charles, Edward, grandson of James 
 n. king of England, is known in history by 
 the name of the pretender. In 1745, at the 
 age of 25, when the Scotch seemed inclined 
 to resist the government of the Hanoverian 
 family, he landed in Scotland, and suppor- 
 ted hy the adherence of some of the disaf- 
 fected nobles he proclaimed his father kin,?, 
 and fixed his residence at Edinburgh, v ith 
 all the pomp and parade of royalty. By a 
 sudden and masterly attHck, he had the good 
 fortune to defeat at I'restonpans, the forces 
 which had marclied to oppose him under sir 
 John Cope, but by delaying to take advan- 
 tage of the terrors of his enemies, he con- 
 tributed to his own ruin, and though he af- 
 terwards advanced as far as Manchester and 
 Derby, he soon found that the people, re- 
 covered from their panic, were unanimou* 
 against him. On liis rapid return tn Scot- 
 land, he routed geneiai Hav.ley at i'alkirk, 
 but tlie approach of the duke of Cumlxn*- 
 land, put an end to his triumph, lit re- 
 treated before the royal army, and at lasl 
 the hostile troops met in the fiehl of Cullo- 
 den, to decide the fate of the kingdom. The 
 Scotch fought with acoistomed bravery, but 
 the English prevailed, and the unfortunate 
 youth esca])ed with difficulty from the bat- 
 tle where he left dead 3000 of his misguided 
 aJhercDts. Though a large rewani was of- 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 fer'ed fhr the head of the ilUistrious fugitive, 
 ■vvlio had thus to combat against v/ant and 
 temptation, yet the peasants of Scotland 
 pitied his misfortunes, and even those of his 
 enemies, who were acquainted with his re- 
 treat, kept inviolate the fatal secret, and 
 while they condemned his ambition, com- 
 miserated his distresses. He at last escaped 
 to St. Maloes and never again revisited the 
 British dominions. He died at Florence 
 178S. He had married a German princess 
 of the house of Stolberg Guendern. His 
 brother, Henry Benedict, cardinal York, 
 ■when plundered by the ravages of the French 
 revolution, w-as honorably relieved by the 
 English monarch, and derived from his 
 bounty a liberal pension to sooth the mis- 
 fortunes which had overwhelmed his old 
 age. 
 
 Carletov, Walter, a physician horn 
 at Shepton -Mallet 2d February 1019, and 
 educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, where 
 lie took his degrees. He became a man of 
 eminence in his profession, published sev- 
 eral respectable works, and was physician 
 to both the Charles'. He was one of the 
 first members of the royal society, and in 
 1689, became president of the college of 
 physicians. As his circumstances were not 
 prosperous, he retired to Jersey, where he 
 died 1707, aged 87. The best known of his 
 •works is his Stonehenge restored to the 
 Danes 4to. 1603. 
 
 Charleval, Charles Faucon de Rey 
 lord of, a French writer of great genius and 
 of amiable mannei'S. Though of a very 
 ■weak constitution, yet by strictly adhering 
 to the regimen prescribed by his medical 
 friends, he attained the extraoi-dinary age 
 of eighty, and died 1693. His Avorks ap- 
 peared 1759 in 12mo. though his nephew 
 objected to the publication. The epigrams 
 and the other poems are much admired. 
 
 Charlevoix, Peter Fr. Xarier de, a 
 learned Jesuit, born at St. Quentin, famous 
 for his travels, and his authentic historical 
 compositions. He died 1761, aged 78. He 
 Avrote the history of Japan, 2 vols. 4to. and 
 6 vols. 12mo. — History of St. Domingo 2 
 vols. 4to. — History of New France, 3 vols. 
 4to. — and of Paraguay, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Charmis, a physician at Rome, under 
 Nero, whose celebrity arose more from the 
 singularity of his prescriptions, than his skill 
 in the profession. 
 
 Charnace, Hercules Girard baron de, 
 a native of Dritany, who served in the ar- 
 my, and was afterwards sent by Richelieu 
 as ambassador to Sweden, to engage Gusta- 
 vus Adolphus to make a war against Ger- 
 many. He was also ambassador at other 
 courts, and a\ as killed at the siege of Breda, 
 at the head of a troop of horse, 1637. 
 
 Charn^ock, Stephen, was born in Lon- 
 don, and studied at Emanuel, Cambritlge, 
 from wliencc he removed to Oxford. He 
 became an eloquent presbyteriau preacher 
 in- Ireland, and was chaplain to Henry 
 Cromwell, but on the restoration, he was 
 unwilling to conform to the articles, an<l 
 
 therefore preaclied only in private meetings; 
 He died 1680, aged 62. His works are in 
 2 vols, folio. His discourse on providence 
 is admired. 
 
 Charnois, N. Vacheur de, a native of 
 Paris, known as the editor of the journal 
 des theatres, and as the author of some pop- 
 ular romances. He afterwards conducted 
 the -Modernteur paper, at the beginning of 
 the revolution, and being arresled on sus- 
 picion, he became one of those unfortunate 
 victims so barbarously murdered at the Ab- 
 baye, September 2d,* 1792. 
 
 Charon das, a legislator bora in Sicily. 
 He Qorishcd about 400 years B. C. and 
 made a code of laws for the people of Thu- 
 rium. 
 
 Charpentier, Francis, dean of the 
 French academy, was born at Paris, Feb- 
 ruary 1620. His learning and abilities re- 
 commended liim to Colbert, for whom he 
 wrote a discourse to prepare the full estab- 
 lishment of an East India company. He 
 was afterwards inade a member of the new 
 founded academy of medals and inscriptions, 
 and greatly contributed to the noble series 
 of medals struck in the reign of Lewis XIY. 
 He died 22d April 1702, aged 82. Besides 
 harangues, and discourses delivered on pub- 
 lic occasions, he wrote some poems, son- 
 nets, and odes. 
 
 Charrier, Mark Anthony, a lawj^er, 
 member for Mende at the states general in 
 1789. He boldly opposed all innovations, 
 and when the convention decreed the aboli- 
 tion of royalty, he headed the insurgents of 
 his department, and at last being taken pri- 
 soner, was condemned to death 16th July 
 1794. 
 
 Charron, Peter, a learned Frenchman. 
 Though born of humble parents, he was 
 well educated, in the universities of Orleans 
 and Bourges, but after applying himself to 
 the law, he found that his abilities must re- 
 main long and perhaps ever neglected and 
 unknow n, he taerefoi'e became an ecclesias- 
 tic, and as an eloquent preacher soon acquir- 
 ed fame and poi)ularity. He was admired 
 by the bishops, listened to with admiration 
 by the king, and made chaplain to queen 
 Margaret. On his return to Paris, he wish- 
 ed to enter into .some of the I'eligious orders, 
 but as he was now 48, his applications were 
 rejected, and therefore as a secular, he con- 
 tinued his labors of pulpit eloquence. At 
 Bourdeaux he became acquainted with Mon- 
 taigne, who treated him with great kind- 
 ness and aftectionate regard, liis publica- 
 tion of the three truths in 1594, recommend- 
 ed him to the notice of the bishop of Cahors, 
 by whom he was made his vicar general, and 
 canon theological. He was afterwards pre- 
 sented to the chaptership of the church of 
 the bishop of Condom, and in 1601 he print- 
 ed his books ** of wisdom," which spread 
 his fame through the kingdom. In 1603 he 
 went to reside at Boulogne, but the climate 
 was unfavorable to his constitution, so that 
 he I'eturned to Paris where he died Novem- 
 ber 16th the same year, of an apople.xy- Oi 
 
CII 
 
 CII 
 
 his works the best known is *' of wisdom," 
 two translations of wliicli have appeared in 
 Knglainl, tlie htst by Dr. St:inli0[)e UYJ7. 
 
 Chautieii, Alan, a native of IJayeux, 
 secretary to (Iharles \ I. and VII. (tf Fi-anre. 
 He was employed in sonjc embassiis, but 
 he acquired j^reatcr celebrity as a writer. 
 He died l4iU. His works, cuiisislinij of ])0- 
 eUy :uul prose, appeared IfilT. His brolli- 
 <;r Jolin was a Henedictin, antbor of the 
 great chronicles ofi-'rauce from I'iiaraniond 
 lo the death of C/hailes Nil. in three vols, 
 iol. 149.) — and the history of Chai'les VH. 
 printed folio 1G61. 
 
 Chau iiEK, Kcno, a physician to tlie 
 I'rcneh kiivR, and professor of medicine. 
 He edited the works of Hippocrates and 
 (>alen in CI reek and Latin, in 14 vols, folio, 
 from 1019, to 1C79, when the last vol. whs 
 published. 
 
 CiiASiiiiNEiJX, Bartholomew do, a French 
 lawyer, president of the parliament of 
 Provence, w ho boldly opposed the prose- 
 cution of the Vaudois, ;.i religious sect who 
 refused to acknowledge the authority of the 
 pope, and of the church of Rome. This con- 
 duct, which huiuanity and not party had 
 dictated, was regarded with such animosity 
 that he was poisoned 1541. He was author 
 of a work on the customs of France, and 
 of other things. 
 
 Chastei>, Jolm, son of a \iOollen-draper 
 at Paris, attempted the life of Henry IN . of 
 France 27lh Hecember 1504. He was then 
 only 19. The blow^ Was so sudden that he 
 nearly escaped through the crowd, but it is 
 said that the wildness of his looks betrayed 
 him. He confessed lliat from the vvickcd- 
 uuss of his past lil'e, he was (loomed to eter- 
 nal torments in another life, and that to 
 make them more tolerable, he wished to do 
 some great action. He was condemned to 
 have the flcsli of his arms and thighs toin 
 •fF, with red hot pincers, lils right hand cut 
 off and afterwar(k his body drawn aiid quar- 
 tered by four horses pulling different ways, 
 and his remains then burnt to ashes. This 
 was December 29ih 1594, and at the same 
 time the Jesuits, at whose instigation the 
 crime liad been committed, Mere banished 
 lOr ever from the kingdom. 
 
 Chaste LAIN, Claude, an ecclesiastic 
 born at Paris. He drew up formulaiics 
 fbrthe diocese of Paris at the request of the 
 nrchbisUop, and publishei^I, besides the Ro- 
 man martyrology — universal martyrology — 
 and a journal of his life, with curious anec- 
 dotes in MS. He was well skilled in eccle- 
 siastical history and in antiquities, and died 
 171'i, aged 73. 
 
 Chastellux, Francis John marquis de, 
 field marshal of France, is well known by liis 
 \vritings. He was member oflhe French acad- 
 emy, and of seveml other learned bodies, and 
 died at Paris 1788. His chief Morks are on 
 ]^ublic happiness, Svo. — translated into Eng- 
 lish — travels in North America, 8vo. also 
 translated into English. This last work is 
 far from popular in America, where the au- 
 thor had served in the army during the 
 American war. 
 
 VOL. I. 42 
 
 Chat de Rastign'AC, Raymond dc, 
 a French otiictr who opposed the league, 
 and behaved with great bravery in various 
 iiaitles. He was killed at la Fere 'JOih Jan. 
 1G9G. 
 
 Chat de Rasih; \ac, Lewis James 
 de, of the same family as the preceding, 
 was an ecclesiastic, who rose by his merit 
 to the bishopric of Tours, and ilied univer- 
 sally respected 175C», aged 03. He wrote 
 some discourses, harangues, bcc. His be- 
 nevolence was particidariy conspicuous dur- 
 ing an inundation of the Loire, \\bi.-n he was 
 the common fatlier of the poor \» ho had 
 been driven from tlicir habitations. 
 
 Ch ATEAUBRl.\Nn, Frances dc Foix, 
 wife of the count of, is known in French his- 
 tory as the mistress of Francis I. who left 
 her for the superior attractions of the duch- 
 ess d'Etampes. She was a Moman of great 
 courage and of a commanding aspect. She 
 died 1537, aged 6'2. 
 
 Chateau Brun, John Baptist Vivien 
 de, a native of Angouleme, member of the 
 French academy, and eminent as a drama- 
 tic writer. He died 1775, aged 89. Be- 
 sides Philoctetes, Astyanax, and Mahomet 
 n. tragedies, he wrote lesTroyennes, which 
 is evidently liis best play, and wiiich he kept 
 by him 40 years before he produced it before 
 the public. 
 
 Chaieaurenard, Francis Lewis Rousr 
 selet count de, aviative of Touraine, distin- 
 guished as a naval officer in the jNIediterra- 
 nean, against the Sallec rovers. He <lefeat- 
 ed the liutch fleet 1075, and for his eminent 
 services was made an admiral and marshal 
 of France. He died 1716, aged 80. 
 
 Chatel, Tanneguy de, a French gen- 
 eral born of respectable jjarents in Biilany, 
 He gained some credit by an exj)cdition 
 against the English coast, and in 1410 he had 
 the good .success to defeat Ladislaus, who 
 had usurped the crown of Naples, upon 
 which he was, in I4l4, made mar.shal of 
 Cuiennc. He distinguished liimself at the 
 battle of Agincourt, and supported the Dau- 
 pliin against the Burgundians when they at- 
 tacked Paris. He afterwards ettected a re- 
 conciliation betweer) both parties, but had 
 the meanness and brutality to advise the 
 dauphin to assassinate the unsusi)ccting ilvik^e 
 of Bi«-gundy 1419. On the dauphin's eleva- 
 tion to the throne, Chatel was made grand 
 master of the household, and trusted with, 
 important embassies. He died 1449. His' 
 nephew, who bore tlie same name, is known 
 in French liistory for his attacliment to the 
 unhajipy Charles VH. whom he attended 
 witli fidelity in his last moments and buried 
 at his own expense. 
 
 Chatel, Peter du, or Castellaxus, 
 a native of Arc, educated at Dijon. He 
 was so learned a Grecian, that he assisted 
 Erasmus in his translations, and for some 
 time was press corrector to Frobenius at 
 Basil, after which lie travelled lo Egypt and 
 Syria. On his'return to Europe he became 
 private reader to Francis I. who made him , 
 bishop of Tulle and afterwards of Maconj 
 
cii 
 
 CH 
 
 from wliich he was translated by Henry II. 
 to Orleans where he died 155'2. He wrote 
 two funeral orations on Francis I. and a La- 
 tin letter against Charles V. and showed 
 himself a scholar of stiperior abilities and a 
 strong: advocate for the privileges of the 
 Galliciin chuich. 
 
 Chatet., Francis dii, a painter of Brus- 
 sels, -in the middle of the I7th century. 
 His best piece is at Ghent, representing the 
 Spanish king receiving the homage of the 
 Flemings. 
 
 CHArELARD, N. du, a gentleman ot 
 Dauphine, who became passionately fond 
 of Mary queen of Scots, and actually con- 
 cealed himself in her chamber, when she 
 was returning to Scotland, after the death 
 of her husband Francis. He was for this 
 imprudent conduct, which it is said the 
 queen had countenanced, condemned to suf- 
 fer death. 
 
 CnATEr,ET, Paul du Hay lord of, de- 
 scended from the Scotch Ha3S, was born in 
 Britan)', and became president of the court 
 gf justice in the army of LeAvis XUI. He 
 was also member of the academy, and wrote 
 various pieces in verse and prose, besides 
 the history of Betrand du Guesclin, consta- 
 ble of France, folio. He was a man of great 
 firmness and integrity, and boldly spoke to 
 the king in favor of \lontmorency who had 
 been condemned for high treason. He died 
 1636, aged 44. 
 
 C H A T E L E T, Gabrielle Emilie marchioness 
 de, alearned P'rench lady, daughter of the ba- 
 ron de Breteuil, born 17th December 1706. 
 Superior to the trifling pursuits of her sex, 
 she aspii'ed to high distinction in the regions 
 of science and philosophy, and by her valu- 
 able works she may be said to have rivalled 
 Leibnitz and Newton. Her institutes of 
 physic addressed to her son is a work of ve- 
 ry great merit. Her intense application it 
 is Sftid shortened her life. She died 1749, 
 aged 43. She translated the institutes of 
 Jycibnitz and the principia of Newton. 
 
 Chatterton, Thomas, an extraordi- 
 nary youth, born at Bristol, '2()th Nov. 1752. 
 He was taught i-eading, writing, and arith- 
 metic, at a charity school on St. Augnstin's 
 Back, and at the age of IV he was articled 
 clerk loan attorney at Bristol, with whom ho 
 continued about three years. His employ- 
 ment however was not congenial to his turn 
 of mind, he devoted himself more to poetry, 
 antiquities, and heraldrj', than to law ; and 
 early in 1769 some of his compositions ap- 
 peared in the periodical publications of the 
 limee. In 1770 be left Bristol and came to 
 London, with the hope of making his fortune 
 by his pen, but though he flattered the great, 
 and espoustjd '^i political pieces the cause 
 both of the ministry and of opposition, though 
 lie was courteously treated by Beckford in 
 the height of his popularity, ycL he found 
 his income inferior to his wants. Though a 
 liberal contributor to the Gospel Magazine, 
 the Town and Country, the Court and City, 
 the London, the Political Register, &c. he 
 tbund hunself uidignantly dependentupon U»e 
 
 booksellers, and a prey to the severest indi* 
 gence, so that in a lit of despair he destroyed 
 himself by poisdu August 1770. Though 
 possessed of great genius, Chattertou was 
 irrascible, headstrong and impetuous in his 
 temper, and it has been said by his biogra- 
 pher that he had all the vices and irregulari- 
 ties of youth, ami that his profligacy was at 
 least as conspicuous as his abilities. His 
 name is known particularly in controversial 
 history. He published a number of poems, 
 wliich he described as written about 300 
 years before by Rowley, a Bristowyan monk, 
 and when pressed for the originals, he refused 
 to give them, but declared that he had re- 
 ceived them from his father, whose family 
 had for nearly 150 years been sextons of 
 Uedclift church in Bristol, and that till then 
 they had remained disregarded and buried 
 in dust in an old chest, in an unfrequented 
 room over the chapel. This story, which 
 Chatterton always supported as undeniably 
 true, called forth the attention of the learned, 
 and whilst some of the critics beheld in the- 
 poems of Rowley, all the marks of genuine 
 antiquity, others ci.Msidered them as a lite- 
 rary forgery imposed upon the credulity of 
 the world, by the artifice of an ingenious 
 thougii HI educated youth of 17. To Mr. 
 George Catcot of Bristol, the public are in- 
 debted for the best part of the poems, who 
 procured them from the unfortunate Chat- 
 terton. They were published in 1777, iri 
 one volume 8vo. b}'' Tyrwhitt, and repub- 
 lished in 1778; and while Bryant and dean 
 Milles and others considered Rowley as the 
 real author of the poems, Tom Warton, 
 Walpole and others represented them as the 
 authentic production of Chatterton, who 
 thus wished to disguise the first eftbrts of hi.s 
 mtise by assuming the venerable name of 
 antiquity. Chatterton's works have been 
 lately edited in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Chancer, Geoffrey, a poet denominated 
 by Dryden the father of English poetr\'. 
 lie was born in London IS'iS, and studied at 
 Cambridge, and afterwai'ds at Oxford, and 
 then travelled upon the continent. On his 
 return he entered at the Inner Temple, and 
 soon ingratiated himself into the friendship 
 of persons of distinction, Avas made page to 
 the king, and rewarded with a pension of 2l> 
 nvai'ks. He was afterwards gentleman of 
 the chamber to the king, his salary was dou- 
 bled in 1369, and after being employed to 
 negotiate with the republic of Genoa, for 
 ships for a naval armament, Edwanl repaid 
 his services by granting him a pitcher of 
 w ine daily to be delivered by the butler of 
 England. He became afterwards comi>trol- 
 ler of the customs of London for wool, &c. 
 and wasi employed as commissioner to the 
 French court on the violatiou of the truce. 
 These high favors, which contributed to his 
 independence and made his income not les.s 
 than lOOOZ. a year, were confirmed by Rich- 
 ard, Edward's successoi', but Chaucer by 
 embracing Wicklifte's tenets became obnox- 
 ious to the persecution of the clergv', and 
 though he escaped by flight for a time, he 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 •A-ns iiTjjjrisoned, and liberated at last with 
 difticullv. lie soon after removed IVoni the 
 bustle ami iiitri|^nos of iiiiJdic life, niid in his 
 i-ftirenient at \\ oodslock, and afterwanls at 
 Dnnnington, he devoted himself to the culti- 
 vation ot his muse. He died 'J:Uh October, 
 14()0, and was buried in the great ^outh cross 
 aisle Westminster abbey, lie left two sons, 
 Thomas, who was sjteaker of the house of 
 commons in Henry i\ .'s reiyn, and Leuis. 
 His wife'snamc was l*hilii)i>A Kouet, of llai- 
 iiauU, ami as her sister Catliarine, tlie widow 
 of sir Hugh Swinford, was married to John 
 u( Ghaunt duke of Lancaster, after the 
 death of the princess lilanche, (Jhauci-r 
 shared the favours of royalty, and was in- 
 debted for some of his honoura to the inHu- 
 «nce of his princely brother-in-law. The 
 poetry of Chaucer, though in the idiom of 
 the l4th century, is nctt devoid of great 
 smoothness and delicacy, the sentiments are 
 bohl, the characters are all well supported, 
 and the genius of the poet is every where 
 brilliant, sprightly, ami sublime. Of all his 
 poems the Canterbury tales jjossess the 
 greatest merit. I'hey have been learnedly 
 tMlited by Mr. Tyrwhitt, 5 vols. Svo. The 
 life of the poet has been published by Ciod- 
 vin, in two ponderous vols. 4to. His works 
 altogether were published byUrry,fol: Tlie 
 talcs have been modernised and imitated by 
 Drydcn, Pope, and others. 
 
 Chaulieu, Wdliam, a native of Fonte- 
 nay, in Normandy, educated in the college 
 T)f Navarre at Paris. The liveliness of his 
 genius recommended him to the notice of 
 the great and the learned; he was courted 
 by the duke of llnchcfoucault, by Marsillac, 
 by the duchess of Bouillon, and by the duke 
 of Vendome, vvli,o gave him a priorate in the 
 isle of Oleron, witli an income of 28,000 
 livres, and afterwards tlie abbies of Pouliers, 
 ]{ennes, Aumale, &:c. Jn the nndst of afllu- 
 eiice and conviviality, he gave vent to the 
 sallies of liis muse, and alleviated tlie pains 
 of an obstinate gout, by composing epigrams 
 and sonnets for the amusement of bis friends, 
 and the derision of his enemies. Thougfi a 
 perfect master of all the graces of poetry, and 
 therefore deservedly styled the Anacrcon of 
 France, he had no wish of presenting his 
 poems bcfoi'e the public, and they remained 
 scattered in the l:^nds of his friends or in 
 the collection of the curious, till collected by 
 the attention of Camusac and St. Mai k. 
 Besides letters in prose, and epistles in verse, 
 they contain elegies, ballads, madrigals, airs, 
 and all the charming tritles of a v-areless, 
 wanton, and sportive muse. Chaidieu died 
 1720, at the great age of 81. The liest edi- 
 tion of iiis works is that of Paris, U vols. Svo. 
 1774. 
 
 CHAtTMETTE, Peter Caspard, son of a 
 cobler, was born at Ncvers '24ih -Slay 170.]. 
 After various low occupations lie ajipeared 
 as one of the boldest at the taking of the Bas- 
 tile, and displayed ail the viok.i.cc of a re- 
 publican and the zeal of a demagogue. 
 United with Ilebert he for a w hiic guiclrcl the 
 
 frgMinTii-y in\dritnde> ami proiTogcd with Hie 
 
 fcaats of the goddess of reason, those ualkrug 
 guillotines which were to purge France of all 
 her ro_\:distH, and her snspec(<«d citizens. 
 After being guilty of the most atroci'ju.>> cru- 
 elties and tlie blackest profligacy, he w as sent 
 before the revolutionary tribunal by llobes- 
 pierre, and when on the scalfold prophesied 
 that his fall would soon be followed by that of 
 bis enemies. He w:is gnillnlined 13th April 
 I7'j4. A " precis histori«iue" on life is attri- 
 buted to him. 
 
 (JuAUNCEV, (;h(ii-les, a nonconformist 
 divine, who migrated from \\'are, Hertf(jrd- 
 shire, to America, where he became presi- 
 dent of Harvard coDege, and (Vuu\ 1G71. 
 His son Isaac afleruards came to I'^ngland, 
 and settled at Andover as a dissenting minis- 
 ter, but soon after studied physic and prac- 
 tised in London, where he died about 1700. 
 He wrote an essay on Daniel's prophecy, 
 — -the divine institution of congregational 
 churches, Svo. kc. 
 
 Chauxcey, lchabo<1, a nonconformist 
 who was ejected from his living at Bristol, 
 and then practised physic there, and died 
 iGyi, author of some tracts. 
 
 Chauncy, Henry, was educated at Bishop 
 Stoi-tford school, and Gonvil cf»llege, Cam- 
 bridge, and entered at the Middle Temple, 
 and was called to the bar. Kising by degrees 
 in his profession, he w as kiiigbted by Charles 
 II. 1081, and seven years after made a 
 Serjeant at law, and app<)i!)ted a Welch 
 judge. He was mariied three liiiics, and 
 die<l at Yardley 171^0. He is the {,uthor of 
 the historical :»i!tiquities of Hertfordshh'e ii\ 
 one vol. folio. 
 
 Chausse, Michael Angelode la, a learned 
 antiquary of Paris, w ho w ent early to Rome, 
 where he publisherl his Musccum l«omanum, 
 fol. IGyO, improved to two vols. fol. in 174G. 
 He gate to the world Ijesides receuil des 
 pierres gravees antiques in 4to. 1707, — and 
 pieturaj antiqiiie oryj>tarum Roman. & se- 
 pulcri nasonum, fol. 17oS, all which display 
 great erudition, and remarkable judgment. 
 
 Ch.\uv eau, Francis, a tiainter and en- 
 graver of Paris, who died there, 1670, .^ged 
 6.5. His first engravings were i'rom the pieces 
 of la Hire, but he soon trusteil to his own 
 genius, and used the graver only for the de- 
 lineation of his ow n piotur.cs. Not less than 
 •lOOO pieces are mentioned as engraved by 
 him, and 400 e.xecufed fi'om his dcsigRS. 
 
 CiiAUVEAi:, llene, sou of the preceding, 
 possessed the genius and followed the p -ofcs- 
 sion of his fatlu r. He distinguished him- 
 self particularly as a sculpior. He resided 
 for some years in Sweden and at Berlin, and 
 died at Paris 17^2-2, «ged 59. 
 
 Chauvin, Stephen, a native of Nimes, 
 who as a protestant lett France at the revo- 
 cation af the ci'ict of Nantes, and went to 
 Rotterdam, and afterwartls to Berlin, where 
 he became professor of ])hi!osophy. IJe 
 died 17i5, aged 85. He publishe4 I^exrcon 
 ]»!n!osopbiiiiiii, fol. and a ticw journal dcs-sa- 
 vans, begun at Rotterdam lO'.li. 
 
 ('UA2,ELi.ES, John M;<ttbew, a French. 
 mathCraati^Jan, liin at Lyons lGo7. He 
 
Clf 
 
 Cll 
 
 eamo to PaiLs hi inr^, and was recommend- 
 ed to Cassini, "whom he assisted in the mea- 
 surement of the roeridiaii line. Jn 1GS4, he 
 instructed the duke of Mortemar in matlie- 
 matics, anci by his influence was appointed 
 hydrograpliy professor tor the gallies of .Mar- 
 seilles, where he made many vahiable obfior- 
 vations, and drew a new map of the coast of 
 ProVence, besides phms of various harl><>urs 
 and forts. His .e;real and extensive nl)ilitics 
 Avere usefully employed by the Fren<'h niii;- 
 istry. His astronomical observations were 
 not confined to Europe, but he visited Greece 
 and Egypt, snd first observed in his measure- 
 ment of tiie great pyramid, that its four cor- 
 ners e.xactly correspond to the four cardinal 
 points of the world. Chazelles, whose pri- 
 vate character and virtuous deportment was 
 not surpassed by the extent of his genius, 
 died January 1710. Besides his voyage in the 
 Levant, he contributed greatly to the im- 
 provement of the Neptune Franc'ois. He 
 was made member of the academy of sci- 
 ences in 1695. 
 
 Chefomtaikes, Christopher de, a na- 
 tive of Britany, provincial and general of the 
 cordeliers. He was in 1579 made archbishop 
 of Ctesaria by Gregory XHI. and sent to 
 Flanders, where his eloquence as a preacher 
 made many converts among the protestants. 
 He died at Rome 1595, aged 63. He was 
 in his character a most learned man, an able 
 and judicious divine, but accused also of he- 
 retical opinions. His work on transubstan- 
 tiation was regarded as curious. 
 
 Cheke, John, a learned Englishman, 
 born at Cambridge 16th June 1514, and ed- 
 ucated at St. John's college. He was made 
 professor of Greek_ in the university, with a 
 stipend of 40Z. a year, and in 1544, he Avas 
 appointed tutor with sir Anthony Cooke, to 
 prince Edward. On the accession of his 
 pupil to the throne, he was rewarded with 
 an annuity of 1(.*0 marks, and a grant of 
 land, and appointed besides prorost of king's 
 college. In 1551 he was knighted, arid soon 
 after rose to the office of secretary of state. 
 On the accession of Mary he was stripped 
 of his honors, and permitted to travel abroad, 
 but after supporting himself for some time 
 at Strasburg by teaching Greek, he iras seiz- 
 ed on his return between Brussels and An- 
 twerp, by Philip of Spain, and sent like a 
 traitor to London. His religion wa.s now the 
 cause of his persecution, but he did not pos- 
 sess the firmness of a martyr, and when of- 
 fered to choose between tli£ faggot and 
 popery, he abjured his faith and was receiv- 
 ed by cardinal Pole into the bosom of the 
 catholic church. A confession so violently 
 extorted antl so rashly given, preyed now 
 upon his spirits, and shortened his days. He 
 died of shame and remorse, 13th September 
 1557, aged 43. He left three sons. His 
 works were numerous and valuable, and 
 they are mentioned by Strype in his life. 
 Those best known arc the hurt of sedition, 
 against the insurgents 1549, — epistles on the 
 death of Buccr, — de pronunciatione Grrcrx 
 potiasimrim linguoi UL'^putntioncs 1555, Basil 
 
 — de supopRtitione ad regum Henpicum, Sec; 
 He was deservedly considered as one of the 
 most learned men of his age, but his attempts 
 to improve the pronunciation of Greek was 
 regarded by bishop Gardiner as heresy, and 
 therefore forbidden. 
 
 Chelcnig, a daughter of Leonidas, who 
 married Cleombiotus, king of Sparta, and 
 proved a remarkable example of filial and 
 conjugal affection. 
 
 Chemtn, Catharine du, a French lady, 
 wife to Giiardon, and eminent for painting 
 flowers. She died at Paris, 1098, and her 
 husband erected a monument to her memory 
 in the cimrch of St. Landez. 
 
 Cn EMI N'Ais, Timoleon, a native of Pari?, 
 much respected as a preacher among the 
 Jesuits, and little inferior to Massillon. He 
 died 1690, aged 38. Besides five volumes of 
 sermons, he published sentiments of piet}-, 
 &c. 
 
 Chemnitz., Martin, a Lutheran divine, 
 bom atBritzen in Brandenburg. He studied 
 at Magdeburg and Frankfort on the Oder, 
 and afterwards taught a school in Prussia, 
 and became librarian to the prince. He af- 
 terwards returned to Wiltemberg, where 
 his friend Melancthon lived, and thence re- 
 moved to Brunswick, where he died after 
 30 years residence 1586, aged 64. His works 
 
 are Harmonia evangeliorum a treatise 
 
 against the Jesuits — 8: examen concilii Tri- 
 dentini, a valuable perfoi'mance. His char- 
 acter was highly esteemed by the princes of 
 Germany, so that he is deservedly ranked 
 next to Luther, on account of the services 
 which he performed in the establishment of 
 the reformation. He was also well versed ia 
 astronomy and mathematics. 
 
 Chemnitt,, Boreslaus Philip, grandson 
 of the above, -was born at Stettin, and died 
 1678, aged 73. He served in a military ca- 
 pacity in the armies of Holland and Sweden, 
 and became counsellor of stale and historio- 
 grapher to queen Christina. His history of 
 the Swedish wars in Germany, appeared in 
 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Cherilus, a Greek poet, intimate with 
 Herodotus. He celebrated the victories of 
 his country over the Persians. 
 
 Chero.v, Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of 
 a painter at Meaux, was born at Paris, She 
 devoted her time to poetry, painting, the 
 learned languages, and music, and obtained 
 great ceJuebrity by her pencil, especially in 
 history, oil colours, and in miniature. She 
 was admitted into the academy of painting 
 and sculpture, and the academy of Kicovrati 
 at Padua honored her with the appellation 
 of Erato. She died at Paris 3d Sept. 1711, 
 aged G3. 
 
 CHERON,Lewis, brother to the preceding, 
 was born at Paris, and cnrne to London, 
 where he executed some historical pieces, 
 especially the judgment of Paris, and the 
 council of the gods, for the duke of Mon- 
 tague. He was a proteslant, and died in 
 London 1713, aged 53. 
 
 C}iERUBi>r, Father, a capuchin friar of 
 Orleans in the middle of ihc 17th centurv. 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 His book called ocuhir dioptiiis, on the tlic- 
 ory of telescopes — and his vision parluite, 2 
 vols. I'ul. — pi-ovo his abilities as H matheuKiti- 
 tian and piiilosopher. 
 
 Cheselden, William, an Knglish &mi- 
 gpon of great eminence, horn at Somei-ny 
 in Leicestershire. He uas the |)iipil ol Cou - 
 per, and also of Ferne, the snrpeon of St. 
 Thomas's h<tspit.il. Jle early distinjijnished 
 liimselt, and heijan to read lectm-e.s at the 
 early age of 2'2, which he contiinietl for up- 
 Mards of '20 years. He was suicissful ni 
 entting for the stone, and he immortali/ed 
 himself by giving light to a youth of 14, who 
 liad never seen, of which he pulilished a cu- 
 rious and interesting account. He was now 
 at the head of his profession, and was ap- 
 pointed principal surgeon to queen Caroline, 
 and blessed T\ith \\ ell-earned lame and inde- 
 pendence. He obtained also what he chieHy 
 wished, the oflicc of head surgeon to Chelsea- 
 hospital, which he retained till his death. 
 He died of an apoplexy, April 10, 1752, aged 
 ei. He M as intimate with I*ope, by whom 
 he was greatly esteemed. His anatomy of 
 the human body, published 1713, has passed 
 through several editions. He wrote, besides 
 osteography in folio, 17.33, and other anato- 
 mical essays chiefly inserted in the philoso- 
 phical transactions. He was the first foreigner 
 admitted member of the French royal acad- 
 emy of surgery. 
 
 Chesne, Joseph du, physician to the 
 French king, was oorn at Armagnac. After 
 residing sometime in Germany, he settled at 
 Paris, and acquired great celebrity by his 
 practice, and by his knowledge of chemistry, 
 though lie was opposed and ridiculed by 
 other physicians, especially Guy Patin. He 
 dietl at an advanced age at Paris, IfiOQ. He 
 w-rote in verse the folly of the world, 4to. — 
 and tiie great mirror of the world, 4to. — 
 besides some treatises on chemistry. 
 
 Chesne, Andre du, called the father of 
 French history, v as born at Turenne, and 
 crushed to death by a cart as he was return- 
 ing from Paris to his country house in 1C40, 
 in his 5Cth year. He wrote the history of 
 the Popes, 2 vols. fol. — history of England, 
 4 vols. fol. — history of French cardinals — 
 collection of French historians, 24 vqIs. fol. 
 of which only four were published by him. 
 
 CiiESTEnriELD, Philip earl of. Vid. 
 Stanhope. 
 
 Chetw'ode, Knightley, was born at 
 Coventry, and became fellow of King's-col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He was nominated bishop 
 of Bristol on Trelawney's translation, but 
 James abdicated before the election could 
 pass the seals, and he lost the see. He was 
 afterv ards chajjlain to the English forces in 
 Holhyid under \Iarlborough, became dean of 
 Glocester 1707, and died April 4th 1720. 
 He wrote, besides some poems, a life of lord 
 lloscommon, still remaining in MS. at St. 
 John's, Cambridge. 
 
 Chevat.ier, Anthony Kodolph le, a 
 native of Montchamps in Normandy, v. ho 
 left France on account of liis religion, and 
 was employed as teacher of the f rcuch Ir.n- 
 
 guagc to Elizabeth, afterwards queen of 
 England. He left England at the beginning 
 of Mary's reign, and studied the oriental 
 languages under Trcmelius, whose daughter 
 he married, and then taught Hebrew at 
 Strasburg .-md (icne\a. He afterwards re- 
 turned to France, Uut «sc,ij)cd on the dread- 
 ful day of St. IJart^iolonjew, and came to 
 Guernsey, \vheri' be died l')72, aged C5. 
 llesiiles tlie Jerusalem 'I'argum translated 
 from the Syriac, he published a Latin gram- 
 mar of the rudiments of the Hebrew lan- 
 guage, 4to. 1574. 
 
 Chevalier, Lewi.s, a native of To<iraine, . 
 who in his youth enieied among the religious 
 of la Trappe, hut afterwai-ds, in consequence 
 of the austerities of the monastic life, he ap- 
 plied himself to the law, and acrpiircd emi- 
 nen.ce. His pleadings for the canons of 
 Itheims appeared in 1716. He was a man 
 of great piety, and died 1744, aged 81. 
 
 Che VERT, Francis de, a French general, 
 horn of obscure parents at Verdun. He 
 rose from the ranks, and distinguished him- 
 self by assiduity, courage, and a great know- 
 ledge of tactics. After liellisle's retreat from 
 Prague, he defended the place with the most 
 obstmate bravery, and yielded only through 
 famine 1742, and on honorable terms. His 
 valor greatly contributed to the victory of 
 Hastenback in 1757, and that of Lauterberg. 
 He died 1769, aged 74. 
 
 Chevillier, Andrew, author of the 
 oi'igin of painting in Paris_, — of a dissertatioa 
 on the council of Chalcedon, — and other 
 works, was a learned Frenchman, librarian 
 to the Sorbonne, and who died 1700, aged 64. 
 
 Chevreau, Urban, a native of Loudun 
 in Poitou, who distinguislicd himself by his 
 assiduity and learning, and becar.je secretary 
 to Christina queen of Sweden, whom he 
 h.'^.d t!ie art to recoticile to the catholic faith. 
 After his return to Paris he was preceptor 
 to the duke of Maine, and he afterwards re- 
 tired to his native place, where he built an 
 elepiut mansion, and died after spending 
 there 20 years of ease and literary seclusion 
 from the world, 1701, aged nearly 88. He 
 wrote an liistory of the world — the effects 
 of fortune, a romance — and other thin|^. 
 
 CiiEVNE, George, a Scotch physician, 
 educated at Edinburgh. When 30 years of 
 age he came to London, and from an abste- 
 mious mode of life bc^iame a jovial and free- 
 living compaaion. He grew so much in bulk 
 and unw it Idy corpulence, that the smallest 
 exertions were painful to him, and all the 
 powers of medicine were unavailing to re- 
 lieve him, till the use of a milk diet reduced 
 him from the enormous weight of 52 stone 
 to nearly one thirti, and enabled liim to live 
 to the mature age of 72. He died at Bath 
 1743. He wrote an essay on long life and 
 health — tractatus de infirmorum sanitate, 
 &CC. — a treatise on nervous diseases — fluxio- 
 n»im methodus — philosophical principles of 
 I'cligion natural and revealed. 
 
 Cheyxel, Francis, was born and edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and made fellow of Merton 
 iu IC2'J. During the civil wars he embraced 
 
CH 
 
 GH 
 
 the puntuuical party, and as the tUvorlte of 
 ihe parliametit, he was sent to convert the 
 iniiv<*rsity and made visitor, and in 1648, 
 appointe<l Margaret professor there, and 
 president of St. Joim's college. He was how- 
 ever incapable of filling those places with be- 
 coming profh-ietv, and he retired to his living 
 of Petworth in Sussex, from which he was 
 ejected at the restoration. He is much less 
 known for his sermons and political tracts, 
 than for his acquaintance with the celebrated 
 (Jhillingworth. He attended him in his last 
 moments, and when he was buried at Chi- 
 chester, he contemptuously threw the book 
 which that great author had written against 
 the papists into his grave, with every mark 
 of insolent zeal and fanatical madness. He 
 died at Preston in Sussex 16G5, leaving be- 
 hind him several sons. 
 
 CniABRERA, Gabricllo, an Italian poet, 
 born at Savone, where he died 1638, aged 86. 
 He studied at Rome, and was much courted by 
 the wits and great men of the age, and partic- 
 ularl} by pope Urban VHI. He w rote heroic, 
 dramatic, pastoral and lyric poems published 
 at Rome, 1718, in 8vo. 
 
 Chiari, Joseph, an historical painter 
 Ijorn at Rome, and pupil to Carlo Maratti. 
 He was attacked with the plague when an 
 infant, and though he recovered, his consti- 
 tution ever after felttlie shock. His pieces 
 adorned the public buildings and churches of 
 his native city. He died 1727, aged fS. 
 
 CniAviSTELLi, Jacob, a ])erspective 
 painter of Florence, wlio died I6y8, aged 77. 
 
 Chichely, Henry, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was horn at Higliam Ferrers, and 
 educated at Wiiichcstcr school, and KeTS' 
 college, Oxford. He was sent by Henry IV. 
 to cnngrati.-Iatc Gregory XII. on his elevation 
 to the papacy, and Mas appointed by him 
 bishop of the vacant see of St. Darid's. In 
 14O0, he was'at the council of Piss, and five 
 years after, on the death of Aruvidel, he was 
 translated toCanterbuiy. In this high office, 
 he supported his power witli great firmness 
 and enlai'ged the privileges of the clergy, 
 and holdlv excommunicated lord Strange, 
 who had assaulted sir John Trussel in St. 
 Dunstan's ctuaxh, and killed one of his ser- 
 vants. He also opposed the encroachments 
 of tl»e pope, and rendered hims-jlf j)opular 
 by his influence with the clergy, and by pro- 
 moting occasional donations for the support 
 of the government. Besides founding in liis 
 native town, a college (ov one n»aster and 
 eight fellows and other subordinate officers, 
 he laid the foundations of that iioble edifice 
 in Oxford, called All Sduls. This splendid 
 college was completed in 1440, and the cha]»ej 
 vas with great pomp consecrated by the 
 founder. Chicheley v. as ver)' munificent in 
 his contributions to charitable purposes. He 
 died 12th April 144.5, after being archbisliop 
 '29 years, and he was buried in Canterltury 
 cathedral. It is said tliat when 80 he wished 
 to resign his exalted situation which the pope 
 refused. 
 
 CuicoYNEAV, Francis, a native of Mont- 
 lucllier, physician to thii French kin^. He 
 
 was seat by the regent Orleans to stop the 
 plague at Marseilles, and the confidence with 
 which he entered a place, filled with disease 
 and death, contributed, with his excellent 
 prescriptions, to reanimate the terrified in- 
 habitants, and dispel the distemper. He was 
 honorably rewarded as he fully deserved. He 
 died at Versailles 1752, aged 80. Of his 
 works, the most curious is that in which he 
 supports that the plague is not contagious. 
 
 Chicoyneau, Francis, son of the above, 
 was as illustrious as his father in medicine. 
 He chiefly excelled, however, in botany, and 
 greatly improved and adoxnied the royal gar- 
 den at Montpellier. He died 1740, aged 38, 
 professor and ehancellor of the university of 
 Montpellier, an honor which four of his 
 family had enjoyed before him. 
 
 Chifflet, John James, a physician, 
 bom at Besancon. After travelling through 
 Europe, and being for some time physician to 
 the archduchess of the Low Countries, he 
 remained in the same capacity with Philip IV. 
 of Spain, who treated him with great kind- 
 ne.'Kj. He died in a good old age. He wrote 
 Vindicire Hispanica; against the French, be- 
 sides other works. His son John distin- 
 guished himself by his knowledge of He- 
 brew; and his sou Julius was eminent as a 
 civilian, and was in great favour with the 
 king of Spain. 
 
 CiiTLDEBERT I. kjug of France, after 
 his father Clovis, 511. He assisted his bro- 
 thers Clotaire and Clodomir in the defeat of 
 Sigismujid king of Burgund}^; but he was 
 afterwards routed in his attempt to invade 
 the Spanish dominions. He died at Paris 558. 
 
 Childebert II. son of Sigebert and 
 Brunehaut, succeeded his father in the king- 
 dom of Austrasia 575. He afterwards joined 
 the kingdom of Burgundy, of Orleans, and 
 part of Paris, to his own dominions, after the 
 death of Chilperic, king of Soissons, and 
 died by poison 596, aged only ^G. During 
 his reign some excellent regulations were 
 made for the preservation of good order and 
 subordination. 
 
 Childebert HI. brother of Clovis HI. 
 and son of Thierry, was surnamed the just. 
 He was governeil during the whole of his 
 reign by Pepin, the mayor of the palace, 
 and died 711, in the I6th year of liis reign, 
 and aged 28. 
 
 Childeric I. king of France after his 
 father Merovieus 456. He was banished the 
 next year for his ill conduct, and retired to 
 Thuringiu, from which he was recalled iii 
 463. He afterwards behaved with great 
 valor, and enlarged his kingdom by con- 
 quest. He died 481, aged 45. 
 
 CniLDERic II. son of Clovis and Bathil- 
 da, succeeded his brother Clotaire III. 670, 
 and for a while, wheti governed by the wise 
 counsel of Leger, bishop of Autun, he was 
 a popular monarch. He afterwards gave 
 himself up to every species of licentious- 
 nes.s and cruelty, and was at last assassinated 
 by Bodilon in t'le forest of Livri 673. His 
 wife and his son shared his fate. 
 
 Chii-deric ni. sarnamcd the ideot an^ 
 
CH 
 
 Cil 
 
 the uUc, was raised to the tliroue by Ptpin 
 74'2. Some time after he was Imrled from 
 his elevation by the surnc powcrl'iil juitilstci-, 
 and ooiifined in a rnotiastcry \vlicie he diid 
 755. Me was the last of tiu; nrsl ruoe of the 
 French kings, and was siircofd«'d by Pepin. 
 ClllULIN'GWOit'ril, William, a (•<ki)r:i- 
 fed divine, born at Oxford, (Jctobi-i* UlU'J. 
 liaud, then fellow of Si., .lobo'i, was his 
 godfather, lie entered al Trinity, and ap- 
 plied himself not oidy to di>inity, but to the 
 mathematics and puotrr, but his aff|nain- 
 tnnce with Fisher the e* lebrated .lesiiil, 
 overturned his faith, and with more zeal 
 than judgn^ent ho embraced the tenets of the 
 catholic reliijion. Tliat he might pursue his 
 studies with more success, lie retired to 
 Douai uni\ci'sily, but the correspondence of 
 l..aud, now bishop of Lon<lon, shook his re- 
 ligious opinions and he soon became sen.silde 
 that tiie i)ope of Home is not ibat infallible 
 person he had implicitly believed. Uestwred 
 t6 the protestants, tJhillingwortli rctwrncd 
 to Oxford, where he proposed to com|)Ieto 
 Lis free inquii-v into religion. The change 
 of his principles however drew upon him all 
 the virulence of the catholics, but in several 
 treatises, as well as by letters and conversa- 
 tions, he defended his conduct and suppor- 
 ted the reasonableness of the prolestatit 
 lenets, witli such mildness united with firm- 
 ness and candor, tliat even his enemies ap- 
 plauded him. Ill 1637, his book, called the 
 )-eligion of protestants a safe way to salva- 
 tion, appeared, and with a modest and ele- 
 gant dedication it was presented to Charles 
 I. and so universally admired was it, that it 
 passed through several editions, and will re- 
 main a lasting monument of the author's 
 superior abilities, and of sound reason, and 
 pure religion. Though admired and re- 
 ^)eclcd as a divine, Cbillingworth yet star- 
 ted objections against the thirty-nine arti- 
 cles, and refused to assent totlie damnatory 
 clauses of the athanasian creeil. His scru- 
 ples however g^'adually removed, and he 
 subscribed the articles, considering it as a 
 su1)scription of peace and union, and not of 
 belief oi* assent. Soon after he was promo- 
 ted to the chancellorship of Salisbury, with 
 the prebend of lirix worth, Northampton- 
 shire, and the mastership of Wigston's hos- 
 pital, Leicestershire. The troubles of the 
 times prevented higher elevation. Chilling- 
 worth who was zealously attached to the 
 king's cause, took up arms against the re- 
 publicans, and acted as engineer at the siege 
 of Glocester. At the siege of Arundel, 
 however, he was taken prisoner with the 
 garrison by sir William Waller, and as he 
 then labored under an indisposition, he was 
 removed to Chichester, where after a short 
 illness he exi)ired in the bishop's palace. 
 His last mom.ents were attended by the fa- 
 natical Cheyncll, who at his funeral insulted 
 his remains by throwing with religious 
 frenzy into his grave his edebrated book 
 mentioned above. He died about the 3Uth 
 of January- 1G44, and was buried in Chiches- 
 ter catheiln;.!. Clarendon has improperly 
 
 wentiourd tliat he died in Arundel castle. 
 The fame of Cbillijigworlh is firmly estab- 
 lished as a noble tliaputant, a peropiciious 
 reasfnicr, and a candid and iinplisitive 
 philosopher, and he is more than entitled to 
 iIm- coiniiieiidution'! \»hichnot only ^^'ooll, 
 Ivtit Till')l;on and I.otke, themselves biich 
 paltcrii.s of I'xcellonce, have passed upon 
 jiim. Hcsides iii.s work.-; alre:uiy menlioneij, 
 and several others in tlu' dirlencc of religion 
 and of loyalty, .some \altiable manuscripts 
 ■xrc preserved in Lambelh chapel, among 
 .Mr. II. W hailni.'s VIS. 
 
 Cil I l.M^. .A. D, Kdie.iind, vasborn in Glo- 
 resteishirc, and «'duc:;:ed at Christ church, 
 Oxford. On being ejected from his li\ii'g» 
 by tiu- repulilicans in 10 iS, he subsisted ir» 
 London by tLaching music. He died lfij4. 
 He M rote a treatise on the use of the glf)bes, 
 and published translations of some (Jreck 
 authors. 
 
 Child, a philosoplier of Sparta, and one 
 of the seven wise men. lie <lied about 5*J7, 
 B. C. 
 
 Chilperic I. youngest son of Clotaire 1. 
 succeeded on his father's <kath to the king- 
 dom of Soissons 5GL His wife Gah'.sninta 
 wa^ barbarously assa.<;slr,ated as it is suppo- 
 sed by his mistress Fredegonde; but in&tcad 
 of avenging her death Ik; mariied the sus- 
 pected murderer, and committed every kind 
 of cruelty to satisfy her vengeance and am- 
 bition. He lost part of his dominions by the 
 invasion of Sigebcrt king of Austrasia, who 
 wished to punish the death of his sister-in- 
 law the murdered queen, and after sacrifi- 
 cing his sons MerovKus and Clovis to the 
 jealousy of the infamous Fredegonde, he at 
 last saw the wickedness of his conduct, and 
 became a devotee. He was murdered as he 
 was returning from hunting in 5^4, and 
 Fredegonde and her favorite Landri were 
 universally suspected as the assassins. 
 
 Chilperic II. son of ChilderioTI. suc- 
 ceeded Dagobert III. in 715. He headed his 
 troops M ith Rainfrai, the mayor of tbe pa- 
 lace, against Charles Martel, but was soon 
 after defeated, and wheu in the power ol 
 the conqueror reduced to privacy. He died 
 at Attigny, and was buried at Noyon ia 7'20. 
 
 Chine Xoumg, emperor of China, about 
 £837 vears B. C. is said to have instructed 
 his subjects in agriculture and in extracting" 
 wine from rice. He was well acquainted 
 with, mathematics, physic, music, and poe- 
 try. 
 
 Chixg or Xi-HOA?i-Ti, emperoi; ot 
 China, about 2U> B. C. is said tu have built 
 tbe great wall after the expulsion of tht 
 Tartars. He was varlike, but disgraced h^^• 
 reign by burning all the books which he 
 could procure. 
 
 Chirac, Peter, physician to the French 
 king, was born at Conques in Kouergue. He 
 was professor of me<licine at Montpellier, 
 and was appointed physician to the army ot 
 Roussillon by marshal Noailles, in vhicU 
 capacity his treatment of the sick soldiers 
 under a violent dysentery was particularlv 
 su<;c<;ssfiilv Hi ^y^s alsp very succxiSsl!.!! 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 duriiig an epidemic distemper at Rochefort 
 and* a pestilence at Marseilles. He died 
 11th March 1732, aged S'J. He wrote dis- 
 sertations on -wounds — on fevers — ou the 
 use of the rust of iron in. the incubus — be- 
 sides other medical tracts. 
 
 Chishull, Edmund, ivas born at Ey- 
 •worth, Bedfordshire, and educated at Cor- 
 pus Christi college, Oxford. He obtained a 
 travelling fellowship, and consequently visi- 
 ted Turkey and the Levant, and was chap- 
 lain to the English factory at Smyrna. He 
 "became B. D. 1705, and was presented by 
 Mr. Conyers to the living of Walthamstow, 
 in Essex, where he died 18th May 1733. He 
 "wrote against Dodwell on the mortality of 
 the soul, and his travels in Turkey were 
 published in 1747, by Mead, in folio. 
 
 Choin, Mary Emily Joly dfe, a lady de- 
 scended from a noble Savoy family. She 
 ^^•as about the person of the duchess of 
 Conti, where she was seen by the dauphm ; 
 bat no solicitations could prevail upon her to 
 <leviate from tlie rules of decorum and chas- 
 tity. It is said that the prince at last mar- 
 ried her privately, and, in her company, I'e- 
 formed his conduct, and regained the affec- 
 tion of the king. After his death, in 1711, 
 she retired to obscurity, and died 1744, 
 universally respected for her private virtues. 
 
 Choiseul, Stephen Francis due de, a 
 French politician of great abilities. After 
 enjoying the confidence of Lewis XV. and 
 serving his country as an ambassador and 
 as minister at home, he was disgraced ; and 
 on his retirement, still retained popularity 
 and universal respect. He was a liberal and 
 jnunificent patron of arts and of Uterature, 
 and, by his political intrigues, was called by 
 the king of Prussia, the coachman of Eu- 
 rope. He died 1785, aged 66. 
 
 Choisi, Francis Timoleon de, prior of 
 St. Lo, and dean of Bayeux, was engaged 
 "by the French government to go as ambas- 
 .sador to the king of Siam, w ho wished, it 
 was said, to become a convert to Chris- 
 tianity. Though he had spent the earlier 
 part of his life in debauchery, yet he re- 
 formed his conduct, and applied himself to 
 the cultivation of literature. He died at 
 Paris October 2, 1724, aged 81. He wrote 
 an account of his journey to Siam — the his- 
 tory of France, <luring five reigns, 5 vols. 
 4to. — an ecclesiastical histoi-y, 11 vols. 4to. 
 — dialogues on the immortality of the soul. 
 See. 
 
 Chomel, Peter Jolin Baptist, physician 
 to the French king, died 1740. He wrote 
 Jhistory of cgmmon plants, 3 vols. 1761. His 
 son John was also a physician, and died 1765. 
 He wrote essay on the history of medicine 
 in France — the life of Molin — eulogy of Du- 
 rtt — letters on the maladies among cattle. 
 
 CuopiN, Ken6, a native of Bailleul in 
 Aojou, distniguished as a lawyer, and known 
 as the author o*' a treatise de domino — de 
 sacra politica monastica — the customs of 
 Anjou — the customs of Paris, &c. all pub- 
 lished in 6 vols. fol. He died under the 
 operation of b^ing cut for ihe stone, 1606, 
 ag:ed 69 
 
 Chorier, Nieholfts, author of the phi- 
 losophy of an honest man — the history of 
 Dauphine — Latin poems — and an indecent 
 V ork called Aloysise Sigete Toletanie Satyra 
 Soladica de arcanis amoris et Veneris — was 
 an advocate of the parliament of Grenoble, 
 where he died 1692, aged 83. 
 
 Chosroes I. the great, succeeded Ca- 
 bades as king of Persia 531. He made war 
 against tiie lloraans, but was defeated by 
 Belisarius, and afterwards by Tiberius, and 
 died of vexation 579. To great virtues he 
 united unliappily cruelty, oppression, and 
 boundless ambition, 
 
 Chosroes H. succeeded his father Hor- 
 misdas as king of Persia 590. His cruelties 
 excited the revolt of his subjects, but the 
 Romans supported him, and he w as eeabled. 
 to conquer Egypt, Africa, and Judie. He 
 was at last defeated by Heraclius, and im- 
 prisoned by his own son. He died in con- 
 finement 627. 
 
 Chouet, John Robert, a native of Gene- 
 va, possessed of such talents, that at the age 
 of 22 he was appointed professor of philoso- 
 phy at Saumur, where he I'eplaced the ten- 
 ets of Aristotle with the philosophy of Des- 
 cartes. In 1669 he returned to Geneva as 
 professor, and .by his populai'ity obtained a 
 seat in the council 1686. He was repeatedly 
 syndic, and died 1731, aged 89, universally 
 respected as a good citizen and an upright 
 magistrate. He wrote introduction to logic 
 — theses physicse de vai-ia astrorum luce — 
 discourses on the histoiy of Geneva — and 
 other works. 
 
 Choul, William du, a French antiquary 
 of Lyons. He travelled over Italy, and 
 wrote a valuable treatise, 1556, on the re- 
 ligion and castramentation of the ancient 
 Ron:ians, which has been translated into La- 
 tin and Italian. 
 
 Christie, William, was educated at 
 Aberdeen, and appointed master of the 
 grammar school at Montrose, where he 
 lived respected as a diligent and attentive 
 master, and died 1774, aged 44. His gram- 
 mar and his introduction to the making of 
 Latin are both well spoken of 
 
 Christiern I. king of Denmark, son of 
 Thierry count of Oldenburg, succeeded 
 Christopher of Bavaria li48. He was a 
 popular monarch, benevolent and humane. 
 He founded the order of the elephant and 
 died 1481. 
 
 Christiern II. surnamed the cruel, or 
 the northern N'ero, succeeded ou the Danish 
 throne his father John 1513. He was elected 
 king of Sweden 1520; but, iubtead of pi'ov- 
 ing, as he promised, the father of his \»eople, 
 he became their tyrant, and massacred at a 
 feast 94 of the Swedish nobles to whom he 
 owed his elevation. A series of atrocities 
 rendered him so unpopular in his new do- 
 minions, that he was driven from Sweden 
 by the valor of Gustavus; but in Copenha- 
 gen lie pursued the same ferocious conduct, 
 in consequence of which he was expelled 
 from his ihrone by his indignant subjects, 
 and escaped to Flanders. Ever restless and 
 
CH 
 
 r.ii 
 
 atiiljitlons, lie gained the Uutch to csnouse 
 His i-.'iiist."; but lie was ilflVatc*! in his al- 
 icmpt to recover his doniiiiions, and died in 
 prison 'Jjtli January 155'J, universally uh- 
 horrcd. 
 
 OURISTIERN Iff. nephew atid snceessor 
 of Frederic I. 153+, deserved and ol)tained 
 tlie aflection ol" his subjects, lie cmlji'accd 
 flie opinions of I -ulher, and made lliat the 
 ostabhshed rclii^ion of his kingdom. He 
 died 1st January 1559, aged 56. 
 
 C}fRls riERN IV. succeeded as king of 
 Denmark liis father Fre(U;ric II. 15S8. He 
 made war against the Swedes, and was no- 
 minated chief of the i)rott>stant league for 
 the re-estabfishment of the prince l^datinc, 
 1625. He died 2Slh February IGIS, aged 
 71, much respected as an able and benevo- 
 lent nioinirch. 
 
 Christiern V. succeeded Ids father 
 Frederic HI. in 1670. He formed a league 
 with the (lernutn princes, and made Avar 
 against Sweden ; hut, though brave and 
 Avarlike, he was defeated. He died -ith Sep- 
 tember IGO'J, aged .54. 
 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, daugh- 
 ter of Gustavus Adolphus the great, was born 
 yth December Ki^O, und succeeded her fath- 
 er lG33. After reigning with splendor, and 
 the character of a great and poi)ular sove- 
 reign, slie resigned the crown in 1054, in 
 favor of her cousin, Charles Gastavus. Site 
 had sometime before embraced the eatliolic 
 religion, at the instigation of the Jesuits ; 
 and she retired to Home, where she contin- 
 ue<l to reside till the death of her cousin, in 
 I6b0; when she attempted, either by the 
 suggestions of ambition, or the advice of her 
 religious advisers, to resume the crown, 
 which as a catholic she could not effect. She 
 died at Rome 19th April 1GS9, aged 03. 
 She was a woman of great abilities, w as well 
 acquainted with several languages, and was 
 not only a frequent correspondent with Gro- 
 tius, Salmasius, Descartes, Vossius, Bo- 
 chart, Huet, and other men of letters, but 
 a liberal patroness of literature. Some cir- 
 cumstances, however, are raentioned which 
 reflect some disgrace upon her character 
 ynd manners. 
 
 Christophersot, John, au English 
 prelate, horn in Lancashire, and educated 
 at St. Jolin's college, Cambridge. He be- 
 came fellow and master of Trinity college, 
 and dean of Norwich, and in queen Mary's 
 leign he was made bishop of Chichester. 
 He died the year after his elevation, a little 
 before the queen. He was a firm Romanist. 
 He translated Philo Judajus into Latin, and 
 also the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius, 
 Sozomen, Socrates, Evegrius, and Theodo- 
 ret ; hut as a translator he is neither faithful, 
 nor elegant, nor accurate. 
 
 Chrvsippus, a stoic philosopher of Tar- 
 sus, said to have written above 700 books. 
 ile died B. C. 207. 
 
 Chrysoloras, Emanuel, a learned 
 
 Greek, born at Constantinople about 1355. 
 
 He came into England in the reign of Rich- 
 
 oiil II. as ambassador fvom John Pjiiveolog^is, 
 
 VOL. [. ^3 
 
 to soli'iit assistance against the attacks of the 
 Turks. After his return to (Constantinople, 
 he came to Florence, where he taught (jreek 
 for three years; atid afterwards lie lte«;ame 
 (iieek jtrofessor in the university «jl" 'l'i«i- 
 iium, at the retpiest of the duke of .Milan. 
 He afterwards visited \cnice and Rome; 
 and, in lil3, be wun sent by pope Martiit 
 A', as ambassador to Sigismnnd emperor of 
 Germany, to settle the i)lace for the meet- 
 ing of a general council. He afterwards re- 
 turned to his on n emperor at Consiantiiio- 
 ple, by whom he was sent as ambassador to 
 the council of Constance. He died at Con- 
 stance, a i'cw days fitter the operiiug of the 
 council, 15th Aiiril 1415; and a handsonie 
 monument was erected to his memory by 
 the gratitude of his scholar Poggius. He 
 wrote, besides a Greek grammar, a parallel 
 between ancient and modern Rome. 
 
 CiiRYSos TOM, John, a native of Antioch, 
 who became bishop of Constantinople, and 
 one of the most illustrious fathers of the 
 church. In eloquence and bcnc;volence he 
 was equally known ; but the diviions of the 
 age embittered in some degree his happi- 
 ness, and he was banished from his see by 
 his enemies, tliough afterwards restored. 
 He died at Pityus, on the Euxine sea, 407, 
 aged 53. His works w ere edited by Mont- 
 faucon, in 13 vols. fol. 
 
 Chubb, Thomas, was born at East Harn- 
 ham, near Salisbury, iytli September 1079. 
 He was at the age of 15 apprenticed to a 
 glover; hut when his time was expired, as 
 his eyes were weak, he engaged in business 
 with a tallow chandler, but devoted his 
 hours of relaxation to the laboi'ions study of 
 English books. A strong retentive memory 
 soon rendered him well versed with mathe- 
 matics, geography, and other sciences, but 
 particularly divinity ; and, further to im- 
 prove himself, he established a club at Sal- 
 isbury, where the members disputed with 
 freedom on all theological subjects. The con- 
 troversy about the Trinity between Clarke 
 and Waterland then engaged deeply the 
 public attention ; and Chubb was prevailc,d 
 on by his theological friends to commit his 
 sentiments to paper. He complied, and his 
 book called *' the supremacy of the father 
 asserted, &c." was soon read, and univer- 
 sally admired. Now an author by profes- 
 sion, he was courted by the learned and the 
 great. For some years he lived in the houstr 
 of sir Joseph Jekyll, and often w aited at ta- 
 ble as a servant out of livery, but refused the 
 prospects of preferment for his obscurity at 
 Salisbury, Avhere he retired, and died 1747, 
 aged 68. To the last period of life Chubb was 
 attached to the business of a tallow chandler, 
 and after the death of his partner he fre- 
 quently ar listed the nephew, on whom the 
 concern devolved. After his death, two 
 volumes of pothumous works were publish- 
 ed, which displayed the authorasaviolent op- 
 poser of the Mosaical and Christian dispensa- 
 tions, extravagant and licentious in his opin- 
 ions, and shameless enough to deny a future 
 judgraeut,. and almost a futiir^ existeace. 
 
CH 
 
 CH 
 
 the hopes aafl consolation of the good man. 
 This publication p;re:itly astonished the world, 
 especially as nothing immoral, prolligate, or 
 licentious, had ever been observed in his 
 conduct. His principal works are, the true 
 gospel of Jc'gus Christ asserted — an inquiry 
 into the ground and foundation of religion — 
 four di.ssertations on subjects in the old tes- 
 tament, kc. 
 
 Chud LEIGH, ^lai'v, daughter of Rich- 
 grd Lee of AVinslodcr in Devonshire, was 
 horn 1G56, and married sir George Chud- 
 jeigh hart, by whom she had several child- 
 ren. She possessed respectable poetical tal- 
 ents, and published some poems, uhich pas- 
 sed through a third edition in 17!2!2. She wrote 
 besides some tragedies, operas, masques, 
 still preiserved in her family, and some 
 essays on phiiosoy)hicaI and moral subjects, 
 wliich displayed besides great neatness, and 
 purity of language, an extensive degree of 
 piety and knowledge, with resignation and 
 benevolence of heart. She died 1710. 
 
 Churchill, sir Winston, was born at 
 Wootton Glanville, Dorsetshire, 1620, and 
 is known more as the father of the great 
 duke of Marlborough than as an historian. 
 lie was of St. John's college, Oxford, but 
 the troubles of the times prevented his tak- 
 ing a degree, and he engaged warmly on the 
 sid.e of the king, in consequence ot which, 
 liis estates were forfeited. He married a 
 daughter of sir John Drake of Ashe in Dev- 
 onshire, at whose house he took shelter 
 from the pei'secution of his enemies, and 
 at the restoration he recovered his proper- 
 ty, and obtained a seat in parliament. He 
 Avas knighted in 1663, and elected a mem- 
 ber of the royal society. He published in 
 1675, a kind of political essay on the history 
 of England, in folio, which possessed little 
 merit. He died i26th March, 1688. Besides 
 his son above mentioned, and three sons and 
 tliree daHghters who died in their infancy, 
 he had Arabella, who was mistress to the 
 duke of York, and by whom he had two 
 sons and two daughters. The eldest of these 
 sons was the celebrated duke of Berwick, 
 killed at the siege of Phillipsburg, 1734. 
 
 Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough, 
 and prince of the holy Roman empire, was 
 son of the preceding, and was born at Aslie, 
 June 24th, 1650. His education was little 
 attended to by his father, m ho introduced 
 l)im when 1'2 years of age to the court, and 
 1066, in the first Dutch war, lie was made 
 an ensign in the guards, and soon after went 
 to Tangier to serve against the Moors. His 
 time here was assiduously devoted to milita- 
 ry science, he became on his return a favor- 
 ite with the duke of IMonmoutli, in whose 
 regiment he was made captain, and with 
 ■whom he served against the Dutch at tiie 
 .siege of Nimeguen. He distinguished him- 
 self so much by his valor, that Turenne 
 praised the conduct of the hand.some Eng- 
 lishman, as he <lenomiuated young Chur- 
 cliill. At the reduction of Maestiicht he 
 was equally entitled to universal praise, so 
 that the fiench monarcli, whose auxiliaries 
 
 the English then -were, saw and commenu- 
 ed his bi'avery. This well deserved reputa- 
 tion advanced his fortunes at home ; on his 
 return to London he was made lieutenant- 
 colonel by the king, and gentleman of the 
 bedchamber, and mnsttr of the robes to the 
 duke of York, whom he accompained in- 
 to the Low Countries, and into Scotland. 
 About this time Churchill married Sarak 
 Jennings, a lady who attended on the prin- 
 cess Anne, afterwards queen of England. 
 On his return from Scotland v. itii the duke, 
 he was shipwrecked on the coast, east of the 
 Humber, but though more than 120 per- 
 sons lost their lives, yet he had the good 
 fortune to escape. His iniiuence with the 
 duke was now so great, that he was created 
 a Scotch peer in loS2, by the title of baron 
 Ey mouth, and on the death of Charles he 
 was sent as ambassador to France, to an- 
 nounce the elevation of his patron to the 
 throne, and in 16S5 he was made an Eng- 
 lish peer as baron Cbui'chill. The invasion 
 of Monmouth tended now to display his 
 military abilities, he was sent against the un- 
 fortunate duke, and in a little time repres- 
 sed his rebellion, and took him prisoner. 
 These meritorious services higWy recom- 
 mended him to James, yet though he was 
 consulted by him, and even intrusted with 
 the command of 5000 men on the landing 
 of William of Orange, he was suspected of 
 favoring the cause of the invader, and ac- 
 cordingly he abandoned him, and fled to the 
 prince, yet without betraying his secrets, or 
 taking any of his soldiers with him. This 
 step rendered him a favorite with the prince 
 of Orange, and on the abdication of James, 
 he was raised to new honors, made a privy 
 counsellor, and created earl of Marlborough. 
 In 1689 he was at the battle of Walcourt, 
 and laid the foundation of that great milita- 
 ry fame, Avhich was soon to astonish the con- 
 tinent. He was afterwards in Ireland, where 
 he supported the cause of William by the 
 reduction of Cork ; but in the midst of his 
 l^opularity he was suddenly checked, his 
 offices were taken from him, and his per- 
 son confined in the tower ; a violent mea- 
 sure, which is secretly attributed to his par- 
 tial attachment to the interests of the prin- 
 cess Anne. This was, however, a partial 
 eclipse of his greatness, the king knew Ids 
 merits, and soon restored him to favor, and 
 when, after queen ISIary's death, he in- 
 trusted him with the caro of the duke of 
 Glocester, he paid iiim this handsome com- 
 pUment, " My lord make him what you are, 
 and my nephew will be all I wish to see 
 him." Fresh favors were now heaped up- 
 on him, he was declared commander in 
 chief of the troops sent over to Holland, 
 and ambassador extraordinary to the states, 
 and William evinced his further confidence 
 in his attachment, by recommending himi 
 on his death bed to Anne, as the fittest per- 
 son to protect tlje li!)erties of Europe. The 
 good opinion of William was continued by 
 Ids successor ; Marlborough was confirmed 
 irt his appointments, and elected by tiie Unit- 
 
cm 
 
 era 
 
 i-il spates cnptiiin general of all their ibrccs, 
 with if stipend of l()0,t)0O llorins per aiiiuiiii. 
 Hostile to i)Usillimiiiioiis delays, he now prc- 
 'tfailed upon (lie l'',ii;^lihh ministry to<leilan' 
 war a,q;ainst France and Spain I'O'i, and he 
 quickly ie[)are(l to his head (piartirs, aii(l 
 opened the campaign, hy reducinj^ tht- 
 strongest garrisons on the frontiers, and 
 among them Venhj, linremond, and 1 Je};e, 
 V liich was taken sword in hand. After these 
 hrilliant successes, he returned to London, 
 %vhere he was received as a conquering hero. 
 'Ihe queen created him a duke, and granted 
 Lini during her life a pension of 5000/. from 
 the post offue. I'hc next campaign was 
 equally s])lendid, Marlborough defeated tlie 
 allies at Schellenburgh, and afterwards at 
 Ilochstet, where Tallard tiie French gen- 
 eral was taken prisoner, and after thus ser- 
 ving the empire and conquering all Bavai'ia, 
 }je returned to England, bringing with him 
 us trophies of his conquests 121 standards 
 and 179 colors, together with the captive 
 general, and -26 officers of higli distinction. 
 On tliis occasion he received, as he had done 
 the preceding year, the thanks of parlia- 
 ment, and the queen seconding tlie wishes 
 of a grateful nation, settled on him and his 
 lieirs the manor of Woodstock, and the 
 hundred of Wotton. The campaign of 1705 
 Tvas equally successful ; but Marlborough 
 ♦lisUnguished himself particularly as a nego- 
 tiator at the courts of Vienna, Berlin, and 
 Hanover, and for these great services mer- 
 ited and received again on his return, the 
 thanks of the parliament, tliough intrigues 
 ">vere made against his power, and attenipts 
 meditated to baffle him in the prosecution 
 of the wai\ In 170G he won the famous bat- 
 tie of llamilies, after exposing himself to 
 great personal danger, as colonel IJingfield, 
 Avho held the stirru]) for him to remount, had 
 liis head carried off by a cannon ball, and 
 the consequence of tliis victory was the fall 
 of Louvain, Brussels, Ghent, Antv/cvp, Os- 
 tend, Dendermonde, and other strong pia- 
 ees. These successes were received with 
 fresh marks of approbation hy the English, 
 he was not only unanimously thanked by 
 both houses, but the queen was addressed 
 io make his titles hereditary in tlie male and 
 female lines of his daughters. Blenheim 
 house was built by tlie nation to commemo- 
 rate his victories, and the 5000/. from the 
 j.ost-office Avcre now annexed to Ids title. 
 The year 1707 was very barren in military 
 incidents, but Marlborough, on the follow- 
 ing year, in conjunction with prince Eu- 
 gene, pushed his conquests so rapidly that 
 the French king in 1709 made serious pro- 
 posals for a general ])eace. This was gen- 
 erally understood to be a manoeuvre to dis- 
 concert the plans of the English andDiitch, 
 but Marlborough, as great a negotiator 
 as a general, soon defeated the plans of the 
 enemy and the French once more appeared 
 in the field, headed hy marshal Villars, an 
 t)fficer of whom Lewis XI"\\ boastingly 
 spoke, saying, he had never been beat. 
 Millars however was defeated at Malplaqitet, 
 
 and Tournay taken, and the duke rcturnpS 
 to Lon<lon to receive new congi-atulations 
 and rciterati-d .applauses. In the midst of 
 his popularity however Marlljorough began 
 to feel the secret machinatiouii of hitt poli- 
 tical enemies, and though he was empowe^- 
 t (I to nigoliate for a peace at (ierti'uyden- 
 I)urg, and though on its unsucce&nful termin- 
 ation h(! renewed the war with usual felicity, 
 llie qUeen was alienatid fioni him, auti 
 yielding to the superior influence of a new- 
 favorite, Mis. Mashani, she wilh'lrcw her 
 confidenfte from the duchess, ami listened 
 too fondly to those who accused the duke 
 of ambitious views. But though his family 
 Avere removed from their oOices, and his 
 friends discarded, he remained still at the 
 head of the army, ami displayed against 
 Villars those superior manoeuvres of gener- 
 alship which always insured him success, 
 and maintained his Ingh reputation. On his 
 return lo F.ng!and he was apparently well 
 received by the queen, w ho soon after dis- 
 missed him from his employments, and liis 
 enemies attacked him in parliament, and 
 w bile on one hand he was charged Avith am- 
 bitiously protracting the war, he was on 
 the other accused of applying the ])ublic 
 money intrusteil to him to private purpo- 
 ses. The press also vented forth pamphlets 
 against the duke wliose great services were 
 forgotten, and therefore yielding to the bit- 
 ter and acrimonious language of faction and 
 of persecution he retired in voluntary b.-Mi- 
 ishment, and passed w^ith the duchess No- 
 vember Mth 171C, toOstend, and remain- 
 ed for nearly two years on the continent. 
 He returned a few days after the queen's 
 death, and became a great favorite with 
 (jeorge I. who consulted him with confi- 
 dence, and by his advice took those boM 
 measures which crushed the rebellion of 
 1715. This great man died loaded with in- 
 firmities iGth June 17'2'2, aged 73, at Wind- 
 sor-lodge, and his remains were buried in 
 Westminster abbey, with the greatest so- 
 lemnity August Oih. Besides the marquis 
 of Blandford, who died at Cami)iidge in iiis 
 18th yCoar, the duke had four daughters 
 married into the most illustrious nnmilies of 
 the kingdom. The emperor of Germany 
 made him a prince of the empire, as a re- 
 ward for his great military services. Some 
 of his letters have been published, and show 
 him to have been a man of (Consummate 
 abilities. His duchess survived him for some 
 years. She w;as a woman of strong mascu- 
 line poAvers of mind, of boundless ambition, 
 and as arbitrary in the cabinet of the queen, 
 as her husband was formidable in the field. 
 
 Church 1 1. r., Gharles, the poet, wa.s 
 born 1731, son of the itev. Charles Churcli- 
 ill, curate of St. John's, Westminster, ife 
 was educated at Westminster, but though 
 endowed with great natural aliiiities, yet he 
 so much neglected their improvement that 
 he was refused admission at Oxford for in- 
 capacity, though it is said this disgrace arose 
 from the conten3j>t with which he ti^ated 
 the jVivolous qn.cstion* ri''^''i?^'^'<J tob;:a by 
 
CI 
 
 CI 
 
 liis ihtendtMi tutor. He continued, in conse- 
 quence of this, at Westniinstr-r, rind at tlic 
 early age of 17 niarriciJ, and wljen of proper 
 flge he was ordained hv the bishop of Lon- 
 don, and retired into Wale?, upon a curai") 
 of 301. a year. In this retired situation, to 
 improve his income lie became a cider mer- 
 chant, hut his prospects of independence 
 cni\ed in a bankruptcy, and he came back to 
 Ijowdon, and on the deruh of his father suc- 
 ceeded to his curacy. He here added to his 
 resources by teach irig young ladies to read 
 and write, but as his mode of living was ex- 
 pensive, his debts increased, and he was 
 with difficulty saved from the horrors of a 
 gaol by the humanity of Mr. Lloyd second 
 master of AVestiniftster school, wlio liberally 
 satisfied his creditors. The success of " the 
 actor" by young Lloyd at this time encoura- 
 ged Churchill to cultivate the muses, and he 
 published his Kosciad, which was so univer- 
 sally admired, that Colman, Thornlon, and 
 the wits of the age, M'ere considered as the 
 authors, an<l not an obscure clergyman. 
 The popularity of this and other poems, and 
 the e.aoluments arising from the sale, now 
 altered the manners and conduct of the poet. 
 Elevated wich prosperity he now quitted the 
 habit and the sobriety of a clergyman, hebe- 
 canie a fashionable man of the town, aban- 
 doned his wife, and launched into all the ex- 
 travagance of gay and dissipated life. As the 
 friend and associate of Wilkes he crossed to 
 Boulogne in October 17G4, where some time 
 after a fever attacked him and earned him 
 off. He died 5th November 1764. Besides 
 his Kosciad, he wrote the prophecy of famine, 
 an admired poem, — an apology tothecritical 
 reviewers, — night and the ghost, in which 
 he ridicules Dr. Johnson in the character of 
 Pomposo, — Gotham and independence. — 
 cpisile to Hogarth, he. The poems after 
 his death were publishe<! in 2 vols. 8vo, and 
 have lately been re-edited. Though ot^ce 
 popidar and admired they are now little 
 read. He wrote also some sermons. 
 
 Churchyard, Thomas, a poet, born at 
 Shrewsbury, author of the "Worthies of 
 Wales, lie died about the 11th of quecii 
 Elizabetlj, 1570. His -epitaph is preserved 
 by Camden. 
 
 ChvtrjEus, David, a native of Swabia, 
 divinity professor at Kostock, and author of 
 a commentary on the revelations — of a histo- 
 ry of the confession of Augsburg — and other 
 ■works. He died 1600, aged 70. 
 
 ClACO^"lus, Alphonsus, of Baeca, in 
 Andalusia, died at Rome 1599, aged 59, with 
 the title of patriarch of Alexandria. He 
 was author of vit?e et gcsta Uomanorum pon- 
 titicum et cardinalium, 4 vols. fol. — historia 
 utriusquc belliDacici — bibliotheca scriptorum 
 ad ann. 15S3 — explication of Trajati's pillisr, 
 fol. 1576. 
 
 CiACONius, Peter, a critic of Toledo, 
 >vbo died at Rome 1581, aged 56. He was 
 employed by Gregory XIH. in cori'ecting the 
 calendar, and wrote learned notes on Arno- 
 bius, Tertullian, and other Latin Avriters. 
 
 CiAMTELLi, Augustine, a native ofFlo- 
 
 reiice, the pupil of Santi di Tili, and emi- 
 nent as an historical painter. He died 1640, 
 ag«d 62. Some of his pieces are preserved 
 at liome. 
 
 Ci AM PINT, John Justin, a learned Italian, 
 who estu])lished at Rome the academy of ec- 
 clesiastical history, and that of mathematics 
 and natural history. He died 1698, aged 65. 
 He wrote diftereut works — on the remains of 
 ancient Rome — on the saci-ed edifices built 
 by (vonstantine, 8cc. 
 
 Cir.nEu, Col ley, poet laureat to George 
 n. was son of Caius Gabriel Cibber, a native 
 of Holstein, by the daughter of Williani 
 Collcy, Esq. of Glaiston, Rutlandshire. Ho 
 was born in London 6th November 1671, and 
 educated at Grantham school, Lincolnshire. 
 He did not succeed in his application to be 
 admitted at Winchester college, and his in- 
 tcrition of entering at O.xford was thwarted 
 by the event of the revolution, which made 
 him a soldier in favor of the prince of 
 Orange. He soon after exchanged the mili- 
 taiy life for the stage, and appeared in infe- 
 rior characters, at the salai'y of 10s. a-week. 
 The first character which lie performed 
 with success was the chaplain in the Orphan, 
 and the next FondlewifcJn the Old bachelor, 
 till lie acquired eminence and an advanced 
 salary. To add to his income, he now had 
 recourse to his pen, and wrote Love's last 
 shift, in which he himself bore a part. His 
 best plays were The Careless husband, acted 
 in 1704, and The nonjuror, in 1717. This 
 last was a part}' piece, and was dedicated to 
 the king, who gave to the poet 200^. and the 
 appointment »)f laureat. But besides the 
 malevolent attacks of periodical writers, the 
 author was exposed to the enmity and sa- 
 tire of Pope, who, with more virulence than 
 honor, made him the hero of i»is Dunciad. 
 In 1730 lie quitted the stage, though he oc- 
 casionally appeared before the public, espe- 
 cially when his own plays were I'epresented. 
 He died December 1757. His plays, which, 
 like his children, as he jocosely observed, 
 were numerous, were collected in 2 vols. 4to. 
 Though he. never succeeded either as a 
 writer or actor of tragedy, nor as a Ivric 
 poet, yet it must be acknowledged, in spite 
 f)f the malice and venom of Pope, that his 
 comedies are sprightly and elegant, and his 
 character as a man and as an actor respec- 
 table. His apology for his life is curious. 
 
 Gibber, Theophilus, son of the preced- 
 ing, was born in 1703, and educated for a 
 little time at Winchester school, from which 
 he passed upon tlie stage. Aided not so 
 much by the influence of his father, who 
 was manager of the thentre royal, as by his 
 own natural powers, he soon rose to popula- 
 rity and eminence as a favorite actor; and 
 he might have insured respectability and in- 
 dejjendence if he had possessed economy, 
 and paid attention to the decorum and man- 
 ners which ought to mark every private and 
 ])ublic character. Thus exposed, b}' his ex- 
 travagance and follies, to distresses and per- 
 secution, he at last embarked for Dublin, in 
 October 1757, to assist Sheridan against tUe 
 
CI 
 
 CI 
 
 opposUion of n new theatre; buf. unforlu- 
 natcly ilie ship was MTLckid on ihc coast of 
 Scolhiiid, ami (;ihht r and the whole nume- 
 rous crow perishe<l. As a wrilir he piuihi- 
 ced J*atlie and l\'ggy, a ballad opci;«, and he 
 altered The lover, a comedv, and Shaks- 
 pcare's Itoineo :uid llenrv Vl. lie wrote 
 also some ap;»eal:j to the public oiihisou u dis- 
 li-essful situation. 'I"he lives of the poets of 
 Great Britain ainl Ireland, in f* v<ils. l'2mo. 
 though btanns; his name, were publislii.d b} 
 Robert Shields, an umauensis of Dr. John- 
 ison. 
 
 CiBBER, Susannah Maria, sister to Dr. 
 Arne, and d.iughter of an upholsterer in 
 Covrnt-garden, married Theophilus C'iblicr, 
 in A[)ril 1734. Though this uni*jn ilispleased 
 ohl (Jibber, yet he was reconciled to his 
 <1aughter-iii-law, and soon had the pleasure 
 tu see her shine 0)i the stage as a rising and 
 popular actress. Her first attemi)t v/as in 
 IT-'Sf), as Zara, in Aarun Hill's tragedy ; and 
 }»er powers soon appcaixil so great, that her 
 salary was raised from .}0s. a-week to 3/. and 
 the lugliest characters in liagcdy were in- 
 trusted to lier judicious and masterly repre- 
 sentation. The conduct of her husband, 
 however, did not conduce much to her feli- 
 city. His extr.ivagance and dissipated man- 
 ners revolted her, and she soon found that, 
 to supply his necessities, he bartered her 
 reputation and her honor. The guilty ad- 
 dresses of H favorite suitor, recommended 
 by the intrigues of a worthless husband, soon 
 triumphed over the scruples of a neglected 
 i\nd dishonored wife; but when Gibber sought 
 reparation in a court of justice, and claimed 
 .')O(X)/. for the violation of his domestic peace, 
 the scene of depravity displayed induced the 
 jury to return a verdict of 10/. only. -Mrs. 
 Cibber lived with her seducer till her death, 
 which happened 30lh January 1766. She 
 uas buriecl in Westminster abbey. She left 
 one natural child. She translated the oracle 
 of St. Foix ; but her great merit arises from 
 her powers ofacting, in which she displayed 
 with so much success tlie feelings of the deli- 
 cate Celia, the haughty Hermione, the love- 
 sick Juliet, and the abandoned Alicia, 
 
 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, a celebrated 
 orator, born at Arpinum. His eloquence in 
 the lioman forum was so ardent as to rival 
 the illustrious fame of Demosthenes; and in 
 the elegance of Iiis writings, and the clear 
 and lucid arguments of his philosophy, he 
 equalled the ablest authors, and tlie most re- 
 ii0*vned sages of Greece. He had the sin- 
 gular foi'tune of discovering, and defeating, 
 the conspiracy of Catiline, during his con- 
 sulship, an<l deserved to iVe called, for his 
 services, another founder of Rome. In the 
 struggles between Csesar and the republic he 
 however betraye<l irresolution, and lu'obuhly 
 to that timidity, which feared boldly to pro- 
 claim its sentiments, lie owed his downfall. 
 Augustus, in the establishment of his trium- 
 virate, after flattering him, meanly sacrificed 
 him to the resentment of Antony, by whose 
 orders he was basely murdered as he fled to 
 the sea-coast, B. C 42, iii his 6;id ysai". 
 
 ClcEno, Quintus Tullius, brother of tlic 
 orator, was sacrifued to the daggi-r of the 
 triumvirs. 
 
 CiD, The, a Spanish hero, whose rea! 
 nam»; was don Jiodcri^o Dins dc Jiivuv. He 
 was knighted in consequence of the valor he 
 had tlis[)layed in his v<;ry youth ; and, in 
 1063, marched with don Sancho of Castile 
 against Kamiro king of Arragou, who fell in 
 l)allle; after which he vent to the siege of 
 Zamora, where Sancho, now become king, 
 was slain. On Sancho's death, his brother 
 Alfonso ascended the throne of Castile ; hut 
 Hoderigo, inste;Ml of continuing the peaceful 
 and obedient subject, declared himself infle- 
 pendent, and, after (hqiopulating the coim- 
 try, li.\ed his habitation at Pena de el CJd, 
 the rock of the Cid, near Saragossa. He af- 
 terwards took Valentia, and maintained his 
 inclependence till his death, 109'J. 'I'he his- 
 tory of this hex'O, whose name Cid signifie<l 
 lord, has beeii immortalized in the romances 
 of the Spaniards, and particularly iu the 
 popular tragedy of Corneilie. 
 
 CiGAi.A, John Michael, an impostor, 
 who, in 1670, ajjpeared at Paris, and pre- 
 tended to be an Ottoman prince and king of 
 Jerusalem. He visited l^oland, England and 
 other countries, and imposed upon the cre- 
 dulity of princes and of subjects, till some 
 one who knew his obscurity and his artifice 
 exposed him to the contempt and the deri- 
 sion of the world. 
 
 CiGXANi, Carlo, a painter of Bologna, 
 educated in the school of Albano. His paint- 
 ings are greatly admired for correctness, 
 gracefulness, and a fertility of genius, which 
 was successfully displayed in expressing the 
 passions of the soul. He died at Forli 1711), 
 aged 91. 
 
 CiMABUE, Giovanni, known as the revi- 
 ver of painting in Ital}, was born at Florence 
 1240. Under the direction of Grecian i»ain- 
 ters, who were sent for by the Florentines, 
 he soon acquired that eminence which in- 
 ventive genius and indefatigable application 
 deserve. He painted foi* several of the cit- 
 ies of Italy, but particularly for his native 
 city, where a picture of the Virgin is still 
 seen and admired. He was also an eminent 
 architect, and was engaged in the building of 
 St. Maria del Fior church in Florence. His 
 paintings were chiefly in fresco and in dis- 
 temper, as painting in oil was not yet discov- 
 ered. He died at the age of 60. His repu- 
 tation, though res\)ectar)le, woidd probably 
 have been higher, had he not been eclipsed 
 by his pupil and friend Ghiotto. His profile 
 by Simon Sanese is still seen in the cliapcl 
 house of St. Maria Novella. 
 
 CiMON^, an Athenian general, son of the' 
 great Miltiades, famous for his defeat of the 
 l*ersians. He died at the siege of Citium in 
 Cyprus 449 B.C. 
 
 Ci xci XX ATI'S, Lucius Quintius, a fa- 
 mous Utnnan, whose virtues raised him to the 
 dictatorship fi-om the plough. He defeated 
 the enemies of his country, and quickly re- 
 turned to the cultivatiou of his farm. He 
 lived about 4G0B.C, 
 i 
 
CI 
 
 CL 
 
 CiNCivs Ai.TMENTUS, Luclus, authoi' of 
 fi history of the v/ars of Annibal, &c. is often 
 quoted by Llvy. 
 
 CiXNA, Lucius CorneUus, a Roman Con- 
 sul, whose union witii Alarius deluged Rome 
 with Llood, about H7 B. C. 
 
 C1NXA.MUS, Jolin, a Greek Avriter, in the 
 service of Manuel Commenus the emperor, 
 of whose reign, and that of his father John, 
 he composed a history, printed, Greek and 
 L.atin, Utrecht, 4to. 1032, and at Paris, by 
 du Cangc, fol. iGrO. 
 
 C I N O DV Pi S T O I A, or D E S I G I B U L D I, 
 
 a poet of Pistoia, knoM-n as a hiwyer and a 
 senator of Rome. He Avas pi'ofessor after- 
 wards in various universities, and died 1336. 
 Ife vrote a commentary on the digest, and 
 deserved the commenchition of Dante for his 
 excellent poetry. His works were edited 
 Venice 1589. 
 
 CiNQ^MARS, Henry Coissier marquis of, 
 sonofmarqUisd'Effiat, Mas marshal ofFrarwie, 
 and the favorite of Lewi^j XHJ. Though thus 
 noticed by the king, and patronised by Rich- 
 elieu, he had the ingratitude to encourage 
 Gaston duke of Orleans, the king's brother, 
 to rebel and to solicit tije assistance of Spain 
 in Ids perfidious enterprises. The plot was 
 discovered by Richelieu, and Cinq Mars lost 
 his head, September 1642, aged 22. 
 
 CioPANi, Hercules, an Italian critic of 
 Sulmo. As a native of the same city which 
 gave Ovid birth, he was induced to undertake 
 a learned commentary on the works of his 
 countryman, to which hfe prefixed a hfcj 
 with an ac(;punt of the country of Sulmo, 
 published 1578. It possesses merit, and lias 
 been published in the edition of the variorum. 
 
 Cipriani, F/V/. Cyprian i. 
 
 CiRANi, Elizabeth, a native of Bologna, 
 eminently distinguished as a Y'idnter. Though 
 she was happy in tender and delicate sub- 
 erects, she particularly excelled in the great 
 and terrible. 
 
 CiRCiGNANo, Nicolo, called Poraeraneio, 
 from his native place, was a historical pain- 
 ter, several of whose pieces are preserved in 
 the churches of Rome andLoretto. He fjied 
 1588, aged 72. His son Antonio, distinguish- 
 ed also as a painter, died 1G20, aged 60. 
 
 CiRiLLO, Domiiic, a botanist, born near 
 ^Naples, educated under the care of his uncle 
 Nicholas, who was professor of medicine at 
 Naples. Though intended for the profession 
 of medicine, he showed greater partiality fo** 
 natural history, and he obtained a professor- 
 ship in botany at Naples, 1700, Avhcre the 
 next year he publislied his introductio ad 
 botanicum. He visited England, in the com- 
 pany of lady Walpole ; and as he spoke Eng- 
 lish with great fluency, he derived much ben- 
 efit from the lectures of Dr. W. Hunter, and 
 the conversation of the learned in London. 
 On his return to Ital}-, he again devoted him- 
 self to his favorite ])ursuils; but a restless 
 and ambitious disposition proved his ruin. 
 He embraced the tenets of tlie revolutionary 
 plyJo.sQphy, and when the French entered 
 l^aple*, he boldly esj)oused their cause, and 
 acci^pted an office under them; fbv which. 
 
 on the restoration of the lawful spvercign. 
 he was condemned, and executed as a traitor, 
 1795, aged 65. He wrote besides, nosologia 
 methodicje rudimenta, 1780 — de essentialibus 
 nonnuUarum plantarum characteribus,1784 — 
 Neapolitana Flora, 1793 — Cyperus Papyrus, 
 Farmto, &c. 
 
 CiROFERRi, a painter and architect of 
 Rome, greatly honored by the duke of Tus- 
 cany, and particularly by pope Alexander 
 VH. and his three successors. He was Iwp- 
 py and correct in his subjects ; but his char- 
 acters wanted animation and variety. He 
 died at Rome 1689, aged 55. 
 
 CiSNER, Nicholas, a native of Moshach, 
 on the Neckar, who studied at Strasburgh, 
 under Rucei", and was professor of moral 
 philosophy at Wittem.berg. He afterwainis 
 visited France and Italy, and took his de- 
 grees in Haw at Padua, and settled at Heidel- 
 berg, as professor, and counsellor to the 
 elector Palatine. His works were published 
 at Frankfort 1611. Hedied 1583, aged 54. 
 
 CiviLis, Claudius, a Batavian general in 
 the service of Rome. He was suspected by 
 the Romans of treacherj-, and treated with 
 harshness : in consequence of which he rous- 
 ed his countrymen to rebellion, and expel- 
 led the Romans. He afterwards was recon- 
 ciled to tlie emperor Vespasian, and sub- 
 mitted to his power. 
 
 Civoiii, Lewis, or Cardi, was a native of 
 Cigoli in Tuscany, and studied under Corre- 
 gio. He also excelled in music and poetry ; 
 but devoted himself assidiously to painting. 
 His best pieces are preserved at Florence. 
 
 Ci.AGETT, William, an English divine, 
 l>orn at Bury, Suffolk, where he was educa- 
 ted, and at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 where he became D. D. 1683. He was for 
 seven years a preacher in his native town, 
 and afterwards Avas elected preacher to the 
 society of Gray's-inn. He was besides rector 
 of Farnham-royal, Bucks, and lecturer of St. 
 Michael Bassishaw. He was one of those res- 
 olute divines, who opposed the popish plans 
 of James H. and he deserved, for Ids learning, 
 piety, and virtues, the high chai'acter wlu'ch bi- 
 shop Burnet and Dr. Sharp have given of him. 
 Hedied of the small-pox 1688, aged 42, and his 
 wife 18 days after him. Four volumes of his 
 sermons were published after his death by his- 
 brother Nicholas. He was author of some 
 controversial pieces. 
 
 Clagett, Nicliolas, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was also born at Bury, and educated 
 at Christ's-church, Cambridge, where he be- 
 came D. D. 1704. He succeeded Ins brother 
 as preacher at Bury, and continued there 46 
 years, and he was besides rector of Thurlow 
 magna, and of Hitcham, and archdeacon of 
 Sudbury. Besides his brother's works, he 
 published some sermons and pamphlets of 
 his own. He died Jan. 1727, aged 73, one 
 of [lis children, Nicholas, Avas afterwai'ds 
 bishop of Exeter. 
 
 Clair.\iti,t, Alexis, a learned mathema- 
 tician of the French academy of sciences. 
 He was one of those Avho visited the north, to 
 discover tiic true (jpv;ra of the eartft. He died 
 
CL 
 
 1^765, aged about 52. lie published elements 
 ot* geometry and algehni — tiiblcs of tbc moon 
 — treatise ou tbc ii^uiH; oitbe earth — besides 
 several papers in the journal des scavans. His 
 abilities were prematurely <lis[»layed, as, it 
 is said, tliat he could reail and write at the 
 age ot"4, he understood aigehra at 9, and at 
 11 wrote a nuinoir on curves, wliich was hon- 
 orably applauded in the miscellanea Jtendi- 
 itensia. 
 
 Claiufait, N. count »!e, an Austrian 
 general, greatly distinguished against the 
 French at the beginning of the revolution. 
 Mc was a Walloon by hirth, and was lirst 
 employed against the Turks. His manuju- 
 vres in the Netherlands were rapid and mas- 
 terly ; but though alter taking Longwy and 
 Stanay, he lost the famous battle of Jemai)pe 
 by the superior number :in»l irresistible im- 
 petuosity of the French, he made a most he- 
 roic retreat across the Uhine. Afterwards, 
 under the prince of Coburg, he distinguished 
 himself at Altcnhoven, Q.uievrain, Hansen, 
 and Famars, and decidual the victory of Ner- 
 winde, and aft(;r\vards bravely opposed tlic 
 progress of Pichegi u. He defeated, in 1795, 
 the Frencli army near Mayence, and took 
 many prisoners ; soon after which, he was 
 recalled, and received with becoming respect 
 by the emperor at Vienna, where he became 
 counsellor of war, and where he died 1798. 
 Asa soldier, he was brave and intrepid ; as a 
 general, a severe disciplinarian; cool in the 
 midst of danger, precise in the execution of 
 his plans, formed after mature deliberation, 
 and universally beloved by his army. The 
 French with truth regarded higi as one of 
 their ablest opponents. 
 
 Clairon, Clara Joseph Hippolyta, Lewis 
 Delatude, a native of Paris, who, from an ob- 
 scure origin, rose under the friendly direction 
 of mademoiselle Dangeville, a well known ac- 
 tress, to high celebrity on the French stage. 
 At the age of 12 she appeared in the play of 
 the isle of slaves, and was much applauded, 
 and afterwards at Rouen, and then at Paris, 
 she became a favorite actress. She chiefly 
 excelled in tragedy, and at the age of 80 she 
 surprised and deliglited Kemble, who paid 
 her a complimentary visit, with a most en- 
 ergetic recitation of one of the scenes of 
 Phxdra. She died at Paris, Slst Jan. 1803, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Clancy, MichaeL M. D was educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin, but unfortunately 
 lost his sight before he could practice as phy- 
 sician. He was recommended by his friend 
 the famous Montesquieu, to lord Chesterfield, 
 viceroy of Ireland, from whom he obtained a 
 pension. He obtained also the Latin school of 
 Kilkenny. He wrote besides some poems, the 
 comedy of the Sharper, and of Hermon prince 
 of Chorda, and he appeared with applause 
 as the blind Tiresias, when (Edipus was per- 
 formed for his benefit atUrury-lanc. He wrote 
 also memoirs of his own life, 2 vols. 174G. 
 
 CtjAra, a native of dVssisi, of respectable 
 parentage. She early devoted herself to a 
 religious and recluse life?, and her example 
 iv5s tbllo->ved by her sister Agnes, and other 
 
 female fronds. She f)btained frf)m St. T/'an- 
 cis d'Assisi, the church cf Damain, and be- 
 came abbcis of anew order of nuns, w hiclj 
 slie there eHlablisbcd. She die«l I19;j, aged 
 100, and was can(<ni/ed by .Mexander IV. 
 
 ('i.Aitio, Isidore, an Italian bishop, distin- 
 <;uislie(l at the council of Trent. He waselo- 
 (juent and learned, and died at I'olij^no, 15.'i3. 
 His aiinf)tations on the vidgate lranslati<^)u oi 
 iheliiblp', with corrections of the text, i\.i". 
 arc inserted in the indi-x exi)urgatorius. 
 
 Cl.AiiKi:, Samuel, a celebrated oriental- 
 ist, born at lirackley, Northaniptonshire, 
 and made student of .Mcrtoii colhtje, Oxford, 
 in his 15th year. During the civil \v:us lie 
 was cliiefiy resident at Oxfonl, where he f)b- 
 tained the place of su])erior be.adle of civil 
 law, when it becamo vacant. In lG5Uhe was 
 master of a boarding school at Islington, 
 where he assisted Walton in the correction 
 and publication of his polyglott bible. In 1058 
 he succeeded to the vacant beadleship, whiuli 
 he retained till his death, Dec. 27th lOOy, 
 aged 46. He wrote some very learned trea- 
 tises on oriental literature, and ou ihc He- 
 brew text, &c. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel, a nonconformist umler 
 Cromwell, born at Woolston, Warwickshire, 
 and educated at Cirencester, and EmanueJ 
 coUege, Cambridge, and afterwards minis- 
 ter of St. Benet Fink, London. Ho was oat; 
 of the comroissioners at th« Savoy, and died 
 greatly esteemed for his private and public 
 character 25th Dec. 1C82. He wrote lives of 
 puritan divines — martyrology — lives of em- 
 inent persons — ecclesiastical history, See. 
 
 Clarke, Dr. Samuel, a famous English 
 divine, son of Edward Clarke, esq. alder- 
 man of Norwich, and many years one of it> 
 representatives in parliament, was bora 
 there llthOct. 1G75. After being educated 
 at the grammar school in his native town, he 
 entered at Caius college, Cambridge, where 
 he applied himself diligently to the philoso- 
 pliical pursuits of the age. As Rohault'.s 
 physics, on tlie principles of Des Carte?, 
 were the system publicly taught in the uTii- 
 vcrsity, Clarke, who well imdjerstood the 
 tenets of Newton's philosophy, republished 
 the book in a ncAV translation, witli learned 
 and valuable notes, though only at the age of 
 22. He afterwards studied theology, and 
 was ordained by IVIoore bishop of Norwich, 
 in whose household he lived as chaplain for 
 12 years, with all the familiarity of a frieud 
 and e([ual, by whom he v as presented to the 
 living of Drayton, Norfolk. In 1704 he 
 preached Boyle's lectures, on the being an* 
 attributes of a god, and gave such satisfac- 
 tion, that he vvas again appointed the next 
 year, and chose for his subject the evideuccT^ 
 of natural and revealed religion. These two 
 c^-)urses of lectures when published, excited 
 some controversies, and tended to spread the 
 celebrity of the author. About this time he 
 is suspected by Whiston to have inclined tc> 
 Arianism, as he declared to lym, that he 
 never read the Athanasian creed, except 
 once, which was by mistake, and on a day 
 when not direcCed bv the rub'ri»?. Hl5 lelfer 
 
CL 
 
 CL 
 
 to Dodwefl vas published iu 1706, on tiie 
 immortality of the soul, which subject gave 
 rise to a long controversial dispute, and af- 
 forded him tiie opportunitv of displaying his 
 great metaplivsical and physical kuowledge. 
 ^Notwithstanding this controversy, he applied 
 himself to mathematical pursuits, and pub- 
 lished a translation of Newton's optics, with 
 which the great philosopher was so pleased, 
 that he gave him 5()0/. for his five dauglitcrs. 
 lie was at this tirae made rector of St. Ren- 
 net's, Paul's wharf, London, by his patron 
 jMoore, who introduced him to queen Anne, 
 who appointed him one of her chaplains, and 
 gave him afterwards St. James's rectory, 
 Westminster. He noAv took his degree of 
 J). D. at (Cambridge, and displayed such flucn- 
 oy and purity of expression in his acaden\ical 
 exercises as drew forth the astonisliment of 
 a respectable audience. He published, in 
 171% an edition of Cresar's commentaries, 
 dedicated to the great duke of Marlborough, 
 and in the same year appeared his book on 
 the doctrine of the Trinity in thi-ce parts, 
 -which, though mentioned with commenda- 
 tion by bishop Hoadly, yet roused the attacks 
 of many severe and aci-imonious critics, and 
 was even complained of in the lower house of 
 convocation. In consequence of this the work 
 excited universal attention, but Clarke did 
 not shrink from the threatened danger, and 
 at last the complaint was dismissed by' the 
 vipper house, without examination and cen- 
 sure. An account of these proceedings Avas 
 afterwards published, as an apology for Dr. 
 Clarke ; but the obnoxious book passed 
 through two large editions, and since has 
 been published with great additions. In 1715, 
 and 1716, Dr. Clarke was engaged in a dis- 
 pute with Leibnitz, with respect to natural 
 philosophy and religion, in which, as his 
 friend Whiston says, " his letters are among 
 the most useful of his performances in natural 
 philosophy." In 1718, Clarke's alteration in 
 the doxology of the singing psalms gave great 
 offence; to the words *' to God through 
 Christ his only son, immortal glory be," 
 were substituted the following *' to God 
 through Christ liis son our Lord, all glory be 
 therefore." This circnmstance was so re- 
 .sented by Robinson, bishop of London, that 
 he wrote a circular letter to liis clergy, nut to 
 use any new forms of doxology, and the dis- 
 pute thus kindled produced various publica- 
 tions on both sides, which betrayed great in- 
 temperance and unchristian spirit. The 
 friendship of lord Lechmere about this time 
 presented Clarke to the mastership of ^Vig- 
 ston's hospital in Leicester, and iu 1724, he 
 published 17 sermons. On the death of New- 
 ton, in 1727, Clarke was oflcred his place of 
 master of the mint, worth near 15001. a year, 
 which he very disintereste'lly refused as in- 
 compatible with his spiritual engagements. 
 In 1729, he pubHshed the 12 first bonks of the 
 Iliad dedicated to the duke of Cumberland, 
 with a new Latin version, and learned notes, 
 and in 1732, the 12 other books were publish- 
 ed by his sou. He was attacked on the 11th 
 May 1729, as he was going to preach before 
 the judges at Serjeant's Inn, with a violent 
 
 pain in his side, and unable to officiate, he 
 was removed home, where the symptoms of 
 his disorder became more alarming, and at 
 last attacking his head, robbed him of his 
 senses, and he expired on the 1 7th of the 
 same month aged 54. The same year were 
 printed his exposition of tlie cluirch-cate- 
 chism, and 10 vols, of sermons in 8vo. which 
 had mostly been prcachetl on Thursday 
 mornings at St. James's church. Clarke, 
 tiiough attacked by various authors in the 
 walk of theology and philosophy, has found 
 great and learned champions in Hare bishop 
 oi' Chichester, and Hoadly bishop of Win- 
 chester. They not only^ extol liis extensive 
 knowledge in every branch of classical and 
 pliilosopbical scieJice, but they enlarge on 
 the goofhiess of his heai't, and tlie exemplary 
 piety of his life. ]5y his death, says Hoadly, 
 the Avorld was deprived of as bright a light 
 and masterly teacher of truth and virtue, 
 as ever yet appeared amongst us, and his 
 works must last as long as any language re- 
 mains to convey them to future times. 
 
 Clarke, William, an English divine, 
 born at K^aghmon abbey-, Shropshire, 1696, 
 educated at Shrewsburj'^ school, and St. 
 John's college, Cambridge, of which he he- 
 came fellow 1717. He was presented by 
 arclibishop Wake to the rectory of Buxted, 
 Sussex, and in 1738 he was made prebend ary 
 of Chichester, and in 1770 chancellor of that 
 diocese, and vicar of Amport, Avhere he died 
 21st October 1771. His great work is the 
 connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and En- 
 glish coins, 4to. He married a daughter of 
 the learned Wootton, by whom he had a son 
 and daughter, 
 
 Clarke, Edward, son of the preceding, 
 was fellow of St. John's college, and succeed- 
 ed on the resignation of his fother ir. 1738, to 
 the rectory of Buxted, Sussex, besides which 
 he held yckfield and Wilmington. He was 
 chaplain to lord Bristol's embassy to Madind, 
 in 1760 and 61, and on liis return he publish- 
 ed a 4to. volume of letters on the Spanish 
 nation. He had meditated, with Mr. Bow- 
 yer, the plan of an enlarged Latin dictionary, 
 but after printing one sheet, the Avork was 
 laid aside for want of encouragement. He 
 also proposed to publish a commentary on 
 the new testament from his father's papers, 
 and the notes of able commentators, but the 
 project was likewise abortive. He died No- 
 vember 1786. 
 
 Ci.ARKsoN, David, a native of Bradford, 
 Yorksiiire, educated at Clarehall, Cambridge, 
 v.hcre he became fellow, and had Tillotson 
 afterwards primate for his pupil. He was 
 ejected in 1062, from his living of Mortlake 
 in Surrey, for nonconformity, and died l6So, 
 aged 64. He Mas a learned and respectable 
 character. He Avrote no evidence fordiocesau 
 episcopacy in primitive times 4to. 1681, ably 
 refuted by doctor Henrv Maurice, — sermons, 
 £ic. 
 
 Claude, amonk of the celestine order iu 
 the 15th century. He was author of a treatise 
 I on the errors of our sensations, published by 
 Or once Fine, 1542. 
 
CL 
 
 CL 
 
 Claude of Lorraine, u celebrated 
 Ijtiidsfapi; paiiitrr, bni-ii in IGOO. lie wus of 
 so (lull a <lisi»«isiti()ii \\ lieu ill solionl, il.al lie 
 %vi)s plarccl early willia pastry cook, wiili 
 Aviioin lie serve<l liis time, and Hl'terwards 
 travclliiij^- to Home, lu- vas accidentally hired 
 by the paiiilt.r Auj;uhtiiio 'I'rasso, as a coni- 
 iiioii servant to pound his cniorH, and wait 
 npoii him. Thr kiiidiu ss <>{' his niasti'r soon 
 )nade him :lc(|iiainled with llu- lirsl prineiph.-s 
 of painting, and now genius be!j;an to exi)aiui, 
 aiid (Maude retired t() the banks of the Tilur 
 and the slrikinj;- scenes of nature, where, in 
 solitude, lie copied the beauties displayed to 
 his view, vith success and eifecl. Thus as- 
 siduity assisted gejiius, and the hunTole 
 Claude, by degr-ees, almost self-taught, pvo- 
 duced those noble pieces which for their 
 fine distrd)Ution «)f lj;<hl and shade, for iiar- 
 monv, and for the ex((uisite delicacy of the 
 tints, have ])ruciired him deservedly immor- 
 tal fame. He was scru[)ulously attentive to 
 the tinishiiig of his pieces, and he often did 
 and undid the same jiiece, seven or eic^ht 
 times, till it pleased him. Urban A 111. and 
 several Italian princes patronised him. liis 
 performances in fiesco and in oil are chieily 
 commended. He died 10S2, and was buried 
 at Rome. 
 
 Ci.AUDE, John, a French protcstant, bora 
 at Sauvetat in Angenois IfilU, and ordained 
 auinister at Montauban. His oi)positiou to 
 the catholics produced the suspension of his 
 ecclesiastical nttice, but his answer to ]Mess. 
 de Port Royal, who wished to convert Tu 
 I'enne to the Romish faith, excited a great 
 controversy in tiie kingdom. Though oppo- 
 sed by Arnauld, Nouet, and other able cath- 
 olics, Clamle maintained his reputation by his 
 pen, and in his treatises on the eucharist, 
 and in defence of the reformed church, evin- 
 ced the abilities of a sound theologian, and a 
 learned disputant. The edict of Nantes 
 Ijowever at last terminated his labors in 
 France, he was directed, in )uS5, to leave the 
 kingdom, and he retired to IIoHund, where 
 he was kindly received by the prince of 
 Orange, who allowed him a pei:sion. Thougli 
 his voice was not pleasing, yet he was great- 
 ly admired as an eloquent orator, and his last 
 sermon which was on Christmas day IGSO, 
 pleased and sensibly atfected the princess of 
 Orange. He died January 13, 1687, carrying 
 with him the regret and the ailection of the 
 j)roteslant churches. He had a son, Isiiac 
 Claude, born 5tU March 1053. He was edu- 
 cated in France, and became minister of the 
 Walloon church at the Hague, where he died 
 29th July 1095. He published many of his 
 father's works. 
 
 Claudia N, a Latin poet patronised by 
 Stilicho, whose misfortunes he shared. lie 
 came to Rome 3'.t5. 
 
 Claudius I. son of Drusus, succeeded 
 Caligula as emperor of Rome. He gave 
 himself up to rlissipation, and was at last 
 poisoned by his wife Agrippina to make 
 )oom for her son Nero, A. D. 54, in iiis o3d 
 y ear. 
 
 Claudius H. aDalmaiian, v'ho suct'eod- 
 VOL. II 44 
 
 ed Oallienus as emperor of Rom'*. He died 
 after a reiga of twoyeam, grcallv lamented, 
 271. 
 
 Claudius, Appius, a Sabine who settled 
 at Rome, U. C. 504, and became the progeni- 
 tor <jf tbe.'Kppian tawiily. 
 
 Ci-Ai'Diib, A|)pius, son of the aliovr, 
 was consul at Ronu;, but Ijehavcd with such 
 severity that his soldiers refused to fight un- 
 der him. 
 
 Claudius, Appius, a Roman tfeccmvir, 
 son of the al)(>ve, iiif.imous for hii attempt to 
 violate \'irgiiiiii, for whiih his oilice was 
 abolished, and he himself died in prison. 
 
 Claudius, Apjiius, burnai.icd C-.cciit, 
 was of the same tamily, and distingnislu <l 
 himself as an orator and lawyer. Ue is ce- 
 lebrated for supplying Ronie with water by 
 means of an aqueduct, and for making ths.- 
 well known Appian road, which led as far as 
 Capua. 
 
 Clavius, Christopher, a Jesuit and 
 mathematician, born at Hamberg, Germany, 
 15.37. He was considere<l as the Kuclid of 
 his age, and he was, on account of his rdjili- 
 ties, engaged by (iregoi'y Xlll. in the refor- 
 nvation of the calendar, which he ablv de- 
 feiuled against Joseph Scaligcr. His works 
 were printed, 5 vols, fol. He died at Rome 
 1012. 
 
 Claytox, Dr. Robert, a learned pre- 
 late, member of the royal and antitinarian 
 societies in liOndon. He was made liioiiopof 
 Killala 1729, translated to Cork 1735, and to 
 Clogher 1745, where he died 25th Septem- 
 ber 1758. He was averse to the use of the 
 Nicene and Athanasian creeds, an<l unsuc- 
 cessfully movedfor their rejection in the Irish 
 house of lords. He was liie intimate friend 
 of Boyer the printer, and other learned men. 
 He publishinl an essay on spirit, 8vo. — chit)- 
 nology of tiie 1 lebrew bible vindicated, 4to — 
 inquiry on the time of the coming of the 
 Messiah, 8vo. — vindicaljon of the histones 
 of the old and new testaments, Svo. — jouriial 
 from Grand Cairo to Sinai, translated fi-om 
 the MS. of a prefectof Egypt, 4lo. and Svo. — 
 and other works. 
 
 Cleanthes, a Grecian philosoplier, dl^f 
 ciple of Zeno. He starved himself to death 
 at the age of 90, R. C. 240. 
 
 Cleeve, Joseph, a Flemish ])ainter, who 
 died 1535. His pieces were chietly njisers 
 counting tlieir hoarded treasures. His fami- 
 ly produced other i-espectable painters. 
 
 Cleghorn, George, a Scotch physician, 
 born at Cranton, near Edinburgh, iNth De- 
 cember 1716. After studying belies lettrei 
 at Edinbiu-gh, he apjilied lumself to physic 
 and surgery, under tlie care of Dr. ->lunro, 
 and, in 1736, went as surgeon to the 22d re- 
 giment of foot to Minorca, where he resideit 
 thirteen years. On his retui-n to London, in 
 1750, he published his valuable work on the 
 diseases of Minorca. The year after, he 
 settled at Dublin, « here he began to read re- 
 gular courses of anatomy, and where he be- 
 came highly respected foi- his learnii.g and 
 his ami.ible manners, lie died December 
 17^0. It is not the le:tst uf his praise to mec* 
 
CL 
 
 cx 
 
 iJcQn, tlutl on. his brother's death lie sfeut for 
 his widow and nine children iVoni Scotland, 
 and settled tliera in Dublin, with all the af- 
 fection and tender cai-e of a parent. 
 
 Cleiveland, John. Vid. Cleveland. 
 
 Cleland, John, son of colonel Cleland, 
 the Will Honeycomb of the Spectator, was 
 early sent as consul to Smyrna; and on his 
 return to England he went to the East In- 
 dies. His quarrel, however, Avith the presi- 
 dency of Bombay prevented his advance- 
 ment, and he left the country. Poor and 
 dissatisfied, on bis arrival in London, loaded 
 with debts, and exposed to the intrusion of 
 hailifts, and the horrors of a prison, he en- 
 deavoured to extricate himself by writing 
 that mfamous publication, the woman of plea- 
 sure, *%Thich, though it procured him not 
 more than 20 guineas, yet brought into the 
 hands of the licentious and mercenary book- 
 seller not less than 10,000/. The evil ten- 
 dency of his publication caused his appear- 
 ance before the privy council ; but bn-d Gran- 
 ville, the president, admitted his plea of 
 poverty, and, to engage him no longer to ex- 
 ercise his abilities in such immoral composi- 
 tions, he procured him a pension of 100/. a 
 year. His memoirs of a coxcomb, and his 
 man of honor, in some slight degree atoned 
 for the depravity of his former work. He 
 died 23d January 1789, aged 82. 
 
 Clemaxcis, Nicholas, a native of the 
 diocese of Chalons, who studied at Paris, 
 vnderGerson, and in 1393, became rector of 
 the university. From a letter which he 
 wrote to Charles VI. of France, exhorting 
 Iiim to put an end to the papal schism, he 
 was accused as the author of the bull of ex- 
 communication sent against his sovereign by 
 Benedict XIII. and he took refuge into a 
 convent. He was afterv/ards reconciled to 
 the king, and was preferred. He died 1440. 
 His corru})t state of tlie church, in which 
 he boldly developes the abuses of the papal 
 see, was published by Lydius, a protestant, 
 in Holland, 1613. He wrote besides a trea- 
 tise on simony, an able Mork. 
 
 Clemexcet, Charles, a French Bene- 
 dictine, born at Painblanc in Autun, taugiit 
 rhetoric at Pari.s, where he died 1778, aged 
 74. He possessed a happy memory, and 
 great industry. He Avrote tltat valuble book, 
 I art de verifier Ics dates, 4to. 1750, and fol. 
 1770 — a general history of Port Koyal, ten 
 vols. 12mo. — and other works. 
 
 Clemens, Titus Flavins, a father of the 
 church, generally called Alexanxlrinus, be- 
 cause horn at Alexandria, according to some. 
 He succeeded, 191, Panietius, in tlie calhe- 
 tical school of Alexandria, wliore he died. 
 The best edition of his works is that of Pot- 
 ter, 2 vols. fol. Oxford, 1715. 
 
 Clemens, Uomanus, ji father of the 
 church, tbe companion of St. Paul, and 
 bishop of Rome. He died 100. His epistle 
 to the Corinthian church has been published 
 1098, and translated by Wake 1703. 
 
 TJlement II. bishop of Bamberg, was I 
 elected pope by the council of Sutri 1046, 
 and died %h October 1047. He was a Saxon ! 
 
 by birth, and was distinguished by his Z£a! 
 against simony. 
 
 Clement III. bishop of Prseneste, suc- 
 ceeded Gregory VHI. as pope 1187, and 
 died 27th March 1191, after publishing a 
 crusade against the Sai'acens. 
 
 Clement IV. Guy de Foulques^ a 
 Frenchman, elected pope after Urban IV. 
 at Perouse, 1265. Before his election he 
 had been a soldier, and then a civilian, and 
 on the death of his wife he took orders, and 
 became archbishop of Narbonne, and a car- 
 dinal. He showed great moderation and 
 prudence, and refused to bestow his favors 
 indiscriminately on his relations. He died 
 at Viterbo 29th November 1268. 
 
 Clement V. or Bertrand de Goth, was 
 born at Villaudran, near Bourdeaux. He 
 was archbishop of Bourdeaux 13()0, and af- 
 ter tlie death of Benedict XI. Avas elected 
 pope 1305. He was crowned at Lyons, and 
 removed the see of Rome to Avignon 1309. 
 He abolished the templars at the request of 
 Philip the fair of France, whose views he 
 blindly seconded. He is accused of incon- 
 tinence, by his intercourse Avith the countess 
 of Perigord ; and he Avas extravagant in his 
 expenses, though fond of acquiring money. 
 He died 20th April 1314, at Koquemaure, 
 near Avignon. 
 
 Clement VI. Peter Roger, a doctor of 
 Paris university, who succeeded Benedict 
 XII. on the papal throne 1342. He is re- 
 presented by Petrarch, whom he patronised, 
 as a worthy, generous, and learned prelate; 
 but other historians paint him as debauched, 
 proud, and ambitious. He died 6th Decem- 
 ber 1352, at AA-ignon. 
 
 Clement VH. Julius de Medicis, na- 
 tural son of Julian de Medicis, Avas declared 
 legitimate by Leo X. on the testimonv of 
 persons Avho said they had Avitnessed the 
 marriage of his pai^ents ; and he was made 
 by him legate at Bologna, and archbishop of 
 Narbonne and Florence. He Avas elected 
 pope 1523, on the death of Adrian VI. 
 Gi'eat as a pope, he Avas Aveak as a politician, 
 and by the holy league which he formed be- 
 tween Henry VlH. of England and Francis 
 I. of France, he drcAv upon himself the re- 
 sentment of Charles V. who took and plun- 
 dered Rome, and besieged the holy pontift" 
 in the castle of St. Angelo. Though he 
 escaped, he Avas obliged to submit to igno- 
 minious terms ; but though assisted by Hen- 
 ry, he refused to countenance his divorce " 
 from Catharine of Arragon ; and Avhen the 
 English monarch married AnnaBoleyn, the 
 sovereign pontiff" issued a bull of excommu- 
 nication against him, and thus produced the 
 separation of England from the Roman 
 church. He died 2fith Sei>tember 1534. 
 
 Clement VIII. Hippolitu? AKlobrandin, 
 a native of Florence, made cardinal by Six- 
 tus V. and elected pope after the death of 
 Innocent IX. 1592. He first opposed the 
 election of Henry IV. of France, but after- 
 Avards Avas reconciled to him, though he se- 
 verely resented the expulsion of the Jesuits, 
 lie Avas a liberal minded and benevolent 
 
CL 
 
 TL 
 
 prelate; and died 5th March 1C05, :iged 
 
 <i9. 
 
 Clement IX. Julius Rosj)i<^liosi, m:is 
 born iu I'istoia in 'I'usoany, of a nnldc fami- 
 ly, and was elected 1GG7, alter the death of 
 Alfxander VII. His i-«/n;n was disturhcd hv 
 the schisnis of the JauStiiists; hut h«.* hcai'd 
 of the loss of Caudia, which w.is taken by 
 the Turks, with svuli soi row that he died of 
 grief, 9th Deceiuhi.r lOOy, ajced 71. 
 
 Clement X. John IJajitist l>n»ilius Al- 
 tieri, a Itoman, made cardinal by Ciemenf 
 iX. wlunn he succieded KiTO. lie was mild 
 and amiable in tdiaracter; and as all the bu- 
 siness of the papal see was managed by his 
 /lephew, the llomans jocosely said there 
 Avere two popes, the one in fact, the other 
 in name. He died 22d July 1G76, aged 
 80. 
 
 Clement XI. John Francis Alhani, son 
 of a Roman senator, "was liorn at Fesaro 
 1G49, luid made a cardinal IfiOO, and elected 
 pope 1700, on the death of Innocent XH. 
 lie was three davs in determining whether 
 to accept of the popedoni or not. He was 
 an able politician; but his reign was distur- 
 bed by the schism of tlie Jansenists ; and he 
 published a bull in 1705 against the live fa- 
 mous pixipositions. In 1713 he issued his bull 
 called unigenitus against 101 propositions of 
 the new testament by Quesuel; a book wliich 
 he had originally approved and commended, 
 but which the virulence of the times obliged 
 him to condemn. He gave a friendly re- 
 ception to the pretender; and died at Rome 
 19th March 1721, aged 72. His works were 
 edited at Home, in 2 vols. fol. 1729. 
 
 Clement XII. Laurence Corsini, a na- 
 tive of Rome, raised to the popedom, 1730, 
 after the death of Benedict Xlil. He la- 
 bored earnestly in the reform of abuses, 
 and when the cardinals wished to rcconi- 
 mend to him particular ministers, he iiobly 
 replied, it is for the cardinals to elect popes, 
 but for the pope to eicct his ministers. He 
 died 6th February 1740, aged near 8S ; 
 and so popular Avas his government, that 
 the Romans erected a brazen statue to his 
 lionor. 
 
 Clement XIII. Charles llezzonico, a 
 native of Venice, made a cardinal 1737, by 
 Clement XII. and raised to the see of Padua 
 1743, Avhere his conduct Avas so amiable and 
 benevolent, that on the death of Benedict 
 XIV . he was elected pope 175S. During his 
 reign the Jesuits were expelled from France, 
 Spain, and Naples. He died suddenly, 2(1 
 February 1709, aged 70, much respected, 
 and to his last moments heavily afflicted 
 Avith the dissensions which disturbed the 
 church. 
 
 Clement XIV. John Vincent Anthony 
 Ganganelli, son of a physic-xn of St. Arcli- 
 angelo near Rimini, was born 31st October 
 1705. When 18 he entered among the 
 •Franciscans, and applied himself to the 
 studies of philosophy and divinity at Passa- 
 ro, Recanati, Fano, and Rome, and when at 
 the age of 35, he became public professor in 
 the cqliege of Bonaveuture. He was employed 
 
 under Tltncditt XIV. in the counril ftf th« 
 holy ollice, and the next pope, Clement XllT. 
 M ho ei|u:dly knew his nuMit, rais»-d him to 
 tk«r purple. Though raiied to dignity, he 
 preserve<l the habit anti the austerity of .i 
 ]ioor ecclesiastic, but in his opinions he es- 
 poused the cause of foreign princes, ?.iid 
 spoke bf)ldly of the neccHsity of expelling 
 the ,»esui(s. On the death of CMcment XIH. 
 he was elected in a tunjidiuous assembly of 
 the conclave, aiul proclaimed pope by car- 
 dinal de Bernis. 'I'he diflicidties wliich 
 sui rounded him were artfully removed ; he 
 negotiated with Portugal, Si)ain, and France, 
 who seemed incliiKMl to make dee[» iiiro:id» 
 on the papal power, and at theii- pressing 
 solicitations he, in 1773, formally suppressed 
 the Jesuits. 'I'he violent spirit of the times, 
 and the unpopular measures which lU-'cessitV 
 obliged him to adopt, at last wasted away 
 his strength, and produced such debility as 
 proved fatal '2'^2d Siptember J774, though 
 some have been accused of hastening his 
 death by poison. In his character lie wa» 
 bold, upright, benevolent, and mild, the 
 friend of literature, and an enemy to all 
 abuses. When desired to live with greater 
 splendor, he replied tiiat neither St. Peter 
 nor St. Francis had taught him to dine 
 splendidh'. His life lias been published by 
 Cai'accioli, and some letters have appearecl, 
 4 vols. I'Jmo. 17r0, under his name, though 
 they are supposed many of them to be spu- 
 rious. 
 
 Clement, David, a native of Hof Geis- 
 mar, who succeeded his father as pastor of 
 a French congregation there, from which he 
 removed to Brunswick 1730, and then to 
 Hanover, Avhere he died 17G0. He is author 
 of bibliotheque curieusc historique <ie livrcs 
 difficiles a trouver, 9 vols. 4to. — Si»ecimen 
 Bibliotlieca; Hispano, — Majensi^, .sive Idea 
 novi catalogi scriptorum His]»an. in biblio- 
 theca Greg. — Majens 1753, &tc. 
 
 Clement, Francis, a native of Beze in 
 Burgundy, member of the congregation of 
 St. ?ilaur. He was employed by his supe- 
 riors at Paris to continue Rivet's liter.Ti*y 
 history of France, of wliich he wrote the 
 11th and l'2th vols. He afterAvards < om- 
 jiosed the 12th and 13th vols, of Bouquet's 
 collection of French liistoi'ians, and iiaprov- 
 ed Danti lie's art de verifier les dates, pub- 
 lished bv Durand and Cl?mencet in 4to.*i- 
 and by liimself, 3 vols. fol. 17S3— 1792. He 
 began I'ai't de verifier les dates avant J. 
 Christ, but died before its completion 1793, 
 
 aged 79 
 
 Clement, P*e(er, a native of Geneva, 
 who became travelling tutor to lord Wjdde- 
 grave, and afterwards settled at Paris, 
 w hei'e he conducted fbe Xouvollcs literaries 
 de France from 1749 to 1754. He wrote 
 also some poems, and Merope a tragedy, 
 and George Barnwell translated from (he 
 English, &c. He Avas not always correct in 
 his cliaracter, but often licentious. He died 
 1707, aged 00. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the scAcn wisq men 
 of Greece, Avho d.ed afeout 5G0 B. C 
 
CL 
 
 CL 
 
 Cleombuotus, two kings of Sptii-tn. 
 The one tell at the battle ol' Leuctra, f5. C 
 Sri, and the other was son-in-laM of Lconi- 
 <las, an<l Avas banished afterwards. 
 
 Ci-EOMENES, a king of Sparta, Avho slew 
 himself B. C 401. — Another, who succeeded 
 Ascesipolis his brother, and reiijnod 61 years. 
 — Another who v. as defeated by llie Acha*- 
 ans, and fled into Egvpt where he destroyed 
 himseif, B. C. 21'.». 
 
 Cleopatra, a queen of Eg}'pt, who in- 
 trigued with J. Caesar to ensure the posses- 
 sion of her kingdom, and afterwards nuir- 
 ried Antony, whom she attended at the bat- 
 tle of Actiuni. Not to be led a captive in 
 the triumph of the victorious Augustus she 
 destroyed herself by the bit^ of an asp, B. 
 C. 30.' 
 
 Cleostratts, a Grecian astronomer, 
 wlio invented the signs of the zodiac, and 
 I'eformcd the Greek calendar, B. C. bSG. 
 
 Clekc, John le, a celebrated scholar 
 born at Geneva, 19th March 16^7. As liis 
 father was a physician of eminence, and a 
 Circek. professor at Geneva, the greatest at- 
 tention was paid to his education, and after 
 studying belles lettres and the classics with 
 the most indefHtigable earnestness he direc- 
 ted his thoughts to divinity at the age of 19, 
 and was at the proper time admitted into 
 orders. He soon after embraced Arminian- 
 ism, and after residing some time at Saii- 
 mur, he visited England, where he was ho- 
 nored with the acquaintance of many Icarnefl 
 and respectable characters. Ashe totally dif- 
 fered from his friends and connexions at Ge- 
 neva, with i-espect to religious opinions, he 
 determined not to I'eside among them, hut 
 settled at Amstei-dam 108:3, where he be- 
 came popular as a preacher,and particularly 
 as professor of philosopliy, Hebrew, and po- 
 lite literature. His ars critica, 3 vols. 12nio. 
 was published in 1696, and in 1709 appeared 
 his Sulpicius Severus, his Grotius, and also 
 the remains of Menander and Philemon, a 
 collection which drew «pon him the severe 
 censures of those able scholars Bentley and 
 Burman. Le Clerc died 8th Jan. 17o0, in 
 ids roth year, having been afflicted for the 
 last six years with great weakness of intel- 
 lects. He married, at the age of 3i, the 
 daughter of Gregorio Leti, by whom he had 
 four children, wlio all died young. Manj" 
 of his works were dedicated to Enghsh i)re- 
 lates and other leading men in the nation ; 
 yet his name was particularly unpopular in 
 England, and his writings were severely 
 censured by some of the clergy, and for this 
 he was indebted to the Arminian principles 
 Tvhich he had indiibed, and the acrimonious 
 language which he used against episcopacy. 
 At one time his admirers in Pingland m ere 
 desiifjus of fixing him in a more independent 
 stale here, than he enjoyed at Amsterdam, 
 Ijut the scheme was thwarted by opposite 
 opinions. AViiatever might be the prejudice 
 of his enemies, he certainly deserved well 
 of literature, for' his many valuable writings 
 in criticism, religion, and philosophy, and 
 he must be respected «s aa able writer and 
 
 sound divine, and an erudite scholar. His 
 other works are systems of logic, entologv', 
 and pneumatology, besides a translation of 
 the bible in(o French, 8cc. He also conduc- 
 ted the bildiotheque choisie from 1705 to 
 1713, 12S vols. I'imo — bibliolheque ancienne 
 8c moderne 29 vols. 1720 — and bibliotheque 
 univcrsclle &c hihtorique to 1603, 23 vols, 
 l2mo. 
 
 Ci.ERC, Sebastian le, originally a helper 
 in the kitclicn of the abbey of St. A mould 
 at Metz, displayed early proofs of genius as 
 a pointer. 'J'he scraps of paper on which he 
 had made some rude delineations were seen 
 accidentally by the prior of the house, who 
 h;ul t!ie kindness to encourage him and to 
 tavor his advancement. He studied geome- 
 try and persj)ective, and gradually rose to 
 eminence, till distinguished by marshal 
 de la Ferte, and made engraver to Lewis 
 XIV. and knighted by Clement XL He 
 died at Paris 2>th October 1714, aged 77. 
 He was adnjirable in his larnlscapes, archi- 
 tecture and ornaments, and he has gained 
 credit as the author of a treatise on archi- 
 tecture 2 vols. ko. — a treatise on geometry, 
 &c. Svo. — and another on perspective. Not 
 less than 3000 pieces are mentioned as the 
 work of his graver, and he had the art, after 
 Callot, of introducing live or si.x leagues ex- 
 tent of country in a small space. 
 
 Clerc, Daniel le, a native of Geneva, 
 where his father was Greek professor. He 
 studied medicine at Paris and Montpellier, 
 and practised with great reputation and suc- 
 cess at Geneva. He was made member of 
 the council of state 1704, and then quitted 
 ! his professional labors, and died 1728. He_ 
 was a learned antiquary, and wrote bihlio- 
 theca anatomica, kc. 2 vols. fol. — histoire dc 
 la medicine, Geneva, 8 vo. 1606, translated into 
 English — historia jiaturalis k medica lato- 
 rum lumbrjcorum, bcc. 
 
 Cleiic, John le, a French painter, knight- 
 ed at Venice, where he died 1633, aged 46. 
 
 Clerke, Gilbert, a native of Uppington, 
 Rutlandshire, educated at Sidney college, 
 Cambridge, of which h.e became fellow. He 
 was an able Grecian and mathematician, but 
 strongly favoring the Socinians, he left the 
 university for a sni:dl estate in Northampton- 
 shire, wiiere he died about 1695, aged 69. 
 He wrote an answer to bishop Bull's work 
 on the (hvinc faith — and a treatise on Ought' 
 red's clavis mathematica, &c. 
 
 C L E R M o X T T o N is; e R r E , St auislaus count 
 of, a French nobleman in the states general 
 assembled at Paris 1789. He showed him- 
 self an able orator, attached to order, the 
 friend of limited monarch}', and au enemy to 
 jKipular tunjults. His opposition to the Jaco- 
 l>In club sent him to prison, where he was 
 massacred on the Ist day of Sept. 1793. 
 His opinions have been ])ublished in 4 vols. 
 Svo. — and his cxamen de la constitution, Svo. 
 
 1791. His faiher, the duke of Clermont, 
 
 was cruelly guillotined 26th July 1793, aged 
 74. 
 
 Clevela:nd or Cleiveland, John, a 
 poet in tlje rejg;n of Charles L was born at 
 
CL 
 
 CL 
 
 l.migliborough 10 13, son ol" n i;Icr{j>iii5in, 
 and e<lii(;at«<l at Clirist rolU};e, Canil)n<lgi', 
 fifun uJikli he was rcinovetl to St. John's, of 
 viiicii \ic In'canu- a h-llow in iGJl. Asfiitor 
 he gained great applause ; sind as a political 
 writer, he alilv served the royal canse. 
 'I'lioiJgh unsuci<ssriill\ , he opposed llie tlce- 
 tion of Oliver Croniw ell to he a member for 
 the town of Canilu-idge, and wlien he found 
 his place of residence no longer safe, he re- 
 tired to Oxforil, where the king had fixed his 
 head <piarters. His satirical pieces, espe- 
 cially "the rebel Sent," vere greatly ad- 
 mired ; he was rewarded for his loyalty, hy 
 tlie appointment of judge advocate of the 
 garrison <»f Newark ; but when tiiis uas 
 taken by the republicans, he made his escape, 
 destitute and jiooi-. He was seized at Nor- 
 vicli, and lietained as a ])ers«)n of great abili- 
 ties and averse to the reigning government, 
 and he obtained his liberty by writing to 
 Cromwell a letter, in which, while he suppli- 
 «»ates his enlargement, he boldly avows his 
 principles arvl defends his conduct. After 
 liis release, he retired to London, Avhere he 
 became the companion of the wits and loyal- 
 ists of the times, especiallv of the author of 
 Hudibras. He died of an intermittent fever, 
 2yth April 1659. His remains were honora- 
 bly buried at St. ISiichael Royal, College- 
 hill, :uid a sermon preaclied over him by his 
 friend fierson, afterwards bishop of Chester. 
 Thongli courted and admired as a poet in his 
 own age, and pi'eferred before Milton by his 
 contemporaries,he is now sunk into oblivion. 
 The last edition of his poems is in 8vo. 1687. 
 The subjects of his muse were the party po- 
 litics of the day. He Avas one of those me- 
 taphysical ])oets who abound vith witty 
 leather than just thoughts, whose learned al- 
 lusions amuse and glitter for a moment, and 
 ]»ossess nothii^g of the simplicity and genuine 
 elegance which must please and captivate 
 Mith equal charms every reader in every age. 
 
 Clifford, George, third earl of Cum- 
 berland, was eminent as a navigator. He 
 V. as born in 1558, and was educated at Peter- 
 house, Cambridge, Avhere Whitgift, after- 
 Avards primate, was his tutor. After apply- 
 ing himself to the siudv of mathematics, he 
 Avas employed under government, and in 
 1586 sat as one of the peers on tlie unforta- 
 nate Mary queen of Scots. He was of a 
 genius hold and enterprising, and not less 
 than eleven expeditions by sea were under- 
 taken by liiui, and at his own expense, either 
 tor purposes of discovery, or for the annoy- 
 ance of the enemies of his country. Besides 
 the many valuable captures which he made, 
 he deserved the favor of his royal mistress, 
 who created him knight of the garter 1591. 
 In lOOl he was one of those employed to re- 
 duce Essex to o])cdience. He died in the 
 Savoy, London, 30th October 1005, and was 
 buried at Kipton in Yorkshire. His daugh- 
 ter was the famous Anne, countess of Dorset, 
 Pembroke and Montgomery. 
 
 Clifford, Martin, an English Avriter, 
 educated at '^^'estminster school and Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, and wu^ uiude mar>tcr of 
 
 the Charter-house after the restoration. He 
 was author of a treatise on human reason, 
 liublisbed anonymously 1675, in which he 
 makes every man's fancy tlie guide of his 
 religion. Of thi.s hook Lancy bishop of Ely 
 declared, at a pnl)lic dinner at the (Jhart-r- 
 house, th.it all the copies and the author 
 himself ought to be humeri. He died 1077, 
 :ind was buried in the Charter-hons*- chape!. 
 Sprat dedicated his life of Cowley to him, 
 and it is supposed that he was concemcd in 
 the liehearsal. 
 
 Cliniov, Henry, grandson of Francis 
 sixth earl of Lincoln, Mas knight of the Hath, 
 and engaged as general in the American 
 war. He evacuated I'liiladelpbia in 1778, 
 and took Charlestown in 1780, for which he 
 was thanked by the house of commons. He 
 returned to England in 1782, and soon after 
 published an account of the campaign in 
 1781-.S3, whicli lord Cornwallis answered, and 
 to which sir ileru'}' made a reply. He was 
 governor of Gibraltar, 1795, and also mem- 
 ber for Newark, and died soon after. 
 
 Clissov, Oliver de, a native of Britany, 
 who fought at the battle of Aurai in 1364, 
 by the side of his friend count Montfort. 
 He afterwards followed the fortunes of Cucs- 
 clin, and succeeded him as constable of 
 France 1380. In 1382 he distinguished him- 
 self at the battle of Rosebcc ; but he incur- 
 red the hatred of the duke of Britany, who 
 caused him to be condemned to death iu 
 1387, tiiough he escaped, and was afterwards 
 reconciled to liis persecutors. The mental 
 disorders of Charles \1. proved fatal to his 
 fortune, he was deprived of all his honors, 
 and in consequence retired to his seat in 
 Britany, a\ heie lie died 1407, deservedly re- 
 spected for his valor, integrity and humanity. 
 
 Clisthexes, an Athenian, who intro- 
 duced the law of ostracism, which proved so 
 fatal to many illustrious generals. He had 
 a share in the banishment of the Pisistra- 
 tidrc. 
 
 Clitomachus, a Carthaginian pliiloso- 
 pher, disciple of Carncades. It is said, 
 that lie wrote above 400 volumes, and he put 
 an end to his life in his old age. 
 
 Cli VE, liobert, a celebrated general, born 
 at Styche, JNIoreton Say, the family seat of 
 his ancestors, near Market-drayton, 29th 
 Sept. 1725. He was placed at school atLos- 
 tock in Cheshire, and afterwards at Market- 
 drayton, then atSlerchant-taylors', and lastly 
 at Hcmel-Hempstead, and probably from 
 the rapidity of these changes, his education 
 did not receive that high i)olish, which a re- 
 gular unvaried system might have ensured. 
 In 1743, he vv'as ai>i)ointed writer to the 
 East India company, but his obstinate inflex- 
 ible dipposition often exposed him to the 
 suspicion and censure of his sui)criors. In 
 one instance his conduct to the secretary 
 was so reprehensible, that the governor in- 
 sisted on his making an apology. Clive made 
 the apology with contemi»t, and in such, am- 
 biguous terms, that the secretary mistook it 
 for a compliment, and itivited him to dinner, 
 *•' No sir," replied tlic unsubdued Clive, 
 
CL 
 
 C^ 
 
 *' the governor did not command me to dine 
 with you." In 1747 he accepted anensigncy 
 in the military service, and highly distin- 
 guished himself at the siege of Pondicherry, 
 ^v]lere he received a shot in his hat, and 
 another in his co:*t. At the seige of Devi 
 Cotah under major Lawrence, he volunteer- 
 ed to storm the town, and he and three 
 others or.ly out of 34 who had undertaken this 
 perilous atten:ii)t, returned, but so teri^fied 
 ^verc the enemy that they abandoned the 
 town. On the cessation of hostilities, he re- 
 turned to his civil oflioe, and became com- 
 Biissary to the trooy)S. In 1753, he returned 
 to E'lgland, and his services were acknow- 
 ledged by the handsome present of a sword 
 set with diamonds, by the court of directors. 
 He revisited India as governor of fort St. 
 David, and Avith the rank of lieutenant co- 
 lonel, and he ably assisted admiral "Watson 
 ID the conquest of the pirate Angria, and 
 took fort William in Bengal. At the battle 
 of Plassey he completely routed Surajah 
 Dowla, an<l settled JafHer AUi Cawn on the 
 ijironc of Muxadabad. fie ^v^s made an 
 Irish peer on his coming to England in 1760, 
 and four years after he went back as presi- 
 dent, when the vigor of his counsels, and the 
 bolduessof his measures, restored tranquillity 
 to the cast, and security to the inhabitants. 
 In 1707 he reached home, and in 17G9 was 
 made knight of the Batli. Though his ser- 
 vices were so gi'eat and so meritorious, yet 
 he did not escape the malevolent insinuations 
 of his enemies. His fortune was immense, 
 and his assistance in one instance was reward- 
 ed by the !Mogul by the present of a tract of 
 country producing ayearly revenue of 17,0(30Z. 
 This great opuleuoe, therefore, drew upon 
 him the censures of some of the iiiem- 
 bers of the house of commons, v.lio in 1773 
 made a motion that, in the acquisition of his 
 "wealth, lord Clive had abused the powers 
 ■uith M hich he was intrusted. Against this 
 charge he made a short but most energetic 
 defence, and the conclusion was that the 
 house voted that lord Clive had rendered 
 great and meritorious services to his country. 
 His abilities as a general were universally 
 admired, Mr. Pitt called him a heaven-born 
 general, who, without experience and regu- 
 lar stud}-, surpassed all the military men of 
 his age. On the breaking out of the Amer- 
 ican war, Clive was offered the place of com- 
 mander in chief, which in consequence of 
 the ill state of his health he declined. He 
 •«'as from 1760 to the day of his death repre- 
 sentative for Shrewsbui'y. His health, which 
 •was dreadfully shattered by a severe nervous 
 fever while at Madras, gradually declined, 
 he seldom was Avithout an attendant about 
 his person, and his depression of spirits at 
 Tast became so great that in one fatal moment 
 he lost his reasoi\ and destroyed himself No- 
 vember 22d, 1774. He was buried at ISIore- 
 ton Say the place of his birth. He married 
 in 1753, Margaret, sister of Dr. Maskelyne, 
 the learned astronomer royal, by whom he 
 Tr^d two sons and thi-ee daughters. He made 
 a- noble present of 70,000/. to the invalids in 
 tile c*om[iany's:5£j>vice. 
 
 Clive, Catherine, au eminejit actress 
 born in 1711. She first appeared at Drury- 
 lane in boy's clothes in the character of Is- 
 menes, and continued to improve till her de- 
 lineation of Nell in the Devil to pay, exhibited 
 her in the possession of such superior talents 
 that for 30 years sJie remained unrivalled on 
 the stage. In 1732 she married George 
 Clive, a gentleman of the law, brother lo 
 lord Clive, but their union Avas productive of 
 no domestic happiness, s(i.that they sepa- 
 i-ated, and never again lived together. In 
 1769, Mrs. Clive, foIloAving the example of 
 Mrs. Pritchard, retired from the stage, and 
 lived at Strawberry hill, Twickenham, Avhere 
 she spent the rest of her life in comfortable 
 and independent ease. She died December 
 6th, 1785, highly respected in private as avcU 
 as in public life. Her poAvers of acting Avere 
 very great and diA'ersified, and she never 
 failed to please and captivate either as the 
 capricious coquette, the high bred lady, the 
 jealous Avife, the affected chambermaid, 
 or the superannuated beauty. 
 
 Clodius, I'ublius, a Roman senator of 
 debauched character. He Avas a great ene- 
 my to Cato and Cicero, and at last Avas kil- 
 led in an accidental encounter bv Milo, B. 
 C. 53. 
 
 Cloots, Anacharsis, a native of Prussia', 
 Avho, in the madness of the French revolutiojx, 
 called himself the orator of the human race, 
 and as a member of the national convention 
 he voted for the king's death. He was a man 
 of letters and uepheAv of W. PaUAv, and pub- 
 lished the " republique uniA'erselle," bQt he 
 Avas as profane in his religious as he Avas li- 
 centious in his political tenets. He Avas guil- 
 lotined March 24tli, 1794. 
 
 Clopinel, or John de Meun, a French 
 poet, born in 1280, died about 1364. He Avas 
 a favorite at the court of Philip the fair, and 
 acquired some celebrity by continuing the 
 nnlinished poem of the Romance of the Rose^ 
 by W. de Loris. He translated Boethius* 
 consolations. His rOnlance Avas edited 1735, 
 three vols. 12mo. 
 
 Cj.osterman, N. a portrait painter Avho 
 settled in London from Hanover 1681. He 
 went to Spain in 1696, Avhere he gained 
 much money by his profession. He died 
 1713, of a broken heart on being robbed, and 
 abandoned, by his mistress. 
 
 Clotaire I. fourth son of (ylovis, and 
 Clotilda Avas king of Soissons, and after the 
 death of Thierri and of Childebert, he imited 
 the whole French monarchy under his poAver 
 558. He distinguished himself against the 
 Saxons and the Thuringians, and died at 
 Compeigne 561, in the 64th year of his age 
 and the 5 1st of his reign. 
 
 Clot A IRE H. son and successor of Chil- 
 peric, in the kingdom of Soissons, Avas sup- 
 ported by his mother Fredegonde against 
 Childebert, and though after her deatii he 
 was defeated by Theodebert king of Austra- 
 sia, and Thierri king of Burgundy, he had the 
 gooil fortune to unite that poAver to his own 
 dominions. Though cruel and oppressive m 
 his coiiJirct, some %\ithors have praised lu5 
 
x:l 
 
 CO 
 
 ^yistice ami the wisdom of some p;irt of his 
 government. He died G28, aged 45, leaving 
 two sons, Uagobert and Cliariljert. 
 
 CL.ojA,iRii: III. king of Ilurgnndy and 
 Neusiria, after the death of his father Clovis 
 II. C55, was chiefly governed l»y his mother 
 Batilda. He die(1 070, without children. 
 
 (Ji.o VI o, George, a Solavonian, eminent 
 as an historical and miniature painter, lie 
 died 1578, aged 80. 
 
 Ci.ovis 1. the proper founder of the 
 i'rench monarchy, was born 407, and suc- 
 ceeded his father Childeric 4Sl. He was 
 victorious against the Romans, but in a hal- 
 tle with the (icrmans, when he saw his 
 troops ready to give way, he made a vow 
 that he would worship the God of the chris- 
 tians, as his wife Clotilda had advised hint to 
 <lo, and after obtaining the victory, he was 
 converted from tlie heathen religion, and 
 •was baptized with .'JOOO of his subjects, on 
 Christmas-day, by St. Remi, archbisliop of 
 Kheinis. He was victorious in other battles 
 against the Goths, and though he was check- 
 ed in a battle by Thendoric near Aries, he 
 had the good fortune to subdue the best part 
 of Gaul under his power, and he fixed his 
 residence at Paris, which he made the capi- 
 tal of his dominions. He died 511, aged 45, 
 in the 30th year of his reign. 
 
 (/Lovis II. succeeded his father Dagobert 
 638, and was a mild and benevolent prince, 
 though accused of debauchery and cowardice. 
 He died 055, aged 23. 
 
 Clovis hi. succeeded his father Tliierrl 
 HI. 091. He reigned five years, and died at 
 the age of 14. He was governed by Pepin 
 Heristal, who, as mayor of the palace, go- 
 verned the kingdom at his pleasure. 
 
 Clowes, William, a surgeon of eminence 
 of whom few particulars are known. He was 
 originally a surgeon in the navy, and was af- 
 terwards surgeon to Bartholomew and Christ 
 hospitals, London, and to queen Elizabeth. 
 His last publication on the venereal disease 
 was in 1590, reprinted 1037. 
 
 Cluentius, a Roman accused by his 
 mother ofmurdering his father. He was ably 
 defended by Cicero. 
 
 -Cluverius, Philip, a celebrated geo- 
 grapher, born at Dantzic 15S0. He studied 
 law at Leyden, but his genius asid the advice 
 of Jos. Scaliger directed him to geography. 
 He travelled to improve himself through 
 <iermany, England, France, and Italy, and 
 it is said he could talk with fluency ten dif- 
 ferent languages. He died at Leyden 16'23, 
 43 years old. He published de tribus Rheni 
 alveis — Italia — Germania antiqua, — Sicilia & 
 Sardinia, — introductio ad gcograph. univer- 
 salem, f<c. 
 
 Cobb, Samuel, an ingenious poet, educa- 
 ted at Christ's hospital, of which he after- 
 wards became master. He was of Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He died at London 1713. 
 He w rote observations on Virgil, and a col- 
 lection of poems 8vo. 1700. He also assisted 
 Row e in his Callipredia, and Ozell m hisBoi- 
 Teau's lutrin. 
 
 CoBDEX, "^dward D, D. first chgplain to 
 
 Gibson bishop of London, and afterwards hv 
 22 years to (ieorge II. was besiiles archdea- 
 con of London, prebendary of Lincoln and 
 St. Paul's, and rector of Acton, and of St. 
 Austin and St. Faith, London, 'rhouj^li 
 such a pluralist, yet his income did not ex- 
 ceed 350/. per annum, a sum which, l)v 
 mf)deralion and conleniment, he converted 
 into honorable independence and dignified 
 enjoy nienl. He pubiisbeil '* iliscourses an<l 
 essays," 1757, of which only 250 copies were 
 jwinied, and also poems for llie benefit of his 
 curate's widow. He survived the lo«ji of bis 
 wife two years, and died 22d April 1704, 
 aged above 8<.». 
 
 CoccEius, Henry, a native of Uremen, 
 educated at Leydun, and made ]u-ofes3or of 
 the law of nature and nations at lleidelberg, 
 from which he removed to Utrecht, an<l af- 
 terwards to Frankfort on Oder. In 1713, he 
 was created a baron of the empire and died 
 1719, aged 75. He is author of juris publici 
 prudentiacompendiosc exhibit.'* — i)ro(lromus 
 ju'jtilice gentium — deductionesconsilia, &c.— 
 Theses, four vols. 4to. &cc. 
 
 Co ccE I us, Samuel, a German baroiv, son 
 of the preceding, born at Frankfort ou the 
 Oder. He w as in the servicg of Frederic 
 the great of Prussia, and, as his grand chan- 
 cellor, he presided with dignity and gre»at 
 impartiality over the administration of jus- 
 tice. Besides the IVedcrican code, pub- 
 lished in three vols. 8vo. 1747, he edited Gro- 
 tius de jure belli pacis, five vols. 4to. He dieit 
 1755. 
 
 CoccEius, or Cock, John, a native of 
 Bremen, Hebrew professor there. He af- 
 terwards removed to Franekci", and then to 
 Leyden, where he obtained the theological 
 chair. He excited a warm controvei-sy by 
 the singularitj' of his opinions. He consideretl 
 the whole of the old testament as a mystical 
 representation of Christ and his churcli, and 
 gave to every word and sentence a metapho- 
 rical interpretation. He was an advocate for 
 the millennium, and deeply studied the apo- 
 calypse. His followers were called Cor- 
 ccians. He died at Leyden 1609 aged Gi. 
 His works filled 10 vols. fol. 
 
 CoccHi, Anthony, professor of physic at 
 Florence and Pisa, was born at Mugellailo, 
 and died 1758, aged C2. He was esteemed 
 for his learning, and came to England witli 
 lord Huntingdon to see Mead, Newton, and 
 other learned men. He was intimate witU 
 Boerhaave. He was antiquary to the empe- 
 ror. He M-rote a treati.se on the adv.antage^ 
 of the Pythagorean mode of life, and otlicf 
 medical treatises, besides an edition of Zen* 
 ophon Ephcsius' amoribus Anthise & Abro- 
 comce. 
 
 Cochin, Charles Nicholas, a French eti? 
 gi-aver, was born 1008, and died in 1754. His 
 principal pieces are after Watteau and le 
 Moine, and from the paintings of the inva- 
 lids, in w hich he was engaged 10 years.- 
 There was another of the same n.'vnie, whoso 
 smaller pieces are greatly admired, especial- 
 ly those after Vernent. His son, who msm- 
 equally eminent, died 1790, agetl 7.i. He was^ 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 author of letters on the pictures of Hereula- 
 neum — letters on the lives of Siodz and De- 
 shays — travels in Italy, &c. — dissertation on 
 the effect of light and shade, &c. 
 
 Cochin, Heni-y, a native of Paris, who 
 studied the law, and was as eminent at tlie 
 bar as Bourdaloue was in the pulpit. He 
 pleaded his first cause before the great coun- 
 cil when at the age of only 22. His memo- 
 rials, pbadings, kc. appeared at Paris, in 6 
 vols. 4to, 1751 He died 1747, aged 60. 
 
 CocHL.£us, John, a catholic of Nurem- 
 berg, "vrho warmly attacked Luther, Bucer, 
 Osiander, Melancthon, Calvin, and the other 
 reformers. He was attacked by Dr. jMorri- 
 son, an Englishman, for his tract on the mar- 
 riage of Henry VHI. and he violently de- 
 fended himself. He died .lanuary 10, 1.552. 
 aged 72, at Breslaw. His Historia Hussita- 
 rum, in folio, is cuiious. He wrote besides 
 de actis et scriptis I.utheri, kc. • 
 
 CocHRAM, Robert, a Scotchman, educa- 
 ted at Padua, and employed b}' .lames HI. of 
 Scotland as an architect to erect some pub- 
 lic buildings. The favor which he enjoyed 
 with his sovereign, and his elevation to the 
 earldom of Mar, so offended the old nobilit}', 
 that they tore him from the royal presence, 
 and hanged him over the bridge at Lauder, 
 1484. 
 
 Cochran, William, a Scotch painter, 
 born December 12, 1758, at Strathaven, 
 Clydesdale. After studying at Glasgow, he 
 went to Italy, in 1701, and applied liimself 
 under the elireetion of Gavin Hamilton at 
 Kome, and on his return home he acquired 
 great celebrity, and some opulence. He died 
 October 23, 1785, and was buried in the 
 cathedral church of Glasgow. His pieces are 
 much admired, especially his Daidalus and 
 Icarus, and his Diana and Endymjon. 
 
 CocKAiN, sir Alston, a native of Asli- 
 bourne, in Derbyshire, studied at Oxford, 
 ftnd was fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 He was a catholic, which circumstance di- 
 minished the number of his friends ; though 
 his poetry, occasionally licentious, was yet 
 respectable. His e.xtravagjmce reduced him 
 in the latter part of his life. He died 1G84, 
 aged 78. He wrote four plays, and Dianea a 
 romance. 
 
 CocKBURN, Catharine, ar* ingenious lady, 
 daughter of captain David Trotter, of the 
 navy. From a protestant she became a 
 catholic, and again was i-econciled to thepro- 
 testants. In 1708 slic married Mr. Cock- 
 burn, son of an eminent Scotch divine, who, 
 though at first a nonjuroi-, took the oaths, 
 and obtained the living of Long Ilorsley, 
 Cumberland. Though possessed with a gen- 
 ius for poetry, she lunied her thoughts to 
 metaphysics, and defended Locke against 
 Drs. Burnet and Holdsworth. She survived 
 her husband about one year, and died 1740, 
 aged 70. Her works were collcct,etl by Dr. 
 Birch, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Cocker, Edward, an ingenious penman, 
 who died 1677. He published 14 copy books, 
 engraved by his own hand, besides a treatise 
 on arithmetic — a small English Uictionary — 
 
 and a book of sentences for Avriting called 
 Cocker's morals. 
 
 CoCLES, Publ. Horat. a lloman, celebra- 
 ted for his brave defence of a bridge across 
 the Tiber, against the whole army of Por- 
 sena. 
 
 CoDuiNGTON, Christopher, a gentleman 
 of genius and merit, was born at Barbadocs, 
 and educated at Christ church, Oxford. Ho 
 was elected fellow of Ail-souls, in 1689, where 
 he distinguished himself by his knowledge of 
 physic, modern and classical literature, and 
 divinity. He afterwards entered the army, 
 without resigning his fellowship; and recom- 
 mended himself to the notice of king "Wil- 
 liam by his courage in repelling the French 
 in their attack on St. Christopher, and at the 
 siege of Namur. At the peace of Ryswick 
 he M as made governor of the Lee\\ard isl- 
 
 ands, in wliich office he conducted himself' 
 with great propriety. He was at the success- 
 ful attack on Guadaloupe in 1703 ; sometime 
 after which he resigned his employment, and. 
 lived in retirement and learned ease. He di- 
 ed at Barbadoes 7th April 1710, and his re- 
 mains Avere brought to England, and inter- 
 red June 19, 1716, in All-souls chapel. He 
 left his library, valued at 6000/. to his col- 
 lege, besides 10^00/. to build a library. He 
 left also two plantations to the society for 
 propagating the gospel in foreign parts. 
 Some of his poems appear in the Muste An- 
 glicante. He was esteemed as very superior 
 in metaphysical knowledge. 
 
 CouRUs, the last king of Athens, who no* 
 nobly oflered himself to death, that his coun- 
 trymen might obtain the victory, according 
 to the Mords of an oracle, B. C. 1070. 
 
 CoEFFETEAu, Nicholas, a Dominican, 
 born at Calais, died 1C23, aged 49, after be- 
 ing nominated to the see of Marseilles by 
 Lewis XIH. He translated Florus, and 
 wrote a Roman history from Augustus to 
 Constantine, in folio, besides other pieces. 
 
 CoEN, John Paterson, a native of Hoorn, 
 Avho became governor of the Dutcli East- 
 Indies, and laid the foundation of the city of 
 Batavia, where he r»,moved tlie factory 
 from Bantom 1619. He came to Europe in 
 1623, but four years after returned to Bata- 
 via, which he bravely defended against the 
 emperor of Java. The bodies of the thou- 
 sands, howevei', of the mcmy who fell in the 
 siege, produced a pestilence, of which uu- 
 fortunately Coen died 1629, aged 42. 
 
 CoEi'R, James, a French merchant, the 
 richest subject in Europe. His connections 
 were so extensive that he had 300 factors in 
 Italy and the Levant, and his resources were 
 so great, that he lent Charles 7,200,U()O 
 crowns of gold, M-ith which the monarch 
 conquered Normandy. These high services, 
 however, were ill repaid. Though once the 
 favorite and friend of the king, he was basely 
 imprisoned, and, under the false pretence 
 that he h.ad poisoned Agnes Swrel, the king's 
 mistress, he was tried and coiulemned to dis- 
 honorable concessions, and a fine of 10C),000 
 crowns. His clerks, in his misfortunes, 
 showed their gratitude to him; they relieved 
 
CD 
 
 CO 
 
 his distresses, and facilitated IiIs escape 
 from oonfiuement. He flrd to Jtonie, wluic 
 pope Ciilixtus HI. gave him (he comiiiand «jf 
 his fleet aj^aiiist the Turks. lie soon after 
 died at Cl.'io, IS SO. 
 
 Cog AX, Thomas, a hative (»f Somerset- 
 shire, educated ut (Jriel college, of which 
 he became fellow. lu 1;')75 he was elected 
 master of Manchester school, and there, as 
 he had taken his degrees in jjhysic, he prac- 
 tised wit 1» great sut cess. He was author of 
 the haven of heallli, ior the comfort of stu- 
 dents, 4to. 158G — a preservative from the 
 pestilence — epistolarnm familiarum Cicero- 
 nis epitome, 8ic. 
 
 CoGGESHAF.LE, Uali>h, an English Cis- 
 tercian monk, who was at the siege of Je- 
 rusalem by Saladiti, of which he wrote the 
 history, in a *' chronical of the holy^ land," 
 pul)lished in 17'29. He wrote besides other 
 things. He is supposed to have died about 
 the year 1228. 
 
 CoHAtJSEN, Joljn Henry, a German phy- 
 sician, author of a curious work, called Her- 
 tnippus I'edivivus, isic. translated into Eng- 
 lish by Dr. John Camphell, and called the 
 Sage's triumph over old age and the grave. 
 In this work, he pretended that life might 
 be extended to 115 years by taking in the 
 breath of young women. He died at Mun- 
 ster 1750, aged 85. 
 
 CoHORN, Mcmnon, a famous Dutch en- 
 gineer, who early displayed his genius for 
 military tactics, and the art of fortification. 
 As engineer and lieutenant-general in the 
 service of his country, he skilfully fortified 
 and ably defended the principal towns, and 
 supported the siege of Namur against the 
 celebrated Vauban. He died at the Hague 
 1704, aged 72. He called Itergen-op-Zoom 
 the master-piece of all his fortifications 
 which he had erected in the United States. 
 He wrote a treatise on fortification, in the 
 Flemish language. 
 
 CoiGXET, Giles, an eminent painter of 
 AVitwerp, accused of selling co])ie3 of his 
 pieces, drawn by his scliolars, and re-touch- 
 ed by himself, as real originals. He di.ed 
 ICOO aged 70. 
 
 CoiNTE, Charles le, a French historian, 
 born at Troyes, 4th November 1611. He 
 was priest of the congregation of tl)e orato- 
 ry, and for his abilities he deserved the pa- 
 tronage of Colbert, wlio obtained for him a 
 pension of 1000 livres and tlu-ee years af- 
 ter 500 livres more. He wrote aanales 
 ccclesiastici Francorum, 8 vols. fol. from 
 235 to S35, the first volume of which 
 appeared 1665, and the last 1679. The 
 work, though not elegant, is curious, and 
 contains great variety of matter. Le Cointe 
 died at Paris 18th January 1681, aged 70. 
 
 Cotter, Volchcrius, celebrated as a sur- 
 geon, physician, and anatomist, was born at 
 (Jroningen. His labors in anatomy were 
 very useful, and laid the foundation' of that 
 eminence which modern industry has pro- 
 duced, fie wrote a system of anatomy, fol. 
 1573 — de cartiliginibus tabula;, 15G6, fol. &c. 
 and died 1600, aged about 66. 
 
 VQL. I. 4'5 
 
 Coke, KdwanV, a celebrated English law- 
 yer, born at Mileham, Norfolk, in 1549. 
 lie was educated at the Iree-scinxjl, Nor- 
 wich, and Trinity college, Cambridge, from 
 which, after four years' residence, he re- 
 moved to (Ilitiord's inn, and the }eap after 
 to the Inner-temple. After six years he 
 was called t<) t!ie l)ar, and pleaded his first 
 cause in the king's bench 1578. He was 
 about this time appointed reader of Lyon's- 
 inn, where his lect' res for three years, were 
 numerously attended, and deservedly ad- 
 mired. He marriei^ soon after liridget 
 daughter of John I'reston esq. a lady >»ho 
 brought him .5(),(»0U/. and by whom he had 
 ten children. He now rose to consequence 
 by his abilities, and, from his matrimonial 
 connections, he was elected recorder of 
 Nottingham and Coventry, member for Noi-- 
 folk, and speaker of the house of commons, 
 in the 35lh of Elizabeth. He w as solicitor and 
 afterwards attorney-general to the queen, 
 and in that quality he was employed in the 
 prosecution ofEsse.xand Southampton. He 
 was knighted by James in 1603; but he 
 liighly disgraced himself by the violence of 
 his conduct and the scurrility of his language 
 in managing the impeaclimcnt of the unfor- 
 tunate Raleigh ; a circumstance to which 
 Shakspeare is supposed to have alluded in 
 his Twelfth night. At the trial of the gun- 
 powder conspirators, and of the Jesuit Gar- 
 net, he was greatly di.stinguislied by his elo- 
 quence, and the two speeches which were 
 afterwards published are deservedly con- 
 sidered as master-pieces of superior elocu- 
 tion, and consummate argumentation. In 
 1606 he was made lord chief justice of the 
 common pleas, and seven years after pla- 
 ced at the head of the king's bench, and sworn 
 of the privy council. In the trials in conse- 
 quence of Overbury's murder. Coke behav- 
 ed with great spirit and becoming inipar- 
 tiality; but the dispute which he had with 
 Bacon, and the secret intrigues of his ene- 
 mies, undermined his power, and lessened 
 his influence with the king, so Uiat he fell 
 into di.sgvace. Some attribute his fail to the 
 rising favorite Yilliers ; but whatever might 
 be the causes of the king's disi)Ieasure, sh- 
 Edward did not behave in his adversity with 
 the dignity and fortitude which coiiscious 
 virtue and oppressed innocence .sltould as- 
 sume. "When informed of his banishment 
 from oflice, he on his knees acknowledged 
 the royal mercy extended to him beyond 
 his merits, and deprecate<l the severity of 
 his sovereign's displeasure. I'pon his di.-?* 
 grace, he received a letter from Bacon, which 
 cruelly upbraided his conduct, and insulting- 
 ly reliectcd upon liis situation; a circum- 
 stance in itself humiliating to human nature 
 to observe the abilities of so great a man, 
 and so sagacious a philosopher, dishonora- 
 bly demeaning himself by trampling on fal- 
 len greatness. He afterwards w as restored 
 to some degree of favor, which he probably 
 procured by marrying his daughter to the 
 brother of Buckingham. This union, which 
 was negotiated against, the consent of Iridy 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 Coke, was productive of serious consequen- 
 ces, in the separation of sir Edward from 
 his wife, which nothing at last hut the king's 
 interference could repair. He was member 
 in the ])arliainent of 1G21 ; but though res- 
 tored to the privy council, his conduct in 
 the liouse of commous was too independ- 
 ent to please the court, and his popular har- 
 angues against the royal proclamations were 
 viewed with secret resentment, and upon 
 the adjournment of the house, he was com- 
 mitted to the Tower, on pretence of ill con- 
 duce during the trial of Overbury. Though 
 soon after released he yet was again driven 
 from the privy council, and emphatically 
 called by James *' the fittest instrument for 
 a tyrant that ever -was in England." Under 
 the next reign, though some persecutions 
 attended him, that he might not be elected 
 to parliament, he was made sheriff of Bucks, 
 and attended on the judges w here he often 
 had presided as chief justice. In 1628, how- 
 ever, he was elected for Bucks, and iu the 
 house became a violent advocate for the ve- 
 dress of grievances, and boldly declared 
 JBuckingham as the cause of all the miseries 
 of the kingdom, though before he had pro- 
 nounced him the saviour of the nation. Af- 
 ter the dissolution of that parliament he re- 
 tired to his house at Stoke Fogeys, Bucks, 
 where he died September 3, 1634, in his 
 86th year. While on his death-bed, his pa- 
 pers were seized by sir Francis Windebank, 
 together w iih his will ; and they were not 
 recovered till seven years after, when his 
 son moved in the commons that the papers 
 seized might be restored. Sir Edward had 
 married for his second wife, in 1598, Eliza- 
 beth daughter of lord Burleigh, by whom he 
 liad the lady, who, as mentioned, so unfor- 
 tunately produced such domestic dissen- 
 sions. Cok^ was in his character a man of 
 great presence of miud and resolution, full 
 of resources ; a!id though in his calamity de- 
 jected, yet never desponding ; so that James 
 compared him to a cat, which always falls 
 upon her legs. (Jelebrated as an able law- 
 yer, he is still known and respected as a 
 clear and luminous Avriter on the constitu- 
 tion of his countr)-. Of his reports tiie first 
 volume appeared in 1000, iu folio, but the 
 last or I3th was published only in 16.55. His 
 institutes are divided into four parts ; the 
 first of which is a translation of Littleton's 
 tf-nures; the second part contains magna 
 charta and other statutes; the tiiird, the 
 criminal laws of the crown; and the fourth 
 the jurisdiction of all the courts of the king- 
 dom. There arc besides otlier works of 
 inferior consequence. 
 
 CoLAUDEAU, Charles Pierre, a French 
 poet, horn at Janville, Orleannois, died 7th 
 April 1776, aged 41. He translated Pope's 
 Eloisa to Abelard, with great spirit and ele- 
 gance, besides two of Young's night thoughts. 
 He wrote two tragedies, Astarbe and Calis- 
 to, not favorably received on the French 
 stage. He was elected member of the 
 French academy, hut died before his inau- 
 gural speech. His works were collected in 
 2 vols. 8vo, 1779, Paris. 
 
 (>OLBERT, Jolm Baptist, marquis of Seg« 
 nelai, an illustrious statesman. His family 
 were originally of Rheims, where his grand- 
 father was a wine merchant, and his father 
 of the same occupation, but afterwards a 
 cloth and silk merchant. As clerk to Tel- 
 lier a notary, young Colbert displayed great 
 diligence and ability, and was at last recom- 
 mended to cardinal JSIaxarine, whom he 
 faithfully served and by whom he was high- 
 ly patronised. In this office he displayed 
 so much zeal, and in an embassy at Home 
 showed such dexterity and dispatch, that 
 Mazarine at his death in 1661, strongly re- 
 commended him to the king as a man of in- 
 tegrity, and of superior talents. Colbert 
 was first intendant of finances, and in this 
 appointment, he settled on the firmest ba- 
 sis, the trade of France with the East and 
 West Indies. As superintendant of the 
 building's iti 1664 he began to improve and 
 embellish the capital, and by erecting the 
 noble palaces of the Thuilleries, Versailles, 
 the Louvre, Fontainbleau, bee. he contribu- 
 ted to the comfort of the monarch, and to 
 the liouor of the nation. His influence with 
 the monarch procured also the foundation of 
 t!?e academy for painting and sculpture, the 
 academy of sciences, and the observatory 
 which was first inhabited by Cassini. He 
 likewise promoted the canal by which the 
 two seas were united, and which was com- 
 pleted in 1680, after 14 years' labor, and 
 lie introduced a severe reform in the courts 
 of justice. In 1669 he was made secretary 
 of state, and three years after minister of 
 state, which enabled him more fully to pro- 
 mote tlie interests of his country, and the 
 glory of his master. He died September 6th 
 1683, of the stone, leaving six sons and three 
 daughters, whom he settled by alliances 
 with the greatest and most powerful fami- 
 lies of France, wisely considering that high 
 connections are a more permanent profit to 
 a family than a momentary popularity. He 
 is deservedl)- respected as a minister who 
 ably restored the navy, the commerce, and 
 the finances of France, patronised learning 
 and science, and invigorated genius by his 
 inild and active generosity. 
 
 Colbert, John Baptist, raarquis ofTo- 
 rey, son of the pi'cceding, was born Sep- 
 tember 19th, 1665. He was early engaged 
 in politics, and as ambassador in Portugal, 
 Denmark, and England, he evinced great 
 judgment, and ability. He was seci'etary of 
 state 1686, director general of the posts 
 1699, and counsellor to the regency in Lew- 
 is XV's minority. He died at Paris 2d Sep- 
 tember 1746, aged 81. Ten years after his 
 death appeared his memoirs of the negotia- 
 tions from tlie treaty of Kyswick to the peace 
 of Utrecht, in four parts, 3 vols. 12mo. writ- 
 ten with great purity and commendable im- 
 partiafity. He married the daughter of de 
 Pomponne, minister of state, by whom he 
 had several children. 
 
 Cole, William, son of a clergyman, was 
 born at Adderbury Oxfordshire 1626, and 
 educated at Mcrton college. He retired tl» 
 
Vutncy, wheic he devoled IjimscFflo Ijola- 
 ny. At the rcsloratioii lu- became secrctri- 
 j-v to Duppa bislioji of \Viin;Iit.'Ster, in whose 
 service l»c dictl lOO'i. He puhlisUeJl IGCti), 
 tlje art oi" siinpliiit;;, oi- inti-odiK-tion tf) the 
 knowledge oi' jjathtiiut; phiiils, and ihe next 
 year Adam in Kden, or Nature's paradise, 
 containing an history of herbs, plants, Nee. 
 
 Cole, 'I'honias, a dissenting ininister, 
 educatetlat Weslmin.ster scijool, and (Jhrist 
 church, Oxfoi'd. In lO.iGhe was made prin- 
 cipal of Sj. -Mary-hall, ami had the great 
 Locke among his pupils, but at the restora- 
 tion he was ejected ft>r noi\confc)rmity, from 
 his preferments, and after ketping a scliool 
 for some time at Nettlebed, lie settled in 
 London, and was lecturer at Pinner's hall. 
 He wrote a discourse on regenci-ation, faith, 
 and repentance, 8vo. — a discourse on the 
 christian religion on sundry points, 8vo. — 
 the incomprchensibleness of imputed righte- 
 ousness for justification of human reason, 
 and other things, and died 169/. 
 
 Cole, Thomas, a native of Glocester- 
 diire, who made a curious collection of 
 herbs, &c. wliich, according to Dr. Pulte- 
 Tiey, he afterwards destroyed in a fit of re- 
 ligious frenzy, expressing his sorrow tliat 
 lie had spent his time in a manner so little 
 conducive to the service of God. 
 
 CoL,ES, Elisha, author of a Latin diction- 
 ary, was born in Northamptonshire about 
 1640, and entered at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, in 1658. He left the university without 
 a degree, and maintained himself in London, 
 by teaching Latin and English. He was af- 
 terwards usher at Merchant taylors', but 
 left the place for some misdemeanor, at pre- 
 sent unknown, and retired to lrelaj.ul, where 
 lie dieil about 1680. Besides his <lictionary 
 in 8vo. he wrote the English sclioolmaster — 
 short-hand. Nolens Volens — an lilrnglish dic- 
 tionary, &c. The famous work on predes- 
 tination vas written by another Elisha ( 'ules, 
 his uncle, who lived about this period, aud 
 died 1688. 
 
 Co LET, John, was born in St. Antholin's 
 parish, London, 1466, son of the lord mayor, 
 and brother to 21 otlier children. He was 
 educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of D.I). 1504. His 
 knowledge did not extend to Greek, as in 
 those days that language was considered as 
 unnecessary, and the learning of it was op- 
 posed by a set of men Avho called them- 
 selves Trojans. From Oxford he travelled 
 on the continent, and became acquainted 
 with the learned of the times, with iiudteUvS, 
 Erasmus, Grocyn, Linacer, Lilly, kc. and 
 on his return to England, he was courted 
 and admired for his learning and eloquence. 
 After inferior preferments, he was made 
 dean of St. Paul's in 1505, and in this high 
 office, he began by preaching himself, and 
 by procuring the assistance of able divines, 
 to encourage inquiries after tlie contents of 
 the holy scriptures. The sjtirit find inde- 
 pendence which he showed, made him how- 
 ever obnoxious to the clergy, and the bishop 
 ol^ LonUoD, a bigoted m\w, complained of 
 
 CO 
 
 him to M'arham, the primate, who Lnowii.p 
 the integrity of his views dibniivscd the ac- 
 cusation. In his eag«:rnegs to promote icain- 
 ing Colet founded St. Paul's school in 151J 
 of wliich Lilly was the first master, with an 
 ample provi:»ion to instruct 153 boys gratis, 
 uiuler the patronage of the mercer's com- 
 l)any. "Whilst he jncdilalcd rctiiement to 
 privacy and solitude Ijom the tumults of a 
 busy life, he was attacked by the s\njiting 
 .sickn(!ss, which after a third relapse carried 
 him off liiih Sej)tember 1519, in hif 53d 
 year. He was buried in St. Paul's chm-ch, 
 and the elegant monument erected over him 
 perished with the cathedral in 1666. He 
 wrote various things, all of whicU are men- 
 tioned in his life by Knight. 'I'hough be did 
 not live long enougii to see the reformation, 
 he yet was an able promoter of it, and he 
 was inimical to the tenets of the Roniish 
 church, not merely as the hiend of refor- 
 mation, but as nil honest man whose opinions 
 were respectable, as \)rocieding from &n ex- 
 emplary, moderate, and religious character. 
 He is introduced under the character of 
 Gratianus Puling in Erasmus' colloquy called 
 Peregrinatio religionis ergo. 
 
 CoLEY, Henry, a native of O.\ford, wliO 
 troMi a taylor became an eminent astrologi- 
 cal w riter, as the assistant of Lilly, and the 
 continuator of his ephemeris. His preten- 
 ded knowledge of futurity retidered hira 
 very popular, so that his house in Grav's- 
 inn-lane was frequented by people of all de- 
 scriptions, and his opinion obtained by the 
 examination of urine, kc. He wrote a key 
 to the whole art of astrologer, antl died 1690. 
 Co LTGNi, (ja.sparil de, admind of France, 
 was born lOth Feb. 1510, at ChatiUon-sur- 
 Loing. He was early inured to a military 
 life, and by his brave conduct at the battle of 
 Ccrisoles, and parti culurly of Kenti, he was 
 made admiral of France. At the death of 
 Henry H. he espoused the cause of the Cxl- 
 vinists against the Guises, and during tli» 
 battles which desolated France during that 
 melancholy pei-iod of civil wr;!-, he greatly 
 distinguished himself, especially at Dreux, 
 St. Denys, Jarnae, and Montcontour. Peace 
 at last put an end to civil broils, and Coligni 
 appeared at court, and was loaded w ith thf 
 caresses and the presents of Charles IX. who 
 soon after pcriidiously planned and executed 
 his murder. Coligni' was the first who fell 
 on the fatal day of Jiartholomew, 24th Aug. 
 1572. The duke of (iuise headed his tram 
 of assassins to the house of the aged hero, 
 who was stabbed in several places by Besme, 
 and thrown out of the window. After the 
 body had been exposed three days to the in- 
 sult's of the populace, the head w as cut oft 
 and sent by the bloody Catherine de Medi- 
 cis as a ])resent to the Unman pontiff. The 
 character of this great, good, :ind viriuous 
 man, has Ijt-cn ably drawn up by the abbe 
 de Mabli, who draws a parallel between him 
 and Francis duke of Guise. His lite has 
 been written by Gatien de CourCilz, 1686, 
 and is also found among the " hommes il- 
 lu3U'C$ d- rraucc." His bictlicr Odet was 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 a cardinal and archbisliop of Toulouse, but 
 on embracing the protestant tenets, he -vvas 
 stripped of his honors, and fled to Eiigland, 
 where he vas poisoned by one of his ser- 
 vants, 1571. 
 
 CoLicKi, Henrietta, daughter of Gtis- 
 pard do Coligni marshal of Fi-ance, first 
 married Tiiomus Hamilton, a S^^oich lord, 
 and afterwards cousit dc la Suzo of Cham- 
 paig^e. This last union proved vei-y unfor- 
 tunate, the jealousy and severities of her 
 husband compelled her to embrace the Ca- 
 tholic religion, and at last she was separated 
 from him, and her marriage annulled by the 
 parliament. She obtained celebrity by her 
 Avit and the effusions of her elegiac muse, so 
 that the flatterers of her time, ascribed to 
 her the majesty of Juno, the wit of Miner- 
 va, and the beauty of Venus. She died at 
 Paris, 10th March 1G7J. Her poetical 
 works have been pi-inted with the works 
 of Pelissou, 1095 and 17'i5, in '2 volumes 
 12mo. 
 
 CoLLADO, Hiego, a Spanisli Dominican, 
 shipwrecked ^658, on his return to Eu- 
 rope from the Philippines, where he was 
 superintendant of the convents. He wrote 
 ars grammatica Japonicaj lingute — and dic- 
 tionary of the Japonese language, &c. 
 
 CoLLAXGE, (iabriel de, of Tours in 
 
 and of Joan queen of Naples and afterwards 
 entered into the service of the VenetiauB, 
 and defeated Nicolas Picciniuo. He was 
 next in the service of Visconti, and then of 
 Francis Sforza, for whom he defeated the 
 French army at the battle of Frescati. Af- 
 ter serving so many different masters, and 
 every where carrying victory in his train, 
 he again entered into the service of the Ve- 
 netians. He died 1475, and his memory 
 was honored with an equestrian statue, by 
 the gratitude of the senate. He united to 
 the great merits of a warrior the amiable 
 character of the patron of learning, and the 
 friend of religion and virtue. 
 
 Collet, Peter, a Frencli ecclesiastic of 
 Ternay, who died 1770, aged 73. He is au- 
 
 Auvergne, Avas murdered as a Huguenot at 
 the massacre of St. Bartholomew 1572, 
 though he was a Catholic. He translated the 
 cabalistic writings of Trithemius, in 4to. 
 Paris 1561, and was besides well skilled iu 
 mathematics and cosmography. 
 
 Coll ATI xus, Luc. Tarquimus, the hus- 
 band of Lucretia, went into voluntary exile, 
 though one of the founders of Roman liber- 
 ty, because the name of Tarquin was so 
 very unpopular. 
 
 CoLLE, Charles, secretary to the duke of 
 Orleans, died at Paris, 2d Nov. 1783, aged 
 75. He was distinguished as a comic Avriter; 
 but though he occasionally possesses all the 
 "vigor and elegance of genuine wit, and cor- 
 rect description, he yet wants delicacv, and 
 that cautious regard for morals, so essential 
 in public exhibitions. He "w as of that society 
 of jovial companions known under the name 
 of Caveau. His song on the capture of 
 Portmahon procured him a pension of 600 
 livres. His works are collected in 3 vols. 
 12mo. under the title of theatre de societe. 
 His best plays are. Truth in wine — Dupius 
 and Desronias — and Partie de chasse de 
 Henri IV^. from which our Miller of Mans- 
 field is borrowed. 
 
 College, Stephen, the protestant join- 
 er, was condemned at Oxford as guilty of a 
 conspiracy against Charles H. upon the tes- 
 timony of a worthless informer, and he suf- 
 fered death, strongly asserting his innocence, 
 1681. ffe was in his character a respectable 
 ■man and an ingenious mechanic, and his 
 daughter was made sempstress to kmg Wil- 
 liam, with a salary of 300/. a year. 
 
 Coi, LEONE, Bartholomew, a native of 
 Bergamo, descended from a noble family. 
 He followed the fortunes of de Montone, 
 
 thor oftheologia inoralis imiversalis, 17 vols. 
 8vo. — institutiones thcologicse ad usum se- 
 minianor, 7 vols. 12mo. — the life of Vincent 
 de St. Paul, 2 vols 4to. — lives of Bourdon 
 and de la Croix, kc. 
 
 Collet Philibert, a French advocate, 
 author of treatises on excommunications, 
 tythes, usury, alms, &c. a volume on the 
 statutes and cu.stoms of Bresse — two letters 
 on Tournefort's history of ])lants — and a 
 catalogue of the plants in the neighborhood 
 of Dijon, &c. He died 1718. 
 
 CoLLETET, William, a French acade- 
 mician, who died at Paris 10th Feb. 1659, 
 aged 61. He was one of the five authors 
 whom Richelieu selected to write for the 
 theatres ; but though liberally patronised by 
 him, he refused to alter his verses accord- 
 ing to his suggestions. He was four times 
 married ; but his extravagance was so great, 
 that he died in great indigence. His works 
 wero^ published in 1653, in 12mo. 
 
 Collier, Jeremy, an English divine, 
 born at Stow-Qui, Cambridgeshire, 23d Sep- 
 tember 1650. He was educated under his 
 father, master of Ipswich school, and after- 
 terwards entered at Caius college, Cam- 
 brige, whei-e he took his degree of M. A. 
 1676. He resided for six years on his rec- 
 tm-y of Ampton near Bury, Suffolk, when 
 he resigned it, and settled in I^ondon, where 
 he became lecturer of Gray's-inn. At the 
 revolution he was for a while silenced ; but 
 his attack on a pamphlet by Dr. Gilbert 
 Burnet, drew upon him the resentment of 
 the court, and he was sent to Newgate, 
 from which, however, he was liberated 
 without trial. He continued still as a writer 
 to abuse the revolution, for which he was 
 again persecuted, and sent to the king's 
 bench prison, but released by the interces- 
 sion of some of his friends. In 1696 Collier 
 attended Friend and Perkins, two persons 
 who were executed for their concern in the 
 assassination plot, and by absolving them i>i 
 the most solemn manner, and by his impos- 
 ing his hand upon them, he exj)osed himself 
 to the censures of the clergy, af\d was accu- 
 sed of insulting the civil and ecclesiastical 
 government. Instead of putting in bail. 
 Collier absconded, and was outlawed till the 
 day of his deatli. In his retirement he not 
 only defended his conduct, but began to ac- 
 
CO 
 
 quiro ffi'eatcr cilchrity i)V liis pen. He w .'Ote 
 hiscssiiys (III moral siiliJLcts, niid ali« rwurils 
 )iis view of the iiumoiality (if tin- l^ii|^lisli 
 stufije, a uoilv w^tieli iiii^ajy-'d liiiii in perpet- 
 ual couteiitioM witli the wits and poets of the 
 age. The severity ol his at(:i<k, mid the 
 justness and lorce ol his aij^niiienls were 
 such, that a refonuation actually to(>l<. jjhice, 
 in the lanv;n;t^i.' of [neces rejn'esentcd on thr 
 sta.ce, and thou|;h \ anliru^h and Conj^feve 
 ridieuleil his assaults, yet Dntlen had the 
 i:;ood sense and honesty of aiknowledginjj^ 
 the propriety ol" his reniai'ks, :ind <>i pid)- 
 Iishinj> his own repentanee l\>\' the liccntions- 
 ncss of his niu e. His historiral ilictionar} 
 cliiefly compiled from Moreri, iii:ide its ap- 
 pearance in 1701, and the fourth volume of 
 it iu 1721. Jle afterwards ]mlilisiied in '2 
 vols. fol. an ccclesi;\stieal history of (ireat- 
 I3ritain, valuable for the various documents 
 and »;.\tensive inforniation wliich it contains. 
 \n 1713 Collier was consecrated a hishop by 
 llickes, wlio had himself been consecrated 
 suffragan of ThiLford, by the deprived bish- 
 ops of Norwich, Kly, and iVtfrborou.s;li. 
 He was in consciptence of his sedentary life 
 greatly afllicted with the stone, of which he 
 died 'Jfith April 17'iG, aged 70. He was 
 buried in St. i'ancr;is church-yard. Besides 
 tlie works already mentioned, he wrote 
 several treatises on controversial and eccle- 
 siastical sul)jects, and assisted some of his 
 friends in the completion of their publica- 
 tions. He was deservedly admired as a man 
 of independent spirit, as a writer of great 
 learning and genius, and as a divine of ge- 
 nuine liiety. 
 
 Col LIN OS, John, one of the commission- 
 ers at the Savoy conference in the vcign of 
 Charles II. died 1690, aged G". He distin- 
 guished himself as a critic and divine. His 
 ■weaver's pocket book was much admired. 
 lie was ejected as a nonconformist from St. 
 Stephens, Norwich, where he liad been 
 minister 44 years. He assisted Poole in his 
 annotations. 
 
 Collins, John, an eminent accomptant 
 and mathematician, son of a nonconforming 
 divine, was born at Woodeaton near Ox- 
 ford, March 1624. He was engaged with a 
 bookseller, and afterwards with Mar, a clerk 
 of the kitchen to Charles prince of Wales, a 
 man wiio was particularly fond of mathema- 
 tics and who constructed those sun-dials 
 which adorned the i)rince's gardens. Thus 
 early initiated to the knowledge of mathe- 
 matics he further improved himself, during 
 the seven years which lie spent in the sea 
 service, and at his return assumed the pro- 
 fession of an accomptant, and published 
 some valuable works on mathematical and 
 geometrical subjects. He was a mendjcr of 
 the royal society, whose memoirs he enrich- 
 ed by many valuable communications. He 
 was made accomptant to the royal fishery 
 company, and was so highly respected for 
 his knowledge of figures, that the lord Clian- 
 cellor Shaftesbury often consulted him, and 
 referred to his final decision, the settlement 
 of difficult and intricate accounts. He died 
 
 CO 
 
 of a consumptioJi, in consetpjcncc of drink- 
 ing, after a hot day's journey, too large a 
 tiuaniify of ciilcr, N(»vernber 10th 1<iJi.>. He 
 was the intimat(; correspondciit of the illus- 
 trious men of his times, of Newtoti, \\ alii , 
 Harrow, (iregoi'y, Klamsteail, Leil)riit/,, 
 Townley, Js:c. Twenty-five years after \ih 
 death his writings fell into the hands of tlic 
 harned William Jones of the roval s'K-ielv^ 
 lie was of :i strong and inventive genius, hr 
 first projec;ted the manner of di\i(ling the 
 meri<lian line on tlie nautical chart, a pro- 
 blem of the first iinportance to r.avigrition ; 
 and he began to shorten the method fif com- 
 putation by log:irithins, which was completed 
 by llalley. His " comnurcium cpislola- 
 rum" ajipeared in 4to. 17i'2. 
 
 Co LL I xs, .Anthony, was born at Helstort 
 near Mounslow, 21st June 1670, aTul e«Iucated 
 at Eton and king's college, (Jam bridge, nndei* 
 the tuition of Hare afterwards bisliop of 
 Chicliester. He entered at the Temple, but 
 disliking the stud}' of the law, he applied him- 
 s<>lftotlie geneial pursuit of iiieiaiure. He 
 now became the friend of the leaiTicfl, and 
 gained the confidence of Locke, wlio corres- 
 ponded with him, and at liis death left a let- 
 ter for him, full of the warmest confidence 
 and affection. He was the best part of his 
 life engaged in controversies, which proved 
 him to be more inclined to sceiiticism and in- 
 fidelity, than to support the christian reli- 
 gion, as an impartial and disinterested in- 
 quirer after truth. His chief works were, 
 priestcraft in perfection — an essay on the 
 .39 articles of the church of England — viudi- 
 cati^jn of the divine attributes — discourse of 
 free thinking — philosophical inrjuiry concern- 
 ing human liberty — scheme of Uteral pro- 
 phecy— a discourse on the grounds and reason? 
 of the christian religion, in two parts, a work 
 which excited general attention, and whose 
 tenets were in a short s])ace of time combated 
 by not less than 3.5 antagonists, among whom 
 ai)pear the respectable names of Whiston, 
 Chandler, Clarke, Ashley Sykes, and Sher- 
 lock. Collins twice visited Holland, but neve; 
 penetrated farther on the continent. He re- 
 tired in 1715 U) Essex, where he acted as a 
 magistrate, and deserved the public grati- 
 tude, by the benevolence and integrity with 
 which he managed the affairs of the coim- 
 tv as treasurer of its funds. He was long 
 afflicted with the stone, of which he died De- 
 cember 13th, 1729. He acknowledged in his 
 last moments that the true catholic religion i> 
 to love God and to love man, and he earnestly 
 advised those that stood around him to ob- 
 serve that, as the awful warning of a dying 
 
 man. 
 
 Collins, Arthur, a learned and indefi- 
 tigalile antiquary, whose knowledge of genealo- 
 gy and laboi-s of research are sufficiently pro- 
 ved m his valuable work called the peerage of 
 England, in 8 vols, which, has passed through 
 several editions, and has been further impi'tiv- 
 ed by Longmate. 
 
 Collins, Samuel, an English physician 
 who studied at Padua, and was graduated al 
 Oxford, in 1GJ9. He wrote the present stale 
 
CO 
 
 CQ 
 
 efRussKi 1071, 8vo. besides a book of auiito- 
 my in folio. He was censor of the college of 
 j)livsiciaiis 1707. 
 
 Collins, Wiliiam, a poet of great em- 
 inence, son of a hatter, born at Chichester, 
 December ■25lh, 1720. He was educated at 
 
 Cad^valladcr Colden, and the famousLinnseus,. 
 To his zeal and inii)rovements we are in- 
 debted for the many trees and shrubs ti'ans- 
 |)lanted from the Western hemisphere and 
 other countries, which adorn our gardens 
 and plantations. He was elected fellow of 
 
 VVinchesler-sciKjo!, butbeingsu])erannuatcd, I tlie antiquarian society in 1737. In private 
 
 and thus prevented from entering: at New 
 «:ollegc, he bec;i:nc a member of Queen's 
 college, and was afterwM-ds elected demy of 
 jNIai^daien 1741. During his residence at Ox- 
 ford, he published his oriental eclogues, 
 which are so deservedly admired for sim- 
 plicity, richness of description, and unatfect- 
 ed tenderness. In 1744, he letX Oxford and 
 came to London, panting after fauie, with 
 few I'esources, and too wavering in his plans 
 to execute any regular work. At this time 
 he publislicd proposals for an history of the 
 revival of learning, of which probably not a 
 single line was ever written. He was now 
 known to Dr. Johnson, who willi his friend- 
 ship shared his poverty, artd was jjrivy to 
 his distresses, and dangerous escapes. The 
 death of his uncle, colonel Martir., and a le- 
 fracv of 1000/. soon however enabled him to 
 live more respectal)ic ; but the acquisition of 
 independence unfortunately did not advance 
 the literary labors of the poet, who no sooner 
 found himself enabled to study, thau he Avas 
 assailed by greater calamities than poverty, 
 tlie calamities of disease and insanity. That 
 so able a Avriter, and so subiime a poet, should 
 be incapacitated to give flow to the pure 
 streams of genius and elegant conception is 
 a melancholy loss to mankind. For a time 
 he endeavoured to disperse the clouds whicli 
 hung threatiening over his rcftson by travel- 
 ling into France, but he returned, and after 
 being some time confined in a house of lunat- 
 ics, and afterwards attejided by tlic care of 
 his sister, he fell a victim to bis intellectual 
 malady, at Chichester, in JT^O. When lie 
 ■was visited at Ishngton by Johnson, lie was 
 found in his retirement uith a book in his 
 hatld, which his friend out of curiosity exam- 
 ined to see what companion a man of letters 
 had chosen. I have but one book, said Col- 
 lins, but that is the best. It was a common 
 English testament, such as children carry to 
 school. In his last illness, Collins expressed 
 to his friend Dr. VVarton, his disapprobation 
 of his oriental eclogues. His odes though 
 very sublime, especially that on Uie passions, 
 are however often obscure, his lines are clog- 
 ged with clusters of consonants, and he too 
 much affected the obsolete, when it was not 
 worthy of revival. 
 
 CoLLiNSOX, Peter, an eminent botanist, 
 horn in the parish of Slavely near Kendal, 
 Westmoi'eland. He had an early and strong 
 partiality for natural histoi'V, and great nat- 
 uralists and many literary characters of the 
 age were soon in the number of his intimate 
 friends; such as Derham, "Woodward, Dale, 
 Sloane, Lloyd, and others. In 172S, he be- 
 came fellow of the lloyal Society, whose me- 
 moirs he greatly enriched by his own inqui- 
 T ics, and his valuable correspondence with 
 fo^jgncrs, especially Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 life he was of amiable manners, very commu- 
 nicative, and of a very benevolent heart. He 
 was attacked while on a a isit to his friend 
 lord Petre with a retention of urine, which 
 medical assistance could not remove, and 
 which shortly proved fatal 11th August 1768, 
 in his 75th year. 
 
 Colli us, Francis, doctor of the Ambro- 
 sian college at JNIilan, died in 1640, at an ad- 
 vanced age. He wrote a famous treatise, de 
 auimabus paganorum, in two vols. 4to. iu 
 which, amidst bold and curious conjectures, 
 he decrees salvation to the sages of Greece, 
 the midwives of Egypt, Socrates, he. while 
 he denounces damnation on Pythagoras, Ar- 
 istotle and others. His book de sanguine 
 Christi is equally curious and sing»ilar. 
 
 Col LOT, Germain, a French surgeon, fa- 
 mous for his skill in cutting for the stone. 
 He died 1656. 
 
 CoLLOT d'Herbois, J. M. a player, 
 who exhibited with little success on the thea- 
 tres of Geneva, tlie Hague, and Lyons. The • 
 hisses and disapprobation Avhich attended his 
 appearance at Lyons, made him vow ven- 
 geance on that unfortunate city, and as he 
 had represented the character of tyrant on 
 the stage to the best advantage, he was soon 
 to exhibit it in real life when admitted mem- 
 ber of the convention, and sent as deputy to 
 punish its revolt. Invested Avith absolute poAv- 
 cr against the devoted Lyonese, beseemed 
 determined to destroy every vestige of their 
 city, not onlj' the walls were battered down 
 with cannon shot, but the unfortunate inhabit- 
 ants were slaughtered with insulting cruelty, 
 and not less than 209 perished in one even- 
 ing. Collot thus stained with blood, and de- 
 servedly called the tiger, returned to Paris 
 to become the worthy associate of Robes- 
 pierre. He voted for the abolition of mon- 
 archy, and the death of Lewis, because that 
 unfortunate monarch had refused to appoint 
 him his minister ; but when his friend Kobes- 
 pierre was accused, he changed sides, and as 
 president of the convention, he exerted all 
 his influence to procure his condemnation. 
 This minister of iniquity was afterwards him- 
 self condemned 1795 to be deported to Cay- 
 enne, where he endeavoured to excite an in- 
 surrection of the blacks. He died in confine- 
 ment November 1796. As an orator he had 
 some powers of eloquence, which Avere fatal- 
 ly exerted in the convention and among the 
 Jacobins; but as a dramatic writer lie ac- 
 quired little celebrity. The best of his pie- 
 ces is an imitation of the Spanish play of 
 Calderon, which he called the Paysan ma- 
 gi str at. 
 
 CoLLUTHus, a priest of Alexandria. He 
 maintained that God was not the author of 
 the kicked, nor of the misfortunes Avhich af- 
 flifijt human lifs,-. He usurped tlie episcopal 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 authorily, but was condemned as a Iicrctic br 
 the council of Alexandria 321. 
 
 CoLMAN, Cjcor^e, an I^tiglish xvrilcr, born 
 about the yeaf IT33 at Floicuce, wliere iiis 
 lather was IJrilisli resident at thi; j;rand 
 <luke'8 court. His mother was sister ot lady 
 i'.ath. He wa^" educated at Westminster aixl 
 Christ church, Oxlord, where he took, his de- 
 gree ot" M. A. lie early di'idayetl those 
 shining talents uhich jirouiised future repu- 
 talion, and insured him the tVieiuKhip of the 
 ■wits of the time, of Lloyil, Hnnncri'ln*! iiton, 
 Ohurchill, ancl others. While at Oxford he 
 published with Thornton the Connoisseur in 
 •weekly numbers, from ;>lst January l75ilo 
 September JOth 175G. He entere(! at Lin- 
 cohi's-inn, under the patronage of lord Rath, 
 hut thouj;h called to the bar, tlu; i)rofession 
 of the law was less conj^enial to his taste and 
 feelings than the pursuit of the muses. From 
 ■writinj; fugitive pieces of poetiy, he soon aji- 
 plied himself to dramatic composition. His 
 Polly Honeycomb was acted at Drury-lane 
 in 1760 uith great success, and the iiext 
 year his Jealous Wife divided the general ap- 
 plause with Murphy's Way to keep him, and 
 Macklin's Married Libertine. The death of 
 lord Bath in l7Gi left him in the independent 
 enjoyment of a comfortable annuity, and his 
 income was further increased upon the de- 
 cease of general Pultney in 17G7. He pur- 
 chased of Beard in 1768, with Karris, Powel, 
 and Rutherford, the property of Covent-gar- 
 tien theatre, but he soon parted with his share 
 in consequence of some private dispute with 
 his fellow patentees. Soon after he pur- 
 chased of Foote, for an annuity, the Hay- 
 market theatre, and with great judgment 
 and much advantage to himself and to the 
 public, he continued the management of that 
 house till the time of his death, and thus in- 
 troduced to the admiration ;uid patronage of 
 the kingdom many actors of merit and res- 
 pectability. In 1790 he was attacked by a 
 stroke of the palsy, which not only dejirived 
 him nearl}' of (he use of one of his sides, but 
 brought on alarming symptoms of mental 
 derangement. He was removed to Padding- 
 ton under proper management, and died I4th 
 August 1794. Besides the comedies already 
 mentioned, the best of Col man's plays arc 
 the Clandestine marriage, the English mer- 
 chant, the Oxonian in town, the Man of bu- 
 siness. Epicene, the Spanish barber, Suicide, 
 the Separate maintenance, the Manager in 
 distress, &c. He evinced his abilities as a 
 scholar and as a critic, by liis res j)ectable 
 translation of Terence's comedies, and of Hor- 
 ace's art of poetry. 
 
 CoLOCCi, Angelo, a native of JesI in Ita- 
 ly descended from a noble family, who as- 
 sumed the learned name of Augelus Colotius 
 Bassus. He settled at Rome, where he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his noble collection of 
 books. He was made bisliop of Nocera, by 
 Leo X. and governor of Ascoli by Clement 
 V II. He wrote Latin poems of some merit, 
 hut his Italian verses express little excellence. 
 He died at Rome 1549, aged 82. He was 
 tl\e reviver and jiairon of tlic Rom^n acade- 
 inv. 
 
 (JoLOGSF, Peter de, a native of (ihftil, 
 educati'il at Paris and at Cjcneva w lii-n: h« 
 became the friend of (Calvin atui of Huzh. 
 He went to Metz, and afterwards bellh-«i 
 at H«'i<lcll)(:rg, where he ilird in the early 
 part «if lit<'. He vin<licated the proteslanH 
 against the bi.shop of .Metz, and wrote a'no 
 on the eucharisl. 
 
 Coi.oMniERC, Claude dr la, a iainons 
 Jesuit, born near l..\ons. He \\nn an elw- 
 fpient pn.achci-, and tor two years delivered 
 his discourses with great popularity and i'l-v 
 lect belore James H. ol' Kn';;land, but (»ii sus- 
 picion of conspiriuv, h<; was buniiihed from 
 England, and died at Parai, in the Charo- 
 lois, Ijth February ItiS'i, aged 41. He is 
 particularly known as the inventor of tlie 
 Solemnity of the heart of Jesus, which had 
 however been before introduccil by Thtnnas 
 (ioodwin, president of Magdalen college, 
 Oxford. The novcify of this improper act 
 of devotion soon engaged tJic atlcnlion of the 
 pious, and under the mflucnce of pretended 
 visiotis and miracles it soon gain(*d a great 
 number of partisans and zeubms apostles. 
 The better sense of mankind, however, and 
 the return of genuine piety, soon flispelled 
 these fanatical tenets, i'he sermons of Co- 
 lombiere were publi^hcil at Lyons in 1757, 
 G volb. 12mo. He wrote besides .some mrnv 
 al reflections, and s{»iritu.'il letters. 
 
 Coi.OMiES, or Coi.oMESius, Patil, a 
 French protestant, born atRochclleiu 16!)%, 
 He travelled throu:;h Euiope, and at the wi- 
 licitation of Isaac Vossius, he visited Eng- 
 land, wliere he was ordained and made Lam- 
 beth librarian. He ilied in London in Itjyj. 
 He wrote Gallia Orientalis — Hispania {« It- 
 alia Orientalis — theologorum prcsbytcrianD- 
 rum, Icon. — bibliotheque choisie, beside? 
 critical works, Jiic. 
 
 CoLoxi, Adam and Adrian, two Dutcli 
 historical painter.'^, called the old and the 
 young. Adam died in London I68.'i, and h;^>» 
 son 1701, aged 33. 
 
 Coi.ONi."A, Fabio, a botanist, born at Na- 
 ples 1567. He devoted his time not only to 
 natural history, but to the languages, to mu- 
 sic, the law, and all the polite arts. His 
 works, especially on botany, are very valua- 
 ble. He wi-ote plantarum 8c pisciuro, histo- 
 ria, 4to. — stirpium rariorum descriptio, 4to. 
 dissertation on the glossopetra^ 4tt>. on A- 
 merican plants, fol. — dissortation on the pur- 
 pura, 4to. He was the tirst who gave ill-* 
 tinct names to the petals and the leaves of 
 floviers, ajudicious arrangemeut afterwards 
 adopted by Tournefort. The nmsical in- 
 strument called pcntachordon is of his in- 
 vention. He lived to his eightieth year. 
 
 CoLONXA, Francisco Maria Pompeio, r. 
 French philosopher, whose chief work is thr 
 natural history of the ujiiverse 1734, 4 vols 
 l2mo. He perished in tl)e lire which dcs- 
 I troyed his house at Paris 172G. 
 
 Coi.ONNA, Prospero, son of Anthony 
 prince of Salerno, assisted, in company wuh 
 his relation Fabricio, Charles Vlll. of France 
 in the conquest of Naples; but afterward'^ 
 he exerted his .ipfiuence and his )nil:t!ifiy 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 pow,ers to reconquer it for tl'.e house of Ar- 
 ragon. He was made prisoner at the hattle 
 of Villa Franca 1515; but ulien restoreil to 
 liberty by the French, lie renewed liie war 
 ■with astoiiihhin.q; vigor, and after gaining the 
 hattle of la Biioque, he was enahlcd to re- 
 lieve Milan, in kVii. T,his dialinguished 
 "warrior died 1523, aged 71. 
 
 CoLOXNA, Poniyco, nej^hcw of Prospe- 
 ro, was brought up to the ciiurch, and uitidc 
 bishop of i\ieti, and a cardinal, though his 
 inclinations tended to the military lu-ofes- 
 siun. Ever restless and dissatisfied, he rais- 
 ed an insurrection at Rome on the reported 
 death of .lulius li. 151-2, and, Avith his ac- 
 complice bavillo, he seized the capitol ; but, 
 though pardoned, ami restored to his eccle- 
 siastical honors, Jie again, in 152G, engaged 
 in another conspirac} tosei/ethe chief pow- 
 er, and to put the pope to death. Tills per- 
 fidious conduct, vhich hrought misery on 
 the liomans, by the sacking of the city by 
 the constable Fiourbon, was not punished as 
 it deserved, but Collonna, whose intrigues 
 assisted the pope's escape from the castle of 
 St. Angelo, was again pardoned, raised to 
 new honors, and made viceroy of Naples. 
 He died 1532, author of a poem de virtuti- 
 bus mulierum. 
 
 CoLONXA, Francis, a Venetian, wlio, in 
 consequence of disapjiointed love in his court- 
 bhip of Luei-etia Lelia, became autiior of 
 a curious work called Hypnerotomachia di 
 I'olyphilo, ])rinted by Aldus 14*J9, and trans- 
 lated into French 15t>l. He was afterwards 
 of the order of St. Dominic, and died 1527. 
 
 CoLOXNA. A'ictoria, daughter of Fabri- 
 clo duke of Paliano, was horn at Marino 
 1490, aiMl married, 1507, the marquis of 
 Piscara. lu 1525, on her hushand's death, 
 she retired to a monastery, and died at liome 
 1547. Her elegant poems have often been 
 printed, and are deservedly admireth 
 
 Colo NX A, Mark Antonio, duke of Pa- 
 liano, distinguished himself so mucli in the 
 ilefeat of the Turks at the battle of l.epan- 
 to, 1571, that tlie ])Ope perniitted him to 
 t;ntcr Rome in a triumphal procession. He 
 was afterwards jnade constable of Naples, 
 aud viceroy of Sicily ; and died 1584. 
 
 CoLONNA, Ascanio, son of the preced- 
 ing, was made a cardinal, and showed his 
 iearning and the powers of his eloquence 
 iu the defence of tho pope in his dispute 
 with the A'enetians. He died at Rome 
 1C08. 
 
 CoLONXA, John, a noble Italian, sent as 
 papal legate to the christian army in Pales- 
 tine. He was made pi-isonei- by the Sara- 
 cens, and cruelly condemned to l)e sawn in 
 two; but the fortitude with which he bore 
 the insults of his enemies disarmed their 
 vengeance, and procured his liberty. He 
 died 1245. 
 
 Colon. s A, Giles, an Augustin monk, 
 bisljop of Bourges. He was a learned man, 
 and a theological professor, and he wr(jte 
 some works in philosophy and divinity, and 
 died at Avignon 131 G. 
 
 CoLONNA, Fabricio, son of the duke of 
 Amalfi, was a celebrated warrior a^'uinst 
 
 the Ursini. He was constahle of Naples, 
 :«id was made prisoner at the battle ot Ra- 
 venna, 1512. He died 1520. 
 
 CoLUAXE, Henry Hare, lord, born at 
 Blechingley, in Surrey, lOth May 1693, waf5 
 educated at Enfield, and Corpus Ohristi, Ox- 
 ford. He was well skilled in the learned lan- 
 guages, and displayed his poetical talents by 
 his musarusn oblatio ad reginam, a poem in- 
 serted in the Musie Anglicanie. He travelled 
 three times through Europe ; and in his se- 
 cond tour was attended by the well known. 
 Ccuycrs ^liddleton. He made a noble col- 
 lection of pi'ints and drawings of antiquities 
 abroad, which were munificently presented 
 alter his disease to his college. He died at 
 Rath 4th August 1749, and was buried at 
 Tottenham. His books and prints on Eng- 
 lish aritifpiitles were sold at his death, and 
 bought for the antiquarian society. 
 
 Colston, Edward, an English philan- 
 thropist, born at Bristol, November 2, 1636. 
 He greatly increased his property by his 
 commercial connections w ith Spain ; and 
 tlie produce of his honest industry he be- 
 nevolently disposed to charitable purposes. 
 He built alms-houses in Bristol, which he 
 endowed vvith an income of 282/. and be- 
 sides the erection of a school for 40 boys, 
 he founded, at the expense of 11,000/. the 
 hospital of St. Augustin, for a master, usher, 
 and 100 boys, foj" whose maintenance he 
 appropriated an animal income of above 
 138/. Besides this, he gave many other mu- 
 nificent donations, especially 6000/. for the 
 improvement of si.\ty small livings. He was 
 not only charitable, but he possessed great 
 meekness of temper, joined to exemplary 
 temperance and sincere piety. It was his 
 practice never to bestow his charity on beg- 
 gt^rs, but rather on poor house-keepers, and 
 on sick and decayed persons. He died at 
 Mortlake, in Surrey, 11th October 1721, 
 aged 85, and was buried at All-saints church, 
 Bristol, where a monument records his vir- 
 tues and charitable henefactions. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, celebrated as 
 the discoverer of a new continent, was born, 
 1442, at Genoa, son of a woolcomber. He 
 was early inured to the labors of the sea; 
 and in his great fondtiess for navigation, he 
 made himself jierfect in geometry, astrono- 
 my, and cosmography. After trading in 
 various parts of the Mediterranean he 
 settled at Lisbon, where his brother Bar- 
 tholomew was established ; and here he 
 married the daughter of a master of a ves- 
 sel who had been engaged in plans of discov- 
 ery, whose charts and observations he pe- 
 rused ; and he increased his knowledge of 
 maritime affairs by several voyages to the 
 (Jjuiaries and the coast of Africa. Thus 
 guided by experience, and encouraged by 
 the corresnondence of Paul Foscanelli, a 
 learned Florentine, he became persuaded 
 that a continent must exist in the western 
 ocean. He ])rescnted his plans to the Ge- 
 noese republic, and afterwards to the king 
 of Portugal i but instead of patronage and 
 encouragement, he met in both applications 
 with coldness and indifference. At tU«. 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 uourl of Spain, Ferdinand and Isuhtlla show- 
 ed iiiin jjrcalcr atteulion ; anil aiier many 
 dcIaNS and olijccUuns, mIucIi his zeal and 
 eai'nestncss successfully coinl)atcd and ic- 
 niovcil, he was at last [toriuitu-d to sail in 
 quest ol" unknuwii regions. On the t'.ih ol 
 Septcn^ljcr 1492 he lelt (ionicra, with three 
 amall ships, and on the I'Jlh or()ctol)er, al- 
 ter sailing in a westerly direction, he dis- 
 covered some islands, and landed at (iuann 
 bay, in the Lucca islands. Alter visiting 
 and taking i)ossession of (he islands ol'(Jul)a 
 and Hispaniola, he returned to Spain, which, 
 after n passag*- of fifty days, lie reached in 
 May I4yj. These discoveries astonished 
 and pleased the Spanish jnonarch. Colum- 
 bus was declared admiral of the Indies, en- 
 nobled, ant! perniilled to return to the new 
 A\ Grid with a large Heet. In his second voy- 
 age he discovered Jamaica and other islands ; 
 Siiiil on liis return to Kurope, 8th June 141)0, 
 lie was enabled to silence the malicious in- 
 sinuations wliich envy had spread concern- 
 ing his views, and the importance of the 
 new world. In May 1498 he made a third 
 voyage, and discovered Paria, on tlie conti- 
 nent ; but so violent were his enemies, that, 
 in spite of his services, his rank and author- 
 ity, he was sent to Spain in irons in Octo- 
 ber 1500 : but the monarch liberated him 
 tVom captivity, and from every ignominious 
 imputation. He again visited the new Morld, 
 and died soon after his return, at VaHadolid, 
 iJOth May 1506- IFis remains, by the king's 
 command, were magnificently buried at Se- 
 ville, where this short epitaph records his 
 merits: " Columbus gave Castile and Leon 
 a new w orld.'*" Important as the services of 
 this great man are to the world, it is melan- 
 choly to record the ingratitude of posterity, 
 and to behold an extensive continent, the 
 discoveiy of whicli ought to have been im- 
 mortalized in th<* appellation of Columbia, 
 bear the insignificant name of Americus 
 Vespucius, one of tl'ose obscure individuals 
 who followed, i;i fearlul imitation, the tract 
 of the first lieroic discoverer. The life of 
 Columbus was written by Ferdinand, one of 
 his sons, who endji-aced tlie ecclesiastical 
 profession, and died 1530, leaving a Aalua- 
 ble library to the cathedral of Seville. — An- 
 other son, called Diego, inherited all his fa- 
 ther's honors. 
 
 Columbus, Bartholomew, brother to 
 Christopher, was ingenious in Iiis draw, 
 ing of spheres and sea-charts. It is said 
 that he was deputed by his brother to come 
 to solicit the king of England, but that his 
 voyage was delayed by falling into the hands 
 of pii-ates ; and when at last the English 
 monarch accepted his proposals, and pjoni- 
 ised support and encouragement to his bro- 
 ther, he found that the plan had alreadv 
 been adopted by I'erdinand of Castile. Bar- 
 tholomew shared the honors and the dangers 
 of his brother's discoveries ; and he was the 
 founder of tlie town of St. Domingo. He 
 died 1514, very rich. 
 
 Columbus, Realdus, an Italian anato- 
 mical writer, boru at Cremona. He died at 
 
 VOL. I. 46 
 
 Home 157". It is said that his Mork.i are 
 composed trom the compositions of \'efiali- 
 us, his mahiei-, and preilete-sor in the :oi- 
 alomicid chair of Padua, who:»e disrovcrit^B 
 he freely appropriated to hinis'.if. His La- 
 tin is very elegant. Hi.-^ opinions ou l!ic 
 l)lood nearly approached Harvey's discovery 
 of the circulalicin. • 
 
 Coi.UMEi.L.v, H Spaniard, who resided 
 at Home under Clandms, and wrote some 
 books on tiees and agriculture. 
 
 Column A, Ciuy, a native of Mesaina in 
 Sicily, who accompitnied Edward I. to Eng- 
 land, anti wrote a ch|-onicIe in 3») bookb, he- 
 sides a history of the siege of 'i'mv, in La- 
 tin, l\77, in 4to. The last edition is at Na- 
 ples, 1055. 
 
 Co LU THUS, a Greek, author of a poem 
 on the ra[ie of Helen, in the Gth century. 
 
 CoLVius, Andrew, a native ol U 
 Mho went in the suit of the Dutch anr 
 sad or to Venice, where he gained the inii- 
 macy of Father Paul, and transltneil into 
 Latin his treatise on the ini[uibition. He 
 wrote also some elegant poetry, and made a 
 valuable collection of books and curiosities, 
 of whicli a catalogue was pniAed 1655. Uc 
 died 1671, aged 77. — His son Nicholas was 
 like himself a learned and eloqutnt divine. 
 He died 1717. 
 
 CoLwiLi>, Ale.xanrler, was born near St. 
 Andrew's Fifeshire, and educated at Editv- 
 burgh, of which he became principal, in IGC.. 
 Besides some tracts, he vuote the Scotch 
 llndiliras, after the manner of 'Butler, a 
 ludicrous poem, which severely ridiculed 
 the presbyterians, and which is still admi- 
 red in Scotland. He died at Ediuhurgh 1 67 6, 
 aged 58. 
 
 CoMBEFis, Francis, a Dominican, known 
 as a learned editor of several of the Greek 
 fathers — of five Greek historians, as a sup- 
 plement to the Byzantine history, ^c. He 
 died 1679. 
 
 Combe::, Thomas, an English divine, 
 born at Wesierham, Kent, IMS. He was 
 educated at Sidney Sussex college, Caui- 
 bridge, where he took his degrees in arts, 
 and he was created D. D. by tiie archbLsliOfk 
 of Canterbury. He was made dean of Dur- 
 ham in the room of Dr. firanville, 109, and 
 was chaplain to the princess Anne of Den- 
 mark and to William an<! >Lir}-. He died 
 25th November iCiVJ, and was buried at 
 Stonegrave, Vorkshire. He wrote some 
 divinity tracts, particularly discourses on 
 baptism, catechism, and coidirmation, and ou 
 the liturgy of t!ie church «»f England, b;c. 
 
 Comber, Thomas, a iellow of 'I rinity 
 college, Cambridge, where he became 1). D. 
 He was born at Shernianbury, Sussex, and 
 educated at Hnrshafu school. He was made 
 dean of Carlisle .\n,i;ust l63t), and master 
 of his college the following year. He was 
 in 164'2 deprived of all his preferuicnts, am! 
 imprisoned. He died at Cambridge I'ebni- 
 ary 105,5. He w lote a Aindicatjoji of the «Ii 
 vine right of tithes, against Schlen. 
 
 CoME^'lU3, John Aiuos, a protestaiu. 
 cmin<'n' ;:- liclivii.i^ and er:arin'.:.r;ait lie 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 wft3 born in Moravia 151>2. After being 
 I)a8tor at Fulnec, and also presiding over a 
 school tlicre, he fled upon the invasion of 
 his counti-y by the Spaniards, and came to 
 Lesna in Poland, where he maintained him- 
 self by ttaching grammar, and where he 
 published his.Ianiia linguarum, a small book, 
 which, it is said, acquired semuch celebrity, 
 that it was translated into 12 European lan- 
 guages. His fame as a grammarian was now 
 so universally spread, that he was honorably 
 invited by the Swedes and by the English 
 parliament, to reform the public- schools of 
 the kingdom. In compliance with these re- 
 quests he visited England in 1641, but the 
 «ivil wars thwarted his expectations, and 
 made his stay unnecessary. The next year 
 he accepted the invitations of the Swedes, 
 by whom he was respectfully treated. For 
 four years he was engaged atElbingin laying 
 down plans for the promotion of' general in- 
 struction, and his recommendations were 
 publicly approved. He afterwards visited 
 Sigismund Ragotzki, prince of Transylvania, 
 and gave him rules for the better regulation 
 of the schools of Iiis country, and on Ids re- 
 tuiyi to Lesna, he had the misfortune to see 
 the city reduced to ashes by the Poles, and 
 his books and manuscripts destroyed. From 
 Lesna he fled to Silesia, thence to Branden- 
 burg, afterwards to Hamburgh, and lastly to 
 Amsterdam, where he ended his days 1671, 
 aged 80. Besides Ids Janua, he wrote Panso- 
 phiaprodomus — a new method of teaching — 
 unius necessarii, he. The last years of his 
 life, however, were disgraced by vision ai^ 
 schemes, and attempts at prophesy. He pre- 
 tended to foretell the beginning of the millen- 
 nium, M hich he placed in 1072 or 1673, a gross 
 absurdity, which his death prevented him 
 from witnessing. It would have been a happy 
 circumstance if he had been the only sufferer 
 in his prophetic dreams, many of the ]Mora- 
 vians were weak enough to believe him, and 
 they were severely persecuted, after tlie 
 destruction of Lesna, and the protestants of 
 Poland also drew upon tliemselves the hatred 
 and jealousy of the catholics. Comenius, 
 in his last illness, was visited by the cele- 
 brated madame Bourignon, who had em- 
 braced his tenets, and considered him as 
 more than mortal. 
 
 Come Natalis or Natal Conti, a 
 tiative of Milan, wliose Greek and Latin 
 poems ai)peared at Venice 1550, and his 
 mythologia sive explicationes fabularum, a 
 very useful mvthological work, 1564. He 
 died about 1590. 
 
 CoMiERS, Claude, canon of Embrun,was 
 professor of mathematics at Paris, and died 
 1693. He wrote on comets, on spectacles, 
 on prophecies, on speech, in an elegant and 
 interesting style. 
 
 Co MINES, Philip de,an excellent historian 
 of Flanders. His noble birth and great ac- 
 quirements soon recommended him to the 
 notice of Charles duke of Burgundy, and 
 "afterwards to that of Lewis XI. of France. 
 Patronised by the monarch, he grew into 
 power and consequence, and as ambassador. 
 
 he served his court with fidelity and dispatcV. 
 After the death of Lewis, he was stripped 
 of his honors ; the next successor Charles 
 VIll. viewed him with the prejudice and 
 malevolence of a foreigner, and he was im- 
 prisoned at Loches ; but though his enemies 
 were so powerful and numerous, that no ad- 
 vocate M onld presume to plead his cause, he 
 defended himself with the energ)" and effort 
 of innocence, and after addressing his judges 
 in an eloquent speech of two hours, he was, 
 after three years' c(nifinement, discharged. 
 He died at his house at Argenton 1 509, aged 
 64, and was buried in the church of the Au- 
 gustines at Paris. Comines, though -well ae- 
 quainted Avith modern languages, was yet no 
 deep scholar. The memoirs of his own 
 times, however, which he left, are very val- 
 uable for the historical details which they 
 give, during 34 years, of the aftairs of the 
 house of Burgundy, and of Lewis XI. and 
 Charles VIII. of France, with anecdotes of 
 the various transactions which at that time 
 took place in England, and on the continent. 
 His impartiality is univer.sally acknowledged, 
 and the respect which he shoMS to the Eng- 
 lish nation, entitles him to the praises which 
 Dryden bestows upon him, in ranking him 
 with Thucydides and Tacitus, for the acute- 
 ness of his judgment, and the gi'eat know- 
 ledge of men, manners and politics, whick 
 he has displayed. His works were edited by 
 Fresnoy, 4 vols. 4to. 1747, and have been 
 translated by Uvedale into English, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 CoMMANDiNUS, Frederic, an Italian 
 mathematician, descended from a noble fa- 
 milv at Urbino, where he was boi'n 1509. 
 Besides great knowledge of mathematics, he 
 was well versed in Greek literature, and 
 translated Archimedes, ApoUonius Pergteus, 
 Ptolemy, Euclid, Aristarchus, &c. besides 
 some original compositions on tlie centre of 
 gravity, on clocks, &c. He was greatly pa- 
 tronised by the duke of Urbino, and died 
 1575. 
 
 Co M ME I.TN, Jerome, an eminent French 
 printer, born at Douay. He settled at Ge- 
 neva, and afterwards at Heidelberg, where 
 he died 1598. He printed among other fa- 
 thers, the works of Chrysostom, 4 vols. fol. 
 an excellent edition. The mark he prefixed 
 to his editions, was truth sifting in a chair. 
 
 CoMMENDONE, John Francis, a native 
 of Venice, who at the earlj' age of 10, wrote 
 Latin verses, and so recommended himself 
 by his learning, that he became chamberlain 
 to Julius III. and was employed in various 
 embassies, and made bishop by Paul IV. 
 Pius IV. raised him to the rank of cardinal, 
 and employed him as his nuncio in Poland, 
 and he was afterwards legate at the diet of 
 Augsbui-g, against the Lutherans. He wrote 
 various Latin poems and letters, and died at 
 Padua, 1584, aged 60. 
 
 CoMMERSox, Philibert, botanist to the 
 French king, was born at Chatilon lesDom- 
 bes, near Bourg in Bresse, 1727. AVhen re- 
 siding as physician at Montpellier, he showed 
 his fonducss for botany to so improper a de- 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 s^ree, that lie plundered even the king's gar- 
 den, lo enrich liis colleclions. He was re- 
 coninu'ndi'd by Liniiuius to llic inicin <if Swe- 
 den to i;onii»lLtc lier colleclion ot r:ircst 
 fishes, and conseciuently wrote his ichtliyo- 
 lo]2;y in C vols. 4to. IK- wrote besides a (lic- 
 tioriary and bibliography on writers of nalu- 
 j'al history, and the n>arlyroh>gy of botany, 
 containing the h\es of tliose who liad htst 
 tiieir life in pursuit of natural euiiosilies, to 
 Avhich his own life was to be added His 
 abilities recoininende<l him lo the niinistry 
 as a proper person to accom party lioiigain- 
 ville round the world, and he embarked iu 
 1760, and highly distinguished himself by the 
 labor and success of his reseai'ches. He died 
 at the isle of France in 1773, leaving to the 
 king's cabinet all his collection, amounting 
 to 'J(K) volumes in folio, i)esides the contents 
 of 32 cases, containing great treasures, se- 
 lected during his voyage. He mentions dis- 
 covering a nation of (hvarfs of 3 l-'2 feet 
 high, in the interior parts of Madagascar. 
 
 OoMMiRE, John, a Jesuit born at Am- 
 boise. He wrote Latin in so elegant a style, 
 that his fables are esteemed equal to those of 
 Phiedriis. He died at Paris 1702, aged 77. 
 His i»oems ajjpeared H vols 12mo. 1754. 
 
 CoMMODi, Andrea, a Florentine painter 
 who tUed 1G38, aged 73. His Lucifer and as- 
 sociates fallen from heaven, painted for Paul 
 V. was much admired. 
 
 CoMMODiANusof Gaza, a cliristianpoet 
 of the fourth century, author of Institutiones, 
 a sort o( composition neither elegant nor 
 valuable. 
 
 CoMMODVa, Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, 
 succeeded his father Antoninus as emperor 
 of Rome 180, After a series of dissipation, 
 cmelty, and every pi-ofligacy, he was poison- 
 ed by Marcia his concubine 192. 
 
 CoMTE, Lewis le, a French Jesuit, who 
 vent in lf)85 to China as a missionary. He 
 l)ublisljed an interesting account of his mis- 
 sion on his return to Europe, and died at 
 Bouixleaux 1729. 
 
 Co MP TON, Spencer, son of the first earl 
 of Northampton, was master of the robes to 
 the prince of Wales, afterwards Charles 1. 
 and accompanied him to Spain. When 
 Charles succeeded to the thione, Compton 
 loyally supported his measures, and attended 
 liim in his expetlition against the Scots. 
 When the royal standard was set up at Not- 
 tingham, he was among the truest of his 
 friends. At the battle of Kopton-heath near 
 vStafTord, March I9th 1643, h© was encom- 
 passed by the enemy, and when after deeds 
 of valor, he was oftered quarter, he boldly 
 declared he would not receive it from the 
 hands of rebels and rogues, upon which he 
 was slain with a blow of an halbcrt on the 
 head. He was buried in All-hallows church, 
 Derby. He left six sons and two daughters 
 by Mary daughter of sir Francis Beaumont. 
 
 Compton, Henry, a prelate, youngest 
 son of Spencer, just mentioned. He Avas 
 born in 1G32. He was educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford, and after three years' resi- 
 dence he set off, in 1652, on his travels. 
 
 At the restoration lie obtained a rornctcy in 
 u regiment of horse, but he afterMrards btudi- 
 ed divinity at (Janibii«lge, where he became 
 M. A. Soon .liter eiitning into orders he 
 obtained the rectory of Cottenhuin, Cani- 
 hridgesliire, a tanonry at Christ-church, and 
 the maslei-hhip (A St. Cross hospital near 
 Winchester. In 1674, he was made bishop 
 of Oxford, and the iii xt yur succeeded to 
 the see oi' London. In llils elevated iituatioii 
 he was intrubteil with the education of the 
 princesses Mary and .\nne, .-md the strong 
 attachment whicii they showeil lo the pro- 
 testant religion is honorably attri!)Uled to the 
 wholesome instrucli(jns of the learned pre- 
 late, lie labored assiduoiisly to reconcile 
 the dissenter.s to the tenets of the thurchj 
 and he most alily resisted the claims and the 
 doctrines of the catholics. His zeal as a 
 protestant prelate (lisplea.sed James H. and 
 therefore he removed him from the privy 
 council, and on his refusing to suspend l)r. 
 Sharp, rector of St. (iiles, from his ecclesi- 
 astical office, he was summoned before Jef- 
 ferys and a coniraission, and arbitrarilv de- 
 prived of all his episcojjal functions. Tliis 
 violence on the part of the king was noticed 
 by Mary and by William j>rincc ot Orange, 
 and at last James, afraid of the consequences 
 of his conduct, consented to restore the 
 bishop to his offices. Compton however re- 
 ceived with sullenness the reparation oflered 
 to his episcopal dignity, and when the king- 
 dom was invaded by W'illiam, he warmly es- 
 poused his cause, and conducted the princess 
 Anne to Xotlingham, to prevent her being 
 conveyed to PVance. With all the anlor of 
 a friend, and the zeal of a pailisan, he con- 
 gratulated William on his landing, and sup- 
 ported his claims to the tlirone in the house 
 of lords, and at last consecrated him, an<l 
 fixed the crown on his head. Every step 
 however which he pursued was tinctured 
 Avith moderation, but because he wished llie 
 reconciliation of the dissenters, and opposed 
 the prosecution of Sacheverell, he has been 
 branded with the epithets of a weak and 
 bigoted partisan. He died at the age of 81, 
 July 7th, 1713, and was buried in Fulham 
 church yard. He was an eminent divine a.s 
 well as an able statesman, strongly alL-^ched 
 to the constitution, and displaying the since- 
 rity of his jirofession by a pious and exem- 
 plary life. He wrote some tlieological tracts, 
 justly esteemed for soundness of docti-ine, 
 and for moderation, and was a great encou- 
 rager of botany, as the patron of liaj, Pluke- 
 nct, and other naturalists. His garden was- 
 much admired for his fine collection of ex- 
 otics. 
 
 Coxa NT, John, D. D. an English divine, 
 was born at Yeaterton, Devon, ISth October 
 1608, and educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 of which he became fellow and tutor. Dur- 
 ing the civil wars h6 left the university, but 
 in 1649 he was unanimously elected rector 
 of his college; he w as also divinity professoz', 
 and in 1657 was admitted vice chancellor. 
 At tl»e restoration he appeared in London, 
 at the head of the university, to congratulate 
 
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 the kivip; ; bat though he assisted at the Savoy 
 as one of tlie coinmissioners, he refused to 
 co.'KiT.ly with the act of uniformity, and was 
 consequently deprived of all his ]»i'eferuients 
 in I66'i. He was afterwards re-adinittcd into 
 the bosom of tiie cliurch 1670, being ordained 
 bj- Reynolds bishop of Norwich, whose 
 daughter he had married, and by whom he 
 had six sons and six daughters. He was scon 
 after made minister of St. Mary, \hlerman- 
 Iriiry, which he exchanged for AUsaints in 
 Northampton, a 'f)laee to which he was 
 strongly attached. He became archdeacon 
 of Norwich 1075, anil in 1681 had a prebend 
 in the cliurch of Worcester. In 1086 he had 
 the misfortune to lose his eyesight, and died 
 seven years after, 12th March 1693, and was 
 buried in his church, Northampton. He 
 was a man of great piety, of extensive learn- 
 ing, and of singular modesty. Six volumes 
 of his sermons have been published. 
 
 Co NC A, Sebastian, a painter born at Gaeta, 
 He died 1761, aged 82. His pieces were 
 much esteemed and many of them are in the 
 possession of the king of Naples. 
 
 CoxcANEx, Matthew, a native of Ireland, 
 bred to the law. He came to London as a 
 literary adventurer, and he gained a liveli- 
 hood and some reputation by writing in sup- 
 port of the measures of the ministry. His 
 attack upon Pope procured him a respectable 
 place in the Uanciad; but the patronage of 
 the duke of Newcastle advanced him to the 
 luci'ative office of attorney-general for Ja- 
 maica. In this appointment, for 17 years, he 
 conducted himself with all the integrity and 
 honor of a man of virtue, and after acquiring 
 a respectable and independent fortune, he 
 returned to England, with the flattering in- 
 tention of spending the rest of his life in Ire- 
 land. He fell however into a rapid consump- 
 tion, and died^t London 22d Jan. 1749. He 
 wrote Woxford-wells a play, besides some 
 songs, in the Musical miscellany, and a well- 
 known letter addressed to Warburton. 
 
 CowciXA, Daniel, a Dominican of Ven- 
 ice, celebrated as an eloquent preacher, and 
 as a man of abilities, often consulted by Ben- 
 edict XIV. He was author of a system of 
 christian theology 2 vols. 4to. — and other 
 pieces or. practical and casuistical subjects, 
 and died at \ enice I7.'j6, aged 70. 
 
 CoNciNi, better known by the name of 
 marshal d'Ancre, was a Florentine, and 
 came to France in tlie suit of Mary de Me- 
 dicis wife of Henry the great. By his in- 
 trigues and those of his wife Eleonora Gali- 
 gay, he became from a gentleman of the 
 bed-chainber, a marquis, and a marshal of 
 France. The enemies which his elevation 
 and his pride procured contrived his ruin, 
 Lewis XIII. was prevailed upon to get rid of 
 this dangerous favorite, and Concini was shot 
 by Vitry and his accomplices on the Louvre 
 bridge, 24th April 1617, and his body was 
 ignomiiiiously insulted by the populace. His 
 wife also lo.st her liead, and his son was de- 
 clared incapable to hold any ofl'tce in the 
 kingdom. When his wife was accused of 
 vitchcruft, in in^uencing the mind of the 
 
 queen, she said, her magic was only the in- 
 fluence of a great mind over a weak one. 
 
 CoNDAMiNE, Charles Marie de la, born 
 at Paris 1701, wj's kniglit of St. Lazare, and 
 member of several learned academies. He 
 early travelled to the eastern parts of the 
 world, and in 17.36 he was chosen with Go- 
 din to go to Peru, to determine the figure 
 of the earth at the equator. On his return 
 he visited Rome, and was, by the dispensa- 
 tion of the pope, permitted at the age of 55 
 to marry his niece. He died 4th Feb. 1774, 
 in consequence of an operation for the re- 
 moval of a hernia. He was a man of great 
 eminence as a mathematician, though his 
 fondness of flattery rendered him too often 
 regardless of the solid praise which should 
 belong to a man of merit, modesty. He 
 was acquainted with many learned persons, 
 and perhaps more from ostentation than the 
 real wish to advance the cause of science. 
 His works are, distance of the tropics — rela- 
 tion of a voyage to America — obsei'vations, 
 kc. on the inoculation of the small-pox — on 
 education — tracts through Italy — measure 
 of the three first degrees of the meridian. 
 
 CoNDE, Lewis first dvike of, son of 
 Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, was 
 distinguished for his valor at the battle of St. 
 Quintin, and afterwards for his intrigues, 
 as the leader of the rebellious Hugonots. 
 Active and vigilant during the civil wars of 
 that period, he was wounded at the battle of 
 Dreux, and seven years after fell at that of 
 Jarnac 1569, aged 39. His memoirs of his 
 own times appeared after his death, and pos- 
 sess merit. The best edition is that of 1743, 
 6 vols. 4to. 
 
 CoNDE, Henry prince of, was known in 
 the court of Henry IV. of France, br whose 
 influence he became a catholic. He was 
 sent to the bastille 1616, and liberated three 
 years after. The death of Lewis XIII. re- 
 stored him to public favor, he became min- 
 ister to the regent, and displayed his valor 
 and his abilities in the service of his country, 
 and died at Paris 1646, aged 58. 
 
 CoNDE, Lewis prince of, duke of Eng- 
 ncin, son of the preceding, deserved the 
 name of the great. He was born at Paris 
 1621, and Richelieu observed in his earliest 
 years his promising abilities, and foretold his 
 future greatness as a general and as a man. 
 Though but 22 he defeated the Sjianiards at 
 the famous battle of Rocroi, and after ta- 
 king Thionville and other fortified towns, he 
 entered Germany as a conqueror. His at- 
 tempts afterwards upon Lerida in Catalonia 
 proved abortive, but in Flanders he acqui- 
 red fresh honors, by the defeat of the im- 
 perialists, and tlie submission of an exten- 
 sive tract of country. In the civil wars of 
 France, he espoused the cause of the court, 
 though afterwards he opposed the views of 
 Mazarine and of the monarchy, and, in the 
 spirit of indignation and unyielding pride, he 
 entered into the service of the Spaniards in 
 Flanders against his country. The peace of 
 the Pyrenees, 1659, reconciled him to his 
 country, and enabled hira to alone for the 
 
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 injuries wliich liis desertion hnd inflicted on 
 liis Iionor anil France. He uas afterwunls 
 rniployc'tl a};ainsl llie prince of Oiaii^i' ; l»ul 
 tlioHgh votindcMl at the passage of the Jtliirie, 
 lie coniplcttMl till- c()iH[Ucst f»f Fi-anclic-conj- 
 tc, and spread terror into (ieiinau} , after 
 the resii^nation ofTurenne. lie died of thr 
 s>ont at Foiitainbleau 1080, a};jed 05, havini; 
 two son« l>v his wile, who was the niece of 
 cardinal Riclielien. 
 
 CoNUE, Henry Jidins de, piinee of, son 
 of tlie great Conde, distingnisiied himself 
 \indcr his fallier, at tlie passage of the 
 Rhine, and at the battle of Senef. He was 
 a liberal patron of men of letters and died 
 1709, aged 06. 
 
 CoNDER, .John D. D. was born in Cam- 
 bridgeshire 1714, and was educated as a dis- 
 senter. He was a minister of a congrega- 
 tion at ('amln'idge, and afterwards kept a 
 school at Mile-end, and in 1701 succeeded to 
 the meeting on the Pavernentj Moorfields. 
 He died 17S1, aged 07. He printed several 
 sermons, besides an essay on the importance 
 of the clerical character. 
 
 CoNDiLLAC, Stephen Ronnot de, of the 
 French academy, born at Grenoble, vas 
 preceptor to the inlant son of the duke of 
 Parma. He died at Flux near Baugenci, 2d 
 Aug. 178(),of a putrid fever. He was a man 
 of great erudition, strong sense, and austere 
 manners. He wrote in 3 vols. 12mo. oesay 
 on the origin of human sciences — on animals 
 —on the sensations, See. — besides a course 
 of study for the instruction of his pupils in 
 iGvols. 12mo — and commerce and govern- 
 ment considered in their mutual relations, 
 h.c. l2mo. These volumes iHsplay great 
 philanthropy, though often they are devoid 
 of warmth and vivacitj^ He is accused by 
 some of favoring the principles of the mate- 
 rialists. 
 
 CoNDORCET, Jolm Antlionv Nicholas 
 Caritat, marquis of, one of the fonnders of 
 the French republic, was born 17th Sept. 
 1743, at Ribemont in Picardy, of a noble 
 family. He preferred the pursuits of litera- 
 ture to the military ])rofession, and studied 
 mathematics and belles lettres at the col- 
 lege of Navarre, and at the age of 21 he 
 gained the applauses of the learned, by his 
 ingenious memoir on the calcul differentiel, 
 which was received by the academy of Paris 
 with marked approbation. He afterwards 
 became the friend of d'Alembert, and of 
 Voltaire, and corresponded with the king of 
 Prussia, and when made Secretary of the 
 academy of sciences, he distinguished him- 
 self by the spirited eloges which he pro- 
 nounced on the meritorious services of his 
 departed brethren. In the constituent as- 
 sembly he was made governor to the dau- 
 phin ; but his zeal in favor of republican 
 yjrinciples overpowered the respect w hich 
 he owed to majesty, and though patronised 
 by Lewis XVI. he ventured to recommend 
 tlie abolition of monarchy, and the ti'iumph 
 of liberty. But though host.ile to the mon- 
 archy, he showed some compassion for the 
 king, and opposed his violent trial ; but his 
 
 measures were viewed with jealotrnv bv 
 Rol)eH[ii<rre and his paity, and he was rr- 
 garile«l as a hypocrite, who, under the niaiik 
 (>{ nxKleratiun an«l philos'>j»liy, aspired at 
 the sovereign p<iw( r. He was the-refore 
 contlemncd 28th July, 1793, as nttv of the 
 Girondists, and foi- a whde concealed him- 
 sflfat Paris, but :ifler\\urds sought refuge at. 
 the houi>e of a friend in the country. His 
 frifnd unforHmately was nbHcnt, anil he whs 
 obliged to hide- himself foi- several nights iji 
 some (pntrries, tdl hunger forced hnu loseek 
 relief in a neighjjoring tavern. His long 
 beard, squalid appiarance, and the vora- 
 cious appetite with wlii( Ii he devoured \hr 
 bread placed befoi-e him, rendered liim sU'i- 
 pecle<l, he was arrested, and might h.ur 
 cscaiied under the ohai'acter of a distressed 
 servant, but a llin-ace I'ound in his ]n>cket, 
 I)roved him to be a nia«i of education, and of' 
 consequence. On the morrow tlie gaoler 
 found him dead, a .sacrifice either to exces- 
 sive fatigue and continued want, or to poison, 
 28th Mare)i, 1794. In his character, Con- 
 dorcct was weak but ambitions, fond of nov- 
 elty, and, in pursuit of imaginary happiness, 
 little attentive to the feelings of humanity, 
 the calls of vii-tue, and the prece]>tf> of Chris- 
 tianity. He was, according to d'Alembert, 
 a volcano covered with snow. His writi;igf 
 were resi>tctable. Besides a sketch of the 
 progress of the human niind — a treatise on 
 arithmetic — a tract on calculation, and on 
 the problem of the three bodies — analytical 
 affairs, &c. he wrote eulogies on Bemouilli, 
 d'Alembert, Euler, Jussieu, Bufl'on, and 
 others, which possessed great merit, though 
 that on Voltaire is considered as turgid ami 
 insignificant. His publications were 20 in 
 number. 
 
 CoNDREN, Charles de, a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, priest of the congregation of the 
 oi-atoiy, and confessor of the tluke of Or- 
 leans, is known for his influence in produ- 
 cing a reconciliation between the king and 
 Orleans. Satisfied with a life of ])rivacy, 
 and the humble dignitv of general of liis or- 
 der, he nobly refused a bishopric and the 
 hat of a cardinal, and died 1641. His dis- 
 courses, letters, See. have appeared in 2 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Confucius or Coxc-fu-tze, a cele- 
 brated Chinese philosopher, born at Chan- 
 ping, of a noble family, about 550 B. C At 
 the age of three he lost his father, but his 
 education vvas honorably supcrintonded by 
 the kind care of his gran(lt':i'her, and his wis- 
 dom and abilities displayed themselves with 
 such advantage, that he became the prime 
 minister of the kingdom of Lu. Hih labtjrs 
 were ardently directed to tlie reformation 
 of manners, but the dissipation of the king, 
 who attached himself to several concubines, 
 displeased him, and he indignantly rtsigned 
 his offices, and retired to privacy, and the 
 cultivation of philosophical pursuits. So ex- 
 tensively spread was his reputation, that he 
 was frequented by above 3000 disciples, 
 whom his examples and precepts formed to 
 virtue and moralitv. He taught his disci- 
 
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 CO 
 
 pics that the lirst duties were to serve, obey, 
 and fear God, to love their neiglibor as 
 themselves, and to curb their passions to 
 the guidance of reason. Thus deservedly 
 respectod and beloved, Confucius selected 
 ten of his pupils, to whom he communicated 
 the vast resources of his mind, and all the 
 precepts which might render and preserve 
 them happy in the possession of wisdom and 
 virtue. He returned afterwards to the kiug- 
 dom of Lu, where he died aged 73. The 
 king no sooner heard of his death, than he 
 exclaimed, *' that the gods had removed him 
 from the earth, because they wished to pun- 
 ish her inhabitants." His memory was hon- 
 ored in the most solemn manner, he was re- 
 garded as a departed saint, and public edifi- 
 ces were raised to celebrate liis services to 
 mankind. His books on morals have been 
 translated into French, and they possess ex- 
 •ellent rules for virtue and morality. He 
 married, when young, but though he lost his 
 wife some years after, he disdained to follow 
 the exanjple of his countrymen, who kept 
 concubines. His descendants are still rever- 
 ed in China, and are regarded as mandarins 
 of the first order of the kingdom. 
 
 CoNGREVE, "William, an English dra- 
 matic writer, born in Staffordshire, 1672. He 
 was educated at Kilkenny school, and Dublin 
 college, whence many have supposed him to 
 be a native of Ireland, After the revolution 
 he came to London, and entered at the Mid- 
 dle temple, but soon relinquished the profes- 
 sion for the cultivation of the muses. His 
 first production Avas " Incognita, or love and 
 duty reconciled," a novel of some merit, 
 though the composition of a youth of 17. 
 His first play was the Old Bachelor in 1693, 
 which was revised and applauded by Hryden, 
 and deservedly recommended the author to 
 the patronage of lord Halifax, by whose influ- 
 ence he became commissioner for Hcensing 
 hackney coaches, andheld other officesworth 
 600/. a-year. The next year appeared his 
 Double Dealer, but with not so much popu- 
 larity. On the death of queen Mary, Con- 
 greve wrote a delicate and much admired pas- 
 toral, called the Mourning muse of Alexis, 
 and in 1G95 he produced his popular comedy 
 of Love for Love, and the same year, an ode 
 on the taking of Namur. The next produc- 
 tion A\as the Mourning Bride, a tragedy, 
 "which was first acted in Lincoln's-inn fields' 
 theatre, and was universally applauded. The 
 reputatiou of Congreve, but more particular- 
 ly the licentiousness of his plays, drew upon 
 him the censures of Jeremy Collier the zea- 
 lous reformer of the stnge, and though Con- 
 gi'eve defended himself, yet truth must own 
 the charge of immorality too well established 
 to be refuted. Though dissatisfied with the 
 public cry raised against him, yet he produ- 
 ced another comedy, Tlie way of the world, 
 which was condemned by the critics of the 
 times, but nevertheless possesses great me- 
 rit. Though he now withdrew from public 
 life as an author, his friends were occasional- 
 ly complimented with his able assistance, he 
 wrote epilogues, and assisted Dryden in his 
 
 Virgil, and contributed the whole ofJuvenal's/ 
 11th satire. The last 20 years of his life, 
 Congreve spent in ease and retirement. He 
 was at last afflicted severely with the gout, 
 which together with a bruise he received in 
 being overturned in his chariot, hastened his 
 death. He died in Surry-street, Strand, 
 lyth January 1729, and was buried with great 
 solemnity in Westminster-abbey, where a 
 monument was erected to his honor by Hen- 
 rietta, duchess of Marlborough. Congreve 
 enjoyed in his time much of what can render 
 life agreeable, easy and happy. His appoint- 
 ments and the secretaryship of Jamaica yield- 
 ed him not less than 1200/. a year, and with 
 an easy and independent fortune he was flat- 
 tered with the friendship of the great and of 
 the learned, and had Dryden, Steele, and 
 Pope, among his most devoted admirers. He 
 died very rich, the fruit of his great but not 
 unbecoming economy. His comedies, says 
 Johnson, are the works of a mind replete 
 with imagery and quick in combination, 
 though of his miscellaneous poetry little can 
 be said that is favorable. Voltaire, v/ho knew 
 and admired him, says, that he raised the 
 glory of English comedy to a greater height 
 than afty Avriter before or after him ; but his 
 grand defect was entertaining too mean an 
 idea of the character of an author, though to 
 that he was indebted totally for his fame and 
 fortune, 
 
 Connor, Bernard, a physician, born in 
 the county of Kerry, 1606, As his friends 
 were catholics, he was not regularly educa-r 
 ted in Ireland, but in 1686 he went over to 
 France, and at Montpellier and Paris, distin- 
 guished himself for his assiduity, and his 
 great knowledge of anatomy and chemistry. 
 He afterwards travelled through Germany as 
 the tutor of the two sons of the chancellor of 
 Poland, and on his arrival at Warsaw, re- 
 commended himself so much by liis skill ia 
 the know ledge and cure of diseases, that he 
 became physician to the king, John Sobieski. 
 After collecting much valuable information 
 on the natural history and other curiosities 
 of Poland, he left Warsaw in 1694, as physi- 
 cian in the suit of the king's daughter, who 
 was going to espouse the duke of Bavaria at 
 Brussels, and from Holland, he came to Eng- 
 land in 1695, He now began to read lec- 
 tures on anatomy, chemistry, and physic at 
 Oxford, and acquired such celebrity that he 
 was elected into the royal society and the col- 
 lege of physicians. He also delivered lec- 
 tures in London and Cambridge with equal 
 success, but his evangelium mcdici divided 
 into 16 sections, published in 1697, drew upon 
 him the imputation of irrehgion and even 
 atheism, and though he probably intended no 
 attack upon revelation, the work deserves 
 censure for its scepticism. On the death of 
 Sobieski, and the tumults which a Polish 
 election generally produced, Connor was in- 
 duced to gratify the public curiosity by the 
 publication of his history of Poland in two 
 vols, which, though finished with more rapidi- 
 ty than correctness, contains many valuable 
 and interesting particulars concerning that 
 
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 now ill fated kinpjdom. Whilst in the ciijoy- 
 luent of public celebrity aud rising emiruiice, 
 Coiuioi- was attacked M'itli a fever, A\hicli 
 ijiiickly carried him off, October 1G98, iti his 
 J'2d year. I'hoiigh born and erliicat«r| a 
 catholic he embraced the doctrines of the 
 churcli of England, and died in lier commu- 
 nion. His funeral sermon was |iiea<'bcd by 
 Dr. Ilayley, rector of St. Giles in the field.s, 
 where liis remains were deposited. 
 
 CoNON, an Atlienian p;enci"al defeated by 
 liysander. He afterwards defeated the Spar- 
 tuis, and was reconciled to his countrymen. 
 He was hetrayeil to Tiribazns, and put to 
 death 393 B. (J. 
 
 CoxoN, an astronomer of Samos, the 
 friend of Archimedes. He llatt-red Ptolemy 
 l)y sayinp; that the hair ofcjueen ilererJce was 
 become a constellation in the heavens. 
 
 Cox RAD I. count of Franconia, and kin}? 
 of Germany 91'2. lie opposed the Huns 
 who hud invaded Germany, at the .solicita- 
 tion of Arnoul duke of Uavaria, and at last 
 purchased tlieir retreat with a sum of money 
 and a yearly tribute, and died 918. 
 
 Conrad H. son of Herman duke of 
 Franconia, was made kinp^ of Germany 1024, 
 and crowned emperor at Kome 3 years after. 
 He was successful against his opponents, and 
 added to his dominions the kin.^dom of Bur- 
 gundy according to the will of king Rodol- 
 phus. He died 1039- 
 
 Conrad HI. son of Frederic of Suabia, 
 ■Has duke of Franconia, and elected emperor 
 of Germany. Though violently opposed in 
 his elevation, lie had the good fortune to dis- 
 perse or reconcile his enemies, and after- 
 wards went to the crusades agaitjst the Sara- 
 cens. As the Greeks had poisoned the 
 fountains in the holy lanil, he nearly lost his 
 ■whole army, and with difficulty returned to 
 FiUrope. He died at Bamberg, 1152. 
 
 Conrad IV. duke of Suabia, succeeded 
 Ids father Frederic U. as emperor 1250. His 
 elevation was opposed by Innocent IV. who 
 claimed the high ])rivilege of disposing of 
 crowns and kingdoms, upon which he inva- 
 ded Italy, and took (>apua, N'aples, and other 
 places. His victories would soon have dis- 
 possessed the ambitious pope of his diimiu- 
 ions, but he died suddenly, and as it is sus- 
 pected of poison, 1254. 
 
 CoNRADiN or Conrad, son of the 
 fourth (Jonrad, wasonly three years old when 
 his father die<l. His uncle Mainfroi becahie 
 his regent in the kingdom of Naples, but 
 jiope Urban IV. besto\\ed the crown to 
 Charles of Anjou, who defeated his youthful 
 rivalries, ami soon after beheaded him ut 
 Naples, when only si.\teen years old. 
 
 CoNTtxVRT, Valentin, secretary to the 
 French king's council, was born at Paris 
 1603, and died September 23, 1675. To his 
 taste, his influence, and his love for literature 
 the French ascribe the originof their French 
 academy, of which he is deservedly styled the 
 father, as her first learned men held their 
 first meetings in his house from 1629 to 1034. 
 Though Conrartknew nothing of Greek, and 
 iiule of Latin, he yet published -some pieces 
 
 jiot entitled liowever to pjeat ruerit. He 
 owes his celebrity to the afiabilitv (jf his nian- 
 ners, the goodness of his heai't, the hospitable 
 asylum which he gave to men of learning, and 
 es[)ecially his being regarded as the founder 
 ni the academy. 
 
 Conk I, Florence, a Franciscan friar, born 
 in (Joniiaught, in-iand, lint educated in .Spain. 
 Fhilip Hi. sent hint under the title of titular 
 bi-hop of Tuam, to Ijis native country, that 
 he might reconcile the disaflVcled Irish to 
 the prospects of a Spanish invasion. His 
 pei'fidious schemes were liowever <lefeat«d, 
 •uiid be returned to Madrid, w here he rlied 
 in^'J. He was author of the mirror of the 
 christian life, — an Irish catechism, L«>nvaiii 
 1620, besides some Latin pieces on Augus- 
 tine, &c. 
 
 CoNRiNGius, Hermannus, profes.sor of 
 tlie law, was bora at Noi-den in Frisia lf»06, 
 and died at Hclmstadt, where he was profes- 
 sor of physic and politics, and senior of the 
 university, in 1081. He was well skilled in 
 !iistoi-y as wellas law, aiidenjoyed the friend- 
 shi[) of some of the ]irinces of Germany. His 
 works, which are chiefly on law and historr, 
 were printed at Brunswick in six vols, folio. 
 1731. 
 
 Constant, David, a native ofLausanne, 
 and there professor of philosophy, Greek, 
 and divinity. He, wrote an abridgment of 
 politics, — on the passage of the Israelites 
 throiigh the red sea, — on Lot's wife, — the 
 bush of iMoses, — -the brazen serpent, — a sys- 
 tem of theology, he. — besides editions of the 
 classics, lie died at Lausanne 1733, ag<'d 95. 
 
 Const ANT IN, Robert, professor of phy- 
 sic, and belles lettres at Caen university, 
 where he was born, died of a pleurisy in 
 10O5, aged 103, after enjoying to the last all 
 the faculties of his mind and body. His 
 knowledge f>f Greek was very extensive, as 
 his learned work«5 fully evince, especially his 
 valuable Lexicon Greek and Latin. He wrote 
 besides three books on Greek and Latin an- 
 tiquities, — a dictionary of abstruse l^atiu 
 words, — a thesaurus rerura, &c. utriusque 
 lingute. 
 
 Cokstantine the great, a Roman em- 
 peror after his father Constantius. He wa.s 
 an able general, a sagacious politician, and a. 
 benevolent prince. He is cliiefly celebrated 
 for the building of Constantinople on the site 
 of old Byzantium, and for being the first em- 
 peror who embraced Christianity. He died 
 357, aged 60. 
 
 Constantine II. son of the great Con- 
 stantine, was born at Aries, and became after 
 his father's death masterof Spain, Gaul, and 
 Britain. He made war against his brother 
 Constans, and was slain at Aquileia 340. 
 
 Constantine HI. son of Constantius 
 II. was surnamed I'ogonatus, or the bearded, 
 and was crowned emperor 60S. He was suc- 
 cessful again.-^t the Saracens, who besieged 
 Constantinople, and he destroyed their ships 
 with the tTreck fire. Though valiant he was 
 ambitious and intriguing. He avengid his 
 father's murder, but he showed himselfwan- 
 tonlv cruel bv the murder of his brothers Ti- 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 berius and Heraclius, who had been raised by 
 the array to a sliare of the imperial power. 
 He condemned the heresy of the monothelites 
 in a council at Constantinople, and died 685. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE IV. C A PRO N YM US, Suc- 
 ceeded his father Leo the Isaurian 752, and 
 displayed his zeal against image worship. He 
 tiefcated the Saracens, and Artavasdes liis 
 brother-in-law, who had made an insurrec- 
 tion against him, but lie was afterwards rout- 
 ed by the Bulgarians, though in another bat- 
 tle he regained the victory. He died 775. 
 
 CoxSTANTiNE V. Succeeded his father 
 Leo IV. in 780, though only ten yeaz's old, 
 under the guardianship of liis mother Irene. 
 He had the good success to thwart his 
 mother's schemes, who wished to make her- 
 self sole sovereign; but during an invasion of 
 the Bulgarians, he was defeated, and was de- 
 prived not only of his power, but of his eyes, 
 by the ordor of his cruel mother 79J. He 
 died some years after in obscurity. 
 
 CONSTANTINE VH. FoR PH VKO GENl- 
 
 Tus, son of Leo the vist,-, was born 905, and 
 ascended the throne at the age of seven, un- 
 »ler the guardianship of his mother Zoe. 
 When of age he showed himself valiant and 
 active, he defeated the l^ombards in Italy, 
 and drove the Turks by threats and by mo- 
 ney from the borders of Ids empire. He was 
 afterwards governed by his wife Helena, 
 ivho oppressed the people and rendered her- 
 self odious. He was poisoned by his son 
 Komanns 959. He was a learned man, and 
 wrote the life of Basihus the Macedonian, — 
 the geography of the empire, — a treatise on 
 the affairs of the empire, — de re rustiea, 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE IX. son of llomanus, 
 succeeded to the tlu'one with his brother 
 Basil II. after John Zimisces, 976. He died 
 1028. 
 
 CONSTANTINE X. MoNOMACHUS or 
 
 Gladiator, a Greek, who married Zoe, 
 daughter of Constantine IX. and ascended 
 the throne 1042. Insurrection and a Turk- 
 ish war Avere the striking features of his 
 reign. He died 1054. 
 
 Constantine XI. or 'Ducas, was 
 adopted as successor by Isaac Commenusl959. 
 His reign was turbulent and unhappy in con- 
 sequence of the invasion of the Scythians, 
 and the destruction of some of his cities by 
 an earthquake. He died 1067. 
 
 Constantine XIII. sonof John Paleo- 
 logns, succeeded his brother John in 1448. 
 He possessed bravery, and honorably fell 
 in the defence of Constantinople when be- 
 sieged and taken by the Turks 1453. In 
 him ended the Greek empire. 
 
 Constantine, Flavius Julius, a pri- 
 vate soldier, who by intrigue and great suc- 
 cess invested himself with the imperial pur- 
 ple in Britain, and added Gaul and Spain to 
 his dominions by his arms. He was besieg- 
 ed at Aries, where he had fixed his resi- 
 dence, by Constantins the lieutenant of Ho- 
 norius, and when r(iduced to extremity he 
 offere«l to surrender provided his life was 
 spared. The conditions were accepted but 
 
 inhumanly violated. He was put to death, 
 and also his son, 411. 
 
 Co X STAN tine, a native of Syria, raised 
 to the papal cliair 708. He travelled into 
 the east, and died 715. The antipope who 
 opposed Stephen III. bore also this name. 
 He w as driven from Rome and died in a mo- 
 nastery. 
 
 Constantine, of Carthage in Africa, 
 was a physician of the llth century. He 
 travelled into the east where he resided 30 
 years. He is supposed to be the tirst who 
 brought the Arabian and Greek physic into 
 Italy. After his return to Carthage he went 
 to settle at Reggio, and at last became a 
 monk of ilonte Casino. His works appear- 
 ed at Basil 1539, in folio. 
 
 CoxsTANTius, Chlorus, father of the 
 great Constantine, Avas made colleague to 
 Galerius on Dioclesian's abdication. He died 
 at York 3U6. 
 
 Constant! us, Flavius Julius, the se- 
 cond son of the great Constantine, succeeded 
 with his two brothers Constansand Constan- 
 tine to the empire of Rome. He defeated 
 Magnentius who had murdered his brother 
 Constans and became sola eropei-or. He 
 died 361. 
 
 CoNTARiNi, Gaspard, a native of Ven- 
 ice, engaged in various embassies, and made 
 a cardinal 1538, and sent as legate to the 
 council of Trent 1541. He wrote some Lat- 
 in treatises on the immortality of the soul — 
 the seven sacraments, — against Luther, — on 
 the office of pope, &cc. — w ith great elegance 
 and spirit, and died at Bologna 1542. 
 
 CoNTARiNi Giovanni, a Venetian 
 painter, Avho died 1605, aged 56. He was 
 eminent in his profession and a great imita- 
 tor of Titian. 
 
 CoNTARiNi, Vincent, professor of elo- 
 quence at Padua, died in his native town, 
 Venice, 1617, aged 40. The most known of 
 his learned works are de refrumentaria, de 
 militari Romanorum stipendio variai lectio- 
 nes, he. in 4to. 
 
 CoNTE, Jacobino del, a Florentine por- 
 trait painter, patronised by pope Paul III. 
 He died 1598, aged 88. 
 
 CoNTi, Guisto di, an Italian poet who 
 died at Rimini about the middle of the 16th 
 century. His poems are greatly esteemed, 
 they were collected and published Venice 
 1592, in 4to. Florence 1715, and Verona 
 1753, in 4to. 
 
 CoNTi, abbe Anthony, a noble Venetian, 
 who died 1749, aged 71. By the extent of 
 his travels he not only formed a numerous 
 acquaintance with the learned of every coun- 
 try, but he greatly impi'oved the powers of 
 his mind. He is author of some tragedies, 
 and of some poems which abound more with 
 metaphysics than poetical elegance. His 
 v/orks in vei"se and prose were published at 
 Venice two vols. 4to. 1739, and another 
 1756. During his visit to England, Conti be- 
 came acquainted with Newton, and long es- 
 teemed and venerated the abilities and 
 friendship of that great man, 
 
 Co NT I, Arm and de Bourbon prince of, 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 quitted the churcli for a military life, atitl 
 warmly espoused tlic party of the insui*t;iMil.s 
 sijMinst l)is lir()tlH'r the great (Jonde, diiritifi; 
 the civil \v:ii-s ot' F'rance. These two hostile 
 brothers were bu(h together sent prisoners 
 to YiKceimes b\ MazHiiiie. Conti m as nwidc 
 in lGn4 governor «»r ( iiiieuue, conim:trider ot 
 the armies in (J:il;ih)nia, and g(»vcrnor of 
 Ijanguedoc IfifiJ. lie wrote in French, trca- 
 ti«;es oil the duties of the great, — on eiuiie- 
 dies and plays, fccc. — on the duties of provin- 
 cial governors, ^{c. — three vols. I'inio. i'aris 
 1607. He died ItiOS. 
 
 Co NT I, Francis Lewis de Bourhon, sou 
 of the preceding, distingiiislud liinist:lf :it tlu' 
 «iege of Luxeinhurg, in the eanipaign in 
 Hungary, at the battles of Steinkerk Jleur- 
 iis and Nerwinde. Me was fleeted king of 
 J'olaiid lf»U7, but soon sui)planted by the 
 elector of Saxony. He died at Paris 17U9, 
 aged 45. His grandson Lewis FYancis was 
 distinguished in the wai-s of Italy aii<l Flan- 
 ders, and died at Paris, '2d August 1776, aged 
 59. 
 
 Conto-Vertana, Don Joseph, a Por- 
 tuguese poet, of great merit, and inferior 
 only to C'amocns. /lis Quitterie la Sainte, 
 is a valuable epic poem. He dietl at Lisbon 
 1735. 
 
 CoNYBEARE, Joliu, a learned Engli.sh 
 prelate, horn at Pinhoe, near iixeter, ;31st 
 January 169'2. He was educated at Exeter 
 grammar college, and Exeter college, of 
 which he became fellow, and afterwards tu- 
 tor. In 1730 he was appointed rector of his 
 college, and on the same year he published, 
 by the advice of bishop Gibson, an answer 
 to Tindal's Christianity as old as the crea- 
 tion, which proved him to be not only a great 
 champion in the cause of revelation, but an 
 able and acute scholar, and sound divine. 
 In 173'2 he was appointed dean of Christ 
 church, and in 1750 he succeeded Butler in 
 the see of Bristol. He did not however long 
 enjoy this new dignity, as he was a great 
 martyr to the gout, vmder wliich he at last 
 sunk 13lh July 1755. He was buried in 
 Bristol cathedral. Two volumes of his ex- 
 cellent sermons were published after his 
 death. 
 
 Cook, James, a celebrated navigator, 
 horn at Marton in Cleveland, near Great 
 Ay ton. Yorkshire, an*' christened 3d No- 
 vember 17'JS. His father was a poor cotta- 
 ger, whoat'terwards was employed as a hind 
 or upper servant on the farms of 'i'homas 
 Skottowe escjuire nt (ireat Ayton, where his 
 son was engaged in the labor of the plough 
 till tl^e age of 13, when he .-icquired some 
 knowledge of arithmetic and figures at the 
 village school. At the age of 17 young Cook 
 was bound apprentice for four years to a 
 grocer at Snaith, l.nit his fondness for the 
 sea overturned his father's plans, and after 
 one year and a lialf's service the indentures 
 ■were cancelled by the kindness of his master, 
 and in July 1740 he was bound for three 
 years in the service of Mr. Walker a ship 
 owner at Whitby. He was thus engaged to 
 the great satisfaction of his employer in the 
 
 VOL. T, 4T 
 
 coasting and coal trmle, till 17.12, Mhen he 
 was made mate of one of \V;dker's vessels, 
 and tilt: next year he (piitfefl his ma.ster's 
 service, though he wasoHcred the command 
 of one of his ships, and entered on boani (.li'r 
 Eagle, a kirg's fiigate of 'JS f»r .'><» guns, be- 
 ing <!e!sir' us, as he said, " to try hi.? fortune 
 that way." Between 1753 and I7»'>0, w hen 
 he received a lieutenant's commission, he 
 was successfully emplo\ed in imprf»vii giiim- 
 se.lfand storing his mind with that know- 
 ledge of na'» 'galion ind inathemalics, which 
 he afterwaiv*.; displayed in so remarkable h 
 degree. The skill, firmtn;ss, and ability 
 which lie showed while enijdoyed in .Vmen- 
 ea aiid on the .lamuica station, rec((m mend- 
 ed him, not onl}- to the n(»tice of .sir William 
 Burnaby tlie commander, but to the a|>pro- 
 balion of the admiralty, and w hen in lf"07 
 the royal socictv insisted on the propriety of 
 observing the transit of Venus over the ■inn's 
 disc, from some of the i;>lands of the Pacific 
 ocean, lieutenant (.'ook was appointed to 
 command the ship Endeavour in that new 
 and distant expedition, lie was in conse- 
 quence raised to the rank of captain, and 
 sailed down the river ou the 30ih Jnlv, ac- 
 companied ill this important voyage by sir 
 Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, and .Mr. (irecn. 
 On the 13th April 1769, he reached Ola- 
 hftite, where the observations were directed 
 to be made, and after remaining there till 
 13th July, he set sail for Ne* Zealand, and 
 after discovering several islands he I'eached 
 Batavia lOtli October 1770. After losing 
 many of his nien in this horrid climate, 
 where he was obliged to remain fill tbe Srth 
 December for the repairs of his ship, he 
 proceeded to the C'npe of (iood Hope, and 
 anchored in the L^owns on the I'Jtii June, 
 after an absence of nearly three years. The 
 great abilities which captain Cook had evin- 
 ced in this expedition recommended him to 
 the command of tlie two ships intended to 
 explore the coasts of the supjiosed soulhei-u 
 hemisphere. On the 9lh of April 1772 he 
 sailed from Deptford on board the Kesohi- 
 tion with captain Furncaux, who ha<l the 
 command of the other ship, the .'Kdventtire. 
 They reached the Cape of Good Hojie 30th 
 October, and leaving it on the '-"Jd Novem- 
 ber they i)roceeded towards the south, in 
 pursuit of discovery. The vast fieldii of ice 
 which howeverpresented themselves in those 
 southern latitudes, and the imminent dan- 
 gers to w liich they hourly exposed the ships, 
 convinced the captain that no land was to ho 
 found, and that further attempts verenot 
 onlv useless but perilous, and therefore on 
 the I7th January 1773, he sailed towards the 
 8(.uth sea, and on the 'Jlst March 1774 re- 
 turned to the Cape, and reache«l England 
 on the I4th of July. During this dangerous 
 vovage of three years and IS days, the cap- 
 tain lost only one mriu in his crew of 11$, 
 though he navigated in \arious climates from 
 5'2 degrees nortli to 71 degrees south. The 
 discoveries of islands in t!ie southern se»s 
 had now engaged the attention of the nation, 
 and another project was forn.efi ta fiml out 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 a, northwest passage, and thus unite the 
 great Pacific ocean with the north of the At- 
 lantic. On this occasion Cook, again eager 
 to serve Itis country and advance the know- 
 ledge of geography, bid adieu to his domestic 
 comforts, awd a third time with ardent zeal 
 embarked to surround the world. He set 
 sail in the Discovery in July 1776, and after 
 visiting several of the islands of the Pacific 
 ocean he penetrated towards the north, ex- 
 plored the unknown coasts of western A- 
 merica, and turiied back oidy wlien his fur- 
 ther progress was impeded by vast fields of 
 ice. Unable, in consequence of tlie advan- 
 ced season, to go further, he visited tlie 
 Sandwich islands, and stopped at Owyhee, 
 ■where he unfortunately lost his life. Du- 
 ring the night the Indians carried away the 
 Discovery's cutter, and Cook, determined 
 to recover it, adopted the same measures 
 ■which on similar occasions he 'had success- 
 fully pursued, and he seized the king of tlie 
 island, to confine him on board his ship till 
 restoration of the vessel was made. In the 
 straggle which took place, the captain and 
 liis men were assailed by the Indians, who 
 viewedvvith resentment the captivity of their 
 monarch, and before he could reach the boat 
 Cook received a severe blow on the head 
 A\hich brought him to the ground, and una- 
 ble alone to resist a multitude of savage foes, 
 while his men in the boat and on the shore 
 seemed intent in defending themselves, he 
 was overpowered by the strokes of his assail- 
 ants. His body was treated with savage bar- 
 barity, and a few bones ■were recovered 
 vhich his mourning and disconsolate com- 
 panions committed to Uie deep. This mel- 
 ancholy event happened on the l4th Febru- 
 ary 1779. The account of the death of this 
 worthy navigator was received with general 
 sorrow. The services which he had ren- 
 dered his country, the humanity which he 
 had always showed in his intercourse with 
 the Indians, and the benevolence and con- 
 cern with which he watched over the health 
 of his men, duly entilledhim to universal res- 
 pect. Soon after his departure the royal so- 
 ciety voted him a gohlen medal, with the 
 most honorable and most deserved testimo- 
 ny of their esteem and gratitude ; and though 
 he had not the liai)piness to receive, before 
 his death, this proof of public affection, yet 
 posterity views and records with admiration 
 and reverence the homage due to the merits 
 of a great and a good man. Cook left by 
 Uis wife, who long survived him, several 
 children. On the widow the king bestowed 
 a pension of 2t)0/. and on chcIi of the chil- 
 dren 25/. a reward scarce adequate to the 
 many and immortal services of the f:\ther. 
 Cook, though cradled in poverty, yet im- 
 proved himself by diligence and assiduous 
 labor. He possessed great natural abilities, 
 and they -were not abused ; but reading, 
 medit-'.tion ant! severe application rendered 
 th'-m not only reapectable but shining. Of 
 his first voyage the account was compiled 
 by Dr. Hawkesworth, perhaps not ■with suf- 
 ficient justice. George Fovster son of Dr. 
 
 Forstcr, -nasthe narrator of the second voy- 
 age, and as he had shared the adventures of 
 the naval hero, his relation must be consid- 
 ered not only as accurate but very interest- 
 ing. Among the compilers of the last voy- 
 age men of ability and reputation are men- 
 tioned, especially Dr. Douglas bishop of Sal- 
 isbtiry, captain King vho was one of the of- 
 ficers in the expedition, and ]Mr. Anderson. 
 The principal islands discovered by Cook 
 were Xew Caledonia, New Geoi-gia, Sand- 
 wich-land, and other less important places, 
 and thus by his labors and perseverance he es- 
 tablished the non-existence of a southern 
 continent and the impracticability of a north- 
 ern passage between the Pacific and Atlan- 
 tic oceans. 
 
 Cooke, sir Anthony, vas born at Gid- 
 ding-hall, Essex, about 1506. As his name 
 is not mentioned by Wood, it is probable 
 that he was educated at Cambridge. He so 
 distinguished himself by his learning, and the 
 respectability of his character, that he was 
 thought worthy to preside over the educa- 
 tion of the young king, Edward VL In Ma- 
 ry's reign he lived in exile ; but he returned 
 under Elizabetli, and died at his seat 1576. 
 His daughters w ere all happy in their matri- 
 monial connexions. ]Mildred married lord 
 Burleigh; Anne, sir Nicholas Bacon; Eliza- 
 beth, sir John Itussel, son of the earl of Bed- 
 ford; and Catharine, sir Henry Killigrew. 
 
 Cooke, liobert, was born as Beeston, 
 Yorkshire, and educated at Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he became proctor of 
 the university. He was an able divine and a 
 good scholar, well skilled in the knowledge 
 of ecclesiastical history. He retired upon 
 the vicarage of Leeds, in Yorkshire, and 
 died in 1614. 
 
 Cooke, Thomas, a poet, born at Brain- 
 tree, Essex, about 1707, and educated at 
 Felstcd school. In his I'jth year he edited 
 Andrew Marvel's works, and, by an elegant 
 dedication, introduced himself to the know- 
 ledge and patronage of lord Pembroke, who 
 not only esteemed him, but even assisted him 
 with valuable notes in his translation of Mc- 
 siod, published in 1 728. Cooke translated 
 besides, Terence, and Cicero de natura deo- 
 rum, and the Amphitryton of Plautus. He 
 w rote also five or six pieces for the stage, 
 which, however, gained lum neither fame 
 nor money. He was concerned with Mot- 
 tley in writing Penelope, a farce, whicli be- 
 ing considered as throwing ridicule on Pope's 
 Odyssey, just tlien published, greatly irri- 
 tated the poet, who in consequence of this 
 gave Cooke a respectable place in the Dtin- 
 ciad. Cooke died very poor, about 1750. 
 Some memoirs of liim were published by the 
 late sir Joseph Mawbey, in the Gentleman's 
 magazine. 
 
 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftes- 
 bury, w.-vs born 2'2d July IG21, at Winborne 
 St. Giles's, Dorsetshire. He studied for two 
 years at Exeter college, Oxford, and after- 
 wards removed to Eincoln's-ino, where for 
 sometime he applied himself to the law. 
 He was member for Tewkesbury in tlie par- 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 Uainenl <jf IG iO ; and af the Ix-j^imiiii^; of tl\i.- 
 vivil wars he scciued iiulincii tu tuvor tlic 
 slile of the king. He however retired in dis- 
 srust from Oxford, and soon aft« r look a torn- 
 mission ia the pai-hanifiitary ai-iuy. Jn I0i."» 
 he was sherifFfor Norfolk, and the next year 
 tor\\'ilts: and ho aftcrwanls ai n»einl)er of 
 the house of commons, Iiad the lioUhiess to 
 charsrc Cromwell with trrannv an<l arbitrarv 
 jjovernment. The opposititMi which In: had 
 manitestcd against the uscirpalion rendered 
 bim a tit person to sohtit the kinpj's return, 
 r\tid he accordinj^lv w;ts one of llie twelve 
 vho carried liie Jnviiation of tlie commons. 
 On the rcstoraf ion, his services were rewar<!cd 
 with a peerage, lie was sworn a i)rivy coun- 
 sellor, and made chancellor ot the exchc(|uer, 
 and one ut the lords of the treasury. In lG7y 
 he was laised to the dignity of lord chane«l- 
 lor ; which, however, he resigned the fol- 
 lowing year, by the intrigues of his enemies, 
 and especially of James duke of York. From 
 a partisan of the court, he ntjw became a vio- 
 lent opp<)nent ; and the eloquence of his 
 speeches, and the firmness of his conduct, 
 liad such effect, that the earl of Danhy was 
 unable to carry the test liill, and other meas- 
 ures, tlu'ough parliament, which the govern- 
 ment recommended ; and a ^n-orogation fol- 
 lowed. On the meeting again of parliament, 
 Shafte.sbury, with others, insisted that the 
 Imuse tvas dissolved ; and so offended was tb.e 
 king, that he sent him, together with liuck- 
 ingham, Salisbury, and Wharton, to the Tow- 
 cr, where he remained for thirteen montlis. 
 When set at liberty his opposition did not 
 cease; and at last a cliange of ministry placed 
 liim at the head of the totincil hoard. This 
 triumph whs short. The duke of York was so 
 enraged at the measures which Shaftesbtiry 
 had pur.sued in recommending the exclusion 
 bill, that he not only procured liis dismissal 
 from office, but obtained his being committetl, 
 lor high treason, to the Tower. After four 
 months' confinement he wrts tried and ac- 
 quitted; but so sensible was he of the power 
 and injustice of his enemies, that he fled 
 I'rom their persecution, in lOS'i, and reached 
 Holland, where he proposed to end his days 
 in peace and retirement. His days, however, 
 were shortened by the attack of the gout, 
 which fell on his stomach. He died 22d Jan- 
 uary 1C8;3, aged 02. His remains were con- 
 veyed to Winbornc, vhere a handsome mon- 
 ument, erected by his great-grandson, re- 
 cords his character. Shaftesbury was a man 
 of no steady principles, of great ambition, and 
 little political fidelity. Ch;u'les H. who not 
 only said, but bore with great good humor, 
 sallies of raillery, once talking to him of his 
 amours, told him, *'I believe, Shaftesbury, 
 thou art the wickedest fellow in my domin- 
 ions." " May it please your majesty," re- 
 plied Shaftesbury, with r» grave face, " of a 
 subject, I believe lam." At whiih the mer- 
 ry king laug!ic«l heartily. Shaftesbury at 
 one time aspired to the dignity of king of Po- 
 land ; and in consequence of his fickleness in 
 his political connections, he was not improp- 
 erly called Shifl'ibury, and not 8hat"tesbury. 
 
 He mariied three wives, liy th»^ TCf^nd only 
 he had issue ; an oidy son, Anthoi;y, l»orii 
 IG5I, January IG, uho whs the father of the 
 personage next to lie mcntitmcd, 
 
 Cooi'EK, .\ntlioiiy .\shley, tarlof Shafteg- 
 bury, known as the author of the Character- 
 iKlics, was born relirinry C(i, IGTI, at K\< - 
 ler-hou3e, I.,onilon. He wtis ednrnted u'ider 
 the eye of hi.s grandfather, who placed about 
 him a jx-rson w!k» was ncll versed in the 
 Karnid languages, so th.if at the age of 1 1 he 
 could reu<l Latin and (•;■' > k with great ea%<» 
 and fluency. In K'iSG Itr began hi.s triiVels, 
 and highly improvetl himself in Italy and 
 i'rance in the acquisition of every polite ac- 
 conip!ii,hnK'iit. He was member for I'oo'.r 
 in tiie parliament of iGyi ; but he (leclinnl 
 sitting at the succeeding election, on account 
 of his heaith. He then passed over into Hol- 
 lan«l, Mhere, under an assunu;d name, in the 
 company of le Clerc, liayle, and other ingen- 
 ious tuen,hc spent a year, in the most i>er- 
 fect friendi>hip and all the ease of literary in- 
 tercourse. On his return into I'.ngland he 
 succeeded to tl»e earldom of Shafte.-^bury ; 
 but he valued liille the acquisition of a :;eat in 
 the house of lords, where li»; seldom appear- 
 ed. The enthusiastic extravagance of the 
 French prophets about tliis tim» beg:m to 
 engage tlic attention of the nation; and 
 Shaftesbury, who dreaded llie evils of per- 
 secution, published his letter concen)ing en- 
 thusiasm, addressed to lord Somcrs. In 170'J 
 he married a daughter of Thomas Ewer esq. 
 of Lee, Herts, by whom he had one son. The 
 ])recarious state of his health, which was al- 
 ways delicate, induced him to remove to a 
 wanner climate; and after being about a year 
 in Italy, he died at Najdes, Ith February 
 1713. The 3 volumes of liis Characteristics 
 were the only works which hewislied to ]>i-e- 
 sciit to the public, of which the most correct 
 edition is that of 1715. His name, Jiowever, 
 in literature was so respectable, that his let- 
 ters to a young man in the university were, 
 in 1716, presented to the ))ublic'; and in 17*21 
 Toland also publisiicd letters from tort! 
 Shaftesbury to Ilobert Molcsworth e.sq. As 
 a philosopher lord Shaftesbury gaiikcd high 
 reputation; but his principles «ere warndy 
 combated by al)le ari<l iiidelatig;<b!e oppo- 
 nents. Leaving the purer prim ii»les of thris- 
 tian doctrine, lie, in his admiratir»n for the 
 learning and language of the auients, re- 
 garded the character and the precepts of 
 Socrates au<l Democrltus as move than hu- 
 man, and while he considered man as a po- 
 litical being, under the guidance of a provi- 
 dence, whose government excludes general 
 evil and disorder, he disrcg:1^h•d tl»e impor- 
 tant doctrines of revelation and atonement- 
 
 CooPEii, .M:!urice .V'^hley, brnfher to the 
 author of the ('haracteristic»;, tr;4nb!atod th*- 
 Cyropiedia, addresse«l to his sister, the moth 
 er of Mr. Hairis ot Salisbury. J'his work 
 appeared in - vols. Svo. 172S, soon after hi? 
 death, and was highly esteemed, so tlut a 
 third edition of it was printe<l in 177(>. 
 
 CooPEK, Thomas, a h-ariM il Knglish pr<' 
 late, boru at Oxford 1317. -^wl cduoutrd at 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 Magdalen college school. Tic vas electfKl 
 fellow of the college in 1540. In 1546 he 
 quitted his fellowship, and hegan to study 
 physic, apprehensive, it is said, c)f the perse- 
 cution of queen Mary, as after her death he 
 returned to divinity, and took his degree of 
 D. D. 1567. He was dean of Christ-church 
 about this lime, and two years alter dtan of 
 Glocester, anrl the ne.xtyear, 1570, bishoj) of 
 Lincoln. In 1584, he was translated to Win- 
 chester. When bishop of Ijincoln, he had 
 been active against those public exercises cal- 
 led prophesy ings, which tenrled so much to 
 introduce p»ritanism, uud now at Winchester 
 he was equally zealous against the catholics, 
 •who were both numerous and powerful. He 
 died at W^inchester April 1694, and was bu- 
 ried in the cathedral. He has been greatly 
 commended by Wood, Harrington, and oth- 
 ers, for his great learning, eloquence, gravity, 
 and holiness of hfc. His wj-itings are, chron- 
 icles fron> the 17tli year after Christ to 15G0 — 
 thesaurus lingu;e Jlomana; et Britannicic, a 
 •work, highly patronised by queen Elizabeth — 
 & dictionaruni historicum poeticum, &c. — an 
 exposition of the chapters read in the Sunday 
 service — admonition to the people of Eng- 
 land — besides sermons, kc. 
 
 Cooper, Samuel, au English painter, born 
 in London 1609. He was bred under his un- 
 cle Hoskins, hut he gained so much from 
 the works of Vandyck, that he was called 
 Vandyck in little. His chief excellence was 
 in tlie representatioti of the features of the 
 head. His works were highly esteemed on 
 the continent; and'he was intimately acquain- 
 ted with the most celebrated painters of his 
 age abroad. The king of France paid great at- 
 tention to him when at Paris ; but he could not 
 obtain his Oliver Cromwell, though he offer- 
 ed ISO/, for it. His best pieces were, O. 
 Cromwell and one Swingfield. He died in 
 London 1672, aged 63, and was buried in St. 
 Pancras' church. His elder brother, Alex- 
 ander, was equally known as a limner. He 
 went over to Sweden, and became painter to 
 queen Christina. 
 
 Cooper, John Gilbert, esq. born atThur- 
 ganton, Nottinghamshire, was educated at 
 Westminster school, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. He married miss Wright, 
 daughter of the recorder of Leicester, and 
 resided on his family seat, where he died 
 April 1769, after a long a>ul tedious illness, 
 arising from the stone. His chief work is 
 his life of Socrates, in which he was assisted 
 by his friend Mr Jackson of Leicester. He 
 Avrote besides remarks on Warburton's edi- 
 tion of Pope's works, and translated the Ver 
 Vert of Gresset, His other works arc, let- 
 ters on taste— a father's advice to his son — 
 some paper's in "the world," — and some fu- 
 gitive pieces in Dodsley's collection. 
 
 Cooper, Miles, Dr. Minister of the epis- 
 copal chapel, Edinburgh, was educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and became presi- 
 dent of the college of New-York. He died 
 at Edinburgh 1st May 1785. He published 
 a volume of poems, besides a sermon preach- 
 ed at Oxford in 1777, on the origin of ci^i^ 
 government. 
 
 CooTE, sir Eyre, an English general, bora 
 in l7-.'6. He ilevotcd himself to the profes- 
 sion of arms, and served in the king's troops 
 in the rebellion of 1745. In 1754 he left Ire- 
 land, for India, where he distinguished him- 
 self at the reduction of Hughley and Chan- 
 denagore, at the battle of IMasse}', and the 
 siege of Pondicherry. This last place, after 
 an obstinate siege, though defended by Lal- 
 ly, yielded to the English, and thus fell the 
 Freiuh power in the east. The services of 
 colonel Cootc were handsomely acknowledg- 
 ed by the East India company, who voted 
 him a diamond-hilted sword, value 700/. In 
 1770 he was appointed commander in chief 
 in the company's settlements; but resigned 
 the office in consequence of a dispute with 
 the governor at Madras. On liis return to 
 England he was invested Avitli the order of 
 the bath, and made governor of Fort St. 
 (ieorge in Scotland; and on the death of gen- 
 eral Clavering he went agam to the east ai 
 commander in chief. In ,luly 1781 he, with 
 only 10,000 men, defeated Hyder's army, 
 consisting of 150,000 men, and obtained fur- 
 ther successes over this active and formiija" 
 hie enemy. The weak state of sir Eyre's 
 health did not prevent his taking the field 
 again, in 17S3 ; but he sunk under his com- 
 plaints, and, two days after his arrival at 
 -Madras, he died 26th April 1783. His re- 
 mains were brought to England, and buried 
 in Rockwell church, Hants, l4th September 
 1784. The East India Company have erect- 
 ed a monument to his memory in Westmin- 
 ster abbey. 
 
 CooTwicH, Jolii), a doctor of laws, of 
 Utrecht, know n for his travels into the East, 
 and for the account of it which he published, 
 called travels into Jerusalem and Syria, iu 
 Latin. 4to. 1619, containing many curious 
 particulars. 
 
 CoPEPwNicus, Nicholas, a celebrated as- 
 tronomer, born at Thorn, in Prussia, 19th 
 Jaimary I47t2. He studied the learned lan- 
 guages at home, and applied to philosophy 
 and physic at Cracovia. In his 2 Jd year he 
 set out for Italy, in search of knowledge ; and 
 so great was his reputation, that on his arri- 
 val at Rome he was appointed professor of 
 mathematics. After some years' absence he 
 returned home, and began to appl}' the vast 
 knowledge which lie possessed to the exam- 
 ination and correction of the Ptolemiac .sys- 
 tem then universally adoi)ted and followed. 
 The opinions of preceding philosophers were 
 weighe<l with accuracy and judgment; but 
 of all the systems of ancient times none 
 pleased the ilhistiious mathematician so 
 much as that of Pythagoras, for its beauty, 
 simplicity, and ease. In his 35th year, Co- 
 pernicus bent all the powers of his mind to 
 this intricate subject ; and after twenty years' 
 laborious study, the cycles and epicycles of 
 former astronomers were removed from the 
 machine of the universe, and the sun M-as 
 nobly and independently placed in the center, 
 to illuminate and govern tlie wliole. But 
 though convinced of the ti'uth of his hypo- 
 thesis, the philosopher vet dreaded the bigot- 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 I'Y and peisecation of tJie times, ilis work 
 lav long coiiceuled, till the iniportimiiies oi 
 lii's friciuls jMivuilrd upon liini t(j [niblisli; hut 
 a few hours uflir tho first coi>y was Lirought 
 to him, he was seized with a vioUnt eirusiou 
 ()fhh)ocl, which tenniaatcd liis hfe 2-itli M.'«> 
 154;^, in his 7(>th year. This truly j^rtat man, 
 who to the extensive knowledge of a compre- 
 hensivn mind united (he mild \irlULS and tlie 
 innoeence of piivalc life, was canon of 
 Worms; an appoititment which he ohtaincd 
 from hi?» mother's l)rother, "W'azelrodius, ihc 
 bisho[i ')! the place. Copernicus was lud on- 
 ly a niuthemalician, but a painter, and it is 
 said thai hy the help of a lookint;-g!ass he 
 drew an excellent picture of himself. 
 
 CopPA, Cavalier, a disciple and imitator 
 of Guido, who died 1665, a,<ied 70. 
 
 (]oq_, Peter le, a French ecclesiastic, horn 
 ^^tll's, near Caen, 29th March 1728. Ilebe- 
 came superior of the Eudisles, and remarka- 
 ble for his piety, learning, and modesty. He 
 wrote letters on ecclesiastical discipline, 
 1 Jmo. — treatise on funds — on different kinds 
 of property — on the usury of commercial 
 loans, 6cc. He died of a paralitic stroke, 1st 
 September 1777. 
 
 COQ.UES, Conzalo, a Flemish painter, vUo 
 died 1684, aged 66. He successful!}' imita- 
 ted Vandyck, and particularly e.xcelled in 
 historical conversations. He acquired both 
 riches and reputalioti, and his pieces in his 
 lifetime were eagerly sought by the princes 
 of Germany, and by Charles I. A very re- 
 markable clearness of color appeared in the 
 heads and bunds of his pictures. 
 
 Coram, captain Thomas, was born about 
 1 Cos, and bred to tlie sea. From seeing many 
 children e.xpo.sed, his humanity prompted 
 him to relieve them; and to him Ave are in- 
 debted for the Foundling hospital, for Mhich, 
 after seventeen years' benevolent attention, 
 he obtained a charter. His charitable views 
 were e.vtended to America ; he established 
 a place for the education of Indian girls, and 
 thus paved the way for a reconciliation be- 
 tween the natives and the settlers. His dis- 
 regard for private economy, whilst engaged 
 in public good, at last reduced his circum- 
 stances so much, that he lited on the benevo- 
 lent contributions of his friends, at the head 
 of whom appeared Frederic prince of Wales. 
 He died in London 2<Jth March 1751, aged 
 84, and was, according to his desire, buried 
 in the Foundling chapel. 
 
 Coras, John de, a native of Uealmont, 
 who became public professor of law at Tou- 
 louse at the age of 18. He was afterwards 
 professor at Angers, Orleans, Paris, Padua, 
 and Fcrrara, and then returned to Toulouse, 
 and became counsellor of the parliament, 
 and chancellor to the queen of Navarre. He 
 was imprisoned for his adherence to the 
 protestant religion, and orders were sent 
 iVom the king to put him to death ; but 
 while the parliament resisted the arbitrary 
 mandate, some assassins broke into the pri- 
 son and murdered him, with above 200 other 
 prisoners, 1572. He wrote various wox'ks on 
 civil law, which were published together. 
 Lyons, 1j58, 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Coras, James dc, author ol the life of 
 the preceding, was a native of Toulouse, 
 and author of Jonah and Nineveh penitent, 
 a poem of little merit. He died 1077. lli» 
 woik.s appeared in 1665, 12nto. 
 
 Corbet, .lohn, a native of (jloce'ter, 
 ecJ^aated at .Magdalen-liall, Oxford He «jI»- 
 tained the livings of liramsliot, in Han^i- 
 siiire, from which he vtas ejected in 1662, 
 for non-confoi-mil} . He dit-rl of the stone, 
 in London, 1680. He is author of an histo- 
 rical relation of the militaj y gf>vcrnment of 
 Cilocester durir.g the reb»;llion, -ito. bchidci 
 self-employment in secret, l2mo. 1681, a 
 work f»f merit. He was a zealous noncon- 
 lormist, and had once, atCldchesler, a warm 
 debate with bishop Gunning, on conformity 
 which ended witbrjut mutual conviction. 
 
 CoRBE'j', Richard, an Lnglish poet and 
 ilivine, born at Kwcll, in Surrey, and educa- 
 ted at Westminster school and Christ church, 
 Oxford, of which he became dean, in 1620, 
 by the favor of king James. In 1620 he was 
 made bishop of O.xibrd, and in 16.)2 transla- 
 ted to Norwich. He died 2Slh July 1635, 
 and was burie»l in the cathedral of Norwich. 
 After his death, his poems were published, 
 under the title of Poetica stromata, 16i8, 
 8vo. and another edition 1672, 12mo. 
 
 CoRBULO, Domitius, a Uoman general, 
 who carried arms against the I'arthians, an<! 
 placed Tigranes on the Armenian throne. 
 He destroyed himself when he heard that 
 Nero, envious of bis glury, had ordered his 
 assassination, A. D. 67. 
 
 CoRDAY d'Akmans, Marv Anne Char- 
 lotte, a native of St. Saturnin, near Seez, in 
 Normandy, of respectable parents. She 
 Avas brought up at Caen, where her beauty 
 and accomplishments were seen and ad- 
 mired by Belsunce, the major of a regiment 
 quarteied in the town. The dcatli of this 
 worthy favorite, who was mtirdercd by some 
 assassins, excited the vengeance of the youth- 
 ful heroine, and when she saw her lover 
 branded Avith l!\e name of conr.pirator, in a 
 paper published by Marat, she hastened to 
 Paris, determined to sacrifice to her resent- 
 ment the man Avho had so shamefully abusetl 
 the object of her affections, and had defend- 
 ed the condemnation of the deputies of 
 merit and virtue in the convention. She 
 was refused admittance at the house of Ma- 
 rat; but she obtained it by writing a letter, 
 in which she informed lilin that she wished 
 to disclose some secret of importince ; and 
 Avhile the tyrant was engaged in conver- 
 sation Mith her, she stabbed him to the 
 heart, and he fell at her feet. Undismayed, 
 and glorying in the deed, she refused to fly, 
 and Avas dragged to the abbaye, and then to 
 the revolutionary tribunal, where she heard 
 the sentence of condemnation with tranquil 
 composure. The serenity and dignity of her 
 features were so commanding, as she walked 
 to the scaffold, that Adam Lu.t, a deputy 
 from Mayence, captivate<l by her beauty, 
 requested of the bloody tribunal td folIo\r 
 l.er to death ; and he had the singular saiib- 
 faction of expiring by the same g'lillotine. 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CJiaiTotte suflu'ed July, 1703. SJie was 24 
 years and nine months old ; and it is said 
 that by the female line she was descended 
 li-om Peter Coi-ncille. 
 
 CoRDEMOi, Geraiul de, a French aca- 
 demician, and a great partisan of Descartes' 
 system. He was reader to the dauphin ; 
 and died 8th October 1684, at an advanced 
 age. He wrote a general histoiy of France, 
 during the two first races of kings, besides 
 some metaphysical and other tracts, 4to. 
 His son Lewis Geraud was abbot of Femieres 
 monastery. He wrote some controversial 
 pieces, and assisted his father in his history, 
 of France. He died IT2'2. 
 
 CoRDUs, Aulus Crementius, a lioman, 
 author of a history of the civil wars of Rome, 
 much commended by Tacitus and Seneca. 
 He destroyed liimself when he heard that 
 Sejanus meditated his death, by -a false ac- 
 cusation before Tiberius. 
 
 Cord us, Euricius, a German physician 
 and poet, who died at Bremen 24th Decem- 
 ber 15.35. He was intimate with Erasmus 
 and other learned men. His Latin poems 
 appeared at L>eyden 1623, in 8vo. He wrote 
 also botanologia, and some medical treatises. 
 
 CouDUS, Valerius, son of the pi-eccding, 
 was born at Hesse Cassel 1515. He devoted 
 himself to the learned languages, but parti- 
 cularly to the study of botany. He traver.sed 
 the mountains in Germany, and visited Pa- 
 dua, Pisa, and Florence ; but receiving a 
 dreadful kick from a hor.se, he died in con- 
 sequence of it, at Rome, 1554, aged 29. He 
 published remarks on Dioscorides, 1561, fol. 
 — historia stripium, 2 vols. foJ. — dispensator. 
 pharmacor. omnium, 12mo. He was as re- 
 spectable in private as in public life, 
 
 CoRELLi, Arcanselo, a famous musician, 
 born at Fusigr)ano, near Bologna, in 1G53. 
 He preferred secular to ecclesiastical music, 
 and was so fond of the violin, that he was 
 considered as the first j)erformer on it in tlie 
 •world. After visiting the north of Europe, 
 and receiving the applauses which his merit 
 deserved, in the German courts, al'ter five 
 years' absence, he returned to Rome, wliere 
 he was patronised by cardinal Ottoboni. He 
 died at Rome 1713, aged nearly 60, and was 
 buried in the Pantheon. He left his proper- 
 ty, amounting to about 600)/. and his lai-ge 
 collection of pictures, to his gx'eat patron, 
 ■wlio, with becoming benevolence, bestowed 
 all the money on the relations of the de- 
 ceased. Corelli is considered as the author 
 of new and original harmonics, in a style 
 noble, elegant, and pathetic. 
 
 CoRiNNA, a Greek ])Octess, called the 
 Lyric muse, from her obtaining five times 
 the prize over Pindar. 
 
 CoRio, Bernardine, an liistorian of Mi- 
 lan, born in 1460. He was employed by 
 Lewis Sforza to write the history of his 
 country ; but when the ^Milanese was over- 
 run by the French, and himself taken pris- 
 nuer, he died of grief, in 1500. His history 
 is much esteemed. The be.st edition is that 
 of Paris, 1646, 4to. His nephew Charles 
 wrote a " portrait of the city of Milan." 
 
 CoRioLAN'us, Caius IMarcius, a celebra- 
 ted Roman general, who, when disgraced 
 by his countrymen, fled to TuUus king of 
 the Volsci, whose armies he led against 
 Rome. His wife and mother interfered, and 
 at their request he marched back; in con- 
 sequence of which he was murdered by 
 Tullus, B. C. 488. 
 
 CoRXARius, or Haguexbot, John, a 
 German physician, born at Zwickow, in 
 Saxony. He early distinguished himself as 
 a scholar; and when a licentiate in medi- 
 cine, he rejected the prescriptions of the 
 Arabian physicians, and restored the mode 
 practised by the Greeks. He was fifteen 
 years engaged in translating the works of 
 Hippocrates, JEtius, kc. He practised m ith 
 great success at Frankfi)rt, Marpurg, Jena, 
 &c. and died of an apoplexy 1558, aged 58. 
 He wrote some medical tracts, besides trans- 
 lating some of the fathers. 
 
 Cor'naro, Lewis, a noble Venetian, 
 known for his great age. He died at Padua 
 1565, more than 100 years old. He wrote 
 a treatise on the advantages of a temperate 
 life, in his 81st year; and in this valuable 
 little book he ingenuously confes.ses the ir- 
 regularities of his younger years, and re- 
 commends to his youthful inquirers, at 
 whose request he had undertaken the work, 
 the practice of regularity and temperance, 
 by Avhich he enjoyed all the comforts of 
 lively spirits and uninterrupted Ijealth. In 
 his reformed mo<le of living, he never took 
 more than twelve ounces of food and four- 
 teen of wine. He wrote besides a treatise 
 on waters, especially the Lagunes, near 
 Venice. Ilis wiiie nearly equalled him in 
 longevity. 
 
 Corn ARC, plelena Lucretia, a learned 
 Venetian lady, who was educated at the 
 university of Padua, where she took her 
 degrees, and was made a doctor, and receiv- 
 ed the title of unalterable. At Rome she 
 was admitted at the university, and was in- 
 tituled the humble. She made a vow of 
 I)erperual celibacy, that she miglit with 
 more intense application devote herself to 
 literary pursuits; and so great w\as the rep- 
 utation of lier learning, that the most illus- 
 trious characters who travelled through 
 Venice a\ ere more anxious to sec her than 
 all tlie curiosities of the city. Her great 
 application brought on infirmity and disease, 
 at:d hastened her death, which happened in 
 1685, in her 38th year. Her death was re- 
 corded by poetical elfusions from the learn- 
 ed of Europe, and a magnificent funeral so- 
 lemnity was performed in her honor at 
 Itome. An eloquent oration was also pro- 
 nounced, in which she was celebrated as tri- 
 nnijihingover three monsters, pride, luxury, 
 and ignorance. She wrote nothing, though 
 capable to instruct and improve mankind by 
 her pen. 
 
 CoRNAZZANi, Anthony, a native of Pla- 
 centia, in the 15th century. He wrote the 
 lives of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, 
 in verse, besides sonnets, of some merit ; aire 
 died at Fcrrara. 
 
CO 
 
 tT) 
 
 CoRNEiLLE, Peter, a cilel)rrtted I'leucU 
 poet, born Ht Uouen, June G, IGOG. lie was 
 i>rouglit up to llie bar; b\it lie soon abaiitbju- 
 ed il as a [nolessioii not. cojij^cnial to iii.-> j^c- 
 nius. His lirst play was Mrlile, a coineiiv, 
 Mhicli oiii^inated in an afl.tir of i;all;iiilr} ; 
 but so great was its popularity, <hiiiiij^ llic^bi.- 
 jjegenerate liaya of tlie I'rencb 3taf;e, tbal 
 Corneille was < lu'ourai;* (1 to conlriljtilc nioi c 
 liberally to ibe pultlir anmsLincnt. lli.snivt 
 piece was Medea, a trage«Iy ; and after many 
 otliers, appeared ibc (Jid, in iri.jr, bis cbii 1' 
 d'tt'UViv, a tra^e<ly wbiib dr<\v aj^ainsl bim 
 the persecution and obloijuy of rival wits and 
 tiusuceessful |)oe1s, aiiiont; wbom vaseven 
 cardijial Uicbelieu biniself, tlutn^li In- bad 
 jjranted a pension to tbe aiilbor. Corneillc 
 ■was chosen niend)er of tbe Frencb acadeiu) 
 in I0'i7; and be died l(>8i, aj^ed 79. He 
 was n man of jjjreat merit in private life, 
 liberal, buiuanc, and devout, ancl ratiierof a 
 nielani-.boly turn of mind. His poetical 
 At'orks are among the subliniest effusions of 
 the Frencb muse. 
 
 CoRNKi i.i.u, Thomas, a French poet, 
 brother to tbe preceding. He was member 
 of tin* Frencb academy, and of that of in- 
 scriptions, "bough iid'erior to bis brother, 
 yet bis plays possessed merit. They were 
 published with those of bis brother, Paris, 
 17o8, in 11 vols. 12mo. He trajislated also 
 Ovid's metamorphoses, and some of the 
 epistles, — and wrote remarks on Vaugelas — 
 u dictionary of arts, 2 vols. fol. — an univer- 
 sal geographical dictionary, 3 vols, folio. He 
 died at Andeli 1709, agcd'84. 
 
 CoRNEiLLE, Michael, a painter, born at 
 Paris 164'2. He w as honored in consequence 
 of obtaining a prize, w ith the king's pension, 
 and travelled to Rome, where he greatly 
 improved himself. He studied particularly 
 the antique, in which he equalled the Ca- 
 ricci. He was, however, deficient in color- 
 ing. Un his return to Paris he was made 
 professor of the academy, and his pencil was 
 employed in adorning the noble edifices of 
 Versailles ami Trianon. He died at Paris 
 170S. His brother, John Baptist, was also 
 an eminent artist, and member of the aca- 
 demy. 
 
 Con\'ELiA, a Koman lady, daughter of 
 the elder Scipio Africanus, and wife pf Sem- 
 pronius Gr>acchus. She devoted herself to 
 tbe education of her two sons, Tiberius and 
 Caius, Avho alone survived of the twelve chil- 
 <lren she had had ; and when they were sa- 
 crificed to the public resentment she bore 
 their loss with Spartan fortitude. 
 
 CoRXELisx. Lucas, a painter of Leyden, 
 who became chief painter to Henr}- VHI. 
 of England. The portraits of the constables 
 of Qneenborough-castle, by him from Ed- 
 ward HI. to his time, are preserved at Pen- 
 hurst, in Kent. 
 
 CoRXELisz, James, a Dutch painter, of 
 the 16th century. His picture on tbe de- 
 scent from the cross, pi'eserved in the old 
 church, Amsterdam, is much admired. 
 
 ConNELisz, Cornelius, of Haerlem, was 
 eminent as a painter. His deluge is much 
 celebrated. 
 
 Cornelius, bishop of Rome, after Fa- 
 bian, i;^.! I, in ttpposition U> NovHlian. Tliis 
 produced a stlii'^m ; but under lb** persecu- 
 tion u\ Calbi.., (yOrneliu:> v as bani^bcil, Hiitl 
 died boon after, '^Ct'J. 
 
 CouNETO, Adrian, an Ii.ili.m cccWmui- 
 tie, seht as legate by Innocfiit \ II. t<« lltu- 
 ly V'll. who bestowed tin bini the bi.^boprius 
 of Hireloid and Hath aiid \Vcll.<. He aftcr- 
 wartls wasenii)luyt d a-, b gale in France, an<1 
 was made a cardinal by Alexander VI. Tbe 
 pope, who kiiew atid ilnadtd bis ubilili< >, 
 (letennined to puison liini at a siqipi r; but 
 fell hiniselt a victim to his own diabolical 
 purposes. </i)riiti(j Kit Rome on tbe suc- 
 cession of Julius H. but lb(*ugb recalled by 
 Leo X. he again socin after went into exile, 
 where be died. He was author of a barneil 
 treatise de sermone latino — Nc de vera phi- 
 losophia — a poem on the chase, Jkc. and 
 deserves to be mentioned with resy»ect, a* 
 one of the zealous restorers of the purity of 
 Latin language. 
 
 CoRNUTUS, a grammarian an«l philo.so- 
 phcr of merit, tutor to tln:; poet Persius. 
 He was put to death by Nero, A. IJ. 44. 
 
 CoRNWALi.is, sir Charles, secf)nd son of 
 sir AV. Cornwallis, was a man of superior 
 abilities, employed by James I. as Ids ambas> 
 sador in Spain. He wrote the hfe of Henr^' 
 prince of Wales, to whom he bad been secre- 
 tary; and died about IG30. His son AVilliaru 
 wrote some essays, printed 1G32, 8vo. 
 
 CoRXWALLis, Chai'Ies marquis, an Eng- 
 lish general, born 31st December 173H. lie 
 early devoted himself to the military profes- 
 sion, and in 1758 obtained a capt.ain's com- 
 mission in tbe light infantry. In 1761 he be- 
 came aid-de-camp to the marquis of Granby, 
 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and went 
 to Germany till tbe conclusion of the cam- 
 paign. He succeeded ia 176- his father in 
 the eai-ldom of Cornwallis, and three years 
 after was made aid-de-camp to the king, and 
 one of the lords of the bed-chamber. He 
 obtained the 33d regiment of foot in 17GG, 
 and tw o years after married miss Jones, h 
 lady of large forte.ne, who died of a broken 
 heart, when unable to dissuade him from bis 
 attendance in the campaigns against the 
 Americans. In the new world he display»-<l 
 great spirit; but whilst he labored for the 
 subjection of the rebellious colonies, he treated 
 the people with humanity. The seizure of 
 Philadelphia by his forces was followed by 
 the reduction of South Carolina., and by the 
 defeat of general Gates, with an inferior 
 force ; but these advantages were tarnished 
 by the surrender of the whole army at York- 
 town, 1781, to the united forces of America 
 and France. Though this event proved so 
 disastrous to the Prilisb interests in America, 
 lord Cornwallis was never blamed for want o! 
 courage, prudence, or sagacity; but the gal 
 lant conduct he had at all times shown iu 
 this unfortunate war recommended him to 
 the ministry, in 1790, as the fittest person to 
 fill the government of British India. The 
 fall of Bcngalore was quickly followed by the 
 defeat of Tippoo, who at liist consented to 
 make peace with the conquerors, by yielding 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CliaiioUe sufict'ed July, 170 J. SJie was 24 
 years and nine months old ; and it is said 
 that by the female line she was descended 
 fiT>m Peter Cot'neille. 
 
 CoRDEMoi, Gerand de, a Fi-eticli aca- 
 demician, and a great partisan of Descartes' 
 system. lie was reader to the dauphin ; 
 and died 8th October 1684, at an advanced 
 age. He wrote a general histoiy of France, 
 during the two first races of kings, besides 
 some metaphysical and other tracts, 4to. 
 His son Lewis Geraud was abbot of P'emieres 
 monastery. He wrote some controversial 
 pieces, and assisted his father in his histoiy 
 of France. He died 172iJ. 
 
 CoRDUS, Aulus Creraentius, a Roman, 
 author of a history of the civil wars of Rome, 
 3much commended by Tacitus and Seneca. 
 He destroyed himself when he heard that 
 tjejanus meditated his death, by -a false ac- 
 cusation before Tiberius. 
 
 Cord us, Euricius, a German physician 
 and poet, who died at Bremen 24th Decem- 
 ber 15.35. He was intimate with Erasmus 
 and other learned men. His Latin poems 
 appeared at Leyden 1623, in 8vo. He wrote 
 also botanologia, and some medical treatises. 
 
 Cord us, Valerius, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Hesse Cassel 1515. He devoted 
 himself to the learned languages, but parti- 
 cularly to the study of botany. He traver.sed 
 the mountains in Germany, and visited Pa- 
 dua, Pisa, and Florence; but receiving a 
 dreadful kick from a horse, he died in con- 
 sequence of it, at Rome, 1554, aged 29. He 
 published remarks on Dioscoridcs, 1561, fol. 
 — historia stripium, 2 vols. i'oi. — dispensator. 
 pharmacor. ouinium, 12mo. He was as re- 
 spectable in private as in public life. 
 
 CoRELLi, Arcanselo, a famous musician, 
 born at Fusignano, near ]Jologr)a, in 1653. 
 He preferred secular to ecclesiastical music, 
 and was so fond of the viohi>, that he was 
 considered as the first performer on it in the 
 ■world. After visiting the north of Europe, 
 and receiving the applauses which his merit 
 deserved, in the German courts, al"ter five 
 years' absence, he returned to Rome, where 
 he was patronised by cardinal Ottoboni. He 
 died at Rome 1713, aged nearly 60, and was 
 buried in the I*antheon. He left his propcr- 
 fy, amounting to about 600()/. and his large 
 collection of pictures, to his gi'eat patron, 
 who, with becoming benevolence, bestowed 
 all the money on the relations of the de- 
 ceased. Corelli is considered as the author 
 of new and original harmonies, in a style 
 noble, elegant, and pathetic. 
 
 CoRiNNA, a Greek poetess, called the 
 Lyric muse, from her obtaining five times 
 the prize over Pindar, 
 
 CoRio, Bernardine, an historian of Mi- 
 Jan, born in 1460. He was employed by 
 Lewis Sftirza to write the history of his 
 country ; but when the ^Milanese was over- 
 run by the French, and himself taken pris- 
 nucr, he died of grief, in 1500. His history 
 is much esteemed. The best edition is that 
 of Paris, 1646, 4to. His nephew Charles 
 wrote a " portrait of the city of Milan." 
 
 CoRiOLANUs, Caius IMarcius, a celebra- 
 ted Roman general, Avho, when disgraced 
 by his countrymen, fled to TuUus king of 
 the Volsci, whose armies he led against 
 Rome. His wife and mother interfered, and 
 at their request he marched back ; in con- 
 sequence of which he was murdered by 
 Tullus, B. C. 488. 
 
 CoRXARius, or Haguenbot, John, a 
 German physician, born at Zwickow, in 
 Saxony. He early distinguished himself as 
 a scholar; and when a licentiate in medi- 
 cine, he rejected the prescriptions of the 
 Arabian physicians, and restored the mode 
 practised by the Greeks. He was fifteen 
 years engaged in translating the works of 
 Hippocrates, ^tius, kc. He practised with 
 great success at Frankfort, Marpurg, Jena, 
 fccc. and died of an apoplexy 1558, aged 58. 
 He wrote some medical tracts, besides trans- 
 lating some of the fathers. 
 
 Cor'naro, Lewis, a noble Venetian, 
 known for his great age. He died at Padua 
 1565, more than 100 years old. He wrote 
 a treatise on the advantages of a temperate 
 life, in his 81st year; and in this valuable 
 little book he ingenuously confesses the ir- 
 regularities of his younger years, and re- 
 commends to his youthful inquirers, at 
 whose request he had undertaken the work, 
 the practice of regularity and temperance, 
 by which he enjoyed all the comforts of 
 lively spirits and uninterrupted l>€alth. In 
 bis reformed mofle of living, he never look 
 more than twelve ounces of food and four- 
 teen of wine. Hq wrote besides a treatise 
 on waters, especially the Lagunes, near 
 Venice. Ilis wife nearly equalled him in 
 longevity. 
 
 CoRNARO, Helena Lucre?1a, a learned 
 Venetian lady, who was educated at the 
 university of Padua, where she took her 
 degrees, and was made a doctor, and receiv- 
 ed the title of unalterable. At Rome she 
 was admitted at the university, and was in- 
 tituled the humble. She made a vow of 
 perpetual celi])acy, that she might with 
 more intense application devote herself to 
 literary pursuits; and so great w\as the rep- 
 utation of her leai'ning, that the most illus- 
 trious characters who travelled through 
 Venice Avere more anxious to see her than 
 all the curiosities of the city. Her great 
 application brought on infirmity and disease, 
 and hastened her death, Avhich happened in 
 16S5, in her 38th year. Her death was re- 
 corded by j)oetical eifusions from the learn- 
 ed of Europe, and a magnificent funeral so- 
 lemnity was performed in her honor at 
 Rome. An eloquent oration was also pro- 
 nounced, in which she was celebrated as tri- 
 umphing over three monsters, pride, luxury, 
 and ignorance. She wrote nothing, though 
 capable to instruct and improve mankind by 
 her pen. 
 
 CoRNAXXANi, Anthony, a native of Pla- 
 centia, in the 15th century. He wrote the 
 lives of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, 
 in verse, besides sonnets, of some merit ; aire 
 died at Ferrara. 
 
GO 
 
 eo 
 
 CoRNEiLLE, Peter, a cilehrrtted I'lCiiclj 
 poet, l((»rn i>t Uoueii, Jum; G, IflOfi. ilc v.ab 
 hi'ougiit U[) to the bar; Ijiit lie soou al>aiiiltjii- 
 ed it as a prorcssiou not congenial l« lii.'» j^c- 
 niiis. His first [)lay uas Mcliu-, :\ cfMiiciJy, 
 V hicit oiit^inalctl in an ail. til* of ^allalll^^ ; 
 ])i»t so great was its ii(>[iularily, <luriii;^ iljubi- 
 degenerate days of ilic I'rencli slagi-, llial 
 Corneille uas eni'ouragi-d ((» eonlribnic iii«jre 
 liberally to the [uiblie aiimseinent. lli.sn«\t 
 piece was Medea, a Iragetly ; and after many 
 otliers, appeared tin- (./id, in ICi.u, his chief 
 tl'u'uvre, a trage<ly wliich drew against hiin 
 the perbecution and obioiiuy of rival wits and 
 nusuceessful poets, aniong uhun) vaseven 
 cardinal Kichilieu himself, thongh he had 
 granted a pension to the author. Corneille 
 was chosen member of the Frencli academy 
 in lfi47; and he dieil 1(J84, aged 79. He 
 was n man of great merit in private life, 
 liberal, humane, and devout, anil rather of a 
 raelancholy turn of mind. His poetical 
 works are among the sublimest effusions of 
 the French muse. 
 
 CoRNEi 1.1,1:, Thomas, a French poet, 
 brother to the preceding. He was member 
 of the French academy, and of that of in- 
 scriptions, "hough iid'crior to his brother, 
 yet his plays possessed merit. They were 
 published witli thosfc of his brother, Paris, 
 1738, in 11 vols. IJmo. He trajislated also 
 Ovid's metamorphoses, and some of the 
 epistles, — and wrote remarks on Vaugelas — 
 u dictionary of arts, 2 voLs. fol. — an univer- 
 sal geographical dictionai'y-, 3 vols, folio. He 
 died at Andeli 1709, agcd'84. 
 
 Corneille, Michael, a painter, l)orn at 
 Paris lf)4'2. He w as honored in consequence 
 of obtaining a prize, witb the king's pension, 
 and travelled to Rome, where he greatly 
 improved himself. He studied particularly 
 the antique, in which he equalled the Ca- 
 ricci. He was, however, deficient in color- 
 ing. On his return to Paris he was made 
 professor of the academy, and his pencil was 
 t employed in adorning the noble edifices of 
 Versailles and Trianon. He died at Paris 
 170S. His brother, John Baptist, was also 
 an eminent artist, and memlyer of the aca- 
 demy. 
 
 Cornelia, a Koman lady, daughter of 
 the elder Scipio Africanus, and wife pf Sem- 
 pronius Gr^icchus. She devoted herself to 
 the education of her two sons, Tiberius and 
 Caius, who alone survived of the twelve chil- 
 dren she had had ; and when they were sa- 
 crificed to the public resentment she bore 
 their loss with Spartan fortitude. 
 
 CoRNELisx, Lucas, a painter of Leyden, 
 who became chief painter to Henry VHI. 
 of England. The portraits of the constables 
 of Queenboi-ough-castle, by him from Ed- 
 ward HI. to his time, are preserved at Pen- 
 hurst, in Kent. 
 
 CoRXELisx, James, a Dutch painter, of 
 the 16th century. His picture on the de- 
 iscent from the cross, preserved in the old 
 church, Amsterdam, is much admired. 
 
 CoRNELisz, Cornelius, of Haerlem, was 
 eminent ns a painter. His deluge is much 
 celebrated. 
 
 Cornelius, bishop of Rome, afier Fa- 
 bian, t^jl, In op[to-viiion U* Novaiian. Thi» 
 produced a bchi^m ; but uniler ihe persecu- 
 tion of (ialhis, (Cornelius wuu Laitiblu-d, and 
 died soon after, '2f>'2. 
 
 CoiiNE'io, Adrian, an Italian ecclesius- 
 lic, 8«'iil as legate by Innocent \'ri. to Hcu- 
 r\ VH. who hi.stowei! on him the bishoprics 
 of IKrefojd and Hath and \Vtl!«. He ufler- 
 wai'ds waseniployctl a-, legale in France, .inil 
 was made a cardinal by Ale.\and«i- VI. The 
 pope, wiio km. w and dridd<(i his abilities, 
 determined to puison him at a supper; but 
 tell himself a victim to hi^j own diabolical 
 purpttses. Corneio let't l{f»nie on the stjc- 
 cession of Julius H. hut th<*ngh recalled by 
 IjCo X. he again soon after went irilo exile, 
 where he died. He was author of a learned 
 treatise tie sermone latino — )>c de vera phi- 
 losophia — a poem on the chase, Jkc. and 
 deserves to be mentioned with respect, a< 
 one of the zealous restorers of the purity of 
 Latin language. 
 
 CoRNUTUS, a grammarian and philo.so- 
 pher of merit, tutca- to the poet I'ersius. 
 He was put to death by Nero, A. IJ. 44. 
 
 CoRNWALLis, sir Charles, second son of 
 sir W. Cornwallis, was a man of superior 
 abilities, employed by James I. as his ambas- 
 sador in Spain. He wrote the life of Henry 
 prince of Wales, to whom he had been secre- 
 tary; and died about 1G30. His son William 
 wrote some essays, printed lf»S2, 8vo. 
 
 Cornwallis, Chai-Ies marquis, an Eng- 
 lish general, born 31st December 1738% He 
 early devoted himself to the military profes- 
 sion, and in 1758 obtained a captain's com- 
 mission in the light infantry. In 17G1 he be- 
 came aid-de-camp to the marquis of Granby, 
 with the rank of lieUtenant-coIonel,and went 
 to Germany till the conclusion of the cam- 
 paign. He succeeded in 17fi- his father in 
 the eaiddom of Cornwallis, and three years 
 after was made aid-de-camp to the king, and 
 one of the lords of the bed-chamber. He 
 obtained the S3d regiment of foot in 17C0, 
 and two years after married miss Jones, h 
 lady of large fortune, who died of a broken 
 heart, when unable to dissuade him from his 
 attendance in the campaigns against tlie 
 Americans. In the new world he display*-*! 
 great spirit; but whilst he labored for the 
 sulijection of the rebellious colonies, he treated 
 the people with humanity. The seizure of 
 Philadelphia by his forces was followed by 
 the reduction of South Carolina, and by the 
 defeat of general Gates, with an inferior 
 force; but these advantages were tarnished 
 by the surrender of the whole army at York- 
 town, 1781, to the united f<vrccs of America 
 and France. Though this event proved so 
 disastrous to the British interests in America, 
 lord Cornwallis was never blamed for w ant o? 
 courage, prudence, or sagacity ; but the gal 
 lant conduct he hail at all times shown iu 
 this unfortunate war recommended him to 
 the ministry, in 1790, as the fittest person to 
 fill the government of British India. The 
 fall of Bengalore was quickly followed by the 
 defeat of Tippoo, who at Uist consented to 
 make peace with the conquerors, byyieldiri^ 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 a grekt pnit of his dominions, and by putting 
 Ills two sons into the hanifs of the general, in 
 proof of his sincerity. Lord Cornwailis, after 
 a mild and vig;orous administration in India, 
 returned to Europe, and was for his services 
 created a marquis, and made master-general 
 of the ordnance. His next employment was 
 in the civil and military government of Ire- 
 land, where he had the felic<ty to destroy re- 
 bellion, to capture an invading enemy in the 
 very bosom of tbe country, and, by the wisest 
 and most temperate measures, to restore 
 confidence and harmony, where distrust, 
 mutual hatred, and secret violence, had long 
 reigned with impuiiity. After completing 
 the union between tlie two kingdoms, lorii 
 Cornwallis returned to England, soon to ne- 
 gotiate the short lived peace of Amiens. In 
 1805 he was prevniU d upon to accept again 
 the government of India, where the strong 
 and pacific measures of his former adminis- 
 tration Avere so much required. He Avas no 
 sooner arrived at Calcutta, than, w ithout re- 
 covering from the effects of his voyage, be 
 set out on a visit to the northern provinces, 
 where his presence was necessary. Confine- 
 iiient in a boat, without regular exercise, 
 and the heat of the M'eather, produced such 
 debility that lie was at last obliged to stop at 
 Ghazepore, in the province of Benares, 
 above 1000 miles above Calcutta, where he 
 expired 5th October 1805. His remains 
 were interred at Ghazepoi'e, and every mark 
 of respect paid to his memoiy, not only by 
 the British, but by the natives of India, who 
 regarded him as a humane and benevolent 
 governor. His lordship left a son and a 
 daughter. 
 
 CoRON'EL,, Paul, a native of Segovia, pro- 
 fessor at Salamanca. His great abilities were 
 employed by cai'dinal Ximenes in the publi- 
 cation of his polvglott bible. He died about 
 1534. 
 
 CoRONELLi, Vincent, a Venetian geo- 
 grapher, made in 1685, cosmographer to the 
 French king. He founded an academy of 
 cosmography at Venice, where he died 1718. 
 He published above 4-00 geographical charts, 
 &c. and other works, much valued. 
 
 CoRRADiNi, Peter Mareellinus, a lear- 
 ned civilian and cardinal, born at Sezza, in 
 1668. He Avas the favorite of ])ope Clement 
 XI. and wrote a curious work, vetus l.<atium 
 profanum et sacrum, 2 vols. fol. and a history 
 of Sezza, in 4to. He died at Rome 1743. 
 
 CoRRADUS, Sebastian, a grammarian and 
 professor of belles lettres of Bologna, died 
 1556. He wrote qusestura que Ciceronis vita 
 refertur, — Sc de lingua Latinci. 
 
 CoRREGio, Antonio da, a celebrated 
 painter, born at Corregio, a town near Mo- 
 dena. FiJ. Ai. legri. 
 
 CoRRozET, Ciilcs, a bookseller, who died 
 at Paris 15lh June, 1568, aged 58. He 
 wrote various things which possessed merit. 
 
 CoRSiNi, Edward, a monk, born at Fa- 
 Tiano 170ii. He died of an apoplexy at Pisa 
 in 1765, where he was professor of philoso- 
 phy. He was a man of great erudition and 
 of astonishing perseverance. Ho published 
 
 some valu.ible works in criticism, pbilologv, 
 and literature; the chief are, philosophical 
 and mathematical Institutions, 6 vols. 8vo. — 
 a course of geometrical elements, '2 vols. 
 8vo. — llie fasti of the arehons of Athens, 4 
 vols. 4to. — a course of metaphysics — the 
 history of tlie university of Pisa — disserta- 
 tion on the games of Greece, kc. 
 
 CoRT, (.'ornelius, an eminent engraver, 
 born at Hoorn, in Holland, 15.S6. He trav- 
 elled into Italy, and at Venice sa^v and assist- 
 ed the celebrated Titian. He settled at 
 Kome, Avhere he died 1578, aged 42. His 
 engravings are excellent, the very best ever 
 produced in Holland. They amount, accord- 
 ing to !Maroiles, to 151. 
 
 (JoRTESi, "William, a French painter, 
 born at Franche Comte. He studied at 
 Rome, and was employed and liberally re- 
 warded by Alexander VHI. He died 1679, 
 aged 51. 
 
 CoRTESi, Giovanna, a paintress of Flo- 
 rence, who died 1736, aged 66. Her minia- 
 tures are greatly admired. 
 
 Cortex, Ferdinand, the conqueror of 
 Mexico, was born of a respectable family at 
 Medellin in Estramadura 1485. He quitted 
 the study of belles lettres, and of the law, for 
 the profession of arms, and, fired with the 
 adventurous spirit which animated his coun- 
 try, he in 1:.04 went to Hispaniola where one 
 of his relations was governor. In an expe- 
 dition to Cuba in 1511, he dlspla)-ed such 
 bravery, that Velasquez the governor in- 
 trusted him with the command of the fleet 
 which was destined to make new discoveries 
 on the continent. On the 18th November 
 1518 the new commander set sail from San 
 Jago, in Cuba, with 11 small vessels, on board 
 of which were embarked 617 men, soldiers 
 and sailors, with 18 horses and'lO field pieces, 
 but only 13 firelocks. With this small force 
 he landed at Tabasco, which he took after a 
 di-eadful slaughter of the inhabitants, and af- 
 terwards advancing to St. Juan de Ulva,he was 
 met by the ambassadors of Montezuma, the 
 king of Mexico, who by eiitreaties and pre- 
 sents earnestly solicited him to cease from 
 his enterprise, and not penetrate into the 
 country. Cortez knew the terror which his 
 arms had inspired; the fire of his artillery 
 was compared to the thunder of the heavens, 
 the horses on which the Spaniards rushed to 
 the battle were unknown and irresistible mon- 
 sters, and the huge vessels which, floating on 
 the bosom of the ocean, had brought these 
 strangers, were all such extraordinary ob- 
 jects in the eyes of the terrified and super- 
 stitious Indians, that the Spaniards were re- 
 garded as more than human beings. After 
 buil(!ing a small fort at Vera-Cruz, and burn- 
 ing his ships, that he might Inspire his fol- 
 lowers with confidence, Cortez advanced 
 through the provinces to the capital of Mex- 
 ico, siipjjorted by the co-operation of the 
 Zempoalluus and other tribes which were 
 dissatisfied with the government of Monte- 
 zuma. With only 500 men badly armed, 
 and 15 horses, he defeated the TIascalans, 
 who presumed to dispute his progi'ess, and 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 aflcr rcwanlin';; the hospitaliCy of the ii)hr«h- 
 itants of Choluhi with rapine and j'an^htcr, 
 the cnnqueror presented himself at the gales 
 of Mexico, lie was reci-ived with y^wai 
 pomp anti every mark of friendship hy Mon- 
 tezunia, hut tlion.i;h treated with confidence, 
 Cortez act<;d w ith duplicity, and seizing the 
 person of tlic urisuspccting monaich, lie 
 eompelled him in the rigor of confineinent 
 to acknowledge liiinself the vassal of the 
 crown of Spain. i'hus ahsolnfc in .Mexico, 
 Cortez soon heard that >'elas(iU( z. jealous of 
 his ol glory, had sent an expedition nnder 
 Narvaez, to hiding him hack in chains to Cu- 
 ha ; btit no ways dismayed at the intelligence, 
 he left one of his officers, Alvarado, go\ernor 
 of the capital, and hastened back to Vera 
 Cruz. "With the sagacity of an intrepid sol- 
 dier he surprised and defeate<l Narvaez, and 
 by his conciliating conduct he had the art to 
 convert his enemies into friends, and to re- 
 turn to Mexico supported hy those who had 
 come to destro}' his hopes. During his ab- 
 sence Alvarado had been guilty of excesses 
 towards the natives, and instead of subinis- 
 .sioii Cortez found the most determined hos- 
 tility. Unable by force or hy persuasion to 
 Huell the tumult, he caused Montezuma, ar- 
 rayed in his royal robes, to appear before Ifts 
 incensed subjects, but the Mexicans disre- 
 garded the interference of their captive mon- 
 arch, wlio during the battle received a mor- 
 tal wound. Yieliling to the storm the Span- 
 iards retired from Mexico, and though they 
 had lost the half of their little army they 
 determined on revenge. On his way towards 
 Tlaseala, Cortez Avas met by a large army of 
 the natives, whom he defeated with dreadful 
 slaughter at Otumba, and after recruiting his 
 forces with 5.50 infantry and 40 horses and a 
 number of allies from Tlaseala, and other 
 neighboring towns, he marched back to 
 Mexico, December 1520. The conquest of 
 Texcuco, the second city of the empire, was 
 followed by the siege of Mexico, whicli the 
 new sovereign Guatimozin, the nephew of 
 Alontezuma, a brave prince, ably defended. 
 The artillery of the Spaniards however pre- 
 vailed over the feeble weapons of the Indians, 
 and after three months' resistance, Guati- 
 mozin was seized in a canoe as he attempted 
 to escape on the lake, and his captivity was 
 followed by the fall of the capital, and the 
 tlestructlon of the Mexican empire. Above 
 iJOOjOOO Indians made their immediate sub- 
 mission to those few bold adventurers ; but 
 vhey were noi satislicd w ith the immense trea- 
 sures of the plundered city, and the unfortu- 
 nate monarch was exposed to tortures, that 
 he might confess where the hidden riches of 
 JMontezuma were deposited. It was at this 
 dreadful moment when the monarch lay ex- 
 posed with one of his ministers to the fury 
 of burning coals, that he heard the cry which 
 the poignancy of Ids sufferings, and not the 
 wish of making a discovery, extorted from 
 his favorite, and looking at him with an air 
 of upbraiding indignation, he exclaimed 
 " what ! am I on a bed of roses." Guata- 
 mozin was saved from the flames to be shot 
 
 vol.. T, 4$ 
 
 by his inhuman persecutors, with 'otneof liis 
 ministers, on a charge of con.spiracy. Mas- 
 ter of a populous and opulent empire, Cor- 
 tez though cruel and avai'icifiiis began todis- 
 pla\ the cIiMraclor of a [irudent and lunefi- 
 cent governor. Mexico which had been de- 
 stroyed during the siege rose froni rniiiH, and, 
 in 15'2y assumed the form of the noliU si <»f Kii- 
 ropean cities. IJut while these successes en- 
 larged the dominions of .Spain, llie comjueror 
 was nn oliject of envy ai iioine, aiwl he wm 
 soon recalled to give an account of his con- 
 duct, and after enduring fcir a m bile the re- 
 sentment of his enemies, he had the goo<l 
 fortune to procure the favor of his sovereign, 
 and a grant of new and enlargrd poweri. 
 When Ue pressetl to Chnrles \ . tur an audi- 
 ence, and was asked who he was, the bold 
 adventurer replied, " I am the nian \\]\n has 
 given you moi-e jjrovinces ihan } our father 
 left you towns." Besides the dignity of mar- 
 quis, the conqueror of Mexico received the 
 grant of large domains in New Spain, and 
 after visiting his conquests in 1530, and con- 
 tinuing there sonr>e years, he returned to Ku- 
 rope, and died in his native country, '2d Dec. 
 1554, aged OS. He left several legitimate chil- 
 dren, and some besides by his two Indian mis- 
 tresses, one of whom was a daughter of Mon- 
 tezuma. Great and heroic as the ciiaractcrof 
 Cortez appears, he deserves the execration of 
 posterity for the cruelties wliich he exercijed 
 on the inoffensive natives. It was not only on 
 pretence of extorling their riches that these 
 wretched men Mere exposed to persecution 
 and death, but the most cruel iiicthods were 
 pursued to convert them to Christianity by 
 men who in every action of their life violated 
 the precepts of the gospel. On one occasion 
 sixty caciques and above 400 leading men 
 were committed to the flames, and so horrid 
 were the practices of these fierce conquer- 
 ors, that as they expired, the Inilians indig- 
 nantly rejected the promises of another ami 
 a happcr life, when thoy heard that ihe re- 
 gions of paradise were to contain tlicir un- 
 feeling murderers. The best account of the 
 conquests of Cortez is by Antoi»io de Solis iti 
 Spanish, translated into French two vols. 
 l'2juo. 1775, and into Knglish. 
 
 CoRTEZi, Paul, a learned Italian, born 
 1405, at St. Gemiuiano in Tuscany. He 
 was a great patron of literature and a learn- 
 ed man, and died bishop of Urbino, 1510, 
 aged 45. He wrote a dialogue on the learn- 
 ed men of Italy, besides other ingenious 
 treatises, 
 
 CoRTi, Matthew, a native of Pavia, w here 
 he was professor of physic, and afterwards 
 at Pisa and Padua. His celebrity recom- 
 mended him to ClemcNt VII. who appoint- 
 ed him his ])hysician, and after his death, he 
 retired to Bologna, Irom whence he settled 
 at Pisa, where he died 1544, aged HO. He 
 wrote treatises, de curandis f"ebril>us— de 
 venx sectionc, iu aliis afiectibui &: in pleuri- 
 tide, and other works. 
 
 CoRiiCEi.Li, Salvatore, a monk of Bo- 
 logna, professor of ihe belles Icttres in St. 
 Paul's college there, fellow of the Crosca 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 a grejit pnit of his dominions, and by putting 
 his two sons into the haniFs of the general, in 
 proof of his sincerity. Lord Cornwallis, after 
 a mild and vigorous administration in India, 
 returned to Eui'ope, and was for his services 
 created a marquis, and made master-general 
 of the ordnance. His next employment Mas 
 in the civil and military government of Ire- 
 land, where he had the felicHy to destroy re- 
 hellion, to cnjiture an invading enemy in tlie 
 very bosom of the country, and, by the wisest 
 and most temperate measures, to restore 
 confidence and harmony, •where distrust, 
 mutual hatred, and secret violence, had long 
 reigned witli impunity. After completing 
 the union between the two kingdoms, lord 
 Cornwallis returned to England, soon to ne- 
 gotiate the short lived peace of Amions. In 
 1805 he was prevailed upon to accept again 
 the government of India, where the strong 
 and pacific measures of his former adminis- 
 tration were so much required. He was no 
 sooner ari'ived at Calcutta, than, without re- 
 covering from the effects of his voyage, be 
 set out on a visit to the northern provinces, 
 Avhere his presence was necessary. Confine- 
 iiient in a boat, without regular exercise, 
 and the heat of the weather, produced such 
 debility that he was at last obliged to stop at 
 Ghazepore, in the province of Benares, 
 above 1000 miles above Calcutta, where he 
 expired 5th October 1805. His remains 
 were interred at Ghazepore, and every mai'k 
 of respect paid to his meinoiy, not only by 
 the British, but by the natives of India, who 
 regarded him as a humane and benevolent 
 governor. His lordship left a son and a 
 daughter. 
 
 CoROXEi., Paul, a native of Segovia, pro- 
 fessor at Salamanca. His great abilities were 
 employed by cai'dinal Ximenes in the publi- 
 cation of his polvglott bible. He died about 
 1534. 
 
 CoRONELLi, Vincent, a Venetian geo- 
 grapher, made in 1685, cosmographer to the 
 French king. He founded an academy of 
 cosmography at Venice, where he died 1718. 
 He published above AW geographical charts, 
 ^•c. and other works, much valued. 
 
 CoRRADiNi, Peter Marcellinus, a lear- 
 ned civilian and cardinal, born at Sezza, in 
 1668. He was the favorite of ])ope Clement 
 XI. and wrote a curious work, vetus I-atinm 
 profanum et sacrum, 2 vols. fol. and a history 
 of Sezza, in 4to. He died at Home 1743. 
 
 CoRRADUS, Sebastian, a grammarian and 
 professor of belles lettres of Bologna, died 
 1556. He wrote quKstura que Ciceronis vita 
 refertur, — & de lingua Latinji. 
 
 CoRREGio, Antonio da, a celebrated 
 painter, born at Corregio, a town near Mo- 
 dena. nd. Ai.legri. 
 
 CoRROZET, Giles, a bookseller, who died 
 at Paris 15th June, 1508, aged 58. He 
 MTOte various things which possessed merit. 
 
 CoRSiNi, Edward, a monk, born at Fa- 
 nauo 1702. He died of an apoplexy at Pisa 
 in 1765, where he was professor of philoso- 
 phy. He was a man of great erudition and 
 of astonishing perseverance. He published 
 
 some valuable works in criticism, philology, 
 and literature; the chief are, philosophical 
 and mathematical institutions, 6 vols. 8vo.-— 
 a course of geometrical elements, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — the fasti of the archons of Athens, 4 
 vols. 4to. — a course of metaphysics — the 
 history of the university of Pisa — disserta- 
 tion on the games of Greece, kc. 
 
 CoRT, (,'ornelius, an eminent engraver, 
 born at Hotnn, in Holland, 15;>6. He trav- 
 elled into Italy, and at Venice saw and assist- 
 ed the celebrated Titian. He settled at 
 Rome, Avhere he died 1578, aged 42. His 
 engravings are excellent, the very best ever 
 produced in Holland. They amount, accord- 
 ing to Marolles, to 151. 
 
 (JoRTESi, William, a French painter, 
 born at Franche Comte. He studied at 
 Home, and was employed and liberally re- 
 warded by Alexander VIII; He died 1679, 
 aged 51. 
 
 CoRTESi, Giovanna, a paintr&ss of Flo- 
 rence, who died 173G, aged 60. Her minia- 
 tures are greatly admired. 
 
 Cortex, Ferdinand, the conqueror of 
 Mexico, was born of a respectable family at 
 Medellin in Estramadura 1485. He quitted 
 the sttuly of belles lettres, and of the law, for' 
 the profession of arms, and, fired with the 
 adventurous spirit which animated his coun- 
 try, he in 1:.04 went to Hispaniola where one 
 of his relations was governor. In an expe- 
 dition to Cuba in 1511, he displa)'ed such 
 bravery, that Velasquez the governor in- 
 trusted him with the command of the fleet 
 which was destined to make new discoveries 
 on the continent. On the 18th November 
 1518 the new commander set sail from San 
 Jago, in Cuba, with 11 small vessels, on board 
 of which wei'e embarked 617 men, soldiers 
 and sailors, with 18 horses and'lO field pieces, 
 but only 13 firelocks. With this small force 
 he landed at Tabasco, which he took after a 
 dreadful slaughter of the inhabitants, and af- 
 terwards advancing to St. Juan de Ulva,he w»s 
 met by the ambassadors of Montezuma, the 
 king of Mexico, who by entreaties and pre- 
 sents earnestly solicited him to cease from 
 his enterprise, and not penetrate into the 
 country. Cortez knew the terror which his 
 arms had inspired; the fire of his artillery 
 was compared to the thunder of the heavens, 
 the horses on which the Spaniards rushed to 
 thebattle were unknown and irresistible mor.- 
 sters, and the huge vessels which, floating oti 
 the bosom of the ocean, had brought these 
 strangers, were all such extraordinary ob- 
 jects in the eyes of the terrified and super- 
 stitious Indians, that the Spaniards were re- 
 garded as more than human beings. After 
 building a small fort at Vera-Cruz, and burn- 
 ing his shipd, that he might inspire his fol- 
 lowers with confidence, Cortez advanced 
 through the provinces to the capital of Mex- 
 ico, supported by the co-operation of the 
 Zempoallans and other tribes which were 
 dissatisfied with the government of Monte- 
 zuma. With only 500 men badly armed, 
 and 15 horse% he defeated the TIascalans, 
 who presumed to dispute his progress, and 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 aflcr rewardii)'^ the hospitiility of the ii)l»ab- 
 itants of Cliolulu with raphic and j-nuj^htcr, 
 the coiHiucror [ircsented himself at the joules 
 of Mexico, lie was received with jjreut 
 pomp ami every mark of friendship l)y Mon- 
 tezuma, hut (liou.u;h treated with confKh-nce, 
 Cortez act«;d w ilii duplirily, and .seizing the 
 person of tlic imsuspectinj; monarch, lii' 
 compelh'd him in the rigor of conrinement 
 to acknowledge Iiiniself the vassal of the 
 crown of Spain. Thus ahsolutc in Mexico, 
 Cortez soon hoard that >'e!as<iu» z, jealous of 
 Jiis ol glory, had sent an expechlion under 
 Narvaez, to hring liim ])ack in chains to C'u- 
 ba ; bnt no ways dismayed at the intelligence, 
 Jie left one of his officers, Alvarado, govtrnor 
 of the capital, and hastened back to Vera 
 Cruz. With the sagacity of an intrepid sol- 
 dier he surprised and defeated Narvaez, and 
 by his conciliating conduct he had the art to 
 convert his enemies into friends, and to re- 
 turn to Mexico supported hy those who had 
 come to destro)' his liopes. During his ab- 
 sence Alvarado had been guilty of excesses 
 towards the natives, and instead of .submis- 
 sion Cortez found the most determined hos- 
 tility. Unable by force or by persuasion to 
 quell the tumult, he caused Montezuma, ar- 
 rayed in his royal robes, to appear before Ifis 
 incensed subjects, but the Alexicans disre- 
 garded the interference of their captive mon- 
 arch, who during the battle received a mor- 
 tal wound. Yielding to the storm the Span- 
 iai'ds retired from Mexico, and though they 
 had lost the half of their little army they 
 determined on revenge. On his way towards 
 Tlascala, Cortez was met by a large army of 
 the natives, whom he defeated with dreadful 
 slaughter at Otuniba, and after recruiting his 
 forces with S.'iO infantry and 40 horses and a 
 number of allies from Tlascala, and other 
 neighboring towns, he marched back to 
 Mexico, December 1520. The conquest of 
 Texcuco, the second city of the empire, was 
 followed by the siege of Mexico, which the 
 new sovereign Guatimozin, the nephew of 
 Alontezuma, a brave prince, al)ly defended. 
 The artillery of the Spaniards however pre- 
 vailed over the feeble w capons of the Indians, 
 and after three months' resistance, Guati- 
 mozin was seized in a canoe as he attempted 
 to escape on the lake, and his captivity was 
 followed by the fall of the capital, and the 
 destruction of the Mexican empire. Above 
 200,000 Indians made their immediate sub- 
 mission to those few bold adventurers ; but 
 lliey were not satislied w ith the immense trea- 
 sures of the plundered city, and the unfortu- 
 nate monarch was exposed to tortures, that 
 he might confess where the hidden riches of 
 Montezuma were deposited. Jt was at this 
 dreadful moment when the monarch lay ex- 
 posed with otie of his ministers to the fui-y 
 of burning coals, that he heard the cry which 
 the poignancy of his sufferings, and not the 
 wish of making a discovery, extorted from 
 his favorite, and looking at him with an air 
 of upbraiding indignation, he exclaimed 
 " what ! am I on a bed of roses." Guata- 
 )nozin was saved from the flames to be shot 
 
 VOX.. T 4S 
 
 by his inhuman persecutors, with some of his 
 ministers, on a charge (;f con.spiracy. Mas- 
 ter of a populous and opulent empire, Cor- 
 tez though cruel anrl avai'icious began todis- 
 [)la\ till- charactei' of a prudent and benefi- 
 cent governor. Mexico which had been de» 
 stioyed during the sief^e rosefr(>m ruins, and, 
 in l.^'2'J assumctl the form of the noblistofKu- 
 ropt an cities. Hut while these successes en- 
 larged the dominions of .Spain, the com|ueror 
 M .'is nn object (d envy ht houic, and he wui 
 soon recalled to give an account of his con- 
 duct, .ind atier enduring for a \» bile the n:- 
 sentment of his enemies, he had the good 
 fortune to procure the favor of his sovereign, 
 and a grant of new an<l enlarged powers. 
 \V'hen be presse<l to Chnrles V . tor an audi- 
 ence, and was asked who he was, the bold 
 adventurer replied, " I am (he man who has 
 given you more i)rovinces th.Tn }oui' fathex* 
 left you towns." ]3esides the dignity of mar- 
 (|uis, the conqueror of Mexico received the 
 grant of large domains in New Spain, and 
 after visiting his conquests in 1330, and con- 
 tinuing there son>e years, he returned to Eu- 
 rope, and died in his native country, 'Jd Dec. 
 1554, aged GS. He left several legitimate chil- 
 dren, and some besides by his two Indian mis- 
 tresses, one of whom was a daughter of Mon- 
 tezuma. Great and heroic as the character of 
 Cortez apjiears, he deserves the ex(?ci-ation of 
 posterity for the cruelties which he exercijed 
 on the inoffensive natives. It was not only on 
 pretence of extorting their riches that these 
 wretched men were exposed to persecution 
 and death, but the most cruel methods were 
 pursued to convert them to chiistianity by 
 men who in every action of their life violated 
 the precepts of the gf>spel. On one occasion 
 sixty caciques and above 400 leading men 
 were committed to the flames, atid so horrid 
 were the practices of these fierce conijuer- 
 ors, that as they expired, the Indians indig- 
 nantly rejected the promises of another and 
 a happer life, when they heard tliat the re- 
 gions of paradise were to contain their im- 
 feeling murderers. The bestaccoimt of the 
 conquests of Cortez is by Antonio de Solis in. 
 Spanish, translated into French two vols. 
 12mo. 17*5, and into Knglish. 
 
 CoRTEXi, Paul, a learned Italian, born 
 1405, at St. Geminiano in Tuscany. He 
 was a great patron of literature and a le!\rn- 
 cd man, and died bishop of Urbino, 1510, 
 aged 45. He wrote a dialogue on the learn- 
 ed men of Italy, besides other ingenious 
 treatises. 
 
 CoRTi, Matthew, a native of Pavia, where 
 he was professor of physic, and afterwards 
 at Pisa and Padua. His celebrity recom- 
 mended him to Clement ^'II. who appoint- 
 ed him his ]ihysician, and after his death, he 
 retired to lioiogna, irom whence he settled 
 at Pisa, wliere he died 1544, aged 69. He 
 wrote treatises, de curandis i'ebrihus — de 
 venx sectione, iu aliis afleclibui &: in pleuri- 
 tide, and other works. 
 
 CouriCEi,Li, Salvatore, a monk of Bo- 
 logna, professor of the belles Icttres in St. 
 Paul's college there, fellow of the Crusia 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 academy, and provincial of the Barnabite 
 order. Among other works, he published 
 his Italian grammar iu 1745, -which Avas 
 universally approved, and particularly no- 
 ticed by Benedict XIV. his fellow towns- 
 man, who observed, in a letter to him, that 
 it was a wonder their native city sliould 
 speak Italian so ill, and yet teach it so well. 
 lie died about 1770. 
 
 CoRYATE, Tliomas, son of a clergyman, 
 born at Odcombe, Somersetshire, 1577, be- 
 came known for his extravagancies. lie 
 studied for three years at Glocester-hall, 
 Oxford, and then was taken into the family 
 of Hetiry prince of Wales, -where he was 
 the whetstone of tlio wits of those times. 
 In 1608 he travelled through France, Italy, 
 and Germany, kc. and on his return, pub- 
 lished an account of his adventures, which 
 he called, Crudities, in 4to. The work was 
 recommended by the verses of Ben Jonson, 
 Harrington, Inigo Jones, Donne, Drayton, 
 and others, and so pleased was the author 
 with Ids success, that he determined to 
 spend ten years in the visiting of foreign 
 countries. With this intention, he set out 
 in 1612, and after visiting Constantinople, 
 the coast of Asia Minor, Egypt, and all the 
 l^evant, he advanced far into Persia, and 
 the don)}i)ions of the great mot?ul. He was 
 attacked at Surat in the East Indies, by a 
 flux, which carried him off 1617. Coryate 
 was not devoid of understanding ; but his af- 
 fectation, and his great self-consequence, ex- 
 posed him to the ridicule of the wits of the 
 age, and turned the best intentions into levi- 
 ty and contempt. It is unknown what be- 
 came of his notes and papers. During his 
 absence, some letters, &c. were published 
 as from him, but no regular account of his 
 adventures, in Ids last travels, has appeared 
 before the public. 
 
 CosiERS, John, a painter, born at Ant- 
 werp 1003. He was patronised by many 
 crowned heads, and hL» historical pieces de- 
 served universal commendation. 
 
 CosiMo, Aiidi'.cwanJ Peter, Italian pain- 
 ters, of whom the lirst excelled in the claro- 
 obscuro, and the other in ludicrous pieces. 
 Peter died 1521, aged SO, of a paralytic 
 stroke. He was a singvdar character, verv 
 irrascible, and very superi-titious. He had 
 for his pupils del Sarto and de Sangallo. 
 
 CosiN, John, an English prelate, born in 
 Norwich .SOth Nov. 15y4, and educated at 
 tlie free school there, and at Caius college, 
 Cambridge, of wbich he became fellow. He 
 was patronised by Overall, bishop of Lichfield, 
 and after his death by Neal, bisliop of Dur- 
 ham, who gave him a pi-ebend, and the rich 
 rectory of Branspelh. His collection of pri- 
 vate devotions, drawn up at tlie request of 
 Charles I. as well as his frequent intercourse 
 with Laud, drew u])o<i him the ceii-sures of 
 the puritans, who loudly exclaimed against 
 his poi)isli principles. In 1628 he took his 
 degree of D. D. and in 1034 he was elected 
 master of Peterhouse, and in 1040 he was 
 riinde dean of Peterborough. The same 
 year a complaint was made against hiro, in 
 
 tlie house of commons, by Smart, a mafr 
 whom he with others had ejected from hia- 
 prebend at Durham, for preaching a sedi- 
 tious sermon, and in consequence of this, he 
 was deprived by a vote of the house, of all 
 his ecclesiastical preferments, and tw o years 
 after expelled from the mastership of Pe- 
 terhouse, because his persecutors suspect- 
 ed him of popish innovations. Upon this he 
 left the kingdom, and during the civil wars 
 resided at Paris, where he officiated as a 
 protestant minister, and was assisted by a 
 small pension from queen Henrietta. At 
 the restoration he -was I'eplaced into all 
 his preferments, and the same year raised 
 to the see of Durham. In this elevated sit- 
 uation he employed himself in repairing and 
 beautifying the cathedral and, the palace, and 
 in erecting schools and hospitals for the most 
 benevolent purposes. Besides the large en- 
 dowment which he settled, it is known, that 
 this humane prelate, during the 11 years in 
 which he was at Durham, spent not less 
 than 2000^. a year in charitable and pious 
 uses. He died of a pectoral dropsy, 15th 
 Jan. 1672, aged 78, and was buried in the 
 chapel of Bishops' Aucland. He left many 
 legacies for charitable purposes by his will. 
 He had one son and four daughters, and he 
 had the misfortune to see his son, in conse- 
 quence of his education among the Jesuits 
 at Paris, turn catholic ; and though he at- 
 tempted to reclaim him, and even disinher- 
 it him, if he persevered in Ids religious ten- 
 ets, he never succeeded. The various books 
 which he wrote display much learning, 
 solid judgment, and extensive information. 
 Though he was falsely accused of being a 
 papist, yet he was the friend of magnifi- 
 cence and pomp in the outside of religioOv 
 and like all the adherents of Laud's princi- 
 ples, he dwelt much on vain and insignifi- 
 cant ceremonies. 
 
 CosME, John Baseiilao, a feuillant friar, 
 who, however, followed his father's profes- 
 sion of surgeon, and became eminent as a 
 lithotomist. His instrument for dividing the 
 neck of the bladder, of which he gave an 
 interesting accotmtin the journal desSavans 
 for 1748, though once much approved by 
 the faculty, is now neglected. His forceps 
 for breaking stones in the bladder was once 
 iu general use ; and so great was his celebri- 
 ty as an operator, that the surgeons, through 
 n^erc jealousy, prevailed upon the French 
 king to banish him. He died at Paris 18th Ju- 
 ly 1780, aged 79. 
 
 Cosmo I. son of John de IVIedici, was 
 born in 1519. When his cousin Alexander 
 was murdered, he had the art to procure his 
 election to the supreme authority of the 
 state; and he behaved with such firmness 
 and sagacity, that all the conspiracies form- 
 ed against his person and government bv 
 the seditious of Florence proved abortive. 
 He assisted the emperor, in 1553, in the re- 
 duction of Sietma, which was annexed to his 
 own territories by Philip II. and, in 15C9. 
 he was raised by the pope Pius V. to the 
 sovereign title of grand duk-e of Tuscany. 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 'Cosmo, thus snccpssfiil rrbrond, ami thn ju- 
 dicious patroti of litcraLiiic, in tlu; re-cslab- 
 Kshmeiit of tlic tiniversity of Pisa, anil in 
 the promotion «>f tlif arts, found liim.i^lf un- 
 happy in liis family. His sf)n.lohn, who\ias 
 fi canlitial, and a man of merit, \s as, in n 
 huntinij party, sti'rolly stah!)C(l hy his bi-otliiT 
 ilarcia, who pretended ip;norance of the 
 foul deetl. The father suspected the inhu- 
 man son ; and n hen he confessed it, lie, ov.-r- 
 powcred hy a fit of passion, stal)hed liim 
 with the samedaj^ger which had ruhl)ed him 
 of his other son. This tra^;ir scene so af- 
 fected the mother tliat slie died « few days 
 after, a victim tc) siU-nt ovei'w Iieimin.u; {^rief. 
 Cosmo died 1574, and left several chihhen 
 to uphold the sovereign j)Ower whrch he had 
 so firmly established in Florence. 
 
 Cosmo II. grandso?i of the first Cosmo, 
 succeeded his lather Ferdinand, 1G09, and 
 during his reign displayed the virtues of :i 
 henevolcnt prince, eager to advance the hap- 
 piness of his people, to cultivate literature, 
 and promote the fine arts. Jle died lfi'21. 
 
 Cosmo III. succeeded his f.ither Ferdi- 
 nand II. as grand duke of Tuscany, IG70. 
 He married the daughter of the duke of Or- 
 leans, from whom he wasafierwardsdivorced; 
 and he annexed to his other dignities, with 
 the consent of the emperor and of the pope, 
 the title of royal highness. He is represent- 
 ed as so superstitious that he took ordei-s, at 
 the Roman jubilee, for the ]»rivilege of sa- 
 luting the handkerchief which, according to 
 monkish traditions, our Saviour gave to Ve- 
 ronica, impressed with his o\\ n image. Cos- 
 mo was, like the princes of his house, a lib- 
 eral patron of letters, and particularly at- 
 tached to the study of chemistry. He was 
 one of the richest sovereigns of Europe, and 
 died 17i2;3, after a ha])py reign of 54 years. 
 His son and successor, John Gaston, died 
 1737, without issue ; and the sovereignty pf 
 Florence descended to the queen of Spain, 
 as sprung from the second Cosmo ; and she 
 exchanged it with France for the kingdom 
 of the two Sicilies, which was bestowed on 
 her son don (Carlos. 
 
 CosNAC, Daniel de, a native of Limou- 
 sin, noticed by the prince of Conti, and rais- 
 ed by his interest lo the see of Valence, and 
 afterwards to that of Aix, and otlier ecclesi- 
 astical honors. He died at Aix 170S, aged 
 Hi. Though a man of great abilities, he was 
 very deformed in his person. 
 
 CosPEAU, Philip, u French prelate, horn 
 at Hainaut. He was very eloquent in the 
 pulpit, and substituted to the quotations 
 from tlie classics more a])])ropriate texts 
 from the bible. He tlied 164^, aged 78, au- 
 thor of some theological tracts. 
 
 CossART, Cahriel, a native of Pontoi<?e, 
 who died at Paris ISth September 1674, 
 aged 59. He was a Jesuit, and assisted I^ah- 
 be in his grand collection of cou^kmIs, which 
 appeared in iGT'i, in IS vols. fol. He wrote 
 besides, poetry, &c. 
 
 CossE, Charles de, marshal <le Bi'issac, 
 a celebrated French general, hoi*n at Anjou, 
 ?f a lioble familvj of NeapolitaB descent. 
 
 He devoted himself to the profession of 
 aims, anri distinguished himself in the wars 
 of Italy and Piedmont, and at the siege of 
 Perpignan l.'i4l. His ser\i»fs were noticed 
 and acknowledged by the French king, who 
 sent him as aiid>assudor lo (Jharlcs \'. and 
 afterwards made liim, in 1550, marshal of 
 the kingdom, governor of Piedmont, and 
 grand master of the artillery. His valor and 
 sagacity as a general were ko conspicuous, 
 that several princes and nobles jihu'cd them- 
 selves under him as in a school of honor, 
 where the tacti<;s of war, and the evf)lutiofi8 
 of c:>m])aigns, could best be leurneil. He 
 died at Paris 31st December 15G3, aged 57. 
 He was a man of such honor and integiitv, 
 that when the goverument refused to pav 
 the debts contracted by the army, he sold 
 part of his estates to satisfy the just demand. 
 
 CosiAXio, Angelo di, born at Naples 
 15fi7, after 53 years of perseverance and la- 
 boi-, ])nblishcd an history of his native city in 
 Italian, lolio. He was also a ])oet of some 
 consequence, and his sonnets and otlier pie- 
 ces were collected at Venice 175'2, in Pimo. 
 He died at a very advanced age, about the 
 year 1590. 
 
 Costa, Christopher, a Portuguese, na- 
 tive of Africa, who devoted himself to bota- 
 ny, and in his travels in Asia was seized by 
 some of the uncivilized natives, and long de- 
 tained in slavery. On his return to Fiirope 
 he published an account of Iinlian plants, 
 &c. translated into Latin by Clusius, fecc. 
 
 Costa, Emanuel, a Portuguese lawyer, 
 professor at Salamanca, 1550. His works 
 were published 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Cost A, John, professor of the law at 
 Cahors, wrote some notes on Justinian's in- 
 stitutes, and died at Calhors, I3th Aug. 1C37. 
 
 CosT.\, Margaret, an Italian poetess,, 
 who published her works at Paris, M'hich 
 she dedicated to cardinal Mazarin. 
 
 Costard, Ceorge, an English .«^cholar, 
 born about 1710. He was fellow and tutor 
 of Wadham college, and in 1704 he obtain- 
 ed the vicarage of Twickenham from the 
 chancellor Northington. He died January 
 1782, and his books and oriental MSS. were 
 sold by auction, the following .Maivh. He 
 wrote 15 dittcrent treatises ciiiefly on astro- 
 nomical subjects, and on the book of Job. 
 They are enumerated in Nichols' anecdotes 
 of liowycr, and prove him to have been a 
 man of great learning and extensive infor- 
 mation. 
 
 (>osTE, Peter, a native of Uzez, who fled 
 to Englantl on account of his religion, and 
 died at l*arisl747, at an advanced age. He 
 translated Locke's essay on the human un- 
 derstanding, and oil the rcasonaljleness 
 of christianitv, and Newton's optics, into 
 French, and w rote besides, the life of the 
 great Cotide — notes on Fontaine's fables, and 
 Slontaigne's essays — and a (!cfcnc€ of Bruy- 
 erc. 
 
 Coster, I<awrence, an inhabitant of 
 Haerlem, supposed l)y the Dutch to he the 
 inventor of printing, about the year 1430. 
 The best autliorities howeftr support ihiit 
 
CO 
 
 CO 
 
 llie art of printing was first invented at jNIay- 
 ence, though Meerman of liottcinlam, vith 
 great ingenuity and erudition, maintains the 
 claims of his countrymen. Coster died 1440. 
 
 CosTHA, Ben Luca, a christian philoso- 
 pher of Balbcc in Syria, in tlie 250th year 
 of the hegira. He translated several Greek 
 books into Arabic, and wrote some original 
 works on physic, astronomy, and mathema- 
 tics, of which Casiri in liis bibloth. arab. de 
 Tescurial has given a catalogue. 
 
 Cot A, Rodriguez, a native of Toledo, 
 whose tragi-comedia de Calisto &i Melibwa 
 has appeared in Latin and French transla- 
 tions. He florished 1560. 
 
 CoTELERius, John Baptist, a learned 
 Frenchman, boi-n at Nismes 1627. He very 
 early displayed great abilities in the know- 
 ledge of the learned languages, and at the 
 age of 12 was able to construe the new testa- 
 ment in Greek and the old in Hebrew, m ith 
 great ease, at the first opening of the book. 
 He was professor of Greek, an<l member of 
 the Sorbonne. He published the works of all 
 the fathers who lived in the apostolic age, 
 with a new translation and learned notes, 2 
 vols. fol. 1672. He published besides, nionu- 
 menla ecclesice Groecfe, of which he only 
 completed three volumes before his death. 
 !Iis great application had undermined his 
 constitution, so that he was snatched away, by 
 an iiiflanimatory disorder in his breast, in his 
 59th year, 10th August 1686. Besides ex- 
 tensive learning, he possessed the amiable 
 virtues of private life; he was rnodest, unas- 
 suming, and devoid of all pride and affecta- 
 tion. 
 
 Cotes, Roger, an English mathematician 
 and astronomer, born atBurbach, Leicester- 
 shire, 10th July 1682. At Leicester school 
 and St. Paul's, London, he Mas well initiated 
 in classical literature, and at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, he began early to display that 
 fondness for mathematics which in his earlier 
 years had appeared in his family. He be- 
 came, in 1705, fellow of his college, and had 
 the tuition of the sons of the marquis of Kent, 
 to whom he was related. In 1706 he was 
 tnade Plumian professor of astronomy, and in 
 1713 took orders, and that same year, at the 
 recommendation of Bentley, pnblished New- 
 ton's mathematica principia, with the im- 
 provements of the author, tovliicli he pre- 
 fixed an excellent preface. He increased 
 further his astronomical reputation, by his 
 description of the gnat fiery meteor seen 
 !Marchl6, 1716. Thisgreat and rising genius 
 died at the age of 33, on the 5th June 1710, 
 to the regret of the university, and of every 
 lover of science and goodness. He was bu- 
 ried in Trinity chapel. His harmonia men- 
 surarum was published in 1722, 4to. by his 
 successor. Dr. Robert Smith, and also, by the 
 same, his valuable hydrostatical af.d pneu- 
 inatical lectures, in 1737. 
 
 Cotes, Fr.mci.s, an English painter iu oil 
 and crayons. He was pupil to Knapton ; and 
 died 1770, aged 45. 
 
 CoTiN, Charles, a French writer, who 
 died at Paris 1683. He was member of tlie 
 
 Fjench academy, m^s an eloquent preacher, 
 a good scholar, and a respectable prose wri- 
 ter and poet. He is known, however, more 
 for the severity of Boileau and Molier's sa- 
 tiies against him, than for his own excel- 
 lence. 
 
 CoTOLENDi, Charles, a native of Aix or 
 Avignon, was advocate in the parliament of 
 Paris, and respectable as nn author. He 
 translated the Spanish history of Persia into 
 French, 2 vols. 12mo. — the life of Columbus — 
 the life of de Sales— besides dissertations on 
 the Avorks of St. Evremond, and the life of 
 the duchess of Montmorenci. 
 
 CoTTA, John, a Latm poet, born near 
 Vci'ona. He was made prisoner by the 
 French at the battle of Ghiara d'Adda, in 
 1509. He died 1511, at Viterbo, of a pesti- 
 lential fever, aged 28. Hissepigrams and 
 orations are printed in the carmina quinque 
 poetarum, Venice, 1548, 4to. 
 
 Co r TE, Robert de, an architect, born at 
 Paris 1657. He Avas elected director of the 
 royal academy of architecture, and made 
 architect to the king, and intendant of the 
 royal gardens, edifices, &c. His genius was 
 advantageously displayed in adorning the 
 public buildings of Paris, the palaces of Ver- 
 sailles and St. Denys, and the colonade of 
 the Trianon. The chief beauties of his 
 works were lightness, elegance, and delicacy. 
 He died at Paris 1755, and was succeeded by 
 his son, Julius Robert, who was equally in- 
 genious. 
 
 CoTTEREL, sir Charles, groom-porter to 
 James L and master of the requests to 
 Charles H. He was well skilled in modern 
 languages, and possessed all the manners and 
 accomplishments of a gentleman. He re- 
 signed his office of master of the ceremonies 
 to the king, to his son Charles Lodowick. 
 During the exile of his royal master, he trans- 
 lated Cassandra, the famed romance, and 
 was also concerned in the translation of Da- 
 vila's civil wars of France. 
 
 CoTTiN'GTON, Fraucis lord, chancellor 
 of the exchequer, and first lord of tlie 
 treasury, in the re'/gn of Chaiies I. was an 
 able minister, and employed for some time 
 as an ambassador in Spain. On the breaking 
 out of the civil wars lie left his country for 
 Spain, where he died, at Valladolid, about 
 1651, aged 77. In his political character he 
 displayed great dissimulation, Avith all the 
 formal solemnity which he had imbibed at the 
 Spanish court. 
 
 Cotton, or Co ton, Peter, a Jesuit, 
 born 1564, at Neronde, near the Loire, early 
 distinguished for his zeal in converting here- 
 tics, and for his eloquence in the pulpit. He 
 became confessor to Henry IV. of France, 
 and possessed so much of his confidence that 
 it was a ])ublic expression, that the king was 
 good, but that he had cotton in his ears. Cot- 
 ton refused an archbi,sliopric and a caxdinal's 
 hat, which his master's partiality offered him. 
 After Henry's death, he was confessor to 
 Lewis Xlll. but he soon left the court, and 
 retired into the countiy. He died 19th 
 March 1C20, aged 63. He wrote some ser- 
 
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 mons, bcs'ulcs controversial and divinity 
 tracts. 
 
 Cotton, sir liohcrt Ih-uce, an eminent 
 Englisli anti(iu:irv, born at l)ent«tti, Hun- 
 tingdonshire, '■22(1 .liiae ir>7(). lie was of 
 'I'rinity college, Canibrid;<e, m litre he took 
 liis baclit'I»)r's degree, and tlun rcmovi d to 
 Loudon, where lie became a mcnibtr ofthe 
 antiquarian society, and soon distinguished 
 himself tor jiis zt-al ii» the search oC antif|iu- 
 ties. lie was knighted by James 1. and so 
 high was his reputation for leuining, infor- 
 mation, and integrity, that not only the most 
 leading men of the tinj<s consiilleil him on 
 affairs of staUj, but the king hiiuself em- 
 ployed his pen on several occasions. At 
 James's request, he vindicated tiie character 
 of Mary queen of Scots, he also examined 
 what punishments should be inflictet! on pa- 
 pists, and ilefended the ecclesiasticnl institu- 
 tion against tiie innovations of the puritans. 
 On the creation of baronets, in lOll, by 
 James, sir Ivohert Cotton a[)peared as the 
 thirty-sixth in the new dignity. IJnt though 
 such'a favorite witli the court, he, in the suc- 
 ceeduig reign, joined the commons in the 
 cryforthe redress of grievances, though he 
 recommended mild and gentle measures, 
 which, in establishing the jjrivileges of the 
 people, might not endanger the safety ofthe 
 sovereign. In 16^9, sir Robert became an 
 object of persecution to the court. A manU' 
 script, " which," it is said, *' laid down a 
 plan how the kings of England might oppress 
 tlie liberties of their subjects, and for ever 
 enslave them and their posterity," was lent 
 out of his library, and being in a surreptitious 
 copy laid before the privy council, produced 
 liis arj^est and confinement in the Tower, 
 *and the seizure of his valuable library. Sir 
 Robert with dilficulty extricated himself from 
 the virulence of his persecutors ; but he still 
 felt the indignities offered to his person and 
 character; and the treatment he received in 
 some degree undermined hisconstiiution, and 
 broke his heart. He died of a fever, at West- 
 minster, Gth May 1631, aged upwards of GO 
 years. Sir Robert was not only an able an- 
 tiquarian, but the friend and patron of men 
 of learning; and to his munificence, his able 
 assistance, and valuable communications, 
 Knollis, sir Walter Raleigh, sir Francis Ba- 
 con, Seldon, Speed, CanuKn, aiul other re- 
 spectable authors, have with gratitude ac- 
 knowledged themselves indebted. Though 
 distinguished as a man of letters, and a skil- 
 ful antiipiarian, sir Robert is particularly en- 
 titled to the admiration of posterity for the 
 valuable library which now remains for the 
 information ofthe public, an immortal prcjijf 
 of his munificence and indefatigable zeal in 
 the cause of science and of mankind. That 
 his pursuits were directed to such objects is 
 a happy circumstance for the public. In his 
 time, the many records and important m:niu- 
 soripts wliich had been l)lundered from tlie 
 dissolved monasteries were scattered with 
 profane indifference, and some friendly hand 
 was wante<l to collect ami preserve them for 
 the information ofthe learued. Tliis valua- 
 
 ble collection, imjiroved still by his «on sir 
 'Ihomas and by his grandson sir John, was, 
 after being removed in various places, at last 
 de[tositcd in the IJi-ilish museum in 17.-).'}. 
 
 (,'oi lox, (jharhs, lioiu in Stalfordshirc, 
 of a respectable lamily, became known for 
 his biiilesrpie verses and ludicrous poeir) , in 
 the reign of Charles and James II. He Iran.s- 
 lated, with great spirit and success, .Mon- 
 taigne's essays, wlii< h he iiibcribed to lord 
 Halifax, a nobleman who highly valued l\u: 
 performance, which he had the capacity and 
 the good sense to appreciate. (Jottou pub- 
 lished the wonders of the peak in Derby- 
 shire — Virgil travestied — Lucian burlesqued; 
 of which jiocms an edition was printed in 
 1751. He died about the tiiiKi of the revo- 
 lution, but the exact year is unknown. 
 
 CoTYS, a king of Thrace, in the age of 
 Alexander, died about 350 13. C Ano- 
 ther, who favored the cause of Pompey 
 
 Another, who lived in tlia age of Augustus, 
 and to whom Ovid addressed one of Ids ele- 
 gies. His son bore the same name, and ex- 
 changed Thrace for the kingdom of Arme- 
 nia, A. D. 88. 
 
 CouDRETTE, ChHstopher, a French ec- 
 clesiastic, strongly attached to the partisans 
 ofthe Port Royal and to Roursier, against 
 the Jesuits, by whom he had been educated. 
 He opposed, w ith great ability, the papal bull 
 unigenitus, for which he was sent to the Bas- 
 tille for twelve months, in 1738. He died at 
 Paris 4th August 1774. He wrote memoirs 
 sur h; forniulaire, 2 vols. 12mo. — hi.stoire &c 
 analyse du livre de Paction de Dieu, &c. His 
 chief work is the history of the Jesuits, in 4 
 vols. l'2mo. 1761, to which he addetl a sup- 
 plement of '2 vols. 1764. 
 
 CovEL, Jolin, an English divine, born at 
 Honingsheaith, Suffolk, 1638, and educated 
 at St. Edmundshury and Christ college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow, fie was 
 chaplain to the embassy at Constantinople, 
 where he continued for seven years. On his 
 return home, 1079, he took his degree of 
 D. D. and w as chosen Margaret preacher of 
 diviiiitv. "^J'lie next year he was [iresented to 
 the living of Littleburv, io Essex, and in 1687 
 made chancellor of York, and the next year 
 master of Christ college, Cambridge. He 
 died in I'S'i, aged 85. During his residence 
 at the Porte, he devoted himself to the ex- 
 amination of the ancient and present state of 
 the Greek church; and he gave to the world, 
 a tew years before his death, a curious and 
 useful publication on the subject, in folio. 
 
 CovERUALE, Miles, a native of York- 
 shire, educated at Cambridge. From a tViar 
 he became a |>roteslant at the reformation, 
 and was made bishop of Exeter by Edward 
 VI. l)u!-ingthe persecuting reign of Mary, he 
 was ejecteil from his see, and permitted to 
 go into exile, at the interference ofthe king of 
 Denmark. When Elizabeth ascen<led the 
 throne, he returned, but he declined tu reas- 
 sume his bishopric, as his principles were 
 now pui'itanical. - He afterwards received the 
 living of St. Magnus, London, from which he 
 was ejected for noucoiiformiry. He died 
 
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 P'JUtj ^^^ respected, 20th May 1567, aged 
 81. He assisted William Tiiulal in the Eng- 
 lish version of the bible published in 1537, 
 and corrected it afterwards in the edition of 
 1540, with notes. 
 
 CouLON, Lewis, a French priest, who 
 left the Jesuits' society in 1640. He died 
 1664. His geographical works are greatly 
 esteemed, especially his historical treatise 
 of all the rivers in France, 2 vols. 8vr. He 
 ■wrote besides, lexicon llomericum, and some 
 liistorical performances, &c, 
 
 CouPERiN, Frwicis, a Frenchman, or- 
 jranist of the chapel of Lewis XIV. He was 
 much admix'cd for his execution on the liarp- 
 sicord. He died 1733, leaving two daugh- 
 ters, who were equally eminent as musicians. 
 His two brothers, Lewis and Charles, were 
 also good performers. He wrote some pieces 
 ibr the harpsicord, in 4 vols. fol. 
 
 Couplet, Philip, a Jesuit, of Malines, 
 ■who went as missionary to China in 1659, 
 and returned in 1680. He died on his se- 
 cond voyage to the same place, 1693. He 
 wrote some works in the Chinese language 
 and in Latin. His Confucius Sinarum phi- 
 losophus, 16S7, folio, is a valuable and cu- 
 rious work, in which the liistory of China, 
 the manners and religion of the inhabitants, 
 are ably treated. 
 
 CouRAYER, Peter Francis, a French di- 
 vine, born at Vernon, Normandy, 1681. 
 While canon and librarian of St. Genevieve, 
 Paris, he, aftci- some correspondence Avith 
 archbishop Wake, published his " defence 
 of English ordinations," printed in Holland, 
 1727. This book exposed him to the perse- 
 cution of the catholics; so that be took refuge 
 in England, where the university of Oxford 
 granted him a doctor's degree, and the crown 
 settlc<i a pension upon him. He died in 1776, 
 after two days' illness, at the age of 95, and 
 •was buried in the cloisters of Westmin- 
 ster aboey. He died in the faith of the catho- 
 iic church, though at Ealing, where he some- 
 times resided, he attended the English ser- 
 vice regularly, declaring he received great 
 satisfaction in the pi'ayers of the church. He 
 tvrote several things, all in French. Those 
 best known are, Paul's history of the council 
 of Trent, 2 vols. fol. dedicated to queen Ca- 
 roline, who rai.sed his pension from lOOZ. to 
 200Z. — Sleidan's history of the reformation. 
 After his deatli appeared his declaration of 
 his last sentiments, See. 
 
 Cot'RCEi.LES, Stephen de, a native of 
 Geneva, divinity professor at Amsterdam, 
 after Episcopius, whose works he published, 
 with a life prefixed. He died 1658, aged 72, 
 author of various divinity tracts, publislied 
 by Daniel Elzevir, 1 vol. fol. 1675. 
 
 Court de GEBELiy, Anthony, a native 
 of Nismes, for some time protestant minis- 
 ter at Lausanne, and alterwards superin- 
 tendant of one of the museums of Paris. 
 He wrote monde primitif, compared with 
 the monde moderne, in 9 vols. 4to. a w^ork 
 of merit and great erudition. He wrote 
 besides, the history of the war des Cevennes, 
 3 vols. 12kio. ^c. He was a strong advo- 
 
 cate foi' animal magnetism, which exposed 
 him much to ridicule. He died at Paris 13tl» 
 May 1784, aged 59- 
 
 CouRTANVAUX, Francis Cxsar marquis 
 de, a French nobleman, wlio distinguished 
 himself in the wars of Bohemia and Bava- 
 ria, under his uncle, the duke of Noialles. 
 He was also eminent as a philosopher and as 
 an ingenious mechanic, and deserved by his 
 valuable communications a place in the aca- 
 demy of sciences. He died 1781, aged 63. 
 
 CouRTEN, William, son of a taylor at 
 ^Teninx, in the Netherlands, escaped with 
 difficulty from tlie tyranny and persecution 
 of 0!ivarez duke of Alva, and in 1568 reach- 
 ed London, where he settled his family. 
 Their business was the making of French 
 hoods, which were in those days in great 
 reputation, so that by industry, the Courten 
 family increased their connexions and pro- 
 perty, and at the death of the father and 
 mother, which happened about the end of 
 Elizabetlt's reign, or the beginning of James 
 I. they were opulent and respectable mer- 
 chants in the trade of silk and fine linen. In 
 the year 1631, their returns are averaged at 
 150,000/. a-year; and so highly respected 
 Avas the family, that William and Peter re- 
 ceived the honor of knighthood. Under the 
 activity and able management of sir Wil- 
 liam, the concerns of the company were 
 greatly increased, so that not only the com- 
 merce of the nation was extended, but even 
 the king's dignitj- supported, as it is said that 
 by their loans to James I. and to Charles I. 
 the firm of Courten had a claim upon the 
 crown of not less than 200,000^. The exten- 
 sive concerns of this extraordinary family 
 were, however, lessened by the intrigues of 
 lord Carlisle, who seized, as a grant from 
 the crown, the island of Barbadoes, where 
 su- William had settled a factory, as on a 
 place which had been discovered by his own 
 ships, and been protected at his own ex- 
 pense. His property likewise suffered some 
 years after by the murder of his factors at 
 Amboyna, in the Spice islands, by the Dutch 
 and by the total loss of his property in that 
 part of the world. Though thus persecuted 
 by the frowns of fortune, he yet engaged 
 with new ardor in the Chinese trade; but 
 the loss of two ships richly laden completed 
 his disasters, and reduced him to poverty. 
 He survived not long this heavy loss. He 
 died 1636, about the beginning of May, aged 
 64, and was buried in the church of St. An- 
 drew Hubbard. 
 
 Courten, William, the last male de- 
 scendant of the family just mentioned, was 
 born in Fenchurch parish, London, 28t]i 
 March 16*2. It is supj)osed that he lost his 
 father and mother before he Avas fourteen 
 years old ; but though his father, in conse- 
 quence of his insolvency, left the kingdom, 
 in 1643, and never again saw his son, yet he 
 was, it is imagined, carefully educated under 
 the eye of those many rich, independent, and 
 noble relatives which remained to him in 
 England. He early began to travel, and dis- 
 played a great genius foF natural hietgu'v, 
 
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 ■which he mucli improved hy a rtsidoncc at 
 Montpcllicr. In lliis (lelighlt'iil spoi, so con- 
 gciiial to his studies, lie cullivalc«l the ac- 
 c|uaiiitance ot" leanud iihmi, paitii-iilarly 'if 
 ToiuiiLlort aiul ui sir Jl;iiis Sluaiiu. \\ In ii 
 ot" age, he retumrd to l^ondon, to iiursue 
 his claims to llie sliattt:rcd wrrtk of ilif for- 
 tutic ot" his tamily, and, in iniiMovln;^ his 
 income, also to render more comtorlaljle 
 his sister, who hnd hvr<l upon only tliirly 
 pounds a-year. Durini; Jiis minority, a 
 person ot" the name of (ieor.a;e Carew had 
 obtained kl(< rs ot' administralioii, anil n(jw 
 he sued loi- the restitution of" his pro[)C'ity ; 
 but the arts ot" the usurper, who uas u law- 
 yer and a courtier, prevailed over the siiu- 
 pliiity ot" the petitioner. Carew prevailctl 
 in his intrigues, and Courten not only gave 
 up all claims to his paternal estates t'or an 
 unknown compensation, which he acknow- 
 ledged to receive, not de jure, but ex gratia, 
 but he exchanged his tamily name, and, un- 
 der the appeiUition of ^\ illiam Cliarleton, 
 he retired from England to his favorite 
 Montpellier. How long he staid on the 
 continent is not exactly known. After his 
 return to England he lived for fourteen or 
 fifteen years in chambers at the Temple, 
 and died at Kensington Gravel-pits, March 
 'J6, 1702, aged 63. The partiality which 
 Mr. Courten showed to natural history vvas 
 not employed in frivolous pursuits, or una- 
 vailing researches. He began early to make 
 a collection of whatever was curious, im- 
 portant, and remarkable, in mcdallic and 
 antiquarian history; and not less than 38 
 vols, iu folio, and S in 4to. remain as proofs 
 of his great industry and indefatigable at- 
 tention. His curious collection, after being 
 about fifty years in the possession of his exe- 
 cutor and residuary legatee, was purchased 
 in 1763 for the use of the public, and deposi- 
 ted in the British Museum. It is singular, 
 that though to his industry and perseverance 
 the nation is indebted for so valuable an ac- 
 quisition, no mention was made of him as the 
 first and most scientific collector. The sum 
 paid by the public was '20,000/. which equals 
 scarce tlie value of the coins and precious 
 stones. Besides those learned friends alrea- 
 dy raenticued, Courteu was intimate with 
 the great Locke. 
 
 CouiiTiLZ, Garien de sieur de Sandras, 
 born at Paris 1644, where he died 6th May 
 1712. He was in the army, and was some 
 time in Holland and on his return was con- 
 fined in the Bastile tor his political works, 
 and remained thci*e nine yeaj-s. He was 
 author of dift'erent works, the best known 
 of which are his life of Coligni — the conduct 
 of France since the peace of Nimegueu — 
 liistory of the Dutch Avar — political testa- 
 ment of Colbert — the life of Tureune — an- 
 nals of Pans and of the court in 1697-8. 
 
 CouRTivRON, Gaspar(i marquis de, a 
 native of Dijon, who died ith Octcber 1785, 
 aged 70, known as a soMier and a scholar. He 
 Tvas wouiuled in the cimpaij^Uc. of Bavaria, 
 ■while exerting himself to i-we tliu life of 
 marshal Saxe ; and he afioi; A-ards devoted 
 
 himself to IlteraUirc. He wrote a treatise 
 on optics, 4l(j. ir.'i'J, and bome (jthcr works. 
 Courtney, William, arciibishop of Can 
 terbury, wastbe fourth son of lluj;h (Court- 
 ney, tarl of DcNOhhiiirr, bv Margaret, ;;i':nid- 
 dauj^btur of Edward I. He was cduculed at 
 0,\iord, and iboui^li ]to.sscsst<l of abilities 
 owed his elevation in the church (o ihtt 
 consecpicncc of his tamily. When '28, he 
 was made Irtshop of Hi rcford, an«l uft«r- 
 wards ir.insluliti to London, where l.c sum- 
 moned before him the i^reat WirkUtTc, in 
 St. Paul's cathedral, I .'57 7. The bold rc- 
 fornier was on this oicasion attended by hiS 
 friends John of Gaunt and lord Percy, who, 
 in supporting his tenets, treated »lie prelate 
 with surh asperity, that a tumult was ex- 
 cited among the citizens ot I.onilon. Court- 
 ney was niade chancellor 13S1, and after- 
 wards laised to ihe see of Canterbury. He 
 was a violent persecutor of the Wickliffites, 
 and condemned their tenets in a synod. lie 
 died at Maidstone 1396, aged 'to. 
 
 CouiiTOls, James, a native of Franc!ie 
 Compte, eminent as a painter, antl calle<l le 
 Bourgnignon. He studied under his father, 
 who was also a painter; and in the Prencf* 
 campaigns of Italy he employeil himself in 
 delineating the battles in which he had been 
 present. His merits were noticed and pat- 
 ronised by Guido and by Albano; and he 
 afterwards settled at Florence, where he 
 married a painter's daughter. The suddeu 
 death of his wile, of m hom he was knowu 
 to be very jealous, threw upon him the falfie 
 accusation of having murdered her ; in con- 
 sequence of which calumny he entcreil into 
 the order of the Jesuits. He died 167C, 
 aged 55. 
 
 CouRTOls, William, bi-other of the pre- 
 ceding, was the pupil of Peter de Cortona, 
 and was patronised by Alexander VH. His 
 pieces were much admired, especially his 
 battle of Joshua. He died 1673, aged 45, in 
 consequence of taking improper quack Bie- 
 dicines for the gout. 
 
 Cousin, John, a French painter, bom at 
 Succy, near Sens, well skillcil in malhemat- 
 ies. He wrote on geometry and perspec- 
 tive, and chiefiy excelled in painting on glass. 
 Many beautiful specimens of liis skill in pamt- 
 ing exist in the churches of Sens and Paris, 
 and especially in St. tiervase's church. Ft.p 
 his eminence, he is called great. He was a 
 favorite with four kings; Henry H. Francis 
 II. Charles IX. and Henry HI. He was liv- 
 ing in 1GS9 ; but the time of his death is un- 
 certain. 
 
 i^ousrox, Nicholas, sculptor to the 
 French king, was born at Lyons, and dfed 
 at Paris 1st .May 1733, aged 75, member of 
 the academies of {jaintiirg and sculpture, 
 lie possessed great i;cnius and a very delicate 
 tasle. His pieces adorn the palaces of Paris, 
 Versailles, and Marly. His (k)mnu)dus iu 
 the chuiacter of Hercules is particularly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 CouSTON, William, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, director of the aeaileiuy of painlinjr 
 aud sculpture, died at Paris 'J2tl FcHriiary 
 
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 1746, aged 60. He was distinguished as an 
 able sculptor. He bad a brother of tlie 
 same name, who died at Paris, 1746, aged 
 68, whose works were the mausoleum of 
 Dubois, and two groups of horses, at 
 Marly. 
 
 CouSTOX, William, son of the last men- 
 tioned, improved himself by studying the 
 arts at Rome. He was rising into employ- 
 ment, and had just tinished the mausoleum 
 of the dauphin, deposited in the cathedral of 
 Sens, when he died suddenly in July, 1777, 
 aged 61. His other works are tlie apotheosis 
 of Xavier — an Apollo — Venus and Mars, 8cc. 
 
 CouTHON, Georges, a native of Orsay, 
 in Auvergne, who was brought up to the 
 bar. At the revolution, he became member 
 of the national assembly and of the conven- 
 tion, and there displayed the most ferocious 
 and vindictive conduct. He lent all his pow- 
 ers to procure the destruction of the mon- 
 archy, and the disgrace and death of the 
 king; and afterwards, as tl:e friend and as- 
 sociate of llobespierre, he recommended 
 the adoption of the most bloody and atro- 
 cious measures. In his zeal against crowned 
 heads, he proclaimed deatii to tyrants, and 
 peace to the cottage, and wislied that kings 
 might no longer have an earth to support, 
 nor a sun to enlighten them. When sent as 
 deputy to Lyons, he struck with a hammer 
 the columns of the noblest edifices, exclaim- 
 ing, " Down, ye monuments of pride, I con- 
 demn vou to destruction." His savaare con- 
 duct was so well known, that w hen once com- 
 plaining of thirst, during a long debate in 
 the convention, one of the members observ- 
 ed, he ought to have a cup full of blood. 
 The fall of liobespierre, whose crimes he 
 had shared, was his own. He was guillotined 
 28th July 1794. Though of so ferocious a 
 heart, the features of his countenance were 
 inild and pleasing; but his body was deform- 
 ed, so that the convention permitted him to 
 sit while speaking. 
 
 CouvREUR, Adrianne le, a French ac- 
 tress, born at Fismes, in Champagne, 1690. 
 She first appeared in 1717, in the character 
 of Electra, and was received with universal 
 applause. Her best character was Phai<lra. 
 She died 20th March 1730. She was for 
 some time mistress to marshal Saxe, whom, 
 when reduced to distress in the acquisition 
 »)f his dukedom of Courland, she assisted 
 •with a large sum of money raised upon her 
 jewels. 
 
 Coward, William, a medical writer, 
 born at Winchester, and educated there at 
 the college, and at Hart-hall, Oxford, from 
 which he was removed to Wad bam. In 
 1680 he was chosen fellow of Merton, and 
 two years after he translated Dryden's Ab- 
 salom and Achitophel into Latin, which, 
 however, did not much contribute to his 
 fame, as it was surpassed by the rival trans- 
 lation of Atterbury. He took his medical 
 degrees in 1685 and 87, and after settling at 
 Northampton fur sometime, he removed to 
 I^ondon 1694. But not more devoted to 
 physical pursuits than literature, he soon 
 
 drew the public attention to his publication, 
 called Second thoughts concerning the hu- 
 man soul, in which, with great learning and 
 metaphysical knowledge, he united senti- 
 ments, which were repugnant to the opinions 
 of the best divines. Though he was a sincere 
 believer in the gospel, yet his ideas about tho 
 immateriality and immortality of the soul, 
 drew upon him the censure of the public, 
 and he was ranked m ith Toland, Tindal, and 
 Gildon,as an enemvof the christian relimon. 
 This work as well as his other book, called 
 the grand essay in defence of it, not only 
 drcM the attacks of several writers, such a? 
 Dr. Nichols, Broughton, and Turner, but 
 the animadversions of the house of com- 
 mons, Avho, on the 17th March 1704, voted 
 the books to be burned by the hands of the 
 common hangman, as containing docti'ines 
 contrary to the church of England, and sub- 
 versive to the christian religion. Afterwards 
 Dr. Coward applied himself to the pursuits 
 of his profession, and published his tract cal- 
 I led Opthalmiatria, which appeared with the 
 i approbation of Hans Sloane. From the per- 
 j secution which attended his writings, it is 
 supposed tliat Dr. Coward removed from 
 ! London, as a hiatus occjirs in his history, 
 j for about twelve years. His heroic poem on 
 Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, whether scepti- 
 tical or censorious, published about this 
 time, was little attended to, and is bow to- 
 tally unknown. His licentia poetica discus- 
 sed, appeared in 1709, but though intro- 
 duced with the poetical flattery of Aaron 
 Hill, of John Gay, and of Barklay, it pos- 
 sessed little merit, and found few admirers. 
 In 1718 Dr. Coward is mentioned in the 
 college of physicians' list, as residing at Ips- 
 wich, where it is supposed he died about 
 1725. Though his writings no longer en- 
 gage attention, it must be acknovviedged, 
 that he was not devoid of learning, judg- 
 ment, and abiUties. Though sceptical in 
 his religious opinions, he still was exempla- 
 ry as a christian, and a firm believer in the 
 mercies oftered to mankind by the gospel. 
 
 CowEi-L, John, an eminent civilian, born 
 at Ernsborough, Devon, 1554, and educated 
 at Eton and King's college, Cambridge. He 
 became fellow of his college, professor of 
 civil law in the university, and master of 
 Trinity -hall. His Interpreter, was publish- 
 ed in 1607, in 4to. undertaken at the request 
 of Bancroft the archbishop. This book dis- 
 playing great and extensive knowledge, for 
 some time remained unceusured, but at last, 
 it was observed that the author had spoken 
 with great freedom and severity of the com- 
 mon law, and of its professors, especially 
 Littleton, and had " disputed too nisely on 
 the mysteries of the monarchy," and assert- 
 ed that the monarch might make laws, with- 
 out the consent of parliament, and in con- 
 sequence of this, the house of commons 
 proceeded with great violence against him ; 
 but James with becoming zeal interposed his 
 influence, and saved him from persecution. 
 After this Cowell retired to Cambridge, 
 where he underwent au operation for the 
 
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 stone, uhieh proved fatal lltli Oct. ICII. 
 lie was buiieil in Trinily-liiill rhnpcl. lie 
 vrote l)0si»lc3 Institulcs of the laws of Ensi;- 
 laiul — aiul a tract dc regulis juris, w hicli 
 last was never published. 
 
 Cowi.EV, Al)rah:un, an Eiipjlisli poet, 
 horn ill London lOlS. He was educated ai. 
 Westminster school, and the accidental pe- 
 rusal of Spenser's works, so much roused 
 his i)oetical genius, that he pul)hshed his 
 " poetical blossoms," before he was removed 
 to the university. Jle entered at Trinity 
 college, Cauibiidge, where he wrote some 
 poems, and planned the design of those mas- 
 eidine pieces, which have immortalized his 
 name. 'l"hc loyalty of his sentiments, and tlie 
 noble indei)endence of his conduct, howev- 
 er, proved displeasing to the republicans of 
 his college, and he was with some others 
 ejected from the university, and came to St. 
 John's college, Oxford, where he publi'^hed 
 his satire of the Pui'itan and Papist. His 
 attachment to the royal cause, as well as his 
 literary merits recommended liim to the no- 
 tiee of the great; he was intimate with lord 
 Falkland, and confidently engaged in the 
 ^ting's service. Dui-ing the civil wars, he 
 was settled in the duke of St. Alban's fami- 
 ly, and was absent from England about 10 
 or 12 years, and during that time, perform- 
 ed some very dangerous journeys to Jersey, 
 Scotland, Flanders, Holland, and other pla- 
 ces, while he managed the correspondence 
 between the king and his consort, and 
 the various bodies of loyalists dispersed 
 through the kingdom. In 1656 he ventured 
 to come into England with great secrecy, 
 but he was arrested, though by mistake, 
 and was restored to liberty only by giving 
 bail for 1000/. After Cromwell's death he 
 returned to France, and at the restoration 
 lie determined to retire to solitude and lear- 
 ned ease. His intentions were favored by 
 the liberality of the duke of Buckingham 
 and lord St. Alban's, who gave him an es- 
 tate, and the last eight years of his life were 
 spent in that comfortable retirement, Avhich 
 he so much admired. He lived some time 
 at TJarn-Elms, but as the situation was not 
 healthy, he removed toChertsey, wlierc, in 
 consequence of exposing himself too long to 
 the cold air, he was attacked by a violent 
 delluxion and stoppage in his breast and 
 throat, which by being at first disregarded, 
 in a fortnight proved fatal. He died 28th 
 July 1067, aged 49, and was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey, near Chaucer and Spenser, 
 and a monument was erected to his honor, 
 by George duke of Buckingliam, 1675. 
 Cowley took his doctor's degree in medicine 
 at Oxford, 1657, and as it was under the re- 
 publican government, some liave doubted 
 the sincerity of his attachment to the royal 
 cause, but his object was not of a political 
 nature. He wished to study medicine as a 
 science, and for that purpose a degree was 
 necessarv. His books of plants were pub- 
 iished in 166'.^, and as he had employed him- 
 self not only in anatoniical dissection, but to 
 the laborious consideration of simples, and 
 
 VOL. I. 49- 
 
 the deeji researches of botany, his m ork.s on 
 those svd)jects, are the thoughts of a master. 
 Uesides the «(»i'ks already mcritionejl, he 
 published a new (•flition of his poems, mis- 
 rellanies — the Mistress — Pin<laric odev— 
 Davideis — ihe ("utter of (jolenian strer-t, a 
 comedy, iscc. IJesiiles poems, he wrote in 
 prose, a ]»roposition for the advancement of 
 ex[)eiinieiital pliilosofdiy — and a dihcourse 
 on the government of Cromwell. Cowley it 
 very respectable as a poet, and iiis ^^•rse 
 tliough sometimes uncouth and inelegant, 
 does not waril lire a!ul majesty. He aboun- 
 ded, as Addison observed, above all othera 
 in gentiine wit. Dr. .lohnson places him at 
 the head of melaphysica! poet.s. 
 
 CowPER, William, born at Perth, was 
 educated at Edinburgh, where he became 
 professor of philosophy, 'riiough originally 
 a strict [)resbyteri;ui, he renounced bis scrt, 
 and embiaci.'ig the doctrines of the tburth, 
 was made bishop of Galloway, 161*. He 
 died three years after, aged 53. He was an 
 able divine. His works were printed in one 
 vol. folio. 
 
 CowPEK, William, D. D. youngest son 
 of earl Cow per, was born in London, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 After po.ssossirtg some small living, he was 
 made dean of Durham, which beheld till hii 
 death 1772, in his 59th year. He wrote an able 
 treatise on geometry, besides eight sermons, 
 and an advice to a lady much esteemed. 
 
 CowPER, William, M. D. a physician of 
 reputation at Chester, who died '2('th Oct. 
 1767. He published some antiquarian trea- 
 tises, and was prepaiing at the time of his 
 death, an history of Chester. 
 
 CowPER, William, a celebrated English 
 poet. He was the son of Dr. Cowper, chap- 
 lain to George II. and rector of Berkham[)- 
 stead, Hertfordshire, where he was born 
 1731. He lost his excellent mother when he 
 v.as only six years oitl, ami after learning 
 the rudiments of language at Market-street 
 Hertfordshire, he removed to We^tminste^ 
 school where he continued till his ISth ycai'. 
 As the great nephew of chancellor Cowper, 
 he was marked for eminence in the law, and 
 after being for some time in the office of an 
 attorney, he entered at the Inne)--tcmplf, 
 and at the age of 31 he was appointed clerk 
 in the house of lords. This honorable oi- 
 fice his great timidity prevented him from 
 accepting, and when afterwards nominateil. 
 clerk of the journals, which seemed to re- 
 quire no personal attendance, his agitation 
 of mind became excessive when called upon, 
 at the bar of the house, on an unusual occa- 
 sion, to perfoi-m the duties of his place, and 
 he resigned under the greatest depression of 
 sjiirits. Weakness of nerves, produced de- 
 bility of body and of mind, but by the friend- 
 ly attention of Dr. Cotton of St. Alban's, hi^ 
 melancholy terrors gradually subsided, and 
 from a dejected gloom he rose* to the purer 
 use of his mental faculties and to the enjoy- 
 ment of rational ccnversation, and the cheer- 
 ing and serene miderstanding of the hopes 
 of revelation. In 1765 he settled at Hunt-. 
 
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 ingdotij and became the friend and the inti- 
 mate of Mr. Unwin, a neighboring clergy- 
 man, after -whose unfortunate death, by a 
 fall from his hoiwe in 1767, he retired to 
 OIncy, Bucks, vitli his ^idow, whom he 
 regarded with all the affection of a mother. 
 His time in retirement was spent, not only 
 in devotion but in literature, and he contri- 
 buted sixty-eight hymns to the collection 
 whi'jh his friend Mr. Newton the curate of 
 Olney, and an eloquent supporter of the 
 doctrine of C.-^lvin, gave to the world. In 
 lYS^ he appeared himself before the public 
 by the publication of a volume of poems, 
 and in 1785 the general voice of approbation 
 \vas raised towards him on the appearance 
 of his second volume. He afterwards en- 
 gaged in a translation of Homer's Iliad and 
 Odyssey in blank verse, and in the opinion 
 of some judges the work, though inferior to 
 the versification of Pope, possesses great 
 merit, and presents to the English reader a 
 more pleasing and perfect picture of the 
 great original. In 1786 he removed with 
 Mrs. Unwin to \Yeston, Northamptonshire, 
 and afterwards turned his thoughts to a life 
 of Milton, and to a complete edition of his 
 poems, and after he had made some little 
 progress he was introduced to Mr. Hayley, 
 who had been engaged on the same subject, 
 and thus arose an intercourse of fricn<lsliip 
 which continued to the last period of life. 
 The poet had communicated so much plea- 
 sure and instruction to the world b)' the 
 SAveetness of his lines, and the pure pre- 
 cepts of morality and benevolence which ev- 
 ery where captivate the reader, that the 
 king honorably bestowed upon him a pension 
 of 5001. per annum in 1794; but the compli- 
 ment, so flattering to a man of talents, and 
 so becoming the sovereign of an enlightened 
 nation, gave more satisfaction to his friends 
 than to himself. The wretched poet was 
 again sunk into dejection and religious me»- 
 lancholy, and few intervals of reason beamed 
 Upon the afiiicted mind of this amiable man. 
 For a while indeed he amused himself in 
 the revision of his Homer, but again relap- 
 sed into that depression of spirits which rob- 
 bed liim of all the coniforts and the serenity 
 of a reflecting mind. He died 25th April, 
 1800, at Dereham Noi-folk, where a hand- 
 some monument in the church marks the 
 spot where his remains were deposited. In 
 exhibiting a story in poetical numbers Cow- 
 per posse.ss(Ml a pecidiarly happy genius ; his 
 John Gilpin, which was related to him by 
 his friend lady Austin, to amuse him in a 
 tedious hovir of melancholy, when conver- 
 ted into verse by his pen proved a most pop- 
 ular ballad, and has since continued to please 
 and amuse the nation. In his manners 
 though reserved he was pleasing, his eon^ 
 ver.sation was cheerful, and Mrs. Unwin, 
 lady Austin, lady llesketh, and Mrs. Throg- 
 morton and others, were not only honored 
 •with marks of his friendship, but immortali- 
 zed b}- the happy effusions of his delicate 
 «nd sportive muse. The singular subjects 
 of one of his best pieces was undertaken at 
 
 the request of lady Austin, ^vho called foi*th 
 his pov/ers of composition by bidding hiiii 
 write, on a sofa. The sofa must be regar- 
 ded as a most valuable composition, and 
 thougli in that and in his other larger poem 
 The task, there is perhaps no well digested 
 plan or regular connection, the whole must 
 be considered as tlie effort of a great genius* 
 assisted by the feelings of a truly humane, 
 virtuous, and benevolent heart. An elegant 
 and pleasing account of the life and writings 
 of this extraordinary man has been publish- 
 ed by his friend Mr. Hayley. 
 
 Cox, Richard, an English prelate of mean 
 parentage, born at Whaddon, Bucks, about 
 1500. He was educated at Eton and King's 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became a 
 fellow. He was invited by ^V'olsey, to form one 
 of the chosen few, on his new foundation at 
 Oxford ; but after some time his open avow- 
 al of Luther's principles, rendered him ob- 
 noxious to the censures of the university, 
 and he w as stripped of his offices and impri- 
 soned. Afterwards he was made master of 
 Eton school, and by the favor of his patron 
 and friend Cranmer, he was raised to the of- 
 fices of archdeacon and prebendary of Ely 
 and Lincoln, and of dean of Christ church. 
 As tutor to king Edw ard VI. he became a 
 great favorite at court, was made privy 
 counsellor, and chancellor of the university- 
 of Oxford, canon of Windsor, and dean of 
 Westminster. During the bloody reign of 
 Mary he left England, and maintained on 
 the continent, his reputation for learning, 
 and for adhering to the protestant faith. 
 On Elizabeth's accession, he returned to 
 England, and gained such popularity by his 
 eloquence and zeal against popery, that he 
 was raised to the see of Ely, over which he 
 presided for 21 years. His opposition to the 
 catholics, drew upon him the resentment of 
 his enemies, and even the queen herself 
 sheM cd herself unfriendly to him. Exposed 
 to the persecution of diancellor Hatton, who 
 wished to strip him of all his ecclesiastical 
 domains, he at last offered to resign Ids dig- 
 nities, provided that 200/. per annum were 
 allowed liim, to support him in Ids retire- 
 ment and solitude. None, however, could 
 be found to succeed upon those disgraceful 
 terms, and he held the bishopric till his 
 death, lj8l, in his S3d year. Hewasagreat 
 advocate for the marriage of the clergy, and 
 he was the first who brought a wife to live in 
 a college. He wrote several tlieological 
 tracts, but he is chiefly known for the active 
 part which he took in the compilation of the 
 liturgy. The four gospels — the acts of the 
 apostles — and the epistle to the Romans, 
 were also translated by him, in the sbai*e 
 which he had in the bible, now called the Bi- 
 shops' bible. He was also concerned in the 
 compilation of Lily's grammar. 
 
 Cox. sir Richard, chancellor of Ireland, 
 was born at Brandon, county of Cork, 25th 
 March, 1650. Though left an orphan under 
 the age of three, he yet, under the protect- 
 ing care of his grandfather and of his uncle,, 
 evinced great natural abilities. For three 
 
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 years he prScthed ns nn a1forncy,liiil. onniin"; 
 to Gray's inn ill 1071, lie slii(lic<l for tlic bar. 
 Ill consecjuencc of an earl)' marriapjc, he had 
 u lars>t' family, ami tin; r;ii-cs uliii^h tlicy 
 brought upon him, roused liiiii from the ob- 
 scurity whore for seven years he had licen 
 hwf as a farmer, ami by tin; interest of sir 
 Robert Southwell, he was eli'tled ricorder 
 of Kinsale. Flo now practised with great 
 success in the law, but rcniovint:; from the 
 convulsion wiiieh aj;italed the |»rotcstauts he 
 came to Bristol, wjjerc, from his many avo- 
 cations, hechnofed himself to the completion 
 of Jiis history of Ireland. At the vevoluliou 
 he was made under secretary of state, after- 
 wards recorder of ^^'aterf^)rd, in IG90 second 
 justice of the common pleas, and the next 
 year governor of the county and city of Cork, 
 tn this singidar character, uniting the ofFice 
 of judge with military duties, he beliaved 
 with great spirit ami propriety, he was 
 knighted in 1G92, and the rie.xt year made 
 chancellor of Ireland, and in 170G created a 
 baronet. On the accession of Cieorge I. he 
 as well as some of the Irish judges, were re- 
 moved from office, but while he hoped to 
 spend the rest of his life in literary and in- 
 dependent retirement, he found himself ex- 
 posed to the censures of the Irish parliament, 
 who, however, never proceeded further 
 against liim. In April 1753, he was seized 
 w ith a fit of apoplexy, which ending in a palsv, 
 carried him off, the following Sd Alay, in his 
 8ith year. He was esteemed not only as an 
 able lawyer, and impartial historian, but as 
 anliumaneand beneficent man. Besides his 
 Hiberrua-Anglicana in folio^ he wrote an in- 
 quiry into religion, and the use of reason in 
 reference to it, 8vo. — an address to those of 
 the Koman communion in England, 12mo. 
 
 Cox, Leonard, a grammarian, born at 
 ^lonmouth^ and educated at Cambridge. He 
 was for some time, and with great reputa- 
 tion, master of Reading school, after which 
 he travelled through P'rance, Germany, i'o- 
 land, and Hungary, where, as a teacher of 
 the learned languages, lie acquired m\ich 
 fame. Hedied at(yaerkon, Monmouthshire, 
 1549. He ■•> rote some Greek and Latin trea- 
 tises, be^de a commentary on Lily's gram- 
 mar. 
 
 CoXETEU, Thomas, born at Lechlade, 
 Clocestershire, Sept. 1089, entered at Trin- 
 ity college, Oxford, from whence he removed 
 to London, to study the law, but the death of 
 his patron sir John Cook in 1710, overturned 
 his hopes of high distinction. Left without 
 any plan to pursue, he became the friend 
 and companion of authors and booksellers, 
 and began to make a curious collection of 
 old plays. He proposed to write the bio- 
 graphy of the old English poets, but did nf)t 
 proceed i\iv in the work. He gave in 1739 a 
 new edition of Baily's life of bishop Fisher, 
 and circulated proposals for publishing an- 
 cient plays, a plan which was afterwards 
 adopted by Dodsley. He was in 1737 secre- 
 tary to a society for the encouragement of 
 EngUsh history, under whose auspiccsCarte's 
 history of England, first volume, appeared. 
 He died April 19th 1749, aged 59. 
 
 Coxis, Michael, a painter of ^fcchh'n, 
 who dietl l.')92, aged 95. His imitations of 
 l{aj)hael are greatly admired, as well as his 
 designs. 
 
 Cover, I' Abbe Gabriel Francis, a French 
 writer who was born at Baumelles Nones, 
 IVanche CJomte and flied al Paris July 18th 
 17S'2, in an advanced age. Originally a Jer<- 
 uit, he abandoned the order, and live<l by his 
 pen. His works jiossess vivacity, case, fjul 
 wit. He wrote Jtagatelles morales, — the 
 history of John Sobeiski 3 vols. l2mo. — tra- 
 vels in Italy and Holland, 2 vols. — observa- 
 tions on England, — treatise on preaching, 
 and on public education, besides a translation 
 of IJlackstone's commentaries. 
 
 CoYPEi,, Charles Anthony, a celebrated 
 painter, who died at Paris, his native city, 
 1752, aged 5S. He w:i8 painter to the fluke 
 of Orleans and to the k'ng, and by his amiabic 
 manners and extensive endowments he de- 
 served and enjoyed the friendship of the great. 
 He wasauthorof some theatrical pieces, which 
 were performed in private theatres^ and he 
 also composefl several dissertations on paint- 
 ing, and some academical lectures. He was 
 very charitable, and for his many nrtues was 
 highly esleemccl by the duke of Orleans. 
 He erected a preparatory school at Pans 
 for students before they went to Rome, and 
 he also projected the exhibition of the pic- 
 tui'es in the Luxemburg gallery. His father 
 Anthony, who died in lT'-2-Z, aged 01, was also 
 an eminent artist, and painter to tlie king, 
 and his grandfather Noel had been equally 
 celebrated at Paris, and at Rome where he 
 was director of the French academy of 
 
 —Noel 
 
 pamtmg. 
 Nicholas, 
 
 He died 1707, aged 79. 
 
 th^ son of Noel, was also known 
 not only as a painter of fine church pieces, 
 but as an able professor in the academy. He 
 died 1735, aged 43. 
 
 CoYSEVox, Anthony, a French sculptor, 
 born at Lyons. He died 1720, aged SO, chan- 
 cellor and regent of the academy ot painting 
 and sculpture. Versailles was emkellished 
 by the finest of his pieces. At Marly his 
 Neptune and Amphitrite, and at the church 
 of St. Eustachius the statue of Colbert, are 
 likewise fine speciniens of his great powers. 
 
 CoYTiER, James, physician to Lewis 
 XL of Fi'ance, is remarkable for the great 
 ascendancy which he obtained over the su- 
 l)erstition and timidity of that monarch, who 
 seemed greatly terrified at the thought of 
 death. This influence be artfully exerted 
 to advance his interests- and those of his 
 family. 
 
 CozzA, Francesco, a painter, born at Pa- 
 lermo in Sicily. He wa.s pupil to Domini- 
 ciiino, and eminent irt freaio and in oil paint- 
 ing, and employed himself in several of the 
 great works which adorn Rome, wliere he 
 died 1004. 
 
 Craasbeck, Joseph van, a painter boru 
 at Brussels, 1G08. He died lOGS. He was 
 pupil to Brouwer, and chiefly excelled in 
 vulgar scenes, where he represented drunk- 
 enness and ale-house quarrels with great 
 spirit. 
 
 Crab, Roger, an English Hermit, bor» in 
 
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 Buckingharashire in the beginning oi' tlie 
 16th century. He left his occupation ot" 
 liHtter, and with a mind influenced by fanati- 
 cism and the lave of singularity', lie disposed 
 of his propei-ty, and distiibuted it to the 
 poor, and building a small hut at Lkman 
 near Uxbridge, he lived there in great aus- 
 terity. Hit* reputation for sanctity and ab- 
 stinence was such that he u as visited by many 
 respectable persons, w ho consulted him as a 
 seer and propbct. He is said to have foie- 
 told the i-estoration, and the elevation of the 
 house of Orange to the British throne. 
 
 Crabb, Habakkuk, an eminent dibsenter, 
 born at \Vattisfield, Suft'olk, and educated 
 under Dashworth at Uaveutry. He officiated 
 as minister at Stowmarket, and afterwards 
 at Cirencester, and then joined his brother- 
 in-law Fenncr in the care of a school at the 
 Devizes. On the death of his friend the 
 well known Thomas Hanmer, he was invited 
 by his congregation, but liis principles were 
 not appreciated with that liberality which he 
 expected in his native place ; and as being 
 accused of departing from the faith of tlie 
 dissenters, he retired from his ministry to 
 Royston, -wliere the loss of his wife added 
 to other disappointments brought on a uer- 
 vous fever which hurried him to his grave, 
 two years after his wife, Dec. 25th 179.^. 
 He left several manuscript sermons, some 
 of which have been published. He was a 
 repectable man, and for 45 years a very ex- 
 emplary character, wlio while he dissented 
 from the church, yet respected the opinions 
 of his neighbors, and preached religion with- 
 out disseminating faction. 
 
 Craddock, Samuel, rector of North 
 Cadbury, Somersetshire, was ejected for 
 nonconformity in 1662. He was a respecta- 
 ble man, and his principal works display 
 considerable ability. He published the his- 
 tory of the Old and New testament — the 
 apostolical history — the harmony of the four 
 gospels, Stc. He died Oct. 7th 1706, aged 86. 
 Craddock, Luke, a painter of great 
 natural genius. His birds were greatly ad- 
 mired, and rose in value to three or four 
 times their original price, after his death. 
 He worked generally for dealers, and refus- 
 ed to employ his pencil for the great, ob- 
 serving that they restrained his fancy. He 
 A]'\ed 1717, and was buried in St. Mary's 
 Whitechapel. 
 
 Craig, Nicholas, a learned Dane. He 
 •was born at Ripen in 1541, and was regent of 
 the school at Copenhagen in 1576. He died 
 1602, aged 61. He was engaged by the king 
 of Denmark in some important negotiations, 
 which he fulfilled with great credit and satis- 
 faction. He wrote a learned book on the 
 republic of the Lacedsemonians, reprinted 
 at Leyden, 1670, Svo. besides the annals of 
 Denmark in six books, reprinted at Copen- 
 hagen in 1737, folio. 
 
 Craig, sir Thomas, a learned Scotch 
 lawyer, born at Edinburgh, 1548, where he 
 died 1608. He acquired eminence at the 
 bar. He is well known for his "Jus Feu- 
 dale," a learned work universally admired 
 
 He wrote also a treatise on the sovereignty 
 of Scf>tland, and in another work proved the 
 legality of James's succession to the English 
 crown. 
 
 Craig, James, a Scotch divine, horn at 
 Gilford, East Lothian, and educated at Edin- 
 burgh. He was much admired as a popular 
 preacher. He died at Edinburgh 1744, aged 
 02. He published 3 vols, of sermons, chiefly 
 on the heads of Christianity, besides 2 vols, 
 of divine poems much esteemed. 
 
 Craig, John, a Scotch mathematician, 
 who became known by his " theologise 
 christiance principia mathematica," in 36 
 pages 4to. printed at London 1699, and re- 
 printed at Leipsic 1755. In this small work 
 he entertains curious reveries, and attempts 
 to prove, by mathematical calculation, that 
 the christian religion will last only 1454 
 years from the date of his book. This work 
 was refuted by the abbe Houteville, in his 
 christian religion proved by facts. He had 
 also a dispute with J. Bernouillion the quad- 
 rature of curved lines, and curvilinear fig- 
 ures, and also on an algebraic question, iu 
 which he acknowledged, very candidly, iu 
 the philosophical transactions, the fallacy of 
 his own suppositions. 
 
 Craig, William, a Scotch divine, born at 
 Glasgow, Feb. 1709, and educated at the 
 university there. Early devoted to the pur- 
 .suits of classical literature, and highly sensi- 
 ble of their beauty and simplicity, he with 
 the approbation of his friends Clerk and 
 Hutcheson, transfused their most striking 
 passages, not only into his conversation, but 
 his pulpit oratory, which was solemn, ele- 
 gant, and correct. The popularity of his 
 preaching recommended him to the notice 
 of Mr. Lockhart of Cambusnethan, who 
 presented him to that parisli. After refusing 
 the honorable invitations of some other pat- 
 rons, he at last removed to Glasgow, where, 
 in the circle of his friends, and in the midst 
 of an applauding audience at St. Andrew's 
 church, he pursued his ministerial career 
 with earnestness, animation, and success. 
 Though some of his cotemporaries preferred 
 to hear the abstruse tenets of speculative 
 theology, and all its mysterious doctrines, 
 enlarged upon in the pulpit, he applied him- 
 self to bring home to his hearers their du- 
 ties, and the know ledge of their character, 
 according to the precept and the example of 
 the great Saviour. Mr. (h'aig was sensibly 
 affected by the death of his wife, 1 758, with 
 whom he had lived happily 16 years, and 
 though afterwards he married again, he 
 never recovered his wonted spirits. 'I'he 
 death of his second wife and of his eldest 
 son increased his dejection, and he at last 
 sunk gradually into the grave, 1783, age<l 
 75. 
 
 Crack ANTHORP, Richard, was born at 
 Strickland, Westmoreland, and educated at 
 Queen's cellege, Oxford. He was an elo- 
 quent preacher, well acquainted with divin- 
 ity, and much admired by the puritans. 
 He went as chaplain to an embassy to the 
 emperor, and afterwards was presented to 
 
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 tlie rectory of Braintree in Essex. Ifc diet] 
 in IG'ii, at his rectory of lil:u;k-NotIcy. His 
 V'orks are Justinian (Icfciided ;»guirist ll:iro- 
 nius — a deleiice of Constiiiiliiie — a treatise 
 on the 5th {general council, tiie. — five books 
 of logic — ii defence of the Anglican church, 
 Jvc. 
 
 Cramer, John Frederic, a learned pro- 
 fessor at Dnishuru;, rejidont for the kin^ of 
 Prussia at Auisiteidani, <]ied at thi; Hai^Uf, 
 1715. He x^aJ: well skilled in civil law, lan- 
 guap;cs, and nii'dallic liistory. He translated 
 Puttendorf's introduction to history, and 
 Avrote vindici^ non 'nis fiermanici contra 
 gallos, bee. 
 
 Cu AM ER, Gahnr' an ahle mathematician, 
 born at Gi;peva l6i . He vas the pupil of 
 John Bertiouilli, and became known over 
 Europe lor his great skill in mathematics. 
 He deslvoyed hie health by excessive appli- 
 cation, sfiid died at the baths of Langnedoc 
 in 1752. He published some -works, besides 
 an edition of the two Uernoiiilli's •works, 
 published G vols. 4to. 1643. 
 
 Ckameu, NicJjolas, a Flemish painter, 
 who died 1710, aged 40. His pieces are 
 much admired for taste and correctness. 
 
 Cramer, Daniel, a native of Beltz in 
 Brandenburg, professor of eloquence at 
 "VV'ittemberg, and afterwards dean and con- 
 sistical professor at Stellen, where he died 
 1598, aged 30. He was an able divine, and 
 Avrote also on the logic and metaphysics of 
 Aristotle — scholce prophetical — arbor he- 
 retics consanguinitates, hcc. 
 
 Cramer, John James, a native of Elgg, 
 professor of the oriental languages at Zurich, 
 and afterwards at Herborn, where he also 
 filled the chair of divinity and ecclesiastical 
 history. He wrote exercilationes de ara ex- 
 teriori secundi tcmpli, 4 to. — theologia Is- 
 raelis, 4to. — and died 1702, aged 29. His 
 brother John Rodolphus, Hebrew and di- 
 vinity professor at Zurich, and dean of the 
 college of the cannons, was author of some 
 valuable works on Hebrew antiquities, dis- 
 sertations, hai-angues, kc. He died at Zu- 
 rich 1737, aged 59. 
 
 Cramer, John Andrew, a native of 
 Quedlinburg, who first reduced the art of 
 assaying in metallurgy into a system, and 
 Avrole on it elementa artis docimasticte, 8vo. 
 1739. He wrote besides, elements on metal- 
 lurgy, 2 vols, folio — introduction to the care, 
 &c. of forests, with a description of the 
 method of burning charcoal, kc. 1766, fol. 
 He died near Dresden, 1777, aged 67. 
 
 Cramer, John Andrew, a German wri- 
 ter, who, after studying at Leipsic, and giv- 
 ing public lectures, and editing a weekly pa- 
 per called the Guardian spirit, removed 
 1754 to Copenhagen, as chaplain to the 
 pourt. He was made professor of divinity 
 1765 ; but the disgrace of Struensee was fa- 
 tal to his fortunes for a while, yet though 
 dismissed, he was again recalled from Lu- 
 bec, Mhere he had taken refuge, and he di- 
 ed divinity professor at Kiel 1788, aged 65. 
 He was not only an able divine, but a poet of 
 considerable merit Besides a spirited ver- 
 
 sion of the psalms, odes, and other poems, 
 he wrote the life of Gellert, sermons, miK- 
 it llanies, 8«cc. and translated the best part of 
 Cbi) iostom ii»to (icrnjan, and Bossuet's 
 univci'sal history, with <lissertations. 
 
 Cua.ne, 'riioinas, a nonconformist, boiri 
 at IMyniouth, and eilueatcd at E-xeter col- 
 lege, Oxford. Cromwell gave him the living 
 ol liuni]Krsham in Dorsetshire, from which 
 hf was ejected ii» 166-2. He died 1714. He 
 published a treatise on divine jirovidence. 
 
 ("u A .NIL'S, Luca, a painter of Bamberg, 
 \\\iO died 1553, aged 83. His pieces though 
 once admired, are now no longer esteemed. 
 His son imitated his manner of painting, and 
 died 1586, aged 76. 
 
 Cranmer, Thomas, arclibishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born at Aslacton, Notlinghara- 
 bhire, 14S9. He was educated at Jesus col- 
 lege, (Cambridge, of which he became a fel- 
 low. By his mai'riage he lost his fellowship, 
 but recovered it in consequence of the early 
 death of his wife in childbed, and he took his 
 <legree of D. D. in 1523. The freedom and 
 ability with whie.h he canvassed the king's 
 marriage with his brother's widow, recom- 
 mended him to the notice of the court, and. 
 Henry soon employed his abilities in defence 
 of his views. Cranmer went to Rome with 
 the book which he had written in support of 
 the invalidity of the king's marriag*.?, anrl 
 ottered to dispute, with any ecclesiastic 
 whom the Roman pontiff might appoint, but 
 the challenge was not accepted. He now 
 continued in Germany as ambassador frora 
 the king, and he married a second wife, a 
 niece of Osiander at Nuremburg. Upon the 
 death of Warham he was raised to llie va- 
 cant see of Canterbury, but without ac- 
 knowledging the pope's supremacy ; and two 
 months after. May 1533, he pronounced the 
 divorce between Henry and queen Catha- 
 rine of Arragon, and married the king to 
 Anne Boleyn. Thus at Avar with the author- 
 ity of the pope, he began earnestly to labor 
 for the advancement of the reformation, by 
 the translation of the bible into Enghsh, and 
 by inveighing against the vices and the usur- 
 pation of the court of Rome. In 1536 he 
 divorced Henry from Anne Boleyn, but 
 though seemingly the favorite of the king, 
 *ie boldly opposed his measures for tiie con- 
 fiscation of all the monasteries into the roy- 
 al ti'easury, whilst he wished to convert 
 those immense spoils for the advancement 
 of literature and religion by the appoint- 
 ment of readers of divinity of Greek and 
 Hebrew in every cathedral in the kingdom. 
 After the deatli of Cromwell, he retired 
 from public afiairs, but his influence was 
 such, that he procured the passing of laws, 
 for the promotion of true religion, and the 
 modification of the six articles, which ]>rov- 
 ed so obnoxious to the clergy. His enemies, 
 however, were not silent in these times ct 
 popish intrigue and corruption, and the 
 commons, as well as the privy council, se- 
 verally reprobated his conduct, till Henry 
 interposed, and saved him from further 
 prosecution. At the king's death, he was 
 
CR 
 
 CR 
 
 one of the regents of the kuigdom, and ex- 
 trcutors of his will, and he crowned Edward 
 \'I. whose godfather he was. He now la- 
 "borcd assiduously in the reformation. The 
 homilies were composed, and sojne by Cran- 
 uier himself; the six offensive articles were 
 repealed, the communion was given in both 
 kinds, the offices oi' the church were revi- 
 sed, the visitation of the clergy regulai'Iy 
 enforced, and the book of common-prayer 
 ■was completed and established by law. The 
 elevation of Mary to the throne, now threat- 
 ened Cranmer with persecution. Though 
 he originally opposed the views of lady Jane 
 Gray, he now espoused her cause, and the 
 successful queen, irritated at his conduct, 
 and perhaps more at his cotjsequence among 
 the protcstants, summoned him before the 
 council, and soon after he was sent to tlie 
 tower, lie was attainted for high treason 
 Nov. 3d, 1553, and found guilty, but at his 
 earnest solicitation, he was pardoned for the 
 treason, and arraigned by his persecutors 
 for heresy. He was removed in April 1 554, 
 with llidley and Latimer, to Oxford, to dis- 
 pute and make his defence before popish 
 eommissioncrs ; hut on the refusal of him- 
 self, and his venerable friends to subscribe 
 to poi)ery, they were condemned as here- 
 tics. In Sept. l.GoS he was again arraigned 
 in St. Mary's, Oxford, of blasphemy, pei-- 
 jury, incontinency, and heresy ; and while 
 "they pretended to summon him to Kome, 
 to make his defence within 80 days, they 
 secretly determined his execution. Cran- 
 mer, though firm to his faith, yet yielded 
 fccfore the terrors of deatli, and in a mo- 
 ment of weakness and despair, he was pre- 
 railed to sign his recantation, and to reim- 
 brace popery. But notwithstanding this 
 concession, his enemies resolved to commit 
 him to the flames, and when he was brought 
 to St. Mary's church in order to make a 
 profession of his faith, he surprised his per- 
 secutors, by an awful appeal to heaven and 
 their consciences, and by a solenm renunci- 
 ation of the tenets he had lately, in a mo- 
 ment of error, embraced, emphatically ex- 
 claiming, "that, that one tiling alone wrung 
 his heart, and that the hand which had false- 
 ly signed the dishonoi"able deed, should first 
 perish in tlie flames." This manly conduct 
 surprised and enraged his enemies, he was 
 immediately dragged over against Baliol col- 
 lege, where, standing in his shirt, and with- 
 out shoes, he was fastened to the stake. 
 The fire was soon kindled, and the venera- 
 ble mai'tyr stretching his right hand into the 
 flames, exclaimed, " this liand hath offend- 
 ed, this unworthy hand." His miseries v/ere 
 soon over, and his last words were, *'Lord 
 Jesus receive my spirit." This happened 
 21 st March 1.550, in his G7th year. Cran- 
 mer, as the great promoter of the reforma- 
 tion, is deservedly respected ; but his learn- 
 ing, his perseverance, and bis zeal, are not 
 more remarkable than the integrity of his 
 heart, the gentleness of his disposition, and 
 the humane virtues of his character. He pat- 
 j;pni,5£jd learned men ; under his ]irotection, 
 
 Bueer and Fagius settled at Cambridge, and 
 Peter Martyr at Oxford, and John a Lasco, 
 Ochinus, Tremellius, and others, were en- 
 abled to advance the interests of science and 
 of religion. His works were chiefly on the 
 religion and the conti'oversies of the time, 
 and besides 26 different publications, which 
 are mentioned as Avritten by him, there are 
 some manuscripts preserved in the king's li- 
 brary purchased for 50/. besides those in the 
 Cotton collection, and other private reposi- 
 toi'ies. 
 
 Crapone, Adam, a native of Salon, 
 known for the canal which still bears his 
 name, which he formed between Aries and 
 the Durance. He had projected the canal 
 of Languedoc, Avliich was afterwards finished 
 by Lewis XIV. He was poisoned through 
 envy at Nantes, in his 40th year, 1598. 
 
 Crash AW, Richard, an English poet, 
 born in London, and educated at the Char- 
 ter house, and Pembroke hall, Cambridge. 
 He was afterwards fellow of Peterhouse, but 
 was ejected during the rebellion, for deny- 
 ing the covenant, and soon after was conver- 
 ted, or as Pope .says out-ivitted, to the cath- 
 olic faith. He went to Paris in quest of pre- 
 ferment, but liis distresses and poverty be- 
 came very great, till the benevolence of 
 Cowley not only relieved him, but recom- 
 mended him to queen Henrietta. By her 
 influence he went over to Italy, and was 
 made secretary to an Italian cardinal, and 
 soon after obtained a canonry in the church 
 of Loretto, where he died 1650. He was an 
 excellent scholar, well acquainted with He- 
 brew, Greek, Latin, Italian, and Spanish. 
 He wrote Steps to the temple, — the delights 
 of the muses, — carmen Deo nostro, &c. 
 He is best known by the encomiums of 
 Pope, who not only admired his poetry, but 
 borrowed some passages from it An edi* 
 tion of his works appeared 1785. 
 
 Crasso, Lawrence, baron of Pianura, 
 wrote an history of the Greek poets 1678, 
 commended by the Italians, but severely 
 censured by the Fi'ench. He also publish- 
 ed the eulogiums of the literati of Venice, 
 two vols. 4to. 1666. 
 
 Crassus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman ora- 
 tor, greatly commended by Cicero. He di- 
 ed about 92 B. C. 
 
 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, one of the 
 triumvirs with J. Caesar, and Pompey, was 
 surnamed the rich. His wish to increase 
 his opulence by the conquest of Parthia 
 proved his ruin. He was defeated and killed 
 in Syria B.C. 55. 
 
 Crates, a philosopher, B. C. 328. He 
 was disciple to Diogenes the cynic, and pri- 
 ded himself on his poverty, and the mean- 
 ness of his behavior. 
 
 Crates, an academic philosopher of 
 Athens B.C. 272. 
 
 Crai esipolis, a queen of Sicyon, cel- 
 ebrated for her valor after the death of her 
 husband Alexander B. C. 314. 
 
 Cratinus, a poet of Athens, who 
 wrote 21 plays, &c. He died B. C. 431^ 
 aged 97, 
 
 C rati FPUS, an Athenian philosopher. 
 
Cr 
 
 CR 
 
 jjest known as the instructor of Cicero's 
 
 son. 
 
 CiiATO or dc Craftheim, John, ;i 
 ?iativc of liresluw, ])liybician to tlie cin|)«j- 
 ror FcM-diuanil I. liesidcs medical tracts, 
 111- wrote some poems ; and as he was in- 
 timate with FjUther, ihe lilllc work called 
 "Luther's table-talk, has been extracted tVoni 
 his writings. He died 158j at Hresluw 
 aged 6Ci. 
 
 Crawford, David, a Scotch iawjer, 
 born atDrnniso)' 10G:1. He was matie his- 
 toriographer of Scotland by «|neen Anne, 
 and devoting himself to his favorite stiniy of 
 historical antitiuities, he published mtmuirs 
 of Scotland, during the times of the four I'C- 
 gents — u peerage, in folio,— the history of 
 the royal family of Stuart, — and a descrip- 
 tion of the country of Renfrew, fie wrote 
 besides the life of Guithery bishop of Uun- 
 keld, and began the history of Scottish af- 
 lairs. lie died in his native place 17-G, aged 
 Gl. 
 
 Crawford, William, a divine, born at 
 Kelso, and educated at Edinburgli. In 1711 
 he opposed vigorously the settlement of min- 
 isters by presentations, in wliich he was sup- 
 ported hy some of the cle,rgy. He died i74'_', 
 aged 66. He wrote "dying thoughts," be- 
 .sides sermons, pubhshed 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Crayer, Gaspar de, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp in 1585. He studied under Ra- 
 phael Coxis, whom he soon surpassed in the 
 boldness of genius, and in the graceful exer- 
 tion of his pencil. His portrait of cai'dinal 
 Ferdinand, brother to the king of Spain, 
 ■was so exquisitely finished a performance, 
 that tlie monarch sent tlie artist a golden 
 chain, and a medal, and settled a handsome 
 pension upon him. He was greatly esteem- 
 ed by Uubens and by Yandyck. Though he 
 Avas indefatigable in his application he lived 
 to a great age, supported by constant tem- 
 perance and regularity. 'I'hough chiefly he 
 excelled in portrait painting, yet his liistori- 
 cal pieces are much admired. His centurion 
 alighting from his horse to prostrate himself 
 at the feet of Ciirist, was seen with undis- 
 guised api)robation by Rubena, and is admi- 
 red as a masterly performance. He died 
 1003. 
 
 Crebillon, Pi-osper.Toliatde, a French 
 tragedian ranked next after Corneille and 
 Racine, was born at Dijon 1074. He origin- 
 ally studied the law, but the impetuosity of 
 his passions thwarted the views of his friends, 
 and at last he produced a tragedy wliich 
 met with applause, and encouraged him in 
 ihe career of a theatrical writer. He mar- 
 I'ied, but in consequence of it, lost his fath- 
 er's pi'Otection, who disinherited him, though 
 the cruel will Mas revoked on his deatli-bed. 
 In 1711 Crebillon lost his wife, whose death 
 lie feelingly deplored, and he long contin- 
 ued, like most men of letters, exposed to 
 distress and poverty, till a place in the 
 J''rench academy and the ottice of police cen- 
 sor rendered his circumstances alTluent. He 
 lived to a great age, highly respected and 
 admired for his virtues, as well as litermy 
 
 abilities. He died 176'2, aged 88. Rcingusk.- 
 (d one day which of his proiluctions lie 
 thought best; "1 do not know," says !><•, 
 " which is the best ; but tliis (pointing to his 
 son) is certainly my worst." His best plays 
 are his Atr( us, I^lectra, and Rhadamistus. 
 
 (vKEBi r.i.c.Nt, Claude Prosper Joliot *ir, 
 son of the precetling was born at Paris, Feii- 
 ruary I'Jth 1707, uud died there I'iili Ai»ri'i 
 1777. He is kn«)wn as a wi-iter of novels, 
 some of which are licentious and immoral. 
 His works were «-ollectt^l in 11 vols. 12nio. 
 177U. Ciebilhm might be called the Pelro- 
 nius of France, as his father was denomin- 
 ated the jEschjIus. The father Jiays d' A 1- 
 embert, "paints in the blackest colors the 
 crimes and wicke<lness of num, whilst the 
 son draws wiU» a delicutc and just |)encil the 
 reliiiement, the shades, and even the graces 
 of our vices." Crebillon was censor royal. 
 Though he lived in friendly terms with his 
 father, yet he highly displeased him for a 
 Little time by his marriage with an EnglisU 
 woman. 
 
 Credi, Lorenzo di, an Italian painter, 
 born at Florence. He died 1530, aged 78j- 
 He studied under Verochio, where da Vinci 
 was a pupil with him. 
 
 Creech, Thomas, an English poetical 
 translator, born ntar Sherborne, Dorset, and 
 educated at Sherborne, and Wadham college 
 Oxford. He distinguished himself by his 
 classical learning, and his translation of L'l- 
 cretius rendered him so respectable that he 
 was elected fellow of All-souls. I.n 1701 he 
 was presented by his college to Welwyn rec- 
 tory in Herts, but before he went to resld?; 
 on his living, he put a period to his existence 
 at Oxford. The causes of this unfortunate 
 event are not known. Some say that the 
 contemptuous treatment which he received 
 from a w oman, with whom he was in love, 
 so stung him that he hanged himself ia hi* 
 study, where three days after he was foumJ; 
 but Jacr»!i ascribes his death to the morose- 
 ness of his temper. Besitles his Lucretiils, 
 he translated Horace in 1684, and turned 
 the satires to our own times, observing that 
 Rome was now rivalled in her vices, and 
 that parallels for hypocrisy, profanene.ss-, 
 avarice, and the like, were easy to be found. 
 His inferior works are translations of Theoc- 
 ritus, some of Ovid's epistles, the ISih satire 
 of Juvenal, the lives of Solon, Pelopidas, and 
 Cleomenes, from Plutarch, and of Pelopidg.^, 
 from Cornelius Nepos, bcc. On his Hither''- 
 monument he is called the learned, much 
 admired, and much envied Mr. Creech. 
 
 Crei.l, Jjcwis Christian, a native of Ncu- 
 stadt, who studied atLeipsic, and there ob- 
 tained the rectory of St. Nicholas' school, 
 and the philosophy professorship. He wrote 
 de civis innocentis in manus hostium ad ncr- 
 vum traditione — de Scythal.a Lacocica — de 
 providentia Dei in regibus constitucndic, 
 kc. — and died 1735, aged 64. 
 
 Crei.1,1 IS, John, a Socinian, born near 
 Nuremberg, 1590. As his opinions were not 
 tolerated in his own country, he settled In 
 Poland 161-, where he became profcsscv tv 
 
CR 
 
 CR 
 
 tlie unitarians. He died at Racovia of an ep- 
 idemic fever in his 43d year. He \vas a man 
 of very extensive learning. He wrote among 
 other things several tracts upon the new tes- 
 tament, and an answer to Grotius' book de 
 salisfiictioiie Christi, against Socinus, which 
 Grotius treated with respect, and acknow- 
 ledged to be drawn up with moderation. His 
 works form two vols, folio. 
 
 Cremonini, C»sar, an Italian philoso- 
 pher, who was born at Cento in the Mode- 
 nese, and died at Padua of the plague at the 
 age of 80, 1030. He was professor at Ferra- 
 ra and Padua, and he published several 
 works in Italian on philosophy, in support of 
 the doctrines of Aristotle, in which he main- 
 tained the materiality of the soul. 
 
 CuENius, Thomas a native of Branden- 
 burg, corrector of the press at Rotterdam 
 and LeydeTl. He died at 1-eyden 17'i8, aged 
 89. His writings, which are in Latin, are 
 ver}' numerous, and chiefly on philological 
 subjects. 
 
 Crecj_ut, Charles de, prince deFoix, duke 
 de Lesdiguieres, was marshal and peer of 
 Fj'ance, and distinguished himself by his duel 
 with doji Philippin, bastard of Savoy, to 
 whom in the fust encounter he granted his 
 life, but slew in the second. His valor was 
 displayed against the Spaniards at the relief 
 at Ast and Verrue, at the taking of Pignerol 
 and the Maurienne, and at the battle of 
 Thesin. He was killed by a cannon ball at 
 the siege of Bremen 1638, in his 60th year. 
 He was also an able and eloquent negotiator, 
 as these verses made on his death affirm : 
 Qui f nit eloqini Jiiimen, quifiuraen inarmis 
 
 Adflumcn, J\Iartis,Jlumme, clams obit. 
 He married successivelv two daughters of 
 the constable de Lesdiguieres, by the first of 
 whom only he had children. 
 
 Creq_ui, Francis de, great grand-son of 
 the foregoing, was marshal of France, and a 
 man of heroic courage. Though defeated in 
 IG75 near Consarbrick on the Same, he fiew 
 to the relief of Treves, and chose rather to 
 surrender at discretion than capitulate. In 
 the campaigns of 1G77 and 1078, he display- 
 ed prodigies of valor. He defeated tlic duke 
 of Lorraine at Kochersberg, took Friburg, 
 pursued his dispirited enemies towards Of- 
 femburg, and burnt the bridge ofStrasburg. 
 He took Lu.xcmburg in 1684, and died three 
 years after, February 4th, 1687, aged 63. 
 He was commander of the gallies since 1661. 
 
 Crescens, a cynic philosopher, who at- 
 tacked the Christians, and prevailed upon 
 the people to put Justin to death, because 
 he had refuted his opinions, iu the second 
 century. 
 
 Crescembeni, John Maria, an Italian 
 born at Maurata in Ancona 1663. He was 
 founder of the celebrated Arcadian academy 
 for the reformation of learning, taste, and 
 criticism. He was its first director in 1690, 
 and continued so till his death 1728. He 
 was eminent both as a poet and a prose wri- 
 ter. His chief works are a valuable history 
 of Italiaiv poetry, reprinted six vols. 4to. 
 Venice 1731 — and an history of the acade- 
 
 my of Arcadia, with anecdotes of its mem- 
 bers, seven vols. 4to. history of vulgar po- 
 etry, &c. seven vols. 4to. 
 
 Crescextius, Peterde, anativeofBou- 
 logne in the l4th century, who, to avoid the 
 troubles of his country, travelled for 30 years 
 as a law practitioner. On his return he pub- 
 lished his valuable work on agriculture, cal- 
 led opus ruralium commodorum, dedicated 
 to Charles H. o^" Sicily. The best edition is 
 Gesner's, Leipsic 1735. It has been trans- 
 lated into various languages. 
 
 Crespi, Daniel, a Bolognese painter who 
 died 1630, aged 38. His portraits have 
 great merit, and especially his church pain- 
 tings. 
 
 Crespi, Guiseppe, Maria, a painter of 
 Bologna, who died 1747, aged 82. His meth- 
 od of painting was in a darkened roonvwith 
 a few rays from tlie sun or from the light of 
 a flambeau, by which he gave greater vivaci- 
 ty to his subjects, and a more judicious dis- 
 tribution of light and shade. 
 
 Cressy, Hugh Paulin, an English divine, 
 born at Wakefield, Yorkshire, and educated 
 there and at Oxford, where he became fellow 
 of Merton college. He was chaplain to Tho- 
 mas lord Wentworth, and afterwards to Lu- 
 cius lord Falkland in Ireland, from whom 
 he obtained the deanery of Laughlin, and a 
 canonry of Windsor, which however he nev- 
 er enjoyed. After the death of Falkland 
 he travelled with Bertie afterwards lord 
 Falmouth ; but in Italy, listening to the per- 
 suasions of the catholics, he became a con- 
 vert, and made a public profession of his 
 faith at Rome 1646. From Rome he came 
 to Paris, and was taken under the protection 
 of queen Henrietta, and afterwards retired 
 to the college of Douay, where he changed his 
 name to Serenus de Cressey, and during 
 seven years' residence published several val- 
 uable and laborious works. At the restora- 
 tion he came to England, and was chaplain 
 to queen Catharine, and resided iu Somer- 
 set-house, Strand. Though a catholic he 
 was however respected universall)', as he 
 never interfered with the intrigues and pol- 
 itics of the times. His pen indeed was fre- 
 quently engaged in the defence of his faith, 
 but whilst his friends considered him as their 
 ablest champion, the protestants respected 
 Jiim as a learned, judicious, and candid wri- 
 ter. His attack on one of Stillingtleel's 
 works raised against him the censures of 
 his old friend Clarendon, whom he answered 
 with spirit but moderation. The unpopular- 
 ity of popery at last induced him to spend 
 tlic last i)eriod of his life away from the 
 capital, and he retired to East Grinstead iu 
 Sussex, where he died soon after, 10th of Au- 
 gust 1674, aged 70. His mild, humane, and 
 humble deportment had endeared him to all 
 ranks of people. The most known and val- 
 uable of his works is his ecclesiastical history, 
 of which only one volume was published, as 
 the second, in which he meant to bring down 
 the history to the dissolution of monasteries, 
 was left incomplete at his death. 
 $ CrestIj Dominico, an historical painter, 
 
CR 
 
 CR 
 
 the ntipil 6f Zucchero, known l)y tlie numc of 
 i'assijjnano, from tiie place of his biilli, near 
 Florence. He dieil KJ.JS, a;<eil 8(). 
 
 Cue II \, William (!u liois, surnanitil, a 
 French i)oet, whose chief merit was puns, 
 low wit, anti ecpiivotjues. He was historian 
 lova' under C'linrlos \ III. Lewis Xii. and 
 Francis 1. and «lied in \ii2ii. Mantt admir- 
 ed him greatly ; but the judjjjment ol [roster- 
 itv is not so favorable. His works were re- 
 piinlei.1 iri I'Jmo. 17Ji, at Haiis. 
 
 CiiEViEU, John jJa[)lisle Lewis, profes- 
 sor of rhetoric at I'aris, is known as tJie pu- 
 pil of Ilollin, and the finisher of his Koman 
 l4istoi-y. He publishi'd an edition of Livy, 
 6 vols. liJino. — the iiistory of the Rciman 
 emperors to Constantine, 1 'J vols. Vlnio — 
 the history of the university of Paris, 7 vols. 
 l'?n»o. — rhetorique Francoisc, fccc. He died 
 17(55, in an advanced a.2;e, resptcted as a man 
 of talents and of extensive knowledge. 
 
 Crew, Nathaniel, bishop of Durham, was 
 born Jan. 31. 1634, and succeeded to the title 
 of lord Crew on the death of his brother. 
 He was educated at Lincoln college, O.xford, 
 was proctor of tlie university 16G3, after- 
 wards clerk of the closet to Charles IL dean 
 of Chichester, bishop of Oxford 1671, and 
 three years after translated to Durham. On 
 the accession of James H. he was admitted 
 of the privy council, and showed himself 
 very friendly to all the measures of the court, 
 in religion and in politics. He paid particu- 
 lar respect to the pope's nuncio, when he 
 came to Londou, and refused to introduce 
 dean Patrick to the king, because he was too 
 zealous against popery. The unpopularity 
 of James's government, and the landing of 
 the prince of Orange, however, made great 
 alterations in the bishop's conduct. He 
 witlulrew from the king's councils, and, upon 
 the abdication, he e.xpressed a wish to re- 
 sign his ecclesiastical dignities to Dr. Burnet, 
 with an allowance of \000l. for life. He af- 
 terwards left his retirement, and appeared 
 in ])arliament; but his name was excepted 
 from the act of indemnity of 1690. His par- 
 don, however, at last was procured by the 
 inlereesrsion of his friends, and he passed the 
 remainder of his davs in peace. He died 
 Septeml)er I'Jth, 1721, aged $S. Notwith- 
 standing his ajherence to the violent, illegal, 
 and arbitrary measui'es of a corrupted court, 
 he was a liber.^1 patron, and his munificence 
 in favor of the indigent, and of public hodics, 
 is a convincing proof of the goodness of his 
 heart. 
 
 Crichtox, James, a Scotchman of the 
 16th century, whose adventures and person- 
 al endowments, have procured him the name 
 of *' the admirahle Crichton." He was born 
 in 15 31, or according to lord JJuchan, in 1560. 
 His father was lord advocate of Scotland, an<l 
 hy his mother, who was a Stuart, he was de- 
 scended from king Robert U. He Avas educa- 
 ted at Perth, and at the university of St. An- 
 drews, Avhere, under the tuition of profes- 
 sor Rutherford, he made such wonderful 
 progress, that at the t;gc of 20 he had run 
 through the whole circle of science, and 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 30 
 
 could write and speak to perfection 10 dif- 
 ferent languages. Thus gifted with menUd 
 endowments, and aided by all llie advantages 
 of a gracetiil i)erson, elegant manners, and 
 polite accomplii-hmenls, he travelleil to Pa- 
 ris, where he [tublicly eliaIleng<Mi the most 
 renowned scholars, to dispute with him in 
 any art or siience which they pleased, smil 
 in I '2 languagis. On the jtpixiinled day lie 
 appearetl at the tnjIUgi' of Navarre, and 
 from U :n the morning till 6 in tl»e evening, 
 he so defeated his opponents, and astonislied 
 his auditors, that the president in admiration, 
 with four of the most eminent professors ot' 
 lheuni\ersity, presented him wit!) adiamotid 
 ring, and a pui-se of gold, as a token of their 
 a[)probation. The next day, not exhausted 
 by precednig exertions, he appealed at the 
 Louvre, and exhibited such feats in tilting, 
 that, in the presence of the princes of the 
 court, he carried auay tlie ring 15 times suc- 
 cessively, and broke as many laTices on the 
 Sar:i<ceiis. At Rome he challenged the \sits 
 and tlie learned of that city, to iM-o{tose any 
 question to him, to which he would give an 
 immediate answer, and in the presence of 
 the pope, the cardinals, and great men of 
 the place, he obtained in his defence as mucli 
 eclat as he had received at Paris. Boccalini 
 however asserts, that his challenge was re- 
 ceived witli pasquinades, and that he retired 
 from Rome in disgust. From Rome he pas- 
 sed to Venice, where he introduced himself 
 l)y an elaborate poem, to the notice and 
 friendship of tlie learned Aldus Manutius. 
 He gained also the friendship of Laurentius 
 Mussa, Spero, Speronius, Joiin Donatus, 
 and other learned persons, and after he had 
 been honored with an audience from the 
 doge and the senate, in which he astonished 
 them by the rapidity of his eloquence, and 
 the gracefulness of his maimers, he visited 
 Padua. At Padua he pronounced an extem- 
 pore poem, on the beauties of the university, 
 and after disputing for six hours, with the 
 most celebrated professors, and refuting the 
 doctrines of Ai'istotle, he concluded by de- 
 livering an oration in praise of ignoranca, 
 wliicli excited universal applause. He fur- 
 tiier exposed the eiTors of Aristotle, in the 
 presence of the university, and for three 
 days astonished his hearers, su])ported his 
 pi'opositions, and obtained the praises ami 
 the acclamations of the luost crowdeil audi- 
 ences. At Mantua he displayed his bodily 
 agility h\' attacking and killing a gladiatuu, 
 who had foiled the most skilful fencers iitt 
 Europe, and had lately slain three antago- 
 nists; and with great benevolence, this ad- 
 mirable Scot^man bestowed the reward he 
 obtained for this exploit, upon the widows of 
 the three persons wh() lately had lost their 
 lives. The duke of Mantua was so pleas- 
 ed with hiri:s, that he appointed him tutor 
 to his son Conzaga, a youth of dissolute 
 manners, and of an unprincipleil lieai t^ 
 Crichton, to show his gratitude, and to sup- 
 port his fame, wrote in consequence of tlui, 
 a comedy, in which lie acted in 15 difterent 
 characters, and all witix inimitable success. 
 
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 CR 
 
 In the midst of his popularity, while walking 
 during the carnival, and playing upon his 
 guitar in the streets of Mantua, he was su- 
 denly attacked by six men in masks. Their 
 number proved no defence against the su- 
 perior dexterity of Crichton, they were all 
 disarmed, and the leader falling on his knees, 
 begged for life. It was Crichton's pupil, to 
 whom the astonished master recollecting his 
 rank, immediately presented the sword, with 
 every apology' for the opposition which he 
 had made. Instead of accepting the genero- 
 sity, the perfidious prince buried the swoi'd 
 into his defenceless bosom. The cause of this 
 brutal and cruel action in Gonzaga, is ascri- 
 bed by some to jealousy,because Crichton was 
 a greater favorite in the eyes of some admi- 
 red lady ; but others attribute it to a drunk- 
 en frolic, leaving it undetermined whether 
 the meeting was designed or accidental. 
 This happened July 1583, though lord Buch- 
 an fixes it on the preceding year, and asserts 
 that he was then 22, though others with 
 greater probability make him 32 years old. 
 His deatli was universally lamented, the peo- 
 ple of Mantua mourned for him three fourths 
 of a year, and his picture appeared in the 
 chambers and houses of every Italian. To 
 the character already mentioned, it may be 
 added, that Crichton's memory was univer- 
 sally retentive, and he m as naturally endow- 
 ed with great powers for declamation, unex- 
 hausted fluency of speech, and unusual readi- 
 ness to reply. 
 
 Crillon, Lewis de Berthon de, a 
 French general, knight of Malta, descend- 
 ed from a noble Italian family, was born 
 1541. At the age of 15 he merited the no- 
 tice of Henry II. by his valor at the siege of 
 Calais, and he distinguished himself after- 
 wards against the Huguenots, at the battles 
 of Dreux, Jarnac, and Moncontour. At 
 the battle of Lepanto in 1571, his valor was 
 conspicuously displayed, as well as in the 
 other encounters of these warlike and peril- 
 ous times, so that he was deservedly called 
 by Henry IV. the brave Crillon. At the 
 peace of Vervins he retired to his estates at 
 Avignon, where he died 2d December 1G15, 
 aged 74. Bening, a Jesuit, pronounced his 
 funeral oration in a bombastic style, and 
 Madame de Lusson published his life in 2 
 vols. 12mo. Besides great and incompara- 
 ble valor, Crillon possessed integrity, honor, 
 and virtue, and when invited by Henry HI. 
 to murder Guise, he answered that he would 
 fight him, but be no assassin. 
 
 Crillon Mahon, N, duke de, distin- 
 guished himself in the seven years' war, and 
 ' afterwards quitted the service of France for 
 that of Spain, w here he was made a grandee 
 of the first order. In the war between Eng- 
 land and Spain he was placed at the head of 
 the armies, and had the good fortune to 
 take Minorca, in 1782, in consequence of 
 •which he assumed the name of Mahon fi-om 
 the capital of the island. In his attempts to 
 reduce Gibraltar he was more unfortunate, 
 and saw the measures he adopted all bafiled 
 by the superior valor of the Englislj, and the 
 
 vigilant care of general Elliot. In the revo 
 lutionary war he would take no part in the 
 cause of Spain, but remained neuter. He 
 died at Madrid 1796, aged 80. 
 
 Crinesius, Christopher, a native of Bo 
 hernia, professor of theology at Altorf, 
 where he died 1626, aged 42. He wrote a 
 dissertation on the confusion of tongues, — 
 Exercitationes Hebraicse, — Lexicon vSyria- 
 cum, 4to. 2 vols. — lingua Samaritica, &cc. 
 
 Crinitus, Petrus, a native of Florence, 
 professor of belles lettres, after Angelus 
 Politianus. He was a man of great learning, 
 but addicted to the basest seasualities. He 
 died 1505, aged 40. He wrote lives of the 
 Latin poets, and de honesta disciplina, be- 
 sides poems of no great merit. 
 
 Crisp, Tobias, the champion of Antino- 
 mianism, was educated at Eton, and took his 
 bachelor's degree at Cambridge, and after- 
 wards removed to Baliol, Oxford, whei'e he 
 took his degrees of D.D. He was rector of 
 Brinkworth, Wilts, in 1627, and there he 
 lived in a hospitable manner, regulai*, vir- 
 tuous, and devout. He came to London in 
 1642, where his tenets respecting grace op- 
 posed him in a controversy Avith 52 divines. 
 He died 27th February 1642. His sermons 
 were reprinted 1689. He assei'ted in his 
 discourse ** Christ alone exalted," that sal- 
 vation was completed on the cross, and that 
 belief was all that was requii'ed of the hap- 
 py elect. 
 
 Critias, one of the thirty tyrants ap- 
 pointed over Athens by Lysander. He fell 
 in battle B. C. 400. 
 
 Crito, one of the pupils and friends of 
 the great Socrates. 
 
 Crito BULus, a physician, who is said 
 to have extracted the arrow which wounded 
 the eye of Philip of Macedonia. 
 
 Critolaus, a Greek historian. 
 
 Crito LA us, a native of Tegea in Arca- 
 dia, who fought against the Pheneans. AVhen 
 defeated by the Romans he poisoned himself 
 B. C. 146. 
 
 Croese, Gerard, a proteslant divine of 
 Amsterdam, author of the history, of the 
 quakers, translated into English, and of Ho- 
 merus Hebrseus. He died 1710, aged 68, 
 near Dordrecht. 
 
 CnfEsus, last king of l«ydia, is famous for 
 his opulence and his liberal patronage of 
 learned men. He was defeated by Cyrus 
 king of Persia B. C. 548, and reduced to 
 privacy. 
 
 Croius or DE Croi, John, a native of 
 Usez, who became there a protestant minis- 
 ter. He wrote Specimen conjectuarum, & 
 observationum in quiedan Origenis, Ircnxi, 
 & Tertulliani loca, 1682, — observationes 
 sacrx & histor. in Nov. Tcstam. 1644, &e. 
 He died 1639. 
 
 Croft, Herbert, an English prelate, de- 
 scended from an ancient family, was born at 
 Great Milton, Oxfordshire, ISth October 
 1603, at the seat of sir William Greene. 
 At 13 he was sent to Oxford, but upon the 
 conversion of his father to popei-y, he was 
 removed from the universitVp and placed in 
 
CIl 
 
 CIl 
 
 ilie monastery of D<tuay, and afterwards in 
 the collejje of St. ()uiei-'s. A visit to Kng- 
 land on family alfuirs introduced him to thi; 
 acquaintance of iNlorlon bishop ol' Duihaiii, 
 who prcvaikil uprui him to rrturn to the 
 protestuiil fjiith, and by the advice of Laud, 
 Pie again cntL^ed at (Jhrist church, Oxfonl, 
 where he took his (h-grees. He whs now 
 preferred to a livinfij in (ilocestersliire, and 
 to anotiicr in Ovfordsliire, and in lG3y, he 
 was niade prehendary of Salisburv, and the 
 next year took liis degree of 1). D. He was 
 afterivards prebendary of Worcester, canon 
 of Windsor, and in livVi «lcan of llerel'ord, 
 but he suiVered like all h\val subjects during 
 those troublous times, till in 1059, by the 
 death of his two elder i)rothei-s, lie succeed- 
 ed to all tjje estates of his family. At the 
 restoration he was raised to the see of Here- 
 ford iCiOl, which he refused to quit for high- 
 er preferment, employing himself in deeds 
 of charity, benevolence, hospitality, and 
 frequent exh(»rtation from the pidpit. His 
 small treatise '• the naked truth," printed 
 at a private pn-ss, was published in 1675, 
 when the papists hoped to take advantage of 
 the quarrels of the nonconfryn^isU with tlie 
 church of England, and it became a popular 
 work, which not only drew the attention of 
 parliament to the subject, but produced 
 some severe attacks against it. One of these 
 by Dr. Tui-ner of St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, was answered by Andrew Marvell, 
 who applauded the bishop's works, and ably 
 defended his principles. Besides this, the 
 bishop published some occasional sermons, 
 religious tracts, a legacy to his diocese, and 
 in 1685, animadversion on Burnet's theory 
 of the earth. In the latter part of his life 
 he wished to resign liis bishop i*ic from some 
 scruples of conscience. He died at Here- 
 ford 18th May 1691, and was buried in the 
 cathedral. His oidy son Herbert was made 
 a baronet by Charles H. 1671, and died 
 1720. 
 
 Croft, William, a musician, born at 
 Nether-Eatington, Warwickshire. He was 
 pupil to Dr. JJlow, whom he succeeded as 
 master of the children, and composer to the 
 chapel royal, and organist at ^\'estminster- 
 abbey. In 171- he published his divine har- 
 mony, and in 1715 he became U. Miis. and 
 in 1724 he published by subscription his 
 ** musica sacra," two vols. He died August 
 1727, aged 50, tVom an illness occasioned by 
 his attendance at the coronation of George 
 11. He was buried in \\"estm)n3ter-abbey. 
 
 Crofton, Zachary, an Irish nonconform- 
 ist, educated at Dublin. During the Irish 
 troubles he came to England, and obtained 
 the living of Wrenbury in Cheshire, from 
 which he was expelled in 1648, for refusing 
 to take the engagement. He afterwards 
 held St. Butolph's near Aldgate. At the 
 restoration he engaged in a controversy 
 with bishop (iauden, who combated the 
 superiority of his learning by imprisoning 
 him in the tower, from which he was with 
 difficulty liberated. He afterwards lived in 
 Cheshire, and lastly opened a school ©ear 
 
 Aldgate, where he died 1672. He was author 
 of some controversial punpblcts. 
 
 Croix du Maine, Francis Crude de la, 
 a learned French writer in the lOth cen- 
 tury. He was passionately fond of litera- 
 ture, anil made a most valuaijle collection of 
 bfMiks. He published in 1584, liis French 
 liliiary, or a genei-al account of all authors 
 wiio wrote in that language. The time of 
 his tleath is unknown. 
 
 Croix, Francis Petit de la, secretary and 
 interpreter to the French king, in the Turk- 
 ish and Aral)ic died Novt;ii)l)(;r 4lh, lOy), 
 ageil 7.>. He was a man of great integrity 
 and refused to be bribed by the Algerines, 
 to make a treaty with them favorable to 
 their interests. He digested Thevenot's 
 voyages to the East-Indies, he made an ac- 
 curate catalogue of all the Turkish anc! 
 Persian l)ooks in the French king's library, 
 and composed besides two dictionaries for 
 the French and Turkish languages, and also 
 a learned hLstory of Genghis Khan, with a 
 good map of the north of Asia. His son 
 afided an abridgment of the lives of those 
 authors from whom it was extracted, whicli 
 was translated into English, 1722, in Svo. 
 
 Cromp TON, William, M. A. was born at 
 Barnstaple, of which, after an Oxford edu- 
 cation, he became minister. He was ejected 
 after the restoration for nonconformity, but 
 his manners were so inoffensive, and his con- 
 duct so virtuous, tliat he was respected by his 
 congregation among whom he still preached 
 in private liouses, till his death 1690. He 
 published a remedy against superstition, and 
 other small tracts. 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, carl of Essex, an 
 eminent statesman under Henry VIII. was 
 son of a blacksmith at Putney, Surrev'-, and 
 born about 1490. His education like his 
 origin was low, but he possessed strong natu- 
 ral parts, which he imjiroved by indefati- 
 gable application. He was at Antwerp for 
 some time, as clerk to the English factory, 
 and he afterwards travelled on the continent, 
 as the private agent of tlie king, and in the 
 character of a soldier, he was engaged with 
 Bourbon in the sacking of Rome. On his 
 return to England, he was admitted into 
 Wolsey's family, and completely gained his 
 confidence and friendship, which lie repaid 
 with the strongest attachment, and by a 
 most able and eloquent ck-fence of him in 
 the house of commons,' when he was im- 
 peached. After Wolsey's fall, he served the 
 king with equal fidelity, and was rewarded 
 with honors and riches. He gi-adually rose 
 to be a privy counsellor, chancellor of the 
 exchequer, secretary of state, master ot the 
 rolls, keeper of the privy seal, earl of Es- 
 sex, and high chamberlain of England. His 
 zeal in the reformation was very pleasing to 
 the king, and he not only «Iirccted his ven- 
 geance in the dissolution of the abbeys and 
 monasteries, but largely shared in the' spoils 
 of the plundered church. In destroying th^> 
 relics of popery, he was the means of intro- 
 ducing good i-cgulations, and he provided 
 that the bible should be read in English, it» 
 
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 the severnl churches, and also fhat a register j 
 of births, marriages, and Ijuryings should be 
 reguhirly kept. The prosperit}', however, 
 Avliich lie had Jong enjoyed, was now all at 
 once destroyed, by the active part which he 
 took in procuring the marriage of his master 
 Avith Anne of Cleves. Henry, dissatisfied 
 \vith hi? new queen, wreaked his vengeance 
 on his favorite, who had promoted his union, 
 and Croniwali, unpopular foi* the dissolution 
 of religious houses, ami the large subsidies 
 which he had extorted from the people, was 
 now arrested, and ai-raigned as a traitoi-. 
 Though forsaken by all his Ibrmer friends, 
 except the undaunted Cranmer, and unable 
 to find one defender, for fear of the royal 
 resentment, he yet jileaded for mercy in a 
 letter to the king in such moving terms, that 
 Henry read it three times, and probably 
 Avould have pardoned him, had not his pas- 
 sion for Catharine Howard kindled his fur^'. 
 Cromwell suffered on Tower-hill, after six 
 weeks' imprisonment, July lGthl540. Though 
 abused b\' the papists as cruel, ambitious, and 
 craft}^ he is represented as preferring men 
 of learning and abilities, more than any of 
 his predecessors ever had done. His son 
 was created lord Cromwell. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, the celebi-ated pro- 
 tector of England, was born of a very res- 
 pectable family at Huntingdon 25th April 
 159'J. He received his education in the 
 grammar-school of his native town, and in 
 1016 was admitted as fellow commoner at 
 Sidney college, Cambridge. He did not 
 however here pay much attention to aca- 
 demical studies, as foot-ball, cricket and 
 other exercises, were more congenial to his 
 pursuits, and therefore his mother, now- be- 
 come a widow, sent him in 1G18 to Lincoln's- 
 Inn. Irregularities here prevailed, and li- 
 centious and intemperate pleasures engag- 
 ed his attention more than the law, till at 
 last when 21 he married Elizabeth the 
 daughter of sir James Bouclier of Essex, 
 and retired to lead a regular life at Hunting- 
 don. Some time after he removed into the 
 isle of Ely, where his uncle had left him an 
 estate of 400/. a year, and then he relin- 
 quished the principles of the church of Eiig- 
 land, and became a zealous puritan. He 
 •was elected into parliament in 1628, and 
 disHnguisbed himself by his violence against 
 thebisiiops; but the warmth with which he 
 supported ministers of his own persuasion 
 soon reduced his fortunes and obliged him 
 to take a farm at St. Ives. For five years 
 he endeavored to improve his income in ag- 
 ricultural pursuits, but instead of increasing 
 it, he nearly ruined liimself, and iu 1637 he 
 formed the plan of passing over to New-Eng- 
 lanti, which he was prevented from doing by 
 a proclamation from the king, against migra- 
 tion. As he had act^uircd some distinction 
 among the puritans for his gift of preaching, 
 praying, and expounding, he had the inter- 
 est by means of the people of his persuasion 
 to recommend himself to the corporation of 
 Cambridge, and to be chosen their repre- 
 sentative in the parliament of 164(X la the 
 
 iiousehc was a frequent speaker, but, with' 
 out art or elocution, he exclaimed warmly 
 against grievances in church and state, and 
 zealously promoted the remonstrance of 
 November 1641 which laid the basis of civil 
 war. Courted by the leading men of oppo- 
 sition, by his relation Hampden, by Pyin, 
 and others who knew Ids firmness and his de- 
 votion, he became Avell acquainted with the 
 intrigues of the times, and when the par- 
 liament resolved in 1642 to levy war, he 
 went to Cambridge, where he raised a troop 
 of horse, of whii.-ii he took the command. 
 His severity to the royal members of the 
 university, who contributed their plate to 
 the service of llie king, was very culpable ; 
 but his wish was to destroy every thing which 
 tended to support the royal cause, and in 
 this attempt he evinced such zeal and activ- 
 ity that in a few months he acquired the 
 character of a good olFicer, and his soldiers 
 were the best disciplined troops in the king- 
 dom. After various proofs of his devotion 
 to the republican party, Cromwell, who 
 was now become a lieutenant general had 
 an opportunity of distinguishing himself at 
 the buttle of Marston-moor, 3d July, 1644, 
 where his cavalry, called Ironsides, changed 
 the fortune of the day, and insured victory 
 wherever they^ appeared. At the second 
 battle of Newbury, his intrepidity again ap- 
 peared cons])icuous, his valor and services 
 were regarded as so extraordinary, that he 
 was called the savior of the nation and in 
 the self-denying ordinance which was pas- 
 sed by the parliament, for the exclusion of 
 officers from seats in the house, Cromwell 
 alone was excepted. His successes continued 
 to insure the approbation of the repuhli- 
 cans, and the fatal battle of Naseby, 14th 
 June 1646, established his triumph as the 
 ablest general of the times, and the firmest 
 supporter of the public liberties of the state. 
 He was thanked by- the parliament and i*e- 
 warded with a pension, but w bile the popu- 
 lar leaders considered him as fully devoted 
 to their services they soon saw cause to 
 doubt liis sincerity. When the king had 
 thrown himself into the hands of the Scotch, 
 and had been shamefully sold to the English, 
 the parliament began to regard the army 
 whose services had insured them the vic- 
 tory as useless and dangerous, and there- 
 fore ordered part of it to be disbanded, but 
 Cromwell by his intrigues prevented the ex- 
 ecution of their plans, and whilst he step- 
 ped forth as the advocate of their rights 
 against the tyranny of the parliament, he 
 secured fully to his person the attachment 
 of the soldiers. No sooner was the king 
 lodged in Holmby castle than the artful gen- 
 eral made himself master of his person by 
 means of cornat Joyce, and thus, Ijy declar- 
 ing himself the arbiter of his fate, he was 
 courted and flattered both by ihe unfortu- 
 nate Charles, who wished for his own re- 
 lease, and by the parliament, who labored 
 for his destruction. After rendering th« 
 king more unpopular with the parliamenti 
 and the parliament suspected to the army. 
 
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 Cromwell at last took the hold measure of 
 excliulinj; iVom tlio house of commons lliose 
 members wlioju he knew to be averse to liis 
 schemes of anihition, and the trial of fhe 
 devoted monarch soon afli-r foiloweu. Cr(»m- 
 vell acted openly as one of his judges, and 
 lie sifjned the warrani for his excc-niion, and 
 by this bloody deed thus paved tlic way to 
 }iis own greatness. The government was 
 now [>Iare«Iin the handsofa council of state, 
 whose decisions were directed by tiie art- 
 ful general ; but while he considered him- 
 self as secure, his [)0\ver was tlii'eatcned by 
 rebellion in tbe army, aMd even in his own 
 favorite regiment. With his usual presence 
 of miufl he appeared among the rioters, sup- 
 jtorted by some regiments on whom he could 
 depend, and calling four men by name out 
 of the ranks, he inade them cast dice for 
 their life, and obliged the two that escaped 
 to shoot the others. Having thus restored 
 tranquillity he was received evevy where 
 ■with marks of respect, and satisfied that 
 the spirit of insubordination was subdued in 
 England and Scotland, he embarked with an 
 army for lieland 1G4'J. He quickly here 
 routed the enemies of the republic, and with 
 such acts of inhumanity that his very name 
 became a terror to the Irish. In 1650 he 
 returned to London, and was publicly thank- 
 ed for his services by the submissive com- 
 mons Avho invested him with the chief com- 
 mand of the army in Scotland, where Charles 
 II, had been acknowledged king. He march- 
 ed to the north with his usual rapidity, and 
 on the 3d September 1C50 he defeated the 
 Scotch army in a dreadful battle, at Dun- 
 bar, and the next year, on the same auspi- 
 cious day, he completed the ruin of Charles' 
 fortunes by the crowning victory, as he said, 
 at Worcester. His success was regarded as 
 so important that a general thanksgiving was 
 appointed, and the third of September de- 
 clared an anniversary state holidav. In tlie 
 midst of these public lionors Cromwell nev- 
 er lostslght of liisambitious projects. Though 
 commander in chief of the whole island, and 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland, he found that his 
 power depended on the will of the parlia- 
 ment, and therefore lie determined to dis- 
 miss them. Whilst the commons and the 
 council of the officers were distracted by 
 opposite opinions on subjects of govern- 
 ment, Cromwell forwarded secretly his own 
 views, and all at once rising up in his seat in 
 the house, he hade the spcakei* leave the 
 chair, and the whole body be gone and give 
 place to honester men ; and filling the room 
 •with armed soldiers he turned the whole as- 
 sembly out, and locking up the doors he re- 
 tired to Whitehall. The dismissal of the 
 parliament was ff)llovvcd by that of the coun- 
 ••il of state, and the appointment of a body 
 of officers, subordinate to the usurper's au- 
 thority. Though he permitted a mock as- 
 sembly to be called, under the name of coun- 
 cil of state, he was soon after displeased Mith 
 their conduct, and by the voice of his gen- 
 eral officers, he assumed the title of protec- 
 tor of t'lc coraraonwcalth of England, and 
 
 was invested with the new office, ICth Dec. 
 1053, in the chancery court, Westminster- 
 1»h11. Thus absolute in the government, he 
 ;ip\)Ointi:d a council of state, consisting ot 
 men of superior wisdom ami sagacity, :ind 
 adopted such measures as could give stabili- 
 ty to his power, and add tf) the security and 
 indcpcn<lence of the kingdom. Peace was 
 made with Sweilen, Holland, Portugal, and 
 France, the most upwright judges filierl the 
 courts of Westminster-hall, and liberty of 
 conscience was tolerated with the most 
 magiianimous moderation. Notwithstand- 
 ing the popularity of bis measures, howev- 
 er, he met with opposition from the people, 
 and the parliament, which he assembled 
 with great solemnity, presumed to dispute 
 the legality of his office, and were dismis- 
 .sed with a severe reprimand. In 1055, 
 though threatened with conspiracies, he 
 supp(jrted with a vigorous hand the honor of 
 the nation. Blake conquered .Jamaica, and 
 lumibled the native powers on tbe Mediter- 
 ranean shores, who )iad plundered the Brit- 
 ish commerce, and a treaty of otfensive al- 
 liance was formed with France against the 
 Spaniards in the Netherlands, and Dunkirk 
 was taken possession of by the English, The 
 expenses of government were however such, 
 that the protector called another parlia- 
 ment, lyth Sept. 1650, but to insure their 
 obedience, he obliged them at the door of 
 the house to swear allegiance to his person. 
 This had due effect, the members awed into 
 deference for his power not onlj' voted him 
 supplies, but decreed new statutes for the 
 security of his authority, and bestowed up- 
 on him the title of king, which by the ad- 
 vice of his friends and relations, and much 
 against his inclination, he declined. He 
 however, assumed the power of creating 
 peers, and again, to give greater dignity to 
 his authority, he was in 1657 a second time 
 inaugurated protector in Westminster-hall, 
 with all the pride and pomp of a coronation. 
 At the end of a year his fears were alarmed 
 by the publication of " killing no murder," 
 a pamplilet by colonel Titus, which directed 
 against him the dagger of every bold assas- 
 sin, and in 1658 he felt not a little disap- 
 pointment at the conduct of his parliament, 
 which he addressed as composed of lords 
 and commons, in the usual language of the 
 kings of England, though none of the an- 
 cient nol)ility condescended to appear among 
 them. These open insults, together Mith 
 the secret machinations of his enemies and 
 the general odium of the people, was in- 
 creased by the death of his favorite daugh- 
 ter Mrs. Claypole, who on her death-bed 
 bitterly reproached him with the tyranny of 
 his conduct. The severe agitations of his 
 mind at last undermined the powers of his 
 constitution, and his deportment became 
 altered, he grew reserved and suspicious, and 
 the attacks of a slow fever were succeeded by 
 a tertian ague. Though the disorder seem- 
 ed at first not alarming, his physicians per- 
 ceived his danger, but regardless of their 
 intimations, Jie depended upon the prayers 
 
CR 
 
 CR 
 
 ot' the goiJl}' for recovery, ai.d hoped tliat 
 the interference of heaven Mould be exert- 
 ed for his preservaiiou. Hh disorder prov- 
 ed fatal, od Septejuber 1658. He was car- 
 ried with j^rcat funeral pomp froni Somer- 
 eet-house and buried in the chapel of Henry 
 VII. in Westminster-abbey, but after the 
 i-estoration his body was taken up and hiinj; 
 on the gallows. 'I'hough an usurper and a 
 tyrant, Cromwell possessed great powers of 
 mind and contributed much to tiic prosperi- 
 ty and glory of the nation. Not only Milton 
 defended his govei-niaent, but Waller, S|)i-at, 
 Dryden, and Cowley, celebrated his virtues 
 and the triumph of his protectorate. How 
 blameworthy soever he might have been in 
 the acquisition of his power, observes one 
 of his biographers, he certainly rivalled the 
 greatest of the English moixirchs in glory, 
 and made himself courted and dreaded by 
 the nations around him. In his religious 
 opinions he was a vvavering fanatic, and 
 tliough grave and demure he tiad the hypo- 
 crisy to adopt such tenets onlj" as tencled 
 best to secure liis usurpation. Of all his 
 «Iiildren only six lived to maturity : Rich- 
 ard his sucvessor, who held the pi'otector- 
 ate with feeble liands, and resigne'd it for a 
 life of ease and obscurity, was born 4th Oc- 
 tober 16'2G, aiuldied at Cheshunt, July 13th 
 1712: Henry, born '20Lh January 1627, was 
 lieutenant of Ireland, and tlied 25th March 
 1G74 : Bridget, wlio married Ircton, and 
 afterwards general Fleetwood : Elizabeth, 
 his favorite daughter wiio married Mr. 
 Claypole of Northamptonshire : Mary, who 
 laarried hird i'auconberg, and is supposed 
 to have interested herself warmly Jhr the 
 restoration of Charles II. and died March 
 1712 : and Frances, the youngest, who 
 married Mr. Rich, grandson to lord War- 
 wick, and aftci'wards sir John Russel of 
 Chippenham, Camliridgesliire. His moth- 
 er lived witii him at Whitehall, but in the 
 midst of the splendors of absolute authority 
 she enjoyed it not, and was filled with ter- 
 ror for the tate of her son, whom she nev- 
 er considered safe, except she saw him 
 twice a day. Ilis wife was a woman of mas- 
 ouline powers of mind, and she gloried in 
 the elevation to which her husband's guilty 
 ambition, spurred on by her constant ex- 
 hortations, had rai.sed her family. She sur- 
 vived for some years the downfal of his pow- 
 er, and of that of her son, and died in re- 
 tirement 1672. 
 
 Croneck, John Frederic ])aron de, honi 
 at Anspach, died of the small-pox, 1758, 
 aged 27. He distinguished himself as a sen- 
 sible and ingenious poet. He travelled over 
 Europe, and at Paris gained the friendship 
 of the learned and the great. His works 
 ■were printed in German, at Leipsic, 1760. 
 
 Cronstedt, Axel Frederic, a native of 
 Sudermania, in Sweden, educated at Upsal, 
 Avhere he applied himself to natural liistory. 
 He was employed as in.<^pector of the mines, 
 1744, and in 175.3 was elected member of tlie 
 royal academy of sciences at Stockholm. He 
 pubhiihcd various works ou the arrangement 
 
 of minerals and the fossil productions of na- 
 ture. He died 1765, aged 43. 
 
 Crook, sir George, -was born at Chilton, 
 Bucks, and educated at Oxford, and the In- 
 ner-temple. He rose to the offices of king's 
 Serjeant, justice of the common pleas, and 
 chief justice of England. In the commons, 
 he voted against ship-money. He died at 
 Waterstock, Oxfordshire, 1641, aged 82. 
 He founded and endowed an hospital at 
 Beachlcy, in Buckinghamshire, where also 
 he built a chapel. 
 
 Crosby, Brass, lord mayor of London, 
 ■was born at Stockton-upon-Tees in 1725, 
 and early came to London, where he practi- 
 sed as an attorney. He purchased the place 
 of remembrancer to the city, in 1760, which 
 he sold again the next year, and in 1764 he 
 was elected sheriff, the next year alderman, 
 and in 1770 lord mayor. In this high office 
 he distinguished himself by his opposition to 
 the court in the prosecution of "\\ heble and 
 other printers; and he spiritedly supported 
 Wilkes and Oliver, for which he was sent to 
 the Tower. During his confinement, his 
 conduct was applauded by the city, and vari- 
 ous addresses came to him from some coun- 
 ties and respectable towns. He was released, 
 23d July, by the prorogation of parliament, 
 and conducted to the mansion-house in great 
 pomp by the populace, and honored, at the 
 expiration of his office, by tlie thanks of the 
 corporation, and the vote of a cup of 100/. 
 value. He died 1 ith February 1793. 
 
 Cross, Michael, an English artist, who 
 was employed by Charles I. to copy the best 
 pictures of Italy. It is said, that being per- 
 mitted by the doge of Venice to co]>y the 
 Madonna of Rapliael, in St. Mark's church, 
 he left his copy behind, and brought away the 
 original, which, in the time of the republic, 
 was sold to the Spanish ambassador, and now 
 adorns the Escurial. 
 
 Cross, Lewis, a i>ainter, who died 1724. 
 He retouched a picture of Maiy queen of 
 Scots, in the possession of the duke of Ha- 
 milton, and with such eftect, that several co- 
 pies have been taken from it. 
 
 Crousax, John Peter de, a mathemati- 
 cian of eminence, born at Lausanne ISth 
 April 1663. He was intended for the army 
 by his father ; but his inclinations were bent 
 to literature; and the perusal of des Cartes' 
 works totally directed his attention to mathe- 
 matics and philosophy. After travelling over 
 Europe, he ■was elected professor, and, in 
 1706, made rector of the academy of Lau- 
 sanne, and, in 1724, mathematical professor 
 at Groningen. He was afterwards preceptor 
 to Frederic of Hesse Cassel, nephew to the 
 king of Sweden, and, after being engaged in 
 some embassies, he returned to Lausanne, 
 where he died, 1748, aged 85. He wrote es- 
 say on logic, afterwards enlarged to G vols. 
 Svo. — a treatise on beaut}-, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 on the liberty of thinking — on ancient and 
 modern pyrrhonism, folio — sermons— com- 
 mentary on Pope's essay on man — miscella- 
 neous ■works — and pieces oa philosophy and 
 mathematics. 
 
CR 
 
 cu 
 
 CnowN'E, John, a nfilivc''of Nova BcoiJm, 
 who came over to England, eager to atMjuit*.- 
 lUnie and iiul«'peniltni'e h_v tlic ixjwers ol liis 
 )nin<l. His <listi'LSbes at first vcre so gre.-ii 
 that he becunir upper servant in an oUI lady's 
 family, from whif.li he s«K)n ox(i-iiated iiiiii- 
 sell'bv the wit and humour of his wriliiii^s. 
 lie became a favorite with the cumt, and 
 was employed by Charles II. at llu; r«<|iics( 
 of RoclitsLer, to write the nuisque ol(;:dyp- 
 so. Upon tlie «Hscovery of the popish plot, 
 fie cmbiaced llie part of the toi-ics, and wrote 
 his " city jjolilics," to satiiist the whig;, a 
 conie<Iy, whicii, uhilc it procured him a[»- 
 plauso, excited against hiiu the resentment 
 of a [lowerful faction. Anxious now to retire 
 from the intrigues and persecutions of poli- 
 tics, he petitioned the king lV)r a l)lacc for 
 life; to which Charles assented, jirovided he 
 wrote another comedy. Even the king him- 
 self assisted him, hy recommending him to 
 borrow from the Spanish comedy of " non 
 pucd csser;" from which was produced the 
 play of Sir Courtly Nice ; but, on the last day 
 of rchcai'sal before the comedy could be act- 
 ed, the king died, and all the hopes of the 
 poet were dashed to the ground. Instead of 
 independence, Crowne now had recourse to 
 his wit for maintenance. He died about 
 1703, author of 17 plays, besides the '* church 
 scuffle," a heroic poem, and two other poems, 
 Pandion and Amphigenia, and the Daeueids. 
 
 Croxall, Dr. Samuel, was born at Wal- 
 ton-upon-Thames, Surre}-, and educated at 
 Eton school, and St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. At the university he wrote the fair 
 Circassian, which h;' dedicated to Mrs. Anna 
 Maria Mordaunt, of whom it is said he was 
 deeply enamoured, hut as the poem was a 
 licentious imitation of Solomon's songs, he 
 carefully avoided disclosing himself to be the 
 author, before he applied for ordination. He 
 obtained tl»e living of Hampton, Middlesex, 
 the parishes of St. Mary Somerset, and 
 Mountshaw, London, and became chancel- 
 lor, prebendary, and canon of Hereford, and 
 afterwards added the archdeaconry of Salop 
 and the living of Scliek to his other prefer- 
 ments. As tlie church of Hereford was go- 
 verned by him during the old age of bisliop 
 Egerton, he very improperly pulled down an 
 old chapel adjoining the palace, to build a 
 iiouse for his brother. His politics inclined to 
 thewiiigs, and hence in queen Anne's reign he 
 wrote in their support, and published his two 
 cautoes in imitation of Spenser, to satirise 
 Ilarley's administration. He wrote besides 
 *' the Vision," a poem addressed to lord Ha- 
 lifax, — the fables of iE.sop, — scripture poli- 
 tics, — tljc royal manual, — and all the dedica- 
 tions prefixe<l to " Select Novels." He died 
 at a great age, February l;>, 17.'):2. 
 
 Croze, Mathnrin Veyssiere la, born at 
 Nantz 1061, beeame a T^enedictine monk in 
 1678, and distinguished himself by his exten- 
 sive learning. A bold and independent mode 
 of thinking, added to disgast and disappoint- 
 ment, induced him to abandon his order and 
 his religion in 1696. He made his recanta- 
 tion at Basil, and employed himself in Berlin 
 
 a^; an instructor of youth, as liljrarian to the 
 king, and as professor of {ihilosophy. He 
 died 17.5«J,aged 78. He wrote some T..l(iublc 
 works, diss* I'lalions histon«^ue.s, Nic- — ;,n Ar- 
 iiienian dictionary, Ito. cotMpih.-d after tueUc 
 Vcais' labor — hisHiIrc du Chrisliani-nie dt- 
 Indis, l-mo.--du Clnisii :;i,isii.f dT.ibiopii ^ 
 &c <rArnienic, &«•. 
 
 Ci( I ck; kj:, (i as par, a pn. lest an I lA Leiy 
 sic, author of son*'-. • oniiiieiilaries on Scri[t 
 lure. He di-.d at W'ilteiiiberg 151S, age«I -i.";. 
 
 Cri'UEN, Alf.\nnd<M' M. A. was born at 
 Aberdeen, and idncaied at the Marischal 
 colkge there. Me s(?tlled in London in I7'JS, 
 and kc|»l a bijokselli.-r's shop under the i'ovai 
 cKchangc ; but maintnincd himself ibitfly bv 
 superintending publications foi- the press. lii 
 1737 his CfMicordance was pubiislied, and il 
 again appeared improved in 1701, as a most 
 Valuable book. Cruden was occasionally de- 
 ranged. About the year 1738 he went on a 
 romantic view to refoini the English univer- 
 sities, and was soon after confmed at Chelsea. 
 He was a second time in conGnement in u 
 mad-house, and was at last found dead, in a 
 ])raying posture, at Islington, 177i-, aged 70- 
 He was a worthy, pious, and inoirensive man. 
 
 Crusius, or Krans, Martin, a native oi 
 Bamberg, profes.sor of belles lettres at Tu- 
 bingen, and the first who taught Greek iu 
 Germany, died at Estringen 1007, aged Si. 
 He is the learne<l com])iler of Turco-Grar- 
 cite, libri octo 1584 — atmales Sucvici ad ann 
 1549 — fiermano-Grccciie libri sci, 1.585, fol. 
 
 Crlz, Juanalnez de la, an ingenious lady, 
 born at Afexico. She wasiiaturally endowed 
 with great powers of mind, wliich Mere care- 
 fully cultivated, and rendeted her well skil- 
 led in philosopliy, history, mathematics, po- 
 etry, and every branch of liteiature. The 
 poems which she publislicd possessed great 
 merit, according to the opinion of father 
 Feyjod. The best part of her life was spent 
 iu the seclusion of the monastery of St. Gero- 
 nimo, where she died, after 27 years' resi- 
 dence, aged 44, in 1695. 
 
 Crytopylus, Metrophanes, a Greek, 
 who studied the Latin atid English languages 
 at Baliol college, O.xford, and returned iti 
 lG'2'i to his own country, wh.ere the patriarch 
 of Constantinople made him his secretary 
 and chancellor. He was raised to toe see of 
 Alexandria on the translation of Cyril Lucar. 
 The confession of faith attributed to Cyril, 
 and published in Greek, lf/-!9, was writtej^ 
 by him. He died after 1041. 
 
 Ctesi AS, a Greek j.'hysician in the service 
 of Ai-taxerxes, king of i'ersJa. He wrote a 
 history of Per.sia. 
 
 Ctesibius, a matliematician of Alexan- 
 dria, B. C. 1'25, known as the inventor of the 
 pump, the water- clock, kc. 
 
 f;TF.siP}iox, an Athenian, wliose attempt 
 to decree a golden crown to Demosthene.-. 
 was opftosed by ^l^schinos, and produced the 
 two famous orations of the rival orators de 
 coronsi. 
 
 Cudworth, liulph, a celebrated ilivine. 
 born 1017, at Aller, Somersetshire, where 
 his fathei' was rector. He was of Eraanuet 
 
cu 
 
 cu 
 
 college, of which he became fellow and tutor, 
 and where he hnd among his pupils sir Wil- 
 liam Temple. In 1641 he was presented to 
 the rectory of North Cadbury, Somerset- 
 shire, and the following year he published 
 his " discourse concerning the true notion of 
 the Lord's supper," and afterwards his trea- 
 tise, *' the union of Christ and the church, a 
 shadow." In 1644 he took his degree of 13. 
 D. and was that year appointed master of 
 Clare-hall, and the year after regius pi-ofes- 
 sor of Hebrew. In 1647 he preached before 
 the house of commons, for which he received 
 the thanks of the house. In 1651 he took his 
 degree of J3.D. and 3 years after was elected 
 master of Christ's college, at which time he 
 also married. He was, in 1657, one of those 
 "who were consulted by parliament about the 
 English translation of the bible, and by his 
 learning and consequence he gained the 
 friendship of \\ hitelocke, and of Thurloe 
 the able secretary of the two protectorates. 
 At the restoration, Cudworth wrote a copy 
 of congratulatory verses to the sovereign, 
 and, in 1672, he was presented by Sheldon 
 bishop of London, to the vicarage of Ash- 
 ^vell, Hertfordshire. In 1678 he was instal- 
 led prebendary of Glocester, and he then 
 published in folio his famous work " the true 
 intellectaal system of the universe, wherein 
 the reasonandphilosophy of atheism are con- 
 futed, and its impossibility demonstrated." 
 This work, from its nature and importance, 
 had many assailants; but it is acknowledged 
 by Dryden, Bayle, and Shaftesbury, that he 
 was so fair and moderate in his principles 
 that he almost betrayed the cause which he 
 meant to defend. A warm dispute Avas rais- 
 ed in consequence between him and leClerc. 
 The work was translated into Latin, in 1733, 
 by the learned Mosheim, and the original 
 was republished, in 1743, in 2 vols. 4to. by 
 Dr. Birch, with great additions, and with an 
 accurate statement of all the quotations, and 
 a life of the author by the editor. Cudworth 
 died at Cambridge 26th June 1688, and was 
 buried in Christ college chapel. Of his post- 
 humous works, which were a continuation of 
 his intellectual system, one was published by 
 Chandler bishop of Durham 1731, called " a 
 treatise concerning eternal and imm\itable 
 morality," intended chiefly against Ilobbes 
 and others. His other MSS. were on moral 
 good and evil — a book of morality, with 
 Hobbes' philosophy e.xplained — discourse on 
 liberty and necessity — de libero arbitrio — 
 on Daniel's prophecy of tlie 70 weeks — of 
 the verity of the Christian religion, against 
 the Jews — Hebrew learning, &c. Cudworth 
 Mas a man of e.xtensive erudition, well skil- 
 led in the languages, an able philosopher, an 
 acute mathematician, and a profound meta- 
 physician. Though he embraced the cor- 
 puscular philosophy, and considered Plato as 
 a guide with respect to the Deily, he was de- 
 servedly esteemed for bis virtues, his piety, 
 his moderation, and humanity. His only 
 daughter, Damaris, married sir Francis 
 Masham, and was distinguished as nuicli for 
 her learning and genius as for all the amiable 
 virtues of her sex 
 
 CuERENiiERT, Theodorc Van, a singular 
 charactei', born at Amsterdam 1522. He was 
 a man of science, and had a turn for poetry; 
 but he chiefly maintained himself at first by 
 engraving, in which he displayed skill and 
 genius, though he was too hasty and volatile 
 in his execution. He settled at Haerlem, 
 and was honorably employefl several times 
 as ambassador to the prince of Orange. Such, 
 at last, were his extraordinary ideas about re- 
 ligion, that he asserted no one could officiate 
 as a minister without a supernatural mis.sion, 
 and that it was unworthy a Christian to enter 
 a ]>Iace of public worship. These wild ideas, 
 in the indulgence of which he would hold no 
 communication with papists or protestants, 
 procured his banishment from the country, 
 lie died at Tergont 1590, aged 68. His 
 works were published, 3 vols, fulio, 1630. As 
 an artist, he worked with the Galles, and haa 
 Heni-y Goltzius for his pupil. 
 
 CuEVA, Alfonsus de la, known by the 
 name of Bedmar, was ambassador from. 
 Philip III. to the Venetian republic. In this 
 sacred character he plotted the seizing of 
 the city ; but when the conspiracy was dis- 
 covered, and the conspirators put to death 
 by drowning, the author of the horrible 
 scheme, out of respect to the Spanish king, 
 was secretly dismissed by the senate to avoid 
 the fuiy of the populace. Cueva fled to 
 Flanders, where he became president of the 
 council, and received a cardinal's hat. In 
 consequence of the severity of his govern- 
 ment he retired from Flanders to Rome, 
 where he died, 1665. He was a man of as- 
 tonishing powers of mind, gi'eat political sa- 
 gacity, an acute judge of the manners and 
 prejudices of mankind, composed in the 
 most violent and popular agitations, and such 
 a master of the knowledge of the human 
 passions, that his conjectures about futurity 
 seem almost prophetical. Some attribute to 
 him a treatise against the republic of A^enice, 
 though Velser is supposed to be the author. 
 
 Cuff, Henry, a celebrated wit, unfortu- 
 nate for his connexion with Essex, was boru 
 at Hinton St. George, Somersetshire, 1560. 
 He was educated at Trinity college, Oxford, 
 where he became fellow ; but a joke upon 
 the well known humorous dishonesty of its 
 founder drew upon him the resentment of 
 the president, and he Avas ejected from the 
 society. His merit, however, was so univer- 
 sally known, that he was admitted at Mer- 
 ton, and two years after, 1588, was elected 
 one of its fellows. He was afterwards Greek 
 professor and {jroctor of the university ; and 
 then travelled abroad to improve himself 
 for some active scene of hfe. His many 
 qualifjcatioiis, and the interest of his friends, 
 recommended him at last to the earl of Es- 
 sex, whose secretary and confidant he be- 
 came. This proved a most fatal engagement. 
 When Essex was condemned, he accused 
 Cufl' as being the author ol his misfortunes, 
 and sir Henry Neville confirmed afterwards 
 Uie accusation, in consequence of which the 
 wretched secretary, perhaps no otherwise 
 guilty than as the tool of a bold and ambitious 
 favoritCj M'as arraigned, and;, though be de- 
 
C.U 
 
 cu 
 
 f^dcd himself with grent animation, he was 
 condemned, and executrd at Tyburn '.M)l\i 
 March KiUI. He was a man of m-cat learn- 
 infj and i^cni'is, and thoirjjh his memory has 
 been censured by Bacon, Wotlon, ami even 
 by his friend Camden, he had some amiable 
 qualities. lie wrote a curious philosophical 
 piece, which appeai-eil lOUZ, call* il the dif- 
 ferences of the aijes of man's life, together 
 ^vith the original causes, progress, and end 
 thereof, Svo. 
 
 CuGNiERES, I'etcr de, an upright magis- 
 trate, advocate of the parliament of Pai-is 
 in 1J2'J, who supported the rights of Philip 
 Valois against the clergy. 
 
 Ci. J AC I US, James, an emincat lawyer, 
 fcopH at Toulouse 15'20. Me was of mean 
 origin ; but the greatness of his genius com- 
 pensated f<»r liis obscurity, and by his inde- 
 fatigable industr}, without the jissistanee of 
 a mastei', he made himself perfect in the 
 knowledge of Greek and Latin literature, 
 and particularly in civil law. lie was meaidy 
 refused the professor's chair in his native 
 town; but his abilities attracted i)upi!s from 
 every country ; and to his superior talents in 
 education, France owed the ablest and the 
 most e.\pert of her lawyers and magistrates. 
 He settled at Cahors, and afterwards at Bour- 
 ges, which he would not quit, though honored 
 by the king of France, and invited to Turin by 
 the duke of Savoy, and 'to Bologna by pope 
 Gregory XIII. He was so kind to his i)upils, 
 and so communicative and familiar, that he 
 "was called the father of his scholars. He 
 died at Bourges 1590. His works were pub- 
 lished at Paris, 10 vols. fol. 165«J, by Fabrot. 
 
 CuLLEN, William, the celebrated physi- 
 cian, was born in Lanerkshire, and served 
 his time with a sui-geon and apothecary at 
 Glasgow, and then went as surgeon in a ves- 
 sel from London to the West-Indies. On 
 his return he settled at Shotls, and after- 
 wards at Hamilton, where an accidental in- 
 troduction to the duke of Hamilton laid the 
 foundation of his advancement. By the ad- 
 vice of his patron he removed to Glasgow, 
 where he obtained an appointment in the 
 university. It was about this time that he 
 had formed an intimacy and partnership with 
 William Hunter, afterwards equally cele- 
 brated. In 1740 Cullen took hisdegree of 
 M.D. and in IZiti he was appointed locturer 
 in chemistry at Glasgow, and in 1751 was 
 nominated king's professor of medicine. 
 His practice was now very e.xtensive, and his 
 reputation as a lecturer proved by the in- 
 creiising number of his pupils. In 1756 he 
 was invited by the university of Edinburgh 
 to the vacant chair of chemistiy, and in this 
 new office he displayed such powers, and 
 such knowledge, that an opposition was rais- 
 ed against him by those who envied his fame, 
 and could not rival his abilities. His charac- 
 ter, hoMevtu", became more respectable 
 from opposition ; the mildness of his man- 
 nex's recommended him not less than his 
 professional knowledge; and so well estab- 
 lished was his merit that he was made profes- 
 sor of medicine by the magistrates of Edin- 
 YOL. 1. 51 
 
 hui-gh, on the death of Dr. Alston, in 1"C.' 
 He i)iiblisbe<l the lectures uliich he deliver- 
 ed, in consequence ol the Hppeaiaiice of a 
 surre[)titious copy. He at last resigned his 
 oflici; to JJr. Black, in consecjuencc of his 
 growing infirmities, though he aflerwai'd-* 
 joined ])r. (Gregory as cmidi«late for giving 
 lectures on the practice of physic. These 
 illustrious coadjutors U-ttured alternately, 
 till the death of Dr. (ii'egory, and then Dr. 
 (Jullen succeeded to the care of all the pu- 
 j)ils, which he cf)ntinued to do lijl within a 
 few months of his death. He died 11th Oc- 
 tober 17'J0. He married miss Johnston, the 
 daughter of a clergyman, by whftm he had 
 a ivunierotis family. She died 178G. Jlis 
 other works were, line* of physic, 4 vols. 
 8vo. — synopsis nosologisc methodicse, 2 vols. 
 Svo. — a treatise on the recovery of drowneil 
 persons, &c. 8vo. 
 
 CuLLUM, sir John, wns born 21st June 
 1733, and educated at Bury school and Catli- 
 arine-hall, Cainl)ridge, of which he became 
 fellow. He died at Hardwicke-house, 9th 
 October 1785, rector of Great Thurlow, 
 Suffolk^ and member of the royal and anti- 
 quarian societies. He published the history 
 and antiquities of Hawsted, Suffolk. 
 
 Cui.MER, Richard, a violent fanatic, edu- 
 cated at Magdalen college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his master's degree. He was 
 excelled from the living of Goodneston, in 
 Kent, for refusing to read the book of sports, 
 and then became lecturer at Canterbury, 
 and was afterwards employed by the parlia- 
 ment in breaking down and defacing images, 
 pictures, kc. from all places of worship, la 
 his indiscriminating zeal, he demolished the 
 beautiful painted window of Canterbury ca- 
 thedral, of which he gave an account: antt 
 for his meritorious services in the cause of 
 republicanism he was promoted to the va- 
 cant living of Minster in Kent, from which 
 he was ejected at the restoration. He was a 
 most abusive and litigious character, and 
 from his fondness for fighting he was called 
 the blue-skin Dick. 
 
 Cui.PEPEH, Nicholas, son of a clcrgr- 
 man of that name, after a few years spen^ 
 at Cambridge, was bound to an apothecary. 
 He er.gagetl himself deeply in the study of 
 astrology, of which he became professor. He 
 died in Spital-fields 1G54. He wrote several 
 books, the best known of whith is his " her- 
 bal," in which he describes the good awl 
 bad qualities of plants, as if by casting their 
 nativities. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard, a learned pre- 
 late, son nf -a citizen of London, where he 
 was born July 15, 1C32. He was educated 
 at St. Paul's school and Magdalen college, 
 Cambridge, where he became fellow. He 
 took his degree of M.A. 1C56, and two years 
 after he was presented to Brampton rectory, 
 Northamptonshire. He was drawn from 
 his solitude, in which he diligently discharged 
 all the pastoral duties, by the elevation of 
 his friend Orlando Bridgman to the seals, 
 1 G67, from Avhom he received the living of 
 AU-hallows, Stamford. He publisticd io 
 
CI,;: 
 
 cu 
 
 1672, his work dc legibus naturoe disquIsUio 
 philosophica, &c. which has been translated 
 into EngHsh by Tyrrel and by Maxwell. This 
 pei'forniance greatly raised his reputation 
 for science and for knowledge ; and he was 
 further distinguished for the exercises which 
 he performed when he took his degree of 
 D.D. in 1G80. In 1680 he pubhshed his essay 
 on Jewish measures and weights, a woi'k of 
 gi-eat merit, and full of accurate calculation. 
 In 1691 he was raised to the see of Peterbo- 
 rough by William, without solicitatiun or in- 
 terest, but merely from the eminence of 
 his learning, his exemplary manners, and his 
 strong attachment to the protestant faith. 
 In his episcopal duties he was indefatigably 
 vigilant, observing to his friends Avho dissuad- 
 ed from exertions which might injure his 
 heakh, " that he would fulfil his duties as 
 long as he could, and that a man had better 
 ■wear out tlian rust out." Some part of his 
 time, however was devoted to literature, he 
 ■was a sound mathematician, well acquainted 
 with oi'iental learning, and perfectly inform- 
 ed in all the branches of science and philoso- 
 phy. In his pursuits to discover the true 
 causes of idolatry, he paid great attention to 
 the shattered Phoenician histoi'y of Sancho- 
 niathon ; but though great labor was bestow- 
 ed on the subject, and a book prepared for 
 the press, his bookselFer objected, on account 
 of the times, to the publication, which was 
 deferred till after his death, when his son-in- 
 law, Mr. Payne, gave to the world, in 1720, 
 his Sanchoniathon's Phoenician history, from 
 Eusebius' prsepar. evangel. &c. and in 1724, 
 his second work, his origines gentium anti- 
 quissimae. The bishop lived to a good old 
 age, and to the last retained the great pow- 
 ers of his mind. He died October 9, 1718, 
 in his 87th year, in consequence of a violent 
 attack of the palsy, Avhich proved immedi- 
 ately fatal. He was buried in his own cathe- 
 dral. 
 
 CuMBERLAXD, William duke of, second 
 son of George II. was born 1721. He was 
 at the battle of Dettingen with his father, 
 and distinguished himself so much, that at 
 tlie battle of Fontenoy he might have in- 
 sured a most glorious victory, had he been 
 ably supported by the Dutch troops. His 
 next services were the defeat of the pre- 
 tender at the battle of Culloden, 1746, for 
 which he was highly applauded by the par- 
 liament ;and by the nation. In 1747 he lost 
 the battle of Val, by the hesitating assist- 
 ance of the Dutch He died 1765. 
 
 Cumber I. AND, Henry Frederic duke of, 
 son of Frederic, prince of Wales, was cre- 
 ated duke in 1766, and in 1771 married Anne 
 Horton, daughter of lord Carhampton, and 
 widow of Mr. Horton. This union was the 
 cause of the royal marriage act. He was 
 grand master of the free masons, and died 
 September 1790, nged 45. 
 
 Cuming, William, an eminent physician, 
 horn at Edinburgh 1714, and educated at 
 the high school and university of that city. 
 After residing some time at Paris and Ley- 
 dcn, he came to London, from whence he 
 
 removed to Dorchester. In this situation, 
 from which he refused to retire for the 
 more extensive practice of London, he soon 
 gained universal reputation, and recom- 
 mended himself to his patients as well by the 
 gentleness of his manners and his probity 
 as by his leai'ning and his skilful manage- 
 ment of dise.taes. Though he did not com- 
 mit any thing to the press, he was particularly 
 attentive to assist his friends, among whom 
 Mr. Hutchins, the historian of Dorsetshire, 
 has paid very handsome and deserved com- 
 pliments to his abilities and kind assiduity. 
 Dr. Cuming was afflicted Avith great weak- 
 ness in his eyes, w hich, though it lessened, 
 did not damp, his pursuits after knowledge. 
 He was fellow f^f the London and Edinburgh 
 societies of antiquarians, and he was also 
 felloAv of the college of physicians. He died 
 of a dropsy, 25th March 1788, aged 74. 
 
 CuNjEus, Peter, a learned lawyer, profes- 
 sor at Leydcn, was born at Flushing 1586. 
 He was educated for the chui'ch ; but the ran- 
 cor of the theological disputes of the times 
 disgusted him, and he applied himself to 
 belles lettres and to the law. He was a man of 
 great learning, and deservedly commended 
 by Vossius, Casaubon, Scaliger, and others. 
 He cKed 1638. He wrote, among other valu- 
 able works, de republica Hebrxorum — satira 
 Menippaa, in sui sseculi homines ineptceru- 
 ditos — remarks on 'Nonius' Dionysiaca — a 
 ti-anslation of Julian's Cxsars, &c. 
 
 CiTNEGONDE, daughter of Sigefroi count 
 of Luxembourg, married the emperor Henry 
 II. by whom she had no children. Some his- 
 torians accuse her of incontinence, while 
 others regard her as ill treated by her hus- 
 band, after whose death, in 1024, she retired 
 to a monastery. 
 
 Cunningham, William, a physician, 
 who, as bishop Tanner'informs us, resided in 
 Coleman-street, London. He lived at Nor- 
 wich about 1559; but, in 1563, was a public 
 lecturer in Surgeons' hall, London. He was 
 a man of great learning as an astronomer and 
 physician, and was equal!)' eminent as an in- 
 genious engraver on copper 
 
 CuNiTiA, Maria, a learned lady in the 
 17th century, born in Silesia. She possessed 
 a perfect knowledge of ancient and modern 
 languages, but particularly excelled in mathe- 
 matics and astronomy, on which she wrote 
 some ingenious treatises, especially her Ura- 
 nia propitia, in 1650, in Latin and German, 
 dedicated to the emperor Ferdinand III. 
 This work contains astronomical tables, calcu- 
 lated on Kepler's hypothesis, and displays 
 her powers as a scholar and mathematician 
 to have been very great and most respectable. 
 She married a physician, Elias de Lewin, 
 and died at Pistehen 1664, much regretted 
 as a person of science, and highly beloved as 
 a woman of an amiable character. 
 
 Cunningham, Alexander, a Scotch his- 
 torian, born atEttrick, near Selkirk, in 1654. 
 He was educated in Holland, where no doubt 
 he imbibed all the principles of government 
 then fashionable, and where he became ac- 
 quainted with the fugitive lords Sutherland 
 
<c,h 
 
 CU 
 
 and Argyle. He came over with WiU'Knn :it 
 tbc revolution, and iiiaint.'iiaed an intiinary 
 with the most popular members of govei'u- 
 ment. He m';>s ibr many years emphived as 
 travellinti; tutor to lord llyndford and his bro- 
 tlier William, and afterwards to k)rd Lome, 
 and viscount Lonsdale ; and durinj; liis visits 
 to the courts on the continent, he had tlu; 
 means of making important observations on 
 the manners and politics rif various countries, 
 which he cnmniunicated in confid^-nce to the 
 king and to his ministers. To this may be 
 attributed the vast information which he 
 manifests in his writings, and the great mili- 
 tary knowledge which he displays, and which 
 lie derived from the friendship of his pupil 
 lord Lome, afterwavils so famous as John 
 duke of Argylc. At the accession of George 
 I. Cunningliam, by the partiality of his friends, 
 Argyle, Sunderland, and Walpole, was sent 
 as envoy to the Venetian repuljic, where he 
 resided five years, till 1720. He afterwards 
 lived in studious retirement, respected as a 
 politician and as a man of letters. From an 
 inscription in St. Martin's church over an 
 Alexander Cunningham, supposed to be his, 
 he died 15th May 1737, in the 83d year of 
 his age. His history of Great Britain, from 
 the revolution to the accession of George L 
 appeared in '2 vols. 4to. 1787, translated into 
 English from the Latin manuscript, by Dr. 
 W. Thomson. The work had passed into 
 the hands of Dr. Hollingberry, and was re- 
 commended, from its valuable contents, for 
 publication, by loal Hardwicke and Dr. 
 Douglas bishop of Salisbury. It is indeed a 
 work of merit, and it relates the particulars 
 of an important period with accuracy, .spirit, 
 and impartiality ; though, in the drawing of 
 some characters, especially that of Bui-net, 
 the author shows himself prejudiced and un- 
 candid. To our author some have likewise 
 attributed the celebrated criticisms on Ho- 
 race, 2 vols. 8vo. 1721, and those posthumous 
 remarks on Virgil published 1742; but by 
 those who have examined the matter with 
 great care and nicety, the matter is left 
 doubtful. It appears, indeed, that the histo- 
 rian and the critic were both of the .same 
 name, both Scotch, both lived in the same 
 times, both educated in Holland, both emi- 
 nent for their skill in the game of chess, both 
 employed as travelling tutors, and both at- 
 tained to an advanced age. The coincidence 
 is so remarkable, that the character should 
 he considered as belonging solely to the Ve- 
 netian envoy, whose learning was adequate 
 to the most refined criticism, and the deep- 
 est observations on ancient times and man- 
 ners. 
 
 Cunningham, John, son of a wine-mer- 
 chant in Dublin, displayed early evidences of 
 poetical genius. At 17 he wrote his "love 
 in a mist, or the lass of spirit ;" from w hich 
 Garrick drew the prominent features of his 
 *' lying varlet." He was for several years of 
 Iiis life engaged as a strolling player, in the 
 north of England and in Scotland. He set- 
 
 CuNv, Lewis Anthony, a Jesuit of Lan- 
 gres, who died 1755. He is known by three 
 funeral orations, on the dauphir» of France, 
 the queen of Poland, and cardinal Rohan. 
 
 CuPANO, Francis, a Sicilian ecclcHiastic, 
 who published, in 1667, a catalogue of the 
 plants of Sicily, and also a valuable history of 
 the island. 
 
 CuPERUS, Gisbert, professor of history 
 and burgomaster of Davontcr, was born at 
 Hemnien, in Gueldres, l6Vt. He died at 
 Davcnter 1716. He wrote observationescriti- 
 ticaj et chronologicK, 3 vols. 4to. — apotheosis 
 Homeri, 4to. — history of the three Gor- 
 dians — a collection of letters. 
 
 Cuuitus, Joachim, a German physician, 
 born in Silesia. He improved himself great- 
 ly by travelling, and died 1573, aged 41. He 
 wrote, in Latin, the annals of Silesia and 
 Breslau, in folio. 
 
 CuRCELLitus, Stephen, an eminent di- 
 vine, born at Geneva, died Ht Amsterdam 
 1658, aged 72. After residing some time in 
 France, he settled at Amsterdam, where he 
 was followed by the Arminians, and where 
 he succeeded Episcopius as divinity proles- 
 sor. He was an able critic and a great lin- 
 guist, and wrote several theological tracts. 
 He published a new edition of the Greek tes- 
 tament, with various readings, and with a co- 
 pious dissertation, in which he properly ob- 
 serves, that none of the readiiigs affect in the 
 lea,st degree the articles of faith. Polemburg, 
 the successor of Curcellseus in the professor's 
 chair, has prefixed an account of his life to 
 the folio edition of his works. 
 
 Curio, an orator of Rome, who called 
 Csesar the man of all the women and the 
 woman of all the men. His son was aJso 
 eminent as an orator, and as the friend of 
 Ccesar. 
 
 Curio, Ccelius Secundus, was honi at San 
 Chirico, in Piedmont. His abjuration of the 
 Romish religion, for the tenets of Luther, 
 exposed him to the persecution of the catho- 
 lics, and he was seized and confined in the 
 prison of Turin, by the bishop. He however 
 escaped from his enemies, and fled to Salo 
 and Pavia; but the influence of the pope still 
 persecuted him over Italy, till he took re- 
 fuge at Lausanne, in Switzerland, where he 
 became principal of the college. He afte!'>' 
 v.nls removed to Basil, wliere for twcnty- 
 twc years, till his death, 15G9, at the age of 
 I 67, he continued respectably to fill the chair 
 ! of. eloquence and belles lettres. His work, 
 I " vie aniphtudine beati regni Dei," l.ioO, in 
 ] 8vo. is a curious composition. He wrote be- 
 si(!es, " oposcula," 8vo. — letters — Calvinus 
 judaisans, kc. 
 
 CuRius, Dentatas Marcus Annius, a Ro- 
 man consid, distinguished in the wars against 
 Pyi'rhus. He preferred pcjverty to riches, 
 and rejected with disdain the offers of the 
 Samnites, who sohcited him with large bribes, 
 about B. C. 272. 
 
 Cltrl, Edmund, a bookseller, whose name 
 has obtained immortality in Pope's Dunciad. 
 
 tied at last at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, a place He was born in the west of England, and» 
 to which he was very partial, and where he froaft low beginuings, kept a shop in the 
 diexJ 18th September 1773, aged 42. 1 
 
eu 
 
 cu 
 
 u'eighbourliood of Covent t^ardeu, vliere the i 
 books he published ivere ijcnerally enlarged 
 by wretched notes, forged letters, and bad 
 plates. He lost his e«rs for publishing " the 
 nun in her smock," and other licentious pie- 
 ces. He died 1748. 
 
 CuRO PALATE, Jolip, all ofTicer in fhc 
 household of the Greek emperor of that 
 name. He wrote a Greek hir,tory from the 
 time of Michael Curo' .':ilate to the reign of 
 Alexius, from 813 to lV)Si. This work has 
 been most sharaefidly pillaged by Cedrenus, 
 •who wrote an abri^'i'td history from the be- 
 ginning of the worid to the reign of Isaac 
 Gomraenus. Syncellus, Theophanes, and 
 others, have also borrowed from him. 
 
 CuRKADi, Francesco, an Italian painter, 
 who died 16&0, aged 'JO. He Avas very cor- 
 rect in his historical pieces, and had a per- 
 fect knowledge of the chiaro-obseuro. 
 
 CuRRiEy James, an eminent physician. 
 He was born, 175G, at Kiikpatrick-Fleming, 
 DuiTifrieshire, and, after receiving a proper 
 education at Dumfries school, he was sent to 
 Virginia in a coramerrial capacity. The in- 
 tricacies of commercial business, however, 
 had no attraction for him, and he returned 
 with eagerness to study medicine at Edin- 
 burgh, where, after three years' residence, 
 he tookhis oegree of M. D. He settled at 
 Liverpool, and acquired deserved celebrity, 
 not oidy from his practice, but the candor 
 and benevolcace of his heart, his classical 
 taste, and his general information. He af- 
 terwards removed to Bath, on account of ill 
 health, and died at Sidmouth, J)evonshire, 
 Slst August 1805. Dr. Currie was well 
 known as the author of a letter, commercial 
 and political, to Mr. Pitt, published under 
 the assumed name of Jasper Wilson, 1793, 
 which passed through several editions, and 
 attracted much of the public attention from 
 its own merits, and from the answers which 
 Avere made to it. Besides his medical re- 
 ports on the effects of water, cold and warm, 
 as a remedy in febrile diseases, 8vo. 1707, 
 with an additional volume ISOi, he wrote 
 some valuable papers in the Manchester 
 transactions, the collections of the London 
 medical society, and the philosophical trans- 
 actions. He also edited Burns' poems in 
 1800, w^th a pleasing account of the poet's 
 life, and a learned criticism on his writings. 
 
 CuRSON, or CoRCEONE, Robert, an Eng- 
 lishman, who studied at Oxford and Paris. 
 He became chancellor of Paris university, 
 and was made a cardinal by Innocent HI. in 
 1212. He was active in preaching tVie cru- 
 sades, and died at Damietta 1218. He Avrote 
 on the question, whether Origen be saved or 
 not. The work is now lost. 
 
 CuKTius, Martins, a Roman, who is said 
 to have sacrificed his life for the good of his 
 country, by leaping into a gulf, which could 
 close only when Rome had thrown into it 
 whatever she held most precious, about 3G2 
 B.C. 
 
 CuRTius, Quint. Rufus, a Roman histo- 
 rian, whose life of Alexander the great, in 10 
 booksj is jnuch adriAied. The age iu whidi 
 
 he lived is not accurately ascertaiiied, tliough 
 some place him in the reign of Trajan. 
 
 CusA, Nicholas de, a cardinal, born at Cu- 
 sa, of 'iiean parentage. His great merit, and 
 his extensive knowledge of law and of divinity, 
 recommended him to the notice of pope 
 Nicholas V. who made him a cardinal 1448, 
 and bishop of Brixia two years after. He was 
 sent by the pope to Germany as legate, in 
 1451, to preach the 'crusades against the 
 Turks, in which he was unsuccessful. He 
 died at Todi, in L^nibria, 1464, aged 63. Hii^ 
 works, which were numerous and valu- 
 able were collected and printed in three 
 vols. Basil, 1565. They contain, besides con- 
 troversial and metaphysical tracts, some geo- 
 graphical and astronomical pieces, and Cri- 
 bratio alcorani, a treatise intended against 
 the spreading of Mahomet's doctrines after 
 the fall of Constantinople. 
 
 CuspiNiAN, John, a German, who was 
 born at Sweinfurt, and died at Vienna 1529, 
 aged 56. He was physician to the emperor 
 Maximilian I. by whom he was employed in 
 some important negotiations. He wrote a 
 learned Latin history of the Roman empe- 
 rors from Julius Csesar to the death of Max- 
 imilian 1. — a history of Austria — a history of 
 the Turks, and of their cruelty towards the 
 Christians. 
 
 Cuss AY, N. governor of Angers, i.<? known 
 for his noble reply to the duke of (^uise, who 
 had ordered the protestants of Anjou to be 
 massacred on the fatal day of St. Bartholo- 
 mew. " Tell the king," answered he, *' that 
 my fellow citizens are brave and loyal, but 
 not assassins." 
 
 Cr ST I NES, Adam Philippe count de, was 
 born at Metz 4th February 1740, and dis- 
 tinguished himself in the seven years' war. 
 In the American war he assisted the revolt- 
 ed colonies at the head of his regiment, and 
 in the national assembly he espoused warmly 
 the popular party. W.ben placed in the 
 command of the arm}' of the Rhine, he took 
 the cities of Spires, Mentz, Frankfort, &c. 
 but a reverse of fortune obliged him to fall 
 back. Want of success wasiu the eyesof a jea- 
 lous tribunal considered as treason, and Cus- 
 tines perished on the scaffold 27th Aug. 1793, 
 He was weak in his conduct, ])roud in pros- 
 perity, but a coward in adversity. His son, 
 with greater firmness than his father, met 
 the stroke of the guillotine 3d January 1794, 
 aged 25. 
 
 CuTHBERT, an English saint, born in the 
 north, and educ.ited by the Scottish monks 
 in the abbey of Icolmkill. He settled in the 
 island of Lindisfci'na, four miles from Ber- 
 wick, now called Holy-i.sland ; from whence 
 he came to the court of Egfred king of Nor- 
 thumberland, whom, with many of h*s nobles, 
 he converted to Christianity, and baptized. 
 He was made bishop of the Northumbrian 
 Saxons; but, from his fondness for solitude, 
 he retired to Holy-island, where he found- 
 ed a monastery, and where he died G86, 
 leaving behind him a great number of punils, 
 and a deserved character of sanctity, viriac, 
 and devotion. 
 
CY 
 
 CY 
 
 C;tttts, John loi'd, Avas born of an ancient 
 family at Matching, in Essex, aii<l distin- 
 guislied hinisclt'in l!ie wars of Williaui III. 
 Hewasi-urly in the s(n-vii:(.' ot" Moiimoulli, 
 and sipjnaliiccd himself greatly, under the 
 dulce ot" L/<)rr:iiiK', in llnni;,ary, suid at the ta- 
 kiiip^ of IJinia l)y the imiierialists. At the 
 revolution, he liad a regiment of foot, was 
 createil haion in Irtland IG'JO, governor of 
 the Isle of \Vighl IfVj.'i, and complimented hy 
 Hopkins as one to whom a double crown was 
 due, as a Iili'o and a poet. On ({ucen Anne's < 
 accession he was made lieutenant general [ 
 of the forces in Holland, commander of the j 
 forces in Ireland in 170.i, and aflerwai-ds one j 
 of the lords justices of that kingdom; an aj)- 
 pointment which broke his heart, because it j 
 removed him intentionally out of the sphere ' 
 of active enterprise. He died at JJublin i 
 'iOth of January 1707, and was buried in! 
 Christ-church cathedral. He wrote a poem 
 on queen Mary's death, and published, 1687, 
 poetical exercises, written on several occa- 
 sions — a poem on wisdom — another f)n Wal- 
 ler. The poetry, though not deserving to 
 rank very high, yet possesses merit, and jus- 
 tifies the praises of Waller and others. 
 
 CvAXAUES I. king of the Medes after 
 Phrattrtes, died 5H5 P.. G. 
 
 Cyaxares II. king of Media, is supposed 
 to be tlie famous Dai-ius, who died 536 li. C. 
 CvGNE, Martin du, a learned Jesuit, pro- 
 fessor of eloquence, born at St. Omer, died 
 1069, aged ^0. He wrote explanatio rheto- 
 I'icce — ars metrica et ars poetica — fons elo- 
 quentiae, &c. 4 vols. 12mo. — comiediae 12 cum 
 Terent. turn Plant, concinnatte, 2 vols. l2rao. 
 CynjEGIRHS, an Athenian, who at the 
 battle of Marathon, ])ursued the flying Per- 
 sians to tlieir ships, and in swimming after 
 them had both his arms and his head cut otF. 
 Cyneas, a Thessalian philosopher, who 
 accompanied Pyrrhus in his invasion of Italy. 
 He called the Ilomun senate an assembly of 
 kings. 
 
 Cyprtan, Thascius Ccccilius, one of the 
 fathers of the church, born at (.'arthage. 
 He was bishop of Carthage, and suffered 
 martyrdom 258. He wrote some valuable 
 works, cdite<l by Dr. Fell, and translated in- 
 to English by Marsliall. 
 
 Cypriaxi, or Cipriaxi, an Italian 
 painter, who settled in England, anfl died in 
 London 17S5. He possessed great merit in 
 his profession, and liis pieces spread over 
 Europe by the gruver of Bartolozzi, are well 
 known and admired for grace, beauty, and 
 expression. In private llie he was highly 
 and deservedly estcenied for his many tal- 
 ents and virtues. His son inherited his vir- 
 tues. 
 Cyrano, Bergerao, a French autlior, 
 
 horn in Gascony 1620. He early rntered 
 the army, where his valor distinguished him 
 in the field as wt-ll as in duelling, and [>ro- 
 fui'i'd him the appellation of tiie inlrLpid. 
 He was shot through the body at the siege 
 of Mouzon, and run through the neck at 
 that of A rras in 16i(» ; but his prospects of 
 promotion were so small, compare<l to the 
 dangers and difllcidtics to whicli he exposed 
 himself, that he abandoned tlic army, to 
 wield the pen of wit and poetry, 'i'hough 
 fond of indepcnden'-e and liberty, he attached 
 himself to marshal Ciassion, and alterward.s 
 to the duke of Arpajon. He died in lO-^."!, 
 aged 35, in consequence of a blow received 
 oil the head hy the fall of a piece of timbcr- 
 His works consist of a tragedy on the death, 
 of Agrippina, mother of (jennanicns — the 
 pedant, a corned)' — besides a comic history 
 of the states and empires of the sun and of 
 the moon letters — dialogues — and frag- 
 ments of physics, &c. He abounded in wit 
 and humor, he wrote with great facility, and 
 interwove in his philosophical romance the 
 .system of Des Cartes. In many parts, from 
 his fine strokes of si/ire on the wild inqui- 
 ries of the philosophers of the age, he has, 
 says lord Orrery, directed the plan which 
 Swift afterwards pursued. 
 
 Cyril of Jerusalem, one of the fathers, 
 who was bishop of Jerusalem. He died 3SG, 
 author of some works. 
 
 Cyril of Alexandria, bishop of that see, 
 died 444. He was violent in his measures to 
 banish the Jews and Novatians from Alex- 
 andria ; and wrote various works, edited at 
 Paris, 7 vols. fol. 
 
 Cyrill, Lucar, was born in Candia 1572, 
 and educated at Padua and in Germany. 
 He was made bishop of Alexandria, and af- 
 terwards, 1621, patriarch of Constantinople. 
 He was deposed, for his attempts to reform 
 his clergy, and at last was strangled, by or- 
 der of the grand signior, in 1638. His con- 
 fession of iaith and his letters were publrsh- 
 ed, Amsterdam, 1718. 
 
 Cyrus, the elder, king of Persia, was son 
 of Mandane, the daugliter of Astyagcs. He 
 dethroned *iis grandfather, established the 
 Persian empire, and was at last killed in the 
 battle against Tonjvris queen of the Massa- 
 geta;, B. C. 530. 
 
 Cyrus, the younger, son of Darius, revol- 
 ted against his brother Artaxerxes, and was 
 defeated by liim in the plains of Cunaxa. 
 401. Had he not been too rash, he might 
 have obtained the victory. The retreat of 
 the 10,000 Greeks who accompanied him is 
 celebrated in ancient history. 
 
 Cyrus, a Latin ]ioet, in the reign of the 
 younger Thendosius. He afterwards be- 
 came a Christian and bishop of Phrygia. 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 DAC, Jolin, a German painter, bora at 
 Cologne 1556, and employecl by the 
 emperor Ilodolph, who i-ewarded his great 
 abilities with honors and with opulence. 
 His pictures are all in a grand style. 
 
 Dacier, Andrew, a French philosopher 
 and critic, born at Castres, in Upper Lan- 
 giiedoc, Gth April 1651. His parents were 
 prntestants, and he was educated at Castres, 
 and Puylousens, but chiefly at Sauinur, un- 
 der the celebrated Tana({uil Faber, whose 
 daughter he married. At Paris he was re- 
 eommended to the duke of Montausier, and 
 •was placed in the number of those who were 
 to publish the classics for the use of the 
 young dauphin. His first work Avas the edi- 
 tion of Pompeius Festus, 4to. 1681, greatly 
 improved in the edition of 1C99. His Ho- 
 race, -with a French translation, appeared in 
 16SI, in 10 vols. 12mo. and has frequently 
 been reprinted. He next published St. An- 
 astasius' contemplations, with notes and a 
 Ijatin translation, in 1682. The next year 
 he njarried Faber's daughter ; and, in 1685, 
 he with her abjured the protestant religion. 
 He published nothing tifterwards till l6'jl, 
 •when his moral reflections of JNIarcus An- 
 toninus 2 vols. liJrao. appeared ; and in 1692 
 Aristotle's poetics, with a translation and 
 critical remarks, in 4to. which some have 
 considered as his best performance. In 1693 
 jhe published a translation of th.e (Edipus and 
 Electra of Sophocles ; in 169 i-, the first vol- 
 ume of Plutarch's lives ; in 1697, the trans- 
 lation of the works of Hippocrates, 2 vols. 
 J2mo. ; in 1699, that of Plato's works, 2 vols ; 
 in 1706, the life of Pythagoras, his symbols, 
 golden verses, &c. 2 volw ; in 1715, Epicte- 
 tus, 2 vols. ; and in 17'i.3 the lives of Plu- 
 tarch were completed, in 8 vols. 4to. Be- 
 sides these, Dacier published notes on Lon- 
 ginus, a dissertation on the origin of satire, 
 speeches in the French academy, answers 
 to some critics who had censured his person 
 and manners, &c. besides a commentary on 
 Theocritus, and a treatise on religion, never 
 publi-shed. As he had been concerned in tlie 
 compilation of the mcdallic history of Lewis 
 XIA'. the monarch settled on him a pension 
 of 2000 livres, and appointed him keeper of 
 his books in the Louvre, in 1713 he was 
 made perpetual secretary to the French 
 academy, and in 1717 he obtained a rever- 
 sionary grant of 10,000 crowns, as library 
 keeper to the king, which was afterwards to 
 devolve to his wife if she survived him. Her 
 death, in 1720, prevented her enjoyment of 
 a grant so very honora1)le to her merits. Da- 
 cier, though greatly afflicted for the loss of 
 his wife, yet would have married a second 
 time had not death prevented it. He was 
 carried off" by an ulcer in his throat, which 
 he had disregarded, as not dangerous, Sep- 
 tember 18, 1722, in his 71st year. He was 
 a man of gi'eat and extensive learning, who 
 applied the powers of his mmd, an<l the most 
 indefatigable industry, to infuse into his na- 
 tive language allthe beauties and all the graces 
 of some of the best writers of ancient times. 
 
 Dacier, Anne, wife of Andrew Dacier, 
 
 daughter of Tanaquil Faber, or le Fevre^, 
 was born at Saumur 1651. When she was 
 11 years old her father discovered the strong 
 natural powers of her mind, and immediate- 
 ly laid the foundation of a learned education 
 which was happily completed. In 1674, she 
 published an edition of Callimachus in 4to. 
 lunl in consequence of her extensive know- 
 ledge, she was engaged in the editing of the 
 classics for the use of the dauphin. Her 
 Floriis, a])peared in 1674, in 4to. and her 
 Aurelius Victor 1681. In the mean time 
 her reputation was so universally sx>read, 
 that Christina queen of Sweden wrote her 
 some pressing letters, and invited her to em- 
 brace the Romish religion, and to come to 
 settle at Stockholm, where every mark of 
 respect and patronage wovdd be shown to 
 her. These offers she declined, and contin- 
 ued her labors in the service of the dauphin. 
 In 16S1, her translation of Anacreon and 
 Sappho appeared, so much commended by 
 Boileau, and in 1683, were published Eu- 
 tropius 4to. and a French translation of the 
 Amphitryo, Epidicus, and Rudens of Plautus, 
 three vols, and the next year the Plautus 
 and Clouds of Aristophanes 12mo. with Dic- 
 tys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius. In 1683 
 she marrienl Dacier, a scholar with whom 
 she had shared the instruction of her fath- 
 er and two years after she joined him in a 
 recantation of the protestant tenets. It has 
 been indeed insinuated that she liad been 
 previously married to Lesnier a bookseller 
 of her father, and that she ran away from 
 him for the society of Dacier, to whom she 
 never was. regularly married, an imputation 
 too gross and illiberal to be credited. After 
 her conversion, by the influence of the duke 
 of Montausier, a pension of 1500 livres was 
 settled on her husband, and 500 on herself. 
 In 1688 she published her translation of 
 Tei-ence's plays with notes 3 vols. 12mo. the 
 best edition of which is that of 1717. She 
 also assisted her husband in liis Marcus An- 
 toninus and his Plutarch, and in 1711 she pub- 
 lished her translation of Homer's Iliad with 
 notes 3 vols. 12mo. In 1714 she wrote a de- 
 fence of Homer against de la Motte, and two 
 years after against Hardouin, in which she 
 displayed much erudition, great taste, and 
 not a little acrimony. She was however af- 
 terwards reconciled to de la Motte. Her last 
 woi'k, the Odyssey of Homer ti^anslated from 
 the Creek, appeared in 1716, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 The two last years of her life she sunk into 
 disease and debility, and died Augu.st 17tli 
 1720, aged 69. She had a son and tw o daugh- 
 ters, the son died young, one of the daugh- 
 ters was a nun, and the other, who possessed 
 the virtues and accomplishments of her sex, 
 died in her 18th year. Besides learning, 
 Madame Dacier was gi-aced with the noblest 
 ornaments of human nature, with generosi- 
 ty, firmness, mildness and exemplary piety. 
 She had so much modesty that she never dis- 
 coursed on literature, to display her superi- 
 ority ; but when requested to write her name 
 and a sentence, in the book of a northern 
 scholar, according to tlie oji^tomofLhe coun- 
 
DA 
 
 lOA 
 
 try, she strenuously declined tO€nrol herself 
 among the most illustrious characters of the 
 age. When at last prevailed upon, bhe 
 •wrote her name vith a vcrtje from Sui)h(j- 
 cles, expressive that silence is the best m-na- 
 mcnt of the female sex. To the universal 
 respect of Kurope the acarlcmy of Kicovatri 
 at Fadua added the honor of enrolling her 
 name among their nunihers in 1G84. 
 
 DAtiAR, Jacob, a native of Paris, the 
 pupil of Vouct, and eminent as an historical 
 and portrait painter. He was patronised by 
 Christian V. of Denmark, at uhose court 
 he long resided, and then he visited Loudon, 
 and returned to Coi)cnhageu where he died 
 1710, aged 76. 
 
 Dagobert I. succeeded liis fiither Clo- 
 taire II. as king of France 02^. He made 
 war against Saxony, Britany, and (Jascony, 
 hut stained by cruelty the laurels which he 
 obtained in the field of battle. He divorced 
 his wife, and not satisfied to marry three 
 others to whom he gave the name of queens, 
 he kept a great number of concubines. It 
 is said that after conquering the Saxons he 
 caused all those to be put to death whose 
 stature exceeded the length of his sword. 
 He died at Epernay 6.18, aged 36, and was 
 the first monarch buried at St. Denys, which 
 he had founded six years before. 
 
 Dagobert II. son of Sigebert II. was 
 prevented from ascending his father's throne 
 by the influence of Grimoald mayor of the 
 palace, who caused his own son Childebert 
 to be crowned king. He afterwards obtain- 
 ed the kingdom of Austrasia, and was assas- 
 sinated five years after 671», and was buried 
 at Stenay. 
 
 Dagobert III. succeeried as king of 
 Neustria to his father Childebert. He died 
 four years after 17th Jan. 715. 
 
 Dagobert, N. a French republican ge- 
 neral, who distinguished himself in Italy and 
 against the Spaniards. He died in the midst 
 of his victories beyond the Pyrenees 21st 
 April 1/94. 
 
 Dagoumer, William, professor of phi- 
 losophy, and rector of the university of Paris, 
 was born at Pont-audemer, and died at Cour- 
 bevoye in 1735. He published a course of 
 philosophy in Latin, a French work against 
 the advertisements of Languet archbishop 
 of §ens. He is ridiculed by le Sage in Gil 
 Bias under the name of Guilloraer. 
 
 Dahl, Michael, a Danish painter patron- 
 ised by queen Aime and George prince of 
 Denmark. He died in England 2Uth Octo- 
 ber 1743. 
 
 Dahlberg, Eric, a Swedish engineer, 
 whose excessive application compensated 
 for the early loss of his parents, and the 
 misfortunes of a neglected education. He 
 prepared for the brave defence of Thorn, 
 and accompanied Gustavus Adolphus in his 
 Polish expedition, and advised him to march 
 his army across the Great Belt when frozen, 
 and thus penetrate into the very heart of the 
 Danish kingdom and besiege the capital. His 
 great services were rewarded in 1660 with 
 Uip rank of nobility, and he was successively 
 
 raised to the commaiid of Malmo, the raro 
 f)f the fortificalinns, and the government of 
 Livonia. He die<l at Stockholm 1703, a^cii 
 7S. He wrote Su«'cia anticpia and hodierna, 
 three vols. fol. 1700, and ilistinguislied hiiu- 
 sclf so jnnch as an ( ngineer that he was de- 
 servedly called llir Vauban of Sweden. 
 
 Da 1 1. 1. E, John, an eminent \)rotestant 
 divine, horn at (Jhatelleraiit sixth January 
 1594. His father inten<led to j)lace him iti 
 liis own situation as receiver of the c<jiisigHa- 
 lions at Poitiers, but the fondness of the boy 
 for Ijooks and literature turtted his thoughts 
 to another chaimel, and ht* educated him in 
 the schools of l*f)itiers and Saumur. Al the 
 age of eighteen he was adniitted into the 
 family of du Plessis Mornay to he the tutor 
 of his two grandsons, an<l in this situationi 
 he continued seven years before he began to 
 travel, and received, as it Is said, moi-e in- 
 struction from the learned conversation and 
 company of the grandfather than he com- 
 municated to his pupils. He began his tra- 
 vels in 1619, and with hh two pu])ils passed 
 througli Geneva, Piedmont, Lom})ardy, and 
 Venice, where he was introduced to thp 
 acqu.iintance and friendly intimacy of father 
 Paul. While at Mantua one of his pupils 
 was taken ill, and soon after died, so that 
 Daille with difficulty and great danger con- 
 veyed the body concealed as a hale of goods 
 under the care of two servants to the Ixurial 
 place of his father, from tlie suspicious eye <^)f 
 the inquisitors who viewed with jealousy the 
 conduct of the protestants. With tbe other 
 pupil he continued his travels, and after visit- 
 ing Switzerland, Germany, Flanders, Hol- 
 land, and England, they Jt turned to P'rance 
 late in 1621. In 16'23, Daille was ordained anrS 
 first officiated in the family of the venerable 
 Morn.'iy, who died soon after in the arms of 
 his beloved and reverend friend. The yetcf 
 1624 was employed in digesting some papers 
 whicii afterwards were published as me- 
 moirs, and in the following year Daille be- 
 came minister of the ehurch of Saumur, 
 where he spent the rest of his life. In 16'2S 
 he wrote his celebrated book " on the use 
 of the fathers" w hich lord Falkland and his 
 fi'iend Chillingworth greatly valued, and be- 
 gan to translate, but left unfinished ; but It 
 appeared in 1651 in an English dress by the 
 hands of Thomas Smith of Cambridge, and 
 in Latin by Mettayer of St. Quintin. In 
 1633 he published his apology for tlie re- 
 formed churches, wliich he also translated 
 into Latin, and Mr. Smith into English in 
 165S. These books, from their importance, 
 and the masterly manner in which the sub- 
 ject was treated, excited a great outcry 
 among the catholics, but they maintal^ied 
 tlielr character against all the attacks and 
 insinuations of popery. Daille was at the 
 synod of Alencon in 1637, where his autho- 
 rity was ably exerted to reconcile the pro- 
 testants in the then disputed tenets about 
 universal grace. These principles he warm- 
 ly embraced, and indeed published in 1655 
 a Latin work against Spanheim the Leyden 
 professor, as " an apology fer tlie synods «• 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 Ale.ncqn and Charanton." This gi'eat and 
 good man died at Paris 15tli April 1G70, af- 
 ter enjoying tlirough lite, except from a 
 small attack of apoplexy for 10 days, the most 
 uninterrupted good health, and with it the un- 
 diminished faculties and powers of his mind. 
 His reputation was so higli that the protest- 
 ants in France declared they had seen no 
 better writer since the days of Calvin. He 
 wrote besides several works which were 
 chieiiy of a controversial nature, and which 
 equally evinced his learning, erudition, and 
 dexterity of argumentation. He married in 
 1625, but lost Ills wife six years after, by 
 whom he had only one son, Hadrian, who 
 distinguished himself as an able divine. He 
 was invited to Rochelle as a Kiinister, and 
 after five years' residence he was chosen 
 minister of Paris, with his father 1G58. At 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes he re- 
 tired to Switzerland, and died at Zurich, 
 May 1690. His AIS. and some of his fa- 
 ther's works were deposited in the public 
 library. 
 
 Dale, Samuel, an apothecary of Brain- 
 tree, Essex, who becanie by liis merit in 
 1730, a licentiate of the college of physicians 
 and fellow of the royal society. He wrote 
 Pharmacologia,seu manuductio ad materiam 
 medicam, often printed, — the antiquities of 
 Harwich and Dover court, in 4to. improved 
 ftom the works of Silas Taydor, besides 
 some valuable papei's in the philosophical 
 transactions, &c« He died at Booking, where 
 he had settled as a physician, 1739, aged 80. 
 
 Dalechamps, James, a learned physi- 
 cian born at Caen 1513. He died at the age 
 of 75, at Lyons, where he had practised from 
 155^2 to 1588. He wrote a general history 
 of plants, three books de peste, besides Pli- 
 ny's natural history with valuable notes, and 
 also translated into Latin, Athenaius, in the 
 completion of which he was engaged thirty 
 years. 
 
 Dalex, Cornelius Von, an eminent 
 Dutch engraver, who florished about 1640, 
 He engraved a great variety of portraits, 
 and some antique statues, all in a masterly 
 style. 
 
 Daleks, Dirk, a landscape p:xinter of 
 Amsterdam, who did 1088, aged '2'J. He is 
 liappy in the expression and faithful deline- 
 ation of his pieces. 
 
 D'alirrai, Charles Von, a Parisian who 
 Abandoned the profession of arms for the 
 Hiuses. He was of a dissipated turn of mind, 
 and fond of merry societj', and he declared 
 that he would die by the mouth of the bottle 
 rather than by the mouth of the cannon. As 
 he had a moderate income, and was free 
 from ambition, he enjoyed with great con- 
 tentment what he had, and employed his 
 sportive muse as fancy or occasion directed. 
 Jn the latter part of his life he lived much 
 in the country, and died at an advanced age 
 about the beginning of 1655. His works 
 appeared in 1553, in 8vo. divided into six 
 parts, containing bacchanalian, satirical, he- 
 rolcal, moral, and christian poems, of no 
 great merit indeed, but frequently haj>py in 
 
 delineation of character and in flashes of 
 wit. He also translated Perez's letters, and 
 73 epigrams, against Montmaur. 
 
 Dalin, Olaus de, a learned Swede, bora 
 at Winsberg in 1708. He is deservedly cal- 
 led the father of Swedish poetry, by his two 
 poems on the liberty of Sweden, and the 
 tragedy of Bruidiilda. He rose by his gen- 
 ius to lame and fortune, and was appointed 
 preceptor to prince Gustavus, and at last be^ 
 came chancellor of the court. He wrote, at 
 the request of the government, the history 
 of Sweden, which he brought down to the 
 deatlj of Charles IX. He wrote besides, epis- 
 tles, fables, satires, panegyrics, &c. and 
 ti'anslated Montesqtiieii's book on the de- 
 clension of the Romans. 
 
 Dallington, sir Robert, author of the 
 aphorisms of Tacitus, was born at Gedding- 
 ton, Northamptonshire, and educated at 
 Penibroke-hall, Cambridge. He was secre- 
 tary to Francis earl of Rutland, knighted by 
 queen Elizabetli, and made master of the 
 Charter-house. He died 1637. lie wrote 
 besideaa survey of the great duke's estate in 
 Tuscany 4tr. method for travel, or a state of 
 France, in 1598, 4to. 
 
 DAi.MATi>f, Geoi-ge, a Lutheran, minis- 
 ter of Lay bach in Carniola, from which he 
 was expelled by the violence of the catholics 
 1598. He was protected in his disgrace by 
 the baron of Aursperg, in whose house it 13 
 said he died. He translated the bible into 
 the Sclavonian language 1584, and wrote 
 some tracts. 
 
 Da LM AT I us, a bishop of Cyzicum, who 
 attended the council of Ephesus, and wrote 
 the acts of the synod of Nice. 
 
 Dalrymple, David, son of sir James 
 Dalrymple bart. auditor of the exchequer 
 for Scotland, was born in Edinburgh 28th 
 October 1726. His mother was Christian, 
 daughter of Earl Haddington. He was ed- 
 ucated at Eton, from whence he removed t« 
 Utrecht, whex*e he continued till 1746. In 
 1748 he was called to the bar, and soon dis- 
 tinguished himself as an advocate. His name 
 as a lawyer was so eminent that he was rais- 
 ed in 1766 to the dignity of one of the judges 
 of the court of session, when he assumed, as 
 is usual, the appellation of lord Hailes, by 
 which he is best known among the learned. 
 He became however conspicuous, not less by 
 his learning, and his writings, than by his in- 
 tegrity, candor, and firmness, as a judge. In 
 1773 he published remarks on the history of 
 Scotland, and in 1776 and 1779, annals of" 
 Scotland, 2 vols. 4to. containing the history 
 of 14 Scottish kings ; which valuable work, 
 however, the author did not complete. He 
 published besides, memorials and letters re- 
 lating to the history of Britain, in the reign 
 of James I. and Charles I. 2 vols. 1762 and 
 17GG — a catalogue of the lords of session 
 from 1532 — biographia Scotica — remains ojt 
 christian antiquity, 3 vols, and other nume- 
 rous tracts on antiquities, history, divinity, 
 kc. Lord Hailes, though infirm in health, 
 sat on the bench till within three days of his 
 death, which happened 29th Nov. 1792, in 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 Tiis CCtli year, fie lefL no male issue, hut 
 only two daughters In' two tliircrciit wives. 
 
 Dalton, Michael, nit Kiipjiish lawyer, 
 born iti Cuinhridgesliirc, and bred at Liii- 
 cohi's-iiiii. lie wrote a well kiiown book, on 
 the ofHce of ajustice (A' i»eace, and on the du- 
 ty of sherifi's. Hi; was queen's counsel in 
 IJO'J, and died before tlie ci\il wars. 
 
 Dalton, John, I). I), was born at Dcane 
 in Cumberland, where his father was rector, 
 1709. lie was educated at J-owther, :iiid at 
 Queen's college, Oxfoixl, and l)ecainc tutoi- 
 to lord l{eauchan)[i. lie employed him- 
 self in the mean tinie, in adapting Millon's 
 ma!H[ue at Ludlow-castle to the stage, wliich 
 he rendered, by a judicious selection of songs 
 from other works of the author, and some 
 of his own, a very popular piece, still known 
 and admired under the title of *' Comus." 
 During the celebrity of this performance, 
 he sought out .Milton's grand-(Taughter, who 
 ■was overwhelmed with old age aiui i)overty, 
 and honorably exerted his influence to pro- 
 cure her a benefit, which produced her 120/. 
 His ill health afterwards preven.ted him from 
 attending his noble pupil, who unfortunately 
 diecl of the small-pox at Bologna. After be- 
 ing elected to a fellowship in his college, he 
 took orders, and was presented some time 
 after, by the duke of Somerset, to the living 
 of St. Mary at Hill, and by his influence to a 
 prebend at Worcester, where he died 1763. 
 lie published a volume of sermons, 1757 — 
 two epistles, 4to. — a descriptive poem on the 
 coal mines near Whitehaven — remarks on 
 12 historical designs of Uaphael. His broth- 
 er Richard was librarian to the king, and 
 published a description of some pi'ints, from 
 drawings of his own, of the procession to 
 Mecca. 
 
 Dalzell, Andrew, an eminent Greek 
 scholar, born at liatho, near ILdinburgh, 
 about 1750. From his village school he came 
 to Edinburgh, and studied w ith such zeal 
 and application, that he became professor 
 of the Greek language in the university, 
 keeper of the university library, and (me of 
 tlie secietaries of the royal society of Kd- 
 inburgh, &c. His literary acquirements 
 Avere such, that lie was selected to superlrv 
 tesid the education of the present lord Lau- 
 derdale, whom he accompanied on the con- 
 tinent. As a professor, Mr. Dalzell posses- 
 sed great abilities and powerful elo(|uence, 
 hud his lectures were so popular, that the 
 study of the Greek language which h:id long 
 been neglected in Scotland, became under 
 his auspices, a favorite pursuit with the 
 youthful students of the university. To fa- 
 cilitate the labors of his pupils, he devoted 
 much of his time in the composition of val- 
 uable notes, in the elucidation of the Greek 
 classics, which he publisljed under the name 
 of Analecta minora 8c majora, &c. He 
 wrote besides, some papei's on biograjdiy, 
 and on literary subjects in the Kdinburgli 
 society transactions, and recommended to 
 the English student. Chevalier's description 
 of the plain of Troy, by giving an elegant 
 u-anslationof it, enriched with learned notes, 
 vol. T. 52 
 
 He also edited the posthumous woiks of liis 
 father-in-law Dr. J. Drvsdale, wh(»ni he suc- 
 ceeded as principal clerk to the general as- 
 sembly of the church of Scotland. Tfiis 
 amiable man and elegant scholar died 8th 
 December 1800. 
 
 Dak"ziei., Thomas, a .Scotch officer, ta- 
 ken prisoner at the defeat at Worcester, 
 and confined in the tower, from which he 
 es(;;i[)ed to Russia, where the czar made 
 him a general. At the restoration he re- 
 turned to England, and (Jharles II. made 
 him, for his many services, conimander in 
 chief of all his forces in Scotland. He was 
 a singular man in his dress and appearance. 
 He had been brought up hardy, and af- 
 ter the death of Charles 1. he never shaved 
 his beard, which grew white and bushy, and 
 descended to his middle. His bald head was 
 generally covered with a beaver hat, the 
 brim of which, was not more than three in- 
 ches broad. He generally carne to London 
 once or twice a year, to kiss the king's hand, 
 who liad great regard for him, but whenev- 
 er he appeared in the capital, tlie singulari- 
 ty of his dress and appearance drew crowd.? 
 of boys around him. The time of his death, 
 is unknown. 
 
 Damascenus, John, a learned father of 
 the church, born at Damascus. He died 
 about 750. His works were edited, 2 vols, 
 fol. 1712, Paris. 
 
 Damascivs, a stoic philosopher, pupil 
 to Isidorus, whose life he wrote. He lior- 
 ished about 540, A. D. 
 
 Dam AS us I. a Spaniard, raised to the pa- 
 pal throne 306. Though warmly opi)09ed 
 by Ursiu the antipope, he was acknowledg- 
 ed by the Italian bishops, and by the coun- 
 cil of Aquileia, who condemned his oppo- 
 nent. He was a zealous enemy to the ten- 
 ets of the Arians, and died 384, aged 80. 
 Some of his letters have been published. 
 
 Damasus H. bishop of Brixen, was elect- 
 ed pope on the day of the resignation of Ben- 
 edict IX. Hedied at Palestrina, 23 days af- 
 ter his election, 104S. 
 
 Dambouuney, N. was born at Rouen, 
 10th May 172», and died there, 2d June 
 1795. He distinguished himself, not only as 
 a merchant, but as a man of science, well 
 acquainted with philosophy and chemistry. 
 He made some curious experiments on 
 plants, kc. and jjublished valuable tracts. 
 
 Da Ml ex, Peter, cardinal and bishop of 
 Ostia in the eleventh century, was origmal- 
 ly a Benedictine monk, whom his superiors 
 and not his ambition raised to places of em- 
 inence and dignity. He publicly condemned 
 the wars whicli the popes carried on i.^ainst 
 the emperors, and assei-tcd, from the exam- 
 ple of (;ur Saviour, that the ecclesiastics 
 were to oppose their enemies, not by the arms 
 of the flosh, but by the sword of the spirit. 
 He was equally severe against the licentious 
 manners of his age, which lie attempted to 
 correct and reform. His works were print- 
 ed at I'aris 1003. He died about 1073. 
 
 L^AMiEXS, Robert Francis, a French- 
 man, known for his attempt to assassinate 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 Lewis XV. He vas executed 28th March, 
 1757, in a manner most horrible and wan- 
 tonly barbarous. Vid. Chaste L. 
 
 Da MO, the daughter of Pythagoras, was 
 •well skilled in the philosophy of her illus- 
 trious father. 
 
 Damon, a Pythagorean philosopher, ce- 
 lebrated for his friendship with Pythias, 
 •which Dionysius the tyrant saw, and desired 
 to share. 
 
 Damon, au Athenian musician, the friend 
 of Socrates. 
 
 Damocles, a flatterer in the court of 
 Dionysius, who, for a while, assumed the 
 dress and dignity of the tyrant, to experi- 
 ence M'hat happiness existed on a throne. 
 
 D A M o CR 1 1 u s, a Greek historian, author 
 of a treatise on tactics, and of another on the 
 .Tews, whom he accused of worshipping the 
 head of an ass. 
 
 Damours, Lewis, a French lawyer, who 
 died 16th Nov, 1788, author of a life of Ni- 
 non de I'Enclos, and other works of little 
 merit. 
 
 Dampier, John, a native of Blois, who 
 entered among the cordeliers, and was di- 
 rector of a nunnei'y at Orleans, where he di- 
 ed before 1550. His Latin poems, after the 
 manner of Catullus, are elegant and valua- 
 ble, and are published in the first volume of 
 the delicije poetarum Gallorum. 
 
 Dampier, Capt. William, a famous na- 
 vigator, born at East Coker in Somerset- 
 shire, 1652 He early M'ent to sea, and join- 
 ed captain Cook, in order to cx'uize against 
 the Spaniards. They accordingly proceed- 
 ed to the South-seas through the straits of 
 Magellan, where they took several prizes, 
 and where Cook died, 1684, and was suc- 
 ceeded in command by Davis. They after- 
 wards attacked and burned the tov/n of Pla- 
 ta, and then advanced to the bay of Pana- 
 ma, near which they took a Spanish ship 
 sent with dispatches to Lima, and from the 
 intelligence received on board they medita- 
 ted an attack on the plate ships, which ended 
 unsuccessfully. Their next attack wasagainst 
 Leon, on the Mexican coast, which they 
 destroyed, and also Rio Leja, and there 
 Dampier left Davis, and sailed with captain 
 Swan, to examine more fully the northern 
 parts of the Mexican shore ; but meeting 
 with no success, and being disappointed in 
 their wishes to sieie the rich Manilla ship, 
 they sailed across the great Pacific ocean for 
 the East Indies. After visiting St. John's 
 island. New Holland, Triest, and Nicobar, 
 Dampier left his companions, and arrived 
 at the English factory at Achan, where he 
 afterwards engaged with captain Wcldon iu 
 trading voyages for 15 months, and then en- 
 tered as gunner at a factory at Bencoolen. 
 In 1691 he ma<!e his escape from the vigi- 
 lance of the governor, and brought all liis 
 papers and journals with him, and reached 
 the Downs, Sept. I6rh. As he was now in 
 want of money he sold his share in an Indi- 
 an prince, whom his companions carried 
 about for exhibition. He was afterwards 
 engaged for three years, till 1711, in a voy- 
 
 I age under the British mercliants to the South 
 ' seas, of which he has recoi'ded several cu- 
 rious and very interesting particular.s. His 
 voyage round the world has been frequently 
 published, and is considered as an accurate 
 and valuable performance. The time o£ 
 Dampier's death is unknown. A good like- 
 ness of him is preserved in Trinily-house, 
 Tower-hill. 
 
 Dampierre, N. a French general, who 
 distinguished himself under Dumourier at 
 the battle of Jemappe. Though active and 
 warlike he was driven from Aix-la-chapelle, 
 and was beaten by the allies at Quaivrain. 
 As he was examining the works of the ene- 
 my his thigh M'as carried ott'by a canon ball 
 from an English battery, before the camp at 
 P'amars, and he died two days after, 10th 
 May 1793. 
 
 Dan, the §fth son of Jacob by Bilhah the 
 maid of Kachel, was tlie head of a tribe, 
 whose teri'itories were on the shores of the 
 Meditei-rancan between Joppa and Ascalon. 
 
 Dancer, Daniel, a well known miser 
 born near Harrow, Middlesex. The love of 
 money was the ruling principle in his fami- 
 ly, and when he inherited his paternal es- 
 tate, Avhich was considerable, he pursued 
 the same plan of rigid mean parsimony. His 
 intercourse with the world was merely in 
 the selling of his hay, and the other pro- 
 duce of his farm, and the winter comforts 
 of his fire side, in his inhospitable house, 
 arose from the scant}' supplies laboriously 
 collected from the hedges, or the scattered 
 boughs on the neighboring common. On the 
 death of his sister, from whom he received 
 some property, he exchanged the hay bands 
 which hitherto had protected his legs, for 
 a second-hand pair of black worsted stock- 
 ings, which were the only tokens of his 
 mourning. This singular character died 
 1794, aged 80, and left the whole of his 
 property to lady Tempest, who it seems 
 had behaved towai*ds him with charity, in 
 the hope of alleviating his apparent poverty. 
 
 Danchet, Anthony, a French poet, 
 born at liiorn 1671. At 19 he became profes- 
 sor of rhetoric at Chartres, and four years 
 after he came to Paris, where he devoted 
 himself to write for the theatre. He was 
 member of the French academy and of that 
 of inscriptions, and had also a place in the 
 king's library. He died 1748, universally 
 esteemed as much for his private character 
 as for his writings. His works, consisting 
 of tragedies, songs, operas, &c. were printed 
 at Paris 1751, 4 vols. VZmo. 
 
 Dandini, Jerome, a Jesuit, born at 
 Cesena in Italy 1554. He was the first of 
 his order Avho taught philosophy at Paris. 
 He was in consequence of his learning rector 
 of the colleges of Fei*rara, Forli, Bologna, 
 Parma, and Milan. He also taught phdoso- 
 phy at Perugia 1596, when he was appoint- 
 ed by pope tjlement VHI. to be his legate to 
 the Maronites of mount Libanus. He wrote 
 an account of bis journey in Italian, which 
 Simon translated into French. Dandini di- 
 ed at Forli 1634, aged 80. His comment^' 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 fy on Aristotle's three books «lc animi\, ap- 
 peared at Paris IGll, folio, and his ethics at 
 Cesena 1651. 
 
 Dandini, Pietro, an eminent painter, 
 horn at Florence 1G4G. He studied under 
 ValerioSpada, and his uncle Vincentio Uan- 
 diui, and after tra>elling throuj^h Italy he 
 resided for some time at Venice, and albo 
 at Parma and Modena, that he miglit moie 
 carefully view and copy the finest pieces of 
 the greatest masters. On his return to 
 Florence he was employed by the grand 
 duke in adorning his palaces from subjects 
 from sacred and fabulous history, as well as 
 in fancy and caricature pieces. His genius 
 ■was great, and he displayed astonishing pow- 
 ers in the imitation of Titian, Veronese, 
 and Tintoretto. He died 1712. His son Oc- 
 tavio was equally eminent as a painter. 
 
 Daxdini, Cxsare, an historical painter 
 of Florence. He was extremely correct in 
 his drawings, and his pieces were all finish- 
 ed in a superior style. His altar pieces at 
 Florence are greatly admired, especially 
 that of the chapel I'Annonciata. He was 
 brother to Vincentio and 'uncle to Pietro. 
 
 Dan DIN I, Hercule Francois, jirofessor 
 of law at Padua, died 1747, aged 56. He 
 was author of several learned works, de scri- 
 bendi ratione, de servitutibus priediorum in-- 
 terpretationes per epistolas, &cc. 
 
 Dandolo, Henry, a Venetian, raised 
 to the rank of doge of his country 1192. 
 Though then 84 years old, vigor, wisdom, 
 and activity marked his government. He 
 conquered Zara which had revolted, engag- 
 ed in the crusades, and displayed astonisli- 
 ing valor at the siege of Constantinople. He 
 was in consequence of his services created 
 lord of Romania, and died 1205. 
 
 Dandolo, Andrew, doge of Venice, 
 made an alliance with Eg}'pt, which pro- 
 duced a rupture with the Genoese, who 
 were jealous of his prosperity. He died 
 1354, aged 44. He wrote an history of Ye- 
 nice, and as the friend of literature corres- 
 ponded with Petrarch and other learned 
 men. 
 
 D^NDRE Bardon, Michael Francois, 
 known as a painter and as a writer, was born 
 at Aix in Provence, 22d JMay 1700, and died 
 14th April 178;1. He was jtrofessor of the 
 academy of painting, and was admired for 
 his historical pieces. He wrote, besides some 
 poetry of inferior merit, the life of Carlo 
 Vanlo, l2rao. 1765 — treatise on painting, 
 sculpture, he. — well known Miecdotes on 
 the death of Bouchaidon — conference on 
 the utility of history to arti'^ts. 
 
 Dandrieu, John Francis, a famous mu- 
 sician, who died at Paris 1740, aged 56. He 
 composed three books of pieces for the harp- 
 sicord, one for the or^an, with pieces for 
 Christmas, much admired by connoisseurs. 
 
 Daneau or Danjeus, Lambert, a Cal- 
 vanist preacher, who was born at Orleans, 
 and died at Casti-es in 1596, aged 66. He 
 taught theology at Leyden, and published 
 commentaries on Matthew and Mark, a po- 
 etical system of geography, aphorismi poUti- 
 «i &c militare;. 
 
 Danes, Peter, born at Paris, studied at 
 the college of Navarre, and was Greek pro- 
 fessor at the college royal for five years. He 
 was tutor to the dauphin afterwards Francis 
 H. and he was preseiit at the council of 
 Trent, where he delivered a celebrated 
 speech in 15)0. During his stay at'l'rent he 
 was made bishop of liuvaur. He died at Pa- 
 ris 23d April 1577, aged 80. He was a pre- 
 late of extensive learning, commanding elo- 
 quence, great gravity of manners and genu- 
 ine piety. He wrote several things, but ne- 
 ver set his name to them. The 10th book 
 of Paulus it^milius' history of Fraiice is at- 
 tributed to him. His opuscula, with his life, 
 v;ere published by his kinsnjan Peter Hilany 
 Danes in 17J1, 4to. 
 
 Da net, Peter, a French abb(^*, among 
 those learned men who publisheil the cla- - 
 sics for the use of the dauphin. He published 
 Phaedrus with notes, besides a dictionary, 
 and other works, and died at Paris 1709. 
 
 Dangeau, Louis Courcillon <le, member 
 of the French academy, and abbot of Cler- 
 mont and Fontaine-Daniel, was born at Pa- 
 ris, Jan. 1643, and died there Jan. 1st, 1723. 
 He usefully devoted his tinie to facilitate the 
 study of belles lettres, history and geography, 
 for which he invented several new and ingeni- 
 ous games. He pubhshed a new method to 
 learn historical geography, two vols foUo. — 
 the principles of heraldry in 14 plates 4to— - 
 historical games of the kings of France — 
 reflections on the parts of grammar — of the 
 election of the emperor. His principal work 
 is the dialogues on the Immortality of the 
 sold, attributed by some to the abbe de Cho- 
 isi. He was master of a great variety of lan- 
 guages, but his benevolence was equal to his 
 learning. By economy he was in possession 
 of a respectable income, which was liberally 
 applied to the relief of indigence and dis- 
 tress. 
 
 Dangeau, Pliilip de Courcillon, marquis 
 de, brother of the preceding, was born in 
 1638. He was a great favorite at the court 
 of Lewis XIV. for his many accomplishments, 
 and his taste for literature procured him a 
 seat in the French academy and in that of 
 sciences. He died at Paris 1720, at the age 
 of 82, grand master of the military orders of 
 N. dame du mont Carmel, and Lazarus of 
 Jerusalem. His conversation, manners, dis- 
 interestedness, and many other virtues, were 
 the admiration of the age. He left some me- 
 moirs in MS. from which Voltaire, Hcnault, 
 and la Beaumelle, have drawn some curious 
 particulars. There is also another MS. in 
 which he exhibits in a very interesting man- 
 ner the char.acter of Lewis Xl\. among his 
 courtiers. 
 
 Danhewer, John Conrad, a native of 
 theBrisgaw of the Lutheran persuasion. He 
 was theological professor at Strasburg, where 
 he died 1666, aged 03. He was author of 
 some theological tracts, and violently oppo- 
 sed the intended union between the Calvan- 
 ists and the Lutherans. 
 
 Danican, Andrew, a native of Drieux 
 near Paris, nicknamed Philidor by the king 
 
DA 
 
 r)A 
 
 of France. lie was a great chess plajer. lie 
 published at London 1749, his analyse du 
 jeu des echecs, and his musical composition of 
 the carmen seculare of Horace, so mucli ad- 
 mired, was. performed at Freemasons-hall 
 1779, as also Congreve's ode to harmony. 
 He was esteemed for liis many private good 
 qualities, as ■well as his singular dexteritv at 
 chess. He played, not two months before 
 his death, two games at the same time and 
 blindfolded, with two of the best chess play- 
 ers of the country, and was declared ^ ictori- 
 ous. His infirmities were increased by a 
 malevolent insinuation that he was a person 
 suspected by government, and he gradually 
 sunk into the grave, after a long residence 
 in lingland, .31st August 1795, aged above 70 
 
 Daniel, the last of the foni- great pro- 
 pliets, was of the ro3'al blood of .ludah, and 
 Avas carried away a captive to Babylon 6u6 
 B.C. He was there educated to become one of 
 the favorites of Nebuchadnezzar, and his 
 name was changed to Belteshazzar. So ra- 
 pid was his progress in the sciences and the 
 language of Chaldea, and so great his wisdom, 
 that the king intrusted him with the govern- 
 ment of Babylon, and made him chief of the 
 magi, upon his true exphination ©f the dream 
 of the mystic statue, which prefigured the 
 four great empires of Ass3ria, Persia, Alex- 
 ander, and bis successors. He acquired sin- 
 gular celebrity by explaining the writing up- 
 on the wall under Belshazzar, and under 
 Darius he became prime minister. His fa- 
 vor with the king however excited the envy 
 of the courtiers, and he was by their intrigues 
 thrown into the den of lions, for refusing to 
 honor Darius with divine homage. His pres- 
 ervation in tliis dreadful situation restored 
 him to the royal favor, and brought on the de- 
 struction of his enemies. The book of Dan- 
 iel is w-ritten partly in Hebrew, and partly in 
 Chaldee. 
 
 Daxiel, Arnauld, a native of Tarascon, 
 tinder Alphonsus I. couiU of Provence. He 
 ■wrote several poems, from which Petrarch 
 received great assistance. He died about 
 1189. 
 
 Daniel, Peter, a learned advocate of Or- 
 leans, died at Paris 16U3. He published the 
 aulularia of Plantusand commentaries ofSer- 
 vius on Virgil. His libraiy, which was very 
 valuable, was afterwards conveyed partly to 
 Stockholm, and partly to the Vatican. 
 
 Daniel, Samuel, an Hnglish poet and 
 historian born at Taunton in Somersetshire 
 15C)-2. He entered at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, but after three years' residence left the 
 university without a degree, and by tiie in- 
 fluence of his brother-in-law John P^lorio, he 
 became groom of the privy chandjer to Anne 
 queen of James I. He had succeeded Spen- 
 ser as i>otjt laureat, and by his genius and 
 learning he gained the friendship of the most 
 emint'iit men of tlie times, such as Camden, 
 sir .lohn Harrington, Spelman, Cotton, Ben 
 Jonson, Owen, btradling, he. He lived, 
 while ne:»r the courl, at a house in Old-street, 
 ■where he composed many of his dramatic, 
 pieces, but in his old Sge he-went to reside 
 
 at a farm ■which he had at Beckinglon, Soni' 
 ersetshire, where he ended his days in peace 
 and retirement 1G19. His poetical works, 
 consisting of dramatic and other lighter pie- 
 ces, besides a poem in 8 books on the wars 
 of York and Lancaster, were published in 2 
 vols. 12mo. 1718. His history of England to 
 the end of Edward HI. in 2 vols. 4to. contin- 
 ued afterward by Tinjssel, was written, it is 
 said " with great brevity and politeness, and 
 his political and moral reflections are very 
 fine, useful, and instructive." This historv, 
 as Langbamc observes, is the ci'own of all his 
 works. There is another Samuel Daniel, 
 mentioned by Wood as publisher in 1642 
 of " archiepiscopal priority established by 
 Christ, and of*' the birth, fife and death, of 
 the Jewish Unction." 
 
 Daniel, Gabriel, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at llouen, 8th February 1049. At the 
 age of IS he was admitted among the Jesuits, 
 and early began to display his abilities by de- 
 livering lectures on literature, jihilosophy, 
 and theology. One of his first performances 
 was a voyage to the world of Descartes, a 
 romance, most ingenious and excellent, as 
 Bolingbroke observes, Avhich ridiculed the 
 Cai'tesian system, and which became so cel- 
 ebrated as to be translated into several lan- 
 guages. His great ^vork is his history of 
 France to tlie death of Henry IV. published 
 at Paris in 3 vols, folio, 1713, and afterwards 
 corrected and enlarged in 7 vols. 4to. 1722. 
 This work was afterwards continued to 
 the death of Lewis XIV. but in an inferior 
 style. Father Daniel wrote besides several 
 theological and other tracts, one of which 
 " dialogues between Oleander and Eudoxus," 
 passed through 12 editions in less than 2 
 years. All these smaller tracts were col- 
 lected in two vols. 4to. This very learned 
 and amiable Jesuit died at Paris 23d June 
 1728. 
 
 Dante, Alighieri, a celebrated Italian 
 poet, born at Florence 27th May 12G5, of 
 an ancient family. He early displayed his 
 poetical talents, but the ambition of being el- 
 evated among the ruling men of his native 
 city, engaged him in all the troubles and 
 miseries of violent faction. His friends were 
 defeated in the tumult, and he sought with 
 them safety in banishment. In his exile at 
 llavenna, he vented the severest shafts of 
 his resentment against his enemies, and be- 
 cause the pope and Philii) of Valois, brother 
 to the French king, had been instrumental 
 in iiis dovvnfi\l, he ridiculed them in his wri- 
 tings, and intimated that Hugh Capet the 
 progenitor of the monarch was risen from 
 the mean occupation of a butcher. He also 
 incited the prince of Verona to make war 
 against the Florentines, and to procure his 
 recall, but all to little purpose. In his lion- 
 orable exile, at the court of Guy Polentano, 
 prince of Ravenna, he was sent by that sove- 
 reigii to negotiate with the Venetians who 
 wished to make war against him, but the ma- 
 gistrates of Venice treated the ambassador 
 with contempt, and refused to admit hirn 
 within their walls. This arrogant conduct 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 had such an effect upon the sensible nnd ir- 
 I'itable fieart tjf Dante, tlwit :it his return to 
 liavenim, unable to survivi' tbe allVont, he 
 died July 13'il, aged 57. To bis niibtortuites 
 perhaps we are indebted tbi- his pncins, for 
 unable in revenue himself b) hircc, he <]rew 
 the pen ol" satire in his outi defence. His 
 triple pocoi, of paradise, jinri^aKnT, anfi hell, 
 displays astonishini^ jiowers ot genius, and at 
 once exhibits the suei-tness and graces of 
 poetry with the bittei-ness of insatiable ennii- 
 ty. The rcpntr\(ion and the usiu'ped power 
 of the pope, Boniface \ III. tlie pedigree of 
 the French king, and the prostituted venality 
 of Florence, that den of tideves, are the sub- 
 jects which engage and eiillaniethe virulence 
 of the poet. He every where dis\)!ays spirit, 
 nre,and sublimity, and from his compositions, 
 succeeding poets have learned not only bow to 
 point the shaft of satire, but to write with el- 
 egance, dignity, ami grace. His works were 
 collected and printed at A^enice 1564, wilh 
 the notes of Christopher Landini, and vari- 
 ous and improved editions have since that 
 time appeared. He wrote also a Latin work 
 on monarchy, and another dc vulgari elo- 
 quentia. 
 
 Dante, Peter Vincent, a native of Pe- 
 rouse, who died 1512. He £o successfidly 
 imitated the verse of the famous Dante, that 
 he was called by his name. He was emi- 
 nent for his skill in matbematics and archi- 
 tecture, and lie invented several useful ma- 
 chines, and wrote a commentary on Sacro- 
 bosco's spliere. 
 
 Dante, Vincent, grandson to the pre- 
 ceding, was well known as a painter and 
 sculptor and mathematician. He died atl*e- 
 rouse 1576, aged 40. His statue of Julius 
 in. is mucli admired. He wrote the lives of 
 those who excelled in drawings for statues. 
 He refused the invitations of Philip H. of 
 Spain to finish the paintings of the Escurial. 
 
 Dante, Ignatius, a descendant of the 
 great poet, was born at Perugia, and became 
 known for his skill in mathematics as well as 
 in divinity and philosophy. He read lecttu'es 
 on geography at Bologna, and was engaged 
 by Gregory XUI. to draw geographical maps 
 and plans. He evinced such dexterity in 
 this that the pope raised him to the bishopric 
 ofAlatri. He died 1586. He published in 
 15G9at Florence, a treatise on the astrolabe, 
 besides notes on tlic universal planisphere. 
 He made a spliere of the w orld in fire tables. 
 The meridian line, which he drew through 
 St. Petronius' church in Bologna 1576, was 
 afterwards finished by Cassini. 
 
 Dante, John Baptiste, of the same fami- 
 ly as the preceding, Avas l>orn at Perugia, 
 and distinguished himself by his mechani- 
 cal powers in making a pair of wings with 
 such nicety that he could support himself 
 in the air, and fly across tlie lake Thrasy- 
 menus. In one of Ids exhibitions before 
 the people of Perugia, one of the wings 
 broke and he fell on the top of a church, and 
 shattered his thigh. He was afterwards pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Venice, and died 
 l)efore he w as forty years old, about the end 
 of the loth centtiry.' 
 
 Danton, ricoi'ge Jamop, a native of Ar? 
 cis-sui--Anbe, horn '26th October 1759. He 
 was originally a lawyer, but the revolution 
 drew bin) irito ptd)lic notice, as the associate 
 of Kobesjiierre and .Marat. To an unprin- 
 ci[»Ied batrcfl against Lewis XVI. be added 
 tbe most ferocious s[)ii-il, and after viewing 
 the massacres of Septernoi-r with i)le:\sure, 
 he prt:pared to oi-ganize tbe public bmlies ot 
 the stale to it'sist tlio invasion of the Prus- 
 sians. Untlism.'iyed amidst the general ter- 
 ror, he opj)Osed tbe pi-oject of removing the 
 convention beyonil tbe Loire; but while he 
 permitted the cruelties of ;ujarchy, he se- 
 cretly paved the way for his own elevation to 
 the sovereign power. For a while liobes- 
 ])ierre was his friend, bnt when he saw his 
 superior eloquence, and his influence among 
 the Jacobins-, he marked him lor de^-truction. 
 Dragged befoi-e tiie bloody revolutionary 
 fi-ibunal, which he had jiimscif established, 
 Danton showed firumess and inditi'erence. 
 He M as guillotined the first day of April 1794. 
 Indolent yet cruel, ambitious and vulgar, 
 this bloody tyrant possessed with a stentorian 
 voice, the imposing powers of persuasion, 
 and while devoted to wine.tnd low pleasures, 
 he gained the good opinion of his guilty as- 
 sociates by gross ribaldry and licentious wit. 
 
 Dantz, John Andrew, a learned Luthe- 
 i-an divine, born at Sanhusen near Gotha. 
 Alter travelling in Holland and England, he 
 settled at Jena, where, as professor of the 
 oriental tongues, and of theology, he distin- 
 guished himself. He died of au apople.vy, 
 1727, aged 73, He wrote Hebrew and Chal- 
 dee grammars — sinceritas sacrce, scripturae 
 veteris te.'Uamenti — translations of rabbinicfil 
 writings, dissertations, &c. 
 
 Da RAN, James, a native of St. Frajon ia 
 (iascony, v/ho became surgeon general in 
 the imperial army at Turin and Milan. He 
 refused the honorable oflTers of Amadeus to 
 settle in Italy, and returned to France, 
 where lie died 1784, aged 83. He wrote a 
 treatise on the virulent gonorx'hcea — obser- 
 vations on the diseases of the urethra, &c. 
 He was very exjiert in his operations in dis- 
 eases of the bladder, of the urethra, &cc. 
 
 Darcet, N. an able chymist and physi- 
 cian of France, who was professor in the 
 national institute, and died at Paris 1801, 
 aged 75. He made some curious experi- 
 ments with Kouelle and Macquer, and pub- 
 lished some valuable memoirs on potteries, 
 and on the various kinds of earth to be used 
 in those manufactories. He also analysed 
 minerals, and gave to the public the state of 
 the Pyrenees, with conjectures on the causes 
 of their gradual wastin;;? away, Jkc. 
 
 Darci, Patrick count, a celebrated phi- 
 losopher and engineer, born in Ireland 1725. 
 As he was attached to the Stuart family, he 
 removed to Paris in 173'J, and at the age of 
 17 he distinguished himself by a new solution 
 of the problem <jf the curve of equal j)res- 
 sure, in a resisting medium. He was en- 
 gaged in the war of 1744, and was taken 
 prisoner by the English. In 1760 In^ publish- 
 ed his essay on artillery, with curious exper- 
 ' iments on the charges of powder, b>:c, and 
 
 / 
 
DA 
 
 T^A 
 
 of France. He was a great ciicss plaj'er. He 
 published at London 1749, his analyse du 
 jeu des echecs, and his musical composition of 
 the carmen seculare of Horace, so much ad- 
 mired, was performed at Freemasons-hall 
 1779, as also Congreve's ode to harmony. 
 He was esteemed for liis many private good 
 qualities, as well as his singular dexterity at 
 chess. He played, not two months before 
 his death, two games at tlie same time and 
 blindfolded, with two of the best chess play- 
 ers of the country, and was declared \ ictori- 
 ons. Flis infirmities were increased by a 
 malevolent insinuation that he was a person 
 suspected by government, and he gradually 
 sunk into the grave, after a long residence 
 in lingland, 31st August 171)5, aged above 70 
 Daniel, the last of the four great pro- 
 phets, was of the royal blood of .ludah, and 
 ■was carried away a captive to Babylon 606 
 H.C. He was there educated to become one of 
 the favorites of Nebuchadnezzar, and his 
 name was changed to Belteshazzar. So ra- 
 pid was bis progress in the sciences and the 
 language of Chaldea, and so great his wisdom, 
 that the king intrusted him with the govern- 
 ment of Babylon, and made him chief of the 
 magi, upon his true explanation ©f the dream 
 of the mystic statue, which prefigured the 
 four great empires of Assyria, Persia, Alex- 
 ander, and liis successors. He acquired sin- 
 gular celebrity by explaining the writing up- 
 on the wall under Ijeishazzar, and under 
 Darius he became prime minister. His fa- 
 vor with the king however excited the envy 
 of the coarliers, and he was by their intrigues 
 thrown into the den of lions, for refusing to 
 honor Darius with divine homage. His pres- 
 ervation in tliis dreadful situation i-estored 
 hira to the royal favor, and brought on the de- 
 struction of his enemies. The book of Dan- 
 iel is wi-itten partly in Hebrew, and partlv in 
 Chaldee. 
 
 Daniel, Arnauld, a native of Tarascon, 
 tinder Alphonsus I. count of Provence. He 
 wrote several poems, from wiiich Petrarch 
 received great assistance. He died about 
 1189. 
 
 Daniel, Peter, a learned advocate of Or- 
 leans, died at Paris 1603. He published the 
 aulularia of Plantus and commentaries of Ser- 
 vius on Virgil. His libraiy, which was very 
 valuable, was afterwards conveyed partly to 
 Stockholm, and partly to the Vatican. 
 
 Daniel, Samuel, an English poet and 
 historian born at Taunton in Somersetshire 
 1562. He entered at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, but after three years' residence left the 
 tmiversity without a degree, and by tiie in- 
 flv\cnce of his brother-in-law John Florio, he 
 became groom of the privy chauiber to Anne 
 queen of James I. He jiad succeeded Spen- 
 ser as poet laureat, au«l by his genius and 
 learning he gained the friendship of the most 
 eminent men of the times, such as Camden, 
 sir .lohn Harrington, Spelman, Cotton, Ben 
 Jonson, Ouen, Stradling, &c. }Je lived, 
 ■while near the court, at a house in Old-street, 
 •where he composed many of his dramatic 
 pieces, but in his cUl Jigc he -went to reside 
 
 at a farm which he had at Beckington, Som- 
 ersetshire, where he ended his days in peace 
 and retirement 1619. His poetical works, 
 consisting of dramatic and other lighter pie- 
 ces, besides a poem in 8 books on the wars 
 of York and Lancaster, were published in 2 
 vols. l^mo. 1718. His history of England to 
 the end of Edward IH. in 2 vols. 4to. contin- 
 ued afterward by Ti-ussel, was written, it is 
 said "with great brevity and politeness, and 
 his political and moral reflections are very 
 fine, useful, and instructive." This historv, 
 as Langbamc observes, is the crown of all his 
 works. There is another Samuel Daniel, 
 mentioned by Wood as publisher in 1642 
 of "archiepiscopal priority established by 
 Christ, and of ♦' the birth. Hie and death, of 
 the Jewish Unction." 
 
 Daniel, Gabriel, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Rouen, 8th February 1649. At the 
 age of IS he was admitted axuong the Jesuits, 
 and early began to display his abilities by de- 
 livering lectures on literature, philosophy, 
 and theology. One of his first performances 
 was a voyage to the ■world of Descartes, a 
 romance, most ingenious and excellent, as 
 Bolingbroke observes, which ridiculed the 
 Cartesian system, and which became so cel- 
 ebrated as to be translated into several lan- 
 guages. His great -work is his history of 
 France to the death of Henry IV. published 
 at Paris in 3 vols, folio, 1713, and afterwards 
 corrected and enlai'ged in 7 vols. 4to. 1722. 
 This work was afterwards continued to 
 the death of Lewis XIV. but in an inferior 
 style. Father Daniel wrote besides seA'eral 
 theological and other tracts, one of which 
 " dialogues between Oleander and Eudoxus," 
 passed through 12 editions in less than 2 
 years. All these smaller tracts were col- 
 lected in two vols. 4to. This very learned 
 and amiable Jesuit died at Paris 23d June 
 1728. 
 
 Dante, Alighieri, a celebrated Italian 
 poet, born at Florence 27th May 1265, of 
 an ancient family. He early displayed his 
 poetical talents, but the ambition of being el- 
 evated among the ruling men of his native 
 city, engaged him in all the troubles and 
 miseries of violent faction. His friends were 
 defeated in the tumult, and he sought with 
 them safety in banishment. In his exile at 
 Ravenna, he vented the severest shafts of 
 his resentment against his enemies, and be- 
 cause the pope and Philip of Valois, brother 
 to tile Frencjj king, had been instrumental 
 in iiis downfiil, he ridiculed them in his wri- 
 tings, and intimated that Hugh Capet the 
 progenitor of the monarch was risen from 
 the mean occupation of a butcher. He also 
 incited the prince of Verona to make war 
 against the Florentines, and to procure his 
 I'ecall, but all to little purpose. In his hon- 
 orable exile, at the court of Guy Polentano, 
 prince of Ravenna, he was sent by that sove- 
 reigii to negotiate with the Venetians who 
 wished to make Mar against him, but the rna- 
 gisti-ates of Venice treated the ambassador 
 with contempt, and refused to admit hirn 
 within their walls. This arrogant conduc' 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 had such an effect upon the sensible nnd ir- 
 I'itable heart of Dante, that at liis I'etiwn to 
 llavenna, unable to survive the affront, he 
 died July 1321, aged 57. To his mibt'ortuncs 
 perhaps \vc are indebted tor bis poems, for 
 unable to revenge himself by force, he drew 
 the pen of satire in his own defence. His 
 triple ])Ocm, of paradise, jmrgalory, and hell, 
 tlisi>lays astonishing powers of genius, and at 
 once exhibits the swci-tness and gruecs of 
 poetry Mith the bitterness of insatiable enmi- 
 ty. The reputation and the usurjied power 
 of the pope, Bonifice VHI. the ])e(ligree of 
 the French king, and the i)robtituted venality 
 of Florence, that den of thieves, are the sub- 
 jects which engage and enfiametbe virulence 
 of the poet. He every where displays s])irit, 
 fire, and sublimity, and from his compositions, 
 succeeding poets have learned not only how to 
 point the shaft of satire, but to write with el- 
 egance, dignity, and grace. His works were 
 collected and printed at Venice 1564, witli 
 the notes of Christopher Landini, and vari- 
 ous and impi'oved editions have since that 
 time appeared. He wrote also a Latin work 
 on monarchy, and another de vulgari elo- 
 quentia. 
 
 Dante, Peter Vincent, a native of Pe- 
 rouse, Avho died 1512. He £o successfnlh' 
 imitated the verse of the famous Dante, that 
 he was called by his name. He Avas emi- 
 nent for his skill in mathematics and archi- 
 tecture, and he invented several useful ma- 
 chines, and wrote a commentary on Sacro- 
 bosco's sphere. 
 
 Dante, Vincent, grandson to the pre- 
 ceding, was well known as a painter and 
 sculptor and mathematician. He died at Pe- 
 rouse 1576, aged 40. His statue of Julius 
 HI. is much admired. He wrote the lives of 
 those who excelled in draAvings for statues. 
 He refused the invitations of Philip H. of 
 Spain to finish the paintings of the Escurial. 
 
 Dante, Ignatius, a descendant of the 
 great poet, was born at Perugia, and became 
 knoAvn for his skill in mathematics as Avell as 
 in divinity and philosophy. He read lectures 
 on geography at Bologna, and Avas engaged 
 by Gregory XHI. to draw geographical maps 
 and plans. He evinced such dexterity in 
 this that the pope raised him to the bishoi)ric 
 ofAlatri. He died 1586. He published in 
 15G9 at Florence, a treatise on the astrolabe, 
 besides notes on the universal planisphere. 
 He made a sphere of the w orld in five tables. 
 The meridian line, Avbich he di'cw tlu'ough 
 St. Petronius' church in Bologna 157G, was 
 afterwards finished by Cassini. 
 
 Dante, John Baptiste, of the same fami- 
 ly as the preceding, Avas l>orn at Perugia, 
 and distinguished himself by his mechani- 
 cal powers in making a patr of Avings with 
 such nicety that he could support himself 
 in the air, and fly across the lake Thrasy- 
 menus. In one of his exhibitions before 
 the people of Perugia, one of the Avings 
 broke and he fell on the top of a church, and 
 shattered his thigh. He was afterwards pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Venice, and died 
 before he was forty years old, about the end 
 of the 15th century.' 
 
 Dan TON, George James, a native of Ar? 
 cis-sui"-AuI>e, born 20) h October 1750. He 
 was originally a lawyer, but the revolution 
 drew him into pi\blic notice, as the associate 
 of Robespierre an<l .Marat. To an unprin- 
 cipled hatred against Lewis XVI. he added 
 the most ferocious spii'it, and after viewing 
 (he massacres of Septemair with ])leasure, 
 lie prepared to organize the public I)wlie3 of 
 (he stale to i-tjsist tlie invasion of the I'rus- 
 sians. Undismayed amidst the general ter- 
 ror, he opposed the project of removing the 
 convention beyond the Loire; but while he 
 permitted the cruelties of anarchy, he se- 
 cretly paved the way for his OAvn elevation to 
 the sovereign power. For a while Kobes- 
 l)ierre Avas his friend, but v.hcn he saAv his 
 superior eloquence, and his influence among 
 the Jacobins-^ he marked him for destruction. 
 Dragged before the bloody revolutionary 
 ti'ibunal, which he had himself established, 
 Danton shoAved firumeos and indifference. 
 He Avas guillotined the first day of April 1794. 
 Indolent yet cruel, ambitious and vulgar, 
 tliis bloody tyrant possessed with a stentorian 
 voice, the imposing powers of persuasion, 
 and w hile dcAoted to Avine and Ioav pleasures, 
 liC gained the good opinion of his guilty as- 
 sociates by gross ribaldry and licentious A^it. 
 
 Dantz, John Andrew, a learned Luthe- 
 ran divine, born at Sanhusen near Gotha. 
 Alter travelling in Holland and England, he 
 settled at Jena, Avhere, as professor of the 
 oriental tongues, and of theology, he distin- 
 guished himself He died of an apoplexy, 
 1727, aged 73, He Avrote Hebrew and Chal- 
 dee grammars — sinceritas sacrce, scripture 
 veteris teslamenti — translations of rabbinicfil 
 Avritings, dissertations, &c. 
 
 Daran, James, a native of St. Frajon ia 
 (iascony, who became surgeon general in 
 the imperial army at Turin and Milan. He 
 refused the honorable offers of Amadeus to 
 settle in Italy, and returned to France, 
 where he died 1784, aged 83. He w rote a 
 treatise on the virulent gonorrhoea — obser- 
 A-ations on the diseases of the urethra, &c. 
 He Avas very expert in his operations in dis- 
 eases of the bladder, of the urethra. Sec. 
 
 Darcet, N. an able chymist and physi- 
 cian of France, Avho v.as professor in the 
 national institute, and died at Paris 1801, 
 aged 75. He made some curious experi- 
 ments with Kouelle and Macquer, and pub- 
 lished some valuable memoirs on potteries, 
 and on the Aarious kinds of earth to be used 
 in those manufactories. He also analysed 
 minerals, and gave to the public the state of 
 the Pyrenees, with conjectures on the causes 
 of their gradual Avasting away, &:c. 
 
 Darci, Patrick count, a celebrated phi- 
 losopher and engineer, born in Ireland 1725. 
 As he was attached to the Stuart family, he 
 removed to Paris in 1739, and at the at-e of 
 17 he distinguished himself by a new solution 
 of the problem of the curve of equal pres- 
 sure, in a resisting medium. He was en- 
 gaged in the Avar of 1744, and A^as taken 
 prisoner by the English. In 1760 he publish- 
 ed his essay on artillery, Avith curious exper- 
 iments on the chuTges of powder, Sec, and 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 in 1765 appeared liis memoir on the du- 
 ration of tlie sensation of sight. This is the 
 most ingenious of his works, and proves him 
 to he an jiccurate experimentalist. His me- 
 moir on iiydratdic machines, and also his 
 otht,-r works ou experimental philosophy, 
 evince a great geniui*, and a man who to the 
 patience of obt»rvation united great and 
 quick liiscrimiiiation, and solidity of judg- 
 ment. Thoiigli an e\ile he was attached to 
 his country, and loved the nante of an Irish- 
 man. He died at Paris, of a cholera morhus 
 in 177U. 
 
 Dargonne, Dom Bonaventui'e, a learn- 
 ed Carthusian monk, vho died 1704, aged 
 6i. He is author of un traite de la lecture 
 des percs de I'eglise — des melanges d'his- 
 toire & de literature — and other things. 
 
 Darius, the Alede, supposed to be the 
 same as Cyaxarcs the sou of Astyages, who 
 died at Babylon, about 348 B. C. 
 
 Darivs I. son of Hystaspes, was king of 
 Persia after Camhyses, and after the de- 
 struction of the usurper Smerdis. His se- 
 lection out of the seven nobles, who had 
 united to dethrone the impostor, was owinj^' 
 to the neighing of his horse. He destroyed 
 Babylon, and restored the captive Jev/s to 
 their country. His forces were defeated a* 
 Marathon by Miltiades, and he died B. C. 
 4!i.5, as he prepared to invade Greece. 
 
 Darius H. king of Persia, afterhis father 
 Artaxerxes, was fathei' of Avtr.xer.'ics and 
 Cyrus the younger. He died in the 19th 
 year of his reign, B. C 404. 
 
 Darius HI. the last king of Persia, %vas 
 defeated by Alexander the great, in the 
 dreadful battles of Granicus, Issus, and Ar- 
 hcla, and was murdered as he fled from the 
 liekl by Bessus, about 3.31 B. C. 
 
 Darq_uier, Augustine, an eminent astro- 
 nonier, born at Toulouse. 'i3(\ Nov. 1718. He 
 rai ly paitl attention to mathematical and u;i- 
 tronomical pursuits, and as he was blessed with 
 a comfortable independence, he provided 
 himself with the best mstruments, and built an 
 observatory in his own house. More general- 
 ly to diffuse his extensive know ledge, he took 
 pupils whom he ably instructed in astronomy. 
 He paid the expense of calculations to give 
 greater accuracy to his observations, and re- 
 ceived no pecuniary assistance whatever 
 from the government. This learned and 
 patriotic man died in his native town 18th 
 Jan. 1802, after escaping the storms of the 
 revolution, and being admitted member of 
 the national institute. He wrote 2 vols, of 
 observations, published at his own expense — 
 Lambert's cosmological letters, translated 
 and printed at Utrecht — elements of geome- 
 try from Simpson — observations on the solar 
 eclipse of 1778, from the Spanish of Ulloa — 
 letters on practical astronomy. His last ob- 
 servations to March I7'j8 appeared in la 
 Lande's histoire celeste. 
 
 Darwin, Erasmus, an English poet and 
 physician, born at Newark in Nottingham- 
 shire, 1732. As his family was respectable, 
 he received a liberal education, and then en- 
 tered at St, John's college, Cambridge, where 
 
 I he took his degree of M. B. 1755. From 
 Cambridge he went to Edinburgh, where he 
 more particularly devoted himself to the 
 I study of physic, and where he took his med- 
 ^ ical degrees. He afterwards settled at Lich- 
 i field, where he acquired great celebrity in 
 1 his profession. His first wife was miss How- 
 I ard of Lichfield, Avho bore him three sons, 
 i and after her death, which happened in 1770, 
 ! he married the widow of col. Pole, a lady of 
 ! agreeable manners, and possessed of a hand- 
 some fortune, by w^hose persuasion, in 1781 
 he retired to Derby . He died at Derby very 
 suddenly, 18th April 1802. In private life 
 Dr. Darw in was amiable and benevolent, in 
 his conversation easy and entertaining, and 
 in his manners affable. The best known of 
 liis works are his botanic garden with philp- 
 sophical notes, in two parts — the economy of 
 vegetation — the loves of the plants, 2 vol.';. 
 8vo. — zoonomia, or the laws of organic life, 
 4 vols. 8vo. — phytologia, or the philosophy 
 of agriculture and gardening, 4to. He wrote 
 besides, treatise on female education, 4to.— 
 some papers in the philosophical transactions, 
 on medical and philosophical subjects — a 
 thesis on the movement of the heart and the 
 arteries, m consequence of the stimulus of the 
 blood — the system of vegetables of Linnseus, 
 published by the Lichfield botanical society, 
 &c. As a poet and botanist, the name of 
 Darwin is respectable, his verses display ele- 
 gance, grace, and beauty, but they seldom 
 rise to sublimity, and they please more by 
 the easy .tow of number, than by the fire of 
 description. His graces are the tinsel of or- 
 nament, not the animated, the fiery language 
 of the muse. In his system he branches out 
 too much into the fields of fancy, and he 
 seems delighted in informing his readers 
 that his notions of religion were vague and 
 unprincipled. Ovid, in another age, had 
 changed men into trees and plants; but the 
 poet of Lichfield transforms his flowers into 
 human beings, and with all the feeling of 
 carnal passion he describes the inhabitants 
 of his parterre and of his green house, as 
 conveying their amorous sighs, and their 
 tender glances, with all the art and coquetry 
 of modern times. 
 
 DAR\i'iN, Charles, son of Dr. Darwin, 
 was born at Lichfield 1758, and educated at 
 Christ's church, Oxford, and at Edinburgh, 
 w'liere he obtained the first prize medal from 
 the Esculapian society, in a treatise on the 
 means of distinguishing pus from mucus. 
 He wTOte in Latin, an account of the retro- 
 grade motions of the absorbent vessels of 
 animal bodies in some diseases, which his 
 father published in English. He died 1778, 
 at a time when his father promised himself 
 nnjch happiness from the exertions of his 
 great and extensive abilities in the medical 
 world. 
 
 Dassier, John, medalist to the republic 
 of Geneva, struck a series of the English 
 kings, with a hope of procuring an establish- 
 ment in the English mint, which however 
 did not succeed. His nephew, James An- 
 thony, in 1740 was appointed second engraver 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 lo the mint in London, but returned to Ge- 
 neva five years after. Tlie family were in- 
 genious. Tljey executed a set of the reform- 
 ers in brass, small, and also large medals of 
 the great men then living. Their bronze 
 medals of Roman history are valuable. 
 
 Dassouci, a French musician and poet 
 of the irth century. lie obtained celel)rity 
 by his buftbonery, and was introduced to the 
 court of Lewis XIll. and XIV. He left Pa- 
 ris in 1655, and travelled through liVons, 
 where he was noticed and entertained by 
 Moliere, and afterwards visited Turin, and 
 other places, where, by his wit, drollery, and 
 artifices, he maintained himself, and procu- 
 red the patronage of the great. He (lied at 
 the latter end of the I7th century. In 1674 
 he published two small volumes, composed 
 in the Chatelet prison. He was ridiculed by 
 Boileau, and severely lampooned by Cyrano 
 de Bergerac, under the name of Soucidas. 
 
 Datames, an illustrious general of Per- 
 sia, who, after the most meritorious services, 
 was treated with contempt and suspicion, 
 and in consequence revolted against his sove- 
 reign. He was assassinated by Mithridates, 
 361 B. C. 
 
 Dati, Augustin, a native of Sienna, 
 where lie became teacher of rhetoric and of 
 the classics, and afterwards fir.st magistrate. 
 He wrote a treatise on the immortality of 
 the soul — epistles — oi'ations — the history of 
 Sienna, &c. printed in 1 vol. fol. 1503, and he 
 died 1478, aged 58. 
 
 Dati, Carlo, a native of Florence, pro- 
 fessor of literature there. He was remarka- 
 ble for the civility he showed to strangers 
 ■who visited his native city, and he became 
 known by his works, which consisted of Ital- 
 ian poems on Lewis XIV. and other things. 
 He proved in one of his tracts, that Marsen- 
 nus is not the inventor of the cycloid, but 
 Galileo, and he also ascribes great merit to 
 Toricclli for the explanation of the suspen- 
 sion of quicksilver in a glass tube. His cliief 
 Avork, according to Boyle, is the life of four 
 of the illustrious painters of ancient times, 
 Zeuxis, Parrhasius, Appelles and Protoge- 
 nes. Dati died 1675, respected for his ami- 
 able manners not less than for his extensive 
 erudition. 
 
 Davai,, Peter, a barrister of the Middle- 
 temple, known as an able mathematician. He 
 translated cardinal de Re»z's mex^ioirs, 1723, 
 and died 8th Jan. 1763, being then accomy)- 
 tant general to the court of chancery. His 
 opinion on elliptical arches, at the time of 
 building Blackfriars bridge, is recorded in 
 the London magazine, March 1760. 
 
 Davanzati, Bernard, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who translated Tacitus into Italian, 
 and wrote besides, treatises on Tuscan agri- 
 culture — history of the English schism — an 
 account of exchanges, &cc. and died 1606, 
 aged 77. 
 
 Daub ENTOX, John Lew is Marie, an emi- 
 nent anatomist, born at Montbard in Burgun- 
 dy, May 1716. When he had completed his 
 medical studies, he became the active associ- 
 ate of Buftbn, in the preparation and the 
 
 completi<m of his valuable natural history, 
 and publislicd besKles instiuvlioii for sliep- 
 herds — a ti'calise on trees and sbruljs — and 
 many curious and interesting memoirs on 
 subjects of mincr.'ilogy — on the improvement 
 of wool, bic. He was al first keeper of liie 
 r(jyal museum, and in 1744 was elected 
 meml)er of the academy of sciences, and in 
 179'J he was chosen inemlier of the conser- 
 vative senate, lie died Jlst Dec. of the 
 same year. 
 
 Dai;den' TON, William, a Jesuit of Aux- 
 errc, confessor to Philip V. of Spain. Jt is 
 supposed, that he enjoyed so much tlie roval 
 confidence, that the monarch intrusted him 
 with his intention of abdicating his throne, 
 an important secret which the favorite dis- 
 closed to Orleans regent of France. He 
 died of an apoplexy 1723, aged 75. He wi-ote 
 some funeral orations — some sermons, 2 vols, 
 folio, kc. 
 
 Davenant, John, bishop of Salisburj-, 
 was born in AVatling-street, 1576, where his 
 father was a merchant, he was educated at 
 Queen's college, Cambridge, of which he 
 became fellow in 1597. He took his degree 
 of D. D. 16U9, and the snme year was elected 
 lady Margaret's divinity professor, and in 
 1614 was chosen master of his college. His 
 learning recommended him to James I. who 
 sent him with other eminent divines to the 
 synod of Dort 1618, and he was in 1621 rais- 
 ed to the see of Salisburj'. He however in- 
 curred the king's displeasure, by treating in 
 a discourse on predestination. He died of a 
 consumption, 20th April 1641, and was buri- 
 ed in his catliedral. He was a learned di- 
 vine, and very exemplary in his manners, 
 but a strong Calvinist. He published an ex- 
 position of the epistle to the Colossians, — 
 questions on which he had disputed in the 
 schools, in numbers, 49 — a '.liraad versions 
 on Hoard's treatises — and other theological 
 tracts. 
 
 Davenant, William, an English poet, 
 born at Oxford 1605. As his fatlier kept an 
 inn there, and his mother was a great beauty, 
 malevolence has wantonly insinuated that to 
 Shakspeare, who generally stopped there 
 on Ills road between London and Stratford, 
 our author was indebted fi)r his life and his 
 poetical talents. Young Davenant received 
 his grammar learning at Oxford, and then 
 entered at Lincoln college ; but his love of 
 poetry led him from the university, and he 
 became page to the duchess of liichmond, 
 and afterwards to lord Brooke, who him.self 
 had some poetical talents. In 1628 he began 
 to write plays, and soon recommended him- 
 self to the friendsiiip of the wits «»f the age. 
 In consefpience of a criminal intercourse 
 with a black female in Axeyard, Westmiu- 
 stei*, he had about this time the misfortune 
 to lose liis nose; but though disfigured, and 
 though ridiculed for the adventure, he did 
 not part with his merriment, or the cause of 
 his disgrace. In 1637 he succeeded Bea 
 Jouson as poet laureat, but his attachment 
 to the king's person produced an accusation 
 against him, and he wa'". charged v iih an at- 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 tempt to seduce the army. lie was bailed 
 and immediately -withdrew to France, and 
 •fterwards on his return he was knighted by 
 tlte king, rrear Glocester, 1G43. At the be- 
 ginning of the civil ti'oubles, he again retired 
 to France, where probably to ])lease tlie 
 court, he changed his religion, and in conse- 
 quence of the weight he thus acquired he 
 •was commissioned confidentially by the queen 
 to persuade Charles to give up the churcli 
 for his security, an intimation which highly 
 displeased the king, who forbail Davenant 
 ever to appear before him again. The queen 
 afterwards employed him to transport some 
 artificers from France to ^'irginia, but the 
 sJiip was seized by the English cruizers, and 
 Davenant thrown into prison, and threatened 
 tilth persecution and death, from which how- 
 e^'er the friendship and interference of Milton 
 and others saved lam. After tAvo years' con- 
 finement in the tower he was liberated, and 
 now to maintain himself, he began, as trage- 
 dies were considered as profane, to exhibit 
 moral virtues in verse, and to perform in reci- 
 tative music. At the restoration he obtained a 
 patent for acting plays in Lincoln's Inn fields. 
 He died 17lh April 1668, aged 63, and was 
 interred in Westminster-abbey, where these 
 words record his name, " O rare sir William 
 Davenant." His works were published by 
 his widow in 1G73, and dedicated to .lames 
 duke of York. They consist of plays and 
 poems ifJ which is the famous Gondibert, in 
 which his favorite black female is introduced. 
 Davenant, Charles, eldest sdu of the 
 preceding, was born in 165G, and educated 
 at Cheam, Surrey, and Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford. He took no degree, and at the n^e of 
 19, he distinguished himself by the acting of 
 the only tragedy he wrote, Circe, whicli ap- 
 peared with great applause at llie dukt of 
 York's theatre. From the theatre, howev- 
 er, where he had some interest from the 
 property left by his father, he turned his 
 thoughts to civil law, and had the degree of 
 doctor conferred on him by Cambridge. He 
 served fpr St. Ives in the parliament of 1085, 
 and in 1698 and 1700, for Great Bedwin. 
 He was appointed l)y James II. to inspect all 
 plays, and preserve the decorum of the stage, 
 and he afterwards held for 16 years the of- 
 fice of commissioner of excise, and lastlv 
 that of inspector general of the exports and 
 imports, till his death, which hapj)ened sixth 
 November 1714. Dr. Davenant's knowledge 
 of the constitution, and his great skill in fig- 
 \ires, rendered him an able political and fi- 
 nancial writer. Though .some of his ])am- 
 phlets for their freedom, their independence 
 of language, and severity of censure, drew 
 upon him the attficks f»f some able oppo- 
 nents, yet his abilities were universally ac- 
 knowledged, and his opini'^n always highly 
 respected. His first political work was an 
 essay upon the ways and means of su])plyiiig 
 the war lG95, and he treated the subject in 
 so masterly a manner that whatever he af- 
 tcrwanfs wrote was sought with avidity, smd 
 read with deference. His other works are 
 all upon political and financial subiects. 
 
 They were the best part collected and revi- 
 sed bv sir Charles Whitworth in five vols, 
 8vo. 1771. 
 
 Davenant, W^illiam, fourth son of sir 
 William, was educated at Magdalen-hall, 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of M. A. 
 1680, and entered ijito ordei's. He transla- 
 ted into English, la Mothe le Yayer's ani- 
 madversions on Greek and Latin historians. 
 He was presented to a living in Surrey bj 
 his friend Robert Wymond Sole esquire, 
 and it was in the company of this gentleman 
 that he visited Paris, where he was unfor- 
 tunately drowned, as he was swimming for 
 his diversion in the summer of 1681. 
 
 Davenport, Christopher, a learned 
 Englishman, born 1598 at Coventry, where 
 he received his grammar education. He en- 
 tered at iMerton college, Oxford, and two 
 years after went to Douay and Ypres, where 
 he changed his religion and assumed the 
 habit of a Franciscan. He afterwards trav- 
 elled into England under the name of Sancta 
 Clara, and was chaplain to queen Henrietta. 
 In this office he was very active in advancing 
 the cause of popery, by persuasion as well 
 ashy writing, and indeed so formidable did 
 his influence appear, that one of the articles 
 of impeachment against Laud, was his hold- 
 ing conferences with this dangerous Francis- 
 can. During the civil wars Davenport was a 
 fugitive residing sometime abroad, and some- 
 time in London and Oxford, but after the 
 restoration he Mas appointed chaplain to 
 Catharine of Portugal, Cliarles's queen, and 
 he was a third time made provincial of nis 
 order in England. He died 31st May 1680. 
 He wrote, among several works, paraphrasti- 
 ca exposilio articulorum confessionis Angli- 
 cie, k Deus, Natura, Gratia, in which he at- 
 tempted to reconcile the king, the church, 
 and the articles of i-eligion, to the church of 
 Rome. 
 
 Davenport, Jolm, elder brother to the 
 preceding, was born at Coventry 1597, and 
 entered at Merton college 1613. He did not 
 like Jiis brother become papist, but a most 
 zealous puritan. After-being minister of St. 
 Stephen's church, Coleman street, and ad- 
 n^ireil for his oratory, he passed over to 
 Amsterdam, where the minister of the Eng- 
 lish church, John Paget, prevented his asso- 
 ciating with his congregation, a measure 
 which produced a controversy between the 
 two divines. At the breaking out of the re- 
 ijcllion he returned to England, but soon af- 
 ter embarked for America, where he be- 
 came mini-ster of New-Haven. He died at 
 Boston ICC'J. He wrote sermons — a cate- 
 chism containing the chief heads of the chrisr 
 tian reliirion — and other theolosjical tracts. 
 
 D.wiD, king of Israel, was born at Beth- 
 lehem lOS.'i B.C. and anointed by Samuel, 
 whilst he was keeping the ilocks of his fath- 
 er Jesse. His courage in killing the giant 
 Goliah, with a sling and a stone rendered 
 him conspicuous in Israel, but Saul, who at 
 lirst wished to patronise him, grew jealous 
 of his popularity, and pursued him with 
 the intention of putting him to death. Thus 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 expelled from his country David wandorec! 
 anion};- t.'ie ntif^liborin}^- nalimis, always rrs- 
 pcctctl tor valor and inti-grily, and at the 
 ilcatli of Saiif, lie was ackno\vlc(li;;cd kin}^ ol" 
 llie Irilji- olJudali. After some (iinc,oii tliu 
 death of Mepliibosluth tliu son of Said, who 
 had lieen i)laced on liis father's throne by the 
 intrii^fues of Abner, David was rcctived as 
 sole monai-ch by all the tribes of Israel, and 
 his reij^ii for 30 years was marked by jiros- 
 perily, glory, and fame, lie extended his 
 tlominion over some of the adjoinini^ conn- 
 tries, and took. Jerusalem the city of the .It.-b- 
 nsitcs, which he called the city of David ; 
 hut his ri'imtation v as stained by his adulte- 
 rous intercourse with Hathsheba, and his 
 foul murder of Uriah her htisband. In a 
 moment of arrogance too he caused the peo- 
 ple to be numbered which was severely pun- 
 ished by the visitation of a plague. His trans- 
 gressions were also visited by dissension in 
 his own family, and by the revolt of his fa- 
 vorite son Absalom who proclaimed himself 
 king. The death of this prince, who was 
 slain by Joab, greatly aftected the mourning 
 father, who in his old age resigned the gov- 
 ernment into the hands of Solomon his son. 
 David died aged 70 B. C. 1015, highly re- 
 spected for his character of benevolence, 
 courage and piety. The psalms which he 
 composed, in a strain of great sublimity and 
 commanding eloquence, are strong proofs 
 of his devotion as well as of his trust in tiie 
 Divine Providence. 
 
 David, Saint, the patron of Wales, was 
 a native of the province, and educated at 
 Bangor in the 5th century. He founded sev- 
 eral monasteries in Wales, where his monks 
 maintained themselves by their labor and 
 industry. He governed the see of St. Da- 
 vid's 65 years, and was buried in the cathe- 
 dral there. The symbol of the leek attri- 
 buted to him is supposed to originate in the 
 custom of Cymhortha, still observed among 
 the farmers of the country, where in assist- 
 ing one another in ploughing their land, they 
 bring each their leeks to the common repast 
 of the wh^lc party. 
 
 David, r.n Armenian philosopher, in the 
 middle of the fifth c.enUiry, who studied at 
 Athens. He translated some of the works 
 of Plato and Aristotle, and other learned 
 (Greeks, which are preserved in the French 
 king's library. 
 
 IJavid, de Dinant, a disciple of Amauri, 
 in the beginning of the 13th century, who 
 taught that God was original matter, a sys- 
 tem afterwards nearly adopted by Spinoza. 
 
 David, George, a fanatic of Ghent, ed- 
 ucated as a glazier. In 15'25 he began to 
 preach as the true Messiah, the third David, 
 the nephew of God. This strange doctrine 
 created followers and persecution, and he 
 fled to Friesland, and afterwards to Basil, 
 Avhere he died 1556. He prophesied that 
 after three days he would Vise again, and 
 about that time the magistrates of Basil in 
 contempt of his o[)inions dug up his body, 
 which together with his writings "was burnt 
 by the executioner. 
 
 VOL. 1.1 53 
 
 David, dc Ponds, a Jewish pliysician of 
 the Ifith century, who pretended lo be des- 
 cended from the trne stock of Judah. He 
 wrote de senum affectibus, 8vo. — u rabbinical 
 dictionary , Hebrew ami Itali.'in, Venice, folio. 
 15Sr, very nsiitul and learned. 
 
 David, (iantz, a Jewish historian of the 
 lOth century, author of a Hebrew chronicle, 
 •ito. part of which was translated into Latin 
 by \'orstius with notes, Leyden 1044, 4to. 
 
 D.vviD, of llirazng, a W'l Isli divine and 
 poet, called the black, about I3.)t). He al- 
 tered and improved the grammar and pro- 
 sody of Kdeyrn, at the time of the conquest 
 of his country by Edward I. and accordin«^ 
 to the new institutions atid manners which 
 that era produced, the missal or the ofKcc 
 of the Virgin was translated by him inta 
 Welsh, and is still preserved. 
 
 David el David, a Persian Jw, in 
 tlie 12th century, who pretended to be the 
 Messiah, ami j)rcvailed upon some of his 
 countrymen to support his imposture. He 
 was at last defeated and beheaded in the 
 king's presence, who ordered the Jews to be 
 massacred through the empire. 
 
 Da V I D A B G \v 1 1, u M, a celebrated Welsli 
 bard, patronised by Ivor the Generous. His 
 poetry which possessed beauty, lire and sub- 
 limity was chiefly on subjects of love, and 
 147 of his poems were inscribed to the fair 
 Morvid his mistress, who however proved 
 unkind to his merits, and married Khys 
 Gwgan, an officer, who distinguished liimself 
 in the English army at the battle of Crecy. 
 His works were edited at London 1789. 
 
 David, emperor of Trebizonde, at'tcr 
 John his brother, was of the imperial tam- 
 ily of the Commcni. He v\ as defeated by 
 Mahomet II. who insolently ottered him the 
 choice either of being converteil tomaiiome- 
 lanism, or to suffer death. He heroically 
 chose death, and suffered 1401. 
 
 David Ap Edmlxd, a Welsh poet in 
 the 15th century, born at Hanmer in Flint- 
 shire. He was the president of an assembly" 
 of bards vviio met at Cacrmarthen, at the 
 request of Edward IV. and were opposed by 
 a poetical band from another province. At 
 that meeting a number of canons of poetry 
 were established and agreed upon. 
 
 David I. earl of Northumberland and 
 Huntingdon, was king of Scotland, after his 
 brother Alexander the Fierce 1 1 '24. He was 
 brought up in England, and married Maud 
 the grand niece of William the conqueror, 
 and after the death of the first Henry, he 
 maintained with spirit the claims of the em- 
 press Aland to the English throne against 
 Stephen. To enforce her pretensions he 
 entered England, and seized Carlisle which 
 though concmered afterwards at the battle 
 of Noith Allerton 113S, he was permitted 
 to retain. He died at Carlisle 11th May 
 1153, universally respected as a mild, pop- 
 ular, and benevoleriL king. 
 
 David H. king of Scotland, was son of 
 Robert Bruce, ^^hom he succeeded when 
 five years old. During the invasion of his 
 country by Baliol he was conveyed to France, 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 but returned after the defeat of his ene- 
 mies 134'2. He was in 154G taken prisoner by 
 an English array, after a valiant resistance, 
 and sent a close prisoner to the tower, from 
 which after a long confinement of 10 years, 
 he was liberated on paying a heavy ransom. 
 He died IS'l, aged 47, leaving no issue by 
 his wife Jane daughter of Edward H. of Eng- 
 Lintl. 
 
 Da V I Dis, Francis, a Hungarian, who at 
 various times embraced the tenets of the 
 Roman catholics, the Lutherans, the Cal- 
 vinists, the Unitarians, &c. As he opposed 
 both Socinus and Blaudrata, and declared 
 that no worship was due to Christ, lie was 
 accused of favoring Judaism, and was in con- 
 sequence thrown into prison where he died 
 1579. He wrote some tracts on tlie millen- 
 nium, and other theological subjects. 
 
 Da VIES, sir John, a lawyer and poet, 
 born at Chisgrove, Wilts 1570. He was of 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and then removed 
 to the Middle temple, where he was called 
 to the bai". He was member of parliament 
 in IGOl, and on the queen's death w ent with 
 lord llunsdon and otliers to Scotland to con- 
 gratulate James, who knowing the charac- 
 ter of his writings received him with great 
 cordiality and respect. He was solicitor and 
 attorney-general to the king in Ireland, and 
 also speaker of the Irish house, and on re- 
 turning to England in 16V2, he was made an 
 English Serjeant at law, afterwards one of 
 the judges, and in 1G26 lord chief justice of 
 the king's bench. He died, however, sud- 
 denly of an apoplexy before his installation. 
 He was a man of great spirit, of extensive 
 erudition, but more distinguished for wit 
 and learning, than as an able lawyer. His 
 nosce teipsura, on the nature and immor- 
 tality of the soul, a poem dedicated to 
 queen Elizabeth, has gone through several 
 editions. He wrote, besides smaller poems 
 —orchestra — on dancing — hymns of Astrea, 
 &c. edited 1773, in 12mo. and some law 
 tracts — an abridgment of sir Edward Coke's 
 reports — jusimponendi vectigalia, &c. edited 
 1786, 8vo. Sir John married Eleanor, daugh- 
 ter of lord Touchet, by whom he had a son, 
 an idiot, who died young, and Lucy, who 
 married lord Huntingdon. Lady Davies 
 pretended to be a prophetess, and the sun- 
 day before her husband's death she suddenly 
 hurst into tears, which she declared were 
 his funeral tears. She died in London 1552, 
 and was buried at St. Martin's in the fields, 
 near her hiisband. An account of her won- 
 derful and strange prophecies, was published 
 in 1649. 
 
 Davies, John, was born at Llanveres in 
 Denbighshire, and educated at lluthin 
 school by Morgan, afterwards bishop of St. 
 Asaph. He was of Jesus, and afterwards of 
 Lincoln college, Oxford. He took his doc- 
 tor's degree 1616, and became rector of 
 Mallwyd and canon of St. Asaph. He was 
 an excellent scholar, and well acquainted 
 with thi' history and antiquities of his coun- 
 try. His works are — Antiqute linguse Bri- 
 tannicje, nunc dictac Cambro-Britannicse, 
 
 &c. rudimenta, 1621 8vo. Dictionarium 
 Latino — Britannicum folio, 1632. Adagia 
 Britannica, &c. He also assisted his friends 
 bishops Morgan, and Parny, to translate the 
 bible into Welsh. He died 1644. 
 
 Davies, John, an eminent critic, born 
 in London 22d April 167'J. He was educa- 
 ted at the charter-house and Queen's col- 
 lege Cambridge, of which he became fellow 
 in 1701. In 1711 he was made rector of 
 Fen-ditton, near Cambridge, aiid prebend- 
 ary of Ely, and 1717 chosen master of his 
 college and created D.D. He died 7th 
 March 1732, aged 53, and was buried in the 
 chapel of his college. He was the learned 
 editor of the works of Maximus Tyrius, 
 Ciesar, Minucius Felix, Cicex-o's philosophi- 
 cal pieces, &c. Lactantius, &c. Though 
 universally admired as the editor of these 
 valuable classics, yet the abbe d'Olivet, has 
 censured Dr. Davies as a puerile, weak, and 
 injudicious annotator. 
 
 Davies, John, a poet and writing master. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards 
 resided in Fleet-street. Most of his poetical 
 pieces are mentioned by Wood. He wrote 
 also the scourge of folly, in epigrams, and 
 the anatomy of fair writing, a copy-book, Jcc. 
 He died about 1618. 
 
 Davies, Samuel, an American dissent- 
 ing clergyman, born at Newcastle, Dela- 
 ware, 3d November 1724. He succeeded in 
 1759, as president of the college of New- 
 Jersey, and died February 4th 1761. His 
 sermons, 3 vols. Svo. were published by Dr. 
 Gibbons, London, and are in esteem. 
 
 Davies, Tlvomas, a bookseller. He was 
 in 1728 at the university of Edinburgh, and 
 in 1736 appeared as an actor at the Hay- 
 market theatre. He then commenced book- 
 seller in Duke's court, but soon returned to 
 the theatre, and after strolling over the 
 country he appeared in 1752 at Drury-lane, 
 with his wife, a Miss Yarrow, a woman of 
 great beauty and unspotted virtue. In 1762 
 he again commenced a bookseller in Jiussel- 
 street, and in 1778 became a bankrupt, but 
 the influence and friendship of Dr. Johnson, 
 and a benefit at Drury-lane from Mr. Sher- 
 idan, restored him to the comforts of inde- 
 pendence. In 1780 he published his life of 
 GaiTick, which improved his income and 
 enlarged the number of his friends. He 
 also wrote memoirs of Henderson, a life of 
 Massinger, of Dr. John Eachard, Mr. Lillo, 
 sir John Davies, and also dramatic miscel- 
 lanies 3 vols, besides some fugitive pieces in 
 the newspapers. He died 5th May 1785, 
 and was buried in the vault of St. Paul's, 
 Covent-garden. 
 
 Da VII, A, Henry Catherine, a celebra- 
 ted historian, born at Cyprus, from which 
 he fled when that island was subdued by the 
 Turks 1571. He came to Avila in Spain, 
 whore he understood his family originated, 
 and he afterwarxls passed to France, where 
 he became a favorite at the court of Henry 
 in. The death of the monarch disconcerted 
 the plans of Davila, who expected there for 
 himself, his brother and two sisters, a per- 
 
DA 
 
 DA 
 
 manent settlement, and though he remained 
 lor a little while in the service of Ht-nry IV. 
 he went to Venice, where he was honorably 
 received. On his way to Verona, oii llie 
 affairs of the Venetian repul'Iic, he was 
 grossly insulted by a ])erson Avho at last dis- 
 «;harged a pistol at him, and wounned him 
 mortally. The son of Davila, a youth of IS, 
 revenged his death, and immediately cut tlu- 
 assassin to pieces. During his residence at 
 Venice, Davila wrote in Italian his histoi-y 
 of the civil wars of France in fifteen books, 
 from the death of Henry II. 153'J to 1598. 
 This history, considered by Bolingbroke as 
 equal to Livy's annals, is highly esteemed 
 for its authenticity, correctness, and the 
 elegance of the composition. The best 
 edition is that of London 2 vols. 4to. 1755. 
 
 Davila, Peter Francis, a famous Span- 
 ish naturalist, who in the pursuit of conchy- 
 lioiogy, and mineralogy corresponded with 
 the most learned men in Euro|)e. He died 
 at Madrid 1785. An account of his valuable 
 cabinet was published in 3 vols. 
 
 Davis, Henry Edwards, a native of 
 Windsor, 11th .luly 1756. He was educa- 
 ted at Ealing, Middlese.x, and at Bulinl col- 
 lege, O.xford, of which he befame fellow 
 and tutor. In 1778 he wrote his examination 
 of Gibbon's decUne and fall of the Roman 
 empire, a work which though the produc- 
 tion of a 5'oung man was considered as so 
 respectable, that of many attacks it was the 
 only one which the historian deigned to 
 answer. He died lOth February 1784, of a 
 lingering illness, and left behind him a most 
 respectal)le character for erudition, for 
 goodness of heart, and amiableness of man- 
 ners. He was buried at Windsor. 
 
 Davis, John, a native of Sandridge, De- 
 vonshire, early inured to a sea li.'e. He ob- 
 tained in 1585 the command of some vessels 
 to discover a northwest passage to the East- 
 Indies, and he gave his name to the straits 
 which he visited, and the next year he pro- 
 ceeded in his spirit of discovery to the coast 
 of Greenland, and as high as the 73d degree 
 of north latitude. He was with Cavendish 
 in 1591, in his expedition to the South seas, 
 and afterwards he was employed in five 
 voyages to the East-Indies. He was not only 
 an able seaman but a correct writer, as ap- 
 pears by the account of his voyages which 
 he published. He was unfortunately killed 
 on the shores of Malacca in a quarrel with 
 some Japanese 1605. 
 
 Davison, Jeremiah, born in England, of 
 Scotch parents, was pupil to Lely, and excel- 
 led in painting satyrs. He died 1745. 
 
 Daumius, Christian, a native of Misnia, 
 regent of the college of Zwickau, where he 
 
 died 16S; 
 
 aged 75. 
 
 He 
 
 gave proofs of his 
 
 learning in his tractatus de causis ami.ssarum 
 linguie Latina; radicum, 8vo. — epistolx 4to. 
 — indagator et restitutor linguie Griec. radi- 
 cum, — and poems. 
 
 Daun, Leopold count, a great general 
 born in 1705. He was colonelin 1740, and 
 distinguished himself in tlie wars of Maria 
 Theresa, and afterwards with greater glory 
 
 in the relief of Prague, he against the king 
 of Prussia whom he defeated at Ch<jtche- 
 mitch in 1757, to commemorate which .t^rj at 
 victory tlic cuipress instituted the miiitai-y 
 order which bears her name. He again dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of Hochkir- 
 ciien in 1758, and at the sic^e of Dres^len, 
 but he was t(»tally defeated at Siplitz near 
 I'orgau, in 176(>. The pcare of 1763 re- 
 btoi-ed hini and the country to tranquillity, 
 and he died at ^'ienna 5lh February 1766 at 
 the age of 61, having behind him the cha- 
 racter of a brave and circumspect general, 
 a humane and benevolent man, and a devout 
 christian. 
 
 Dal'Nots, Countess, acquired some ce~ 
 lebriiy, by her romances and travels in Spain. 
 She (lied 1705. 
 
 Da u rat, John, a French poet, horn 
 near the head of tlie Vienne 1507. He so 
 ably distinguished himself by his leariiing 
 and ajiplication, that he became Greek i)ro- 
 fessor at J*aris, and evinced the superiority 
 of his mode and powers of education, by the 
 number of able and illustrious scholars who 
 studied under him. Though learned, he 
 was careless of his affairs, and consequently 
 poor. Charles IX. made liira his poet lau- 
 reat, and was frequently delighted with his 
 conversation. Daurat restored the cttstom of 
 writing anagrams, in wlach he was very suc- 
 cessful, and so prolific was his muse, that it is 
 said he wrote in Greek and Latin, not less 
 than 50,000 verse.s, besides poems in Frerich. 
 He was, as Scaliger observes, a good critic; 
 but he foolishly employed the last years of 
 his life in finding out the bible in Homer's 
 verses. After losing his first wife, by whom 
 he had some children, he at the age of 80 
 married a young giil, by whom he had a 
 son. He died at Paris 1588, aged 81. 
 
 Dawes, sir William, an English prelate, 
 born at Lyons near Braintree, Essex, 12th 
 September 1671. From Merchant-taylors' 
 school he went to St. John's college, Oxford ; 
 but about two years after, in consequence of 
 the death of his two elder brother.s, and his 
 inheriting the estates of his father sir John 
 Dawes bart. he removed to Cambridge, as 
 nobleman of Catherine-hall. Soon after 
 taking his degree of M. A. he married Fran- 
 ces, daughter of sir Thomas Darcy, and at 
 the proper age entered into orders, and in 
 1696, after being made D.D. b)- royal man- 
 date, he was elected master of his college. 
 King William, who was pleased with one of 
 his sermons, gave him a prebend of Worces- 
 ter, and he was afterwards made rector and 
 dean of Bockiug, Essex, in every situation 
 recommending himselt" to the good opinion 
 of his neighbors, by liis affable, benevolent, 
 and charitable conduct. On (he accession of 
 queen Anne, he was made one of t!ie royal 
 chaplains; but a sermon which he preached 
 offended some of the ministers, and the see 
 of Lincoln intended for him, was conferred 
 on Wake, 1705. Two years after however, 
 the queen named him for the see of Ches- 
 ter, and in 1714 he was translated to York. 
 He died of a diarrhwa. and an inflaramatinn 
 
DA 
 
 DE 
 
 of the bowels, 3()th April 1724, and wnsbuvicd 
 near his lady in Catharine-hall. He had seven 
 children, three of uhora only survived him. 
 This respectable and worthy man published 
 an anatomy of Atheism, a short poem, 1093 
 — the duties of the closet — sernums preach- 
 ed on several occasions — the duty of com- 
 municating, bcc. — a preface to Hhickall's 
 ivorks. His whole works were collected in 
 17.33 in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Dawes, Richard, the celebrated author 
 of Miscellanea Critica, was born in 1708, and 
 educated under the famous Antliony Black- 
 wall, and afterwards at Emanuel college, 
 Cambi'idge. In 1730 he published a speci- 
 men of a Circek translation of paradise lost. 
 His attack upon Bentley, is censured by 
 Toup. He was elected njaster of Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne school 1738, which he resigned 
 eleven years after, and died in 1760 at He- 
 worth near Ne\\'castle. His miscellanea 
 critica, has been very learnedly edited by 
 bishop Burgess, Oxford, 1781. 
 
 Day, John, an eminent printer, who had 
 a shop in Aldersgate-strect, and another at 
 the west door at St. Paul's. He died 23u 
 July 15X4. His name deserves to be com- 
 memorated, not only as the printer of a bible 
 dedicated to Edward VI. of Latimer's ser- 
 mons, of Tyndall's works, of the book of 
 martyrs, isc. but as a man whose great dili- 
 gence in his profession, widely disseminated 
 knowledge, and advanced, not in a slight de- 
 gree, the progress of the reformation. 
 
 Day, Thomas, an eminent writer, boi'n 
 in London, '2-2d June 1748. His father was 
 a collector of the customs, and at his death 
 left him an unprotected infant, but with an 
 income of I'iOU^. a year. After being eight 
 or nine years at the Charter house, he en- 
 tered at Corpus Christi, Oxford, whei-e he, 
 however took no degree. He afterwards 
 wished to apply himself to the study of me- 
 dicine, from wliich he was dissuaded by his 
 friend Dr. Small, of Birmingham, and he at 
 last entered at the INIiddle temple, and was 
 called duly to the bar, but never practised. 
 In his opinions of mankind he was romantic, 
 he was an enthusiastic adn\irer of virtue, 
 and had such detestation of female seduction 
 that he challenged, to no effect, a nobleman 
 whom rejjort described as a vile and licen- 
 tious violator of virgin innocence. In his 
 'schemes of visionary perfection, he selected 
 two girls from the poor-house at Shrews- 
 bury, with the intention of educating them 
 after the principles of llousseau, and of se- 
 lecting one of them for his wife; but the 
 conduct and affection of the two young wo- 
 men did not answer his sanguine expecta- 
 tions, though he honorably performed his 
 engagements towards tliem, and presented 
 them with 500^. each, when respectably 
 married, the one to his friend Mr. Bicknell, 
 and the other to a creditable tradesman. In 
 the beginning of the American war, he em- 
 braced the part of the colonies, against the 
 conduct of the mr)ther counir>', and he 
 published some political tracts, and two po- 
 ems called the devoted legions, and the deso- 
 
 lation of America. Thous;h lone; rejjardless 
 ot the sex, and afterwards disappointed in 
 his addresses, he married miss Esther 
 Milnes, and retired to the enjoyments ot 
 domestic life and of agi'icultural pursuits on 
 his estates in Essex and Surrey. In the as- 
 sociation for the redress of grievances, jNIr. 
 Day was frequently a leading man, and an 
 eloquent speaker, and in 1786 he published 
 a pamphlet against the increase of taxes, 
 and another concerning the bill in parlia- 
 ment for the exportation of mooI. The work 
 which has gained him celebrity, is his Sand- 
 ford and 5lerton, in three vols, published 
 separately, in 1783, 86, and 89, for the in- 
 formation of youth, a coviipositi(»n of singu- 
 lar merit, which, to simplicity of diction, 
 and interesting anecdotes, unites respect for 
 vu'tuc, morality, and I'eligion. On the 28th 
 September 1789, Mr. Day attempted, with 
 more boldness than prudence, to ride a fa- 
 vorite but untamed horse, which by a sud- 
 den plunge, threw off his rider, and by a 
 violent kick on the head put an immediate 
 end to his existence. Mrs. Day heard the 
 afflicting intelligence with horror, she closed 
 the curtains of her bed, and never again 
 suffered the light of the sun to visit them, 
 and after two yeai's spent in this melancholy 
 retirement, she followed her husband to the 
 grave. The epitaph which -Mr. Day had 
 written and designed for his friend Doctor 
 Small's tomb, was inscribed on his own. 
 
 Deacon, James, an English gentleman, 
 known for his skill in music, drawhig and 
 painting. He died May 1750. 
 
 Deageant, de St. Marcellix, Gui- 
 chard, a French writer, at first in the service 
 of marshal d'Ancre, and afterwards of the 
 duke of Luynes, whom he assisted against 
 his fir.stpatjron. He was employed as an able 
 negotiator by the court, and when he became 
 a w idower, Lewis XHI. wished to make him 
 bishop of Evreux, but he preferred a second 
 wife and politics to ecclesiastical honors. In 
 the fluctuations of court favors, he was at 
 last disgraced and sent in exile to Dauphiny, 
 where he died 1639, in a good old age. He 
 wrote some memoirs of state, from the time 
 o]f Henry IV. to the year 1024, which though 
 ihclegant, contain son»e curious particulars. 
 They were printed by his grandson at Gra- 
 nule in >2mo. 1008. 
 
 De-bo rah, a prophetess of Israel, who 
 pi'evailcd on Baruch to attack Sisera the 
 general of Jabin. ^Vhen her countrymen had 
 obtained the victory, she composed a beauti- 
 ful ode, B. C. 1285! 
 
 De Bure, William Francis, a bookseller 
 at Paris, well known for his bibliographe in- 
 structive, 7 vols. 8vo. 1703, &c. He died at 
 Paris 15th July 1782, aged 50. 
 
 Decebabus, a kingof Dacia, who by his 
 valor in defeating the Roman legions, obtain- 
 ed a yearly tribute from Domitian and Nero. 
 Trajan more warlike refused to p.ay the dis- 
 graceful subsidy, and conquei'cd Decebalus, 
 and reduced his country to a Roman province, 
 105. 
 
 Decembrio, Peter Candido, a native of 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 Pavia, secretary to the pope, and aftcrwanls 
 to Alphniisiis kiiip^ of Arr:ii;oii. He wrote- 
 lives of I'hilii) -Miiriu \ iscoiili, and Francis 
 Sforza, dukes of Milan, —and besides, pub- 
 lished lt:di;in transhitions of Quintns (^ui-lius, 
 and Livy — and a Latin vei-sion of Diodorus 
 Siculus, of Appian, and of part of Homer. 
 He dic«l :tt Mihin, lt77 aj,'ed 7S 
 
 Deciiai.es, Claudius l-'rancis Milliet, an 
 eminent matlicmatician and astronomer, 
 born at Chamhcrry 1011. ile was not hss 
 respectable in private life, than as a man of 
 learning. He read public lectures at Paris 
 for four vcars, and afterwards tauj^ht naviga- 
 tion at Marseilles, and died ])rofesS(n- of 
 matlicmatics at Turin, 28th March, 1078, 
 ru'ed 07. His works containing an edition of 
 Kudid's elements — discourses on fortiUcation 
 and navigation — architecture optics hy- 
 drostatics — trigonometry, Iscc. were first col- 
 lected in tlu-ee vols, folio, called Mundus 
 mathematicus, as a complete course of ma- 
 thematics, and they Avere afterwards impro- 
 ved and publislicd in 4 vols. lOOO at liyoiis. 
 
 Decio, Philip, a native of Milan, lecturer 
 in jurisprudence at Pisa, Pistoia, and other 
 places in Italy, where he acquired such cele- 
 brit>, that no one could dispute with him. 
 ' He afterwards settled in France, but died at 
 Pisa 10.35, aged Si. 
 
 Decius, a Roman consul, immortalized 
 in the annals of his country, for devoting 
 himself to the gods manes in tluj midst of a 
 battle against the Latins, and thus insuring 
 the victory to his army. His son and grand- 
 son on similar occasions followed his glorious 
 example, and thus obtained the victory for 
 their country, 
 
 Decit'S, a Roman emperor after Philip 
 He defeated the Persians in battle, but un- 
 tbi'tunately perished in a morass with his 
 army, in a fight against the Goths, 251 A. 1). 
 
 Decker, or Deckher, John, a learnefl 
 Jesuit, horn at Hazebruck, in Flanders, was 
 
 1>rofessor of theology at Douai and Louvain. 
 le was sent on an embassy into Ntiria, and 
 was made chancellor of Gratz university, 
 where he died 1019, aged 09. He wrote 
 Tclificatio sen theoremata de anno ortus ac 
 niortis domini, 4to. — tabuliichronographica a 
 capta per I'ompeium Jerosolynia ad deletam 
 a Tito urbem, -ito. in which he displayed 
 "great erudition and extensive knowledge of 
 chronology. 
 
 Decker, Thomas, a poet, in tlie reign of 
 James I. He acquired some celebrity by the 
 satire of Ben Jonson, who ridiculed him, 
 in his Poetaster, under the name of Crispi- 
 lius. Decker resented the affront in liis play 
 of Satyromastix, where Jonson, under tl>e 
 name of young Horace, is the hero of the 
 piece ; and so successful and popular was the 
 poetic invective, that the play was universal- 
 ly followed. Decker wrote three of his plays 
 in conjunction with Webster, and one witli 
 Rowley and Ford; and though his abilities 
 were not of a superior degree, yet he was ad- 
 mired, and his " honest whore," and ** old 
 Fortunatus," are said to possess merit equal 
 to any of the coiupositions oi' other L'ueatrical 
 
 writers, Shakspeare excefitcd. The tinic 
 ol'his birth and death is unknown, though it 
 is certain he was alive after 10.58. 
 
 Deuekind, Frederic, a German of the 
 10th century, who publislnMl a vrry ing<Miions 
 ironical eulogium on incivility and rudeness, 
 intituled, Grobianns, sive de incultis mori- 
 bns et iimrbanis gestibus, Franckfort, 8\o. 
 1;.5S. 
 
 Di:r, John, a mathematician ofcnjinence, 
 born in London IRth July, l.VJZ. He was 
 educated at (Jhilnisford, and St. Jolui's col- 
 lege, Cambi-idgi', where, for three years, be 
 says, he devoted each day 4 hours to sleep, - 
 to meals and exercise, and 18 to study. He 
 went to the low countrie.s in 1547, and on his 
 return he was made fellow of Trinit'. -col- 
 lege, just founded by Henry VHL IJi^ at- 
 tention to mathematical studies, so closely 
 connected witli astionoiny, and, in those 
 days, to astrology, brought upon him at lhi;> 
 time the suspicion of magician ; and, to avoid 
 this, lie retired to Louvain, in 1578, where it 
 is supposed he took the degree of L. L, D. In 
 1551 he visited Paris, wliere he read lectures 
 on Euclid's elements ; but the most flattering 
 promises could not prevail upon him to set- 
 tlethere. He therefore returned to England, 
 1551, and was so highly respected that he was 
 presented to the king, and made rector of 
 Upton -upon-Severn. In Mary's reign, I»is 
 correspondence with Elizabeth's friends ex- 
 posed him to the suspicions of treason, and 
 therefore !ie was arrested, and at last with 
 difficulty set at liberty. He paid his court to 
 queen Elizabeth, who flattered him with 
 com[)linients ; but the general belief of liis 
 being a conjuror was in the way of his pro- 
 motion, and the books which he published 
 countenanced t)ie in)putation, from the mys- 
 terious language an»l incomprehensible sub- 
 jects which they contained. In 1504 he left 
 FiUgland, to present a work to tlie emperor 
 Maximilian; and, in 1571, the queen paid 
 such respect to his celebrity that she sent two 
 physicians to attend him wlicn confined by 
 sickr.ess in IjOuvain. On liis return to Eng- 
 land he settled at iNIortlake, where he col- 
 lected a choice library of above 4000 volumes; 
 which however, during his absence, in 1583, 
 was plundered by the populace, wlio firmly 
 believed that he had a famihar connection 
 with the devil, by his magical incantations. 
 The appearance of a new star in 1572, and 
 of a comet in 1577, gave liim opportur.iiies of 
 distinguishing himself as an astronomer; and 
 he engaged the queen's patronage by his able 
 assertion of her riglit to the countries disco- 
 vered by her subjects, and by his ingenious 
 plans for the reformation of the calenclar. In 
 1581 he began hisattempts to penetrate more 
 deeply into futurity, and assisted by Kellv, a 
 young man of Worcestershii-e, he launched 
 forth into those extravagancies in mysterv and 
 superstition by which he pretended to hold 
 intercourse with departed spirits. For two 
 years he was engaged in these unbecoming 
 pursuit?, and was at last perstnulcd by Albert 
 Laski, a Polish lord, who entertained the 
 same notions of astrology, to pass over to 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 the continent, more securely to indulge their 
 mysterious incantations. After travelling 
 tlirough Germany, the three conjurors reach- 
 ed Poland, and, after an introduction to the 
 emperor Rodoljdi, and to Stephen king of 
 Poland, Dee and Kelly were at last, after the 
 exhibition of some magical tricks, banished 
 from the country by the interference of the 
 pope's nuncio. The noise of this fanatical 
 adventure reached Elizabeth, who desired 
 Dee to return, lie obeyed, and travelling 
 with great pomp and becoming solemnity, 
 reached England 2Jd November 1589, and a 
 few days aCter was presented to the queen, 
 who received him gracious!). But though 
 so powerful over .supernatural agents, Dee 
 was poor, and therefore he petitioned the 
 queen for a lil)cral subsistence. Twooom- 
 naissioners M'cre appointed to examine his 
 ]»apers and the transactions of his life; and 
 though their report was favorable, he yet ob- 
 tained no relief. At last, however, hy the 
 interference of lady Warwick and archbish- 
 op Whilgift, he obtained the chancellorship 
 of St. Paul's, and, two years after, the war- 
 denship of JMancliester college, where he 
 spent seven years in a disturbed and unquiet 
 manner. In ir>04 he petitioned James that 
 he might he tried, and that all aspersions of 
 magical incantations might be wiped away 
 from his character ; hut the king, knowing 
 the liabits of his life, disregarded it; and 
 Dee at last removed to Mortlake, where he 
 hegan again to practise his mysterious arts. 
 Though old and infirm. Dee still believed in 
 his astrological calculations, and the vanity 
 and ostentatious ambition which for above 
 fifty years he had displayed forsook him not 
 ■when sinking into the grave. He died mise- 
 rably poor, in 16US, aged SO, and was buried 
 lit Mortlake. He was twice married, and he 
 left a numerous family. The eldest of his 
 sons, Arthur, was brought up under Camden, 
 and was physician to Charles I. His writings 
 were very numerous ; but besides what he 
 published, several MSS. are preserved in 
 the Cotton library and in the Ashmolean mu- 
 seum. His notes and preface to Billingsley's 
 Euclid, and some other works, prove him to 
 }iave been a very able mathematician. An 
 account of his communications with spirits 
 and his conferences with the emperor of 
 Germany and the king of Poland, written by 
 his own hand, was published, with a curious 
 ■preface, by Dr. Merie Casaubon, in 1659, fo- 
 lio, and it attracted for some time the public 
 attention. Dr. Hooke, some years after, at- 
 tempted to show that Dee was not an astro- 
 loger, but that he was a spy, and that the 
 figures and hieroglyphics he used were not 
 those of an enthusiast or magician, but of an 
 artfid man, employed to watch the conduct 
 and devclope the measures of government. 
 To this conjecture, however, few assented. 
 
 Defesch, William, a German, eminent 
 for his skill on the violin. He was leader of 
 the hand at Marybone-gardens, and also 
 composed for Vauxhall. His musical com- 
 positions, songs, and ballads, were much ad- 
 mired. He died about 1750, aged 70. 
 
 I De Foe, Daniel, was horn in the parish 
 of St. Giles' Cripplegate, about 1668, where 
 his father, James Foe, was u butcher. He 
 was educated among the dissenters, and 
 warmly embraced their tenets ; and he pro- 
 bably prefixed De to his name to conceal the 
 obscurity of his origin. He was early an 
 author, and published, 1680, a pamphlet on 
 the contest between the Turks and Austri- 
 ans. In 1683 he followed in arms the for- 
 tunes of Monmouth, and escaped, much to 
 the wonder of all his historians, the sanguin- 
 ary grasp of Jeffries, He became a livery- 
 man of London 1688, and zealously favor- 
 ed the revolution. Alx)ut this time he was 
 a hosier, though he afterwards denied the 
 occupation ; and in 1692 he Avas so reduced, 
 either by misconduct or by the unfavorable 
 circumstances of the times, that he fled from 
 his ci'editors, though he afterwards very 
 honorably discharged the best part of his 
 debts. I'hough offered a respectable com- 
 mercial situation at Cadiz by his friends, he 
 determined to live by his pen. In 1695 he 
 was made accountant to the commissioners 
 of the glass duty, in which he continued till 
 the suppression of the tax in 1699. He now 
 published various pamphlets on political and 
 temporary subjects, one of which, his '* trne 
 born Englishman,'' a satire, in verse, in de- 
 fence of the revolution, recommended him 
 to the notice of king William. His " short- 
 est way with the dissentei-s," in 1702, as it 
 reflected on the government and the church, 
 was noticed by the house of commons, and 
 he was sentenced to stand in the pillory, to 
 be fined, and imprisoned. He was liberated 
 from his confinement in 1704, by the friend- 
 ship of Harley and of Godolphin, and im- 
 mediately retired to St. Edmundsbu'/y, 
 where his pen was again employed on po- 
 litical subjects. In 1706 he produced some 
 essays to remove the prejudices of the Scotch 
 against the union ; and so great were his 
 services considered, that he was sent by 
 Godolphin to Edinburgh to confer upon the 
 subject with the leading men of Scotland. 
 Upon the conclusion of the union, he was 
 rewarded for his services, and two years af- 
 ter, 1709, he published the history of the 
 union, in a manner so satisfactory, that, in 
 1786, the same pamphlet was republished, 
 when the Irish union was projected. In 1713 
 some of his publications were considered 
 as jacobitical, in consequence of which he 
 was prosecuted, but at last liberated from 
 Newgate by the influence of his friend lord 
 Oxford. He found himself so neglected on 
 the accession of the house of Hanover, that 
 he published his appeal to honor and justice, 
 the last of his political tracts, as he was seiz- 
 ed with an apoplexy before the work M'as 
 finished, and as he afterwards devoted him- 
 self only to useful and general instruction. 
 In 1715 he wrote the family instructor ; and 
 in April 1719 appeared the first part and 
 August following the second part of Kob- 
 inson Crusoe ; a work which, though abu- 
 sed by some of his contemporaries, has 
 survived by its merit the malevolence of 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 ci-ilicism, and triumphed over tlic opposi- 
 tion of party, and stimds nf)\v us the most 
 lasting; monument of lilerai'y fame an<l mer- 
 its of llie authoi*. It is saitl by some, indeed 
 that this interesting hook w as dishonestly hor- 
 rowed from tlie papers of Alexaiuler Sclkik, 
 a Scoteltmau, who lived four years and four 
 months in an uninhaijited island, till reliev- 
 cil hy captain AVood li«)gers in 1701). bel- 
 kirk's adventures, indeed, appeared before 
 the public in llie captain's voyai;;e ; and 
 therefore, though the idea of a man tlirown 
 upon a desert island might be borrowed 
 from Selkirk's adv«;ntures, yet the rest of 
 the story evidently belongs to the genius and 
 superstructure of De Foe. This respecta- 
 ble writer died at his house at Islington 17;51, 
 leaving one daughter, who married Mr. H. 
 JBaker, the naturalist. The publications of 
 De Foe are very numerous, and possessed 
 great merit, and, at the time in which they 
 appeared, they were considered as very 
 powerful engines in the hands of pai'ty. 
 His attempts to write poetry were not suc- 
 cessful, after the noble strains of Waller 
 and Dryden ; and if his vei-ses were read, 
 it was more in consequence of the satire 
 which they conveyed than of the merit and 
 beauty of tlie numbers. The life of a polit- 
 ical writer must be exposed to tlie attacks 
 of open and secret enemies, a circumstance 
 which De Foe's political career sufficiently 
 evinced, hut Avhatever might have been the 
 provocations which he gave to his oppo- 
 nents, it is to be observed, to the discredit 
 of Pope, that, without the most distant 
 imputation of offence, De Foe appeared dis- 
 graced in 1728, in the libellous lines of the 
 Dunciad. 
 
 Deghuy, an ingenious French engraver, 
 who died 1748. He engraved the pieces of 
 some of the greatest masters, among whom 
 are the names of Rembrandt, Vernct, Aved, 
 Tintoretto, &c. 
 
 Dejaure, N. a French poet, who died 
 young, and suddenly, October 1800. His 
 pieces, called le franc Breton — Montano — 
 Lodoiska, an opera, have been received on 
 the stage with applause. 
 
 Deidier, Anthony, a medical profes- 
 sor of Montpellier, who published in 1723, 
 a curions dissertation, de venercis morbis, 
 in which he supposes that the disease is com- 
 municated by a number of small animalcules. 
 
 Dejotarus, tetrarch and king of Gala- 
 tea, espoused the cause of Pompe}' in the 
 civil w ars, for which he was dethroned by 
 Csesar. 
 
 Delamet, Adrian Augustin de Bussy, 
 an ecclesiastic, born of a noble family in Fi- 
 cardy. He attended his relation cardinal de 
 Retz in his travels, and then settled at the 
 Sorbonne at Paris, where he died, 20th Ju- 
 ly 1091, aged 70. He wrote among other 
 things, a resolution of cases of conscience, 
 afterwards republished by Treuve, onder the 
 name of dictionary of cases of conscience, 
 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Delanv, Patrick, an eminent divine, 
 born in Ireland about 15S6. His father was 
 
 originally a servant in the family of sir John 
 Kcnuel, the judge, and afterwanls rented 
 a small farm. Young Delany was brought 
 up as sizar at Trinity -college Dublin, ut 
 which he became fellow. At this time he 
 formed a very intimate acquaintance whh 
 dean Swift, and soon distinguished hims« If 
 as a popular preacher, and as an a<tive ami 
 successful tul(n- in his college. I'he paU, 
 however, which he took in supporting two 
 young men who had, for misconduct, been 
 cxi)eiled, proved olfensive to the provost and 
 to Bfiidtcr the primate, who wished to op- 
 pose his advancement. Lord Carteret, iu 
 17'jr, presented him to the chancellorship 
 of Clu-ist chui'ch, and a prebend in the ca- 
 thedral of St. Patrick. In 1729 he began 
 the periodical paper called the Tribune, con- 
 tinued to 20 numbers; and in 1731 he came 
 to London, to publish his " revelation ex- 
 amined with candor," a work to which h« 
 added a second volume, and, thirty years af- 
 ter, a third, and which was universally and 
 deservedly admired. When in London, he 
 married Mrs. Margaret Tcnison, a rich Irish 
 widow, who died December 6, 17il. la 
 1738 he published his " reflections upon po- 
 lygamy," a curious work, which was follow- 
 ed, in 1740 and 1742, with an historical ac- 
 count of the life of David king of Israel, in 
 3 vols, a performance which, while it dis- 
 played tl.e ingenuity, learuing, and judg- 
 ment of the author, little contributed to the 
 honor of the sacred writings, whose authenti- 
 city and character cannot rest upon the la- 
 bors of men. In 1743, 9th June, he tocjk 
 for his second wife the widow of Alexander 
 Pendarves, a w^oman of great excellence 
 and known genius; and the following year 
 he was raised to the deanery of Down. The 
 most considerable of his productions after he 
 became dean, was his *' remarks on the life 
 of Swift by lord Orrery." Tliis publication 
 set in fairer colors the character of Swift, 
 and exhibited him in a more amiable view, 
 from the recollections of friendship and in- 
 timacy, tlian that of lord Orrery. His la- 
 bors, however frieudly, did not pass uncen- 
 sured from the pen of Dean Swift, esq. who 
 reflected, with petulence and abuse, on the 
 publication of Dr. Delany ; who replied, in 
 1755, with great temper and truly christian 
 moderation. Besides these, he pubhshed 
 sermons, and some theological tracts. He 
 died at Bath, May 17G8, in the 83d year of 
 his age. Dr. Delany was remarkable, not 
 moreforhis learning, than for his benevolence 
 and hospitality. He left little property be- 
 hind him, though the last twenty years of 
 his life his annual income was 3000/. which 
 generously were distributed at the call of in- 
 digence and distress. 
 
 Delany, Mary, second wife of Dr. De- 
 lany, was daughter of Barnard Granville, 
 afterwards lord Lansdowne, and was bom 
 at Coulton,. Wilts, 14th May 1700. When 
 she was 17, she was influenced by her rela- 
 tions, against her inclinations, to marry Al- 
 exander Pendarves, esq. of Roscrow, in Corn- 
 wall, a gentleman of great property, but 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 much advanced in life ; but though she lived 
 unhappy, her time was usefully devoted to 
 the cultivation of her miTid, natui-ally vigor- 
 ous and eager after improvement. In 1724 
 she became a widow ; in consequence of 
 which she left Cornwall, and resided chiefly 
 in London. After a widowhood of 19 yeai-s, 
 she married, in 1743, Ur. Delany, whom 
 she had long known as tlie friend of her 
 learned correspondent dean Swift, and with 
 him she lived the happiest of wives, till his 
 death, in 176S. When this melanchol}- event 
 took place, she wished to settle at Batli, but 
 the duchess of Portland who knew and lov- 
 ed her virtues, insisted upon her living with 
 her at Bulstrode, and she continued in that 
 hospitable I'etreat for some years. On the 
 death of the duchess, the king, with lauda- 
 ble benevolence, assigned ]Mrs. Delany, a 
 house, ready furnished, in St. Alhan's street, 
 Windsor, and granted her a pension of .300^. 
 a year, which she enjoyed till her death, 
 15th April 1788, at the advanced age of 
 nearly 88. Mrs. Delany is well known for 
 her spirited and elegant correspondence 
 with some of the learned and of the Avitty 
 of the times, but particularly for her great 
 skill in drawing and painting. Her pieces, 
 ■which are numerous and tastefully executed, 
 adorn the mansions of her relations, as well 
 as her works in embroidery and in shells. 
 She is also known for inventing, at the age 
 of 74, an ingenious Flora, by the tasteful 
 application of colored papers together, skil- 
 fully cut with scissars, and so delicately dis- 
 posed, upon black ground, as to imitate and 
 almost equal the works of nature. In this 
 elegant accomplishment she continued to be 
 engaged till her 83d year, when her sight 
 began to fail ; and so astonishing was her as- 
 siduity, that not less than 980 plants Avere 
 exhibited in her beautiful flora, which is 
 now in the possession of her nephew, Court 
 Dewis, esq. She also wrote some poetry. 
 
 Delaune, Thomas, a nonconformist, 
 ■who, in 1G83, wrote an answer to Dr. Cala- 
 iny's discourse concerning a scrupulous con- 
 science. His book called '* plea for noncon- 
 formity," gave such offence, that he was 
 tried, and sentenced to pay a heaAy fine ; 
 which as he could not do, he died in ])rison. 
 Deleyre, Alexander, a native of Bour- 
 deaux, who wrote an analysis of lord Ba- 
 con's wcn-ks, 3 vols. 12mo. — the genius of 
 Montesquieu — the spirit of St. Evremond, 
 &c. He also assisted Uaynal in his history of 
 tbe commerce of the Indies, and contribu- 
 ted some valuable articles to the encyclo- 
 pedic. He died 1797. 
 
 Delft, Jacob, a celebrated portrait 
 painter, of Delft, who died 1601, aged 4 '2. 
 He was grandson of Mirevelt, whom he ri- 
 valled in the efforts of his pencil. 
 
 Delius, Christopher I'raugott, a native 
 of WalhausL-n, in Thuringia, who, after serv- 
 ing in the army, was made surveyor of the 
 Hungarian mines, and then placed at Vien- 
 na, in the department of the mines and of 
 the mint. He was an eminent mineralogist, 
 and w rote a dissertation on mountains, 8vo. — 
 
 4to. 
 
 an introduction to the art of mining, 
 
 He died in Italy 1799, aged 51. 
 
 Delmont, Deodalt, an historical pain- 
 ter, born at St. Tion. He was pupil to Ru- 
 bens, who highly esteemed him. He died 
 1G34, aged 53. 
 
 Delobel, a French painter, of the 17th 
 century. His pieces which are in a very su- 
 perior style, adorn chiefly the churches and 
 cathedrals of France. 
 
 De Lolme, John Lewis, L. L. D. a na- 
 tive of Geneva, who for some years resided 
 in England, and acquired great celebrity as 
 an author. In the latter part of his life he 
 retired to the continent, and died in Swit- 
 zerland, March 1807. He was in his character 
 a man of talents and information, entertain- 
 ing and witty in his conversation, temperate 
 in his living, but in his person httle attentive 
 to the graces of outward appearance. He is 
 author of parallel between the English con- 
 stitution and the former government ol'Swe- 
 den, 1772 — treatise on the constitution of 
 England, 1775, a work of singular merit, 
 often reprinted, and commended by the ap- 
 probation not only of lords Camden and 
 Chatham, and other great political charac- 
 ters, but by the nervous writer of Junius' 
 letters — essay on the union of Scotland with 
 England, 1787 — memorials of human super- 
 stition — observations on the tax on windows, 
 1788 — observations on the late national em- 
 barrassments, 1789, See. 
 
 pELRio, Martin Anthony, a learned Je- 
 suit, born at Antwerp, of Spanish parents, 
 1551. He studied at the universities of Paris, 
 Douai, and Louvain, where he displayed as- 
 tonishing powers of memory, and great quick- 
 ness of learning. He was admitted L. L. D. 
 at Salamanca, and afterwards became a 
 cotmsellor of the parliament of Brabant, and 
 entered the Jesuits' order at Valladotid. He 
 taught belles lettres at Liege, Mayeuce, 
 Gratz, and Salamanca, and died at Louvain, 
 two years after his friend Lipsius, 1608. 
 Besides notes on Seneca, Claudian, and So- 
 linus, he -wrote explications of difticult pas- 
 sages in scripture — commentaries on the old 
 testament — disquisitiones magicce. 
 
 Dei. RIO, John, a native of Bruges, dean 
 of Antwerp, died 1624. He wrote com- 
 mentaries on the 119th psalm. 
 
 Demades, an Athenian orator, for some 
 time at the court of Philip of Macedon. 
 He was put to death by Cassander, B. C. 
 
 Demaratus, a king of Sparta, who was 
 obliged to resign the crown in consequence 
 of the imputation of his enemies, who accu- 
 sed hi'u of being illegitimate. He retired 
 to Persia, where he was honorably received. 
 
 Demeste, John, M. D. chaj)lain and chief 
 surgeon to the forces of the prince of Liege, 
 was a native of Liege, where he died, Au- 
 gust 20, 1783, aged 38. He is well known 
 as the author of some ingenious letters on 
 chemistry, Paris, 1779. 
 
 Demetrius, Poliorcetes, son of Antigo- 
 nus, M as honored by the Athenians with the 
 dedicationof brazen statues, because he had 
 
DL 
 
 I)E 
 
 ucli\ci"cil tluii' fity fr«)in the powc'r of Do- 1 
 jiietriiis Pliijereus, ;uul (lcro:\lc(I Ciissiimlcr 
 ut l"ltcrni()[)ylu;. 'J'liougli litjiicii at Uie kat- 
 tle ol' Ipsiis, he had lln; <^i>uil rorlune to scat 
 >iijuself on the throne of Macedonia ; where 
 Jiis posteritv renuuned till the :i.q;e of Perse- 
 us. He ilic'd B. C. tiSr). 
 
 Demetrius, Soter, kinp; of Syrin, was 
 son of Sclcnciis. He was for some time an 
 iiostaj^e at Uome, and perished in huttle, li. 
 C.15U. 
 
 Demetrius 11. surnamed Nicannr, was 
 kinp; of Syria aftej- his father, Demetrius i. 
 He iornied an alliance with liie .lews, and 
 AVas at hist killed by the governoi" of 'I'yi-e, 
 
 n.c.iZ7. 
 
 Demetrius Phaleueus, a philoso- 
 pliei', the disciple of Theophrastus. Ho 
 Avas liis^hly Konored by the Athenians, and 
 afterwards was liospitaijly entertained by 
 Ptolemy king of Egypt. He contributed 
 'J0(),0()0 volume.s to the Alexandrine library, 
 nnd died by the bite of an asp, 2iii H. C. 
 
 Demetuius, a cynic pliilosophcr, in the 
 reign of Caligula, afterwards baiii^ihed by 
 Vespasian for his insolence. 
 
 Demetrius, czar ol Itussia, son of tlie 
 czar John liassilowitz, is by some lustori- 
 ans called the false i)emetrius, and regar- 
 ded as an obscure native of Jaroslaw, wiio 
 "vvas instructed by an artful monk to assume 
 the character of the real Demetrius, who, 
 jt is said, had been innrdered by Doris Gu- 
 denow. Tliis youthful adventurer, whether 
 really tbe prince (jr pretender, invaded Rus- 
 sia with a small army, in 1004, and m as so 
 successful as to scat himself on the throne. 
 After a shoi"t reign of eleven inonLlis, he 
 was assassinated, IfiOG. He had married the 
 daughter of Mnicski, palatine of Scndomir, 
 who had warmly espoused his cause. 
 
 De Missy, Csesar, a learned divine, born 
 at Rerlin 2d January 1703. He studied at 
 IJerlin and at Prankfort on the Oder ; and 
 after preaching for five years in several 
 towns of the United Provinces, he came to 
 London, wliere he was ordained to serve 
 ihe Savoy chi'.pel, and iu 1762, named by 
 'he bishop of London Prench cliaplain to 
 liie king. He iiied lOlh August 1775. He 
 published some poetical pieces — casays on 
 profane and sacred litei-aturc — epitomes .')f 
 books, memoirs, &c. but generally nnony- 
 mouijly, or only with his initials. He also 
 assisted many of his friends, particularly 
 Westein, in his edition of the fjreek testa- 
 ment, and Jortin in his life of Erasmus, lie 
 was H learned antl pious man. 
 
 Democedes, a physician of Crotona, 
 who, after serving Pol3-crates of Samos, he- 
 came tlie slave and the jdiysician of Darius 
 king of Persia. He returiu:d to his country 
 by stratagem, and married llie sister of 
 Milo, the celebrated wrestler. 
 
 Democri rrs, a famous philosopher of 
 Abdera, whose mental actpiireiiients were so 
 great and extraordinary that his countrymen 
 accused him of raatlness. Hippocrates, 
 liowever, saw and acknowieilged his merit. 
 He laughed constantly at the folUcs of man- 
 
 VOL. J. di 
 
 kind. He died at the age of KiO, about 
 ;j51. 
 
 Demonax, a philosopher of Crete in tlie 
 reign of Adrian. He had the highest con- 
 tempt for riches, and lived upon the acciden- 
 tal sii|iplies which he received from his 
 friends and strangers. Ho lived to his lOUtU 
 year. 
 
 Demoivke, Abraham, an eminent math- 
 emafici:\n, I'Otn at Vilri, Champugne, May 
 1007. He left Fiance at the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, and came to England, 
 where, by studying the \)rincipiH of New- 
 ton, he made himself a con^plete master of 
 mathematics, in which he read some pop- 
 ular lectures for his support. He was ad- 
 mitted member of the royal .society in Lon- 
 don, and of the academy of sciences, Paris ; 
 and died in Lon<lon November 17.t4. His 
 works are strong evidences of his superior 
 learning and great application. He i)ublish- 
 ed, miscellanea analytica, 4to. — a treatise 
 on annuities — and his great work, "<loc- 
 trine of chances," in 1718, 4to. twice re- 
 printed, with considerable improvements. 
 
 Demosthenes, a celebrated orator ot 
 Athens. Though but the son of a black- 
 smith, he rose to consequence ; and tho.igh 
 neglected by his guardians, and impeded in 
 his education by weakness of huigs, and an 
 inarticulate pronunciation, his assiduity over- 
 came all obstacles, and enabled him to rise 
 superior to every difficulty, and become the 
 most illustrious and eloquent orator of all 
 antiquity. He warmly resisted the x»olitics 
 and the insinuating conduct of Philip of Ma- 
 cedon, and was equally violent against his 
 son and successor, Alexander the great ; but, 
 in spite of his eloquence, the arts and tlit; 
 valor of the Macedonians prevailed, and De- 
 mosthenes unhappily found, that the Athe- 
 nians vv'hom he acldrcssed were only the de- 
 generate sons of ih(>;e hemes wliohad bled 
 at Marathon, at Salamis, and at Thcrmopy- 
 he. Demosthenes, wholiad inveighed against 
 the bribery of the Macedonians, himself was 
 accused of receiving some splendid presentiS 
 of money from Harpalus, the deputy of 
 Alexander ; hut the unpopularity of his con- 
 duct co!itinucd but a short tiaie ; till at last: 
 the victories of Antii)ater obliged the Athe- 
 nians to deliver their orator, and Demosthe- 
 nes, ratlier than fall into the liands of his 
 enemies, destroyed himself by poison, B. C. 
 S22. The best edition of his orations is that 
 of Reiske. 
 
 Demours, Peter, a native of Marseilles, 
 known for his eminence as a physician ami 
 for the dexterity of iiis surgical operations, 
 and his great skill as an oculist. He died 
 at Paris 2Gtii June 171^5, aged 03, author 
 of r.ome respectable works on his pi-ofession. 
 
 Dempster, ^\'illiam, a learned Scots- 
 man, born in the shire of Angus, 14"J0, and 
 educated at St. Andrew's, from whence he 
 went to I'aris, and was successfully employ- 
 ed by the university there to\ refute tlte 
 book's of Raymond Lully, who had im- 
 pugned Aristotle's philosophy. After visit- 
 ing Padua and othrn- places, he returned t- 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 ScoUuncl, of which he published an ecclesi- 
 astical histoiy, iii which he raagnifies the 
 most common events into miracles. He died 
 at Paris 1557. 
 
 Dempster, Tiiomas, a native of Scot- 
 land, who studied at Paris, and there taught 
 classical learning. His quarrelsome temper 
 however, and liis sevei-ities to his pupils, 
 rendered hira ujipopular, and he \vas obli- 
 ged to fly fi'om Paris, and to return to Scot- 
 land. He afterwards went to Pisa, where 
 his wife, a woman of great beauty, ran away 
 ■\\itli one of his scliolars, a misfortune which 
 he bore with all the indifference of stoicism. 
 He atterwards read lectures on polite learn- 
 ing in various universities, and obtained a 
 professor's chair atNismes, fi'om whence he 
 retired to Bologna, where after some years' 
 residence he died 1G25. He wrote some 
 learned works, commentaries on Uosinus' 
 Koman antiquities, and on Claudian, — four 
 books of epistles, — dramatic pieces and po- 
 ems, — a martyrology of Scotland, — a list of 
 Scottish writers, &c. He was u man of as- 
 tonishing memory, so tliat he w as properly 
 called a living library. His application was 
 indefatigable, he never studied less than 14 
 hours daily, but he wanted judgment and 
 discrimination. He was so partial to his 
 country that he attributed to the natives of 
 it, nearly all the books which English, Welsli 
 and Irish authors had composed. He has 
 therefore been censured by protestants as 
 ■well as papists, and Baillet has observed that 
 in his ecclesiastical history of Scotland, in 
 19 books, he had no conscience, he forged 
 titles of books never published to raise the 
 glory of his native country, and he has been 
 guilty of several cheating tricks by which he 
 has lost his creJit among men of learning. 
 
 Dexham, sir John, an English poet, born 
 in Duljlin 1615. His father was chief baron 
 of (he exche(juer in Ireland, and when af- 
 terwards removed tT) the English bench, he 
 brought his son with him, who was educa- 
 ted in London, and in liijl entered at Trin- 
 ity college, Oxford. During his residence 
 in the university, and afterwavds while a 
 student at Lincoln's Inn, he was devoted to 
 gaming and dissipation, more than to learn- 
 ing and science, and his father not only au- 
 gured the most fatal conscquonces,but threat- 
 ened to disinherit him. In 1041, thi-ee years 
 afler the death of his father, he published 
 his tragedy of" Sophy," which, says V\ alle;-, 
 Vroke out like the Irish rebellion threescore 
 thousaiul strong, when nob(jdy was aware 
 of it. Soon alter he was sheritt'of Surry, 
 and governor of Farnham castle, but not un- 
 derstanding military afi'airs he came lo the 
 king at Oxford, where, in iOi-3, he publish- 
 ed his " Cooper's hill," a poem, says Dry- 
 den, which for majesty of style is and ever 
 vill be the standard of good writing. Hi^; 
 attacbinent to the royal cause during the 
 civil Avars, insured him the confidence of the 
 (jueen, who intrusted him with a commis- 
 sion to her unfortunate husband a captive in 
 the army. He afterwards went as anibassa- 
 dgr with lord Croft from Charles II. to Po- 
 
 land, and in 1562 he returned to England, 
 where he found his estates greatly reduced 
 in consequence of his former habits of ga- 
 ming, and the ].ersecutions of the civil war» 
 For about a year he was hospitably entei- 
 tained by lord Pembroke. At the restora- 
 tion he entered upon his office of surveyor 
 general to the king's buildings, and at the 
 coronation he was created K. B. In the lat- 
 ter i>art ofhislife, in consequence of some 
 domestic difference on his second marriage, 
 he unfortunatch'^ lost his senses, which he 
 however recovered. He wrote some verses 
 on Cowley's death, and soon followed him 
 to the grave. He died March 1G68, and 
 was buried in Westminster-abbey near the 
 remains of Chaucer, Spenser, and Cowley. 
 Denham's works have been published to- 
 gether at different times, the sixth edition 
 of which appeared in 1719. These poems 
 are above 20 in number, containing besides 
 the Sophy, and Cooper's hill, the destruc- 
 tion of Troy, and Cato Major. Wood men- 
 tions other works of Denham, such as a new 
 version of the psalms, a panegyric on gen- 
 eral Monk, the true presbyterian, Sec. Den- 
 ham, as Johnson has observed, is deservedly 
 considered as one of the fathers of Enghsh 
 poetry. Cooper's hill is the work that con- 
 fers upon him tht^ rank and dignity of au 
 original author. He seems to have been, at 
 least among us, the author of a species of 
 compc sition that may be denominated local 
 poetry, of which the fundamental subject is 
 some particular landscape to be poetically 
 described, v ith the a<ldition of such embel- 
 hshments as may be supplied by historical ret- 
 rospections or incidental meditation. He is 
 one of the writers that improved our taste 
 and advanced our language, and whom we 
 ought therefore to read with gratitude, 
 though having done much, he left much to 
 do. 
 
 Denelle, an infamous revolutionist. 
 He was the friend of Marat, and shared all 
 his crimes, and at last, after tryit!g to poison 
 his wife and five children, he killed them 
 v\ith his own hand with blows. He expiated 
 his crimes on the scaffold. 
 
 Denneu, Balthasar, a portrait painter, 
 born at Hamburgh 1G85. He was offeretl, iii 
 London, for his excellent portrait of an old 
 woman, 500 guineas which he refused. He 
 died 17i7. 
 
 Dennis, Jokn, an Englisli critic, born in 
 London 1057, and educated at Harrow and 
 Caius college, Cambridge. After taking his 
 bachelor's degree he was expelled for at- 
 tempting to stab a person in the dark, upon 
 which he travclle^l over France and Italy, 
 and at his return set up for a man of fashiou 
 ami of wit. He began his literary career 
 as early as 1090, and continued to write till 
 his death in 173.'). He was intimate with the 
 gre;it and the learned of the times, but his 
 tifinper was so violent, and his pride atul sus- 
 picions so great, that his lite was a continual 
 scene of tumult and quarrel, infftuued and 
 cherished by the invertives of his pen. He 
 wrote in 1692, a pindaric ode ou William'.'- 
 
DK 
 
 DE 
 
 rictory at Aglirim, and lie also Iicuoved the 
 (loath of tliat intjiiurch iiiid that oi'his <|iieen, 
 with poetical iiKCtise. lu I7()t «:>»iic his la- 
 vorito tragedy ** Lihcrfy asHcrled," in which 
 he used such vioh-nl lanmiavje against the 
 French nation that in the i»ride ofself-con- 
 setiticnce he persua<l*l hlnl^nJl^■ peace could 
 never he rc-estahlished hctween the two 
 countries without ids being delivered uj) to 
 the olFendcd enemy. With this idea lie ap- 
 plied to the duke of Marlborough f<»r his pro- 
 lectrin, viii) declared to the alarnie<l [»oet 
 that he liad no inHuence with the ministry, 
 but that he thought, without hriiig terrilictl, 
 Ills own case as desperate, as he had done the 
 Frencli almost as much mischief as Mv. 
 Dennis himself This singular character 
 thus exposed lo ridicule, is said on another 
 occasion to have been walking near the sea 
 while the guest of a friend in Sussex, and 
 that at the sudden sight of a ship sailing as 
 lie imagined towards him, he decamped in 
 the greatest hurry, calling his friend a trai- 
 tor for conspiring to deliver his person up 
 lo the French, llis poems on the battles of 
 Blenheim and Ilamillies gained him the 
 i'rieudsiiip of the victorious hero of the day, 
 ^vho presented him with lOOl. and procure(l 
 liim an appointment in the customs worth 
 120/. per annum. He also wrote some prose 
 pieces, especially priestcraft dangerous, Sec. 
 against SachevercU's political union, aud 
 some severe reflections on Pope's essay on 
 criticism, and Addison's Cato. This not 
 only occasioned a curious pamphlet cdled 
 the narrative of Dr. liobert Xorris, con- 
 cerning the strange and deplorable frenzy 
 of Mr. John Dennis, but it drew upon him 
 the satirist's resentment, and entitled him 
 to a conspicuous place among the heroe-s of 
 the Dunciad. Though now disregarded as a 
 writer and a critic, he was esteemed in his 
 day, hut it was observed by a wit that Den- 
 nis was the fittest man in the world to in- 
 struct a dramatic writer, for he laid doM n 
 rules for w riting good plays, and showed him 
 ■what were had by his own. 
 
 Denny, sir Antliony, a favorite of Henry 
 Vni. born at Cheshunt, and educated at St. 
 Paul's school and St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. H^s great abilities sooa recommend- 
 ed him to the court, where he became gen- 
 tleman of the bed cliamlicr, groom of the 
 stole, and a privy counsellor. He was also 
 knighted by the king, and in the general 
 plunder of the property of the church, sir 
 Anthony received from his capricious master 
 very large and valuable grants of lands in 
 Hertfordshire. When Henry was on his 
 death bed, sir Anthony alone had the cour- 
 age a^id humanity to approach him, to re- 
 mind him of his situation, and to exhort him 
 to devote the few remaining moments of life 
 to the momentousconccrns of religion. The 
 king had such an opinion of his integrity, 
 that he made him one of the executors of 
 his will, and of the counsellors of his suc- 
 cessor, and gave him a legacy of 300/. Sir 
 Anthony was a man of great piety as wyll as 
 'earning. He died 1550, leaving by his ?ady 
 
 Joan, daughter of sir Philip C>hamprrnr,n ci' 
 .Modburv, Devon, six children, of whnri 
 Henry the eldest was faflier of Kdward who 
 was knighted, and in IG2G made earl of Nor- 
 wich. 
 
 Denton, John, an Knglish divine*, ed<i- 
 catcd at Clarchall, Cimnbridge, and ejected 
 for nonconformity from tbe living of OiwaM 
 kii-k, Yorkshire, in lC>h2. He afterwards 
 conformed and after being rc-ordained, was 
 presented to the living of Stonegrave, .ind a 
 prebend of York, w hich he held till his death 
 4th January 170S, in his .S,3d year. He pub- 
 lished some sermons and religious tracts, and 
 was the intimate friend and correspondent of 
 Tillolson afterwards the primate. 
 
 Dentrecoi.les, Francis Xavier, a Je- 
 suit, born at Lyons l66i.. He went to China 
 as missionary' with Parcnnin, and he died 
 there on the same year as his associate 1741, 
 and both aged 77. This Jesuit wrote several 
 works in the Chinese language to recom- 
 mend the christian religion to the disciple.s 
 of Confucius, and some iuleresting pieces of 
 his are also found in " lettres edifiantes &c 
 curieiises," and in du Halde's China. 
 
 Den YS, James, an historical painter, bortt 
 at Antwerp lGi5. He studied in Italy, and 
 resided for some time at the court of Mantua, 
 where he was highly honored. He returned 
 afterwards to his native city, where he died. 
 
 DEPARCiEfX, Anthony, a mathemati- 
 cian, born in the diocese of Usez. He wrote 
 a treatise on trigonometry 4to. — essays ou 
 tlio probabilities of the duration of human 
 life Hto. a \aluable work, which obtained liiin 
 a seat in the academy of sciences, — memoir 
 on the inundations of the river Seine, kc. 
 His skill was much applauded in his con- 
 struction of smt-dials on a new ])lan, and also 
 foF his meridian lines. He died 17GS, aged 
 G5. 
 
 Derby, James Stanley carl of, an Kng- 
 lish nobleman, celebrated for his courage 
 during the civil wars. W^ith only CoO horse 
 he bravely defended himself at Wigan against 
 col. Lilburne and 500() horse and foot, but 
 when taken at the battle of Worcester, he 
 was basely beheade<l tliough faithfully pro- 
 mised pardon, October 15th, 1651. His 
 widow imitated his heroic conduct, aiid after 
 the brave defence of Latham house, she re- 
 tired to the Isle of Man, where she tlelied 
 the attacks of her enemies. She was the 
 last person who sabmiltcd to the power of 
 the regicides. 
 
 DEiiCY I.LIU AS, aLacedamonian general, 
 w4io avenged his country against tUe Persians 
 and defended Chersonesus against the in- 
 roads of the Thracians almut 400 B. ('. 
 
 Dereing, Edward, an eminent <livine, 
 born in Kent, fellow of Christ's college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was pi-cacherat St. Paul's Lon- 
 don, and distinguished himself by his elo- 
 quence before the court. He died 1576, 
 much respected for his piety as well as learn- 
 ing. He wrote sermons, — lectures on the 
 epistle to the Hebrew*, — answer to Harding, 
 
 Derham, WilliatD. an aide philosopher 
 
DE 
 
 BE 
 
 and divine, boTii at vStougliton near Worces- 
 ter, 26th November 1657, niul educated at 
 Blockley, and Trinity collcjje, Oxford. He 
 Avas presented in 168'2 to Wurgruve vlcar- 
 ao;c, Berks, and in 1080 to Upniinster rcctorj-, 
 Essex. He devoted the best p^rt oi' his time 
 lo mathematics and experimental philoso- 
 phy. He was chosen leliow of tlie royal so- 
 ciety, and enrichei] the philosophical trans- 
 actions with many cnrious and valuable com- 
 munications. In 171 G lie was made canon of 
 Windsor, and the imivcrsity of Oxford in 
 1730 honorabl}' granted liim tlie degree of 
 D.U. for his meritorious services in the cause 
 of science. This pious and good man, a'ways 
 employed in tlie labors of philosophy, hu- 
 manity and religion, died 5th April 17.3;), 
 Aged 78, and was buried at Upminster. His 
 publications are very numerous, not less than 
 40, and mostly on philosophical subjects. The 
 best known of his works are his physico-the- 
 olo»y, 16 discourses preached at Boyle's in- 
 stitution 1711 and V2, and in 1714 his astro- 
 theology, and in 1730 his christo-theology, a 
 sermon to ])rove the divine origin of Chris- 
 tianity, besides the artificial clock-maker, 
 an ingenious book the fourth edition of 
 which was published 1734. He also assisted 
 some of his literary friends, he revised the 
 *' miscellanea curioso," he prepared note.s 
 and observations for Eleazer xMbin's natural 
 history 4 vols. 4to. and published some pieces 
 of Mr. Ray, and also the experiments of 
 Dr. Robert Hooke. He left behind him a 
 very valuable collection of curiosities. 
 
 Dering, sir Edward, a native of Kent, 
 very violent in parliament in favor of repub- 
 lican principles. He brought in a bill for the 
 abolition of bisliops, deans, and chapters, 
 and proposed other plans of reforms. xVfter- 
 Avards Iwwever he changed his opinion and 
 espoused the royal cause which he supported 
 with a troop of horse, equipped at his own 
 expense. He was a gi-eat sufferer in the civil 
 wars, and died before the restoration. His 
 speeches in parliament were published in 4to. 
 Uerhick, Samuel, a linen draper of 
 Dublin, who in 1751 came to London with 
 the intention of supporting himself as a lite- 
 rary character. He once attempted the 
 character of Glocester in Jane Shore, but with 
 such ill success that it was never I'epeated. 
 After this he subsisted by pampldet writing, 
 but his extravagance led him into perpetual 
 difficulties. He was on Beau Nash's death 
 by means of his friends appointed in his place 
 •master of the ceremonies at Bath and Tun- 
 bridge, but ill conduct prevented his rise to 
 independence, and he died very poor 7th of 
 March 17G'J, aged •>.'>. He translated among 
 other things Sylla, a dramatic entertainment 
 by the king of Prussia, Svo. 1753. 
 
 Dekyk or Derick, Peter Cornclins, a 
 landscape painter of Delft, the pupil of Hu- 
 bert Jacobs. He studied afterwards in Italy, 
 and died H)30, aged 62. 
 
 Deryke, William, an historical painter 
 at Antwerp, who died 1697. 
 
 Desagumers, John Theophilus, son of 
 a protestant minister at Kochelle, where he 
 ^va6 born li'th March 1683, and which he 
 
 left at the revocation of the edict of Nantes. 
 He Avas educated at Christ church, Oxford, 
 and he succeeded Dr. Kiel in reading lectures 
 on experimental philosophj-. In 1712 he 
 married, and was the first Avho introduced 
 the reading of lectures iu l,ondon, where he 
 had for his audience not only the learned 
 and the great, but also George J. and George 
 II. and the royal family. He M-as patronised 
 by the duke of Ch;indos, who gave him the 
 living of Edgwarc, and he afterAvards became 
 cliaphiin to the prince of Wales, and had a 
 valuable living in Essex. In the latter part 
 of his life, he had lodgings under the piazzas, 
 Covent-^ardiMi, where his lectures wei'e con- 
 tinued till his death 174y. He Avas member 
 of several foreign academies, and published 
 a course of experimental philosophy, 2 vols. 
 4to. 1734, — Grave.sand's mathematical ele- 
 ments of natural philosophy, — and an edition 
 of (Trcgory's elements of catoptrics and 
 dioptrics. 
 
 Desaix, Lewis Charles Antliony, a 
 French general, born of a r'^spectabie family 
 at Vegon, near Uiom in August 1708. He 
 embraced the military yn*ofession as lieuten- 
 ant in the regiment of Britany, and at the 
 revolution he assisted Custine as his aid-de- 
 camp. He Mas wounded in the cheek at the 
 battle of Lauterburg, hut disregarded the 
 pain Avhile he boUlly rallied the jiehling bat- 
 talions to the fight. He Avas general of di- 
 vision under Moreau, wiiom he assisted in 
 his glorious retreat from the Danube ; and 
 afterwards he drove the (ierraans from the 
 Rhine, and at the battle of liastadt he obliged 
 the archduke Charles to retreat. He bravely 
 defended the bridge of Kehl, and aftei'wards 
 in consequence of the treaty of Campo For- 
 mio, he attended Bonaparte into Egypt. In 
 this distant country, he OAeiy where dis- 
 played the same presence of mind, the same 
 braver}', and after disjjersing the x\rabs, and 
 the scattered forces of Murnd-bey, and El- 
 phi-bey, he was named commander of Upper 
 Egypt Avhich his valor and steadiness had 
 completely subdued. After Bonaparte's re- 
 treat from Egyi)t he signed the treaty of 
 El-arisch with the English and the Turks, 
 and returned to Europe, but was detained as 
 a prisoner by lord Keith. When set at lib- 
 erty he l.astened back to France, and found 
 his friend Bonaparte advancing to the con- 
 (juest of Italy. His happy arrival, after a 
 severe march of 30 miles, with a fresh squad- 
 ron, gave the decision to the memorable bat- 
 tle of Marengo, hut at the very moment 
 that he insured the victory to his already 
 yielding countrymen, the brave Desaix re- 
 ceived a latal shot in the breast and immedi- 
 ately expired I4th June 1800. He was buri- 
 ed with the military honors Avhich his ser- 
 vices and his private virtues deserved. 
 
 Desault, Peter, a native of Arsac, dis- 
 tinguished as a piiysician. His treatise on riie 
 venereal disease and on tlie method of curing 
 it withoHt salivation, Avas mucli admired, and 
 also that on the stone in the kidneys, and ihe 
 bl.adder, which Avas attacked by Astruc. He 
 died at Bourdeaux 1737, aged 02. 
 Desault, Peter Josppli;, a Frencli sar- 
 
DE 
 
 Di: 
 
 {;eon Avliosr: journal de cliiinii'gie was trans- 
 lated into Ens'lisli by (iosliii!:;. He was horn 
 at Magnibeniois n<':»i; M:\«;()ii, and liicil .Iuim.- 
 1st 1795, in his -iOlli yoai-, not willmiit sunpi- 
 ciou of hcins;- poisoned for his :Uttjn«ian«-r on 
 tlie unforLunatc Lewis XV'II. Jt is n luark- 
 able that his successors, Clopart and Dfiuhlet, 
 died within four ihiys after. He had been 
 much esteemed as a professor of anatomy at 
 Paris where 3(K> pupils top;ethcr attended 
 his lectures, and also as surj^eon at the hospi- 
 tal of ihai-ily, and at ll»e hotel Di-.-ii. 
 
 Des Baureaux, James de A'allec lord, 
 a French noblornan, born at Paris lOO-J. He 
 was hroujjht up by the .lestiits, u bo in vain 
 ^•ndeavored to !,'uin him over to their society, 
 and he afterwai'ds became counsellor in llie 
 parliament of I'aris, where his wit was more 
 admired than his application. He exposed 
 hiiuself to the resentment and \)crseculion 
 of Riclielieu, by refusin,cij to yield a I'avorite 
 .mistress to the hoary libertine, and thus 
 banished fron\ regular emi)lo} ment he spent 
 liis lime in visiling his friends, and in pursu- 
 ing his pleasures. About four or five years 
 before his death, however, he began to re- 
 llect upon the vicious course of lus conduct, 
 and after disregarding the truths and the 
 practice of Christianity, he gave himself up 
 to Sicrious meditation, and to penitence. He 
 retired to the pure air of Chaion on tlie 
 Scan, where, niter an exemplai'y close of 
 life, lie died 1647. Some time before his 
 death he wrote the famous sonnet so full of 
 conti'ition " grand dieu, tes jra^emens," kc 
 He was, in tite days of his gaiety and liber- 
 tinism, author of some poems in Lalin, and 
 also in French, and of sonie popular songs, 
 &e. 
 
 Desbii.i-ons, Francis Joseph, a French 
 Jesuit, horn at Chateauneuf 2;>th January 
 iril. After readuig lectures in the colleges 
 of Caen, Xevers, la Fleche, and Boui'ges, he 
 came to Paris, where he studied for 15 years 
 in the college of Lewis XIV. At the aboli- 
 tion of his ordej- 1763, he retjred to Man- 
 heim, where he published his fables, on which 
 lie had so long been engaged, 530 in number, 
 divided into 15 books, in two vols. He also 
 published a learned edition of Phaidrus, and 
 wrote some Latin poems, and left in MS. 
 an history of the Latin tongue. He died 19th 
 March 178S, aged 7S. 
 
 Dr.sBois, Francis Ale.xander, author of a 
 military dictionaiy 3 vols. Svo. — a dictionary 
 of agriculture two vols. Svo. — a dictionary 
 of animals V vols. Svo. and other works, died 
 in the public hospital at Paris 1784. aged 85. 
 
 Des Cartes, Rene, a French philoso- 
 pher. 77V/ Carves. 
 
 Deseuicius or Deseritt,, Joseph In- 
 nocent, a native of Nitra in Hungary, made 
 a Koman cardinal, and sent by Henedict 
 XIV. as .-imbassador to the hospodar ofWal- 
 lachia. Ho died 1765, aged 03. He wrote 
 7>ro cultu lilerarum in Ihmgaria, ac specia- 
 tim civilate difficesifpie vindicatio, 4to. — de 
 initiis k majnribns Hungarorum con>men- 
 taria, 5 vols. fol. — historia episuopatus dia»cc- 
 sis & civitatis A"aeiensip, fol. 8cc. 
 
 Desgodt-ts, Anthony, a native of Paris, 
 eminent as an architect. When going to 
 lionic in 1671 he was captured by the Alge* 
 rines, and remained Hi months in jJavery, 
 and wh'-n he i-eacheil the c i]>ital of Italy at 
 last, he composed his work '* l!ie ancient edi- 
 fices of Uonie drawn ami measured with ex- 
 actness,'' fol. which was newly edited 1779. 
 He was made comptroller of the royal buil- 
 dings ai F'arisand architect to the king. He 
 died 17~S, ag.-d 75. 'I'woof hi.s works on ar- 
 chitecli'ie have app(!ar''<l since his death. 
 
 Desit ,\ is, Jolm IJa^jtist Henry, a French 
 p;iinter, l)orn at linuen 1729. Under the di- 
 rection of ^'e:■mont, Itestout, and Carlo Van- 
 loo, he improved his strong natural abilities, 
 and in 1751 obti.Ined the \):'i7.e of the acade- 
 my. After vihilii;g li'iiiie for improvement 
 and iiiformation, he returned to Paris, and 
 was admitted itito t!'.e academy with univer- 
 sal apj)robatJon. The superior merit of his 
 pictures ])i-omised the noblest monumeiits .of 
 genius to adorn the Fren(di school, but he 
 unfortunately died in the midst of his cai'eer 
 in 1765. The most celebrated of his pie- 
 ces are the marriage of the Virgin, the re- 
 surrection of Lazarus, Potiphar's wife and 
 Joseph, the combat of Achilles and Xanthus, 
 Jupiter and AntJope, Artemisia at her hus- 
 band's tomb, &c. 
 
 Desiderius or Didier, last king of 
 liOmbardy, succeeded Astolphus 756. His 
 invasion of the papal dominions was resisted 
 at the retjuest of the pope by Charleraagne 
 his son-in-law, and Didier was made prisoner 
 and died in France. His other daughter had 
 married a brother of Charlemagn«, Carlo- 
 man, tmother son of Pepin king of France. 
 
 Desm.vhis, Joseph Francis Edward de 
 Corsembleu, a French writer, born at Sua- 
 ly-sur-loire, who died February 25th 1761, 
 aged 38. He was a man of great abilities, 
 verv amiable in his manners, moderate in his 
 wishes, and benevolent m his mtercourse 
 Avith mankind. He used to say, " AVhen my 
 fi-icud laughs, it is his business to inform me 
 of the cause of his joy ; bi;t Avhen he weep?, 
 it is mine to discover the sources of his 
 grief," He wrote the comedy of the** im- 
 pertinent," which met with great applause. 
 He also wrote miscellaneous works, and in 
 his poetical pieces displayed ease, grace, and 
 elegance. His works were publislied 1777, 
 two vols. 12mO. Paris. 
 
 Des Mai2,eaux, Peter, a learned biog- 
 rapher, born at Auvergne 1666, where his 
 father was a protcstant minister. He came 
 early to England and was elected secretary 
 to the ro5-al society. He died 1745. He 
 edited the works of St. Evrcmont three vols 
 4to. and also published the life of Bayle, pre- 
 fixed to his dictionary. He had some band in 
 the general historical dictionary, 10 vols. fo:. 
 and in other useful works, and wrote the 
 lives of Chillingworth and John Hales. 
 
 Desmares, Toussaint, a priest, native '^f 
 Vire in Normandy. He defended the cauv 
 of the Jansenists before pope Innocent X. 
 and distingnished himself by his sermons. 
 He was persecuted for his opinions, but hu- 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 jiianely protected bv the duke ol'Liancourt^ 
 at ■whose house in Beauvias he ended his 
 days 1G87, aged ST. lie vrote tl«e necro- 
 loge de port rcrval, printed 4to. 1723, and 
 other Avnrks. 
 
 Desmarets, Nicholas, nephew of Col- 
 bert, and minister of state and coinptroHer in 
 the reign of LeAvis XIV. died 1721. He 
 published a very curious and interesting ac- 
 count of his administration. 
 
 Desmoletp, Veter Nic])olas, an ecclesi- 
 astic, born at Paris. He edited Lamy's trea- 
 tise de tabernaculo fuederis sancta civitr.te Je- 
 rusalem k teinplo ejus fol. — Ponget's insti- 
 lutiones catholieaj in inoduiu catcclitseos, 2 
 vois. tbl. — and continaed Sallengre's rne- 
 raoirs of literature, 11 vols. iC'mo. He died 
 17G0, aged S3. 
 
 J3ESMOUL1NS, Benedict Camille, a native 
 of Guise in Picardy, xvlio displayed his re- 
 publican zeal at the taking of the Bastille, and 
 in the demolition of the monarchy. As the 
 friend ofDanton he was one of the original 
 founders of the Jacobin club, and he had a 
 share in the atrocities of the 20th of June 
 and the 10th of August 1792. His influence 
 in the convention was seen with jealousy by 
 Robespierre, and he marked for slaughter 
 the man who presumed to defend Orleans, 
 and to talk of a committee of clemency in 
 the midst of a sanguinar}' assembl^^ The 
 fall of Dan ton was !iis own ; when seized in 
 the night, .3 1st March 1794, he opened his 
 windows to call in vain for help against the 
 satellites of tyranny, and with Young's night 
 thoughts, and Harvey's meditations in his 
 hand, he was dragged to prison, and imme- 
 diately after to the scaffold. His writings 
 were periodical — the revolutions of PVance 
 and Brabant — the history of tiie Brissotins — 
 the Vieux Cordelier. His wife, who wished 
 to share his fate, was permitted to follow him 
 10 days after to the scatioid. When asked 
 his age by the bloody ti-ibunal, he answered, 
 ** My age is that of Jesus Christ when he suf- 
 fered death," 35. 
 
 D'EsPAGN^E, .lobn, minister of a French 
 congregation at Durham-hoMse, Strand, died 
 about lOGO. He was much admired as a 
 preacher, and several of his works have been 
 translated into English. They are all on tlic- 
 ological subjects. 
 
 i)ESPARD, Edward Marcus, a native of 
 Queen's county in Ireland, of a respectable 
 family. He early embraced a military life, 
 ftnd was employed in the West Indies, on 
 the Spanish main, and in the bay of Hondu- 
 ras, where he was appointed superintendant 
 ofthe English colony. His cotuluct in this 
 office gave offence to the settlers, and in con- 
 quence of their ccnnplaints he was recalled 
 home 1790; but M'hen he applied to govern- 
 ment to investigate his administration his 
 representations were rejected without ex- 
 planation. This rendered liim a disaffected 
 subject, and the French revolution no soon- 
 er tended to disseminate principlcsof disloy- 
 alty and rebellion, than he warmly embraced 
 the new doctrines. He was seized for his 
 3<*iiitious conduct, under the suspension of 
 
 the habeas corpus act, and cojifined in sev- 
 eral prisons, but when at last liberated, past 
 misfortunes had marie no impression upon 
 him, but rather stimulated him to revenge. 
 He now formed the plan of seducing the sol- 
 diery from their allegiance, and in the se- 
 cret committees which he held Avith liis as- 
 sociates, under the sanction of a solemn oath 
 it was agitated to assassinate the king, as he 
 proceed&d to the opening of parliament. This 
 murderous design -was happily discovered by 
 come of the accomplices, and Despard and 
 his associates were seized, and tried at a 
 spcicial commission in Southwark, 5th Febru- 
 ary 1803, and on an impartial trial his atro- 
 cious guilt was made too evident to deserve 
 pardon. He suffered on the 21st March witli 
 nine others, and after their lieads had been 
 c«t off, tUetr bodies were delivered to their 
 friends for interment. Witliout contrition, 
 sorrow, or concern, this infatuated man met 
 his fate, and convinced the spectators how 
 well qualified he was for the worst of nefari- 
 ous attempts. 
 
 Despautere, John, a Flemish gram- 
 marian, who was born at Ninove, and died 
 at Comines 1520. He had the use of only 
 one eye. His works, which were chiefly 
 grammatical, were in great vogue in ail schools 
 at one time, but now they have given way 
 to more modern and methodical elements of 
 education. 
 
 Despierres, John, superior of the Ben- 
 edictine college at Douay, died there l66i, 
 aged 67. He was eminent as a mathemati- 
 cian, and as a mechanic, and wrote treatises 
 on the lioman calendar — a defence of the 
 vulgats translation ofthe bible — a commen- 
 tai-y on the psalms, &c. — and lie also con- 
 structed an iron sphere which with great ex- 
 actness represented the planetary system. 
 
 Desp LACES, an eminent French engra- 
 ver, who died 1749. His best pieces were 
 his soldier holding a dagger at Astynax in 
 his mother'sarms, his descent from the cross, 
 after Jouvenet, hisi-ape of Helen after Guido. 
 Another of the same name engraved several 
 pieces for the cabinet de Crozat. 
 
 Uesportes, Claiwle a painter of Cham- 
 pagne, who died at Paris 1743, aged 82. He 
 was highly favored by Lewis XIV. and XV. 
 His best pieces are preserved at Marly. He 
 excelled in grotesque fi";ures, and in animals, 
 flowers, fruits, &c. His son and nephew 
 were equally celebrated. 
 
 Destouches, Andi*ew, a Frenchman, 
 who went to Siam, and abandoned the pro- 
 fession of a soldier, for that of inusician. 
 Though unacquainted with rules, by the 
 mere powers of gv'nius he produced his Isse, 
 an opera, Avhich so highly pleased the French 
 king, that he gave him 200 louis, with many 
 commendations. Afterwards he studied the 
 rules of musical composition, but his other 
 pieces were never equal to Isse. He died 
 1749. 
 
 Destro tJCHES, Philip Nericaut, a French 
 dramatic writer, born at Tours, and educa- 
 ted at Paris. He shone also as a negotiator 
 in Swltzcrlaud, and lastly in London, where 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 Ijc nesided seven years, and wlicic he txv.w- 
 riod. On liis return lo I'aris he was receiv- 
 C(l with esteem for his serviies, lint the death 
 of the re};;ent slialteied his fair liojx-s of pro- 
 ferment aiul reuar»l, and he I'elired to I'ort- 
 «>iseau,near Mclun, where he f<jr;j;(>L the in- 
 fjratitude of the eoiirL in the cidtivatinn oi' 
 the muses and of a;>rieulture. Cardinal 
 Fk:tirj' in vain \vislied to draw him fron\ his 
 retirement to go to liussia. He died ir.)i. 
 His works were puhhshed hy his son, by the 
 oriler of Lewis XV. 4 vols. 175T, an<l 10 vols. 
 l'2mo. Tliou);h devoid of the ,i;:iiety of Kei;- 
 Bard, and the strong touches of Moliere, he 
 yet commands attention by ids interesting 
 scenes, and his tender an<l afTeeling delinea- 
 tions of nature. His Pliilosophe 3Iarie, and 
 his Glorieux, a comedy, rank, next to the 
 compositious of Voltaire. 
 
 Dev AL'Xj.Tolin, a native of Paris, esteem- 
 ed rs a surgeon, and author of a treatise on 
 preserving health, by inslinct — on making 
 reports on surgery — and other works, be- 
 sides translations of medical works into 
 French. He died 1729, aged 80. 
 
 Devereux, Robert, earl of Essex, the 
 favorite of Elizabeth, was born lOth Novem- 
 ber 1507, at Netherwood, Herefordshire, and 
 under the guardianship of lord Burleigh he 
 was educated at Cambridge by Dr. VVhit- 
 gift afterwards primate. His first appear- 
 ance at court was in his 17th year, and in 
 15S5 he accompanied tVte earl of Leicester to 
 Holland, and distinguished himself greatly by 
 liis courage at the battle of Zutphcn. At 
 his return he was master of the liorse to the 
 queen, and at the assembling of an army at 
 'i'ilbury fort against the Spanish invasion, he 
 was declared general under Leicester, and 
 soon after made knight of the garter. Thus 
 clevatodin rank he disputed for the qiieen's fa- 
 vor with sjr Charles Blunt earl of Uevont;!iire, 
 who wounded him in the knee, but after- 
 wards became his most inilmate friend. In 
 1589 he went with sir John Norris and Fran- 
 cis Drake in the expedition to replace Anto- 
 nio on the throne of Portugal, hut as it v/as 
 without the queen's permission, he was soon 
 recalled with marks of displeasure, which, 
 howevei', his presence soon dissi[)ated. His 
 private niairiage with the widow of sir Phil- 
 ip Sidne}, daughter of sir Francis^ Walsing- 
 ham, was also disagreeable to tlie queen, and 
 his unsuccessful expedition to assist Henry 
 IV. of France, and Ids quarrel with lord 
 Burleigh aljout the Si>anish war, tended to 
 show the violence of his temper and tlie am- 
 bition of his heart. Though Burleigh, by 
 proposing a peace with Spain, opposed liioi, 
 yet he loved liim, and after the death of that 
 statesman, I'sscx found that he had lost a 
 most valuable fi-iend, whose advice and pro- 
 tection often interposed between him and 
 the commission of wrong. lie succcoded 
 Burleigh as cliancellor of Cambi-idge, but 
 his enemies viewed the increase of his digni- 
 ties with a jealous eye. When a consulta- 
 tion toolv i)lace about appointing a viceroy in 
 Ireland, the queen recommetided sir "Wil- 
 liam KnOUis, and i'^ssuv sir Gcorgo Carcw, 
 
 and when the favorite saw his mistress un- 
 willing to yield to his persuasion, he con- 
 temptuously tujMietl his back upon hei\ Kli- 
 iiabeth resented the ill ecjnductof Lssex, and 
 gave him a box on tho car, upon which he 
 placed his hand on his sword, \>iih threaten- 
 ing 'attitude, swearing he vv'ould ut/L t;ike 
 such an atlVont even li-om lier fallier. The 
 cfiurtiers \)resent interfered, and Im- left the 
 j)alace with unsubdued indignation. His 
 friends however prevailed upf>h hiin to make: 
 concessions, and he was app;ii-ently recon- 
 ciled to Elizabeth, and soon aft«;r by the ar- 
 tifice of his enemies sent over to Ii-eland. 
 The ill success of his ministry there encour- 
 a*:ed his opponents, who persuaded the queen 
 to levy an army under Nottingham, to coun- 
 tei-act the rebellious schemes of Essex. Es- 
 sex heai'd of their plans, and coming sud- 
 denly over to England, he was apparently 
 received with cordiality, but soon aflei' strip- 
 ped of all his honors excei)t of the ofTice ot" 
 master of the horse. VV'hile thus disgraced, 
 he was advised by his favorite Cutle to re- 
 store himself to tlie fiiieen's partiality by 
 force, but though he disap?)roved all violent 
 measures, he could not I'etrain saying the 
 queen grew old and cankereiJ, and that her 
 ruind was as crooked as her carcass. The 
 rash words were repovted to the queen, and 
 Essex was summoned to appear l)efore the 
 council, but he conceived his person in dan- 
 ger, and instead of submitting he prepared 
 to resist. After an unavailing struggle, and 
 some bloodshed, he surrendered ami vns 
 conveyed to the toMcr. He was arraigned 
 before his peers on the I9th Febrnarv IGOI, 
 and condemned to lose his head, and his e>s- 
 ccution took place on the ii5th. He was ia 
 person tall, but careless in his dress. He 
 was learned and to his honor protected and 
 encouraged learned men. Warm in his 
 friendships, and sound, except in icw instan- 
 ces, in Ids morals, he was a good protestant. 
 It is remarkable that his execution took 
 place net without great struggles in the 
 (|ueen'3 aft'ections. In the days of their 
 friendship, she had given him a ring with 
 promises that it would restore him at all 
 times to her favor, aud therefore she sultered 
 to he sacrificed the mait who so proudly re- 
 fused to purchase and at so little price her 
 pardon. The fatal ring indeed was sent hv 
 the rcpeuting Essex, but lady Howard the 
 bearer refused to deli ve;; it, and on her death- 
 ))cd she revealed to the queen her ill conduct, 
 which she attributed to the jealousy f»f Ijer 
 hu.sband. The queen heard t'ne dreadful 
 talc with a^tonisliir.ent, she retired over- 
 whelmed w'lih grief, and a few weeks after 
 expired. 
 
 Deveret'X, Rolicrt, carl of Essex, squ 
 of Klizabelh's favorite was born 1502, and 
 educated at Mcrtou college, Oxford, undvr 
 sir Hexiry Saville. His marriage with lad)- 
 Frances Howard, lord Suffolk's daughter, 
 was very unfortunaU;, for the lady accu.'Jtd 
 him of ioipotency, and obtained a <livorc.c 
 that she might many her new favorite Cair 
 ca'rl of Som-ersct. Essex served in the Pa- 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 l:duia,te under sir Horatio Vere, and in Itol- 
 I'and, under prince M:^iirice, aud on his re- 
 turn to Engiatul appeared in parliament as 
 a violent opposer of the measures of govern- 
 ment. During the civil wars lie headed the 
 parliameutary army, faced the king's forces 
 at Edgehill, and at the tirst battle of New- 
 bury, and after reducing Reading and re- 
 lieving Giocester he in 1044 retiu-ned to the 
 west of England. Here he was unsuc- 
 cessful against the king's troops, and he 
 owed his safety to flight by sea irom the un- 
 tenable garrisons of Cornwall. In 164.5 the 
 parliament, jealous of his pov/er, or dissat- 
 isfied witli his conduct, dejjrived inni of liis 
 office by the self-denying ordinance, and the 
 next year he died at Essex-house in the 
 .Strand. 
 
 D'ewes, sir Symonds, an English histo- 
 rian and antiquarian, born in 160i3, at Cox- 
 den Dorsetshire, the S'jat of Mr. Symonds, 
 his mother's lather. His ancestei-s came 
 from the Low Countries. In 1G18 he cnter- 
 c<l at St. Jolm's college, Cambridge, and 
 two years after began Ins collection of mate- 
 rials for an hist oiy of England. His learn- 
 ing and his labors rccoinmendcd him to the 
 jiofice of the most distinguished characters 
 of the times, of Cotton, Spelman, Selden, 
 and otiiers. In iG'Jf} he married Anne 
 dsiugliter of sir "SMlliam Clopton, who Avas 
 scarce IS, with m liom he lived in great do- 
 mestie happiness. His great work was fin- 
 ished when he attained his .30th year, but he 
 did not publisli i(, and it appeared after- 
 wards under the title of Journals of all the 
 parliaments during the reign of Elizabeth, 
 bic revised by Paul JioAves 1682, folio. He 
 served tlie office of sheriff for sufiolk, and 
 ■vras knighted, and in 1641 was made bai'onet ; 
 but iiothwitiistanding these marks of royal fa- 
 vor, he embraced the cause of the parliament. 
 He sat in the house till December 1048, 
 v.lien he was ejected for supposed attach- 
 ment to the king. He died April ISth 1650, 
 and was succeeded by bis son A\ illougbby, 
 to whom tlie journals were inscribed by Mr. 
 Bowes. The mannei' in wliich sir Symonds 
 spoke of Camden's Britannia has drawn up- 
 on him the censures of se\cral wrilers, and 
 be certainly was very injudicious in asserting 
 that scarce a page of it was free (Vom er- 
 rors. From his M.SS. preserved among the 
 Harleian papers, there are some particulars 
 of his life. 
 
 I)e Witt, John, the famous pensiona- 
 ry of Holland, was born at Dort in 1625, and 
 educated there. His abilities were so great, 
 and his improvement so rapid, that at the 
 age of 23 he published his " Elementa cur- 
 varum linearum," a work displaying the 
 <leepest knowledge of mathematics. After 
 taking the degree of L. L. D. and travelling 
 i'or some time, he was made pensionax'y of 
 iiis native town, and began to distinguish 
 irimself by liis skill in ]»oiilical afiairs. He 
 warmly hut unsuccessfully opposed the war 
 between England and his country, and when 
 afterwards raised to the high office of pen- 
 sionary fHo'hnd, ho sent amba'^sadors to 
 
 • Cromwell, to negotiate a peace. A pacifi- 
 I cation took place, but tlic secret article tf> 
 I exclude the family of Orange from the stadt- 
 I hcldcrship, brought pubhc odium on De 
 I Witt's administration. Notwithstanding the 
 clamors of his enenues, and the pulpit in- 
 vectives of the clergy, he subdued all oppo- 
 sition by his firmness, and when his office 
 expired, he was unanimously re-elected by 
 the states, 15th Sept. IGO.i. AVhen war was 
 unfortunately declared against England, af- 
 ter the restoration, De AVitt exerted all his 
 power to make the naval armaments as res- 
 pectable as possible, and after Opdam's de- 
 feat, he was one of those named to preside 
 over the licet. The fleet was shut up in the 
 Texel ; but whilst the commanders consid- 
 ed it impossible to sail but with only 10 points 
 of the compass, he by matliematical calcu- 
 lation, convinced them that only four points 
 were against them, and 28 for them, and iu 
 consequence of this, the ships were safely 
 conveyed through a passage, which since 
 that time has been called De AVitt's diep. 
 Of this affair, and of the events Avhich took 
 place afterwards, he wrote an accurate re- 
 lation, for whicii he received the thanks of 
 the state. Of the famous battle of three 
 days, in 1666, he also gave a full account to 
 the states, and in 1667 he established an 
 edictfor ever to abolish tlie stadtholdcrate in 
 Holland ; but in 1672 wlicn the prince of Or- 
 ange was nominated captain general, the 
 mob invited him to accept the office of stadt- 
 holder, and De Witt, no longer popular, re- 
 signed his office, after receiving the solemn 
 thanks of tlie states for his services. Whea 
 Holland was invaded by the French, the 
 odium was tlirown by the friends of the Or- 
 ange family on De Witt and Jus party, and 
 so violent were, the tumults, that De ^\'itt's 
 brother, Cornelius, was accused by Tick- 
 laer, a barber, and though declared inno- 
 cent, was sentenced to exile, and soon after 
 the jjrison in which he was, was attacked, 
 and he as well as Itis brother, who un- 
 fortunately was present, were inhumanly 
 butchered. Their dead bodies were drag- 
 ged to the gallows, and the Y»en£ionary's re- 
 mains were hung one loot higher than those 
 of his brother. Tlieir bodies thua insulted 
 ■were cut into a thousand pieces, and it is 
 even said, that some of the flesh was broiled 
 and cat by the savage murderers. 'J'hus fell 
 this virtuous and araiablo man, in liis 47t}i 
 year. As a politician he had no equal, and 
 his love to his country was inferior to none 
 of his other virtues. AVithout pride and 
 pomp, he lived upon little more than 700/. a 
 year, tliough at the head of a government ; 
 and with the greatest and most laudable in- 
 tegrity, he refused a gift of 10,000/. with 
 Avhicli the states wislied to reward his noblv- 
 services, observing, that such liberality was 
 a bad precedent in a government. His work 
 called, '* the true interest and political max'- 
 ims of the republic of Holland," translated 
 into English by John Campbell, is a glorious 
 monument of his abilities as a statesman, 
 and it displays the ti-ue maxims by M-hich a 
 
DI 
 
 ni 
 
 govcrnmciii ttiuy bi-comc po])uhir at home 
 :ui<I rcspccLal»le abroad, \\ jiilst it mHiiitaiiis 
 j^isUce willi liljtMl}, atul ciicourat^cs trade 
 without oppression, or inom)pol\. 
 
 Dewiti, .lames, a paiiil«i- of AnisU-r- 
 (1am, Ijorii 101)5. He was pii[)il lr) Van Hal. 
 His best work, is Moses tippointiiig the 70 
 eiders, painted for tlie burgomasters of Am- 
 stoinlani. 
 
 Devnum, John Hapti;;t Van, an emin- 
 ent miniature i»ainler of Antwerp, born 
 lGv>i). 
 
 Deyster, Lewis, an eminent ])aintcr and 
 enj^raver of Hruges, wbo died ITll, aged :y5. 
 His death of the \ iiJ^iii, is his best pieee. 
 His daughter Anne was etjually famous as a 
 painter, bnt she rclintpiislied the profession 
 10 construct organs and hari»sidionis, atid 
 consecpiently died poor, 174C, aged 50. 
 D'hosier, Peter, a native of .Marseilles, the 
 tir.st wJio formetl genealogies into a science. 
 He was patronised by Lewis XIH. and \l\ . 
 vho made him counsellor of state. He died 
 iGfiO, aged G8. 
 
 DiACONUS, Paulus, a Lombard, born at 
 Friali, and educated at the court of l*avia. 
 He became a motik in the monaster}' of 
 !Monte Casino, wiiere lie composed his his- 
 tory of the Lombards, in six books. He is 
 considered as accurate in tlie affairs of his 
 own nation, though not equally exact in 
 treating foreign afiairs. He died 770. His 
 history was printed 1611, and is also found 
 in Muratori's Jierum Ital. Scriptores. 
 
 DiAGORAS, a plulosopher born at Melos, 
 ■who professed publicly atlieism, for which 
 he was accused before the Athenians. He 
 afterwards perished in a sliip wreck, 412 
 B. C. 
 
 DiA2,, Bartiiolomew, a celebrated Portu- 
 guese navigator, who in 1406 discovered the 
 most southern cape of xVfrica, to which he 
 gave the name ofthe CapeofStorms. Thisap- 
 pellation, so ill omened, was altered by John 
 II. king of Portugal, to the name of tlie 
 Cape of Good-hope. 
 
 DiAT-, John, a Spaniard, who studied at 
 Paris, and embraced the doctrines of Lu- 
 ther. He afterwards visited Calvin at Ge- 
 neva, and Bucer at Strasburg, and met at 
 Neuburg his brother Alphonsus, who, as a 
 vinlcrnt catholic, endeavored to convert him 
 from the protestant faith. Unable to do 
 this, Alphonsus pretends to return home, 
 and the ne.xt morning, instigates an assas- 
 sin to enter his brother's a|)artment, and 
 with aji axe to dash out his brains, whilst he 
 himself awaits the eveivt at tlie door of his 
 chamber. The assassins were jjursued and 
 seized at Inspruck, but Charles V. took 
 their ])unishnient into his own hand. This 
 dreadful deed was perpetrated the ii'lh 
 March 1546. 
 
 DiCEAiiCHus, a philosopher of Messina 
 in Sicily, who wrote a treatise on the geog- 
 raphy of Greece, kc. published 1709. 
 
 Dicenet s, an Egyptian philosopher, in 
 the ageof Aiigustus. He travelled into Scy- 
 thia, where iie persuaded the people to 
 learn and to practise tempcrrmcc-. 
 
 VOL. L 55 
 
 iJiCETO, Ralph de, Kuthor of abl)re\ia- 
 tiones chronkorum, or au e[)itome of Kng- 
 libh history to the innipicst — k imatiiics 
 historiarum, or lives of some Knglish kings 
 — was ilean of St. Pi.iil's, l^ondon, I'ilO. 
 
 Hick, sir .\l(\;iii<Iei-, son of .-jir William 
 Cunninghaiii of Copington, by the daughter 
 and heiress «d* sir James Dick of I'reston- 
 field, was born 1703. He studied medicine 
 at Kdinbiirgh, and afterwards under Bocr- 
 ha.tve at Leyilen, where he took his degrees, 
 and after visiting se\er;d countries of Eu- 
 rope, he returned to England, and began to 
 practise in l*e:nbiokeshire. On the death 
 of his bj'otlier sir \\ illiam, he assnuied the 
 name of his UKttcrnal grancyather, and re- 
 tired to his f.iiuiiy seal at l'restf)nfield, where 
 he died 1785. He was in 1756 president of 
 the college of pliysicians in Edinburgh, and 
 liberally coiiti'il)iU.ed to the honor and sup* 
 port of his profession. He was in 1774 hon- 
 ored with a medal from the London society 
 of arts and coniinerce, Ua' his successful 
 culture of i-liubarb, the firbt attempt of i-eai-- 
 ing whifh in England was owing to his patri- 
 otic views. 
 
 Dickinson, Edmund, an eminent phy- 
 sician, son ofthe rector of Appleton, Berk- 
 shire, Avliere he was boi n li>i4. He \sa» 
 educated at Eton, an»l at Merton college, 
 Oxford, where he tof)k his medical degrees. 
 He published in 1655 iiis Delphi Phcenici'/- 
 antes, a learned work, in which he proved 
 that the Greeks borrowed their history of 
 the oracle oi" Del[)hi tVom the scriptures, 
 especially the book of Joshua. Tliis boojk 
 was universally admired, and Sheldon the 
 primate w ished in vain to turn the attention 
 ofthe ingenious author to theological stu<lies. 
 After jjractising for some time in Oxford, 
 where he had the misfortune to lose his first 
 wife in childbed, and his second soon after 
 his marriage, he in 1684 settled in London, 
 wliere, by recovering lord Arlington, he ob- 
 tained an introduction at court, :md became 
 physician to Charles \l. and afterwa^ls to 
 his successor. Upon the abdicatio i he re- 
 tired from practice, and applied himself to 
 the completion of his Physica vetus &c vera, 
 kc. which when just fmisiiicd was unfortu- 
 nately burnt, and cost him the iiea-v}' labors 
 of recomposition. It appeared in 1702, and 
 it provefi ihat the method and mode of the 
 creation of the universe, according to the 
 princi{)ies of true philos»)phy, are related in 
 a concise and general way liy Moses. He 
 wrote besides, diatriba de Noie in Italiam 
 adventu, he. — de orgine Druid um, 8cc. He' 
 was also an able chemist, and was intimate 
 with The-odore Munilanus, an illustrious 
 pivifessor in that science at Paris. He died 
 of the stone in April 1707, in his 83d year, 
 and was buried in the chapel of St. Martin 
 in the fields. 
 
 Dickson, David, a Scotch divine, born 
 at Paisley 15'Jl, and educated at Glasgow. 
 He was an eloquent preacher; but he was 
 too violent against the episcopalians, which 
 subjected him to much obloquy, and to per- 
 secution. Re was In lfi3?J a commissioner 
 
DI 
 
 DI 
 
 (.0 the general asscmblv at Glasgow, and in ! 
 i6*i3 in Westminster. He was (ii\inity \n'o- 
 fessoi- at Edinbiiigli, but in lCo£ lie was 
 stripped of all Iiis employments, anr] died at 
 Edinburgh two years alter, aged 73. lie 
 •wrote a i'ummei;tary on ht. Matthew — the 
 c'pistle to the Ifehre-ws a)Kl Romans — and 
 the psalms, kc. — besides some divinity 
 tracts. 
 
 DiCTYS Cretexsis, an ancient histo- 
 rian, said to have been engaged in the Tro- 
 jan war, niuier Idonieneun. The work ex- 
 tant \indcr his name is spurious. 
 
 Di DE K o T, Uioiiysius, a celebrated writer, 
 son of a cutler, was born at l,angres 1713, 
 and educated by the Jesuits, and afterwards 
 at Paris. His father wished him to study 
 the law, but belles lettres were his favorite 
 pursuits, and when settled in the capital, he 
 soon acquired by his wit, his learning, and his 
 genius, friends, i)atrons, and encourage- 
 ment. His fust puI)Iication Avas Pensees 
 philosophiquesin 1746 which afterwards was 
 published under the title of Efrennes aux 
 esprits forts. He now eiiixiloyed himself 
 ■with Eidons and Toussaint, in publishing an 
 ^niiversal dictionary of medicine. In six vols. 
 folio. This work, though deficient in many 
 respects, prut-ured hin\ a greater share of 
 reputation, and he now formed tiie gigantic 
 plan of a Dictionnaire encyclopedique. In 
 this laborious undertaking he was assisted 
 by d'AIembert, anil by several other asso- 
 ciates, whose genius, diligence, and judg- 
 jnent were united to produce a work of 
 merit, and of universal interest. Diderot 
 himself took the arts and trades, and infused 
 into his subjects, all the knowledge, the bril- 
 liancy, and the nervousness of language, of 
 Avhich he was so capable ; but he did not 
 Tind in his fellow laborers, the same zeal, 
 nor the same abilities. M'hile his own part 
 -was completed with spirit and success, his 
 associates proved too often inadequate to 
 their,, undertakings ; their contributions are 
 ill digested, puerile, and contradictory, with- 
 out systcn), without miion, and devoid of in- 
 terest and accuracy. I'his great work, 
 vhichcost twenty years' labor to Uiilerot, 
 was retai-ded ii; i(s ])rogress by the suspi- 
 cions of the court, who considered some 
 reflections on government and religion, as 
 improper and indelltate, and not only some 
 copies were seized, but the ]>rinters them- 
 selves were sent to the bastille. The work 
 vas delivered to the public between 1751 
 and 1707, and soon sold olf, but Diderot did 
 not find that increase to his independence 
 •which he expected, so that he Avas oI)lige(l 
 to sell his library, which was ])urchased for 
 50,000 livres by the cmpi-css of Russia ; but 
 •with a generosity truly great, the philoso- 
 pher was permitted the use of his books as 
 long as he lived. Though laboriously en- 
 gaged in the encyclopedia, Diderot found 
 time to write liis Bijoux indiserets, 2 vols. 
 12mo. a licentious and disgusting romance, 
 the Fils natural, and the Pere de famille, 
 3757 and 1758, two prose comedies, which, 
 in an elegant and nervous style, paint the 
 passions, strongly interest the heart, and 
 
 render virtue in her various trials ti'idy 
 great, noble, and amiable. His letters on 
 the blind appeared in 1749, bitt the free- 
 doms, and the scepticism of the author 
 cost him his liberty, and he was imprisoned 
 for six months at Vincenncs, Avliere the 
 gloom and horrors of confinement nearly 
 deprived him of reason, had not the conver- 
 sation of .1. J. ilousseau and other literaiy 
 men comforted ids affliction. In 1751 he 
 deliA'cred his opinion on metaphysics, poet- 
 ry, eloquence, Sec. in a letter on the deaf 
 and dumb, 'i vols l'2mo. Diderot's other 
 works are — principles of moral philosophy, 
 12mo. — history of Greece, translated from 
 Stanyan, 3 vols. 12mo. — pieces on mathe- 
 matical subjects — the code o4' nature — the 
 sixth sense — of public education — reflections 
 on the interpretation of nature — paneg}n'ics 
 on JJichardson — and the life of Seneca, a 
 useful work. He died suddenly on rising 
 from table, 31st July 1784, aged 71. Dide- 
 rot's character has been variously described. 
 His frankness and candor are extolled by hi» 
 friends, Avbilst his enemies reproach him as 
 an artful, interested, pliant, and dangerous 
 character. Of his extensive learning, and of 
 his knowledge in every branch of science, 
 his writings are most lasting monumetits. It 
 is however to be lamented, that his erudi- 
 tion was not always employed in the support 
 of virtue and morality, nor his abilities ex- 
 erted to animate man in the cultivation of 
 Avhat is so necessary to his welfare and hap- 
 piness, the religious duties, A ])artial col- 
 lection of his works has been published in 6 
 vols. Svo. 
 
 DiDius JuLiANUS, M. Salvius SeA-erus, 
 a lioman emperor, who purchased the dia- 
 dem of the corrupt soldiery. SeA-erns Avas 
 soon after raised to the throne, and Didius 
 Avas put to death after a short reign of G6 
 days, A. D. 193. 
 
 Di DO or Elissa, queen of Cnrthage, fled 
 from Tyie after the murder of her liusband 
 Sichteus, by his brother Pygmalion, and she 
 settled on the coast of Africa, Avhere she 
 laid the foundation of a new empire. Virgil 
 and others rei)rcsent her as visited by iEne- 
 a.s, after Avhose departure she destroyefl 
 herself through grief and disappointed love. 
 
 DiDOT, Francis Ambrose, an emment 
 printer at Paris. The Avorks which he 
 [jiinti'd were ])eculiarly admired for the cor- 
 rectness, elegance, and beauty of the type, 
 and auHing these, the edition of the classics 
 published by order of LcAvis XYI. for the 
 use of the dauphin, ranked very high. He 
 made some useful improvements in paper 
 mills, and in ]>rinling machines, and to 
 his ingenuity the invention of stereotype- 
 printing may be fairly ascribed, to the per- 
 fection of whidi he devoted himself with so 
 much zeal, that at the age of 73 he perused 
 five times successively, the edition of INIon- 
 taigne Avhich his sons had undertaken. He 
 died at Paris, 10th July 1804, aged 74, and 
 was succeeded in his business by his sons, 
 the eldest of whom is lately dead, leaving 
 his concern to his brother, and to his son. 
 DiDYMrs, of A-lexaiidria, an ancient 
 
DI 
 
 DI 
 
 j^v.immarijm, in the :i{jc of Auf;;irstais, said to 
 luivc l)ccii llic imtliorof 4<)() books. 
 
 DiiJYMi'S, of Alexandria, an abk; writer, 
 tltoiij;;li blind at the aj^e of five. He dieil 
 393, a|4;i'd Hj. 
 
 J)iECMAN, John, n native of Stade, who 
 became sui»crinlendaul of the duciiieH ol 
 IJreiuen and \'erdun, and rector of Slade 
 iniiversity, where he died IT'iO, ageil 7li. 
 Besides sevecal theological, melapliv sicai, 
 and philusophicjtl worlvS, lie published an 
 edition of Luther's bible, used at Stade. 
 
 Diem EN, Anthonv \'an, analive of Knil- 
 enberg, whei'o his father was burgomaster. 
 He went to tiie Kast-ln<lies, and !j;radualiy 
 rose to be povei'nor of ilie Dutcli territories 
 there, an ofiice which he discharged with 
 5;i"eat zeal, ability, and success. Jfe sent in 
 1G4'2 Abel Tasman on a voyage of discovery 
 to the southwaril, and the land which was 
 discovered on the south of New llolhuul, 
 was called in his honor \'an Diemen's land. 
 He died 1645. 
 
 DiEMERBUoEK, Isbr.nnd, a learned pro- 
 fessor of anatomy at Utrecht, born at Alont- 
 iord in Holland. He died at Utrecht, IGTi, 
 aged 05. His works arc a treatise on the 
 plague — an history of ilistempers — a miscel- 
 lany of pieces on physic and anatomy, folio. 
 
 DiEPEN'BECK, Abraham, a painter of 
 Boisleduc, w ho died at Antwerp 1675, aged 
 67. He studied under Rubens, and first 
 painted on glass, and afterwards in oil. His 
 drawings are numerous, and his temple of 
 the muses is considered as a master piece. 
 
 DiEST, Adrian ^'an, a landscape painter, 
 of the Hague, \vho died 170i-, aged 4<J. He 
 spent the best part of his life in Kngland, 
 Avhere his pencil was employed in delineat- 
 ing the beauties of the we^stern phxuts of the 
 islanil. 
 
 Di ETHIC, John Conrad, a Lutheran, 
 native of Butzbach in Wetteravia. He was 
 professor of Greek and history in his native 
 town, and removed in 1653 to Giessen, 
 where he died iGOr, aged 55. He was 
 author of a book de peregrinatione studio- 
 X'um — auliquitates Itomana; lexicon etymo- 
 logico-griecum — antiquitates novi testaraenti 
 — antiquitutes biblia5, kc. 
 
 Dietrich, John A\'illiam Krnest, a na- 
 tive of Weimar, v\ iiere his father was emi- 
 nent as a painter of battles, and of portraits. 
 After studying under his father, he went to 
 Dresden to improve himself under Alexan- 
 der Thiele, and thence removed to Italy. 
 His abilities recommended him to the public 
 notice, and fie was made professor of Dres- 
 den academy, and director of the painting 
 school of Mtnssen, and died 1774, aged G'i. 
 His landscapes, portraits, scripture pieces, 
 conversations, &c. were mucli admired, and 
 he acquired some celebrity also as an en- 
 graver. 
 
 DiETRY, a painter of Dresden, who dieil 
 there 1730, aged 45. His two views near 
 Home are very pleasing proofs of his great 
 jskill in landscape painting. 
 
 DiEU, Lewis de, an eminent divine, born 
 at Flushing, 7th April 1590. He early dis- 
 
 tingAiisliod himiielf as H preacher, ami refused 
 to lie the court minister at the Hague, as he • 
 was more desirous to censure llian counlen- 
 aiieo the licttntious niorals of the .great. He 
 «ame to l,eyd<.n to te;ich with his uncle and 
 pieceplur, the leai'iK.d C(»loniu:-i, and he wa» 
 di\ini(y professor in I he AValloon colie,';c till 
 lii.s de.'tlh in ItU'J. He pulili.,!u.(l in 1051 a 
 commentary on tlie lour gospels — and notes 
 on the Acts, alter a cai'eliil ex;»minalion of 
 several tianslalicins, — the history of our 
 Saviour in the i'ersian larignage by the 
 Jesuit Jerome Xa\ier, and a Lalin ti'ansla- 
 tion — rudiments of tin.- Hebrew and l*ei-siaii 
 toiigues — besides tiie revelations of .St. John, 
 in Hebrew iind Syriac, with a l^aiin versiji* 
 — and other inferior treatises. His father 
 D.iniel de Dieii, was minister of I'lushing, 
 and a very learned cn-alor, who could fluent- 
 ly preacli in German, Italian, rrench, and 
 English. 
 
 Dicnv, Everard, an English gentleman 
 (»f Drystokc in llutlandshire, educated at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge. He wrote some 
 curious and learned books, de arte natandi, 
 — de duplici methodo, Sec. — thcoria analiti- 
 ca — a dissuasive from taking the church 
 livings, &c. He died 1592. 
 
 DiGBY, sir Kverard, son of the preceding', 
 was educated in the Romish church after 
 his father's deatli. He was recommended 
 to (jueen Elizabeth, whose court he attended, 
 and he was knighted by king James. Though 
 of mild manners, and peaceful disposition, 
 and rich and independent from his own pa- 
 ternal estates, and the property of )iis wife, 
 daughter of William Mulsho esq. of Go- 
 ihurst, Bucks, he yet engaged in thescheines 
 for the destruction of the government. 
 Though not immediately an agent in the 
 gunpowder plot with Guy Fawkes, he gave 
 15U0Z. towards the expenses of it. On the 
 discovery of this diabolical scheme, there- 
 fore he was sent to tlie tower, and when ar- 
 raigned he pleaded for his conduct, that the 
 king had broke his promises to the catholics, 
 and that the restoration of the catholic re- 
 ligion was an event, Avhich in the opinion of 
 this inj'atuated sect, it became every sub- 
 ject to accomplish by whatever means they 
 coidd ; and he added, tliat as he alone v as 
 guilty, i>ardon should be extended to all 
 others, and his family particularly, not ruin- 
 ed. On the 30th January IGOii, i)ursuant to 
 his ser.tence, he was hanged, «lrawn, and 
 quartered at the west end of St. Paul's, 
 London, and he tlied very penitent, and 
 anxious to make deep atonement for the 
 nieditated hori'ors of the conspiracy. 
 
 DiGEY, sii- Kenelm, an eminent philoso- 
 pher, eldest son of the preceding, was bora 
 at (jlothurst, Bucks, 11th June 1G03. He 
 was educated under the care of Laud then 
 dean of Giocester, and in 1018 he entered 
 at Glocester-hall, Oxford, where during the 
 three years of liis residence, he displayed 
 such great abilities, and so extensive a know- 
 ledge, that he was compared to the celebra- 
 ted Picus de Mirandula. After travellmg 
 through France, Spain, and Italy, lie. re- 
 
DI 
 
 DI 
 
 to the gc.nei'al assembly at Hlasgov.', and in ! 
 I6«i3 in Westminstei'. He was dixinity pro- 
 fessor at Edinburgh, but in iCu^ ha was 
 stripped of all his employments, anr] died at 
 Edinburgh tvvo years after, :ii:;cd 73. He 
 ■wrote a eummeiitary on JSt. Matthew — the 
 epistle to the Hebrews h\k\ lionians — and 
 the psalms, kc. — besides some divinity 
 tracts. 
 
 DiCTYS CuETEXSis, an ancient histo- 
 rian, said to have been engaged in the Tro- 
 jan war, under Idonieneus. The work ex- 
 tant under his name is spurious. 
 
 Di DE K o T, Diohysius, a celebrated writer, 
 son of a cutler, was born at l-angres 1713, 
 and educated by the Jesuits, and afterwards 
 at Paris. His father wis;hed him to study 
 the law, but belles lettres were his favorite 
 pursuits, and when settled in the capital, he 
 soon acquired by his wii:, his learning, and his 
 genius, friends, patrons, and encourage- 
 ment. His fiist puI)lication was Pensees 
 philosophiques in 1746 whicli afterwards was 
 published under tiie title of Eirennes aux 
 esprits forts. He now employed himself 
 with Eidons and Toussaint, in publishing an 
 universal dictionary of medicine, In six vols. 
 folio. This work, tliough deficient in many 
 respects, pru«-.ured him, a greater share of 
 reputation, and he now formed the gigantic 
 plan of a Dictionnaire encyclopedlque. In 
 this laborious undertaking he was assisted 
 by d'Alembert, and by several other asso- 
 ciates, whose genius, diligence, and judg- 
 ment were united to produce a work of 
 merit, and of universal interest. Diderot 
 himself took the arts and trades, and infused 
 into his subjects, all the knowledge, the bril- 
 liancy, and the nervousness of language, of 
 which lie was so capable ; but he did not 
 fmd in his fellow laborers, the same zeal, 
 nor the same abilities. ^N'hile his own part 
 was completed with spirit and success, his 
 nssociates proved too often inadequate to 
 their, un(iertaki:igs ; their contributions are 
 ill dr^estcd, pueiile, and contradictory, with- 
 out system, wilh.out union, and devoid of in- 
 terest and accuracy. I'his great work, 
 vhich cost twenty years' labor to Diderot^ 
 was retarded iii its ])rogress by the suspi- 
 cions of the court, who considered some 
 reflections on government and religion, as 
 improper ami iiulellcali', and not oidy some 
 copies were seized, init the ]n-inters them- 
 selves were sent to the bastille. The work 
 vas delivered to the inddic between 17.^1 
 and 1707, «nd soon sold off, but Di<!erot did 
 not find that increase to his independence 
 Avhich he expected, so that he Mas obliged 
 to sell his library, which Mas ])urchased for 
 50,000 livres by the emj)T-c£s of llussia ; but 
 ivith a generosity truly great, the philoso- 
 pher was pcrnjitted the use of his books as 
 long as he lived. Though laboriously en- 
 gaged in tlie encyclopedia, Diderot found 
 time to write his Bijoux indisercts, 2 vols. 
 12mo. a licentious and disgusting romance, 
 the Fils natural, and tlie Pei-e de famille, 
 J 757 and 1758, two prose comedies, wJiich, 
 in an elegant and ncrvons style, paint the 
 passions, strongly interest the licart, and 
 
 render virtue in her various trials tindy 
 great, noble, and amiable. His letters on 
 the blind appeared in 1749, but the free- 
 doms, and the scepticism of the author 
 cost him his liberty, and he was imprisoned 
 for six months at Yincenncs, where the 
 gloom and horrors of confinement nearly 
 deprived him of reason, had not the conver- 
 sation of J. J. itousseau and other literaiy 
 men comforted his aifliction. In 1751 he 
 deliA'ered his opiidon on metaphysics, poet- 
 ry, eloquence, Sec. in a letter on the deaf 
 and dumb, '2 vols 12mo. Diderot's other 
 works are — principles of moral philosophy, 
 12mo. — history of Greece, translated from 
 Stanyan, 3 vols. 12mo. — pieces on mathe- 
 matical subjects — the code o( nature — the 
 sixth sense — of public education — reflections 
 on the interpretation of nature — panegj'rics 
 on Richardson — and the life of Seneca, a 
 useful work. He died suddenly on rising 
 from table, 31st July 1784, aged 71. Dide- 
 rot's character has beeu variously described. 
 His frankness and candcu" are extolled by hi» 
 friends, whilst his enemies reproach him as 
 an artful, interested, pliant, and dangerous 
 character. Of his extensive learning, and of 
 his knowledge in every branch of science, 
 his writings are most lasting monume«its. It 
 is however to be lamented, that his erudi- 
 tion w as not always employed in the support 
 of virtue and morality, nor his abilities ex- 
 erted to animate man in the cultivation of 
 what is so necessary to his welfare and hap- 
 piness, the religious duties. A ])artial col- 
 lection of his works has been published in 6 
 vols. Svo. 
 
 DiDius JuLiANUS, M. Salvius Severus^ 
 a Roman emperor, who purchased the dia- 
 dem of the corrupt soldiery. Severus was 
 soon after raised to the throne, and Didius 
 was put to death after a short reign of C6 
 days, A. D. 193. 
 
 Di DO or Elissa, queen of Carthage, fled 
 from Tyie after the murder of her iuisband 
 Sichieus, by his brother Pygmalion, and she 
 settled f)n the coast of Africa, where she 
 laid the foundation of a new empire. Virgil 
 and others rei»rcsent her as visited by iEne- 
 as, after whose departure she destroyed 
 herself through grief and disappointed love. 
 
 DiDOT, Pi-ancis Ambrose, an enunent 
 printer at Paris. The works which lie 
 printed were iieculiarly admired foi* the cor- 
 rectness, elegance, and beauty of the type, 
 and among these, the edition of the classics 
 publisiied by order of Lewis XYl. for the 
 use of the dauphin, ranked very high. He 
 made some useful im\)rovements in paper 
 mills, and in ])rinling machines, and to 
 his ingenuity the invention of stereotype- 
 printing may be fairly ascribed, to the per- 
 fection of which he devoted himself with so 
 much zeal, that at the age of 73 he perused 
 five times successively, the edition of ISIon- 
 taigne which his sons had undertaken. He 
 died at Paris, 10th July 1804, aged 74, and 
 Mas succeeded in his business by his sons, 
 tfie eldest of whom is lately dead, leaving 
 his concern to his brother, and to his son. 
 DiDYMVs, of A.l(rxaudria, an ancient 
 
DI 
 
 1)1 
 
 j:;v.immarijin, in the :if;;e of Auj^itstus, said to 
 l»;ivc l)Ccn llic autliiirof 4<)U boi)ks. 
 
 DiuYMi'S, of Alc\aii(Jri:i, an abli; writer, 
 tltoiij^li bliml at the age of five. He dietl 
 395, a.ijeil 8.1. 
 
 J)iECMA.v, Jolin, n ii.Htive of Stack", who 
 became sui»oriiiteii(laiil of the iluciiies ol 
 lireiuen and \'ei'ilun, and ivctor of .Slade 
 university, where he (lie<l IT'^O, agetl 7ii. 
 Uesides .several lheoloj;ical, nielaphv bical, 
 and |)hilus()[>hiu:iil works, he published an 
 edition of Luthir's bibic, used at Statle. 
 
 UiEME.N, Anthony \'an, u native of Kuil- 
 enberg, where hi» father was burjjomaster. 
 He went to the East-Indies, and grachially 
 rose to be p^overnor of ihe Dutch territories 
 there, an oflice Mhicli he dischar,q;ed with 
 j»reat zeal, abihty, and success. J^Ie sent in 
 1C4'2 Abel Tasman on a voyage of discovery 
 to tlie soulhwartl, and the hind wliich was 
 discovered on the soutli of New Holland, 
 WAS called in ids honor \'an Diemen's land. 
 He died 164-5. 
 
 DiEMERBUoEK, Isbrand, a learned pi'o- 
 fessor of anatomy at Utrecht, born at Mont- 
 ibrd in Holl.and. He ilied at Utrecht, 107 i, 
 aged 65. His works arc a treatise on the 
 plague — an history of distempers — a miscel- 
 lany of pieces on pitysic and anatomy, folio. 
 
 Die PEN' BECK, Abraham, a painter of 
 Boisleduc, who died at Antwerp 1G75, aged 
 67. He studied under Rubens, ancl first 
 painted on glass, and afterwards in oil. His 
 drawings are numerous, and his temple of 
 the muses is considered as a master piece. 
 
 DiEST, Adrian Van, a landscape painter, 
 of the Hague, who died 1705-, aged 4'J. He 
 spent the best part of his life in England, 
 ■where his pencil was employed in delineat- 
 ing the beauties of the wejstern plants of the 
 island. 
 
 Die TRIG, John Conrad, a Lutheran, 
 native of Bulzbach in Wetteravia. He was 
 professor of Greek and history in his native 
 town, and removed in 1033 to Giessen, 
 where he died 1607, aged 55. He was 
 author of a book de peregrinatlone studio- 
 i"um — antiuuitatcs lionianre lexicon etymo- 
 logico-grtecum — antiquitates novi testamenli 
 — antiquitates bibliaj, kc. 
 
 Dietrich, John A\'illiam Ernest, a na- 
 tive of Weimar, v here his father was emi- 
 nent as a painter of battles, and of portraits. 
 After studying under his father, he went to 
 Dresden to improve himself under Alexan- 
 der Thiele, and thence removed to Italy. 
 His abilities recommended him to the public 
 notice, and he was made professor of Dres- 
 den academy, and director of the painting 
 school of Meissen, and died 1774, aged G'i. 
 His landscapes, portraits, scripture pieces, 
 conversations, &c. were much admired, and 
 he acquired some celebrity also as an en- 
 graver. 
 
 Die TRY, a painter of Dresden, who died 
 there 1730, aged 45. His two views near 
 liorae are very pleasing proofs of his great 
 jskill in landscape painting. 
 
 DiEU, Lewis de, an eminent divine, born 
 at Flushing, 7th April 1520. He early dis- 
 
 tingAiishcd himself a's a preacher, and refused 
 to be the couit inini.sler at the Hague, as he 
 was more desirous to censure; than counten- 
 ance the licenliou.s niorals of the great. He 
 came to Leyden to leacli with his uncle and 
 pieceplor, the learn<;il Colonius, and he was 
 di\ini(y professor in the Walloon colle{;e till 
 hi.'4 de.'ith in ItU'J. He pu!>li.-.iied iti 1G51 a 
 commentary on the four gospels — and notes 
 on the Acts, alter a carelid examination of 
 several translations, — the history of our 
 Saviour in the I'eisian laiigna^'o by the 
 Jesuit Jerome Xavier, and a Latin transla- 
 tion — rudiments of tin- Hebrew and Persian 
 tonixues — besides tiie revelations (jf .St. John, 
 in Hebrew anr] Syriac, with a l^iuin versijrk 
 — and other inferior treatises. His father 
 Daniel de Dieti, was minister (A' I'lushing, 
 antl a ver_\ learned (U'ator, who could fluent- 
 ly preach in German, Italian, French, and 
 English. 
 
 Dicny, Everard, an English gentleman 
 of Drystokc in Ilutlandshii-e, educated at St. 
 .fohn's college, Cambridge. He wrote sonie 
 curious and learned books, de arte natandi, 
 — de duplici methodo, &cc. — thcoria analiti- 
 ca — a dissuasive from taking the church 
 livings, &c. He died 1592. 
 
 Dig BY, sir Everard, son of the preceding;, 
 was educated in the Romish cliurch after 
 his father's death. He was recommended 
 to queen Elizabeth, whose court he attended, 
 and he was knighted by king James. Though 
 of mild manners, and peaceful disposition, 
 and rich and independent from his own pa- 
 ternal estates, and the property of Jiis wife, 
 daughter of AVilliam Mulsho esq. of Go- 
 thurst, Bucks, heyeten^7;aged in the schemes 
 for the destruction of the government. 
 Though not immediately an agent in the 
 gunpowder plot with Guy Fawkes, he gave 
 1500Z. towards the expenses of it. On the 
 discovery of this diabolical scheme, there- 
 fore he was sent to the towex', and when ar- 
 raigned he pleaded for his conduct, that the 
 king had broke his promises to the catholics, 
 and that the restoration of the catholic re- 
 ligion was an event, which in the opinion of 
 this ini'atuated sect, it became every sub- 
 ject to accomplish by whatever means thcy 
 could ; and he added, tliat as he alone v as 
 guilty, i>ardon should be extended to all 
 others, and his family particularly, not ruin- 
 ed. On the ;)Oth January IGOf), i)ursuant to 
 his sentence, he was hanged, drawn, and 
 quartered at the west end of St. Paul's, 
 London, and he died very penitent, and 
 anxious to make deep atonement for the 
 meditated horrors of the conspiracy. 
 
 DiGBV, sir Kenelm, an eminent philoso- 
 pher, eldest son of the jjreceding, was born 
 at (iothurst, Bucks, llth ,lune 1G03. He 
 was educated under the care of Laud then 
 dean of Giocester, and in IGIS he entered 
 at Glocester-hall, Oxford, where during the 
 three years of liis residence, he displayed 
 such great abilities, and so extensive a know- 
 ledge, that he was compared to the celebra- 
 ted Picus de Mirandula. After travelling 
 through France, Spaiu, and Ualy, Uc. re- 
 
DI 
 
 m 
 
 turned to England in 1C^3, and waskniglit- 
 cd. He then engaged the attention of the 
 learned and the curious, by the introduction 
 frf a secret medicine, afterwards well known 
 by the name of sympathetic powder, wliich 
 he tliscovcred in his ti'avels. He became a 
 favorite of Charles I. and when a quarrel 
 arose with the Venetians, he was sent with 
 a fleet into the Mediterranean in 16'28, and 
 acquired great reputation by his conduct at 
 Algiers, and by his attack of tiic liosliie fleet 
 In the bay of Scandei'oon. In 1030, after a 
 visit to France, he was reconciled to the 
 Tiomish church, much to the regret of his 
 jjuardian and friend Laud, v ho expostulated 
 vith him in vain, and lie def-'Tuled his mo- 
 tives, aiul published 1038, a coiiference with 
 a lady about the choice of religion, re-print- 
 cd 1054. In 1039 he was very active to levy 
 contril)Utions among the papists for tlie 
 king's ser\ice, for wliicli interference he was 
 called before the parliament, and imprison- 
 ed in Winchester-house, from which, how- 
 ever, he was released in consequence of the 
 honorable interference of the queen of 
 France. Upon his liberation lie retired to 
 Paris, and soon after visited Des Cartes at 
 Kgmont, and laid tlie foundation of tliat 
 friendly intercourse and literary communi- 
 cation, which always afterwards prevailed 
 between these two celebrated characters. 
 Daring his retirement in France, sir Kenelm 
 devoted himself to philosophical pursuits, 
 and published his treatise of the nature of 
 bodies — and another on the operation and 
 nature of man's soul, Stc 1044 — an instilu- 
 tionum peripateticarum libri quintfue, kc 
 1051. Upon the destruction ol the regal 
 power, he returned to England to collect 
 the shattered remains of his fortune, but 
 (he parliament ordered him to leave the 
 country on pain of confiscation and loss of 
 life. His return to Paris was agreeable to 
 queen Henrietta, whose chancellor he had 
 been appointed, and he was sent by her as 
 negotiator to i>ope Innocent X. The eleva- 
 tion of Croniwell to supreme power enable.d 
 him to revisit England, and after staying 
 there the best part of the year 1655, and 
 engaging, it is supposed, to reconcile the 
 papists to the usurpation, he returned to 
 Par's. He afterwards spent some time at 
 Toulouse and Montijellier, wIk-M'c, as a man 
 of letters uiid as a philosopher, he was cour- 
 ted and respected. At the restoration he 
 came back to England, and became a favor- 
 ite in the court of Cliarles II. though his 
 enemies failed not to represent him as lately 
 employed in the service of the usurper. At 
 the establishment of the royal society he 
 ■vas made one of the council- He was very 
 grievously afflicteil the latter ])art of his life 
 by the stone, of which painful disorder he 
 died at his house, Covent-garden, June 11th 
 1005. His remains were interred in Christ- 
 church, Newgate. His valuable library, 
 vhicb, during the troubles, had been re- 
 moved to France, became at his death the 
 property of the French king. Besides the 
 books mentioned, blr Kenelm published ob- 
 
 servations on Dr. Brown's religio medici— 
 observations on the 2-2d stanza of the Otli 
 canto, second book of the fairy queen — a 
 discourse on the vegetation of plants -a 
 treatise of adhering to God, translated from 
 Albertus Magnus. Sir Kenelm was ridiculed 
 for asserting, on the report of some of his 
 friends, that there was a city near Tripoli, 
 whose inhabitants, beasts, kc had in a few 
 hours been turned to stone, by petrifyir>g 
 vapor from the earth ; a circumstance sup- 
 ported by the observations of late travellers, 
 mentioned in l>r. Itob. Hook's ])hilosophicat 
 observations, ^cc. 17'20, 8vo. Sir Kenelm 
 left an only son John, wlio succeeded him to 
 his estate. Another son, Kenelm, was slain 
 in the king's cause at the battle of Saint 
 Neots. 
 
 DiGBY, John, a nobleman descended of a 
 respectable family at CoU-sliill, \\'arwick- 
 shire. He was of Alagdaleu college, O.xford, 
 and after finishing his travels, he was intro- 
 duced to James 1. who appointed him gentle- 
 man of the privy chamber, and in lOOG 
 knighted him, and in 1611 and 1614 sent him- 
 as hi:; ambassador to Spain. In lOlO he be- 
 came a privy counsellor, and chamberlain to 
 the king; tv. o years after he was made baron 
 Digby of Sherbourne, and l0'2O sent ambas- 
 sador to the archduke Albert, and next year 
 to the emperor. In 1022 he went to Spain 
 to negotiate the prince's marriage with the 
 infanta, and on his return he was created earl 
 of Bristol. He opposed Buckingham in par- 
 liament, and for a while he favored the popu- 
 lar party ; but in the civil troubles he was ex- 
 iled, and died at Paris 21st Jan. 1653. He 
 was author of some poems, of airs and dia- 
 logues. He also translated, it is supposed, 
 at James l.'s request, Du Aloulin's defence of 
 the catholic faith, contained in the books of 
 king James against the answer of N. Coeffe- 
 teau, &c. 10 id. 
 
 Digby, George, earl of Bristol, son of the 
 preceding, was born at Madrid, October 
 1012. He was educate^l at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, where he distinguished hituself by 
 his abilities, and by his Iricndship with the 
 celebrated Peter Heylin. In his politics he 
 embraced the popular cause, and was one of 
 Strafford's accusers ; luit he afterwards favo- 
 red the king's ])arty, and was expelled from 
 the house of commons for spcfiking in the 
 defence of that unfortunate nobleman. Du- 
 ring the civil wars he was veiy active in the 
 royal cause, and in Ireland, Jersey, and 
 France he displayed his zeal in the service of 
 his unfortunate master. After Charles' death 
 he was exemi)ted from pardon by the parlia- 
 ment, and consequently spent Ids life in ex- 
 ile, but at the restoration he was made a 
 knight of the garter, but he violently oppo- 
 sed in parliament the great Clarendon. He 
 died at Chelsea, 20th March, 1070. It is re- 
 markable, that though he w rote against i)ope- 
 ry he died a papist, and though a papist he 
 spoke in favor of the test act. 
 
 DiGGES, Leonard, a learned mathemati- 
 cian, born at Barham in Kent, aud educated 
 at University college, Oxford. He wwtf 
 
DI 
 
 DI 
 
 Tectonicura, to shew tlie mrasuring of laiul, 
 Jtc. 1550, 4t(). iiaprdvcd ljy liis sou 'I'iionias 
 159'2, — a gcomclrical practit'ul treatise — paii- 
 toiaetria, published hy his son 1;")'.U — pioj;- 
 Dosticatioii ot" everlasiiny rij;Iit, pxxl eHeci, 
 w rules to jud.^e tlie ucalher by tlie sun, 
 nioou, st:irs, ^^cc. loOl. lie died l.w-l-. 
 
 DiGCES, 'riioiiias, only sou ol' Irt-'ouard, 
 after studyin<j at Oxford, proved hinibelf a 
 very great malhemalician. He went as inus- 
 ler-iDaster general to the forces sent by lili- 
 ziibeth to defend the Nelherian<l>. Uesides 
 improving some of his father's works, he 
 jnil)iished alu; sivc senhu, ^;e. matlit-niatical 
 ivings or ladders, 157.3, 4to. — an arithmetical 
 riiititary treatise, 4to. — a geometrical trea- 
 tise, ^c. — a description of celestial orbs, bcc, 
 — motive for association, he. — England's de- 
 fence, kc. He died 15'J5. 
 
 DioCES, sir Dudley, eldest son of Tho- 
 mas, was h(jrn 158.), anti edr.cated at IJni- 
 ■\ersity college, Oxford. He studied the law, 
 find after being knighted, travelled to improve 
 hiniaelfiu foreign buds. He wasseiitiii 1G18 
 fiS amhassador to Prussia by .lames 1. and 
 two years after he went to Holland as com- 
 missioner. He was in parliament in the reign 
 of James, and of Charles 1. and his conduct 
 was very independent, and often hostile to 
 the measures of the court, so that he was 
 sent to the tower for his accusation against 
 Buckingham. So powerful was his influ- 
 ence, that measures we«-e adopted to gain 
 him over, and by a reversionary grant of the 
 otiice of master of the rolls in l(i3(t, which he 
 obtained in 1636, he was brought over to 
 tuvor the measures of govtrrnment. He did 
 not long enjoy this honorable office, as he died 
 8th March 1039, universally lamented. He 
 published a defence of trade, -ito. — a dis- 
 course on the rights and privileges of the sub- 
 ject, or a conference with the lords by a 
 committee of both houses, 1628 and 164'-J — 
 speeches on several occasions inserted in 
 lluthworth's collections — lettei s between 
 Walsingham and Burleigh, and others, ajjoui 
 Elizabeth's marriage with ti;e duke of An- 
 jou. 
 
 DiGGES, Thomas, brother In sir Dudley, 
 vas educated at University college, and im- 
 proved himself by travelHitg abroad. He 
 translated (icrardq, tiie unfortnntite Span- 
 iard, from Cespadcs — and (JIaudian's rape of 
 l"*roserpine into English verse. He was a 
 Iearne«l man, and died 1635. 
 
 DiGGES, Dudley, third son to sir Dudley, 
 was educated at University college, and be- 
 came fellow of All-souls, 1033. He wrote an 
 answer to observations on his majesty's an- 
 swers and expresses — and the iuda\\ fulness 
 of subjects taking up arms against their sove- 
 reign, 1643. He died 1643." 
 
 Dii.LENlus, John James, an eminent bo- 
 tanist, born at Darmstadt in Cierniany 1081, 
 and educated at the university of (iiessen, in 
 Upper Hesse. He established his reputation 
 as a learned botanist, by his valuable commu- 
 nications to the miscellanea curiosa, and by 
 his other ingenious publications. In his dis- 
 sertation on the coftec of the Arabiaps, he 
 
 gives his prcparat?on8 made with pea?, bcaus^ 
 S:c. and asserts, that from rye can be ju-odu- 
 ce<l, that which most nearly resembles cof- 
 fee. He ennmenites not less than 980 {tlants, 
 exclusive of musbiotmis an<l mosses in the 
 neighbourhT)r»d of (iiessen, and thus displays 
 tlie most iiiilefutigable atid aidetit industry. 
 His a<''|iiamtance with Dr. Sherard, who had 
 been IJritish consul at .Smyrna, was produc- 
 tive of an alteration in his plans ; lie follow- 
 ed his frieml to England in IT-l, and tliere 
 resided the rest f)f his life. He first engaged 
 himself in this country, in ;i new edition of 
 Kay's synopsis stirpiuni JJrittannicarum, 
 and by the deitlh of his fiiend in 17*28, and 
 his bequeathnig of .')()()()/. to the university of 
 Oxford for a Ii'itanical |)rofessorship, to which 
 Dilleiiius was first to be api>ointed, he was 
 raised to comfortable iiirlependence, and 
 learned rclii<'ment. In this wished for situ- 
 ation he applieil himself diligently to tlie iin- 
 proveiwent of liot.any, and in liishortus Kltha- 
 mensis, 417 plants, chielly exotics, were de- 
 scribed and figured with the most careful at- 
 tention. His expectatiot'S, however, did not 
 answer ; hnlnny was not yet a favorite study, 
 and the author sold i'vw of his copies, and 
 where he flattered himself with profit, he ex- 
 perienced only toss. In 1735 tlie university 
 granted him the degree of M.D. and the fol- 
 lowing year he was honored w ith a visit from 
 his friend and correspondent Linn<cus. He 
 now devoted himself to the completion of an 
 history of mosses, and probably would have 
 undertaken tlve funguses, had not death clo- 
 sed prematurely liis labors. He was attack- 
 ed the last week in March 1747 with an apo- 
 plexy, and died on the '2d April, aged 60. In 
 his private character, Dillenius was very re- 
 spectable, natarally of a mild temper, but 
 fond of i-etirement, that his studious pursuits 
 miglit meet less interruption. His draw- 
 ings, dried plants, MSS. kc. were pur- 
 chased by Dr. Sibthorpe his successor, nnd 
 now enrich the treasures of Oxford. 
 
 DiLLCv, Wentworth, earl of Uoscora 
 mon. Vid. Roscommon. 
 
 DiLWORTH, Thomas, a diligent school- 
 master, whose spelling book — book-kcejier's 
 assistant — school nuistcr's assistHut — miscella- 
 neous arithmetic, 8cc. — are well known as 
 useful and popular books. He was for some 
 time engaged at.Stratfoi-d-le-bow with Dychti, 
 and then setup a school for himself at M'ap- 
 ping. He died 1781. 
 
 DiMSDA LE, Thomas, an eminent English 
 physician, born at Thoydon-garnon, Essex, 
 where his father was a surgeon. His family 
 were fj'iakers, aiul his grandfatlier was tlie 
 companion of I'enu in America. Young 
 Dimsdale, after studying at St. Thomas' hos- 
 pital, settled at Hertford, which he quitted 
 in 1745 in conse(|uence of the death of his 
 wife, and engaged as surgeon in the duke of 
 Northumberland's army in the Scolcli cam- 
 paign. On the taking of Carlisle he returned 
 to Hertford, where he again married, and in 
 1761 began to practice asphysician. His ce- 
 lebrity as an inoculat.or in the small-pox, rc- 
 commetided him tu the empress Catharine, 
 
DI 
 
 DI 
 
 at ^\hose request he visrted Russia in 1768. 
 His successful inoculation of the empress, 
 and of her son the grand duke, was rewarded 
 ■with the rank, of baron of tlie empire, of 
 counsellor of state, and of pliysician to tlic 
 empress, besides a pension of 500/. per ann. 
 and a present of 12,000/. His son who had 
 accompanied him shared his honors, and was 
 presented with a e^old snutf-box set m ith dia- 
 monds. In 17S1 Dimsdale was a.s;ain in Rus- 
 sia to inoculate the grand duke's two sons^ 
 and so respectah'e was his character, tJiat he 
 was elected menil.or nf parliament for Hert- 
 ford in 17S0, and as;ai!i 1784, but resigned 
 his pretensions at the next gcncr:il election. 
 This able practitioner had the misfortune to 
 lose his icye-sight by a catarrh, which iiow- 
 ever was happdy removed by Wenzell. He 
 died 1800. He was author of tracts on inocu- 
 lation, with an account of his journey to lius- 
 sia, Svo. 17S1. 
 
 DiNARCH us, a Greek orator, the pupil of 
 Theophrastus. He was banished for a false 
 accusation of receiving bribes, B. O. 340. 
 
 Dingle V, Robert, an English writer, 
 educated at Magdalen college. He became a 
 zealous puritan, aiul was made rector of 
 Brixton in the Isle of Wight, by the interest 
 of Ids uncle col. Hammond, when governor 
 there. He died 1659, aged 40. Among his 
 •works are mentioned, the deputation of an- 
 gels, proved by the divine right of nature, 
 from many rubs and mistakes, isc. 
 
 Ding, compiler of the six books of decre- 
 tals, and author of a valuable commentary on 
 the rules of law, was professor of jurispru- 
 dence at Bologna, and died aboyt 1307. It is 
 said, that he expected to be made a cardinal, 
 as the reward of his services, and in conse- 
 quence of such hopes he took orders, and di- 
 vorced his wife. 
 
 DixoCRATES, a Macedonian architect, 
 vhose abilities were employed in the building 
 of the city of Alexandria. His offer to cut 
 mount Athos into the form of a statue in 
 honor of Alexander, was rejected by tlie 
 monarch. 
 
 DiNosTRATUS, a mathematician, the 
 pupil of Plato. He is the inventor of the 
 quadratic curve Mhich bears his name. 
 
 UixoTH, Richard, a protcstant wi-iter of 
 Coutances, who died 1680, leaving an accu- 
 rate work, de hello civili G:drno. 
 
 JJiNOUART, Anthony Joseph Toussaint, 
 canon of St. Bennet, Paris, and member of 
 the academy of the Arcades at Rome, was 
 horn at Amiens 1st Nov. 1715, and died at 
 Paris 23d April 1786. He first enp;aged at 
 Paris with Joannet in periodical publications, 
 Avherethe severity of his remarks lircw u|)On 
 him trouble and law-suits. In 1760hc began 
 liis ecclesiastical journal, which produced 
 Jum an extensive torrespon^lencewilllF^ance, 
 but he was little attentive in this i)eriodical 
 work to proprietj, as nostrums, antl sermons 
 •were recommended in the same page to his 
 readers, and large quotations from various 
 nuthors were made without any acknowledge- 
 ment. His other Avorks are embryologia 
 sacra, 1 2mo. — the manual for pastors, 3 vols. 
 
 12mo.— the rhetoric of preachers, &c. — be- 
 sides some Latin and French poems of infe- 
 rior merit. 
 
 Dig Chrysostom, an orator of Pru^fk 
 in Bithynia, wantonly disgraced by Doml- 
 tian, but treated with great kindness by 
 l'r;ijan. 
 
 Dioci.es, a mathematician in the fifth 
 century^ the inventor of the cissoid or curve 
 line, which Newto« calls o«e of the defec- 
 tive hyperbolas. 
 
 Diocletian, Caius Valerius, a Roman 
 empcro!-, born of an obscure family in D.d- 
 matia. He succeeded Numerian in 284, and 
 after a glorious reign of valor, and the hon- 
 orable patronage of virtue and learning, he 
 laid down his power at Nicomedia 304, and 
 retired to privacy at Salona, where he died 
 313. 
 
 Diodati, John, a native of Lucca, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Geneva, where he 
 died 1652, aged 73. He is well known for 
 his translations of the bible into Italian, Avith 
 notes, 4to. 1607, into French, 1644 — and 
 father Paul's history of the council of Trent 
 into p'rencli. 
 
 DioDORUs SicuLus, a Greek historian, 
 born at Argyrium in Sicily. Of his universal 
 history- only 15 books remain, best edited by 
 Wesseling. He flourished about 44 B. C. 
 
 DiODORUs, bishop of Tarsus, eminent as 
 a divine, and also as an instructor of youth 
 in the fourth century. Of his writiqgs only 
 a few fragments remain. 
 
 Diogenes, a famous c)-nic philosoph-.H', 
 born at Sinope, in Pontus, B. C. 414. He 
 w as so independent in his character and con- 
 duet, that he preferred living in a tub to 
 the comforts of a house. Pride, however, 
 and misanthropy, seem to have predomina- 
 ted in him, over virtue and ti'ue philosophy. 
 
 DiGGENES, a philosopher of Babylon, 
 B. C. 200. He succeeded Zeno in his schooJ, 
 and attended Carn^ades to Rome in his 
 embassy. 
 
 Diogenes Laertius, a Greek histo- 
 I'ian ofCilicia. His lives of philosophers in 
 10 books are esteemed. He died A. D. 222. 
 
 Diogenes, a Cretan i)hilosopher, the 
 siiccessor of Anaximenes, B. C- 500. 
 
 DiOGNETUS, a philosopher, preceptor to 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Dion, a Syracusan, celebrated as the 
 friend of Plato, and particularly as the re- 
 lation and the opponent of the Dionysi, ty- 
 rants of Sicily. After successfully expel- 
 ling; the younger Dionysius, he was himself 
 soon after murdered about 354 B. C. 
 
 Dion Cassius, an historian of Bithynia 
 in the third century. Of his Greek history 
 fiom the age of Romulus to the reign of 
 Alexander Severus, much has been lost. 
 
 Dig NTS, Peter, a French surgeon who 
 died 1718. His skill in anatomical disser- 
 tations and chirurgical operations was very 
 great. He published some valuable works, 
 — uncours (I'operations de chirurgie, — I'an- 
 atomie de I'homme, — Sc traite de la maniere 
 de secourir les femmes daus les accouche- 
 mens, &c. 
 
DI 
 
 DI 
 
 DiONYSlus I. tyrant of Sicily, laised 
 himself tVom obscurity to tlie sovercipjii pow- 
 er, wliicli he mainlaiutd with great vigor. 
 Jlis reign is however marked by niuiiy ac- 
 tions of cruelly and op|Messit>n, an<i his con- 
 duct towards Plato, whom lie ordered to be 
 sold as a stave, -was infamous in the extreme. 
 lie died 366 li. C. after a reic^n of near io 
 years. 
 
 DioNVSius II. succeeded liis father as 
 tyrant of Syraci'.se, and exceeded him in 
 cruelty though he was inferior to him in su- 
 tacity. He uas at hist expelleil by IJion B. 
 C. 343, and died a private man at Corinth. 
 
 DioNVSii's Periege'i ES, anihor of 
 Periegcsis, or geograpliy of the woj-hl, in 
 tireek verse, was patronised by Augustus. 
 
 DioMVSius, an historian of ilalicarnas- 
 sus, who settled at Rome B.C. 30, and wrote 
 a valuable work called Roman antiquities, ol 
 vvliich only 11 books are extant. He wrote 
 some other works. 
 
 DioNYSius, a tyrant of Ileraclca, who 
 married a niece of Darius. He was remark- 
 able for his corpulence, and died 304 B.C. 
 
 Dig X ys I u s. a bishop of Corinth, w ho suf- 
 fei"ed martyrdom ITS. 
 
 DioNYSius a bisliop of Alexandria, the 
 (Ijsciple of Origen. He wrote some things, 
 and was exposed to persecution. He died 
 5267. 
 
 DioNYSius, bishop of Rome after Sixtus 
 5259, condemned the heresy of Sabellius in a 
 full synod, and died 209. 
 
 Dio.vYSius, a Romish monk called the 
 little, in the fifth centui-y. He compiled a 
 book of decretals, and translated from the 
 tireek, a body of canons, and invented, as 
 it is said, the victorian period, or method oi 
 calculating the time of Easter. 
 
 DiONYSi (js, the Areopagite, a learned 
 Athenian, member of the court of the areo- 
 pagus, ami converted to Christianity by 
 Paul's preaching on the unknown Cod, as 
 meritioned in the Acts 17. He is suppused 
 to have suffered martyrdom, but Avhen or 
 •where is unknown. 'I'he works published 
 under his name, Antwerp, 2 vols. 1034, are 
 spurious. 
 
 UioPHANTUs, a mathematician of Alex- 
 andria, said to have invented algebra. The 
 age in which he lived is unknown. His six 
 books on arithmetic, in Greek and Latin, 
 were published Paris 1C'21. 
 
 DioscoRiDES, Pedacus, a physician un- 
 der Nero. He wrcic five books on the vir- 
 tues of plants, edited by Saraceniis 151)8 fol. 
 
 DiPPEL, John Conrad, a curious and ex- 
 travagant character, who called himself in 
 his writings, Christianus Democritus. He 
 •warmly opposed the Pietists at Strashurg, 
 and afterwards supported them at (Jiessen, 
 When unable to get a wife and a professor's 
 chair, he began his invectives against the 
 protestants, and soon after turned liis 
 thoughts to chemistry, and pretended to 
 have discovered the philosopher's stone. 
 But though thus rich in his opinion Ue -was 
 literally poor, and in consequence of his debts 
 successively couftned in the prisons of Berlin, 
 
 Copenhagen, Frankfort, Leyden, Amstcr*. 
 (iam, K.C. In 1727 he went to Stockholm la 
 prescribe for the king, but the Swedi.sh cler- 
 gy, ihougri pleased with the recovery of ihe 
 iiionaiTh, b.iiiished llie o|)era*or, who rc- 
 turned U> dermuny. In I7.i3 he published 
 a slalement to prove that he bhoujd not die 
 till the yiar I SOS, Ijut the next year, unfortu- 
 nately for the prophecy, lie was found dead in 
 his bed at Witlgenslein, 'J3th April 1734. He' 
 wrote some entliusiHslic works, and denied 
 the divine inspiration of the holy s<rii)tures. 
 HiKOls, Francis, tloctor of the Sorbonxic, 
 is known foj* his work callixl Preuves be pre- 
 jugrs ])')ur la religion chretienne hi calho- 
 li(|iie, conliH- Ics fau.'sses religions & atheism, 
 and for other ecclesiastical labors. He died 
 about 170(». 
 
 Disney, John, a native of Lincoln, cduc«- 
 ted at the grammar school thei-e, and among 
 the dissenters, and aflerw ards removed to 
 the .Middle temi)le. He never however 
 practised at the bar, but devoted himself to 
 the arduous oiUces of public magistrate in 
 his native country, and vas so upright and 
 zealous in the support of virtue and morali- 
 ty, that he received the thanks of tiie judges 
 at the assize. Though brought up among 
 the dissenters and the son of a dissenter, he 
 yet honored the church of England, and at 
 the age of 4'2, took orders and succeeded to 
 the livings of Croft, and Kirkby on Baine, 
 Lincolnshire, and in l72'2to that of St. Mary, 
 Nottingham. He was author of two essays 
 on the execution of the laws against immor- 
 alit}' and ])rofaneness, 8vo. — Flora prefixed 
 to ivapin'spoem on gardens, ti-anslated, — re- 
 marks on Sacheverell's sermon, — primitiae 
 sacrre, or reflections on devout solitude 8vo. 
 — genealogy of the house of Brunswick Lu- 
 nenburg, — vie'vv of ancient laws against im- 
 morality, he. folio. This excellent man 
 died at Nottingham 1730, aged 53. 
 
 DiTHMAR., a Benedictine monk, bisliop 
 of JNlersburg, died 10'28, aged 4-2. He is 
 known for a valuable chronicle of the em- 
 perors Henry I. (3tho 11. and III. and Hen- 
 ry II. the best edition of w liich is that pub- 
 lished by Leibnitz in his collection to illus- 
 trate the hi«tary of Brunswick. 
 
 DiTiiMAU, Justus (Jhrislopher, member 
 of the academy of Berlin, and historical pi*o- 
 fcssor at Frankfort, where he died 1737. 
 His woj-ks on the history of Germany evince 
 great leartung anil strong application. 
 
 DiTTOX, Humphrey, an eminent math- 
 emaVcian, born at Salisbury, 29th May, 
 1675. He entered upon the laboi's of the 
 ministry at his' father's request, and for 
 some time officiated at a dissenting meet- 
 ing house at Tunbridge, where he married. 
 The death of his father soon after enabled 
 him to pursue his favorite studies, and to 
 abandon divinity for mathematics. By the 
 interest of his fri<Mid.s, and especially sir 
 Uaac Newton, he was ap])ointed master of 
 the mathematical school, Christ's Hospital, 
 w here he continued till death 1715. He fa- 
 vored the world with some learned works, 
 and his tracts on tht tangents of cunesj in 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 sphexLcal catoptrics, general laws of na- 
 nire and motion, Alexoii<lrH's synopsis al.^- 
 Lraica, the institution f.t" fluxions, his dis- 
 course on the resurrection of Jesus, and the 
 new law of fluxions and a treatise ou per- 
 spective, arc veil known. 
 
 Divixi, Eiistai;hius,an ttallan artist, em- 
 inent in the making of tclesc<j]>cs. lie dis- 
 puted with Huygens about the discovery of 
 Satan's ring, but the pamphlets v.ritten on 
 this occasion show that the Italian's tele- 
 aeopes were not so good as those of Jus op- 
 ponent. He died about lGfi4. 
 
 Dlucoss, John, a Pole, who hecame 
 ai'clibisliop of Leo[)ol, and died 1480, aged 
 d5, much persecuted by king Casimir. His 
 Iiistoi-y of Poland, in Latin, though accu- 
 rate^ is written in barbarous language. He 
 brought it down to the year 1444. The 
 12 first books were printed at Frankfort 
 1711, folio, and the 13th atLeipsic 1712. 
 
 Dobs ON, William, an English jiainter, 
 horn in London IGIO. Undoi* Pcake, a sta- 
 tioner, he JKtd the opportunity of copying 
 Titian and Vandyck's pieces with such suc- 
 cess that he was generously recommend'ed 
 by Vandyck to Charles I. who patronised 
 liim. Tbovigh highly favored at court, he 
 died poor at his hotise in St. Martin's lane 
 1647. Had his genius been early tutored 
 by Uie hand of art, he might have become 
 a very gr.eat master. His jjieces however 
 in history and portraiture exhibit unusual 
 powers. 
 
 DoD, Jolin, a nonconformist of Jesus col- 
 lege, Cambridge, who died about 1645. His 
 pious observations were once very popular 
 among the vulgar, as well calculated to re- 
 commend virtue and I'eligion. He was cal- 
 led the decalogist, from his exposition of 
 the 10 commandments in conjunction with 
 Itobert Cleavej,'. He was vei'V eminent as 
 a Hebrew scholar, in which he instructed 
 liis friend John Gregory of Oxford. 
 
 Do DART, Denys, physician to Lewis 
 XIV. was born at Paris 1634, and died 
 1707, greatly regi-etted. He was a support- 
 er of Sanctorius' notions about insensil)le 
 perspiration, and he made an experiment 
 upon himself during Lent, by which he found 
 that he weighed at the end of that season 
 of abstinence only 107 pounds 12 ounces, 
 having lost during that time eight pounds 
 five ounces. He was a very religious and 
 amiable character His son Claude, was 
 physician to the king, and dit-d at Paris 1720, 
 leaving notes on I'omej's history of drugs. 
 
 DoDD, William, a learned but unfortunate 
 divine, born 172'J at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 
 Avhere his father was vicar. In 1745 he en- 
 tered at Clare-hall, Camliridge, where he 
 early distinguished himself and took his de- 
 grees. He published about this time the 
 beauties of Shakspeare, 2 vols. 12mo. and 
 having entered into orders in 1753, he became 
 a popular and eloquent preacher in Lnndon, 
 and was appointed lecturer to some chari- 
 ties, especially the Magdalen hosjiital, in 
 whose establishment he had been zealously 
 flctivc. Iti 1761 he wrote a sonnet in praise 
 
 I of Dr. Squire, bishop of St. Davld'3, anri 
 for his flattery was made his chaplain, and 
 afterwards prebendary of Urecon. But 
 though his income was respectable from his 
 ecclesiastical ajipointments, and from liis 
 connections with the booksellers, who allow- 
 ed him 100/. a year to superintend the Chris- 
 tian's magazine, his expenses were gi-eat 
 I from an improper spirit of extravagance and 
 g;dety which he thoughtlessly indulged. In 
 ir63 lie began to \)ub!ish in weekly numbers 
 his commentary on the bible, which drew 
 the ])ubiic attention, as being collected from 
 the papers of Lock, Waterlarid, West, Cla- 
 rendon, and other celebrated men, and the 
 work was completed in 3 vols, folio, and ded- 
 i-cated to bishop Squire, who unluckily for 
 the author died soon after. In 1766, as be- 
 ing king's chaplain, he took the degree of 
 L. L. D. and soon after published a volume 
 of poems, and in 1760 he translated Massil- 
 lon's sermons, inscribed to the i)rince of 
 Wales. In 1771 appeared his sermons to 
 young men 3 vols. 12mo. dedicated to his 
 pupils Charles Ernst, and Philip Stanhope, 
 afterwards earl of Chesterfield. He was 
 l)resented in 1772 to the living of Ilockliffe, 
 Bucks, by his pupil, but though his income 
 w as enlarged his expenditure increased in 
 far greater pi'oportion, and in a thoughtless 
 moment of ambition and avarice, he endea- 
 vored to obtain the vacant living of St. 
 George's Hanover sipiare, by oftei'ing in an 
 anonymous I'etter 3000/. to lady Apsley, if 
 she would use her influence for the appoint- 
 ment. The unfortunate letter w as divulged, 
 and the chancellor Apsley laid it before the 
 king, in consequence of which Dodd, now 
 proved to be the author of it, was not only 
 erased from the list of chaplains, but ridi- 
 culed in the papers, and lampooned on the 
 stage in one of Foote's pieces at the Hay- 
 market. Ashamed of his conduct he fled to 
 Geneva, where his pupil lord Chesterfield 
 hoiiorably gave him in addition the living of 
 Winge in Bucks ; but so extravagant and ri- 
 diculous was the conduct of this ill fated di- 
 vine, that he ;<ppeared at the races at Sab- 
 Ions near i'ai'is, in a phaeton, in all the attire 
 of French foppery. On his return to Lon- 
 don he preached his last sermon at the Mag- 
 dalen 2d February 1777, and two days after 
 signed a bond for 4000/. which he had forged 
 in the name of lord Chesterfield, and by 
 which he obtained money to relieve his ne- 
 cessities. The forgery was soon discovered, 
 Dodd was tried and condemned iit the Old 
 B.iiley 2ith February, and executed at Ty- 
 burn 27th June. Between the passing of 
 his sentence and its execution, which had 
 been delayed in consequence of doubts about 
 the admissibility of the evidence of the man 
 who ha<l drawn up the bond, great interest 
 was made, and a petition signed by thousands 
 presented to the king, to save from ignomin- 
 ious death this unfortunate man, but all in 
 vain. During his confinement he behaved 
 with great penitence, and addressed his fel- 
 low prisoners in his " thoughts in prison," 
 with energy and CiiristiSfl fortitude. He 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 ti'auslated Callimfiedius, and wrote 4 tola, of 
 sermons on the uiitiicles and gambles otuur 
 Savionr. His luiblications aic said to have al- 
 together amounted to r>3 in nuniLer,cIiicfly on 
 religious and moral subjects. JJtlore the com- 
 mission ot" lii.s lorgei} lie oli'eied proposals 
 for a history of fiee-masonry '2 vols. -ito. He 
 was nianied in 1 75 1, but lit- left uo children. 
 
 DoDDUiucc or Do uEiUDGE, sir John, 
 a native of Harnstaple, Dcvoniihire, educated 
 at Exeter college, Oxford, where betook, his 
 bachelor's degree 1670. He then removed 
 to the Middle-temple, and became in 10O3 
 Serjeant at law, solicitor to the king, and in 
 Ifil'i a judge of the common pleas, and after- 
 wards of the king's bench. He died at Eg- 
 ham, Surrey, and Tsas buried in Exeter ca- 
 thedriil, wl»erc a monument records his ser- 
 vices. He is author of the lawyer's light, or 
 direction for the study of the law, ito. lGi29, 
 — a complete parson, or description of ad- 
 Towsons, &c. 4to. 103O, — history of the an- 
 cient and modern estates of Wales, Cornwall, 
 and Chester, 4to. 103O, — the English law- 
 yer 4to. 1731, — opinion on the anti(iuity, 
 power, order, &c. of the high court of par- 
 liament in England 1658, published by his re- 
 lation John Doddridge recorder of Barnstaple. 
 
 DoDDiiiDGE, Philip D. D. an eminent 
 dissenting divine, son of an oilman in Lon- 
 don, where he was born 26th June 1702. 
 He was educated at private schools at Kings- 
 ton-on-Tliamesand at St Alban's, and began 
 at the latter place a lasting friendship with 
 Dr. Samuel Clarke Avho becanie his religious 
 instructor, and, on his father's deatli, his 
 faithful guardian. Tinctured with the tenets 
 of the dissenters, he declined the liberal of- 
 fers of the duchess of Bedford, who wished 
 to bring him up at the university, and to 
 raise him to preferment, and in 171'J he went 
 to the academy of Mr. Jennings at Kib- 
 worth in Leicestershire, where he displayed 
 uncommon diligence. He afterwards took 
 the care of a small congregation at Kibworth, 
 and soon after succeeded on Jennings' death 
 to his academy, Avhich, at the invitation of 
 his friends, he removed to Northampton, 
 ■where he continued the rest of his days, re- 
 spected as a divine, successful as an instruct- 
 or, and beloved as a private man. He died 
 26th October 1751, at Lisbon^ whei'e he had 
 gone for the recovery of his health, and was 
 imried in the ground of the English factory 
 there. This amiable character, so much re- 
 spected by all parties, published several reli- 
 gious tracts, the best known of which are, 
 the principles of the christian religion, &c. — 
 the rise and progress of religion in the soul, 
 —remarkable passages in the life of col. 
 James Gardiner, &c. — ten sermons on the 
 power and grace of Christ, &c. — the family 
 cxpositoi", containing a version and para- 
 phrase of the New testament with critical 
 notes, &c. a valuable work, in 6 vols. 4to. 
 Some of his letters and smaller tracts have 
 been published by Stcdman of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Do DO ENS or DoDONiEus, Rambert, a 
 botanist of Malines, physician to the empe- 
 rors Maximilian H. and Rodolplms II. and 
 VOL. I, 56 
 
 professor at Leyden, died 1 585, aged 67. He 
 wrote an histoiT of plants, Antwerp f.jl. 
 1616, translated into Frtnoh l>y I'Ecluse. 
 
 DoDSi.EV, liobcrt, a well known boitksil- 
 ler anil writer, born at Manstiehl, Notling- 
 haiiiKhirc, 1703. Jiecei\iiig little of e«liication, 
 he began life as footman in ihe family of 
 Mrs. Lowther, but in this servile situation 
 he indidged his natural talents for p(jetry 
 ami s.'itire, and wrote the nju.se in livery, and 
 a small dramatic piece, called the Toyshop, 
 which accidentally was seen by Pope, ami 
 engaged all his attention. Interesting him- 
 •selfiii the cauic of this humble poet, he |M'o- 
 cured for hlia the inlroductif)n of his piece 
 at the theatre, and manifested for him to the 
 end of life the most cordial and honoi-able 
 friendship. The Toy.shop was succeeded by 
 " the King and .Miller of Mansfield," in 1736, 
 and from the great success of these two pieces, 
 he was enabled to settle himself independent- 
 ly as a London booksellei*, a situation in which 
 he maintained the greatest respectability of 
 character with the most benevolent inten- 
 tions and great humility of deportment. Af- 
 ter acquiring a very handsome forinne, 
 Dodsley retired frcm business in favor of his 
 brother, and died 25th September 1764, ia 
 his 61st year, at the house of his friend Slv. 
 Spence of Durham, and was buried in the ab- 
 bey church at Durham. His works consist of 
 six dramatic pieces of which the Cleone, a 
 tragedy, is much admired, besides public vir- 
 tue, a poem 1754, 4to. trifles 1745, 8vo. Mel- 
 pomene, agriculture a poem, the economy 
 of human life, and another book of triHes, 
 collected after his death. He also collected 
 some scattered poems of great merit in 6 
 vols. 12mo. and also plays by old authors in 1'^ 
 vols. ]2mo. which have lately been reprinted, 
 and introduced to the public by a handsome 
 and well deserved compliment, to the genius, 
 character, and integrity of the first editor. 
 
 DoDSON, Michael, a native of Marlbo- 
 rough, Wilts, son of a dissenting minister. 
 Under the protection of his paternal uucle, 
 sir Michael Foster the judge, he studied the 
 law, and was called to the liar 1783. In ir70 
 he had been made by lord Camden commis- 
 sioner of bankrupts. Besides a transltitioa 
 of Isaiah with notes published in 17\J0, and 
 ably defended against the attacks of Dr. 
 Sturges, he wrote the life of judge Foster, 
 for the Biographia Brit and t1ie life of Hugh 
 Farmer, some papers, &c. among the essays 
 published lor the pron)otion of scripture 
 knowledge. He died 1799, aged 67. 
 
 DoDSWOUTH^ Roger, an indefatigable to- 
 pographer, born 2'Hh July 1585, at Xewton 
 Grange, St- Oswald, Yovksbire. He died 
 August 1654, and was buried at Hufford, 
 Lancashire. In his laborious researches in 
 the antiquities of his naiive country he wrote 
 122 volumes, besides other MSS. which alto- 
 gether amount to 162 folio vols, which wore 
 never published but are deposited in the 
 Bodleian library. Gen. Fairfax, was, not- 
 withstanding the violence of the times, a 
 great p.ntron of Dodsworth, and to the libe- 
 rality of his nephew, deau Fah-fax of Nor- 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 where ho soon tbrmed :i lasting tVieiul- 
 leariicd men, especially 
 
 ukh, the uiTiveri.it)' of Oxford are indebted 
 lor this >al"jable coUectioii. 
 
 DoDWELi., rieiirv, a learned wfitcr, born 
 in Dublin October 1641, but of English pa- 
 rents fie came over to Knglaud in 1648, 
 and was placed at a school in York, but the 
 death of his father by the plague at Water- 
 ford, and of his mother, by a consumption 
 soon afler, reduced him to a wretched and 
 indigent situation, from whith he was at last 
 relieved by his uncle a clergyman of Suffolk, 
 who in 1654 sent for him, paid his debts, and 
 yt'lerwards bad him cofulucted to Dublin. 
 In 16.i6 he entered at Tj-inity college under 
 Dr. Stearnc, and hecame I'ellow, but in 1660 
 quitted his fellowship because lie would not 
 go into orders, as tlie statutes required. He 
 then ])asse(l over to England, but afterwai'ds 
 revisited Ireland, and in 1674 settled in Lon- 
 don, 
 
 ship with several 
 
 bislfop Lloyd. In 1 088 he was without liis 
 knowledge, and in his absence, elected Cam- 
 «leii professor of history at Oxford, of which 
 employment however he was deprived S 
 years after for refusing to take the oaths of 
 allegiance. He afterwards settled at Cock- 
 hani, Berkshire, and separated from the 
 church because new bisliops were appointed 
 to succeed such as refused the oath of alle- 
 giance. In consequence of his acquaintance 
 Mith Mr. Cherry of Shottesbrooke, be re- 
 moved to that village, and after the death of 
 the Dot! wells his nephews, whom he nomi- 
 nated his heirs, he married the daughter of 
 the person where he lodged at Cookham in 
 16'j4, by whom he had 10 children, six of 
 v;hom survived him. He was afterwards 
 reconciled to the church, and died at Shot- 
 tesbrooke 7th June 1711, aged 70. His 
 writings, which are very numerous, and 
 ■which pi'ove him to have been a man of in- 
 defatigable diligence and extensive learning, 
 are on controversial, theological, and classical 
 subjects. The best known of these are an- 
 nals ot Thucydides and Xenophon, — de vete- 
 ribns Cirtecorum, Homanorumque cyebs, obi- 
 terqne de cyclo Judscorum, — tetate Christi, 
 dissertiitiones decern, cum tabuiis necessariis | 
 4to. 1701, a most excellent book according i 
 to Dr. ilalley, an epistolary discourse prov- i 
 ingfrom the scriptures and the first fathers 
 that the soul is a principle naturally mortal, 
 but inunorlalized actually by the pleasure of 
 God, to punishment or reward, by its union 
 \\h\i the divine baptismal spirit, wherein is 
 proved that none have the power of giving 
 this divine iujmnrtalizing spirit since the 
 apostles, but the bishops, 1706, 8vo. a work 
 v-liich gave i ise to a violent controversy, 
 which was defended by the author in three 
 dirlcrent treatises against the attacks of 
 Cbiishull, Xorris atid Cbirke, bac. — chronolo- 
 gy of Dionysius Halicnrnassus — exercita- 
 tiones duic, S<:c. — Julii vitalis epitaphium, &c. 
 
 Do DWELL, Henry, eldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, was author of an anonymous pam- 
 phlet, "Christianity not founded on argu- 
 ment ;" an artful work, in which he attempt- 
 ed to aiidjinune and vilify religion. It was 
 
 answered by his own brother, and by Leland, 
 and Doddridge. He was brought up to the 
 law, and was a zealous promoter of the so- 
 ciety for the promotion of arts, manufactures, 
 and commerce. — His next brother, William, 
 D.D. of Trinity-college, Oxford, was arch- 
 deacon of Berks, prebendary of Sarum, and 
 rector of Shottesbrooke. Besides an answer 
 to his brother's pamphlet, he wrote a disser- 
 tation on Jephthah's vow — practical dis- 
 courses, 2 vols — an answer to Dr. Middle- 
 ton's free inquiry — defence of the answer 
 against Toll, 1751, he. 
 
 Does, Jacob van der, a Dutch painter, 
 M'ho died 1G73, aged 50. As his temper was 
 gloomy, it is supposed his pictures partake 
 strongly of his feelings. His landscapes are 
 very much admired. His pieces are gene- 
 rally in the style oi' Bombaccio. 
 . Do ES, Jacob van der, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Amsterdam, and died 1659, aged 
 19, giving, by the few pieces which he finish- 
 ed, tlie most promising tokens of a great 
 genius in the art of painting. 
 
 Does, Simon van der, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, died 1717, aged 04. His landscapes, 
 portraits, battles, &c. are in a pleasing style. 
 
 DoGGET, Thomas, an author and actor, 
 born in Castle-street, Dublin. He first ap- 
 peared on the Irish stage, but afterwards 
 came to England, and engaged himself in 
 the Drury-laue and Lincoln s-inn-fields com- 
 panies, where he was particularly applauded 
 in the characters of Fondle-wife, in the Old 
 Bachelor, and Ben in Love for Love. He 
 was joint manager of Drury-lane with Wilks 
 and (/ibber; but gave up his concern, because 
 Booth was forced upon him as fellow -mana- 
 ger in the house ; and he retired in the me- 
 ridian of his reputation, to the private en- 
 joyment of a moderate fortune. He died 
 highly respected, 22d September 1722. lu 
 his principles be was a wliig, and so strongly 
 attached to the house of Hanover that he left 
 a waterman's coat and silver badge to be 
 rowed for yearly by six watermen, on the 
 Thames, against the stream, from the Old 
 Swan, London -bridgt:, to the White-Swan, 
 Chelsea, on the Ist of August, the anniver- 
 sary of George I.'s accession to the throne. 
 He wrote only one comedy, *'the country 
 wake," 1696, 4to. better know n in its altered 
 form of " Flora, or Hob in the well," a farce. 
 
 DoissiN, Lewis, a Jesuit, who died 1753, 
 aged 32. He displayed great powers in the 
 composition of elegant Latin verse, in his 
 two poems on the art of sculpture and the 
 art of engraving, in which lie celebrates in 
 an animated style, the immortal labors of 
 Praxiteles, Mii^on, Sec. 
 
 Do LA BELLA, P. Comelius, son-in-law of 
 Cicero, was the friend of Ctesar, and became 
 governor of Syna. When besieged in Lao- 
 dicea by Cassius, he killed himself, in his 
 27th year. 
 
 Dole IN', John, descended from an an- 
 cient family in North Wales, Mas born at 
 Stanwick, Northamptonshire, 1624, and edu- 
 cated at Westminster sciiool, and Christ- 
 church, QjJTorci. touring the civil wars, he 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 bravely espoused ihr king's sitle, and was 
 major in his army ; bin ii|)on Uk: triumph <jt 
 the republicans, he rctiirned lo a colk'},Malc 
 life, and was turni-d or.t in It)48. At llie 
 restoration he became canon of Chriat- 
 c)mrch, archdeacon of London, riean of 
 "Westminster, and in KUjI), liisliojt of Kochts- 
 ter, and in 1683 was translated to York, 
 ■where he died IfiSfi. llo was an elo«jiient 
 and adnjired |)reHclier, and his sermons, <le- 
 livereil before Charles II. and on other occa- 
 sions, possess merit. 
 
 Doi.CE, Lewis, a nntive of Venice, who 
 died there l.lGS, aj^ed Oo. He wrote several 
 poems, and translated some ancient authors, 
 Ovid, Seneca, Euripides, 8cc. in a style pure 
 and elegant. He pidjlished Dialogo della 
 pittura, intitolato I'Aretino, Venice, 1557, 
 8vo. reprinted at Florence 1735 — cinque pri- 
 mi canti del Sacripante, 1535, Svo. — I'rima- 
 leone, 4to. — Achilles aiul iEneas, 1570^ 4to. — 
 poems in jlifferent collections, and the life of 
 Charles V 
 
 Dolce, Carlo, a painter of Florence, who 
 died 1G86, aged 70. His St. John, though 
 painted only in his llth 3'ear, was much ad- 
 mired. His religious pieces are very highly 
 finished. 
 
 Do LET, Stephen, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Orleans 1508 He was a printer and 
 bookseller at Lyons, where he published 
 some of his works for the reformation and 
 improvement of the French language. He 
 ventured, however, to give way to licentious 
 and profane ideas in his writings, which drew 
 upon him the vengeance of the inquisition, so 
 that he was condemned to be burnt for athe- 
 ism. He suffered the dreadful punishment 
 on his birth-day, 3d August 1546. Though 
 some attribute his sulferings to his attachment 
 f.o Lutlieranism, yetBcza and Calvin seem to 
 place him is the number, not of martyrs, but 
 of impious blasphemers. 
 
 DoLOMiEu, Deodat, commander of the 
 order of Malta, member of the academy of 
 sciences and of the institute at Paris, was 
 made inspector of the mines. In the pursuit 
 of knov, ledge he exposed himself to all the 
 inclemencies of the air, the climate, and the 
 seasons, and regarded neither expense nor 
 difficulties for his favorite studies of nature. 
 He was in Egy])t with Bonaparte, and on his 
 return v-as taken prisoner, and confined at 
 iNIessina, from ^whence lie was liberated by 
 the kind interference of sir Josepli Banks. 
 He died suddetdy at Cree, near Macon, in 
 1802, as he was preparing a scientific excur- 
 sion to the north, to examine tiie rocks and 
 the natural curiosities of unexplored regions. 
 He published a voyage to the isles of Lipari, 
 1781 — memoir on the eaj'tliquake of Calabria 
 in 17S3 — a minrralogical dictionary — a trea- 
 tise on the origin of basaites — memoir on 
 .*Etna, &c. 
 
 Do MAT, Jolin, a French lawyer, born at 
 Clermont, in Auvergne, 16'25. He studied 
 the learned languages and belles lettres at 
 Paris, and applied himself to the law at 
 JBourgcs, where, though only 20 years old, he 
 was olfored, on account of his great proficien- 
 
 cy, a doctors hood. He became a pleader at 
 (Vermont, and, as advocate t«» the king, which 
 he continued lor thirty years, he was, f<.r his 
 integrity and extensive abilities, the aihiter 
 of ail the aH'jiirs of the province. In 1648 Jie 
 ni.irried, and !)y that inari-iage Iiad thirteen 
 cbildien He apjilietl hinueil' to simplify the 
 laws of the slate, and to retluce them Irora 
 confusion to order and regtdai-ity ; and was so 
 sncci.'sslul in his plan that Lewis XIV. grant- 
 ed him a pension of 2000 livres, and encour- 
 aged bini in the prosecution The first volume 
 was i)ul)lis|jed 16S0, in 4to. called, " the civil 
 laws in their natuial ordur;" to which three 
 volumes of equal size and value were after- 
 wards aided. Domat was the fiiend of Pas- 
 cal, whom he assisted in some of his ixperi- 
 ments on air, and in other hranches of philo- 
 sophy. He died at Paris 1696. A new edi- 
 tion ot his works appeared in 1777, in folio. 
 
 DoMENicHiN'O, an Italian painter, bora 
 at FJologna 1581. He was the pupil of Cal- 
 vert the Fleming, and Jifterwards of the Ca- 
 raeeis ; but he was so slow in his progress 
 that his fellow students called him " the ox." 
 AnnibLil Caracci ob.served, upon this ridicu- 
 lous appellation, that " this ox, by dint of 
 labor, would in time make his grour.d .so 
 fruitful that painting itself would be fed by 
 what it jiroducod" — api-ognostic of his future 
 greatness, which was most truly fuliilied. He 
 applied to his work with great study and 
 zeal ; and though he wanted genius, yet so- 
 lidity and judgment, and a strong enthusiastic 
 ardor, made him one of the greatest Italian 
 masters. According to N. Poussin, his 
 communion of St. Jerome and llaphael's 
 transfigur.'ition, were the two best pieces 
 which ever adorned ]{ome. He also shone as 
 an architect, and built the apo-tolical palace 
 for Gregory XV. He was reserved, but 
 uiild in his manners; but his great niei'if 
 raise<l him many enemies, who were jealous 
 of his fame, and envious of his eminence. 
 He died 1C41, not without suspicion of poison. 
 Dominic, de Guzman, a Spaniard, born 
 1170, at Calahorra, in Arragon, kno^sn as the 
 founder of the order of the predicants, and 
 the establisher of the inquisition in Langue- 
 doc. Before he was born, his mother dream- 
 ed she had a dog vomiting fire in her womb ; 
 and the dream was fuTilled, when Dominic, 
 followed by fire and sword and the army of 
 Innocent HI. preached to the .Mbigenses, 
 and, with the offer of death or abjuration, 
 converted above 100,000 souls. He was the 
 first master of the sacred palace, an office 
 which at liis sug(\estion Honorins HI. esta- 
 bUshed. He died at Boli)gi>a 1221, and was 
 afterwards canoni/ed for his great services. 
 The great men of the order were, Thomas 
 Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, cardinal Cajctan, 
 Dominicns Soto, Lewis of Granada, kc. ; and 
 it is said that the Dominicans produced to the 
 church no less than 3 popes, 4S cardinals, 23 
 patriarchs, 15(»(> bishops, 600 archbishops, 43 
 legates, and other inferior agents actively 
 eniploved in the service of the Romish 
 church. 
 
 DoMiMciiiNi, Lodovico, a native of 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 Placetilia, famous for his volumfnous trans- 
 lations from nncietit nulliors and other Morks, 
 Avhich are mciitJo:»c(l in Baretli's Italian li- 
 brary. He Mas pti^r, and died 1574. 
 
 DoMixis, Mark Antony de, originally a 
 Jesmt, afterwards bisliop oi Segni, and last- 
 ly archbishop of Spolato, in Dalmatia, in the 
 Kith century. He was very unsettled in his 
 religious notions, though so elevated in the 
 church ; and he wrote his famous book, call- 
 ed " <Ie republicH ecclesiastica," in which he 
 assaiJed the papal power. This work was 
 seen in iMvS. and corrected by the learned 
 IJedeil, will) was chaplain to sir Henry Wot- 
 ton, the ambassador of Janies I. to Venice, 
 fuid by his means it was published in London. 
 De Dotiiinis accompanied his friend Bedell 
 on his return to England, and was received 
 Avith great respect by the English clergy. 
 He was favored by the king, anri made dean 
 of Windsor; but, after preaching against the 
 pope, and endeaAOuring to reconcile and re- 
 imite the Rornish and English churches, he, 
 with his usual wavering temper, expressed 
 an inclination to return to Home. He there 
 abjured all his errors lG2'-2, and was received 
 into the pope's protection; but an expression 
 against Beliarmine, who, as he said, had not 
 refuted hi; arguments, in his answer to him, 
 rendered him suspected to the catholics. He 
 was seized und imprisoned, and died in con- 
 finement, in the castle of St. Angelo, 1G45. 
 It was afterwards discovered, that his wri- 
 tings and correspondence had been very hos- 
 tile to the pope, and therefore, by order of 
 the inquisition, his body was dug up, and to- 
 gether with his writings burnt in Flora's field. 
 He wrote besides a treatise, de radiis visus et 
 luces, &c. in whicli he was the first who gave 
 a rational explanation of the colors of the 
 rainbow. 
 
 DoMiTiAN, Titus Flavius, a Roman em- 
 peror, after Titus son of Vespasian. From a 
 very mild character at the beginning of iiis 
 reign, he became licentious, debauched, 
 cruel, a)\d vindictive, and was at last assassi- 
 nated 96, in liis 45th vear. 
 
 DoMiTiANUs, Doruitius, general of Dio^ 
 clesian was proclaimed emj)eror in Egypt 
 288, and died a violent death two years af- 
 ter. 
 
 Do^'ATO, Bcrnanlino, Gi-eek professor.it 
 Padua, and other Italian cities, died about 
 15*50. He was the lean.ed author of a Latin 
 dialogue on ihediiference between Aristotle's 
 and Plato's philo?;ophy, and translated into 
 Latin, besides some of (ialen's, Aristotle's 
 and Xeuophon's work.'^, the demonstratio 
 cvangelica pf Eusebius, b^c. 
 
 Do NATO, an .u'clutect and sculptor of 
 riorencc. He was enrpioytd by Cosmo de 
 Medicis, hy Venice and nther states. His 
 Judith cutting off the head of Holoferncs is 
 his best piece. He died I'iGti, aged S'J. 
 
 HoNATO, Jcrom, a Vcr.eti.nn ii'jbleman, 
 <?rainent for his learning, for his military ser- 
 vices, and particularly for his negotiations. 
 He was the siJcccssfut ambassador in t!ie re- 
 conciliation made between liis country and 
 f.'jpe Julitio l». "When asked itv th*^ pope 
 
 why Venice claimed the sovereignty of the 
 Adriatic, he answered, your holiness will find 
 the concession, on the back of the I'ecord of 
 Constantine's grant to pope Silvester of the 
 city of Rome and of the ecclesiastical states 
 — a bold answer on a donation about doubt- 
 ing which in former times 1478 persons had 
 at Strasburg been sent to j>ie flames. This 
 great statesman died of a fever at Rome 
 1511, just before the pacification was signed. 
 
 UoNATO, Alexander, a Jesuit of Sienna, 
 who died at Rome 1640. He wrote a very 
 valuable description of Rome 1639, 4to. call- 
 ed Roma vetus &. receng, besides poems in 
 8vo. Cologne 16.30, and other works. 
 
 Do NATO, Marcellus, an Italian count, 
 who held some important offices at Mantua, 
 and died at the beginning of the 17th century. 
 He wrote a learned work, scholia on the 
 Latin writers of the Roman history 1607, 8vo. 
 Frankfort. 
 
 DoNATus, bishop of Carthage was ban- 
 ished ;i56. He maintained that the three 
 persons of the trinity are of the same sub- 
 stance, yet unequal. 
 
 DoNATUs, JElius, a grammarian of the 
 fourth century, preceptor of St. Jerome, and 
 author of commentaries on Terence and 
 Virgil. 
 
 DoNATUS, bishop of Xumidia, founder of 
 a sect after his own name 311, was deposed 
 for su])porting Majorinus as a candidate fin* 
 the see of Carthage against Cecilianus. 
 
 DoNCKER, Peter, a painter of Couda, 
 disciple to Jacques Jordaens. He studied at 
 Rome, and died 1668. There was also 
 another painter named John, of the same 
 place, who died young. 
 
 DoNDUS, or DE DoNDis, James, a phy- 
 sician of Padua, surnaraed Aggregator, fwum 
 the number of medicines he had made. He 
 was also well skilled in mechanics and in 
 mathematics, and he invented a clock on n 
 new construction, Mhich pointed out not only 
 the hours, but the festivals of the year, and 
 the course of the sun and moon. He found 
 out also the ."^ecrct of making salt from the 
 wells of Albano, and died 13.i0. He wrote 
 Frompttiarjum medicinal Venice, fol. 14SI. — 
 de fontibus calidis Patavini agri, 1553, folio. 
 — the flux and reflux of the sea. 
 
 Done A IT, Hugh, Donellus of Clialonssur- 
 Soane, professor of law at Bourgcs ;ind Or- 
 leans, was saved from the massaci-e of Bar- 
 tholomew by the aOcction of liis scholars, and 
 esc'tped into (iermany, and died at Altorf 
 151)1, aged 64. He wrote commentaria de 
 jure civili, five vols. fol. reprinted at Lucca 
 1 '2 vols. fol. 1770. — Opera jtosthuma, Svo. 
 
 Don I, Anthony Francis, a Florentine 
 pricKt, who possessed great satirical powers, 
 and <lied 1574, aged 61. His works are, let- 
 ters in Italian Svo. — ]\ libraria Svo. — la Zuc- 
 cafour i)arts Mith phUes Svo. — Imond, celes- 
 ti, terrestri, &c. — Imarini cive Raggiona- 
 mcnti, isc. 4to. 
 
 DoNi d'Atticui, Lewis, a Florentine 
 nob!e, whose modesty and learning recom- 
 mended him to Richelieu, who made him 
 bishop of Hciz, and afterw ards of Aatun. He 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 .lied 1G64, aged 08. He wrote in Frcncli ai 
 liistorv qI llic Miiiiins, 4to. asocicty to wliitli 
 he btlon};ed, — ami in liiilin tlio I Ic orciuccii I 
 .lonn 8v(). — ot' cardinal tic lliinlle 8vo. — and | 
 of the cardinals, two xjIs. fol. loGd. I 
 
 DoNi, John Bajitistc, an Italian, whadicd 
 in his native city ot" Florence 1047, a^etl ."»l. 
 He was protcssor of clo(juenc(!, and nieniber 
 of the Florentine and del crusca academies, 
 and invented a musical instrninenlcallrd lyra 
 barbarini. lie wrote a well known treatise 
 on music in liatin, and other tracts on the 
 same subject in Italian. 
 
 DoNNEj.lohn, an English i)r)c't and divine, 
 born in London 157.'), and descended by his 
 raotlier from sir Thomas .More. At the age 
 of II he went lo O.vford, and after three 
 years' residence lie removed to Cambridge, 
 and three years after to Lincoln's-inn. His 
 friends were papists, but he refused to be 
 shackled by their opinions and prejudices, 
 and at the age of 19 he embraced the pro- 
 testant faith. When 21 he began to travel, 
 and accompanied the earl of Essex in 1590 
 and 97, against Cadiz and the Azores, and 
 afterwards visited Spain and Italy, and form- 
 ed the resolution of going as far as Jerus.a- 
 lem, whioh how ever he did not do. On his 
 return to England he became secretary to 
 Egerton keeper of the greatseal, but hissecret 
 attachnient and his marriage to the daugh- 
 ter of sir George More, chancellor of the 
 garter, threatened for a time every possible 
 misfortune to him. The father was so irri- 
 tated that he not only prevailed upon Eger- 
 ton to dismiss the offender from b.is service, 
 but he procured his imprisonment, and that 
 of the two brothers, Hrooke, the one the 
 minister wholiad married him and tlie other 
 the friend who had given the lady away. 
 He at last liberated himself and liis friends 
 from confinement, and was with difiiculty 
 reconciled to his father-in-law, who consen- 
 ted to make him a decent allowance. I'liough 
 not replaced in the favor of Egerton, lie ap- 
 ])lied himself diligently to the study of civil 
 and canon law, and w as much respected for 
 his learning and abilities. About the year 
 IGIC, he accompanied sir Robert Drury to 
 Paris, and about that time he displayed such 
 ability in a treatise on the oaths of allegi- 
 ance and supremacy then agitated, that king 
 James highly fav(jred him, and in compli- 
 ance with his intimation and the request of 
 his friends, he now applied himself to divin- 
 ity and took orders. James made him his 
 chaplain, and the university of Cambridge 
 conferred on him the degree of U. D. xVt 
 this time to his great grief his wife died on 
 the birth ofherl'2lh child. He Avasnosoon- 
 cr ordained than 14 livings in tlie country 
 w ere offered to him, Avbich lie declined to rc- 
 fiide in London, where he became Lincoln's- 
 inn pi-eacher, and two years after m as ap- 
 pointed chaplain to lord Doncasters embas- 
 sy to Vienna. In 16'il, he was made dean 
 of St. I'aul's, and afterwards he was i>re- 
 sented to St. Dunstan in the west and anoth- 
 er benefice. His eloquence as a preacher 
 was great, but hi« enemies represented him 
 
 as hostile to the king, and thrrcfdrc lie whs 
 obligeil l(» vindicate himself bef(ire James 
 who expressed himself much pleased with 
 bis <onduct. He was in IftM) attacked by a 
 fever which brought nu a cr)nsumplion. He 
 preached at couil the first Friday in lent, on 
 the woi-ds " tf> (iod the Lord belong the is- 
 sues tVonj death," wbicli was cont.idered as 
 liis funeral seimon. He died 31st .March 
 I0.)1, and wasbniit-d in Si. Paul's cathedral. 
 iJr. Donne was in his character an anjiable 
 and benevolent as well as an ing(Miious and 
 learned man, and lord Falkland said of hint 
 that he was " one of the most witiv and 
 most elo(|uent of our mo<lern divines.'^ To 
 his Fseudomartyr he was indebted ii! ^^ome 
 degree for his honors, but it is a boi;k, as 
 Warbiirton has observed, of little merit, 
 agreeing merely with the o[)iiiions of the 
 times, and apjjlauded by James. He pub- 
 lished also some poems consisting of songs, 
 sonnets, epigrams, elegies, satires, inc. all 
 printed in one vol. l-^mo. 1719. lu speak- 
 ing of these, Uryden has given Donne the 
 character of the greatest wit, though not the 
 greatest i)oet of the nation. Fope has shown 
 the highest i-espect to his memory by em- 
 ploying his pen to render his satires into mod- 
 ern numbers and all the graces of his own 
 poetry. He wrote, besides paradoxes, es- 
 says, &c. three volumes of sermons, essays 
 in divinity, letters to several persons, the 
 ancient history of the septuagint, biathana- 
 tos, or on suicide, Sec. His son John was 
 educated at ^^'estmirlSter sciiool, and Christ 
 churcii, Oxtbrd, he took the degree of LL. D. 
 at Padua, and had the same at Oxford. He 
 died ICCii, and was buried in St. Paul's 
 church Covent-garden. Wood represents 
 him as an atheistical I'uffi^on, but adds, that 
 Charles H. valued him as a man of sense 
 and parts. He wrote some frivolous trifles, 
 DoxxE, Benjamin, a mathematician, born 
 1729, at Biddeford, Dovenshirv.-, where for 
 some years be kept a school, and afterwards 
 at Bristol. He was made master of mechan- 
 ics to the king in 1790, aiul died two years 
 after, respected as a very ingenious and be- 
 nevolent cliaracter. He wrote mathemati- 
 cal essays in Svo. treatises on geometry, 
 book-keeping, and trigonometry, an epitome 
 of natural experimental philosophy, and tlie 
 Brili?h mariner's assistant, and in the first 
 part of his life received 100/. from the socie- 
 ty of arts and commerce for his able survey 
 of his native country. 
 
 DooLiTTLE, Thomas, a nonconformist, 
 born at Kiddernjinster 1030, and educated at 
 Pembroke-hall, Cambridge. He was for 
 nine years minister of St. Alpagc, London, 
 from which lie was ejected in 100'2. He af- 
 terwards kept an academy in Monkwell- 
 street, Cripplcgate, and officiated among 
 (he (lissenters till his death, on the 2ith 
 May 1707, -it the age of 77. He wrote sev- 
 eral books of practical divinity. His treatise 
 on the saciament has been fi'equently prin- 
 ted, as also his call to de'aying sinners. Me- 
 moirs of lum arc prefixed to his " body of 
 divinity," published after his death. His 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 «on Samuel was for some time miuisfer at 
 Reading. 
 
 Doppj.e-Maier, John Gabriel, author 
 <;f some tracts on geography, dialling, astron- 
 oni)', of the account of the nuithematicians 
 of >>uremburg, and ot" several translations 
 from English mathematical works into La- 
 tin and German, died at Nnremburg, where 
 he, was professor of mathematics 1750, aged 
 S.!. He was tcliow of the London royal so- 
 ciety, and ot the academies of Berlin and Pe- 
 tersburg. 
 
 DoRBAY, Franels, a French arcl»itect, 
 who furuishcd the design of several beautiful 
 works at tiie Louvre, 'Ihuillerics, he. He 
 was born at Paris, and died there 1097. 
 
 DoRFLiNG, a Prussian, wlio from the 
 profession of a tailor becnme a soldier, and 
 gradually rose to the highest militaiy honors 
 under Frederic William, elector of Ilran- 
 denburgh. He distinguished himself great- 
 ly agai:ist the Swedes, and when become 
 field marshal, some envying his elevation ob- 
 served he had still tiie api)earance of a tay- 
 ioi'. " Yes," says the valiant Dorfling, " I 
 ■was oiiee a taylor; I formerly cut out clotli, 
 but now, (cl;'pi)ing Iiis hand to the hilt of 
 his sword,) here is the instrument with 
 whicii I cut off the ears of tiicm that speak 
 Hi of me." 
 
 DoRiA, Andrev.-, a noble Gctioese, born 
 at Oneille 146S. He embraced the military 
 profession, and sfgnalized himself in Italy, 
 and particularly in Corsica, which island lie 
 bravely reduced under the power of the re- 
 public. Distinguisiic.d as a warrior by l.;nd, 
 his countrymen wished to employ his abili- 
 ties by sea, and accordingly in 1513 he was 
 named captain genera! of the gallies of Ge- 
 noa, and soon enriched himself and his brave 
 companions by successful attacks on the pi- 
 i"ates of the Mediterranean. The revolu- 
 tions of Genoa engaged Doria in the service 
 of Francis L of France, after whose defeat 
 at Pavia, he became admiral to pope Cle- 
 ment Vn. Upon the sacking of Uome by 
 Bourbon 1527, Doria returned to the French 
 service, and v\ as honorably received by Fran- 
 cis, who granted him a pension and appoin- 
 ted him admiral of the seas of the Levant. 
 His great talents were now employed in es- 
 tablishing the preponderance of the French 
 power in Italy, and the emperor baffled, 
 saw liis fleets destroyed and his armies de- 
 feated by the genius of this intrepid repub- 
 lican. But when Naples, besieged by the 
 French forces, was ready to submit, Doria 
 changed the face of war. Long viewed with 
 jealousy by the courtiers of Francis, he be- 
 came suspected to the monarch, who or- 
 dered his person to be siezed ; but Doria's 
 vigilance frustrated the designs of his ene- 
 mies, and by throwing himself under the 
 protection of the emperor he was received 
 Avith open arms. Francis in vain, by every 
 sacrifice, endeavored to regain his confi- 
 dence, and the emperor on the other hand 
 ■wished to secure him even by making him 
 the sovereign of Genoa, an ofhce which Do- 
 ria rejected -with noble patriotism. Doria 
 
 thus successful in preventing the capture of 
 Naples, attacked Genoa, which liad fallen 
 under the French power, and though only 
 with 13 gallies and 500 men, he in one night, 
 152S, made himself master of the place 
 without bloodshed, and was Jjailed by the 
 grateful Genoese by the endearing terms of 
 father and the deliverer of his country. A 
 new and moderate government was estab- 
 lished, and Doria, now owner of 2-2 gallies, 
 and supported by brave and faithful associ- 
 ates, signalized himself in maritime affairs, 
 took Coron and Patras from the I'urks, and 
 assisted Charles V. in the reduction of Tu- 
 nis and Goulette. The expedition against 
 Algiers, in 1541, and the affair of Prevazzo 
 undertaken against his advice, proved how- 
 ever very unfortunate, and it has been in- 
 sinuated that Doria, when opposed to Bar- 
 barossa the commander of the Turkish for- 
 ces, did not display his usual valor, but se- 
 cretly wished to prolong a war which ce- 
 mented his influence, and made him a ne- 
 cessary ally. He was loaded witli honors for 
 his eminent services by the emperor, and to 
 the raarquisate of Tursi in Naples, Avas ad- 
 ded the dignity of grand chancellor of that 
 kingdom. Engaged to the very last in the 
 service of his countr}' and of his ally, Doria 
 (lied 25th November 1560, aged 93, poor 
 indeed in fortune, but honored by his coun- 
 try, and respected by the whole world. His 
 life was twice atteoipted by assassins, but 
 their conspiracy failed. Doria, though of a 
 benevolent nnd humane temper, once j ield- 
 ed to a dishonorable resentment, and order- 
 ed de Fresco, a man viio had conspired 
 against him, to be sewn up in a sack and 
 thrown into the sea. 
 
 Don iGNY, Michael, a French painter and 
 engraver in aquafortis, born at St. Quintin 
 1617. He was professor of the academy of 
 painting at Paris, and died 1665. His paint- 
 ings are seen in the castle de Yincennes, and 
 his engravings were of his own pieces. 
 
 DoRiGXY, Nicholas, an eminent P'rench 
 engraver, whose finest pieces are the bark 
 of Lanfranco, the St. Petrouilla of Gucrchi- 
 no, the descent from the cross by Voletcrra, 
 the ti'ansfiguration after Raphael, &c. He 
 Avas knighted by George I. and died at Paris 
 1746, aged 90. His brother LeM'is, also a 
 painter, died at Verona 1742, aged 48. 
 
 DoRiNG or DoRixK, Mathias, a Ger- 
 man Franciscan professor, born at Kiritz, 
 where he died 494. He is said to be the 
 author of the abi-idgment of the historical 
 mirror of de Beauvais continued to 1493. 
 He inveighs with asjierity against the vices 
 of the cardinals and popes, and he may be 
 considered as the forerunner of Luther. 
 
 Doris LA us, Isaac, a Dutchman Avho 
 came fron) Leyden to England, and by the 
 interest of Fulk lord Brooke, read lectures on 
 history at Cambridge. When expelled by Cf>- 
 sin the vice-chancellor, as suspected of repub- 
 lican pi'inciples, he became jiidge advocate in 
 the royal army against the Scots, but with an 
 unpardonable levity he quitted the king's 
 service for that of the parliament, and a?- 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 sisted, it is said, in drawing up the articles 
 of accusation against his sovereign. Thus 
 recon»mtnd('d by guilt and pnilligucy to the 
 ruling powers, he went in ItJ+'J, as ambassa- 
 dor from the republic to HoUancI, where lie 
 was attacked while at supper by sonic en- 
 thusiastic royalist and stabljed to the heart. 
 His body, by the direction of the parlia- 
 ment, was brought over to Knglund, and bu- 
 ried in Westminster-abbey, but removed at 
 the restoration to St. Margaret's church- 
 yard. 
 
 DoRMANS, John de, bishop of Beauvais, 
 a cardinal, and chancellor of France under 
 Charles V. died 7th Nov 1373. He was a 
 liberal patron of lutttrs, and founded the 
 college which bears his name at Paris. 
 
 DoRNAVius, Caspar, a physiclau, born 
 at Zigenrick, in Voightland, died very old, i 
 in 1631. He is author of some humorous j 
 and whimsical pieces — amphitheatrum sa- 
 pientia; Socralicse, two vols, folio. — homo 
 iliabolus4to. &c. 
 
 DoiiSCH, Everard, a Dutch engraver on 
 gems of superior abilities. He was born at 
 Nuremberg, and died 1712, aged 03. His 
 son Christopher was equally celebrated, and 
 finished portraits on gems, without the as- 
 sistance of drawings, with astonishing accu- 
 racy. He was also a painter. He died 1732, 
 aged 56, at Nuremberg. 
 
 DOSITH.SUS, the first heresiarch, a ma- 
 gician of Samaria, who pretended to be the 
 true Messijdi, and applied to himself all the 
 prophecies concerning the Saviour. Among 
 his 30 disciples he admitted a woman whom 
 he called the moon. He privately retired to 
 a cave where he starved himself to death 
 ihathe might iiersuade his followers that he 
 •was ascended into heaven. His followers al- 
 ways staid 24 hours in the same posture in 
 which they were when the sabbath began. 
 They existed inEg}pt till the si.xth century. 
 
 Doublet, N. an eminent Frencli sur- 
 geon, who died at Paris 17'jj. He wrote 
 some valuable pieces on his profession. 
 
 DouciN, Lewis, a French Jesuit of Ver- 
 non in Normandy. He wrote an history of 
 Nestorianism — a work against the Jansen- 
 ists — and other pieces, and died at Orleans 
 1726. 
 
 UovE, Nathaniel, an ingenious penman, 
 author of '* the progress of time," contain- 
 ing verses on the four seasons and the 12 
 months of the year, with 16 plates. He was 
 clerk in the victualling office, Tower hill, 
 and kept in 174o an academy at Hoxton. He 
 died 1754, aged 44. 
 
 DouFFET, Gerard, a painter of Liege, 
 born 16th August l.')94. He mus the pnpil 
 of Rubens, and distinguished himself by the 
 accuracy, variety, correctness and sweetness 
 of his pieces. Hedied about 1660. 
 
 Doug A DOS, Venance, a capuchin born 
 near Carcassone 1 764. The revolution open- 
 ed to him a field for the display of intiij^ue 
 and of ambition, but as the friend of the 
 federalists he was dragged to the scatibld and 
 suffered 1794. He wrote some poetical pie- 
 ces which possess merit, and have been pub- 
 lished at Nice. 
 
 Douglas, CJawin, youngest son of the 
 sixth earl of Angus, was bor» ul Hrechin in 
 Scotland 1471, and educated .-it St. Andrew's. 
 He perfected bis education by travelling in 
 Italy and (iermany, where he cultivated the 
 muses, and merited the .accjuaintance and 
 coinniendatioii of the learned. On his re- 
 turn to Scotland in l4yC, he was made pro- 
 vost of .St. (iilt s'scbiircb, Kdinburgh, in I US, 
 bisho|) of l>iiike!d to m liioh tlie ricli abbey 
 of Aberbrothic was afterwards added. He 
 wa.s exposcil t«> the virulent persecutions of 
 the times, anti came to IjOndon, where he 
 died of the plague in April 1.122. His chief 
 works, which prove him to be an eminent 
 scholar and poet, are a translaUon of Vir- 
 gil's ^-neid — the palace of honor, a poem — 
 aurex narrationes & conu-dite r.acra? — de re- 
 bus Scoticis liber. As Chaucer in I3ngland, 
 so he in Scotland is the great forerunner of 
 the revival of learning. 
 
 Do VJG (,AS, William, a Scotch nobleman, 
 commissioned by Robert Hruce, who had 
 made a vow whicli he could not fulfil, to go 
 on a crusade, to carry his heart to the holy 
 land. Douglas set out after the king's death, 
 1327 ; but he perished by the way, with the 
 illustrious Scots wiio followed in his train. 
 
 Douglas, James, an English anatomist, 
 and great practitioner in the obstetric art, 
 in the beginning of the 18th century. He 
 wrote bibliographitc anatomix specimen, 8vo. 
 miographias comparatic specimen, 1706 — de- 
 scription of the periton;eum, London, 173t> 
 — a history of the lateral operation for the 
 stone, 8vo. — and papers in the pliilosophical 
 transactions. He patronised John Hunter ; 
 and died 1742. His brother John was sur- 
 geon in the Westminster-hospital. 
 
 Douglas, sir Charles, a Scotsman, en- 
 gagcii in the Dutch navy, and afterwards in 
 the English service during the Americau 
 V. ar. He comman<led with reputation in the 
 gulf of St. Lawrence, and died 1789| a rear- 
 admiral, 
 
 Douglas, James earl of Morton and Ab- 
 erdeen, was born at Edinliurgh 1707, and 
 distinguished himself by his love of science 
 and literature. He established, when 26, 
 the philosophical society of Edinburgh, and 
 was, in 1733, elected president of tlie Lon- 
 don royal society. The academy of scien- 
 ces at Paris paid respect to his virtues, by 
 electing him an associate ; and as the patron 
 of merit, and an able astronomer, he de- 
 served the good opinion of the learned woi-ld. 
 He died 1768, leaving a son and daughter. 
 
 Douglas, John, a learned prelate, born 
 in 1721, at Pittenweem, in Fifesliire. From 
 Dunbar school he removed, in 1736, to St. 
 .Mary -hall, Oxford, iiinl two years after was 
 elected to an exhibition in Baliol college. He 
 took his first degree in 174l, and then went 
 to -Montreal and to (ihent, to acquire a coni- 
 jietent knowledge of the French language. 
 As cha])lain of the 3<l regiment of foot guanls, 
 he went in the expedition in Flanders, and 
 WHS [U-esent at the battle of Fontenoy, in 
 17 i5. He afleivards attended lord Puitncy 
 in his travels oa ihe continent ; and on bis 
 return to England, in 1749, lie obtained 
 
DO 
 
 DO 
 
 irom his patron the donative ot" Uppiiigtou, 
 Shropshire, which he soon after exchanged 
 lor the vicarage of High Ertal, in the same 
 county. By tlie interest of his friends, and 
 by his own merits as an able and acute wri- 
 ter, he rose to higher honors in the chnrcii. 
 He was made, in 1760, chaplain to the king; 
 and in 17()'2 he obtained a canonry of Wind- 
 sor, which lie afterwards exchanged for the 
 residentiaryship of St. Paul's, resigned by 
 him in ITSS for the deanery of Windsor. 
 He had, in 170 i, exchanged his Sliropshire 
 livings for St. Austin's and St. Faith's, Wat- 
 liiig-strect, London; and in 1787 he was 
 raise(! to the sue of Carlisle, from whicli he 
 Mas translated, in 1791, to Salisbury. His 
 powers as a -writer were strong, respectable, 
 and mullifari()Ur5. His first work was, the 
 vindication of Milton from the charge of 
 plagiarism, against L'.iuder, 17o0 — and he 
 afterwards publislied, the critci'iou of mii-a- 
 cles, 1754, a -work of great merit, of Mdilch 
 he prepared another edition in ISOG — an apo- 
 logy for the clergy against the Hutchinsoni- 
 ans, kc. — the destruction of the French 
 foretold by Ezekie! — several pamphlets a- 
 gainst Archib:dd Bower — a defence of lord 
 George Sackville — a letter to twogi*cat men 
 on the approacli of per;ec, kc. Besides these 
 "works, he a^sisled in the publication of lord 
 Clarendon's diary and letters — of Cooke's 
 voyages — of lonl Hardwicke's miscellaneous 
 papers, he. and he also published several po- 
 litical papei-s in the public advertiscT and in 
 other periodical puhiications. 1/e w:,s, in 
 17SG, elected one of the vice-presidents of 
 the antiquarian society, and vns also one of 
 the trustees of tiie Britlaii museum; and al- 
 ter a life thus actively i!c voted to the cause 
 of literature and religion, retaining his foc- 
 uUies to the last, he died of a gradual dcenj', 
 without a struggle, 18th May 1807, aged Ho, 
 and was buried in St. George's chapel, Wind- 
 sor. He was twice married ; first in 17J2, 
 when hcbecame a widower in the short space 
 of three months; and secondly in 1763, By 
 his last wife, d.aughter of Henry Rvudeneil 
 Uooke, esq. who died tv.o years before him, 
 he left one son and one daughtei-. 
 
 DousA, James, a noble Dutchman, born 
 at Nortiiwick 1545. After studying v. ith 
 great reputation at Paris, he returned to 
 Holland, where he married early, and isp- 
 plied himself to political aflairs. For twenty 
 vears he was curator of the banks and dykes 
 of Hollaml, and distinguished himself so 
 much at the siege of Leyden in 1574, that the 
 prince of Orange made him governor of the 
 t »v n, and curator of the uiii\ersily founde<1 
 there. He was most eminent as a scholar, 
 and his genius was disi>*ayed in several poet- 
 ical proiluctions. He also wrote th*^ aimals 
 of iiis country, besides critii::d rsolt-s on Ho- 
 race, Sallust, Plantns, Catullus, Tibullus, SSiC. 
 He was in his private firaraclcr fis amiable fis 
 he was respeiteJ in hi; publi«- duties. He 
 d'lMl 1604, and his mcinorv wu.s honoi-ed bv 
 llif oration of Daniel Heinsl'i i. He had four 
 sons, .Inmes, George, Francis, and 'i'iicodo- 
 rTJo. James wa.s a very extraordinary gen- 
 ius, who attained muturily f.i' wisdom and 
 
 erudition in the flower of youth. Besides 
 poems of great merit, he wrote at the age of 
 19, his book de rebus ccelestibus — and his 
 panegyric on a shadow — critical notes on 
 several Lacin authors — and assisted his father 
 in his annals. He was made preceptor to 
 the prince of Orange, and librarian to the 
 university of Leyden; but he unfortunately 
 died 1597, in his ii6th year, when his abilities 
 promised the noblest additions to the great- 
 ness and learning of his country. George 
 was a good linguist, and published an account 
 of a voyage to Constantinople. Francis pub- 
 lislied Scaliger's epistles — annotations on the 
 fragments of Lncilius, &c. Theodorus pub- 
 lislied Logotheta's chronicon, with notes, 
 isc. 
 
 DouvRE, Thomas de, a native ofBay- 
 eux, r^^ised, for his learning and virtues, by 
 William the coiKi'.ieror, to the see of York, 
 where he rebuiit his cathedral. He com- 
 posed some books on music, and was a great 
 patron and benefactor to his clerg}'. After 
 being archbishop for twenty-eight years, he 
 died 1100. 
 
 DouvRE, Thomas de,Jiephewto the fore- 
 going, was also archbishop of York in 1108. 
 He had violent quarrels v.ith Anselra of 
 Canterbuiy about the precedency of the two 
 sees. He died 1114, greatly respected for 
 his constancy, virtues, and faith. 
 
 DouvREj Isabella de, of the same family 
 as the preceding, v.-as mistress to llobdrt the 
 bastard of Henry L of England, by whom she 
 had llicbard, afterwards bishop of Bayeux, 
 1133. She retired in her old age to solitude 
 and penitence at Bayeux, where she died 
 UGG. 
 
 Dow, Gerai-d, pupil of Rembrandt, was 
 born at Leyden 1613. His pieces which are 
 all small, and to be viewed to advantage on- 
 ly by the help of a magnifying-glass, possess 
 astonisiiing expression, and are extremely 
 delicate. He was patient in his labors, and 
 was not less than three days in representing 
 a broomstick, and five in painting a hand. 
 He died in a good old age, but when is not 
 usrertained. 
 
 DowAL, William Mac, a learned Scots- 
 man, born in 1590, and educated for seven 
 years by Nisbet at Musselburgh, and after- 
 ward.s at St. Andrew's. In 1614 he went to 
 Groningeu, m here lie studied civil law, and 
 took his doctor's degree, in 1625. He was 
 made advocate to the army of count Nassau, 
 and in 1629 and 16,35 came as ambassador 
 to Charlesl. to snppoK the freedom of the 
 seas about the herring-fisheries. He was 
 made by Charles one of the council of state 
 for Scotland, in which office lie was continu- 
 ed by Charles II. with the additional title oi' 
 ambassador to tlie United States. He died 
 in London, but \; hen not known, having had 
 two wives, both Dutch women, the last of 
 v. horn he buried 1632. 
 
 Do \v>.'ii AM, John, was born at Chester, 
 3on of the bishop of that see. Fie was edu- 
 cated at CaUihridgc, antl is author of that pi- 
 ous and well known book, *' the Christian 
 wariiire." He died in London 1614. 
 
 Don-Niyg, Caiibut, an Kngtish divine. 
 
DR 
 
 DR 
 
 doctor of btt's, and incumljcnt of Hackney, 
 Middlesex, nud Ilickfoid, Bucks. He was 
 disappoi\itcd in lii.s viewb of liljjlicr [n-eft-r 
 laent, U[»()n u'liitdi he enilirucc-rl ihc rcpulili- 
 cun party, and prcaclic<l some violent ser- 
 mons, asseriiiig tlio lawfulness of suhjfcta to 
 tiike up arniij :ig;ninst the kinj^. la iG-iJ he 
 was a grand co\ cnanter, but tiied the next 
 ycai'. Sonu- of his scrnions have been prin- 
 ted. His bi)n, sir lieorj^c, was secretary lo 
 the treasury, and commissioner of customs 
 niulcr Charles II. 
 
 Dkai! ici vs, Nitliolas, an enthusiast, born 
 1587, at Stransnitz, iu Moravia. He beeame 
 a minister in \'ilC> at I)rak(nutz ; bui the 
 ])erseculions against the proLestants obliged 
 him to fly to J-.eidnilz, in Huni|;ary, where he 
 (urnetl woollen draper for his sustenance. 
 His improper conduet and fiequent ebriety 
 exposed him to the censures of his superi- 
 ors; but in his 50th year he determined to 
 distinguish himself as a j)rophet. His visions 
 began in 1638, and tiiough at first little re- 
 garded, yet tliey engaged the curiosity and 
 accpvired the respect of the vulgar, and, by- 
 denouncing destruction against the liouse of 
 Austria and the papal power, he inspired 
 ^vith fear even the bravest of generals. He 
 was assisted in his fanatical reveries by Co- 
 Kienius, a man of learning, but weak princi- 
 ples, with whom he published his revelation 
 called " lux in tenebris." Drabicius was per- 
 secuted by the house of Austria, for the ruin 
 which he falsely prophesied against it, and 
 what became of him is unknown. Some 
 suppose that he v. as burnt as an impostor and 
 false prophet, and others say that he died in 
 Turk-ey, where he had taken refuge. Co- 
 meiiius published an abridgment of the re- 
 veries of Drabicius, Kolterus, and other.s, * t 
 Amsterdam, in 1660, and reprinted it under 
 the title of lux e tenebris novis radiis aiicta, 
 Jscc. IGGG. 
 
 Draco, a celebrated Athenian, B. C. 643, 
 whose laws Avere so severe that they were 
 said to be written in blood. 
 
 Draconites, John, a Lutliei'an divine, 
 horn at Carlstadt, in Franconia. He was made 
 a bishop in Prussia, and was the learned au- 
 thor of commentaries on the prophets and the 
 gospels, and began a polyglott bible, but di- 
 ed before its completion, 1506. 
 
 Dragut, Uais, i.e. captain Ragut, the 
 favorite and successor of IJarbarossa, was 
 born of obscure parents, in Natoiia. In abil- 
 ities no ways inferior to liis master, he dis- 
 tinguished iiimself in the courts of Xaplesand 
 Calabria; but being taken by Doria's ne- 
 phew, he passed seven long years in captivi- 
 ty. In 1560 Doria was besieged in the har- 
 bor of the isle of Cerbes ; but the artful pi- 
 rate eluded the vigilance of his enemies, bv 
 convoying his gallies across the land, and 
 took the capital of iSitily, to the astonish- 
 ment of his opponents. In 1566 he assisted 
 Solyman II. against Malta with fd'teen gal- 
 lies and Avhiie rcconi-.oitring, a piece of 
 stone struck by a cannon bali gave l»im so 
 violent a blow on the ear that he died a short 
 time after. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 
 DaAKE, sir Francis, an illustrious navign- 
 tor, son of a sailor, and born at Tavistock in 
 Devonshire 15 i5. fit- wai brought iij) by 
 his kins-ntan sir .lohn Haw kins, and at the age 
 of 18 was purser to a Discnyan trader, and 
 at CO went to (luinca, and at '2'i obfainiMl (he 
 c(imniand of the Judith. He rli:.tinguish<.-il 
 himself greatly in the gulf of Mexico, under 
 sir John Hawkins, and prdjected exp<.'ditiohs 
 against the Spani;irdi in .\meri(a, which he 
 executed with great firmness and success, in 
 1570, and 157'2. He afierv.ard.s tcrvcd in 
 Ireland under AV'alter earl of Essex, and at 
 his death he was recommended by sir Chris- 
 tO[>hcr Hatton to nueen F>!iv:abelh, wlio en- 
 tered into all his views of ;!tlack and discov- 
 ery. On the 1.3Lh of Dec. 1577, beset out on 
 his celebrated voyage, witii five small shipr, 
 and only 164 able men. Of these ships two 
 were destroyed on the coast of Brasil as unfit, 
 and one returned home, so tliat oidy with his 
 ov/n vessel he entered the straits of Ma- 
 gellan, and coasting along Chili and Peru, 
 he enriched his com\)anioiis by the plunder 
 of the unsuspecting Spaniards. He sailed as 
 high as the 48 degree noith latitude with 
 hope of finding a passage to the European 
 seas, and gave tiie name of Xew Albion to 
 the country. From thence he set sail the 
 '29th Sept. 1579 for the Moluccas, and after 
 visiting some savage islands, and enduring 
 many hardships, he doubled tlie cape of 
 Good Hope on the 15th of .March 15 SO, ha- 
 ving theii only 57 men and three casks of wa- 
 ter. He continued his voyage, and after wa- 
 tering in Cuinea, he reached Piymonth on the 
 third of Nov. after an absence of tuo years 
 and ten months. The glory of sailing round 
 the worid, and the vast i)lunder obtained 
 from the Spaniards, were however viewed 
 with indignation by some who regarded 
 Drake as a common pirate ; but the queen 
 approved the bold expedition of her naval 
 hero, and on the 4th of April 1581, she went 
 on board his ship atDeptfurd and dined with 
 him, and conferred on him the honor of 
 knighthood. This ship also was preserved to 
 commemorate tlie glory of the enterpriser,till 
 decaying by time it was broken up and a 
 chair made of the timber presented to the 
 university of Oxford. In 15S5 Drake took 
 St. Jago, St. Domingo, Cartliagena, ice. in the 
 West indies, and in 1587, he attacked Cadiz 
 and burned more than 10,000 tons of ship- 
 ping, w hich he merrily called burning the 
 Spanish king's beard. When the invincible 
 armada ai)pr()ached England, Drake was 
 made vice admiral under Icn-d Howard, and 
 in the encounter he behaved with great cour- 
 age, though his eagerness to pursue the plun- 
 der proved nearly fatal, by his suffering his 
 admiral to be exposed in the miilst of llse 
 hostile fleet. Fortune however favored tlie 
 English, and Drake enriched himself and iu& 
 crew by the seizure of Pedro's galleon, whicli 
 produced 55,UO<»duc;-lsofgold. In l.^SP Drake 
 w as sent to restore Antonio to the kingdom 
 of Portugal, l)Ut w ithoin success ; and lie af- 
 terwards went to the ^Vest Indies where his 
 <[uarre! v, ith sir J •'' ■• ? J;;v, kin:- disacrr-'-rtcfi 
 
DR 
 
 DR 
 
 the plans of the expedition whicli ended un- 
 successfully. Tliese unfortunate events prey- 
 ed much upon the mind of Drake, he fell in- 
 to a melancholy, and was carried oft' by a 
 bloody flux on board his ship near the town 
 of Xombre de Dios 28tfi January 1596. His 
 death was universally lamented, for he Mas 
 respected not only as a naval hero, but as a 
 worthy private character. He was twice 
 iaeml>er of parliament for Bossiney and af- 
 terwards for i'lymouth, a town where his 
 name is still revered for the water which he 
 conveyed there in 1587 by a circuitous canal 
 of '20 miles from springs at the distance of 
 eight miles. His widow, daughter of sir 
 ( jeorge Sydenham, by whom he had no issue, 
 married after his death William Courtenay, 
 cs({. of Powderham castle. 
 
 Drake, James, a physician and political 
 writer, born at Cambridge 1067, and educa- 
 ted there. In 1G96 he took the degree of 
 M.D. and became soon after fellow of the 
 royal society and of the college of physi- 
 cians, but he prefercd writing for the book- 
 sellers to professional engagement. His 
 "History of the last parliament of king 
 William,'' 1702, was considered as so severe 
 in his rcHections on that monarch, that he 
 was prosecuted by the attorney -general, but 
 acquitted. In 1704, upon the rejection of the 
 bill to pi-event occasional conformity, he 
 ventured, with Poley, member for Ips- 
 ■wich, to publish the memorial of the church 
 of England, 8:c. vhich highly oftcuded Go- 
 dolphin, and roused the vengeance of the 
 house of commons, who oft'ered a reward for 
 the discovery of the author, who, however, 
 though suspected, remained unattacked. In 
 1706 he AS as prosecuted for the publication 
 of Mercurius Politicus, a newspaper which 
 severely reflected upon the conduct of gov- 
 ernment, and though acquitted through a 
 flaw in the information, he took to heart the 
 asperity of his persecutors, and falling into 
 a fever he died at Westminster the second of 
 Alarch 1707. He Avrote, besides the "Sham 
 lawyer," a comedy, — an English translation 
 of Herodotus, ncrer published, — a " new 
 system of anatomy," a work of great merit, 
 published by Dr. Wagstatfe, and again in 
 1717, in two vols. 8vo. M-itli an appendix, 
 1728, — and notes te le Clerc's history of 
 physic. 
 
 Drake, Samuel, fellow of St, John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, publislied in 172U, folio, a 
 splendid edition of archbishop Parker's "de 
 antiquilate Britannicte ecclesite, he." 
 
 Drake, William, a physician, born 1687, 
 at York, where he settled, after taking his 
 degrees at Christ-church, Oxford. In Tiis 
 old age he collected various records, and 
 publi.slied a valuable history of York, with 
 co])per-pIatc's, kc. folio. He was the friend 
 of -Mead, Fawkes, ke. and died greatly re- 
 spected 1760, aged 7.3. 
 
 Drake, Jioger, D.D. a physician, wlio 
 afterwi.rds became a pop'alnr preacher in 
 London, and was one of the Savoy conimis- 
 sioners. He died alter the restoration. He 
 ^vas learned, i)iouT,and charitable, and wrote 
 
 some sermons, besides a sacred chronologf . 
 
 Drakenberg, Christian Jacob, the welT 
 known centenary of the north, was born at 
 Stravenger, Norway, 1624, and died at Aai'- 
 rhuys in 1770, aged 146. After living in ce- 
 libacy till his 113th year, he married a wi- 
 dow aged 60. His great old age brought 
 about him many respectable visitors, who 
 Avere pleased with liis good sense, his humi- 
 ' lity, and the sound state of his faculties. 
 
 Drakenborch, Arnoldus, professor of 
 kistory and eloquence at Utrecht, died 1748, 
 aged 64. He is well kuown as the editor of 
 Livy, 7 vols. 4to. and Silius Itahcus with very 
 learned notes. 
 
 Dran, Henry Francis le, a famous sur- 
 geon and lithotomist, who died at Paris 1770, 
 aged 85. He was author of observations on 
 surgery 2 vols. I'imo. — on gunshot wounds, 
 — on the various modes of lithotomy, — on 
 the operations of surgery, translated into 
 English by Gataker, &c. 
 
 Draper, sir William, an English gene- 
 ral, son of a collector of the customs at Bris- 
 tol, educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge. He embraced the military pro- 
 fession, and in the East-Indies acquired the 
 rank of colonel. In 1761 he was made bri- 
 gadier in the expedition against Belleisle, 
 and in 1763 he went with admiral Cornish 
 against Manilla. The place was taken, but 
 the ransom of four million« of dollars, which 
 the governor pledged himself to pay, was 
 resisted by the Spanish government, and 
 the conquerers were thus robbed of their 
 expected reward. Draper, however, warf 
 made in co-.isequence of his services, knight 
 of the bath, and on the reduction of his re- 
 giment, colonel of the 16th. In gratitude 
 f V his education he presented the colors of 
 the conquered fort to King's college. In 
 1769 he engaged in the controversy with the 
 celebrated Junius, in defence of the marqurs 
 of Granby, and his two letters were answer- 
 ed Avith great spirit and severity by his un- 
 known antagonist, whom, however, he again 
 attacked under the signature of Modestus. 
 In October 1769, he Avent to America for 
 his health, Avhere he married miss de Lan • 
 cey, daugliter of the chief justice of NeAv- 
 York. In 1779, he Avas mad^ lieutenant go- 
 vi-rnor of Minorca, and on the surrender of 
 the place he exhibited twenty-nine charges 
 against the goAernor, Murray, twenty-seven 
 of which Avere deemed frivolous, and for the 
 other two, the governor Avas reprimanded ; 
 after Avhich the accuser was directed by the 
 court to make an apology to his general, to 
 Avhich he acquiesced. He lived afterwards 
 in retirement^ and died at Bath 8th January 
 1787. 
 
 Drayton, Michael, an English poet, 
 born at Harshull, in WarAvicksliire, 1563. 
 He was educated at Oxford, Avhere, how- 
 ever, he took no degree, and devoted him- 
 self early to the cidtivation of the muse';. 
 In 1593 }ie published the sbeplierd's garland, 
 afterAvards re-printed under the name of 
 pastorals, aiwl before 1598 he i)rcsented be- 
 fore the public his Baroiib' Avars, lungland's 
 
UR 
 
 DR 
 
 hcroical epistles, downlals of llohcrt duke 
 of Normandy, Matilda, and <iavcston. 'I'hus 
 distinguished as a riivorifc of the muses, lie 
 ■welcomed tlie arrival of James I. iu a con- 
 ^ratulatoi-y |>oem, I»ut he met with marked 
 neglect instead of remuneration fi-om the 
 court. In 10 J.) he published the first pait 
 of bis I'oly-Olbion, a descriptive poem, 
 ■which iu its accf)unt of the rivers, moun- 
 tuins, productions, antitiuities, and remark- 
 ;djle historical fcatui-es, contains more cor- 
 rectness and truth of <leliiiealion than real 
 und sublime poetry. The metre of twelve 
 syllables is parti«ularly olfcnaive, and the 
 poem is now regarded only for the accuracy 
 of its narrative an<l of its description. In 
 16'27 Drayton published a second volume of 
 Jtii poems, containing the battle of Agin- 
 court, miseries of queen Margaret, court of 
 iairies, quest of Cynthia, shepherds' syrcna, 
 elegies, and a spirited satire against female 
 -aftectation called mooncalf. In 1G.30 anotlver 
 volume appeared called the muses' elysium, 
 etc. Drayton died 1G31, and -was buried 
 among the poets in ^V'cslminstejr-abbey. 
 Though called poet laureat, it is a compli- 
 mentary appellation, as Ben Jonson was the 
 Jaureat of this time. Di-ayton's Morks were 
 publislied in 1748, in 1 vol. fol. and in 1753 in 
 10 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Drebel, Cornelius, a Dutch philosopher, 
 born at Alcmaer 157'2, died iu London 16.'i4. 
 As he pretended to be an alchymist some 
 curioTis particulars are related with respect 
 to his power to cause rain, cold, &c. by the 
 operation of his machines. To his ingenuity 
 some atti'ibute the invention of the micros- 
 cofie and the thermometer, to which some 
 add the telescope. Among other things he 
 wrote de nalura elementorum, 8vo. &c, 
 
 Dreltn'court, Charles, a cnlvanist mi- 
 nister, bora at Sedan, July 15'.)5, and educa- 
 ted there and at Sauiuur. Though a pro- 
 testant and a powerful enemy against the pa- 
 pists, yet he was universally esteemed and 
 beloved by tliem there and at Saumur. His 
 discourses as a preacher were very edifying, 
 and his writings particularly consolatory, as 
 interesting the soul in that inward devotion 
 and sincerity of prayer which alone can 
 prove acceptable to the God of purity. I 
 Alany of his writings, thirteen iu number, I 
 were controversial. Besides these lie pub- 
 lished consolations against the fear of death, 
 wliicli hare passed through more than forty 
 «Mlitions, and have been translated into va- 
 j'ious languages, — his charitable visits, in 5 
 vols, and 3 vols, of sermons, &ic. ail equally 
 remarkable for tiie l>iety, devotion, and re- 
 ligious assertitjns with which they ins|>ire 
 the attentive reader. He diitil the third of 
 November lOfiO. He married in IG'25, and 
 .jy his wife had sixteen children, the first 
 seven of v,hom v. ere sons, and the rest six 
 sons and three daughters interjnixed. The 
 eldest son La'wrencc was an able prcnclier, 
 and his sermons and sonnets were p'eatly 
 esteemed. He died 1681, aged .'iO. Hgnry 
 the second son was minister, and publishe<l 
 aho some sermons. The third son, Charles, 
 
 W.1S horn ir»33 at Paris, and hc-caine M.U. at 
 Montpellit r, and uas appointed physician to 
 the king's forces in Flanders lunlcr 'i'nien- 
 ne. lie was :ificrwards phyiiician to WilliMU^ 
 and Mary of Kngland, and dietl at Lcyden 
 May IG'jr, leaving a son ai' his own name 
 He wan n<»t less esteemed as a private cha- 
 racter (ban RS a medical man, at Le was Jiu- 
 mane, pious, benevolent, and learned. His 
 treatiseson his profession are highlv esteem- 
 ed. The fourth son of Dreliiu-.ourl, Antho- 
 ny, was a ])hysidMii at C)ib<-s in .S\»il/,ei-- 
 land ; the fifth died at Ceni va, stiidyingdiNi- 
 nity; the sixth, I'etei-, died dean of Ar- 
 magh; the other children died young, ex- 
 cept a daughter, who married Malnoc, ad- 
 vocate of the parliament of Paris. 
 
 Dresseuus, Matthew, a (ierman, born 
 at Jafurt in Thuringia, 153G. He became 
 professor of rhetoric and history at Krfuit, 
 and afterwards at Jena, and in 1581 accept- 
 ed the chair of polite learning at Leipsic. 
 He engaged, though unwillingly, in the pue- 
 rile disputes which in those days divided the 
 attention of the learned between the dis- 
 ciples of Aristotle and of liamus. He was 
 learned and laboi'ious, and by his influence 
 the confession of Augsburgh, v. as received 
 in the university of Leipsic. He died lf>07. 
 He had been twice married. His writings 
 were chiefly on controversial subjects, aud 
 are no longer remembered. 
 
 Drevet, Peter, two famous engravers 
 at Paris, wlio both died there 1739, the fa- 
 ther, aged 75, and the son -i'i. Their works 
 are higlily esteemed. Claude, their relation 
 possessed also merit in the same line. 
 
 Dreux du IvADiER, John Francis, an 
 advocate, born at Chateauneuf Thimerais 
 10th of May 1714. He abandoned the bar for 
 the pursuits of literature, but he did not gain 
 much reputation as a poet, as his verses 
 were dull, incorrect, and i)rosai«. His prose 
 writings are bibliotheque historique politique 
 du Poitou, 5 vols. l-2mo. — I'Europe illustrec, 
 — tablettes, anecdotes des rois de France, 3 
 vols. I'imo. — histoires anecdotes des reines, 
 
 kc. six vols. l'2mo. He died the lirst of 
 
 March, 17S0, Though sarcastic in his writ- 
 ings he was a benevolent man in his character. 
 Dkexelius, Jeremiah, a Jesuit of Augs- 
 burgh, who died at Munich 1G3S, aged 57. 
 His works were publishe<l at Antwerp two 
 vols, folio. He has a curious poem on hell 
 torments, in which he calculates how many 
 souls can be contained jn a nurrov/ space iii 
 those dreadful regions. 
 
 Dhiedo, John, a learned divinity profes- 
 sor of Louvain, who died there 1535. His 
 abilities were engaged in the opposition of 
 the Lutheran (Jalvaiiists, and he published 4 
 vols. fol. on theologic.d sul»jects. 
 
 ]3uiNKER, Edward, an American cente- 
 nary, born Dec. 24lh IGSO in a small cabin 
 where the corner of Walnut and Secono- 
 streets, Philadelphia, now stand. At the 
 age of twelve he went to Boston as appren- 
 tice to a cal)inet-maker, and in 1745 return- 
 ed to Philailelphia, with his family, where 
 he lived the rest of his life. He wrs foU" 
 
DR 
 
 DR 
 
 times married, and had IS chiklix-ii, ull by 
 Jjis tirst wiie, and before liis tlealh lie had 
 a jrrandchild bcrn to one of his graiuJuhil- 
 (!r<.n, being the fiftii in successiv^Q troin him- 
 self, lie retained all Ids facidtics lo the last, 
 lliout^h his e^esiglit failed liiin some time 
 before his death. He lost all his teeth about 
 thirty years before he died. In his meals he 
 was moderate, but he eat often and never 
 took any snppe!-, and he was never seei; in a 
 state of i'llo.xication. His memory contin- 
 ued so iK-i'fect that he could relate tlie min- 
 ritest events in hig youth, and never repeated 
 tljcm twice to tlie same comxsany. He had 
 the unusual happiness of seeing a place of 
 desolation, the Im-king spDt of v ild beasts 
 and birds of prey, converted to a handsome, 
 popidoiis, and floii.siiing city, and after living 
 
 under seven sovereisrns. 
 
 and beholding the 
 
 great Penn establish his treaty with the In- 
 dians, and the congress sign tiieir alliance 
 Avith France, he hailed the day which made 
 America a free independent republic. This 
 venerable man, deservedly respected for his j influence of his relations, insured his promo- 
 
 lus retirement lie wrote the history of the 
 five Jameses, v liich was published after his 
 death. He also wrote other pieces which 
 tended to pacify his countrymen, and rouse u 
 spirit of loyalty through the nation. He was 
 intimate with the learned men of the times, 
 with Urayton, Jonson, the marquis of Mon- 
 trose, kc. He married in 16-H, and had 
 three children, and died 1C49. His works, 
 consisting of poetry and prose, with hir, life 
 prefixed, were printed in folio, Edinburgh 
 iril. His son William was knighted bv 
 Charles H. 
 
 Drum MO XD, Robert Hny, second son of 
 the seventh earl of Kinncul, by a daughter of 
 Robert Harley lord Oxford, was born lOtli 
 Nov. 1711, at London, and educated at West- 
 minster-sthool and Christ-church, where he 
 wa.? student. In 1736 he took orders, and 
 the next year v as made king's chaplain, and 
 in 1743 was abroad with the king, before 
 whom he preaciied after the battle of Det- 
 tingen. His abiliticp, and particnlarly the 
 
 virtues in private life, died Nov. 17th 17 82, 
 aged 103. 
 
 UnoLiXGER, Charles Frederick, privy 
 counsellor and librarian to tlie margrave of 
 Baden Durlaeh, was admired as a poet and 
 scholar. He died 1742, and his poetical 
 -works appeared the next year at Basil in Svo. 
 full of energy, elegance, and correctness. 
 
 Drou, N. a French advocate, distinguish- 
 ed for his eloquence as well as humanity. 
 He defended with zeal and ability the cause 
 of iJie poor as well as of the rich. He died 
 June 1783 much respected. 
 
 Drol'Ais, Hubert, a painter, born at la 
 Rouge, Normandy, died at Paris Feb. 9th 
 17C7, aged OS. He was the pupil of his 
 father, v\ho was likev/ise a painter, and lie 
 enjoyed the suLlimest of satisfactions of sha- 
 ring with his parents and in the bosom of his 
 family the applauses whicli were liberally be- 
 stowed on the exertions of his pencil. By his 
 genius and industry he raised himself from 
 an humble situation to fame an(l opulence. 
 His son Geriuain John was a painter of pro- 
 mising abilities, and died at Rome 17'J0 aged 
 -rfi ■ 
 
 Drouet, Stephen Fraticis, a lai>orious 
 French writer, who edited Morcri and also 
 Lenglet's jMethode, &c. He died 1779, aged 
 54. 
 
 Drummond, William, a Scotchman, son 
 of sir John l^rummond of HuwthoiMuien, 
 ■where he was born 1.585. He was educated 
 at Edinburgh, and in IGOG he jtassed over to 
 France and studied civil law at Bourges. He 
 however abandoned the pofessicn ftf the law 
 fpr the muses, and for the ]»eaccful retire- 
 ment of HaM'thornden, which soon became 
 dis;;greeable to him on the sudden death of a 
 j-oung lady to whom he was betrothed. In 
 consequence of this he went to settle on the 
 continent, and resided for eight years be- 
 tween Rome and Paris, and travelled over 
 Germany, Italy, and France. He visited his 
 eountry afterv. ards, but soon left it on ac- 
 eount of the civil broils of the time. During 
 
 tion in the church, he became prebendary of 
 Westminster, in 1748 bishop of St. Asaph, in 
 1761 bisliop of Salisbury, and soon after was 
 translated to York. He published six occa- 
 sional sermons, besides a sensible letter on 
 theological study, whieh was edited in one 
 vol. Svo, 1S03, with his life. He died in 1773 
 leaving only three of several children by his 
 wife, daughter of Peter Auriol, a London 
 merchant. 
 
 Drury, Robert, was shipwrecked 1762, in 
 the Degrave East Indiaman, on the south 
 side of Madagascar, where he remained iu 
 slavery \5 years. On his return he publish- 
 ed, 17-29, a very interesting account of that 
 uncivilized country, whicli, though extraor- 
 dinary, is considered as accurate, as it cor- 
 responded witii th.e papers of ^Ir. Benbow 
 who shared tlie calamity. Three only wkh 
 Drury escaped tlie ferocity of the natives. 
 
 DuuRY, J)ru, a jeweller iu the Strand, 
 London, better known as fellow of the Lin- 
 n?;an society, fiiid as a naturalist, and an in- 
 defatigable coliector of curiosities.. He itied 
 Jan. 1804, and after his death there were 
 found in the neck of liis bUulder three large 
 oval stones, more tlian tv.o inches long, and 
 one deep, nearly two ounces in Mcight. He 
 wrote three volumes on insects. It is sup- 
 posed that he was descended from Dru Dru- 
 ry a well known character in the reign of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Drusii.la, Livia, daughter of Germani- 
 cus, disgraced herself by her incestuous com- 
 merce with lier bro'Jier Caligula. She died 
 38 A. D. aged 29. 
 
 Dru SI us, John, a learned protcstant, 
 born atOuib.nard 1555. He waseducateTl at 
 Ghent and Louvain, and upon his father's 
 settlement jn England came to Cambridge, 
 where he leJlriicd Hebrew. His return to 
 France was prevented by the Bartholnmev/ 
 massacre, and he went by invitation to Ox- 
 ford, wliere he became professor of the ori- 
 ental languages for four years, thoug'i only 
 22. lie afterwards studied law at Louvaiii, 
 
1)R 
 
 DR 
 
 niid seUlfcd at Lcydcn as professor of oriental 
 langnaj;es, wlicrc he inarrud, and then re- 
 moved ill 15S5, in conse(|U<-m:e of llic scimti- 
 ncss (dhis salai"}', lo FraiickcT, u here In-- Id- 
 led tlie professor's chair with great creililiill 
 hisdeatiiin iCtO. Fie \iasv( ry learned in He- 
 brew, ami ill the Ji'wish uNtinnilies, :ind the 
 text of the old testament, as his works fully 
 evince. He had two danj^ht<'rs aiid one smi. 
 One of ihe danghters iiiariied Curi.mdei- wlio 
 •wrote the life (jf his father-in-law. His son 
 \vas so well skilled in the learned langHage;;, 
 that he could write at 12 extempore in vi. rse 
 and prose, and at 17 he made a Latin speech 
 to James I. which was much applauded. He 
 died at the age of 21, of the stone. He left 
 some learned works, so excellent that Sca- 
 liger declared that Drnsius (he son knew f le- 
 hrcw better than his father. 
 
 Drusus, son of Germanicus, was put to 
 death l)y Tiberius through (he intrigues of 
 Sejanus, A. 1). 9r>. 
 
 Drusus, M, Livius, an anjbitious Koman, 
 murdered for his attempts to recommend 
 and enforce tlie agrarian law, IJ. C. 190. 
 
 Drusus, Nero Claudius, brother of the 
 emperor 'I'lberiiis, was lionored with a tri- 
 umph for his victories in Germany, and died 
 B. C. 91, aged 30. 
 
 Drvsvs, son of Tiberius and Vipsania, 
 was banished by the intrigues of Sejanus, 
 •whom in a fit of resentment he had si.ruck, 
 AD. 23. 
 
 Drvaxder, John, aphysician and matlie- 
 raatician of Wcttcren in Hesse, lecturer at 
 Marpurg, wliere he died 20th Dec. 1560. 
 ]-Iis works are valuable on medicine and 
 mathematics, and his discoveries in astrono- 
 liiy and his invention of mathematical iustru- 
 ))ients are important. 
 
 Drydex, John, an illustrious English po- 
 et, was bora of a very respectable family at 
 Aldwincle near vJundlc, Northampton.'ihire, 
 (he 9th of Aug. 1G31. He was educated at 
 Westminster under Busby, and at Trinii.y 
 college, Cambridge. He early gave proof nf 
 superior poetical abilities, and even while at 
 schcol translated the third satire of Pei'siu.<;, 
 and wrote a poem on (be death of lord Hast- 
 ins:s. In 1658 he Dubiished heroic stanzas on 
 Cromwell, and in 1660, Astrea redux, on the 
 restoration of <Jharles H. In 1662 hi; ad- 
 dressed a poem to ch.ancellor Hyde, and 
 publislied his satire on tiie Dutch. In 1666 
 appeared his Aniius-mirablis, and inl66S, he 
 was, pn the death of Davcnant, api)ointed 
 poet laureat and historiographer to the king. 
 He next wrote his essay on dramatic poetry, 
 inscribed to the earl of Dorset, and in 1669, 
 appeared his Ih-i-t play '* The wild gallant," 
 which was not well leccivcd, but ill sr.ccess 
 ilid not however discourage him, as in the 
 space of 25 years he produced 27 plays. He 
 was satirized an<l ridiculed, in 1671, uuder the 
 character of Bays in the duke of Bucking- 
 ham's comedy of the llehearsal, an attack 
 which he aftected (o despise, but wliicli he 
 fully resented by representing the duke as 
 Zimri in his Absalom and Achitophcl. In 
 16~0 he nnblished wit!' loiJ >.] nigra ve his c^- 
 
 say on satir**, hut as it reflected on tiie cha- 
 racter of the duchess of Portsmouth and lord 
 Kocluster, (hree men were hired soundly to 
 cudgel him for his insolence, in ^^ ills' coffee- 
 house ('ovcnt gar»len. In I6S() he was con- 
 cerned in the translation of bome of Ovid's 
 ei)islles, and (he next year he published his 
 celebrated j)Oem Absalom and Achitophcl, in 
 which he saiirized severely tli'.- rebels who 
 espf)used tin" cause of Monmouth against the 
 king. Ihc king ai)iieared under (he name of 
 David, Monmouth «(f .\li:;;doiii, Shaftesbury 
 ol' Achitophel, and Buckingham of Zimri- 
 This poem was deservedly popular, and was 
 translated into Latin Terse by both Dr. Cow- 
 ard and the famous Alterbiiiy, but the au- 
 thor never could be i)ersuadc<l to finish the 
 story, as he w^.s unwilling to shew Absalom 
 unfortunate. A second part indeed was? 
 written by Tate to whicli Dry den contributed 
 about 200 lines, but far inferior to the first. 
 In 1681 appeared the Medal, a satire against 
 sedition, in conserpicnce of Shafte.sbury's ac- 
 quittal, and the next year Heligio laici was 
 published, and in 1683 the tragedy of the 
 duke of Guise, which proved so offensive to 
 the whigs. The translation of Maimbourg'i? 
 history of the league was published in 1684, 
 and the next year Dryden changed his reli- 
 gion to please his patron James II. His con- 
 duct deservedly exposed him to the ridicule 
 and satire of the wits of the times, and par- 
 ticularly T. Browne, Burnet and Stillingflcet, 
 whose attacks he wished to repel by defend- 
 itig the Romish faith. His Hind and Panther 
 was published iu 1687, but while he repre- 
 sents the church of Rome under the former 
 beast, and under the latter the church of 
 England, he betrays weakness of argument, 
 and a gross abuse of poetical talents, and hi? 
 ridiculous allusions are well and humor- 
 ously exposed in " the hind and panther 
 transversfcd to the story of the country mouse 
 and city mouse," by the united labors of 
 Montague lord Halifax, and of Prior. The 
 Britannia i-edivlva appeared in 1688, and ou 
 that year the poet, in consequence of his re- 
 ligion, was removed from the appointment of 
 laureat, wliich was bestowed on ShadwelJ. 
 Lord Dorset however behaved with great 
 liberality, and while as chamberlain he dis- 
 missed tlie catholic poet, he allowed a pen- 
 sion out of his own pocket equivalent to the 
 royal salary. The spleen of Dryiien on this 
 occasion was discharged with astonishing ef- 
 ficacy on his successor iu the Mac Flccknoe, 
 a satire, the severest that has appeared in 
 any cciuntry or language. About this time 
 he translated father Bouhour's life of XaviiT, 
 and in 1693, he published tlie Juvenal of Per- 
 sius, assisted by some of his friends. In 1695 
 he translated in prose du Fresnoy's art of 
 painting, aiu! two years after his Virgil ap- 
 peared, a work which has in various editions 
 continued to commandthe public admiration, 
 and which, as Pope observes, isr.otwithstand- 
 ing some human errors the most noble and 
 spirited traiislation in any language. In 1098 
 he published his fables ancient and modern 
 from llumer^. Ovid, Boceace, and Chaucer. 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 iiesiJes these luancrous v oiks he was enga- 
 ged in the translation of some of Plutarch's 
 lives and various other niiscellrinies. This 
 great man died in consequence of the inflam- 
 mation in his foot ra'ised hy the growing of 
 his nail under the flesh, May the 1st, 1701, 
 and he was interred in Westminster abbey, 
 '•where a monument was erected over his re- 
 mains by John Shefiield duke of Uucking- 
 ham. He had married lady Elizabeth How- 
 ard daughter of the earl of Berksliirc, who 
 survived him eight years, by whoiu he had 
 three sons, Charles, John, and Henry. The 
 eldest was usher of the palace to pope Cle- 
 ment n. and soon after his retiirn to England 
 •was drowned in the Thames near "Windsor 
 170i. He had written .some pieces. John 
 •was the author of " tl)e husband liis own 
 cuckold," a comedy printed 1096. Henry 
 entered into a religious order. It is said in 
 "Wilson's memoirs of Congreve, that Dryden's 
 remains were indecently insulted by Jefferies 
 the dissipated son of the chancellor, who 
 upon the pretence of paying greater h on oi- 
 to the deceased poet, stopped the funeral in 
 the midst of the procession, and afterwards 
 disdainfully left it to the care of an underta- 
 ker. Hryden's character as a prose writer 
 is as veil established as that of a poet. His 
 fledications, essays, prefaces, ?vc. are very 
 elegant and masterly productions, and display 
 great powers of judgment, criticism, and 
 erudition. His ])oems prove him one of the 
 i^'catest poets of his country, and as Cougreve 
 .says, no man has written in any language, so 
 much and so various matter, and in so vari- 
 ous manners, so wcVi. His ode on St. Ceci- 
 lia's day, and liis fables, though composed in 
 the latter part of life, show him in ima- 
 gination and fire even greater than himself. 
 l''or the correctness of his prose he owned 
 liimself indebted to the frequent I'cading of 
 Tiriotson's excellent writings. His dramatic 
 tvorks are perliaps tlie least vahuible of his 
 poetry, and he confesses himself to be not ve- 
 i-y fit for that sort of writing in w Inch his prede- 
 cessors had shone so superior to liimself. The 
 great fault and ]>robablj' the oidy fault which 
 criticism can observe in his works is the as- 
 tonishing rapidity with which he composed, 
 ■which consequently prevented correctness, 
 and all t4ic accuracy which must arise from 
 frequent meditation and impartial revision. 
 If he had \s ritten but the tenth part of what 
 lie has published, his name would have stood 
 liigh in the list ot fame, and if he had ap- 
 plied himself only to one species of tlie vari- 
 ous subjects on which he has treated, still he 
 would have appeared a most respectable and 
 eminent author entitled to preference and 
 distinction. Dr. Johnson's critique on Dry- 
 den is well worth the most attentive perusal. 
 
 DuAUEN, Francis, a French civilian, born 
 at St. lirienne in Bretagne 1509. He taught 
 civil law at Bourges, where he died 1559. 
 His works, which arc chiefly on law, were 
 publi.shed in his life time, Lyons 1.55-i, nnd 
 after his death a moi'e complete edition ap- 
 peared by his scholar Cisner 1579- I 
 
 D V 3 o CA c E, Mary Anne le Page, a French | 
 
 lady, horn at Rouen 1710, She early dis- 
 played her poetical powers by a spirited 
 translation into French of Pope's temple of 
 fame, atid afterwards of Milton's paradise 
 lost, and of the death of Abel. Her Ama- 
 zons, a ti'agedy, w as received with flattering 
 applause in 1749, and soon after her Colum- 
 I)iud, an ej)ic poem in 10 cantos on the dis- 
 covery of America, proved her to be ani- 
 mated by the strongest fire of the muses. 
 She \tul)lishe<I besides, her ti'avels through 
 England, Holland, and Italy, in the form of 
 letters, and also tlie composition which ob- 
 tained the first prizt^ granted by the Kouen 
 academy in 1746. She was member of the 
 learned academies of Rome, Bologna, Pa- 
 dua, Lyons, Rouen, &.c. and died August 
 1 80 J. Her works were collected in three 
 vols. Lvons. 
 
 Dunois, "William du, a Fi-ench prelate, 
 son of an apothecary at Limosin. Though 
 originally but a valet in St. Michael's college, 
 Paris, he rose to consequence hy the influ- 
 ence of the regent Orleans, to whom he was 
 reader, and afterwards preceptor, and whom 
 he ably supported in all his schemes of licen- 
 tious pleasure, and of Mild ambition. In 
 1693 he obtained the rich abbey of St. Just, 
 and afterwards became counsellor of state, 
 and in 1717, passed as ambassador to Eng- 
 land to sign the triple alliance. He was next 
 appointed minister and secretary of state, 
 presciited to the archbishopric of Cambray, 
 in 1721 made a cardinal, and in 1722 raised 
 to the dignity of prime minister. He died 
 1723, aged 07, leaving behind him the una- 
 miable character of a mean intriguing politi- 
 cian, of an immoral priest, and a designing 
 hypocrite. 
 
 l)uB0 3 s, Dorothea, daughter of Annesley, 
 afterwards earl of Anglesea, hy Anne Syrap- 
 son, married a musician, and endeavored by 
 her writings to reclaim her rights and privi- 
 leges from her father, who had meanly «le- 
 nied his marriage with her mother, and dis- 
 owned lier as his child. She wrote the di- 
 vorce, a mu.4cal entertainment, — and Theo- 
 dora, a novel, two vols. 1770, in Avhich she 
 deline.'ites her unfortunate history. She died 
 at Dulilin 1774. 
 
 Dubois, Simon, a painter of Antwerp, 
 who came to England, where he met great 
 encouragement. His battles, cattle, &c. were 
 highly finished. He died 170S. 
 
 D I' R o s, Charles I'l-ancis, a Frenchmau, au- 
 thor of the life of Barillon bishop of Lucon. 
 He continued the jjucon conferences in 17 
 vols. 12mo. and died 1724, dean of St. Lucon, 
 aged CiS. 
 
 DuBos, Jf*hn Baptist, abbot of Re sons, 
 died 1742, aged 72. He Avrote critical re- 
 flections on poetry and painting, two vols. 
 12mo. critical history of the establishment 
 of the French monarchy in Gaul, besides 
 soK.e j)oliticaI ]>ieces, kc. 
 
 DuBos, Jerome, a Dutch painter, whose 
 representation of hell was finished with such 
 ef^'ct that it struck astxmishment and terror 
 into tlic spectators. IFc lived in tlie begin- 
 ning of the iClh century. 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 DL-nouciiEu, Matthew, a n:\tive of Dak, 
 •who piibhsht-'il some hiw tracts, besides a 
 l)Ocm on friciulship, a drama, and an opera 
 ill three acts. lie died I. SOI. 
 
 DuRUAir, or DuRRAvius ScALA, John, 
 bishop of Ohiuilz in Moravia, Avas born at 
 Piltzen in Bohemia, and dic<l I55J. He was 
 einpU)}'ed as ambassador in Silesia, and uas 
 the author of some learned works, especially 
 a valuable history of IJohemia, in 33 bonks, 
 edited 1575, and afterwards improved Frank- 
 fort 1688. 
 
 Due, Fronton dn, FrontoDiicccns, a Jesuit 
 of IJ<Jurdeaux, well known as a learned critic 
 :uid an excellent <jit;ek scholar. Me devot- 
 ed his time to study, devotion, and absti- 
 nence. He is the editor of CIirysostf)m's 
 work, six vols. fol. 1613, — three volumes of 
 controversy, — of the history tragiqiie de la 
 puci'Ue d'Orleans, &cc. He died of tlie stone 
 at Paris 27th September 16'24. A stone 
 weighing five ounces was found in liis blad- 
 der. 
 
 Due, John Ic, a Dutch painter, born 1036, 
 at the Hague, where he was director of the 
 academy of painting. He was the disciple 
 of Pai;l Potter, and equalled his master in 
 execution. 
 
 J)uCAREL,, Andrew Coltee, a learned an* 
 tiquarian, born at Greenwich, 1714, and ed- 
 i;cated at Eton, and St. Jolm's college, Ox- 
 ford, where he took the degree of LL.D. 
 He became member of Doctor's Commons 
 1743, and married 1749. In 1757 he was 
 made Lambeth librarian under the primate 
 Hutton, and he devoted himself with great 
 care and assiduity in perfecting and improv- 
 ing the catalogues of that valuable collection. 
 Of all his preferments that which pleased 
 liim most was his commissariate of St. Cath- 
 arine's, of which peculiar he has given a 
 very elaborate history, with beautiful en- 
 gravings. He was so devoted to the pur- 
 suit of antiquities, that he generally travelled 
 every year in company v, ith his friend Sam- 
 uel Gale esquire, witli a Camden's Britan- 
 nia and a set of maps, and by proceeding 
 about 15 miles a day, enjoyed the opportu- 
 nity of examining every place with leisure 
 and accuracy. He was a very cheerful and 
 hospitable man, and of his knowledge of 
 antiquities the best specimen is his history 
 of Croydon palace, and of Lambeth, l)esi(!cs 
 the account of Doctor's Commons, whicl* he 
 did not live to complete. Ho died tlir(;e 
 «lavs after his return from his visitation as 
 official of Canterburv, at South Lambeth, 
 aged 72, 29th May 1785. 
 
 DucART, Isaac, a flower painter, born at 
 Amsterdam. He painted generally on satin, 
 and with extraordinary e^le^.•t. He died 1 {Vj7, 
 
 aged 07. 
 
 DuCAS, Michael, a Creek historian, au- 
 thor of a histoiy of the Grecian empire from 
 
 Andronicus th<.' elder to the fall of the em- 
 pire. Though his language is harsh and in- 
 elegant, yet he relates \vith accuracy and im- 
 
 pailiality. The work was printed at the 
 
 Louvre, fol. 1049, and tra-nTjlatc^l by Cousin 
 
 into Frcncli 107£* 
 
 DuciiAL, .Tames, a dissenting mlniateCF 
 born in Ireland 1097, and educated at Glas- 
 gow, where he took the degree of D.D. Af- 
 ter being 11 years minister of a dissenting 
 congreg.ilion at (Janibridgv, on the removal 
 of his friend Abernetby from Antrim, he 
 succeeded him there, and at his death was 
 chosen minister of the congjegation in 
 Wood-street, Dublin. He died 1701. In 
 the decline of life he w rote above 70(J ser- 
 mons, out of which were selected the three 
 vols. Svo. published 1704. During his life he 
 published a volume of sermons. 
 
 DuCH ANGE,Gaspaid,aFrench engraver, 
 who died 0th January 1757, aged 97. After 
 engaging on the engraving of Leda, lo, and 
 Daiiae, without draperies, he executed the 
 driving of the money changers, and tho 
 Pharisee's supper, 'i'he palaces of France 
 are adorned with the best of his pieces. 
 
 DucHAT, Jacob le, a Frencliman, born at 
 Metz 1658. He followed the profession of 
 the bar till the revocation of ihe edict of 
 Nantes, and in 1701, he settled at Berlin, 
 where he died, 1735. He was learned, and 
 he is known rather as an e<!itor than aiv 
 author. He edited the Menippean satires^ 
 the works of Rabclai-s, &c. and contributed 
 much to the completion of his friend Basle's 
 dictionary. A book called Ducatiana ap- 
 peared at Amsterdam 1738, two vols. 12mo. 
 DucHATEi., Gaspard, a deputy in the 
 French convention, celebrated for liis able 
 and manly defence of the unfortunate Lewis 
 XVI. These honorable efforts in the cause 
 of innocence were regarded by the tyrants 
 with envy, and Duchatcl falely accused of 
 holding a treasonable correspondence Avith 
 the Vendean rebels, was guillotine;* Xovem- 
 ber 1793. 
 
 DucH AT elet-d'Haraucourt, Lewis 
 Marie Florent due, a native of Saumur, who 
 became colonel in the French army, and 
 was one of the deputies in the national as- 
 sembly. He was imprisoned for his attach- 
 ment to his royal master on the 10th August, 
 and fell on tlie scaffold November 1792, aged 
 00. He leu memoirs of his uoission as am- 
 bassador in England, lately published. 
 
 Duche' de Vancv, Joseph Francis, a 
 French poet born at Paris 29th October 
 1008. He was patronised by Madame de 
 Maintenon, and he engaged and insured 
 universal respect by the mildness of his 
 manners, his iiiofTensive conduct, and his 
 genuine Avit, never directed again-st virtue 
 
 or religion 
 
 He Avas member of the academy 
 of inscriptioiir, and belies letties, and died 
 Ktli December 1704, aged 37. He Avrotc 
 three tragedies, Jonathan, Absalom and De- 
 borah, besides ballets and pieces for the ope- 
 rfi, which had great merit, and were receiv- 
 ed with universal applause. liis hymns, 
 sacre<l canticles, and edifying stories, com- 
 posed for the pupils at St. Cyr, possess great 
 excellence. 
 
 Duck, Arthur, a civilian born in DcAxn- 
 sliire 1580, and educated at Exeter coiloge, 
 and Hart-hali, Oxford. lie became fellow 
 of AU'S'.'i'"!, a;i'l trok hi*' dogref"-' in lc.r>\ and^ 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 after travelling through France, Italy, and 
 Germany, he was made chancellor of Bath 
 and Wells, afterwards of London, and then 
 master of the requests. He suffered much 
 during the civil wars for his attachment to 
 the royal family, and died in his retirement 
 at Chiswick 1G4G. He wrote vita Henrici 
 Chichele, bcc. — & de usu et authoritate juris 
 civilis Romanorum"" in dominiis principium 
 Chrisiianorum, an useful book, often reprint- 
 ed. 
 
 Duck, Stephen, a poet of extraordinary 
 fortune, who from a thresher became the 
 respectable minister of a parish. Though 
 little blessed with education, he was natural- 
 ly endowed with a strong mind and perse- 
 vering temper; and at the sgeof 24he began 
 to apply himself laboriously to the acquisition 
 of knowledge, and devoted to retired study 
 those (ew hours which he could spare from 
 the active and menial occupatiojtof a servant. 
 By little and little he purchased a few and 
 necessary books, and, with a scanty libraiy, 
 and great application, he became something 
 of a poet and of a philosopher. The lines 
 of Milton enriched his imagination, and the 
 correctness of Addison's Spectators improv- 
 ed his understanding, and helped him in the 
 regular disposition of his thoughts. By do- 
 grees his poetical atten^pts became respecta- 
 ble, and, by being reported iu his neighbor- 
 hood, were made known to some of the cler- 
 gy, and at last to queen Caroline, who, pleas- 
 ed with him, settled a pension of 30/. upon 
 him, and thus enabled him not only to live 
 independently, but to take orders; after 
 which he was presented to the living of By- 
 tiect, Surry. In this new office he behaved 
 U'ith grc».t propriety ; he was followed as a 
 preiicber, and respected as a man ; but his 
 spirits sunk into a dreadful melancholy, and, 
 in an unfortunate moment, robbed of his 
 reason, he thi-ew himself from a bridge, near 
 Reading, into the Thames, and was drowned. 
 May or June 175G. His poems have been 
 published ; and though he v.-as not a fzrst- 
 rate poet, yet he possessed merit, and de- 
 served th.e censure of the cynical SwiJt. 
 
 DuCLOS, Charles Dineau, historiograplicr 
 •f France, and secretary co the French 
 academy, was born at Dinant, in Bretagnc, 
 1705, and eilucated at Paris. In 174-i he v as 
 mayor of Dinant, and in 1755 received a 
 patent of nobility, and died '2Gth March 1772, 
 respected and beloved. Though consider- 
 ed as O'le of the philosophei's of France, he 
 l>rovcd bv his conduct, writings and conver- 
 sation, that he wa'; moderale in his opinions 
 and the friend of morality and virtue. He 
 nev»;r published any thing as hirttoiiograjdier, 
 anfl (»bserved, that lie never would riiiu him- 
 self by .speaking truth, nor debase himself bv 
 flatfery. His history of Lewis X^^ was, af- 
 ter his dcatl), lode:ed in the hands of the 
 
 little in his delineation of characters, and the 
 interest of his narative. He was also engaged 
 iu the dictionary of the academy, and in the 
 continuation of the history of that society. 
 
 Duct.os, Mary Ann, a P'rench actress, of 
 great merit, horn at Paris. She excelled 
 chiefly in the representations of queens and 
 princesses, and for many years engaged the 
 public applause. Her maiden name Avas 
 Chateauneuf; that of Duclos was assumed; 
 and she married, in 1730, Duchemin, aii 
 actor, from m hom she was divorced three 
 years after. She died at Paris 1748, aged 78. 
 
 DuCREUx, N. a native of Paris, eminent 
 as a painter. He was at Vienna to take por- 
 traits of the imperial family. He died at 
 Paris of an apoplexy, ISOti, aged 64, 
 
 DucROisv, Philibert Gassaud, a French 
 actor, intimate with Molierc. It was for 
 him that the poet "wrote the excellent char- 
 acter of his TartufFe. 
 
 DudeffaihT, N. a French lady, well 
 known in Paris for her knowledge of criti- 
 cism, her elegant taste, and her pleasing and 
 agreeable manners. She was acquainted 
 with all the learned men of the times, who 
 frequented her house. She died 1780, aged 
 84, the last thirty of which siie had been 
 blind. 
 
 Duditji, Andrew, a divine, born at 
 Buda, in Hungaiy, fitli February 1533, and 
 employed by Ferdinand II. in affairs of im- 
 portance, and rewarded with the bishopric 
 of Tina, in Dalmatia. He was a man of 
 great learning, and of such application that 
 be is said to have transcribed three times 
 the works of Cicero, to make himself per- 
 fect master of his style and manner. He 
 was deputy at the council of Trent, wliere 
 he became intimate v.ith cardinal Pole ; 
 and at his retu)'n he embraced the protest- 
 ant religion, resigned his bishopric, and 
 married one of the queen's niaids of honor, 
 by Avhom he had a son, who gave him great 
 trouble. After her death he married a sec- 
 ond time, and died 23d February 1589. His 
 works on physic, controversy, and poetry, 
 are numerous, and possess merit. He Mas 
 a man of great luildncss, benevolence, and 
 regularity. 
 
 Dun LEY, Edmun<l, a celebrated laAvycr 
 and statesman, born in liCy.i, of a respecta- 
 ble family. He was educated at Oxford, 
 and removed to Cray's inn; and he became 
 so resjiectable for his knowledge of law, and 
 
 minister. His v/orks arc, romances, ingeni- 
 ous and intercitiug — tlie confessions of count 
 *** — the baj'oncss de Luz — history of Lewis 
 XI. 3 vols. l'2mo. — memoirs on the manners 
 offhelSth century — .VcajoUjkc. Though he 
 took Tacitus for his model, he rcccmbles him 
 
 for his general informatioji, that Henry "S'll. 
 admitted him of the privy council, and made 
 him one of hisfivorites. In 1494 lie married 
 Elizab(>lh Grey, daughter of viscotmt I'Jsle. 
 In I50i he was speaker of the house of com- 
 mons, and two years after he obtained the 
 stewardship of tlie rape of Hastings. His 
 services to his master were jiumerous ; and 
 it is said that Henry, to fill his coffers, used 
 this art fid favorite, who, little regardless of 
 conscience or of reputation, joined with 
 Fiinpson to oppress and harass the people, 
 and by various methods of influence, in- 
 trigue, or tenor, extorted gi'eat fines and 
 ransoms, 10 that, according to Bacon, thej^' 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 fiirneJ law iiikI juf.licc to wormwooil and 
 rapine. This comJuct, liowuvcr, ilitl net 
 pass unpuiiisliril. llcmy was scarce in liis 
 j^ravc l)ol"i>r«; tin- pnldii; iiidi.^iKiiioti c:iI1(mI fur 
 rhc puuibhmciU ol" his wicked and corrupt 
 ministers ; und Empson and Dudley were 
 both yieldetl up l»y Ifciiry Vllf. ;uul ii[\cv 
 1)eing aU:iiii<cd and convirtcd ol high trea- 
 sfon, they lost their luadson Towcrhill, I81I1 
 ^Nugust Ifilo. Durin;^ Ills imprisonment in 
 the 'i'owei', Dudley wrote "the tree of the 
 commonwcallh, by Kdmund Dudley, esq. 
 late rounsellor to llcury VII. the same l^d- 
 munrl bein«>- al the coni[»ihng thereof pris- 
 oner in the 'I'ower, 1 ilenry Vill." It is 
 still in manuscript. 
 
 Duui.E V, John, sou of llic above, baron 
 Malpas, \iscount I'lsle, earl of Warwick, and 
 duke of NorLhumberland, was born iu 15U2. 
 He was restoreil in blood from the igno- 
 miuious attainder of his father, and soon be- 
 came known at court as the friend of Suf- 
 folk, of >Vols3y, and of Cromwell, and as 
 the favorite of the king. Henry, pleased 
 •with tlje versatility of his talents, created 
 him viscount risle, and knigUt of the garter, 
 and afterwards, for bis many services and 
 }»is great courage, appointed him high admi- 
 ral for life. He also received impoi'tant 
 grants of church lands, and Avas nominated 
 one of the sixteen e.xecutors of the king's 
 Avill. On the death of Henry, Dudley was 
 succeetled as high admiral by sir Thomas 
 Seymour, brother to Somerset the protec- 
 tor ; but, as an equivalent for his loss of 
 dignity, he was created earl of Warwick, 
 and chamberlain of England. His military 
 abilities were now employed against the in- 
 surgents of Norfolk, and, by a well mana- 
 ged negotiation, instead of fighting them, 
 lie prevailed upon them to lay down their 
 arms, and to deliver up their leadei's. }Iis 
 influence in the cabinet Mas now so great, 
 that the young king confided much to his 
 advice and authority ; he was made duke of 
 Northumberland ; and a short-lived recon- 
 ciliation was effected between him and the 
 duke of Somerset, by the marriage of his 
 eldest son with the latter's daughter. Rival- 
 .sliip, however, could never be extinguished. 
 Somerset, though uncle to the king, was 
 tried, condemned and executed foi» a pre- 
 tended conspiracy against Northumberland. 
 The victorious but guilty favorite now suc- 
 ceeded to all the honors of his fallen enemy, 
 he bceame chancellor of Cambridge, and 
 not only guided the young king, but in conse- 
 quence of his weak state of health determin- 
 ed to raise his own family to the sovereign 
 power. He with precipitation eflectcd a 
 marriage between his fourth son, lord Guild- 
 ford Dudley, and lady Jane Cray, eldest 
 daughter of the duchess of StifTolk, in whose 
 favor he caused the yielding Edward to settle 
 the succession N"o sooner had Edward expi- 
 red than Jane was conveyed to the tower by 
 her ambitious father-in-law, ;:nd on the lOtU 
 of July pi'ochiimcd queen. Submission to 
 these measures was demanded from Mary, 
 and v. hen the men of Suffolk rose up in her 
 
 VOL. f. 
 
 ;8 
 
 favor, Nortli'imbevland advanced witji a body 
 of troops to check the insurgents. Me sooi^ 
 found however the unpopularity of his mea- 
 sures, uhin be reached St. Edmundsbury, 
 no supplic) arrived to support his plans, and 
 he retiretl to (Jainbri<lge, where seeing his 
 folhjwcrs deserting his stiindard, he affected 
 attachment to Alary, and caused her to 
 be proclainied queen, and threw up his cap 
 into the air, in sign of Joy. iMary pleased 
 with her success did not relent towards her 
 enemy, Northumberland was arraigned and 
 condemned, and he bjst his heail on Tower- 
 hill, after making a protession oi" the U(>- 
 mish religion 2'2d Aug. 1553. Thus fell this 
 powerful subject, whose many virtues were 
 lost by a restless and at last fi'al ambition, 
 which swept away not only him but the in- 
 nocent lady Jane and her virtuous consort. 
 Northumberlaiul had eight sons aixl five 
 daughters, some of M-hom died before him. 
 
 Dudley, Ambrose, son of the preceding, 
 was born 15.30. He was knighted for ids 
 bravery against the Norfolk insurgents, and 
 shared the condemnation of his unfortunate 
 father, but was pardoned by the queen \5V£. 
 In 1557, he distinguished himself with his 
 two brothers Robert and Henry, at the 
 siege of St. Quintin, and for his gallant ser- 
 vices was restored in blood by the kindness 
 of Mary, and was afterwards under Eliza- 
 beth created baron I'lsle and earl Warwick. 
 His services to the country were great, and 
 to his honor it is mentioned that he had no 
 share in the intrigues and disgraceful meas- 
 ures of the times, and therefore was deser- 
 vedly called " the good earl of Warwick.'* 
 He died in consequence of the amputation 
 of his leg from a wound received in his val- 
 iant defence of Newhaven against the 
 French, Feb. 1589. Though three times 
 married he left no issue. 
 
 Dudley, Robert, baron Denbigh, earl of 
 Leicester, son of John duke of Northum- 
 berland, and brother of Ambrose carl of 
 AVarwick, was born 153'2. He became a 
 favorite at the court of Edward, and was 
 knighted, and in 1550, he married Amy 
 daughter of sir John Rohsart. Under Mary 
 he tell into the same disgrace as his lather, 
 and he was condemned, but by the queen's 
 favor pardoned in 1554, and afterw ards re- 
 stored in blood. On the accession of Eliza- 
 beth he became a great favorite, and was 
 made knight of the garter, master of the 
 horse, and a privy counsellor, and so much 
 honored by the queen and flattered by the 
 peopl<^, that he was called " the heart of 
 the couit." Though opposed in some of iiis 
 measures by the earl of Sussex, he yet shar- 
 ed tUe queen's tavor, and obtained the grant 
 of whatever lands and otRces be ])Ieaserl, to 
 gi'atify his i)ride, or the avarice of his triend.?. 
 Elizabeth, to siiow bow much she esteemed 
 him, propo.sed him in marriage to Mary 
 queen of Scots, with the intention of admit- 
 ting him to share Inr bed, if that unfortunate 
 princess listened to the prop<t.<;al. .Mary 
 however rejccJi-d this ofler trom Dudley, 
 who it i5 said <iu tJie Sth of Se])teii)l(,:- 15(30 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 Iiad caused his ill-fated -wife to be strangled 
 and thrown down a pair of stairs at Cumnor 
 near Abingdon, that she might not stand in 
 the way of his criminal ambition. In 1564 
 he was created earl of Leicester with unu- 
 sual solemnity, and to the honors of chancel- 
 lor of Oxfoitl and high steward of Cambridge, 
 was added tbe order of St. Michael from 
 the king of France. About 15T2 he pri- 
 vately married lady Douglas Sheffickl, but 
 though he had h\ her a son whom he cal- 
 led his base ^on, antl a daughter, he never 
 acknowledged her as his Avifc, and when he 
 Of^poused lady Essex, he, after attempting 
 in vain to ])acifv her, and to silence her pre- 
 tensions to his hand and heart, endeavored 
 to cut her off by poison, from \vhich she 
 however escaped, with tlic loss of her hair 
 and nails. Wlien on her progress, Elizabeth 
 and her suite were sumptuously entertained 
 for 17 days at Kenihvorth castle, Warwick- 
 shire, a mansion M'hich the earl had obtain- 
 ed from the favor of his mistress, and had 
 cmbelhslicd at the expense of 6U,000/. 
 Thougli Leicester stood so high in the gra- 
 ces of the queen, there were not wanting at- 
 tempts to destroy bis influence and conse- 
 quence. Elizabeth was highly displeased 
 ■with his union with lady Essex, of which she 
 had been for some time kept ignorant, and I 
 in 158-i' a virulent attack was made on the 
 iavoi'ite by a work called " Leicester's com- 
 monwealth," which exhibited him in the 
 odious character of an atheist, a traitor, a 
 public oppressor, and a monster of ambition, 
 cruelty and lust. This famous book, cou- 
 Mdered as so hostile to overgrown ministers, 
 and afterwards republished to bring into dis- 
 grace the government of Charles I. and 
 Anne, w-as read with avidity by the people ; 
 but Elizabeth screened her favorite with 
 the shield of her never-ceasing partiality and 
 esteem. In 1585 he went to the Low Coun- 
 tries as governor, at the request of the dis- 
 tracted inhabitants, but his conduct was dis- 
 pleasing to the queen, and he was recalled, 
 and though criminated by his enemies for 
 violence and maladministration, he was re- 
 instated in the royal favor. In 1588 he was 
 made lieutenant-general of the army assem- 
 bled atTilbury to oppose the Spanish arma- 
 da, and he there received high and flattering 
 commendation from the queen. He died 
 Sept. 4th, 1588, at Cornbury, Oxfordshire, 
 and was buried with great magnificence at 
 Warwick. This ambitious favorite was en- 
 dowed with great talents ; the influence 
 v.hich he possessed over the queen he main- 
 tained by his intrigues and duplicity. He 
 aft'ected regularity and piety to an oflensive 
 <legi'ee, but when his views were thwarted, 
 jieither virtue nor innocence could resist the 
 secrecy of his measures, or the perseverance 
 of his guilt. Poisoning was the favorite 
 recipe to which he had recourse to remove 
 his enemies or rivrJs. He left the greater 
 part of his estates to his base son Robert. 
 
 Dudley, Robert, son of the earl of Lei- 
 cester by lady Douglas Sheffield, was born 
 al Sheen in Surrev 157o. His bijth was 
 
 carefully concealed from the knowledge c/ 
 queen Elizabeth, as well as of lady Essex, to 
 whom the earl was either betrotlied or mar- 
 ried. He was sent to school at Oflinghara in 
 Sussex, and removed to Christ-church, Ox- 
 ford, where he became known for his many 
 mental and personal accomplishments. 
 Though he inherited the better part of his 
 father's estate, after the death of his uncle 
 Ambrose, yet dissatisfied with a life of indo- 
 lence, he projected a voyage to the South 
 seas, which however the government would 
 not suffer to proceed, till Nov. 1594. His first 
 wife was the sister of the famous Thomas Ca- 
 vendish, and for his second he took Alice 
 daughter of sir Thomas Leigh. In 1605, he 
 commenced a suit to prove the legitimacy 
 of his birth, but in this he was opposed by 
 the lady dowager of Essex, who tlireatened 
 to pi'osecute him for a conspiracy. Upou 
 this he retired to the continent, where he 
 assumed the title of the earl of Warwick, 
 for Avhich he was summoned back to Eng- 
 land, and on his refusal his property was 
 forfeited to the crown during his hfe. He 
 settled at Florence, where he was patron- 
 ised by the duke Cosmo II. and by the influ- 
 ence of his consort, sister to the emperor 
 Ferdinand 11. he was created a duke of the 
 Roman empire, and ten years after he was 
 enrolled by pope Urban VIII. among the 
 Roman nobility. These high honors were 
 deserved by the services which he performed 
 for his patrons. He formed the plan for 
 draining the extensive morass between Pisa 
 and the sea, and by his wise regulations he 
 raised Leghoi'u from an insignificant town, 
 to a respectable and populous sea port. He 
 lived in great magnificence, and to hie titles 
 assumed that of tluke of Northumberland. 
 He died at his castle of Corbello, three miles 
 from Florence, Sept. 1659. In philosophy, 
 chemistry, and physic, he was as eminent 
 as in politics. The account of his voyage is 
 published in Hackluyt's collection, and his 
 principal work besides is •* del arcano del 
 mare," kc. Florence 1630, 1646. It is very 
 valuable for its charts and plans, and for pro- 
 jects there oftered for the improvement ot 
 commerce and navigation. He also wrote 
 a proposition to bridle the imi)ertinence of 
 parliaments, kc. v hich was submitted to 
 James, and which was intended to pave the 
 recall of the intriguing author to England ; 
 but instead of being approved it drew upon 
 him the censure of politicians, and was made 
 a charge of indirect accusation against 
 James and bis unfortunate son. Though he 
 left liis wife lady Alice and four daughters 
 in England, yet he afterwards, by a dispen- 
 sation froju the pope, married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of sir Robert Southwell, a young 
 lady who had accompanied him in Ids exile 
 in the habit of a page, and who atoned for 
 the follies and the immodest conduct of her 
 youth, by the exemplary deportment of a 
 respectable matron. By her he had a son, 
 Charles, who Called himself earl of War- 
 wick, and lour daughters. 
 DuFPET, Thomas, froiu the professiou 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 of a niifUncr, rose to the rnnk of a di-a- 
 ^natic writer. He travestied IJrydtri, Sliad- 
 ^ve\\, and Settle, but liis iduys, which lor a 
 H-hilc commanded the [xdjlic attention, have 
 long since heen forj^otten. His Moclc tem- 
 pest. Psyche, Emperors of Morocco, ate 
 rnenlioned, hut they lived for a day. lie 
 florished in the I Tth century, hut the tinje 
 of his death is not mentioned. 
 
 DuFiins.VK, Abraham Alexis Quinault, 
 a French actor of eminence. The noblest 
 idiaracters of the theatre were exhibited by 
 liim with great success, but it is remai-ka- 
 ablc that in private life, he could scarce for- 
 get the authority which he exercised as a 
 tliontrical monarch. He ilied 17C>7 aged 7-2. 
 DuFRESNOY, Charles Alplionse, a na- 
 tive of Paris, who acquiretl some emin- 
 ence as a painter, and as a poet. He died of 
 a paralytic stroke 16G.5, aged 54. 
 
 DuFRESNY, Charles l{ivici-e, a native of 
 Paris, called grandson of Henry IV. from 
 his great resemblance to that monarch. He 
 ■was employed about the court, in laying out 
 the garden and pleasure grounds, and wiien 
 dismissed he became a diamatic writer. 
 His works were published in G vols. 12mo. 
 He died very poor I7'2i, aged 80. 
 
 DirCAUD, William, son of a clergyman, 
 was born at Bromsgrove, AVorcestershire, 
 1606, and educated at Worcester school, and 
 Sydney college, Cambridge. About 1631 
 he was appointed master of Stamford school, 
 and in 1637 master of Colchester school, and 
 1644 master of Merchant t.-^ylors,* London. 
 He was displaced for assisting in the print- 
 ing of Salmttsius's defence, and Avas impri- 
 soned in Newgate, and his wife and child- 
 ren reduced to poverty, 1650. Upon his 
 release he opened a private richool, the same 
 year, and the following September was rein- 
 stated at Merchant-ta} lors.' In 16G2 however 
 he was ejected for the violation of some of the 
 rules, and opened a school in Coleman-street, 
 ■where nc had 1U3 scholars. He was a man 
 of grerit learning, and much and deservedly 
 esteemed as a teacher. He died 1682. His 
 " Lexicon Grycci Testamenti" has been im- 
 proved and edited by Uowyer. He wrote 
 besides a compendium of rhetoric, a Greek 
 grammar, a selection of Lucian's dialogues, 
 Sec. 
 
 DuGDALE, sir W^illiam, an eminent his- 
 torian and antiquary, born at Shustoke near 
 Coleshill, Warwickshire, 12th Sept. 1605. 
 He "was educated at Coventry grammar- 
 school, and instructed by his lather in civil 
 law and history. In 1623 he murr'ed at his 
 lather's request, and two years after settled 
 at BIythe-liall near ('olcshill, on an estate 
 ■which he purchased. He devoted himself 
 deeply to the study of antiquities, and in 
 1638 he came to London, and by the influ- 
 ence of his frientls Hatton and Spelman he 
 l)rocuredan appointment in the Heralds' of- 
 iice. In this favorite retreat he had the 
 means of improving his collections, and by 
 the encouragement of sir Christopher Hat- 
 Ton he was employed in taking draughts of 
 *-he most cctehraled of the English cathe' 
 
 i]ri\\s, which were afterwards deposited in 
 the liitiary of his friends. He was with 
 (Jhailesat the battle of K«lge-hill, and at the 
 siege of O.vlord, \\here he was in 1012, 
 made .M. A. Upon tli< reduction of Oxford 
 he returned to [..ondon, autl after compound- 
 ing ior his estate he a|)piied hint self labori- 
 ously with hi.s friend Dodsworth in con»plpt- 
 ing their collecfifjn from the reronls ot' the 
 Tower, and other places. Of his .Monusti- 
 con Anglicanuni the first V(,lunH' appeared 
 in folio 1655, the second 1661, and tlie third 
 167.3, a cnrious collection of all the fonndu- 
 tion charters of the dissolved monasteries. 
 His antiquities of Warwickshire were pub- 
 lished in 1656, aftei-the laborious researches 
 of 20 years, of which valuable compilation 
 a second edition appeared in 1730 by Dr. 
 Thomas. His history of St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral was published in 1658, and it was af- 
 terwards greatly improved and edited by Di*. 
 Maynard. At the restoration, he was made 
 norroy king at arms, and in 1677 created 
 garter, and kndghtcd by the king. He died 
 at lilythe-hall, of a cold, lOth Feb. 1686, in 
 his 81st year, and was buried in Shustoke 
 church, where he had erected a tablet of 
 white marl)Ic. With his wife, who died 
 18th Dec. 1681, aged 75, he lived 59 years, 
 and by her he had several children. One of 
 his daughters married Ash mole of antiqua- 
 rian memory, his sons all died young except 
 John, who was Windsor herald, and norroy 
 king at arms, and was kniglitcd, and dietl 
 Aug. 31st, 1690. Besidos the works already 
 me n:oned, sir Wdliam wrote the history of 
 drainingandembankingfensandmarshe6,"&c. 
 republished 1772 — Spdman's councils from 
 1066 to 1531 — Spelman's glossarium archa- 
 iologicum,8cc. — origines juridicales,kc — the 
 baronage of England three vols. fol. whichj 
 though the labor of 30 years, is not without 
 inaccuracies — a short view of the late trou- 
 bles in England, &c. — the ancient usage of 
 bearing arms, kc. — a perfect copy of the 
 summons of nobility to the great council.^, 
 &c. Many of his manuscript collections, to 
 the number of 43 vols, in folio, he gave to 
 the university of Oxford, where thev are 
 now preserved, besides several books "to the 
 Heralds' office, London. 
 
 DuGOMiEU, N. a French general, boivi 
 at Martinico. In the revolution war he was 
 appointed commander in Italy, and was af- 
 terwards successful in retaking Toulon from 
 the English. He next was employed ar;aiiist 
 the Spaniards, and defeated them in various 
 encounters; but he was killed 17th Xov. 
 171)4, at thg battle of St. Sebastian. His 
 name was insci-ibed in the P.antheon. 
 
 Ducuav-Tro uiN', Rene, a celebrated 
 Frenchadmiral,born at St. Maloes, lOthJune 
 1673. He early distinguisheil himself by his 
 intrepidity and perseverance, and in vaiious 
 encounters with the English and the Dutch 
 he came oft' victorious. In 1711 he took Jiio 
 Janeiro from the Portuguese, and every 
 where in the Indies, and also in the Mediter- 
 ranean against the corsairs, he displayed the 
 greatest jkjU utiil'cd Mith the most consurti- 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 rijate wisdom. This brave man, honored by i 
 the king, and respected by the nation, died 
 at Paris irili Sept. 17.50. His mtmuirs ap- 
 peared at I'aris, in 4lo. by de hi Garde. 
 
 DucuET, James Joseph, a French wri- 
 ter, born 1649. He was a priest of the or- 
 atory, and went to Brussels to his friend Ar- 
 iiauld, but returned to Paris, where he led 
 a very retired Ufe, and died 1733. lie was 
 a raau of great learning, and iincominou 
 sweetness of manners, ?)ut his firm opposi- 
 tion to the bull unigenitus, exposed him to 
 much obloquy and trouble. He wrote near- 
 ly 20 works in French, on theological sub- 
 jects, iu a style clear, pleasing, and perspi- 
 cuous. 
 
 DuHALDE, John Baptist, a French Je- 
 suit, born at Paris. His liistorical and ge- 
 ographical description of the empire of Chi- 
 na, and Ciiinese Tartary, in 4 vols. fol. Avas 
 compiled from the records of French 
 missionaries, a work of great merit. He 
 wrote besides Latin poems — essays — letters 
 — kc. and died at Paris, 1743, aged 69. 
 
 DuHAMEL, John Baptist, a French ec- 
 clesiastic, born at Vire, 1621, and eminent 
 as a philosopher and a maji of science. He 
 published astronoraia ph)sica — de meteoris 
 in fossilibus — de mente human.-i — de corpore 
 animato — de consensu veteris &; novas philo- 
 sophise — and other learned works, and died 
 6th August I70G, aged 82. 
 
 DuHAMEL DU MoNCEAU, Henry Lew- 
 is, a learned Frenchman, who devoted him- 
 self to the improvement of agricuUure and 
 commerce, of the marine and of mechr o"cal 
 arts. He published various ingenious works, 
 and died universally respected for his abil- 
 ities and patriotic exertions, 23d Aug. 1782, 
 aged 82. 
 
 DuHAN, Lawrence, a professor ofphy- 
 losophy for 38 years at the college du Pies- 
 sis. He died canon of Verdun 1730, aged 
 70. He left a book " philosophus in utram- 
 Qtie partem,'"' of great use iu scholastic sub- 
 tilties. 
 
 UuiLLius, Nepos, the first Koman who 
 ot)tained a naval victory over Carthage. A 
 column was erected to his honor, B. C. 260. 
 DuiSBURG, Peter de, a native of Duis- 
 burg, iu the duchy of Cleves, in the IGth 
 century, author of a chronicle of Prussia 
 from 1226 to 1325. It contains many valu- 
 able particulars. 
 
 DujARDiN, Charles, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Amsterdam, lie died at Venice 
 1674, aged 34. Me was the able disciple of 
 Bergham, and excelled in the delineation of 
 markets, robbers, mountebanks, and land- 
 scapes. His productions are greatly esteem- 
 ed. About 50 of his engravings in aquafor- 
 tis are preserved. 
 
 Duke, lUchard, a poet, educated at West- 
 minster and made fellow of I'rinity college, 
 Cambridge, where h.e took his degrees of M. 
 A. 1683. He was the friend of Otway, and 
 of the poetical wits of the times, and was 
 for some time tutor to the duke of Rich- 
 mond. His poetry is not verj' respectable. He 
 ■wrote a poem on the marriage of Anne and 
 the duke oi' Denmark. He was made cjiap- 
 
 laiu to the king, prebendary of Giocestcl, 
 and obtained the rich living of Witney, Ox- 
 fordshire, where he was found dead in his 
 Ijed, after returning the preceding evening 
 from an entertainment, lOfh Feb. 1711. He 
 published a volume of sermons and another 
 of poems. 
 
 Dui.au, John IMarie, a native of Veri- 
 gueux, who became archbishop of Aries, 
 and wasin the states general, of 1789. Though 
 he did not venture, through timidity, to 
 speak in favor of moderation, yet he wrote 
 with spirit and ability against the banish- 
 ment of the priests. He was arrested by the 
 suspicious jacobins, and was one of those 
 wretched victims sacrificed in the prison of 
 the Cannes iu Sept. 1792. 
 
 DuLAunENT, N. a native of Artois, v/ho 
 employed his great abilities on subjects of 
 licentiousness. The best known of his im- 
 moral works, is his Compere Matthieu, 3 
 vols. This worthless ecclesiastic, who prov- 
 ed so great an enemy to religion and morali- 
 ty, died about the end of the last century. 
 
 Dull ART, Herman, a painter and poet 
 of Rotterdam, the disciple of Rembrandt. 
 He was of a weak constitution, and refused 
 to become one of the magistrates of Rotter- 
 dam. He so successfully imitated his mas- 
 ter, that their pieces are frequently mista- 
 ken one for the other. He was well skilled" 
 in music. He died 1684, aged 48. 
 
 Dumas, Lewis, a native of Nismes, natu- 
 ral son of Montcalm, lord ofCandiac. I'hough 
 bred to the law, he was eminent as a mathe- 
 matician, and invented the bureau typograph- 
 ique, to teach children reading and writing 
 mechanically, and also another instrument 
 for musical instruction. He wrote an. histo- 
 ry of Mary queen of Scots, and died 1744, 
 aged 68. 
 
 DuMEE, Joan, a learned lady, born at Pa- 
 ris. She married very young, and at the 
 ago of 17 lost her husband, who fell in Ger- 
 many at the head of his company. She de- 
 voted herself with unusual application to as- 
 trononiy, and published at J*aris, in 1680, 
 " discourses of Copernicus on the mobility of 
 the earth," 4to. in which siie displays great 
 knowledge and extensive erudition. 
 
 DuMESNiT,, N. a professor of rhetoric 
 at Paris, author of Latin svnonym.s. He died 
 at Valognc 1802, aged 82*. 
 
 DuMoxT, John, baron of Cariscroon, his- 
 toriographer tothc emperor, flcdfrom France 
 to Holland, upon the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, lie wrote *' dcs memoirs poli- 
 tiques, kc."4 vols. 12mo. an useful perform- 
 ance, which contains every fact of import- 
 ance from the peace of Munster, to the year 
 1676 — travels in France, Italy, &c. 4 vols. 
 12mo. — universal diplomatic body, kc. 8 vols. 
 fol. — Historical letters, &c. He died about 
 1726 at a great age. 
 
 DuMCNT, George, a native of Paris, se- 
 cretary to the French embassy at Peters- 
 burg. He was author of history of the com- 
 merce of English colonies — present state of 
 English commerce — treatise on the oircula- 
 . tion of credit, &c. and died 1788, aged 6'3. 
 
x>u 
 
 DU 
 
 DuMONT, N. a Frencli psiintei*, siirnuiocAl 
 the Koiuiiii. Ilediediil i'aris 17S1, veiyoUI. 
 His pieces possess merit. 
 
 DuMO uui Eli, Aiilliouy Francis Uiipcrier, 
 H native otPuris, cniirieiitus u comiuiHsar) in 
 tUe French armies. He was author ol Ui- 
 chardet, a poem, 'J vols. — some eoui«;dies 
 transhited iVoni the ItuHan, Spanish, and 
 English, — an opera, ^c He died 1767, a^ed 
 60. 
 
 Dun, David Erskiac lord, bwn at Dim, 
 and cducateil at St. Andrew's and I'aris, 
 where he stndied tlie hiw. He was i-alled to 
 the bar, 1690, and opposed the Scottish union, 
 but was a benefactor to the persecnied epis- 
 copal clergy. He was calletl to the liench 
 1711, and look the name ot Dun. He died 
 at Dun 1755, five years after he had retired 
 tVom tlic court of justiciary, aged 85. His 
 " advices," 12mo. is an excellent perl'orm- 
 ance. 
 
 Dunbar, William, an eminent poet of 
 Scotland, born 1405 at Salton, on the south 
 of Kast Lothian. He was originally poor, and 
 after travelling as a noviciate of the francis- 
 ean order, lie returned home iu his '25th 
 year. His " thistle and the rose," was writ- 
 ten on the marriage of James IV. of Scotland 
 uiih Margaret daughter of Henry VH. but 
 whilst he expected ecclesiastical preferment 
 for the ofleriiig of his poetry, he unfortunate- 
 ly was disappointed ; for the great listen with 
 deliglit to the llattering compliments of the 
 learned, but seldom rewiird merit. He wrote 
 besides, the golden terge — the freirs of lier- 
 A\ ick —the twamarrit wemen — and the wetlo. 
 His poetry i.i commended by WarLon, as 
 next in rank to Chaucer's and I.) dgate's, and 
 Pinkerton, with national partiality, says, that 
 he surpasses the morals and satires of l«ang- 
 land, Chaucer's humor and knowledge of life, 
 Gower's allegory, and the descjiption of 
 Lydgate. His works were published with 
 learned notes by sir David Dalrymple. He 
 died about 15S0. 
 
 DuxCAN, Mark, a Scotch physician, pro- 
 fessor of pliilosophy, and principal of the 
 Oalvjnists' college at Saumur. He was invi- 
 ted by James i. to settle near iiis person, 
 which he declined, and lie died 1040 at Sau- 
 mur, where he had married. He wrote 
 some philosophical works, and a treatise 
 against the nosse-ssion of the Ursuline nuns of 
 London, which excited some public resent- 
 ment against liim. 
 
 Duncan, Daniel, an eminent physici.m 
 !)orn at Montauban in Languedoc, 1049, of a 
 lamily of Scottish original. 'Ihe loss of his 
 parents while in his cradle, wascouipensaleil 
 Sy the paternal attention of his mother's 
 brother, Daniel Paul, a learned counsellor 
 of 'I'oulouse, who had him educated at I'uy 
 Jiaurens, and at Moiitpellier, where, under 
 the care of Dr. Charles Rabeyrac, he studie<l 
 eight years, and when '24 he took his degree 
 of M. D. From Moiitpellier he came to 
 I'aris, where he resided seven years, and 
 published his " explication aouvelle tc me- 
 chanique dcs actions animalcs, 1G78,'' which 
 v^s well received, nnd the fo!jov>ing yeav he 
 
 vi^ted London, for, business as wcU as to 
 make in(iuirie« into the effect.^ of the [daguc 
 of 1C05. After a residenc<.* of t'no years he 
 was recalled to l*arii», on account of the de- 
 clining health of his great friend and pati-ou 
 C'olbtM't. About this time he publidied hi-< 
 '* » Ii} niie naturellf, ou (•x[»licatioii de la iiour- 
 rituiv- de Tanimal," which, when completed 
 iu three part.s, was read with nniver.ial ap- 
 plause. Dn I he lU ath ot (Ji^Ibt rt he left Pa- 
 ris, 108.1, and retired to .Montauban with the 
 intentiou of selling his ]>roperty and seltliiif; 
 in Loudou. litre, howe\ei-, he cMitmueif 
 till the [lersecniion .against the protcbL-intt 
 forced him for refuge to Geneva, anil after- 
 wards to Merne, where he obtained the pro- 
 fessorship of anatomy. After residing at 
 Berne eight or nine years, he went to attend 
 the princess of the landgrave of Hesse Cas- 
 sel, where, for three years he was treatetl 
 with tlio respect due to Jiis merit. At this 
 time he wrote liis pO[)ular treatise on the 
 abuse o( hot licpiors, esp«.'cially tea, coftee, 
 and chocolate, which had lately been intro- 
 duied into (iermany, and he publishfd it af- 
 terwards at Hutterdam 1705, at the request 
 of Dr. Boerhaave. His chaiacter antl the 
 benevolence -sn ith which lie treated the va- 
 rious protestant emigrants whom persecution 
 drove out of France, recommended liim 
 strongly to the king of I'russia, by whom he 
 was honorably invited to Berlin, where, 
 though physician to the househohl, he sLiid a 
 little time and removed to the Hague. For 
 12 years he resided at the Hague and finally 
 settled in London in 171 i. He died in Lon- 
 don April 30th, 1735, aged 80. This amiable 
 man, so universally respected for his human- 
 ity and benevoL'iice, wrote besides the bcwks 
 already mentione<l " histoire de ranimal, 
 &c." and left besides several manuscripts on 
 medical tjubjects. His conversation " says 
 his biographer," was easy, cheerful ami in- 
 teresting, pure from all taint of party s< an- 
 dal or idle raillery; this made his company 
 desired by all wlio had a capacity to know its 
 value, and he afforded a striking instance th.^t 
 religion must naturally gain slrength from 
 the successful study of nature. It is remark- 
 able that for ilirec |2;enerations before him 
 medicine found most respecU^ble professors 
 in his family. 
 
 Du .N'c.v:-.", William, a learned writer, pro- 
 fessor of phiiosophy in the Marisehal college 
 of Aberdeen. He was born at Aberdeen in 
 July 1717s aiid was educated there under the 
 celebrattai Dr. Bl.iikvse!!. He came to Lon- 
 don in 1739, and there chietly emidoyed him- 
 .'.elf ill M riling for the booksellers. His works 
 appi ared generally without hi.s name. He 
 transl.atcd some books from the French, and 
 Mas concerneil in that translation of Horace 
 known under llie name of Watson. He was 
 the coadjutor of Dr. Johnson, Campbell, and 
 Fonlyce, in tiie preceptor which Dotlslcy 
 publisiied, and he w ri>te for his share the lo- 
 gic;:! jjart. He also translated several of 
 Cicero's orations, and Hkewise Ca^-sar's com- 
 mentaries whidi appeared in 1752, tbiip, 
 with *ine cut*;. Ju 1 75.i he removed to Aber- 
 
DU 
 
 Dy 
 
 ■^€cn ^vhere he had been the preceding year 
 appointed professor of philosophy. He died 
 a bachelor May 1st 1760, aged 43. Though 
 a man of no superior genius, he possessed 
 4aste, judgment, and good sense, and his 
 abihties were rather solid than shining. He 
 "Was universally beloved in private life. 
 
 DuNCAX, Adam lord, a well known Eng- 
 lish admiral, born at Dundee of a respectable 
 ftmih'. As a younger son he was bred to the 
 sea, and in 1761, was made post captain. He 
 served under Keppel as his captain, and in 
 1787 was made i-ear admiral, in 1793 vice ad- 
 miral, and in 1795 admiral of tbe blue. His 
 station diu'ing the late war was in the north 
 sea to block up the Texel, but in his tempo- 
 rary absence during the mXitrny of the fleet, 
 the Dutch escaped from their ports, and 
 "were soon brought to an engagement by tbe 
 English admiral, near Camperdown, within 
 five miles of their own shores. On this cele- 
 brated day, 1 1th October 1797, tlie Dutch ad- 
 miral De AVinter struck with eight ships to 
 the supei-ior valor of the English, and in re- 
 ward for his conduct Duncan was created 
 the 2lstof the same month viscount Duncan 
 of Camperdown, baron Duncan of Lund ie, 
 Perthshire, with a pension of !2()00^. on him- 
 self and his two successors in the peerage. 
 Lord Duncan, whose character in private life 
 as a man and as a christian, was equal to his 
 braver)- as a seaman, died 1804-. He was in 
 stature a comely person, full six feet tbree 
 inches tall, so that be observed jocosely to the 
 Dutch admiral who vrfts likewise a m.in of 
 tall stature, I wonder bow you and I have es- 
 caped the balls in this hot battle. During the 
 mutiuy of his fleet the adraii^al addressed the 
 crew of his ship, the Veteran, with a tone of 
 affection and of fiimness, and in a speech so 
 sensible and so judicious, as to call forth the 
 admiration even ot'his rebellious crew. 
 
 Du>:coMBE, William, an English writer, 
 born at Stocks, Hertfordshire. In 1726 he 
 married the only sister of John Hugfies, 
 whose poems he edited in two vols. 12mo. 
 1735, and the miscellanies of the other bro- 
 ther Jabez, in one vol. 1737. He translated 
 Racine's Athaliah, which met with applause, 
 and aftciwards edited the works of Mr. 
 Needier, and he produced his L. J. Brutus 
 on the boards of Drury lane, and it was pub- 
 hshed in 1735 and 1747. He bcsi<ks edited 
 some of Herring's sermons, and ]"iblished 
 Horace in English verse by several hands 
 1757. He diedi 26 February 1709, aged 80. 
 
 DuNCOMBE, John, son of the preceding, 
 ■was born in 1730. He was educated at pri- 
 vate schools at Romford and Fclsted, where 
 he displayed great regularity, uncommon ap- 
 plication, and superior talents. At the age 
 of 16 he was admitted at Benet's college, 
 Cambridge, at the recommendation of arch- 
 bishop Herring his fathers friend. In 1750 
 he was chosen fellow of his college, and three 
 years after took orders, and became assistant 
 preacher at St. Anne's Soho, where his elo- 
 quence as an orator, and his amiable man- 
 ners in private life, gained him the respect of 
 a populous neighborhood. In 1757, thepri- 
 
 in.Hte Herring gave him the livings of Sf. An- 
 drew and St. Majy Bredman, Canterbury, 
 but the death of that excellent patron, two 
 months after, cut off" all hopes of further and 
 more valuable preferment. He married in 
 1763, the daughter of Mr. Highmore the 
 I>aintei*, m rth whom he enjoj-ed 23 years of 
 uninteiTupted domestic happiness. In 17Gf>, 
 Seeker apjjointed him one of the six Canter- 
 ; bury preachers, and the next primate, Corn- 
 ' walhs, presented him, iti 1773, to the living 
 of Heme, six miles from Canterbury. He 
 Mas also master of Marbledown and St. John's 
 hospitals, which, though, places of trust and 
 not emolument, enabled him to display his 
 regard lor the poor, and his humane endea- 
 vours to relieve their necessities. He was al- 
 so an active magistrate, and in tliis oflice he 
 was the means of encouraging virtue and of 
 checking vice. He was attacked by a para- 
 lytic stroke 21st June 1785, from which 
 he never recovered, and died on the 18th of 
 the following January. He left only one 
 daughter. His works are chiefly fugitive pie- 
 ces published in Dodsley's collection, and in 
 periodical magazines, besides the Semincad, 
 and a poem on the death ofFredertck prince 
 of Wales. He also greatly tissisted his father 
 in his translation of Horace, and published 
 the seventh satire of the second book in 
 1752, imitated, and inscribed to R. Owen, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 DuxGAL, a monk of St. Dennis in the 
 ninth centuiy, supposed to be an Irishman. 
 He was consulted by Charlemagne with res- 
 pe«t to the two eclipses of the sun whrtih 
 happened 810, and his answer is preserved in 
 the lOth vol. 4to. of d'Acheri's spicilegium- 
 A tract alsc by him against the w^orship of 
 images, may be found in the Bibhotheca pat- 
 rum 1608, Svo. 
 
 Dun LOP, Wihiam, M. A. was born 1692 
 at CHasgow, wliere his father was principal of 
 the university. He applied himself for about 
 two years to the study of the law at Utrecht, 
 but abandoned the plan at the representation 
 of Mr. Wisbart, and became, by means of 
 his friend, regius professor of divinity and 
 church histoi-v at Edinburgh 1716. He dis- 
 tingnished biraself much a-i a preacher, and 
 died of a dropsy 1720, aged 28. He publish- 
 ed two volumes of sermons 12mo. and an es- 
 say on confessions of faith. 
 
 DuNi.op, Alexander, M. A. brother to» 
 the above, was born in 1GS4, in America 
 where his fat'ier was in exile. He came over 
 at tbe revolution, and was in 1720 appointed 
 professor of Greek in Glasgow university. 
 He piiiilished in 1736, a (ireek grammar 
 which still maintains its superiority in the 
 Scotch university, and died at Glasgow 174v2, 
 
 Dun:t, Samuel, an English mathemati- 
 cian boi n at Crediton, Devonshire, where he 
 kept a school for some 3H-ars, and where he 
 founded a mathematical school. He after- 
 wards removed to Chelsea, where he kept 
 school, anr! was appointed mathematical ex- 
 aminer of those ofiicers who entered into the 
 East India company's service. He died 1792.. 
 
DU 
 
 DU 
 
 avrtlior of several mathematical treatises — an 
 ytlj^s — treatises on book keeping 
 
 Dunning, 'John, lord Ashburton, was 
 horn IStli October 1731, at Ashburtoti, in 
 Devonshire, lie rose by his merit at tlie 
 bar, and greatly distinguished liimsell'in par- 
 liament. He was raised to the peerage in 
 178'2, and made chancellor of the duchy of 
 Lancaster, and recorder of Bristol. He died 
 ISlii August irSo, leaving only one son. 
 
 DuNOD DC Chaknace, Francis Igna- 
 tius, the learned professor of law at Hesan- 
 con, his native town, died tliere 1751. He 
 vrote " memoires of the court oJl Dourgog- 
 ne" three vols 4to. — history of the churcli 
 &c. of Besancon, two vols. 4to. — treatise of 
 dtscriptions, 6ic. His son.losepli, left some 
 notes on his father's works. I'eter, a Jesuit 
 of the same family, published a curious work, 
 called the discovery of the town of Autre in 
 Fianche Comte. 
 
 D UNO IS, John, count of Orleans and Lon- 
 gueville, was the natural son of Lewis duke 
 of Orleans, and born -3d November 1407. 
 He distinguished himself in arms, in tfce de- 
 feat of the earls of Warwick and Suflblk, and 
 in the defence of Orleans, till it was relieved 
 by Joan of Arc. He pursued the English, and 
 took from them Blaic, Bourdeau.K, Bayonne, 
 &c. He was rewarded for his services by 
 Charles VH. who called him the restorer of 
 Lis country, and gave him large grants of 
 fands, with the office of grand chamberlain of 
 France. This great hero, so respectable al- 
 so for the virtues of private life, died 2ilb 
 November 1468, aged 61. 
 
 Duns, John, commonly called Duns Sco- 
 tus, a -celebrated theologian of the franciscan 
 order, born at Dunstance, Northumberland. 
 He became fellow of Merton, Oxford and, 
 then went over to Paris, where his abilities 
 and his acuteness in disputalifni procured him 
 the appellation of the subtil doctor. He op- 
 posed the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas, 
 hence his followers were called Scctists, and 
 his opponents Thomists. He afterwards went 
 fo Cologne where he died 1308. It has been 
 said by Paul Jovius that he was attacked by 
 «an apoplexy and buried as dead, and that up- 
 on his recovery, he languished in a most mis- 
 erable manner in his co/Tin till he expired. 
 His works were printed at Lyons 1C39, 10 
 vols, folio, and are now little regarded. 
 
 Du>iSTAN, St. archbisliop of Canterbury, 
 Avas born in 92i. He embraced the ecclesi- 
 astical life, and was made by Edgar, bishop 
 of Worcester, and alLevwards in 959 transla- 
 ted to Canterbury. He was also abbot of 
 Glastonbury. He is well known as a man of 
 intrigue, and of great spiritual power, which 
 he showed with unusual obstinacy in the V.n- 
 glish court, especially under Edmund. The 
 pope knowing bis influence, made him his le- 
 gate. He (^ed 98S. 
 
 DuNTOX, John, a bookseller, born at 
 Craffliam, Huntingdonslure, I4th May 1659. 
 Upon failing in his business as bor)kseiler, 
 after twenty yeai's' success, he began author, 
 and in 1701 was emi>loveil in the i'ost angel 
 papei';. Kc ai'terwards began tha Athenian 
 
 Mercur)', which was a plan to answer ques- 
 tions, monthly pro[)Ose<l by unknown per- 
 sons, an<l whicii was re-jiublished by Bell 
 under the name of the Athenian Oracle, 4 
 vols. 8vo. In I71i» he published his Atheni- 
 anism, containing i'lW treatise ;, in prose and 
 verse, on all subjects. Though i>roliv and 
 sometimes obscure as a writer, he yet pos- 
 sesses merit as a satii-ist, and some of his pie- 
 ces will be read with pleasui'e. He also 
 wi'ote " Dunton's life anil errorb." He died 
 about 17-5. 
 
 Du Patv, advocate general, afterwards 
 president of tlie parliament at Bonrdeattx, 
 was born at llochelle, and died at Paiis 178S 
 not far advanced in life. He distinguishetl 
 himself as an elorpient and powerful orator, 
 ami as an upright magistrate. His historical 
 reflections on penal laws, arc a very valuable 
 work. He wrote also academical letters and 
 discourses on Italy, two vols. 8vo. 17>jS. He 
 afiectcd to imitate Diderot, and was deficient 
 in taste. Voltaire with sarcastic self-conse- 
 quence spoke with indifference of his abili- 
 ties. 
 
 DuPERRAY, Michael, a Frencli lawyer, 
 who died at Paris 1730, aged 90. He wrote 
 some works chiefly on ecclesiastical sub- 
 jects, he. 
 
 DuPHOT, N. a French general, who after 
 serving with distinction in Italy, was sent as 
 ambassador to the pope. He was there as- 
 sassinated in 1797, in a popular tumult, anci 
 though the pope could not prevent, and was 
 not privy to llie commotion, the death of 
 the ambassador was made a pretext by the 
 French for seizing the ecclesiastical states. 
 
 Du PIN, Lewis Ellis, a learned, and well 
 known critic, was born at Piaris 17th June 
 1657. He early displayed great partiality 
 for literature, and embraced the ecclesiasti- 
 cal profession, and became doctor of the 
 SorboniKJ 1684. He devoted himself to the 
 composition of his great work called " Bi- 
 bliotheque universelle des auteurs eccleslas- 
 tiques," the first volume of which appeared 
 1686. The boldness, however, with which 
 he spoke of various writers gave offence to 
 the critics, and the author was obliged bf 
 Harlay, archbishop of Paris, to retract some 
 of his o])inions, and to suppress the work in 
 1693, v.ith the privilege of continuing it un- 
 der the altered title of Bibliotheque nou- 
 velle. Besides this great work which was 
 brought down in several volumes to the end 
 of the 16th century, Dupin wi'ote otliert, the 
 chief of which are — prolegomena to tie 
 bible, — notes on the psalms and pentateuch, 
 — a profane history — a treatise of po^u er ec- 
 clesiastical and temporal, — and method of 
 stu<lyiiig divinity, &c. He was professor of 
 the Royal college, from which he was re- 
 moved in the famous cas de conscience, but 
 afterwards restored. He died at Paris 1719, 
 aged 6'2. He was a man of extensive eru- 
 dition, and of indefatigable application. His 
 ecclesiastical bibliotheque, so valuable for 
 the analytical account of antliors and of their 
 V. ritings, whicli it accurately gives, has beci 
 translated iuto English with tiotcs, kc Hz 
 
t)U 
 
 DU 
 
 eoprcspondcJ with Wake the Enghsh i»ri- 
 inate about the union of the two churches. 
 
 Du PL ANIL, J. D. a French physician, 
 ■who translated various works into JTrench 
 from the EngUsh, among -which was Buch- 
 an's domestic medicine. He died at Paris 
 1S02 
 
 Duple IX, Scipio, was born at Condom 
 1566, and noticed by queen Margaret, who 
 brought liim to Paris in IG05, and made him 
 master of requests, and afterwards historio- 
 grapher of France. In his old age, Avhich 
 he reached witliout sickness or infirmity, he 
 vvrote a book on the hberties of the (iailican 
 church, which he presented to chancellor 
 Seguier for the libert}' of printing, but the 
 courtier with unparalleled audacity threw it 
 into the fire, which so shocked the venerable 
 author, thiit he returned to Condom and 
 died soon after, of deep vexstion, 1661, aged 
 9-2. His works are memoirs of the Gauls 
 1650, foUo, a book of great value, — history 
 of France in six vols, folio, not very ac- 
 curate or impartial — an account of the flat- 
 teries heaped on Richelieu, and the violent 
 reflections tlirown on tlie deceased Marga- 
 ret, now no longer the patroness of the au- 
 thor, — Roman history three vols, foho, an 
 insipid performance, — a course of philoso- 
 phy three vols. l'2mo. — natural curiosity, 
 &c. Svo. insignificant and often licentious, — 
 tlie liberty of the French language against 
 Vaugelas, Sec. 
 
 DuPLZix, .Joseph, a French merchant, 
 appointed in 1730 director of Clianderna- 
 gore in the East-Indies, a colony whicJi, bv 
 his wisdom and firmness he raised from po- 
 verty and fhstress to consequence and opu- 
 lence. He inspired his countrymen v.ith 
 the spirit of commerce and enterprise, and 
 established mercantile connexions with the 
 Red sea, the Maldives Goa, the Manillas, 
 &c. He was appointed governor of Pon- 
 dicherry in 1742, and defended the place 
 with uncommon bravery in 1748 for forty- 
 two davs aeainst the attack of two Endish 
 admirals. For these services he was re- 
 warded by the French king with the red 
 riband, and the title of marquis, and by t!ie 
 great Mogul w ith the title of nabob. He 
 was recalled in 1753 during the war wliich 
 broke out in the East between the English 
 and the French, in the support of two rivals 
 Ibr the nabobship of Arcot, and he was so 
 hurt at the idea of being called away from 
 the exercise of sovereign power to a private 
 station, and of soliciting the French East- 
 India company for the payment of his ar- 
 rears, that he fell under a dejection of spi- 
 rits and dieil soon after. His conduct to- 
 wards la Bourdonnaye, his rival in the East, 
 is the most exceptionable part of his charac- 
 ter. Jealousy of power prompted him to 
 use severe measures against him, in 1747, 
 and afterwards Bounlonnaye had influence 
 enough to procure the recijl of his prosper- 
 ous a«lversaiy. 
 
 DuPORT, James, a learned divine educa- 
 ted at (,'ambridge, where hi' became pn'ofes- 
 sor of Greek, and master of Magdalen col- 
 
 lege, lie was raised to the deanery of Pe- 
 terborough, and died 1680. His great eru- 
 dition as a clnssica scholar is evinced in his 
 learned works. He wrote a Greek version 
 of the psalms, — gnomologia Homeri cum 
 duplice parallelisimo, Cambridge, 1660 — po- 
 etica stromata, 1676, Svo. — and lectures 
 published with Nedham's Theophrastus' 
 characters, 1712. 
 
 DuPORT, Francis Mathurin, counsellor 
 of the parliament of Paris, distinguished 
 himself in the i-evolution as a violent enemy 
 to the measures of the court. His con- 
 nexion A'lth Orleans at last pi-oved fatal to 
 him, and he suftered under the guillotine 
 20tb of April 17'j4, aged 46. 
 
 DUPPA, Brian, a learned prelate, horn 
 1589 at Lewisham, Kent, and educated at 
 Westminster, and Christ-church, Oxford. 
 In lol'2 he was elected fellow of All-souls, 
 and after having travelled in France and 
 Spain, he took his degree of D D. in 1625, 
 and was in 1620, by the interest of the earl 
 of Dorset, made dean of Christ- church. In 
 1638 he became tutor to the prince Charles, 
 and to his brother James, and about that 
 time w as raised to the see of Cliichester. In 
 1641 he was translated to Salisbury, but he 
 received little benefit from it, and on the 
 suppression of episcopacy he attended his 
 master, especially in the isle of Wight, and 
 assisted him, it is said, in the composition of 
 the Eikon Basilike. He afterwards lived in 
 retirement at Richmond, till the restoration^ 
 when he was made bishop of Winchester, 
 and lord almoricr. He died in 1662 aged 73, 
 at Richraond, in Surrey, a place which he 
 loved, and where he erected and endowed 
 an ahns-house. A few hours before he ex- 
 pired, Charles II. visited this venerable pre- 
 late, i.ud kneeling by his bed-side implored 
 his blessing, which the dying man, placing 
 one hand on tlie king's head, and raising the 
 otlier to heaven, gave him w ith great fervor 
 and piety. He was buried in \^'cstminster- 
 abbey. He left many charitable legacies to 
 those places, or societies, with which either 
 by bii'th, office, or predilection, he had been 
 connected. He wrote some things chiefly 
 on devotional subjects, as " a guide for the 
 penitent," " the soul's soliloquies, &cc." 
 
 DuPRAT, Anthony, an eminent French 
 statesman. He was first at the bar, and 
 rose gradually to the first presidency of the 
 parliament of Paris, 1507, and the chancel- 
 lorship of France 1515. He was tutor tf> 
 Francis I. when count of Angoulemc, and 
 by checking his criminal passion for the 
 wife of Lewis XII he gained his confidence 
 and patronage. He advised his master, 
 whose necessities were great, to raise money 
 by selling the offices of judicature, and by 
 his suggestions the chamber Called TouiTjellc 
 was establisiit'd, which augmented the taxes 
 and improved the royal revenue by tlie op- 
 pression cf the poor. By the advice of his 
 favorite, Francis also abolished the pragma- 
 tic sanction, and established the concoi"dat, 
 by which, while the king nominated to va- 
 cant benefices, the pope received a hrge an- 
 
DL 
 
 DU 
 
 R«Jinal income from the churches. This step 
 rendered Diiprat a favorite :it lionic, he be- 
 crimc an ecclesiastic, aii«l from the sees of 
 AIe:ui\', AIbi, Valence, Die, tiaj), and Sens, 
 V hicli he successively filled, he was honor- 
 ed witfi the pur[>le 13-27. lie mms afler- 
 wards a legate in France, and on tlie deatli 
 of (jlemeut \\\. it is said lie a«i)ired to tlie 
 tiara, an ambitious step which the French 
 kin,!; riilicuh:d and by no menus prorioted. 
 This artful jjrelate, to whom his amljJtiou 
 ami his intrigues i-aised many etiemicii, dietl 
 at his chateau de Xantoil'et '.Hh July 15.15, 
 overwlielmcd vilh remorse, «nd uoru out 
 by diserises. He was a man of the most am- 
 bitious an<l selfish character, whose whole 
 conduct was guide«l by interest aiul avarice. 
 To incrcasv^his power or eular.ije his fortune 
 he scrupled at wi sacrifice on e:ther of fame 
 or virtue, rind therefore liis death v,as as un- 
 lamented as his life had been guilty. lie 
 hnilt at the hotel de Dieu at Paris a hall 
 which still bears his name, on Miiich the 
 kingobser\ed that it should have been much 
 larger, if it could contain all the poor Duprat 
 had made. 
 
 DiTRE, T)i: GuYEU, Jolin, a hermit said 
 to have built with only the assistance of his 
 servant the hermitage of Fribiirg in Swit- 
 zerland, in the solid rock, the chimney of 
 which riseu 90 feet in height. 
 
 DuPRE, Mary, a learned lady of the 17th 
 century, born at Paris, and educated by her 
 uncle (les Alarets de St. Sorliu in the learn- 
 ed languages and in rhetoric, versiJi cation, 
 and philosophy. She also studied Descartes, 
 and was called the Cartesienne. She was 
 intimate with the learned of her time, and 
 her pieces of ])oetry and also lier prose v.ri- 
 tings were read with great applause. 
 
 DuPRE d'AuxAY, Lewis, a native of 
 Paris, ruember of several learned academies. 
 He died 1758. He wrote letters of the 
 generation of animals, — traile des subsis- 
 tances militaires, two vols. 4to. — reflec- 
 tions on the transfusion of blood, 12mo, &c. 
 "DuPRE dc St. Maur, Nicholas Francis, 
 a native of Paris, who died there December 
 the 1st, 1774, aged 80. He was a member 
 of the French academy. He translated 
 ^lilton's Paradise lort, \vith Addison's odes, 
 ?«nd also Para»lise regained, by a Jesuit, four 
 vols. li2mo. lie wrote an essay on the coins 
 of France, 1740, 4to. a valuable v.orlc, — in- 
 quiries on the value of money, kc. — the 
 table of the duration of huraan life. He was 
 veil informed in matters of agriculture, 
 economy, and commerce. 
 
 Dui'Uis, Claude, a French engraver of 
 merit who died at Paris, 174'2 aged 57. His 
 brother Gabriel Nicholas was also an emi- 
 nent engraver, and died 1771, aged 73. 
 
 Dl'CLUESXE, Abraiiam, a native of Xor- 
 Tiiandy, who distinguished himself in the 
 French navy in various fights against the 
 Spaniards, the Dutch, the Genoese, kc. 
 He died at Paris the second February 1CS8, 
 aged 78, much and deservedly respected, 
 not less in his private IhRu his pubhc cha- 
 racter. 
 
 YOU T. S^ 
 
 DuRAND, William, a native of Provence, 
 eminent «8 a lauyer, and afterwards raised 
 to a bishopric by t!ie jtope. He died at 
 Home I'JlM'), aged .'•9, author of a Speculum 
 juris, i<o. a «ork of merit. His ntphew 
 was also a bishop, ai:d wrote on general 
 councils. 
 
 Di'KA.VD, DE St. I'oi'ucAiN, AVillJam, 
 a Fret eh bi-hop, talied from his powers of 
 argumentation the resolute doctor. He was 
 aiithor of conunentaries on the sentences 
 and other works, and died 1.S.32. 
 
 DuRANUE, N. a physician of eminence 
 at Dijon, who published scuTie interesting 
 tracts on his profession. He died at Dijon, 
 1799. 
 
 DiFRAXT, (iilles, sieur de la IJergerie, 
 advocate in the parliament of Paris. He 
 was one of the nine appointed by the court 
 to reform the customs of Paris. Jle pos- 
 sessed great talents for ludicrous poetry, and 
 his verses on the ass that had joined the 
 league, and had i'allen during the siege of 
 Paris 1590, are much admired He wrote 
 other humorous pieces, Mliich equally com- 
 mand the approbation of the public, though 
 some are of a licentious tendejicy. Some 
 suppose that he was broke on the wheel, 
 JOth of July 1018. for a libel on the French 
 king, but the sufl'erer was another person, 
 who with his two brothers endured tlu't 
 savage punishment. Duraut's works were 
 printed 1594. 
 
 DuRAXTi, John Stephen, a native ci 
 Toulouse, of V. Iiose parliament he was advo- 
 cate-general, and afterwards in 15ill lirst 
 president. He violently (tppnsed the league, 
 and perished in a tumult which he endea- 
 vored to appease, being sliot by a musket 
 ball 10th of Feb. 1589, and treated w i,h every 
 mark of insult and indignity by the mob. 
 'I'his meritoriou.s martyr had the year before 
 successfully employed his influence to pre- 
 serve Toulouse from the plague, and lie had 
 deserved tlie affection of his country by his 
 liberality and charity of some institutions 
 which he founded for the education of yoHlU 
 and the relief of indigence. He wrote also 
 a book de ri'Jbus ecclesiaj, printed at Rome 
 1591 folio. 
 
 DuRBACH, Anne liouisa, a German pn- 
 etess, born 1722. From the mean occupa- 
 tion of v.atcliing cattle, she raised herself to 
 disiinction liy the reading of books, and by 
 uncommon r.pplication to literature. At 17 
 she maiTicd a woolcomber, but with b.im and" 
 with another afterwards, sljc was e.xposed Uj 
 great pov;u"tr, till the age of 40, when her 
 muse celebrated in a triumphal o<le tin' bat- 
 tle of Lowosehutz. This piece was noticed, 
 and recommended to the Prussian monarch, 
 who sent for the poetess to Berlin, and by 
 his patron.^ge placed her a!)ove want. Her 
 poems have been published, and possess 
 great merit. She died about 1780. 
 
 UuRELL, John, a divine of eminence, 
 born 162G in the island of Jersey, and edu- 
 cated at Merton college, w'uich he left at the 
 beginning of the civil wars, aud then passed 
 to r'aen, where he took lus degree of MA. 
 
DU 
 
 t)U 
 
 was ordained by the Ijishop oi' Galldwa^-, 1 cUurcli, wliere his tVien 
 *aris 1G51, ami was afterwards invited b_v an honorable instripti( 
 
 Besi<les his great i-eputation as an artist, he 
 
 govern- 
 
 He 
 at P 
 
 the church of Caen to supply the place of 
 the fanions Bocliart during his absence at 
 the court of Christina of Sweden, an honor- 
 able appointment, which however he did 
 not aciept. At the restoration he was chap- 
 lain to tiie kiiig, and preferred to a prebend 
 at Salisbury, afterwards at Windsoi', and 
 then at Duihani. In 1G69 he took his de- 
 gree of i). U. at Oxford, and in 1077 was 
 raisefl to the deanery of Windsor. For this 
 preferment he was indebted to his abilities 
 as well as to the partiality of Charles, who 
 ■jvas v.ell acquainted with his merits, and had 
 known him in Jersey and in France. He di- 
 ed lOS.i, jvged 58, and was buried at Wind- 
 sor. His writings were chielly controversial — 
 a vindic:ttion of the church of England 
 against schismatics — n view of tlie 
 ment, See. of the church of England, 4to 
 besides a translation of the liturgy into Latin 
 and Frencli. 
 
 Dure T. I., Uavid, a native of Jersey, edu- 
 cated at Pembroke college, 0.\ford, where 
 he took his master's degree. He afterwards 
 became fellow of Hertford college, of which 
 }n 1757 he was made principal. In 1764 he 
 took his dcgiee of D. U. and in 1767 was 
 made prebendary of Canterbury, He ser- 
 ved the oflice of vice chancellor and died 1775, 
 aged 47. He was author of critical remarks 
 on the books of Job, Psalms, Eccit^siaste 
 andiJanticles, 4to. — tlie Hebrew text of the 
 parallel prophecies of Jacob and Moses, re- 
 lating to the 12 tribes, with a translation and 
 notes, See. 4to. 
 
 DuRER, Albert, a celebrated painter and 
 engraver, born at Nuremberg 20th May 
 
 After being 
 in arithmetic, perspective, 
 and geometry, he began to exhibit some of 
 bis pieces before the public, and his three 
 '^^•aces were the first ijerformance whiuli tix- 
 ed the admiration of his country upon him, 
 in 1497. He painted little, therefore his pic- 
 
 id Pirkheimer plaaed 
 
 ion over his remains. 
 
 1471, of IIungHrian parents, 
 ■well instructed 
 
 tures are very ss^arce, and as highly valued. 
 His Adam and Eve are still preserved in tiie 
 royal ])alace of Pj ague, and also a picture 
 of Cllri^>t bearing the cross, an adoratioQ of 
 the wise men, and at Fi ankfort two pieces 
 of tiie passion and an assumption of exqui- 
 site beauty. In the senators' hall at Nurem- 
 berg are also stiil exhibited with national 
 pinde, a portrait of Charlemagne, and of 
 some of the emperors, with the V2 apostles. 
 His engravings are highly admired. Instead 
 of the tedious mode of engraving on cop- 
 per, he first attempted to work on wood, and 
 his first pieces^ in that way, were the behead- 
 ing of John the Iiaptist, and the presenta- 
 tion of his head to Herod, published in 1510. 
 One of his best pieces is said by Yasari to 
 be a St. Eustachius knueling before a stag. 
 The luerit of Durer was not lost in obscuri- 
 ty, he was esteemed by the great, and the 
 emperor Maximilian not only patronised 
 him but granted him a pension and a patent 
 (if nobility. He (Ued in his native city, 6th 
 
 possessed Avbat is equally valuable, a respec- 
 table character in private life. He was 
 cheerful but not licentious in his conversa- 
 tion, tlie firm fiiend of virtue and piety, and 
 he never, like some of Ids fallow artists, 
 employed his talents on any thing that was 
 either obscene or profane. He wrote some 
 books iu German, j)ublished after his death, 
 on tlie rules ot painting — institutiones geom- 
 etrise, &c. His wife, who was beautiful, but 
 is described by some as a Xantippe, sat to 
 him, and from her features he painted the 
 face of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 DuRE;T,Ijewi3, aphysicaUjbornatBeauge- 
 la-Ville in Brescia. He practised with great 
 success at Paris, and was in the household 
 of Charles IX. and Henry III. He was par- 
 ticularl)' esteemed by this last monarch, who 
 granted him a pension of 4<K) crowns of gold, 
 Avitli a survivance to his five sons, and in 
 proof of his great esteem was also present 
 at the marriage of his daughter. Duret di- 
 ed 2'2(\ January 1586, aged 59. He was a 
 true follower of Hippocrates, and treated 
 medicine afterj the manner of the ancients. 
 His best work is a commentary on Hippo- 
 crates published Paris 16'>]I, folio, after bfe- 
 ing completed and revised by his son John^ 
 who like liimself was eminent as a physi- 
 cian. The son died 1629, aged 66. 
 
 H'Urfey, Tliomas, a facetious English 
 poet. His parents who were Huguenots, 
 left llochelle before it ss as besieged by Lew- 
 is XHI, in 162S, and they settled at Exeter, 
 where the poet was born. He applied him- 
 self to the law, but the liveliness of his gen- 
 ius, and the volatility of his mind, carried 
 him to the cultivation of poetry, and as he 
 possessed the powers of wit and the keen- 
 ness of satire, liis plays were received on 
 the stage with great applause. His face- 
 tionsness and easy manners recommended 
 him to the notice of the great, and Chai"les 
 11. was often seen viith this favorite of the 
 muses, most famiii;ir!y leaning on his shoul- 
 der, or humndng over a eoiig with })im. 
 But though popular, his ballads, songs, and 
 plays possessed all the coarseness of wit, li- 
 centiousness, and indelicacy which were 
 fashionable in the days of the second Charles, 
 and which better times have happily banish- 
 ed, so that within 30 years after his death,- 
 none of his pieces were suffered to appear on 
 the stage. This humorous author, familiarly 
 known bv the narae of Tom. lived much 
 
 with the earl of Dorset at Knole, wher<; 
 there is stiil preserved a picture of him, ta- 
 ken by stealth, as he was sleeping in his 
 chair after dinner, but in the last part of 
 his life he was haunted by i>overt)', foi', re- 
 gardless of tlie morrow he liad always 
 squaniiered the present away. 'I'o relieve 
 him from distres>s, the players very gener- 
 ously, at the solicitation of Addison, came 
 forward to perform " the Plotting sisters'* 
 for the benefit of the author, who humor,- 
 April loiiSj, and was buried iu St, John's 1 ously said, he had written nix)rc o^es than 
 
uu 
 
 DU 
 
 Horace, and fonrtimes as ni:i;i} • onudif,'?; tis 
 Terence, and tliis tcnii)or.\ry roliil "set fiini 
 ubove want. He died 'JOiU J'el»i*uary 17'2;J, 
 and was buried in St. .Ijine.s' <'lnireli\ ; rd, 
 "Westniiii.slcr. liisage is i)oLe.\Mctl\ kuoun, 
 thcugli it must liave been alirmt 70. His 
 Honucts, ballads, Jscc. are eoiitaip.cd in vnl.s. 
 I'imo. and called '• Pills to \»urge nielambo- 
 ly," and they are Iiandsoinely recommend- 
 ed bv the -JOth nuniiier of tlu- (iuarrii.in, in 
 tbe firth number of uhicli uork also may 
 be founil a Immorows aecoimt of llic antbor. 
 
 Di'KilAM, .lames, a Scolib divine, born 
 in West Lotliiun l0v.'O, and educated in .St. 
 Salvador's enllet^e, St. Andrew 's. At tlie as.;e 
 ef .i(t by tbe pci-siiasion of bis friends be 
 took orders, and became a very popular and 
 clocjuent preacIuM* at (JIasgow. lie died of 
 a consumiitiou iG.^b", aged ;>S. lie wrote a 
 commentary on tbe revelations — discourse 
 on scandal — sermons on tbe .')3d of Lsaian 
 and Ibc Song of Solomon, !scc. 
 
 DuRiXGER, Melcbior, professor of ec- 
 clesiastical liistory at IJenic, passed Ids 
 v/bole life in celibacy, solitude, and mebui- 
 cboly. He fell iron^ the story «>1 bis bouse, 
 which Avas unfoi'timately on iire, aiul died 
 an hour after, 1st Jannar}' IT'-I.y, aged 76, 
 'I'he author of pb}sica sacra, printed at Am- 
 sterdam 173'2, is much indel>ted to the la- 
 bors of Duringer. 
 
 DuRY or JDuRViius, John, a Scotch di- 
 vine, who labored earnestly to reconcile the 
 l^utherans and Calvinists, but to little jiur- 
 pose. He began about 16M to travel through 
 Europe, engaged in this gigr.ntic undertak- 
 ing, and after conferring with tbe divines of 
 England, Ciermany, Sweden, Denmark, Hol- 
 land, Geneva, aud other places, be at last, 
 ■after 40 years' laborious pursuit, found him- 
 self disappointed, .-md though all commend- 
 ed his spirit and extolled the purity of his 
 intentions, none would resign their opinions 
 And their faith to tbe decision of llicir neigh- 
 bors. It is unknot n when lie <lied, but iii 
 the last part of bis life be was honorably 
 patronised, by Hedwig Sophia, princess of 
 Hesse, who allowed him a comfortable re- 
 tirement, with a table well furnished, and 
 f'very convenience. He wrote much in fa- 
 vor of his grand plan, and evinced himself 
 a man of extensive learning, great zeal, be- 
 coming piety, but rather tanatical. His let- 
 ter to Dumoulin, concerning tbe churches 
 of England, Scotland, and Ireland, uiuler 
 Cromwell, is curious. It is piiblislied l-ou- 
 don lG58, l'2mo. 
 
 DusART, a pair.ter of Hacrlcm, disc-ij)'e 
 o£ Adrian Ostade. He was chic fly gre:it in 
 i.he description of taverns and low company. 
 He <lied I704-, aged ;>0. 
 
 DussAui.x, John, a native of Chartrcs, 
 who after distinguishing himself in tbe war 
 of Hanover under llitbelieu, «levoted bim- 
 sxilf to literary pursuits. At tbe revolution 
 lie became member of the convention, but 
 his conduct was moderate and humane, and 
 he was one of tlie 73 proscribot! deputies 
 v.ho were imprisoned for opposijjg the mea- 
 s^ures of their hkH'^ violent associaios., He 
 
 w.Ts .•ilKiv. ards mrmber ot' the council of 
 ancients, and presiib nt <tf tiie national insti- 
 tute, and died at I'aris Kith March 17'J'.>, 
 :.l^vi] 71. He publislied a traiislatiuii of .(u- 
 vetiai — de la pa.ssi«)n du jeii, H\(). — eloge «lo 
 IJIancbel — memoiresur les satiri(pies Latins, 
 bcc. 
 
 DuvAi., Peter, geograplicr royal of 
 I'rance, wa.s born at Abbeville. He died at 
 Paris 1 OS.), agcil G5. He studied geography 
 under his learned maternal tmde .Sansmi, 
 and is tlie autlujr of some gcograpical tracts 
 and maps, formerly in great i ■^teem. 
 
 J)uvAi,, Nicholas, a Hutch painter, wJio 
 died 173'2, aged 88. He .studied in Italy nu- 
 clei' Cortona, and was made by >\ illiiim HI. 
 director of tbe academy at the Hague. 
 
 Duval, Valentine Jamerai, an extraor- 
 dinary eharaclei-, born in Ifi'Jo at Artonay 
 in ('bampagne. At tlie age (){ 10 be lo::-t bis 
 fal'ier who was a poor laborer, but thus des- 
 titute, overwhelmed, Avilh his iiiothcr ;uul 
 her family, by poverty, he began to hope for 
 lK;Uer times. He hired himself with a pea- 
 sant of tlie village, and even in the employ- 
 ment of keeping tbe po'.dtry yard, he drew 
 the attention of hisyouthfid associates, atiU 
 by his superior agility guided Uieir innocent 
 .sports. In the winter of 170.) he travelled 
 towards Lorraine, and in the cold journey 
 he was attacked by the small-pox under 
 which he must have sunk but for t!ie tiniely 
 assistancR of a shepherd near Monglat, who 
 supplied him with dry brearl and watei-, in 
 a misciabic s!ieep-pe+i where the breath fif 
 the Crowded sheep b.nstent:^! tiie termination 
 of his di.sordcr by occi-sioni'isr a stnui"- and 
 lasting perspiration, ]^.:covered from tiiis 
 dreadful malady he went to Clezantitie, a 
 village on the borders of l^oi-raine, where ln> 
 contnuied two years in tiie service of anoth- 
 er sUepberd, and then i)ecamc an attendant 
 on brother Palemon at tlie bermil:;ge of La 
 lincbette near Deneuvve. Pi'om this peace- 
 ful abode he was soon removi'd to tbe her- 
 mitage of St. Anne near LuneviMc, and 
 there employed in the scr\ice of i7;nr her- 
 jnits and in acts of charitable bos[»ita!ily, he 
 learnt to write, and with cagerncssdevoured 
 the books vhich !iis indigent abode aflcrded. 
 His activity was here employed in the pur- 
 suit of game whiiidi he sold and converted to 
 the increase of Ids books and k?if)wiedgc, 
 and his accidental finding of a seal belong- 
 ing to Mr. Eorst^r, an English gentlen::ui re- 
 sident at IjUneville, which be very honora- 
 bly advertised, procured him new and solid 
 :Kivai:tages. For.ster rewarded bin lione.'ty, 
 un<l assisted him in the j)urclia^e of bf)oks 
 and of maps, and his library soon increased 
 to4(<0 volumes. Here, while one day en- 
 gaged deeply in the study of a map at the 
 foot of a free, he was found by the attend- 
 ants of the princes ofLorraim;, and the i)er- 
 tincnt and very sensible r«;marks whic'i he 
 made on tbe in<[uirii s of bii illustrious visitors, 
 engaged so much their attention that tbey 
 proxnisedhim their protection, nnd inti'Ofluc- 
 ed him to Lcoimbl duke of Lorraine. Tlie 
 yoifngudvCntuv.t r quitfcfd the hcrmitago wlt'ii 
 
DY 
 
 DY 
 
 tears of gratitude, nnd soon, under the cftre 
 of the Jesuits oi' Pouta-Mousson, he made 
 himself inaster of his favorite studies, his- 
 tory, geography, and antiquities. liis pro- 
 gress here was astonishhig;, but ^vhile lie en- 
 deavoured oiu-e to cure the impetuous jjassiou 
 of love by tieuiiotk, as he read in St. Jerome, 
 he nearly destroyed himself, and long after 
 felt the terrible effects of this \io!t ut remedy. 
 In 171S he visited Paris in the suite of iiis pat- 
 ron Leopok], and at hisretiirnT>ec;'.me his li- 
 brarian, and also professor of history at Lune- 
 ville. In tiiis new office J)uval distinguished 
 himself greatly, he Avasatter.ded ly several 
 Knglishmen, and i)articutariy by Pitt aftei- 
 •wards earl of Chatliam, v, huse genius and 
 manners he admired, and whose future em- 
 inence he prophetically announced, lie no'.v 
 found himself raised to comfortable indepen- 
 dence, and in the fullness of his heart he 
 showed his gratitude to the hermits of St. 
 Anne his benefactors, by rebuilding and 
 adorning their residence, and enabling them 
 to extend their charities. On the death of 
 Leopold in 1738, he follosved his son Francis 
 Avho exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany, but 
 though Ploi'cnce afforded him many com- 
 forts from the salubrity of its climate, and 
 the rich treasures of its libraries, he yet sigli- 
 ed for his native land. Francis, on his nuu'- 
 riage with the heiress of Austria, soon grat- 
 ified his wishes, and when removed to Vienna 
 he called his respectable attendant near his 
 person, and gave him the care of his collec- 
 tion of medals. In this situation Duval lived 
 respected and beloved, and when in 1751 he 
 ■was nominated preceptor to the young prince 
 Joseph, he did not offend his imperial pat- 
 rons by modestly refusing an office so flat- 
 tering to vanity. He enjoyed good health 
 from the temperance of his habits, and the 
 hard mode ci' life to w hich he had inured 
 himself, and devoted himself to the cultiva- 
 tion of literature and to the correspondence 
 of his friends, especially of madame de Gut- 
 tenberg, lady of the bed-chamber to the em- 
 press, a woman whose understanding was 
 similar to his own, and whose goodness of 
 heart like his own was displayed in frequent 
 a-ots of benevolenc* and charity. In 17.52, 
 Duval visited Paris, and was honoi-ably re- 
 ceived by the learned, and on his return pas- 
 sing by Artonay his native village, he pur- 
 chased the house which the indigence of his 
 sister had sold, and built on the spot where 
 he was born a neat house, "which he appro- 
 priated to the residence of the public school- 
 master of the place. This venerable and 
 pious character died third November 1775, 
 ageci 81, displaying in his last moments that 
 resignation and faith which close the life of 
 a good man. 
 
 DuvENEKE, Marc Van, an historical 
 painter of Bruges, who died 1729, aged 55. 
 He was the pupil of Carlo Maratti, and 
 painted chiefly for churches, and many of 
 his pieces are still preserved at Bruges. 
 
 DycHE, Thomas, an English clergyman, 
 well known as a schoolmaster, at Straftord- 
 le-bow, and as the author of an English dic- 
 
 tionary, spelling-book, Latin vocabulary, &e. 
 He died about 1750. 
 
 Dyer, sir James, an eminent lawyer, 
 horn at Roundhiil, Somersetshire, 1511, and 
 educated at Broadgate hall, Oxford, and re- 
 moved to the Middle temjjle, London. 
 Here by assiduity he distinguished himself, 
 and in 1552, he was made sergeant at law, 
 and elected speaker of the house of com- 
 mons. In 1556 he was made one of the 
 judges of the common pleas, in 1557 remo- 
 ved to the king's liench, and in 1559 again 
 restored to the common pleas, and the next 
 January he was made chief justice of that 
 court. This respectable and upright ma- 
 gistrate died at his seat of Stanton, Hunting- 
 donshire, 24th March 1581, aged 70. He 
 wrote a large volume of reports, published 
 20 years after his death, and reprinted often, 
 and deservedly commended by sir Edward 
 Coke. He left also some other law tracts, 
 and, for h.is learning and great excellence of 
 character, fully merited tl:e eulogium passed 
 on him by Camden. 
 
 Dyer, William, a nonconformist, ejected 
 from his living of Cholesbury, Bucks, in 
 li)62. He turned qu;ikcr the latter part of 
 his life, and died 1696, aged 60 and was bu- 
 ried at Southwark. He wrote some ser- 
 mons, and theological tracts mucl) in the 
 style j,of Bunvan's. They were reprinted 
 1671. 
 
 Dyer, John, au English poet, boi'n at Ab' 
 erglasney, Caermarthcnshire, 17('0. He was 
 educated at Westminster school, and re- 
 turned home to study the law, liis father's 
 profession, but he had a greater relish for 
 poetry and design, and therefore he deter- 
 mined to become a painter. In 1727 he pub- 
 lished his *' Grongar-hill," a beautiful little 
 poem, and afterwards set out for Italy to de- 
 lineate the antiquities of that celebrated 
 country, and employed much of his time 
 among the enchanting prospects near Home 
 and Florence. At his return home in 1740 
 appeared his poem " the ruins of Rome," 
 and soon aftei', by the advice of his friend.s, 
 he took orders. He was presented to Cal- 
 thorp, Leicestershire, which, after a re- 
 sidence of 10 years, he exchanged for Belch- 
 ford, Lin coh^. shire. In 1752 he was present- 
 ed by sir John Heathcote to Coniugsby, and 
 in 1756 the chancellor added to it, Kirkby 
 on Bane ; but whilst he began to enjoy him- 
 self, and prepared the improvements of his 
 parsonage house, and of his garden, the cu[> 
 of felicity was dashed from his hand, and be 
 was carried off by a rapid consumption 1758, 
 and buried at Coniugsby, where no memo- 
 rial records the virtues of its i)astor. He left 
 a widow and four children, one son and 
 three girls. The son, heir to his father's 
 taste and classical knowledge, died in Lon- 
 don April 1782, aged 52, as he was prepar- 
 ing to extend his travels to Italy. The 
 " fleece," which was published a little before 
 the poet's dcatli— Grongar-hill — and the ru- 
 ins of Rome, are the three poems which 
 raised Dyer above mortality. The simplici- 
 ty of his lines is enriched Avith true sublimi- 
 ty, and the •v\hoIc breathe forth' the purest 
 
DY 
 
 DY 
 
 flames of benevolence and liumanlty, and 
 li;nc fjainrii, and will priscrve uuivcisal 
 .'iduiirutidii. His uurks were printed la utie 
 vol. Svo. 1761. 
 
 Dv.-rAMUS, a rhetorician of the fourtl» 
 centiirv, born at IJoicUaux, w!iicli lie kit on 
 an accusation of adidt«ry. lie died 30(> in 
 Spuin^ where lie had married a rich widow. 
 
 EA 
 
 En 
 
 ];^ ACIIAHI), Dr. .I(.hn,an English divine, 
 ,_j born in Sulfolk ICj.if). He vas educated 
 at Catharitu!-hall, Cambridge, of wliich he 
 became ft'llow, and in 1075 master, tlie year 
 after whirh he took his (h-_e;ree of I). D. He 
 died 7tli July liYjT, aged 61, and was buried 
 in the chajiel, where a handsome inscription 
 is placed over his remains. He is well known 
 as the anther of the grounds and occasions 
 of the contempt of the clerg)' and religion in- 
 qnired into, in a letter to U. L. 1G70, which 
 Mas attacked by several writers, and ans- 
 •wercd by him. In 167i he published Air. 
 Hobbes' state of nature considered, in a dia- 
 logue between I'bilanthus and Timothy, 
 dedicated to Sheldon the primate, which 
 Hobbes never noticed, and perhaps visely, 
 as his superior pov, ers must have sunk be- 
 Ibre the M'it and raillery of his opponent. 
 These two performances were long in es- 
 teem, and deserved the high commendations 
 of Swift. All Dr. Eachard's works were 
 printed complete in 1774. 
 
 Eames, John, a native of London, edu- 
 cated at Merchant-t.aylors' and intended for 
 the ministry among the independent dissen- 
 ters. A strong defect in the organs of 
 speech rendered it impossible for him to 
 appear with advantage before a congrega- 
 tion, and therefore he employed himself in 
 I'-ducating young persons at the expense of, 
 the independent fund, and after undertak- 
 ing the class of mathematics, the learned 
 languages, and philosophy, he fdled the chair 
 of divinity with considerable respectability. 
 His learning recommended him to the no- 
 tice of sir Isaac Newton, nnd other eminent 
 men, and procured him a seat in the roval 
 society, whose transactions he abridged with 
 the assistance of another person. He died 
 1744. 
 
 Eari.e, John, a native of York, educated 
 at Merton-coUege^ Oxford, and made tutor 
 to Charles prince of Wales. He vas a great 
 sufferer during the civil wars, and at the 
 restoration was made dean of Windsor, then 
 bishop of Worcester, and in ICfiS bishop of 
 Salisbury, w here he died two years after. 
 He was author of a translation of the Icon 
 liasilikc into Latin — micro cosmographv, or 
 a piece of the w orld characterized in essavs 
 and characters, 12mo. — an elegy on Francis 
 Heaumont the poet, 8cp. 
 
 Earle, William Benson, a benevolent 
 character, born at Shaftesbury, 7th .lulv 
 1740. He was a man of polished manners, 
 well acquainted with the circle of belles let- 
 Ires, and in disposition most humane and 
 charitable. He left by his will 2000 guin- 
 eas to the matrons in bishop Ward's ho.«;pi- 
 tal, Sarum, and to various other })ublic institu- 
 tions Jo WincUestcrj Salisbury, Bristol, Lon- 
 
 don, Bath, &c. hand.^ome legacies, expressive 
 of his respect for those foundations, which of- 
 fer relief to the aged, the weak, the indigent, 
 and the unfortunate. Other legacies also 
 were left for the improvements o!' the Salis- 
 bury concert, and for agricultural purposes. 
 This benevolent man died '21st March 17%, 
 in the Close, Sarum, and was buried with- 
 out pomp with his ancestors in Newton- 
 Toney church. 
 
 EnERTUS, Theodore, a learned profes- 
 sor of FranUbrt on the Oder, in the 17th 
 century. His works are, Chronologia sanc- 
 tions linguaj doctorum, — elogia jurisconsul- 
 torum,kc. Svo. — Poetica Hebraica,8vo. 1028. 
 Ebiox, the founder of a sect about the 
 year 72. St. John is supposed to have writ- 
 ten his gospel against the doctrines of the 
 Ebionites who denied the divinity of our 
 Saviour, and acknow ledged as true only a 
 mutilated and interpolated copy of St. Mat- 
 thew's gospel, rejecting all the other books 
 of the new testametit. Some authors sup- 
 pose that there was no such person as Ebion. 
 EccARD, John Ceorge d', a Cierrnan his- 
 torian and anti(piary, born at Duingen, 
 Brunswick, 1C7(). He was professor of his- 
 tory at Ilelmstadt, and succeeded his friend 
 Leibnitz in the chair of Hanover 171 S. 
 His debts obliged him to leave his situation 
 172.1, and turning Roman catholic lie retired 
 to Wurtzburg, where he obtained the office 
 of episcopal counsellor and librarian. He 
 was ennobled by the emperor, and died 1730. 
 His works are Corpus historicum medii tevi 
 a Caroli magni tempor. ad finem seculi xr. 
 two vols. fol. a learned and valuable work, — 
 leges Francorum, Sec. — de origine Germa- 
 norum, — historia studii etymologici, &c. 
 
 EccHELr.ENSis, Abraham, a Maronitc 
 professor of oriental languages at Rome. 
 He translated from the Arabic into Latin 
 some of the books of ApoUonius' conies, and 
 went to Paris to assist le Jay in the publica- 
 tion of his polyglott bible. He quarrelled 
 with le Jay, and also with Flavigny, w ho had 
 attacked his edition of the bible, and he 
 showed himself wantonly severe and licen- 
 tiously satirical. He was recalled from Paris 
 to assist the translating of the scriptures into 
 Arabic, and died at Rome 1604. 
 
 EccLES, Solomon, an English musician, 
 who in the zenith of his fame turned qua- 
 ker and destroyed his instruments. He now 
 became as ridiculous as before he had been 
 admired, and for a while amused the public 
 by his foolish plans, to reconcile all mankind 
 to one religion. The confinement of a pris- 
 on at last cured him of his follies, but he died 
 without religion the last years of the 17th 
 century. 
 EbroiNj mayor of the palace under CIo- 
 
ED 
 
 ED 
 
 thftire III. and Thiery I. maintained for a 
 while the great power whicli his intrigues 
 and hypocrisy had obtained, but his pride 
 and cruelty offended the French nobles, and 
 he Avas at last confined in a monastery. He 
 however escaped, and soon returned with an 
 army to regain his lost influence. His e«ie- 
 mies and rivals were sacrificed to his ambi- 
 tion and revenge, and the greatest atrocities 
 Avere exercised in the name of public justice. 
 This tyrant, execrated by the people, was at 
 last assassinated by Hermanfroi, a noble 
 whose death he meditated, 681. 
 
 EcHARD, Jacques, a dominican who was 
 born at Rouen, and died at Paris March 15th 
 1774, aged 60. He wrote an account of the 
 learned men whom his order had produced, 
 two vols. fol. Paris 1719, and 1721. 
 
 EcHARD, Lawrence, an Englisii historian 
 and divine, born at Bassam near Beccles, 
 Suffolk, 1671, and educated at Christ college, 
 Cambridge, where he took the degree of M. 
 A. 1693. He took orders and obtained the 
 livings of Welton and Elkinton, Lincolnshire. 
 In 1706, he published his history- of England, 
 from the time of the Ilonians to .lames 1. 
 in one volume folio, to which lie added a se- 
 cond and a third volume I71S, up to the set- 
 tlement of William and Mary. He wrote 
 also an ecclesiastical history, and an Englisii 
 txanslation of Plautus and Terence, besides a 
 gazetteer, kc. He was made prebendary of 
 Lincoln, and in 1712, aiThdeacon of Stowe, 
 and soon after presented to the livings ol' 
 Rendlesham, Sudborn, and Alfoid, Suffolk. 
 His declining state of health o])!igcd liim to 
 go to Scarborougii for the v, aters, but he di- 
 ed by the way, while in his chariot, 16th Au- 
 gust 1730. He was an author of great judg- 
 ment and perseverance, but the labors of 
 more modern and elegant writers have i-eu- 
 dered his works oI)solete. He was twice 
 married, but had no chiidren. 
 
 EcKius, John, a learned professor of Iii- 
 goldstadt, born in Suabia 14S3. He warmly 
 opposed the great leaders of the reformation, 
 and disputed at Leipsic with Luther, before 
 the duke of Saxony, and at Worms against 
 Melancthon. He v.as a divine of great abili- 
 ties, warm zeal, and extensive erudition. His 
 v/ritings are chiefly on controvers'ial sub- 
 jects, in support of the popisli supremacy 
 against the protcstants. He died at Ingold- 
 stadt 1543. 
 
 EcLusE, Chai'les do f Clusius, a physi- 
 cian of Arras, Avho liad the care of the sim- 
 X)les of MaximilJJiu H. and Rodolphus H. 
 Disliking the life of a courtier, he retired to 
 Frankfort on the Maine, and then to Ley- 
 den where he died professor of Botany, 4tli 
 April 1609, aged 84. His Avorks on botanical 
 subjects were published two A'ols. fol. Ant- 
 wei'p 1601-5. 
 
 EcLUSEDES LoGES, Pierre Mathuran 
 de 1' doctor of the "Sorbonne Avas born at Fa- 
 laise, and obtained the prize of eloquence at 
 the JFrench aca(femy 1743, and died 1775. 
 He edited, but Avith great partiality, the me- 
 moirs of Sully. 
 
 Jj^DELiNCK, Gerard, an ergraA-er, born'at 
 Antwerp l(i,4l. The muxi|ficetipe of LcAvis 
 
 XIV. invited him to France, where he exe» 
 cutcd in the most finished style the'holy fam- 
 ily of Raphael, Alexander in Darius' tent by 
 le Brun, and Mary Magdalen also by le Brun, 
 Some of his portraits are excellent, especiall}' 
 hisoAvn. He died 1707, aged 66, at the ho- 
 tel of the Gobelins. 
 
 Edema, Gerard, a Dutch painter, born 
 in Friesland. He visited Surinam, and af- 
 terAvards America, to paint the views, the 
 trees, insect*, &c. of the country, and came 
 to London 1670. He was much admired for 
 the bold features of his landscapes; and Ids 
 rocks, iiiountains, and cataracts displayed 
 aAvful grandeur. He hastened his dissolution 
 by excessive drinking, and died about 1700. 
 
 Eder, George, a learned lawyer of the 
 16th centiiry, born at Friesingen, and coun- 
 sellor to the emperors Ferdinand, Maximili- 
 an, and Ifodolphus. His best Avork is ffico- 
 nomia bibliorum seu partionum biblicarum li- 
 bri ([uinque folio. 
 
 Edgar, saccceded on the throire of Eng- 
 land after his brother Edwy 959, and deser- 
 ved from his Mildness the name of peacea- 
 ble. He was a warlike prince, and obtained 
 some important victories in Scotland and in 
 Irelantl, and also in ^\'ales, Avhere he exact- 
 ed fi-om the inhabitants a tribute of wolves' 
 heads, which thus cleared the country from 
 those rapacious animals. After the death of 
 his queen Egelflida, he married the bcautifnl 
 Elfrida, daughter of the earl of Devonsiiire, 
 Avhom liis faA'orite Etiichvolfe, over]>OAveied 
 with the love of her beauty, claimed for him- 
 ticlf instead of demanding hci- for his master. 
 Edgar died 975, aged 33. 
 
 Edgar, son of iMalcolm HI. Avas king of 
 Scotland, and died 1107. His sister married 
 Henry king of England, and by this union 
 restored peace between the two countries. 
 
 Edmer or Eadmer, an English benc- 
 dictiue of Canterbury, afterwards abbot of 
 St. Alban's, and bishop of St. Andrew's in 
 Scotland. He Avrote the history of his own 
 times from 1(»66 to 1122, called Historia no- 
 A'orum, and also the life of Anselm and Wil- 
 fred and some other tracts. His historia was 
 printed Avith notes by Selden 1623, and re- 
 printed 1675 by Gerberon. 
 
 Edmondes, sir Tlioraas, a statesman 
 born in DeAonshire about 1563, and introdu- 
 ced at court under the patronage of sir Fran- 
 cis Walsingham. He Avas employed by Eli- 
 zabeth in some negotiatioiis, but Avheu lier 
 ambassador at Paris he Avas allowed only 205. 
 a day, so that he complains scA'erely of his in- 
 ability to support the dignity of a royal rep- 
 resentative, and adds that "he has not the 
 means whepeAvith to put a good garment on 
 his back, to appear in honest company." He 
 Avas sent in 1599 to Brussels, and Avas after- 
 Avards employed as one of the clerks of the 
 privy council. He was knighted by James I. 
 and engaged in affairs of trust and importance, 
 and afterwards appointed to the offices of 
 comptroller of the king's household, and pri- 
 vy counsellor, and in 1618, of treasurer of the 
 household. In the tAvo first parliaments of 
 Charles 1. he sat for Oxford, and some of 
 his spet'ches ar& preserved- In 1629 lie Avent 
 
jnu 
 
 Kid 
 
 as ambaskatlor to tlie French court, and af- 
 terwards retired from olllee, ami died in 
 peacefid \)rivacy 1039. He -was a iiiait of 
 threat abililies, eminent as a nej^oliator, active 
 as a courtier, uprii^lit, firin, and incf)rrnpti- 
 Ijle, as attaclied to llie prixiiegis of his kiiij^ 
 and coiiiilry. Some of liis papers, wliicli 
 once consisted of 1'2 vols, folio, have been 
 preserved, and soimj of liis letters are \)uh- 
 libhed in Sawyer's three volumes of memo- 
 rials of afl'iiirs of state 1 7'25, and iJr. Bireh's 
 View of nei:;otiali()iiS Jxc. 1749, 8vo. 
 
 Edmonues, Clcnieiit, sou of the precc- 
 <ling, Avas born at Sharwanline in Shi(tpshire, 
 and educated at All-souls' eolleg*,-, of which 
 he became fellow 1590. IJy the iiiterest of his 
 fatlicr lie was made seU'etary for the French 
 to Hl;zal)Ctli, and afterwards reniembranecr 
 of the city of London, master of the requests, 
 and clerk to the council, ami in 1017 knitjht- 
 ed. He was a man of IcarniiiL;, well skilled 
 in arts and sciences. lie wrote observa- 
 tions on the first 5 books of Ccesar's civil wars 
 IGOU, folio, besides observations on the com- 
 mentaries, kc. lie died in St. Martin's in 
 the fields, l'2ih October 1022, and was buried 
 at Preston near Northampton. 
 
 Edmund, St. king of the East Angles, 
 was for his sanctity uiade one of the sivints of 
 the calendar. lie was taken prisoner in 870, 
 by Ivar tlie Dane, and shot to death with ar- 
 rows, after being fastened to a treo. He was 
 buried at St. Edmundsbury, Suflblk. 
 
 Edmund, St. a native of Abingdon, who 
 studied ai Paris, and for bis eminence as a 
 preacher was made arcbbisliop of Canterbury 
 by Innocent III. A quarrel with Henry HI. 
 obliged him to leave the kingdom, and retire 
 io France where lie died 12i0. Ho was Ciin- 
 onized by Innocent IV. 1249. 
 
 Edmund I. son of Edward the elder, suc- 
 ceeded his brother Athelstan us king of En- 
 gland 941, and added Mercia, Northumber- 
 iand, and (vumberiand, to his dominions. He 
 Avas stabbed to death at Packle church, 
 <ilocestershiro 948, by JLeolf, a robber, 
 T.hom he liad banished. 
 
 Edmund H. surnamed Ironside, succeed- 
 ed his father Etheldred lOlG, and took for 
 iiis partner on the throne Canute who oppo- 
 sed him. He was asfjissinated at Oxford, by 
 Two of li-is servants 1017. 
 
 Edward, the elder, succeeded his father 
 Alfred, as king of England 900. He defeat- 
 ed the Scotch and Wclsli, and repressed the 
 invasion of the Danes. He erected five 
 bishoprics, and by founding the university of 
 Caml)ridge, he extended his protection to 
 Jearning. He died 925, and was succeeded 
 by his ill'^gitimate son Aldestan. 
 
 E Dw A u D, St. or -Martyr, tlie younger, son 
 «^f Edgar the great, succeeded to the English 
 crown 975, and was baselj murdered at 
 Corfc castle 978, by his step-mother Elfrida, 
 "who wished to place her own son Ethelred 
 on the thr'jne. 
 
 Edward, surnamed the confessor, son 
 of Etlielrcd, :iicceeded his brother Ilardica- 
 nute 1041. He was a n eak and impolitic 
 prince, and sulTei'cd his kingdom to be go- 
 
 verned by carl Ciodwin, whose daughttfr he 
 had married. At his death, unable or un- 
 willing to settle tiie succession about which 
 he had considted his friend William of Nor- 
 mandy, he Uft his kingdom a piey to ambi- 
 tious factions, lie died 5l!i January 106G, 
 and aftei" the short but imfortunate reign of 
 Harold, he was sucreedfd the following Oc- 
 tuhcr by ^\'illian\ llr; c(;nqucror. 
 
 Edward I. king of England, son and suc- 
 cessor of Henry Hi. was Ijorn at Winchester. 
 He was recalled from his expedition in Asia 
 ag:«inst the inlidcis toasrend thethrotiC 1272, 
 and he di.-;tiiigiiishe<i himsidf by the vigor and 
 wisdom of his go.cjument. The >V'el3h 
 were subdued, and to reconcile them to their 
 chang*; of master, the king created his own 
 sf)n prince of Wales. In 12^0 he was ap- 
 pointed umpire between the rival comiteti- 
 tors for the ciown oi' Scotland, and he soart- 
 lully conducted himself, thnt he nearly made 
 the whole kingdom subservient to his power. 
 He died at Carlisle jth July 1307, aged 68, 
 as he was preparing to march against the 
 Scots, wlio had revolted against him, and ou 
 hisdeatli-bcd he recommended to his son the 
 prosecution of the war. From the wisdora 
 and equity of the laws which he established, 
 Edward has been called the English Justini- 
 an, and to iiis fondness for w:»r and his e\- 
 pcjisive leviesj the people may be said to be 
 indebted for tlieir iinerties, which were ce- 
 mented by the weight and consequetice given 
 to their representatives first called to sanc- 
 tion snd to support the measures and the 
 taxes of government. After the death ot bis 
 first wife Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III. 
 king of Castile, he married Margaret daugh- 
 ter of Phihp the hardy of France 
 
 Edward II. son and successor of the 
 preceding, was born at Caernarvon, and as- 
 cended the tlirone 1307. He was devoid of 
 that vigor and firmness requisite in the head 
 of a turbulent kir gdom, and his ill judged 
 attaclunent to his worthless favorites Gaves- 
 ton and the Spencers raised his barons in 
 opposition to his measures and embittered 
 the whole of his life, .""ot only his people 
 but his own wife, rose up againM him, and 
 after the punishment of his favorites he was 
 solemnly deposed by the nobles, and shut up 
 in Berkeley castle, where soou after he was 
 murdered in the most barbarous and insult- 
 ing manner, 1327, aged 42. 
 
 Edward HI. son of the preceding, Vas 
 born at Windsor 1312, and ascended th»i 
 throne on his father's death 1327. After a 
 glorious campaign in Scotland, where Baliol 
 paid homage to him for his crown, he turned 
 liis arms against E^lulip king of France. Hi's 
 successes l)rought on the celebrated victory 
 of Creasy 1;»4G, in which 30,0(X) French fell, 
 and after the capture of Calais, peace wSs 
 re-established between the two countries. 
 The succession of John on the French throne 
 renewed the war, and in 1357 another dread- 
 ful battle w as fouglit at P<iitiers, by the black 
 prince, who in the midst of the slaughter 
 took the French monarch prisoner. The 
 arms oC Edward Iwd also been succ«si^ul 
 
ED 
 
 ED 
 
 against the Scotch, and tljeir king David 
 Ei'uce was taken prisoner, and thus England 
 saw two captive motiarths in lier capital. 
 These glorious actions were unfortunatel} 
 obscured by the misfortunes of the latter 
 end of the king's reign. The monarcli 
 abandoned the cares of government to his 
 rapacious ministers, and lost himself in the 
 grossest sensuahty. lie died 23d July 137", 
 aged 65, and Avas succeeded by his grandson 
 Richard II. During his reign England Avas 
 greatly improved by her connexion with 
 the continent, and the arts and manufac- 
 tures of the Flemish, were transplanted into 
 tl»e island, where the industry and the bold 
 genius of the inhabitants have since cherish- 
 ed and improved them. The order of the 
 garter was established in this reign. 
 
 K.DV/ARD IV. son of Ricl.ard duke of 
 York, claimed the crown as descended from 
 the second son of Edward III. in preference 
 to the reigning monarch Henry VI. the de- 1 
 scendant of a third son of Edward III. This 
 rivalship, which filled the kingdom with 
 blood, had already been disputed in six bat- 
 tles, in one of which Richard the duke of 
 York fell, and in seven others it continued to 
 engage the passions of contending ara^ies, 
 till Edv.ard prevailed, and -w^as crowned at 
 Westminster 1461. His marriage with Eli- 
 zabeth Woodville, disgusted greatly his 
 friend Warv/ick, who received the surname 
 of king-maker, and the dissatisfaction w as so 
 rooted, that another civil war was to decide 
 the dispute. AVarwick joining himself to the 
 forces of the deposed Henry, defeated Ed- 
 ward's army at Banbury 1460, and soon after 
 took him prisoner. Edwai'd found means to 
 escape, and Warwick, defeated in his turn, 
 fled to France for new supplies, and soon 
 returned to place Henry from a prison on 
 the throne. In his turn, Edward became a 
 fugitive, but unbroken by misfortunes, he 
 collected forces on the continent, and on his 
 i-eturn defeated his enemies, and slew War- 
 Avick in the field of battle, and in another 
 fight in Tewsksbury park so completely 
 routed the forces of Margaret, the heroic 
 queen of the cowardly Henry, that no fur- 
 ther opposition Avas raised against him. Re- 
 spectable as a Avarrior and as a negotiator, 
 Edward became despicable as a monarch, 
 and lost himself in efferainac)^, and in the 
 indulgence of the most sensual appetites. 
 He died 9th April 1483, aged 41. 
 
 Edward V. son of Edward IV. was 
 only tAvehe years old on his father's death. 
 'i'he guardianship of his minority Avas in- 
 trusted to his uncle Gloucester, Avhose am- 
 bition prompted him to the commission of 
 the foulest crimes. The young monarch, 
 with his brother the duke of York, Avere on 
 pretence of greater safety, conducted to the 
 tOAver, and soon after barbarously smothered 
 1483, and the cruel uncle ascended the va- 
 cant throne, under the name of Richard III. 
 The bodies of these unfortunate princes 
 were discovered in 1678, and conveyed to a 
 decent burial in Westminster-abbev- 
 
 Edward VI. son of Henry VH(. h}' Jane 
 Seymour, ascended the English throne, at 
 
 the age of 10, 1547. His diaracter exhibited 
 strong marks of benevolence, virtue, and' 
 humanity, but the goodness of his inclina- 
 tions Avas often prevented by the intrigues 
 or the malice of his ministers. He continued 
 the Avork of the reformation begun by his 
 father, and by the powerful co-operation of 
 Cranuier, nearly settled the rehgious estab- 
 lishment in the form in which it now exists. 
 'I'o avoid the errors of a popish reign he set ' 
 aside by his Avill his two sisters Mary and 
 Elizalieth, and settled the crown on his 
 cousin tlie lady Jane Grey, but his benevo^ 
 lent Avishes failed, and the bloody reign of 
 Mary OAX-rturned for a while his excellent 
 institutions. He died of a consumption 1553, 
 aged IG. He shoAved himself a munificent 
 patron of literature, by the foundation of 
 seA'cral schools in the kingdom, and by the 
 liberal endowment of Christ-church, Bride- 
 Avell, and St. Thomas's liospital. 
 
 Edward, prince of Vv'ales, surnamed the 
 black prince from the color of his armour, 
 was eldest son of EdAvard III. He distin- 
 guished himself by his valor in the field of 
 battle in the wars of France under his father, 
 especially at Cressy, and afterwards he com- 
 manded tiie English forces on the glorious 
 victory of Poictiers, Avhere he took John 
 the king of France and one of his sons pris- 
 oner. Sensible of the deference due to roy- 
 alty he w aited behind the chair of this illus- 
 trious prisoner on the eA-ening of the battle, 
 and Avhen he conveyed him to London lie 
 entered the capital mounted on a small black 
 horse, while the royal captive Avas borne by 
 a beautiful Avhite cljarger richly caparisoned. 
 This Avarlike prince, Avho Avas the idol of the 
 nation, died of a consumption before his fa- 
 ther 1S76, aged 46; and by a daug'.iter of 
 Edmund of Kent, bvother to Edward II. a 
 AvidoAv, he left one son Richard, who ascend- 
 ed the throne after the death of Edward III. 
 The crest Avhich he took from the blind king 
 of Bohemia became afterwards the crest of 
 the succeeding princes of Wales, distin- 
 guished by three ostrich feathers and the 
 motto Ich dien, I serve, pjdward, as bene- 
 volent as he was brave, extended his protee- 
 tion to Peter the cruel king of Castile, and 
 received him in AquiUiine, which he had ob- 
 tained by the treaty of Bretigny ; Imt though 
 replaced on his throne by the expulsion of 
 his usurping brother Henry count of Tran.s- 
 tamare, the ungrateful prince forgot his ob- 
 ligation to the English victor, and even refu- 
 sed to defray the expenses of the troops 
 Avhich had restored his fortunes. 
 
 Edavards, Richard, an English Avriter, 
 born in Somersetshire, 1523, admitted of 
 Corpus Christi college, Oxford, and elected 
 student of Christ's church. He Avas made 
 gentleman of Elizabeth 's ciiapel, and taught 
 music to the children of the choir. He 
 wrote three plays, the first of Avhich is dated 
 156'2, besides poems published after hi.s 
 death in a collection called " a paradise of 
 dainty devises" 1578. He was member of 
 Lincoln's Inn, and in his last illness wrote 
 " the soul's knell," Biuch esteemed. He 
 died 15G6. 
 
ED 
 
 Edwards, Thoirias, an English ilivinc, 
 cilucittcd .'it 'I'linity college, IJainbi-idgr, 
 where he tOf>k. his maslci's deforce KJU'J. 
 He was !i nunconformist, and viuh-titly op- 
 posed the royalisrs dui-iHj; tlie ci\il wars. 
 Jfe j^cnecally preached about Loiithji), and 
 at Hertford, and after tlie fall of royally, 
 lie cx|>resscd his disappr')baLion at;aiiibt the 
 sect of independents, w ith such frecdoui that 
 upon the triumphal rettirn of ^>onn«cll to 
 London, he lied to Holland, wheit^' he tlied 
 of a quartan at;uc, -''nh August 1047, at;c«l 
 48. His writin!;s, which are exlvenicly vir- 
 ulent and abusive, uro chiHly in favor of tl)e 
 puritans, and of the pre.sbyiery. 'l"he most 
 known of these are his (jaujjr^na in tliree 
 parts, — antapnlogia, kc. Mr. Kdwards pro- 
 fesses himself to be " a plain open l»carted 
 man, who hated tricks, reserves, and de- 
 signs, zcalovis tor the assembly of divines, 
 the use of the Lord's prayer, bee." He was 
 from his zeal culled the young Lythcr at 
 Cambridge. He had by his wife, who was 
 an heiress, four sons and one daagljter. 
 
 Edwards, John, a divine of the church 
 of England, son of the preceding, was born 
 at Hertford t2Gth February 1637. He was 
 educated at Merchaat-laylors' and St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became 
 fellow. He took, his master's degree IGGl, 
 find was soon after ordained, and then un- 
 dertook the cure of Trinity church, Canir 
 bridge, where his sensible discourses and 
 olocpient delivery procured Ivim a large and 
 admiring audience. In 10(»8 he went fur 
 one year to reside at St. Edmondsbury as 
 lecturer, and on his return to the univer- 
 sity, in consequence of some dispute with 
 the society of his college, he removed to 
 Trinity-hall, and then became minister of 
 St. Sepulchre's church there. In 1G76 he 
 married the widow of Mr. Lane, of Cam- 
 bridge, and then went to reside on tliQ small 
 living of St. Peter's, Col*^hester, where f«r 
 three years he continued tlie respected and 
 beloved pastor of his parishoner^. In 1697, 
 displeased with the conduct of the Colches- 
 ter clergy towards him, he I'enioved W 
 Cambridge, where two years after, he pi'O- 
 ceeded to his degree of D.U. In 1701 he 
 lost his wife, and some time after lip took 
 for his second wife a niece of his first life's 
 lirst husijand. He died iGth April 1 71G, 
 aged TO, and his wife survived him thirty- 
 nine years, and died January 4, 1745, aged 
 HI. Dr. Edwards, after his return to Cam- 
 hridge, a|)plieil himself vei*y assiduously to 
 the service of litei-ature. Though \tt had 
 no collection of books, lie drew much assis- 
 tance from the libraries of the university, 
 and in his writings, which are numerous, 
 showed himself most indefatigable, wc^l 
 skilled in ccclesijSiStical hlfctory, and a 
 subtle and able polemic. That he was oc- 
 casioualiy unpopular among the clergy arose 
 from his decided i)artiality lor calviiilsUc 
 principles, and his bias towards the al^jured 
 doctrines of the old ])uritans. Dr. Kippis 
 has called him tlie Paii^, the Augustine, the 
 Bradwardine, the CuUin, of his age; but 
 
 ED 
 
 Ihougli lie possessed merit in a very ^'csft 
 degree, the commendation is j)<rli:ips im- 
 moderate. His writings are now little known. 
 
 KuwARUS, George, the father of ornitho- 
 logists, Willi born at Stratford, Es.si.'X, third 
 April 101)4. He was brought up to trade, 
 but the gr<;at powers of his genius began to 
 be develop(.-d by the perusal of b»ioks on 
 natural history, antiqiuties, kc. and at the 
 expiiation of his appi-enliceshii), in U'cn- 
 cliurch-str'.et, he travelled abroad, and visi- 
 ted Holland, and two years after, Norway, 
 where his researches were attended with 
 the most uubotuided friendship and hospi- 
 tality from the natives. In 1733 he was, by 
 the recommendation of sir Hans Sloane, 
 chosen lil>rarian of the college of physicians, 
 wJierc he obtained apartments; and he be- 
 came afterwards fellow of the royal and an- 
 tu[uariaii societies, London, and other learn- 
 ed societies abroad. The first of his learned 
 and valuable labors appeared in the history 
 of birds, 4 vols. 4to. in the vears 1743, 1747, 
 175U, and 1751 ; and in 1758, 17C0 and 17G4, 
 three more 4to. vols- were added, *• called, 
 " gleanings of natural history :" tw(> most 
 valuable works, containijig engravings and 
 descriptions of upwards of GOO subjects in 
 natural history never before delineated. 
 This worthy man died 23d July 1773, aged 
 81. 
 
 Edwards, Dr. Jonathan, an English di- 
 vine, who wrote against the Scjcinians. He 
 was of Jesus college, Oxford, of which, on 
 the ]5romoUon of Dr. Lloyd to the see of St. 
 David, he became principal, lO.SG. His wri- 
 tings are chiefly controversial, and show him 
 to have been a zealous but bigoted dispu- 
 tant. 
 
 Edwards, Thojuas, an elegant Mriter. 
 He purchased Turrick, in Bucks, whei-e he 
 chielly resided ; and he died on a visit to hi"3 
 frien(l Richardson, at Parson's Green, 8tu 
 January 1757, aged 58, and v as burled in 
 Eilesborough chui-ch-yurd, Bucks. He dis- 
 tinguished himseU' as an able critic and a 
 good scholar in his canons of criticism, first 
 printed 1747, and his letter to the author gi 
 a late correspor.denco, &c. wliicli drew upon 
 him the severity of Warburtpn's vengeance, 
 illiberally wreaked in a note on the Dunciad. 
 He also wrote some sonnets, thirteen of 
 w hich are preserved in Dodsloy's collection, 
 eight in Pearch's, and four in XlcUuls'. His 
 trial of the letter Y is elegant. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, an e/ninent divine 
 (f the church of England, hoi-n at Coventry 
 10th August 1729. He was educated partly at 
 Coventry school, and partly under hi.i father, 
 wiio was the vicar of St. Michael's, Coveii- 
 l,ry, and in 1747 he entered at Clare-hall, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 early <lisplayed his knowlege of the learned 
 languages by the publication of a new Eng- 
 lish translation of the psalms from the o:-igi- 
 nal Hebrew, witji notes, 8vo. 17.55. In 175S 
 he was chosen master of Coventry gram- 
 mar-schoolj and rector of St. John the Bap- 
 tist in that city; and the same year married 
 the dan^htiir rff Stonyer Parrot, esq. by 
 
ED 
 
 ED 
 
 against the Scotch, and their king David 
 Ei-uce was taken prisoner, and thus England 
 saw two captive monavtiis in her capital. 
 These glorious actions were unfortunatel} 
 obscured by the misfortunes of the latter 
 end of the king's reign. The monarch 
 ahaadoned the cares of government to his 
 rapacious ministers, and lost himself in the 
 grossest sensuahty. lie died 23d July i377, 
 aged 65, and Avas succeeded by his grandson 
 Richard II. During his reign England Avas 
 greatly improved by her connexion with 
 the continent, and the arts and manufac- 
 tures of the Flemish, Avere transplanted into 
 the island, where the industry and the bold 
 genius of the inhabitants have since cherish- 
 ed and improved them. The order of the 
 garter was established in this reign. 
 
 Edv/akd IV. son of Ricliard duke of 
 York, claimed the crown as descended froiTi 
 the second son of Edward III. in preference 
 to the reigning monarch Henry VI. the de- 
 scendant of a third son of Edward III. This 
 rivalship, which filled the kingdom with 
 blood, had already been disputed in six bat- 
 tles, in one of which Kichard the duke of 
 York fell, and in seven others it continued to 
 engage the passions of contending armies, 
 till Edward prevailed, and w»as crowned at 
 Westminster 1461. His marriage with Eli- 
 zabeth Woodville, disgusted greatly his 
 friend Warwick, Avho received the surname 
 of king-maker, and the dissatisfaction was so 
 rooted, tliat another civil war was to decide 
 the dispute. Warwick joining himself to the 
 foi'ces of the deposed Henry, defeated Ed- 
 ward's army at Banbury 1469, and soon after 
 took him prisoner. Edward found means to 
 escape, and Warwick, defeated in his turn, 
 fled to Fi-ance for new supplies, and soon 
 returned to place Henry from a prison on 
 the throne. In his turn, Edward became a 
 iugitive, but unbroken by misfortunes, he 
 collected forces on the continent, and on his 
 veturn defeated his enemies, and slew War- 
 wick in the field of battle, and in another 
 fight in Tewsksbury park so completely 
 routed the forces of ISIargaret, the heroic 
 queen of the cowardly Heniy, that no fur- 
 ther opposition Avas raised against him. Re- 
 .spectable as a Avarrior and as a negotiator, 
 Edward became despicable as a monai-ch, 
 and lost himself in effeminacy, and in the 
 indulgence of the most sensual appetites. 
 He died 9th April 1483, aged 41. 
 
 Edward V. son of EdAvard IV. was 
 only tAveUe years old on his father's death. 
 The guardiaJiship of his minority Avas in- 
 trusted to his uncle Gloucester, whose am- 
 bition prompted him to the commission of 
 the foulest crimes. The young monarch, 
 with his brother the duke of York, were on 
 pretence of greater safety, conducted to the 
 tower, and soon after barbarously smothered 
 1483, and the cruel uncle ascended the va- 
 cant throne, under the name of Richard III. 
 The bodies of these unfortunate princes 
 were discovered in 1678, and conveyed to a 
 decent burial in Westminster-abbev- 
 
 Edward VI. son of Henry VIll. h}' Jane 
 Seymour, ascended the English throne, at 
 
 the age of tO, 1547. His character exhibitetT 
 strong marks of benevolence, virtue, an([' 
 humanity, but the goodness of his inclina- 
 tions was often prevented by the intrigues 
 or the malice of his ministers. He continued 
 the Avork of the reformation begun by his 
 father, and by the powerful co-operation of 
 Crannier, nearly settled the religious estab- 
 lishment in the form in Avhich it now exists. 
 I'o avoid the errors of a popish reign he set ' 
 aside by his Avill his two sisters Mary and 
 Elizabeth, and settled the crown on his 
 cousin the lady Jane Grey, but his benevo^ 
 lent Avishes failed, and the bloody reign of 
 Mary overturned for a while his excellent 
 institutions. He died of a consumption 1553^ 
 aged 16. He showed himself a munificent 
 patron of literature, by the foundation of 
 seA'cral schools in the kingdom, and by the 
 liberal endowment of Christ-church, Bride- 
 well, and St. Thomas's hospital. 
 
 Edward, prince of Vfales, surnamed the 
 black prince from the color of his armour, 
 was eldest son of EdAvard III. He distin- 
 guished himself by his valor in the field of 
 battle in the wars of France under his father, 
 especially at Cressy, and afterAvards he com- 
 manded the English forces on the glorious 
 victory of Poictiers, Avhere he took John 
 the king of France and one of his sons pi'is- 
 cner. Sensible of the deference due to roy- 
 alty he V aited behind the chair of this illus- 
 trious prisoner on the evening of the battle, 
 and when he conveyed him to London he 
 entered the capital mounted on a small black 
 horse, while the royal captive Avas borne by 
 a beautiful Avhite charger richl3^caparisonetl. 
 This Avariike prince, Avho Avas the idol of the 
 nation, died of a consumption before his fa- 
 ther 1276, aged 46; and by a daughter of 
 Edmund of Kent, brother to EdAvard II. a 
 widoAv, he left one son Richard, who ascend- 
 ed the throne after the death of Edward III. 
 The crest which he took from the blind king 
 of Bohemia became afterwards the crest of 
 the succeeding princes of Wales, distin- 
 guished by three ostrich feathers and the 
 motto Ich dien, I serve. Edward, as bene- 
 volent as he Avas brave, extended his protes- 
 tion to Peter the cruel king of Castile, and 
 received him in Aquit-.iine, Avhich he had ob- 
 tained by the treaty of Bretigny ; but though 
 replaced on his throne by the expulsion of 
 his usurping brother Henry count of Tran.s* 
 tamarc, the ungrateful prince forgot his ob- 
 ligation to the English victor, and even refu- 
 sed to defray the expenses of the troops 
 Avhich had restored his fortunes. 
 
 Edwards, Richarcl, an English Avriter, 
 born m Somersetshire, 15'23, admitted of 
 Corpus Christi college, Oxford, and elected 
 student of Christ's church. He Avas made 
 gentleman of Elizabeth's ciiapel, and taught 
 music to the children of the choir. He 
 wrote three plays, the first of Avhich is dated 
 I5&2f besides poems published after hi.s 
 death m a collection called " a paradise of 
 dainty devises" 1578. He was member of 
 Lincoln's Inn, and in his last illiiess wrote 
 " the soul's knell," »uich esteemed. He 
 died 1506. 
 
ED 
 
 ED 
 
 Edwards, Thoinns, nn English divine, 
 cduciitcd !it Trinity collr^e, (Jarnbi-idf;;*', 
 ■where he took l»is master's deforce KJU'J. 
 He was :» nuiiconlbrmist, and violently op- 
 posed the roy.'disrs duriuj;; the ci\il wars. 
 He j^enerally preache<l about liOndfjn, and 
 at Hertford, and after tlie fall of royally, 
 lie expressed his ilisapprf)bation a,L;aiiisl l In- 
 sect of independents, w ith such freedom that 
 upon the tiiumphal return of ^>onn«ell to 
 London, he iled to Holland, where- he died 
 of a (piar-tan au;ue, 'Ji-th August iG-i", aged 
 48. His writings, which are extremely vir- 
 ident and abusive, are cjjidly in favor of the 
 puritatis, and of the presbyiery. 'I'he most 
 known of these are his (jaugrcena in three 
 parts, — antapo'.ogia, 8cc. Mr. Edwards i>ro- 
 lesses himself to l)e " a plain open lBCartt'<l 
 man, who hated tricks, reserves, and de- 
 signs, zealous tor the ussend)ly of divines, 
 the use of the Lord's pra}er, kc," He was 
 from his zeal called the young Lythcr at 
 Cambridge. He had by liis wife, who was 
 an heiress, four sons and one daughter. 
 
 Edwards, John, a divine of the church 
 of England, son of the preceding, was born 
 at Hertford 'iGtli February 1637. He was 
 educated at Merchant-tayloi-s' and St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became 
 fellow. He took his master's degree ICGl, 
 ftnd was soon after ordained, and tlien un- 
 dertook the cure of Trinity church, Canir 
 bridge, Avhere his sensible discourses and 
 eloquent delivery procured lyjn ^ large and 
 admiring audience. In l(jt")8 he went fur 
 one year to reside at St. Edmondsbury as 
 lecturer, and on his return to the univer- 
 sity, in consequence of some dispute vvitli 
 the society of his college, he removed to 
 Trinity-hall, and then became minister of 
 St. Sepulchi-e's church there. In 1076 he 
 nnfarric<l the widow of Mr. Lane, of Cam- 
 bridge, and then went to reside on tliQ small 
 living of St. Peter's, Co'i^hester, where f«r 
 three years he continued Uie respected and 
 beloved pastor of his parishoner^. In 1697, 
 displeased with the conduct of the Colches- 
 ter clergy towards him, he I'cruoved to 
 Cambridge, where two years after, he pro- 
 ceeded to his degree of D.U. In 1701 he 
 lost his wife, and some time after lip took 
 for his second wife a niece of his first'wife's 
 lirst luisi;and. He died 16th April 1716, 
 aged 79, and his wife survived him thirty- 
 nine years, and died January 4, 1745, aged 
 HI. Dr. Edwards, after his return to Cam- 
 bridge, aj)plied himself very assiduously to 
 the service of literature. Thougli h^ had 
 no collection of books, h.c drew much assis- 
 tance from the libraries of the university, 
 and in his writings, which are numerous, 
 showed himself most indefatigable, wcil 
 skilled in ecclesiiijStical history, and a 
 subtle and able polemic. That he was oc- 
 casionally unpopular among the cler.gy arose 
 iVom his decided jjartiahty for calvinistjc 
 principles, and his bias towards the al:jiured 
 doctrines of the old puritans. Dr. Kippis 
 has called hiui the Pau^, the Augustine, the 
 Rradwardine, tl^e Cahin, of his age; but 
 
 vaT-. I. * ()0 
 
 though lie posscased merit in a very ^'csft 
 degree, the c(jmn»endation is ])''rliaiis im- 
 moderate. His writings are now little kn')un. 
 
 Edwards, George, the father of ornitho- 
 logists, was born at Stratford, Essex, third 
 Ajuil 1094. He was brougbt u[» to trade, 
 but the gn.-at jiowcrs of his genius began to 
 be developed by the peruf.al of books on 
 natural history, antiquities, 8:c. an<l at the 
 expiiation of his appi-enticeship, in Jj'en- 
 church-str<.ef, he travelled abro.ui, and visi- 
 ted Holland, and two years after, Norway, 
 where his researches were attended witii 
 the most uuboiinded frientlsliip awd hospi- 
 tality from the natives. In 1733 lie was, by 
 the recommendation of sir Hans Sloane, 
 chosen librarian of the college of physicitnis, 
 wJierc he obtained apartments; and he be- 
 came afterwards fellow of the royal anfl au- 
 tuiuarian societies, London, and other learn- 
 ed societies abroad. The first of his learned 
 and valuable labors appeared in the history 
 of birds, 4 vols. 4lo. in the years 1743, 1747, 
 1750, and 1751 ; and in 1758, 17C0 and 17G4, 
 three more 4to. vols, were added, "called, 
 " gleanings of natural history :" two most 
 valuable works, containing engravings and 
 descriptions of upwards of 600 subjects in 
 natural history never before delineated. 
 Tliis worthy man died 23d July 1773, aged 
 81. 
 
 Edwards, Dr. Jonathan, an English di- 
 vine, who wrote against the S(;cinians. He 
 was of Jesus college, Oxford, of which, on 
 the promotion of Dr. Llcyd to the see of St. 
 David, he became principal, iQ.Srt. His wri- 
 tings are chiefly controversial, and show him 
 to have been a zealous but bigoted dispu- 
 tant. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, an elegant Mritcr. 
 He purehusrd Turrick, in But-ks, where he 
 chielly resided ; and he died on a visit to hi's 
 friencl Richardson, at Parson's Green, 8tJi 
 January 1757, aged 58, and v as burled in 
 Eilesborough chui-ch-yurtl, Bucks. He dis- 
 tinguished himseU' as an able critic and a 
 good scholar in his canons of criticism, first 
 printed 1747, and his letter to the author wi' 
 a late correspor.dence, &c. which drew upon 
 him the severity of Warburtpn's vengeance, 
 illibet-ally wreaked in a note on the Dunciad. 
 He also wrote some sonnets, thirteen of 
 which are preserved in Dodslcy'-J collection, 
 eight in Pearch's, and four in Nichols'. His 
 trial of the letter Y is elegant. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, an ejninent divine 
 (f the chui-ch of England, born at Coventry 
 10th August 1729. He was educated partly at 
 Coventry school, and partly under his father, 
 who was the vicar of St. Michael's, Coven- 
 try, and in 1747 he entered at Clare-hall, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow. Ho 
 early displayed his knosvlege of the learned 
 languages by the publication of a new Eng- 
 lish"" tra\islation of the psalms from the origi- 
 nal Hebrew, witji notes, Svo. 1755. In 175S 
 he was chosen master of Coventry gram- 
 mar-school^ and rector of St. John the Bap- 
 tist in that city ; and the same year married 
 the danghtjir rff Stonyer Parrot, esq. by 
 
ED 
 
 EG 
 
 whom he had one son, Df. Eilwards, of 
 Cambridge. In 1759 he published his useful 
 work, " the doctrines of irresistible grace 
 proved to have no foundation in the writings 
 of the new testament ;" and in 1752 he at- 
 tacked Dr. Lowth's " mctricae Hariana; 
 brevis confutatio ;" and by thus supporting 
 Hare's metrical system, he began a contro- 
 versy, wliicli was continued for some time, 
 and after some pamphlets between the rival 
 divines, ended at last in the general opinion 
 of the superiority of Lowth's arguments. 
 la 1766 our author took his degree of D.D. 
 and in 1770, upon obtaining the valuable 
 living of Nufieaton, Warvvickshire, from the 
 crown, he retired from Coventry, and fixed 
 his residence there for the rest of his life. 
 The loss of his wife, May 1784, greatly af- 
 flicted him, and he never recovered the 
 shock. He died at Nuneaton 50th June 
 1785, aged 56. Besides the above. Dr. Ed- 
 wards published two dissertations, on bigot- 
 ry, and on the interpretation of the new 
 testament, and some very learned notes on 
 some of the idyllia of Theocritus. As a 
 teacher, Dr. Edwards was able and assiduous, 
 and as a minister he was attentive, exemp- 
 lary, and devout. The habits of a sedentary 
 life, however, rendered him little fond of 
 company, and though the correspondent of 
 some learned men, he was the intimate 
 friend of l'e\v, among whom bishop Law of 
 Carlisle was the chief. 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, an American, born 
 at Windsor in Connecticut, and educated at 
 Yale college. He was the minister of a 
 presbyterian congregation at New-York 
 172'2, and two years after he was made tutor 
 in his college ; but resigned in 1726, to as- 
 sist his grandfather, the minister of North- 
 ampton. He was in 1750 ejected by his 
 oongregatiou, for refusing to administer the 
 sacrament to some particular persons; and 
 the next year he went as missionary among 
 the Indians. In 1757 he was made president 
 of the college, New-Jersey, and died of the 
 small.pox the next year. He was author of 
 the life of David Brainerd, a missionary — 
 narrative of the work of God in the conver- 
 sion of many hundred souls in Nortiiampton 
 — the doctrine of original sin defended — 
 inquiry into tlie freedom of will as supposed 
 to be essential to moral agency — sermons, 
 
 Edwards, William, a comwion mason, 
 who, by the strong powers of his untutored 
 genius acquired great celebrity as a bridge- 
 builder. His bridge over the river Taaff, 
 which is the segment of a circle, the chord 
 of which is 147 feet fi«om the surface of the 
 water, is a i-emarkable instance of his inge- 
 nuity. He was occasionally a methodist 
 preacher; and died 1789, aged 81. 
 
 Ed WY, succeeded his uncle Edre.d as king 
 of Eiiglaiul 1)55, and married Elgiva, who 
 was related to him within the prohibited 
 degrees. This circumstance proved his ruin, 
 and that of his queen, who was seized by 
 Odo, the archbishop, and after being brand- 
 efl \iiih a hot iron in the face, to destroy her 
 
 beantiful featuresj was banished to Ireland, 
 where she expired by a most cruel and violent 
 death. The king was also excommunicated, 
 and died in exile 959. 
 
 Eeckhout, Gerbrant Vanden, apainter, 
 born at Amsterdam 19th of August 1621. 
 He studied the manner of his master Rem- 
 brandt with such success that his pictures 
 drew equal applause, and possessed equal 
 merit. He preferred historical subjects to 
 portraits, and excelled chiefly in the repre- 
 sentation of the feelings of the soul in the 
 features of the countenance. His be^t pieces 
 are — a Jesus among the doctors, — the infant 
 Jesus in the arms of Simeon, — Abraham 
 dismissing Hagar and Ishmael, — the conti- 
 nence of Scipio, — and a woman looking for 
 the fleas of her dog. He died 22d July 1674> 
 a bachelor. 
 
 Eeckhoute, Anthony Vanden, a painter, 
 born at Bruges. He travelled into Italy 
 with his brother-in-law Deyster, and while 
 he executed the flowers and the fruits, his 
 companion completed the figures of the se^ 
 vei'al pictures which were thus conjointly 
 pi-oduced. After his return home, Ecck- 
 houte purchased an honorable post under 
 the bishop of Bruges; but, to the astonish- 
 ment of all, he suddenl)' ahandoned his coun- 
 try, where he was loved and patronised, and 
 embarked for Italy. In his way he was 
 carried by a storm to Lisbon, where his 
 works soon I'fecommended him to general 
 notice ; and after the residence of two years 
 he married a lady of quality, and of opulent 
 ortune. His rivals, however, viewed his 
 success with jealousy, and as he was ridins? 
 out in his coach, he Avas shot with a ball and 
 instantly expired 1695. The causes of this 
 melancholy catastrophe are unknown. His 
 fortune descended to his sister who had 
 married Deyster. 
 
 Egbert, last king of the Saxon heptarchy, 
 and first king of England, was proclaimed 
 monarch of Wessex 800, and of all Etiglaiiil 
 in 828. He died 10 years after, distinguished 
 for valor and success against his Danish inva- 
 ders. 
 
 Egede, John, a Dane, who went as mis- 
 sifwiary to Greenland 1721, where he resided 
 15 years. His description of Greenland ap- 
 peared 1729, and he died 1758. His son 
 Paul assisted him in his endeavors to con- 
 vert the Greenlanders, and was appointed 
 bishop of the country, and died 1789, aged 81. 
 He republished his father's history, besides 
 a journal about the occurrences of Green- 
 land. 
 
 Egerton, Thomas, an eminent lawyer, 
 natural son of sir Richard Egerton, of Rid- 
 ley, Cheshire, born 15-5*0. He was educated 
 at Brazen-nose college, Oxford, and removed 
 to Lincoln's Inn, v.here he assiduously ap- 
 plied himself to the law. In 1591 he was 
 made solicitor general to the queen, in 1592 
 attorney general, and knighted, and after- 
 wards he ro^e to the ofiice of master of the 
 rolls, and of keeper of the great seal. James 
 I. in 1603 created him baron Ellesmcre, and 
 made him elianc^llor of England In IGIC 
 
KG 
 
 EI 
 
 iie vas elected cliMiircllor of Oxford and 
 made viscount Biackk) . He died I5tli 
 March IfilZ, at York-house in the Strand, 
 and was buried at Dodlcstou Chesliirc. lie 
 left some law manuscripts, and publislieil 
 some observations on his oHlcc, its priviU'ges 
 and prerogatives, and a speech conce^-ning 
 tlic postnati. His descendants uow enjoy his 
 estates represented by the earl of Bridge- 
 water. 
 
 Egerton, John, a learned prelate, born 
 30th November 1721, in London, and ecUi- 
 cated at Kton, and Oriel college, Oxford. 
 He was son of the bishop of Hereford, and 
 descendc«l from tlie earl of Bridjjowatcr's 
 family. On taking orders he was presented 
 by his fatlier to the living of lioss, afterwards 
 made archdeacon of Hei'cford, and the year 
 after prebendary of Hereford. In 174>S, he 
 married lady Ann Sophia, daughter to the 
 duke of Kent, and the year after became 
 chaplain to tlie king, and in 1750 was made 
 dean of Hereford. In 175G he was consecra- 
 ted bishop of Bangoi', anil by dijdoma frotn 
 Oxford made LLD. In 17G8 lie was transla- 
 ted to Licldield, and in 1771 to the see of 
 Durham. These high and rapid preferments 
 were not undeserved. The bishop possessed 
 among his many virtues the manners of coji- 
 ciHation and humility, and by a temperate 
 condescending conduct he restored peace 
 and good will among the political contending 
 factions which unhappily divided his county 
 when he succeeded to Durham. By hospi- 
 tality and affability he recommended himself 
 to his clergy, and by his anxious concern for 
 tlie general improvement ot agriculture and 
 the encouragement of useful projects tlirough 
 the diocese, he rendered himself deservedly 
 popular, and greatly beloved. Tlie respect- 
 ability of the pastor, and the conifoi'ts of the 
 poor were always nearest his heart, there- 
 fore his patronage was extended oidy to the 
 virtuous and good, and his charity tended to 
 encourage humble poverty in honest pur- 
 suits and in industrious diligence. This very 
 virtuous and venerable prelate, after a life 
 usefully spent in distributing liberally and 
 judiciously the many favors which Provi- 
 dence had placed at liis command, died at 
 liis house, Cirosvenor-square, London, 18th 
 January 1787, and was privately buried ia 
 St. James's cliurch. His lordship was mai'- 
 ried to his second wife Mary sister of sir 
 Edward Boughton in 1782, who survived 
 him without issue. Though well educated, 
 and with a mind stored with all the learning of 
 ancient and modern times, lie puldished only 
 three sermons preaclied on public occa- 
 sions. 
 
 Egcelixc, John Henry, a native of 
 Bremen, who travelled over Europe to in- 
 crease his knowledge and enlarge his mind. 
 On his return he was made secretary tp his 
 republic, and died respected 1715, aged 74. 
 He wrote explications of medals and otlier 
 ancient monuments. 
 
 Eginhart. Vid. iEoiXIlARD. 
 Eg MO NT, Lamoral count, one of the 
 lords of the Low Countries, born iu Hol- 
 
 land 1522. He distinguished liimstlf in the 
 seivicc of Charlea V. in Africa, and also 
 under I'biMp H. at the battles of St. Qnin- 
 tin and (jravelines, where lie was general oi 
 horse. Though attached to his sovereign, 
 he setjnied unwilling to assiiit in the enslav- 
 ing of his country, anri therefore being su: • 
 pected by the duke of Alva of favoring the 
 cause of the prince of Orange, and more- 
 over hated by the tyrant for his superior 
 abilities, he was beheaded by tlie governor's 
 order at Brussels, 5th June 1jG8, together 
 with I'hilip dc .Montmoreticy count Horn. 
 On thi.-} dreadful occasion the French am- 
 bassador wrote to Jiis court that he had seen 
 that head fall which had twice made France 
 to tremble, and Philip observed that the 
 ht;uls of salmons were of greater account 
 than many thousands of frogs. Some others 
 of the family were equally illustrious ia 
 arms. The count's last descendant died 
 1707, aged 38, in the .service of France. 
 
 Egmon-t, Justus Van, a painter, born at 
 I^eydcn 1002. He travclle<l early, and re- 
 si(le*l a long time in France, ivb.ere he was 
 painter to Lewis XHI. and XIY. and one of 
 the twelve ciders in the establishment of the 
 academy for painting and sculpture. He re- 
 turned to Antwerp, wiiere he died Sth Jan. 
 1C74, and his wife June 1685. 
 
 EcNArius, John Baptist, a learned man, 
 born at Venice 1473. He was pupil to the 
 famous Politian, and like him he contributed 
 by the force and excellence of his instruc- 
 tions to the revival of learning. When 
 gi'own old, the republic paid him tf»e highest 
 honors for his eminent services in education, 
 and for his virtp.es, and <Iecreed that his 
 stipend should be continued as public teach- 
 er, and that he should be exempted from all 
 taxes. The works which he published are 
 numerous, hut they do not exhibit any marks 
 of superior excellence, as the abilities of the 
 author consisted chiefly ni an astonishing re- 
 tentive memoiy, in a striking ready elocu- 
 tion, and in a convincing mode of conveying 
 instruction. This respectable man died at 
 Venice 1553, leaving his estatt.- and fine li- 
 brary to the three illustrious families of 
 Molino, Lauredano, and Br.tgadeno. His 
 works are orations, — epistles, — a poetical 
 panegyric on Francis 1. of France, — de Ko- 
 manis principibns vel Ca?saribus, — de e.x- 
 emplis virorum illustrium, — on the origin of 
 the Turks, &c. 
 
 Eh RET, George Dionysins, a German, 
 eminent as a painter of flowers. After 
 p.;inting for Mr. Clifford of Holland, the 
 beautiful figures of the Hortu? ('liffortianus, 
 he came to England, where he met witb 
 great encouragement, and was ma<le mem- 
 ber of the royal society. One hundred of 
 his botanical figures appeared in the Planta; 
 selcctaj. He died 1770, aged GO. 
 
 EiSEE, Charles, an artist, who died poor 
 at Brussels, January 4lb 1778. He made 
 excellent (lesigns for Fontaine's t<«les, 17G2, 
 for Ovid's metamorphoses 17C7, for the 
 Henx'iade, &c. 
 EisENGP.Eiy, Martin, D.D. a native of 
 
EL 
 
 EL 
 
 Stutgard, char.ccller of tlic liiiiversity of 
 Ingoistaclt, died 1578. Thongh he gloried i;i 
 abiindnning the pra-ty of antichrist, ^vith the 
 protestants, he atterwartJs altered liis opin- 
 ion, embraced the popij-h religion, and he- 
 came a violent supporter of its tenetsf. His 
 "writings wei'e mostlv controversial. 
 
 EisENSCHMiDT, ,foIin G»spar, a German 
 mathematician and physician, horn at Stras- 
 burg, where he died 1712, aged 56. He Avas 
 intimate with du V'erney, Tournefort> and 
 other learned men. He wrote a treatise on 
 the weights and measures of various nations, 
 and the value of ancient coins, and a treatise 
 on the figure of the earth. 
 
 Ekijsis, .loftery, D.D. an t'.nglish divine, 
 educated at Eton, and King's college, Cain- 
 Bridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 held successively the rectories of Quainton, 
 Sedgcfield, and Morpeth, Durliam, and was 
 made dean of Carlisle. He published a 
 translation of ApoUonius Rhodius' loves of 
 Jasou and JSIedea, 3 vols. 4to. 1771, and died 
 1791. 
 
 Elbee, N. d', a native of Poitou, for 
 some time engaged in the service of Saxony. 
 Dui-ing the revolution he espoused the cause 
 of his sufFei'ing countrymen in la Vendee, 
 and put himself at the head of the royalists 
 there, 1793, and, by the most masterly ma- 
 noeuvres, the greatest intrepidity, and the 
 most consummate prudence, he succeeded in 
 defeating all the republican foi'ces sent for 
 liis destruction. After the victories of Grol- 
 leau, Thonars, Sauniur, Chatenay, Ciissot, 
 &c. he A\'fis unfortunately defeated at the 
 battle of Chollet, and retired to Noirmon- 
 tiers, where he was taken, and condemned 
 to be shot. This extraordinary man, the 
 bravest and the most formidable of the roy- 
 ahsts of la Vendee, Mas then aged 4'2. 
 
 Ei.BENE, Alphonsus d', a native of Flo- 
 rence, bishop of Albi, died 8th February 
 1608, in an advanced age. His works are, 
 de regno Burgundiie & Arelatis, 4to. 1002 — 
 de famiha Capeti, 1595, 8vo. kc. He Avas 
 succeeded as bishop by his nephew Alphon- 
 sus, Avho quitted his dignity, in the civil 
 troubles of Languedoc, and died at Paris, 
 counsellor of state, 1661. 
 
 Elbceuf, Rene de Lorraine, marquis d', 
 seventh son of Claude duke of Guise, died 
 1566. His grandson Charles mai-ried Catha- 
 rine, the daughter of Henry IV. and Ga- 
 brielle d'Estrees, and died 1657. These 
 great and illustrious characters were con- 
 cerned in the intrigues and tumults of the 
 French convt under RicheUeu and Mazarin. 
 The last male descendant of this noble house 
 •was Emanuel Maurice, due d'Elbceuf, who 
 died in France 1763, aged 86. He is par- 
 ticularly known as the discoverer of Hercu- 
 Janeum. As he had served the emperor in 
 ^aples, he settled there, at Portici, and be- 
 ing offered pieces of ancient marbles, to or- 
 Jiament his villa, by a peasant, who found 
 them in digging a well, he purchased the 
 ground, and by carefully making excava- 
 tions Herculatieum was discovered. 
 Elbrucht, John Van, a paiater, liorn 
 
 at Elbourg, u«ar Carapen, loOO. lie settifed 
 at AntAverp, where some of his pieces are 
 preserved, especially, in the Fislimonger's 
 chapel, the miraculous draught of fishes. 
 His landscapes, human figures, and his stor- 
 my sea, Avere admii'able. 
 Eleanor, Duchess or Guienne, suc- 
 ceeded her father, William IX. in 1137, 
 though only 1.^, and the next year she mar- 
 ried Lewis VH. king of France, whom she 
 accompanied to the holy land. Lewis was a 
 character full of oddity and superstition, and 
 Avhen he cropped his hair, and shaved his 
 head, at the instigation of Peter of Lombar- 
 (ly, who told him that God hated long hair, 
 he soon appeared ridiculous, and conse- 
 qiientl}- despicable to his wife, who was play- 
 ful and volatile. His conduct, it is said, pro- 
 duced inconstancy, and Eleanor passed many 
 guilty hours in the company of her uncle 
 ILayinond, prince of Antioch, and of Saladin, 
 a Turk of commanding appearance; and 
 Avlien LcAvis complained of her levity, on 
 his return to France, a quarrel arose, and 
 a diA'orce ensued, 1152. Six Aveeks aftei', 
 Eleanor main-ied Henry duke of Normandy, 
 afterwards Henry II. of England, by Avhom 
 she had fotir sons and a daughter. Guienne 
 and Poictou, the dowry Avhich she brought 
 to her husband, afterwards proved the 
 source of those dreadful wars Avhich for 
 three centuries deluged France A?ith English 
 blood. Eleanor gave up, in 1162, Guienne 
 to her second son, Richard, and died 1204, 
 a nun in the abbey of Fontevrault. Her 
 history Avas published at liotterdam by Lar- 
 rey, 1691, 12mo. Her quarrel with her 
 husband, who had an adulterous intercourse 
 Avith the fair Rosamond of Clifford, in Wood- 
 stock-park, incited her to encourage the re- 
 bellion of her sons against their father, and 
 at last procured her imprisonment for six- 
 teen years. 
 
 Eleazar, high-priest of Judea after his 
 brother Simon, 292 B. C. It is said that he 
 gaA'e Ptolemy Philadelphus a copy of the bi- 
 ble, Avhich Avas by order of the monarch 
 translated by 70 persons, and is now knOAVu 
 by the name of the septuagint. 
 
 Eleutherius, a native of Nicopolis, 
 made pope 170. He opposed the Valentini- 
 ans Avith great zeal, and died 185. 
 
 Eli, the high-priest and the judge of tlm 
 Israelites, B.C. 1156, was regardless of the 
 licentious conduct of his sons, Hophni and 
 Phineas, against whom the anger of the Lo«'d 
 was announced in a vision revealed to the 
 young prophet Samuel. The aged father 
 heard the threatened punishment Avith i*e- 
 signation, and Avhen the ark of God Avas taken 
 by the Philistines, and his two sons slain in 
 battle, he, at the melancholy i-eport, fell back 
 from his scat, and bi'oke his neck, th© 93d 
 year of his age. 
 
 E L I A s, MatthcAv, a painter, born at PeeuQ, 
 near Cassel, of obscure parents, 1658. Ashe 
 Avas one day keeping the only cow belonging 
 to his widowed mother, Corbeen, the famous 
 painter, observed him making a fortification 
 of mud by the road-side, and, jrfeased with 
 
 / 
 
EL 
 
 EL 
 
 r'ne regularity of his works, and iho attitutle 
 of his figures, he stopi)C(l, :uhI pi-evailrd iipCMi 
 him to come lo I)uiikii-k aiul li\«' witli him 
 Here lie eiig:t|^etl the :itH'i'ti()n of his fiifml 
 ai»il patro!!, I>y his great application 'and liis 
 superior abililies ; and at the ai^e of 'iO lie was 
 tnabled to go to I'uris, fufther to improvL' 
 himself His pieces soon gained the pMl)lic 
 attention; but though courted and llattereil, 
 Elias never forgot iiis gratitude and respect 
 to liib kind benefactor. He inarrie<l at I'aris, 
 and was appointed professor at St. l.uke, 
 and raised to other respectable ofiices. He 
 afterwards visited Dunkirk, and settled there, 
 employing Ins pencil in adorning the churclj- 
 es and ciiapels of that part of France. He 
 lived always with the same re4;nlarity and 
 temperance. Mild in liis manners, inoffen- 
 sive in his conduct, he was seldom seen but 
 at church and in his work room. He worked 
 till the last period of life, and expireil -226 
 April 1741, aged S'J, liighly respected. He 
 had only one souj A\hodied doctor of the Sor- 
 honne at Paris ; and he never had more than 
 one pupil, Carlicr, as he rather discouraged 
 the attempts to painting, wliicli were attend- 
 ed w ith great trouble, and often unrewarded. 
 Though correct and grand in his drawings, 
 he failed in his draperies; and some of his 
 female figures are represented -without judg- 
 ment and w ithout taste. 
 
 Ei^iAS, Levita, a German rabbi, of tlie 
 l6th century. He taught Hebrew at Venice 
 and liome, and was a very learned man and 
 a most judicious critic. He publi^ied, lexi- 
 con Chaldaicum, 1541, folio — tradilio doctri- 
 iiaj, 1538, 4to. — some Hebrew grammars — 
 uomcnclatura Hebraica, 1542, 4to. — collec- 
 tio locorum in quibus Chaldscus paraphrastes 
 interjecit uomen Messise Christi, &c. 1572, 
 Svo. 
 
 Elich, LcwisPliiiip, anativeofMarpurg, 
 known in the 17th century for his foolish 
 book, de magia diabolica, which was cancelled 
 by the magistrates, but afterwards published 
 at Frankfort under a different title, 1607. He 
 now avoided persecution by fligiit, aad turn- 
 ed Roman catholic. He published another 
 hook at Frankfort, 1609, de miseria liomines, 
 &:c. He was ijnmoral and impious in his sen- 
 timents, and his conduct has been warmly at- 
 tacked and exposed by his opponent, Tanuler, 
 professor of medicine at Witteml)erg. 
 
 Elichm.\n, .lohn, anative of Silesia, who 
 practised physic at Leydcn, and was well ac- 
 quainted with sixteen languages, and, accord- 
 ing to Salraasius, superior to every European 
 in the knowledge of Persian. He wrote in 
 Arabic, de usu Arabicae lingua; in medicina, 
 l6.)6 — a dissertation de terniino vitte, h<.c. 
 1G39 — and a Latin translation of Ct'bes' pic- 
 ture, printed at Leyi'en, 1C40, with a Greek 
 and Arabic version. 
 
 Eliexer, a rabbi,of the 8th century, said 
 by some to be contemporary with Christ. 
 His valuable " chapters, or sacred history,"' 
 were translated into Latin, with notes, by 
 Vorstius, 1664, 4to. 
 
 Elijah, an illustrious prophet of Israel, 
 under Ahab iind Ahaziah. After suffering 
 
 great persecution from queen Jezebel, he 
 was taken up lo lu-avcn in a chari'>l of fire, 
 S'J5 15. ('. and left his mantle ar.d iiis pro- 
 phetic pciwcis Id his .servant Elislia. 
 
 I'jLiot, 'I'homaB, a nativ*' of Sufi'olk, she- 
 I'iff of (jamhi-idge und<*r Henry VIH. H(? 
 chicdy rcsid«<i at (Cambridge, and was the 
 nnihor of the first dictionary, Latin and F-ng- 
 lisli, evel' [mblishcd in England. He diel 
 1540. 
 
 Eliot, .lohn, a purit:m, Icirn in I)i*von- 
 sliire or Cornwall, and educated at Cam- 
 biidgo. He went to America in ir>Jl, and 
 established a grammar school and an inde- 
 pendent congregation at itoxlrirg. In his 
 zeal lo make converts, he applied himself to 
 learn the Indian language, 1040, and, as a vo- 
 Uuitary missionary, he converted many of 
 the natives to the Christian religion, and, lo 
 enlarge their understanding, translated into 
 their language the bible, and some popular 
 tracts. He died at lloxbui'g 1689. 
 
 Eliott, sir John, a native of Peebles, ot 
 obscure origin. He showed great application 
 in his youlli, and, by the direction of liis fa- 
 ther-in-law, he became well acquainted with 
 Latin and Greek. He was first employed iu 
 the shop of an apothecary in the Hay-market, 
 London, and quitting this, for more venturous 
 services, he went to sea as surgeon A rich 
 prize soon rewarded his labors, and enabled 
 him, on his return to I.,ondon, to assume tlie 
 air and the name of physician. He was in 
 this new character befriended by sir William 
 Duncan, and soon gained reputation and opu- 
 lenpe. His address greatly recommended 
 him, and thou^di he was neither very learned 
 nor very ingenious, he however became oiie 
 of the moat popular physicians in London ; 
 his fees amounted to little less than 50O0/. a- 
 ycar ; and such was his consequence, that he 
 was created a baronet, by the influence of 
 raadame Schwellenbergen and lord Sackville. 
 Thus raised to eminence, and patronised by 
 the prince of Wales, and courted by the 
 great, sir John shoM'ed that he knew well 
 how 10 use the favors of fortune. His hospi- 
 tality was very great ; but while the friend of 
 tlije witty an(I the learned, while courted by 
 M*Pherson, Horace Walpole, Astle, Town- 
 ley, Whitetoord, Arm*;ti'ong, and others, 
 he did not forget the labors of his profcssioa, 
 nor did he, while attending the opulent, dis- 
 dain to administer to the poor without fee or 
 I'eward. It is supposed that the liospitablc 
 treats v ith whicli he delighted his friend.*, 
 and the pleasures of the table, in which he 
 moderately indulged, hastened the decay (>'' 
 his constitution. In the l.inguisliing hour vi' 
 sickness he tried in vain the waters of Bath 
 and other places, and sea voyages. He <licd 
 suddenly, at Brnckct-hall, it was imagine*?, 
 from the rupture of one (if the b-.i-ger vessels, 
 and was buried at Hatfield, 1787. He left a 
 handsome fortune, to be divided among hfs 
 eight surviving children. 
 
 Eliott, (ieorge Augustus, the brave de- 
 fender of Gibraltar, was Loi-n at Stobbs, 
 Uoxburgshire, 1718, the youngest of the nine 
 sons of Sir Gilbert Eliott, of an ancient faini- 
 
 / 
 
EL 
 
 EL 
 
 •y, said to have acoornpanied tTic conqueror in 
 Iiis invasion of England. He was educated 
 niider a private tutor, and then went to 
 Levtien, v.here he made great progress in 
 military science, which he completed at the 
 ecole royale of La Fere in Picardy. He af- 
 terwards served in tlie Prussian service, and 
 on his return to Scotland in his 17th year, he 
 entered as volunteer in the 23d regiment of 
 foot. The next year he went into the engi- 
 neer coi^iS at Woolwich, and then hy his un- 
 cle's interest hecame adjutant of the second 
 troop of horse grenadier. He went with 
 tins highly disciplined regiment into Germa- 
 ny, and was at the battle of Dettingen, whei*e 
 he was wijumled. After rising to the rank 
 of lieutenant colonel in this regiment, he re- 
 signed his commission as engineer, and was 
 soon after made aid-de-camp to (ieorge II. 
 In 17.^9 he quitted his regiment to raise and 
 |]iscipline tlje first regiment of light horse 
 called after him Ehott's, and with them in 
 the character of brigadier general, he went 
 in an expedition to the French coast, and af- 
 terwards to Gei'many, where discipline, ac- 
 tivity, and enterprise reflected the highest 
 honor on the general, and on the men. He 
 •M as recalled from Germany to be second in 
 command in thfi expedition against the Ha- 
 vaunah, where his intrepid courage in the ac- 
 tion, and his great humanity towards the 
 conquered, were eminently displayed. At 
 tjie peace, the gallant regiment v/as rcviev/ed 
 in Hyde ])ark hy tlte king, who was so pleased 
 with their appearance and so gi'ateful for 
 their valor that he bestowed upon them the 
 appellation of royal.3. In 1775, general Eli- 
 ott succeeded A'Court as commander in chief 
 in Ireland, but before I.e had completely ta- 
 ken possession of his office, he was nominated 
 governor of Gibraltar, an appointment for 
 •which, by his habits, his intre-{)idity, and his 
 experience, he was well calculated. While 
 he. established in the garrison a severe but 
 salutary system of discipline, l»e exhibited to 
 his soldiers an example for them to follow. 
 He inured himself to the severest privations, 
 he eat no flesh, nor drank wine, but lived on 
 vegetables and water; he never slept more 
 than four liours at a time, and therefore the 
 abstemiousness and the vigilance of the gene- 
 ral were soon seen and imitated as the best 
 qualifications of a good soldier. Thus perse- 
 vering, active, vigilant, he maintained the ho- 
 nor of his country, and defended a barren 
 rock vith victorious success against the com- 
 bined forces of Spain and France. The skill 
 and valoi' displayed in the memorable siege of 
 1782, had fixed upon the gallant commander 
 and his brave garrison the eyes and the ad- 
 miration of the world, and therefore on his 
 return to England, at the peace, he was 
 gi-eeted by the naticm with acclamations, by 
 the senate with thanks, and by the king with 
 the honorable reward of a peerage by the ti- 
 tle of lord Heathfield, baron Gibraltar. This 
 illustrious veteran died at his chateau, at Ai.\- 
 Ja-Chapelle, of a second attack of the palsy, 
 sixth July 1790, in his 73d year, at a moment 
 \vhen he %as preparing tp return thr£>ugh 
 
 Leghorn to liis* favorite garrison. HiS'fe- 
 mains were brought over to England, and bu- 
 ried at Heathfield, Sussex, where a handsome 
 monument is erected. Lord Heathfield had 
 married Ann daughter of Sir Francis Drake, 
 who died 1769, leaving a son, who succeeded 
 to his father's honors, and a daughter mar- 
 ried to J. T. Fuller of Bailey-park, Sussex. 
 
 Eliott, Richard, an EngUsh divine, bom 
 at Kingsbridge, Devon, and educated at Be- 
 net college, Cambridge, where he pi-oceed- 
 ed A. B. and took orders. He was expelled 
 from St. George's chapel, Hyde-park, for 
 printing a sermon on salvation by faith with- 
 out works, and afterv/ards became minister 
 of a dissenting congregation, Glass-house 
 yard, Aldersgate street. He died suddenly 
 in his pulpit 1789. He published some con- 
 troversial tracts and sermons, and defended 
 himself against the attack of Dr. Dodd, about 
 his discourse on faith. 
 
 Eli SUA, a prophet among the Israelites. 
 He was called from the plough to become 
 the servant of Elijah, and afterwards when 
 his master was c;arried up to heaven in a 
 chariot of fire, he received his mantle and 
 was appointed his successor. He was highly 
 respected by the people of Judea and by the 
 Syrians, who frequently consulted him. He 
 died at Samaria about 830 B. C. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen of England, daugh- 
 ter of Henry VUl. by Ann Boleyn, was 
 born seventh September 1533. She was de- 
 clared illegitimate by her capricious father, 
 but her dying mother recommended her to 
 the care of Parker, afterwards archbishop 
 of Canterbury, by whom her principles of 
 religion were fixed, and her mind cultivated 
 and improved. She lived in privacy and re- 
 tirement, but ou Mary's accession she was 
 imprisoned and nearly saci'ificed to the 
 queen's bigotry by the influence of bishop 
 Gardiner, who represented her as the fu- 
 ture prop of protestantism. Philip, how- 
 ever, interceded for her, as Jie already 
 marked her for his second wife on Mary's 
 decease. She was drawn from prison to sit 
 on the throne 1558, and thus educated in 
 the school of adversity, she came to govern 
 a gallant and rising nation, and by her wis- 
 dom and energy to fix their destinies on the 
 most glorious basis. With a soul heroic and 
 magnanimous, an understanding polished by 
 the knowledge of literature and of the learn- 
 ed languages, she yet possessetl the weak- 
 ness of her sex, and loved to be admired and 
 courted for the elegancies of her dress, and 
 the beauties of her pei'son. Prudent and 
 discerning in all her measures, she proceed^, 
 ed with caution in her determination to es- 
 tablish the protestant religion, she treated 
 the catholic party with tenderness, and pro- 
 fessed a great willingness to be on amicable 
 terms even with pope Paul IV. Before she 
 ascended the tlu'one the king of Sweden 
 made proposals of marriage to her, which 
 she rejected. Philip her brother-in-law was 
 equally unsuccessful, and the duke of Ajijoa 
 who for a while seemed to be treated with 
 partiality and aftectton, was dismissed at lajt 
 
 <^ 
 
EL 
 
 j:l 
 
 with coldness and inflifTci'encc. Ilcr parlia- 
 iiicnt imlctd intcrl'crcti, but hlie dcclaretl 
 that she was wedded to h<r p«to[)lL', nud tliut 
 ■she wished her toinlj-stone to record that 
 after reigning so lon^^ she had lived anil died 
 a virgin queen. Authors have been pir^/.led 
 10 account lor this Sfttletl aversion to ihe 
 marriage state, and whil:il sonic iiave sug- 
 gested tliat this cohlness of constitution arose 
 Iroin natural causes, others iiavc intimated 
 that her hoiws of retirement ^rere not al- 
 ways devoted to continence. The suspicions 
 are wanton, false and iUiLerrd ; though die 
 was beautiful and young, and loved entcr- 
 tainraents, ilress, and pleasure, though she 
 selected tho liandsoinest and he.'J; shaped 
 men, such as Leicester and Essex, fur lior 
 favorites, yet nothing can be advanced with 
 truth against the chastity of her character. 
 Thougii she had tavorites, in uo instance is 
 it mentioned that she forgot her rank or the 
 dignity of her sex, and indeed there were 
 so many watchful eyes about her court and 
 person, that had she been incontinent, her 
 weakness would have been divulged, and 
 her amours recorded to posterity. That she 
 wished to govern her favorites, and by them 
 her people, by the soft influence wliich fe- 
 male charms possess over the heart is pro- 
 bable : but when it is considered that w hen 
 iiettled on her throne she was nearly thirty, 
 that the warmer passions of youth had sub- 
 sided, and that her great ambition was to 
 rule w ithout a superior or rival in the affec- 
 tion of her subjects, the w ondcrs of her celi- 
 bacy will cease. She was fortunate in tlic 
 choice of her ministers, but though she 
 could depend on Cecil and on ^V^alsingliam, 
 she yet loved business, and regarded the 
 prosperity and happiness of the nation as 
 lier immediate care. It is unnecessary herje 
 to mention the glorious events which mark- 
 ed her reign. The most indelible blot, how- 
 ever, on her character, is her treatment of 
 the unfortunate INIary, whom, as her rival 
 in beauty, and as her presumptive heir she 
 hated. Instead of pitying her raisfortuocs 
 iudeod, slie deceived her; and instead of 
 granting her Uberty, or re])lacing her on her 
 throne, she ignominiouslv led her to a scaf- 
 fold, and then meanly pretended to blame 
 the horrible proceedings as the act of her 
 ministers. After an illustrious reign of 44 
 years four months and six days, and after 
 seeing her people grown powerful in arms, 
 successful in extending navigation and com- 
 merce, and distinguished in science and lite- 
 rature, this great princess died twenty -fourth 
 March 1603, aged 70. Never, says a Jesuit, 
 did a crowned head better understand the 
 art of government, and commit fewer er- 
 rors in it, during a long reign. Iler aim Avas 
 to reign, to govern, to be mistress, to keep 
 lier people in subjection. She was not a 
 warlike princess, but she knew so well how 
 to train up warriors that England had not 
 for a long time seen a greater pumber of 
 them, nor more experienced. 
 
 Ei.iXABETii, of Austria, daughter of 
 MaxniiiHaTi II. was married to C^haries IX. 
 
 of France 2Gllt Xovcmbcr 1.^70 at ^fezieijcSk 
 Th'j dreadful massacre of St. Hartholunie^f 
 fAirw helmed her with grief, but as she 
 never inedilled iu the public rtttairs of liie • 
 king<h»in, she avoided lire dangers of politics 
 and retained the ailcclions of her capricious 
 hu:jbj!iil, who on his death-bed tenderly re- 
 com mended her and her tlaughter to the 
 kindness of Henry !V. kir»g of Navarre his 
 successor, 'i'hns re^'pecletl and beloved in 
 I'rance as a most vuluous wile and most be- 
 nevolent quecri, she retired to N'ienna after 
 her husiiand's deaths ;iiul though her sister- 
 in-law, Margaret of Navarre, was ditfercnt 
 from her in temper and character, yet she 
 honored h«r with her friendship, an<l sent 
 her two book'i she had written with her own. 
 hand, one on the word of (iod, and tlie olh- 
 «;r on the remarkable «vcnlT that had occur- 
 red during her resilience in France. She 
 died at Vienna in a conve;»t which she her- 
 self had founded, 1592, ageil .IS, deservedly 
 beloved and sincerely lamented. 
 
 Elizabeth, Pctro^vna, daughter of Pe* 
 ter the (ircat, was born 1709. Her rnnk and 
 personal attractions made lier an objeit ot 
 admiraliou among her neighbors, and among 
 her suitors are mentioned Lewis XV. ot* 
 France, Charles Augustus bishop of Lubec^ 
 Charles Margrave of Anspach, Kouli Khan, 
 and Lewis of Brunswick, but she rejected all. 
 She did not howevqr dislike favorites, as hei* 
 amours were frcqueot, and as she declared 
 to her conlidants she never was happy but 
 in love. She ascended the tlirone of llussia 
 in 1741, and iieceived the appellation ot" 
 humane, because she made a vow that no 
 capital punishment should be inflicted (lu- 
 ring her reign. Severities however were 
 practised, the public prisons were filled wiili 
 w retches who frequently expired under iov- 
 turcs, and Elizabeth herself gave a strong 
 example of cruelty, iu condemning two la- 
 dies of her court, women of beauty and rank, 
 the countess Bestuchcf and Lapookiu, to re- 
 ceive 5y strokes of the kuoot, in the open 
 square of Petersburg, to have their tonguies 
 cut out, and to be banished lo Siberia for di- 
 vulging the secret amours of the empress. 
 Though thus given to i)rivate incontinence, 
 Elizabeth pretended to be a strict devotee ; 
 she was scrupulous in her yearly confessions 
 at Easter, she expressed contrition for her 
 faults, and was most punctual in all the ex- 
 ternal otRces of religion. She died -5tii De- 
 cember 1761, in the 2l?;t year of her reign 
 and 52d of her age. The punisliment of 
 torture, which hitherto was permitted, was 
 abolished gradually by her successors. 
 
 Ei.LER DE Brookiiusex, Johu Theo- 
 dore, physician to the king of Prussia, was 
 born at Pletzkau in Anha It-Bern burg, and 
 died at Berlin 1760, aged 71. He was a man 
 of great learning and of extensive experience 
 in his profes.^ion. He wrote a Latin treatise 
 on the knowledge and treatment of diseascj. 
 translated by Le Roy into Frencli. 
 
 Elligek, Ottoniar, son of a physician, 
 was born at Gotlenburg 18th September 
 1033. His father \nshcd to make Ivm c. 
 
EL 
 
 TvL 
 
 schpkr, but nature had formed him fur a 
 painter, and at last the inclination of tlic 
 son prevailed, and under Daniel Seghers the 
 Jesuit of Antwerp, he soon displayed supe- 
 rior excellence in painting flowers and fruit. 
 He was invited to Berlin, where he hecame 
 a great favorite at court. His pieces are 
 much admired in Germany. The time of 
 };is death is unknown. 
 
 ELLiGER,Ottomar, son of the preceding, 
 ■was born at Hamburgh iGth February 1666. 
 He studied under his father, and under Mi- 
 chael Van ]Musscher, at Amsterdam, but 
 Jiis great master Mas Lairesse. Instructed 
 by him he soon imitated his copies, and ta- 
 king nature for his model, he finished his 
 pictures in a style pleasing to the man of 
 laste as well as the scholar. In his back 
 grounds he introduced the finest remains of 
 Egjptian, Grecian, or Roman architecture, 
 and every where displayed correctness of 
 conception and sublimity of genius. His best 
 pieces are the death of Alexander, and the 
 nuptials of Thetis and Peleus^ made for the 
 elector of Mentz, which the pinnce wished 
 to reward b} granting the painter a hand- 
 sonae pension, and making him his principal 
 minter. These lionors Elliger refused, pre- 
 ferring liberty to the service of the greatest 
 potentates. The latter part of his life was 
 clouded by intemperance and debauchery. 
 He died 24th November 1732, aged 60. 
 
 Ellis, Clement, M. A. a native of Cum- 
 berland, brought up under his uncle, Potter, 
 bishop of Carlisle. He afterwerds went to 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and at the refor- 
 mation obtained the living of Kirkbj'-wcst- 
 ern, Notts, and in 1693 the prebend of South- 
 well. He died 1700, aged 70. He was lear- 
 ned and examplary as a divine, and wrote 
 the genteel sinner, — the scripture catechist, 
 — the self-deceiver, Sic. 
 
 Ellis, John, an English poet, born in the 
 pgrish of St. Clement Danes, Londtwi, 2'2d 
 March 1698. As his father was a man of an 
 eecentricjunsettled character, and his mother 
 a fanatical dissenter, who punished him se- 
 verely even for looking at a toj) on Sundiiy, 
 ?iis education was little attended to, though 
 his application made up fully for the defi- 
 ciencies of parental care. He was placed in 
 the office of Tavcrner, a scrivener, in 
 Threadneedle-street, wliere, besides the 
 knowledge of his business, he hcar-d and at- 
 tended to the classical instructions whicli 
 yoHug Taverner, an idle scholar of ]Mer- 
 chant-taylors' school, regularly received 
 from his fond father. AV'itU this indolent 
 youth, after the father's death, Ellis was 
 united in partnership, and from his impru- 
 dence he was a great sufferer, and was long 
 involved in difficulties, which injured his 
 peace of mind, and prevented his prosper- 
 ous settlement in the world. His literary 
 qualifications introduced him to the acquaint- 
 ance of the learned, and among his friends of 
 merit and virtue he could numbcrMr.FaytiRg 
 of Cambrideje, Dr. King of Oxford, MoscsAlen- 
 dez esq. and Dr.Jobnson. Though for seventy 
 years he wrote, without however puhlidiiug, 
 
 small po"fettcal pieces, he did not neglect his 
 business, and as a scrivener of probity and 
 moral honesty, he was the agent of many re- 
 spectable families. In 1750 he was elected a 
 common councilman of London ; an office 
 M'hich he retained till his death. He was 
 also for many years deputy of his Avard, and 
 lour times elected master of the scriveners* 
 company, and so highly esteemed by that 
 respectable body that a picture of him was 
 hung up in their hall. I3y tcm.perance and 
 exercise he attained a grtat age, though he 
 had a weakness in one of his eyes, which, in 
 his SGth year, passed to the other in a sin- 
 gular manner, which he has described in a 
 letter to his friend Dr. Johnson. The last 
 year of his life was clouded with distress, 
 from which howfcver his friends extricated 
 him, by rehevinghim from indigence, in con- 
 sequence of liis having incautiously trusted 
 some money, perhaps the whole of his pro- 
 perty, into the hands of an artful villain, who 
 was a bankrupt. Cheerful and strong even 
 to the last, he was capable of walking twen- 
 ty and even thirty miles a-day even to his 
 85th year. He died gently, sitting in his 
 chair, the 3lst December 1791, in his 94tli 
 year^ and was buried on the 5th of January, 
 in St. Bartliolomew's churchy Exchange, at- 
 tended by a great number of persons, who 
 paid this last respect to his memory. As he 
 had been brought up a dissenter, he soon saw 
 with disgust the hypocrisy of the sect, and 
 instead of following them, he expressed the 
 strongest aversion' for them. His hours of 
 relaxatioji were alv ays employed in walking ; 
 and when questioned why he neglected to go 
 to church, he replied, " Nathan walked with 
 the Lord." To the character of an honest, 
 upright, and independent man, he added 
 that o*" poetical merit ; and though his pieces 
 possessed not superior sublimity, yet they 
 were distinguished for neatness, elegance, spi- 
 rit and naivete. Many of his poems were long 
 jM-eserved in manuscript. Besides some pieces 
 to be found in Dodsley's collection, he wrote 
 a translation of Dr. King's templura liberta- 
 tis — a HndibrastictraAtsty of Mapha^tis — the 
 South Sea dream — the surprise, or the gen- 
 tleman turned a])(!thecary — a translation of 
 some of the epistles and of the metamorpho- 
 ses of Ovid, — some parts of iEsop's fables, 
 of Cato, and others. 
 
 Eluwood, Thomas, a nativcof CroweU, 
 Oxfordshire, who turned quaker, by the in- 
 fluence of Isaac Pennington, and thus lost 
 the protection of his father. He was for some 
 time reader to Milton, and cxpoeed himself 
 to persecution on account of his religious 
 tenets, which he ably defended. He Mrote 
 a sacred poem on the life of David — an his- 
 tory of the old and new testaments — besides 
 an edition of George Fox's journal, inc. He 
 died 1713, aged 74. 
 
 Ellys, Anthony, an English prelate, bora 
 in 1093, and educated at Clare-hall, Cam- 
 bridge. In 1724 he was vicar of St. Olave's, 
 .lowry, rector of St. Martin's Ironmonger's 
 lane, the next year prebendary of Glouces- 
 ter, and iU 1728* he took his degree of D. D. 
 
EL 
 
 ^L 
 
 Tn I7r»'2 he M'as made bisliop of St. David's, 
 :<nddic<l at liloi.icester 1701, ami was hilritMl 
 in the cathedral tlicre. Hcsi<l»s thrir <»cc:i- 
 sinnal sermons, hi- piihlishtMl, in ir.iC), a ph^a 
 lor the sacM-anieiital les(, kc. ^to. — rernai'ks 
 on Hume's essay on niii\udes; an<l Idl iin- 
 puhlished tracts on tlio liluiMy, spiritual and 
 temporal, rff pi-otestants in E!ij;land, 8cc. the 
 first ]»art of uhicii was printed 1703, the 
 second in I7f>5. These works prove liic 
 antlior to have h(;en a man possessed of 
 leaniinij;, of candor, of heiievoience, and 
 every christian virtue 
 
 Ei.MACiNUS, (ieorj^'O, an l\c?yptian, of the 
 l.Sth century, author of a Saracen lii.sLoiv, 
 from Afoliammed ici the year 1118. lie 
 professed himself to ho a christian, and lield 
 ])laces of honor under tlie caliphs ; hut the 
 favorahle mannci' in which lie ;,peaks of l lie 
 rnussulmans, of Mohammed, and of liis reli- 
 s^ion, suggests a suspicion that he liad little 
 of the ciiristiau besides the name. This 
 history has been translated Irora the Saractn 
 into Latin by Erpenins and completed by 
 (-ioliu.o, Lcyilen, lO^Jl, folio, and into Fi-encJi 
 by Vattier, Paris, 1G57; but both transla- 
 tions are very incorrect. 
 
 Ei,ME.v>ioiiST, Ceverhart, a critic, of 
 Jlam])urgli, who died 10'21. He published 
 Cebes, Leytlen, lOlS, and distinguished him- 
 self by his learned notes on Minutius Felix, 
 ami other ancient authors. 
 
 Elmenuoust, Henry, author of a Ccr- 
 inan treatise on public spectacles, Ham- 
 burgh, 16S8, 4to. He doos not consider 
 them as injurious to manners. This subject 
 lias been U'eated by Rousseau and d'Aleru- 
 bert. 
 
 Elphixstone, William, a Scotcli di- 
 vine, born in the county of Stirling 14.52, 
 and educated at St. Salvador's, St. Andrew's, 
 and at Paris, where he studied the law. On 
 his return home he took orders, and became 
 arch-deacon of St. Andrew's, provost of St. 
 Ciiles, Edinburgh, and bishop of Aberdeen. 
 In 14S.3 he went as ambassador to Prance, 
 and in liHd to Henry VH. of England ; and 
 in 149.1 he was made chancellor of Scotland. 
 The death of king James, at t}\e battle of 
 Flodden-field, 1513, so overpowered liis spi- 
 rits that be died soon after, aged 81. He 
 was a munificent benefactor to the university 
 ^f Abcrtleen, and his learning is evinced by 
 the history of Scotland, a MS. copy of which 
 is ]»reserved in the Bodleian. 
 
 Ei.sHEiMER, Adam, a celebrated pain- 
 ter, born at Frankfort on the Maine 1.574. 
 Though tlie son of a tailor, he by his in- 
 dustry was enabled to go to Itome, where 
 he soon became a distinguished artist. His 
 landscapes, histories, and night-pieces, are 
 so highly finished, so scarce, and so valuable, 
 that they are to be seen only in the collec- 
 tion of princes. He was a man of a melan- 
 ch(tly disposition, and died 1010. 
 
 Elsner, James, a Prussian, professor of 
 theology and oriental languages at Lingen, 
 and afterwards master of .loachim's school, 
 Herlin. In 17,30 he became pastor of one of 
 the Berlin cliurchcs, an»l \ras Miado fticmljifr 
 \OU I. 61 
 
 of the acidemy of sciei cjs, and rnnfcfisor of 
 the royal conaislory. He wrote observa- 
 liones sacrai in iiovi tesiam. lihroo I'tra:. 
 I7'2<t, 17'2K — exphuiatiiiii ot' the (;[)islK; to Hie 
 Philippi.'ins — slate of the (Jreek church in 
 Turkey, 8vo. 17J7. Ho tlicd 175(1, tiged 
 fifty -eight. 
 
 I'ii.sroii, Williain, a learned divine and 
 .Sa\on linguist, liDrn at Newcastle 1073, 
 and educ.dcd at Eton and 'Jatharine-hall, 
 (-'nmhridge. He afu-rwards remov<.'d to 
 <iuei;n's college, Oxford, .iml thence v.\i 
 chosen fellow f»f University, when; he was 
 tutor, lu \Hy2 h<: became; rector of vSai:i^ 
 I Swithin and St. Mary Bothaw, London, 
 j where lu; died, twelvi; years af"ler. He pub- 
 lished Lupus' Saxon history translnt. (f into 
 l/itiii, and alsf) Ascham's Latin letters, and 
 I wrote an essay on the great affinity atul 
 mutual agreement of the two pi-c^fessions, 
 law and divinity. He was engaged al.so in 
 the laborious edition of the Saxon laws, with 
 notes, 8:c. whicfi he did not live to com- 
 plete, ami which was fmislied by Di\ W\[~ 
 kins, 17'21. 
 
 Els TOE, Elizalieth, sister of the preced- 
 ing, born in 108J, was well skilleil in the 
 Saxon language. She retired, after her 
 brother's death, to Evesham, \Vorcester- 
 shire, where she kept a small scliool. iJy 
 lord Oxford's interference, she obtained 
 from fpiecn Caroline aji aimuily of '2 J/, but 
 after the death of her majesty she was a^ain 
 reduced to poverty, and though skilled ia S 
 languages, she was obliged to become a 
 governess. She was then engaged iu the 
 duchess of Portland's family, where she 
 continued seventeen years, and died at Bul- 
 strocie 30th May 1756. She gave an Engiisfi 
 translation to the homily, which lier lirolher 
 published from the Saxon 170'.). In 1715 
 she published a Saxon grammar, and, as 
 Rowe Mores observes, *' slie was the inde- 
 fessa comesof her brother's studies, a female 
 student of the university, upon a genteel 
 fortune, but pursuing too much the drug 
 called learning." 
 
 Ei.swicH, John Herman d', a Luthcrau 
 divine, who was born at Rensburg, ilobtein, 
 and died at Stade 1721, aged 37. lie |)ub- 
 lished Simonius' boolt de literis pei'cuntibus,. 
 with notes, — Launoius de varia Arisiotelis 
 fortuna, &c. 
 
 Elsyxge, Henry, an English gentleman, 
 appointed, by Laud's interest, clerk of the 
 house of commons. He was born at Batter- 
 se.i 1598, and educated at Westminster antl 
 Christ-church, Oxford. He spent some 
 years in travelling; and when appointed 
 clerk to the commons, he tlisplayed such 
 correctness and ability in liis office that he 
 was respected by all partie.s, and consulted 
 on every occasi(in. He resigned this honor- 
 able office when he saw the determination 
 of parliament to try the king; and here- 
 tired to fiis housii at llounslow, where he 
 died, 1054. 'I'o learning, and the know iedgii 
 of French and Italian, he addeil the nof)Ie 
 character of an honest man. He published 
 '• the ancient mcfhod arrd mnnrier of holding 
 
EL 
 
 EM 
 
 parliaments in England," 1G63, reprinted 
 1768, and wrote a tract concerning the pro- 
 ceedings in parliament, never published, and 
 other things. 
 
 Elvius, Petei*, a native of Upsal, secre- 
 tary to the Stockholm royal academy of sci- 
 ences, lie was eminent for his knowledge 
 of mathematics and his love of science. Me 
 made surveys of the Swetliiih lakes, and of 
 the coasts of the countrj', besides observa- 
 tions on the heavenlv bodies, from Uraiii- 
 bm-g ; and he constructed also some ingeni- 
 ous machines worked upon by water. He 
 v.i'ote a journal of a tour in Sweden, pub- 
 lished, Stockholm, 1751, He did 1749, aged 
 39. 
 
 Elwes, John, of saving memory, was 
 son of a brewer iu Soiithwark, of the name 
 of Meggot. Though he lost his father when 
 
 'S)0' 
 
 four years old, he was sent to Westminster- j 
 school, where he continued ten or twelve 
 years; from whence he went to Geneva, 
 -where, for three years, he distinguished him- 
 self in dividing the palm of horsemanship 
 t\'ith Mr. Worsley and sir Sydney INIeadows. 
 On his return to F/ngland he visited, in the 
 assumed garb of a miser, his uncle, sir Har- 
 vey Elwes, who lived in Essex, and whose 
 sole pleasure was the hoarding up of money. 
 He afterwards succeeded to his fortune, 
 which was little less than 250,000/. and, 
 agreeable to his will, changed the name of 
 IVIeggot for that of Elwes. He was then 40 
 years old ; but though known, for the last 
 fifteen years, in all the circles of fashion and 
 dissipation in London, he did not, upon the 
 acquisition of such an ample fortune, to 
 ■which indeed his own was equal, launch out 
 into the extravagancies of the times, but fol- 
 lowing his uncle's example, he determined 
 to increase it with all his poAver. He was 
 naturally fond of gaming, and did not give it 
 up till late in life. " He has been known," 
 as his biographer has observed, *' after sit- 
 ting up a w hole night at play, for thousands, 
 in elegant apartments, ornanriented with the 
 most splendid decorations, and with waiters 
 at his call, to walk out about four in the 
 morning, and proceed to Smithfield, to meet 
 his own cattle coming to market from Thoy- 
 don-hall, Essex, where he had a farm. For- 
 getful of the scenes uhich he had just left, 
 this singular man would stand there, often 
 in the cold and rain, disputing with a cai'cass 
 butcher for perhaps a shilling. Sometimes, 
 when the cattle did not arrive at the hour 
 he expected, he v. ould walk on, in tlie mire 
 and dirt, to meet then), and more than once 
 he has gone the m hole way to his farm, 
 without stopping, though seventeen miles 
 from London. Denyinghimself every earth- 
 ly comfort, he would walk home to London 
 in the rain, sooner than pay a shilling for a 
 coach; he would sit in wet clothes, rather 
 than have a fire to dry them ; he would eat 
 his provisions in the last state of putrefac- 
 tion, sooner than have a fresh joint from the 
 butcher ; and he wore a wig for a fortnight, 
 which I," says the biographer, " saw him 
 pick up from a rut in a lane." Yet when 
 
 this inordinate passion of saAing did not in- 
 terfere, he lerformed very kind offices, and 
 even went a great way to serve those who 
 applied to him. In 1774, when aged sixty, 
 he Avas elected member for Berkshire, and 
 for tAveive years served the county, the 
 most independent man in the house of com- 
 mons. He came in Avithout expense, and 
 therefore expected no favor, and voted as in 
 the purest days of parliamentary represen- 
 tation. Jn 1788 he began to feel the infir- 
 mities of age, but Avitli the strongest antipa- 
 thy to the di'ugs and pills of apothecaries, 
 he endeavored to sup[>ort life by regular 
 exercise and by temperance. In November 
 1789 nature seemed exhausted, and no lon- 
 ger able to walk, he crept into his bed on 
 the l21yt, and on the 26th expired, Avithout a 
 groan, leaving besides entailed estates at 
 Alarcham, I»erks, in Essex, &c. upwards ot 
 500,0'3OZ. to his natural sons. Though, Iioav- 
 ever, so fond of money, he never di<l an un- 
 just action to increase his store. He was 
 cruel to himself, and benevolent to others. 
 To others he lent much, to himself he de- 
 nied every thing. 
 
 Ei.XAi, or Elxjeus, founder of a sect 
 among the Jews in the second century, com- 
 manded his fol'oAvers, Avhenever tliey pray- 
 ed, always to direct tlieir faces towards Je- 
 rusalem. As he Avas an enemy to continence, 
 he obliged all foUoAvers to marry. This sect 
 spread around Jordan, Palestine, and Ara- 
 bia, Avas not extinct till the 4th century. 
 
 E L Y o T, Thomas. Vid. Eliot, 
 
 Elys, Edm«nd, a natiA'e of Devonshire, 
 educated at Baliol college, Oxford, where 
 he became felloAv, and published some divine 
 poeiTis and miscellanea, in Latin and English 
 verse, 1G58. In 1659 he succeeded his father 
 as rector of East Allington, Devonshire, from 
 which he was afterwards ejected as a non- 
 juror. He was a man of extensive learning. 
 His pamphlet against Tillotson's sermons on 
 the incarnation, and his volume of lettei's, 
 Avere much admired. He died after 1693. 
 
 Elzevirs, celebrated printers at Am- 
 sterdam and Leyden, inferior to the Ste- 
 phens in learning, but superior to them in 
 the neatness and elegance of their small 
 characters. There were five brothers, Lcav- 
 is, Bonaventure, xVbraham, Lewis, and Dan- 
 iel. LeAvis became known at Leyden 1595, 
 and was tlie first who marked the distinc- 
 tion bctAveen v consonant and u vowel. Dan- 
 iel, though he left some children in his pro- 
 fession, Avas the last of his family distinguish- 
 ed over other printers. He died 1C81. The 
 catalogue of their editions was printed at 
 Amstei'dam 1674, 12iiio. Their ^'irgil, 
 Terence, and Greek testament, are most 
 beautiful and valuable books. 
 
 Emanuel succeeded John II, as king of 
 Portugal 1495, and distinguished iiimself by 
 the liberal manner in Avhich he pati'onised 
 commercial adventures among his subjects. 
 Their ancient privileges were restored to 
 the nobility ; and, by the persevering bold- 
 ness of the Portuguese, the way to India by 
 the Cape Avas discovered by Gama ; Brafif 
 
EM 
 
 EM 
 
 was visited in 1501 by Cahral, and a I'c^nlar 
 intercouise was esUldislicd witli tlic kinj;;- 
 dom of Congo and the other states on the 
 African coast. 'I'his populat- inonarch, de- 
 servedly calleil the tjrcat, dicil 1.''>'JI, a^ed 
 fifty-three. 
 
 KmebrA-ET, a I'loniish painter, who, af- 
 ter living some time al Itonie, seUhd at Aiil- 
 • >verp, and at'quired distinction in landscape 
 painting- His best piece is in the church of 
 the CarnieUtes at Antwerp, He lived in the 
 middle of tlie 17th century. 
 
 Emeri, Sebastian, an advocate in the 
 parliament of Paris, in the 10th century, 
 known for his independent spirit in refusing 
 to defend the duchess of Angoideme against 
 tfie constable of Boiirbon. His severe sa- 
 tire against Poyet, afterwards chancellor of 
 France, who espoused Iier cause, procured 
 liis banishment iVum court. He retired in 
 disgust to a monastery, where lie died, devot- 
 ed to tlie services of religion. 
 
 Emerson, William, an eminent mathe- 
 Tnatician, born, 14th May ITOl, at Hurworth, 
 in the county of Durham. He for a while 
 followed the profession of his father as school- 
 master ; but, cither from dislike to the em- 
 ployment, or warmlli of temper, lie resign- 
 ed it, and lived satisiied with u sinall pater- 
 nal estate of about GO/, or 70/. a year. His 
 mind had been well cultivated. He was not 
 only a general scholar, but well skilled in 
 •classical learning, and knew something of 
 physic. With a noble independence of mind, 
 his manners, as well as his dress and conver- 
 sation, were singular and eccentric. His 
 dress, when in company, consisted of a flax- 
 en wig %vithout a single crooked hair in it; 
 Ijis shirt liad no opening before, but button- 
 ed close at the collar behind ; his waistcoat 
 always open before, e.\cept the lower but- 
 ton; and his coat, the only one he had, al- 
 "v^ays open ; with one hat, wliich served him 
 the whole of life, as lie gradually lessened 
 the flaps, bit by bit, as it lost its elasticity. 
 He always walked, though he kept a horse; 
 and when pressed by the duke of Manches- 
 ter, Avho often was delighted to pay him a 
 visit, to get into his coach, he would answer, 
 *' Damn your whim-wham, 1 Inid rather 
 walk." When he had any thing for the 
 press, lie walked to I..ondon, and cor- 
 rected every sheet himself. He was very 
 fond of fishing, and generally stood up to his 
 middle in the water while engaged in it. Af- 
 ter hard study he retired to the ale-house 
 for relaxation, and there procured Avhom- 
 ever he could to drink and to talk with him. 
 He was a married man. He lived very heal- 
 thy, till 1781, when, being afflicted with the 
 stone, and apprehending his dissolution, he 
 sold all his books to a York bookseller. He 
 expired 2Cth May 1782, aged near 81. His 
 pubhcations were sixteen in number, and all 
 on' mathematics, fluxions, algebra, optics, 
 iKUngation, and mechanics. They are con- 
 sidered as very learned and accurate, as he 
 never advanced a proposition before he had 
 tirst tried it in practice. 
 ■ !l^MiLiANO, John, an Italian philosopher 
 
 and physician, of the lOth ci-ntury, author 
 of a tract pidilished at N enice, 1.584, 4to. 
 called historia naturalis de ruminantibus et 
 runiinatione. 
 
 I'^i.M i.Y.N', Thomas, a learned English di- 
 vine. He was born at .Stamford, Lincoln- 
 shire, 27th May l(»i"i.5, .ind educated by his 
 parents for the iniiu>liy anuing the dissen- 
 ters. After being at a [irivate school, he en- 
 tered at Enranuel colb u;e, Cainbriflge, uhere 
 however he staid little time, and I'emovcrl 
 to l>jolitlle's academy, ncai* London. He 
 became, iii 108.3, cha[»lain to the countess of 
 Donegal, and went over to IJelfaHt in Ire- 
 land, and lived in her family even after her 
 marriage to sir William l-'/anklin. He was 
 here so much respected anfl beloved that his 
 l)atron sir William offered liim a living in 
 England, v.hich he I'efused, in consequence 
 of liis ad!ier>:'iice to the noncoTd'onnists doc- 
 trines. The troubles of Ireland, however, 
 soon put an cr.d to his peaceful retirement, 
 and these, together with some domestic 
 quarrels, occasioned the breaking up of lady 
 Donegal's family, so that Endyn returned to 
 London about 1G88. Though he occasional- 
 ly officiated, he acquired no permanent set- 
 tlement till may 1G89, when, on the invita- 
 tion of sir Robert liicli, one of the lords of 
 the admirality, he undertook the care of a 
 dissenting congregation at Leostoff Here 
 he continued about a year arid a half, and 
 applied himself to the examination of the 
 then warmly disputed trinitarian controver- 
 sy. With Manning, a neighboring noncon- 
 formist, he deeply studied the subject; but 
 he did not agree with his friend in embrac- 
 ing Socinian doctrines, but inclined in opin- 
 ion to Arianism. The flight of James IT. 
 from Ireland allowed the dissenters to re-es- 
 tablish their regular congregations, and Em- 
 lyn, who was well known as a preacher in 
 Dublin, was invited to settle there by his 
 friend Boyse, and to share with him the la- 
 bors of the ministry over his congregation 
 in Wood-street. Emlyn consented, and iu 
 1691 removed to Dublin, and three years af- 
 ter he married a ricli widow of the name of 
 Bury. In this active scene he displayed 
 great powers of eloquence as a preacher ; 
 he was universally followed ; and he insur- 
 ed, the ])ublic esteem by his fliscourses, es- 
 pecially by that pathetic sermon called fun- 
 neral consolations, which he delivered in 
 consequence of his wife's death. This event, 
 which happened 1701, and was followed by 
 the death of his mother, and soon after of a 
 son, aflected Idm most bitterly; but to do- 
 mestic calamities was now to be added pub- 
 lic persecution. His opinions with respect 
 to the Trinity began to be suspected by some 
 of the neighboring ministers, and he openly 
 declared his sentiments, and after much dis- 
 putation he was suspended from liis office, 
 and persuaded abruptly to leave the coun- 
 try. He came in consequence to London, 
 where he published his case ; but, after ten 
 weeks' absence, he determined to return to 
 Dublin to his family, and there roused the 
 indignation and the animosity of all parties 
 
EM 
 
 EN 
 
 iigainsthim by the publication of Iits *' hum- 
 ble iuqnii-} into tlie scripture account of Jf- 
 fus Christ, or a shci't argument conccrniiifij 
 Iiis dt'ity anil gloiy, accordiiig to the gospel." 
 Tills bt!ok, whicli, 'iliatever were its ir.vv- 
 its or demerits, ouglit to have been candid- 
 ly examined, drew tirj arm ot the law upou 
 itsautlioi'. He was arrested at the instance 
 of the dissenters, liis book was seized, and 
 ]ie Mas tried, and found giiiity of biasphe- ' 
 lucKisly asserting that Jesus Chi-istwas not 1 
 equal to God the Father, to whom he was 
 subject, and that with a seditious intention. 
 He was acijordiiigly sentenced by (he lord 
 chief justice to sutler a year's impiisonment, 
 to pay a fine of lOOOJ. to t!ie queen, and be 
 confined till paid, and to lind sureties for his 
 future gotxl beliavior. The ignominy of the 
 piilury w as not added to this sentence, as he 
 ■was a man of letters; but he was conducted 
 vourid the four courts to be exposed with a 
 label on his breast. After two years' con- 
 finement the fine %vas reduced to 701. and he 
 ivas liberated. He returned to London, 
 ivhere he occasionallj- preached among the 
 dissentei's ; hut by the death of some of 
 his friends and supporters, his congregation 
 vas diminished, and at last he retired to 
 peaceful solitude, v, here he engaged him- 
 self in polemical divinity. He was cTi^aged 
 with several divines in erutroversy about va- 
 rious parts of .scripture, especially about tho 
 autlicnticity of the 7tli verse of St. John's 
 .'5th chapter 1st epistle, whiali he maintkined 
 to be surreptitious ; an opinion which sever- 
 al learned men have adopted. Though his 
 enemies were numerous, yet lie had sever- 
 al Invitations to take an active part in tho 
 ministry, particidarly at Exeter; hot all 
 these he rejected, satisfied with his retire- 
 inent, and the partial assistance which he 
 occasionally gave his friends. He was much 
 esteemed by Dr. Samuel Clarke, who visiteil 
 liim with real friendship and undisguised 
 confidence. Emiyn died 30th J^dy 174.3, 
 aged 7[). He was buried in Runhiil-fields, 
 and his funeral sermon was preacjud In his 
 friend Mr. Forster, and he is represented 
 as ** one of tlie highest exarpples of substan- 
 tial unaftlcted pict}', of serious i-atiotnd ije- 
 yotion, of a steady unshaken integrity, and 
 an undaunted christian courage." His m rit- 
 ing.s, which arc namerous, and on contro- 
 versial subjects, are even now held in esti- 
 rnntion by some, who have embraced his 
 opinions as an unitarian or high arian. Some 
 memoirs of his life were also published by 
 his son, Soilom EmIyn, in 174G, prefixed to 
 ^ collection of his works, 2 vols. 8vo. Sol- 
 lorn Endyu was a counsellor, and edited lord 
 Hale's history of the pleas of the crown, '2 
 vf)Is. folio, 1731, and died }75t''>. His son, 
 Thorny, is a barrister, and fellow of the 
 yoyal spcietj'. 
 
 i'-.MMA, daughter of Richard H. duke of 
 Normandy, raari'ied Ethcidred king ct' Eng- 
 land, with whom she fied, on the invasion 
 of the IX;\ncs. She afterwards married Ca- 
 putc; and when her son Edward, called the 
 ^qntpssorj ascended the throne, she reigned 
 
 conjointly with him. Her enemy the earl 
 of Kent opposed her ; and M-hen she appeal- 
 ed for assistance to her relation the bishop of 
 Winchester, she was accused of criminal in- 
 tercourse with that prelate ; a circumstance, 
 fr'om wiiich she extricated herself by walk- 
 ing baiefoot, and unhurt, over nine burning 
 ploughshares, after the niatmer cf the times. 
 
 Emmius, Ubo, a professor of Croningen, 
 born at Gretha, in East Friesland, 1.'j47. 
 He studied successively at Embden, Bre- 
 men, Rostock, and Geneva, and at his re- 
 turn was appointed rector of Nordcn col- 
 lege, l.^7'J. He was however expelled from 
 his office, for refusing to subscribe the con- 
 lession (;f Augsburg, and l.^SH he became 
 r( e.tor of Leer college, which he raised to 
 high eminence and distinction. In 1594 he 
 was a})pointed over Gronirgen college, and 
 when it was changed, in 1014, into an uni- 
 versity, he was selected to be professor of 
 histfjry ami Greek. After a life usefully and 
 Iionorably spent in the service of the public, 
 this worthy and learned man died at Gron- 
 ingen l(i'25, leaving several Bhildrcn by two 
 wives. He was autiior of several works, the 
 most known of which are, Vetus Grsecia il- 
 lustrata, 3 vols. piiblishe<l after his death — 
 history of William Lewis count Nassau — de- 
 cades rerttm Fi-isicarum, &c. — chronological 
 and s;enealos;ical works — vita et sacra cleiisi- 
 uia Davidis, Georgn, 8cc. 
 
 Empedocles, a philosopher of Sicily, 
 v/ho IVdlowed the doctrines of Pythagoras, 
 B. C. 444. He wrote tragedies, he. and re- 
 fused the sovereign power over his country, 
 otlercd him by his fellov/ citizens. Accord- 
 ing to the more received opinion, he threw 
 hiriiself into the crater of mount il^tna. 
 
 Empeueur, a well known French engra- 
 ver, in the 18th century, whose best pieces 
 are, the triumph of Silcnus and the bathers, 
 after Vanloo — Aurora and Tit bonus, and 
 the rape of Eui'opa, after Pierre — Pyran^- 
 us and Thisbe, from Natoirc, &c. 
 
 Emtereuu, Constantino 1', of Oppyck, 
 in Holland, was professor of Hebrew at Ley- 
 den, and died 1G4S, at an advanced age. 
 Mis works arc chiefly translations of .lewish 
 aiul 'i'ah.iudical books, which display deep 
 research and great knowledge of oriential 
 literature. He wrote also de nicnsuris tem- 
 pli, 4to. 1630. 
 
 Em PC i^ I, Jacopo da, an historical painter 
 of Empoli, born 1554. He studied Andrew 
 del Sarto's, works, and rose to great emin- 
 ence. He died 1G40. 
 
 Emporii'S, a learned rhetorician in the 
 7th century. His writings on his art were 
 printed, Paris, IS'J'J, 4to. 
 
 Empson, sir Richard, the favorite of 
 Henry VIL was son of a sieve-maker at 
 Towcester, Northamptonshire. His con- 
 duct in raising the king's revenues, and the 
 oppressions of which he was guilty, render^ 
 ed him unpopular, and in Jie beginning of 
 the next reign, he was i)eheaded, with his 
 friend and coadjutor Dudley, I.SIO. 
 
 Encoepius, the favorite of the emperor 
 Alexander, whoso historv he wrote. The 
 
EN 
 
 KN 
 
 work is not extant, tliougli n tniubliiiioii <.r 
 it was iiitroducod to the world li)- 'I'liotijas 
 Eliot, ill llic rcivjii of lleiiiy \ 111. wlm .said 
 he h.id obtained the original Circek niaiiii- 
 :;frii)t IVoni a Xnipolitan calli <1 I'mlcrif. it 
 is liow over considt'rcd as an inii>nsiiioii ni»oi( 
 llie puhlic, prohably attcinjilcd in coiise- 
 • (Uciiec of tlie sucic-ss of tlie similar liand 
 of liuo\"ara, who jfriteiidi'd tr» j^ive the lil-; 
 of ^laixus Aurclius taken Irom an ol<l Jiian- 
 uycrii>t. 
 
 Enficld, William, a native of Sndhury, 
 educated at liavt-ntry, under Dr. Asliworlli, 
 and iiiauc in ITCo the minister of a disscnt- 
 iiij; congregation in Liverpool. He was in 
 irrO tutor in belles lettres to tlie Warring;- 
 ton aeademy, and afterwards, in 178."i, set- 
 tled as pastor of a dissenting niei'linij at 
 Norwich, vvliere he died, 1797, aged 5C. 
 Jle published two volumes of sei'inons, of 
 eoi«c;idera])lc iDcrIt — an history of i^iverpool 
 — -instUutes o( natural philoKophy — prayeis 
 and hymns — an history of philosophy, '2 vols. 
 4to. — luDgrapliical serr.ioiiS — the si)L'aker, a 
 popular school book — and, since his death, 
 .3 vols, of sermons have appeared, with his 
 life by Dr. Aikin. 
 
 ExGEL,nRECHT, John, a (German Lu- 
 theran, born at Brunswick 1.t99. After 
 working as a clotliier, lie became, in IG2'2, a 
 fanatical visionary, and gained the attention 
 of the vulgar iiy his pretended intercourse 
 with spirits, angels, and dc\il.s, and even 
 ■with Christ himself, who, as he said, siiOMcd 
 liim his fiv(j holy v.ounds. As heaven and 
 hell were thus open to his view, he received 
 divine letters from above, and was called the 
 moutli of the Lord, lie died, neglected and 
 despised, in Ifiil. His doctrines have been 
 revived by Swedcnborg, -who appears to 
 have been a more rational, though equally 
 eccetitric fanatie. 
 
 ExcHEi.BKzcHTSEN-, Comelius, a pain- 
 ter, born atLcyden 1 i9S. He studied ihe 
 works of John Van Eyck, and was the first 
 Dutcliman who painted in oil. His Christ on 
 the cross, his Ai)rahain's saerilicc, and his 
 descent Irom the cross, are preserved in the 
 church of Notre Dame du Marais; but his 
 best piece is a picture uilh two sides, de- 
 signed for the tombs of the barons Lock- 
 horst, representing the lamb of the apoca- 
 lypse. This great painter died at Leyden 
 1533, aged 03. 
 
 ExGH ELK A.MS, Comcllus, R painter in 
 water colors, born at Malines 13'27. His 
 ■works, which are on religious subject?!, arc 
 scattered about (iermany ; but his pi-iiuipal 
 pieces arc in tlie church of St. llombout, rej)- 
 resenling the works gf mertv. He died 
 15 S3, aged 56. 
 
 E.vcHiEN, duke of, son of the duke of 
 Bourbon, and gramlson of tlie prince of 
 Conde was siezed in the night at his seat at 
 Ettenheim, in the territories of the elector 
 of Baden, by an armetl force, by direction 
 of Bonaparte, and hurried to Paris. This 
 atrocious .step was followed by a mock trial, 
 and the prince condemned for having carri- 
 ed arms against his country during the tyran- 
 
 nical reign of liobespicrrc. The scnteute 
 of his jiiilges was currii-d into e.v«tii*loii in 
 thf iiigiil of Ihe '2'Jd of .March 180i, and he 
 was bhot in the wootl of Viiicciiiies. lie <li- 
 <'d vciiTi heroic re:.igiialio1i, and rejoiced in 
 his i:iH moments that the soldiers wjio shot 
 hiiu were ii<jt i'renchinen, hut the jncrcina- 
 ry hifeliiij^s of the body guard of iiis bio(»dy 
 ninrdii-er. 
 
 Enolish, He.ster, a Jrcnchwoniau by 
 descent, was eminent tor fnie writing in the 
 reigns ol Elizabcih rind Ja'nes I. Her per- 
 formances are preser\ed m libraries and 
 private hamio. tJne of her pieces was pre- 
 served liy Mr. Cripps, surgeon, London, cal- 
 led, " Octoiiaires upon the vanitie aii<l in- 
 Coiihtancie of the v^orld, written by Ester 
 Iiiglis, the firste of .lanuarie IGOO." It is au 
 oblong Svo. f rench and Engli.di verse, the 
 Ernie h in a priid hand, the English, Italian 
 or secretary, cuiiour.ly ornamented with Hov- 
 ers anrl fruits, painted i:i water colors, con- 
 taining on I he first leaf her own picture in a 
 small form, with the motto, " de Dieu ie 
 bien, de moy Ic rien." At the age of 4f), 
 she married Baitholomew Kello, a North 
 Britf)u, !))• whom siie had a son, educated at 
 O.xtord, and mIio died 170t), minister of 
 Speckshall, Sufioik. One of her \ISS. pre- 
 served in the Bodleian, is de«licatcd to her 
 very singular friend Josepli Hall, bishop of 
 Norwich. 
 
 ExjEDiM, George, an ingenious unitari- 
 an of Hungary, who died 1507. He wrote a 
 learned book, called explicatiolocorum scrip, 
 turse vcttM-is et novi testamenti, ex quibus 
 dogma Trinitatis stabiliri solct, 4to. 
 
 Ex NIL'S, Quintus, a famous old Latin po- 
 et, born in Calabria about '237 B. C He was 
 the firpt Roman w ho wrote in heroic verst. 
 His poems have perished. 
 
 Enxodius, Magnus Felix, an eminent 
 writer, born in Italy about 473. The loss of 
 an aunt, at the age of 16, reduced him to 
 poverty, from which he was relieved by mar- 
 rying a lady of fortune and quality. He af- 
 terwards altered his mode of life, an»l took 
 orders ; and his lady also retired to the se- 
 clusion of a religious life. His writings rais- 
 ed his reputation, and in all he was advan- 
 ced to the bishopric of Pavia, and was after- 
 wards engaged to p.egotiate an union be- 
 tween the western and eastern churches. 
 Thougli unsuccessi'ul, he disjilayed great 
 prudence as a negotiator. He diet! at Padua 
 521. His works were published by Scottus 
 at Tournay 10 10, and at Paris by Sirmond 
 1611, with notes to illustrate the history of 
 the age of the author. Another edition was 
 published in IG'JG at Paris, and one at Ve- 
 nice 1729, folio. 
 
 Enoch, son of .Tared, and the seventh 
 from Adam, is celebrated in tlie holy scrip- 
 tures for his integrity and virtues, for which 
 he was taken up to heaven without tlying, B. 
 C. 3017, in the 365th year of his age. The 
 prophesies of Enoch are preserved, but are 
 regarded as apocryi)hal. 
 
 ExsEXADA, Zeno Some de Silva, mar- 
 quis de !a, au able minister of Spain. From 
 
EO 
 
 EP 
 
 obscurity and tlie office of a book-keeper to 
 a banker, he rose to places of honor and 
 trust; ami being ennobled by the king:, took 
 the name of Ensenada {notI}J.nff in itsQlf,) ci- 
 ther from modesty or from laudable ostenta- 
 tion. He was intimate with I'arinelli, wlio, 
 like l:imseir, had risen from obscurity to con- 
 sequence ; and when dismissed from oftice, 
 by the intrigues of the duke of Huescar, his 
 friend had tlie boldness to roiiect upon the 
 ^severity of the measure in tlie presence of 
 the queen. Thougli never reinstated in the 
 ofiice and influence of prime miuistei', he 
 3'et retni'.ied in privacy the esteem and good 
 nill of his sovereign. He died 1755. 
 
 Ext, George, an ingenious physician, 
 born at Saadwicli, Ker.t, 6th November 
 1604, and educated at Sydney college, Cam- 
 bridge. He afterwards travelled, took his 
 degree of M. 1). in Padua, and at his return 
 Jiome was elected fellow, and afterwards 
 president, of the college of physicians, and, 
 at the restoration, kniglited by Charles II. 
 He died in London J3ih October 1G8G, and 
 ^ was buried in St. Lawrence church, Jewry. 
 He was eminent not only for extensive 'prac- 
 tice, but great learning. As the friend of 
 Harvey, lie wrote apol'^gia ])ro circulatione 
 sanguinis, contra iEmilium Parisanum, 8vo. 
 3041 — animadversiones in ]Malacliiffi Thrus- 
 toni, M. D. diatribam de respirationis usu 
 primarJo, Svo. — & observationes ponderis 
 testudinis, &c. 
 
 Entick, John, an English clergyman, 
 and school-master at Stepney, well known 
 as the author of a Latin and of a spelling 
 dictionary". He also wrote a history of the 
 war terminated in 1763, 5 vols. Svo. and a 
 liistory of London, 4 vols. Svo. abridged 
 from Stow and Maitland, and other works. 
 He died 1780 and Avas buried in Stepney 
 church-vard. 
 
 ExTixoPE, an architect of Candia, in 
 the 5th century, one of the chief founders of 
 Venice. He fled from the invasion of the 
 Goths, in 405, and concealed himself in the ! 
 marshes on the borders of the Adriatic, and 
 the house he built there was the beginning 
 of the republic. The people of Padua sought 
 the same residence afterwards, and twenty- 
 Ibiu' houses were erected there in 413. The 
 house of Entinope avp.s afterwards conver- 
 ted into a church, dedicated to St. James, 
 and still exists in the liialto. 
 
 Ex7.ix.\s, Francis, a native of Burgos, 
 1515, known also by the name of Dryander 
 and du Chesne. He became a disciple of 
 Melancthon, and at Wittemberg turned 
 protestant, as his brotlier, John Dryander, 
 had done. He translated the new testament 
 into Spanish, for which he was im])risoned 
 fifteen months ; and escaping from imprison- 
 ment, he fled to Calvin at Geneva, 1545. He 
 wrote a history of the Low Countries, aud 
 of Spain, which forms part of the protestant 
 martyrology printed in Germany. His 
 brother was burnt at Home as a heretic, 
 1545. 
 
 EoBAN'us, Elias, surnamed Hessus, as 
 born in an open field near Hesse, 1418, was 
 professor of be!!e.=: tettres at Erfurt, Nurem- 
 
 berg, and Marpurg. Though a good poe?, 
 an elegant scholar, and a learned man, he 
 was very fond of drinking, and he is said to 
 have conquered a hard German drinker by 
 emptying a bucket of beer. He possessed all 
 the case and elegance of Ovid, though he 
 was inferior in imagination. He died Octo- 
 ber 5, 1540, aged 52. His works are, Latin 
 translations, in verse, from Theocritus and 
 from Homer — elegies — sylvte, — bucolics, 
 much esteemed — epistolse, bic. The poems 
 were published under the name of Poema- 
 tiim farragines duse, Halle, 1539, Svo. and 
 Fi-ankfort 1564, Svo. 
 
 Eon, de I'Etoile, a fanatic of Britany. 
 Taking advantage of his name, he thought 
 himself the son of God, and the judge of 
 quick and dead, per eiini qui justificatuinis 
 est vivos et mortuos. He gave rank to his 
 followers, calling some angels and some in- 
 ferior spirits ; and as he bribed those who 
 were sent to seize him, it was considered 
 by the vulgar that it was impossible to ap- 
 prehend him. He was brought before pope 
 Eugenius at the council of Itheims in 1148, 
 and pretended, that when he held up to 
 heaven the forked stick in his hand, two 
 thirds of the world were under the power 
 of God, and the other of himself, and when 
 he turned the stick to the earth, that his 
 authority extended over two parts and that 
 of God only over one. He died wretched iu 
 prison, and some of his followers chose to 
 be burnt rather than abjure. 
 
 EoN DE Beaumont, Charlotte-Gene- 
 vieve-Timothee d', a native of Tonnerre sur 
 Armen^on, born 5th October 1728. She 
 was brought up as a boy by her parents, 
 Avho wished at her birth to have a son, and, 
 after going through the labors of a school 
 and college education, she was recom- 
 mended to the court, and sent three times 
 as ambassador to Russia. She afterwards 
 served in the army under marshal Broglio, 
 and behaved with unusual courage, and 
 after the peace of 1762, she was sent as 
 secretary to the embassy in London, and 
 also succeeded as ambassador. A wager de- 
 termined her sex in London, and before the 
 king's bench she declared hei'self to be a 
 woman. The pension she had received was 
 continued by the French king, but on con- 
 dition she assumed the dress of her sex. Thi? 
 extrjiordinary woman died in 1790. She 
 published tracts relative to the negotiations 
 in which she had been engaged. 
 
 Epaminondas, a Theban general of 
 great celebrity. He defeated the Spartans 
 at the battle of Leuctra, and afterwards fell 
 nol)ly at Mantinea, B. C. 363. 
 
 Epaptiroditus, a bishop of Philippi, 
 who carried tlie contributions of his counti*y 
 to the saints of Jerusalem, and brought 
 back St. Paul's epistle to his church, A, 
 D. 62. 
 
 Epee, Charles Michael de 1', a French 
 ecclesiastic, celebrated for his'most humane 
 efforts to restore tlie deaf and dumb to the 
 blessings atul the enjoyment of society. By 
 his salutary instruction, these unfortunate 
 members of the community have been able 
 
EP 
 
 EP 
 
 to acquire li»e knowled^je of even six dilTor- 
 ent languages, they have hecome prrtfoiuid 
 mathcnuiticiaiis, and ready calculators. This 
 ^^orthy an«l most heuevolei>t man, after re- 
 ceiving tile most h()noral)le marks of eslt:ein 
 and gratitude from the empress of liussia, 
 the emperor of (lermaiiy, the king of 
 Prance, and the whohr of Kurope, (hetl at 
 I'aris, Fchruary i7'J0. lie was succeeded 
 ill liis l)enevolent institution hy i'ahhc Sicarcl. 
 
 Ephorus, an lustoi-ian of Cnni.t, the 
 pupil of Jsocrates. lUsuorksare lost. 
 
 Ephraim, son of Joseph, was adopted, 
 with his brother Manasseh, among the Irihes 
 of Jacob. He was born in Egypt about 1710 
 B.C. 
 
 Epurem, St. a father of the cinirch, horn 
 at Edessa, or Nisibis according to some. I I'e 
 devote<l himself to (he monastic life, and rc- 
 fuseil to be a bishop. He wrote several 
 books in Syriac, which arc liighly esteemed. 
 They have been translated, and were edited 
 at Oxford, in folio, 170S. Ephrem was a 
 Tuan of great charity, and of uncommon 
 chastity, so that he would not even fix his 
 eyes upon a woman. He died 378, and or- 
 dered the monks who attended him to keep 
 his garments as relicts, but to bury him witli- 
 out funei'al pomp. His works were edited 
 at Rome, 1747, G vols. fol. 
 
 Epicharmus, a Pythagorean bishop of 
 Cos, said to have invented the letters © and 
 X. He died aged 97. 
 
 Epicie, an eminent French engraver. 
 His pieces in the cabinet de Crozat are liigh- 
 ly esteemed ; but his finest performance is 
 considered to be the bashaw having the pic- 
 ture of his mistress taken, after Carlo Ven- 
 loo. The heads in this piece are most beau- 
 tifully engraved. The time of his death is 
 unknown. 
 
 Epictetus, a stoic philosopher, horn at 
 Hierapolis in Phrygia. He wrote, in the 
 age of Domitian, Enchii-idion, a woi-k aboun- 
 ding in excellent rules of morality, transla- 
 ted from the Greek by Mrs. Carter. 
 
 Epicurus, founder of the sect which 
 bore his name, was born at Gargettus, near 
 Athens, 342 B. C. His sumnuim bonum 
 Avas pleasure, but pleasure Y'J'oducerl and 
 tempered hy virtue, a .system which has 
 been much misrepresented and abused. He 
 died aged 73. 
 
 Epimenides, a poet of Crete, said to 
 have slept at one time fifty years. 
 
 Epiphanius, a father of the church, 
 bishop of Salamis. He died 403. 
 
 Epiphanius, a writer of the Clh centu- 
 ry, who translated the histories of Socrates, 
 Sozomen, and Theodoret. 
 
 Epiphanius, son of Carpocratcs, was 
 the author of a heresy. He supported the 
 necessity of a community of women, and at- 
 tempted to vindicate some of his opinions 
 from the words of St. Paul, Avliich mention 
 that before the law there was no sin. He 
 was after death revered as a saint, and 
 had a temple at Sama in Cephelenia conse- 
 crated to him. 
 Episcopius, Simon, an able divine, born 
 
 of protest-xnt parents at Amsf.^rdam, i:,&3, 
 and educated there arid at Leyden. Durinj;- 
 the controversy between Gomarus and Ar- 
 miuius about predestination, he embraced 
 life opinions of llie latter, and wa^j consc- 
 <|U«iitly exposed to persecution and obloffuy, 
 '■'uti considered ui the public di^Liirbcr* 
 of the church. He was ordained 'in loll,*, 
 and two years after was appointed 
 divinity profes.sor .-^l Leyden, in the vuov.i 
 of (iomai'us. In 1Ij15 he went to Paris; 
 but tliis journey, undeitaken for jiurposes 
 of curirjsity, was viewed Mith suspicion by 
 his enemies, ancl he was on his return accu- 
 sed of concert ing with father Cotton tl»e 
 ruin of the prolestant church and the Uni- 
 ted States. He was conse'iuently oblijjjcii to 
 appear before the sj nod at Dort, and be- 
 cause he and his friends refused to submit l'» 
 the autliorily of arbitr.xry judges, they were 
 <leposed from their functions, and banished 
 from the territories of the coranujuwefllh. 
 He retired to Antwerp, and in his banish- 
 ment employed his pen in the support of 
 his opinions, and in severe attacks upon the 
 popish tenets. He afterwards visited Paris ; 
 and in the revolutions of party zeal and reli- 
 gious persecution he was again permitted to 
 return to Hollaml, in 1G26, where he be» 
 came minister of the remonstrants' church 
 at Rotterdam. In IG'27 he married, and in 
 1C34 he was chosen rector of the college 
 founded by his sect at Amsterdam. He died 
 4th April 1643, of a retention of urine, a 
 di-eadful disorder, which liad two yeurs be- 
 fore carried off his wife. As the moon was 
 under an eclipse at the moment of his death, 
 his friends, in tJie wildness of their grief, 
 considered it as tlie emblem of the church, 
 which lost its brightest light b}' the depar- 
 ture of that shining luminan' Episcopius. 
 Though a man of great learning and vast 
 erudition, Episcopiusdid not always actwitk 
 that humiiit}- of temper and moderation so 
 becoming a chi-istian. His character w*as 
 highly respected by Grotius, who always 
 cai'ricd with him his tlieoiogic.Tl institutions; 
 and even Mabiilon, tJiough a papist, has spo- 
 ken mtich in his commendation. As an Ar- 
 minian, and the leader of the remonstrants, 
 he was engaged in severe controversies, in. 
 whicti he displayed commanding eloquence 
 and ardent zeal. His works have appeared 
 in 2 vols, folio, the first published in his life- 
 time, and the last after his death, under the 
 care of I.imborch, who had married his 
 brother's daughter. 
 
 Eppzndouf, Ilenrv, a German noble, 
 Avho acquired celebrity i)y his dispute with 
 Erasmus. He was borujiear Friburg, a city 
 of Misnia, and though he boasted of his no- 
 bility, he was the son of a plebeian. He re- 
 flected with vulgar severity on the illegiti- 
 mate birth of Erasmus, who in his turn re- 
 torted against his adversary and censured 
 him for his petulcnce, falsehood, and defa- 
 mation. The interference of friends at last 
 produced a reconciliation, but it was mo- 
 mentary, and a war of letters arose more 
 fierce and inveterate than ixrforc. Thp?»- 
 
ER 
 
 ER 
 
 tilings are to belfimented in tlic life of men 
 Qi" litei"ary merit and ciiristian virtue, but 
 too many unfortunatelr tbi'i;;et their charac- 
 ter and profession while intent to repel or 
 aven!>e an injury. The tim-e of Eppendorfs 
 deatii is not recorded* 
 
 Erasis TRATUS, a Creek physician, 
 known for discovering the passion which 
 Antioeluis had conceived fT)r his niother-in- 
 hiw. fie is said to have First dissected hu- 
 man bodies. 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius, a most ilhistrious 
 character in ll«? republic of literature, antl in 
 the cause of ri'iigion, was l)Orn 28th October 
 1467, at Roltordam. Ills father (ierard, wiio 
 lived at Tei'gou, fell in love with Margax'et 
 uaUffhter of Peter a physician of Luvciiher- 
 ^t-ii, and after mutual promises of marriage, 
 Avhich were never realized, the Covers for^-ot 
 themselves in criminal intercourse, and gave 
 birth to two sons. One of these died early, 
 and the other was called Cerard after fiis 
 father, a name which he exchanged for I)e- 
 siderius, which in Latin signiiies the same as 
 Gerard in Dutch, that is, amiable. The con- 
 duct of Gerard gaTC such uneasiness to his 
 relations that they determined to make him 
 an ecclesiastic, but he fled from tiieir pur- 
 suits to Rome, where he maintained himself 
 by transcribing ancient authors. In this dis- 
 tant retreat he was falsely informed by his 
 friends that his beloved Margaret was no 
 more, and in despair he devoted himself to 
 that profession, to avoid which he had aban- 
 doned his home, and became a priest. On 
 his return to Tergou, however, he was aston- 
 ished to find his Margaret alive, but dis- 
 pleased as he was with the meanness of his 
 .relations, and attached by the tenderest feel- 
 ings to the first object of his love, he abstain- 
 ed from all improper intercourse, and Mar- 
 gjiret herself, faithful to her first vows, led 
 ever after a life of seclusion and celibacy, 
 tjerard now devoted himself to the education 
 of his only son, and saw with admiration the 
 opening of those powers, which, according to 
 Rhenanus t!ie master of Deventer college, 
 ATOuld some time prove the envy and wonder 
 of all Germany. His studies at Deventer 
 where he had for liis friend and fellow-stn- 
 denl pope Adrian \ I. were interrupted by 
 the plague, which proved fatal to his mother, 
 who from excessive attection had accompa- 
 nied her son to this seat of learning. The 
 deatk of Margaret was followed by that of 
 Gerard, who tlu-ough grief could not survive 
 the woman in whom all his aft'ections had 
 centered, and Erasmus now an orphan, war, 
 removed from Deventer to Tergou, about 
 the age of 14, and placed under the care of 
 guardians, who wished to obtain possession of 
 his small patrimony by devoting him to the 
 seclusion of a monasteiy. He was first icnt 
 to a convent at Bois-le-duc, where, as he saj s, 
 he lost 3 years of his life, then removed to 
 Sion near Delft, and afterwards to St(Mn near 
 Tergou, where, overpowered by the unceas- 
 ing solicitations of his guai'dians, he became a 
 regular canon i486. Tu the retreat of a con- 
 vent, which, as he describes, is a place of 
 
 impiety rather than of religion, whei-c evei-'J' 
 thing was done to vv liicli a depraved inclina- 
 tion could lead, under the sanction and mask 
 of piety, and where it was hardly possible for 
 any one to keep himself pure and unspotted, 
 Erasmus could not loH^g be confined He was 
 introduced to Henry a Bergis, archbishop of 
 Cambray, who wanted a learned secretarv 
 on his visit to Home ; but though the journcy 
 was laid aside by the prelate, Erasmus de'- 
 termincd not to return to the convent, but 
 after being ordained priest at Utrecht I4'jl2, 
 he set out for Paris in 1406, to prosecute his 
 studies. To maintain himself he in.structed 
 f,ome {uipils, some of whom were English- 
 men, and auiong them Y\^i!iiam Blunt, lord 
 -Montjoy, who ever after treated him witii 
 respect. In 1497 he left Paris, and was kind- 
 ly rpceived at Cami)ray by the bishop, who 
 hail however violated his promise of support- 
 ing him wlalc in the capital of France. The 
 same year he visited England under the pat- 
 ronage of his pupil lord Montjoy, and he 
 enteied at St. Mary's college, Oxford, Avhere, 
 in the company and conversation of Colet, 
 Grocyn, Linac^r, Latimer, and Moore, he 
 devoted himself to classical studies, and es- 
 pecially to the learning of Greek, which now 
 began to revive in England, and of which he 
 knew nothing. After nearly a yeat''s resi- 
 dence, he returned to Paris, and in conse- 
 quence of the plague which prevailed in that 
 city, he passed to Orleans, and in 1498, com- 
 pleted his Adagia. The kiiulnesses he had 
 experienced in England could never be for- 
 gotten, an<l he again, in 1499, visited for a lit- 
 tle time that country, -which he describes 33 
 abounding with humanity, politenes.s, and 
 learning. His Adagia was published at Pa- 
 ris 1500, and to it he added a panegyric on 
 England, and soon after he printed his book 
 de copia verborum, & dc conscribendis 
 epistolis. But whilst rising in literary fame, 
 and devoted zealously to the cultivation of 
 literature, Erasmus was^poor ; and though he 
 flattered his patrons, he found them indift'e- 
 rent, and frequently regardless of his neces- 
 sities. The prelate of Cambray pretended to 
 be offended with him, lord Montjoy's assist- 
 ance was slow, and from the marchioness of 
 Vere, and Antonius a Bergis, abbot of St. 
 Bertin, he could receive little but fair words 
 aiul unnaeaning promises. It was his inten- 
 tion to study divinity in Italy, but this plan he 
 did not immediately adopt, as in 1.502, he was 
 pursuing theological studies at Louvain, un- 
 der his friend Adrian Florent, afterv.ards 
 Adrian VI. In 1503, he pubUshcd Iiis "En- 
 chiridion militis Christiani," which assailetl 
 the corruptions and the superstition of the 
 Romish church. He had now applied close- 
 ly for three years to the Greek, and he dis- 
 jdayed his pi'oficiency by publishing some 
 translations from Greek authors. One of 
 Plutarch's treatises he dedicated to Henry 
 VIIJ. the Hecuba of Euripides to archbishop 
 Warham, and Lucian's Toxaris to Fox bish- 
 op of "Winchester. He now travelled to Ita- 
 ly, and taking his degree of D D. at Turin, 
 he proceeded to Floreni(}c, and was present 
 
\LR 
 
 ER 
 
 rd the pompous and trinmplial eutiy of pope 
 Julius 11. into the conquered city of Bologna, 
 a ceremony which excited liis surprise and 
 indignation, when he compared the meek en- 
 try ot" the lowly Jesus into Jerusalem, to the 
 splendiil mtignificence of iiis proud vicege- 
 reut. After staying about a year Jit Bologna, 
 he went to Venice^ wliere Aldns printed a 
 new improved edition of his Achigia, and of 
 his trauslulionsfrom I'.uripidcs, Terence, and 
 Plantus. At I'adua he superintended the 
 education of Alcxanrhr tlic natural son of 
 James IV. of Scollaml, then nominally ap- 
 pointed archbishop of Si. Andrew's, lie af- 
 terwards passed to Sienna, and to Rome, 
 where he was received with all the respect 
 and deference due to his merit and learning 
 hy the cardinals and great men of the city. 
 The solicitations which he had to settle there, 
 particularly from th« pope himself and from 
 cardinal (jrimani, were so pressing, that he 
 would have accepted them, had he not pre- 
 viously engaged to return to England. Going 
 back therefore to Sienna, where he had leit 
 his royal pupil, he parted with him at Cu- 
 Ttix, and hail afterwards the misfortune to 
 hear that he had perished in the bloody bat- 
 tle of Flodden field 1513. From Italy, Eras- 
 mus pasjsed through Constance, Brisgau, 
 Strasburg, Holland, and Antwerp, and arri- 
 ved in England in tho beginning of 1510 
 Tliough flattered with expectations, and pro- 
 mised an honorable settlement by his friends, 
 he found himself greatly disappointed, and 
 i'egrctted seriously he had not hxcd his resi- 
 dence at Rome. While in England he lodg- 
 ed in the house of sir Thomas Moore, where 
 in the course of a week he wrote his " enco- 
 mium raorire," in which he lashed the indo- 
 lence and the follies of tlie church of Rome. 
 He afterwards went to Cambridge upon the 
 invitation of Fisher bishop of Rochester and 
 chancellor of the university, by whose recom- 
 mendation he was appointed lady Margaret's 
 divinity professor, and also professor of 
 Greek. How long he continued in these of- 
 fices is not known, he had unfortunately a 
 fondness for wandering, which distracted the 
 plans of his best friends, and the poverty 
 which still persecuted him in the midst ofl)is 
 literary reputation, rendered him easily dis- 
 satisfied with the slow progress of prefer- 
 ment, which, while it frequently falls rapidly 
 on the head of persons of no merit, with 
 difficulty overtakes those whose services have 
 been most active and successful in the cause 
 of science and of virtue. In 1514 Erasmus 
 was in Flanders, and was flattered with the 
 title of counsellor to Charles of Austria at the 
 court of Brabant, and in 1515 Ijc went to 
 Basil, with the intention of printing there 
 his new testament, his epistle of St. Jerome, 
 and other works. The new testament ap- 
 peare»l in 151G, and as itw'as the first time it 
 Avas printed in Greek, it drew upon the edi- 
 tor the envy and the censui-e of ignorant and 
 malevolent divines. But to his labors, per- 
 haps more than to any other man, was learn- 
 ing indebted for its revival. The compre- 
 hensive powers nfhi<5 mind worn omplnved 
 VOL. T'. <S? 
 
 not only m producing before the public cor- 
 rect editions of respectable writers, but 
 in rousing by his VHrious comiiositionB 
 tlie attention and improving the taste ot" 
 mrinkind, after a gloomy period of igno- 
 rance, snpnrstition, bigotry, and persecution. 
 AVIiile thus engaged in the cause ot ru<ra- 
 ture, the opinions of the worM were agitated 
 by the opposition of liUtber to the i)apalau- 
 thority, and the principles of the church of 
 Rome. It was expccteil that Erasmus would 
 have zealously joined tlie reformer, as in his 
 Enchiridion he had ridiculed the popish ce- 
 remonies, and aa he was considi red by ma- 
 ny " to have laid the egg v.hich Luther 
 hatched ;" but though solicited by Luther, he 
 declined to take a share in the dispute, and 
 expressed his hopes that a reconciliation 
 might be effected. This timidity from Eras- 
 mus was agreeable to neither party, who 
 eagerly wished cftch for his great abilities to 
 defencl and support their cause, and there- 
 fore while he pretended on one side to be 
 well affected towards the pope, and on the 
 other hand, commended the conduct and ta- 
 lents of Luther, an»l declared thr.t he learn- 
 ed more from one page of his, than from all 
 the volumes of Thomas Aquinas, he at last 
 found that his wavering disposition exposed 
 him to the odium and persecution of all. In 
 1518 he was invited with offers of great pre- 
 sents from Henry VIII. to settle in England, 
 but he was suspicious of Wolsey, and thank- 
 ed the king in general terms. At last to an- 
 swer the expectations of some of his friends, 
 Erasmus attacked Luther on free Avill, and 
 bestowed high encomium on the book which 
 Henry VHI. had published against the re- 
 former, but these things appeared feeble to 
 the catholics, and the publication of the Col- 
 loquia, provccl that the author had no objec- 
 tion to ridicule the indulgences of the pope, 
 and the vicious follies of his monks. The •, 
 book, though full of wit, and good sense, was 
 afterwards condemned by the faculty o£ the- 
 ology at Paris, and prohibited by the pope. 
 On the succession of Adrian VI. to the chair 
 of St. Peter, Erasmus congratulated liis old 
 friend and school-fellow, but thongh repeat- 
 edly invited by liim to come to Rome, with 
 every offer of patronage and protection, he 
 refused to trust liimself into the hands of men 
 whom he had in his writings and cnnvet.sa- 
 tion offended, and with justice, for he sooa 
 discovered that the advice which he offered 
 about iiealing the dissensions of the ehurch, 
 was received at the Vatican not only with in- 
 difference, but with evident marks of dis- 
 pleasure. The latter part of his life wa^ 
 spent chiefly at Basil, where his laborioug 
 studies, the precarious state o{ his health, 
 and the malevolent reflections of his enemies, 
 ailtcndedtoenfeeble his constitution. Though 
 exasperated by Luther, who in his answer to 
 his book, in a mixture of compliment, seorn, 
 ridicule, and invective, called it ** an excre- 
 ment in a golden dish," and displeased with 
 the philippics of Julius Scaliger against his 
 *' Ciceronianus," he still preserved that neu- 
 trali'^v which either th»' ^ovr" ofcasr, or more 
 
ER 
 
 ER 
 
 properly cowardice, had suggested him to 
 tbllow. It is said that as his liealth declined 
 he was flattered with a cardinal's hat, and 
 with the highest preferment of the coui-t of 
 "llome, which no doubt would have been 
 lavished upon him, but he firmly resisted. 
 lie died at Basil li3th July 1536, aged 69, 
 and was buried there in the cathedral, where 
 a Latin inscription, is placed on his tomb. 
 Basil still retains her respect for the ashes of 
 this great man, the house in which he died 
 is shown with enthusiastic ceremony, and his 
 ca])inet containing his ring, his seal, his 
 sword, knife, pencil, and his will written by 
 himself, and his picture by Holbein, is still 
 visited with veneration by the curious. Rot- 
 terdam also has not forgotten tbe celebrity 
 glic derives from giving birth to her favorite 
 citizen. The house in which he was born is 
 marked out to the admiration of the traveller 
 by a becoming inscription, the college bears 
 the name of P.ra.smus, and a beautiful copper 
 statue erected in lG2tJ, in an open part of the 
 citv, points out with how much pride the in- 
 habitants reckon Erasmus in the number of 
 their fellow-citizens. Tlie person and the 
 manners of Erasmus have been faithfully de- 
 lineated by his friend Beatus Rhenanus, and 
 liis features are most correctly expressed by 
 the pencil of Hans Holbein. Great and re- 
 spectable as t!ie character of lirasmus is, he 
 had his failings. Too fickle in his attach- 
 ments, and irresolute in his opinions, he has 
 been censured by ie Clerc for lukewarmness, 
 timidity, and unfairness in the reformation. 
 Though disgusted with the superstition and 
 hypocrisy of Rome, his meek spirit was 
 equally hurt by the violence and animosity of 
 the reformers, and perhaps to the prejudi- 
 ces of his early education may be ascribed, 
 the conduct he pursued in not warmly em- 
 bracing the tenets of Luther. Indifferent to 
 jjjl the success or jealous of the labors of the re- 
 formers, Erasmus claims the gratitude of 
 posterity by the number and excellence of 
 his wi'itings, in the composition of which he 
 spent a long and laborious life, in opposing 
 ignorance and superstition, and in promoting 
 literature and true piety. His works which 
 are very numerous and wliich display the 
 eloquence and the graces of Cicei'o, Avere 
 correctly published in 10 vols, folio, by la 
 Clerc. The life of Erasmus has been given 
 to the world by Dr. Jortin. 
 
 Erastus, Thomas, a physician and di- 
 vine, born at Baden 1524. lie was educated 
 at Basil, and afterwards studied at Bologna, 
 and after 10 years spent in Italy he returned 
 to his native country. He practised physic 
 with great rei)utation at Henneberg, and at 
 the court of Frederic III. elector palatine, 
 and became professor of physic at Heidelberg 
 university. The disputes about the real pre- 
 sence at the sacrament engaged his pen, and 
 he attended the conference held on the sub- 
 ject between the divines of Wirtemberg and 
 the palatinate, and he eloquently maintained 
 that the v.ords flesh and blood are to be used 
 metaphorica!!}-. He retired to Basil after- 
 wards, where he died 31st December 1583. 
 
 Of his hooks on divinity the best known is 
 " de excommunicatione ecclesiastica," pub- 
 lished after his decease, which was attacked 
 by various divines, who wished to maintain 
 that tbe censures of the church extended be- 
 yond this life. 
 
 Erastosthenes, a Greek philosopher 
 of Cyrene, librai'ian at Alexandria. He first 
 discovered the method of measuring the 
 earth's circumference, and diedB. C. 194. 
 
 Erchembekt, a Lombard, in the ninth 
 centuiy, who trom a soldier became a bene- 
 dictine monk, and retired to the monastery ofe" 
 Monte Cassino. He wrote a chronicle of the 
 Lombards from 774 to 888, which is suppo- 
 sed to be lost, but an abridgment of it was 
 published by Caraccioli, at Naples 1620, ia 
 4to. and by Camillus Peregrinus 1643, 4to. 
 
 Ercill-ya-Cuniga, Don Alonzo d', a 
 Spaniard, in the service of Maximilian. He 
 was at the battle of St. Quintin under Philip 
 II. in 15i>7, and afterwards travelled through 
 France, England, and Italy. Animated 
 Avith romantic bravery he went to the attack 
 of the Indians who had revolted in Chili and 
 Peru, and he defeated them, and made his 
 adventures the subject of his poem called 
 Araucana. This poem, Avhich consists of 
 36 cantos, contains many tedious repetitions, 
 but it abounds in bold descriptions, and pos- 
 sesses all the charms of animated poetry. 
 The best edition is that of Madrid 1632, in 
 12mo. 
 
 Erckern, Lazai'us, a German, super- 
 intendant of the mines of Hungai-y, the Ty- 
 rol, &c. He published an useful work on 
 metallurgy, at Frankfort 1694, Avhich has 
 been translated into Latin. 
 
 Ercole, a painter, son of Cax'l Antonio^ 
 the pupil of his uncle JuHo Cesare. He was 
 patronised by the court of Savoy, and died 
 1676, aged 80. 
 
 Eremita, Daniel, a native of Antwerp, 
 intimate with Scaliger, and by his introduc- 
 tion with Casaubon. He went with M. de 
 Vic the ambassador to Switzerland, and by 
 his persuasion was converted to the Romish 
 religion. He was insinuating in his manners, 
 but without principle, and in his conversa- 
 tion very licentious. He was by his intrigues 
 recommended to the great duke of Flor- 
 ence, and obtained a pension for his verses 
 on the marriage of the duke with Magdalen 
 of Austria 1608. He went in the suite of the 
 duke's envoy to Germany, and made him- 
 self ridiculous on his return by the bold and 
 shameless untruths which he delivered. He 
 became afterwards a deist, and died at Leg- 
 horn 1613. His opera vai'ia were published 
 at Utrecht by Grievius, among which were 
 his four books, de aulica vita ac civili, writ- 
 ten with elegance, ease, and purity of style. 
 He wrote besides Latin poems, is. relatio de 
 itinere Germanico, &c. — & de Helvetico- 
 rum, &c. situ, he. 
 
 Eric IX. ^ing of Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Norway, after Margaret 1412, married the 
 daughter of Henry IV. of England. His 
 pilgrimage to the holy land and his captivity 
 in Syria disordered the affairs of his. king- 
 
 i 
 
ER 
 
 KR 
 
 dom, and on liis return to Kiiropc lie Ibund 
 tlu; Swedes dissatisfied with his governineiit, 
 and the Daiics anxious to rc\olt from him, 
 because he wished to render their cronn 
 hereditary and not eli'ctive. 'I'houj^Ii he at- 
 tem[»tttl to niaintniii his .'nilhority l>y :trms, 
 lie fou(i<l opposition un:ivailin(^, he was srt- 
 lemnly deposed 14.)'J, and retired to I'oinc- 
 rania wiiti-e lie died in privacy 145'J. He 
 ■wrote in his exile an history of Denmark to 
 the year I'JSS. 
 
 Eric Xi\'. succeeded his father Ciustaviis 
 on the throne of Sweden, and hecame the 
 unsuccessful suitor of Eli/alielh •|uecn of 
 England. His marriage Milli the daMght(;r 
 of an ohscnre peasant, iMiiidered him un[)op- 
 ular and his people dissatisfied. Mis cruel- 
 ties increased the general di!5satisfaction, 
 and he was at last obliged to resign the crown 
 15G8, and died in coutinemeut l.SZS. 
 
 Eric, Peter, a Venetian achniral, who 
 sieied in IdSA- a vessel wliich was carrying 
 the widow of the bashaw of Tripoli to Con- 
 slantitiople with all her treasures. Mot sat- 
 isfied to obtain the gold, he put to death the 
 sailors, and oflered violence to the females, 
 and then cut their bodies to pieces and tiirew 
 them into the sea. This barbarity was pun- 
 ished, and Eric was beheaded by order of 
 the Venetian senate, and his [ilundcrcd rich- 
 es restored to Amurath emperor ot Turkey. 
 Erigena, John Scotus, a cehdjrated 
 scholar in tlic ninth centui-y, horn at Ayr m 
 Scotland, though others give him a A\'els]i, 
 others an Irish, origin. Eager in the pursuit 
 of knowledge, he quitted his native country 
 where only ignorance and superstition pre- 
 vailed, and travelled into foreign lands, and 
 at Athens so perfected himself in classical 
 and oriential literature and science that he 
 proved the greatest philosopher and most 
 learned man of the age. At the invitation 
 of Charles the Bald he resided for some years 
 at the French court, and the king ottered 
 liim the most munificent and honorable pat- 
 ronage, and bore Avith the severity of his 
 raillery with good liumour and most forgiv- 
 ing composure\ As the monarch and the 
 philosopher sat one day opposite each other 
 at table, Charles asked him in a merry mood. 
 Pray Avhat is between a scot and a sot ? Noth- 
 ing but the table, answered the bold cour- 
 tier. The king heard the rebuke without 
 being oftended, Ijut laughed heartily. Sco- 
 tus in this happy retreat wrote some Avorks 
 at the recommendation of his royal patron, 
 but though all admired his learning, the cler- 
 gy, -were offended with the boldness with 
 ■which he attacked their notions of pi-edesti- 
 nation, and the doctrine of transnbstantia- 
 tion. His books therefore were regarded as 
 heretical by Wemlo archbisiiop of Sens, and 
 as thcv seemed to contain all tlie errors of 
 Pelagius, they were attacked by Prudentius 
 bishop of Troyes, and by Florus a deacon of 
 Ijyons. His next work was a translation of 
 the works of Dionysius, which the Greek 
 emperor had sent as a present to Charles, 
 and which Erigena at the request of his sove- 
 reign presented to tlic Morld in a Latin dress. 
 
 'I'he work, as being considered though false* 
 ly the labor of Dionysius the Areopagite the 
 first christian jircaclier of France, was re- 
 ceiveil with gratitude by the western clergy, 
 but as it attacked in some passages the ac- 
 knowledg«;d faith ol" the liomish church, 
 pope Nicholas sent a threatening letter to 
 the I''rench king, desiring the banishment 
 f)f Eiigcn.'i, and his appearance at Home. 
 (Charles lia«l too much i-egard I'uv his Icarneil 
 friend than to trust him into the hands of the 
 liope, he therefore permilled him to escape 
 to England. Here be was (;m[ilo3fcd under 
 Alfred in restoring literature in Oxford. 
 According to 'I'anner he was in 879 profcs- 
 sorof mathematics and astronomyin tliat uni- 
 versity, and in conseciuence of some dispute, 
 after three years' residence he retired to 
 Maimsbury, where be opened a school. 
 Hi^5 severity in this place was said to be so 
 great that his pupils murdered him with 
 iron bodkins, the instruments with whicU 
 they then wrote, though some imagine that 
 the atrocious deed was committed at the in- 
 stigation of the monks, who were jealous of 
 Scotus for his learning and hetero(io.''cy. This 
 ev..'nt is placed in the year 883, by souic in 
 8Si, and by others in 880, but by Macken- 
 zie in 874, ten years alter his return to Eng- 
 land. The most ccleln'ated of Scotus' works 
 is bis treatise on the division of nature, pub- 
 lished from the MS. by Dr. Cale 1G81, Ox- 
 ford. It is written with great acuteness and 
 metaphysical subtiity, and mu.'^t rank ito au- 
 thor if not anion ,- atheistical philosopliers, 
 }et among fanatical enthusiasts. 
 
 Erinn.\, a <irecian poetess, cotemporary 
 with Sappho. 
 
 Erizzo, Lewis and ?*Iark .\iithony, two 
 brothers of a noble Venetian family. They 
 cons])ired in the murder of their uncle, a 
 senator of Uavenna 154G, to obtain his great 
 I'ichcs. Their bloody deed was discovered 
 by a soldier who was an accomplice, and 
 Lewis was beheaded and Mark died in pri- 
 
 SOD. 
 
 ERT2.ZO, Paul, a noble, of the same fam- 
 ily, governor of Negropont. When obliged 
 to caj)itulato to the Turks, on condition of 
 having his life spared, Maliomet 11. disre- 
 garding his promises, ordered him l-iC>9 to 
 be sawn in two, and cut off, with his own 
 hands, the head of his daughter, who indig- 
 nantly refused to gratify his licentious pas^. 
 sions. 
 
 Eri7,zo, Sebastian, a noble Venetian, au- 
 thor of an Italian treatise on medals, 4to. 
 Venice 1571. He wrote also — des nouvellcs 
 en six journces 1507, 4to. and tratlato ticlla 
 via inventrice o delP instrnmcnto de gli an- 
 tichi, Venice 1554. He died 15S5. 
 
 Erkivins, a famous architect of Stein- 
 bach, who died 1305, He began the erec- 
 tion of Strasburg tower, which v, as not com- 
 pleted till 144'.!. 
 
 EuLACii, .lohn Lewis, a native of Berne, 
 of the head of the six families of that name, 
 so illustjious in Switzerland. He chose a 
 military life, .ind so distinguislicd himself in 
 the service of France, especially in the t^t- 
 
ER 
 
 ER 
 
 pi'Operly cowardice, had suggested him to 
 ibllow. It is said that as his health declined 
 he was flattered with a cardinal's hat, and 
 witli the higliest preferment of the court of 
 llome, wJiich no doubt would have been 
 lavished upon him, but he firmly resisted. 
 lie died at Basil li3th July 1536, aged 69, 
 and was buried there in the cathedral, where 
 a Latin inscription is placed on his tomb. 
 Basil still retains her I'espect for the ashes of 
 this great man, the house in which he died 
 is shown witli enthusiastic ceremony, and his 
 cabinet containing his ring, his seal, his 
 sword, knife, per.cil, and his will written by 
 himself, and his picture by Holbein, is still 
 visited with veneration by the curious. Rot- 
 terdam also has not forgotten the celebrity 
 slic derives from giving birth to her favorite 
 citizen. The house in which he was born is 
 marked out to the admiration of the traveller 
 by a becoming inscription, the college bears 
 the name of Erasmus, and a beautiful copper 
 statue erected in lG2tj, in an open part of the 
 city, points out with how much pride the in- 
 habitants reckon Erasmus in the number of 
 their fellow-citizens. The person and the 
 manners of Erasmus have been laitlifuUy de- 
 lineated by his friend Beatus lihenanus, and 
 his features are most correctly expressed by 
 the pencil of Hans Holbein. Great and re- 
 spectable as t!ie character of Erasmus is, he 
 had his tailings. Too fickle in liis attach- 
 ments, and irresolute in his opinions, he has 
 been censured by le Clerc for lukewarmness, 
 timidity, and unfairness iu the I'eformation. 
 Though disgusted with the superstition and 
 hypocrisy of Rome, his meek spirit was 
 oijually hurt by the violence and animosity of 
 the reformers, and perhaps to the prejudi- 
 ces of his early education may be ascribed, 
 the conduct he pursued in not warmly em- 
 bracing the tenets of Luther. Indifterent to 
 j^ the success or jealous of the labors of the re- 
 formers, Erasmus claims the gratitude of 
 posterity by the number and excellence of 
 his wintings, in the composition of which he 
 spent a long and laborious life, in opposing 
 ignorance and superstition, and in promoting 
 literature and true pietj'. His works which 
 are very numerous and wliich display the 
 eloquence and the graces of Cicero, were 
 correctly published in 10 vols, folio, by le 
 Clerc. The life of Erasmus has been given 
 to the world by Dr. Jortin. 
 
 Erastus, Thomas, a physician and di- 
 vine, born at Baden 1524. He was educated 
 at Basil, and afterwards studied at Bologna, 
 and after 10 years spent in Italy he returned 
 to his native country. He practiseil physic 
 with great reputation at Hennebei'g, and at 
 the court of Frederic III. elector palatine, 
 and became professor of physic at Heidelberg 
 university. The disputes about the real pre- 
 sence at the sacrament engaged his pen, and 
 he attended the ccMiference held on the sub- 
 ject between the divines of Wirtemberg and 
 the palatinate, and be eloquently maintained 
 that tlie v.ords flesh and blood are to be used 
 metaphorically. He retired to Basil after- 
 wards, where he died 31st December 1583. 
 
 Of his books on divinity the best known id 
 " de excommunicatione ecclesiastica," pub- 
 lished after his decease, which was attacked 
 by various divines, who wished to maintain 
 that the censures of the church extended be- 
 yond this life. 
 
 Erastosthenes, a Greek philosopher 
 of Cyrene, librarian at Alexandria. He first 
 discovered the method of measuring the 
 earth's circumference, and diedB. C. 194. 
 
 Erchembert, a Lombard, in the ninth 
 century, who from a soldier became a bene- 
 dictine monk, and retired to the monastery ofc" 
 Monte Cassino. He wrote a chronicle of the 
 Lombards from 774 to 888, which is suppo- 
 sed to be lost, but an abridgment of it was 
 published by Caraccioli, at Naples 1620, in 
 4to. and by Camillus Peregrinus 1643, 4to. 
 
 Ercill-ya-Cuniga, Don Alonzo d', a 
 Spaniard, in the service of Maximilian. He 
 was at the battle of St. Quintin under Philip 
 II. in 1557, and afterwards travelled through 
 France, England, and Italy. Animated 
 Avith romantic bravery he went to the attack 
 of the Indians who had revolted in Chili and 
 Peru, and he defeated them, and made his 
 adventures the subject of his poem called 
 Araucana. This poem, which consists o^ 
 36 cantos, contains many tedious repetitions, 
 but it abounds in bold descriptions, and pos- 
 sesses all the charms of animated poetry. 
 The best edition is that of Madrid 1632, in 
 12mo. 
 
 Erckern, Lazarus, a German, super- 
 intendant of the mines of Hungary, the Ty- 
 rol, &c. He publislied an useful work on 
 metallurgy, at Frankfort 1694, which has 
 been translated into Latin. 
 
 Ercole, a painter, son of Carl Antonio^ 
 the pupil of his uncle Juho Cesare. He Avas 
 patronised by the court of Savoy, and died 
 1676, aged 80. 
 
 Eremita, Daniel, a native of Antwerp, 
 intimate with Scaliger, and by his introduc- 
 tion with Casaubon. He went withM.de 
 Vic the ambassador to Switzerland, and by 
 his persuasion was converted to the Romish 
 religion. He was insinuating in his manners, 
 but without principle, and in his conversa- 
 tion very licentious. He Avas by his intrigues 
 recommended to the great duke of Flor- 
 ence, and obtained a pension for his verses 
 on the marriage of tl»e duke Avith Magdalen 
 of Austria 16t>8. He went in the suite of the 
 duke's envoy to Germany, and made him- 
 self ridiculous on his return by the bold and 
 shameless untruths Avhich he delivered. He 
 became aftervvards a deist, and died at Leg- 
 hoi'n 1613. His opera varia Avere published 
 at Utrecht by Grtevius, among Avhich were 
 his four books, de aulica vita ac civili, writ- 
 ten with elegance, ease, and purity of style. 
 He wrote besides Latin poems, & relatio de 
 itinere Germanico, &c. — & de Helvetico- 
 rum, &c. situ, &c. 
 
 Eric IX. j^ing of Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Norway, after Margaret 1412, married the 
 daughter of Henry IV. of England. His 
 pilgrimage to the holy land and his captivity 
 in Syria disordered the affairs of his. king- 
 
ER 
 
 KIl 
 
 dom, and on his return to ?'iiroj)C lie I'otind 
 tho Swedes dissatisfied with liis goveriiiueiit, 
 and the Dunes aiixif)us to rc\olt f'rftiu him, 
 because he wished to render their crown 
 hereditary and not eh'ctive. 'I'lioiif^li he at- 
 tempftd to maintain his ;iiilln)rify l>y arms, 
 he t"outi<i opposition unuvaihn^^, he was so- 
 lemnly <Joi)o;;eil 14.59, and retired tf) I'oinc- 
 rania where he died in privacy I'lS'J. He 
 ■wrote in his exile an history of Denmark to 
 tho year ieS8. 
 
 Euic XIN'. succeeded his father Ciiistavns 
 on the tlirt)ne of Sweden, ami hecame the 
 unsuccessful suitor of Eli/alielh <|ueen of 
 England. His marriage Mith tlic daughte-r 
 of an ohscnre peasant, iHiiidered him un[)0})- 
 ular and his people dissatisfied. His cruel- 
 ties increased the general dissatisfaction, 
 and he was at last obliged to resign the crown 
 1568, and died in coutinement l.'>78. 
 
 Eric, Peter, a Venetian admiral, wlio 
 sieied in l;li84 a vessel which was carrying 
 the widow of the bashaw of Tripoli to Con- 
 stantinople with all her treasures. Not sat- 
 isfied to obtain the gold, he put to death the 
 sailors, and oflered violence to the females, 
 and then cut tlieir bodies to pieces and threw 
 them into the sea. This barbarity was pun- 
 ished, and Eric was beheaded by order of 
 the Venetian senate, and his plundered rich- 
 es restored to Amurath emperor ot Turkey. 
 Em GEN A, John Scotus, a celebrated 
 scholar in the ninth century, horn at Ayr ni 
 Scotland, though others give him a ^\'clsh, 
 others an Irish, origin, finger in the pursuit 
 of knowledge, he quitted his native country 
 ■where only ignorance and superstition pre- 
 vailed, and travelled into foreign lands, and 
 at Athens so perfected liiniself in classical 
 and oriential literature and science that he 
 proved tiie greatest philosopher and most 
 learnetl man of the age. At the invitation 
 of Cliarles the Bald he resided for some years 
 at the French court, and the king ottered 
 ]iim the most munificent and honorable pat- 
 ronage, and bore with the severity of his 
 raillery with good humour and most forgiv- 
 ing composure?^ As the monarch and the 
 philosopher sat one day opposite each other 
 at table, Charles asked him in a merry mood, 
 Pray Avhat is between a scot and a sot ? Noth- 
 ing but the tahle, answered the bold cour- 
 tier. The king heard the rebuke without 
 being oftended, but laughed heartily. Sco- 
 tus in this happy retreat wrote some works 
 at tlie recommendation of his royal patron, 
 but though all admired his learning, the cler- 
 gA', ■vvere offended with the boldness with 
 which he attacked their notions of predesti- 
 nation, and the doctrine of transubstantia- 
 tion. His books therefore were regarded as 
 heretical by Wemlo archbishop of Sens, and 
 as thev seemed to contain all the errors of 
 Pehigius, they were attacked by Prudentius 
 bishop of Troyes, and by Florus a deacon of 
 Ijyons. His next work was a translation of 
 the works of Dionysi-as, which tlie Greek 
 emperor had sent as a present to Charles, 
 and which Eriger.a at the request of his sove- 
 reign presented to the world in a l^Rtin dress. 
 
 'I"he work, as being considered though false- 
 ly the labor of Dionysius the Areopagite ihc 
 first christian preacher of France, Mas re- 
 ceived with gratitude by the western clergy, 
 hut as it attacked in some passages the ac- 
 knowledged faith of the Komish church, 
 pope Nicholas sent a threatening letter to 
 the French king, desiring the banishment 
 of Erigena, and liis appearance at llonie. 
 (/Iiarles had too much i-egard for his learned 
 friend than to trust him into the hands of the 
 pope, he therefore permitted him to escape 
 fo England. Here he was employed under 
 Alfred in restoring literature in Oxford. 
 -Vccording to Tanner he was in ST'J profcs- 
 sorof mathematics and astronomyin tliat uni- 
 versity, and in consequence of some dispute, 
 after three years' residence he retired to 
 -Malmsbiiry, -where he opened a school. 
 His severity in this place was said to be so 
 great that liis pupils murdered liim with 
 iron bodkins, tlic instruments with which 
 they then wrote, though some imagine that 
 the atrof.ioMH deed was committed at the in- 
 stigation of the monks, who were jealous of 
 .Scotus for his learning and heterodo.xy. This 
 evi-nt is placed in the year 8S3, by souic in 
 SSi, and by others in 886, but by Macken- 
 zie in 874, ten years after his return to Eng- 
 land. The most cclelirated of Scotus' works 
 is his treatise on the division of nature, pub- 
 lished from the MS. by Dr. (iale 1G81, Ox- 
 ford. It is written with great acuteness and 
 metaphysical subtiity, aiid mu.=t rank its a'U- 
 thor if not anion ,• atheistical philosopliers, 
 }et among fanatical enthusiasts. 
 
 Erin>:.\, a (irecian poetess, cotcmporary 
 with Sapplio. 
 
 Erizxo, Lewis and ?*Iark Anthony, two 
 brothers of a noble ^'enetian family. They 
 conspired in the murtler of their uncle, a 
 senator of liavenna 154G, to obtain his great 
 riches. Tlieir bloody deed, was discovered 
 by a sohlier who was an accomplice, and 
 Lewis was beheaded and Mark died in pri- 
 soo. 
 
 Ert2,2,o, Paul, a noble, of the same Gun- 
 ily, governor of Negropont. When obliged 
 to capitulate to the Turks, on condition of 
 having his life spared, Maliomet H. disre- 
 garding his promises, ordered him 14C>9 to 
 be sawn in two, and cut off, m itli his owa 
 hands, the head of his daughter, vvho indig- 
 nantly refused to gratify his licentious pas* 
 sions. 
 
 Erii2.o, Sebastian, a noble Venetian, au- 
 thor of an Italian treatise on medals, 4to. 
 Venice 1571. He wrote also — de^ nouvellcs 
 en six jourmJcs 1567, 4to. and trattato dellu 
 via inventrice o dell' iustrumcnto de gli an- 
 tichi, Venice 1554. He died 15.S5. 
 
 Erkivins, a famous architect of Siein- 
 bach, who died 1305, He bugan the erec- 
 tion of Strasburg tower, which v.as not co.!ii. 
 plcted till 144'J. 
 
 Erlacii, .lohn Lewis, .a native of Berne, 
 of the head of the six families of that name, 
 so illustiious in Switzerland. He chose a 
 military life, and so distinguished himself in 
 the service of France, especially i:i the tut- 
 
ER 
 
 ER 
 
 ing of Bi-lsach 1039, and at the battle of Lens 
 1648, that Lewis XIV. made him comman- 
 der in cliicf of his troops on the defection of 
 Turenne. He died IG50, aged 55, at Bri- 
 sach, of which he was govei'nor, when the 
 Frencli monarch was preparing to send him 
 as a negotiator to Xurembei'g, and to bestow 
 upon him greater marks of honor and of 
 confidence. 
 
 Ernesti, John Angustus, a native of 
 Tennstadt, professor of theology at Leipsic, 
 and afterwards of ancient literature, and el- 
 oquence. He died 1781, aged 74, universal- 
 ly respected for learning, and indefatigable 
 zeal in the service of literature. Besides 
 excellent editions of Cicero, Xenophon, 
 Suetonius, Homer, Tacitus, Callimachus, 
 8cc. with learned notes, he publislied institu- 
 tio interpretis Novi I'cstam. Leips. 1701- — 
 opuscula oratoria, orationes prolusiones he 
 elogia, 8vo — opusculorum, oratorum no- 
 vum volumeu, 8vo. 1791 — opuscula critica, 
 8vo. &c. 
 
 Erostratus or Eratostratvs, an 
 Ephesian, who, to acquire celebnty, set the 
 temple of Diana on fire B. C. 356. 
 
 Erpenius, Thomas, or Van Erpe in 
 Dutch, a learned writer, born at Gorcum in 
 Holland 11th September 1584. He studied 
 at Leyden, where he took the degree of 
 doctor in philosopliy 1G08, and afterwards 
 travelled for four years into England, France, 
 Italy, and Germany. His extensive learn- 
 ing, and the fame of his works made him 
 know n to the learned of Europe, and among 
 his friends and correspondents were Casau- 
 bon, Joseph Scaliger, Bedell, Vossius, &c. 
 In 1G12 he was appointed professor of Ara- 
 bic and of oriential.^ languages at Leyden, 
 where he died of a contagious disease 13th 
 November 1624. His abilities were so much 
 admired that he was earnestly solicited to 
 settle in England, also in Italy, and in Spain, 
 and his knowledge of Arabic was so connect 
 that the emperor of Morocco shewed his 
 nobles, as a curiosity for its elegance and pu- 
 rity, a letter in Arabic, Avhich he had re- 
 ceived from him, as the mterpreter and cor- 
 responding secretary of the states of Hol- 
 land, to the powers of Asia and Africa. 
 Though lie was but 40 years old at the time 
 of his death, yet he published 19 various 
 works, on oriental history, and on subjects 
 connected with his professorship, m which he 
 displayed the great pov/ers of his mind, and 
 the vast stores of his retentive memory. 
 
 Erskine, Ralph, a Scotch divine, born 
 at Alloa, 1628, and educated there and at 
 Edinburgh, where he took his degree of 
 M. A. He was made minister of Falkirk in 
 1054, but ejected for nonconformity 1662, 
 and when afterwards imprisoned by the per- 
 secution of his enemies, he was liberated by 
 the influence of his kinsman, the earl of Mar. 
 On the re-establisbment of the presbytery 
 by the toleration act of James II. he was 
 made 1690 minister of Churnside, Berwick, 
 where he died 1696, aged 68. He left some 
 Latin MSS. on difficult passsigcs of scripture, 
 never published. 
 
 Erskine, Ebenezer, son to the preced- 
 ing, was born 1680, in the prison of Bass, 
 where his father was confined in the perse- 
 cutions of the times. In 1701 he took his 
 master's degree at Editiburgh, and the next 
 year was ordained minister of Portmoak, 
 Fifeshire, from whence he removed in 1728 
 to Stirling. In 1747, in consequence of 
 sOme disputes with the clergy, he joined the 
 seceders called bui-ghers, and died at Stir- 
 ling 1755, aged 75. Four volumes of his 
 sermons were printed at Glasgow, 1762, 8vo 
 and a fifth at Edinburgh 1765. 
 
 Erskine, Ralph, brother to the preced- 
 ing, was born at llo.v burgh 1682, and edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh, where he took his mas- 
 ter's degree 1704. He Avas minister of Dun- 
 fermline, Fifeshire, 1711, and was deposed 
 by the general assembly 1734, for joining the 
 seceders. He died 1751, aged 69, much res- 
 pected as a divine and as a preacher. His 
 works were published 2 vols. fol. 1760, eon- 
 srsting of a polemical treatise, jjospel son- 
 nets, and above 200 sermons, &c. 
 
 Erskine, James, lord Alva, was born 
 at Edinburgh 20th June 1722, and made one 
 of the barons of the Scotch erichequer 1754, 
 which he resigned in 176J, on being appoin- 
 ted to the supreme civil court of Scotland. 
 He assumed the name of lord Barjarg, which 
 he afterwards exch.anged for that of Alv?., 
 He died at Drumsheugh, near Edinburgh, 
 13th ]May 1796. He was twice married, and 
 had children only by his first wife, two sons 
 and two daughters. 
 
 Erxlebex, John Christian Polycarp, a 
 native of Quedhnburg, who studied at Got- 
 tingen, and gave lectures in physic, the vet- 
 erinary art and natural history. He was an 
 able naturalist, and his principles of natural 
 history in 8vo. 1768, are particularly admi- 
 red. He died 1777, aged 33. 
 
 Eryceira, Ferdinand de Meneses count 
 d', was born at Lisbon 1614, and distinguish- 
 ed himself in military affairs, as governor of 
 Penicha and of Tangiers. He was also an 
 able historian, and wrote the history of Tan- 
 giers, fol. printed 1723, — hi^*to^y of Portu- 
 gal, 2 vols, folio, from 1640 to 1657, — and 
 the life of John I. king of Portugal. 
 
 Eryceira, Francis Xavier de Menesee 
 count d', greatgrandson of the foregoing, 
 was born at Lisbon 1673, and died 1743. He 
 was known also as a Uterary and miUtary 
 character. He was honored by several prin- 
 ces, and many learned men, and by the pre- 
 sent of their works and other munificent 
 donations, he increased tlie valuable library 
 of his ancestors with 15,000 new volumes, 
 and 1000 manuscripts. He wrote above 
 100 different publications, the best known 
 of which are his memoirs on the value of 
 the coins of Portugal, — reflections on acade- 
 mical studies, — 58 parallels of illustrious 
 men, — and 12 of illustrious women, — the 
 Henriade of Voltaire translated, with obser- 
 vations, &CC. 4to. &c. 
 
 Erytrophilts, Rupert, a German di- 
 vine, in the 17th century, minister of Han- 
 ^ ovci'; who -,vrotc a iriCthcdic:;! coiv.rccv.io.vy 
 
ES 
 
 ES 
 
 oil the history of the passion — and catenjc 
 aureic in hiirmoiiiam cvungclicam, 4to. 
 
 Es, James Van, a paintfr of Antwerp, 
 well known for his pittiiPfs of birda, llo'.v- 
 ers, lishes and fruit, ilis lobsters, crubs, 
 oysters, he. are in<;oin|i;iial.>le, and in Ins 
 grapes, nature is so bliilftdly iniitntod, that 
 the stones are visible throii}j;h the skiti. 
 
 Esau, son of Isaac and Hcbecca, sold Iiis 
 rJgljfs of primogeniture to iiis brutlier 
 Jacob, who afterwards, also obtained by ar- 
 tifice his father's blessing. This conduct of 
 Jacob proved so oflViisive to Esau, that he 
 meditated his death, but though he caused 
 liim to Hy into Mesopotamia, he was after- 
 Avards reconciled to him. lie was the father 
 of the Edomites, and died about 1710 B. C 
 
 aged 1'26 
 
 EscALO, Mastin do 1', was elected po- 
 destat of Verona 1259, but though ])rudent 
 and humane in the administration of affairs, 
 1)6 raised himself enemies by whom he was 
 assassinated 1273. The sovereign authority 
 remained however In his family, and his de- 
 scendant Mastino Uf. added Vicenza, Bres- 
 cia, and even Padua to his dominions, llis 
 tyranny at last was repressed by the Vene- 
 tians, and he died 1387, after a life of cruelty 
 and perilous adventures. The families of 
 I'Escalo and the Carraras of Padua had long 
 and bloody contests, but Verona at last I)e- 
 eame indepeiident till overpowered by the 
 intrigues of her neighbors. 
 
 BscALQ.uE^"s, \Villiam, capitou of Tou- 
 louse 1326, rendered himself knosvn by caus- 
 ing himself to be carried in a coffin, with all 
 the funeral ^jomp of a departed saint, to the 
 cathedral, and after the completion of the 
 solemnity, inviting the attendants of this ri- 
 diculous ceremony tx) a sumptuous enter- 
 tainment. The circumstance was agitated 
 by the bishop and clergy in full council, and 
 it was forbidden to practise such supersti- 
 tious ceremonies on pain of excommunica- 
 tion. Charles V. however renewed it in 
 Spain about 200 years after. 
 
 Escobar, Bartholomew, a learned Jesuit, 
 of Seville, who went to America as a monk 
 employed in works ofchai-ity. He died at 
 Lima 1624, aged 66. He wrote some reli- 
 gious pieces in Latin, scarce known in 
 Spain. 
 
 Escobar, Marine d', a native of Valla- 
 dolid, who died Dth June 1033, aged 70, and 
 is known as the foundress of the reconcilia- 
 tion of St. Bridget in Spain. Her nieruoirs 
 have been AvriLten in folio, by father Dr.pont, 
 her conl'essor. 
 
 Escobar, Anthony, a Spanish Jesuit, 
 sur;iame<l of Mendoza, who died 4th July 
 IWCi'J, aged 8t). His Avorks, which are theo- 
 logical, in 16 vols, folio, and his principles of 
 morality in 7 vols. fol. have been ridiculed 
 by Pascal. 
 
 EscouBLEAU, Erancis d', cardinal dc 
 Sourdis, archbishop of Bourdeaux, was a 
 great favorite with pope Leo IX. and hi.i four 
 iiuccessors. He was a warm advocate for 
 church discipline. lie died 8th February 
 1586, 3ged 5j. 
 
 EscouBi.EAir, Henry d', brother and 
 successor to the preceding, as archbishop of 
 Bourdeaux. He was at the siege of liochelle, 
 uikNt Lc'A'is XIII. au*^ at the retaking of 
 the isles of Lerins under llarcourt. He quar- 
 relled with l!ie duke ot Epernon, who struck 
 him u blow, which v as punished liy the ex- 
 communication of the guilty lord, which 
 disgrace howincr v/as reinoverl by his falling 
 on ids knees before the liauglity prelate. 
 He died 1C45. 
 
 Esc u RE, N. de V, one of the generals of 
 la Vendee, remnrkalde fji- his loyalty, cour- 
 age, a!id virtues. With a small force he 
 defeated the more numerous arniv of the re- 
 publicans at Thouai'ri, but unfortunately was 
 wounded at the battle of (Jhollct, and died 
 in consequence of the wounds 1794, aged 
 20. 
 
 EsPAGXAC, John Baptist Joseph de Sa- 
 puguet Dama.zil baron d', a i'rencli gene- 
 ral, born at Brive-la-Gaillarde 25th March 
 1713, and died at Paris 28th February 1783. 
 He signalized himself in the campaigns of 
 Italy, and Bavaria, and was made major- 
 general of the army under marshal Saxe, 
 and as governor of the Hotcl-des-invalides 
 he introduced some useful regulations. He 
 wrote several books on the military profes- 
 sion, among which arc his campaignes du 
 roi, 1745, 6{c. 4 vols. 8vo. essai sur la science 
 de la guerre, a valuable work, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 Historic du rnarechal de Saxe, 3 vols. 4lo. 
 kc. He had tour sons and a daughter by 
 his wife baroness de Beyer. 
 
 EsPAGNANDEL, Matthew r, an eminent 
 sculptor, who, though a protestant, adorned 
 several of the Paris churches, and also the 
 park of Versailles, by his works. He lived 
 at tiie conclusion of xhc ITth centurv. 
 
 EsPAGXE, John (!', a native of Dauphine, 
 who came to England in James' reign, and 
 ofhciated as minister of a French protestact 
 congregation in London, till the restoration. 
 He wi'Ote a treaiise of some merit on popu- 
 lar errors in religion, w ith sonie strictures 
 on Calvin's principles, dedicated to Charles 
 I. His works appeared together in 2 vol.'!. 
 
 12mo. 1674, Hague. 
 
 EsPAGNET, John d', president of the 
 parliament of Bourdeaux, became known bv 
 his Enchiridion physicic restitutio, in which 
 he establishes a complete system of physics 
 contrary to the tenets of Aii.=;totle. He con- 
 siders earth and water to be the only ele- 
 ments, and he places the real fire of the 
 world in the sun, which he calls tlie oyc, not 
 only of the universe but of the (.rcator. 
 He wrote also arcanum heriiiiticoe philoso- 
 phic; optiE, on tiie philosoplnir's ?tone, &c. 
 In 1616 lie published an old manuscript, 
 called le liozier des guerres, of which an 
 earlier edition had appeared in 1.'>2.S. 
 
 Ei PAG N'o LET. Joseph Kibcria I', a Span- 
 ish painter, born at Xativa, in Valencia 1.580. 
 lie ptudied the manner of Carnvagio, and 
 surpassed him in correctness. In povcrtv 
 he was extremely happy in his dclineatior;?, 
 but prosperity rendered him indolent, an! 
 rcgurd^cs.' of his r.rt. The countenances of 
 
ES 
 
 EX 
 
 some poems and plays, and it is said that, 
 like MoHere and Mallierbe, he read his pie- 
 ces for the stage to his maid servant, on 
 >vhose approbation proceeding from simple 
 and ingenuous motives, he could depend. His 
 od-es are published in the recueil des poetes 
 Francois, 1692, five vols. 12mo. 
 
 EsTOUTEViLLE, William d', of an illus- 
 trious Norman family, Avas archbishop of 
 ilouen, and a cardinal, lie reformed the 
 University of Paris, and enjoyed the confi- 
 dence of Charles VII. and Lewis XI. and M-as 
 a man of great firmness of character, and of 
 the strictest integrity, and very charitable. 
 He died at Rome '22d December 148.3, aged 
 
 80. Besides his archbishopric he held six 
 hishoprics in France and Italy, four abbeys, 
 and three grand pi-iories, and was dean of the 
 cardinals. 
 
 EsTRADES, Godfrey count d', marshal of 
 France and viceroy of America, was also an 
 able negotiator. He was ambassador in Eng- 
 land in 1661, and the next year he negotia- 
 ted with Charles II. for the evacuation of 
 Dunkirk, which he effected though contrary 
 to the wishes of the English parliament. In 
 1666, he had a dispute with Yattcville the 
 Spanish ambassador, about precedency in 
 London, and the year following he negotia- 
 ted the peace of Breda, and in 1G73, assisteil 
 at the conferences of Nimeguen. He died 
 i26th P'ebruary 1686, aged 79. His negotia- 
 tions were printed at the Hague 1742, nine 
 vols. 12mo. from the originals, which consist- 
 ed of 22 vols. foho. 
 
 EsTREES, ,lohn d', page to queen Anne 
 ofBritany, was afterwards grand master of 
 the artillery of Fran«e, and ched 1567, aged 
 
 81. He distinguished lumself greatly in seve- 
 ral battles and especially at the taking of 
 Calais 1558. He improved the manner of 
 casting cannon. He was the first gentleman 
 of Picard\- who embraced the protestant re- 
 liginn. 
 
 "^EsTREES, Francis Annibal d', son of the 
 pi'eceding, was born in 157.3, and embraced 
 the ecclesiastical profession, and was made 
 bishop of Laon by Henry IV. He soon how- 
 ever quitted the church for the army, and 
 distinguished himself at the taking of Treves, 
 and by other military exploits. He was made 
 duke, peer, and marshal of France, and was 
 employed in 1636, as ambassador to the court 
 of Rome, where he offended the pope Ur- 
 ban and his nephews, for which he was re- 
 called. He died at Paris 5th I\Iay 1670, aged 
 98. He wrote in an unadorned style, but 
 with great fidelity, memoirs of the regency 
 of Mary deMedicis, printed 1606, 12rao. and 
 relation of the siege of Mantua in 1630, and 
 another of the conclave which elected Grego- 
 ry XY. pope, 1621. 
 
 EsTRKES, Csesar d', cardinal, abbot of St. 
 Germain de.'j Pres, was son of the preceding, 
 and was born 1528. He was made bishop of 
 Laon 1653, and produced a reconciliation be- 
 tween the pope's nuncio, and four of the 
 French bishops who resisted his authority. 
 He was afterwards employed by the French 
 kjnc: at the court nf Bavaria, and also at 
 
 Rome, where he skilfully conducted himself 
 to procure the elections of the popes Alex- 
 ander VIII. Innocent XII. and Ctement XI. 
 He accompanied Philip V. Avhen he took pos- 
 session of the Spanish throne, and he died 
 ISth December 1714, aged 87, respected as 
 an able negotiator, a benevolent man, and 
 an agreeable companion. 
 
 Es TREES, Gabrielle d', sister of Francis 
 Annibal d'Estrees, became the favorite mis 
 tress of Henry IV. who saw her first in 1591, 
 at the castle of Coeuvres. The king was 30 
 partial to her that to please her he embraced 
 the popish religion, and delcimiined to marrv 
 her, though he was himself married to Mar- 
 garet de Valois. While engaged in procu- 
 ring the divoi'ce, Gabrielle died suddenly 
 lOth April 1599. It was suspected that she 
 was poisoned by the financier Zamet, as her 
 head the day after her death was so distort- 
 ed that her beautiful features had totally dis- 
 appeared. During her amours she had mar- 
 ried d'xVmerval, lord of Liancourt, witli 
 whom however she never cohabited. She 
 had three children by Henry. The kingput 
 on mourning for her, and honored her me- 
 mory as if she had been a queen. Though 
 passionately fond of her, Henry did not how- 
 ever forget hii duties to his subjects ; and 
 when Gabrielle was displeased with some of 
 his ministers, and solicited their dismission, 
 he firmly replied that he would sooner part 
 with 10 mistresses than one of his favorite and 
 long-tried servants. 
 
 Es TREES, Victor Mane d', vice-admiral 
 of France, after his father John, was bora 
 1660. He bombarded Barcelona and Alicant 
 1691, and again in 1697 he besieged Barcelo- 
 na. In 1701 he was made commander in chief 
 of the French and Spanish fleets, and in 1703 
 was created marshal of France, and after- 
 wards grandee of Spain, and knight of the 
 golden fleece. He was a man w ell acquainted 
 with literature, and he was member of seve- 
 ral learned bodies. He died at Paris 28th 
 December 1737, aged 77. 
 
 EsTREES, Lewis Ciesar duke d', marshal 
 of France and minister of state, was born 
 first July 1695. His father was Francis Mi- 
 chael le Tellier de Courtanvaux, and by his 
 mother he was descended from John count 
 d'Estr6es, vice-admiral of France, He first 
 distinguished himself in the war against 
 Spain, and afterwards in the war of 1741, 
 where, at the blockade of Egra, the battle of 
 Fontenoi, the sieges of Mons and Charlerpi, 
 and the victory of Lafeldt, under marshal 
 Saxe, his bravery was conspicuous, and his 
 services were most meritoi'ious. In the war 
 of 1756 he was placed at the head of the 
 French forces in Germany, and he gave bat- 
 tle to the duke of Cumberland at Hasten- 
 back, and paved the way for the success of 
 Closterseven, which Richelieu, who superse- 
 ded him through intrigue, obtained over the 
 Hanoverians. He was made a duke in 1763, 
 and died 1771, second January, aged 76, 
 leaving no children behind him. 
 
 Eth ELBERT, king of Kent, became a 
 christian by the preaching of Austin, -whc 
 
ET 
 
 EV 
 
 cAHie to Kiigland at ilic invitatioji of RcrUia 
 (lie qiK'Ciijduugliteron'aJ'ibci'l kill!; of France. 
 !lc eiiatte«l a code of laws, and died GIG, in 
 the 5 Gill }eai' of his reign. 
 
 E'l iiELiiEur, second son of I'UIuhvolf, 
 succeeded his brother i^lhelliald as kiiii; ol 
 EnglHtid 8G0, and was a popular and benevo- 
 lent prince. 
 
 Ethem<ku, son of Edgar, was king of 
 England, after liis brother Edward the Mar- 
 tyr OrS. '1 o delivei- himself frqni the op- 
 pressive (ax which he paid to the Danes, 
 called lianegelt, he caused those unfortunate 
 foreigners to be all nuinlen (I, in consccpiencc 
 of which Swevn the Danish king invaded the 
 "kingdotn, and obliged hiui to lly lo Norman- 
 dy. After Svveyn's death lie re.'iuni.ed his 
 authority an<l died lUlG. 
 
 Ethklwolf, king of Knglaud 8.3S, went 
 to Konicto improve the education of liis son 
 the great Alfred. He died SjT, and was bu- 
 ried at Winchester. 
 
 Etheuege, Cieorge, a dramatic writer, 
 born IG.'jG, of an ancient family in Oxford- 
 shire. It is sni)posed that he studied at 
 Cambridge, and afterwards applied himself 
 lo the law at one of the inns of court in 
 London. His comedy of " 'I'lie comical re- 
 venge, or love in a tub," appeared in 1GG4, 
 and recommended him to the Avits of the 
 times, to Charles duke of Dorset, Villiers 
 duke of Bucks, AVilmot ewrl of Rochester, 
 sir Car Scroop, Sedley, Saville, kc. in whose 
 company he shone as a man of humor, live- 
 ly in his conversation and of a refined taste. 
 His second plaj' appeared with equal ap- 
 plause in 1CG8, called " She would if she 
 could,-'' and the last in 1G76, called the 
 *' Man of mode, or sir Fopling Flutter." 
 Of these three plays the last was the most 
 finished, and as it represented the charac- 
 ters and censures on the vices of some of the 
 fashionable men of the times, it was for some 
 time very popular. His gayety and intem- 
 pci'ance rendered him poor, but to recruit 
 his finances, he paid his addresses to a rich 
 old widow, who however refused to many 
 liim except he was knighted; and to make 
 her a lady therefore, and obtain her fortune, 
 he solicited the honor of knighthood, which 
 was conferred about 1685. Ethercge whose 
 manners were so fascinating that he was 
 humorously called gentle George, and easy 
 Ethercge, was j;reatly patronised by the 
 duchess of York, in whose household lie 
 was, and by whose Jrifluencc he was sent 
 ambassador abroad. He was at Ratishon, in 
 16SS, where, after entertaining some com- 
 jiany, and probably drinking Miih more 
 freedom than prudence, he tumbled down 
 stairs and broke his neck, though some ac- 
 counts state that he followed his master 
 James II. to France upon his abdication, and 
 died soon after. Ethercge Jiad no chihlrcn 
 by his wife, but ].'i had "a daugliter by Mrs. 
 liarry the actress, with v. horn in those days 
 of licentiousness and general depravity he 
 lived. Besides his ]>lays he wrote various 
 sonnets, songs, and short poems, wliich with 
 great ease and elec-ance contain the Yoluptu- 
 VOL. L ^ i^3 
 
 o«8 dcscjnplioas, and the immoral levities 
 whicli were so I'ashionalile in the reign of 
 Charles U. His coniediis, tliongh very 
 I)oi)ni.'ir, arc not free from licentionsnc-is ; 
 and liowt\er we m;i\ admire the ])oliteues'4 
 of thi- t;ialogne, the sprightiiiicss of tho con* 
 ver.salion, llie huthful delinealiuii uf the cha- 
 raclcrs, and the inleresling intricacies of the 
 plots, yet the loose tendency and the impu- 
 rities of the whole cannot cscaiic the se- 
 vei'cst icnsiircs of e\ery friend of virtue and 
 nioj-aiily. Sir (ieorge Eihertge had a bro- 
 ther who was a soldier in the wara of kin}? 
 Wjlliaiu, and who died at Ealing in Mid- 
 dh'se.v, abovit the lliird or fourth ol' (ieorge 1. 
 E riiRYG, George, orElheridge, orEdry- 
 cus, a native of Tlianie, O.xforddiire, e<lu- 
 caled at (/or[)US Christi college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow 15J9. In 1553 he 
 was appointed king's (ireek professor, but 
 in Elizabeth's reign he was dismissed I'roju 
 the ofiice in consequence of tlie persecution 
 which he had encouraged against the ])ro- 
 testants in Mary's reign. He then prac'Jsed 
 medicine at Oxford with success, and en- 
 gaged in the education of young persons of 
 liis persuasion, though he was exposed to 
 severe trials on account of his popish tenets. 
 He was living in 1588, but the year of his 
 death is unknown. He excelled in the know- 
 ledge not only of the Greek and Hebrew, 
 and of medicine, but also of music. Some 
 of liis musical compositions and of his Latin 
 poems are extant in manuscript. 
 
 Est J. ACER, Christopher, a writer of 
 Steirtaark, in the beginning of the ISth cen- 
 tury. He wrote Synopsis rei nummariie 
 veterum, Steycr 17'24, l2mo. 
 
 Ettmui.leu, Michael, a physician, borr> 
 at Leipsic 2fith May 1644, where he took 
 his degree of M D. 1G66. After travelling 
 through France, England, Holland, and Italy, 
 he was appointed assessor of the medicinal 
 faculty 167G, and in 1681 professor of botany. 
 He died in conscfjuence of an unsucecsslut 
 oper;rt.ion in chemistry March 9th, IGSJi. He 
 wrote several things on medicinal subjects, _ 
 and some of his works were published by 
 his soo at Frankfort 1708, and afterwards by 
 prf>ressur Cyrillo, live volumes folio, Naples, 
 17'29. 
 
 Ettmulleh, Michael Erne St. son of 
 tlie preceding, Mas born at Leipsic i2olii 
 /VngUbt 167 J, and educated there and at 
 AVittemberg. He took his degree of M.D 
 at Jjeii>sic l(i99, after visiting England, Hol- 
 land, and Germany, and was elected profes- 
 sor of anatomy and surgery at the Lazai-et- 
 to, Leipsic 170G, and after many honorable 
 ajipointments, he was ii.ade in \Tji.\ director 
 of the imperial academy of nature curioso- 
 rum, and died '25th September Ud'-i. He 
 published his father's works, with a preface, 
 and wrote several learned and curious trea- 
 tise's on medical subjects. 
 
 EvAGORAS, king of Cyprus, was defeat- 
 ed by the Persians, and w as assassinated 574 
 B. C. His grandson of tlie same name, w a5 
 deposed bv his uncle Protagoras, and ft J;!^';; 
 put to dcatti by Artuxerxes Ochus. 
 
EV 
 
 EV 
 
 EvAGORAS, ft Greek writer in the age ot 
 
 Augustus, author of an history of Egjpt, he. 
 
 EvAGRius, a monk of the fifth century, 
 
 author of Altercatio Simonis Judsei k Theo- 
 
 phiii Christiani. 
 
 pjVAGRius, a hishop of Antioch, whose 
 election was disputed by Flavianus. He 
 died 59'2. 
 
 EvAGRius, Scolasticus, an historian of 
 Epiphania, in Syria in the sixth century, au- 
 thor of shi books of ecclesiastical history from 
 431 to 594, printed Paris 1544, and edited 
 again Cambridge 1720, fol. 
 
 EvAGRius, Ponticus or Hyperborita, a 
 monk of the fourth centuiy, surnaraed Pon- 
 ticus, from the place of his birth. He was 
 archdeacon of Constantinople, and wrote 
 some treatises, in which he espoused the 
 tenets of Origen. 
 
 EvAXGELiSTA, a capuclun of Canobio, 
 m the Milanese, who was general of his or- 
 der, and died aficr his return from the coun- 
 cil of Trent 1595, aged S4. He was also a 
 learned civilian, and Avrote consulta varia in 
 juro eanonico, bic. — Annotationes in L. L. 
 decretalium, Milan 1591. 
 
 Evans, Cornelius, son of a Welchraan 
 by a Provence woman, Avas born at Marseil- 
 les. During the civil wars he played the part 
 of an impostor and came to an inn at Sand- 
 wich in 164S, pretending that he was the 
 prince of "Wales who had escaped from 
 Prance. When the imposition was discover- 
 ed he was sent to Newgate, but he had the 
 dexterity to extricate himself from confine- 
 ment, and though search was made after 
 him, it never was known Avhat became of 
 him. 
 
 Evans, Arise, a Welch conjuror, brought 
 up at Oxford. He took orders, and resided 
 on a curacy at Enfield, in Staffordshire, from 
 ■which place he fled on account of the irreg- 
 ulaintics and the immorality of his conduct. 
 He came to London in l6r)2, where Lilly 
 learned astrology under him. He was con- 
 sidered as so powerful in the management 
 of supernatural beings, that he was solicited 
 by lord Both well, and sir Kenelni Digby, to 
 show them a spirit. At the appointed time, 
 when all were within the magical circle, and 
 after some invocations, Evans was suddenly 
 carried out of tlie room and thrown into a 
 field at Battersea-causey near the Thames, 
 where he was found by a countryman the 
 next morning asleep. These astrological in- 
 cantations w^ere the fashionable study in the 
 reign of Elizabeth and James I. and when 
 nobles and learned men lent their influence 
 to the profession, it is no wonder the vul- 
 gar believed them. Evans died about the 
 time of the rebellion. 
 
 Evans, Abel, known best by the name of 
 Dr. Evans the epigrammatist, was of St. 
 John's college, Oxford, where he took his 
 degree of :M.A. 1699, and of D.D. 1711. He 
 was intimate with the wits and poets of the 
 times, especially Pope, dean Swift, &c. He 
 was vicar of St. Giles', Oxford, and bursar 
 of I'.is college. His poetry is now forgotten. 
 A good spccilirtn of it may be seen in Nich- 
 
 ols' select collections, especially his " appa- 
 rition," &c. and "Vertumnus," and some 
 epigrams. 
 
 Evans, John, D.D. a dissenting minister 
 born in Shropshire 1680. He was ordained 
 minister of a meeting in Shropshire, and in 
 1716, succeeded Dr. Williams as pastor in 
 Petty France, Westminster. He w as popu- 
 lar as a preacher. He printed some occa- 
 sional sermons, but his thirty-eight sermons 
 on the christian temper is his best work, in 
 great esteem with many divines. He died 
 of the dropsy 1732, aged 52. 
 
 Evans, Caleb, a native of Bristol, where 
 his father was a dissenting baptist ministei-. 
 He became also himself a preacher and in- 
 structed young people for the dissenting 
 ministry. He was made D.D. by the king's 
 
 college, Aberdeen, and died 1791, aged 54. 
 He published scripture doctrine of tihe son 
 and holy spirit, — hymns for public worship, 
 — address to serious professors of Chris- 
 tianity — the doctrine of atonement or Christ 
 crucified. 
 
 Evans, Evan, a native of Cardiganshire, 
 educated at Jesus college, Oxford. Though 
 a clergyman, he obtained no preferment, bat 
 unfortunately addicted himself to intemper- 
 ate drinking, and died 1790, aged 60. He 
 published two vols, of sermons by Tillotson 
 and others, translated into Welch, — the love 
 of our country, an English poem, — disserta- 
 tio de bardis, with specimens of Welch po- 
 etry, 4to. 
 
 EvANSON, Edward, a native of Wai'ring- 
 ton, educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, after which he became curate to his 
 uncle at Mitcham, Surrey, and then obtain- 
 ed in 1768, south Mimms living, Middlesex. 
 In 1770, he was pressnted to the living of 
 Tewksbury, Gloucestershire, and afterwards 
 to Longdon, Worcestershire. His con<luct 
 in these parishes, and the alterations which 
 he presumed to introduce in the liturgy anrl 
 in the forms of the church duty, highly of- 
 fended his auditors, but though he escaped 
 the punishment of the ecclesiastical law, 
 from some irregularity in the proceedings 
 adopted agamst him, his unpopularity con- 
 tinued to increase and he I'csigned his livings 
 in 1778. He afterwards resided at IMitcham, 
 where he took some pupils and he died at 
 Colford, Gloucestershire, 25th September, 
 1805, aged 74. He published without his 
 name in 1772, the doctrines of a trinity and 
 the incmrnation of God, examined on the 
 principles of reason and common sense, &c. 
 — the dissonance of the four generally re- 
 ceived evangelists 1792, 8vo. — Argument 
 against and for the observance of Sunday, 
 &c. — letter to Dr, Priestley, — reflection on 
 the state of religion in Christendom, &c. — 
 and he was also engaged in a controversy 
 with bishop Hurd, on the subject of prophe- 
 cy. An account of the prosecution estab- 
 lished against him was published 1774, fol. 
 EvANTius, an old Latin poet, who wrote 
 
 (I 
 
 de ambiguis, sive hybi*idis animalibus,' 
 generally printed with Petronius h Achros- 
 ticon in funus genitoris sui Nicholai," in- 
 
EU 
 
 EV 
 
 scrtcd among the works of Eiigcnius of 
 T.)ledo. 
 
 EvANi US, called also Evantius, Eventiiis, 
 and Aveiitius, a bishop of A'icniie in the sixth 
 century, lie nssistud at several councils and 
 died 580. 
 
 EvARiSTUS, hisliop of Itonic 100, was 
 martyrt'd nine years alter. lie gave tft the 
 emperoi' an cxceilunt apology tur tJ»e chris- 
 tian religion. 
 
 Ebui.iues, a philosopher (if Miletus, au- 
 thor t»l sonje comedies, and a tract against 
 Aristotle 
 
 Ei'CH .VDius, Angustinus, a Latin liisto- 
 rian, anllior of ** vitic ncto iuiperalorurji ct 
 desoriptio Danubii," preserved in the library 
 at ^ ienna. 
 
 Ei'CHARius, or HoucHARius, Eligius, 
 a divine and poet of dlient, who studied at 
 Paris, and then settled in liis native country, 
 in the hesinninsr of the l6th century. He 
 ■wrote the lives of St. Levinus, (Joleta, and 
 Bertulfius — a comedy of the ])atience of 
 Chryselleis — panegyric of St. Agnes and 
 Catherine — and some other works. 
 
 EuciiERiuSj arclibishop of Lyons, was 
 canonized for his great j)iely. He assisted at 
 some councils, and wrote vai-ious works, in 
 the ascetic taste of the times ; and died about 
 454. 
 
 Euclid, a celebrated mathematician of 
 Alexandria, whose books of geometry are 
 well known. Ptolemy was among his pupils. 
 He florished B C. 300. 
 
 Euclid, a ])hilosopher of Megarn, the 
 disciple of Socrates, and the founder of the 
 sect of wranglers. 
 
 EuD.ff:MON, John Andrew, a Jesuit, horn 
 in the I.sland of Candia, died at Rome 1025. 
 The best known of his works is ** admonitio 
 ad regem Ludovicum XHI." 4to. wliich was 
 censured by the Sorbonne and the assembly 
 of the clergy, and answered by Garasse. 
 
 EuDES, John, brother of the historian 
 iVIezerai, was born at liye, in the diocese of 
 Sees, in 1601. In 1643 lie founded the con- 
 gregation of tlie Eudists, wliich greatly in- 
 creased in Normandy and Britany. He died 
 at Caen 19th August 1080, aged"79, and left 
 several devotional works. 
 
 EuDOCiA, or Atkexais, an AUieiiian 
 lady, daughter of the pbilosopiier Leontius. 
 When left little property by her father, who 
 bequeathed his inheritance to his two sons, 
 slie went to Constantinople, and became the 
 favorite of the empress Pulchcvia, and in 
 421 married the emperor 'i'heodocius, who 
 in a fit of jealousy divorced her. She re- 
 tired upon this to Jerusalem, where she 
 died, devoted to religious duties, 4G0. She 
 wrote some Greek poems, &c. 
 
 EuDOCiA, or EvDOXiA, snrna«ncd Ma- 
 crembolitissa, ascended the imperial throne 
 of Constantinople at the death of her lius- 
 hand, Constantine Ducas, 1007. One of her 
 generals, Komanus Diogenes, conspired 
 against her ; but the empress condemned 
 him to death, and afterwards struck Avith the 
 elegance of his person, she ])ardoned him, 
 aud when he liad retrieved h'ts character bv 
 
 valor and fidelity, slie made him her hus- 
 band. In 1071, her son Michael proclaimed 
 himself emperor, and sliut up his mother in 
 a monasteiy, where she ended her days in 
 devotion and study. Some MSS. of her 
 writing on mytholngy, fcuc. were preserved 
 in the French kifig's library. 
 
 EuDociA, Eeoiloreuna, «laughtcr of the 
 boyar Feo^lor Lapookin, was made, iCJi'J, 
 the first wife of Peter the great, whom he 
 chose out i)f the hundred young girls that he 
 liad by proclamation assembled at Moscow 
 Her complaints against the infidelity of her 
 husband produced her disgrace. She was 
 hurled from the throne, divorced in 1090, 
 and confined in a convent at Susdal. In her 
 retirement she formed an intimacy with gen- 
 eral Clebof, and, trusting to the predictions 
 of a fanatic bishop, ahe expected the de»ith 
 of her husband, and her restoration to pow- 
 er undei- the reign uf her son. Peter was 
 informed of her ]ilans, Rn<l she was scourged 
 by two nuns, and then immured in the con- 
 vent of Nova Ladoga, and afterwards in the 
 fortress of Shiusselliurgh, from which she 
 was released at the accession of her grand- 
 son, Peter IT. at whose coronation she was 
 present. She died in the monastery of l)e- 
 vitza, 17.31, aged 59. (ilebof was cruelly 
 put to death by order of the itdtuman Pe- 
 ter, and with h.s last hreath he asserted his 
 innocence, and that of the injured empress. 
 
 EuDOXius, an Arian of Arabisso, in Les- 
 ser Armenia, bishop of Germanicia, and 
 then of Antioch, from which he was depo- 
 sed. He was made patriaich of Constanti- 
 nople by Constantius, and died .370, at Ni- 
 cxa. He wrote a discourse on the incarna- 
 tion of the wonl. 
 
 EuDOXus, of Cnidus, studied in Egypt 
 with Plato, and opened a school of phdoso- 
 p!iy at Athens. 
 
 Evelyn, John, a learned writer, de- 
 scended of an ancient and respectable fami-. 
 ly, in the county of Salop. He was Ijorn at 
 SVotton, in Surrey, Slst October 1G20 ; and 
 after being educated at Lewes grammar- 
 school, he entered at Baliol college, in 1637. 
 At the beginning of the civil wars he obtain- 
 ed permission to travel, from king Charles 
 himself, and in 1044 he left England. To 
 enlarge his mind by observations on the man- 
 ners and habits of various countries, to ex- 
 amine accurately their commercial and ag- 
 ricultural concerns, and the curiosities, the 
 ])roductions, the antiquities, the arts, and 
 the sciences, of every place, was the great 
 and the commendable object of liis inten- 
 tions ; and to these purstiits, so honorable to 
 himself, and so advantageous to his country- 
 men, about seven years of liis iife were de- 
 voted. In 1G47, wldle at Paris, he m.nrried 
 Mary the only daughter of sir Richard 
 lirowne hart, the king's minister at the 
 French court; and on his return to England, 
 in 1051, he fixed liis residence at her seat, 
 at Sayes Court, near Deptford, in Kent. 
 Attacijcd by choice to a life of rctii-eineHt, 
 ' he had little concern with public afHiirs; but 
 I after the expulsion of Richard Crr nnvcll 
 
EV 
 
 EV 
 
 tVora the protectorate, he was zealously cu- j 
 gaged in promoting the restoration of the ; 
 roynl family , and his services were acknow- j 
 ledged by Charles at his return. At the es- 
 tablisliment of the royal society, in 1662, 
 ZVIr. Evelyn Avas apjjointed one of the first 
 iellows, and counsel ; a distinction to which 
 he was entitled by his virtues aiul the great 
 merit of his works. In 1604 he was made 
 one of the commissioners of tiie sick and 
 M'ounded, and was afterv.ards appointed one 
 of the commis^oners for the rebuilding of 
 St. Paul's. In 1669 he visited Oxford, where 
 he was honored with tlie degree of LL.I). 
 This was granted out of respect, not only 
 to his great abilities and universal benefi- 
 cence, but the active part v.hich he had ta- 
 ken in procuring tlie Arundclian marbles, 
 ■which, by his intercession with lord Henry 
 Howard, were handsomely presented to that 
 learned body, for which he, together with 
 the noble doner, received the tlianks of the 
 tnuvcrsity by their delegates. About this 
 time he was nominated one of the members 
 of the board of trade; and under James II. 
 he w-as one of the commissioners to execute 
 the ofhcc of lord privy seal ; and after the 
 revolution he became treasurer of Green- 
 wich liospital. This great and good man di- 
 ed in the 86th year of his life, 'J7ih Februa- 
 ry irofi, and was interred at Wottoti, in a 
 stone co.lin, over which m as this inscription : 
 •' Tiiat living in an age of extraordinary 
 events and revolutions, he had learned from 
 thence this truth, which he desired might 
 thus be cummuuicated to posterity, that all 
 is vanity which is not honest, and that there 
 is no solid Avisdom hut in real piety." His 
 ••vife survived him till yth February 1709, 
 in her 74th year, and she was deposited in a 
 Etone coffin near him. By her he had live 
 sons and three daughters. All the sons ex- 
 cept one died young, and only one daughter 
 Furvi\ed him, Susannah, married to Mr. 
 Draper, of Addiscombc, Suri'cy. ]Mr. Eve- 
 lyn's works amount to more than 25 various 
 publications, besides communications and 
 other papers inserted in the transactions of 
 the royal and other societies. Of these, the 
 most known are liis sculptura, or the his- 
 tdry and art of chalcography and engraving 
 in copper, with an ample enumeration of 
 the ntiost renowned masters and tlicir works, 
 with the new manner of engraving, or mez- 
 zo-tinto, communicated by his highness 
 prince iiupert to the author of this treatise, 
 London, 1662, 8vo. a very learned and val- 
 uable work, edited again in 1755, and high- 
 ly commended by Mr. Walpole — Sylva, or 
 a discourse of forest trees, and the pro])aga- 
 tion of timber in his Majesty's dominions, to 
 which is annexed, Pomona, concex'ning fruit- 
 trees, &c. 1664, folio, a popular work, 
 which, as the author says in the second edi- 
 tion, 1669, was the cause that more than two 
 millions of timber trees had been i'urnished 
 in the three kingdoms. The sixth edition of 
 this excellent book was published by Dr. A. 
 ' Hunter of York, enriched with notes and a 
 life of the author, 177G. He wrote also a 
 
 parallel of ancient architecture with the mo- 
 dern, &p. the third edition of which appear- 
 ed in 1733, folio — kalendarium Hortense, 
 1664, a publication many times edited, and 
 from which ali modern icardening books are- 
 borrowed — public employment and active 
 life preferred to solitude, in reply to sir 
 George Mackenzie's book on a contrary title 
 — the perfection of painting demonstrated 
 from the principles of art Sec. — a philosophi- 
 cal discourse of earth, relating to the culture 
 and improvement of it for vegetation, &c.— 
 mundus muliebris, or the lady's dressing- 
 I'oom unlocked, and lier toilet spread, in 
 buiK'sque — Numata, a discourse on medals, 
 ancient and modern, with some account of 
 heads inid elligies, &:c. Besides these, he 
 planned, but never completed, a general 
 history of all trades — also elysium 35ritan- 
 nicum. It was a hap])y addition to the vir- 
 tues and extensive powers of mind which he 
 possessed, that he was in easy and indepen- 
 dent circumstances, whicli left him no wish 
 unsatisiied whicli a man of worth and virtue 
 could form. His library was large and se- 
 lected ; his grounds and gardens about his 
 mansion were neatly cultivated, and adorned 
 with all the embellishments of nature and art 
 wiiich his fertile genius ecu id suggest ; and 
 among his friends he couh' number the 
 greatest and the most ingenious and learned 
 men of the times. His services to literature 
 and mankind have been celebrated by Cow- 
 ley, Joseph Glanville, Dr. AYotton, bishop 
 Burnet, Jiogcr North, kc. and, among for- 
 eigners, by Morhoff and others. He was 
 also an artist, for " if he had not been," says 
 Mr. Walpole, " I should have found it dif- 
 ficult to deny myself the plea-sure of allotting 
 him a ])lace among the arts he loved, pro- 
 moted, patronised. If I have once or twice 
 criticised him, they are trifling blemishes, 
 compared with his amiable virtues and be- 
 neficence. It may be remarked, that the 
 Avorst to be said of him is that he knew more 
 than he ahvays communicated. His life was 
 a course of inquiry, study, curiosity, instruc- 
 tion, and benevolence. The woi'ks of the 
 Creator, and the mimic labors of the crea- 
 ture, were all objects of his pursuit. He 
 adored from examination, was a courtier 
 that flattered only by informing his prince, 
 and was really the neighbor of the Gospel, 
 for there was no man that might not have 
 been the better for him. He promoted the 
 royal society, he obtained the Arundelian 
 marbles for the university of Oxford, and he 
 proposed to Mr. Boyle the erection of a 
 philosophical college for retired and specu- 
 lative persons, and he had the honesty to 
 write in defence of active life against Mr. 
 MackenTiie's essay on solitude. He knew 
 that retirement in his own hands was indus- 
 try and benefit to mankind, in those of otli- 
 ers laziness and inutility." 
 
 EvEt^YN, John, son of the preceding, was 
 born at Sayes-court, near Deptford, 14th 
 January 1654. In 1666 he went to Oxford, 
 under the care of Dr. Bathurst, of Trinity 
 college, but did not till two yeai's after be 
 
EU 
 
 £U 
 
 come a member of the unlvcKsity. When 
 little more than l.>, he wrote that I'lc-j^aut 
 (ircck poc'iu which is [nefixcd to the scc- 
 oiul edition of his latiier's Sylva. The pow- 
 ers ol" j^eiiiiis thus earl) disidnyed wore vul- 
 livalcd nilu the greatest ultcntion, and i;avc 
 birth to some other orig^inal pieces of poetry, 
 inserted in l)rv(!ei»'s miscelliinies. He also 
 translated, in elegant language, the four 
 books of gardens from the poems of Uenalns 
 K^.pinus, l(jr.3 — besides Alexander's life, 
 from Plutarch, inserted in the -ith volume of 
 Plutarch, by several hands — and the history 
 of the grand visicrs, ^c. w ith t!»c secret in- 
 trigues (»f the seraglio, Wi77, Svo. lie mar- 
 ried Martha daughter of Richard Spenser 
 esq. by whom he had two sons and three 
 dauglitcrs He was one of tlie conimissioii- 
 ers of the revenue in Irelami, an«l died in the 
 llowcr of his age, in liOndon, 'i4th Marcii 
 IG'JS, aged 4;). His eldest son and two daugh- 
 ters died infants; the other daughter marri- 
 ed the eldest sou of lord chancellor liar- 
 court ; and tlie son married, 170'^, tlicdaugli- 
 ler of Mr. IJoscawen, and was in 1713 crea- 
 ted a baronet. He was a commissioner of 
 tlie customs, and fellow of the royal society. 
 
 Ever DING EN, Ciesar van, a Dutch pain- 
 ter, born at Alcmaer, died 1G79, aged 73. 
 His victory of David over Cioliah, in the 
 church of Alcmaer, is his best piece. His 
 nephew Albert was eminent as a landscape 
 painter. He died 1G75, aged 54. 
 
 Eugene, Francis, prince of Savoy, was 
 born in 1663. He was son of Eugene Alau- 
 ricc, general of the Swiss and Grisons, gov- 
 ernor of Champagne, and earl of Soi.ssons, 
 by Olympia ^lancini, niece of cardinal Ma- 
 zarin. He was early intended for the church, 
 and received an abbey from the French king, 
 as a step to a cardinal's hat ; but the death of 
 his father, before he was 10 years of age, al- 
 tered the prospects of liis future life. 'l"he 
 unjust banishment of his moliier to the Low 
 Countries raised his imlignation ; and as 
 Curtius and Csesar seemed more favorite au- 
 thors with him than all the divines of the 
 church, he panted for miiitaj'y employments, 
 and when refused by the king he removed 
 to Vienna with his brother Philip. The em- 
 peror received them with great courtesy, 
 and from that time the two lu'otliers, reject- 
 ing the offers of France, determined to be- 
 come the faithful subjects of the imperial 
 house. They soon distinguished tiieinselves 
 against the 'ru'-is ; but the death of IMiilip, 
 whilst l;ravely fighting, left Eugene to avenge 
 his fall, and to coiuluct his regiment to vic- 
 tory. In IGS3 Eugcrve displayed astonishing 
 powers of valor in the presence of the prin- 
 ces and generals of the Austrian troops, in 
 the raising of the siege of Vienna ; and at 
 New Lausel and Buda his bravery again be- 
 came so conspicuous, tliat the duke of Lor- 
 raine, in presenting him to the emperor, 
 said, " May it please your majesty, this 
 young Savoyard Avill sometime or other be 
 the greatest captain of the ag^." The dcc- 
 Laration of war against the empire by Lewis 
 XIV. called forth all the abilities of Eugene ; 
 
 he was remove<l from the less imi>wtant 
 campaign H^ainst the Turks, to resist tin* 
 rrene.il ; and he so efiectuallv blocked up 
 Mantua that for two years his enemies were 
 unable to advance a single step in Italy. 
 'I'he peace b»tveen Savoy uuil France, in 
 IG9G, enabled Lewis to ttegociatc with Eu- 
 gene ; but the (jfl'er of the government of 
 Champagne, of a marshal's baton, and oi' an 
 antiual ]ici)sion of 'JUOD pisi.olea, could not 
 shake his fidelity tf) the emperor, lii.-* at- 
 tacliintnt was so well tried, that he was 
 made commander in chief (if the imperial 
 ff)rces in Hnng.iry, when.' he cninpleteil the 
 c.im[taign l)y the total defeat ot the Turkish 
 army, comi.iantled by the graiid seignor ia 
 person, 1G',)7. In this famous battle, t'onght 
 at Zenta near Peter wardin, the Tuiks lost 
 '20,000 men kdled, l'J,OOU drowned, and 
 GOOO prisoners, besides oxen, camels, and 
 horses, and a booty vhich amounted to 
 several millions of pounds sterling, whil.st 
 the Germans had no more than 430 men 
 killed. The peace of Carlowitch, in iGy'J, 
 was thu.s insured by the valor of Eugene, 
 and put an end to a war of 15 years, but 
 neu laurels awaited the hero, on the death 
 ojtbe king of Spain. While France claim- 
 ed the succession, the emperor set forth also 
 his title to the crown, and Eugene was sent 
 to Italy to oppose the French forces under 
 A'illeroi. Though inferior in numbers, Eu- 
 gene obtained the superiority in every en- 
 counter, anil planned his measures with 
 such wisdom that he surprised Crcmona> 
 and carried Villeroi away his prisoner, by 
 a coup de main. To the imperialists were 
 soon added the English, who viewed with 
 jealousy the elevation ol tlie duke of Anjou 
 to the throne of Spain, and resented the 
 aeknowledgemcnt of the pretender for king 
 of England by Lewis. Eugene at tlie head 
 of the im[)erial counci of the wai", and in the 
 Held, ditplayed his usual abilities, and the 
 hnltles of Schellenburg, Blenheim, I'urin, 
 tec. became the :icenes of the superior pow- 
 ers of his mind and of the succcisfal execu- 
 tion of his plans. His influence was so great 
 that his enemies determined to cut him off 
 by ])oison. He accordingly, in 1710, receiv- 
 ed a letter, enclosing a paper poisoned to 
 such a degree that it maile him, and three 
 more who touched it, ready to swoon, and 
 killed a dog upon the .spot upon bis swallowing 
 the noxious contents. In 1712 he came over 
 to England, to induce the court to continue 
 the war ; but he was surprised to find his 
 friend and comrade Marlborough in disgrace, 
 and a new ministry totally averse to his mea- 
 sures. He however received the honor due 
 to his rank and merit ; he was magnificently 
 feasted in the city of London ; he i-eceived a 
 sword worth 5()00r'. from the queen, which 
 he wore on her birlli-ilay ; but in the mi(!st 
 of the compliments paid him he still showed 
 his respect for Marlborough, by taking his 
 abode solely with hiin. Unsuccessful iu, 
 London as a negotiator, he returned to the 
 armies, wjierc he was forced to act upon the 
 defensive, to check t'if advance of the 
 
 
EU 
 
 EU 
 
 French forces into Germany. In March 
 1714 he sic^ned with marshal Villars prcHm- 
 inarv articles of peace, wliich were the Sep- 
 tember ibllowing conchided by a solemn 
 treaty. He was received at Vienna in the 
 mostflattcring manner by the emperor; but, 
 in the bosom of peace, new victories awaited 
 him. The Turks began to threaten the im- 
 perialists in 1716, and Eugene, placing him- 
 self at the head of the army in Hungary, de- 
 feated them with dreadful slaughter, and 
 took Temeswacr, of which tbey had had pos- 
 session 164 years, and afterwards besieged 
 and reduced Belgrade. After the peace 
 ■with the Turks, Eugene liad Uttle to do with 
 the disputes between Spain and the emperor. 
 In 1733 he was, however, engaged in the 
 wars between the imperialists and the kings 
 of France, Spain, and Sardinia, where his 
 usual prudence and success Avere cmi- 
 jiently displayed. He died at Vienna 10th 
 Aprif 1735, aged 73. His death was sudden, 
 asthe preceding day he had entcjrlained com- 
 pany, and he is supposed to Iiave been clioak- 
 ed in the night by a strong defluction of 
 rheum. This heroic general deserved equal 
 commendation in the character of a privale 
 man. He wasaftable, modest, generous, and 
 humane. He was also the patrow of learned 
 mer., and himself no indifferent scholar. 
 Thomas a Kempis' book, dc imitatione, was 
 the consumt companion of his travels and 
 campaigns, and he wisely observed, with 
 Gnstavus Adolphus, that a good cbristian al- 
 ways made a goad soldier. His collection of 
 books, pictures, and prints, is preserved in 
 the imperial library. His funeral sermon 
 "was preaclied by cardinal Passiouei, nuncio 
 at Vienna, from these words of Alaccabees, 
 ** Alexander, ?on of Piiilip the Macedonian, 
 made many wars, took manv strong holds, 
 went through the ends of the earth, took 
 spoils of many nations. The eartli was quiet 
 before him. After these things he fell sick, 
 and perceived that he should die.'' 
 
 EuGENius I. St. pope, after Martin, 654, 
 died three years after, 1st June. He was a 
 picas and benevolent pontiff. 
 
 ErGEN'ius H. succeeded Pascal I. 824, 
 and tlied tbrce years after, 27th Octoijer. 
 He supported the water ordeal, and was an 
 advocate for image woi-ship, though it was 
 condemned by the council of Paris. 
 
 EuGEN'i us III. was made pope 1145 ; but, 
 disatisfied with the tumultncus conduct of 
 the Romans, he retired to Pisa, and thence 
 to Paris, and to Rheims, where he called a 
 council. He died at Tivoli 7th July 1153. 
 
 EuGENius IV. Gabriel Condolmerp, a 
 Venetian, elected pope 1431, after Martin 
 V. He had a violent dispute with the coun- 
 cil whicli had assembled at Basil, and issued 
 a hull to dissolve it ; but the bishops resisted 
 his atithority, and he was at last obliged to 
 as.sent to their resolutions, and to confirm 
 tliem. Another council at Ferrara was 
 equally obstinate, tliough the pope proposed 
 a reconciUation and union between the east- 
 ern and western churches, supported by the 
 presence and authority of the emperoi* John 
 
 Paloeologus, and of several Greek bishoiw- 
 The sudden breaking out of a plague disper- 
 sed the council, which removed to Florence ; 
 but the terms of pacification which were 
 there adopted were soon violated. The 
 council of Basil presumed to depose the pon- 
 tiff, and to appoint Amadeus VIII. duke of 
 Savoy in his room, under the title of Felix 
 V. ; but the cause of the dishonored Eugen- 
 ius prevailed, and he died at Rome in the 
 full enjoyment of liis privileges, 1447, aeed 
 64. 
 
 EuGENius, a grammarian, whom count 
 Arbogastus proclaimed emperor in Dau- 
 phine, after the death of Valentinian the 
 younger, 392. Though successful in his first 
 attempts upon Milan, and in his invasion of 
 Italy, he was soon after defeated by Theo- 
 dosius, and fell in battle, 394. 
 
 EuLER, Leonard, an illustrious mathema- 
 tician, born at Basil l4th July 1707. His 
 father, Paul Euler, who was protestant min- 
 ister of Richen, intended hin» for the min- 
 istry, and he instructed him himself in math- 
 ematics, for the ground work of all other 
 improvements ; but the genius of the son 
 was bent to philosophical pursuits, rather 
 than theology. Encouraged by the Bernou- 
 illis, ho soon followed them, 1727, to Pe- 
 tersburgh, where Catharine I, had founded, 
 in 1723, an academy of sciences, and in 1727 
 he was appointed adjutant to the mathema- 
 tical class of the academy. His different 
 publications on the nature and propagation 
 of sound, on curves, on the calculus integra- 
 lis, (he movement of the celestial bodies, 
 and other useful suiijects, had alreadj* raised 
 his 7'eputalion, and ranked him among the 
 greatest of philosophers. The powers of 
 his mind were indeed astonishing. While 
 his fellow academicians asked four months 
 to complete an important calculation, he 
 finished it in three days, but so intense had 
 been his application tlsat it produced a fever, 
 whicli robbed him of the sight of one of his 
 eyes. He gained, in 1740, with Maclaurin 
 and D. Bernoulli, tlie prize of the academy 
 of Paris, on the nature of tides ; and the la- 
 bors of these three illustrious men, thus ad- 
 judged equally meritorious, traced the ef- 
 fects, tliough by different roads, to t!ie same 
 causes. In 1741 he removed to Berlin, at 
 the invitation of the king of Prussia, and 
 assisted the monarch in the establishment 
 of an academy of sciences, whose memoirs 
 he enriched by valuable communications. 
 Still indefatigable, he produced his theory 
 of the motions of the planets and comets, the 
 theory of magnetism, the theory of light and 
 colorsagainst Newton's system of emanations, 
 and the theory of the equilibrium and motion 
 of floating bodies and the resistance of fluids. 
 In 1773also he published histheorie complette 
 de la construction et de la manoeuvre des 
 vaisseux, which valuable work was translated 
 into all languages, and was rewai'ded with 
 GOOD livres from the French king, as his 
 theorems before had been rewarded with 
 300/. from the British parliament. His la- 
 bors of thirty years on tire most intricate 
 
EU 
 
 i":v 
 
 subject of infinitesimals were communicated 
 to the i)ul)lic l>y his " introduction to lljt- 
 analysis ot infinitesimals," and I'ollowetl i>y 
 lessons on the calculus integralis, and ditier- 
 cntialis. 'I'iius eni^aged in the cause of hci- 
 ence, and for the henefit of mankind, hi- 
 contintted in the enjoy nient of health to a 
 j;ood old iige, and while urranj^in}^ his 
 thoughts on the motion of the aerostatical 
 globes, and conversing with his friend Lex- 
 ell on the new {jlancl, he was suddenly at- 
 tacked by a lit of apoplexy, as he played 
 ■with one of his grandchildren at tea-time. 
 The stroke was sudden, and immediately 
 fatal. " 1 urn dyin^;," were his last words, 
 an<l a few hours after he expired, 7th Sep- 
 tember 1783, aged 70 years r> months 3 
 days. Besides the works already enumera- 
 ted, there are many others, equally valuable, 
 on geometrical and philosophical subjects. 
 He was a man, indeed, as his impartial and 
 eloquent eulogist, Fuss, has meutioned, of 
 astonishing powers, great and extensive eru- 
 dition, and of sucli retentive memory that 
 he could repeat the whole of the iEueid, and 
 in one night he calculated in his head the six 
 first powers of all the numbers above 20, 
 which he repeated the next day most cor- 
 rectly to his astonished friends. Affable, hu- 
 nuine, and benevolent in his conduct, he 
 could abandon ibe most abstruse studies to 
 mix with the general amusements of society, 
 and, with unusual vivacity, enter into all the 
 trifles and the frivolous anecdotes which of- 
 ten fill up the vacuum of company. His piety 
 was ardent but sincere, he loved mankind, 
 and defen<led the great truths of religion 
 with earnestness and fidelity. He was t-A-ice 
 married, and was father of thirteen chil- 
 dren ; four of whom only survived him. 
 The ehlest son was his assistant and succes- 
 sor ; the second, physician to the empress ; 
 and the the third, lieutenant-colonel in the 
 artillery ; the daughter married major Bell. 
 These four children gave him 5S grandcliil- 
 dreii, among whom he was viewed as a ven- 
 erable and deservedly respected patriarc'i. 
 The list of his works naakes 50 pages, 14 of 
 which contain the MS. works. The printed 
 works amount to 3S volumes, and are found 
 in the Petersburg, Paris, Berlin acts, &c. 
 
 Ku LOG I us, a patriarch of Alexandria, 
 intimate with Gregory the great. He wrote 
 against the Novatians and died OOS. 
 
 EuLOGius, tlie martyr of Cordova, put 
 to death l>y the Saracens, 859, after being 
 elected, but not consecrated, archbishop of 
 Toledo. He wrote a history of some mar- 
 tyrs, &ic. 
 
 KuMATHius, a Greek writer of amato- 
 pial compositions. He wrote Ismenias and 
 Ismenc. The age in which he lived is un- 
 known. He is some times called Eusta- 
 thius. 
 
 EuMENES, a celebrated general of Alex- 
 ander t])e great. He was at last overpow- 
 ered in the dissensions which divided the 
 generals of Alexandria, and put to death bv 
 Antigonus, 316 B. C. 
 F.uMENES, a kingof Pergamus, B.Q. 2G3. 
 
 His nephew of the same name, was king, 197 
 B.C. and reigned 38 years. 
 
 K I M i: .N 1 1 3, an eniinent orator, aliout 310 
 A.l). 
 
 Eln.a.1'1us, a physician of the iili centu- 
 ry, a violent enemy of chri:>tianity. He 
 wrote the lives of philosophers and sophists, 
 the history of the Caisni-s, fc<c. 
 
 EuNOMius, a native of C^ppadocis, in 
 the 4th century, disciple of jE tins, an<l fodU" 
 der of a sett called Eimoniians, who denied 
 the essential ileity of Christ, lie wh» made 
 bishop of Cyzicum, 360, but was several 
 times banished for his fanatical opinions, ami 
 died very old, 3'J4, after experi«'ucing a 
 great variety of sufferings 
 
 EuPHEMiA, Flavia Elia Man-is, the coii- 
 cubine and then the wife of the emperor 
 Justin I. died without children, ^23. She 
 showed herself a great and btmevolent pnn- 
 cess OH the throne. 
 
 EuPHEMius, a patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple, who quarrelled with the popes abt^u the 
 insertion of names among the saints, and was 
 banished by Anastasius to .A-ucyra, where he 
 died, 515. 
 
 EuPH ORION, a Greek poet and hi&lorian 
 of Chalcis, in Eubtea, B. C. '27A. 'I'here were 
 two other writers of the same name. 
 
 EuPHRAXOR, an Athenian paintii* an^ 
 sculptor, B. C. 352. 
 
 E u P II R A T E s, a heretic of tlie '2d centarjr. 
 He and his followers imagined that our first 
 parents were deceived by Christ, in the form 
 of a serpent, and therefore they paid dirine 
 honors to serpents, antl thence were called 
 ophites, or serpentarians. There was apia- 
 tonic philosopher of this name under Fer- 
 diccas, and another, a stoic, in the fsge of 
 Adriaa. 
 
 EuPOLis, a comic poet, of Athens, B. C. 
 435, said to have been thrown into the sea by 
 AlcVjiades, because lie had written a play to 
 satirize him. 
 
 EvERMoxD, St. Charles de St. Denis lord 
 of, a we\l known French writer of a noMe 
 family in Normandy, born at St. ]>enis Ic 
 Guast, April 1st, 1C13. He was educatc»lia 
 the college of Clermont, Paris, and at Caen« 
 and being: a younger son, was intendeil fiw 
 the law, but his inclinations turned to a miii« 
 taiy life, and before he was sixteen he obo 
 taii'.ed an ensigncy. He signalized hinist-lfin 
 the ai-my, and was as well known for his po- 
 liteness and literary accomplishments, as fw 
 his valor in the field, so that the duke of 
 Finghien admiring his character made him 
 lieuteuaut of his guards to have him near his 
 person. He was at the siege o( Arras in 
 iG'iO, and served in the campaigns of Koeroy 
 and Frlljurg, and was wounded in the knee, 
 in the battle of Nortlingeii. After the taking 
 ofFurncsin 1G4G, the duke commissioucd 
 him to convey the news to the court, and to 
 concert with Mazarin measures for the siege 
 and reduction of Dunkirk, but he was in 
 1048, for some satirical remarks dismissed 
 from the confidence and friendsliip of the 
 duke, who unfortunately loved raillery, but 
 was not inagnarJnious enough to pardon it. 
 
EV 
 
 EL 
 
 He -uas aftcrwanls reconciled (o the ccwt, 
 and the king, well acquainted \\ith his me- 
 rits, made him in 155-2 a major general, and 
 granted him a pension of 3000 livres a year. 
 He served in Guienne under the duke of 
 Candale, and after a confinement of tlu'ee 
 months in the hastile for reflections on Ma- 
 zarin's character, he was permitted to attend 
 the campaign of Flanders in 1G54. In 1657 
 he fought a duel with the marquis de Force, 
 ■which proved so offensive to the court, that' 
 he retired into the country, till his friends 
 could procure his pardon. In the campaign 
 CI 1649 he served in Flanders, and soon after 
 he accompanied Mazarin in the negotiation 
 and conclusion of a treaty with the Spanish 
 iTiinistry. Of this journey and negotiation 
 he gave a Avritten account to the marquis of 
 Crequi, which contained such severe reflec- 
 tions on the character of INlazarin, and such 
 odious charges of sacrificing the honor of 
 France, to private interest, that the compo- 
 sition was considered as treasonable, and 
 though the cardinal Avas dead, the writer m as 
 obliged to fly to Holland, in 1661, from the 
 persecution of the court. From Holland he 
 immediately passed to England, where he 
 had been sent the yeaf before by the French 
 king to congratulate Charles on his restora- 
 tion, and he Mas received with great cour- 
 tesy by Buckingham, and the English nobil- 
 ity. Devoting himself here to literature, 
 and the society of his friends, he did not 
 however forget his native conntry, and he 
 solicited his return from the court, but to no 
 purpose. He afterwards visited Flanders, 
 Spa, and Liege, and wished to fix his resi- 
 dence in Holland, but the invitations of 
 Charles, by the hands of sir William Temple 
 and lord Arlington, prevailed upon him to 
 return to England where the king granted 
 him a pension of 3001. a year. On the death 
 of Charles he lost his pension, and his appli- 
 cations to the French king for pardou, f>y the 
 means of his fi^iend Crequi, proved ineffec- 
 tual ; but thoug^i d&serted by his country, he 
 refused to accept near James's person the 
 honorable office of private secretary of the 
 cabinet. The revolution proved more fa- 
 vorable to his interests, William honored the 
 illustrious stranger with his friejidJiip, and 
 ■while he liberally patronised him, he de- 
 lighted in his conversation, and eagerly heard 
 from him the recital of the wars and adven- 
 tui'es of his youthful days. At last the 
 French king relented, and offers of recon- 
 ciliation Averc sent by count trammont, 
 but St. Evremond now i-efused to quit a coun- 
 try where he had been so hospitably treated, 
 and where his old age and iufirmitics could 
 meet Avith a continuation of long experienced 
 comforts. He died on the 9th of September, 
 1703, of a strangury, in his 95th year, and 
 was buried in Westminster-abbey, Avhere a 
 monument was erected to his memory. St. 
 Evremond was an accomplished gentleman, 
 and though his morals were not rigid, he was 
 generous in his conduct, humane and bene- 
 voler.t. Though suspected bv Bayle of being 
 
 a freethinkcrr, lie ahvays professed the Ko- 
 mish faith, and though occasionally giving a 
 loose to satire, and making pleasure the sole 
 business of life, he never fipoke Avith jocula- 
 rity, or indecorous freedf)rn of religion or 
 morality. Common decency, says he, and 
 the regard due to one's felloAv-creaturcs, will 
 not sutler it. He describes himself as a phi- 
 losopher equally remote from superstition 
 and impiety, a voluptuary, who has no less 
 aversion for debauchery than inclination for 
 pleasure, Avho lived in a condition despised 
 by those Avho have everj'^ thing, and envied 
 by those Av ho have nothing, but relished by 
 those Avho make reason the foundation of 
 their happiness. He is well pleased Avith na- 
 ture, and does not complain of fortune, he 
 hates vice, is indulgent to frailties, and la- 
 ments misfortunes. He searches not after 
 the failings of men to expose them, and on- 
 ly finds out the ridiculous in them for his 
 OAvn diversion. Of his Avorks, which consist 
 of light pieces of poetry aiul prose, the 
 best edition is that of Amsterdarii 17'i6, 5 
 vols. l'2mo. Avith two other volumes of pieces 
 attributed to his pen, Avith his life prefixed, 
 by des ^Nlaizeaux. They haA-e been trans- 
 lated, London, 1728, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Euripides, a Creek tragic poet, born at 
 Salamis about 480 B. C. Only 19 of his sub- 
 lime tragedies are extant. 
 
 EuRYDiCE, Avife of Amyntas, king of 
 Macedonia, Avas the mother of Philip, the 
 father of Alexander, and conspired against 
 her husband. 
 
 Eurydice, daughter of Aridceus, was 
 put to death by Olympias, Avith the rest of 
 her fantiily. 
 
 EusDEX, Lawrence, an English poet, 
 tlescended from an Irish family, and born at 
 Spotsworth in Yorkshire, Avhere his father 
 Avas rector. He Avas educated at Trinity ^ 
 college, Cambridge, and upon taking orders, 
 Avas made chaplain to lord Willoughby de 
 Broke. He Avas also patronised b}^ lord Ha- 
 lifax, and by the duke of Newcastle, Avhose 
 marriage Avith lady Henrietta Codolphin he 
 celebrated in verse, for Avhich the duke, on 
 Howes death, appointed him laureat 1718. 
 This elevation Avas viewed Avith jealousy by 
 the contemporary bards: and Pope, a\ ithout 
 any knoAvn cause, assigned to the laureat a 
 distinguished place in his Dunciad. Eusdeit 
 died at his rectory at Coningsby, Lincoln- 
 shire, 27th September 17S0. One of his bi- 
 ographers has asserted that in the latter 
 part of his life, he became a very great 
 drunkard, but perhaps Avichout authority. 
 He left a MS, translation of Tasso. Some 
 of his poems are preserved in Nichols's select 
 collection. 
 
 E USEE I A, abbess of St. Cyr, or St. Savi- 
 our's, at Marseilles, Avho is said to have cut 
 ofther nose, to secure herself from the bru- 
 tality of Saracen ravishers. Her niuis fol- 
 lowed her example, but they were all mur- 
 dered by the disappointed barbarians, 731. 
 A similar story is related of an abbe=is of Oc^- 
 dingham in England: 
 
EU 
 
 EW 
 
 EusEBius, a Gfcck bishop of Rome, after 
 Marcelltis, 310. He violently opposed the 
 readinisbion of lapsed chrisliaiis to the com- 
 muiiioi), tor vvliicli he Mas banislicd to Sicily 
 by the emperor Maxciitius, and <Iied the 
 same year. 
 
 EusEBius, Famphilus, an ecclesiastical 
 liistoriaujborn at I'alcstme, and made bishop 
 ot Ciesarca 313. He opposed Arius, though 
 his personal friend, an<l died about 338. He 
 wrote the life of ConstantKie, an ecclesi- 
 astical history, fci:c. 
 
 EusEBius,a bishop of Berylus, ami after- 
 •wards of Constantinople, who died 3-il. 
 
 EusEUius, a bishop of Emesa, in Syria, 
 author of some homilies. He <Iied 360. 
 
 EusEBius, bishop of Vercell, in Pie«l- 
 mont, strenuously defended Athanasius, and 
 died 371. 
 
 EusEBius, bisliop ofSamosata, favored 
 but afterwards opposed Arianism, and died 
 by the fall of a tile 378. 
 
 EuSEBius, bishop of Doryleum in Phry- 
 gia, was deposed by the Eutychians, whom 
 he opposed, 449. 
 
 EusTACHE, David, a protestant minister, 
 of Montpellier, sent in 16C9 by the Synod of 
 Liudun, to address the French king. His 
 speech to the monarch on this occasion was 
 much admired. He was author of some the- 
 ological and -controvei'sial tracts. 
 
 EusTACHius, Bartholomew, an Italian 
 physician of.the 16th centuiy, born at San- 
 Severino. He settled at Urbino, and after- 
 wards at Rome, where his anatomical tables 
 were engraved 1552, though not published 
 till 1714, and the second edition 17'J8. His 
 opuscula anatomica were republished by 
 Bocrhaave 1707. He died 1570. 
 
 EuSTATiiius, a Romish saint, bishop of 
 TTcErea and Antioch. He was banished by 
 Constantius for opposing the Arians, and he 
 <lied at Trajanopolis 360. His writings are 
 lost. 
 
 EuSTATHius, a learned Cireek commen- 
 tator on Homer and Dionysius the geogra- 
 pher. He was bishop of Thessalouica and 
 «hed about ll'j4. 
 
 EusTOCHiuM, a Roman lady, like her 
 mother Paula, well skilled in Greek and He- 
 brew. She was a disciple of St. Jerome, and 
 lived in a monastery at BetWehem, from 
 which F.he fled during a persecutioD, and 
 died 419. 
 
 EvsTRATius, a bishop of Nice, Avhose 
 commentaries on Aristotle's analytics and 
 etliics, have been published at "V^enice 1534, 
 and 1536, and I'^aris 1543. He lived in the 
 12th century. There was a priest of Con- 
 stantinople of that name in the 6lh century, 
 author of a work on the state of the dead. 
 
 EuTHYMius, an Isaurian, made patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, by Leo VI. 900, and 
 displaced by Alexander II. He died in ex- 
 ile 910 or 911, and was buried at Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 EuTHYMius, Zigabenus, or Zigadenus, a 
 Greek monk of Constantinople, the favorite 
 of Alexius Commenus. He wrote at tlie em- 
 peror's command, Panoplia dogmatica ortho- 
 
 voL. r. 61 
 
 doxa fidei, or the whole armour of the or- 
 thfxlox faitb, against heretics. He wrote 
 nine other works besides. The time ot his 
 death is unknown, though it was after 1118. 
 
 EuTocits, a (ireck ntuthematician of 
 Asculon, in Palestine, w ho wr«ite commen- 
 taries on tlic conies of Apollonius, publi;5hed 
 in llalley's edition, lie wrote also commen- 
 taries on Archimedes, published at Oxford 
 1792. He 18 a very learned, accurate, and 
 judicious commentator. He flourished in thp 
 sixth century. 
 
 EuTuoi'ifS, Flavins, a Latin historian, 
 secretary to Constantine. He wrote an epi- 
 tome of the Roman history. 
 
 EuTROPius, an eunuch, minister to Ar- 
 cadius. He was consul 399, but proved in 
 his conduct so tyrannical, that he was banisU- 
 ed, and afterwards beheaded. 
 
 EuTvcHES, abbot of a convent near Con- 
 stantinople, opposed violently the Nestori- 
 ans, and maintained in his zeal that Christ's 
 body was an aerial form, and therefore not 
 human. These notions were censured in 
 the council of Constantinople 448, ;ind Et*ty- 
 ches was deposed, though another council 
 was summoned to reverse the sentence ; and 
 a third composed of 630 bishops confirmed 
 the sentence of the first, and declared that in 
 Christ were united two natures without mix- 
 ture or confusion. 
 
 EuTYCHiANUS, popc, a nstivc of Tusca- 
 ny successor of Felix 275, and succeeded in 
 283, by Caius, on his martyrdom. 
 
 EuTYCHius, a monk of AmasKa, made 
 patriarch of Constantinople by Justinian, 553, 
 and deposed by him 564. He was restored 
 by Tiberius II. and died 5!iSf aged 73. 
 
 EuTYCHius, a cbjistian author, born at 
 Cairo 876. He practised physic with great 
 success among the Mahometans, and after- 
 wards became, in 933, patriarch of Alexan- 
 dira, and exchanged his name of Said Ebn 
 Batrick for its Greek correspondent word 
 Eutychius. He wrote, in Arabic, annals 
 from the beginning of the world to 900, curi- 
 ous, but not always authentic. He wrote 
 also, de rebus Sicilia;, preserved in MS. in 
 Cambridge public library ; and died 950. An 
 extract from his annals relating to the church 
 of Alexandria appeared, in Arabic and Latin, 
 at Oxford, by Selden, 1642, 4to. and the 
 whole annals were published, Arabic and La- 
 tin, by Pocock, 1659, 4to. 
 
 EuzoRius, a deacon of Alexandria, de- 
 posed and condemned by the council of Nice 
 for his attachment to the tenets of Arius. 
 He satisfied Constantine on articles of faith 
 afterwards, and was made bishop of Antioch 
 361. He baptized Constantius, and died 376. 
 
 Another of the same name was bishop 
 
 of Ctesarea. 
 
 EwAi.D, .Tolm, a n.stive of Copenhagen, 
 who, in the hopes of seeing the world, em- 
 braced the military profession, and became 
 a sergeant iu the Prussian service. He after- 
 wards deserteil from his regiment, and re- 
 turned to Denmark, where he studied divi- 
 nity, but did not enter into orders. Poetry 
 was hia favorite pursuit, am^, to enlargQ,hi* 
 
EY 
 
 EZ 
 
 understanding, lie studied the best English 
 poets. He wrote poems iu the style of Os- 
 Sian — Adam and Eve, a dramatic poem — a 
 theatrical piece called the fisherman— and 
 other poems, Avhich possess great merit 
 and rank high iu the temple of poetry. 
 He died 1781, aged 38, and his works were 
 collected together at Copenhagen iu 1791, in 
 4 vols. 
 
 ExpiLLi, Claude d', presidentof the par- 
 liament of Grenoble, was born at Voiron, 
 Daupliiny, and died at Grenoble 163C, aged 
 75. He M'as a writer of some merit, tliough 
 better known as an upright magistrate. He 
 published pleadings, Paris, 4to. 1612 — poems, 
 4to. 1024 — a life of Bayard, 1650 — a treatise 
 on French orthography, 1618, fol. 
 
 Ex u PERI us a Romish saint, bishop of 
 Toulouse, distinguished for his charity in the 
 time of a famine. After {)ariing with all his 
 property, he sold the gold and silver utensils 
 of the church, to supply the necessities of the 
 poor. He died about 417. 
 
 EyCK, Hubert Van, a painter, born at 
 IMaseik on the Maese, died 1426, aged 60. 
 He painted much for Philip the good, duke 
 of Burgundy, his friend and patron. 
 
 Eyck, John Van, brother and disciple to 
 the preceding, died 1441, aged 71. He is 
 supposed to be the inventor of painting in 
 oil, which he discovered by mixing linseed 
 oil in the composition of a hritliant varnish. 
 The seci'et was conveyed to Italy by one of 
 his pupils, and divulged to the world. He 
 is sometimes called John of Bruges. His 
 historical pieces and landscapes are much 
 admired. 
 
 Eykens, Peter, q. painter of Antwerp, 
 born 1599. His last supper, and John 
 pi-eaching in the desert, are admired pieces, 
 preserved in the churches at Antwerp. 
 
 Eymak, a. M. d\ a deputy ironi Porcal- 
 
 quier to the states-general in 1789, evinced 
 his attachment to the opinions and the sys- 
 tem of Rousseau, as a lover of republican- 
 ism. He was sent as ambassador to Pied- 
 mont, and discovered the treaty which the 
 Sardinian king had made to espouse the cause 
 of the confederates against France; and in 
 consequence of this, by his intrigues, he for- 
 ced the unfortunate monarch from his Italian 
 dominions. He was afterwards prefect of 
 Leman, and died at Geneva 1805. He wrote 
 some small tracts, not devoid of merit. 
 
 EiEKiEL, the third of the great pro- 
 phets, was son of Buzi, and descended from 
 Aaron. He was a captive at Babylon with 
 Jehoiachim king of Judah, 597 before Christ, 
 and there he wrote his prophecies, on the 
 banks of the Chebar. His style, according 
 to bishop Lowth, is bold, vehement, and tra- 
 gical, abounding with figurative expressions, 
 and worked up occasion:iliy to a degree of 
 tremendous dignity. He foretold to his peo- 
 ple the coming of the Messiah, and their 
 restoration. 
 
 EzEKiEL, a Greek Jew and poet, author 
 of some tragedies on scripture subjects. 
 Large fragments of his tragedy of the depar- 
 ture of the Israelites from Egypt are pre- 
 served by Clemens of Alexandria andEuse- 
 bius. It is supposed that he florished about 
 300, or according to some 200, years before 
 Christ. 
 
 ExRA, one of the descendants of Aaron, 
 son of Straiah. He shared the captivity of 
 Babylon, and was permitted by Artaxerxes 
 to conduct a colony of his countrymen to Je- 
 rusalem, and to rebuild the temple and es- 
 tablish the laws of Moses, about 467 before 
 Christ. A book bearing his name in the bi- 
 I ble, and two in the apocrypha, are preser- 
 ved. He died in Persia, or according to Jo- 
 seiihus at Jerusaleto. 
 
 FA 
 
 FA 
 
 FABEH, John, a German divine, born in 
 Suubia, and, from one of his works 
 against the reformers, called the ^Mallet of 
 Heretics. He was made, 1526, confessor to 
 Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and in 1531, 
 advanced to the see of Vienna, where he 
 died 1542, aged 63. He owed his elevation 
 to his zeal in the defence of the papists j 
 against Luther and his adherents. His works, 
 vhich display wai'mth and fluency of lan- 
 guage, are contained ki 3 vols, folio, Cologne, 
 1537-1541. 
 
 Faber, Basil, a zealous Lutheran, born 
 1520, at Soraw in Lusatia. He was teacher 
 in the schools of Nordhausen, Tennstadt, and 
 Quedlinburg, and rector of Erfurt. His chief, 
 and most valuable work is Thesaurus Erudi- 
 tionis Scholasticse, published 1571, and im- 
 proved afterwards by Cellarius and others. 
 The best edition is 2 vols, fol. 1735. Faber 
 died 1576. 
 
 Faber, Antonius. Vid. Favre, Anthony. 
 Faber, Jacobus. Fzf/. Fevke, James. ' 
 
 I A^ 
 
 Fabek, Nicolaus. Vid. Fevre, Nicolas. 
 
 Fabek, Tanaquil. Vid. Fevre. 
 
 Fabert, Abraham, an officer, who rais- 
 ed himself, by his extraordinary merit, to the 
 dignity of marshal of France under LcAvis 
 XIV. He distinguished himself in 1635, at 
 the siege of Turin 1640, when he was badly 
 Avounded, at the siege of Perpignan 1642, 
 and in 1654 at the taking of Stenai. As he 
 was not duly qualified by nobility of ances- 
 tors, he refused the collar of the royal order, 
 observing, he would not be decorated with a 
 cx'oss, with his soul disgraced by an impos- 
 ture. Though brave, he was childishly ad- 
 dicted to astrological calculations. 
 
 Fab 1 AX, Robert, a merchant of London, 
 sherift'and alderman of his native city, where 
 he died 1512. He had some skill in Latin 
 and English poetry ; but his chief work is his 
 " Chronicle of England and France," first 
 printed 1516, and again 1553, 2 vols, folio. 
 The first volume begins with Brute and ends 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 at the death of Henry U. and tho second, 
 which is vciy valuable, ends 1501. St(jw 
 calh the work a paiidul lal)oi', to the great 
 honor of the city, and of the whole realm. 
 Because he spoke too plainly of the revenues 
 of the church, Wolsey caused as many co- 
 pies of llic hook as poiisihle to he destroy*-*!. 
 Fabian was buried at St. Michael's, Condiill. 
 
 Fabian, a saint of the Koinish church, 
 made pope 32G. He was active in the di.s- 
 seminatitii) of Christianity and the build in|^ 
 of churches, and he suffered martyrdom in 
 the persecution of Decius. 
 
 Fab I us, Maximus Rullianus, a Roman, 
 master of the horse to the dictator Papirius. 
 He triumphed over seven nations, and was 
 himself dictator, B. C '287. 
 
 Fab I us, Ma.ximus Quintus, an illustrious 
 Roman, who opposed Annibal in Italy, and 
 in consequence of his dilatory, but salutary 
 measures, was called Cunctator. When the 
 senate refused to ratify a ransom of prisoners 
 on which he had agreed, he sold his estates 
 to pay the money. He (lied B. C '203. 
 
 Fab I us, Pictor, the first Latin historian 
 mentioned among the Romans, B. C. 'iii5. 
 
 Fabre, Jean Claude, a priest of the ora- 
 tory of Paris, who filed there 1753, aged 85. 
 He is known as alal)orious, but not judicious, 
 compiler. He wrote two dictionaries, an in- 
 different translation of Virgil, and a continu- 
 ation of Fleury's Ecclesiastical History, and 
 some articles in Richelet's Diwtionary. 
 
 Fabre, N. a native of Latiguedoc, famous 
 for his filial piety. When his father was con- 
 demned to the gallies for his adherence to 
 Calvinism, in 175'2, he, unj)erceived, took 
 his place among the condemned, and re- 
 mained for six years in confinement, till this 
 virtuous sacrifice was made known to Mire- 
 poi.\, the governor of the province, who libe- 
 rated him, and presented him to the court 
 as an illustrious character. 
 
 Fabre, d'Eglantine, Philip Francis 
 Mazaire, was born at Carcassone, 28th Dec. 
 1755, and, with a restless spirit, became suc- 
 cessively an actor, a comic wi^iter, and a 
 statesman. In the convention he was the 
 friend and confidential associate of Datiton, 
 Dcs Moulins, and the other pi'omoters of the 
 massacres, and of the miseries of France, and j 
 though originally poor, he soon hecame very i 
 rich. Robespierre, Mho viewed his assumed i 
 consequence with jealousy, hurled him from 
 his eminence before the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal, and lie was guillotined 5th April, 1794. j 
 He wrote some plays which possess merit, j 
 and he is particularly known as the person j 
 Av lio recommended and introduced in France 
 tfiat puerile calendar which combated the 
 habits, the opinions, and the prejudices of 
 the i*est of Europe. 
 
 Fa BRET T 1, Raphael, a learned antiquary, 
 born at Urbino in 1619. He studied at Cagli 
 and Urbino, and then practised at Rome as 
 an advocate. He was sent by cardinal Impe- 
 X'iali to negotiate into Spain, and he conduct- 
 ed him.self there with such success and ability 
 that he was made procurator fiscal of the 
 kingdom. After 13 years' residence in Spain 
 
 he rcturjied to Rome, where he was appoint- 
 ed judge of appeals to the capitol, and afler- 
 waids auditor of the legation of Urbino, un- 
 der Cerri the lc;ate. Some time after he 
 was engagi:d in drawing up the apostolical 
 briefs to the pope's \iciir, and lastly was se- 
 cretary of the memorials to po|)e .\le\ander 
 V III. After Alexander's <leath he devoted 
 himself to his favorite pursuits, the study of 
 atiti(|uities, and with his horse, to which hi.s 
 friends gave the name of Marco Polo, Jie 
 made excursions in the neighboihood of 
 Rome to visit and examine whatever was 
 most rare, curions, and valuable. Innocent 
 XII. had such respect for him that he drew 
 him from his retirement to make him master 
 of the secrets of the pope's temporal state. 
 He died 7th Jan. 1700. He published these 
 valuable works, I)e Aquis k Aquieductibus 
 Veteris Romx Dissertationes tres, 4to. 108O 
 — Ue Columna Trajana Syntagma, &c. foJ. 
 1683. Jasithei ad (ironovium Apologema, 
 in cjusque Titivilitia, sive de Tito LivioSom- 
 nia Animadversiones 1086, 4to. — Inscription- 
 um Antiquarnm, &.c. Explicatio, fol. 1C99, 
 he. He was learned, and in his researches 
 mdcfati gable. 
 
 FABiii, Honore, a learned Jesuit, boi'n at 
 Bellay, near Lyons, 1607; professor of phi- 
 losopliy at Lyons, and penitentiaiy at Rome, 
 where he died 1G88 He wrote several large 
 works on theology, optics, plants, &e. and he 
 is said by some to have discovered the circu- 
 lation of the blood before Harvey. 
 
 Fabriano, (^entile da, an historical 
 painter of Verona, who merited to be raised 
 to the honors of Venetian nobility, and died 
 141 '2, aged 80. 
 
 FABRicius,Caius, a Roman general, who 
 obtained some victories over the Samnites 
 atid Lucanians, and indignantly rejected the 
 offers of Pyrrhus, who attempted to bribe his 
 integrity. He afterwards discovered to Pvr- 
 rhus the plot w hiclj his physician had fornied 
 to poison him. He diecl B. C. 250. 
 
 Fabricius, George, a learned German, 
 born at Chemnitz, in Misnia, l.nie, and fa- 
 mous for his Latin poeti'y. He travelled to 
 Italy a.s tutor to a nobleman, and at Rome he 
 composed his w ork called Roma, containing 
 an interesting and very animated description 
 of that city. After returiung home, 1k' was 
 for 26 years master of the school of Niessein, 
 where he died 1571. His poems, which are 
 v/ritten with great powers of genius, and in 
 the most elegant and correct language, ap- 
 peared at Basle 1567, 2 vols. 8vo. He wrote 
 also some odes, hymns, &c. besides prose 
 works, such as the Annals of Messeln, in se- 
 ven books, Origines Saxonicse, 2 vols, folio, 
 &c. 2 vols, on the affairs of Germany, &c. 
 
 Fabricius, Jei'ome, an Italian physician, 
 called Aquapendente, from tiie jilace of his 
 birth. He studied l;mgnages at Padua, and 
 acquired his medical knowledge ur.derFallc- 
 pius. He practised for 40 yeai*s at Padua, 
 and with such repute that Venice, sensible 
 of his great merits, settled an ani.ual pension 
 of 1000 crowns of gold on him, besides the 
 honor of a golden ihajn, and of a statue, llf 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 died about 1603, and left 2 vols, folio, the 
 one on surgeiy, published Holland, 1723, and 
 the other on anatomy, Leyden, 1738. 
 
 Fabric I us, William, a surgeon, born 
 near Cologne, who became public physician 
 at Berne, where he died 1634, aged 74. He 
 wrote tracts on gangrene and sphacelus — on 
 burns, on gun-shot wounds, on litliotomy — 
 Six Centuries of Observations and Cures, &c. 
 1606, in 4to. His works were all published 
 at Frankfort in fol. 168<J. 
 
 Fabricius, John Lewis, a native of 
 Schaffhausen, professor of theology and phi- 
 losophy at Heidelberg, and also ecclesiastical 
 counsellor to the elector. He was author of 
 tracts Uc Viis Dei, et quousque sunt similes 
 Viis Horainam — l)e Symbolica Dei Visione 
 — on Infant Baptism, ^c. He died at Frank 
 fort 1697, aged 58. 
 
 Fabricii>s, John Albert, a learned Ger- 
 man, born at Leipsic, Uth Nov. 1668, and 
 educated at Quedlinburg. He showed asto- 
 nishing powers of application, a:id after stay- 
 ing five years in the house of his friend Meyer 
 at Hamburgh, he was chosen professor of 
 eloquence in that city 1699, and created 
 D. D. at Kiel. He was invited by the Ian- 
 grave of Hesse Cassel, to settle in his domi- 
 nions, but so great was his reputation at 
 Hamburgh, that the senators prevailed upon 
 hira, by a superior salary, not to relinquish 
 his residence among them. This most inde- 
 fatigable scholar, equally admired for his mo- 
 desty, and the simplicity of his manners, died 
 at Hamburgh, 3d April, 1736. Of his nume- 
 rous works, the most useful are Bibliotheca 
 Latina, sive Notitia Auctorum Veterum La- 
 tinorum quorumcunque Scripta ad nos per- 
 venerunt, 2 vols. 4to. republished by Ernesti, 
 t> vols. 8vo. — Bibliotheca Gricca, sive Notitia 
 Scriptorum Veterum Griecorum, quorum- 
 cunque Monumenta Integra, autFragmenta, 
 Edita extant, turn Plerorumque ex MSS. & 
 Deperditis, 14 vols. 4to. — Codex Apocryphus 
 Novi Testamenti, Collectus, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 1719. — Codex Pseu-depigraphusVeterisTes- 
 tamenti, 2 vols. 8vo. 1722, and 1723. — Biblio- 
 graphia Antiquaria, sive Introductio in No- 
 titiam Scriptorum qui Antiquitates Hebrai- 
 cas, Gi'secas, Romanas, & Christianas Scrip- 
 tis illustraverunt, 4to. 1716. — Delectus Argu- 
 nieutorum, & Syllabus Scriptorum qui veri- 
 tatem Relig. Christ, adversus Atheos, &cc. 
 asseruerunt, 4to. 1725. — SalutarisLex Evan- 
 gelii, he. 4to. 1731. — Bibliotheca Medise k 
 Infimas Latinitate, 5 vols. 8vo. 1734, and 6 
 vols. 4to. 1754, Padua. 
 
 Fabricius, Vincent, a learned German, 
 born at Hamburgh 1613. He wrote Latiti 
 poetrj' with great ease and elegance. He 
 M as counsellor to the bishop of Lubec, and 
 afterwards syndic to the city of Dantzic, 
 where he became burgomaster, and was 13 
 times deputy to Poland. He died at War- 
 saw, during the diet of the kingdom, 1667. 
 The first edition of his poems was printed 
 1632 at the recommendation of his friend 
 Daniel Heinsius; but the best is that of Leip- 
 sic 1685, under the care of his son. 
 Fab.riciVs, Baron, a German writer. 
 
 the favorite of Charles XII. with whom ha- 
 resided as envoy of the court of Holstein, 
 during that monarch's captivity at Bender; 
 He was afterwards in the service of Stanis- 
 laus of Poland. He was also in the service 
 of George I. and he accompanied hira in his 
 last journey to- Hanover, so that the king ac- 
 tually died in his arms. Fabricius is known 
 for his interesting letters, which give an ac- 
 count of Charles XII. while resident in Tur- 
 key. They have been translated, and they 
 appeared in London 1761, Svo. 
 
 Fabricius, Charles, a painter, born at 
 Delft. His house was destroyed by the blow- 
 ing up of a powder magazine, and he with 
 his pupil Spoors perished. He was in the 
 flower of youth, and promised the fairest 
 talents for fame. 
 
 Fabroni, Angiolo, a native of Marradi 
 in Tuscany, educated at Fienza and at 
 Rome. He was made by Peter Leopold 
 prior of St, Lorenzo's church at Florence, 
 and afterwards curator of Pisa university. 
 He wrote an account of the learned men of 
 Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, of which 
 21 vols, were published, and one wa3 left un- 
 finished. He published also an account of 
 Cosmo, Lorenzo, and the other illustrious 
 members of the house of Medicis, besides 
 some religious tracts, &c. He died at Pisa 
 1802, aged 70. 
 
 Fab ROT, Charles Hannibal, a French 
 lawyer, born at Aix in Provence, 158Q, 
 where he became advocate and professor of 
 law. In 1617 he came to Paris, and in 1637 
 he was prevailed upon by Seguier the chan- 
 cellor, who granted him a pension, to give an 
 edition of the Basilicje, or constitutions of 
 the Eastern emperors. This great work 
 appeared in 7 vols. fol. 1647, with a Latin 
 translation and notes, and two years after 
 he published Cedrenus, Nicetas, Anastasius 
 Bibliothecarius, Constantine Manasses and 
 Glycas, in 2 vols. fol. witii curious notes. 
 In 1658 he published the works of Cujacius, 
 revised and with notes, 10 vols. fol. His 
 great application brought on disorders, which 
 put an end to his life, 1659. He wrote be- 
 sides notes on the Theodosian code, and a 
 treatise against Salraasius, &c. 
 
 Facciolati, Giacomo, an Italian ora- 
 tor and grammarian of Padua, who died 
 1769, aged 87. He edited Cicero's Oration 
 pro Quinct. and wrote some philological and 
 other learned works. 
 
 Fachetti, Pietro, an eminent painter 
 of Mantua, who died at Rome 1613, aged 78. 
 Pacini, Pietro, an historical painter of 
 Bologna, who died 1602, aged 42. He was 
 pupil to Annibal Caracci. His Christ with 
 the three disciples, and Mary weeping at the 
 death of Lazarus is in the Wilton collection. 
 Facio, Bartholomeo, a learned Italian, 
 born at Spezzia near Genoa. He was secre- 
 tary to Alphonso king of Naples, and inti- 
 mate with jEneas Sylvius, afterwards pope 
 Pius 11. He died about 1457. He wrote de 
 Bello Veneto Claudiano, seu inter Venetos 
 & Genuenses, anno 1391, Svo. 1578 — de 
 Rebus ab Alphonso NeapoHt. gestis, Libii 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 decern — de HumaiiK Vita Felicitate ad Al- 
 phonsum. Neap. Ke^. — de Viris lllustr. sui 
 'remporis, 1745. His enmity to Laurentiua 
 Valla was almost proverbial. 
 
 Facundus, bishop of llermiannm in 
 Asia, known for liis defence of the three 
 chapters, at Uic council of Consti^ntiiiople, 
 547. In consequence of his zeal on this oc- 
 casion, and in favoring the Ni'slorians, he 
 was banished by Justinian, but in his exile lie 
 still defended his opinions, and wrote no less 
 than 1'2 books addressed to the emperor. 
 
 FadlallA-H, or (yliodsa It^tschid Addin, 
 a Persian historian, viste*- to Cazan ti>e sul- 
 tan of Taurus. He wrote at the desire of 
 his roaster, an History of the Moguls, finisli- 
 ed 1294, to which he added a supplement. 
 The first part of the work appeared in 
 French by fa Croi.x. 
 
 Faernus, fiabriel, a native of Cremona, 
 known as a critic and a poet in the I6tli 
 century. He was the favorite of cardinal de 
 Medicis, afterwards Pius IV. He wrote 
 Latin elogies, besides pieces of criticism, and 
 notes on Terence, so valuable that 13entley 
 has inserted them whole in his edition of 
 that poet. He wrote also in iambic verse 
 100 fables, so much in the style of Phtudrus, 
 that Thuanus has accused him of concealing 
 from the world that Latin fabulist then un- 
 known, to procure celebrity for his own 
 composition ; but of his 100 fables only five 
 treat the same subjects as Phadrus, and 
 therefore the idea of either deceit or plagar- 
 ism is puerile. Faernus died at Rome 1561. 
 Fagan, Christopher Bartholomew, a 
 French comic writer, who died 1755, aged 
 53. He was like his father clerk in a pub- 
 lic office at Paris, and devoted his leisure to 
 poetry. Of his works collected in 4 vols. 
 12mo. 1760, the most approved comedies 
 are, the Rendezvous, and the Wartl, writ- 
 ten in a delicate and lively style. Thougii 
 a man of genius, he was averse to business, 
 negligent of his dress, and very shy. 
 
 Fage, Raimond de la, a self-taught gen- 
 ius in drawing with the pen, or Indian ink, 
 born at Lisle-en-Albigeois in Languedoc. 
 He was highly complimented by Carlo Ma- 
 rat, but his intemperance ruined hia pros- 
 pects ; as his time was generally spent at 
 the alehouse, where ho frequently discharg- 
 ed his bills by producing a sketch. He died 
 16U0, aged 4-2. 
 
 FAGius,Paid, a protestant minister, born 
 at Rheinzabern in Germany, l.'Oi. His 
 German name was Buchlein. He was edu- 
 cated at Heidelberg and Strasburg, and af- 
 ter making great proficiency in Hebrew, 
 which then was become fashionable, he 
 undertook in 1527 the care of a school fit 
 lsn;> where he mavried. He afterwards 
 abandoned this employment, and entering 
 into orders he distinguished himself in 1541 
 by his zeal in administering to the necessi- 
 ties and comforts of the poor, <iaring the 
 plague wliich raged at Isna and the neigh- 
 boring places, from the infection of whicli 
 he happily escaped. He afterwards preach- 
 ed at Strasburg, and became professor at 
 
 Heidelberg, where he publibhed some wnrk» 
 for the advancement of Hebrew literature. 
 During the persecution of the piotestHtitsiii 
 Lermany he was invited to England byCran- 
 nier, where he came with Puccr in 15i'J. 
 These two learned men were then engagi-d 
 at (Cambridge Ut complete a rjcw translation 
 of rbe iiible, Fagitis of the (Jld, and Uucer 
 of the New 'i'cManient. This was never 
 completed, as Fagius died of a fever at Cam- 
 bridge, in Nov. 1550, and Bucer about a 
 year after. The bodies of tliese two protest- 
 ant divines were dug up and burnt under 
 the gallows, in the ignomiuions reign of 
 Mary. Fagius wrote on tlie Hebrew lan- 
 guage and on the Targvims. 
 
 Fa c NAN I, Prosjiero, an Italian, secre- 
 tary to the holy congregation, and author of 
 a commentary on the five books of the de- 
 cretals. He died 1678, aged 80. 
 
 Fag N A NO, Julius Charles count of, mar- 
 quis of Toschi, a native of Sinigaglia, who 
 jiublished at Pesaro 1750, his works in 2 
 vols. 4to. in which he treats in a clear man- 
 ner of the discoveries of the property and of 
 the use of the geometrical curve, called tlie 
 Lemniscate. He died 1760, aged 70. 
 
 Fagon, Guy Crescent, an eminent phy- 
 sician, born at Paris. He early supported 
 the doctrine of the circulation of the blood, 
 and gained the royal approbation by his in- 
 defatigable researches in collecting plants or\ 
 the Alps, and in the South of France. He 
 was made professor of botany and chemistry 
 in the royal gardens, and gradually rose tf> 
 be physician to Lewis XIV. in 1693. It 
 was by his advice that the king sent Tour- 
 nefort to collect plants in the East. Though 
 of a delicate constitution he lived by projier 
 regimen to the age of 80, and died 1718, 
 leaving two sons, one of whom became a 
 bishop, and the other a counsellor of state. 
 
 Fa GUNDY, Stephen, a Portuguese Jesuit, 
 author of QuKstiones de Christianis Officiis 
 etCasibus Conscientise, in Ecclesise PriEcep- 
 ta — de Justitise, &ic. He died at Lisbon 1645, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, an ingen^ 
 ious experimentalist, born at Dantzic, l4th 
 May, 16S6. He was intended for commerce, 
 but his genius was bent to philosophical pur- 
 suits. In 1720 he improved the thermom- 
 eter by substituting mercury for spirits of 
 wine, and fixed the extremity of his scale at 
 the point of cold, whicli he had observed iu 
 Iceland iu 1709, but at Petersburg the cold 
 bad been knovvn forty degrees below the " 
 of this thermometer. The English iu gen- 
 eral liave adopted his scale, but the French 
 adhere to Reaumur's. He travelled through 
 Holland and on the continent in pursuit of 
 knowledge, and died loth Sept. 173G. He 
 wrote a Uissertation on Thermometers 1724. 
 
 Faille, William de la, a syndic of Tou- 
 louse, who died 1711, aged 9o. He wrote 
 an interesting though inelegant history of 
 his native city, 2 vols. fol. 
 
 F.MRCi.ouGH, Samuel, a native of Ha- 
 veril, educated at Queen's college, Cam- 
 brid«re He was minister Oi Barn-trdistcj, 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 and aftel^^ar^Is of Ketton, Suffolk, and was 
 ejected for nonconformity 1662. He was a 
 most amiable character in private life, and 
 though he disapproved of some things in the 
 liturgy, he Mas the friend of epis<'opacy. 
 He published a sermon preached at sir Nat. 
 Barnardiston's funeral, and some other tracts, 
 and died 1678, aged 84. His son Samuel was 
 ejected from Houghton Conquest rectory, 
 Bedfordshire, and died 1601, and his other 
 son Richard was also ejected from Wells 
 living, Somersetshire, and died 168^2. 
 
 Fairfax, Edward, an English poet in 
 the reigns of Elizabeth and James, son of sir 
 Thomas Fairfax of Uenton, Yorkshire. He 
 early displayed poetical talents, and accor- 
 ding to Diyden himself a judge of merit, he 
 deserved to be ranked above Spenser in 
 point of harmony. His first attempt was a 
 translation of Tasso's Godfrey of Bouillon, a 
 performance very respectable, and highly 
 Talued by the wits of tlie times, and esteem- 
 ed greatly by James and Charles I. He 
 wrote also some eclogues, besides contro- 
 Tersial treatises on the pope's infallibility, 
 &c. and deserved the amiable character of a 
 modest, benevolent man, who preferred 
 solitude and peace to the war and tumults of 
 the times. He died about the year 1632, at 
 Newhall, between Denton and Knaresbo- 
 rough. His son William translated Diogenes 
 Laertius into English 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas lord, eldest son of 
 Ferdinando lord Fairfax, was born at Den- 
 ton, Yorkshire, 1611. He early devoted 
 himself to the profession of arms, and after 
 serving in Holland under lord Vere with 
 gr^at credit, he embraced the party of the 
 presbyterians in the civil wax", and fought 
 against the king. He was engaged in the 
 ZVorth, where he suffered some defeats,espe- 
 cially at Adderton moor 1643, but he re- 
 trieved his affairs and his fame in the battle 
 of Marston moor, and for his services was 
 intrusted with the chief commantl of the 
 army on the resignation of lord Essex. Me 
 conti'ibuted greatly to the king's defeat at 
 Xaseby lG4a, and after wai'ds marched to the 
 reduction of the West. In 1648 he succeed- 
 ed to the title on the death of his father wlio 
 had like himself been very active in the 
 cause of the parliament, and the same year 
 he reduced Colchester, and, much to his 
 disgrace, oi'dered the brave defenders sir 
 George Lisle and sir CharlcsLucas, to whom 
 he had proroised pardon, to be shft On the 
 king's trial it was sup pofied that he would 
 interfere, but during the execution he was 
 kept ?.t a distance IVnm (he di-cadful scene, 
 engaged with col Harricon,by the intrigues of 
 Cromwell, in the hypocritical attitude; of 
 offering up prayers to (ioil. After the de- 
 struction of royalty he favored the views of 
 the usurper, he was made doctor of laws at 
 Oxi'nrd, and treated with unusual ccrt>mony 
 in London, but when offered by the parlia- 
 ment the command of the army against the 
 revolted presbyterians r-f Scotland, he per- 
 tinaciously refused it, aiid it was granted to 
 Cromwell. He afterwards lived in retire- 
 
 ment, and at the restoratioo he was recoit- 
 ciled to the king, and went to the Hague to 
 congratulate him on the change of the re- 
 publican government. He wrote an inter- 
 esting account of his public life, and died 
 1671. 
 
 Fairthorne, William, an English pain- 
 ter, who became a soldier during the civil 
 wars, and being taken at Basing-hou.se was 
 banished for refusing to swear allegiance to 
 Cromwell. He studied abroad under Cham- 
 pagne, and on his return home applied him- 
 self chiefly in engraving, in which he also 
 excelled. He wrote a book " upon drawing, 
 graving, and etching," celebrated by Flat- 
 man the poet, and died at Blackfriars 1691, 
 aged 75. His son William acquired celebri- 
 ty by mezzotinto engraving. 
 
 Faistenberger, Anthony, a painter 
 of Inspruck, who died 1722, aged 44. His 
 landscapes, cascades, rocks and rivers, were 
 all in a masterly style. His younger brother 
 Joseph was equally eminent in landscape 
 painting. 
 
 Falcaxdus, Hugo, a respectable and 
 accurate historian of Sicily, who published 
 an account of the affidrs of his afflicted coun- 
 try for 23 years under WilUiara I. and II. 
 His preface was written 1126. The time of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 Falcoxberg, Marj-, countess of, the 
 third daughter of Oliver Cromwell, and se- 
 cond wife of Thomas viscount Falconberg. 
 She possessed great beauty, and so much 
 spirit and activity that, as Rurnet observes, 
 she was more worthy to be protector thaa 
 her brother. On Richard's deposition she 
 exerted herself strenuously for the restora- 
 tion of Charles II. with whom her husband 
 Avas in great favor. She died I4th March, 
 1712. 
 
 Falcone, da Benevento, secretary to 
 pope Innocent II. was author of a Chronicle 
 or History of Najdcs from 1102 to 1140. 
 
 Falconer, William, a Scotsman, who 
 came to London in 1762, where he published 
 " the Shipurcck,"in three cantos, a very in- 
 genious and pathetic poem. He wrote also 
 that useful compilation tlie Marine Diction- 
 ary, 4to. His merits recommended him to 
 the patronage of the great, and especially of 
 the late duke of York. As be was a sailor he 
 unfortunately perished in the Aurora in 1769. 
 This shi[) was proceeding to the East fndie.s 
 with Messrs Vansittart, Scrafton, Ford, and 
 other gentlemen, and after touching at the 
 Cape of Good Hope, was never heard of. 
 
 Falco net, Camille, a French physician, 
 the friend of ^lalebranche, born at Lyons 
 1671. lie was elected in 1716 into the French 
 academy, and from his excellent collection of 
 n car h" 500 000 \olumes, he liberally enriched 
 the royal library with such books as were de- 
 ficient. He lived to the age of 91 in 1762, 
 and is supposed to hi've, like Fagon, pro- 
 longed life by his medical skill. He wrote a 
 translation of Villemont's Systema Planeta- 
 rum — an edition of the Past'irals of Di!)hnis 
 and (/hloe, translated by Amyot — an CfSition 
 of Dtspcrier's Cymbalum Mundi, besides 
 JJi 3sert.'ation« 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 Falcon I A, Proba, a Latm poMess in tlic 
 see of riieixldsius, born at II<»rl:i in Ktruria 
 She wroU- fiorii Virgil a poetical canto, con- 
 taining t'lti History ol the Creation, and of 
 the Life of our Saviour 
 
 Falda, (iiovanni Jiaptista, an Italian en- 
 graver of the last century, whose etchings in 
 aqua fnrtis are niut h admired. His views of 
 iaiaces, fountains, bcc. in Korne, are esteem- 
 ed Aery curious. 
 
 Fai.e 1 I, .leroniino, a poet of Savona, 
 near Genoa, who publishe<l in 1557 a poem 
 on the Wars of Charles V. and other pcenis. 
 He was also distinguished as an orator, his- 
 torian, and statesman, and was employed as 
 ambassador to Venice, by Hercules, duke of 
 Ferrara. 
 
 Falieri, Ordelafo, a doge of Venice, 
 who went with a fleet in 1102 to assist Bald- 
 win of Jerusalem in the conquest of Syria. 
 On his return he conquered Dalmatia, Croa- 
 tia, and other provinces, and afterwards lost 
 his life at the siege of the revolted city of 
 Zara in Dalmatia, ll'JO. 
 
 Falieri, Marino, a doge of Venice, 
 1354, wTio conspired to make himself abso- 
 hite by the assassination of all the senators. 
 His plot was discovered, and he lost his head 
 at the age of 80, and more than 400 of his 
 associates were hanged. 
 
 Fa LK, John Peter, a learned Swede, born 
 at Westrogothia, and educated at Upsal, 
 where he studied medicine and also botany 
 under Linnieus. He was made professor of 
 botany in the Apothecaries' garden at Pe- 
 tersburg, and keeper of the natural history 
 cabinet, and he published Observations on 
 his Travels, 3 vols. 4to. 1785, Petersburg. In 
 a fit of melancholy, to which he was often 
 subject, he unfortunately destroyed himself, 
 1774, aged 47. 
 
 Falkenstein, John Henry, a native of 
 Franconia, made, in 1714, director of the 
 academy of noblemen at Eriingen. II.<» was 
 next in the service of the bishop of Eich- 
 stadt, and afterwards of the margrave of An- 
 spach. He left the protestant for the Roman 
 catholic religion, and died 1760, aged 78. He 
 published the Antiquities of 2\ordgan in the 
 diocese of Eichstadt, 3 vols, folio, and other 
 ■works on ecclesiastical and antiquai'ian sub- 
 jects. 
 
 Falkland, lord. Vid. Gary. 
 
 Falle, Philip, author of the Histoi-y of 
 Jersey, where he was born 1655. He enter- 
 ed, at the age of 14, at Exeter college, O.v- 
 ford, and afterwards removed to Alban hall. 
 He was rector of St. Saviour's in the island, 
 and came over as one of the deputies of the 
 states to William and Mary. He also pub- 
 lished three sermons preached at St. Hilary's, 
 1692, Whitehall, 1694, and before the lord 
 mayor, 1695. 
 
 Fai.lopius, Gabriel, a celebrated Italian 
 physician ami anatomist, born at Modena, 
 1490. He travelled through Europe, and af- 
 terwards practised with the greatest success 
 and reputation. Fie was professor of ana- 
 tomy at Pisa, 1548, and three years after at 
 Padua, Avherc he died 9th Oct. 1563, aged 
 
 72. He made various discovenes in »natomy, 
 and especially the tube.i by whicli the «iva 
 d(!scen<l from the female ovarium into the 
 uterus, called from him " Fallopian tubes." 
 His works, which arc all on subjects of me- 
 dicine and anatomy, were publislicd in .i vols, 
 fol. Venice, 1584 and IfiOO. 
 
 Fai.^, Raymond, a medal engraver, born 
 at Stockliolm, 16:'>8. He settled at Paris, 
 where he obtained a pension of 12lX) livrcs, 
 and dieil at Berlin, 170J. 
 
 Falster, Christian, a Danish critic of 
 FlensLtui-g, the time of v/hose deatli is not 
 accurately ascerlaincfl. He wrote Sujiplc- 
 menluni Lingu;e Latinaj, 17ir — Animadver- 
 siones Eiuslolica; — Quaistiones Romanx— 
 Cogitationes Philologicse — Sernio Panegyri- 
 cus, &c. Vigilia prnna Noctium Ripeii.sium 
 — Amtenitates Philologicce, ;3 vols. — the 14th 
 satire of Juvenal translated into Danish, 1751. 
 
 Fancoukt, Samuel, a dissenting minis- 
 ter, born in the west of England. He settled 
 at Salisbury, where for 20 years he took 
 some pupils, and liafi the care of a congre- 
 gation; but his writings against Calvinism, 
 exposed him to persecution, and driven from 
 his residence, he came to London. About 
 the year 1740, or 1745, he established the 
 first circulating libran in the kingdom ; but, 
 however, his plans did not succeed to his 
 wishes, and after advertising for subscribers, 
 and oifering to teach the classics, so as to 
 enable his pupils to write and speak fluently 
 in 12 months for 12 guineas, he sunk into po- 
 verty and neglect, and from the corner of 
 one of tlic streets of the Strand, where he 
 had a shop, he retired to Hoxton square, 
 where his indigence was relieved by the cha- 
 ritable conti'ibutions of his friends. He died 
 8lh June, 1768, aged 90. As a preacher it 
 is said that he was zealous and persuasive, 
 without being popular or eloquent. His pub- 
 lications, whicli were numerous, are men- 
 tioned in the Gent. Magazine, 1784, p. 274. 
 
 Fannius, surnamed Strabo, a Roman, 
 who is known by his law to curb the extra- 
 vagance of his counti'ymen. His son was an 
 elegant orator. An historian of the same 
 name in Trajan's age, wrote an account of 
 Nero's reign, now lo.st, 
 
 Fanshaw, sir Richard, an English gen- 
 tleman, 10th son of sir Henry Fanshaw, of 
 Ware park, Herts, where he Avas born 1607. 
 After studying at(Jambndge, he travelled on 
 the continent, and in 1635, was engaged in 
 the service of Chai'Ics I. who sent him as en- 
 voy to Spain. In 1644 he attended the king 
 at 0\rord, and was made by the university 
 doctor of laws, and afterwards appointed se- 
 cretary to Charles prince of "Wales, whose 
 wanderings he shared in the west of F.ngland, 
 and iu the iiLnndsof Scilly, and Jersev. He 
 was treasurer of the navy under Rupert, in 
 1648, and was created 1650, a baronet by 
 Ch-'irlcs H. and sent as envoy to Spain. He 
 was taken at the battle of Worcester, and 
 imprisoned in London, from whicli however 
 he was liberateti iii consequence of a severe 
 illness, by giving bail. In 1659, he visited the 
 king at Breda, by whom he was knighted. 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 ^nd at the restoration he was made master 
 of I'cquests, and secretary of the Latin lan- 
 guage, lie afterwards was ambassador in 
 i'ortugaljto negotiate the marriage of Charles 
 nnd the infanta Catharina, and on his return 
 16G3, he was sworn of the privy council. He 
 ivas in 1664 sent as ambassador to Philip IV. 
 of Spain, with whose successor he concluded 
 a treaty of peace in 1665. He died at Ma- 
 drid 16th June, 1666, of a fever, as he was 
 preparing to return home. His body was 
 embalmed, and brought over to England, 
 and deposited in All Saints' church, Hert- 
 ford, and afterwards removed to a new vault 
 in Ware church. He had by his wife Anne, 
 daughter of sir Jolin Harrison, six sons, and 
 (eight daughters, of whom only one son, and 
 four daugliters survived liim. Though en- 
 gaged in political affairs, he found time to 
 •write some respectable pieces, and among 
 them a translation in rhyme of Guarini's 
 Pastor Fido, 104G, a translation of Fletcher's 
 Faitliful Shepherdess, into Latin verse — 
 Odes of Horace, translated into English — 
 Virgil's fourth JEneid — and Camoens' Lu- 
 siad, translated into English, besides some 
 poems, and original letters, published during 
 his embassies in Spain and Portugal, 1702. 
 
 Fardella, Michael Augelo, an erai- 
 Rent professor of natural history and astro- 
 nomy at Padua, was born at Trapani in Si- 
 cily, and died at Naples 1718, aged 68. He 
 wrote several works, now little known. 
 
 Fare, Charles Augustus, marquis de la, 
 a captain in the French guards, better known 
 fis a writer and as the author of Memoirs 
 and Reflections on the I'eign of Lewis XIV. 
 12mo. and of some little pieces of poetry 
 which possess genius and merit. He began 
 to be a poet when GO years old, and died 
 1712, aged 68. 
 
 Farel, William, an able reformer, born 
 at Gap in Dauphine 1489. He studied with 
 great assiduity at Paris the Hebrew and 
 Greek tongues, but soon after he became a 
 teacher, the spirit of persecution against the 
 protestants drove him from France. He 
 went to Strasburg, and then to Switzer- 
 land, and he successfully engaged with the 
 dukeof Wirtemberg, to introduce the refor- 
 mation into Montbeliard, Aigle, Morat, and 
 other places. He afterwards went to Gene- 
 va, but his violence against popery was re- 
 sisted by the clergy, and he retired, though 
 in 153i he was recalled. In 1538 he was 
 again banished from Geneva with Calvin, and 
 retired to Basil, and then to Neufchatel. 
 Zealous in the cause of reformation he labor- 
 ed assiduously as a preacher, and Uiough 
 exposed to a thousand dangers from perse- 
 ration and from the jealousy of the papists, 
 he escaped them all, and after increasing his 
 proselytes at Metz and the neighboring 
 places, he visited Calvin on his deatii-bed at 
 Geneva 1564, and expired himself the next 
 year on the 13th Sept. at Neufchatel. At 
 the age of 69 he married, an event in his life 
 ■which exposed him to the ridicule of his ene- 
 mies. Erasmus among others has spoken of 
 liim severely, but rather unjustly, when he 
 
 calls him a false, virulent, and seditious evaii- 
 gelist. Nothing could, indeed, resist the 
 zeal of Farel, though surrounded by drawn 
 swords, though interrupted by the ringing of 
 bells, and by the clamors of his enemies, he 
 yet preached boldly and successfully, and 
 made as many converts as any of the refor- 
 mers. He wrote some few things on contro- 
 versial subjects. 
 
 Faeet, Nicholas, one of the first mem- 
 bers of the French academy, known more 
 for the excellent statutes which he formed 
 for the new Institution, than the books he 
 wrote. He was the friend of count d'Har- 
 court and Vaugelas St. Amand, and died 
 1646, aged 46. 
 
 Farin, Emanuel de Sousa, a Portuguese 
 knight, who accompanied Rodrigo, as ambas- 
 sador to Rome. He died at Madrid 1650, 
 aged 00, reduced to poverty, by his negli- 
 gence of his propex'ty. He wrote poems in a 
 manly and nervous style, collected into seven 
 volumes after his death, besides moral and 
 political discourses, commentaries on the Lu- 
 siad of Camoens, a history of Portugal to tiie 
 reign of Henry the cardinal, and Portuguese 
 Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Though 
 a Portuguese, he preferred the Castilian lan- 
 guage to his own. 
 
 Fartnaccio, Prosper, an Italian lawyer, 
 born at Rome, died 101 8, aged 64. His works 
 in 13 vols. fol. are much esteemed at Komc. 
 They are all on law subjects. 
 
 Farinato, Paul, an Italian painter, born 
 at Verona 1522. His mother died in giving 
 him birth, and he and his wife both expired 
 at the same moment in 1606. One of his 
 paintings in St. George's church, Verona, is 
 as much admired as that of Paul Veronese, 
 which is placed near it. He was equally 
 eminent as an orator, sculptor, and archi- 
 tect, and it is said that he was also a good 
 swordsman. 
 
 Farinelli. F/a'. Broschi. 
 
 Fakin'guon, Anthony, an English di- 
 vine, born at Sunning, Berks, 159C. He was 
 educated at Trinity college, Oxford, of which 
 he became fellow and tutor, and afterwards 
 he was vicar of Bray, near Maidenhead, 
 1634, and divinity reiider in Windsor chapel. 
 In the civil wars, he was ejected from his pa- 
 rish, and reduced to great poverty, till in- 
 vited by sir John Robinson, alderman of 
 London, to ofliciate at St. Mary Magdalen, 
 Milk-street, London, Avhere he died Sept. 
 1658. He published in 1657, a folio volume 
 of his sermons, dedicated to his patron Ro- 
 binson, and after his death two other folio 
 volumes of his MS. sei'mons, were publish- 
 ed by his friends. 
 
 Farmer, Hugh, a dissenting minister, 
 educated under Dr. Doddridge. He settled 
 at Walthamstow, and lived in the house of 
 his friend Mr. Snell, where he died 5th F'eb. 
 1787. He MTote a dissertation on Miracles, 
 8vo. — a treatise on the Worship of Human 
 Spirits among the Heathens, 8vo. — on 
 Christ's Temptation, 8vo. — and on the De- 
 moniacs, 8vo. 
 
 Farmer, Richard, a learned native of 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 Leicester, educated at Emai»utl college, 
 Cambridge, wljere he became Icllow aii<l tu- 
 tor, and look Ills degree of M.A. 17CU. In 
 irGG he ptiblislied his valuable essay on the 
 Learning of Shakspcarc, in which he main- 
 tains tliat the l)ar(l ublaincd his knowleilge 
 of ancient histury and mylholog) from trans- 
 lations and not from original classical au- 
 tliors. He was in 17G7 made one of the 
 Whitehall preachers, and in 1775 lie was 
 fleeted niaslor of iiis college, an«l then t.o«ik 
 his degree of D.I). He obtained afterwards 
 a prebend, aiid the chancell(usliii> in Lich- 
 field cathedral, tlie jilace of librarian in Cam- 
 hntlge, and afterwards a prebend of Canter- 
 bury, which he exchanged for a residenlia- 
 ryship of St. Paul's. He had collected ma- 
 terials for the history of his native town, 
 which however he gave together with the 
 ])lales to his friend Mr. Nichols, for his r<ei- 
 cestershire history. He died L'97, aged 02, 
 and his valuable collection of scarce and cu- 
 rious books was sold by public auction, after 
 his death. 
 
 Farnabv, Tiiomas, an eminent gram- 
 marian, born in London 1575. lie was ser- 
 vitor of Merton college, Oxford, and was 
 seduced by the Jesuits, and persuaded to 
 leave his country and religion, and retire to 
 Spain. Tired of the discipline of Ids new 
 insti'uctors, he at last v ith difticulty escaped, 
 and went a voyage with sir Prancis Drake, 
 and sir John HaM kins, 1595. He afterwards 
 served as a soldier in the Low Countries, 
 and then returned to Cornwall, poor and 
 destitute. He settled at Martock, Somer- 
 setshire, wliere he taught grammar -with 
 great success, and then came to London, 
 where he met with much encouragement, 
 and had not less than three hundred pupils. 
 In 1616, he took his master's degree at Cam- 
 bridge, and was admitted ad eundem at 
 O.xford, and about 1630, on account of the 
 sickness prevalent in London, he removed 
 to Seven Oaks, Kent, where his usual suc- 
 cess attended him, and enabled him to pur- 
 chase an estate there, and another in Sussex. 
 During the civil wars lie became obnoxious 
 to the pai'liament, because he had said it was 
 better to have one king than 500. He v as 
 therefore imprisoned in Newgate, and though 
 his enemies wislied to transport him to Ame- 
 rica, he was removed to Ely house, Holborn, 
 where he continued till within a year of his 
 death. He died 12lh June 1647, and was 
 buried at Seven Oaks. His works were 
 Notre ad Juvenalis & Persii Satiras, IG12. 
 — Notie nd Senecie Tragoedias 1613, — ad 
 INlartialis Epigr. 1015, — ad Lucani Pharsalia, 
 1618, — Index llhetoricus, 8cc. 1G25, — Flori- 
 Icginm Epigrammat. Graic. 1629, — Notne ad 
 Virgil, IGoi, — Systema Grammatic. 1641, 
 Jkc. His works display every where great 
 erudition, and his notes, says P>oyle, are of 
 great use, being short, learned, and designed 
 to clear up the text. 
 
 Farnese, Peter F^ouis, son of pope Paul 
 III. by a secret marrisge, before he became 
 a cardinal, was made 'luke of Parma, and 
 Placentia. His debaucheries, and the tyran- 
 
 \ OL, f. 6*5 
 
 ny of his government, rendered him ';o un- 
 popular, that he was assassinated at Placeu- 
 tia 15 i7, fno years aflei- his elevation. 
 
 Fau.nese, Alexander, eldest son of the 
 preceding, was born 1520. He was m.ade 
 bishop of Purma, by Clement \'II. and ad- 
 vanced to ih(! purple in 1.^34, by his grand- 
 father Paul HI. I>y whom he was emj)lr)yed 
 as Hnd)assador to Germany, France, and the 
 Low Countries. His talents as a negotiator 
 were very great, and he was respected for 
 his learning, as well as patronage of lite-ra- 
 ture, and of learned men. He died at Kome, 
 1589. Charles \ . said of him, when dean f^f 
 the sacred college, that if all the members 
 resembled him, the college would be the 
 most august assendjly in tlio world. 
 
 Farnese, Alexander, third duke of Par- 
 ma, was nephew to the cardinal. He dis- 
 tinguished himself at the siege of Lepanto, 
 and at the taking of Antwerp, and succeeded 
 in 1578 John of Austria, as governor of the 
 Low Countries. Hereceive'l a mortal wound 
 at Rouen, when it was besieged by Henry 
 IV. of Fj-ance, and he died at Arras, 1592. 
 
 Farxeworth, Ellis, an English divine, 
 born at Bonteshall, Derbyshire, where his 
 father was rector, and educated at Chester- 
 field and Eton, and then at Jesus college, 
 Cambridge. He was presented to the rec- 
 tory' of Carsington, Derbysliire, 1762, by 
 dean Yorke, and died there 25th March, 
 1763. He wrote the Life of pope Sixtus V. 
 from the Italian of Leti, folio, 1754, — Da- 
 vila's History of France, 2 vols. 4to. 1757, — 
 Machiavel's works translated 1761, reprinted. 
 1775, 4 vols. Svo. 
 
 FARQ.VHAR, George, an eminent comic 
 poet, son of a clergyman, born at London- 
 derry, 1678. He was educated at Dublin 
 college, and afterwards engaged himself with 
 a company of players. In this employment, 
 at the representation of Dryden's Indian 
 Emperor, he was nearly converting the play 
 into a real tragedy, for forgetting to ex- 
 change his sword for a foil, he, as Guyomar, 
 wounded his antagonist Vasquez so dread- 
 feiily that from that moment, he in terror 
 bid adieu to the stage. He came to London 
 in 169G, and at the repeated solicitations of 
 Wilks the actor, he turned his thoughts to 
 the composition of a theatrical piece. His 
 opportunities of study and meditation were 
 impro\ed by the kindness of lord Orrery, 
 who gave him a lieutenant's commission in 
 his regiment. In lo98 his first comedy ap- 
 peared, called " Love in a Bottle," and wa-. 
 well received. In 1700, "the Constant 
 Couple, or Trip to the Jid)ilce," was acted, 
 and gave Wilks the opportunity of display- 
 ing sir Harry Wihiair with all the g.tyety, 
 animation, and vivacity of the character. 
 Th« same year Farquhar was in Holland, 
 and he has given a facetious and interestincj 
 account of the place and people in two let- 
 ters. In 1701, appeared ♦♦ sir Harry Wild- 
 air, or the sequel of the Trip to the Jubilee," 
 which was received with uncommon appro- 
 bation. He published in 1702, miscellanies, 
 or collections of poems, letters and essay??, 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 and the next year came out his " Inconstant, 
 or the Way to Win him." In 1704 appear- 
 ed his "Stage Coach," the next year "the 
 Twin Rivals," and in 1708 " the Recruiting 
 Officer" dedicated to " all friends round the 
 Wrekin" a hill near Shrewsbury, where he 
 had observed on a recruiting party, the 
 manner in v.hicjj clowns are inveigled into 
 the army, and the milk maids are robbed of 
 their virtue and liappiness by the arts of mili- 
 tary men. His last comedy was the Beaux's 
 Stratagem, the great success of which he 
 did not live to see, as the unkindness of a 
 courtier, who had promised, and forgot, to 
 patronise him, and the pressure of his debts 
 broke his lieart. He died April, 1707, be- 
 fore he had reached his thirtieth year. He 
 had married in 1703, a lady who had fallen 
 in love with him, and who to gain the afi'ec- 
 tions of a needy and dissipated suitor, had 
 falsely represented herself as a woman of 
 great opulence. He married, but though 
 bitterly disappointed, he never upbraided his 
 wife with the artifice, but became a tender j 
 and indulgent husband. He left two daugh- ' 
 ters whom in liis papers he had recom- 
 mended to the friendship and patronage of 
 Wilks. Wilks became a fatiier to them, he 
 procured a benefit for each of them, and 
 continued hrs parental fondness, even after 
 they were settled in business. For the suc- 
 cess of his comedies, Farquhar is indebted 
 to the natural delineation of his characters, 
 the interesting tendency of his plots, and the 
 flowing gi'aces and sprighlliness of his Avit, 
 The same popularity attends them now as 
 upon their original production, though it is 
 to be lamented that a licentiousness and 
 spirit of indelicacy much to be censured are 
 observed throughout, to be attributed not so 
 much to depravity of heart in the author, 
 as to the impure taste of the age in which he 
 wrote. 
 
 Fastolft, sir John, a valiant general, 
 of an ancient family, born at Yarmouth in 
 Norfolk, about 1377. He attended the duke 
 of Clarence, as lieutenant of Ireland, about 
 1405 and l40G, and in 140S he married a 
 rich widow of that kingdom, and soon after 
 ■went ov«rto France, where, under the Eng- 
 lish regenc)', he was promoted to places of 
 trust and honor. He returned home 1440, 
 covered with laurels bravely won in the field, 
 and in his private conduct now he exhibited 
 the hospitable, generous, and benevolent 
 man. He bestowed large legacies on Cam- 
 bridge to build the schools of philosophy and 
 civil law, and was a most liberal benefactor 
 to Magdalen college, Oxford, founded by his 
 friend VVainfleet. He died 1459, aged up- 
 wards of SO, according to what Caxton his 
 contemporary has mentioned. Shakspeare 
 has been severely censured for abusing this 
 great and good man under the chaiacter of 
 sir John Falstaff. The age and the name of 
 these two knights are so different, that the 
 apparent coincidence must be purely acci- 
 dental. FastolflT, as is well observed, was a 
 young and grave, discreet and valiant, chaste 
 and sober commander abroad, and eminent 
 
 for every virtue at home ; but the FalstafFof 
 the poet is an old, humorous, vaporing, cow- 
 ardly, lewd, lying, drunken, debauchee. It 
 is besides to be recollected that Shakspeare's 
 FalstafT was first acted under the name of sir 
 John Oldcastle, though modern critics dis- 
 pute it. 
 
 Favart, Chai-les Simon, a Parisian, 
 known for his operas, which are numerous, 
 and deservedly admired. He died at Paris 
 171)3, aged 83. 
 
 Favart, Marie Justine Benoite, a fa- 
 mous French actress, wife of the preceding, 
 borii at Avignon, 1727. Her maiden name 
 was du Roncerai. She Mas never surpassed 
 in the sensibility, ease, and liveliness of her 
 comic characters. She died at Paris, 1772. 
 
 Fauchet, Claude, a French antiquarian, 
 historiographer to Henry IV. He died 1601, 
 aged 72, overwhelmed in debts. The monu- 
 ments of his extensive reading and deep re- 
 searches are found in his Gaulish and French 
 Antiquities, — a treatise oh the Liberties of 
 the Gallican Church, — on the Origin of 
 Knights, Armorial Bearings, and Heralds, 
 — Origin of Dignities and Magistracies fn 
 France. These works printed together in 
 4to. IGIO, are curious, but so inelegant that, 
 it is said, the perusal of them gave Lewis 
 XIII. a distaste for reading. 
 
 Fauchet, Claude, a native of Dome in 
 the Niveraois, who became vicar-general to 
 the archbishop of Bruges, and preacher to 
 Lewis XVI. The theatrical manner, and 
 ridiculous affectation of his delivery, how- 
 ever, ofiended the devotion of the monarch, 
 and in consequence of this disgrace, Fauchet, 
 at the revolution, was most hostile to the 
 government. He was one of the most active 
 in the destruction of the Bastille, and preach- 
 ed a thanksgiving sermon on the event, and 
 in his enthusiastic condtict showed himself 
 so forgetful of his character and px'ofession, 
 that he called Jesus Christ the first sanscu- 
 lotte of Judsea. These extravagancies ren- 
 dered him popular with the mob ; he was 
 deputy from Calvados in the national as- 
 sembly and in the convention, and became 
 the constitutional bishop of Bayeaux. He 
 was at last accused as a disaffected person 
 before the revolutionary tribunal, and guillo- 
 tined 1793, in his 49th year. He wrote a 
 panegyric on St. Lewis, before the French 
 academy, — a funeral Oration for the duke of 
 Orleans, — Discourse on Universal Manners, 
 — Eloge on Benjamin Franklin, &c. 
 
 Faucheur, Michael le, a French pro- 
 testant divine, admired as a preacher at 
 Montpellier, Charenton, and Paris. After 
 hearing him discourse on duelling, marshal 
 de la Force said, " if a challenge was sent 
 to me, I would refuse it." He died univer- 
 sally regretted at Paris, 16G7. He wrote a 
 treatise on Oratorical Action, — sermons in 
 8vo. — Christian Pi'ayers and Meditations, — 
 a treatise on the Eucharist, against cardinal 
 Perron, Geneva, folio. 
 
 Faulkner, George, a iirinter of emi- 
 nence, the first who raised his profession in 
 Ireland to credit and respectability. He wa? 
 
FA 
 
 FA 
 
 ike frieiUl of (lean Swil'l, and of lord CLcs- 
 terrielcl, whose letters to liiin under I lie 
 name of Alticus, art- nmcli admired. lie 
 had tiie misforUiiu; to biv;ilv liis leg, in con- 
 sequence of which Foole, with more humor 
 than good breeding, inli'oduced him in his 
 Orators, I7i>'2, in the character of i'ttei- 
 Paragraph. The insult was felt, and Faulk- 
 ner commenced an action against tlie mimic, 
 which, hoAvever was (Iropped hy tiic inter- 
 ference of lord Townshend. He raised him- 
 self to opulence hy the success of his ".lour- 
 ival," and was universally respected for his 
 fair and upright conduct in his profession. 
 He died Alderman of Dublin, iJStJi August 
 1775. 
 
 Fa vo LI us, Hugo, a Dutch physician and 
 J)Oet, author of Flodoeporican liyzanti- 
 um, in three books, publislied at Louvain, 
 156.3. He died 1585. 
 
 Favouinus, a Platonic pliilosophcr in 
 the age of Adrian. He was born lit Aries in 
 Gaul, and taught at Rome. 
 
 Favouinus, ^'arinus, originally Guarini 
 of Favera, near Canicrino in Italy, the place 
 of his birth, was a discii)le of Politian, and 
 became a Benedictine monk. In 1512 he 
 was keeper of the Mendicean library of Flo- 
 rence, and in 1514 was made bishop of No- 
 cera, and died 1537, He publislied in 1523 
 his Greek Lexicon at Rome, one of the first 
 of modern Lexicons, compiled from Suidas, 
 the Etymologicum Magnum, Hesychi us, occ. 
 the best edition of which is that of Rartoli, 
 fol. Venice 1712. He wrote besides, Cornu 
 copiie et Horti Adonidis,aud Stobaius'Apoph- 
 thegmata, translated. 
 
 Faur, Guy de, lord of Pibrac, a native of 
 Toulouse, eminent as an advocate, and sent 
 by Charles IX. as ambassador to the council 
 of Trent, where he maiifully defended tiic 
 liberties of the Gallican church. In 15G5 he 
 was made advocate general in the parliament 
 of Paris, ami in 1570, counsellor of state. In 
 1572 he vindicated tlie massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, no doubt compelled by his supe- 
 riors, as his own chai'acler was mild, hu- 
 mane, and far from vindictive. He made 
 peace between the court and the protestants 
 under Henry III. whom he had accompanied 
 to Poland, \\hen he was elected king there. 
 He possessed great influence with his mas- 
 ter, and was created one of the chief presi- 
 dents of the court of law. He died 1584, 
 aged 50. He published some speeches, but 
 he is best known by his " Quatrains," or 
 Moral Stanzas of four lines, so much admi- 
 red at that time, thai they were translated 
 into all languages, aud into English by Syl- 
 vester. 
 
 Favre, Anthony, Faber in Latin, a pro- 
 found lawyer, born 1557 at Bresse. He was 
 governor of Savoy, and was engaged in seve- 
 ral negotiations between that dukedom and 
 France. He died 1G24. He wrote 10 vols. 
 fol. on jurisprudence and civil law, besides 
 quatrains preserved among those of Faur, 
 lord of Pibrac. 
 
 F'avke. (3laude, 77(/. Vaugei.as 
 
 Faust. Vid. Fust. 
 
 F'austa, Flavia Mr.ximiana, second wife 
 «»f the great Constantine, caused by false 
 accusation the death of (Jri.spus her son-in- 
 law. She was sulfocated in a bath for her 
 incontinence 327. 
 
 Fausmna, Anna GaKiia, daughter of 
 Ann. Verus, and wife ol Antoninus Pius, 
 disgraced herself by her debaucheries, and 
 died 141. Her daughter was equally licen- 
 tious. 
 
 Faust us, an English monk of the 5th 
 century. He was abbot of the monastery of 
 the Leriu L.lands 433, and in 4G6 made 
 i)ishoi) of Riez in Provence. He wrote a 
 homily on Ma.ximus, his jiredecessor in the 
 bishopric. He was banished from his see in 
 481, and died soon after. 
 
 Fawce TT, sir William, an Ijuglish gene- 
 ral, born at Shipden hall near Halifax, York- 
 shire. He received his education at a gram- 
 mar school in Lancasliire, and early embra- 
 ced the military profession, and seryed in 
 Germany during the seven years' war under 
 Eliot and Granby. His abilities were ap- 
 plauded by the king of Prussia, who made 
 him liberal offers to accept a command in 
 his army, but he preferred the service of 
 his native country, and a\ as gradually promo- 
 ted to the rankof a general, and made knight 
 of the bath, colonel of the third regiment of 
 dragoon guards, arid governor of Chelsea 
 hospital. He died 18t»4, and was buried 
 with great military pomp in Chelsea college 
 chapel. He translated from the French 
 count Saxe's reveries, or IMeinoii's on the 
 Art of War, 4to, 1757 — Regulations for the 
 Prussian Cavalry, from t!ie Gei-man, 1757 — 
 Regulations for the Prussian Infantry, and 
 the Prussian Tactics, 1759. 
 
 F'awkes, Francis, an ingenious poet, born 
 in Yorkshii'e 1721, and educated at Leeds 
 school, and afterwards at Jesus college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts. Upon taking orders he settled at Brom- 
 hari), Yorkshire, and then removed to Croy- 
 don, Surrey, where Herring the primate 
 noticed him, and gave him in 1755 the vicar- 
 age of Orpington, with St. Mary Clay, Kent, 
 which he exchanged in 1774 for the rectory 
 of Hayes. He died 26ih Aug. 1777. He 
 published an ode inscribed to his patron 
 Herring, and lamented his death in 1757 in a 
 ])atlietic elegy. His poems appeared by 
 subscription 1701, in 8vo. but his chief merit 
 was translation, as is evinced by his spirited 
 versions of Anacreon, Sapplio, Bion, Mos- 
 chus, and ^Musjeus, 17G0, 12mo. — and the 
 Idyllia of Theocritus 1767, 8vo. His Apoi- 
 loiiiusRhodius appeared 1780. A Bible with 
 notes was published in hi.< name. 
 
 F'avdit, Anselm, a Provencal poet, or 
 troubadour of celciirily, noticed by the prin- 
 ces of his time, tor his wit and the elegance 
 of Ills masuiers. He was relieved from indi- 
 gence by the liberality of Richard Cceur de 
 Lion wlio admired his poetj-y, aiul he died at 
 Aix 1220. He wrote a p'oem on tiie death of 
 his benefactor Richard, the Palace of Love, 
 imitated aftei'wards by Petrarch, besides 
 cumedic?, one of «hleh *• Ilcrcgiadels Pres 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 tci,*' reflected sevei'cly on the corruption of 
 the church. 
 
 Fay DiT, Peter, a priest of the oratory, 
 who was horn at Rioin iu Auvergne, and 
 died there 1709, aged 60. He is known for his 
 satirical attacks on great cliaractcrs, especi- 
 ally Bossuet and Fenelon for his Teleima- 
 ch'us, and his illusiratious of Ecclesiastical 
 Histoi'y, 8vo. — his treatise on the Trinity, 
 *cc. 
 
 Fayette, Louisa de la, a French lady of 
 great celehrity. She was maid of honor to 
 Anne of Austria, and eiijoye/1 the confidence 
 of Lewis XIII. without sullying her good 
 name or her virtue. So great was her iiiflu- 
 ence upon this monarch that she reconciled 
 liim to his queen, and when she had thus 
 served tlie man Avhom she I'espected, she 
 retired uncontaminated to a convent, and 
 took the veil. Lewis visitctl her in her 
 retreat, hut she resisted every invitation to 
 the court. She died in her convent, univer- 
 sally heloved, and deservedly admired for 
 that uncommon display of virtue and self- 
 command Avhich, in a young and heautiful 
 •woman, could resist the most liattering offers 
 f)f distinction and of rank, and sacrifice the 
 world, and her innocent attachment to a 
 king, to the meek spirit of devotion. 
 
 Fayette, Marie Madeleine, countess of, 
 daugliter of Aymer de la Vergne, governor 
 of Havre de Grace, and wife of count de la 
 Fayette, is celebrated for her kno^ ledpc of 
 literature and of the fine arts, and her inti- 
 macy with KouchefoucauIt,Huetius, Menage, 
 Segrais, and other learned men. She died 
 1603. Though abused for levitj- of conduct 
 by the author of the memoirs of Madam de 
 Maintenon, she is represented hy Madam 
 de Sevigne as a woman of respectable and 
 exemplary character. She wrote Zaide — 
 La Princesse de Cleves — La Priiicesse de 
 IMonlpensier, romances — Memoires de la 
 Cour de France 1688 and 1689 — Histoire 
 d'Henriette d'Angietere — divers portraits, 
 &c. These Avorks are still esteemed. She 
 is the first, says Voltaire, who e.xhibited in 
 her romances the manners of people of 
 fashion in a graceful, easy, and natural way. 
 
 Featley, Daniel, or Fairclough, an 
 English divine, horn at Charlton, O.xford- 
 shire, March 15S2. He was educated at 
 Magdalen college school and Corpus Christi, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow 1602. 
 He distinguished himself so much hy his 
 extensive knowledge of scliool divinity, and 
 by his eloquence as a preacher, that he was 
 sent as chaplain to sir Thomas Edmund's 
 embassy to France, where he continued 
 three years. He became, in 1613, rector of 
 Northill, Cornwall, and chaplain to Abbot 
 the primate, who made him rector of Lam- 
 beth. In 1617 he took his degree of D. 1). 
 and afterwards received from his patron, the 
 primate, the rectory of All-Hallows, Bread 
 street, London, which he exchanged for 
 Acton, and he was the last provost of Chel- 
 sea college. He suffered much in his pro- 
 perty by the civil wars, and hardly escaped 
 with his life, as he was seized and ixtjpris'jucd 
 
 Abel, with notes, &c. 8vo 
 lieligion of the modern Greeks 
 
 in 1643, for opposing the covenant. He gre\r 
 so weak and dropsical from the confinement 
 that he was permitted to )-emove to Chelsea 
 college, where he died April 1645. He was 
 a very able disputant, and a most smart 
 scourge, says Wood, of the church of Rome. 
 He ])ublished nearly 40 works, all of the 
 polemical kind, besides " Cygnea Cantio,'* 
 1629, and the scholastic duel between him 
 and king James. 
 
 Fecht, or Fechtius, John, a Lutheran 
 divine of Brisgaw, who settled at Dourlach, 
 and afterwards at Rostock. He died 1716, 
 aged SO. He wrote a History of Cain and 
 
 a treatise on the 
 another 
 against the Superstitions of the Mass, 8cc. 
 
 Feck EN H A. M, John de, so called as being 
 born of poor parents near that forest in 
 Worcestei'shire. His right name was How- 
 man. His promising abilities were observed 
 and improved by the priest of his parish, and 
 he Avas educated carefully in the monastery 
 of Evesham, and afterwards at Glocester 
 hall, Oxford, where, in 1539, he took the 
 degree of B. D. He was afterwards chaplaia 
 to bisliops Bell and Bonner, and in 1549 he 
 was committed to the tower for refusing, it 
 is said, to administer the sacraments after 
 the manner of the protestants. On Mary's 
 accession he was released, and raisetl to dis- 
 tinction in the church. In 1554 he disputed 
 at Oxford M'ith Cranmer, Ridley, and Lati- 
 mer, before they suffered martj^rdom; but 
 though favored by the papists, he exercised 
 every office of benevolence and kindness 
 towards the suffering protestants. In 155G 
 he was made D. D. by the university of 
 Oxford, in compUment to his great learning, 
 and his many t)rivate virtues, an'l the same 
 year he was appointed abbot of Westminster. 
 On Mary's death, Elizabeth, before her 
 coronation, sent for him, and as he had in- 
 terested himself warmly in her favor during 
 the last reign, she acknowledged his services, 
 and offered him the archbishopric of Canter- 
 bury if he would conform, which he abso- 
 lutely refused. In the queen's first parlia- 
 ment he was the last abbot that sat there, 
 and he then spoke so boldly against the refor- 
 mation, that he Avas sent to the lower in 
 15G0. He continued in custody, either in 
 the house of some bishop, or in a public 
 prison, the rest of his life; but though he 
 acknowledged the queen's supremacy, he 
 never Avould conform to the reformation. 
 He died a prisoner in Wisbech castle, in the 
 isle of Ely, 1585. Though a violent papist, 
 he was a most humane and charitable man, 
 whose mildness, piet}"^, and goodness of heart, 
 have been warmly commended by Camden, 
 Fuller, Burnet, Dart, and Reyner. His 
 Avorks Avere chiefly sermons and controver- 
 sial tracts, now little regarded. 
 
 Feijoo, Benedict Jerom, a Spanish Ben- 
 edictme, who attempted by his writings and 
 example, to correct and reform the vitiated 
 notions of his countrymen. His Teatro 
 Critico, in 14 vols. 4to. is a Avork of great 
 merit, which, with great freedom and spirit, 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 censures ihc ip;iicrance atul licentiousness of 
 tlic clergy, :in<l exposes llie fiililily of pilfjri- 
 lunges, |)releii(le«i mirncles, and superstiti- 
 ons exorcisms. 'I'liis nnnsnnl IjoMmcss ;ifj;iinsl 
 the pi-ejn«lices ol' the times proved very 
 oHensive to tlie chnrcli, and the Author was, 
 with dilflcnlty, saved from the horrors of the! 
 inquisition, lie died 1705. 
 
 Feithi'S, Kverard, a learned German, 
 born at Kll)urj::h, in (;uel(leL«land. After 
 devolinj; himself with };reat assiduit} to liter- 
 »tnre at IKinc, he returned home ; hut the 
 invasion of the Spaniards under Spinola so ter- 
 rified him, that he I'elired to France, vvhere 
 lie taught (ireek, suid was honored with tiie 
 fritndship oJ Casauhon, Thuatms, l)u Tuy, 
 and othei- learned men. As lie walked one 
 day at Kochelle, attended by a servant, he 
 wasin\ite(l into a house hy one of tlie citi- 
 zens, and Ironi that moment, it never could 
 be known what became of him, though the 
 mysterious occurrence was Ciiligently inqui- 
 red into by the maijistrates of the place. He 
 ■was then yount;;, hut had given great speci- 
 jncns of superior learning. Of !iis -MS. works 
 were published Antiquitatum Ilomcricarum 
 l.ibri Quatuor, 12mo. Leyden, 107' — De 
 Atheniensium llepublica — De Anticjuit. At- 
 ticis, 8cc. ve)-y learned aial interesting. 
 
 Feuibien, Andre v.', counsellor and liis- 
 toriographer to the Fi-ench king, was born 
 at ciiartres lG19. He inijiroved himself at 
 Paris, and also at Uome, where he attended 
 as secretary de Fontenay-Mareuil, ambassa- 
 dor to that court from France. On his re- 
 turn he was patronised by Fouquct and 
 Colbert, and placed by the king in offices of 
 rcs[>ectabiiity and importance. He was one 
 of the iirst members of the academy of in- 
 sci-iptions and medals, and died June llth 
 iGD.i, aged 70, leaving five children. His 
 principal works are Entretiens sur les Vies 
 & les Ouvrages des plus liXcellcns Peintres, 
 Anciens & Modernes, 5 vols. 4to — Les I'rin- 
 cipes de I'Architecture, de la Sculpture, k 
 de la Peinture, avec un Dictionnairc des 
 Termes Propres, de ces Ars, de I'Origine 
 de la Peinture, kc. — Descriptions of several 
 Entertainments given by the King, kc. — 
 the Conferences of the Royal Academy of 
 Painting, kc. — the Description of the Abbey 
 de la Trappe, kc. His Dialogues on the 
 Lives of the Painters is the work most admi- 
 red. It is elegant and profVumd. In his 
 private character Ftlibicn was very amiable, 
 a good man, not ambitious, but possessed of 
 every christian virtue He first gave the 
 name of Circat to Lewis XIV. in the inscrip- 
 tions of the Hotel de "N'ille. 
 
 Felibien, John Francis, succeeded his 
 father in all liis appointments, and inherited 
 all his taste and knowledge of tlie fine arts. 
 He wrote an Historical Collection of the 
 Lives and Morks of the most celebrated Ar- 
 chitecis, 4to. ltj.S7 — Description of \'ersallies 
 ancient and modern, I'imo — Description of 
 the Church of Invalids, fob 17UG and 1756. 
 He died 1733. 
 
 Felibiex, James, brother of Andrew, 
 was archdeacon ul' Churtres, and died '25ih 
 
 Nov. 1710. (le wrote Des Instructions Mo- 
 i-ales — and Fentateuchus Ilistoricus. 
 
 Feli bi E.N', A'ichael, son of Andre.v, waa 
 of the congregation of St. .Maiir, and was en- 
 gaged to write the History ol Faris, nhitli he 
 diil not live to complete. It was finished by 
 Lobiricau, 5 vols. till. 1725. He died lOtli 
 Sept. 17iy, age<l 5.^. H.- had published, iu 
 I7(jij, the History of llie Abbey of St. Deny3, 
 in f ilio. 
 
 Felix, was the go\ernor <jl Judca befoi'c 
 whom Faul preached with such elfect a.s to 
 ciuse him t(j tremble. He was recalled by 
 Xero li)i' Iks oppression. 
 
 Felix, bishop of CrgellH in Spain, siip- 
 ])0sed with his friend Elipaiul, aicbbibhrtp of 
 'I'oledo, tliat Christ was son ot Cud onlv by 
 adoption, an opinion which drew ufion liim 
 the ivscnlmcnt f)f (Jliarlemagne, and his de- 
 position from his see. He died an e.\ile ;it 
 Lyons, 815. 
 
 Felix I. pope after Dionyshis, '209, w.'is 
 put to death 274, atid canonized. His epis- 
 tle against Sabellius and Paulus Samosatenus 
 is preseived. 
 
 Felix II. was, in 355, elevated to the pa- 
 pal chair by Constans, during the exile of 
 Laberius. On the return of liis rival, Felix, 
 supported by the authority of Constans, 
 v.ished to retain his office conjunctly with 
 him, but the Romans exclaimed, " one Cod, 
 one Christ, one pope," and he retired to ex- 
 ile, and died 365. 
 
 Felix HI. successor of Simplicius, quar- 
 relled with the emperor Zeno, in defence of 
 the privileges of the Western church, and 
 died 49-2. 
 
 Felix IV. a native of Bcneventum, was 
 raised to the papal chair after John 1. 526, 
 and died four years after. He was a prelate 
 of great piety and cxemijlary goodness. He 
 was the first who introduced e.\lreiue imctiou 
 in the church. 
 
 Fell, Dr. John, a learned prelate, born 
 at Longworth, Berks, '23d June, 1023. He 
 was educated at Thame school, and at the 
 age of 11 was .admitted at Christ-church, Ox- 
 ford, where his father was dean. During the 
 civil war, he bore arms for the king, and for 
 his loyalty be was exi>eiled from the college, 
 and lived in retirement till the restoration, 
 when he was made prebentlary of Chiches- 
 ter, ar.d canon and dean of Christ-i hurcli. 
 He was very liberal to his college, and built 
 the tower over tlie principal gate, into wliich 
 in 1083 he causeil to be removed the boll 
 called great Tom, said to have been origi- 
 nally brought from Obei\e} abbey. In lo66, 
 and the three ft)llowing years, he served the 
 office of vice-chancellor, and by his indetii- 
 ligable attention he contribi'.ted much to re- 
 store the good order and :incient disci|»line of 
 the university. In 1G75-0 he was made bi- 
 slinp of Oxford, without glvir.gup his deanery, 
 and now, besides charitable ctnitributiou-s, lit; 
 applied a large ])art of his income to the re- 
 buiiding of Cuddesden ]ialace. He dictl IdUi 
 July, l(")So, and was buried in Christ-chuicli 
 cathedral, wliere an inscription by Ablrich, 
 his successor, marks Lis jrrave. Ke wrote 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 the Life of Dr. Hammond, 1060. — Historia 
 k Antiquitates Uiiiversitatis Oxon, 2 vols, 
 folio, translated from Wood's — Alcinoi in 
 Platonicam Pljilosopliiam Introductio — In 
 Laudem Musiccs Carmen Sapphicum — St. 
 Clement's two Epistles to the Corinthians, 
 Greek and Latin — Aliestree's Life — ser- 
 mons — an edition of Cyprian's works, and 
 other classics. The bishop's father, Dr. Sa- 
 muel Fell, was born in St. Clement Danes' 
 parish, London, L^04, and was educated at 
 Westminster and Clirist-church. He was 
 successively minister of Freshwater, isle of 
 "Wight, chaplain to James L prehendaiy of 
 Worcester, dean of Lichfield, and in 1638 
 dean of Chrisi-clRirch. He died 1st Feb. 
 lfi48-9, of a broken heart, in consequence of 
 the murder of his royal master. He wrote 
 Primitive, seu Oralio, &c. 1026, and Concio 
 Latina ad Baccalaureos, &c. 1G27. 
 
 Fell, John, a dissenting minister, horn 
 at Cockermouth, 1732. He was originall}* a 
 tailor ; but after living in that employment 
 in London, he acquired some knowledge of 
 the classics, and became pastor of a congre- 
 gation at Beecles, Suffoik, and afterwards 
 Tliaxsted, Essex. He was afterwards tutor 
 at an academy at Homerton, from which he 
 was dismissed, says his biographer, for read- 
 ing a newspaper on a Sunday. A subscrip- 
 tion of 100 guineas vas made that he should 
 preach sermons on the evidences of Christi- 
 anity. Four only of these discourses were, 
 delivered at the Scots' church, London Wall, 
 "when the pi*eacher fell a victim to a dropsy, 
 13th Sept. 1797. The sermons were con- 
 tinued and published by Dr. H. Hunter. Fell 
 •was the author of Answers to Farmer's Es- 
 say on the Demoniacs — and his treatise on 
 the Idolatry of Greece and Rojue — Genuine 
 Protestantism — an Essay on the Love of 
 one's Country — a Letter to Burke on the 
 Penal Laws — an Essay on English Gram- 
 rnar, &cc. 
 
 Feller, Joachim Frederic, a learned 
 German, born at Leipsic, 1673. He Avas se- 
 cretarj^ to th« dulie of Weimar, and travel- 
 led much to visit foreign libraries. He died 
 1726. The best known of his works is Mo- 
 Jiumenta Varia Inedita, Jena, 1714, in 12 
 numbers, 4to. He wrote also Miscellanea 
 Leibnitiana — Genealogy of the House of 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Feller, Francis Xavier, an ex-jesuit, 
 horn at Brussels. He wrote an Historical 
 and Literary Journal from 1774 to 1794, at 
 Luxemburg— a Geographical Dictionary — 
 Observations on Newton's Philosophy — and 
 BuflFon's Epochs of Nature examined — an 
 Historical Dictionary, S vols. 8vo. Liege, said 
 hy the editors of the Nouvcau Dictionnaire 
 Historique, to be pirated from their own 
 work. He died at Uatisbon, 1S02, aged 67. 
 
 Felltham, Owen, an English writer 
 born in the reign of James I. in Suffolk, 
 where his family had been settled for several 
 generations. Few particulars are known of 
 his history, though it appears that his learn- 
 ing and virtues rccf)mmended him to the no- 
 tice of the carl of Thomond, in whose fami- 
 
 ly he lived for some years in easy and honoiv 
 able depeiwleuce. He wrote Resolves, Di- 
 vine, Moral, and Politicrd, a work of great 
 merit, and singular excellence, of which the 
 12th c<lition appeared in 1709, in 8vo. This 
 book, so valuable for its refined sentiments 
 of morality, its pointed delineations of duty, 
 and its interesting tendency to instruct the 
 mind and improve the heart in the road of 
 virtue, has lately been edited with a few al- 
 terations by Mr. Cumming, and deservedly 
 recommends itself to universal perusal. Fell- 
 tham wrote besides some prayers for the use 
 of lady Thomond's family, &c. The time of 
 his death is unknown, though lie was living 
 in 1677. 
 
 Felton, John, auEnghshman, known in 
 history as the assassin of Villiers, duke of 
 Buckingham, 1028, a crime which he com- 
 mitted out of fanatic zeal, in the full persua- 
 sion that he thus served God and man. He 
 was tried and executed for the foul deed. 
 He had been a lieutenant in the army which 
 besieged the isle of Rhe, and because he did 
 not succeed to a company on the death of 
 his captain, who was slain in the attack, he 
 quitted the army in disgust, and became a 
 bigoted dissatisfied puritan. His grandfather 
 of the same name, had, in the reign of Eli- 
 zabeth, afiixed on the palace gates of the bi- 
 shop of London, the bull of Pius V. by which 
 tlie queen was declared a heretic, and her 
 subjects incited to rebellion. He was tried 
 and executed for this conduct, 1570. His son 
 Thomas, was a Franciscan, and came to 
 England as a missionary, for which he was 
 executed 1588. 
 
 Feltox, Henr}', principal of Edmund 
 hali, Oxford, dedicated to his pupil, the duke 
 of Rutland, his Dissertation on reading the 
 Classics, and forming a Just Style, a work of 
 merit. He wrote also a volume of sermons, 
 and died 1739. 
 
 Fenelon, Francis de Salignac de la 
 Motte, archbishop of Cambray, was born of 
 an illustrious family at the castle of Fenelon 
 in Perigord, 6th Aug. 1651. He was edu- 
 cated at Cahors, and afterwards finished his 
 studies at Paris, and began early to acquire 
 popularity as a preacher. At the age of 24 
 he t.ook orders, and in 1686, after the revo- 
 cation of the edict of Nantes, he was sent by 
 the king at the head of the missionaries who 
 were to convert the protestants of the coast 
 of Saintonge and the Pays de Aunis, who 
 had not yet submitted to the influence of mi- 
 litary force. In 1689 he was appointed tutor 
 to the dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri, 
 and he displayed such abilities in the educa- 
 tion of these princes, that the king in grati- 
 tude for his services gave him the abbey of 
 St. Valery, and soon after the see of Cam- 
 bray, to which he was consecrated by Bos- 
 suet, 1695. In 1697 he was exposed to reli- 
 gious persecution, by the publication of his 
 explication of " the maxims of the Saints 
 concerning the Interior Life," in which he 
 supported the claims of Madame Guyon, to 
 exalted devotion, and her mystical interpre- 
 tation of Solomon's song. There was littlfe 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 in hei* book that merited a(tcnlioi>, lnvt as 
 Feiicloii defcndc-fl Iht ctinse, liis aiilhoritv 
 alarnieil some of the Frenc-li prcliilcs, mikI 
 conferences were held f()r some months be- 
 tween him and Ilo^suit, Lisl.,)[) of Meutix, 
 Noialles, bishop of Ch:th)n.s, and Ti'oiK^'on, 
 superior of St. Sidpicius. J''enelon was of- 
 fered to sign a recantation of his opinions, 
 and M'hen lie refused, the afl'air was rclLrreil 
 to the king, and then to the <leclsio»i of tlie 
 pope, who in condenminf; the archbishop's 
 book, declare<l that he had errefl from ex- 
 cess of lov« of God, and his oppO!iet»ts from 
 excess of love of their neighbor. I'his af- 
 fair to which such importance Avas attached, 
 was siipposc<l to arise from the wish of pre- 
 venting the appointment of Fenclon to the 
 ofhce of almoner to the duchess of Bui-gundy, 
 whicli was immediately tilled by Jlossuet. 
 Fenclon witli true Christian meekness sub- 
 mitted to the decision of the pope, and read 
 the sentence, and his recantation in his own 
 diocese, where, by his exemplary life, he 
 gave lustre to the episcopal ofrice. He after- 
 Avards assisted the Jesuits, in tlieir successful 
 attack against the Jansenists, and procured 
 the disgrace of Noialles their patron, and the 
 condemnation of their writings. The work 
 from which P'enelon derives immortality is 
 his '* Telemachus." It was indeed exposed 
 to the jealousy of Lewis and his courtiers, 
 Avho pretended to see the character of Ma- 
 dam de Montespan in Calypso, of Mademoi- 
 selle de Fontanges, in Eucharis, of tho duch- 
 ess of Burgundy, in Antiope, of Louvois, in 
 Frotesilaus, of James II. in Idomcneus, and 
 of Lewis XIV. iu Sesostris, but though its 
 publication was prohibited in France, it ap- 
 peared at Paris surreptitiously in 1699, and 
 in a corrected form at the Hague, 1701. Such 
 is the merit of the work, that it ranks, though 
 in prose, among epic poems, and by the ele- 
 gance of its style, and the sublimity of its 
 moral, it has secured mjiversal applause, and 
 has been translated into all the modern lan- 
 guages of Euro[)C. The last part of Fene- 
 lon's life was spent in the conscientious dis- 
 charge of the pastoral office, in Ids diocese, 
 ■where his benevolence, and goodness of heart, 
 gained him the aiTection and gratitude of his 
 people, and his reputation the respect even 
 of his enemies, for Marlborougli, when vic- 
 torious iu the country, ordered the lands of 
 *he great and good Fenelon to be spared. 
 This amiable prelate died 7th Jan. 1715, 
 aged 03. F»esides his Telemachus, and liis 
 Explication of the Maxims, lie wrote some 
 other valuable works, a treatise on the Educa- 
 tion of daughters, 12mo. much admired — Dia- 
 logues of the Dead, 2 vols. 12mo. — Dialogues 
 on Eloquence, and the Eloquence of the Pul- 
 pit, 12rao. — Lives of ancient Philosophers, 
 abridged, l'2mo. — Spiritual Works, 4 vols. 
 12mo. — a Dononstration of tlie Existence of 
 God, 12mo. — Directions for the Conscience 
 of a King — sermons, &c. 
 
 Fexton, Elijah, an English poet, the 
 youngest of twelve children, horn at Shel- 
 toii, near Newcastle, under-Line, Stafford- 
 shire. He was educated at. Cambridge, but 
 
 his opposition to government prevented his 
 entering ijito ordei-s, and he b<M;inie U'-ber 
 in Mr. Bonwicke's sch(j(jl at Headley in Siir- 
 i-y. He afterwards was master of Seven 
 <3aks sch ol, and next was appointed secre- 
 tary to lord Orrery, and tutor to liis son lord 
 Boyle. By Pope's j-ccommcndation he was 
 jdaced as an usel'ul .'issistant, near Cruggs, 
 secretary of state, whose early death pre.- 
 vttJted his comfortable settlement. Thftngh 
 not rich lie ended his life in ease and tian- 
 ([uillity, and died at the hou.-,e of latly Triiiu- 
 bal, East-Hamstead, Berks, l.jth July 1730. 
 He published in 1709, "Oxtrn-d aiui Cniii- 
 bridge verses," and in 1717, a volume of his 
 own poems, and in 172S, his tragedy of .Ma- 
 riamne, collected out of Josejihus. He also 
 assisted Pope in (he Odvssey, and translated 
 the first, fourth, 19th and 20th books. He 
 also edited ^V'al!er's poems, with notes, and 
 published a life of Miiion, commended, by 
 Dr. Johnson. Fenton though of no superior 
 genius as a poet, yet possessed great merit, 
 as the choice and fricndsliip of Pope fully 
 testify. His epitaph Mas written by Pope, 
 and the praises bestowed on him are nfjt 
 overcharged, for he was an honest man, un- 
 envicd by rivals, mild, humane and benevr>- 
 lent in his conduct, and he lived " content 
 with science in the vale of peace." 
 
 Fenton', sir GeofFre)-,an eminent writer, 
 descended from a good family in Nottinij- 
 hamshire. He sei-ved queen Elizabeth in 
 Ireland, where he became member of the 
 privy council 1;>81, and where be married 
 the daughter of Dr. Robert Weston, lord 
 chancellor of the island. He was afterwards 
 appointed to the secretaryship of the lord 
 lieutenant, and continued in that responsible 
 office under all the changes of government. 
 He died 19th October 1608, in Dublin, at 
 the house of tlie earl of Cork, wlio had raai-- 
 ried, in 1 003, his only daughter. He trans- 
 lated Guiciardini's \Vars of Italv, dedicated 
 
 ".' » 
 
 to queen Elizabeth, besides Golden epistles 
 from Guevara's works, &cc. 
 
 Ferajuoli, Nu/io, an Italian painter, 
 born in 1661. He was pupil to Luca Gior- 
 dano, ar.d is eminent for the beauty and cor- 
 rectness of his landscapes, aud the transpa-- 
 rency of the waters. 
 
 Ferdinand I. emperor of Germany, 
 second son of the archduke Philip, was born 
 at Medina, in Castile, l.iO.'i. He was crown- 
 ed king of Hungary, and Bohemia 1527, oa 
 the death of his brother-in-law, l^nuis the 
 younger, the la.st king, and in l.'>31 he was 
 elected king of the Uomans, and in 1.5 ")S Uc 
 succeeded as emperor, on the abdication of 
 his brother Charles V. He governed M'itU 
 moderation and prudence, and after making 
 peace with the Turk?, and producing a re- 
 conciliation between the kings of Sweden 
 aud Denmark, lie died of a dropsy at Vien- 
 na, 25tl> July 1564, aged Cl. 
 
 Ferdinand H. archduke of Austria, 
 and son of Charles, duke of Stiria, was niaile 
 king of Bohemia 1017, and of Hungary IGIS, 
 and raised to the imperial throne 1619. His 
 subjects of Bohemia revolted, and placed ou 
 

 FE 
 
 the throne FreJei-ic V. elector Palatine, but 
 Fei-dinanfl attacked, and defeated them at 
 the battle of Prague lo'iO, and the dukedom 
 of the usurper was given to iMaximilian, 
 duke of Bavai'ia, The fortunes of the un- 
 fortunate Palatine, were supported by Chris- 
 tian, king of Denmark, but the victories of 
 Tilly, tlie imperial general, rendered his 
 opposiiion hopeless, and obliged him to sue 
 for peace 1G29. These brilliant successes 
 roused against Ferdinand tlie kingof France, 
 and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, aiid tiie 
 imperial general was defeated at Leipsic 
 1631, though soon after the Swedish con- 
 queror fell covered with glory iu the cele- 
 brated battle of Lutzen. The battle of 
 I^ortlingen in 1634, proved favorable to the 
 cause of the Germans, and the following 
 year tranquillity Avas restored among the 
 rival powers. Ferdinand died at Vienna, 
 8th Feb. 1637, aged 59. 
 
 Ferdinand III. surnamed Ernest, eld- 
 est son of the preceding, was made king of 
 Hungary 16-25, of Bohemia 1627, and of the 
 Komans 1636, and elected emperor on his 
 father's death. He pursued the same plans 
 of ambition and aggrandizement as hisfathei-, 
 but in his war against the Swedes, his troops 
 were defeated by Bernard duke of Weimar, 
 Avho in four months gained four important 
 victories. The French under the great 
 Conde supported the Swedish arms, and 
 Ferdinand was besieged in Ratisbon where 
 he held a diet of the empire. In 1645 ano- 
 ther battle Avas fought and won by Conde at 
 Nortlingen on the same spot where the 
 Swedes had been eleven years before de- 
 feated. Tranquillity was at last restored to 
 the empire by the peace of Westphalia, 
 1648, and the treaties of Osnaburg and 
 Munster, which granted Pomerania to the 
 Swedish monarch, and made him one of the 
 members of the Germanic body, and tolera- 
 ted the Lutherans >md Cidrinistsin the midst 
 of the Roman Catholic religion. The em- 
 peror died 1657, aged 49. He was 3 times 
 married. 
 
 Ferdinand I. king of Castile and Leon, 
 surnamed the Great, was son of Sancho III. 
 king of Navarre. He defeated in battle 
 Alphonso king of Leon 1037, and caused 
 himself to be crowned king of Leon, and of 
 the Asturias, the next year. He next 
 ri^arched against the Moors, took several of 
 their towns, and penetrated into the heart 
 of Portugal, and afterv.ards he attacked his 
 brother Garcias king of Navarre, Avhom he 
 deprived in a di.'cisive battle, of his ci'own, 
 and of his life. He died 1065, and divided 
 his kingdom among his sons, and tlius created 
 causes for civil wars. 
 
 Ferdinand II. younger son of Alphon- 
 so VIII. king of Leon and Castile, made war 
 against the Portuguese, and took their king 
 Alphonso Henriques prisoner. He made 
 the wisest and most temperate use of his 
 victory, and died 1187, after a reign of thirty 
 years. 
 
 Ferdinand III. St. son of Alphonso IX. 
 obtained the crown of Castile bv the abdica- 
 
 J tion of his mother Berengere 1217, and as- 
 seended the throne ofLe6non his father's 
 death, 1230. He made successful war against 
 the Moors, and took Cordova, Murcia, Se- 
 ville, Xeres, Cadiz, &;c. and died 1252, as he 
 was meditating an invasion of the kingdom 
 of Morocco. He was a wise monarcii, and 
 lie established some salutary laws for the 
 protection of his subjects, and the more im- 
 partial administration of justice. He was 
 canonized by Clement X. 1617. 
 
 Ferdinand IV. succeeded to the throne 
 of Castile 1295, at the age of ten. His mi- 
 noritv was governed bj' the prudent adminis- 
 tration of his mother Mary. He made war 
 against the Moors, and against Grenada, and 
 died suddenly 1312, aged 27. 
 
 Ferdinand V. surnamed the Catholic, 
 was son of John II. king of Arragon. He 
 married in 1469 Isabella of Castile, and thus 
 united the two kingdoms of Castile and Ar- 
 ragon. He made war against Alphonso king 
 of Portugal, and defeated him at Toro 1475, 
 and he next turned his arms against the 
 kingdom of Grenada, which he totally sub- 
 dued after a war of eight years, and thus 
 put an end to the Moorish povver, which for 
 800 years had florished in Spain. Ambitious 
 and enterprising, Ferdinand next turned his 
 arms against Navarre, and by means of his 
 brave general Gonsalvo of Cordova, he con- 
 quered part of the kingdom of Naples, but 
 whilst his dominions were thus enlarged in 
 Europe and in Africa, a new continent sub- 
 mitted to his poM er by the great discoveries 
 of the immortal Columbus. Ferdinand left 
 four daughters, and died 1516. 
 
 Ferdinand VI. surnamed the Wise, 
 was son of Phihp V. and Mary of Savoy, and 
 succeeded his father 1746. He was a most 
 benevolent prince, he restored liberty to 
 prisoners, he extended his forgiveness to 
 deserters and smugglers, and appointed two 
 days in the week when he freely gave ac- 
 cess to his subjects, and redressed person- 
 ally their grievances. He engaged in the 
 war of 1741, and in the peace of 1748 he 
 obtained for one of his bi'others the crown 
 of the two Sicilies, and for the other the 
 duchies of Parma and Placentia. In his 
 governnient he was prudent, and deservedly 
 popular, industry was encouraged, abuses 
 were reformed, and canals were made to 
 convey plenty and commerce through the 
 country. He died without children at Mad- 
 rid 10th Aug. 17>9, aged 46. 
 
 Ferdinand I. succeeded in 1458 to Al- 
 phonso of Arragon as king of Naples and 
 Sicily. Though he protected commerce, 
 and encouraged the liberal arts among his 
 subjects, yet he was unpopular on account of 
 his debaucheries and cruelties. He died 
 little regretted 1494, aged 70. 
 
 Ferdinand, king of Portugal after 
 Peter, 1367, died 13S3. He assumed tlie title 
 of king of Castile after the death of Peter 
 the cruel, and in consequence was engaged, 
 in war with Henry of Transtamare, whoso 
 daughter he was obliged to marry to re-es- 
 tablish the general tranquillity. He was again 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 unfortunate in another war, though suppor- 
 ted by tlie English. 
 
 Ferdinand I. gfahd duke of Tuscan j^ 
 after his brother Francis II. 1587, was entii- 
 nent for his wisdom in the govei-nment, and 
 for the vigor with which lie ma<le war 
 against the pirates who disturbed the com- 
 merce of his subjects in the Mediterranean. 
 He died much respected IfiOQ. 
 
 Ferdinand if. grand duke of Tuscany, 
 succeeded Cosmo II. and gained the respect 
 of the neighboring princes, by the firm neu- 
 trahty whicli he maintained during the wars 
 between France and Spain. He ably sup- 
 ported tlie Venetians in their war in Candia, 
 and died 1668 after a reign of forty-eight 
 years. 
 
 Ferdinand of Cordova, a learned Span- 
 iard of the 15th century, who was not only 
 well skilled in the logic of Aristoile, and the 
 learning of theancients, but an accomplished 
 master in the polite arts, so that he passed 
 afaong the vulgar for a magician. He wrote 
 de Artiticio Omnis Scibilis — and Commen- 
 taries on Ptolemy's Almagest, and on the 
 Bible. 
 
 Ferdinand liOPEZ, a Portuguese who 
 went to the East-Indies in the 16th century, 
 and published an interesting account of his 
 voyage, &(>. 
 
 Ferdinand, Charles, a native of Bru- 
 ges, known as a poet and philosopher. He 
 died at Paris 1494, author of a treatise on the 
 Tranquillity of the Soul. 
 
 Ferdinand, John, a Jesuit of Toledo, 
 author of Divinarum Scripturarum Thesau- 
 rus, fol. 1594. He died at Valencia 1595, 
 aged 59. Another of that name was a Do- 
 minican of Arragon, who published a com- 
 mentary on Ecclesiastes, and died 16'25. 
 
 Ferdinand de Jesus, a Carmelite 
 monk in Spain, very eloquent, so that he 
 was surnamed the Golden mouthed. He 
 wrote Commentiiries on Aristotle, the Bible, 
 &c. in the 17th century. 
 
 Ferdinandi, Epiphanius, a native of 
 Obianto, eminent as a physician. He wrote 
 Observationes et Casus Medici — de Vita 
 Propaganda— de Peste — Theoremata Medi- 
 cs, &c. He died 1G38, aged 69. 
 
 Ferdonsi, Hassan Ben Scharf, a Persian 
 poet, whose epic i)oem called Schanameh is 
 very celebrated. It is the labor of thirty 
 years, and consists of 60,000 verses, each of 
 which is a distich. It contains the annals of 
 the kings of Persia. He died at Thous 
 1020. 
 
 Ferg or Fergire, Francis Paul, a 
 painter, born at Vienna 1689. He studied 
 under Hans Graaf and Grient, and improved 
 himself by travelling. He came to London 
 where he was much esteemed, but an im- 
 prudent marriage ruined all his expecta- 
 tions. He was found dead at the door of his 
 lodging 1740, worn out with disease and 
 wretchedness. His landscapes are beau- 
 tifully enriched with ruins of castles and 
 towers. 
 
 Fergus I. king of Scotland, son of Fer- 
 gus king of the Irish Scots. It is said that 
 
 VOL. I. 66 
 
 he assisted the Scots in repelling the Picts, 
 and that for his services he was elected king. 
 He was drowned as he returned to Ireland, 
 404. 
 
 Ferguson, Uohert, a divine, ejected 
 from the living of (iodmarsham in Kent, for 
 nonconformity 166'2. He afterwards kept a 
 school, and then devoted himself to politics, 
 and became a court spy. He was next the 
 associate of the unfortunate Monmouth, 
 whom as it is thought he betrayed, as he was 
 hckle in his attathiuents, atid faithful to no 
 party. He wrote the Interest of Reason ia 
 Religion, 8vo. — a Discourse concerning Jus- 
 tification, &c. and died poor 1714. 
 
 Ferguson, Robert, a native of Edin- 
 burgh, who studied divinity, but preferred 
 poetry and literary fame to all other pursuits. 
 He obtained a place in tlie sheriff clerk's 
 office Edinburgh, but dissipation abridged his 
 days, and he died insane in the lunatic asy- 
 lum of Edinburgh 1774, aged 24. His pastoral, 
 humorous, and lyric poems have been edited 
 in Dr. Anderson's collection. 
 
 Ferguson, James, an ingenious Scotch- 
 man, self-taught as a philosopher, born of 
 poor parents at Keith in Bamffshire, 1710. 
 He was for four years a common shepherd, 
 and in this solitary employment he marked 
 accurately the position of the stars with a 
 thread and bead. His ingenuity was obser- 
 ved and encouraged by his opulent neigh- 
 bors, who had him instructed in arithmetic, 
 algebra, and geometry, and under the patro- 
 nage of sir James Dunbar for many years 
 he supported himself by drawing and taking 
 portraits. His ingenuity was so great that 
 after the accidental sight of a watch and of a 
 clock, he made one of each with wood. lu 
 1744 he came to London, and in consequence 
 of his astronomical rotula to shew the new 
 moon and echpses, he was introduced to the 
 learned and ingenious, and made fellow of 
 the Royal society. He was a man of inoffen- 
 sive manners, mild and benevolent in his 
 character. The present king at his accession 
 granted him a pension of 50/. a year, and 
 occasionally took great delight in his conver- 
 sation. He invented some useful instruments, 
 and died 16th Nov. 1776. He wrote "Select 
 Mechanical exercises," 1773 — Introtluctioii 
 to Electricity, 1770 — to Astronomy, 1772 — 
 treatise on Perspective, 1775 — and Astrono- 
 my Explained on Newton's principles, edit- 
 ed for the fourth time 1770 — Lectures on 
 Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Hj-draulics, Pneu- 
 matics, &c. edited the fifth time, 1776, &c. 
 
 Ferguson, William, a Scotch painter, 
 who died 1690. He travelled into Italy and 
 excelled in representing dead bii'ds, game, 
 and still hfe. 
 
 Fermat, Peter, an emi^ient mathemati- 
 cian, born at Toulouse 1590, where from his 
 knowledge of the law he became counsellor 
 in the parliament, and an upright magis- 
 trate. As a philosopher he may be said to 
 have prepared the way for the Infinites of 
 Newton and Leibnitz, and to have introdu. 
 ced new geometry. He was connected with 
 Descartes, Huygens, and Pascal, and died 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 1664. His works highly valued were puh- 
 lished at Toulouse, 2 vols. fol. 1679. His son 
 Samuel was eminent as a literary man, and 
 wrote some learned dissertations. 
 
 Fermor, William count Von, a native of 
 Phaskow, the son of a Scotchman. He like 
 his father, was in the Russian service, and 
 
 greatly distinguislied himself against the 
 Turks. In 1755 he was commander of the 
 Ivussian forces, and for his services in defeat- 
 ing the Prussians he was made count of the 
 empire by the emperor Francis. He defeat- 
 ed the kuig of Prussia at the famous battle of 
 Zorndorff, and afterwards took Berlin. He 
 died 177J, aged 6i. 
 
 Fernandex, Anthony, author of Com- 
 mentaries on Isaiah, and tlie Visions of the 
 Old Testament, was superior of the Portu- 
 guese Jesuit missionaries in India, and died in 
 .Portugal 1628. 
 
 Fernandez, Benedict, a Portuguese Je- 
 suit, author of Commentaries on Genesis, 
 and on St. Luke's Gospel. He died at Lis- 
 bon 1630. 
 
 Fernandez, Alphonso, a Spanish Domi- 
 nican, author of an ecclesiastical history of 
 his own times, and of other works. He died 
 about 1640. 
 
 Fernel, John Francis, physician to 
 Henry H. of France, was born at Montdidier 
 in Picardy 1506. He applied himself to 
 study with the most indefatigable zeal at 
 Paris, and he made such progress that his 
 lectures on philosophical subjects were great- 
 ly admired for eloquence and erudition. He 
 afterwards studied physic, and when admit- 
 ted to practice, he divided his time between 
 his patients and his books, allowing himself 
 scarce five hours of rest in 24- When invited 
 to court by the king, whose friendship and 
 good opinion he had secured by curing one 
 of his favorites, he excused himself, and 
 when solicited to accept honors and places of 
 emolument, he modestly refused, and pre- 
 ferred the retirement and studies of private 
 life to every other pursuit. On the death of 
 the king's first physician, he was at last obli- 
 ged to settle at the court, but the sudden 
 death of his wife who fell a sacrifice to her 
 grief in leaving her relations to come to live 
 at Fontainbleau, so aflected him that he died 
 within a month aftei', 1558. He wrote seve- 
 ral works on medical subjects in high repute, 
 as he was considered one of the great resto- 
 rers of medicine. His practice was so gx'eat 
 that his gains were yearly 12,000 livres. 
 
 Fernouillot de Falbaire, Charles 
 George, a French author, who died May, 
 1801, aged 74. He wrote some articles in 
 the Encyclopedie, besides dramatic pieces of 
 considei'able merit. 
 
 Ferracino, Bartolomeo, a self-taught 
 mechanic, born at Bassan in Padua 1692. 
 He was a sawyer, and his invention of a saw 
 which worked by the wind recommended 
 hirp to the notice of the great. He built a 
 famous bridge over the Brenta in his native 
 town, and died soon after the completion 
 1764. An account of his life and inventions 
 was published by Memo, Venioe. 
 
 Ferrand, James, a French physician of 
 Agen. He wrote a book ** on the Distemper 
 of Love," Paris, 1622, which in treating of 
 the passion as of a bodily disease, and of the 
 frequent uneasiness, and fatal consequences 
 of its pleasures, shows the great erudition of 
 the author. 
 
 Ferrand, LeAvis, a French lawyer, born 
 at Toulon 1645. He was an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, and died there 1699. 
 His works, which are neither accurate nor 
 brilliant, are chiefly on religious subjects. 
 
 Ferrand, Anthony, a counsellor of Pa- 
 ris, who died there 1719, aged 42. His 
 madrigals, songs, epigrams, &c. are well 
 known. He was the rival of J. B. Rousseau 
 in poetry. 
 
 Ferrand, James Philip, a French paint- 
 er in enamel, was born at Joigni in Burgun- 
 dy, and died at Paris 1732, aged 79. He 
 wrote a treatise on Enamel Painting, and 
 another on Miniatures, 12mo. 
 
 Ferrand us, Fulgentius, a deacon of 
 Carthage, who died before 551. He was 
 disciple of St. Fulgentius, and wrote some 
 books, enumerated by Cave. 
 
 Ferrar, Robert, a native of Halifax, 
 Yorkshire, educated at Cambridge and Ox- 
 ford, and made bishop of St. David's by the 
 influence of Cranmer, to whom he had been 
 chaplain. He was imprisoned on suspicion 
 in Edward's reign, and under Mary he was 
 burnt as a heretic at Caermarthen, 1555. 
 
 Ferrar, Nicholas, a native of London, 
 son of an East India merchant. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, and after travelling 
 on the continent, he was made secretary to 
 the Virginia company, and in 1624 elected 
 member of parliament, and directed, with 
 two others, to draw the impeachment against 
 lord Cranfield, the treasurer. He soon after 
 retired to Little Gidding, Huntingdonshire, 
 where he established a protestant monas- 
 tery, and devoted himself to devotional pur- 
 suits. In 1626 he took deacon's orders, and 
 died 1637. He had translated from the 
 Spanish Valdesso's Considerations on Reli- 
 gion. 
 
 Ferrari, Lewis, a native of Milan, who 
 studied under Cardan, and became professor 
 of mathematics at Bologna, where he died 
 1565, aged 45. He is known for his inven- 
 tion of the method of resolving biquadratic 
 equations. 
 
 Ferrari, Antony Mary Zachary Bar- 
 tholomew, founder, with James Morigia, of 
 the order of the Barnabites at Milan, 1520, 
 confirmed by pope Paul III. 1535. This 
 
 order floi-ished greatly. Ferrari died supe- 
 rior of his foundation, 1544. 
 
 Ferrari, Octavian, an Italian author, 
 born at Milan, 1518. He was much respect- 
 ed as a professor of ethics and politics at 
 Venice, Padua, Milan, and other places of 
 Italy. He died at Milan, 1586, considered 
 for his learning as a second Aristotle. He 
 wrote de Sermonibus Exoreticis, 1575— de 
 Origine Romanoi'um, 1607 — a Latin translj\- 
 tion of Athenieus, and Notes on Aritotle'. 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 Feruari, Francisco I»eriKii(liiio, of the 
 same family as the preceding, was born at 
 -Milan, 1577. lie was a doctor of the Am- 
 brosian college, and he was enc()urage<l by 
 the archbishop of Milan to travel not only to 
 improve himself, but to make a collection of 
 hooks. This v.-ihmble selection, made in 
 Spain, Italy, and in other countries, laid the 
 foundation of the Ambrosian library. Ferrari 
 died at MiUm, 1609, aged 'J2. lie wrote dc 
 Antiquo Ecjlesiasticarum F'ipistolarum (ien- 
 ere Libri trcs, If5l3 — tie Kitu Sacranun Fc- 
 clesix Catholictc Concionuin Libri tres, IG20 
 — dc Vetei'um Acclamationibus & I'lausu 
 Libri septem, lCt2T. These works are very 
 curious, and display the great erudition and 
 deep researches of tlie author. 
 
 Fekkaki, Octavio, of the same family, 
 ■was born at Milan, 1607, and educated at 
 the Ambrosian college, of which he became 
 professor of rhetoric at the age of 21, on 
 account of his great proficiency. Six years 
 after he was invited by the republic of Ve- 
 nice to Padua, wlicre as professor of Greek, 
 of eloquence, and politics, he collected a 
 great number of pupils, and restored the 
 tieclining reputation of the university. His 
 learning was so extensive, and his fame so 
 deservedly established, that Christina of 
 Sweden honored him with presents, and 
 Lewis XIV. settled on him a pension of 500 
 orowns for seven years. He died 1682, res- 
 pected for his amiable manners, and that 
 sweetness and humanity of character which 
 procured him the name of Pacificator. His 
 works are chiefly on classical antiquities, the 
 most known of which is Origines Lingute 
 Italicac, fol. 1676, a subject treated before by 
 Scaliger, in 24 books, now lost. 
 
 Ferrari, John Baptist, a Jesuit of Sien- 
 na, who published a Syriac Dictionary, 4to. 
 1622, to explain tlie Syriac words in the 
 bible. He wrote also de Malorum Aureo- 
 rum Cultura, &c de Florum Cultura, 1633, 
 and 1646, and died 1655. 
 
 Ferrari, Giovanni Andrea, a painter of 
 Genoa, who died 1669, aged 70. He ex- 
 celled in the representation of flowers, 
 fruits, he. 
 
 Ferrariexsis, a general of the Domi- 
 nicans, who died 1528. His real name was 
 Francis Sylvestre. He wrote on philosophy, 
 &c. 
 
 Ferrars, George, a learned man, born 
 of an ancient family near St. Alban's, 1512. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and removed to 
 Lincoln's inn, and soon distinguished himself 
 as an advocate under the patronage of Crom- 
 well, earl of Essex. He became afterwards 
 a favorite with Henry VHl. and liis arrest, 
 ■when he was member of parliament for 
 Plymouth, created such confusion, tliat in 
 the event, it established the privileges of the 
 members of the house. On the fall of So- 
 merset under Edvard VI. he was named 
 lord of misrule, to entertain the public with 
 pastimes, and for twelve days he exhibited at 
 Greenwich all the pomp and magnificence of 
 assumed greatness, to the satisfaction of tlie 
 -court, and the gratification of the populace. 
 
 Ferrars possessed such versatile talents, that 
 though tlie religion of the court frer^uently 
 changed at the caprice f)f the sovereign, he 
 continued still a favorite uith all, and dieil a 
 protestant at Flamstead, Herts, 1579- He 
 wrote the liistory of Queen Mary, which 
 was inserted in the chronicle under the 
 name of Kichard Grafton. He also contri- 
 buted to the poetical woi-k called " the Mir- 
 ror lor Magistrates," piUilished 1559 — the 
 Fall of Robert Tresilian, Chief Justice, Ike. 
 — the tragedy of Thomas Woodstock, duke 
 of (Jloucester — tragedy of king Kichard II. 
 — the story of Eleanor Cobham, btc. 
 
 FeuPvArs, Edward, a Warwickshire poet, 
 educated at Oxford. He was a favorite with 
 Henry VIIJ. and died 15G4. He wrote 
 according to A\ ood, some comedies and tra- 
 gedies. 
 
 Ferrars, Henry, of the same family as 
 the preceding, was educated also at Oxford, 
 and made large collections for the history of 
 his native county. His valuable papers laid 
 the foundation of Dugdale's Antiquities of 
 Warwickshire. He was esteemed by Cam- 
 den, and distinguislied himself also as a poet. 
 He died 1633, aged 84, loaving behind him, 
 says Wood, the character of a well-bred gen- 
 tleman, a good neighbor, and au honest 
 man. 
 
 Ferraud, N. a native of Daure, near the 
 P} rentes, who was a deputy in the conven- 
 tion, and distinguished himself by his enmity 
 to the monarchy. He was commissary in 
 the armies of the Rhine, where he behaved 
 with coolness and intrepidity, and on his re- 
 turn to Paris, when opposing the attack made 
 on the convention, 26th May, 1795, he was 
 sliot through the heart with a pistol. His 
 murderer was executed, and the convention 
 appointed a day to celebrate his obsequies. 
 
 Ferrein, Antony, a French anatomist, 
 who died at Paris 1769, aged 76. He pub- 
 lished lectures which he had read on medi- 
 cine, and lectures on Materia Medica, each 
 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Ferreas, Don John of, a Spanish divine 
 born at Uabanezza 1652, and educated at Sa- 
 lamanca. His wit and learning recommend- 
 ed him to the court, from whose favors he 
 refused the pressing offer of two bishoprics. 
 He was made member of the academy of Ma- 
 drid 1713, and appointed Librarian to the 
 king. He contributed much to the Spanish 
 Dictionary, published by the academy 1739, 
 in 6 vols. fol. He died 1735, leaving several 
 works in philosophy, divinity, and history, 
 the best known of which is his history of 
 Spain, translated into French, by llermilly, 
 10 vols. 4to. 
 
 Ferreti, or Ferretus, a poet and 
 historian of Vicenza, of the l4th century, 
 who contributed much to the revival of learn- 
 ing in Europe. He wrote an history of liis 
 own times from 1259 to 1328, in seven books, 
 and other works in verse and prose, in Italr 
 ian. 
 
 Ferret*!, Emilio, an Italian lawyer, born 
 at Castclfranco, Bologna 1489. He was era- 
 ployed at Avignon, by Leo X. to v. horn he 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 ^as secretary. He died at Avignon 1552. 
 His Opera Juridica were published after his 
 death. 
 
 Ferrety, Giovanni Batista, a Benedic- 
 tine monk of Vicenza, who published at Ve- 
 rona, in 167-2, *• Musse Lapidarise," in folio, 
 •which contain inscriptions from ancient mon- 
 uments. The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Ferri, Paul, a learned divine, born at 
 Metz 1591, and educated at Montauban. He 
 became a minister in his native town, and 
 gained popularity by his eloquence, and his 
 dignified address as a preacher. He zealously 
 employed himself to reconcile the protestants, 
 and for these benevolent motives he was ac- 
 cused by his enemies of being bribed by Rich- 
 elieu to form a coalition of the two religions. 
 He died 1669, of the stone, and more than 
 80 calculi were found in his bladder. He pub- 
 lished, 1616, Scholastic! Orthodoxici Speci- 
 men, a book approved by Du Plessis Mornay 
 •— Vindicise pro Scholastico Orthodox 1619. — 
 and General Catechisme do la Reformation, 
 1654. 
 
 Ferri, Giro, a painter, born at Rome 1634. 
 He was the disciple and happy imitator of 
 Peter de Cortona, and the excellence of his 
 pieces, on which he set a very high price, 
 recommended him to the patronage of pope 
 Alexander VH. and of his three saccessors. 
 The duke of Florence also granted him a 
 pension to finish the imperfect pictures of 
 Cortona, and honorably nominated him chief 
 of the Florentine school. Ferri was equally 
 great as an architect, and several palaces and 
 altars at Rome were raised from his designs. 
 It is said that he died through chagrin at see- 
 ing the superior coloring of Bacici's picture 
 of angels near his own works in the palace of 
 Navona, 1689, at the age of 55. 
 
 Ferrier, Arnaud de, a lawyer, born at 
 Toulous 1506, and, from the greatness of his 
 abilities, called the Cato of France. He was 
 professor of the university, and afterwards 
 counsellor of the parliament of Toulouse, and 
 he was, in 1562, deputed by the French king 
 to the council of Trent, where the boldness 
 of his harangues in favor of his master offen- 
 ded some of his Italian hearers. He after- 
 wards went to Venice, where he assisted 
 father Paul in the collection of materials for 
 the History of the council of Trent. He was 
 at heart a protestant, and professed it at the 
 solicitation of Du Plessis Mornay. He was 
 made chancellor to the king of Navarre, and 
 he formed the design to declare the French 
 king head of the Church, after the example 
 of England. He died in his 79th year. He 
 •wrote some works. 
 
 Ferrier, Jei'emy, a divinity professor at 
 Nismes, who, from protestant, became pap- 
 ist, even after declaring in a public disputa- 
 tion that Clement VHI. was Anti-christ. He 
 was afterwards made state counsellor to the 
 French king, and he attended him in Britany 
 in 1626. He was patronised by Richelieu, 
 and wrote some tracts, esijecially *' Catho- 
 Kque d'Etat," in favor of his feligion and 
 principles. He died of a hectic fever 1626. 
 He had a large family, but only one daughter, 
 •who married Tardieu, and of whom some 
 
 anecdotes are recorded in Boileau's tenth 
 satire. 
 
 Ferrier, Lewis, a poet, born at Avig- 
 non. He was imprisoned for some licentious 
 verses in his ** Preceptes Galantes," but Ub- 
 erated by interest. He wrote Anne of Brit- 
 any, Adrastus, and Montezuma, tragedies, 
 which, in a feeble style, have some pathetic 
 passages. He died in Normandy 1721, aged 
 69. 
 
 Ferrier, John, a Jesuit of Rodez, in 
 Rouei'gne, confessor to the French king after 
 Annat, in 1670. He op])osed the Jansenists, 
 and wrote his famous book, on probability, 
 against them. He died 1674. 
 
 Ferri ERES, Claude de, a doctor of civil 
 law at Paris, Avho wrote several valuable 
 books on jurisprudence. His compositions 
 enriched the booksellers, but left him and his 
 family very poor. He died 1715, aged 77. 
 His works are, the Jurisprudence of the Jus- 
 tinian Code — of the Digest — of the No- 
 velise, &c. His son Claude Joseph wrote a 
 Dictionary of LaM', 2 vols. 4to 1771. 
 
 Ferron, Arnauld du, a la^vyer of Bour- 
 deaux, who died 1563, aged 48. He wrote 
 in elegant Latin in the style of Terence, and 
 continued to the reign of Francis I. the Lstin 
 History of France by Paulus iEmilius the 
 Veronese. It was published at Paris 1555, 
 and very highly esteemed for curious and in- 
 teresting details. 
 
 Ferte, Henry de Senecterre Mareschal 
 de, a famous general under Lewis Xlil. and 
 his successor, distinguished at the siege of 
 Rochelle 1626, and at the battles of Rocroi 
 and Lens. In 1650, he defeated the duke of 
 Lorraine, at the battle of St. Nicholas, and 
 wns made marshal of France, but in 1656, he 
 was taken prisoner, at Valenciennes, by the 
 Spaniards. He died 1681, aged 82, respect- 
 ed as a warrior, but inferior to Turenne, 
 whose fame he envied. 
 
 Ferus, John, a superior of the Gray 
 Friars, at Metz, known as a preacher, and as 
 an able commentator on the bible. His 
 works, which favor the protestants, are inser- 
 ted in the Index Expurgatorius. He died 
 1654. 
 
 Festus, Porcius, was the proconsul of 
 Judea, before whom the apostle Paul ap- 
 peared, and by whom he was on his appeal 
 sent to Rome. 
 
 Festus, Pompeius, an ancient gramma- 
 rian, author of a Tract de Significatione Ver- 
 borum, abridged from Flaccus. 
 
 Fett I, Dorainico, a painter born at Rome, 
 1589, and educated under Ludovico Civoli, 
 of Florence. He studied and imitated the 
 paintings of Julio Romano, and was patron- 
 ised by the duke of Mantua, whose palaces 
 he adorned with his highly finished pieces. 
 He ruined his constitution by licentious in- 
 dulgences at Venice, and died in his 35th 
 year. His pictures are very scarce, and 
 much sought after. His sister, a nun, was 
 also a good painter, and she adorned her 
 convent, at Mantua, with some of her pieces. 
 Fevardentius, or Fe^wardent, 
 Francis, a Franciscan friar of Coutances, 
 Normandy, born L541. He was a furious 
 
FE 
 
 FE 
 
 aacl bigofcd opposer of the protcstantj, a- 
 p;;iinRt whom he prcacht'd w kli prtiit. virti- 
 leiicc. Even the third and foiirih IlcmicK 
 ■were objects of liis attack, and apainst them he 
 directed all his thunder from the pulpit. He 
 publifjhed tlie five hooks of In.nnMis, correct- 
 ed and illustrated vitli learned notes, and 
 edited the last time at I^aris, IC;>'.>. He wr(»to 
 also controversial tracts, lie died IGil. 
 
 Feulleie, Lewis, a French naturalist, 
 born in Provence 1660. His great ahiliiies 
 were honorably employed by Lewis XIV. in 
 different parts ol the world, to advance the 
 knowled!.;e of natural history, and at his re- 
 turn he received a pension, and an ob.srrva- 
 tory was built for liis residence at Marseilles, 
 •wlicrc he died 17.j2. He wrote a journal of 
 observations physical, botanical, kc. on the 
 Coasts of Soutb America, 3 vols. 4to.aiid pre- 
 sented the French king; with a large folio of 
 curious drawings, &c. executed in the South- 
 sieas. 
 
 Feu<^ttieres, Anthony de Pas marquis of, 
 a native of Artois, distinguished as a general, 
 and made a marshal for his services in Ger- 
 many. He wrote Military Memoirs, 4 vols. 
 12mo. in which he spoke with unusual sever- 
 ity against the general offioersof his age, and 
 died 1711, aged 03. 
 
 Feuuborn, Justus, a German protestant 
 of Westphalia, author of several theological 
 Avorks in Latin. He died rector of the uni- 
 versity of Giessen 1656, aged 69. 
 
 Fevre, Claude, a Frencii painter, who 
 died in London 1675, aged 42. His portraits, 
 flowers, historical pieces, &c. were much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Fevre, Guy le, sieur de la Boderie, a 
 poet, born in Lower Norraand}-. He was 
 ■well skilled in oriental literature, and pub- 
 lished some works in Syriac and Chaldee, 
 and assisted in editing of Montanu's Polvglott 
 bible. He died 1598, aged 57. 
 
 Fevre, Anthony le, brother to Guy, was 
 employed near the person of Henry IV. of 
 France, and sent as ambassador to England, 
 and to other countries. He died 1615, aged 
 60. His memoirs appeared at Paris 5 vols, 
 12mo. 
 
 Pevre, Xieholas le, a French Jesuit, au- 
 thor of a treatise on true religion — and a 
 critical examination of Bayle's works. He 
 died 1755. 
 
 Fevre, James le, or Jacobus Faeer, a 
 learned Frenchman, born at Estampes, in 
 Picardy 1440. He was suspected of protest- 
 antism, and therefore exposed to persecution, 
 and after taking refuge at Meaux, Blois, and 
 Guienue, he at last found a safe retreat at 
 Ncrac, under the protection of Margaret, 
 queen of Navarre, sister of Francis I. He 
 died there 1537, nearly 100 years old. 
 Though not professedly a protestant, he yet 
 disapproved of many of the tenets of the 
 church of Rome, and he held a conference 
 ■with Buccr and Captio, at Strasburg, about 
 the reformation of the chm-ch. In 1512, he 
 published a translation of St. Paul's epistles, 
 with noi-cs, and gave the rest of the New 
 Testament in 1522, with copious commenta- 
 
 ries. Though the intimate friend, and tor- 
 revpondcnt of Erasmus, he ipaarrelled with 
 him in consequence of some disputed passa- 
 ges in bcri'tture, and Erasmus, much to hirf 
 honor, after repelling the attack, solicited 
 tlie contiiiiiance of his fricndsliip. It is said 
 that he was murdered in his bed, after weed- 
 ing in the presence of queen Mai\c;ai(t, and 
 lumentiiig that he had not, like many of liis 
 disciples, bad the fortitude to become u mar- 
 tyr in the di;fcnce of bis opinion*'. 
 
 FnvuE, Nichf>lasle,rjj' Aithol.nns Faber, 
 an ingenious and learned man, iiorii at Paris, 
 2d June 1544. In his youth, he had a dread- 
 ful accident, while cutting a pen, a small 
 piece of the quill flew into his eye, and caus- 
 ed sucli acute pain, that he lifted, in sudden 
 angui.sh, the knife to his eye, and struck it 
 out of the socket. He studied the civil lav 
 at Toulouse, Padua, and Bologna, and after 
 residing 18 months in liome, he returned to 
 Paris, and applied himself to belles lettres.- 
 His edition of Seneca, appeared in 1587, with 
 learned notes. He also devoted some time 
 to mathematics, and with such success that 
 he discovered the falsity of Scaliger's demon- 
 stration ot the quadrature of the circle. On 
 the accession of Henry IV. to the crown, he 
 was made preceptor to the duke ofConde, 
 and after the king's death, he held the same 
 office in the education of Lewis XIII. He 
 died 1611. His works, which are few, were 
 collected after his death by his friend le 
 Begue, in a 4to. vol. 1614 Paris. He was not 
 indeed anxious to appear as an author, but 
 he was more willing to communicate instruc- 
 tion and intelligence to those who enriched 
 the world ■^ilh literary productions, and 
 therefore for his liberality, and for his modes- 
 ty, and the amiable qualities of a private 
 character, he is deserved!)- commended by 
 Raillf-t, Lipsius, and others, 
 
 Fevre, Tanaquil, or Tannequi, a learn- 
 ed man, father of Madame Dacier, was born 
 at Caen in Normandy 1615. After studying 
 with the greatest success at home, am! un- 
 der the care of his uncle, he went to Paris, 
 and was soon recommended to the pntron- 
 Rge of Richelieu, who settled a pension ol" 
 2o00 livres upon him, to inspect the bool;s 
 l)ublishcd at the Louvre. The death of his 
 patron, and the neglect of the next minister 
 Mazarine, altered litis plans of life, and he 
 turned protestant, and accepted a profes- 
 sorship in the university of Saumur. Here 
 his learning and his reputatio;i drew pupils 
 from all quarters, but an unfortunate asser- 
 tion that he could pardon Sappho's love for 
 her own sex, since it produced a beautiful 
 ode, proved the cause of a dispute with the 
 university, and at last in 1672, he was invi- 
 ted to remove to Heidelberg, A fever how- 
 ever prevented his departure, and he died 
 I2tli Sept. 1672. He lett a son of his own 
 name, who was a protestant divine in Hol- 
 land, and at London, but became a Roman 
 catholic at Paris, and publi.slied a I'ract de 
 f militate Poetices 1697, and besides ^Madame 
 Dacier, another daughter marricil to Paul 
 Bauldri, professor at Utrcvlit. Faber v as 
 
FE 
 
 FI 
 
 agreeable in liis person, but rather effemi- 
 nate, as to appear with neatness, he procur- 
 ed gloves, &c. from London, and essences 
 from Rome. He published among otlier 
 books, Luciani de Morte Peregrini Libellus, 
 4tG. 1653. Diatribe Flavii Josephi de Jesu 
 Christi Testimonium suppositum esse 1655, 
 8vo. — Epistolarum Pars Prima, 1659, Sec- 
 unda, 1665, — a short account of tlie Lives 
 of Greek poets — the Hfe of Theseus, from 
 Plutarch — Methode pour Commencer les 
 Humanites Grecques Sc Latines — editions of 
 Xenophon'sConvivium, of Plato's Alcibiades, 
 of Plutarch's de Superstitione, besides notes 
 on ApoUodorus, Longinus, and other clas- 
 sics. 
 
 Fevre, Roland le, a painter, born at 
 Anjou, though called sometimes a Venetian. 
 His naked figures were much admired. He 
 stained marble curiously. He died iu Eng- 
 land, 1677. 
 
 Fevre T, Charles, a French civilian, born 
 at Saumur 15S3. He studied the law at 
 Heidelberg under Godefro)', and in 1607 he 
 returned to Dijon, where he married Anne 
 Brunet of Bcaulnc, by whom he had 19 
 children, 14 of which were born in eight 
 years. He was a popular advocate at Dijon, 
 and became counsellor of the three estates 
 of the province. When Lewis XHI. came 
 to Dijon to punish an insurrection, Fevret 
 was the only person considered as capable to 
 plead the cause of the insurgents, and to 
 petition the monarch, and so eloquent and 
 persuasive was his address that the king de- 
 sired him to print it, and forgave the rebels. 
 His abilities rendered him universally known, 
 the princes of Cond6 appointed him their 
 counselloi*, and he held the same honorable 
 office also with Frederic Casimir the pala- 
 tine of the Rhine. He died at Dijon 1601, 
 aged 78. He published 1645 c Latin trea- 
 tise de Claris Fori Burgundici Oratoribus — 
 and in 1653 his famous " Traite de I'Abus," 
 which has been frequently reprinted. He 
 also translated Pibrac's Quatrains into Latin 
 verse, &c. 
 
 Feustking, John Henry, a native of 
 Holstein, Avho became professor and doctor 
 of divinity in the university of Wittemberg. 
 He was also confessor to the elector of Sax- 
 ony, and counsellor to the duke of Saxe Go- 
 tha, and died 1713, aged 41. He wrote va- 
 rious works in German and in Latin. 
 
 Fevret deFontette, Charles Ma- 
 rie, great grandson of the preceding, was 
 born at Dijon 1710, and became eminent as 
 a lawyer, and obtained a pension from gov- 
 ernment. He was member of the academy 
 of belles lettres, and was laboriously employ- 
 ed in editing ** le Long's Bibliotheque Histo- 
 rique de la France," w hich he enlarged from 
 one to five large fol. vols. He died 1772. 
 
 Feyideau, Matthew, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, born at Paris 1616. He was a zea- 
 lous Jansenist, and died in exile at Annonai 
 in Vivares 1694. He wrote " Meditations 
 on Providence, and the Mercy of God," un- 
 der the name of Pressigny, and the " Cate- 
 chism of Grace," &c. 
 
 FiASELLA, Dominico, an Italian histori- 
 cal painter, who died 1669, aged 80. He 
 was also called Sarazena from the place of 
 his birth near Genoa. 
 
 FicHARD, John, a lawyer and syndic, of 
 Frankfort on the Mayne, where he died 
 1581, aged 69. The best known of his works 
 are, Virorum Qui Superior! Nostroque Sts- 
 colo Eruditione et Doetrina lUustres atque 
 Memorabiles Fuerunt, Vitse, 1536, 4to. — 
 Vitse Juris-consultoruni, 1565 — Onomasticon 
 Pliilosophico-Medico Synonymum, 1574 — 
 de Cautilis, 1577 — Concilium Matrimoniale, 
 15 SO. 
 
 FiciNus, Marsilius, a learned Italian, 
 born at Florence 1433, and educated at the 
 expense of Lorenzo de Medicis, to whom 
 his father was physician. He distinguished 
 himself as an able scholar, a great philoso- 
 pher, physician, and divine, and under the 
 patro«iage of his friends Lorenzo and Cosmo 
 de Medicis, he restored in the West the 
 study of the platonic philosophy, and tran- 
 slated not only his favorite author Plato, but 
 also Plotinus, Proclus, lamblicus, Porphyri- 
 ns, Sec. Though originally a sceptic, the el- 
 oquent preaching of Savanorola brought him 
 to a due sense of religion and of religious du- 
 ties, but like many of the learned of his time 
 lie still remained devoted to astrology. By 
 care and a proper regimen he supported his 
 naturally feeble constitution to the age of 66. 
 He died at Correggio 1499, and soon after, 
 as Baronius gravely affirms, appeared ac- 
 cording to his promise to his friend IMichael 
 Mercatus, to prove tlius the immortality of 
 the soul. His writings sacred and profane 
 are very numerous, they were collected and 
 printed at Venice 1516, and at Paris 1641, 
 in 2 vols, folio, 
 
 Fi COR ONI, Francesco, a Roman medal- 
 ist, who died 1747, aged 83. He wrote se- 
 veral works, in Italian, on medals and anti- 
 quities, published at Rome. 
 
 Fit-'ANZA, Joliannes, a philosopher, poet, 
 and theologist of Tuscany, called also St. 
 Bonaventure,and from his learning styled the 
 seraphic doctor. He died 1274, aged 53, au- 
 thor of some books now little known. 
 
 FiDDES, Richard, an English divine, born 
 at Hunmanby near Scarborough, Yorkshire 
 1671. He entered at Corpus Christi college, 
 and afterwards removed to University col- 
 lege, Oxford, and after taking his bachelor's 
 degree he returned to Yorkshire, where in 
 1693 he married. In 1694 he was presented 
 to the living of Halsham, but the marshy sit- 
 uation of the place proved so injurious to him 
 that he was suddenly deprived of his speech, 
 and never after completely recovered it. 
 Thus disabled from performing his duty, he 
 came to London 1712, and no longer able to 
 shine as before as an eloquent preacher, he 
 determined to maintain himself by his pen. 
 By the friendship of Swift he was recommen- 
 ded to lord Oxford who made him his chap- 
 lain, but the hopes of preferment and inde- 
 pendence vanished at the death of the queen 
 and the changes of the ministry. By the re- 
 commendatioa of Dr. Radclitfe his relation, 
 
FI 
 
 FI 
 
 he took his degree of I>. T). and nrierwardj 
 was honored with that of I). J), by tia- univer- 
 sity. He died at Putney 17'J5, :i!^ed 54, lea- 
 ving in destitute circumstances his wilr and 
 six ciiildren. Of his writings tlie most known 
 are, ** v^ Body of Divinity Exphuning tlic 
 Principles and the DtiticB of Natural and ICo- 
 veale<l Religion, tJvols. fol. — VJ Discoutst's — 
 and the Life of Cardinal W'olscy, in fol. 
 These works ai»pcared under the patronage 
 of a large subscription, hut llieir pf)pularity 
 •was severely attacked. Stackhousc found 
 great fault with the body of divinit} , and lor 
 the life of Wolsey the author was acrimoni- 
 ously censured in the London journal, as he- 
 ing a friend to popery, and the secret en- 
 emy of the reformation. Dr. Knight after- 
 wards in his life of Erasmus repeats the ac- 
 cusation, an(^ charges Fiddes with favoring 
 the claims of t'.ie pretender, as lie wrote his 
 book in the house and under the eye of At- 
 terbury, whose opposition to the Hanoveri- 
 an famWy was then very unpoi)uhr. These 
 charges may now he considered as puerile, 
 FJdddS wrote for his bread, but he certainly 
 wrote for a party, and while he wished to 
 please one part of the nation, he was sure 
 that IjIs compositions would be viewed with 
 a jaundiced eye by the other. 
 
 Field, Uichard, an English divine, born 
 at Hempsttad, Herts 15G1, and educated at 
 jVIagdalen college, Oxford. He afterwards 
 removed to Magdalen liall, and soon distin- 
 guished himself as a preacher and a power- 
 ful disputant, so that in 1594 he became rea- 
 der to Lincoln's Inn society, fi"om one of 
 whose members he obtained the living of 
 Burrowclere, Hants. In 1598 he was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and 
 
 under James her successor, he was made 
 successively canon of Wuidsor, and dean of 
 Gloucester. The bishopric of Oxford was 
 intended for him, but he died before the ap- 
 pointment was conferred in form, 21st Nov. 
 1616, aged 55. He was a man highly re- 
 spected for his learning, and anxiously devo- 
 ted to the healing of dissensions in the church, 
 so that at one time James wished to employ 
 his great abilities to produce a reconciliation 
 between the Lutherans and Calvinists oftier- 
 many. The first time the king heard him 
 preach he quaintly observed, " this is a Field 
 for God to Dwell in," and almost in similar 
 words he was styled by Fuller, <* that learn- 
 ed divine, whose memory smelleth like a 
 Field which the Lord hath blessed." The 
 most famous of his works is his, "Four 
 Books of the Church," augmented with a 
 fifth in the second edition, which appeared 
 1610. His memory was retentive to a sur- 
 prising degree, so that whatever he read he 
 •accurately remembered. He was not, how- 
 ever, only a learned man, but he was most 
 universally benevolent, exe.'nplary in his 
 family, religious in his behaviour, and in 
 every thing a good christian. 
 
 Fielding, Henry, the celebrated novel- 
 ist, was born at Sharpham park, Somerset- 
 shire, 2'2d Ai)ril, 1707. His father was a 
 Ueutenaut-geueral in the army, and gi-and- 
 
 3on in an carl of Denbigh, and bin mother 
 wAi daughter of the first judge Gould. Young 
 J'ielding was educated at home, under the 
 f^re of ,Mr. Oliver, a «li'ro;ynian, whom he 
 ufteruards turned to ridicule iu the humor- 
 ous but coarse character of parson Trulliber 
 in Joseph Andrews. He then went to Eton, 
 where he formed an early intimacy with 
 the future leading men of the age ; with Lyt- 
 teltoii, Fo\', Pitt, U:\ultm-y, Williams, and 
 othei s, ;ind tueu, when IS, he passed to Ley- 
 den, wlicre he devoted himself to tfie study 
 of civil law foi- twovems. Iking ill suppli- 
 ed with money by his father, who had taken 
 a second w lie and had another rising family 
 to prtivide for, he returned to London, and 
 in ibal scene of disbipalion, rrgardless of the 
 calls of temperance ami of virtue he grati- 
 fied every passion, and laid the seeds of fu- 
 ture evils and of lasting iulinuilies. With a 
 straitened purse he soon found that some- 
 thing must be done fur bread. He therefore 
 commenced author, and produced his first 
 dramatic piece, *' Love in several Masques," 
 1727, which together Asilh "the Temple 
 Beau" the next year, drew turih the applau- 
 ses o'f crowded audiences. He was not, 
 however, always successful, and he ventured 
 to publish one of his ])ieBes, bearing in the 
 title " an it was ilamned at tlie theatve-roy- 
 al, Drxiry-Iane ,•" but the severity of criticism, 
 \ and the frowns of disapprobation were un- 
 
 ♦ heeded iu the friendship and patronage ot 
 ! the great and powerful, especially of the 
 ' duke of Argyle, and lord Lyttleton. About 
 
 the year 1734 he married ^liss Craddock at 
 
 Salisbury, a w oman of grcv'it beauty, and a 
 
 fortune of about 1500/. hut this, together 
 
 with the estate of Slower, Dorsetshire, which 
 
 fell to him by his father's death, and whicli 
 
 might with economy have rendered him 
 
 ' comfortable and independent, was quickly 
 
 j squandered away in expensive hospitality, 
 
 and an improper show of equipage and 
 
 I magnificence, and at 30 Fielding found him- 
 
 ! self {)0or, and destitute of every resource. 
 
 ! He now applied to the law, and in due time 
 
 1 was called from the Temple to the bar, and 
 
 • began to make a respectable figure in West- 
 ! minster hall ; but the frequent attacks ot 
 
 the gout, and all the diseases ingrafted on 
 a licentious youth, prevented the success 
 Avhich his abilities fairly promised. To 
 maintain himself and a wife and children 
 whom he tenderly loved, he again had re- 
 course to his pen, and various pamphlets 
 and tracts were usi)ere<l into the world an- 
 onymously. In the full vigor of genius he 
 produced his Joseph Andrews, and Tom 
 Jones, novels so universally admired, as to 
 be above the praise of his biographer. His 
 " Wedding Day," however, di«l not meet on 
 the stage the success which he expected, and 
 while he meditated on the gloomy aspect of 
 his affairs, the deatli of his w ife came to em- 
 bitter the cup of his affliction, and it pro 
 ved so poignant, that his friends dreaded 
 the loss of his senses. By time he re- 
 covered the severity of the blow, and he 
 began again to struggle against fortune 
 
FI 
 
 FI 
 
 He undertook to contribute to two periodi- 
 cal papers, but reduced as his income was, 
 he found great assistance in the appointment 
 of justice of the peace for the county of Mid- 
 dlesex, which was procured by the influence 
 of his friends, and which, though unpopular 
 and odious, was discharged by him witli im- 
 partiality and attention. In the busy avoca- 
 tion of this ofticc he planned and executed 
 his Ameha, a work very respectable, but 
 certainly inferior to Tom Jones. His con- 
 stitution was now so enfeebled that Iiis 
 friends advised his removing to the softer 
 climate of Lisbon, and two months after he 
 arrived there he died, 1754, aged 48. Yet 
 though weak, and laboring under the attacks 
 of disease he employed his pen in the hu- 
 morous journal of his A-oyage to Lisbon, 
 published in London 1755. Besides the 
 ■works already mentioned, he wrote an Es- 
 say on Conversation, — on the Knowledge 
 and Characters of Men, — a Journey from 
 this World to the next, — the History of Jo- 
 nathan the Wild, &c. His dramatic pieces 
 are twenty-six in number, and the whole of 
 his works has been published in several 
 sizes, with an Essay on his Life and Genius, 
 by Arthur Murphy. He left a second wife 
 ■vi'ith four children. His biographer, who 
 \iews his character with the partiality of a 
 friend, and the candor of an historian, attri- 
 butes much in the history of Fielding's life 
 to slander and defamation ; but he wisely 
 observes that quick and warm passions should 
 be early controlled, and that to their licen- 
 tious indulgence the author of Tom Jones 
 sacrificed his health, his happiness, and the 
 prospect of a lengthened life. When poor 
 he was no longer the master of his actions, 
 and he had often recourse for subsistence 
 to those measures which his honor disowned, 
 and his pride regarded with shame. So 
 fatal to all happiness and to peace is the wild 
 indulgence of those passions which provi- 
 dence has given to man for his comfort if 
 decently enjoyed, and for his misery if ri- 
 otously abused. Some years after Fielding's 
 death, the French consul at Lisbon, de 
 Meyrionnet, offered to erect a monum«nt 
 «ver his grave, but the English factory rou- 
 sed by the generous views of a stranger, dis- 
 chai'ged a debt due to departed literary merit. 
 Fielding, Sarah,thirdsister of the pre- 
 ceding, was born 1714, and died unmarried 
 1768. She possessed the abilities and genius 
 of her brother, which she evinced in the 
 Cry, and in David Simple, and in the letters 
 published as from the principal characters of 
 the work. She also translated Xenophon's 
 Memorabilia. 
 
 Fielding, sir John, the fourth half 
 brother to Henry Fielding, was his succes- 
 sor in the office of Westminster magistrate. 
 Though blind from his youth, he discharged 
 his duty with great activity and impartialit}-, 
 and for his services to the public received 
 the honor of knighthoo^d 1761. He published 
 various tracts on subjects of police, charges 
 to the grand jury, essays on important sub- 
 jects, but it is supposed that most of these 
 
 appeared under his borrowed name, and that 
 he wrote nothing but Cautions against the 
 Tricks of Sharpers, 1777. He died at 
 Brompton, Sept. 1780. 
 
 FiEXNES, William, lord Say and Sele, 
 born at Broughton, Oxfordshire, 1582, was 
 educated at Winchester and New college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow as related 
 to the founder. He was raised from the dig- 
 nity of baron to that of discount, by James L 
 but in the reign of his successor he showed 
 himself violent, inconstant, and vindictive. 
 In the long parliament of 1640, he was very 
 active with Hampden and Pym, and though 
 made master of the court of wards, he slight- 
 ed all reconciliation with the king, so that he 
 was attainted of treason for not attending the 
 king's person at Oxford. After the king's 
 death he left the presbyterians vhora he had 
 hitherto supported, and joined himself to 
 the independents, and during the usurpation 
 he was created one of Cromwell's pliers. At 
 the restoration he was greatly noticed by 
 Charles II. made lord privy seal, and lord 
 chamberlain, though, as Wood observes, he 
 had been a grand rebel for 20 years, and 
 while others who had been reduced to a bit 
 of bread for his majesty's cause, were left to 
 pine and languish under insult and disap- 
 pointment, and though a promoter of the re- 
 bellion, and in some respect accessary to the 
 murder of Charles, he died quietly in his 
 bed 14th April, 1662, and was buried with 
 his ancestoi's at Broughton. He is called by 
 Whitlock a man of great parts, wisdom, and 
 integrity, and Clarendon, allowing him the 
 same merit, describes him as ambitious, the 
 enemy of the church, and a violent and dan- 
 gerous leader of the discontented party. He 
 wrote some pohtical tracts, besides an attack 
 against the quakers, who it seems were nu- 
 merous and troublesome in his neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 FiENNES, Nathanael, second son of the 
 abore, was born at Broughton, 1608, and like 
 his father educated at Winchester and New 
 college, Oxford, of which he became a fel- 
 low. He travelled on the continent, and at 
 Geneva, and in Switzerland confirmed that 
 aversion which he derived from his father 
 against the church. At his return he was 
 made member for Banbury, and displayed 
 the same violence against the royal party as 
 his father. During the civil wars he was co- 
 lonel of horse, under Essex, and governor of 
 Bristol, which he too easily yielded to the 
 assault of iJrince Rupert, for which he was 
 condemned to lose his head. His father's 
 influence, however, saved him, and he left 
 the army disgraced, but still virulently ani- 
 mated against the king. He joined the inde- 
 pendents like his father, and when Crom- 
 well became protector, he was made one of 
 his privy council, and sent among his lords. 
 At the restoration he retired into the 
 country, and died at his seat of Newtou 
 Tony near Salisbury, 1669. He wrote some 
 things in support of Cromwell's usurpation, 
 and in another tract defended his conduct at 
 Bristol. Clarendon represents him as an 
 
FI 
 
 FI 
 
 able man, and in council inferior only to the 
 great Ifamptlen. 
 
 FiEXUS, Tliomas, a physician, born ;tt 
 Antwerp 1566. Me Iravelli-d ovci- Italy, ;inil 
 at his retnrn was made professor ol' physic 
 at Louvain, and physician (o the duke ot" Ha- 
 Tsria. He died at Lou vain 16;)1. lie wrole 
 *' de Viribns Imaginationis," in which he re- 
 lates a curious story of a hypocoudriac m lio 
 thought himself so large that he could not 
 get out of his room — dc I'ormatione i>: Ani- 
 Biati'inc Fa'tus — Apologia pro eodom — de 
 Cauteriis — Libri Chirurgici. 
 
 FlESCHo, John Lewis, a nol)le Cienoc^e, 
 \r\\o cojispired against Andrew Doria, uith 
 the intention of delivering the gallics to the 
 French, aixl of making himself sovereign in 
 the room of his rival, lie was drowned in 
 the attempt 1st Jan. 1547, and the \tlot aban- 
 iloned 1))' his a.ssociatcs, and his family ba- 
 nished from Genoa to the fifth generation. 
 He was then only '22 years old. 
 
 FiGixo, Ambrozio, a painter born at 
 Milan, the disciple of Lomazio. His descent 
 from the cross is seen at AMlton, and much 
 admired. He died 1590. 
 
 FiGRELiuSjEdmundns, a learned Swede, 
 professor of history at LFpsal. He wrote a 
 hookdeStatuisIllustrium Romanorum, 1656, 
 and died I6r6. 
 
 FiLANGERi, Gaetano, a native of Naples, 
 vho studied, but never practised the law. 
 He was in 1777 employed about the court as 
 gentleman of the bed-chamber, and as an 
 officer of marine, and in 1787 m.is raised to 
 an office in the college of Finance. He 
 ■wrote a popular work on legislation, the 
 first vol. of which appeared in 1780, and the 
 Sth in 1791. He died 1787, aged 35, 
 
 F I L E L F o , Francis, or P h i L e P a u s. Vid. 
 Philelphl'S. 
 
 Fii-esac, John, doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 and dean of the faculty of theology at Paris, 
 died 1638. His works appeared 1621, 3 vols. 
 4to. 
 
 FiLlCAjA, Vincentio di, an elegant poet 
 of Florence, Avho died 1707, aged 65. He was 
 senator in his native city, and his wants 
 ■were honorably and libeially relieved by 
 Christina, queen of Sweden. His poems, 
 which are in a delicate and refined style, 
 •were collected by his son in folio, and re- 
 printed at Venice, 3 vols. l2mo. 1747. 
 
 FiLMER, sir Robert, an English writer, 
 born at East Sutton in Kent, and educated at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge. He died 1688. 
 He wrote the Anarchy of a limited and mix- 
 ed Monarchy — " Patriarchia," in which he 
 proves the original govenmient to bfc monar- 
 chical, derived from the patriarch, and heads 
 of families — and " the Freeholders Grand 
 Inquest." His Patriarcha was attacked by 
 Locke. 
 
 Fi Xitus, Orontius, Fine, professor of ma- 
 thematics in the college founded by Francis 
 I. at Paris, was born at Briancon, Dauphine, 
 1494. By his genius and application he re- 
 commended himself to the notice of the 
 great, but though as a mathematician, and as 
 a man of letters he was highly respectable, 
 
 VOL. I. 67 
 
 yet hfi was pinched by poverty, and at his 
 (h'.ith in 15.55, he left his wife and six chiU 
 dren in very re<luced and distressed circum- 
 scances. He iiiventetl a clock in 1553, and 
 prctendiid that he had foun«l out the quadra- 
 ture of the circle. His works were collected 
 in 3 vols, folio, 153'2, 1542, and 1556. 
 
 Finch, llcneage, carl of Nottingham, 
 son of sir Hcneagc Finch, recorder of Lon- 
 don, was born in 1621. He was e<Iucated at 
 WestmiiiHter scho(jl, andChrl'-.t chuich, Ox- 
 ford, and at the Itiner 'I'cMiple he assiduously 
 applied himst'lf to the study of law. He waH 
 niade solicitor-general to (Charles H. ami 
 ci'ealed a baronet, and in 1661 he was elected 
 member for the tmiversity of O.vford. He 
 was very active in the impeachment of lord 
 Clarendon, in 166", and in 1670 he was made 
 attorney -general, and three years after loi-d 
 keeper, and raised to the peerage. In 1675 
 he was aj)pointcd lord chancellor, and in 
 1681, he was create<l earl of Nottingham, 
 and died the year after. He was a man of 
 great wisdom and eloquence, and though 
 born in dangerous and troublesome times, 
 he so conducted himself that he retained in 
 every situation the good opinion of the king 
 and of the people. Burnet has commended 
 him for his attachment to the church, Diy- 
 dcn has recorded hin\ in his Absolom and 
 Achitophel, in the character of Arari, arid 
 for his powers in oratory, he acquired and de- 
 served the name of the Roscius and Cicero of 
 England. Some of his speeches in parliament, 
 and on judicial causes, have been published. 
 
 Finch, Daniel, earl of Nottingham, sou 
 of the preceding, was born in 1647. Though 
 he was one of the privy counsellors who pro- 
 claimed the elevation of the duke of York to 
 the throne, he never appeared at court dur- 
 ing the reign of James, but upon his abdica- 
 tion he wished the appointment of a regent, 
 and not the setting up of another king. He 
 was secretary^ under William, and held the 
 same oftice under Anne, till 1704. At the 
 accession of George I. he was one of the lords 
 for the administration of affairs, and wf\9 de- 
 clared president of the council. He retired 
 from public aifairs 1716, and died 1730. He 
 w rote a very elaborate book in reply to Whis- 
 ton's letter to him on the trinity, for which 
 he was thanked by the university of 0.\ford. 
 
 Finch, Edward, brother of sir Hencage 
 Finch, first earl of Nottingham, was vicar of 
 Christ church, London, from Avhich he was 
 ejected by the parliamentary inquisitors. 
 The crimes alleged against him were, that 
 he preached in a surplice, worshipped the 
 great idol set vip in the church, i. e. the altar, 
 and associated with women. He died Feb. 
 1, 1642, much respected. 
 
 FiNCK, Thomas, a native of South Jut- 
 land, who took his medical degrees at Basil, 
 and became physician to the duke of Sles- 
 M-ick. He was made in 1691 professor of ma- 
 thematics at Copenhagen, and in 1602 pro- 
 fessor of eloquence, and 1603, of medicine. 
 He wrote tracts, Geometrlte Rotundi — de 
 Constitutione Matheseos — de Medicina, Sec. 
 He died 1650, aged ?5 
 
 V. 
 
1^1 
 
 FI 
 
 FiNET, sir John, agentlemaii ot respecta- 
 bility among the courtiers of James I. and 
 Charles I. He was born at Soulton near 
 Dover, in Kent, and died 1641, aged 70. tje 
 wrote " Fineti Philoxcnus," a book on the 
 precedency, treatment, audience, and punc- 
 tilios observed towards foreign ambassadors 
 at the English court, 1G56. 
 
 Fire X2.U OLA, Angelo, an Italian poet, 
 born at Florence, and patronised by pope 
 Clement Yll. He was for some time an ad- 
 vocate, and then became an ecclesiastic, and 
 died at Rome 1545. His prose Avoi'ks were 
 published at Florence 1548, 8vo. and his co- 
 medies and other poetical pieces the year 
 aftei", and in 1763, in 3 vols. 
 
 FiRMicius Ma TERNUS, Julius, a Chris- 
 tian writer of the fourth century, of w hom 
 little is known. His book " de Errore Pro- 
 fanarum Religionum," has been often printed, 
 and is a valuable performance. The eight 
 books of astronomy or mathematics, printed 
 at Venice 1497, which bear his name, are 
 supposed not to be by him, or at least to 
 have been written by him before he was con- 
 verted from heathenism to Christianity. 
 
 Firm ILIA N, bishop of Cjesarea in Cap- 
 padocia, was the friend of Origen, and presi- 
 dent of the council of Antioch against Paul 
 of Samosata. He died 261). 
 
 Firm IN, Thomas, a most benevolent En- 
 glishman, born at Ipswich, June, 1652. He 
 was apprenticed by his parents who were pu- 
 ritans, to a linen manufacturer in London, 
 and in 1660 married a citizen's daughter, 
 ■who died after bringing him two children. 
 He married again in 1664, and had several 
 children. He was very prosperous in his 
 business, and he honorably employed the 
 fruits of his industry and success to the most 
 charitable purposes. He was in his religious 
 opinions a Socinian, but he nevertheless was 
 held m esteem by the clergy, by AVilkins, 
 Whichcot, and especially Tillotson, who fre- 
 quented his company even when archbishop. 
 He was settled in Lombard street, and the 
 ravages of the plague in 1665, and the fire of 
 1666, gave full activity to his extensive be- 
 nevolence. In 1676 he erected a warehouse 
 in Little Britain for the industrious employ- 
 ment of the poor in the linen manufacture, 
 and in 1&82 he established another manufac- 
 tory of the same kind at Ipswich for the bene- 
 fit of the protestants who had fled from 
 France on account of religious persecutions. 
 For the last 20 years of his life he was gover- 
 nor of Christ hospital, London, to which he 
 was a gi:eat benefactor. There was indeed 
 scarce a charitable institution to which he did 
 not liberally contribute, with the most hu- 
 mane and benevolent of intentions. This 
 'worthy and great character, died 2Uth Dec. 
 1697, aged 66, and was buried in the clois- 
 ters of Christ hospital, where in the wall near 
 his grave an inscription records his real me- 
 rits. He published in 1678 I'roposals for the 
 Emplo}"ing of the Poor, and the Prevention 
 of Beggary, kc. 4to. 
 
 FiRMiN, Giles, a native of Suffolk, edu- 
 catcd at Cambridge, where he studied phy- 
 
 sic, which he afterwards practised in Nevr- 
 England. On his return to England he took 
 orders, and became minister of Shalford, 
 from which he was ejected for nonconformi- 
 ty 1662. He resumed the practice of phy- 
 sic, and died 1697, aged 80. The best known 
 of his works is " the Real Christian." 
 
 FiRONZABADi, surnamed Sharazi, a 
 learned Persian, author of al Tanbidh, or 
 general information on the Mahometan law 
 in the 11th century. Another of the same 
 name wrote the Ocean, or a dictionary of the 
 Arabic language, and died 1414. 
 
 P^iSH, Simon, a native of Kent, educated 
 at Oxford, from whence Jie went to Gray's 
 Inn and studied the laAv. He fled into Ger- 
 many in consequence of his acting in a play, 
 in which severe censures were thrown upon 
 Wolsev, and there he met William Tvndale 
 likewise an exile. He wrote in 1527, " the 
 Supplication of Beggars," which is a violent 
 satire on bishops and clergy, and the peru- 
 sal of this piece by Henry VIII. and Anne 
 Boleyn, restored him to favor, and after 
 Wolsey's fall he returned, and was gracious- 
 ly treated by the king. He died of the plague 
 1571. He translated the Dutch book called 
 the Sum of the Scriptures. 
 
 Fisher, John, an English prelate, born at 
 Beverley, Yorkshire, 1459. He was educa- 
 ted at Michael house, a college afterwards 
 incorporated with Trinity college Cambridge, 
 and in 1495 when fellow, he served the of- 
 fice of proctor, and that same year he was 
 elected master of Michael house, and then 
 became confessor to Margaret, duchess oi' 
 Richmond, mother to Henry VII. Avho by 
 his advice founded St. John's and Christ col- 
 leges, at Cambridge, and among other acts 
 of great benevolence, founded both the di- 
 vinity professorships in the universities, hx 
 1501 he took the degree of D.D. and was 
 made vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and in 
 1504 was nominated bishop of Rochester, 
 and the next year accepted the headship of 
 Queen's college, Cambridge. On Luther's 
 appearance he stood forth as the champion 
 of Rome, but though long favored by the 
 king, he fell under his displeasure 1527, on 
 account of his zealous defence of the queen, 
 in the affair of her divorce. In 1530 he nar- 
 rowly escaped poisoning by one Rouse, who 
 threw in the cook's absence poison into the 
 gruel, of which luckily the bishop did not 
 taste, but whicli proved fatal to two of the 
 servants, and nearly so to 15 others who par- 
 took of it. Upon the question of the king's 
 supremacy in 1531, Fisher opposed it with 
 great freedom, and increased the dissatis- 
 faction of the court, by listening to the pre- 
 dictions of the holy maid of Kent, and more 
 at last by refusing to take the oaths of alle- 
 giance to the king, and to his children, by 
 Anne Boleyn. He was committed to the 
 Tower for this contumacy, and though soli- 
 cited by his friends he refu.sed to alter his 
 opinion, or assent to the lawfulness of the di- 
 vorce, and the marriage of the king. He 
 was attainted of high treason, but he might 
 have languished in confineineut the rest of 
 
FI 
 
 n 
 
 l»fe, had not the gratitude of the pope 
 been unseasonably niutiiffstcd towards him. 
 Pleased with the hrniness ot" tlii- vcneiabit: 
 bishop, Paul HI. in 1535, created him a car- 
 dinal, an !ion«)r which displeased Ileniy so 
 much, that he gave orders that none should 
 bring the hat into liis dominions. The mea- 
 sure was unworthy ol' a king, but when Fish- 
 er, more ambitiously than wisely, had detda- 
 red to Cromwell, whom Henry liad sent to 
 examine liim, that he would receive from 
 the pope the cardinal's hat, the angry mon- 
 arch, swore by the mother of (iod, that he 
 should wear it on his shoulders then, for he 
 would leave him never a head to set it on. 
 He was therefore soon after arraigned, and 
 condemned to suffer death for high treason, 
 and on the 2Jd June, 1535, he was belieaded, 
 and his liead fi.ved on London-bridge, the 
 next day. He was then nearly 77. Of his 
 learning, his several works which are chiefly 
 on Controversial sul>jects, &ic. which appear- 
 ed together at Wurtzburg, in folio, 151)5, 
 are evident proof. As he was the literary 
 opponent of Erasmus, the opinion of that il- 
 histrious author must be considered as im- 
 partial. He describes him as a man of great 
 and extensive powers of mind, and for in- 
 tegrity, sweetness of temper, and greatness 
 of soul, far superior to all the men of his 
 age. 
 
 Fisher, Mary, an entliusiastic quaker, 
 in the 17th century, who travelled to Con- 
 stantinople, with the chimerical intention of 
 converting the grand Segnior. Alahornet 
 heard her with patience, and sent her back 
 to her country in safety. She afterwards 
 married a preacher of her persuasion, and 
 then went into Languedoc, to attempt tlie 
 conversion of the prctestants there to the 
 tenets of the quakers. 
 
 FiiiHERBEUT, sir Anthony, a learned 
 lawyer, born of an ancient family at Norbu- 
 ry, Derbyshire. He was educated at Oxford, 
 antl at one of the inns of court, London, 
 and soon distinguished himself as a lawyer. 
 Iq 1511, he was made Serjeant at law, in 
 1516, knighted, and in 1523, appointed jus- 
 tice in the court of common pleas. After a 
 life supported in his high station with inte- 
 grity and honor, he died 2rth May 1538, and 
 •was buried at Norbury, leaving a numerous 
 family, well provided for. He wrote the of- 
 fice of Justice of the Peace, bcc. — the office 
 of Sheriffs, See. and other law tracts, besides 
 *' of the Surveying of Lands" — and the book 
 of husbandry, 8cc. 
 
 FiTXHEUBERT, Tliomas, grandson to sir 
 Anthony, was born in Staffordshire 1552, 
 and educated at Oxford, either at Exeter, or 
 Lincoln college. As he was a zealous catho- 
 lic, he left the university without a degree, 
 and retired to privacy, but on account of his 
 bigoted principles, and his attachment to the 
 Jesuits Campian and Parsons, he exposed 
 himself to difficulties, and fled as a voluntary 
 exile to France 1582. He afterwards went 
 to Madrid, and Milan, and at last entered 
 into the society of Jesus, at liome 1614. fie 
 was afterwards at Brussels, and for 22 years 
 
 prcsideil ovej- the English college at Rome, 
 where he«lied li)4t>, aged 88, and was buried 
 in the college chapel. He was a man of great 
 learning, and he wrote several hooks, on con- 
 troversial .subjects, against liarlow, iJowne, 
 Andrews and <ither divines. His treatise 
 concerning policy and religion, in three parti>, 
 was much admired by papists and protes* 
 tants. 
 
 Fi TZHERBEUT, Nicholas, grandson to 
 sir Anthony, and cousin to Thomas, was born 
 1550, and educated at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1572, he went abroad as a volunta- 
 ry exile, on account of his religious princi- 
 ples, and settled at Bologna, and afterwards 
 at Rome, in the house of William Alan, the 
 English cardinal. He was unfortunately 
 drowned in a journey from Rome 1012. He 
 wrote CasaiGalatxide Bonis Moribus, 1595 — 
 Oxoniensis in Anglia Academiic Descriptio 
 1602 — de Antiqiiilate & Conlinuatione Cath- 
 olics Rcligionis, in Anglia, 1608 — Cardinalis 
 Alani \\lx. Epitome, 1608. 
 
 FiTZjAMES, James, duke of Berwick^ 
 natural son of the duke of York, afterwards 
 James 11. b}- Arabella Churchill, sister to the 
 duke of Marlborough, was born at xMoulines 
 1571. He was early inured to the labors of 
 a military life, and was wounded at Buda 
 1686, and signalized himself at the defeat of 
 the Turks at Mohatz, and afteru ards in Ire- 
 land at the siege of Londonderry, and at the 
 battle of the Boyne. In 1703, he headed the 
 French troops in Spain, reduced the rebels 
 in the Cevenncs and in 1705 took Nice, and 
 for his services w as made marshal of France 
 by the king. He gained the famous victory 
 at Almanza, over the EngUsh and Portugese 
 under Galloway 1707, and thus secured ' the 
 Spanish crown, on the head of Pfiliip V. He 
 was killed at the head of the French army, 
 by a cannon ball, at the siege of Philipsburg, 
 in Germany 1734. He was a man of a be- 
 nevolent character, generally poor from the 
 great sacrifices which he maile to support 
 the emigrants in his father's cause. Montes- 
 quieu has drawn up liis character, and 2 vols, 
 of his memoirs have been published, 12mo. 
 by Mr.rgon. 
 
 FiTi-SxEPHEy, "William, a monk of 
 Canterbury, of Norman extraction. He was 
 present at the murder of Becket, of which 
 he wrote an account. His description of 
 London in that account is very curious, and 
 is the oldest extant. He died 1191. 
 
 F'lXMiLLNER, Placidus, a native of Linz, 
 in Austria, who early studied mathematics, 
 at Strasburg, under Stuard, and afterwards 
 embraced a monastic life, and was ecclesias- 
 tical professor for 40 years at Kremsmun- 
 ster. He directed also his attention to celes- 
 tial observations, and published some inge- 
 nious works on astronomical subjects, besides 
 tracts on the canon law, and on ecclesiasti- 
 cal affairs. He died 1791, aged 71. 
 
 Fixes, Anthony, a famous physician of 
 Mimtpellier, who died there 1765, aged 75. 
 His works are esteemed. Opera Medica, 
 4to. 1742 — Leconsde Chymie, 1750. — Trac- 
 tatus de Febribvts, 12rao. 1749, — Tractatu* 
 
17. 
 
 FL 
 
 <le Physiologia, IStno. IT 50, and disserU- 
 tions. 
 
 Flaccour, F. de, directing general of 
 the French East-India company, was also at 
 the head of a colony in Madagascar, in 1648, 
 which he was obliged to quit. On his return 
 to France, he published an account of the 
 island, in one vol. 4to. 
 
 Flaccus, Caius Valerius, a Latin poet, 
 in the age of Vespasian, author of the Ar- 
 gonautica. 
 
 J'lacius, or Francowitz, Matthias, 
 Fid. Francowitx. 
 
 Flameel, Bertholet, an historical pain- 
 ter of Liege, who died 1675, aged 01. He 
 improved himself in Italy, and was noticed 
 at Florence, by the grand duke. Some of 
 his pieces adorn the churches of Paris and 
 of Liege. 
 
 Flamel, Nicolas, a notary of Paris, 
 horn at Pontoise. He suddenly rose from 
 poverty to extensive opulence, and gave 
 rise to a report that he had discovered the 
 philosopher's stone. His riches, however, 
 Avere nobly used in the relief of indigence, 
 and in the erection of hospitals. It is sup- 
 posed that his riches arose from successful 
 speculations in commerce, at that time little 
 known. He was living in 1399, and Lucas 
 amused his readers by declaring that he had 
 seen him in India after his decease. Some 
 works on Alchymy have been attributed to 
 him. 
 
 Flaminio, Giovani Antonio, an orator, 
 poet, and historian of Bologna, author of the 
 lives of Albertus Magnus, of St. Dominic, 
 &c. He died 1536, aged 72. 
 
 Flaminio, Marc Antonio, son of the 
 preceding, born at Imola. He was patron- 
 ised by cardinal Farnese, who appointed 
 him his secretary at the council of Trent, an 
 office which his infirmities prevented him 
 to execute. He died at Rome 1550, aged 
 57. His letters and epigrams aj)peared 1561, 
 Svo. — and his paraphrase of thirty psalms, 
 1558. His latinity is very pure. He was 
 learned, and his other writings are much 
 esteemed. 
 
 Flamintus, or Flamininus, Titus 
 Quintus, a Roman consul, celebrated for his 
 defeat of Philip of Macedon, B.C. 198, and his 
 restoration of the liberties of Greece. He 
 prevailed upon Prusias to deliver up Annibal. 
 Flaminius, Nobiiis, an Italian, emrncnt 
 as a divine, and as a critic. He wrote a trea- 
 tise on Predestination, corrected the Vulgate 
 edition of the Septuagint, and died at Luca, 
 1590. 
 
 Flamsteed, John, an ahle astronomer, 
 born at Derby, Aug. 19th 1646. He was 
 educated in his native town, hut a severe dis- 
 temper prevented the designs of his parents, 
 in sending him to the university, and when he 
 left school in 1662, he saw for the first time, 
 an astronomical book, Sacrobosko's de Spha- 
 rk. This fixed deeply his attention, and di- 
 rected all his thoughts to astronomical sub- 
 jects. He not only constructed dials, but by 
 the help of Street's Caroline tables, he calcu- 
 Tated very accurately an eclipse, which was 
 
 to happen 22d June 1666, and so ingenious 
 did this appear, that the calculation was 
 shown to Mr. Halton, a gentleman of prop- 
 erty and mathematical knowledge in the 
 neighborhood, who applauded the young as- 
 tronomer, and supplied him with fresh books, 
 for his studies. In 1669, he communicated 
 his calculations of the eclipses, of the fixed 
 star.s, by the moon, to tlie royal society, and 
 received the thanks of that body, by the 
 hands of its secretary Oldenburg, and one of 
 its members Collins. In 1670 his father, who 
 had hitherto viewed his studies with jealous 
 dissatisfaction, pleased with his correspond- 
 ence with learned men, advised liim to go to 
 London, M'hich he willingly did to visit his 
 friends Collins and OMenburg. At Cam- 
 bridge he became acquainted with Barrow, 
 Wroe, and iS'ewton, and he now entered at 
 Jesus college, at that university, where he 
 continued his astronomical studies with in- 
 creasing zeal. In 1673-4, he wrote his E. 
 phemeris, to show the folly of astrologj', to 
 which he added tables of the moon's rising 
 and setling, and at the request of his friend 
 sir Jonas AIooi-c, he compiled an account of 
 the tides, and constructed a barometer, for 
 the use of tiie king. On taking his master's 
 degree at Cambridge, he Avished to take or- 
 ders, but his friend sir Jonas dissuaded him, 
 and procured him the place of astronomer 
 royal, with a salary of 100/. a year. This 
 however did not prevent FJam'steed's pur- 
 pose, he was ordained by bishop Gunning, 
 and when in 1675, the first stone was laid for 
 the building of Greenwich observatory, he 
 lodged at the queen's house there, and ob- 
 served the appulses of the moon and planets 
 to the fixed stars, and in 1681, published the 
 doctrine of the Sphere, in sir Jonas Moore's 
 posthumous work of a new System of Math- 
 ematics ia 4to. In 1684, he obtained the 
 living of Burstow in Surrey, the only prefer- 
 ment he ever held, but though his genius en- 
 titled him to higher emoluments, his benev- 
 olent heart was satisfied with moderate com- 
 petence, more pleased in the pursuit of his 
 favorite studies, and in the friendship of 
 such men as Newton, Halley, Molineux, 
 Wallis, Casini, Wotlon, Keil, &c. than in the 
 possession of unbounded opulence. This 
 great and illustrious character died of a 
 strangury, 31st Dec. 1712, and thus though 
 of a very feeble constitution lived more than 
 73 years. He was married but left no chil- 
 dren. His Historia Co^lestis Britannica, of 
 which the best part was printed before his 
 death, was pubhshed by his widow 1725, in 
 3 vols. fol. and dedicated to the king. His 
 papers, as he himself tells us in his |)reface, 
 had been examined by the direction of 
 George, prince of Denmark, by Roberts, 
 Newton, Gregory, Arbuthnot, Wren and 
 others, and, under this high recommenda- 
 tion, were afterwards presented to the public. 
 Flandrin, Peter a native of Lyons, Avho 
 studied the vetei'inary art under his uncle 
 professor Chabert, and acquired some celeb- 
 rity in the knowledge of comparative anato- 
 my. He visited England and Spain in search 
 
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 IL 
 
 ofiuformationabouttlicmauftpemcntofcrittic 
 and the iniprovemeul of wools, anil iiul)lisli- 
 cd ail inttTC'Sling treatise on the suhjeil. 
 He wrote hcsidcs various memoirs, and was 
 made member of the natioual institute. He 
 dicdl79f>. 
 
 Flassans, Taraudct dc, a Provencal 
 poctoftlie I4tli century, l>orn at Flassans. 
 He wrote a poem called Lessons to avoid the 
 Treacheries of Love, lor which he was re- 
 U'arde(l by do Fonteves, with a |)iece ofland. 
 He was (Mn|)loyed by (jueen Joan to makt- a 
 remonstrance to the emperor Charles IV. 
 which he ably executed. 
 
 Flat MAN", Thomas, an English poet, 
 born in Aldersfijate street, London, lC33, and 
 educated at ^^ incliester and IS'ew college, 
 Oxford. He left the university without a 
 degree, and became barrister of the Inner 
 Temple, but never followed the law as a 
 profession. He now turned author, and 
 •wrote several light poems, one of which, on 
 the death of lord Ossory, was read by the 
 father, the duke of Ormond, with such grat- 
 ification that he sent the author a mourning 
 ring, with a diamond in it, worth 100/. In 
 his younger days Flatman expressed his ab- 
 horrence to the marriage state by a song, 
 beginning with these lines : 
 Like a dog -with a bo C tie tied close to his tail, 
 Like a tori/ in a bogy or athiefiiia jail, &c. 
 and when, us Wood says, he was afterwards 
 smitten with a fair virgin, and more wkh her 
 fortune, he espoused her in 1672, and on his 
 wedding night his jovial companions serena- 
 ded him with his favorite song. He died in 
 Fleet-street, London, 1688. He was an in- 
 different poet ; but, says Granger, succeeded 
 better as a painter, as one of his heads is 
 ■worth a ream of his Pindarics. His poems, 
 third edition, were printed 1682, in one vol, 
 8vo. 
 
 Flavel, John, an English divine, born 
 in Worcestershire, and educated at Univer- 
 sity college, Oxford, where he took his de- 
 gi'ee of B. A. He was ejected from his liv- 
 ing at Dartmoutli, in 1662, for nonconformi- 
 ty, and retired to Hudscott, near South Mol- 
 ton. He returned to his living on the indul- 
 sjcnce granted by Charles H. and died there 
 1692. He wrote Navigation and Husbandry 
 spiritualized, &c. His works, which are res- 
 pectable, were published 2 vols. fol. and 6 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Flavian*, a patriarch of Antioch, where 
 he died 404. 
 
 Flavian, a patriarch of Constantinople 
 after Proclus 447. He condemned the Eu- 
 tychian heresy in a synod, for which, by the 
 opposite faction, he w as deposed, scourged, 
 and banished to Lydia, where he died in 
 consequence of the ill treatment which he 
 had received. 
 
 Flavignt, Valerian de, doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, canon of Rheims, and Hebrew 
 professor of the royal college, was born at 
 Laon, and died at Paris 1674, very old. He 
 assisted in the polyglott of le Jay, and was a 
 violent polemic. 
 Flavi TAS, patviarch of Constantinople 
 
 after Acacius. Zcno, the cmperOr, was so 
 superstitious as to Miiti»03e tliat an aiigcl 
 would v.'.nrn'. <lown to inscribe the name of 
 the new prelate on a piece of paper which he 
 left on lh«; allai'; but Flavilas, by bribing the 
 chatnliirlaiii, inserted liisown name, and was 
 made bishop ; but died three months after, 
 and tlic artifite being, in consequence, disco- 
 vered, cost tilt guill} chambcrlaiB his life. 
 . Flaust, John Bafitist, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Koucn. He was fifty years 
 employed in the composition of bis Explica- 
 tion of the JurispiMulence Usage of Norman- 
 dy, 2 vols, folio. He died 1783, aged 72. 
 
 Fr.ECHiEK, Esprit, a celebrated Frencli 
 prelate, born 1632, at Perne, near Avignon, 
 lie distinguished liiuiself as a popular preach- 
 er, and became known as an elegant scholar, 
 by his poetical description of a carousal ia 
 pure latinity. His funeral orations were 
 much admired, especially that od Turenne, 
 and that on Montauser, which raised him to 
 the same rank of reputation with the well 
 known Rossuet. In 1679 he wrote his His- 
 tory of Tlieodosius the Great, and in 1685 
 he was honorably promoted to the see of 
 L; vaur, on which occasion the king said. Be 
 not surprised I have so long delayed to re- 
 ward your merit; I was afraid of losing the 
 pleasure of hearing your discourses. In 1687 
 he was translated to Nismes, where, as a 
 preacher and a bisliop, he was successful ia 
 drawing many of tlie protestants to the ca- 
 tholic faith. In the famine of 1709 his cha- 
 rity and benevolence were unbounded. This 
 most virtuous and exemplary man died 1710, 
 lamented, says d'Alembcrt, by the catbclics, 
 regretted by the protestants, having exhibit- 
 ed toliis breliiren an excellent motlel of zeal 
 and charity, simplicity and eloquence. His 
 works are (Euvres Melees — Panegyric of 
 Saints — Funeral Orations — sermons, 3 vols. 
 12mo. — the History of Thcodosius — Grati- 
 ani de Casibus Illustr. Vir. — the Lite of 
 Ximenes, 4to. — letters, 2 vols. 12mo. — the 
 Life of Cardinal Commendon, 4to. — posthu- 
 mous works. Those who compare Bossuet 
 Mith Flcchier observe, that the former has 
 less elegance but greater strength, and that 
 the style of his rival is more flowing, finish- 
 ed, and uniform. Bossuet owes all to nature, 
 Flcciiier much to art. 
 
 Fi-ECKNOE, Richard, an English poet, 
 formerly, it is said, a Jesuit. At the revolu- 
 tion, when iJryden was dismissed, as being a 
 cathotic, from the office of laureat, Flecknoe 
 was appointed as his snccessoi', which so ex- 
 asperated the bard, that he vented his indig- 
 nation in a severe satirical poem called, from 
 his humble antagonist, Mac Flecknoe. He 
 wrote some plays, one only of which was 
 acted His Damoiselles A -la-mode, and his 
 Love's Kingdom were both hissed off the 
 stage. He wrote besides enigmas and epi- 
 grams, besides the " Diariuin," in burlesque 
 verse. The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Fleetwood, William, an English law- 
 yer, recorder of London in fLlizabeth's reign, 
 was natural son of Mr. Fleetwood of lies- 
 keth, Lancashire. He was educated at Ox- 
 
FL 
 
 FL 
 
 ford, and studied the lav/ in the Middle Tem- 
 \>\e, and soon distinguished himself by his 
 abilities. He ^vas made recorder of London 
 1569, he showed himself very active against 
 mass-houses, and popish priests. In 1580 be 
 was made Serjeant at law, and in 15'J2 Ser- 
 jeant to the queen. He died 1593, and was 
 buried at Great Missenden, Bucks, where he 
 liad an estate. He was married, and had 
 some childi-en who survived him. He was 
 nn eloquent oi'ator, says Wood, and his skill 
 as a politician recommended him much to 
 the notice of Leicester. He published an 
 oi'ation at Guild-hall before the lord mayor — 
 a table to Plowden's Reports — the Office of 
 a.lustice of the Peace, 1658 — Annalium tarn 
 Z?egum EdAvardi V. Richardi HI. Henrici 
 Vli. quam Henrici VIH. — Titulorum Online 
 Alphabet & Elenchus 1579 and 1597. 
 
 Fleetwood, "William, an Enghsh pre- 
 late, descended from the Lancashire Fleet- 
 ■w oods, and born in the tower of London 1st 
 Jan. 1656. He was educated at Eton and 
 King's college, Cambridge, and on taking 
 orders, became an eloquent preacher. He 
 ti'as made chaplain to king William, and af- 
 terwards obtained a fellowship at Eton, and 
 the rectory of St. Austin's, London. He was 
 installed caaon of Windsor 1702, but in 
 1705, he quitted the tumults of the town, 
 and, much to the concern of large audiences, 
 ■who attended his eloquent and persuasive 
 discourses, he retired to the privacy of Wex- 
 ham rectory, in Bucks. In 1706, without 
 any solicitation on his part, or that of his 
 friends, he Avas nominated to succeed Beve- 
 ridge in the see of St. Asaph, and in 1714 he 
 ivas translated to Ely. He died at Totten- 
 ham, in Middlesex, where he had retired 
 tor change of air, 4th August, 1723, and he 
 was buried in Ely cathedral, where his lady, 
 who soon followed liim to the graA'e, erected 
 a monument over him. His only son, Dr. 
 Charles Fleetwood, i*ectcr of Cottenham, 
 Cambridgeshire, did not long survive him. 
 Bishop FhetAvood's character was respecta- 
 ble in every point of view. Admired as a 
 preacher, he made an exemplary life, and a 
 benevolent heart, the noblest ornaments of 
 his persuasive eloquence in the pulpit. As a 
 bishop he avhs beloved by his clergy, and did 
 not arrogantl)' assume tliat superiority OA^er 
 them which conscious merit disdains, but il- 
 liberal pride asserts. As a Avriter he Avas 
 highly respected, his sermons and divinity 
 tracts were widely circulated ; but the firm- 
 ness of his opinions, hoAvever, drew upon 
 liim the censure of the house of Commons. 
 His preface to his sermons, on the deaths of 
 Mary, of the duke of Glocester, and of Wil- 
 liam, and on the accession of Anne, gave such 
 offence to the ministry that the book Avas 
 burned publicly, 12th May, 1712; but it Avas 
 more universally read, and even appeared in 
 the Spectator, No. 384. Besides these, 
 Fleetwood published Inscriptionum Antiqua- 
 rum Sylloge, 8vo. 1691 — a translation of .lu- 
 rieu's Method of Devotion, 1692, the 27th 
 edition of which appeared 1750 — an Essay on 
 Miracles, 8vo. 1701 — the Reasonable Com- 
 
 municant, 1704 — Sixteen Practical Discom'- 
 ses on the Relative Duties of Parents, &c. 
 2 vols. 8vo. 1705--the Thirteenth of Romans 
 vindicated,l710 — the Judgmentof the Church 
 of England m Lav Baptism and Dissenters' 
 Baptism, 1712— the Life of St. Wenefrede, 
 1713 — Chronicon Preciosum, or Account of 
 English Money, Price of Corn and other 
 Commodities for the last 600 Years, 1707, 
 besides smaller works. 
 
 Fleming, Robert, a North Briton, born 
 at Bathens, 1630. He Avas educated at St. 
 Andrew's, and at the age of 33 became pas- 
 tor of a congregation, from Avhich office he 
 Avas ejected after the restoration. He then 
 settled at Rotterdam, in Holland, as minis- 
 ter of the Scots' congregation there, and 
 died 25th July 1694. His"'' Fulfilling of the 
 Scriptures," has been a popular Avork among 
 the dissenters. 
 
 Fleming, Robert, son of the preceding^ 
 was a native of Scotland, and educated at 
 Leyden and Utrecht. He settled at Leyden 
 as minister,and then remoA'ed to Amsterdam, 
 from whence he came to London, and offici- 
 ated at the Scotch church, Lothbury, and 
 at Saltei's' hall. He Avrote, among other 
 things, sermons — tracts — Christology, 3 vols. 
 8vo. — the Rise and Fall of Popery, of which 
 it is said that many passages are particularly 
 applicable to the first events of the French 
 revolution. He died 1716. 
 
 Fleming, Caleb, a native of Notting- 
 ham, pastor of a dissenting congregation in 
 London, and in 1752, called to be assistant to 
 Dr. Forster at Pinner's hall. He Avrote a 
 Survey of the Search after Souls, and other 
 tracts, and in his tenets he Avas a strict 
 Arian. He died 1773, aged 75. 
 
 Flemming, or Flemmynge, Richard, 
 a native of Croston, Yorkshire, educated at 
 Universit}'' college, Oxford, and made pre- 
 bendary of York 1408. He was, in 1442, 
 made bishop of Lincoln, and Avent as deputy 
 to the council of Constance. The pope rai- 
 sed him to York ; but as the king refused his 
 consent he continued bishop of Lincoln till 
 his death, 1431. He Avas founder of Lincoln 
 college, Oxford, and Avas a strenuous opposer 
 of Wickliffe's doctrines, Avhich he afterwards 
 as Avarml}' embraced. To his disgrace he 
 was instrumental, hoAvever, in digging up 
 the bones of that bold reformer, according 
 to the impotent resolutions of the Constance 
 council. 
 
 Flesselles,N. de, a French magistrate, 
 I'espectable for his loyalty, and the mildness 
 of his manners. He attempted in vain to re- 
 press the tumults Avhich preceded the revo- 
 lution ; but on the l4th of July 1789 his be- 
 nevolent and patriotic interference proved 
 fatal at the taking of the Bastile. He receiv- 
 ed a shot from a pistol, and his head, being 
 cut off, Avas carried on a pike in triumph 
 through the streets. 
 
 Fleicher, Dr. Richard, father of the 
 dramatic poet, Ava.sborn in Kent, and educa- 
 ted at Benet college, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow. He Avas made dean of 
 Peterborough 1583, and three years after 
 
FL 
 
 FL 
 
 attended the Scotch Mary's execution, wlicre 
 lie displayed more zeal than good sense in 
 pressing ll>at unt'ortunate (jiieen to turn pro- 
 testant. In 158<J he was advanced to the see 
 of Bristol, in 1592 translated to W(»rcester, 
 and 1594 to London. After the death of his 
 A\ife he took a second, lady Uakcr, a woman 
 of great beauty, about 1595, and this S() of- 
 fended Elizabeth, who was averse t(» tl»e 
 marriage of ihe clei-gy, especially of liishops, 
 that she caused VVhitgift to suspend him. 
 Though afterwards restored to favor, the 
 queen's contlnct sat lieavily upon him, and 
 he die<l suddenly in his chair 1G96. Ashe 
 was fond of tobacco, then little known, Cam- 
 den imputes his deatli to an immoderate use 
 of it. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles, hrotlier to the bishop, 
 was educated at Eton and King's college, 
 Cambridge, where he took the degi-ee of 
 liL.D. 1581. His abilities were employed 
 by queen Elizabeth, as commissioner in 
 Scotland, Germany and the Low Countries, 
 and in 15S8, he was sent as ambassador to 
 Russia, to reconcile the Russians to the Eng- 
 lish commerce, and to efface the disadvanta- 
 geous impressions wluch the jealousy of the 
 Dutch and other powers had excited. On 
 his return he was made secretary to the city 
 of London, and in 1597 treasurerof St. Paul's. 
 He died 1010. He wrote a curious account 
 "of the Russian Commonwealth," witli a de- 
 scription of the fasliions and manners of the 
 people, 1590, 8vo. The book was suppres- 
 sed, but appeared in Hakluyt's collection, 
 1643. 
 
 Fletcher, John, a dramatic writer, 
 sou of the bishop of London, was born in 
 Northamptonshire 15*6. He was educated 
 at Cambridge, probably Benet college, and 
 distinguished himself as a w riter of plays 
 conjointly with Beaumont. He also assisted 
 Ben Jonson in his " Widow," and after 
 Beaumont's death he consulted Shirley in 
 the formation of the plots of his pieces. 
 The respective share of these joint authors 
 is not known, though it is said that Beau- 
 mont's judgment corrected the redundancies 
 of Fletcher's wit. Once at a tavern the 
 brother bards debated upon the plot of a 
 tragedy, and Fletcher being overlieard by 
 the waiter to say that he would kill the king, 
 Ite and his friend were both seized for higli 
 treason, till explanations proved to the ma- 
 gistrate that the intended murder was the 
 innocent sacrifice of a theatrical hero. 
 Fletcher died of the plague in London 1625, 
 and was buried in St. Mary Overy's church, 
 Southwark. Fletcher was ranked with .Ion- 
 son and Shakspeare, in the great triumvirate 
 of chief dramatic authors, by Edward Phi- 
 lips, and Drydcn says that his plays, as pos- 
 sessing gayety in the comic parts, and pathos 
 in the more serious characters, were acted 
 more frequently than those of Jonson or 
 Shakspeare. Now, though they possess 
 great merit, the plays of Beaumont and 
 Fletcher are little regarded, and seldom ap- 
 pear on the stage. The plays of the poet 
 amountiDg to above 50, Avere first edited to- 
 
 gether, 1679, folio, and lately by Colman, 10 
 vols. 8vo. 1778. 
 
 I'll vciiEH, Phinehas, a poet, son of 
 (iiles Fletcher. He was educated at Eton, 
 an«l elected t(» King's college, Cambridge, 
 IfiiK). He was made minister of Hilgay in 
 Norfolk, 1G21, by sir Henry Willoughby, 
 and died there about 1650. He is known uh 
 the author of " Purple Island," a poem con- 
 taining an allegorical description of man, 
 and very popular at the time of its publica- 
 tion. He M'rote besides *' Piscatory E- 
 clogues," which were published at Edin- 
 burgh 1772, and the Purple Island, with 
 Giles's " Christ's Victory," 1783 London. 
 
 P'letcher, Giles, brother of Phinehas, 
 was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 Avhere he took the degree of B. D. Hedieil 
 at his living of Alderton, Suffolk 1623, equal- 
 ly beloved, says Wood, of the muses and 
 graces. His " Christ's Victory," was firsfc 
 j)ubhshed 161<), and again 1640, and it is a 
 poem of some merit, as the personifications 
 are very natural, and the language dignified. 
 
 Fletcher, Andrew, son of sir Robert 
 Fletcher, of Saltoun, Scotland, was bora 
 1653. I^Ie was educated under bishop Bur- 
 net, and when in parliament he so strongly 
 opposed the measures of the court that hu 
 was obliged to leave the country and go to 
 Holland. He landed in the West of Eng- 
 land with Monmouth 1685, and afterward;^ 
 fought against the Turks in the Hungariaa 
 army. The revolution restored him to his 
 country, and he became a commissioner to 
 settle the government of Scotland. He die<l 
 in London 1716. His works which are all 
 on political subjects, and in the bold st5'le 
 of theory, appeared together in 1 vol. 8vo. 
 1732. 
 
 Fletcher, Abraham, a native of Little 
 Broughton, Cumberland, brought up under 
 liis father as a tobacco pipe manufacturer. 
 From this humble occupation, by severe ap- 
 plication, he raised himself to public notice, 
 and though self-taught in reading and in writ- 
 ing, he so improvefl himself that he became 
 at the age of 30 a teacher of mathematics ; 
 and as astrologer and universal doctor, he 
 acquired a fortune of 3000/. His Universal 
 Measurer, 8vo. is a work of great merit, and 
 exhibits in the most favorable view his per- 
 fect knowledge of mathematics. He died 
 1793, aged 79. 
 
 Fleury, Claude, a French advocate, 
 born at Paris 1640. After being at the bar 
 nine years he took orders, and in 1672 be- 
 came preceptor to the princess of Conti, and 
 in 1680 to the count de Vermandcis. Under 
 Fenelon he was subi)receptor to the dukes of 
 Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri, and for his ser- 
 vices he was made abbot of Locdieu, which 
 he resigned in 170G, for the rich priory of 
 Angcnteuil. In 1716 he was confessor to 
 Lewis XV. and died 1723, aged 82, greatly 
 respected for his learnii^g and virtues. His 
 works arc numerous, the chief of which are. 
 Manners of the Israelites — Manners of the 
 Christians — Ecclesiastical History, in 13 vols. 
 4to. a valuable book — Icstitution of EccIciU 
 
FL 
 
 FL 
 
 asticalLaw— a treatise on the choice and rae- 
 ihod of Studies — Duties of Masters and Ser- 
 vants — treatise on Public Law, 2 vols, 12ino. 
 
 Fleurv, Julian, the learned editor of the 
 Delphin Apuleiiis, in 2 vols. 4to. He began 
 Ausonius, but did not complete it. 
 
 Fleury, Andre Hercule de, a famous 
 cardinal, born at Lodeve in Languedoc 1653, 
 and educated at Paris. Kecommended by 
 abilities, and by a pleasing address, and hand- 
 some figure, he rose from canon of Mont- 
 pelier to be bishop of Frejus, and was ap- 
 pointed by Lewis XIV. preceptor to his 
 grandson, after Bossuet and Fenelon. In 
 1726 he was made cardinal and prime min- 
 ister tliough aged 70, and so active was his 
 conduct, and sagacious his measures, that 
 the kingdom of France prospered greatly 
 under his administration, the succession war 
 •was gloriously finished, and Lorraine added 
 to the French dominions. His economy, 
 however, neglected and ruined the marine, 
 and in the war of 1740, his plans were not 
 crowned with victory, so that it is said, he 
 died with a heart broken with grief, 1743. 
 Without the pride of Richelieu, and the av- 
 arice of Mazarine, he possessed great abili- 
 ties, and though the misfortunes of the last 
 war were attributed to him, he rather de- 
 served the gratitude of the nation for his 
 prudent management of the finances, and 
 more for the benevolence of his heart. 
 
 Flixk, Godfrey, a Dutch painter, pupil 
 of Rembrandt. He died 1660, aged 44. He 
 in^itated his master in the execution of his 
 pieces, but afterwards studied the Italian 
 manner. 
 
 Fl-ipart, John James, a French en- 
 graver, who died at Paris 11th July, 1782, 
 aged 67. He possessed great merit, and in 
 private life was an amiable man. 
 
 FLOCQ.UET, Stephen Joseph, a musician 
 of eminence, was born at Aix in Provence, 
 and died at Paris 1785, aged 35 His operas 
 were received with the most flattering ap- 
 plause on the French stage. 
 
 Flodoard, or Frodoard, a French 
 historian of Epernai. He was an ecclesiastic 
 in the church of Rheims, where he wrote a 
 Chronicle from 916 to 966 — and a History of 
 his Church from its Foundation to 949. 'I'he 
 best edition is that of 1617. He wrote also 
 poetry, and died 96C, aged 73. 
 
 Flogel, Charles Frederic, author of a 
 History of the Human Understanding — 
 History of Comic Literature — Present State 
 of the Belles Lettres in Germany, &c. in 
 German, was professor of philosophy in the 
 college of noblemen at Leignitz, where he 
 died 1788, aged 59. 
 
 Flood, Henry, an Irish orator, son of the 
 chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland. 
 He was educated at Dublin university, and 
 at Oxford, where he was honored with the 
 degree of M. A. 1752. He sat in the Irish 
 house of commons for Kilkenny, and after- 
 wards for Callan, and he acquired great 
 popularity by his eloquence and the meas- 
 ures which he proposed, but his consequence 
 ceased when he obtained a seat amone the 
 
 English commons, and his addresses on sub- 
 jects of reform and on public occasions were 
 received with little interest. He died 1791. 
 He wrote a Pindaric Ode to Fame — a Poem 
 on the death of Frederic Prince of Wales, 
 found in the Oxford collection, and some of 
 his speeches have also appeared in print. 
 His property after the death of his wife is 
 bequeathed to Dublin university for the 
 foundation of a ])rofessorship, and for en- 
 riching the public library by the purchase 
 of MSS. &c. 
 
 Florentino, Stephano, an historical 
 painter of Florence, who studied under Gi- 
 otto, and died 1350, aged 49. 
 
 Flori an, John Peter Claris de, a native 
 of Languedoc, educated under the care of 
 his relation Voltaire, by whose influence he 
 obtained the office of page to the duke of 
 Penthievre. Though honored by his patron, 
 and promoted in the army, he prefei-red 
 literary reputation to all other objects, and 
 published in 1782 his first work Galathee, a 
 romance. He wrote afterwards Theatfe, 
 Voltaire et le Serf de Jura, which obtained 
 the prize of the French academy — Estelle 
 — Numa Pompilius, kc. During the revo- 
 lution his sentiments expressed in Numa 
 drew upon him the resentment of Robes- 
 pierre, who imprisoned him, but after the 
 tyrant's death he was liberated, and died at 
 Seaux, 13th Sep. 1794, aged 39. He began 
 during his confinement a poem on William 
 Tell, which was never completed. He wrote 
 also Ebrahim, a piem, Sec. 
 
 Florimond de Remond, a native of 
 Guienne, counsellor in the parliament of 
 Bourdeaux. He opposed warmly the Cal- 
 vinists, and wa-ote on Antichrist — the Origin 
 of the Heresies, fcic. and died 1602. 
 
 Flori o, John, the Resolute, as he styled 
 himself, %vas born in London in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. His parents who were Wal- 
 denses, and descended from the Florii of 
 Sienna in Tuscany, had fled from the perse- 
 cutions of popery in the Valteline, and set- 
 tled finally in England under Elizabeth, after 
 a short absence dialing Mary's bigoted reign. 
 Florio taught Italian and French in the uni- 
 versit}' of Oxford, and was admitted at Mag- 
 dalen college. He was tutor in those lan- 
 guages to prince Henry, and to Anne the 
 queen of James I. to whom he was clerk of 
 the closet. He died of the plague at Fulhara. 
 1625, aged 80. Of his works the principal 
 are, " first Fruits and second Fruits," con- 
 taining pi'overbs and witty sentences — Gar- 
 den of Recreation — a translation of Mon- 
 taigne's Essays — and an Italian and English 
 Dictionary, fol. 1597, a work of merit. He 
 married the sister of Sam. Daniel, the poet. 
 
 Floris, Francis, a painter of Antwerp, 
 born 1520. He was like his father a sculp- 
 tor till the age of 20, and then he studied 
 jiainting under Lambert Lombard, and by 
 imitating Angelo he acquired celebrity and 
 opulence. He worked seven hours each 
 (lay, and devoted the rest of the time to 
 (hinkitjg. He died at the age of 50. He 
 was called the Raphael of Flanders. 
 
FO 
 
 to 
 
 Flouus, Lucius Annteus, a Latin histo- 
 rian, related to Seneca and Lucan. He 
 wrote HM abridgment of tlie Roman history, 
 116 AD. 
 
 Florus, surnamcd Mafiter, a deacon of 
 Lyons in the 9lh century, antlior of Com- 
 mentaries on St. Paul's Kpiatle — an Answ t-r 
 to Erigeiia, on predestination, and otlici" 
 Avorks. 
 
 Flover, sir John, a native of Ilinters, 
 Stairordhliire, educated at (-Jueen's college, 
 Oxford, w liere he took his medical dt'grces. 
 He afterwards settled as a respectalde prac- 
 tioncr at Lichfield and was knighted. He 
 ■wrote the Touchstone of Ali-dicines, '2 vols. 
 8vo. — the Virtues of Cold Water, 8vo. and 
 ♦lied 17'20, aged 71. 
 
 J'^LUDD, Robert, an English philosopher, 
 son of sir Thomas Flivid, kriight, born at 
 Milgate, Kent, 1574. He was of St. .lolin's 
 •oliege, O.sford, and after taking his degrees 
 in arts, applied to priysic and travelled in 
 France, Spain, I\.aly, and Germany, to im- 
 prove himself. He took his tlegrees in me- 
 ctieine 160.5, and settled in London, and be- 
 came fellow of the college of physicians He 
 began to puiilish about IG16, and wjis a vo- 
 luminous writer, chiefly on the powers and 
 venders of Alchymy, and the Rosicrucian 
 doctrines. His works are in Latin, and writ- 
 ten in an obscure and mysterious language. 
 They amount to about 20, and are all men- 
 tioned in Wood's -Vthena;. Two of his pro- 
 ductions were against Kepler and Mersen- 
 aus, and they were answered by those great 
 philosophers. 
 
 Foes, opFoesius, Anutius, a learned 
 physician, born at Metz 1528. He was well 
 skilled in Greek and Latin, and translated the 
 works of Hippocrates into Latin, as also the 
 commenkirios of Galen. His abilities ai'c 
 praised by Huetius. He practised physic at 
 Lorraine with reputation, and died 1596. 
 
 FoOLiETA, or FoLiETA, Uberto, a 
 learned Genoese p*'iest, banished from his 
 country on account of the freedom of his 
 writin;^3. Cardinal d'Este, at Rome, became 
 his pr.tron, atid he died there 15UI, aged 63 
 He -A'rote Historia Genuensium, 12 hbr. fol. 
 15S5 — de Ratioue Scribendse Historioe iilogia 
 ClaroiMim Ligurum, 4to. — de Causis Magni- 
 tuviinis Turcarum Imperii — Delia RepuLiica 
 di Genoa, 8vo. he. 
 
 FoHi, the first king of China, and the 
 founder of the monarchy about 20 years after 
 the deluge. He removed tlie seat of empire 
 from Xcn Si, to Chin Cheu, and he invejjted 
 instruments of music, and establislied proper 
 law s respecting marriage, instead of the pre- 
 valent promiscuous intercourse of the se.xes. 
 It is said that he reigned 115 years, but fable 
 is strongly intermixed with his history. His 
 memory is still revered bj' the Chinese. 
 
 FoiNARD, Frcfleric Maurice, a native of 
 Conches in Normandy, who was eminent 
 as a Hebrew scholar, and became vice-prin- 
 cipal of the college of du Plessis. He pub- 
 lished Breviarium Ecclesiasticarium, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — Genesis Explained, French ajid i.atin, 
 
 VOL. L 68 
 
 2 vols. l2mo. — tlie Psalms in Historical Or- 
 der, iStc. and died 1743. 
 
 Foix, Mark Anllntny, a Jesuit, eminent 
 as a preacher He died provinrial of the 
 college of Billon, Auvergne, l6Sr, aged f>0. 
 He published the Art of ('reaching — the Art 
 of EJiicaling a I'rince, 12mo, 8cc. 
 
 Foix, Odel <le, lord of Laiilrec, a l-'rcnch 
 general of en»inence. He was wounded un- 
 der Lewis XII. at the buttle of llavetma 
 1512, and appointed governor of Milan by 
 Francis I. The success of Colonna, however, 
 8f»on after drove him from Milan, I'avia, 
 Lodi, Pai'ina, and Placentia, and after the 
 unfortunate battle of Bicoque he retired to 
 Gnienne 1522. In 1528 he re-entered Italy, 
 took Pavia, and boldly besieged N'ajjles, be- 
 fore whieh he died. His body was conveyed 
 to Spain, and 20 years after buried in the 
 tomb of the great (ionsalvo of Cordova. 
 
 FoLARD, Charles, a French officer born at 
 Avignon 1669- His military genius was 
 roused by the reading of (Jsesar's comntenta- 
 rres, and at the .age of 16 he became a soldier. 
 His father confined him in a monastery, but 
 he escaped, and still more Attached to the 
 army, became aid-de-camp to Vendome who 
 commanded in Italy, 1702, and intrusted him 
 j with part of his forces. He was honored for 
 his servicer with the cross of St. Lewis, and 
 had a pension ok' loo livres settled on him. In 
 1705 he was wounded at the battle of Cassano, 
 and in consequence lost the use of his left 
 hand. In 1706 he defended Modena against 
 prince Eugene, by whom he was taken pri- 
 soner som- time alter the battle of Blenheim. 
 In 1711 he was made governor of Cuurboui-g. 
 in 1714 he assisted in the defence of Malta 
 against the Turks, and afterwards went into 
 the service of Charles XII. of Sweden. He 
 accompanied him in his invasion of Xorway, 
 and w as present at his death, at the siege of 
 Frederickshall 1718. On his return to France 
 he served as colonel under the duke of Ber- 
 wick, and afterwards applied hiipself to the 
 study of the military art. He died at Avi»- 
 non 1752, aged S3. He wrote some valuable 
 commentaries on Polybius, in 6 vols. 4to. a 
 bonk of new discoveries in war — a treatise 
 (Joncerning the Defence of Places. ThongJt 
 not an accomplished writer, yet his publica- 
 tions show great knowledge of the mihtarv 
 art. 
 
 FoLENGo, Theophilus, known by the aa- 
 sumed name of Merlin Coccaye, was of a no- 
 ble lamily in Mantua. He fled from Bologna, 
 and for some time was in the military profes- 
 sion, which he quitted for tlie society of the 
 Benedictines in St. Eupheiuia monastery. 
 He died 1544, aged 51, at the priory of St. 
 Croce, Bassano. The best knowu of his 
 Morks are "Opus Macaronicum," 1651, a 
 pojmiar work — Orlandino, 1526, and Chaos 
 del Triperuno, two licentious poems — on the 
 tJiree Ages of Man, 1527, — le Humanita del 
 Figlio di Dio, 1533. 
 
 FoLEXGO, John B.iptist, a Benedictine 
 monk of Mantua, who died at Treviso, 1559, 
 aged Ci>. Hs was author ot." Comcusatari^s 
 
ro 
 
 ID 
 
 QU the Bplstlcs of St. James, St. Peter, and 
 the first of St. John, 1 555, 8vo. — a Commen- 
 tary on the Psalms, 1557, folio. &c. 
 
 FoLKES, Martin, an English antiquary 
 and phiiosopher, born at Westminster 16U0. 
 lie M as of the Royal society, London, and 
 became its president after sir Hans Sloane 
 1741. He contributed much to the philoso- 
 phical transactions, and was a great connois- 
 seur of old and modern coins. He died in 
 London 1754. Dover's anecdotes contain an 
 ample account of him. He wrote a 4to. vo- 
 luiiie of English Silver Coin, from the Gen- 
 quest to his own time. 
 
 P^ONCEMAGNE, Stephen Lrmrent de, a 
 native of Orleans, who died at Paris 26th 
 Sept. 1779, aged 83. He was first preceptor 
 to the tluke of Chartres, and is known for 
 sonie memoirs in the academy of inscriptions, 
 of which he was a member. 
 
 FoNSECA, Anthony de, a Dominican of 
 Lisbon educated at Paris, where he published 
 remarks on Cajetan's Commentaries on the 
 Bible, 1539. He was preacher to the king, 
 and theological professor at the university of 
 Coimbra. 
 
 FoNSECA, Peter, a Portuguese writer, 
 author of a system of metaphysics in 4 vols, 
 folio. Hedie'dl559. 
 
 Font, Joseph de la, a French comic wri- 
 ter, author of five comedies a«id some operas. 
 He died 1725, aged 39, hurried to his grave 
 by his intemptrancc and love of pleasure. 
 
 Font, Pierre de la, a French divine who 
 died 1699. He M-rote " Entretiens Eccle- 
 siastiques" 6 vols. 12mo. and 4 vols, of ser- 
 mons. 
 
 Fontaine, John de la, a celebrated 
 French poet born at Chateau-Thierry, 8th 
 July 1621. After a liberal education he was 
 admitted at 19 among the fathers of the ora- 
 tory, whom he soon left, but he displayed no 
 genius for poetry till the age of 22, when the 
 accidental hearing of Malherbe's odes on the 
 assassination of Henry roused hispowersinto 
 a flame. He read with eagerness the best 
 poets of (ireece, and Rome, of Italy, and of 
 bis country, and in the writings of Plato and 
 Plutarch, collected all that morality which has 
 enriched and beautified his fables. He mar- 
 ried to please his parents, but though he had 
 shown such partialities to his Avife as to in- 
 trust her in confidence with his compositions; 
 he left her soon with indifterence to follow 
 his patroness the duchess of Bouillon to 
 Pajis. Here he procured a j)ension and be- 
 came gentleman to Henrietta of England, 
 after whose death he %vas received into the 
 house of tlie witty Madam de la Sabliere, 
 who jocosely observed in parting with her 
 hnusehnld, she kept only three animals, her 
 dn<^, her cxt, and her la Fontaine. In the 
 conipany of this learned lady he continued 
 about 20% ears, not, however, witliout paying 
 anil laiiy fornial visits to his neglected wife, 
 and upon the «leath of his ]>at.rones^ he refu- 
 sed the invitations of St. Evremond, and 
 Others, to come to settle in Enginnd. He 
 was att.icked by a severe illness in 1692, and 
 then began to Uiink of death and of religion, 
 
 at the representation of the priest who at- 
 tended him. The holy monitor remindeil 
 him that his tales had an evil tendency, and 
 were frequently licentious, and hostile to 
 good moials, and la Fontaine at last acknow- 
 ledged the imputation, and promised amend- 
 ment. Though not a libertine he was most 
 indifferent to religious truths, and he inform- 
 ed the priest with great composure that he 
 had the new Testament which he thought a 
 tolerable good book. He died 13th April, 
 1695, and it is said he was found with an hair 
 shirt on, a proof of sincere repentance ac- 
 cording to some. In his character la Fon- 
 taine was a very absent man, who, in the in-» 
 dulgenceof his reveries and poetical ideas, 
 would often say the most unbecoming things, 
 and do the most incoherent actions. Meeting 
 one day his son, without knowing him, he 
 observed that he was a youth of parts and 
 spirit, and v/hen informed that it was his own 
 son, he replied with unconcern, 1 am really 
 glad of it. In the corapfiny of some wits and 
 of some eminent ecclesiastics, he asked if St. 
 Austin had more wit than Rabelais. One of 
 the divines eyeing him from top to toe, ans- 
 Avered only by observing, that " he had put ou 
 one of his stockings the wrong side outward," 
 which was the case. In consequence of his 
 great merit, it is said the intendant forbad 
 taxes to be levied on his family, an honora- 
 ble mark of respect paid to genius. He 
 wrote besides " Tales," — fables — comedies 
 — Amours de Psyche, a romance — letters, 
 &c. all of which possess great originality. 
 Four vols, of his miscellanies appeared at 
 Paris 1744. 
 
 Fontaine, Nicholas, son of a scrivener, 
 admitted at the age of 20 among the society 
 of port Royal, where he had afterwards the 
 supermtendance of the pupils. In 1664 he 
 was confined for four years in the bastille 
 with Sacy, and at last finally settled at Me- 
 lun where he died 1709, aged 84. He wrote 
 ** Lives of the Saints of the Old Testament" 
 4 vols. 8vo. — Lives of Saints in General, 
 4 vols. 8vo. — the Figurative Language of the 
 Bible 4to. — Memoirs of the Solitaries of 
 Port-Royal, 2 vols. 12mo. — Chrysostom's 
 Homilies on St. Paul's epistles, translated 7 
 vols. 8vo. For private worth, for learning, 
 and piety, and for iodefatigable and patient 
 industry, Fontaine not only equalled but sur- 
 passed his contemporaries. 
 
 Fontaines, Peter Francis Guyot des, a 
 French critic, born at Rouen 1C85,' He took 
 the habit of a Jesuit at 15, and quitted the so- 
 ciety at 30. For some time a priest, he be- 
 came a man of wit, and in 1724, he was in- 
 trusted by Bignon with the care of the "Jour- 
 nal des Saviius." The severity of his cen- 
 sures drew upon him the accusation of an 
 abominable crime from his enemies, but, af- 
 ter some confiuement,his character was clear- 
 ed up and re-established. In 1731, he began 
 the *• Nouvelliste du Parnasse, ou Reflexions 
 sur les Ouvragcs Nouveaux," of which he 
 wrote 2 vols, till the work was suppressed for 
 the severity of its contents. In 1735,. he bcr 
 gan "Observations sur les Ecrits Moder 
 
EO 
 
 fO 
 
 nes," wliich, after 33 vols, were conii»lctc(l, 
 was also suppressed 174 J 'llie iieM )e«r 
 another periodical paner, " Jugenicns 8ur Ics 
 Ouvrages Nouveaiix, ' vas uiulerlaken ; but 
 alter 11 vols, liad appeai-ed, doatli stopped 
 the labors of the critic 1745. He pul>lisiied 
 translotinns of Virgil and other classics, be- 
 sides tltose of Pope, Swift, FieJding und 
 Others. 
 
 FoNTANA, Dominion, a IJoniaii nrchitect 
 and mechanic, born at Milan 1343. llischief 
 uork was the settinj; up of the obelisk, in 
 front of St. l*eter's, whicii hatl been burie(I 
 for many 5'ears, and considered asanimpiac- 
 lible thing by all other mechanics. He was 
 deservedly commended and rewarded for the 
 bold and successftd execution of this, and in 
 1592, he removed to Naples as an architect 
 to the king, and died there greativ respect- 
 ed 1G07. 
 
 FoNTANA, Prospero, a painter, born at 
 Bologna 1512. He -was an able artist, and iiad 
 among his pupils Ludovico and Aimibal Ca- 
 racci. 
 
 FoNTANA, Lavinia, daughter of the pre- 
 ceding, died l60-2,aged 50. Slie was eminent 
 as a painter, and was pitronised by pope 
 Gregory XIII. v hose picture she drcAv iu a 
 very superior style. 
 
 FoNTAXGES, !MarieArigelique, duchess of, 
 successor to de jMontespan in the good gra- 
 ces of Louis XIV. was beautiful as an angel, 
 but silly as a goose says abbe Chosi. She died 
 in child-bed, June IGSI, aged only 20. 
 
 Font AN INI, Juste, archbishop of Ancy- 
 ra, was born in the Frioul, and died at Home 
 1736. His chief works are Bibliotheca Delia 
 Eloquenza Italiana, 2 vols. 4to. 1753. — a Lit- 
 erary History of Aquileia, 1742. — a collec- 
 tion of Bulls of Canonization from John XV. 
 to Benedict XIII. 
 
 FoxTE-MoDEUA TA, a Venetian lady, 
 •whose real name was Modesta Pozzo. She 
 was born at Venice 1555, and though ]ilaced 
 at first in a monastery, she mai-ried, and, af- 
 ter 30 years of conjugal happiness, died in 
 child-bed 1592. Her memory Avas so reten- 
 tive that she could repeat verbatim a discourse 
 when only once heard. She wrote a poem 
 called ** il Floridoro," and another on the 
 Passion and Resurrection of Christ, besides 
 •* Dei Merili Delle Donne," a prose work in 
 which she maintains that the female scr is 
 not inferior in understanding to the male. 
 
 FoNTENAY, Peter Claude, a learned Je- 
 suit, born at Paris. He was engaged to con- 
 tinue Longueval's History of the Gallican 
 Church, and died 1742. 
 
 FoNTENAV, John Baptist Bls*in de, a 
 French painter, disciple of Monoyer, born at 
 Caen 1G54. His fruits and flowers are very 
 fine, an-'l the insects on them have the ap- 
 perance of real life. He was patronised by 
 Louis XIV. w ho granted him a pension, anil 
 apartments iu the LouvTe. He died at Pa- 
 ris 1715. 
 
 FoNTENELLE, Bernard le Bovier de, son 
 of an advocate in the parlianricnt of Rouen, 
 by a sister of the great dramatic Corneille, 
 was born at Kouen, llth Feb. 1657. Though 
 
 so weak at liisMrth that his snrvivingwasiiu- 
 expcclcd, he allaiucd tin; age of 1(»0, never 
 troubled with attacks ot disease till his 'JUlh 
 year, v, hen his eyes became dim and his hear- 
 ing dull. He died Jan. J7.')7. He displayed 
 early prcx)fs of genius, and before he had 
 reached his 20th \ear he had wiillen a great 
 part of his Bclleropiion, a tragic opera. He 
 did not, however, shine as a dramatic writer 
 equal to his uncle Corneille, but in his other 
 pieces lie exhibits gieat powers, delicacy of 
 wit, and profoundness of thon^dit, so that 
 Voltaire has tiiUy observed that he was the 
 most universal genius wliicli the age ot Louis 
 XIV. produced. His " Plurality ol World.s" 
 is a most fa.scinati?ig ]»erformanc>e, in which 
 he introduces a lady conveying the subl.iuer 
 truths of philosophy in a dialogue, pleasing", 
 lively, and refined. In his office of secretary 
 to the academy of sciences, in which he con- 
 tinned more tiian 40 yeai-s, he devoted him- 
 self to the " History" of that learned body, 
 and introduced elegance of language into the 
 most abstruse parts of science. Ihe " Eloges'* 
 delivered on deceased members are perused 
 with particular attention and delight, and liis 
 ai)oiogy for Descartes' virtues, though in fa- 
 vor of an exploded system, must be read with 
 interest and admiration due to a great but 
 mistaken genius. Ko man more than Fontc- 
 nelle deserved and enjoyed the respect and 
 confidenceof hiscontcmjioraries. In his tem- 
 lier he was mild and atiable, and with the 
 Icelings of a true christian he oliserved that 
 a man should be sparing in sui)erflnities to 
 himself, tliat he may supply necessities to 
 others. Though originally poor, he acquired, 
 by industry and commendable economy, an 
 independent fortune ; but not despising the 
 rest of the worhl for his superiority of men- 
 tal talents and of riches he said that men arc 
 foolish and wicked, but such as they aie wc 
 must live among them. He wrote besides 
 the works already mentioned. Pastoral Poems 
 168S — History of the French 'I'luatre to 
 Corneille — Reflections on Theatrical l*oetrv, 
 particularly Tragedy, a judicious and valua- 
 ble work — Elements of Geometry— of Infin- 
 ities, 1727 — a tragedy, and six comedies — 
 Endymion — Moral Discourses — the History 
 of Oracles — Dialogues of the Dead, 8cc. His 
 works have been published at Paris in 8 vols. 
 8vo. His Eloge was pronounced by le Cat. 
 
 FoNTENU, Lewis Francis de, a French 
 writer, born at Lilledon, in (iatinois 16G7. 
 He was a great antiquarian, and contributed 
 much to the Memoirs of the Academy of In- 
 scriptions. A list of his works is preserAcd 
 in Saxius' Onomasticon 1714. He died 1759, 
 .igcd 92. 
 
 FoN'Tius, Bartholomew, an historian ot 
 Florence, intimate with Picus Mirandula, 
 and other learned men. He was librarian to 
 Matthew Corvinus king of Hungary at Buda, 
 and died 1513, aged 68. He wrote a commen- 
 turv on Persius, and some orations. 
 
 FoOTE, Sar.mel, a dramatic writer, called 
 the English .\ristophanes, was born at Truro, 
 Cornwall, 1722. His fatherv as commissioner 
 of iiie prize ofllcc, and member for TivertQjj, 
 
FO 
 
 ¥0 
 
 and his nnJther inlieritcci the paternal estates 
 of her family b}^ the uutoitunate quarrel of 
 her two brothers. Sir John Uitiely (iooilere 
 bart. and sir Sarnuel Goodere, captain of the 
 Kuby man of var, in which both unhappily 
 fell. He was at Worcester college, Oxford, and 
 then removed to the Tempie, but the law was 
 too dry and abstruse a pursLiit for his volatile 
 temper, and he therefore went on the stage 
 
 FoPPENS, John Francis, professor of di- 
 vinity at Louvairi, and archdeacon of Mech- 
 lin, edited Mirieus' Opera historica Diploma- 
 tica, and compiled Bibliolheca Belgica, 2 vols, 
 4to. from the laboi-s of learned Belgians, and 
 other works, and died 1761, aged 72. 
 
 Forbes, Patrick, a Scotch prelate, of a 
 noble family, born in Aberdeenshire 1564. 
 He was educated at Aberdeen and St. An- 
 
 He appeared lirst in Otiiello, but his success ' drew's, and being ordained presbyter at the 
 in performing the character of other writers age of 28, he was, in 1618, raised to the see 
 did not pK ase him, and hecommenced ftuthor ; of Aberdeen, inuch against his will, but at th^ 
 and actor in the Hay-mnaktt, where in 1747, ' pres.sing solicitations of king James. This 
 he first appeared before the pubHc in «* the ; great and good man died 1635, aged 71. His 
 Diversionsof the Morning." This entertain- ! Commentary on the Revelations appeared 
 ing piece, at first opposed by the Westminster London 1613. He was a great benefactor to 
 justices, as representing characters in real \ Aberdeen university of which he was chan- 
 
 life, Avas altered to " Mr. Foote's giving Tea 
 to his Friends" and ihus for upwards of 40 
 mornings drew crowded and applauding audi- 
 
 cellor, and he revived the professorship of 
 law, physic, and divinity. 
 
 Forbes, John, son of the pi*eceding, was 
 
 ences. The next year presented ** An auc- ) made bishop of Aberdeen, by king Janes, 
 tion of Pictures" which n-tet with equal ap- , He Avas expelled from the divinity professor- 
 probation, though it reflected on the popular ' shipat Aberdeen by the covenanters, and after 
 characters of the day, on sir Thomas de Veil ; two years' residence in Holland, he returned 
 the justice, Cock the Auctioneer, and Henley : to his native country and ended his days at 
 the orator. From 1752, to 1761, his success • his estate at Corse 1G48. He was a very 
 continued uninterrupted by tlie introduction i learned man, as his theological and historical 
 of new pieces, and the versatility with which I institutions fully evince. His works were 
 he himself represented various characters, j published at Amsterdam 2 vols. fol. 17U3. 
 and the little theatre Hay-market was now Forbes, AVilliHm, bishop of Edinburgh, 
 considered as the regular summer theatre, ] was born at Aberdeen 1585, and educated 
 after the close of the other two. In 1766, he j there. After studying at Leyden, and in the 
 had the misfortune while at lord Mexbo- j universities of Germany, became to England, 
 rough'sto break'hislegby a fall from his horse, j Avhere he rejected the Hebi'ew professorship 
 and to suffer an amputation, but the accident j at Oxford, that he might re-establish his 
 so interested the duke of York who was pre- j health by returning to the air of his native 
 
 country. He was highly esteemed by his 
 
 sent, that in consequence of his influence, a 
 patent was obtained that year for the little 
 theatre. In 1776, his attempt to introduce 
 on the stage the duchess of Kingston, a lady 
 Vrhose conduct was then much canvassed 
 before the public, not only proved abortive, 
 but brought upon him the malicious accusa- 
 tion of unnatural practice-s. Tliough acquit- 
 ted of this foul charge, yet tlie blow ho felt 
 from the imputfttion weakened his constitu- 
 tion, and brought on a paralytic fit. He re- 
 covered, but the following year as he proccded 
 to France by the advice of Ids physicians, he 
 was taken ill and died a few hours after at 
 Dover, 20th Oct. 1777. In his private char- 
 acter Foote was respectable, and the wit and 
 humor of his conversation were ver}' pow- 
 erful, Dr Johnson, as Boswell relat^es, met 
 him for the fiist time at Fitzherbert's. Hav- 
 ing no good opinion of the fellow, says he, I 
 was resolved i.ot to be pleased, and it is very 
 difficult to plf'ase a man against his will. I 
 •went on eating my dinner pretty sullenly, af- 
 fecting not to mind him, but the dog was so 
 very comical, that I was obliged to lay down 
 my kni'e and fork, throw myself back in my 
 cha"r,and fairly laugh it out. Sir, he was ir- 
 resit^til'lfc. His dramas are 20 in number, 
 mostly built on temporary topics, and full of 
 personalities. He borrowed liberally from 
 Moiicre, but made all his own by his own pe- 
 culiar powers of humor and originality. His 
 works havt been collected and published in 4 
 vols. , vo. His life has been published with 
 entertaining anecdotes by Mr. Cooke. 
 
 cour.trymen, and as his health would not per- 
 mit his frequent preaching, he was appointed 
 principal of the Marischal-college Aberdeen. 
 On the foundation of tlie see of Edinburgh 
 by Charles I. Dr Forbes was honorably 
 placed by the monarch to fdl it, but he enpy- 
 ed his dignity only three months, and died 
 1634. He was a man of extensive learning, 
 but was very moderate in his opinions, and 
 pacific in his temper, as his treatise to dimin- 
 ish controversies printed London 1658, and 
 re-printed atF'rankfcrt 1707, fully proves. 
 
 Forbes, Duncan, a Scotch judge, born at 
 CuUoden 1685. He studied at Edinburgh, 
 Utrecht, and Paris, and on his return to Scot- 
 land 1710, practised as an advocate. In 1722, 
 he was elected member for Invernessln re, and 
 1725 was made lord advocate. In 1742, he 
 was rr.ised to be lord president of the court 
 of sessions, and, in the rebellion of 1745, he 
 nobly opposed tlie pretender, but the refusal 
 of government to refund what he had lost by 
 his liberal support of the royal cause, proved 
 so disagreeable to. his feelings, that it produc- 
 ed a fever of which he died 1747, aged 62. 
 He was a good Hebrew scholar, and wrote 
 Thoughts on Religion, — a Letter to a bishop 
 on Hutcliinson's writings, — Reflections on In- 
 credulity, 3 vols. l2mo. 1750. 
 
 FouBiN, Claude Chevalier de, a French 
 naval officer, born in 1656. He was early 
 brought up to the sea service, and in 1686 
 became chief admiral to tlie king of Siam in 
 
FO 
 
 FO 
 
 the East-In(r>cs. He ufterwanls distinguished i 
 hinisfU'in Kuroi)e, on the coast ol" Spain, and 
 in the service ot Lewis XIV. The king was 
 pleased with his valor, and the dismteiest- j 
 cdness, an<l generosity of his cha' aeter, but 
 though favored hy the prince, he was ne- j 
 glected by the ministers, ami therefore ha i 
 retired in discontent from <he service 1710. i 
 He died 1733, aged 77. His maxims to per- 
 sons in the sea service, were two, never to 
 interfere with any tiling not belonging to 
 their enipio} ment, and to pay a blind obedi- j 
 ence to the ortlers they receired, however 
 repugnant to their private opinions. 
 
 FORBISHEK, Vul FrOBISHEU. 
 
 FoKBONNATS, Francis Veron de, inspec- 
 tor general of the manufactures of France, 
 Avas born at Mans, 'id Oct. 1722, and died at 
 Paris at the end of ISOO. He was well ac- 
 quainted with commerce, and the real re- 
 sources of a kingdom, and he publislied vari- 
 ous intelligent tracts on subjects of finance, 
 politics, and mercantile concerns. 
 
 Force, Charlotte Rose de Caumontde la, j 
 a French poetess^ %vho died 1724, aged 70. 
 Her Castle in Spain, a poem — her secret ' 
 History of Burgundy, a romance — her tales, 
 and other works, possess merit. 
 
 Force, James duke de !a, son of Francis, 
 l^rd of la Force, who, with his eldest son [ 
 Arnaud, was murdered in his bed, on the 
 fatal night of St. Bartholomew. He was then 
 nine years old, and was between his father 
 a.nd his brother in the bed, but being un- 
 perceived by the assassins, he escaped with 
 his life, a circumstance which Voltaire has 
 recorded in the 2d canto of his Henriade. 
 He fought under Henry IV. and espoused 
 the side of the protestants, against Lewis 
 XIU. especially at Montauban 162L He 
 soon after made his peace with the king, 
 upon which he was created marshal of 
 France, a duke, lieutenant general of the 
 army of Piedmont, besides a ])resent of 
 200,000 crowns. He afterwards took Pigne- 
 rol, and defeated the Spaniards at Carignan 
 1G30. He was afterwards engaged in the 
 l^erman wars, and took Spires, after raising 
 the siege of Philipsburg. He died full of 
 years and of glory 1652, aged 89. 
 
 Ford, John, a dramatic poet, in the reigns 
 of James, and Charles I. He was of the mid- 
 dle Temple, but the time of his death is un- 
 known. He wrote 12 plays published be- 
 tween 1629, and 1636. 
 
 For DUN, John de, a Scotch historian, 
 who florished about 1377. He wrote a 
 histoty of his country called Scoti-Chronicon, 
 a curious but not accurate performance, pub- 
 lished by Hearne at Oxford, 5 vols. Hvo. and 
 by Goodall,fol. Edinburgh. 
 
 FoRDYCE, U.i'.vid, a learned Scotsman, 
 born at Aberdeen 1720, where he was edu- 
 cated, and wliere he became professor of 
 moral philosophy, in the marischal college. 
 He travelled through France and Italy, and 
 other parts of Europe, and was drowned on 
 his return, in a storm on the coast of Holland 
 17.51. lie wrote Dialogues concerning Edu- 
 aatson, 2 vols. 8vo. — treatise of Moral Philo- 
 
 sophy— Theodorus, a dialogue concepuing 
 the Alt »jf Freuching — the Temple of Vir- 
 tue, a dream, inc. 
 
 FouYCE, James, a Scotch divinw, brother 
 to the aljove, born at Aberdeen, and edtl'/a- 
 ted there. He was miiii.ster of Brechin, and 
 afterwards of Alloa, and in 1762, he removed 
 to .Monkwell street, London, v^ here he was 
 assistant, and then successor to J)r. Law- 
 rence. He afterwards settled in Hampshire, 
 and died at B.-ah 17'.)6, in his 77th year. He 
 is author oi Sermons to voung Women, 2 
 vols.— Address to young Men, 2 vols. — Ad- 
 dresses to the Deity — a sermon on the Elo- 
 quence of the Pulpit — poems — single ser- 
 mons, &iC. 
 
 FoRDVCE, George, nephew of the prece- 
 ding, was born near Aberdeen, and educated 
 in that university, where at the age of 14 he 
 took his degree of M. A. After some resi- 
 dence with his uncle, who wa.s an apothecary 
 and surgeon at Uppingham, liutlandshire, he- 
 went to Edinburgh, and to Leyden, where 
 he took his doctor's degree 1758. He settled 
 the following year in Lontlon, where he 
 distinguished himself as a lecturer on the 
 Materia Medica, and the practice of physic, 
 and in 1770 he became physician to St. 
 Thomas's hospital, and six years after a 
 fellow of ihe Royal society. He was, in 
 1787, made a fellow of the college of physi- 
 ciarks speciali gratia^ an unususd honor, and 
 he died 1802, aged 66. His works are essavs 
 on Fevers — on Digestion — Elements of the 
 Practice of Physic — Elements of Agriculture 
 and Vegetation, &c. 
 
 FoRDYCE, sir William, a Scotch physi- 
 cian, of great repute, who died in London 
 1792. • 
 
 FoREiRO, Francis, a Dominican monk, 
 born at Lisbon, and sent hy the king of Por- 
 tugal, to the council of Trent, where he was 
 in consequence of his abilities invited to 
 draw up a general catechism. He published, 
 with a commentary, a translation of Isaiah's 
 prophecy, A'enice 1562, and died at Lisbon, 
 1581. 
 
 Forest, Peter, orFoRESTus, a Dutch 
 physician, born at Alcraaer 1522. He studi- 
 ed physic in Italy, and died medical professor 
 at Leyden 1597. The most known of his 
 works is " Observations on ^Medicine" 6 vols 
 fol. Frankfort 1623. 
 
 Forest, John, a French landscape paint- 
 er, born at Paris, where he died 1712, aged 
 76 He was painter to the French king, and 
 in his manner imitated Titian, Giorgione, 
 and the Bassans. 
 
 Forest, or Foresta, James Philip, 
 known by the nan;c of Philip Bergamo, the 
 place of his birth, was an Augustine monk, 
 and wrote a chronicle from Adam to the 
 year 1503, a work not very valuable. Ho 
 wrote a confessional, fol. Venice 1487 — and 
 a treatise of Illustrious Women, fol. 1497, 
 Ferrara. 
 
 FoRMEY, John Henry Samuel, a native 
 of Berlin, minister of the French church 
 there, and afterwards professor of philoso- 
 phy in the French college, and then, secre- 
 
FG 
 
 FO 
 
 taiyto t!ie royal Berlin aead?njy of sciences, 
 and privy counsellor. He died 1797, aged 
 S6. He vas author of Abridgement of 
 Ecclesiastical History — History of Philoso- 
 phy abridged, both translated into English — 
 Ilcsearches on the Elements of Matter — 
 Considerations on Cicero's Tusculanura — 
 the Christian I'hilosnpher — Pensces Itai- 
 sonablcs — Anti-Eniile against Kosscau, and 
 other Avorks, and he conducte<l, viUi Beau- 
 sohre, the Bibliotheque Germanique. 
 
 FoRMOSus, bishop of Porto, near Itome, 
 succeeded Stephen V. as pope, 891. He was 
 very unpopular in his government, and after 
 death his body was dragged from his grave by 
 the popuUce, and thrown into the 'I'iber. 
 
 FoRSKAL, Peter, a Swedish naturalist, 
 •who studied at Gottingen and at Upsal under 
 liinnieus. He went, in 1761, with Niebuhr 
 to Arabia, and died there at Jerim 1763, 
 aged 27. He was author of Thoughts on 
 CiviJ Liberty, 1759, and from his papers 
 Niebuhr published Icones Rerum Naturali- 
 um quas in Itinere Oriental! depingi curavit 
 Forskal, 4to. — Descriptiones Animalium he 
 Equse, &c. 4to. — Flora iEgyptiaco- Arabics, 
 4to. 
 
 FoRSTER, John, a protestant Hebraist of 
 Witteraburg, born at Augsburg 1495. He 
 was the friend of Luther, Heuchlin, and 
 Meiancthon, and died 1556. Me published a 
 Hebrew Lexicon, 1564, folio, Bale. Another 
 person of the same name published Com- 
 mentaries on Isaiah, and other works. 
 
 FoRSTER, George, an ingenious natural- 
 ist, who accompanied Cook in his second 
 voyage round the world. He was professor 
 in the university of Cassel, and afterwards at 
 Wilna and Mayence. He next visited Paris, 
 to enable himself to travel to Thibet; but 
 died in the midst of his preparations, 1792, 
 aged 39. He was then representative of 
 Mentz in the national assembly. He wrote 
 a tract on the English Constitution — a Jour- 
 nal of Cook's second Voyage, 2 vols. 4to. 
 ^hich he defended against Wales — a Philo- 
 sophical Journey along the Rhine, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — a Journey through England, 1790. 
 
 FoRSTER, Dr. John Reinold, father to tlie 
 above, studied at Halle, and was minister at 
 Dantzic, and after being some time in Russia 
 he came to England, and was tutor in Ger- 
 man and French in Warrington academy. 
 He accompanied Cook in his second voyage, 
 and after his return in 1775, he was created 
 LL, D. by the university of Oxford. He lost 
 his public character in England, for publish- 
 ing, contrary to agreement, an account of 
 the plants discovered in his voyage, in conse- 
 quence of which he left the countrj' for Ger- 
 many. He died at Halle, in Saxony, 1799. 
 He is author of Observations made round 
 the World — History of Discoveries in the 
 North — treatises on the Byssus of tlie An- 
 cients, and other valuable tracts on natural 
 history. 
 
 FoRSTER, Nathaniel a native of Plym- 
 stock, Devonshire, educated at Plymouth 
 j^nd Eton school, and afterwards at Corpus 
 Chrisli, Oxford, where he became fellow. 
 
 ' He obtained Hethe rectory, Oxfordsliire, 
 and in 1750 Avas chaplain to Butler, of Dur- 
 ham, who made him his executor. He was, 
 in 1752, chaplain to Herring the primate, 
 and two years after obtained a prebend iu 
 Bristol cathedral, and Rochdale vicarage, 
 Lancashire. In 1756 he was chaplain io the 
 king, and then preacher to the lloHs. He 
 died 1757, aged 40. He pubhshed Platonis 
 Dialogi quinque, &c. 1745 — Reflections on 
 the Antiquity of Egypt — Appendix Liviana, 
 1746 — Popery destructive of the Evidence 
 of Christianity, a sermon — Dissertation ou 
 Josephus' Account of our Saviour — Biblia 
 Hebraica, sine Punctis, 4to. — on the Mar- 
 riage of Minors, 8vo. he. 
 
 FoRSTNER, Christopher, an Austrian 
 lawyer, who died 1667, aged 69. After 
 travelling in Italy he was engaged in the 
 negotiations of the peace of Munster, and 
 for liiis services he was made a member of 
 the Aulic council. He wrote De Principatu 
 Tiberii Notce Politicse ad Tacitum — collec- 
 tion of his letters on the peace of Munster — 
 Hypomnemata Politica, &c. 
 
 Fort, Francis le, a native of Geneva, 
 who, from military zeal, served in Holland at 
 the age of 16, and afterwards entered into 
 the army of Peter I. of Russia. He^ained 
 the favor of that prince, and was intrusted 
 in 1696, with the seige of Azof, and in this 
 arduous affair, he displayed such abilities 
 that the emperor made him commander of 
 his forces, and his prime minister. The 
 I'csources of his great genius were employed 
 in new-modelling the army, and improving 
 the affairs of his imperial patron. He died 
 at Moscow 1699, and the Czar, afflicted for 
 his loss, paid the last honors to his remains, 
 with the most magnificent obsequies. 
 
 FoRTESCUE, sir John, an Enghsh lawyer, 
 born of an ancient family at Wear Gilford, 
 in Devonshire. He was, according to Tan- 
 ner, educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 from whence he removed to Lincoln's Inn. 
 In 1441 he was made king's Serjeant at law, 
 and the next year chief justice of the king's 
 bench. His integrity, wisdom, and firmness 
 recommended him to Henry VI. by whom 
 his salary was raised ; but his attachment to 
 the house of Lancaster proved the source of 
 persecution. In the first parliament of Ed- 
 ward IV. he was attainted of high treason, and 
 he followed his exiled master into Scotland, 
 where he was nominated chancellor of Eng- 
 land. He embarked for Holland in 1463, with 
 queen Margaret, and continued several years 
 in exile in Lorraine. In this foreign country 
 he employed himself in the composition of 
 his book " De Laudibus Legum Anglise,'* 
 written for the instruction of young prince 
 Edward ; but not published till the reign of 
 Henry VIII. He afterwards accompanied 
 the queen back to England ; but their affairs 
 became more desperate, and with greater 
 love of ease, perhaps, than attachment to his 
 master, he reconciled himself to the reigning 
 monarch by writing an apology for his own 
 conduct, and passed the rest of his life in 
 retirement and solitude. The year of his 
 
FO 
 
 FO 
 
 Jeath is unknown, though lie lived to nearly 
 his UOth year, and was biirit-d in the eliurch 
 ot Ebriiiglon, Gloccslersliirc, uhci-f, in lf)7~, 
 one olMii-s jiescendaiits repaired his monu- 
 ment. He wrote besides, "the DitU-rencc- 
 between an absolute and iinuted nxjiiarthv, 
 &c." published by J. Fortescue Aland, 171 i, 
 besides other works reinainini^ in MS. 'I'lie 
 best e(hti(jn of his book, " iJe Lnudibns is th .t 
 ol"ir4l. His character was vt-ry respeclahle 
 for piety, learning, and benevolence, ami, as 
 attached to his country, none deserves a 
 better name. 
 
 KoiiTiGUEURA, Nicolas, an Italian pre- 
 late and poet, born iCTi. He was made a 
 bishop by Clement XI. but he was so cften 
 disap[)ointed by Clement XII. who as the 
 patron oi' poets, had promised him a cardi- 
 nal's hat, that he fell ill in conseciuence, and 
 died 1735, aged 01. He wrote " liicciar- 
 delto," a burlesque poem in 30 cantos, in a 
 short time, to pi-ove to some of his friends 
 the ease with which he could v/rite in the 
 manner of Ariosto. I'liis poem, though 
 very taulty, e.\hibits sallies of pleasantry and 
 strokes of genius. It has been translated into 
 French by <lu Mourrier. Fortiguerra 
 translated Terence into Italian 173G. 
 
 Fortius, or For r is, Joachim, a teach- 
 er of Greek and of mathematics at Antwerp, 
 intimate with Erasmus, and other leftrned 
 men. He died 153o. He wrote " De Ua- 
 tione Studendi," aiul other works. 
 
 FosCARi, Francis, a noble Venetian, elec- 
 ted doge 1423. He eidarged the Venetian 
 doniinions by the conquest of Brescia and 
 Bergamo, and the towns of Crema and Ra- 
 venna, and other places ; but these victories 
 cost so dear that the Venetians loudly mur- 
 Biured, and deposed their unfortunate leader. 
 His son shared also his disgrace, and was 
 banished, under false accusations, and the 
 wretched father died two days afior his de- 
 position, 1457, aged 84. Tiie son also soon 
 after died in prison, upon the fiUsc charge of 
 murdering a senator. 
 
 FoscARiNi, Michael, a Venetian senator 
 and historian. He contmued Xani's history 
 of Venice, at the public request, and died 
 169"2, aged 04. His Mork was printed lOO'i, 
 4to. and makes the 10th toI. of Venetian his- 
 torians. He also wrote novels. 
 
 Fosse, Charles de la, a French painter, 
 pupil to Le Brun, born at Paris 1G40. He 
 studied in Italy, and at his return he painted 
 the dome of the hotel of Invalids. Lewis 
 XIV. gave liim a pension of 1000 crowns, and 
 lie became protl-ssor and rector of the acade- 
 my for painting. He was for some time en- 
 gaged in adorning the duke of Montague's 
 house, now the British museum in Lond')n, 
 and received a handsome offer from king 
 William, who admired his genius, and wished 
 him to settle in England; but he declined. 
 He died at Paris 1710. 
 
 Fosse, Antony de la, nephew to the above, 
 was born at Paris 1G58. He M'as lord of Au- 
 bigny, by the purchase of the estate which 
 bears that title, and he w as secretary to the 
 marquis de Creqni. When his patron was 
 
 killed at the battle of Luzara, he brOM^Iit 
 Iiaek his heart to Paris, and celebnaed Ids 
 fall irt poetry. He whs afleruar<ls in tin; 
 service ot the iluke d'.\umont; but he dis- 
 tinguished himself chiflly by his tragedies. 
 Mis .Manlius, which is his best play, is consi- 
 dered by the French as equal to the trage- 
 dies fiftjorneille ; but he is less known than 
 lie diser\es. This aniiable poet died in the 
 retirement and modest solitude which he 
 loved, 1708, aged 50. 
 
 Fosi ER, Snmnel, an English mathemati- 
 cian, born in Xorthamptonshire, and cduca- 
 te<l at Emanuel college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degree of M.A. 1(>J3. He was 
 elected in 1030, to tl.'e professorship of astro- 
 nomy in (ircsham college, which he resigned! 
 the same year, and to which he was agaia 
 elected in 1041. During the civil wars he 
 formed one of that society of learned meu 
 who united for philosophical purposes, an.l 
 were afterwanls incorporated under the 
 name of the lioyal society by Charles II. Ua 
 not only applied himself to astronomy, and 
 to curious and intelligent oliservalions on 
 eclipses and on celestial bodies, but he con- 
 structed and improved M'ith great ingenuifv, 
 several mathematical and astronomical in- 
 struments. He died at tiresham college, of 
 a decline, 1652. The cliief of his weiiis are 
 " the Art of Dialling," 4to. 1038 — four trea- 
 tises of Dialling, 4to. 1054 — NUscc-llanie* or 
 Matliematical Lucubrations — descriptions of 
 several Instruments invented and improved- 
 There w ere two other mathen.alicians of the 
 name of Foster in the same century; Wil- 
 liam, a disciple of Oughtred, and author of 
 the Circles of Proportion, and the Horizon- 
 tal Instrument, 1033, 4to. and Mark, who 
 published a treatise of Trigonometry. 
 
 Foster, James, a dissenting minister, 
 born 16th Sep. 1097, at Exeter, at the gram- 
 mar school and in an academy of which 
 place he was educated. With great abilities, 
 a sound judgment, and a ready elocution, he 
 began to preach 1718, but the warm disputes 
 whidi prevailed in the west of England, anfi 
 esi-ecially Exeter about the trinity, rendered 
 his situation in Devonshire unpleasant, and 
 he removed to INIelborne, Somersetshire, 
 and soon after to Ashwick. He published i/i 
 17'20 his " Essay on Fundamentals," and hi* 
 sermoji " on the Itesurrection of Chi-ist;"' 
 but his finances were so low, and his hopes 
 of improving liis income so uncertain, that 
 he almost determined to learn the trade of 
 glover from Mr. Norman, in whose house he 
 lived at Trowbridge in Wilts, after liis remo- 
 \al from Somersetshire. He was, however, 
 soon after received as cJiaplain in the family 
 oflloli. Houlton, esq. and in 1724 he vras 
 chosen to succee«l, at Barbican, Dr. Gale, a 
 person by whose book on adult immersion he 
 had been persuaded to be baptized. In 1731 
 he published his Defence of the Usefulness, 
 Truth, he. of Christian Bevelation against 
 Tindal, and in 1744, alter 20 years' service 
 at Barbican, he was chosen pastor of the in- 
 dependents at Pinners hall, and in 1748 re- 
 ceived the degree of D.D, from the Unirer5?- 
 
FO 
 
 FO 
 
 ty«f Aberdeen. He attended lord Kilmar- 
 nock after his trial in 1746, and died in con- 
 sequence of a paialytic stroke, 5th Nov. 1753. 
 His character for humanity and benevolence 
 of heart was equal, to his learning, popular 
 ss a preacher, and liberal in his i-eligious 
 sentiments. He wrote besides the above, 
 ** Tracts on Heresy," in a controversy with 
 Dr. Stebbing — 4 vols, of sermons, 8vo. — '■J, 
 vols, of Discourses on Natural Religion, and 
 Social Virtue, 4to. Bolingbroke attributes 
 to him that false aphorism, " that where mys- 
 tery begins, religion ends." Pope has men- 
 tioned him with commendation in the pre- 
 face to his satires. 
 
 Foster, John, an elegant scholar, born 
 at Windsor 1731, and educated at Eton col- 
 lege, where under the able tuition of Plurnp- 
 tree aud Rurton, he distinguished himself as 
 a superior proficient in the Greek and He- 
 hrew languages. In 1748 he was elected to 
 King's college, Cambridge, and afterwards 
 became assistant to Dr. Barnard, whom he 
 Succeeded iu 1765, in the mastership of Eton 
 college. But though eminent in learning, 
 and great in mental powers, he was deficient 
 in manners, in temper, and in a perfect 
 knowledge of the world, which are so neces- 
 sary for such a situation, and which were 
 possessed in a high degree by his predeces- 
 sor Barnard, so that his authority became un- 
 popular, and he at last resigned. His me- 
 rits, however, were rewarded by a canonrj' 
 at Windsor in 1772, but his infirmities were 
 mcreasing so rapidly, that he did not enjoy 
 his honors long He went to the German 
 Spa for the recovery of his health, and died 
 there Sep. 1773. His remains were after- 
 wards brought over to England, and buried 
 at Windsor near those of his father who had 
 been mayor of the town, and over his tomb 
 is an elegant Latin inscription written by 
 himself. He wrote besides a prize disserta- 
 tion on the doctrines of Epicurus, and the 
 Stoics, Cambridge — an Essay on the Difile- 
 rent Nature of Ascents and Quantity, with 
 their Use and Application in the Pronuncia- 
 tion of the English, Latin, and Greek 
 Tongues, with the Defence of the Greek 
 Accentual Marks, against Js, Vossius, Sai'pe- 
 donius, Dr.'Galy, he. S^ o. 1762. It is a cu- 
 rious and valuable pei'formance. 
 
 Foster, Michael, a learned judge, born 
 at Marlborough, Wilts. He was educated at 
 Marlborough school, and Exeter College, 
 Oxford, and in 1707 entered at the Middle 
 Temple. In 1737 he was elected recorder 
 of Bristol, and in 1745 he was made one of 
 the justices of the king's bench, and then 
 knighted. He died 1765, aged 74. He pub- 
 lished an Examination of the Scheme of 
 Church Power, laid down in bishop Gibson's 
 Codex, 1735 — Report of some Proceedings 
 on the Commission for the Trial of Rebels in 
 1746 in the county of Surrey, 1762. 
 
 FoTHERGiLL, Georgc, D. 1). eldest of 
 seven sons, Avas born the last day of the year 
 1705, at Lockholme, Westmoreland, of an 
 ancient family. He was educated there, and 
 at Kendal school, and then removed to 
 
 Queen's college, Oxford, wliere he became 
 fellow and tutor. In 1751 he was made head 
 of St. Edmund hall, and vicar of Bramley, 
 Hampshire. He died of an asthma, 5th Oct. 
 i760, and was buried in the chapel of his hall. 
 He was author of 2 vols, of sermons. 
 
 FoTHERGiLL, John, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born 8th March, 1712, at Carr-end, 
 Yorkshire, of respectable quakers. He was 
 educated atSedburgh school, Yorkshire, and 
 in 1718 bound apprentice to an apothecary 
 at Bradford. In 1736 he removed to Lon- 
 don, and studied two years under Wilmot at 
 St. Thomas's hospital, and then went to 
 Edinburgh, wliere he took his doctor's de- 
 gree. He afterwards visited Leyden, and 
 travelled through France and Germany, and 
 in 1740 settled in London. He was a licen- 
 tiate of the college of physicians, London, 
 and fellow of Edinburgh, and of the royal 
 and antiquarian societies. He continued to 
 rise in fame and practice, so that his busi- 
 ness brought him little less than 7000/. per 
 ann. and enabled him to accumulate a pro- 
 perty of 80,000/. He died of an obstruction 
 in the bladder, at his house Harpur street* 
 26th Dec. 1780, and his remains were inter- 
 red in the quiiker's burying ground Winch- 
 more hill. Besides his medical engagements, 
 he devoted much of his time to natural histo- 
 ry, and made a collection of shells and other 
 natural curiosities, Afhich were sold after 
 his death to Dr. Hunter for 1200/. He form- 
 ed an excellent botanical garden at his house 
 at Upton in Essex, and he liberally endowed 
 a seminary of young quakers at Acworth 
 near Leeds, for the education and clothing of 
 above 300 children. He published some 
 tracts, the best of which is '* on the Ulce- 
 rous Sore Throat," and was a great patron 
 of learned men He assisted Sydney Park- 
 inson in his account of his South sea voyage, 
 and at the expense of 2000/. printed a trans- 
 lation of the bible from the Hebrew and 
 Greek original, by Anthony Purver tlie 
 qustker, 2 vols. fol. 1764, and in 1780 publish- 
 ed Percy's Key to the New Testament, for 
 the use of his seminary. His books were 
 sold by auction in 1781, and his portraits and 
 prints were bought for 200 guineas by Mr. 
 Thane. 
 
 FoTHERGiLL, Samuel, brother to the 
 preceding was eminent as a preacher among 
 the quakers He travelled over England, 
 Scotland, h*eland, and North-America to 
 propagate his doctrines, and died 1773, much 
 respected for his private character. 
 
 FoucAULT, Nicolas Joseph, an antiquary 
 born at Paris, 1643. He was intendant in 
 Normandy, and within six miles of Caen, he 
 discovered in 1704 the ancient town of the 
 Viducassians, of which he published an inter- 
 esting account, v.-'th the history of the mar- 
 bles, coins, inscriptions, &cc, found there. 
 He discovered in the abbey of Moissac in 
 Querci a MS. of Lactantius de Mortibus 
 Persecutorem, afterwards published by Ba- 
 luce. He died 1721, respected for his erudi- 
 tion, his mildness of maoners, and his bene- 
 volence. 
 
FO 
 
 FO 
 
 FoocHER, Simon, a native of Dijon, who 
 dieM at Paris ItiOw, af^ed 5'2. He was author 
 of a treatise on Hygrometers — on the Wis- 
 dom of tlie Ancients — Letters on the History 
 and l*rii\cii)les of the Academic I'hilosophy, 
 6 vols &c 
 
 Fo UCH I ER, Bertram dc, a Dutch painter 
 of l»ergen-oi)-Zoom, disciple l(» Vandyck 
 He stud it il the manner of 'I'intoretto at 
 Uomc, and adopted at his return home the 
 st\le of Uronwer His portraits and conver- 
 sations are much admired. He died 1C74, 
 agc(i 65. 
 
 FOUCQ.UET, Nicolas, marquis of Bcllo- 
 Isle, was born 1615, and for his talents was 
 early advanced in the slate. He was at the 
 age of 35 procurator-general of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and at 38 superintendant of 
 the finances. His peculation and extrava- 
 gance, however, were little «;alculatcd to re- 
 pair the mismanagement of .Vlazarin, and 
 ■when he had spent ahove 150,000/. of the 
 public money in adorning his seat at Vaux, 
 Hnd attempted to rival his master in the 
 affection of la Valliere, his ruin was com- 
 plete. He was arrested in lOGl, and con- 
 demned to perpetual banishment, exchanged 
 afterwards for imprisonment. He died 
 March 1680, aged 65, in the citadel of 
 P-ignei*ol. 
 
 FOUCQ.UET, Charles Lewis Augxistus, 
 grandson of the preceding, better known by 
 the name o{ niareschal Bellisle, was horn 
 168+. He entered early into the army and 
 distinguished himself at the siege of Lisle, 
 for which Lewis XIV. promised him his 
 favor and protection. After that monarch's 
 death, he shared thedisgiace of the minister 
 ie Blanc, and wji« confined in the Bastille, 
 till his modest justification recommended 
 him to the court, and paved his way to pro- 
 motion and honor. He was commander in 
 Flanders in the war of 1733, and became 
 the adviser and confidential friend of cardinal 
 Fleury. In 1741 he was created maresclial 
 of France, and in 1742 he assisted at Frank- 
 fort at the election of the emperor Charles 
 VII. where his influence was equal to his 
 great magnificence. Afterwards being de- 
 serted by the Prussians and Saxons, he 
 effected his escape with great difficulty from 
 Prague, but with sagacious dexterity, so that 
 he was created by the emperor member of 
 the Golden Fleece, and a prince of the em- 
 pire. He was taken prisoner in 1743 at 
 Elbingerode near Hanover, and brought over 
 to England. He afterwards served against 
 the Au.strians in Provence, and was made 
 peer of France 1748. He was made prime 
 minister 1757, and died four years after, a 
 sacrifice to his zeal in the service of his coun- 
 try, and his anxiety to restore her finances 
 and commerce to a prosperous course. He 
 died .Ian. 1701, aged 77. He was a great 
 character, respected in private life, and 
 much attached to the glory of his country. 
 He was a patron of merit, and free from 
 blame, except in his criminal paitiality for 
 the fair sex. His only son, born of a second 
 wife, was kdled in battle 1758. 
 VOL. I. 69 
 
 FouGEROux, Augustus Denys, an fml- 
 nent writer horn at I*ai is Ktth Oct. 173'J Ho 
 was nephew ofDnhamel, and with him he ex- 
 amined with a philoHophic eye th'j quarries of 
 -Vnjou, Hritany, .Naples, kc. and every where 
 made judiiiotis and valuiibie observations on 
 the varioiisiirrjduction.scjfthe natural kingdom. 
 He died of an apoplexy '28th Dec. 1789. Ho 
 wrote .Vlenioir on the formation of Bone — 
 I'Ai-t de r.Vrdoisier — I'Art du TonnellicT — 
 I'Art de 'I'ravailler les Cuirs Dores, iNCc. 
 
 Fouii.Lo.v, James an ecclesiastic born at 
 Rochelle, and though educated among the 
 Jesuits, a favorer of the J ansenists. He edi- 
 ted Arnauld's Letters, and had a share in the 
 Histoi'V of the Case of Conscience, 8 vols. 170 5 
 — and in the Hexaples agftinst the Bull Uni- 
 gcnitus, 7 vols. he. 
 
 FouLON, William, in Latin (Tuapho^us, 
 was born at the Hague, where he kept a 
 school. He wrote three Latin comedies, 
 Martyrium Johannis Pistorii — Hypocrysisk 
 Acolastus de Filio Prodijo, the most admir- 
 ed, edited with learned notes by Pratcolus at 
 Paris 1554. He died at Horden in Friesland, 
 where he was burgomaster, 1558, aged 75. 
 
 FouLON, John, author of a Commentary 
 on the Maccabees — Historia Leodiensis, 3 
 vols, folio, kc. was a Jesuit of Liege who 
 died 1068. 
 
 FouLON, N. a French politician who ad- 
 vised tlie government to recover its credit 
 by a general bankruptcy. He was placed 
 over the finances at the beginnii:g of the re- 
 volution, but in the midst of the genera! con- 
 fusion he became one of its first victims. He 
 in vain attempted to conceal himself, when 
 discovered 2'2d July, 1789, he was dragged 
 with the greatest insult, and in the most ex- 
 cruciating manner to Paris, where he was 
 hanged amidst the acclamations of a rejoic- 
 ing, and ferocious populace 
 
 F'o uxTAi NE, sir Andrew, an antiquarian, 
 born at Xarford, Norfolk, and educated at 
 Christ-church, Oxford. He studied here the 
 yVnglo-Saxf)n language, and published a spe- 
 cimen of his great proficiency in his instruc- 
 tor Hickes'Thesaurus, under the title of Nu- 
 mismata Anglo-Saxonica 8c Anglo-Danica, 
 breviter Illuslrata ah Andrea Fountaine, eq. 
 aur. 8c aidis Christi Oxon. Alumno, 1705. 
 He was knighted by king William, and after- 
 Avards travelled tli rough Europe in making a 
 collection of valuable pictures, medals, sta- 
 tues, and inscriptions. He was the intimate 
 friend and correspondent cf Swift, and he 
 embellished liis Tale of the Tub, with excel- 
 lent designs. Sir Andrew, as a masterly con- 
 noisseur of medals and antiijues, improved 
 his property greatly by collecting (or some of 
 the largest cabinets in the kingdom. He was 
 vice-chamberlain to Caroline, when princess 
 of Wales and queen, and in 1727 was made 
 warden of the mint, an office which he helJ 
 tiil hisdeath, 4th Sept. 1753. He was buried 
 at Narford; a portrait of him by Hoare i« 
 preserved at Wilton-house. Deis mention- 
 ed with great applause by Montfaucon. 
 
 FouQ_vi ER-l'iNVii>i>E, Anlliony Quen-. 
 tin, a Frenclvraa-n of bfanvpus menjorj, born 
 
FO 
 
 FO 
 
 at, Herouan near St. Quentin. From a bank- 
 rapt, he became the friend of liobespierre, 
 and so sanguinary was his conduct, and so 
 ferocious liis principles, that he was deemed 
 by the tyrant, worthy to be the pubUc accu- 
 ser. In this office he displayed the most 
 bloody and vindictive character. The young, 
 the aged, the innocent, were hurried with in- 
 sulting indifference to the scaffold, and in one 
 instance, in four hours, 80 individuals M'ere 
 devoted to immediate death. When one of 
 the gaolers observed that a person brought 
 up before the tribunal was not the accused, 
 Fouquier observed with unconcern, that one 
 was as good as the other, and the unhappy 
 victim marched to the guillotine. On ano- 
 ther occasion, under a similar mistake, he ex- 
 claimed, it matters little, to-day is as good as 
 to-morrow, and the wretched prisoner suf- 
 fered death. The fall of Robespiei're check- 
 ed not the hand of this monster, on the day 
 of the tyraiit's arrest, he observed, on sign- 
 ing the condemnation of 42 persons, that jus- 
 tice must have her course. At last punish- 
 ment came though late, the vindictive 
 Fouquier appeared before thattribunal where 
 he had exercised such bloody tyranny, and on 
 the 7th May 1~94, he was guUotined, aged 
 48, and universally execrated. 
 
 Foucj^riERES, James, a Flemish painter, 
 born at Antwerp, 1580. He was the disciple 
 of Velvet Breughel, and painted for Itubens. 
 He worked for the electorpalatineat Heidle- 
 berg, and went to Pai'is where he died poor 
 through imprudence 1659. His landscapes 
 are so finely finished as to be scarce inferior to 
 Titian's. 
 
 FoUIldu. Fu/. LONGUERUE. 
 
 FouRCROi, N. an eminent French engi- 
 neer, who planned the junction of the rivers 
 Scheldt, Moselle, Sambre, Oise, Rhine and 
 Meuse, by means of canals. He published 
 some valuable tracts, and died 12th Jan. 1791, 
 aged 76 . 
 
 FouRMONT, Stephen, professor of Ara- 
 bic and Chinese at Paris, was born at Herbe- 
 lai near that city 1G83, He devoted himself 
 with unusual application to study, and had so 
 retentive a memory that the most difficult 
 passages became familiar'to him. HeAvasso 
 well known as a man of erudition, that once 
 or twice a week conterences were held at his 
 house, on literary subjects, by learned French- 
 men, and foreigners. He was liberally invi- 
 ted by count de Toledo to settle in Spain, 
 which he declined. He succeeded Gallaiid 
 in 1715, as Arabic professor, and was admit- 
 ted into the learned societies of Paris, Berlin, 
 and London, and was afterwai'ds secretary to 
 the duke of Orleans his friend and patron. 
 He died 1743. His works are " the Roots of 
 the Latin Tongue in Metre" — Critical Re- 
 flections on Ancient History, to the time of 
 Cyrus, 2 vols. 4to. — Meditationes Sinicse, 
 folio — a Chinese Grammar in Latin, folio — 
 Dissertation in the Memoirs of the Academy 
 of Inscripticns. 
 
 FouuMoNT, Michael, brother to the 
 above, was vn ecclesiastic and professor of 
 Syrisic in the Royal college, and member of 
 
 the Academy of Inscriptions. He died 174f„ 
 
 FouRNiER, Peter Simon, a French en- 
 graver and letter founder, born at Paris 1712. 
 In 1737, he published a table of proportions 
 to be observed between letters, to determine 
 their height. He wi'ote also dissertations on 
 the rise and progress of the typographical 
 art, published since in 1 vol. 8vo. divided into 
 three parts. His great Avork is " INlanuel 
 Typographique utile aux Gens de Lettres, 
 & a ceux qui exercent lesUifferentes Parties 
 de I' Art de iTmprimerie, 8vo. 2 vols. This 
 excellent character, who had done so much 
 for his profession, died 1768. 
 
 FouRNY, Honore Caille du, a learned 
 Frenchman, who assisted pere Anselme in 
 his second edition of Histoire Genealogique 
 & Chronologique de la Maison de France & 
 des Grands Officiers de la Couronne, 1712, 
 since continued to 9 vols fol. He Avas audi- 
 tor of the Paris chamber of accounts, and 
 died 1731. 
 
 FouRQ^UEVAux, Raymond of Pavia, 
 baron of, an Italian, of the family of Beccari 
 in PaA'ia, Avho came to France in the wars of 
 the Guelphs and Gibbelines, and signalized 
 himself in the defence of Toulouse against 
 the Huguenots in 1562. He Avasfor his ser- 
 vices made governor of Narbonne, where he 
 died 1574, aged 66. He wrote the lives, of 
 14 great French generals, 4to. Paris 1543, 
 much esteemed. 
 
 FoAVLER, John, an English printer, born 
 at Bristol, and educated at Winchester and 
 New-college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow 1555. He resigned in 1559; and went 
 to Antwerp and Loiivain, Avhere he learned 
 printing, and employed his talents for the pa- 
 pists against the protestants. He was accord- 
 ing to Wood a learned man, well skilled ia 
 Greek and Latin, a poet and orator, and a 
 judicious critic. He wrote, as well as printed 
 books in favor of his religion. He died at 
 Newmark in Germany 1578. 
 
 Fowler, Christophe, a puritan of some 
 eminence, born at Marlborougli 1611, and 
 educated at Magdalen-college, and Edmund- 
 hall, Oxford. lie took orders, but in 1641 
 declared himself a presbyterian, and drew 
 croAvds after him by the oddity of his gestures 
 and the violence of his appeals in the pulpit. 
 He afterAvards Avas vicar of St. Maiy's 
 Reading, and then fellow of Eton, and an 
 able assistant to the Berkshire commissioners 
 in the ejection of what then Avere called igno- 
 rant and insufficient ministers. At the resto- 
 ration he was ejected from his preferments, 
 and died 1676, considered as little better than 
 distracted. His Avritingsare not Avorth men- 
 tioning. 
 
 Fowler, EdAvard, an English prelate, 
 born 1632, at W'esterleigh, Glocestershire, 
 where his father Avas minister. He Avas edu- 
 cated at the college school Glocestei', and 
 removed to Corpus Christi college, Oxford. 
 Ashe had been bi'ought up among the iiuri- 
 tans, he at first objected to conformity with 
 the chui'ch, but became afterwards one of its 
 greatest ornaments. As he was an able 
 preacher he was made by the primate ShcU 
 
FO 
 
 FO 
 
 uon, rector of AU-lIaIlo\vr,Rreail street, 1073, 
 and two years after lie became prcbendarv at 
 (Jlocester, and in lOSl vicar of St. Giles' 
 Crip|)lcgate, when lie look his drgrce of I). 
 1), He was an ahle defender of protestant- 
 ism, and ap]»ears as the second «>fllie l^on- 
 ^lon clergy, who rifiiscd torcad king .James's 
 declaration for liberty of conscience, in 1088. 
 He was rewarded for !iiK eminent services in 
 the cause of religion, an»l in the promotion t)f 
 the revolution, by being made in Ifi'JI, bishop 
 «»f (ilocester. lie died :it Chelsea 1714, 
 Hgod S'2. He was twice marned, and by his 
 first wife had several chiMrcn. He wrote 
 ."^ermons and various pieces on divinity, the 
 tnost known and useful of which is liis " De- 
 sign of Christianity," often printed, and de- 
 fended by the author against IJunyan, the 
 ■writer of the Pilgrim's Piogrer,^. 
 
 Fox, F.dward, an English [)relate and 
 statesman, born at Dursley, (iloccstershire, 
 and educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became provost 1528. 
 His abilities recommended him to the notice 
 of Wolscy, by whom he was engaged as an 
 ambassador to Ucune with Gardiner, to pro- 
 mote the divorce of the king from Catherine 
 of Arragon. He was afterwards sent on em- 
 bassies to France and Germany, atid in 1535 
 raised to the see of Hereford. He -was an 
 active promoter of the reformation, and if 
 inferior to Cranmer in abilities, he was his 
 sitperior in dexterity. Wlien in Gerniany 
 he zealously invited the protestant divines to 
 unite themselves to the doctrines of the 
 church of Eiigland. He died in London 153S. 
 He wrote in the midst of his political engage- 
 ments, a book called de A era Dillerentia 
 Kegise Protestatis et Ecclesiastica? et quaj sit 
 ipsa Veritas, et Virtus ntriusque 1534 ; trans- 
 lated into English by lord Straftbrd. His 
 maxims were that " an honorable peace 
 lasts long, but a dishonorable peace no Ion- 
 iser, than till kings have pov/er to break it; 
 the surest way thereibrc to peace is a con- 
 stant i)reparedness for war," and " two 
 things must suppoi't a goverr.ment, gold and 
 iron, — gold to reward its friends, and iron to 
 keep under its enemies." 
 
 Fox, John, an English divine, and ecclesi- 
 astical historian, born atBoston, Lincolnshire 
 1517. He -was entered at Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards chosen fellow 
 of Magdalen, and in 1543, he became M.A. 
 In his younger years he displayed poetical 
 genius in the i)ublicalIou of some l^atin plays 
 on scri|)tural subjects, but he afterwards turn- 
 ed all his thoughts to divinity, and to the re- 
 formation which now engaged the attention 
 of Europe. To acquire the judgment and 
 information necessary on such important 
 points, he read with great care the Greek 
 and Latin fathers, studied Hebrew, aiid pe- 
 tused every work from which he could reap 
 information ; but his seclusion, and his fre- 
 quent absence from public worship, alarmed 
 his friends and encouraged his enemies. He 
 vas therefore accused of heresy in 1545, and 
 with difficulty escaped with his life by ex- 
 pulsion from college. In hrs distress] and 
 
 adandoned by his fufher-in-law, lie wa.s gen 
 erously reccivcil in the house of sir TlKunas 
 Lucy of Warwickshire, to whose cbddrcn he 
 became tutor. He afterw ards married a per- 
 .=5on of Coventry, ami after residing there some 
 time, he came to liOndon still exposed to the 
 privations of a narrow income. His want?;, 
 Iiowever, says his son, were relieved t>y an 
 tmknown stranger, wiiogave him an tmtold 
 Slim of money and bade bim hope for better 
 limes, which in tliree days arrived by hi.s 
 being admitted intothe service of the duchess 
 of liichmond, and made tutor to her nephew 
 lord Surrey's chiblren. He lived at Hyegatc 
 under the kind protection of this nobU; lamily, 
 and thfMigh the persecuting (iardiner, in ibe 
 bloody reign of Mary, ph;tted his ruin, he 
 remained for some time unhurt by the influ- 
 ence and the dexterity of his woi-thy pt;pil 
 now duke of Norfolk. At last, he esca]»ed 
 from the pursuit of the artful prelate to the 
 continent with his wife, and passing through 
 Antwerp and Frankfort he settled at Basil, 
 and there maintained himself by correcting 
 the press for the famous printer Cporinus. 
 Here lie formed the plan of his gi-cat work, 
 and at the end of Mary's reign returned to Eng- 
 land where he was received Miih all the re- 
 spect due to his merits. His pujiil, the duke 
 of Norfolk, settled a pension on him, and 
 Cecil obtaiiied for him a ])rebend in the 
 church of Sali.sbury, but though he might 
 have risen high in preferment by the interest 
 of his friemls Walsingham, Di-ako, (ireshani, 
 Grindal, Pilkington, &cc. he refused to sub- 
 scribe to some of the canons, and when urged 
 by Parker the primate, he produced a Greek 
 testament, adding, to this only will I subscribe. 
 This worthy man, so much and so deservedly- 
 respected, was greatly afflicted at the ejec- 
 tion of his son Worn ISlagdalen college by the 
 puritans; but while he exhibited the most 
 perfect moderation in his religious senti- 
 ments, he dreaded ihe e%'i!s which party and 
 dissension might bring upon the church. He 
 died 1587, aged 70, and Avas buried in liic 
 church of St. Giles' Crippleg:Uc, of which 
 for some time he had been vicar. He lefr 
 two sons, Samuel, afterwards fellow of Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, and author of his f;i- 
 ther's life, and Thomas, fellow of King's 
 college, Cambridge, and physician in Lo::- 
 don. Fox is deservedly celebrated as the 
 autiiorof the history of tlie acts and monu- 
 ments of the chursh, called '* Book of Mar- 
 tyrs" published in London 1563, in one vo- 
 lume folio, and afterwai-ds improved and en- 
 larged, and published in a ninth edition 1684, 
 in 3 vols. fol. This work was highly valued 
 by tlie protestants, while the papists abused 
 it under the name of Fox's golden legend. 
 That Fox is occasionally intemperate and 
 abusive cannot be denied, but though Jeremy 
 Collier accuses him of disingenuity and ill- 
 nature, he is still to be read m ith interest, as 
 he is accurate, minute, and generally impar- 
 tial. 
 
 Fox, George, the firsi: preacher of the sort 
 called quakers, was born at Di-ayton in the 
 Clay, Leicestershire, 1004. He was bouijt! 
 
FO 
 
 FO 
 
 by his father, who was a -weaver, to a shoe- 
 maker and grazier, aud the occupation of his 
 }Duth wss chiefly tl^e tciidiiig of sheep. He 
 jH(l not however follow the professions in 
 whicli he had been engaged, as, in 1643, he 
 began his wandering life, and after retiring 
 to sofitude, and at other times frequenting 
 the company of religious and devout persons, 
 he became a public preficlier in 1647 or 
 1648. He inveighed, with sullen bitterness, 
 against the drunkenness, tlie injustice, and 
 the vices of the times, he attacked the cler- 
 gy, and the established modes of worsliip, 
 and asserted that the light of Christ, implant- 
 ed in the human heart, was alone the means 
 of salvation and the right qualification of the 
 gospel ministry. Such doctrines produced 
 persecution, he was imprisoned at Notting- 
 ham in 1649, and during the v hole course of 
 his laborious life, he suffered the same treat- 
 ment eight limes more, and often with gi-eat 
 seventy. He married in 1669, Margai'etthe 
 widow of Thomas Fell, a Welch judge, who 
 was nine years older than himself, but as she 
 had to attend to a family, by her former hus- 
 band, and as his avocations were of a spiri- 
 tual kind, and in distant countries, they did 
 not long live together. In his pious zeal, 
 Fox visited not only England, Ireland, and 
 Scotland, but he extended his ti-avels to Hol- 
 land, and Germany, to the American colo- 
 nies, and the West-India Islands, recom- 
 mending in his life and conduct the merits of 
 a meek, devout, at)d inoffensive character. 
 He died in London 1 690. Though illiterate 
 he wrote much. His journal was ])rinted 
 1694, his epistles 1698, his doctrinal pieces, 
 about 150 in number, 1706. The name of 
 quakers was first given to him and his fol- 
 lowers at Derby, in consequence of the odd 
 contorsions of their body. 
 
 Fox, llichard, a native of Grantham, Lin- 
 colnshire. Though of obscui'c origin, he 
 was well educated at Boston school, and 
 IMagdalen coll; ge, Oxford, from which he 
 removed in consequence of the plague, to 
 Pembroke hall, Cambridge. He Mas by the 
 friendship of Moiton bishop of Ely, recom- 
 mended at Paris, to the notice of Henry earl 
 of liichmond, wlio on his accession to the 
 English tlirone, made him a privy counsel- 
 lor, and raised him to the see of Exeter. 
 His abilities were employed by the monarch 
 in various embassies on the continent, and he 
 was translated to the see of Durham, and 
 then to Winchester. He was i. liberal pa- 
 tron of learning, and founde«l besides .several 
 free schools. Corpus Christi college, Oxfonl. 
 He died 1528. 
 
 Fox, Charles James, an eminent .states- 
 inan, born 13th Jan. 1749. He was the se- 
 con'd son of lord Holland, by the sister of the 
 duke of Richmond, and to the accidental fa- 
 vors of high rank, and of titled relatives, he 
 added the more solid advantages of extraor- 
 dinary natural genius, and strong powers of 
 mind These promising talents were seen 
 and cherished by his father, he was instruct- 
 ed to think with freedom, and to speak with 
 readiness and with energy, and after a short 
 
 initiation at Westminster school, he was P€ 
 moved to Eton, and during his residence in 
 that illustrious seminary, he published the 
 periodical paper called the Spendthrift, iu 
 '20 numbers From Eton, where iie formed 
 an increasing friendship with some of the fu- 
 ture leaders of the senate, he removed to 
 Oxford, and then devoted iiiroself so zealous- 
 ly to dramatic literature, that he is said to 
 have read every play written in the English 
 language. After making the usual tour of 
 Europe, he was elected, even before he was 
 of age, into parliament for Midhurst, and his 
 first speech was in favor of ministry, and 
 against Mr. Wilkes, and the Middlesex elec- 
 tion. Atler shai'ing the favors of the minis- 
 ter as a lord of the Admiralty, and after- 
 wards as a lord of the Treasuiy, he was dis- 
 missed from his offices, and had the singular 
 fortune before he reached his 24th year, of 
 being the ablest supporter of the government 
 during one session, and in the next of be- 
 coming one of its most eloquent and dange- 
 rous opponents. During the American war 
 he was a regular, consistent, ?ind active an- 
 tagonist of the ministry, and on the removjii 
 of lord North he was raised to a seat in the 
 cabinet as secretary of state. 1 he death of 
 lord Kockingham soon after dissolved the 
 new ministry, and Mr. Fox after some tiniC 
 opposing the measures of lord Shelburne re- 
 turned to powei'by his well knosvn coalition 
 with lord North. This event is regarded as 
 an mdelible stigma in tlie political life of Fox, 
 who in the ardor of his zeal had often decla- 
 red that he would not trust himself in the 
 same room with lord North, but would em- 
 ploy all his powers to bring him to the scaf- 
 fold for the flagitiousness of his pretended 
 public crimes. So heterogeneous an union 
 gave great offence to the people, and reflect- 
 ed little honor on the integrity of the two 
 colleagues, and therefore the memorable In- 
 dia-bill proved fatal to their interests, and 
 brought on their downfal. The French re- 
 volution was an event which Fox hailed as 
 the harbinger of freedom, happiness, and 
 prosperity, not only to France, but to neigh- 
 boring nations, but he lived to witness the 
 fallacy of his rash conclusions. Deserted by 
 some of his once faithful associates, who re- 
 garded his systematical opposition to the mi- 
 nistry as disloyal if not treacherous, he form- 
 ed the design of withdrawing from his at- 
 tendance in parHament, except on great anfi 
 constitutional occasions, and the measure was 
 deservedly censured, even by his Avarmest 
 supporters. In his addresses at some of the 
 public meetings at the Crown and Anchor 
 tavern, whicli were now considered as substi- 
 tutes for his parliamentary services, he gave 
 offence to the ministry, and in consequcDce 
 of his speeches, in which he affected to treat 
 the sovereign with disrespect, his name was 
 struck off from the list of the privy counsel- 
 lors. In ) 803, he returned to his parliamen- 
 tary dtity, and on the lamented death of his 
 great rival Pitt, in the beginning of 1806, he 
 was drawn from the ranks of opposition, and 
 by the advice of lord Grcnville, placed asse- 
 
¥0 
 
 FK 
 
 flretary of state for foreign affairs, in the | 
 nun)l»er of those vtlio were most rap;«l»le of 
 guiding the destinies of the empire ni liiucjj 
 of the };re:»Lc*t (hiiiger and «lill"u'nlt) . In this 
 new, and unexpected situation, lu- had the 
 opportunity of witnessing the chicane and 
 perfidy of the government, whose cause he 
 had so long advoeated in parUanient, and in 
 his nej^otiation with France he experienced 
 how ill calculated for tlie happiness and inde- 
 pendence of Europe, w as the political system 
 of tliat people, whose extravagances and 
 crimes he ha<l once regarded as the ehulli- 
 tions of freemen, and as the foi-eruiuier of 
 national forhearanoe, and of universal peace. 
 Having thus livc<l to feel the disappointment 
 which a generous mind must experience in a 
 diplomatic intercourse conducted on one part 
 with frankness and sincerity and on the other 
 with artifice and duplicity, this illustrious 
 Statesman fell a prey to the insurmountable 
 attacks of a dropsy. He died at Chiswick- 
 house, 13th Sept. 1806, after untJergoing 
 three times in five weeks the painful opera- 
 tion of tapping, and his remains were pub- 
 licly buried on the 10th Oct. following in 
 Westminster abbey. Of this extraordinary 
 character, it must be acknowledged that he 
 vas one of the greatest men this country 
 ever produced. As an orator his powers 
 were gigantic, his eloquence irresistible, 
 vehement, and sublime. It was a tori'ent 
 which in its impetuous force hurried along 
 its hearers in sj)ite of all opposition. His 
 mind capacious and intelligent, at one view 
 grasped the whole subject of debate, at one 
 glance he saw the weak and the strong parts 
 of his adversary's defence, and with masterly 
 dexterity he combated the most formidable 
 oppo^ient, and improved every aiivantage 
 which in the field of debate lay exposed to 
 liis attacks. If he was less copious, less ele- 
 gant, and less sententious than Pitt, if he was 
 deficient in the dazzling and flowery profu- 
 sion, in the lively sallies of imagination of his 
 great master Burke, he possessed the pathos, 
 the forcible argument, the convincing lan- 
 guage, the imposing earnestness which capti- 
 vated and enchained every hearer. With 
 the most retentive memory, he has been 
 known after the lapse of many hours, when 
 the powers of the mmd might grow languid, 
 to answer the arguments of various speakers, 
 and with the most minute arrangement. His 
 manner, if not graceful, was peculiarly ani- 
 mated and impressive, and the fire of hiseje 
 was rapid and commanding. His replies al- 
 ways exhibited him as very great, and wiih 
 all the ardor of genuine oratory he enliven- 
 ed the debate, not only with new ideas, but 
 with all the cl-arness of argumentation, and 
 toe extensive informatioji with which his 
 coni])rehensive mind was stored. In a pro- 
 found acquaintance with the human chaj-ac- 
 ter, and a mature knowledge of domestic 
 and foreign politics, he was above all others 
 supremely happy. In private life he was 
 universally beloved. He was the convivial 
 friend, the pleasing companion, the man of 
 iiitegrity and honor. He possessed io a high 
 
 degree the talent which distinguishes men, 
 and the giniua which elevates hini, nor was 
 he dc-ncient in a portion of that virtue which 
 rises supn-ior tu both. His faults, as Hurke 
 observed, though they might tarnish the lus- 
 tre, anil snmctiinea impede tlic march, of hij 
 abilities, were not formed to extinguish the 
 fire of great virtues. In lin faults there was 
 no mixture of deceit, of hypocrisy, of pride, 
 of ferocity, orcomple.vional despfjtism. That 
 much of the popularity which he enjoyed 
 aroi«e from his opposition to his great rival 
 Pitt, as w ell as from the vast extent of hii 
 own mighty ()Owers, cannot be doubtrd. 
 Though regarded for many years by his 
 frieiuls as the only man whose t:denfs could 
 support and confirm the tottering fabric of 
 the slate, it is remarkable that after all his 
 determined and systematic opposition to his 
 rival, he when in office purs^ued tlie same 
 plan of politics, and from the champion of 
 popular right, became the accommodating 
 colleague, and the pliant imitator of his pre- 
 decessor. Asa man of letters, Mr. Fox is 
 highly respectable. His letter to the elec- 
 tors of Westminster, i»assed through seve- 
 ral editions, not only on account of the poli- 
 tical situation of the times, but tJie altilities 
 and the force of argument displayed in the 
 adi'ress. Some copies of his verses are pre- 
 served, and show great genius and strong 
 poetic fire. It was said lh:!t he was engaged 
 in the composition of an History of Kngiand 
 from the Revolution, and that he visited Pa- 
 ris during the short interval of peace, after 
 the treaty of Amiens, to collect materials, 
 but probably little, if any, progress was made 
 in the work. 
 
 Fox DE AIoRZiLLO, Sei)astian, a native 
 of Seville, author of tracts de Studii Philo- 
 sopliici ivatione, — de Natura Philosopho- 
 rum, &CC. He was invited to become the 
 tutor of Don Carlos, son of Philip HI. of 
 Spain, but was unfoitunately drow ned as he 
 passed from Louvain. 
 
 Fracastorio, Girolamo, an Italian po- 
 et and physician born at Verona 14S3. Two 
 singular things are related of him in his in- 
 fancy. When born his lips adhered so close- 
 ly together, that the knife of a surgeon was 
 necessary to separate them, and his mother 
 when she took him up in her arms Mas kil- 
 led by lightning, and he i-cmained unhurt. 
 He was a man of great parts and address. 
 By Ids influence pope Paul HI. removed the 
 council of Trent to Bologna, on pretence of 
 a contagious <iisease. He was also eminent 
 as an astronomer and mathematician, and 
 the intimate friend of c-ardinal Bembo, of 
 Julius Scaliger who esteemed him inferior 
 only to Virgil, and other Icarnetl men. He 
 died of an apoplexy at Cayi near Verona 
 1553, and si.x years after the town of Verona 
 honored his memory with a statue. His 
 chief poem is " Siphilis, or de Morbo Galil- 
 eo" his medical pieces — de Sympathi.^ & 
 Antipathia, — de contagione k. Contagiosis 
 .Morbis, — deCaufis Criticorum Dierum, inc. 
 The works were printed collectively, the he.st 
 edition tliat of Padua, 2 vols. 4fo. 1735. 
 
I'R 
 
 FR 
 
 Frachetta, Girolamo, apolitical wri- 
 ter of RoA-igno, engaged in several public 
 afiairs. His grcal services procured him 
 enemies, ami to escape from their persecu- 
 tion he retired to Naples, where he vindi- 
 cated his conduct to the Spanisik court, and 
 -was protected hy Uenevento viceroy of Na- 
 ples, and received a liberal pension. He 
 died at Naples the begi*ining of the 17th 
 century. His great -work is " 111 Seminario 
 dc Governi di Stato & di Guerra," which 
 contains about 8000 military and state max- 
 ims. The work is highly esteemed. The 
 best edition is that of Genoa 1648, 4to. 
 
 Fraguier, Claude Francis, a French 
 writer born at Paris 1666, and educated 
 among the Jesuits, Rapin, Jouvenci, La 
 Rue, &c. He taught belles lettres at Caen 
 for four years, but on his return to Paris he 
 quitted the order of the Jesuits 1604, and 
 devoted himself to the greater cultivation of 
 his mind, and to literary pursuits. As he 
 •was well skilled in the classics, and in mo- 
 dern languages, he assisted the abbe Bignon 
 in the Journal des Scavans, and undertook a 
 translation of Plato. He exposed himself 
 unfortunately to the cold air of the night, 
 ■which brought on convulsions in his head, 
 and though he outlived the attack nine- 
 teen years, he yet was unable to labor, and 
 riled at last of an apoplexy, 1728, aged 62. 
 His works consist of Latin poems published 
 at Paris 1729, l2mo. witli dissertations con- 
 cerning Socffates, and other subjects inserted 
 in the memoirs of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions, of which he was a member. 
 
 Francesca, Peter, a painter of Venice, 
 eminent in his representation of night pieces 
 and battles. He died 1443. 
 
 Franceschini, Mark Antor.y, a pain- 
 ter of Bologna, disciple to Carlo Cignani, 
 whose manner he successfully imitated. He 
 died 172y, aged 81. 
 
 Franchi, Antonio, a painter of Lucca, 
 engaged in the service of the duchess of Flo- 
 rence, for whom he painted several beautiful 
 pieces. He died 1709, aged 71. 
 
 Frakcia, Francesco, a painter born at 
 Bologna, 14.'50. He was originally a gold- 
 smith, afterwards a graver of medals, and at 
 last an eminent painter. His Sebastian tied 
 to a tree, was an admirable piece, from 
 which succeeding painters drew the im- 
 provement of their art. This story is rela- 
 ted of his death. When requested by his 
 friend Raphael to place in one of the church- 
 es of Bologna his picture of St, Cecilia, he 
 was so struck w ith the perfection of a piece 
 -which his best skill could not excel, that he 
 fell into melancholy, and becoming conse- 
 quently consumptive, died 1518, or according 
 to some 1530. 
 
 Francis, a Romish saint born at Assisi 
 in Umbria, 1182. He abandoned the pro- 
 fession of his father as merchant, and devo- 
 ted himself to austerity. He founded one of 
 the four orders of mendicant friars, which 
 was approved and confirmed by Innocent 
 ni. 1210. His followers increased so rapidly 
 that in 1219, his order consisted of five thou- 
 
 sand members. He afterM'ards travelled td 
 the Holy I^and, with the intention of con- 
 verting the sultan Meledin, and offered to 
 throw himself into the flames, to prove the 
 truth of what he preached. He flied at 
 Assisi 1226, and was canonized by Gregory 
 IX. four years after. His order rose to great 
 consequence in time, and was distinguished 
 not only for its services to the Roman see, 
 but for the popes and other great men whom 
 it nurtured. 
 
 Francis of Paulo, a Romish saint born 
 at Paulo in Calabria, 1416, and founder of 
 the Minims. He retired to a cave where 
 his austerities drew around him a great 
 number of penitents, who built there a 
 monastery. He was very rigid in his rules, 
 enjoining perpetual abstinence, from wine, 
 fish, and meat, with many bodily mortifica- 
 tions He was invited to France to eure 
 Lewis XI. by his venerable presence, but 
 instead of curing the monarch, he died at 
 Plessis du Pare 1507, aged 91. He was 
 canonized by Leo X. 1519. 
 
 Francis Xavier, a famous ecclesias- 
 tic, born at Xavier at the foot of the Py- 
 renees, 7th April, 1506. He taught philo- 
 sophy at Paris, and there became acquaint- 
 ed with Ignatius Loyola, whom he assisted 
 in the establishment of the ordef of Jesuits, 
 and with whom and five others he made a 
 vovv' to labor in the conversion of infidels. 
 Consequently he embarked at Lisbon 1541 
 for Goa, and as the apostle of the Indies he 
 preached on the coast of Comorin, at Ma- 
 lacca, in the Moluccas, and at Japan ; but as 
 he formed the design of proceeding as far 
 as China, he was cut off by disease 1552. He 
 was canonized by Gregory XV. 1622. He 
 wrote five books of Epistles, Pavia, 1631, 
 8vo. — a Catechism and Opuscula. 
 
 Francis de Sales, a Romish saint, born 
 at Sales, near Geneva 21st Aug. 1567. He 
 studied at Paris and Padua, and in his zea! 
 is said to have converted to the faith 70,00^ 
 protestants. In 1612 he was made bishop of 
 Geneva, and founded the order of the Visi- 
 tation, establi-shed by pope Paul V. 1618. 
 Though invited to settle in France by Henry 
 IV. he refused to quit Geneva. He died at 
 Lyons 1622, aged 56, and was canonized by 
 Alexander VI. 1665. His works are. Intro- 
 duction to a Devout Life — a treatise on the 
 Love of God, and letters, all displaying 
 much piety and goodness of heart. 
 
 Francis, of l.orraine, emperor of Ger- 
 many, was son of Leopold duke of Lorraine, 
 and was born 17(tS. He married in 17 SG 
 Maria Theresa, the daughter of the empe- 
 ror Charles VI. and after his father-in-law's 
 <leath 1740, he was associated in the empire 
 by his wife, and after the death of his oppo- 
 nent Charles VII. he w-as elected emperor 
 1745. The war which a disputed succession 
 had occasioned was terminated by the peace 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1747, but new disturb- 
 ances arose in 1756, and hostilities again 
 began, till the treaty of Hubertsburg in 1763 
 restored tranquillity to the empire. Francis 
 was a great patron of literature, of the arts. 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 r.nd of commei'ce, amon}^ liis subjects. He 
 died suddenly ;il iiispruck, 18tli Aug. 17G5, 
 
 ajjfd 6S. 
 
 l-'uANCis 1. king of France, son of Cliuiles 
 of Orleans, and Louisa ol Savoy, was born at 
 Cognac, lith September I4'j4. He succeed- 
 ed to the Frencli tbrone on the dcalli ol 
 Lewis XH. 1;>1;), anil immediately detir- 
 niined to obtain possession (•!' the .Milane:ie, 
 "U'liicli he claimed as deseinded troni liuke 
 Valentine his maternal grandfather. His 
 progress was stopped by the Swiss, but he 
 defeated them in the dreadtul battle of Ma- 
 rignan, Sept. 1315, and entering the .Milan- 
 ese obliged the duke Maximilian Sibrza to 
 resign his power into his hands. After 
 making treaties with the Genoese find the 
 pope, Francis in 15 IG met Charles V. at 
 Noyon, and swore eternal peace between 
 their dominions. This pledge so solemnly 
 given was observed only two days, and 
 Francis dissatisied that his rival had obtain- 
 ed the imperial crown against him, sought 
 revenge in war. Successful lor a while in 
 Navai'rc, Francis acquired greater advan- 
 tages over his enemies in Flanders, and took 
 Landrecies, Bouchain, kc In 15'2'2 the 
 French under Lautrec were defeated at 
 Bicoque, Cremona and Genoa wei-e taken, 
 Toulon and Marseilles were besieged, and 
 Provence was invaded. Francis flew to the 
 relief of. his suffering provinces, and began 
 the siege of Pavla, but was soon after de- 
 feated, 24th Feb. 1525, in battle, and made 
 jirisoner with the bravest men of his array. 
 On this melancholy occasion he wrote to his 
 mother, and declared that all was lost except 
 his honor. A prisoner at Madrid, Francis 
 •was treated by Charles with great and un- 
 pardonable severity, and he was restored to 
 liberty in 1626, only upon signing his renun- 
 ciation to Naples, the Milanese, Genoa, Aost, 
 Flanders, and Artois. The peace of Cam- 
 fcray 152',< put an end to the disputes between 
 the rival sovereigns Francis took for his 
 second wife Eleanora the emperor's sister, 
 and agreed to ransom for a large sum his 
 two sons who were still detained as hostages 
 at Mhdrid. Still jealous of the power of his 
 rival, Francis in 1555 seized upon Savoy, 
 while he saw his provinces of Provence in- 
 vaded, and Marseilles again besieged, but at 
 last a reconciliation was efT'ected by means 
 of the pope Paul HI. 1538. The peace was of 
 short duration, Francis attacked Italy, Itous- 
 sillon, and Luxemburg, but though his gen- 
 eral, the duke of Enghien, defeated the im- 
 perialists at Cerisoles in 1544, his enemy 
 supported by the powerful assistance of Hen- 
 ry VIII. of England made a formidable in- 
 vasion in Picardy and Champagne. Bou- 
 logne and Soissons opened their gates to the 
 conquerors, and fresh victories appeai-ed 
 probable, w hen the protcstant princes united 
 their forces against the conqueror, and stop- 
 ped his career. Peace was restored with 
 Germany 1544, and two years after with 
 England. Francis died at Hambouillet, 31st 
 INlarch, 1547, aged 53. He had in conse- 
 quence of his debaucheries contracted the 
 
 foul disease, which, after a continuauce of 
 nine years of incieasiiig pains, proved at last 
 fatal. By his first wile, Claude of Fiance, 
 III- had two sons and lour dHUghters, and 
 none by the second. (Jrealcras a v\arrior 
 than as a king, his whole reign wasdisluibed 
 by a spirit (>f jenlfiiisy, which he cheI•i^!^e(l 
 to the last ngaiii.sl the power ';f his lifal the 
 eni|>fi"or, but the jirotection which he ex- 
 tended to literature, and which procured for 
 him the honorabU; title ot father of letters, 
 has eclipsed the weaknesses of an adminis- 
 Iratiijii too often gnidird by prejudice, and 
 disgracefully influenced by the ascendency 
 of mistresses and of favorites. He was the 
 founder of the renal college of Paris. His 
 life has been written by Gaillard, eight vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 F'raxcis II. son of Henry II. and Cathe- 
 rine dc Medicis, was born 1544, and suc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne of France 
 155U. He had married the preceding year 
 Mary Stuart of Scotland, and he died after 
 a reign of seventeen months, 5th December 
 1560, aged 17. The confidence which he 
 placed in the Guises proved the source of 
 much misery to F'rance, and kindled the 
 flames of civil war. 
 
 Francis, duke of Alencon, Anjou, and 
 Berri, son of Henry II. and brother of the 
 preceding, placed himself at the head of the 
 malcontents when his brother, Henry HI. 
 ascended the throne. He was seized and 
 imprisoned by order of his mother Cathe- 
 rine de Medicis, but his brother the king 
 restored him to liberty, and thus enabled 
 him to excite fresh troubles. He supported 
 the disturbances in the Low Countries, and 
 was at last crowned 15S2. duke of Brabant, 
 but tlie oppressive conduct of his govern- 
 ment revolted his new subjects agaiast hina 
 and the next year he Avas obliged to fly to 
 France for safety. He died there lOth Feb- 
 1584, aged 21). He is known in English his- 
 tory as the suitor of queen Elizabeth in 15S1, 
 who flattered his vanity, but with unbecom- 
 ing coquetry rejected his addresses, after she 
 had given him a ring as a pledg-e of her af- 
 fection. 
 
 Francis, of Bourbon, count of St. Pel 
 and Chaumoiit, distinguished himself at the 
 battle of Marignan 1515, He was taken 
 prisoner at Pavia with Francis I. but escaped 
 from captivity. He died at Co'Jgnan neav 
 Kheims 1st Sept. 1545, aged 55. 
 
 Fraxcis de Bourbon, count Enghien, 
 displayed his valor in the service of Francis 
 I. arid took Nice and obtained the famous 
 victory of Cerisoles, 1544. He was killed by 
 accident 23d Feb. 1545, aged '27. 
 
 Francis de Bourbon, duke of Mont- 
 pensier, behaved with valor at the siege of 
 Rouen, ami at the battles of Jarnac and ol 
 Montcontour 1572. He was a faithful asso- 
 ciate of Henry IV. and he ably distinguished 
 himself in his service at Arques and Ivri 
 He died at Lisieux 1592, aged 50. 
 
 Francis, of Lorraine, duke of Guise, 
 and of Auraalc, was born at Bar 17th Feb. 
 1519. He early displayed cwiir^ge arnd :yVi\1% 
 
?R 
 
 FR 
 
 ties in war, and his defence ofMetzin 1553, 
 against the arras of Charles V. is deservedly 
 commended. The next year he distinguish- 
 ed himself at the battle of Renti, in which 
 he defeated the Germans, and after some 
 glorious campaigns in Italy and Flanders, he 
 was named liestenant-general of all the 
 king's armies. His next exploit was against 
 Calais, which he took after a siege of eight 
 days from the English, who had possessed it 
 for 210 years, and this was followed by the 
 fall of Thionville. His services were such 
 that he governed the kingdom under Hen- 
 ry n. and Francis H. and received from the 
 parliament the glorious title of the saviour 
 of his country. The death of Francis H. was 
 the signal for civil war, and while the duke 
 supported the cause of the catholics, the in- 
 terests of the protestants were ably protect- 
 ed by the valor of Coligni. He took Kouen 
 and Bourges, and defeated his enemies at 
 Dreux 15fj-, and he was preparing to be- 
 siege Orleans, the chief and strongest town 
 ct the protestants, when he was assassinated 
 by a pistol shot from the hands of Poltrot de 
 AI6r6, one of the Huguenots, i24th Feb. 
 1563. 
 
 Francis de Borgta, St. duke of Can- 
 dia, and viceroy of Catalonia, was grandson 
 of pope Alexander \T. and after filling high 
 offices in the state, he embraced the ecclesi- 
 astical profession on the death of his wife, 
 and entered among the Jesuits. He refused 
 the rank of cardinal, and other ecclesiasti- 
 cal honors, and died at Rome, renowned 
 for his piety, 30th Sep. 1572, aged 62. He 
 was canonized by Clement X. 16?1. He is 
 author of some pious tracts in Spanish, 
 ■which have been translated into Latin by 
 Deza the Jesuit. 
 
 Francis, Lucas, a native of Mechlin, 
 employed as a painter by the kings of Spain 
 and France. His portraits and historical 
 pieces possessed merit. He died 1643, aged 
 C9. His son Lucas called the Young was 
 born also at Mechlin, and after studying 
 under Gerhard Segers, acquired celebrity 
 as an artist. He died 1654, aged 48. 
 
 Francis, Simon, a native of Tours, em- 
 inent as a portrait painter. He died I6ri, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Francis Romain, a Dominican of 
 Ghent. He was an able architect, and linish- 
 ed the bridge of Maestricht, and afterwards 
 ■was engaged by Lewis XIV. in the comple- 
 tion of the Pont-Royal at Paris, which had 
 been left imperfect by Gabriel. He was lib- 
 erally rewarded for his services and abilities 
 by the French monarch, and died at Paris 
 1735, aged 89. 
 
 Francis, James Charles, an eminent 
 French engraver, born at Nancy. PVom 
 Lyons he came to Paris, where he was lib- 
 erally patronised, but his merits raised him 
 enemies, which circumstances it is said hast- 
 ened hisdeath. He died 1769, aged 52. He 
 published Recueil des Chateaux de Lorraine, 
 — Corps-de-Garde after Venloo, &c. 
 
 Francis, Philip, D. D. an eminent di- 
 vine, son of an Irish dean. He is known by 
 
 his excellent translations of Horace and De- 
 mosthenes. He wrote also Eugenia and 
 Constantia two tragedies not very successful, 
 and for his services as a political writer, it 
 is said, he was rewarded by government 
 with the rectory of Barrow, Suffolk, and the 
 chaplainship of Chelsea college. He died 
 at Bath, T^Iarch 1773, leaving a son now 
 member of parliament, and formerly one oi 
 the supreme council of Bengal. 
 
 Francisca, or Frances, a Roman 
 lady founder of a convent at Rome. She 
 followed the doctrines of St. Benedict. She 
 was born 1384, and was canonized 1608. 
 
 Francius, Peter, a native of Amster- 
 dam, who studied at Leyden under Grono- 
 vius. After travelling over France and Eng- 
 land, he became 1674, professor of rhetoric 
 and history at Amsterdam. He wrote Ora- 
 tiones — Specimen Eloquentiae Exterioris, — 
 besides poems in Greek and Latin, which 
 possess considerable merit. He died 1704, 
 
 Fr ANCK, George, a native of Naumburg, 
 who so early displayed his abilities, that at 
 the age of 18 he received the poetic crown, 
 for his Latin, Greek, German, and Hebrew 
 poetry. He became professor of medicine 
 at Heidelbei-g, and Wittemberg, and died 
 1704, aged 61. He is author of Flora Fran- 
 cica, 12rao. — Satyrae Medicse, 4to. — Episto- 
 Ise, &c. 
 
 Frawck, Augustus Herman, a native of 
 Lubeck, professor of oriental languages, and 
 of divinity at Halle. He distinguished him- 
 self by the most active benevolence, and 
 founded at Halle an orphan-house, which, iu 
 1727, contained 2196 children, and more 
 than 130 preceptors. He also promoted the 
 establishment Of a mission to propagate the 
 gospel on the coast of Malabar. He wrote 
 Alethodus Studii Theologici — Inti^oductio ad 
 Lectionem Prophetarum — Commentaria de 
 ScopoVetei'is Sc NoviTest. — Manuductio ad 
 
 Lectionem S. Scripturse Observationes 
 
 Biblicse — Sermons — Book of Devotions, &c= 
 He died 1727, aged 64. 
 
 Franck, or Francken, Franciscus, a 
 Flemish painter, called Old Franck, died 
 1616, aged 72. He executed his historical 
 pieces from the scriplui^es, some of which 
 possess great merit, especially in the color- 
 ing, and in the expression of the figures. 
 
 Franck, Franciscus, son to the above, 
 called Young Francis, died 1642, aged 62. 
 He studied under his father, and improved 
 himself at Venice. His idolatry of Solomon 
 in the Notre Dame of Antwerp is his best 
 piece. 
 
 Francken, Christian, a German in the 
 16th century, successively a Jesuit, a Socinian 
 in Poland, an unitarian, and lastly a Roman 
 catholic. He wrote Breve Colloquium Jesu- 
 itieum, a severe satire against the Jesuits — 
 de Honore Christi, and other works. 
 
 Franckenstein, Christian Godfrey, a 
 native of Leipsic, distinguished as an advo- 
 cate, and more as a man of letters. He 
 wrote the life of Christina of Swedei; — 
 History of the 16th and 17th centuries — and 
 a Continuation of Puffendorf's Introduction 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 iQ History, and died 1717, aged 50, His son I Lucian, nrid he wrote the 
 .lames wrote de Collatione Honoruin — de | and Malildn, two tragedie 
 .liiril)ys Jiidccorinn Sint^ularitjiis in Cier- 
 niaiiia, 8cc. and died 1733. 
 
 FkAnco, Nicdio, a sntitist, the frieml 
 and lival olAiTlin, Imrn at iJciieveiito l.")l(). 
 H(! was coiK'nMiMied to deatli «t Rome l^tCi'j, 
 lor severe saiircs on some illustrious persons 
 of" that city ; but it is unknown wliellier he 
 !iuftered. lie was an :d)le writer. 
 
 Franco, IJattista, a painter of Venice, 
 wlio imitated the manner of .Michael An- 
 gelo iiuoiiarotti. Iledieil 15Gl,aged t)3. 
 
 FuANCOis, Ahhe LaureiU, an aide oppo- i and soa[) boiler, an<l alter being for a little 
 nent of (he French philosojihei's, who die(i I while engai^ed in the business, he was bound 
 17S'J, aged 84. His works which were use- j to his father's elder brother, who was a prin- 
 ful, were a l?ook of Geography — Proofs of ter. Eager after knowledge, he read atten- 
 
 eavl of Warwick, 
 s which w( re re- 
 ceived with great applause, and also " ili« 
 Contract," a comedy in two acts performed 
 at the May-market. Voltaire's works ap- 
 peared Iranslated under his name ; but only 
 two tragedii;s, the Orestes anti Electra were 
 by him. II(! published also some sermoMs 
 on the rebitive duties. 
 
 Vu A N K I, I N, IJenjamin, an American phi- 
 losopher and statesman, was born at liostou. 
 New Fngland, 1700. lie was well educated 
 
 under his fathrr, who was a tallow-chandler 
 
 (Ju! Heligion of Jesus Christ, 4 vols. l'2mo 
 — Defence of lleligion, 4 vols. 12mo. — Ex- 
 amination of the Catechism of an honest 
 Man — of tlie Facts on which Christianity is 
 founded, 3 vols 12mo. — Observations on tlic 
 Pli!loso[»hy of History, Svo. 
 
 FuANCOis, Simon, a portrait painter, 
 born at Tours. He was self-taught, and ac 
 quired great reputation. He died 1 671, aged 
 05. 
 
 FuANcoTS, Lucas, an historical painter, 
 called the Old, was born at Mechlin, and 
 <lied very rich 1043, aged 69. He was in 
 
 tively in the night, the works which h'i had 
 printed in the day, and from the jiages of 
 Xenophon he derived that energetic ardor 
 winch at last raised him to fame and distinc- 
 tion. A ditt'erence with his imcle removed 
 him from New Yoi-k to Philadelphia, wliere 
 he maintained himself for some time b}^ his 
 indnrliy, till he was noticed by the governor, 
 sir William Keith, and encouraged to setup 
 business for himselt'. With this view he 
 came to London ; hut soon discovered that 
 the warm assurances of his patron for assist- 
 ance and protection, were the unmeaning 
 
 tJie service of the kings of France and | professions of polished life, and, therefore. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Francois, Lucas, son of the above, cal- 
 leil the Younger, was brought up under his 
 father, and studied under Gerhard Segers. 
 He died greatly respected as a painter 16.54, 
 aged 4 8. 
 
 Francowitx, Mattiiias, a protestant 
 divine, the pupil of Luther and Melancthon, 
 born at Albano in Illyria 1520, in conse- 
 quence of which he assumed the name of 
 Flaccus Illyricus, He taught the Greek and 
 Latin languages at Wittemberg privately, and 
 was afterwards public professor. He oppo- 
 sed the interim of Charles V. and was con- 
 cerned in the drawing up of the centuries 
 of Magdeburg, He died 1575. His best 
 ■work is a Key to the Holy Scriptures, 2 vols, 
 fol. He wrote besides a Catalogue of tlie 
 W itnesses of the Truth, 4to. — de Transla- 
 tione Imperii Rom. ad Germanos— de Elec- 
 iione Episcoporum, &c. 
 
 Fran'Cus, Sebastian, a German anabap- 
 tist of the 16th century, who acquired some 
 celebrity by writing books, which were re- 
 futed by Luther and Melancthon. 
 Frank-Floris. Vid. Floris, 
 Franklin, Thomas, 0. 13. son of Ricli- 
 ard Franklin the editor of the Craftsman, an 
 anti-rainisterial paper, Avas born in London 
 1720. He was educated at Westminster- 
 
 after working for some time as a journey- 
 man-printer, he, in 1726, returned to Phila- 
 delphia, where he settled. By the means of 
 his friends he began business, and published 
 a periodical paper, which was read with 
 avidity. In 1730 he married a widow, whom 
 he had known and courted before lier first 
 marriage, and the next year he began tlie 
 public library of Philadelphia, which was: 
 enriched by the valuable contributions of the 
 Penn family, of CoUinson, aiid others, and 
 spread knowledge and information through 
 Uie province, ilis Poor Richard's Alman- 
 ack appeared in 1732, and so pleased tlie pub- 
 lic, on account of the many aphoi-isms, and 
 the valuable maxims of prudence and econo- 
 my which it contained, that not less than 
 10,000 copies were sold in one year. He 
 was, in 1730, made clerk to the general as- 
 sembly in Pennsylvania, and the next year he 
 obtained the office of ])0St-master at Pliila- 
 delphia. In l/'38 lie formed an association 
 for preserving the houses of Philadelphia 
 from fire, and iii the war of 1744 he ablv pro- 
 moted some popular measures for the de- 
 fence of the province, by the voluntary force 
 of the citizens. In 1747 he addressed an ac- 
 count of his discoveries on electricity to his 
 friend CoUinson, and explained in a very sa- 
 tisfactory manner the Aurora Borealis, and 
 
 school and Trinity-college, Cambridge, of; the laws of thuiuler and lightning, and he 
 Avhich he became fellow. For some time i not only recommended the propriety of 
 
 also he was Greek professor. He was in 
 1758, made vicar of Ware and Thundridge, 
 and afterwards obtained the rectory of Bras- 
 ted in Kent. He was also chaplain in ordi- 
 nary to the king, and died March 15th 1784. 
 He possessed learning, genius, and applica- 
 tion. He translated Phalaris, Sophocles, and 
 Vojj. J, TO 
 
 guarding buildings against the etFects of 
 storms, by means of conductors, but showed 
 that the lightning from the clouds is the same 
 as the electric lire. Dislinguished as a phi- 
 losopher, he w as equally so as a statesman, 
 and the measures which he recommended 
 in tbe public assemblies of the province 
 
>K. 
 
 FR 
 
 proved his patriotism and sagacity. By his 
 advice the militia bill was passed, and he^vas, 
 in consequence, appointed colonel of the Phi- 
 ladelphiadistrict. On hisappearance in Eng- 
 land, in 1757, asagei>t for Pennsylvania, he 
 "Was received with i*espect and attention by 
 the public men. and he was honored with a 
 seat in the Royal society, and the degree of 
 doctor of laws in the universities of St. An- 
 drew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. He return- 
 ed hotne in 1762, and two years after he again 
 visited England, as agent from his country- 
 men. The spirit which now began to appear 
 in r'. merica roused the attention of the go- 
 vernment, and Franklin, as a man of know- 
 ledge and influence, was called to the bar of 
 the Commons, and examined with respect to 
 the stamp act. His conduct oh this occasion 
 was firm and manly, and his answers so clear, 
 that they, and not the questions, appeared 
 to have been prepared with the nicest dis- 
 crimination of circumstances and of facts. 
 He returned, in 1775, to America, and was 
 elected one of the members of Congress, and 
 during the war he displayed the inost active 
 zeal, an<l proposed tlie strongest measures 
 for the full emancipation of the colonies from 
 the mother country. He was next employed 
 in completing the negotiations of America 
 ■wi:ith 1' ranee, and as the resources of his 
 country were low, he embarked with a car- 
 go of tobacco, which he sold at Nantes, to 
 defray the expenses of his mission. He was 
 received with great distinction by the French 
 court ; the people admired the singularity of 
 his dress and the simplicity of his repubhcan 
 manners; the poets of the age, and Voltaire 
 particularly, paid respect to his merits, and 
 the government at last, by signing a treaty of 
 offensive and defensive aUiance with him, de- 
 clared war with England. The independence 
 of America was at last acknowledged by the 
 mother country, and Franklin, who had con- 
 tinued at Paris, signed the treaty of peace in 
 1783, and advanced the interests and glory of 
 his country by forming new connections with 
 the kings of Prussia and Sweden. He re- 
 turned to America in 1785, and was received 
 by his countrymen as a venerable father, he 
 •was made governor of Pennsylvania, and as 
 a representative he applied the strong pow- 
 ers of his mind to heal the differences w hich 
 prevailed in the province, by ^vise lav/s and 
 conciliating regulations. This respectable 
 man died full of years and of glory, I7th 
 April 1790, aged 84 years and three months, 
 and his memory was respected by his coun- 
 trymen, who ordered, on the occasion, a 
 public mourning for two months. The epi- 
 tai)h which he composed for himself is well 
 known. His discoveries in electricity, and 
 his services in the emancipation of his coun- 
 ti'y were depicted by the pen of Tui-got in 
 this bold line, placed under his portrait : 
 Erjpnit coefo,fi//inen sceptnwu/ue ti/ra7iiiis. 
 By his patient indvistry he rose from obscu- 
 rity, and amassc' a very large fortune, part 
 of which he left for charitable and public 
 purposes. He wrote an entertaining account 
 of the first part of his life, -which contains 
 
 many valuable maxims for health, industry., 
 and economy, which has appeared in two 
 small vols. 12mo with some essays. His 
 political, miscellaneous, and philosophi- 
 cal pieces have been published in 4to. and in 
 8vo. He contributed some valuable papers 
 also to the philosophical institutions of Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 Franks, Sebastian, a painter, horn at 
 Antwerp 1573. His landscapes and conver- 
 sation pieces were much admired. 
 
 Franks, John Baptist, supposed to be 
 the son of the preceding, was born at An- 
 twerp I GOO. He studied very successfally 
 the manner of Vandyck and Uubens. 
 
 Fu ANTZi us, Wolfgajig, a German divine, 
 born at Plawen, in Voigtland, was professor 
 of divinity at Wittemberg, where he died 
 1620, aged 56. He wrote Animalium Histo- 
 ria Sacra — Tractatus de Interpretatione Sa- 
 crarum Scriptuarum, 4to. — Schola Sacrifi- 
 ciorura Patriarch. Sacra — Connnentar. in 
 Leviticum,, &vi. and other works. 
 
 Fraskon, Claude, a French monk, born 
 at Peronne, in Picardy. He was doctor of 
 the Soi'bonne, theological professor at Paris, 
 and superior of the Franciscan convent 
 there. He wrote Dissertationes BibUcse, 2 
 vols. 4to. — a valuable system of Philosophy, 2 
 vols. 4to. He died 1711, aged 91. 
 
 Fratellini, Giovanna, a paintress, 
 born at Florence 1666, and patronised by 
 the Archduchess Victoria. Her historical 
 pieces and miniatures were much admired. 
 She died 1731. 
 
 Fratellini, Lorenzo Maria, son of the 
 preceding, was horn 1690. He painted un- 
 der Dominico Gabbiani, and his historical 
 pieces, his landscapes, and fruit were highly 
 finished. He died 1729. 
 
 Frauwenlob, Henry, a Gei'man v/riter 
 who died 1317. He wrote in favor of the 
 ladies, and they it is said attended his fune- 
 ral, and poured such quantities of wine into 
 his grave, as almost inundated the church. 
 
 Fredegarius, the earliest French his- 
 torian, after Gregory of Tours, was called 
 the Scholastic. His chronicle, in barbarous 
 language, extends to the year 641, and is 
 found in the collections of Duchesne, and 
 Bouquet. 
 
 Fredegonde, wife of Chilperic, king of 
 France, was born at Avancourt in Picai'dy, 
 of obscure parents. She was in the queen's 
 retinue, and by her arts, and by the influence 
 of her personal charms, she became the 
 third v/ife of the weak Chilperic. Raised to 
 the throne, she sacrificed the members of 
 the royal family to her pride and ambition, 
 and by the sword, as well as by poison, she 
 cut oft" all those whom, either on account of 
 talents, influence, or birth, she regartled as 
 enemies or rivals. She at last completed the 
 measure of her iniquities, by the death of 
 Chilperic, who was assassinated in hunting, 
 that the guilty queen might indulge her 
 criminal passions for her favoi'ite Landri. 
 This detested character, who possessed bra- 
 very in the field of battle, died 597. 
 Frederic I. suruamed Barbarossa, was 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 ".joiTi 11'21, Hud succeeded his fatliLT Frederic 
 ■ 9 duke ol'Sv\Jilji:i 1 147, ami in 1 15:2 he ascend- 
 ed the imperial tlirone atlcr ihe deatt» of Ida 
 uncle Conra<l III. lie passed in HjS into 
 Italy, wiiere a'.ler some dilTn uilic-s on ac- 
 eoinit of tlie Rupuriorily uliicli the pope 
 claimed over liin>, he ohtainid the crown, 
 and consecraLion irom the hands ol" Adrian 
 IV. The di ;putc.s between him and the Iioly 
 see were kindletl ant \v on the death of Adii- 
 i\n, and Alexander III. the next sueces.sorj 
 was soon opposed l>y the successive elevation 
 of three anti-pnpes to tiie chair of St. Peter. 
 Tiie a<lvanlages obtained at lionie were fol- 
 lowed by the <!efeal of the Milanese, and by 
 the dcstrucllon of their city, and the over- 
 throw ofllroscia and Placentia, but at la.=;t 
 the troops of Frederic were conquered at 
 the battle of Goran, and this disaster produ- 
 ced a peace. The emperor met the pope at 
 V eiiice and a reconciliation was effected in 
 1177. New quarrels l»owe>cr soon arose, 
 till Frederic was prevailed upon by Urban 
 
 III. to undertake a crusade against Saladin. 
 At the head of a numerous army he marciied 
 into the East, and after defeating the Greeks, 
 and the Turks, he penetrated into Syria, 
 where deatli stopped his victories. He died 
 10th June 1190, in consequence of bathina^ 
 imprudently in the Cydnus, in Cilicia, 
 where Alexander the Great, some ages be- 
 fore, had nearly fallen a sacrifice to the same 
 recreation. During the 38 years of his reign, 
 Frederic compensated for tiie odious vices of 
 pride and ambition by courage, liberality, and 
 benevolence, and the forbiddiiig characters 
 of the tyrant were forgot in the amiable and 
 conciliating manners of the man. By his 
 second wife Beatrix he left five sons, one of 
 whom Frederic, duke of Swabia, attended 
 iiim in his Asiatic expedition, and behaved 
 with great valor in the Holy Land, till he 
 was cut off by a severe distemper, which 
 proved also fatal tf) a great part of his army 
 at the siesre of Ptolcmais. 
 
 Frederic H. grandson of the precediug, 
 and son of Heni-y VI. was born 11 y4, and 
 was elected king of the liomans, two years 
 aftei'. In 1210, he was elected emperor of 
 Germany, on the excommtmication of Otho 
 
 IV. by Innocent HI. but he obtained peaceful 
 possession of his power, only after the death 
 of his rival 1218. After settling his aifairs in 
 Germany, he went to Italy, where he Avas 
 solemnly crowned by the hands of HonoriuK 
 lU. l'22b, and promised to extend tlic papal 
 power by undertalving a crusade. Tiiis 
 distant expeditioji was put off for some time 
 till the fear of excommunication from the 
 next pope Gregory IX. obliged him to set 
 out for Jerusalem in 12'28. His invasion of 
 the Holy Land was so formidable, that Sala- 
 din, Sultan of Babylon, not o'.dy made a 
 truce of 10 years with liim, but yielded to 
 him some of the Asiatic cities near Jerusa- 
 lem. This conduct jirovoked the ;*csentmer.t 
 of the pope, who stirred up war against Fred- 
 eric, and incited his son and his falher-iti- 
 law to take up arms against him. Frederic 
 Lusteiicd back to Earopo to oppose this un- 
 
 natural conspiracy, and seizing Ilomagnr., 
 Aiic()na,Spol< tto, and lieneveiilo, dfi<ate<l 
 the plans of his cneMiies. li'ta partisans in 
 these troublous times bore tlie name ot 
 (iibbelins, while those of the po|»e were called 
 (juelphs, and tai-ried on their shoulderi the 
 impressions of tw(j keys. At last however 
 Iranepiillity was restored, and Frederic made 
 peace with the Itoman jtontilf IJ.jO, to he 
 enabled to reduce to obedience his rebelli- 
 ous son Ileniy, whom he degraded from the 
 title of king (*r the liomans in favor of Iiis 
 second son Conrad. In 1'2-k), Frederic p;.s- 
 sed again to Italy, and reduced the Milanese, 
 and Sai-.Iinia, and after defeating the Geiio- 
 ese and Venetians, and seizing 1 uscany and 
 Ui'bino, he laid seige to Rome. The pon<j 
 opposed his attack by the teri-ible denuncia- 
 tion of excommunication, but FVederic dia- 
 regan^ed the impotent thunders of the Vati- 
 can, and defeated all the forces which were 
 sent to check his jirogi-ess. The death of 
 the pope soothed ior a while the enmities 
 between Rome and Germany, but at last 
 Innocent IV. had the courage to depose 
 this powerful enemy of the Imly see, at a 
 council at Ljvons 12i5, au'i Frederic render- 
 ed unpopular by the artifice of his oppo- 
 nents, saw Henry of Thuringia, elected in 
 124G, to fill the imi)erial throne, and the 
 next year, William, count of Holland. Thus 
 insulted and harrassed by the insurrections 
 of his subjects in Na])los and l\unia, Frede- 
 ric at last sunk under his misfortunes, and 
 died at Fiorenzuola, in Aitulia, l.Sth Dec. 
 1^250, aged 57. He was succeeded by Con- 
 rad his son by his second wife Yolande, 
 daughter of John of Brienne, king of Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 Frpderic III. sui'named the Fair, was 
 son of Ailjert of Austria, and was elected 
 emperor 1314, by some of the electors, 
 though the majority placed the crown on his 
 more successful rival Le'.\is of Bavaria. The 
 battle of Mich.eldorff, 132i, pi-oved decisive 
 against the claims of Frederic, who was taktu 
 prisoner, and died 13th Jati. 1330. 
 
 F'rederic IV, surnamed the Pacific, was 
 sou of .Ernest, duke of Austria, and H.vv-ended 
 the imperial throne 1440, in his 2.stb year. 
 He Mas crowned at Rome 1452, by Xicholas 
 V. and v/as the last of the German princes, 
 who submitted to that ceremony in the capi- 
 tal of the ancient world. He was a weak, 
 indolent, and superstitious prince, and he 
 suffered with the greatest indifterenee Hun- 
 gary to rebel and to separate itself from his 
 power, and afterwards he fled from ^'ienna, 
 before his enemies, satisfied to beg his bread 
 from convent to convent. 'I'his worthless 
 monarch died 7tij Sep, 1493, in consequence 
 of the amputation of one of his legs which 
 mortified, and he was succeeded by his son 
 Maximilian. 
 
 Frederic I. tlie Pacific, king of Den- 
 mark 1.''2.i, after the expulsion of (^hristinu, 
 distinguished himself by the wi.sdom of his 
 measures, and by Ids alliance with Gustavu.s 
 I. of Sweden, and with the Hanseatie town.';. 
 After the conquest of Copenhagen, he rft- 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 conciled to his government the Danish no- i tended to literai'y characters, and to the 
 bility, and rendered himself jtopular by his : arts, reflected the highest honor on his rae= 
 liberality, ai'd the prudence and utility of mory. 
 
 his public measures, and by the introduction Frederic Augustus II. son ofthepre- 
 of Lutheranism among his subjects. He died ceding, was born 1696, and succeeded his fa- 
 1553. j ther on the Polish thi-one 1734. The last 
 
 Frederic II. king of Denmark, after j years of his life Avere unhappily embittered 
 his father Christian III. increased his do- i by the miseries of war, and the king of Prus- 
 minions, by the conquest of Dietbmarsia. j sia invaded his don/inions, and obliged him 
 He was the patron of learning, and of learned 
 men, and the protection which he extended 
 to Tycho Brahe, added celebrity to his 
 
 reign He was for some time engMgcd in 
 •WRV with Sweden, but tranquillitv was resto- 
 red in 1570. He died ith April IS'SS, aged 5 4. 
 
 Frederic III. archbishop of Bi-einen, 
 succeeded his father Christia?; IV. in 1648, 
 as king of Denmark. Though he lost some 
 places in a war with Sweden, he enlarged 
 the happiness of his people, by rendering 
 thern more independent of the nobles, and 
 Ly making the crown hereditary, and no 
 longer elcctire. He died 9th of Feb. 1670, 
 aged 61. ^ 
 
 Frederic IV. succeeded his father 
 Christian V. as king of Denmark, 1699. He 
 
 soon to yield to the rigorous fate of uncondi- 
 tional submission. Augustus was permitted 
 indeed to return to Poland, but Saxony re- 
 mained in the hands of the conqueror, till 
 the peace of Hubersburg, I5th Feb. 1763, 
 Aug'wStiis died the following October. Ue- 
 j spectal)le in private life, this monarch was 
 j uneqtial to the arduous duties of reigning, 
 and whilst he devoted himself to tlie plea- 
 • sures of luxury and to indolence he made no 
 ' preparations against the attacks of his pow- 
 > crful nei9;hbors of IJussia and Prussia. By 
 liis wife Mar}' Josephine, daughter of the 
 ) emperor Joseph, he left several daughters, 
 I one of whom was the mother of the unfor- 
 1 tunate Lewis XVI. of France. 
 
 Frederic, prince of Ilesse Cassel, mar- 
 
 joined the Czar Peter, and the king of Poland j ried in 1715, Ulrica Eleanora sister of Charles 
 in hostilities ag-ainst Charles Xll. of Sweden, * XII. of Sweden, and he obtained possession 
 but he was obliged to make peace, by the i of the Swedish throne 17'i0, after theabdica- 
 rapidity of the victories of his enemy. Du- j tion of his wife Avho had succeeded on the 
 ring the captivity of Charles in Turkey, j death of her brother. He made unsuccessful 
 Frederic drove the SMcdes from his domin- 1 Avar against the Russians, and died 1751, 
 ions, and recovered some of the places 1 aged 75, without issue. 
 
 Avhich the fortune of war had wrested from , Frederic Wii.i.tam, surnaraed the 
 his hands. He died 1730, aged 59. i Great, elector of Braiidenburg, Avas born at 
 
 Frederic V grandson of the preceding, Cologne, on the Spree 1620. He made sue- 
 ascended the throne 1746, and died after a 1 cessful Avar against the Poles, but the treaty 
 reign of 20 years. On his death-bed, Jie called j of Braunsbeig, in 1657, put an end to hos- 
 tilities. In 1674 he joined himself against 
 LeAvis XIV. with Spain and Holland, and in- 
 vaded Alsace, but liis progress was checked 
 by the intelligence that the SAvedes had laid 
 Avaste s' A'eral of his cities, and he returned 
 ! hastily to repel them, and seized the towns 
 
 his son and successor Christian VII. and 
 addressed him in these remarkable words, 
 *' It is a great consolation to me, my son, in 
 nay last moments, to reflect that I have 
 offended no one, and that I have shed the 
 hlood of none of my subjects. 
 
 Frederic Augustus I. king of Poland, ■ of Stralsund, Ferschantz, and Grispwald. 
 
 ■was son of John George III. elector of Sax- 
 ony, and was born at Dresden 1670. He 
 succeeded to the electorate after the death 
 of his brother 1694, and distinguislied him 
 
 Peace was soon after restored and Frederic 
 dii'ected all his attention to improve the com- 
 merce of his dominions, and joined the Spree 
 to the Oder by the opening of a canal. He 
 
 self against the French on the Rhine, and I died 1688, aged 68, liighly respected by hifi 
 defeated the Turks, in 1696, at the battle of, subjects as a liberal, genei'ous, benevolent, 
 Oltach. By embracing the catholic religion, 
 he recommended himself to the Polish nobles. 
 
 and Avas in 1696 elected king, but the glories j 
 ■which he acquired in foreign wars, Avere [ 
 eclipsed by the successes of Charles XII. of 
 Sweden, and Frederic beaten at Riga, Clis- 
 sow, and Frawstadt, was obliged to sign the 
 peace of 1706, by Avhich he a\ as stripped of 
 his dominions, and consented to see the 
 crown of Poland placed on the head of Stanis- 
 laus. The battle of Pultowa, and the defeat 
 
 and patriotic prmce. 
 
 Frederic 1. elector of Brandenburg, 
 son of the preceding, was born at Konigsberg 
 1657. The ambition of this prince Avas flat- 
 tered wit!) the hopes of erecting his duchy 
 into a kingdom, and Leopold the emperor, 
 although he, in 1695, had rejected his solici- 
 tations, granted his requests in 1700, provid- 
 ed he assisted him in the Avar against France, 
 England, Holland, SAveden, and Poland ; and 
 in consequence of this elevation his title was 
 
 The Prussian dominions were increased un- 
 der him by the acquisition of Guelders of 
 
 of the SAvedes, proved favorable to his vicAvs, ; fuMy acknowledged at the peace of Utrecht, 
 he recovered the Polish throne, and main- • — - - 
 tained his power, and independence till liis 
 
 death 1st Feb. 1733, in his 63d year. He ; the county of Tecklenburg, and of the 
 was in his person very athletic, and possessed ! principalities of Neuchatel and Valengin . 
 of prodigious bodily strength. His court was i Frederic died 1713, aged 60 He founded 
 for a long time one of the most brilliant in ! the university of Halle, the royal academy of 
 Europej and the patronage Avhich he ex- j Berlin, and the academy of nobles. He was 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 three times marricil. By his second vrU't:, 
 daughter of the duke of Hanover, and sister 
 ftf Gcor.c;:c afterwards kinp^ of KiiglamI, he 
 hati a son who siicceeilcd him. 
 
 Freueuic William I. kijij; nf I'lus- 
 sia, was born at Berlin I3tli Aug. IHSS, and 
 succeeded Ids father JKst mentioned 1713. 
 Hisreij^n was hej;un hy a strict reform in the 
 expenditure of llie kini;<Iom, and of the KM) 
 rhan\herlains kept for ostentation hy his fa- 
 tlier only 1*2 were retained. He nnwilliii;^iy 
 engaged in war against t'liarUs XII. of Swe- 
 den," from whom he tool; Straisund. Kager 
 to encourage commeree and incUislry among 
 }n3 sulyerts, he invited foreign artisans into 
 Ids dominions ity iheoflerof hheral lewards, 
 and widle he contrihtiled to tlic prosperity of 
 t'lie nation, he watclied o\er its safety, and 
 created a large standing army of sixty thou- 
 sand men. 'I'he latter part of his life was 
 elouded hy an unliappy disagreement with 
 his son the piince royal, and though he 
 raarried him to the princess of \\'f)lfen!)Uttle 
 in ir33, he did n(»t derive from that union 
 that concord and recone.iiiation whitdi he fond- 
 ly e.Kpected. He died 31st May 1740, aged 
 ^2. By Sophia Dorotliea,daughter of George 
 of Hanover, he had, besides his successor, 
 tliree sons and six daughters. 
 
 Frederic H. son of the preceding, was 
 born '24th Jan. 1712, and ascended the throne 
 of Prussia 1740. His conduct had be^'n 
 viewed with jealousy by his fatlier, and his 
 attachment to music and to belles letlres was 
 I'egarded as a mean and dishonourable pro- 
 pensity ; but when he attempted to escape 
 Irom the harsh treatment which he e.xperi- 
 enced, he w^as not oidy seized and sent as 
 prisoner to Gastrin, but was obliged to be a 
 spectator of the execution of Kar, the friend 
 and the companion of his domestic sufterings. 
 On his accession to the throne, P^-ederic laid 
 claims to the province of Silesia which luid 
 been long occupied by the German etnperor, 
 and all the attempts of Maria Tlieresa to 
 defend it against his invasion proved abortive. 
 Count Neuperg the Hungarian general was 
 defeated at Slolwilz, and, in 1741, all Lower 
 Silesia submitted to the conqueror, and Ids 
 possession was confirmed by the treaty of 
 Jireslaw 1743. The following year war was 
 rekindled, and Frederic advanced with 
 100,000 men to the siege of Prague, w Inch he 
 took with 1G,000 prisoners, and this arlvan- 
 tage was sOon followed by the decisive battle 
 of Friedburg over prince Charles of Lorraine. 
 Another treaty signed at Dresden I74f», again 
 restored peace to the continent, and Austria 
 ceded to the Prussian conqueror all Silesia 
 together with the county of Giatz. In 17.55 
 a new war, called the seven years' war, burst 
 forth with increased violence, and while 
 Prussia had for its auxiliary the English 
 nation, Austria was supported by France 
 and by the elector of Saxony, and Frederic 
 soon saw the nund)er of his enemies aug- 
 mcTited by the accession of Jtussia, Sweden, 
 and Germany. L'ndisraayed in the midst of 
 his powerful enemies, Frederic laid the fouii- 
 diition for Tictorv and success in the strict 
 
 discipline of liis army, an(J in tlie fortitude 
 and resignation with which he supported the 
 reverses of fortune, a:id shared the fatigues 
 of his srildiers. TlnMigh Fiance attacked his 
 dominions from (juelders to Miuden, and 
 Russia penetrated into Prussia, and tlie Aus. 
 trians into Silesia, Frederic nti all sides rose 
 superior to misf')rtunes. 'riiough defeated 
 by the Russians he routed the Auslrians. 
 and again suHcred a check in IJohenda, hut 
 on the 5lh Nov. 1757, he avenged himsflf 
 by the terrible defeat of tlie Auslrians and 
 French at Rosbach, and bv an equally splen- 
 diil victory the next month over tbe Austrian 
 forces at Lis.-:.! near Hri slaw. These impor- 
 tant successes appalled hisetipmies, the Rus- 
 sians and Swed(!s reliretl in <lisinay from 
 I'russia, and Frederic supi)orted by a hberul 
 3up\)ly of money from the P>nglish govern- 
 nient, and by anarmv of Hanoverians under 
 the duke of Brunswick penetrated itito .Mo- 
 ravia nn<l laid siege to Olrautz. Thoiigh here 
 cjiecked by marsliai Daun, he rapidly advan- 
 ced against the Russi:ins at Custrin, and dc- 
 I'eated them in the dreadful battle of Zorn- 
 dod'. The battle of Hochkirchen against Daun 
 was adverse to his fortunes, and lie also suf- 
 fered a severe cl-.eek at the doubtful fight of 
 (Jiaviiersdorff against the Russians, and in 
 consequence of the;e rejieated disasters, 
 Bi'andenburg and the capital fell into the 
 hands of the victorious enemy 1761. The 
 defeat of Daun at Torgau gave a new turn to 
 the aflairs of the tuidaunted monarch, hister- 
 ritories were evacuured by the enemy, and he 
 in every situation clisplaj'ed such jiCtivity, such 
 vigilance, and such resources of mind that in 
 1762, a treaty of peace was concluded w ith 
 Russia and Sweden, and the next year with 
 France and the Em]))re, by wdiich Silesia was 
 for ever coitfirmed in his posse^^fion. "While 
 cultivating tlie arts ff peace, Frederic was 
 still intent on enlarging his dominions, and 
 he joined with x\uslria and Russia, in 177i, 
 in tiiat unpardonable ieagie Aviiich dismera- 
 bere<l the defenceless territories of Poland, 
 and added some of its most fertile provinces 
 to his kingdom. In 177', tlie death of the 
 duke of Bavaria «itliout cldldren kindled the 
 flames of discord and of war- between Aus- 
 tria and Prussia, Frederie placed himself at 
 the head of his troops, but the difierences ot 
 the rival princes were settleil by the peace 
 ofTeschen 13th May 177 'J. The last years 
 of Frederic's life were earnestly devoted to 
 tlie encouragement of commtrce and of the 
 arts, justice was administered w ith imparti- 
 ality, useful establishments were created, 
 and the miseries of the indigent and unfortu- 
 nate were liberally relieved by the benevo- 
 lent cares of the monarch. Frederic died 
 17th Avig. 1786, aged 75, and he met death 
 with all the resignation which philosophy un- 
 aided by religion can show. As Frederic was 
 brought up in the schofd of adversity, he eaidy 
 learnt lessons of stoicism and philosophical 
 wisdom, and unyieldingto the caresses of pros- 
 ]iority he was tauglit not to sink under the 
 frowns of fortune. From necessity as Avell 
 as froro choice attached to litei-attire in the 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 veai-s of his privacy, he cultivated the muses 
 on the throne> and liberall}- jjatronised the 
 lovers of sciences and of the fine arts. His 
 evenings were generally spent in the easy 
 society of men of letters, and after the fa- 
 tigues of the day he unbent the hero and 
 the king to the wit, the scholar, and the 
 literary disputant. His invitations to learned 
 foreigners were sincere and honorable, and 
 IVIaupertius and especially Voltaire wei-e for 
 a while objects of his particular regard and 
 of his unfeigned esteem. Anxious to redress 
 the grievances of his subjects he paid the 
 xainutest attention to their applications, and 
 a word written at the bottom of each petition 
 by his hand served for his secretaries to 
 convey to the eager suppliants either refusal 
 or reprehension, encouragement or promi- 
 ses. At five in the morning Frederic gene- 
 rally rose from his bed, and after the day 
 ■was divided between business, recreation, 
 and literature, he retired to his cliamber at 
 ten in the evening, and as his meals were re- 
 gular and simple, and as he v, as through life 
 a stranger to the licentious propensities which 
 too often dishonor the great and the power- 
 ful, Jie enjoyed a strong constitution with a 
 placid and serene evenness of temper. His 
 conduct in war, the heroic firmness with 
 which he withstood his numerous enemies, 
 and the astonishing presence of mind which 
 he displayed in every difficult situation, not 
 less than his wisdom, the equity of the laws 
 ■which he established, and the paternal care 
 -with which he watched over the happiness 
 of his people, proved him to he a monarch of 
 superior excellence; but though he thus de- 
 served the appellation of Great, it is piiinful 
 to observe the inconsistency of his princi- 
 ples, the vi'avering tenets of his faith, and the 
 irsigiity influence of those two dangerous 
 passions b}' which he was guided, anibition 
 and avarice. Great as a monarch, Frederic 
 \ras an infidel at heart, and while he \.ishe(! 
 to bind, to obedience to his government, tiie 
 aft'ection of his subjects by the ini posing 
 rites of rehgion, and by the expectations of 
 another life, he was himself a sceptic in the 
 most offensive degree, and regarded the ties 
 •which unite men to an over-ruling provi- 
 dence only so far as the}- secured his power 
 or contributed to his aggrandizement. As 
 Fredei'ic did not cohabit Mith his Avife, whom 
 he had married only in obedience to his 
 father, without affection or esteem, he died 
 M ithout issue. His works are numerous and 
 respectable. Four volumes in octavo wei'e 
 published in his life-time, and fifteen since 
 his death. The chief of these are Memoirs 
 of the House of Brandenburg — a Poem on 
 the Art of War, a connposition of great me- 
 rit — the history of his own Time — the His- 
 tory of the seven Years' War. All these 
 have been collected together in 25 vols. 8vo. 
 1790, with an account of hrs life. M. de 
 Segur has among others published an account 
 of his reign and of his extraordinary char- 
 acter. 
 
 Fredeuic, surnamcd the Wise, elector 
 of Saxony, was bofu 1463. He enjoyed the 
 
 good opiiiiou and shared the counciU of tlie 
 emperor ^laximilian, after whose death he 
 might have been placed on the imperial 
 ihrone,an honor which he refused, while he 
 supported the election of Charles V. He 
 was one of the first and most zealous friends 
 of Luther, and contributed much to the es- 
 tablishmt-nt of the reformed church. He 
 died 15'25, and was succeeded by his brother 
 John surnamed the constant, whose son John 
 Frederic, when raised to the sovereign pow- 
 er, became a powerful protector of the re- 
 formers, and was chief of the famous league 
 of Smalkaide 1536. In the war which fol- 
 lowed this league John Fi'ederic v as taken 
 pi'isoner by Charles V. and condemned to 
 lose his head, but the sentence was i-eversed 
 on condition that he consented to the renun- 
 ciation of the electoral dignity for himself and 
 his posterity. He died 3d March 1554, aged 
 51. 
 
 Frederic V. elector of Palatine, son of 
 Frederic IV. married a daughter of James 
 I. of England. He v. as elected in 1G19, king 
 of Bohemia by the protestants, but his ele- 
 vation was opposed by his rival Ferdinand of 
 Austi-ia, and though supported by France 
 and by England, he was defeated the follow- 
 ing year and totally ruined near Prague. 
 The great Gustavus in his invasion of Ger- 
 many promised to re-establish him in his 
 rights and dominions, hut the death of that 
 lieroic chief at the battle ofLutzen 1632, not 
 onh' shattered all his fond hopes, but weigh- 
 ed so lieavily on his spirits that he died a 
 month after. ' 
 
 Frederic, Colonel, son of Theodore the 
 unfortunate king of (Corsica, was early in- 
 gaged in the military profession, and served 
 the elector of Wirtemberg, who honored 
 him with his friendship and presented him 
 with the insignia of the oi'der of merit. He 
 came to England as the agent of the elector, 
 but either unsuccessful in his political nego- 
 tiations, or overwhelmed with debts and po- 
 verty, he in a I'ash moment committed sui- 
 cide bv shooting himself through the head in 
 the portal of W estminster-abbey 1796. This 
 unhappy youth, who seemed to inherit the 
 misfortunes and the imprudence of his fa- 
 ther, was author of some pubUcations of me- 
 rit, Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire de 
 Corse, 8vo. 1768 — a description of Corsica, 
 with an account of its short Union to the 
 British Crown, Sec. 179S, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Freeke, William, an English socinian, 
 born 1664. He wrote, in questions and an- 
 swers, a dialogue on the Ueity, and a confu- 
 tation of the doctrines of Trinity, which 
 drew down the severity of the House of Com- 
 mons upon him. He was fined 500^ his book 
 was burnt, and he made a I'ecantation in the 
 four courts of Westminster-hall. 
 
 Freeman, John, a pamter, in the age of 
 Charles II. His life was attempted by poison 
 in the West Indies, and his constitution ever 
 after retained the fatal eflects. In the decline 
 of life, lie painted scenes for Covent-gard en 
 theatre. 
 
 Fregoso, Baptist, doge of Genoa 147S;, 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 from which office he was deposed for his 
 Iiaughtiri«"ss, arul haiiished to l're{i;ui. The 
 time of his dc:ith is unknown, lie wi-oU-, 
 like Valerius Muximiis, nine books of Me- 
 inoratile Actions — tlic Life of ->J:n(in V — a 
 Latin Treatise on lianicd Lailiib — vh Italian 
 Treatise against Love. 
 
 Fkeheiv, .Marquard, a (Jcrman, hoi'n at 
 Autplmrg ljr>5. He studied civil law in 
 France under Cujacius, and at the age of 2.0 
 was eotinsLllor to (Jasiinir i>rince Palatine. 
 He was afterwards protcs-sor of law at Ui-i- 
 delberg, and engi'ged in important alfairs ]>y 
 the elector Frederic IV. He died :il the 
 age of 4'J. His l^ooks on law, criticism, and 
 history, are very numerous and resi)cci..l)!e. 
 His abilities, and the amiable character of his 
 private lite, are highly commended by J)o'-i- 
 za, Melchior Adam, Scioppius, Casaubon, 
 and others. 
 
 Freigius, Jolin Thomas, a lennied Ger- 
 man, born at Fi-ibarg, son of a husbandman. 
 He studied the law under Zasii's and liamus, 
 and taught first as Friburg, and afterwards 
 at Basil, and then at the moment when he 
 thought of retiring from the ingratitude of 
 the world to the i)eace of a rural life, he was 
 app'inJed rector of the new college of Altorf 
 1575. He died 1583 of the plague, following 
 to the grave a son and two daughters, one of 
 wliich had, at the age of I'J, very promising 
 talents and a great taste for literature. Of 
 his works, the chief arc Questiones Geome- 
 tricae, and Stereo-IMetricse Logica Consulto- 
 yutn — Giceronis Orationes Pei-petuis Notis 
 Logicis, &c. 3 vols. 8vo Basil 15S3. 
 
 Freind, John, an Englisii physician of 
 eminence, born 1675, at Groton in North- 
 amptonshire, where his father M'as rector. 
 He was educated under Busby at Westmin- 
 ster, and came in 1690 to Ghrist-cjiurch, 
 where AMrich presided. His abilities as a 
 scholar were already so distinguished, that 
 he then in conjunction with a friend published 
 an elegant edition of Demostlienes, and JEa- 
 chines de (Corona, and about the same time 
 revised, for publication, the Delphin edition 
 of Ovid's Metamorphoses. He now directed 
 his attention to physic, and displayed great 
 knowledge of die subject, by addressing a let- 
 ter concerning the h)drocephu!us to sir 
 Hans Sloane in 1699, and another in 1701 de 
 Spasmi iiaricris Historia, which arc insert- 
 ed in the philosophical transactions. No. ii^G 
 and 270. In 1703 he drew the public atten- 
 tion to an useful and valuable work called 
 ** Emmenologia, in qua Fluxus Muliebris 
 Menstrui, &c." and in 1704 was elected che- 
 mical professor at Oxford. The year after 
 he accompanied lord Peterborough in his 
 Spanish expedition, and after two years' at- 
 tendance on the army, he visited Italy and 
 Rome, and conversed with Baglivi and Lan- 
 cisi men of eminence and medical celebrity. 
 On his return in 1707, he published an ac- 
 count of the earl of Peterborough in Spain 
 &c. as an able vindication of the honor and 
 character of his friend since the raising of the 
 siege of Barcelona, and during the campaign 
 of Valencia ; and the work hecame rery 
 
 popular an<l passed rapidly toa third edihOR. 
 At ihib time he was ereal'-d .M.J) arid tuo 
 yt-ar» al'ur he publisht><i his Prailectiontsr'ht- 
 n>icu;, dedicateil to sir Isaac Newton. Tlii^ 
 work w.'is censured in the Acta Krmlifnrum 
 by the (•' rmaii phiiosophen:, and tlrcwfofih 
 a defence fi-om the author inserted in the 
 philosophical trarnactioii',. In 1711 he was 
 I L-rt<jd member of tlic Ivoyal snt-icty, and 
 that year went v;ilh(the dnke of Orm«)n<! as 
 physician to Fhuxlers. In 1716 he vu% pIk»- 
 scn fellow of the colle;-re of physiciaui;, and 
 at that time he had a controversy with Dr. 
 Woodward ol' G.reslnm college, in <;r»n.sc- 
 qnrnce of his jiMblii'ation of ni[>pocrate.T <le 
 AJorbis Popalaiibus, and aitej-wards on the 
 subject of tite fever in the small-pox, iu 
 which unpleasant dispute, more acrimony 
 was shown, on both sides, than prudence or 
 decorum could approve. In 17iJ'2 he was 
 electe<l M. V. for Launcesi.on in Gornwall, 
 and the freedom and eIo(|uenceof his speech- 
 es in the house, together with his intimacy 
 with Atterbury, drew u\)r,n him the suspi- 
 cion that he was concerned in the plot of that 
 unfortunate bishop, and consequently he was 
 committed to the Tower, March, 17-12—3^ 
 from which he was bailed the June foliow- 
 ! ing. In his confinement he wrote a letter on 
 j some kind of small-pox, addressed to hrs 
 I friend Mead, and lie formed tlie plan of his 
 { great work " the History of Physic," the 
 ! first part of which appeared in 1725, and the 
 ' second 1726. He became X)hysician to the 
 1 pqince of Wales, and on his accession to the 
 I throne, to the queen, whose confidence ami 
 : esteem he fully enjoyed. He died of a fever 
 I '26th July, 1728, in his 52i! year, and was bu- 
 I ried at Ilitcham, Buck;?, but a monument 
 1 was erected to hira in ^^'estminstcr abbey. 
 I He left one son, afterwards student of Christ 
 church. His Latin works were published 
 together, London 1733, in fol. by Wigan, 
 who added a Latin translation of the History 
 of Physic, with an elegant dedication to the 
 queen. Dr. Friend's brother, liobert, was 
 head of Westminster school, and a very learn- 
 ed man. He publisljcd Cicero de Oratore, 
 and died 1754. 
 
 FiiEi NSHEMius, John, a lo.".rned Ger- 
 man, born at Ulm in Sw'abia 1608. He was 
 professor of eloquence at Upsal, librarian to 
 Christina of Sweden, and afterwards pro- 
 fessor at Heidelberg, where he died 1660. 
 He was a most able classical scholar, and to 
 the knowledge of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. 
 united an intimate acquaintance with all thf; 
 hmguages of Europe. His critiq'.ie on Flo- 
 rus, asid his notes on Plijcdrns and Tacitus., 
 are valuable, but he derives his greatest ce- 
 lebrity from his excellent supplemrnts to 
 Livy and Quintus Curtius, in which he ha'.i 
 been so successful that we almost cease to la- 
 ment the loss of the originals. 
 
 FuEiUEdeANURADA, Hyacinthe, a Por- 
 tuguese, abbot of St. Mary de Chans, horn 
 at Beja 1597. He was in great favor with 
 John IV. of Portugal, who wished to make 
 him a bishop. He was a man of great levity 
 of character^ which probably prevented his 
 
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 FR 
 
 "advancement in the stale, as liis abilities 
 might have promised. He died at Lisbon 
 165r. His " Life of don Juan de Castro," 
 is esteemed as one of the best written books 
 in Portuguese. He wrote also some poems. 
 
 Freminet, iNIarliti, a French painter, 
 M'ho died at Paris, r.js biilli place, 1019, aJ^ed 
 f-'2. He was chiefly painter to Henry IV. and 
 honored with the order of St. Michael by 
 Lewis XHL He imitated witli success the 
 beauties of Michael Angelo, and of Joseph 
 of Arpino. 
 
 FuEMONT d'Ablancourt, Nicholas, 
 nephew and pupil of Perrot d'Ablancourt, 
 retired to Holland at the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, and was appointed histori- 
 ographer to the prince of Orange. Besides 
 a defence of his uncle Tacitus against la Hous- 
 .saye, he translated Lucian's dialogue between 
 the letters and the supplement to the true 
 liistory, and after his death, which liappened 
 in IG93, his^Iemoirs of the History of Por- 
 tngal, appeared in I'inio. 
 
 Frenicle de Bessy, Bernard, a mathe- 
 TTialician, author of a treatise on Kiglit-ang- 
 led Triangles — on Combinations — on Resolv- 
 ing Problems by Exclusions, kc. He was 
 very intimate with Mersenne, Fermat, Des- 
 cartes, and other learned men, and died 
 1675. 
 
 Freres, Theodore, a painter, born at 
 Enkhuysen 1643. The best of his pieces are 
 preserved in the great hall of Amsterdam. 
 His drawings and designs Mere in high es- 
 teem. He resided for some time at Rome. 
 
 Freret, Nicolas, a learned Frenchman, 
 horn at Paris 1G8S. Though bred tothe law 
 he applied iiimselt to the study of history, 
 and at the age of 25 was admitted into the 
 academy of inscriptions, in consequence of 
 his Discourse on the Origin of the French. 
 This valuable treatise was considered as of- 
 fensive to the court, and the author was sent 
 to the Bastille, where tlie reading of Bayle's 
 dictionary rendered him sceptical. He wrote 
 letters " of Thrasybulus to Leucippe," in 
 favor of atheism — Examination of the Apo- 
 logists for Christianity, kc. He died 1743, 
 aged Gl, 
 
 Frerox, Elie Cathci'ine, a French jour- 
 nalist, and an able Oi>ponent of the new phi- 
 losophy, was born at Quimper 1719. He 
 was educated by the jesuiis, but in 1739 he 
 left them, and began the life and profession 
 of author. His " Letters on Certain Wri- 
 tings of the Times," appeared in 1749, and 
 were continued to 13 vols. In 1754 he began 
 his " Annee Literaire," in 7 vols, to which 
 he added yearly 8 vols, till his death in 1776. 
 He was an able and acute critic, but his re- 
 marks on Voltaire drew upon him all the vi- 
 olence and fury of the satirist, and he be- 
 came the hero of his Dunciad. To a well 
 informed mind, Feron added an excellent 
 private character. He died lOth March, 
 1776, and besides his periodical publications, 
 wrote miscellanies, 3 vols. — les Vriys Plai- 
 s.irs, from Marino, and part of a translation 
 ©f Lucretius, &c. 
 
 Fresnaye, John Vauqiieliji de la, an 
 
 j early French poet, king's advocate for Caen 
 I and afterwards president of chat city. He 
 i died 1C06, aged 72. He wrote " Satires," 
 which though inferior to those of Boileau 
 and Hegnier, yet possess merit — '* the Art 
 of Poeli-y," — two books of Idyllia — a poem 
 on the Monarchy, all published' at Caen 1G05. 
 Fresne, Charles du Cange du, a learned 
 Frenchman, born at Amiens 1610. He stu- 
 died the law at Orleans, and was advocate of 
 the parliament of Paris, lie spent some 
 time in his native town in the pursuits of lite- 
 rature and philosophy, and then settling at 
 Paris, he was in 1GG8 engaged by Colbert to 
 make a collection from all authors who had. 
 written on the history of France. His la- 
 bors, however, did not please the minister, 
 and he resigned all his engagements in the 
 undertaking, and then finished his " Glossa- 
 rium Medife & Infinue Latinitatis" 3 vols, 
 fol. an excellent and useful work, often re- 
 printed. He afterwards wrote a Greek 
 Glos.sary of the middle age, in 2 vols. foUci 
 He wrote also the History of Constantinople 
 under the French emperors, and published 
 besides, editions of Nicephorus, Cinnamus, 
 Anna Comena, Zonaras, &c. witli learned 
 notes. He died 1G8S, aged 78, leaving four 
 children, who were honorably pensioned by 
 Lewis XIV. in consequence of their father's 
 merit. Du Cange's Latin Glossary was af- 
 terwards enlarged and improved, and after- 
 wards abridged in 6 vols. 8vo. Halle, 1772. 
 
 Fresxoy, Ciiarles Alphonso du, a poc-t 
 and painter, born at Paris 1611. His father 
 who was a surgeon, educated him for a phy- 
 sician, but the love of poetry was superior 
 to paternal authority. Under Perrier and 
 Vouet he learned design, and in 1634 travel- 
 led to Rome, where his wants, in conse- 
 quence of the neglect of his offended parents 
 were very great till relieved by the liberality 
 of his friend Mignard. Devoting himself to 
 classical stiuiies, he did not, howevei", pay 
 less attention to anatomy, the rules of pei'- 
 spective and architecture, and the elements 
 of geometrv, and with a mind well stored 
 with poetical images, he produced his ele-. 
 gant and labored poem " De Arte Graphi- 
 ca." His ]>ictures were not numei"ous, 
 scarce fifty in number, and always parted 
 with for little, and to supply the wants of the 
 moment. On his return fr(mi Italy, in 1656, 
 he Avas solicited to publish his poem ; but 
 though encouraged by de Piles, his friend, 
 who undertook a French translation of it, 
 he deferred it, and died before tho comple' 
 tion, 1665, aged 53. The poem appeared 
 after his death, with notes by de Piles, and 
 its excellent precepts have been made known 
 to the Englisli by the translations of Drydcn, 
 of Graham, and lastly of Mason, in blank 
 verse with notes. In the coloring of his 
 pieces Fresnoy imitated Titian, and the 
 Caraccis in their designs. 
 
 Fres.vy, Charles Riviere du, a French 
 
 poet, born at Paris 1648. To a strong taste 
 
 j for music, painting, and sculpture, he joined 
 
 a great knowledge of gardening. He was 
 
 overseer of the king's gardens ; but he sold 
 
FR 
 
 FR 
 
 the appointment to 3upj)Iy liis cxlravarjjance, 
 and rrlircd to Paris to livf l»y liis pen. As 
 a dranjutic writer lu- acqniri-d s<jnie cclehii- 
 ty. His follies ucTe such that, as Le Saj^e 
 Jias mentioned in the l)i:»hle Hoiteux, l.e 
 actually marru'd his laundress, ihns to dis- 
 charge liis Litis. Besides his comedies he- 
 wrote cantatas and songs, which he hiinsi-lf 
 set to music. He <li»^<l 17-24, .-iijed 70. His 
 works were collected in six vols. l'2mo. and 
 d'Alenj))erl has cirawn a parallel between 
 him and IJestouches as a ct)mic w riler. 
 
 FnETiiAU DE S r. Just, I'^mmanuA-l 
 Marie Michael Philip, a French nobleman, 
 who, throuijh iIisa]>f)oiiitment, embraced the 
 popular party against t!ie court at the revo- 
 lution. After ac([uirin;^ tiome popularity in 
 »he assembly and tlie coiivention by his 
 speeches, he was marked for tlestruclion by 
 liobespierre, and was guillotined 15th JuJie 
 1793, aged 4y. 
 
 Frevven, Accepted, an English prelate, 
 iiorn in Kent, and educated at Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, of which he became fellow 
 a!i(l president, tie was chaplain to Chaiies 
 I. lC.il, was made dean of Glocester, and in 
 1C43, bishop of Lichfield and Coveiitry. He 
 was translated to Vork at the restoration, 
 and died at Thorpe castle 1604, aged 75. 
 
 1 Frev, John Cecil, a German physician, 
 who pretended to be the first in Europe 
 who defended theses in pliilosophy in the 
 Greek language. He died of the plague 
 
 2 631, and his Opuscula appeared after his 
 death by Baledrens. 
 
 Freytag, Frederic Gottlehb, a burgo- 
 master of Nuremberg, who died 1776, aged 
 53. He was author of Rhinoceros Veterum 
 Scriptoruni Monuraentis Descriptus, 1747, 
 Analecta Literaria de Libris Rainoribus, 
 1751, — Oratorura hi. Rhet. Grcec. quibus 
 Statute Honor. Causa positce sunt, 175'2, — 
 an Account of scarce Books, &c. 1776, 
 &c. 
 
 Frezier, Amadee Francis, a natire 
 of Chambery, descended from a Scotch fa- 
 mily. He took a survey of Chili and Penu, 
 of which he published an account, 1716, and 
 deserved the cross of St. Lewis for his ju- 
 dicious labors in the fortifying of St. Maloes. 
 He wrote a treatise on Les feux d'Artifice, 
 — Elemens de Stereotomie, &c. and died at 
 Brest 177'2, aged 90. 
 
 Friart, Rowland, an architect of the 
 17th century, who translated Palladio, and 
 drew a parallel between ancient and modern 
 architecture. 
 
 Friche, or FuisciiE, James de, aBene- 
 dictine, born in Normand}'. He editeil Am- 
 brose's woi'ks, ten vols. fol. Paris, and wrote 
 the Life of St. Augustine, and died at Paris, 
 1693, aged 52. 
 
 Frisch, John Leonard, a native of Saltz- 
 bacli, founder of the silk manufactures at 
 Brandenburg, and the first encourager of the 
 cultivation of the mulberry tree in Prussia. 
 He belonged to the academy of sciences at 
 Berlin, and died there 1743, aged 77. He 
 wrote a German and Latin Dictionar}-, — a 
 Description of German Insect? — Diction- 
 VOL. T'. I I 
 
 naire Nouveau des Passages Fi-ancois AllTc- 
 mands, Ntc. 8vo. 
 
 i'uiscuMV, Nicodcmns, a learned Ger- 
 man born at Ualiiig, in Swabia, 1547. He 
 was educated under his father, who was a 
 ministi-r, and at Tultingen, and 'o great 
 were his jiowcrs that at the age of thirteen 
 he coidd write with elegance Cireek and 
 Latin poetry. He becanie at twenty, pro- 
 fessor at 'lubingen, and in 1580, published 
 an oration in pr.tise f)t a Country lile, vith a 
 par;*i)lir.is(t on Xitgil's Eclogues and (ieor- 
 gics. In this celebrated work he inveighed 
 severely agijinst courtiers, and the satire was 
 felt anel resentctl. Even his life was in dan- 
 gei", so that he fled to linubach, in (Jarniola, 
 where he openerl a scliool ; but the insaiu- 
 brily of the air, and the ill health of his wife 
 and children obliged him to return home. 
 He afterwards passed to Frankfort, and 
 the nee into Saxony, and to Brunswick, »md 
 at last, overpowered by his necessities, he 
 M rote to the ])rincc of A\ irlemberg for re- 
 lief; but his application was <lisregarded, 
 and he afterwards imprisoned in W'irtem- 
 berg castle. From this illiberal tieatnient 
 he determined to escape, but unfoi-tunately 
 in the attem])t, the ropes which he used 
 were so weak that he fell down a deep pre- 
 cipice, and was dashed to pieces on the rocks, 
 in 1590. He left behind him the character 
 of an unfortunate, persecuted man, whose 
 abilities, however, were strongly exhibited 
 in his tragedies, comedies, elegies, and ele- 
 gant translations from Greek and Latin au- 
 thors, and also by a well digested Latin 
 Grammar. 
 
 Frischmuth, John, a native of Fran- 
 eonia, who died rector of Jena unirersity, 
 1687, aged 68. He was author of Illustra- 
 tions and Dissertations on diflicult Passages 
 of Scripture. 
 
 Frisius, John, a native of Zurich. He 
 became principal of the college there, and 
 introduced the study of the Hebrew, antl 
 other oriental languages. Besides a Latin 
 and German Dictionary he translated some 
 of the scrijjtures into German from the He- 
 brew, and died 1565, aged 60. His son Jolin 
 James, was professor of theology and philo- 
 sophy, and died ICIO. — Another son suc- 
 ceeded him as professor. Henry, of the 
 same family, was professor of languages at 
 Zurich, where he died 1718, author of a 
 treatise De Sede Animie Rationis, — De 
 Commuuione Sanctorum,, &c. 
 
 Fuirii, John. Vid. Fryth. 
 
 FiiizoN, Peter, author of a History of 
 French Cardinals, — a History of the Grand 
 Almoners ol' France, — the Life of Spond^us, 
 kc. and editor of tb.c Frencii Bible, trans- 
 lated by the Louvain divines, with notes, 
 dieil at Paris, master of the Jesuits' college 
 of Navarre, 16 i I. 
 
 Frobenius, John, an eminent German 
 printer, born at Hammelburg, Franconia. 
 He was educated at Basil, and after great 
 progress in literature began the business of 
 printer there. The respectability of his 
 character, and his constant cai-e of never 
 
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 printing any thing offensive to moi'a's arid 
 religion, produced him both celebrity and 
 opulence. He was tiie intimate friend of 
 Erasmus, and he printed his works. From 
 his press issued a great many valuable edi- 
 tions of difierent authors, of Jerome, Augus- 
 tine, &c. lie had formed the design of pub- 
 lishing all tiie Greek fathers, but death pre- 
 vented the ccimpletion. His deatli, which 
 happened at Basil 1527, was supposed to 
 have been occasioned by a fall five years be- 
 fore, which at last ended In a dead palsy. 
 He was universally lamented; but by none 
 more than Erasmus, who loved Idni sincere- 
 ly, and wiio, in proof of his ail'ection, wi-ote 
 his epitapli in Greek and Latin. He left his 
 busitiess to his son Jerome Frobenius, and 
 his son-in-law Nicolas Episcopius. 
 
 Frobisher, sir Martin, a celebrated na- 
 vigator, born near Doncaster in Yorkshire. He 
 Avas early brouglit up to a sea life, and was 
 the first Englishman who attempted to dis- 
 cover a north-west passage to China. After 
 fruitless endeavors to complete his favorite 
 scheme for 15 years, he at last obtained the 
 protection of Dudley earl oi Warv ick, and 
 ■with three barks he sailed from Deptford, 
 8th June 1576, in the sight of queen Eliza- 
 helh, who waving her hand bade him fare- 
 well. After visiting the coasts of Greenland, 
 and penetrating to a strait to which he gave 
 his own name, he returned, and arrived at 
 Harwich the 2d October. As he brought 
 with him some of the produce of the lands 
 which he visited, a black and heavy stone, 
 which was on board, was discovered to con- 
 tain gold, and in consequence a new expe- 
 dition v^as quickly planned. With a ship of 
 the royal navy and two barks, he sailed from 
 Harwich 31st Mav 1577; and after passing 
 by some very dreadful islands of ice on the 
 coast of Friezland, he discovered and gave 
 names to various bays and isles ; and at last, 
 after loading his sliips with some of the gol- 
 den ore of which he was in j)ursuit, he came 
 back and reached England at tiie end of 
 September. The queen received him uith 
 great condescension. The ore he had 
 Brought was examined before commission- 
 ers, and was proved to be valuable; and 
 another expedition was prepwrcd to make 
 still further discoveries. The third expe- 
 dition, consisting of fifteen ships, sailed from 
 Harwich ou the 31st of May, and returried 
 hack wilh the usual success, at the begin- 
 ning of October. Afterwards Frobisher 
 served in sir Francis Drake's expedition to 
 the West-Indies; and three years after, in 
 1588, he commanded tlie Triumph in the 
 defeat of tlie Spanish arma«la. He was 
 knighted in his own shij) for his great ser- 
 vices ; and afi.erwards was employed to com- 
 mand a fleet on the Spanish coast. In 1594, 
 he supported Heni-y IV. against llie leaguers 
 and Spaniards; but in an attack against 
 Ci'oyzon near Brest, he was unfortunately 
 wounded by a ball in the hip, 7th Novem- 
 ber and clied soon after, h is said, through 
 the ignorance of his surgeon, who, by ne- 
 glecting to e.\tract the wadding, did not pre- 
 
 vent the festering of the affected part. This 
 brave man was buried at Plymouth. 
 
 Froelich, Erasmus, a native of Gratz 
 in Styria. He was a Jesuit, and eminent for 
 his knowledge of mathematics and medallic 
 history. He wrote Quatuor Teutermina in 
 Re Numniaria, 4to. — Annales Regum Sty- 
 rise, fol. — de Figura Telluris, 4to. and died 
 1758, aged 58. 
 
 Froidmont, Libert, a native of Liege, 
 dean of St. Peter's, and philosophical pro- 
 fessor at Louvain. He wrote Dissertatio do 
 Comcta, — Meteorologieorum Libri Quinque 
 — Brevis Anatomia Hominis — in Actus 
 Apostol. Commcntar. He died 1653, aged 
 66. 
 
 Froila I. king of Spain after Alphonsus 
 757, is known for the famous victoi-y which 
 he obtained o^ er the Saracens in Galicia 760. 
 He established very excellent laws, but his 
 murder of his brother Vimazan was cow- 
 ardly and cruel ; and in consequence of this 
 he lost his life by the hand of his otiier bro- 
 ther Aurelius 768. 
 
 Froila H. succeeded his brother Ordo- 
 guo on the Spanish throne 923, and died of 
 a leprosy two years after. He was so cruel in 
 his government that the Castilians revolted 
 against him. 
 
 Froissard or Fuoissart, John, an 
 eminent historian, born at Talenciennes 
 1337. Though bred to the church, he was 
 fond of gayety,aud travelled through England^ 
 Scotland, Italy, and otlier places. He was 
 for some time in great favor with Philippa, 
 the queen of Edward III. and died canon 
 and treasurer of Chiinai about 1410. His 
 " Chronicle" is a valuable work, containing 
 an account of the events which took place in 
 England, France, and Spain, from 1326 to 
 1400. The best edition is that of Lyons, 4 
 vols. fol. 1599. It has been abridged by 
 Sleidan, and continued to 1466 by Monstre- 
 Ict. It has been lately edited and elucidated 
 by the labors of Mr. Johnes. 
 
 Fuomage, Peter, a superior of tlie Je- 
 fjuits sent to Egypt and Syria. He publish- 
 ed, in Arabic, various religious pieces, at St. 
 John's monastery near Antura, Avhere he 
 liad established a press. He died in Syria, 
 after some years' residence there 1740. 
 
 Fronteav, John, a native of Angers, 
 chancellor of Paris university, and after- 
 wards prior of Benay in Angers, and Su 
 Mngdalen of Montargis, where he died 1662, 
 aged 48. He wrote the Philosophy of Al- 
 amandus, — Antitheses Augustini & Calvini^ 
 de Diebus Festivus, fol. 
 
 Frontinvs, Sextus Julius, a Roman 
 writer under I'rajan. He wrote de Re Ag- 
 raiVa, — Libri Tres S(ratagematum> he. 
 
 Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, a Roman 
 orator, preceptor to Vereus and M. Aure- 
 lius. 
 
 Frowde, Philip, an English poet, educa- 
 ted at Oxford, wliere hi« intimacy with Ad- 
 dison introduced him to the notice of tlte 
 I great. He wars author of some very elegant 
 I Latin poems in the Musaj Anglican£e, and 
 i wrote besides, two tragedies, ♦* the Fall of 
 
Ih 
 
 FU 
 
 Sagunlum" and " Philotas." He iliod in 
 Cccil-stifct, Suand, 17.i)8, leaving: a iiiosl 
 amiable chaj'aclcr bthitid liim. No man, 
 •avs his biograpiicr, could live nioi-c- beloved, 
 no priAute man could die more lamcntotl. 
 
 I'uiiGOxi, Ciiarles limocent, an Italian 
 poet, horn at (Jrnoa lO'Ji^. He entcrrd into 
 the society of the SommasiiiiCJ, hut iiitci*- 
 wai'ds wiili the pope's leave laid aside the 
 cleric;d character, and became perpetnal sr- 
 crel;try to the academy ol'tine arts at l*adu;». 
 He die»l 17C8 ac;ed 76. His works consibt- 
 inpj ot niinor poems were published at l^ar- 
 ina 177'J in *) vols Svo. 
 
 Fkumentius, a Komish saint, the apos- 
 tle of the ^F.thioi)ians, ainons^ m hf)m he was 
 consecrated bishop 331, hv Athanasius. He 
 died 360. 
 
 Frve, Thomas, a native of I)ul)rm, who 
 settled in London, where he ueujiMreil some 
 eminence as a painter. He afterwards en- 
 piaged in a china manufactory at liow, but ill 
 success obliged him to return to his iiallel. 
 He attempted also mezzotinto engraving.. 
 His picture of the prince of AN'ales painted 
 for Sadlers-huM in 1738, v.as admired as a 
 ■well executed piece. He died in Lomlon 
 176'2, aged 52. 
 
 Fryth, John, an English martyr, born at 
 Seven Oaks in Kent, lie was educated at 
 King's college, Cambridge, and afterwards 
 went to O.xford, where he became one of the 
 canons in Wolsey's college. 'J'he acquaint- 
 ance and conversation of Tyndale converted 
 iiim to tlie tenets of Luther, for Mhieh he 
 ^vas imprisoned. Upon Jiis liberation in 
 1528 he left England, and two years after 
 returned, and began with inereascd zeal to 
 preach his opinions. His influence vas so 
 great that he was sent to the Tower by sir 
 Thomas ]More, and refusing to recant Jie 
 was condemned by the catholic commissioTi, 
 and was burnt in Sraithfield 1533. He wrote 
 several treatises agaiiist poperv, which were 
 I'ejtrinted in London in fol. 1573. 
 
 FucHsius, or FecHs, Leonard, a physi- 
 cian and botanist, born 1501, at Wembdingen 
 in Havaria. He practised at Municli and 
 Ingoldstadt, and was raised to equestrian 
 honors by Charles V. He died 1566, aged 
 65. The best known of his works is, *' His- 
 toria Stirpiupj," 1543, folio, liale. 
 
 FuESSLi, John Gaspard, a native of Zu- 
 rich, eminent as an artist and as a respecta- 
 ble man. H(> -wrote tlie History of the Art- 
 ists of Switzerland, a work of raerit, and 
 died 1782, aged 76. His son of the same 
 name was a bookseller at Zurich, and pub- 
 lished some interesting Avoiks on entomolo- 
 gy. He died 1786. 
 
 FuGGER, Huldric, a learned man, born 
 at Augsburg in 1526, of an ancient and opu- 
 lent family. He spent much of his pioper- 
 ty in tli«- purchasing of books and manu- 
 scripts, which he printed at llie press of 
 Henry Stephens, but his relations were so 
 displeased with his extravagance, as they 
 called it, in the protection and encourage- 
 ment of literature, that they had him de- 
 clared by a court of justice incapable of ma- 
 
 naging his aflairs. He retired to Hiidolbrrg, 
 where he died 158 i, beipieathing his libra- 
 ry to the elector Falaline, with a fund for 
 the decent maintenance of six sehoLtrh. 
 
 I'tLnLHi, an Italian, educated under 
 pope Syl\t-.ster II He aequii-«d great ce- 
 lebiify in Fraix-e as a public pieacher, and 
 obtained the bi^htipric of Ijhaitres. He 
 wrote «ilh .«itrong zeal against IJerengariua 
 on the euclw list, and was the first who in* 
 trod need into France the worship pai«l to 
 the Virgin \lary. He dic<l 102H. His works 
 and letters ai"e extant. 
 
 FuLDA, (Miarles Fi'ederic, a native of 
 Wimpfen in Swabia, eminent as a Lutheran 
 divine, and also as a mecdianic. He died at 
 Eiu'.'.igen 1788, aged 66. He was author of 
 a Dictionary of the German Roots — an In- 
 quiry into Language — on the Origin of the 
 Goths — on the Cimbri — on the Heilies of 
 Germany — a Chart (jf History, 8cc. 
 
 Fui.GENTius, St. an ecclesiastical wri- 
 ter, born of a noble family at Talepta about 
 468. After a lib,ei"al education he took the 
 monastic vows, ami founded a monasteiy. 
 He was eleclecl bishop of \'inta in 507, and 
 afterwards of liuspa, but he shared the per- 
 secution of the African prelates, and was 
 banished by Thrasimond, king of the \'an- 
 dals, into Sardinia. Afier the death of 
 Thrasimcmd he returned to Africa, and died 
 tliere 533, the first day of the year, aged 55. 
 Of the works of this learned father, the best 
 edition is that of Paris, 4lo. 16S4. 
 
 Fl'LGIN AS, Sigismund, a writer of the 
 15th century, in the service of pope Julius 
 H. He wrote an history of his own times. 
 
 FuLKE, \\'iHiani, an English divine, born 
 in Lomlon, and educated at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of which he became fellow 
 1564. He spent six years at ClifFord's Inn, 
 but his fondness for literature was greater 
 than his partiality for the law, though against 
 the wishes of his father. In consequence of 
 his acquaintance with Cartwright, he was 
 suspected of [>uiitanism, and was expelled 
 from his college, but the patronnge of the 
 earl of Leicester restored him to public fa- 
 vor, and presented )»im 1571 to the li\ing 
 of AVarley, Essex, and two years after to 
 Didington, Suffolk. Heafteruards took his 
 degree of 1). J), at Cambridge, and accompa- 
 nied as chaplain his patron when ambassa- 
 dor to Fi-ance, and on his return he was 
 made master of l^embroke hall, and Marga- 
 ivt professor. He died 15S9. Ho wrote 
 several works in Latin and English, chiefly 
 against the ])apists, and dedicated to (pieen 
 Elizabeth, and to her favorite Leicester. 
 His Comment upon the Rheims Testament 
 is the most known of Ids works. It appeaix-d 
 in 1580, and again in 16(>1, 1617, and 1633, 
 in fol. 
 
 Fuller, Xicolas, was born at Southamp- 
 ton 1557, and educated at the tree school 
 there. He became secretary to Horue bish- 
 op of Winchester, and to Watson his succes- 
 sor, and afterwai'ds he went as tutor to a 
 Mr. Knight's sons at St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford, and took Jjjs degrees ia arts at Hixt 
 
FU 
 
 lU 
 
 hall. He became prebendary of Salisbury, 
 and rector of Bishop's Waltham, Hants, and 
 died 162iJ. He was an able scholar, well 
 skilled in Hebrew, and superior to all the 
 critics of his time. His " iVIisceilanea The- 
 ologica," in four hooks, a valuable book, was 
 published in Oxford 1616, and l^ondon IG17, 
 and it is inserted with some other works in 
 fooLe's Synopsis Criticorum. Some of his 
 MSS. are preserved in the Bodleian library. 
 Fuller, Thomas, an English historian 
 and divine,born in I608,at Akle inNorihamp- 
 tonshire, where his father was minister. His 
 proficiency was so great that at the age of 
 12 he was sent to Queen's college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degrees in arts, 
 and afterwards removed to Sidney college, 
 of which he was chosen fellow 1631. That 
 year he obtained a prebend at Salisbury, and 
 was afterwards presented to tlie living of 
 Broad Windsor, Dorsetshire, Avhere he mar- 
 ried. Upon tile loss of his wife about 1641, he 
 removed to London, and became minister of 
 the Savoy. In 1642 he preached at West- 
 minster abbey, and gave such oftence in his 
 sermon by his zealous support of the royal 
 cause, that his life was considered in danger. 
 He joined the king at Oxford in 1643, but his 
 sermon there, before his royal master, ap- 
 peared as lukew arm, as that at Westminster 
 had been interpreted as violent, a strong 
 proof no doubt of the moderation to which he 
 warmly exhorted all parties. In 1644, he 
 was chaplain to lord Hopton, and was left 
 with part of his army at Basing house when 
 it was besieged by sir William Waller, and 
 in this situation he behaved with such cour- 
 age that the parliamentary general raised the 
 siege with loss. Fuller afterwards retired 
 to Exeter, where he was chaplain to the 
 princess Henrietta, and where he continued 
 during the siege of the city, and at the close 
 of the war he returned to London, and be- 
 came a popular preacher at St. Clement's 
 lane, and afterwards at St. Bride's Fleet- 
 street. In 1648 he was presented to the 
 living of Waltham, in Essex, by lord Carlisle, 
 and in 1654 he married a sister of viscount 
 Baltinglasse. At the restoration, he found 
 himself a favorite at court, and took his de- 
 gree of D. U. and would Imve risen to a bish- 
 opric, had not a fever unfortunately carried 
 him ofi", 1 6th Aug. 1661. His funeral was 
 attended by 200 of his brethren, and a ser- 
 mon was preached over him by dean Hardy. 
 The most celebrated of his works are " the 
 Church History of Britain, from the birth of 
 Christ, till 164S," with the History of Cam- 
 bridge University, and the History of Walt- 
 ham-abbey annexed, 1656 — History of the 
 Worthies of England, a valuable book, pub- 
 lished in 1662, fol. — Good Thoughts, in Bad 
 Times, and in W^orse Times — the History 
 of the Holy War, 1640, fol— the Holy State, 
 fol. 1642— "Pisgah Sight of Palestine, and the 
 Confines thereof, with tlie History of the 
 Old and New Testament, 1650— Abel Itedi- 
 vivus, or English divines, 1651, 4to. — the 
 Speech of Birds, moral and mystical, 8vo. 
 16G0— Andronicusj or the Unfortunate Poh- 
 
 tician, 1649, 8vo. besides sermons, &c. His 
 Church History was attacked with severity 
 by Dr. Heylin, and ably defended, but with 
 such moderation that the two antagonists 
 were reconciled in lasting friendship. Dr. 
 Fuller left a son by each of his two wives. 
 He was, in private as well as public life, a 
 very respected and amiable character. His 
 memory is said to have been uncommonly 
 retentive, so that he could repeat a sermon 
 verbatim, after once heHi'ing it, and once 
 after walking from Temple-bar to the end of 
 Cheapside, lie mentioned all the signs, on 
 bT»th sides of the way, either backwards or 
 forwards. He was, in his conversation, very 
 humorous. It is said that he once travelled 
 with a friend of the name of Sparrowhawk, 
 and he could not but ask him jocosely what 
 was the difterence between an Owl and a 
 Sparrowhawk. The difference is very great» 
 replied his companion, eyeing his corpulent 
 person with a smile, for it is Fuller in the 
 head, fuller in the body, and fuller all over. 
 
 Fuller, Isaac, an English painter of some 
 celebrity. The resurrection in All Soul's 
 college-chapel, and that of Magdalen col- 
 lege, and an historical piece only in two co- 
 lors, in W^adham college, Oxford, are ex- 
 cellent proofs of liis great abilities. He stu- 
 died under Perrier, in P'rance, and was very 
 accurate in the anatomy of his figures but he 
 often offended indecency and historical truth. 
 He died at the end of the second Charles' 
 reign in London. 
 
 FuLLO, Peter, a heretical bishop of An- 
 tioch, during the exile of Martyrius in the 
 fifth centui'y. He maintained witlt the Eu- 
 tychian tenets, that all the three persons oC 
 the trinity suffered on the cross. 
 
 FuLViA, wife of Mark Antony, knowu 
 for her hatred against Cicero. When the 
 orator's head was brought to her she pier- 
 ced the tongue repeatedly with a silver bodr 
 kin. 
 
 FuNCCius or FuNCK, John Nicholas, a 
 celebrated critic, born at Marpurg in 1693. 
 He was educated at the university- ofRint- 
 len, and wrote some very able and learned 
 treatises, de Origine Latinte Linguse, and 
 de Pueritia Latinte Linguce, &c. He died 
 1778. 
 
 FuRETiERE, Antliony, a lawyer born at 
 Paris 1620, and eminent as an ad\X)cate in 
 the parliament. He afterwards took oi'ders, 
 and became abbot of Chalivoy and prior of 
 (ihuines. He was expelled in 1685 from the 
 French academy, on the accusation that he 
 had composed *' a Dictionary of the French 
 Tongue" which, being borrowed from the 
 same materials, was intended to supersede 
 theirs. This valuable work was published 
 twoyears after his death, in 1690, 2 vols, folio. 
 
 FuRiNi, Francesco, a i)ainler of Flo- 
 rence, who died 1646, aged 42. His bathing 
 nymphs were particularly admired, but he 
 displayed in his figures more elegance than 
 regard to decency. 
 
 FuRius BiBACULus, a Latin poet of 
 Cremona, author of some annals and satires, 
 100 B, C. 
 
FY 
 
 FY 
 
 FuRNEAUX, Philip, n non-ronforiTiist i 
 boni at Toliu.'ss, Devtmsljirt-. lit- was us- 
 sistuiit to a (lissiiitinj; coiiu:iH i.';:i(ion in Soinlt- 
 -wnrk, und sifU'rwanls Itctunr at Sailers' 
 hall, an<l in 1753 he siKM-ctilt<l Liownian at 
 Clapham. He was coiiiitlinK/iili'd with the 
 dcijree of I). 1). troni a Scoteli Hiiiverbitx , 
 »ii(l ilied 178.), aged f>[). He wrote an Kssay 
 Ofi Toleration, and letters to judp;e IJIack- 
 htone on kis Kxpositioi» of the Toleration 
 Act. 
 
 Fin;ST, Walter, or Furptius, a Swiss, 
 revered as 'nc ol" the rounders oflhe liljertv 
 ot'his country. He seized in l.i07 uiih some 
 of iiis brave eounlrymen, the forts hy which 
 his country was enslaved under All)ert of 
 Austria, and by their demolition the inde- 
 pendence of the Swiss -was re-established. 
 
 Furs TEMBERG, Ferdinand tic, a native 
 of Westphalia, promoted in tlie church hy 
 pope Alexander Vll. and in 1678 made bish- 
 op of Munster, and apostolical vicar of 
 Northern Europe. He published Monu- 
 iiienta l^adeiljorncnsia lt)7'2, 4to. — a Col- 
 lection of Latin poems, &c. and was a libei'al 
 patron of literature, and encoui-aged stren- 
 uously the pro])agation of Christianity infoi"- 
 eign parts. He died 168.3, aged 57. 
 
 FvsT, Anthony, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 minister of St. Bartholomew church at Paris. 
 He was imprisoned hy the Jesuits, whose 
 opinions and conduct lie opposed, and accus- 
 ed of incontinency and heresy, but he was 
 aftervai'ds set free, and retired to Geneva 
 ■where he publicly embraced the protestant 
 
 tenets. He wrote against the errors and c(v 
 ruptions of the Koini.'jh church, bciides 'tui 
 accouiitof his own case, ix.c. He died 1630. 
 
 Fust or FAUsr, John, a goldsmith of 
 Mentz, to whom with tJntteniherg anti 
 Si>h;eHV;r, is attriliutcil the invention of print- 
 ing. It is more pr'tbable that he Only assin- 
 ted (iuttemlycrgh with money, to enable hini 
 to make mo>able mtlul ty[>es at Stra-sbuig 
 in 1444. Kosttr, however, at llariaem iu- 
 vetiteil, in 14.30, the cullingof wooden blocks, 
 and Sclijetier, in 145'J, found out the method 
 of casting metal types. 'I'hc first printed 
 iiook with metallic types isDuj-andi liutionalc 
 Uivinoruin Oilicioruiu 1459, and afterwavdi 
 C'atholicon .loatmis .lanuensis, though it is 
 said that there is a psalter, with the date ot* 
 1457 ])rinted at Meutz, Fust died at Paris 
 1466 of tlie ])Iague. The leport of his beinj 
 arrested as a magician at Paris, for h-iviuj 
 in his possession various copies of tlie bible 
 in unusual exactness, is false. 
 
 FuXELiER, Lewis, a dramatic writer of 
 Paris, who also conducted the Mercury, a 
 ])eriodical work, from 1744 to 1752, v. hen he 
 died aged 80. His ^tragedies, operas, &ct. 
 ■were written with ease and spirit. 
 
 Fyot de la March e, Claude, count of 
 Bosjam,a native of Dijon, highly honored by 
 Lewis XIV. and made counsellor of state, 
 and prior of Notre Dame. He wiote au 
 History of the Abbey of St. Stephen, fol. 
 and some religious tracts, and died at Dijoii 
 1721, aged 91. 
 
 GA 
 
 GA 
 
 GA AL, Barent, a 13utch landscape painter, 
 the disciple of P. Wouvermans. He 
 was born about 1650, and by imitating his 
 master acquired some celebrity. 
 
 Gabbi AN I, Antonio Domenico, a piiinter 
 of Florence, patronised by the duke Cosmo 
 IlL and sent by him to liome to improve 
 liimself. He was killed by a fall fron\ a scaf- 
 fold 1726, aged 74. 
 
 Gabinius, Aulus, a Roman consul, em- 
 ployed against Alexander king of J udieu. He 
 placed Ptolemy Auletes on the Egyptian 
 throne, and died B. C. 40. 
 
 Gabriel, Severus, a Greek bishop, born 
 at Monenibasia in Peloponnesus, He was 
 made bisiiop of Philadelphia, but, in 1577, 
 came to Venice, and presided over the 
 Greeks in that republic. His various tracts 
 on theological subjects, Greek and Latin, 
 ■were published Paris 1671, 4to. 
 
 Gabriel, Sionite, aMaronite, once pro- 
 fessor of oriental languages at Itome, died 
 at Paris 1648, then professor of Syriac and 
 Arabic. He assisted le Jay in the polyglot 
 bible, and published a translation of the Ara- 
 bic Geography, called Geographia Nubien- 
 sis, in 1619, 4to. 
 
 Gabriel, James, a French architect, 
 ^he pupil of .Mansard. He was born at Paris, 
 and died 1742, aged 77. His merit, as the 
 :^ble builder of several noble edifices in 
 
 France, placed him in the office of inspec- 
 tor general of buildings, gardens, arts, autt 
 manufactures, and of first architect an<l en- 
 gineer of bridges and public ways in the 
 kingdon. He was also knight of the order 
 of St. ]MichaeI. 
 
 Gabrielle, de Bourbon, daughter of 
 count de Montpensier, married, 1485, Lewis 
 de la I'remouille, who was killetl at the bat- 
 tle of Puviu 152,i. Her son Charles count of 
 Talmoiid, was also killed at the battle of Ma- 
 rignau 1515, and she died 1516: Her vir- 
 tues were very great, and some published 
 treatises remain as proofs of her great piety 
 and devotion. 
 
 Gabrixo, Augustine, a fanatic of Bres- 
 cia, who called himself prince of the number 
 seven, and monarch of the holy Trinity. His 
 followers amounting to 80 called themselves 
 Knights of the Apocalypse. He rushed into 
 a ciiurch on palm sunday 1694, while the 
 priests were singing, Who is the king of 
 glory ? and with a drawn sword he proclaim- 
 ed himself the king of glory. He was con- 
 fined in a mad hoube, and his sect dispersed. 
 
 Gabrino. Vii!. liiExzi. 
 
 Gaburet, Nicola?, an eminent French 
 surgeon, under Lewis XIII. He died 1662, 
 at an advanced age. 
 
 Gacox, Francis, a French poet, born 
 at Lyons. He bgcaiue father of the orato- 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 py, and died at bis priory of Baillon 1727, 
 aged ;18. lie is known tor his severe satires 
 against Bossuet, Rousseau, la Molte and 
 <>thers. Though he had personally attacked 
 almost all the members of the academy, yet 
 the poetical j.'rize was adjudged to him in 
 1717. The best of his works is a transla- 
 tion of Anacreon. His oilier pieces are 
 chiefly satirical. 
 
 Gaddesden, John of, an Englishman, 
 the first employed as physician at the coui^t. 
 lie Avrote •* Rosa Anglica" a treatise which 
 contains a compendium of all the practice 
 of physic in England in his time. He was 
 an ecclesiastic and had preferment, and as 
 a medical man was very superstitious, 
 lliough superior to others of his time. 
 
 Gaudi, Gaddo, a painter of Florence, 
 w'lio died 1312, aged 73. His works were 
 chiefly Mosaic, he also excelled in <icsigns, 
 
 Gaddi, Taddeo, son of the above was 
 born at Florence, and died 1350, aged 50. 
 A crucifixion by him is still preserved at 
 Arezzo. 
 
 Gaddi, Agnolo, the son and pupil of 
 Taddeo, died 1387, aged GO. He success- 
 iuHy imitated liis fatlicr. 
 
 Gaelen, Alexander Van, a Hutcli 
 painter -who died 1728, aged 58. He was 
 in London, and painted three battles be- 
 tween Charles 1. and Cromwci!, besides a 
 picture of the battle of the Bo\r.e. 
 
 Gaertxer, Joseph, a riative of Calu in 
 Swabia, son to the pliysieiau ot" the duke of 
 Wirtembcrg. He studied at Tubingen, but 
 his fondness for natural hiatory w as so great 
 that he abandoned divinity to devote him- 
 self more fully to his favorite pursuits, and 
 to mathematics and medicine. He next at- 
 tended the lectures of Haller at Gottingen, 
 and after travelling over part of Europe he 
 took the degree of M. D. and in 1759 ap- 
 plied himself to botany and vegetable anat- 
 omy at Ley den. His visit to England was 
 raarked by his friendly reception among 
 men of rank and of science, he Avas made 
 fellow of tlie loyal society and enriched the 
 phiiosophical transactions Avith a curious pa- 
 
 ger on the fructification and propagation of 
 onfervie, tec. In 1768, he was honorably 
 appointed professor of botany and natural 
 history at Petersburg, and was thus enabled 
 to exaitiine the natural curiosities of the 
 Ukraine with the eye and attention of a phi- 
 losopher and botanist. He returnef! to Swa- 
 hia in 1770, and, in 1778, again visited Lon- 
 don to finish the drawings and figures for 
 his great work called Carpology, which he 
 dedicated to sir Joseph Banks. This inde- 
 fatigable naturalist died 1791, aged 59, leav- 
 ing behind him many valuable manuscripts, 
 &c. 
 
 Gjetano Seine, a Florentine painter, 
 who died 1588, aged 38. His i)ortraits and 
 historical pieces are much admii'ed. 
 
 Gaffareli,, James, a French writer, 
 born at Mannes, in Provence, 1601, an<l ed- 
 ucated at the university oF Apt in thatprov- 
 5nee. He studiously devoted himself to tlie 
 Hebrew language, and to Rabbinical learn- 
 
 I ing, and at the age of 22 wrote a large 4to". 
 i volume in defence of the mysterious doct- 
 : rineof the Cabala. He was appointed libra- 
 ; rian to liichclieu, and enabled by his muni- 
 j ficence to travel into Italy to make a collec;- 
 { tion of valuable books and manuscripts. On 
 his return his abilities were emploved by his 
 patron in the difKcult and imavailing task of 
 i-econciling the protestants to the psipists. 
 He died at Sigonce, where he was abbot, 
 1681, aged 81. By the recommendation of 
 Richelieu, whom he survived many years, 
 he Avas dean of canon law at Paris, prior of 
 Revest de Brousse, and commandant of St. 
 Omeil. His works are numerous, learned, 
 and curious. The most known are *' Un- 
 heard of Curiosities concei'iiing the Talis- 
 manic Sculpture of the Persians, — the Hor- 
 oscope of the Patriai'chs and the Reading 
 of the Stars," a work which passed through 
 three editions in six months, and in asserting 
 some bold things concerning magic, drew 
 upon the author the censures of the Soi'bon- 
 ne, — a History of the Subterranean "World, 
 with an account of Grottoes, Vaults, and 
 Catacombs, seen during his travels, with 
 plates, left unfinished at his death— a trea- 
 tise of Good and Evil Genii, he. Though 
 learned he was very superstitious, and more 
 fond of magic than became his knowledge 
 of the world, and his experience. 
 
 Gafurio, Franchino, a native of Lodi, 
 who became head of the choir in Milan ca- 
 thedral, and also musical professor. He 
 wrote in Latin, Theoricum Opus Musicoe 
 
 Disciplinrc Practica Musicse Utriusque 
 
 Cantus — Angelicum Sc Divinum Opus Mu- 
 sicte Materna Lingua Scriptum — de Harmo- 
 nia Music. Instrument. &c. He died at Mi- 
 lan, 1520, aged 69. 
 
 Gage, Thomas, an Irishman, monk 
 among the Spanish jacobins, sent as mis- 
 sionary to tbe Philippines 1625. He acqui- 
 red some properly in his mission, which he 
 came to enjoy in England, where in 1651, 
 he published his account of the East-Indies, 
 translated into French, by order of Colbert, 
 1676. 
 
 Gagnier, John, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Paris, and educated there. He was 
 a most able orientalist, and upon abandoning 
 the popish tiiith, for the tenets of the Eng- 
 lish church, he came to England, where, ia 
 hojior of his merits, the two universities con- 
 ferretl on him the degree of M. A. He lived 
 some time at Oxford, by teaching Hebrew, 
 but during the absence, and after the death, 
 oflJr. WiUlis, he was appointed Arabic pro- 
 fessor, and delivered lectures to the univer- 
 sity, with universal approbation, till his death 
 17'25. In 1706, he edited Jos Ben Gorion's 
 History of the Jews, in Hebrew, with a Latin 
 translation, and notes 4to. and in 1723, he 
 published Abulfeda's life of Mahomet, in 
 Arabic, with a Latin translation in fol. His 
 translation of Abulfeda's description of Ara- 
 bia, had appeared in Hudson's Geographise 
 Veteris Scriptores Grseci Minores, 171£, 
 8vo. 
 
 Gagny, John, first almoner to Francis T. 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 •was chancellor of Paris university, and a!i- 
 tlK>r (>r Coiiiiuc'iilarics on the New Tcbla- 
 lutiil, — tlic Piialins in veibc, bcc. He died 
 1549. 
 
 liACUlN, Rohcit, a Fi-inch Iiistoriati, 
 born at Coliiies, near Anuins, aiid cdufaltd 
 at Paris, wlui-o he took his doctor's decree 
 ill law. His ahilities uore employed \>y 
 <.;hark'S A'lll. and Lewis XII. i)i enihassiis 
 to Enp^hutd, German), and llfiiy. Ho ua.s 
 royal lihrariau, and general of the Unita- 
 rians, and di(-d 1501, atUanced in ^eavo. 
 His eliief work is '* l)e Gestis Francornni" 
 from rJOO to 1500 in 11 books folio, Lvoiis, 
 15^4 
 
 Gaiches, John, priest of the oratory, 
 and canon of Soissons, Mas author of Aca- 
 ileniital discourses,— «dVlaxiius for Pulpit 
 Orators, 8cc. and died at Paris 1731, aged 83. 
 (.Jaillaud, de Lonjunieau, bishop of 
 Apt, fi'oni K'lZ.'j, to his death 1G<J5, is to be 
 recorded as being the fii-st projector of an 
 universal historical dictionary. In the exe- 
 cution of his useful work, lie patronised liis 
 almoner Moreri, and enabled him to consult 
 the libraries of Europe, and the Vatican. 
 Accordiui^ to Moi-eri's dedication of his first 
 edition, (iaillard was a man of eminent vir- 
 tues, exemplary in public and privattc life, 
 and distinguished as tlie encourager of lite- 
 rature, and of learned men. 
 
 Gain AS, a Goth, who by his volor, be- 
 came a general under Arcadius, and ruined 
 and destroyed liuffilius, and the euii;5(;h Eu- 
 tropius, Avho were the favorites of their im- 
 perial master. He invaded and desolated 
 Thrace, because refused a church for the 
 Arians, according to the promise of Arcadi- 
 us at Chalcedonia, and was at last killed near 
 the Danube, A. J). 400, and his head carried 
 hi triuDJi)!) through the streets of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Gainsborough, Thomas, an E^iglisli 
 painter, born at Sudbury, Suffolk, 1727. He 
 was self-taught, and after trying the powers 
 of his genius, in delineating liie scenes of the 
 country, he came to London, where he ac- 
 quired celebrity, by the superior style of his 
 portraits, and the elegant simplicity of his 
 landscapes. He was of a very benevolent 
 turn of mind, and it is said that he impove- 
 rished himself by his extensive liberality. 
 He died 178S, aged fil. His eldest brother 
 was also eminent as an artist, and another, 
 minister of a dissenting congregation at Hen- 
 ley, Oxon, was said to be a very able and in- 
 genious mechanic. 
 
 Galadin, Alahomet, a popular emperor 
 of the Moguls, who died IG05. He gave 
 twice a day audience to his subjects, and was 
 very careful that their complaints should be 
 listened to and redressed, for which purpose 
 he had a bell in his room, with a rope de- 
 scending into the street, to the ringing of 
 ■which he punctually attended. 
 
 Galantixi, Hippolito, a painter of Ge- 
 noa, called also Capucino, as belonging to the 
 fraternity of Capuchins. His miniatures pos- 
 sess delicacy a«d expression. He died 170G, 
 aged 7y. 
 
 Galaxus, Clement, an Italian of the or- 
 der of the 'I'heatiti jnonks, for s&me years a 
 nli^:sionary in Armenia. His grammar of the 
 Armenian tongue, appeared at Kfmie, iC'iO, 
 and also some treatises in that language, with 
 Latin iransia'ions, )i mAh. fol. 
 
 Galas, Matthew, a general wJio fi-om 
 being pag<' to baron ltea'ifien»onf, so dislin- 
 gui«;hed himself hy his \aloi- and iiitrejiiditV 
 un<ler marshal Ti!li, that Iic succeeded hiia 
 in the coiDUiMiid of the imperial forces. Af- 
 ter bein^^ in llie service of the enjperoi' I-'i-e- 
 •leric H. and of Philip the IV. of Spain, lie 
 fell into di'^^t;i'ace in conseq-.ience of the loss 
 of a battle, against 'I'orstenson, the Swede, 
 near Magdeboui'g. He was restored afler- 
 v. ards to I'avor, Ir.it dicrl .shortly after, at Vi- 
 enna, 1047, leaving behind the chaiacterofa 
 very great general. 
 
 G A I. AT EG FEIl:^AUI, Antonio, a scho- 
 lar and physician, Ijorn at (jJalatina, in the 
 territory of Otranto. He was phy.sician to 
 tlie king of iVapIe.s, but rcitired from the 
 court through ill health, and died at Lecce, 
 in his native province, ]5\7, aged 73. He 
 wrote " a Description of lajjygia'' — a tract 
 in pniise of the Gout — Latin verses — a trea- 
 tise on the Elements, &c. 
 
 Gala TIN, Peter, author af the vabiahlc 
 work, de ArcanisCatholicie Veritatis, edited 
 best in 1C7*J, fol. was a Franciscan monk, 
 al)Out \530. 
 
 Galea, Ser^'ius Sulpiclus, emperor of 
 Rome after Nero, was slain by the pretoriau 
 guards, who had raised Otho to the impcjjial 
 throne, in his stead, A. D. G'J. 
 
 Gale, John, a baptist preacher, horn 
 May '2Gtb, IGSO, in Lon<]on. At the age of 
 17 he was an able scholar, and passed to Ley- 
 den to complete his stmlies, and there took, 
 in his 19th year, his degrees of master of arts 
 and doctor of ])hilosophy. P'rom Leyden, 
 where his abilities had been acknowledged 
 with universal applause, he went to Amster- 
 dam, and studied under Limborch, and be- 
 gan a lasting intimacy with J. le Clerc. Soon 
 after his return home in 1703, the universitv* 
 of Leyden ofiered liim the degree of D. D. if 
 he would assent to the articles of Dordt, 
 which he refused. In 1711 he published hi« 
 liefiectionson V/all's Defence of Infant Bap- 
 tism, and so high was the character of thi.s 
 work, that he acquired great inlluence among 
 the dissenters. At the age of 35 he began to 
 preach among the people of his persuasion, 
 and became on'e of the ministers of St. Paul's 
 alley near Barbican. A meeting upon the 
 disputed subject of ba]»tism, took place be- 
 tween Wall and Gale, but though each en- 
 deavored to convince the otlier, both part- 
 ed dissatisfied, andAV'all published soon aftef* 
 in 171'J, his Defence of the History of Infant^ 
 Baptism, which was so highly respected that 
 the university of Oxford presented him with 
 the degree of D. D. To this defence it fs 
 said that Gale prepared an atiswer, which 
 death prevented him from completing. He 
 died of a fever Dec. 1721, aged 4'2. Besides 
 the book already mentioned. Gale published 
 some sermons, 4 vols, of which appeared in ft 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 second edition, Svo. 1720. He was in private 
 life a x-espectabie character, much esteemed 
 by bishops Hoadly and ]iradfoi*d, and by 
 chancellor King. 
 
 Gale, Theophilus, a learned dissenter, 
 born 1628, at King's Teignton, Devonshire, 
 ■where his father was vicar. He entered at 
 Msgdalen college, Oxford, in 1647, and hi 
 1649, in consequence of his great i)roficiency 
 in literature, he was presented with l)is de- 
 gree of bachelor in arts. In 1050 he was 
 chosen fellow of his college, and became an 
 active tutor. He afterwards became a popu- 
 lar preacher and settled at Winchester, but 
 at the restoration he v. as ejected from his 
 fellowship for refusing to conform, and in 
 1662 attended as tutor the tvv o sons of lord 
 Wharton to Caen university in Normandy. 
 He returned in 1665, and the following year 
 saw the city of London in iiames, hut in the 
 midst of the general calamity he had the 
 good fortune to find his papers saved from 
 the conflagration, and " tlie Court of the 
 Gentiles" was destined to appear before the 
 public. He assisted Rowe in the ministry of 
 his congregation in Holborn, and succeeded 
 him in 1677, and then took a few private 
 X)upils at Newington. He died March 1678, 
 and as a proof of his attachment to the non- 
 conformists, he left his property to trustees 
 for the education of students in his ovi^n per- 
 suasion, and he also bequeathed his library 
 for the promotion of the same principles in 
 New England. Besides his Court of the 
 Gentiles pul)lished in four parts, between 
 1669 and 1677, in which lie proved that 
 the theology and philosophy of the pagans 
 •were derived from the holy scriptures, he 
 •\vrote " the True Idea of Jansenism," 4to. 
 1669 — the Anatomy of Infidelity, &c. 8vo. — a 
 Summary of the two Covenants, and other 
 tracts. 
 
 Gale, Thomas, a learned divine, born 
 1636 at Scruton, Yorkshire, and educated at 
 Westminster school, and Tinnity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow and 
 M. A. 1062. His great abilities recommend- 
 ed him to be professor of Greek in the uni- 
 versity, and in 1672 he was elected master of 
 St. Paul's school, and had the honor to re- 
 ceive a handsome present of plate from the 
 city, for writing the inscription on the nio;iu- 
 ment which records the conflagration of Lon- 
 don. In 1675 he took his degrees of B. D. 
 and D. D. and the next year became preben- 
 darv of St. Paul's, and was made member of 
 the Royal society in consequence ot Ins pre- 
 senting that learned body some curiosities, 
 especially a Roman urn Avith ashes, found at 
 Peckhan\ in Surrey. After presiding with 
 great popularil}' and national advantage over 
 his school for 25 years he was made dean of 
 York in 1697, and showed his liberality by 
 not only presenting the new librai-y of his 
 college with five Arabic MSS. but by im- 
 proving the cathedral, and displaying the 
 hospitality of a virtuous and noble minded 
 dignitary. He died at his deanery, Sth April, 
 1702, aged 67, and was buried in the middle 
 of the cathedral. Though engaged the best 
 
 I)art of life in active and laborious emploj'- 
 menls, he yet devoted much of his time to 
 literature and classical learning. He pub- 
 lished in 1671, the Greek Mythologic Au- 
 thors, Ethic and Physical — Historire Poeticoe 
 Scriptores, 1675 — lihetores Select!, Gr. and 
 Lat. 1676 — Jamblicus, &c. 1678 — Herodoti 
 Historia, Gr. and Lat. 1679 — Cicero's works, 
 2 vols, folio, 1681, and 4 — Historise Anglica- 
 nie Scriptores quinque, 1687, fol. — Historita 
 Britannicse, Saxonicte, Ang. Danicte Scrip- 
 tores quindecira, &c. 1091, fol. and other 
 works. 
 
 Gale, Roger, esq. F. R. and A. S. S, son 
 of the dean, was educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow 1697. 
 He Avas a man of large property, and repre- 
 sented North Allerton in three parliaments, 
 and Avas commissioner of excise. He Avas the 
 first president of the Antiquarian society, 
 and treasurer to the Royal society. He Av'as 
 considered as one of the most learned and 
 polite scholars of tlie age. He died at Scru- 
 ton 25th June, 1744, aged 73. He published 
 Antonini Iter Britanniarum Commentariis 
 IHustratum, T. G. 1709, 4to. — the Know- 
 ledge of Medals, by F. Jobert, translated 
 from the French, and other Avorks. He left 
 his JNISS. to Trinity college, Cambi'idge, and 
 his cabinet of Roman coins to the public 
 library there. 
 
 Gale, Samuel, the youngest of the three 
 sons of dean Gale, Avas a man of some learn- 
 ing. He published some essays in the Archte- 
 ologia, and died 1754, aged 72. 
 
 Gale AND, Joseph, a physician of Paler- 
 mo, eminent also for his knoAvledge of classi- 
 cal .Hnd polite literature. He died 1675, aged 
 70, much regretted. He wrote several trea- 
 tises on his profession, and especially *' Hip- 
 pocrates Redivivus, &c." 1650, besides the 
 smaller pieces of the Sicilian poets, 5 vols. 
 
 Galen, Claudius, a celebrated physician of 
 Pergamus, who practised at Rome under A«- 
 relius with great success. He died A.D. 201. 
 He wrote 300 volumes on his profession, &c. 
 
 Galen, Matthew, a native of Zealand, 
 professor of divinity, and afterwards chan- 
 cellor of Douay vmiversity. He wx'Ote Coni- 
 mentarium de Catholicok Christiano Sacer- 
 dote, 4to. — de Originibus Monast. — de Missae 
 Saci'ific. — de Sseculi Nostri Choreis, &c. and 
 died 157.'3. 
 
 Gale.v, Bernard Van, a native of West- 
 phalia, known as a bishop and as a general. 
 He was originally in the service of the elec- 
 tor of Cologne, and then took orders and be- 
 came canon, and then bishop of Munster, 
 but when the pope refused to confirm his 
 elevation, he determined to secure his powef 
 by having a garrison of soldiers devoted to his 
 own intei-est. The citizens in vain inter- 
 fered, Galen was resolved to haA'e recourse 
 to arms, but hostilities were suspended, and 
 his attention was draAvn to the war against 
 the Turks, in which he had an important 
 command. In this however he did not en- 
 gage, but in 1665, he attacked the United 
 States. -Though pacified by the interference 
 of France, he again, la 1072, formed a league 
 
CA 
 
 GA 
 
 with England and Francr, against the States, 
 ami al"terwai-dH directed his uiins uj^aiiiiit 
 Svvt dill, ill conjuiicti(ui willi Denmark, and 
 dislinguibiicil iiitubcll in (liii war, as he had 
 done before, h\ f^rcat vaU)r, Itul not unmixed 
 wilh ci-uehy. ile died I'Jth Sept. l(i7S,age(l 
 74, little rigiittctl l>v liis |)et)ide, \i hum liib 
 amhiliim and inlrigues had contt-ibiited to 
 render dissatisfied and unhappy. 
 
 (i.vi.EO t I, Xicholiis, an Italian Jesuit, au- 
 Uiof of the lives of the generals of his order, 
 in liutin and Italian, 17-iS — Notes on the 
 Miisxum (Jdescaloum, - vols. fol. ke. died 
 1748. 
 
 Ga.leo n, .>rarci(), a native of Xnrni, in 
 the papal tci'rilories. Ho instructed youth at 
 Uologna, anit afterwards in lliingnry, where 
 he beeame known to the king, AlatthiasCor- 
 vinus, who maiW' hint his seerctary, and ap- 
 pointed him nvi't tiie education of his son 
 John, and iibiarian of Buda. He was invited 
 hy Lewis XI. into France, and came to Ly- 
 ons to meet the king. The une.\j)ccted meet- 
 ing of the king at the gates of the city proved 
 fatal to G.<leoti; he, descending too hastily 
 from his chariot, to pay his respects to his 
 majesty, fell down, and being very covpulent, 
 so much injured himself that he tliod soon 
 after. He published, in 1748, the Ron Mots 
 of Matthias Corvinus, and also a treatise in 
 4to. " De llomine Interiore, et de Corpore 
 ejus. 
 
 Galerius, C. Valerias Maxim'.n r;.-;_, 
 from a herdsman in Dacia became emperor 
 of Home, and married Diocletian's daughter. 
 He was warlike, and died 311. 
 
 Galgacus, a Caledonian cluef, famous 
 for his noble re.^'istance against Uie invasion 
 of the Romans under Agricola. 
 
 Gam A NT, Ferdinand, a noble Avn'ter, 
 boiMi at Cliieti, in Abruzzi, and educated 
 under his uncle the archbishop of Tarei.to 
 In IZ.^O he published his work on Money 
 and Specie, in consequence of the scarcity of 
 cash in the two Sicilies, and in 177'2 appeared 
 his Catalogue of Stones found iioar Vesuvius, 
 which he presented to Benedict XIV. with 
 this inscription on one of the boxes whicli 
 contained the collection: Beatissime pater, 
 fac ut lapides isti liant panes. The witty 
 sentence procured a living from the pope, 
 and Galiani, in l'-^^, was sent as secretary to 
 the embassy at Paris, where his genius and 
 his talents were seen and admired by tJie 
 French literati. He rt. turned, in 1779, from 
 Paris, and died at Na^jles 1787. Resides his 
 anonymous dialogues on tiic corn trade, writ- 
 ten while at Paris, and which possessed me- 
 rit, he published a Commentary on Horace 
 — a treaties on the Duties of Princes tow nrds 
 belligerent powers, hit. 
 
 Galigai, Eleonora, the wife of Concini, 
 marechal D'Ancre, was daugliter of a joiner 
 and a washerwoman in Italy. She was foster- 
 sister to Mary of Medicis, wiio loved her 
 ■with strong affeciion, and to this partiality 
 w'ere owing her greatness and misfortunes. 
 She came to France with her patroness, and 
 tliough her features were ])lain and even dis- 
 gusting, she nuirried Concini. In this clcva- 
 
 VOL. I. 72 
 
 ted .'jituation, .she did not shew that modera- 
 tion and self-command whivh her great pow- 
 ers of nwnd bcemcd to pioniisi-. Slie was 
 haughty and imperious, and by her conduct 
 soon gave oftencc tf> Louis Xlil. the swa of 
 her partial mistress, who, with the cruelty 
 of those barbarous lime.s, caused h<-r husband 
 to he assassinated, and herself to be brought 
 to trial, though no crime but that of being a 
 favorite and of governing the (jueen, could he 
 proved against her. She was charged with 
 soi'cery ; ami wlien (piestioned l»y w hat ma- 
 gic she had so fascinated her mistress, sh/i 
 made this well known answer, " By that 
 power w liich strong minds naturally posses-^, 
 (uer the weak." .She was condemned in 
 I May, and the July following IG17, she was 
 executed She had a son aiid daughter ; 
 the daughter died }oung, and the sun return- 
 ed to Italy to enjoy the vast possessions 
 whicli his mother's good fortune had heaped 
 together. 
 
 Galilei, Galileo, a celebrate»l astrono- 
 mer and mathematician, was ])orn al Flo- 
 rence I'Jth February, 15G4. His father, who 
 was a Florentine nobleman, wished him to 
 apply to medicine, but his stronger attach- 
 ment to mathematics prevailed, and so rapid 
 was his pi'ogress, that in I5&9 he was ap- 
 pointee' • : 'hematical professor at Pisa. His 
 opposi'i ii ill ere to the picvalent maxims of 
 Aristotle, rendered his situation unpleasant, 
 and in 1592 he removed to Pa<Uia, and ob- 
 tained a ])rofessor's chair. His treatise oa 
 "Mechanics," and his *'lJalance," or the 
 problem of Archimedes about the crown, 
 now made him known as a man of geniua 
 and application. In 1609, while at Venice, 
 lie heard of the invention of the telescope by 
 James Metius in Holland, ard he immedi- 
 ately applied the pow ers of his mind to con- 
 struct and improve that astonishing instru- 
 ment, by V. hich he penetrated into unknowa 
 regions, and displayed the heavens in a new 
 light. He discovt refl mountains in the moon, 
 and first o!)serve(l four of the satellites which 
 attend the planet Jupiter, to which he gave 
 the name of Medieean stars in honor of his 
 patron duke Cosmo II. He w as in IGIO re- 
 establislied at Pisa by the duke, with a hand- 
 some salary, and he contirmed his observa- 
 tions on the heavens, and observed the phases 
 of Venus; hut his discoveries were too aston- 
 ishing and too opposite to the doctrines of 
 Aristotle, to escape tlie censure of the pliilc- 
 sophers of the age. No sooner did lie em- 
 brace the Copernican system, and assert 
 that the sun, (lisllgured by spots remains 
 immoveable in the ceiitre of the universe, 
 and that the earth turns round in annual and. 
 diurnal n»f>tions, than he was summoiied be- 
 fore the inquisition for opinions so false in 
 philosophy, and so heretical, and so contrary 
 tothewonl f if God. After a year's confine- 
 ment in liie inqtiisitiou jjrison, he was res- 
 tored to liberty 1616, on tli:J promise of 
 rcnoxmcing his heretical opinions ; but consi- 
 dering forced o^tbs as not obligatory, he 
 continued his discoveries in the planetuvy 
 hrs dialogue's oa fhe tv, •> 
 
 svstem. In I'Ooi 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus, drew 
 ilown upon him the vengeance of the monks. 
 Tliough indeed he left the question undeci- 
 ded, yet he wished to lean to the opinions of 
 Copernicus, and by thus overthrowing the 
 philosophy of Aristotle, and in bold language 
 ridiculing the blindness of his followers, he 
 shewed himself an obstinate heretic. He was 
 therefore cited before the inquisition at 
 Rome, and after being made to abjure his 
 errors, and doing penance for his offences, 
 by repeating every -week the seven peniten- 
 tial psalms, Le was detained in prison till 
 1634. Indignant at the cruelty of this treat- 
 ment, and the bigotry and blindness of his 
 persecutors, he yet continued his pursuits ; 
 but in silence and fear. His excessive appli- 
 cation, and the constant use of Ids telescope, 
 together with frequent exposure to the night 
 ' air, had such effect upon him, that in 
 1639 this vctiorable man lost his sight. He 
 died three years after at Arcetri near Flo- 
 rence, 8th Jan. 1642, aged 78. Galileo has 
 thus immortalized himself by his important 
 discoveries ; he first observed the inequali- 
 ties on the surface of the moon, and knew 
 her vibration ; he planned the accurate cal- 
 culation of the longitude by the eclipses of 
 the Mediccan stars ; he invented the cycloid, 
 and observed the increasing celerity in the 
 descent of bodies. His works were collected 
 in 3 vols. 4to. 1718, but it is said that his wife 
 permitted a fanatic monk to peruse, and 
 consequently to destroy many of his valuable 
 manuscripts. His son Vincenzo was a man 
 of genius and abilities, and author of some 
 treatises and inventions in mechanics and 
 music. Among Galileo's pupils, were Vin- 
 cenzo Viviani the mathematician, Toricelli 
 the inventor of the barometer, &c. 
 
 Galissonniere, Holland MichaelBarria 
 marquis, a French admiral, born at Roche- 
 fort, 11th Nov. 1693. After serving with 
 distinction in tlie naW, he was made gover- 
 nor of Canada 1745, and in 1756 he had a 
 severe engagement near Minorca with the 
 English fleet under Byng. He died the same 
 year at Nemours, 17th Oct. deservedly res- 
 pected by the nation for bravery, humanity, 
 and benevolence. 
 
 Galland, Augustus, a French counsel- 
 lor of state, well acquainted with the laws, 
 the history, and royal rights of his country. 
 He wrote Memoirs for the History of France 
 and Navarre, folio — a treatise on the Ensigns 
 and Standards of France, &c. He died about 
 1644, but at what age is unknown. 
 
 Gall AND, Antony, a French antiquary, 
 born of poor parents at RoUo, in Picardy, 
 1646. He was educated at Noyon and Pari.s, 
 and in consequence of his great knowledge 
 of the Hebrew and the oriental languages, he 
 AT as sent to traA'el in the East by Colbert, 
 and at his return he enrichefl the literature 
 of his country by his publications. He was 
 member of tlie academy of inscriptions, and 
 professor of Arabic at Paris, whei'e he died 
 1715. He published a Collection of Maxirns 
 and Bon Mots from oriental writers — a trea- 
 tise on the Origin of Coffee — an Account of 
 
 the Death of the Sultan Osman, &c.— Ara- 
 bian Nights' Entertainments, and some cu- 
 rious dissertations on medals, &c. 
 
 GALLE,orGALL.itus, Servatius, pastor of 
 the Walloon church at Haerlem, wrote Dis- 
 sertationes de Sibyllis & Oraculis, 1688, 4to. 
 — besides an edition of Lactantius, with notes 
 16G0, 8vo. — and of the SibyUine Oracles, with 
 notes, Sec. He died 1709. 
 
 Gallet, N. a French spice merchant, 
 who died at Paris June 1757. He is known 
 for some short comic pieces, which appeared 
 on the French theatre with applause. He 
 wrote also songs and poetical trifles, with 
 great neatness and pleasing variet}% 
 
 Gali.ienus, a Roman emperor, son of 
 Valerian. He was assassinated 268. 
 
 Galligai. P7</. Galigai. 
 
 GALLIT2.1N, Basil, a noble Russian, in 
 great favor with the regent princess Sophia 
 during the minority of the Czars Peter I. 
 and Iwan, who reigned jointly. He was un- 
 fortunate in his military expeditions against 
 the Tartars, and his influence was greatly 
 diminished. When the princess regent was 
 discovered in her secret intrigues to desti'oy 
 the Czar Peter, and to raise her favorite to 
 the throne by marrying him, she was confi- 
 ned to a monastery near Moscow, and Gal- 
 litzin banished to Kargapol, in Siberia. He 
 afterwards recovered his liberty, and retired 
 to a monastery, where he died in great aus- 
 terity 1713, at the age of 80. Though unsuc- 
 cessful in his ambitious views, he was a man 
 of great merit, whose attention introduced 
 improvement and civilization into the Rus- 
 sian empire, and prepared tlie way for the 
 illustrious reign of P( ter the Great. 
 
 Galhtxix, Michael Michaelowitz, 
 prince of, of the same family as the prece- 
 ding, was born 1674, and distinguished him- 
 self umier Peter the Great against (Miarles 
 XH. of Sweden. He commanded 10 years 
 in Finland, and concluded the peace of 
 Neustadt. He died 1730, field-marshal, and 
 president of the college of war, and highly 
 I'tspected as an able minister and meritori- 
 ous general. At the victory of Lerna he 
 asked only the pardon of one of the captives 
 for the reward of his services. 
 
 Galloche, Lewis, a painter of the 
 French school, who died rector and chan- 
 eellor of the Royal academy 1761, aged 91. 
 He was the disciple of Boullongne, and mas- 
 ter of le Moine. The Paris cliurches are 
 adorned ^y his pieces. 
 
 G ALLOTS, John, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Paris 1632. He was well acquainted 
 with the ancient and modern languages, and 
 of such universal iiiformi\tion and splendid 
 talents that he engaged with de Sallo in the 
 conducting of the Journal des S(^"aA'ans, a 
 periodical pai)er, which, from its commence- 
 ment, Jan. 5th, 1605, has, under various 
 names, and under different revolutions and 
 characters, claimed the public attention. 
 Gallois was patronised by Colbert, whom he 
 instructed in Latin chiefly in his coach, as 
 he travelled between Versailles and Paris. 
 He was made member of the academy of 
 
GA 
 
 Oa 
 
 wicnces 1668, and of tlic French »P;i<lcmy 
 167.?, and after his pntron's <If:illi, librai-i:iii 
 to the king, and tlu n (uct.'k pi-ofossor of iht; 
 Uoyal college. He died <»f ti.e dropsy 1707, 
 .and in 1710 a catalogue of his bof)ks was 
 printed, eonsisting of upwanh 1 i,OuO vo- 
 lumes. 
 
 (i A LI. ON' ID, Antonio, an ccclesiasric al 
 Rome, known for his wrilint;>j on (lie saints, 
 martyrs, and holy virgins, anti especially his 
 work which descril)es (he various crnelties 
 cxercisi-d on primitive martvrs, with plates, 
 1;>U4, in 4to. HediedlC05.' 
 
 Gali-UCCI, Tarquinio, an Italian Jesuit, 
 ^vho pronounced an oration on cardinal IJel- 
 larmine, and Avrote " Virgilianui Indicati- 
 oncs," in which lie asserted in bold and 
 animated language, the superiority of Virgil 
 over Homer, against the opinion of Madam 
 Dacier. He died 1649, aged 75. 
 
 Gallucci, Giovanni Paulo, an Italiai^ 
 astronomer of the 16th century. He wrote 
 *• on the Instruments of Astronomy," lo97 
 — Theatrum Mundi k Temporis, folio, 1507 
 — Speculum Uvanicum, folio, &c. 
 
 (iALLUCCi, Augelo, an Italian Jesuit, 
 born at Macerata. He is author of " Com- 
 mentarii de Hello Belgico," from 1503 to 
 1609, liome, 1674, '2 vols, folio. He died 
 1674. 
 
 Gallus, Cornelius, a Roman poet, made 
 governor of Egypt by Augustus. He was 
 the friend of Virgil, and lie destroyed him- 
 self R. C. 26. 
 
 Galli'S, C. Vibius, a Roman emperor 
 after Dccius. After two years' reign he Avas 
 assassinated by his soldiers, 253. 
 
 Gai>li'S, Flavius Claudius Constantins, 
 brother of the emperor Julian, -was made 
 Cujsar by Constantins ; but afterwards put to 
 death on suspicion of cruelty and ill conduct, 
 354. 
 
 Gally, Henry, was born at Beckonliam, 
 Kent, August 1690, and educate*! at Renet's 
 college, Cambridge, where he took his de- 
 gree "of D. D. in 1728, when the king visited 
 the university. In 1721 he was made lectu- 
 rer cf St. Paul's, Covent-garden, and rector 
 of Wanden, Rucks, and in 1728 he was pre- 
 sented to a prebend of Glocester by King, 
 lord chancellor, to whom he was chaplain. 
 He afterwards had a prebend at Norwich, 
 and became rector of Ashton, Northami)t(jn- 
 shire, and St. Giles' in the Fieh^, and in 
 1735 chaplain to the king. He died Aug 7th, 
 1769. He wrote some sermons, besides the 
 Characters of Theophrastus, translated fiom 
 -,hc Greek, with notes — a dissertation against 
 pronouncing the Greek language according 
 to Accents, 1754, 8vo. — a second dissertation 
 on the same subject, 8vo. &cc. 
 
 Galvani, Lewis, an eminent physiolo- 
 gist, born at Bologna. He studied medicine 
 under Galeazzi, whose daughter he married, 
 and in 1702 he began to give lectures in 
 anatomy in his native city. He accidentally 
 discovered, v. hile preparing broth from frogs 
 lor his sick wife, that the muscles of these 
 animals were thrown into convulsion by the 
 touch of a d^secling knU'e, and exhibited all 
 
 the appearance of thr electric shock. The 
 subj' it was accurati-lv examined by the 
 [t.Htient [)hilosoi)hcr, and uptJti incontroverti- 
 ble grounds he proved that the nerves of all 
 anin\:ils are thus powerfully acted upon, and 
 he had the honor of giving bis n.iine by this 
 important <liscovcry to ibis new system of 
 physiology. His observations wi.i-e commu- 
 nicated to the worM in bis ireati.se do Viri- 
 biis Electricitatis in Motu indscnlari Com- 
 mentarius, 1691, and tin- .subject afterwards 
 engaged the attention of N'alli, Fowler, Aldini, 
 and especially Volta, who introduced very 
 great improvements in the system. After 
 the death of his v/'ife, in 1790, (Jalvani be- 
 came a prey to a sevei-c mtlancboly, and 
 died 1798, aged 61. He wrote besides tracti 
 on medical subjects, &c. 
 
 Galvano, Antf)ny, a native of the East- 
 Indies, governor of the .Moluccas. He wa"? 
 prudiTit and vigorous in his administration, 
 and cleared the sea of pirates, but he re- 
 duced himself so much by his liberality that 
 he returned poor to Europe, and not meet- 
 ing M ith the treatment which he deserved 
 from John III. king of Portugal, liC died in 
 an hospital at Lisbon 1557. 
 
 Gam, David, a brave Wclchman at the 
 battle of Agiiicourt. He observed of the 
 enemy tliat there were enough to kill, 
 enough to take prisoners, and enough to fly. 
 He fell in the fight in nobly defending the 
 person of Henry V. and just as he expired 
 he was knighted by his grateful sovereign ou 
 the field of battle.' 
 
 Gama, A'asco, or Vasqucz de, an illus- 
 trious Portuguese, born at Sines, on the sea- 
 coast cf Portugal, immortalized as the di,s- 
 coverer ^of a passage to the East-Indies by 
 the Cape of Good Hope. He set sail from 
 the Tagus 8th July, 1497, with four ships, 
 and tliough his expedition was considered as 
 most perilous, he boldly encountered the 
 storms of the African coast, and the more 
 dangerous mutiny of his followers, and on 
 the 20th November doubled the cape, which 
 hitherto had been called the Ca])e of Tem- 
 pests, and proceeded as far as Calicut. He 
 redoubled the cape April, 1499, and return- 
 ed home after an absence of two years and 
 nearly two months, and was loaded with 
 honors due to his merit and services. In 
 1502 he again visited the East-Indies, with 
 twenty ships, as admiral of the ea.slern sea$, 
 and returned September \^0^, with thir- 
 teen ships richly laden. Under John III. he 
 was appointeil viceroy of India, and for the 
 third time returned to the countrv and fixed 
 the seat of government at Cochin, but he 
 unfortunately died soon after, 24th Dccem- 
 ))cr 1525. He was a man of the greatest 
 intrepidity and the most pcrsevci'ing cour- 
 age, but he also possessed in a very eminent 
 degree the virtues of private life, and for a 
 while forgot his ambition and his fame in 
 deploring the death of his broilier and com- 
 panion, Paulus de (iama. His adventures 
 have been immortalized by the poem of Ca- 
 moens, called " the Lusiad" translated into 
 English by Mickle. 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 Gamaches, Steplien Siraon. a member 
 of the French academy of sciences, who 
 dieH at I'aris 1756, aged Si lie was authoi- 
 of Physical Atrononiy, '2 vols. 4to. — Lite- 
 rary and Philosophical Dissertations, Svo. 
 — System of the Heart — the Elegancies of 
 Language reduced to their Principles, a val- 
 uable book. 
 
 Gamaches, Philip de, authoi' of 2 vols, 
 of Commentaries on the Summa of Aquinas, 
 •was divinity professor in Paris university, 
 and abl)' defended the Gallican church against i 
 the encroachments of tlie papal power. He 
 died at Paris 1625. 
 
 Gamaliel, a Jewish doctor of the law, 
 and a ^cret disciple of our Saviour. He de- 
 fended the conduct of the t'postles against the 
 machinations of the Sanhedrim, and when 
 Steplien had been cruelly stoned to death, it 
 is said that he caused his remains to be de- 
 cently buried. 
 
 Gambara, Lorenzo, an Italian poet pa- 
 tronised by cardinal Alexander Farnese. 
 He died 1586, aged 'JO. He wrote a Latin 
 poem on Columbus, besides eclogues, &c. 
 but his poetry is spoken of with great con- 
 tempt by Muretus. 
 
 Gambara, Veronica, an Italian lady horn 
 at Brescia. She married the lord of Corre- 
 gio, and after his death devoted herself to li- 
 terature, and the education of her two sons. 
 She died 1550, aged 05. The best edition of 
 her poems, which possess merit, and of her 
 letters, is that of Brescia, 1759. 
 
 Gambold, John, a native of Haverford- 
 west, educated at Christ church, Oxford, 
 ■where he took his degree of M. A. 1734. 
 He was on the presentation of Seeker, vicar 
 of Stanton Harcourt, and wrote there " the 
 Martyrdom of Ignatius," a tragedy, 1740, 
 and in 1742 edited at the Oxford press, the 
 New Testament, after Milles. He joined in 
 1748 the united Moravian brethren, and was 
 tor many years their minister in Neville's 
 court. Fetter-lane. He Avas consecrated bi- 
 shop of his fraternity at the synod 1754, and 
 in 1765 he established a congregation at Coot- 
 hill in Ireland. He died in his native town, 
 Sept. 13, 1771, and though an enthusiast he 
 was univer.sally respected for his learning 
 and information, and for his inoftensive man- 
 ners. He wrote several things for the use of 
 his Moravia4» bretliren, besides a Character 
 of count Zinzendorf — 16 Discourses on the 
 second Article of the Creed — and the His- 
 tory of Greenland, translated from the Dutch, 
 &c. 
 
 Gandv, James, a painter who came to 
 Ireland with the duke ofOrmond, and died 
 there 1689. He was the pupil and imitator 
 of Vandyck. 
 
 Ganganet.lt. Vid. Clement XIV. 
 Garamond, Claude, n native of Pari?, 
 known as an ingenious engraver and letter 
 founder. He first banished the use of the 
 Gothic, or black letter, and founded his types 
 in so complete a manner that they became 
 universally admired in Europe, and by way 
 of excellence the small Iloman letters were 
 denominated in every country by his name. 
 
 At the desire of Francis 1, he founcted three 
 different Greek types, ior Robert Stephens, 
 for the publication of the Greek Testament, 
 and of the Greek classics. This ingenious 
 and indefatigable man died 1561, and his 
 types became the property of Fournier the 
 elder, an eminent letter founder. 
 
 Garasse, Francis, a Jesuit, born at Au- 
 gouleme 1585. He diplayed his genius by 
 his publication of the elegies on the death of 
 Henry IV. and in a poem in heroic verse ad- 
 di'essed to Lewis XIII. on his inauguration. 
 As a preacher he was very eloquent and po- 
 pular, but he aspired to the pubUc admira- 
 tion by the force and consequence of his 
 writings. In his style he was violent and 
 scurrilous, and his ■■'' Horoscope of Anti-Co- 
 ton, 8tc." and his '^ Cj'.lvinistic Elixir, &c." 
 were proofs of ths virulence and buffoonery 
 with which he defended his order against the 
 attacks of his enemies. In 1620 he published 
 '* Itabelais Reformed, &cc." and afterwards 
 in other publications attacked the ghost of 
 Pasquier, an affront which was severely I'e- 
 sented by the indignant sons of tliis reverend 
 father. His " Somme Theologique ues Ve- 
 rites Capitales de la Religion Chi etienne," 
 pablisbed 1625, first raised the torch of dis- 
 sension and hatred between the Jesuits and 
 Jansenists. The book was attacked by the 
 abbot of St. Cyran, and in 1626, the rector 
 of the Sorbonne complained to his society 
 of the evil tendencies of a composition which 
 recommended heretical opinions, and abound- 
 ed in false quotations from scripture. Ga- 
 rasse was in consequence of this, after a so- 
 lemn examination ceissured, but the viru- 
 lence and animosity which had been excited 
 between the two orders continued to be dis- 
 played on both sides with increasing violence. 
 Though supported by the Jesuits in the dis- 
 pute, Garasse was banished to one of their 
 houses fit some distance from Pai'is. During 
 the pestilence which raged at Poictiers, he 
 showed himself charitably active in the re- 
 lief of the infected, and fell a victim to the 
 contagion, 14th June, 1631. He is styled by 
 Warburton in his commentary on the Essay 
 of Man, an eminent casuist. 
 
 Garbieri, Lorenzo, a painter of Bolog- 
 na, pupil to Ludovico Caracci. He died 
 1654, aged 64. 
 
 Garbo, Raphael del, an historical painter 
 of Florence, who died 1534, aged 58. His 
 representation of the resurrection is his best 
 piece. 
 
 Garcias II. king of Navarre after Sancho 
 II. died 1000. 
 
 Garcilasso, or Garcias Lasso de 
 la Veg.a, a Spanish poet, born of a noble 
 family at Toledo, 1500. He was educated 
 under the eye of Charles V. avIio patronised 
 and esteemed him, and he distinguished 
 himself as much byhis valor as by his poetry. 
 After accompanying Charles in his campaigns 
 in Germany, Africa, and Provence, he re- 
 ceived a wound on the head from a stone 
 thrown from a tower, when at the head of a 
 battalion, and died three weeks after at Nice, 
 To his genius and hrs la- 
 
 in his 36th vear. 
 
(lA 
 
 GA 
 
 hors the poctiy of the Spaniai-<l3 is gi-c.Uly 
 iiidcbtt**!. Hii> works are wntlcii iiol oiil\ in 
 elegant language, Liil with true poetic fire, 
 and Ills odes are s:ii(i I)} Paul Jovius to eijual 
 those of Horace in sweetness. His works 
 were ijublisiied with learned notes hy Franc. 
 Sancliez, Naples, 1604, in 8vo. There was 
 another S|>aniard of the same name, horn at 
 Cusco, who wrote the History of Florida, of 
 I'cru, and of the Fncas. 
 
 (I A R I) IE, Fontus de la, a French adven- 
 turer in the service of marshal Hi'isac, and 
 afterwards of the Danes, and then of the 
 Swedes. He was ambassatior from Sweden 
 at \ ienna and at Rome, and in 1;)8() he was 
 employed against the Russians, and fou_e;ht 
 Avith great success. He was drowned aoci- 
 dentally in the port of Revel 1.585. 
 
 (iAKuix Dimes NIL, N. professor of 
 rhetoric at Paris, was eminent as a scholar, 
 as appears in his SynonymesLatines, in imi- 
 tati(»n of Girard's Synonymes Francois. He 
 died at Valogne, May 1802, :\oed S-Z. 
 
 Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Win- 
 chester, was the ille_!:^!timatc son of Lionel 
 Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, and brother 
 to Elizabeth the queen of the fourth Ed- 
 ward. He was born at Bury St. Edmund's, 
 Suflolk, l-i83, a..d cducateil at Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, ^vhere his progress in clas- 
 sical literature, and in civil and canon laAv 
 was very rapid. His introduction into the 
 jVorfolk family, and afterwards into the ser- 
 vice of Wolsey, soon rendered him a favoi-- 
 ite at court. In the business of the divorce 
 he was sent in 1.52' to Rome, where he 
 warmly espoused the cause of his sovereign, 
 and vvheu he found tliat the jiope was inex- 
 oraljle, he turned his attention to procure 
 the dismissal of the virtuous Catherine, 
 ■without paying any respect to the o[iinion of 
 the papal court. For his services he was 
 ynade secretary of state, and in 15;31 raised 
 to the see of "Winchester. He went after- 
 wards as ambassador to the French court, 
 and when Henry broke off his dependence 
 on the papal see, the new bishop evinced his 
 acquiescence in the hold measure by defend- 
 ing it in his tract de Vera Obedieiita. After 
 various employments of confidence and hon- 
 or, he was at last directed by Henry to draw 
 up articles on an accusation of heresy, against 
 )us last wife Catlierine Parr, but the ilevo- 
 ted queen had the art to avert the storm 
 from her own liead upon that of (Gardiner, 
 who ever after continued in disgrace with 
 the king. Under Edward VI. he showed 
 himself averse to the introduction of the 
 reformation, and though threatened ami im- 
 prisoned, he still persevered in his opposi- 
 tion. Under Mary he was restored to his 
 bishopric from which he had been deprived, 
 and he was raised to the high office of lonl 
 chancellor and of prime minister. Much to 
 the disgrace of 'Tiis character he conchscted 
 himself in this elevated situation with great 
 caprice and unpardonable cruelty. The 
 protestants who opposed his views were with 
 little ceremony committed to the flames, 
 and these measures of violence and bloofl 
 
 were sanctioned by the bigoted queen, and 
 aiq)roved b> the criininat catholics. He died 
 12th Nov. 1555, aged 72, In his private- 
 character he was not without some good 
 qualities. He was learned, and prontoted 
 the cause of learning. His gratitude to 
 Wolsey, to whc)m he was indebted for part 
 «)f his greatness, is highly comniend.'il)le, and 
 though nuich injured by Henry VIH. he 
 never menti<ine«l his nanie without marks of 
 respect and alleclion. 'Ihat he possessed 
 ambition, the history of his life sufHcienlly 
 ]»roves, and that he was not unskilled in ai1 
 and dissimulation is strongly evident from 
 the greatness with which he siqiported his 
 measures in the midst of jarring factions, and 
 ojiposite religions. 
 
 Gardiner, James, an ofllcer in the ar- 
 my of George H. who on reading a religious 
 book called Heaven taken by Storm sudden- 
 ly reformed the licentious conduct of his 
 youth, by the most correct morals, and the 
 mo.«t undisguised piety. This worthy nian 
 V as killed at the battle of Preston-pans, ia 
 sight of his OA\-n house, 21st September 
 1745. 
 
 Garengeot, Rend, Jacques, Croissant 
 de, a French surgeon, born at Vitri 1GS8. 
 He was royal lecturer on surgery at Paris, 
 and fellow of the London royal society, and 
 he acquired great celebrity by the success of 
 his operations, and the ingenious and valu- 
 able works which he vrote on his professior.. 
 He died at Paris 1759. His works arc a 
 Treatise on Surgical Operations, two vols. 
 Svo. — on Surgical Instruments, 2 vols. 12ma. 
 — the Aiiutomy of the Viscera 12mo. &c. 
 
 Garessolej, Anthou}-, a native of Men - 
 tauban, where he was divinity profesiior, and 
 also moderator of the synod of Charenton. 
 He wrote a Way to Salvation,— <le Christo 
 Mediato)-e, — Explicatio Cateche&cos Christ. 
 Relig. — some Latin poems, kc. and died 
 16.50, aged 0.3. 
 
 GiARET, John, a Benedictine, of the con- 
 gregation of St. Maur. He wr.s born at 
 Havre de Grace, and died 1694, aged 09. 
 He edited Cassioclorus, 2 vols. fol. with in- 
 teresting notes. 
 
 Gar LAN DE, Jean de, a grammarian, 
 born at Garlande en Brie in Normandy. 
 The best known of his works are " a poem 
 on the contempt of the ^V'orld." — Floretus, 
 on the Doctrmes of Faith ; — Facetus on the 
 duties of Men towards God, — Uictionaiium 
 Artis Alchymite 1571. Basle. He was liv- 
 ing in 1081, and as he passed much of his 
 time in England, with William of Norman- 
 dy, some have imagined that he was an Eng- 
 lishman. 
 
 Garnet, Henry, known as one of the 
 conspirators in the gunpowder plot, was bora 
 u\ England, and educated at Winchester 
 school, from m hence he went to Jiome, and 
 in 1575, took the habit of the Jesuits. In 
 1586, he returneil home as the provincial of 
 his order, and began bv secret intrigues to 
 plot the overthrow of the religion of ihe 
 country. By impiously asserting that the 
 innocent iivs''t ^^ involved in the (k-btruc- 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 Ga MA CHE 5, Steplien Siroon; a member 
 o.i the French academy of sciences, who 
 died at l^aris 1756, aged fi-l- lie was author 
 of Physical Atronoiny, '2 vuh. Ito. — Lite- 
 rary and Philosophical Disaertalicns, Svo. 
 — t>ystein of the Heart — the Elegancies of 
 Language reduced to their Principles, a val- 
 uable hook. 
 
 Gamaches, Philip de, author of 2 vols, 
 of Commentaries on the Sumnia of Aquinas, 
 vas divinity professor in Paris university, 
 and ably defended the Gallican church against, 
 the encroachments of the papal power. He 
 died at I'aris 1625. 
 
 Gamaliel, a Jewish doctor of the lay, 
 and a ^cret disciple of our Saviour. He de- 
 fended the conduct of the i^postles against th2 
 machinations of the Sanhedrim, and when 
 Stephen had been cruelly stoned to death, it 
 is said that he caused his remains to be de- 
 cently buried. 
 
 Gambara, Lorenzo, an Italian poet pa- 
 tronised by cardinal Alexander Farnese. 
 He died 1586, a^ed DO. He wrote a Latin 
 l)oem on Columbus, besides eclogues, he. 
 but his poetry is spoken of with great con- 
 tempt by Aluretus. 
 
 Gambara, Veronica, an Italian lady born 
 atUrescia. She married the lord of Corre- 
 gio, and after his death devoted herself to li- 
 terature, and the education of her two sons. 
 She died 1550, aged 05. The best edition of 
 her poems, which possess merit, and of her 
 letters, is that of Brescia, 1/59. 
 
 Game OLD, John, a native of Havrrford- 
 ■west, educated at Christ church, Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of M. A. 1734. 
 He was on the presentation of Seeker, vicar 
 of Stanton Harcourt, and wrote there " the 
 Martyrdom of Ignatius," a ti-agedv', 1740, 
 and in 1742 edited al the Oxforil press, the 
 New Testament, after Millcs. He joined in 
 1748 the united Moravian bi-ethx'en, and was 
 for many yeai*s their minister in Neville's 
 court. Fetter-lane. He was consecrated bi- 
 shop of his fraternity at the synod 1754, and 
 in 1765 he established a congregation at Coot- 
 hill in Ireland. He died in his native town, 
 Sept. 13, 1771, and thotigh an enthusiast he 
 was universally respected for his learning 
 and information, and for his inoffensive man- 
 ners. He wrote several things for the use of 
 his Moravian brethren, besides a Character 
 of count Zinzendorf — 16 Discourses on the 
 second Article of the Creed — and the Ilis- 
 toi-y of Greenland, translated from the Dutch, 
 &c. 
 
 Gandv, James, a painter who came to 
 Ireland willi the duke ofOrmond, and died 
 there 1689. He was the pupil and imitator 
 of Vandyck. 
 
 Ganganellt. Vid. Clement XIV. 
 Garamond, Claude, it native of Pari?, 
 known as an ingenious engraver and letter 
 founder. He first banished the use of the 
 Gothic, or black letter, and founded his types 
 in so complete a maimer that they became 
 universally admired in Europe, and by way 
 of excellence the small lloman letters were 
 denominated in every country by his name. 
 
 At the desire of Francis I. he fountted three 
 different Greek types, for Robert Stephens, 
 for the publication of the Greek Testament, 
 and of the Greek classics. IMiis ingenious 
 and indefatigable man died 1561, and his 
 types became the property of Fournier the 
 elder, an eminent letter founder. 
 
 Garasse, Francis, a Jesuit, born at Au- 
 gouleme 1585. He diplayed his genius by 
 his publication of the elegies on the death of 
 Henry IV. and in a poem in heroic verse ad- 
 di-essed to Lewis XIII. on his inauguration. 
 As a preacher he was very eloquent and po- 
 pular, but he asjtired to the public admira- 
 tion by the force and consequence of hi& 
 writings. In his style he was violent and 
 scurrilous, and his '' Horoscope of Anti-Co- 
 ton, &c." and his '' Crdvinistic Elixir, &c." 
 were proofs of ths virulence and buffoonery 
 with which he defended his order against the 
 attacks of his enemies. In 1620 he published 
 " Uabelais Reformed, &c." and afterwards 
 in other publications attacked the ghost of 
 Pasquier, an affront which was severely re- 
 sented by the indignant sons of this reverend 
 father. His " Somme Theologique des Ve- 
 ritas Capitales de la Religion Chretienne," 
 pul)lished 1625, first raised the torch of dis- 
 sension and hatred between the Jesuits and 
 Jansenists. The book was attacked by the 
 abbot of St. Cyran, and in 1626, the rector 
 of the Sorbonne complained to his society 
 of the evil tendencies of a composition which 
 recommended heretical opinions, and abound- 
 ed in false quotations from scripture. Ga- 
 rasse was in consequence of this, after a so- 
 lemn examination censured, but the viru- 
 lence and aniniosity which had been excited 
 between the two orders continued to be dis- 
 played on both sides with inci-easing violence. 
 Though supported by the Jesuits in the dis- 
 pute, Gai'asse was banished to one of their 
 houses fit some distance from Paris. During 
 the pestilence which raged at Poictiers, he 
 showed himself charitably active in the re- 
 lief of the infected, and fell a victim to the 
 contagion, 14th June, 1631. He is styled by 
 Warburton in l»is commentary on the Essay 
 of Man, an eminent casuist. 
 
 Garbteri, Lorenzo, a painter of Bolog- 
 na, pupil to Ludovico Caracci. He died 
 1654, aged 64. 
 
 Garbo, Raphael del, an historical painter 
 of Florence, who died 1534, aged 58. His 
 representation of the resurrection is his best 
 piece. 
 
 Garcias II. king of Navarre after Sancho 
 II. died 1000. 
 
 Garcilasso, or Garcias Lasso de 
 la Vega, a Si)anish poet, born of a noble 
 family at Toledo, 1500. He was educated 
 under the eye of Charles V. who patronised 
 and esteemed him, and he distinguished 
 himself as much by his valor as by his poetry. 
 After accompanying Charles in his campaigns 
 in Germany, Africa, and Provence, he re- 
 ceived a wound on the head from a stone 
 thrown from a tower, when at the head of a 
 battalion, and died three weeks after at Nice, 
 To his genius and hrs la- 
 
 in his 36th vcar. 
 
(lA 
 
 GA 
 
 bors the poetry of tJic SpaniaivVs is grc-:»lly 
 iiideljtc'd. His works ;uc written not onlv in 
 I'lcgaiit language, but uitli true poetic lire, 
 and his odes are siiid liy Paul Joviiis lo c(|nal 
 those of lloiace in sweetness. His vvorivs 
 ■were published willi learned notes by Franc. 
 Sanchez, Naples, 1004, in Svo. 'I'here was 
 another S|)aniai'd of the same name, born at 
 Cusco, who wrote tlic llibtory of Florida, oj" 
 I'cru, and of the Tncas. 
 
 Uarjjie, Fontus de la, a French adven- 
 turer in the service of marshal Diisac, and 
 afterwards of the Dunes, and then of the 
 Swedes. He was ambassador fi-om Sweden 
 at Vienna and at Rome, and in LISO he was 
 employed against the Uussians, and fought 
 Avitii great success. He was drowned acci- 
 dentally in the port of Revel 1585. 
 
 (i AH DIN" Di MESNiL, N. professor of 
 rhetoiic at Paris, was eminent as a scholar, 
 as appears in his SynonymesLatines, in imi- 
 tation of Girard's Synonymes Francois. He 
 died at Valogne, May 1802, aged 82. 
 
 (jAudiner, Sleplien, bishop of Win- 
 chester, was the illegitimate son of Lionel 
 ^^'oodvil!e, bishop of Salisburj', and brother 
 to Filizabeth the queen of the fourth Ed- 
 ward. He was horn at Uury St. Edmund's, 
 Suffolk, 1483, a. id educateil at Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, ^vhere his progress in clas- 
 sical literature, and in civil and canon hnv 
 ■was very rapid. His introduction into the 
 j^^orfolk fanjily, and afterwai'ds into the ser- 
 vice of Wolsey, soon rendered him a favoi*- 
 ite at court. In the business of the divurce 
 he was sent in 1527 to Rome, where he 
 warmly espoused the cause of iiis sovereign, 
 and when he found that the pope was inex- 
 orable, he turned his attention to i)rocure 
 the dismissal of tlie virtuous Catlierine, 
 without paying any respect to the oi»inion of 
 the papal court. For his services lie was 
 made secretary of state, and in 15.31 raised 
 to the see of Winchester. He went after- 
 wards as ambassador to the French court, 
 and Avhen Henry broke off his dependence 
 on the papal see, the new bishop evinced his 
 acquiescence in the hold measure by defend- 
 ing it in his tract de Vera Obedienta. After 
 various employments of confidence and hon- 
 or, he was at last directed by Heni-y to draw 
 up articles on an accusation of heresy, against 
 his last wife Catlierine I'arr, but the devo- 
 ted queen hud the art to avert the storm 
 from her own head uipon tliat of (r^rdiner, 
 who ever after continued in disgrace with 
 the king. Under Edward VI. iie showed 
 himself averse to the introduction of the 
 reformation, and though threatened and im- 
 prisoned, he still persevered in his o[)posi- 
 riofi. Under Mary he vas restored to his 
 bishopric from which he had been deprived, 
 and he -was raised to the high office of lortl 
 chancellor and of prime minister. Much to 
 the disgrace of Tiis character he conducted 
 himself in this elevated situation with great 
 caprice and unpardonable cruelty. The 
 protestants who opposed his views were with 
 little ceremony committed to the flames, 
 uud these measures of violence and blood 
 
 were sanctioned by the bigoted queen, and 
 approved by the criiniuitl catholics, iie died 
 Pith Nov. 1555, aged 72. in his private 
 character he was not without some good 
 qualities, ilt; was learned, and promotcfl 
 the cause of learning. His gratitude to 
 Wolsey, to whom he was indebted for part 
 of his gi-eatncss, is highly commendable, and 
 though murh injured by Heniy Vill. he 
 never menlione<l his tianu- without marks of 
 resjiect and allection. 'I'hat he possessed 
 antbition, the history of his life sutTicienlly 
 proves, and (hat he was not unskilled in ait 
 and dissimulation is strongly evident from 
 the greatness with which he sui)p()rted his 
 measures in the midst of jarring factions, and 
 ojjposite religions. 
 
 Gardiner, James, an officer in the ar- 
 my of George H. who on reading a religion j 
 book called Heaven taken by Storm sudden- 
 ly reformed the licentious conduct of liis 
 youth, by the most correct morals, and the 
 mo.«t undisguised piety. 'I'his worthy nian 
 V as killed at the battle of I'restoii-pans, iu 
 sigl'il of his own house, 21st September 
 1745. 
 
 Gakengeot, Rend, Jacques, Croissant 
 de, a French surgeon, born at \ itri 1GS8. 
 He was royal lecturer on surgery at Paris, 
 and fellow of the London royal society, and 
 he acquired great celebrity by the success of 
 his oi>erations, and the ingenious and valu- 
 able works which he wrote on his profession. 
 He died at Paris 1759. His works arc a 
 Treatise on Surgical Operations, two vols. 
 Svo. — on Surgical Instruments, 2 vols. 12ma 
 — the Anatomy of the A'iscera 12mo. &c. 
 
 Garessole3, Anthony, a native of Mon- 
 tauban, where he was divinity profesiior, and 
 also moderator of the synod of Charenton. 
 He wrote a Way to Salvatiou,— de Christo 
 Mediatni-e, — Explicalio Catechescos Christ, 
 lielig. — some Latiii poems, kc. and died 
 1G50, aged fi3. 
 
 fiARET, John, a Benedictine, of the con- 
 gregation of St. Maur. He wr.s born at 
 Havre de Grace, and died 1694, aged 09. 
 He edited Cassiodorus, 2 vols. fol. with in- 
 teresting notes. 
 
 Gar LAN DE, Jean de, a grammarian, 
 born at Garlantie en Rrie in Normandy. 
 The best known of his works are " a poem 
 on the contempt of the World." — Floretus, 
 on the Doctnnes of Faith ; — Facetus on the 
 duties of Men towards God, — Dictionarium 
 Artis Alchymice 1571. Basle. He was liv- 
 ing in 1081, and as he passed much of his 
 time in England, w ilh William of Norman- 
 d)', some have imagined that he was an Eng- 
 lishman. 
 
 Garnef, Hcni-y, known as one of the 
 conspirators in the gunpowder plot, was born 
 in England, and educated at Winchester 
 school, from whence he ^^ cnt to Rome, and 
 in 1575, took the liabit of the Jesuits. In 
 1586, he returned home as the provincial of 
 his order, and began by secret intrigues to 
 plot the overthrow of the religion of the 
 country. By impitnisly asserting that the 
 innocent iw^'ght be involved in the ck-itruc- 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 tinn of the gnilty, to establish his plans, he 
 encouraged his associates in the foi wai'ding 
 of that dreadful plot wliicli was pi-evented by 
 a happy discovery. He was in consequence 
 sent to tlie I'ower and hanged for high trea- 
 son, at the west end of St. Paul's, May 3d, 
 1606. Though deservedly punished for his 
 meditated crimes, yet he i)assed as a martyr 
 among the catholic enthusiasts. 
 
 Garnett, Thomas, a native of West- 
 moreland, educated at Sedburgh sciiool, un- 
 der Dawson, from whence he v.ent to Edin- 
 burgh to study under Dr. Brown. He after- 
 wards studied surgery in Lonilon, and then 
 settled at Harrowgate ; but finding success 
 not equally rapid with his expectations, he 
 removed to Liverpool with the intention of 
 emigrating to America. Tiie interference 
 of his friends prevented his leaving the 
 country, and he applied himself to chemis- 
 try and natural philosophy, and after reading 
 some lectures on those sciences at Liverpool 
 and Mancliester, he was appointed Ander- 
 son's lecturer at Glasgow. The establish- 
 ment of the royal institution in London, 
 drew him to tlie capita!, and for two seasons 
 Le read lectures to numerous and applaud- 
 ing audiences, after wliich he resigned, to 
 'lecture publicly in his own house Great Marl- 
 borough str-eet. His prospects of future 
 eminence, however, uifortunately vanished, 
 he died of a ferer 28th June 1S02. As an 
 author he was respectable, and as a lecturer 
 intelligent and animated He publislicd 
 Analysis of the Harrowgate Waters, — a 
 Tour through Scotland, 2 vols. 4to. — a Lec- 
 ture on Health, I'imo. — various papers, &c. 
 on medical and physical Subjects, and his 
 Lectures on Zoonomia, appeared in 4to. for 
 the benefit of his orphan daughters. 
 
 Gar>:ier, Kobert, a French tragic poet, 
 horn atFerte Bernard in Maine, 1534. He 
 studied law at Toulouse, but left it for poet- 
 ry, and so successful were liis attempts that 
 he w'as compared to Sophocles and Euri- 
 pides. His merits were rewarded by some 
 lionorable offices, and he died 1590. His 
 -works, consisting of tragedies, besides ele- 
 gies, songs, &c. but all in a style and manner 
 ■which modern improvements render very 
 obsolete, were published at Lyons, 12mo. 
 1597, and re-printed Paris, 1607. 
 
 Garnier, John, a Jesuit, professor «f 
 rhetoric and philosophy, was born at Paris, 
 and died at Bologna, 1681, aged 69. The 
 best known of his works are an edition of 
 Mercator, folio, 1673. — Systema Bibliothe- 
 cse CoUegii Parisensis, 4to. 167S, Sec. 
 
 Garnier, Jtdian, a Benedictine monk, 
 who edited St. Basil's works, 3 vols, folio, 
 and died 1723, aged 53. 
 
 Garosalo, Bonrenuto, an Italian pain- 
 ter, born at Ferrara. He succeeded chiefly 
 in copying the pieces of Raphael, and other 
 roost celebrated masters. He died 1695, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Garrard, Mark, a painter, born at 
 Bruges in Ftanders, 1561. He was in the 
 service of queen Elizabeth and of Anne the 
 %vife of James 1. and £orac of his pieces are 
 
 preserved in England. He died in Londonj 
 1635. 
 
 Garrtck, David, an illustrious English 
 actor. His grandfather was a Frenchman 
 who left the country at the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, and his father was a cap- 
 tain in the army, and chiefly resided at Lich- 
 field. Duvid was born at Hereford, where 
 his father Avas on a recruiting party, and was 
 baptized there in All-Saints church, 20th 
 P'ebruary 1716. He was educated at Lich- 
 field school, hot was more attached to theat- 
 rical ])ursuits than learning, so that lie acted 
 with his fellow pupils the play of " the Re- 
 cruiting Ofticer," and supported himself the 
 character of sergeant Kite. He v/ent after- 
 wards to reside with his uncle, a wine mer- 
 chant at Lisbon, but soon returned to Lich- 
 field school, and after being six months the 
 pupil and companion of Dr. Johnson, he ac- 
 companied him to London in 1735. He was 
 recommended by Mr. Walmsley of Lich- 
 field to Mr. Colson, under whom he might im- 
 prove himself in mathematical knowledge, 
 and afterwards enter at the Temple. But 
 though he studied for a w hile under Colson, 
 and entered mto partnership in tlie wine 
 trade wilh his brother Peter, in Durham 
 yard, not business, but a theatrical life was 
 his favorite object, and soon after the death 
 of his uncle, the Lisbon merchant, who left 
 him 1000^. and of his father and his mother, 
 he now without the cotitrol of superiors in- 
 dulged the favorite bent of his heart. The 
 powers with which nature had endowed him 
 were fostered and improved by the conver- 
 sation and company of the most popular 
 actors, but Garrick still diffident, flew from 
 a London audience to Ipswich, where iu 
 1741 he performed the part of Aboan in 
 Oroonoko, under the assumed name of Lyd- 
 dal. His efforts w ere received with repeated 
 and increasing a})plause, and thus flushed 
 with provincial approbatian, lie came to 
 Goodman's fields, and acted Richard HI. 
 October 19th 1741. So superior were his 
 abilities, and so powerful their displa}', that 
 the other theatres were nov/ left empty, and 
 the liouse iu Goodman's fields was' daily 
 crowded with all the beauty, the fashion, 
 and the taste of the town. This success was 
 viewed with envy by his rival heroes Quia 
 and Cibber. By the influence of sir John 
 Barnard, an act of parliament was obtained 
 to shut up the theatre of Goodman's fields, 
 so that Garrick, thus obliged to abandon a 
 situation where he divided the profits with 
 Giftard the manager, made an engagement 
 with Fleetwood the patentee of Drury-lane 
 for 500^. a year. Thus popular in England, 
 Garrick passed to Dublin in the summer of 
 1742, and so prodigious wore the numbers 
 which assembled to view this theatrical pha;- 
 nomenon, that in consequence of the crowd- 
 ed houses ami the intense heat of the wea- 
 ther, a contagious disorder fatally broke out 
 in the town, which was called Garrick's fe- 
 A'er. In 1747 he became joint patentee of 
 Drury-lane with Lacy, and in July 1749, he 
 married Mademoisdle Violelti, an Italian 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 .stnge (lancer. Ti» 1763 he went ulih liis wile 
 to Pans uiul Italy, :uul lli(»u};li some atlrilju- 
 tcd this journey to a jealousy ui llie sutcess- 
 lul efiorls of Beard in the niauaj^cmeiit of 
 Covenl-gardeii, it was more piotiably un- 
 dertaken for the rcbtoration (if hii heailli 
 and that of Mrs. (Jarrick, who received 
 some benefit from the haliis of Pailua. W'liilc 
 on tlie contiiunt, (iarrick was liberally con- 
 desceiuling in exhibiting varions characters, 
 jiot only ill the presence of ihfc duke of I'ar- 
 ma, but before iiis friends, and so ju<licif>us 
 was his discerninent, that he foretold the 
 future celebrity of Slademoiselle Clairon, 
 thougli at lliat time Uumesnil was the favor- 
 ite actress of the French stage. He return- 
 ed to London in April I'tK'i, but so fearful 
 was he of the public opinion, that with a 
 timidity unworthy of his great character, 
 he aJways endeavored to prevent censure, 
 and on tlus occasion he caused, by means of 
 a frieod, to be published * tlie Sick iMon- 
 key," a poem in which, by drawing the 
 censures of animals on himself and his tra- 
 vels, he attempted to blunt the edge of ridi- 
 cule. In 1709 he projected and conducted 
 the jubilee at Stratford, in honor of Shak- 
 speare, which though admired on one side 
 and ridiculed on the other, should be men- 
 tioned with commendation as the homage of 
 a great man, to an immoi'tal genius. By 
 the death of Lacy in 1773, the whole man- 
 agement devolved on him, and now the 
 fatigues of his situation were so great, and 
 his infirmities were increasing so rapidly, 
 tliat in June 1770 be lett the stage, and dis- 
 posed of his moiety to Sheridan, Linley, and 
 Ford, for 3.5,000/. He was seized while at 
 lord Spencer's with a fit, and removed im- 
 mediatel}- to his house in the xVdelphi, where 
 lie died three weeks after, 20tJi Jan. 1779. 
 Besides the display of his astonishing pow ers 
 on the stage, Garrick merited the public ap- 
 probation as a writer. The Biographia 
 Dramatica mentions not less than 38 of 
 his plays, some of which were original, and 
 some translations, besides a great number of 
 prologues, epilogues, songs, elegies, &c. A 
 moni'ment has been erected to Ids memory 
 m Westminster-abbey, and his life has been 
 "written by Thomas Davies, 2 vob. 8vo. 
 
 Gauriei>, Peter, a priest of Montpellier 
 in the 17th century. He wrote an account 
 pf Montpellier cathedral 1631, 12mo. — A 
 <:hronological Tiew of the Governors of Pro- 
 vence, — Series Prsesulum Megalo nensium 
 Montispell. ah 451, ad 1652 folio. 
 
 GARSA.ULT, Francis Alexander, a learn- 
 ed Frenchman, member of the academy of 
 Sciences. He paid much attention to lite- 
 rature and the arts, and particularly to the 
 history and character of the horse. He died 
 at Paris of a parah tic stroke, November 
 1778, aged 85. He Mrote the anatomy of 
 the Horse, translated from the fc'.nglish of 
 Snap, 4lo. — le nouveau I'arfait Marechal, a 
 work of merit, — le Guide du Cavalier, — 
 Tr.'iite des Voitures, See. 
 
 Garth, sir Samuel, an eminent physi- 
 cian and poet, born ia YorksUire, and edu- 
 
 cated at Pfcter-lion.se, Cftmbrldge, where ho 
 took hii degree of .M.I). July 7lh 1691. Hr 
 settled in London, and was electe«l fellow of 
 the college of physiciuus 1692. His assist- 
 ance arid influence were }.;reat in the dispute 
 between the physicians and the ai)Otheca- 
 ries about the establishment of dispensaries, 
 and he boldly supported the former, who 
 with charitable zeal Avished to administer to 
 the relief of their fellow creatures gratis. 
 Irritated at the obstinate coixluct of the apo- 
 thecaries, who \iolentIy opposed the bene- 
 volent plans fjf the C(»llege, he employed hi.s 
 pen to throw ridicule upf)n them, and in 
 1099, l»i(Mluted hij " ])ispensary," which ifi 
 a few months went through three editiona. 
 The sixtli edition of this popular piece ap- 
 peared 1706, much iii»iu-oved with the epi- 
 sodes and inscriptions, but though it gained 
 so much of the public attention, it wants 
 something of poetical ardor, as Johnson has 
 observed, and no longer supported by acci- 
 dental and extrinsic iioj>ulaiity, it is now 
 almost forgotten. In lo97, Hr. Garth spoke 
 the annual Latin speech on vSt. Luke's day; 
 and in this he showed himself an elegjtnt and 
 relinetl scholar, and an able and eloquent 
 orator. This high reputation recommended 
 by polite manners, and agreeable conversa- 
 tion, soon placed Garth at the head of his 
 profession. His noble and spirited conduct, 
 in raising a subscription for the interment of 
 Dryden's corpse, which the licentious son 
 of lord Jefl'eries had insulted and abandoned, 
 also tended to increase his popularity, and 
 he was one of the first who united to form 
 the Kitcat club, in 170.3, composed of above 
 tliirty noblemen and gentlemen to support 
 the succession of the Hanoverian family to 
 the throne. In his politics, Garth was the 
 friend of Marlborough, and Godolphin, and 
 on their disgrace he, though ridiculed by 
 Prior, employed his pen to defend their con- 
 duct, and honor their meritorious services. 
 On the accession of George I. he was knight- 
 ed with Marlborough's sword, and appointed 
 king's physician in ordinary, and physician 
 general to tlie army. This very humaoe 
 and liberal minded pliysician died after a 
 short illness 18th Jan. 1718-9, and his re- 
 mains w ere interred at Harrow on the Hill. 
 He was survived by an only <laughter maf- 
 ried to the honorable col. William Boyle. 
 His death was universally h-imented, and 
 Pope, who loved and admired him, observed 
 that if there ever was a good christian with- 
 out knowing himself to be so, it was I)r, 
 Garth. Besides his Dispensary he publish- 
 ed " ClaremoDt," on the villa of the duke 
 of Newcastle, iftid other fugitive pieces, be- 
 sides an edition of Ovid's ^Metamorphoses, a 
 book to which he was very partial, &c. 
 
 Gar7,t, Lewis, a painter, born at Pistoia 
 in Tuscany, and brought up under Andrea 
 Pacchi. He is considered as the successful 
 rival of Carlo Marat, and his finest piece is 
 the painting of the dome of the church oi 
 Stigmatie at Rome, by onler of Clement XI 
 undertaken when he was 80. Me died 1721, 
 aged 8:k 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 Gascoigne, sir William, cliief justice 
 tmder Heary IV. was born of a noble Nor- 
 man family at Gawthorp in Yorkshire 1350. 
 He was niatle king's sergeant 1398, and the 
 next year judge of the common pleas, and in 
 l4ul chief justice of the king's bench. He 
 was commissioner to treat with those delud- 
 ed subjects who had joined the rebellion of 
 the earl of Northumberland, but when arch- 
 bishop Scroop was taken in arms, he refused, 
 at the repeated solicitations of Henry IV. to 
 condemn him for treason, observing with un- 
 vlaunted firmness that neither the king nor 
 his subjects could legally adjudge a bishop to 
 death. With persevering integritv he pur- 
 sued his laudable exertions to improve the 
 morals and the jurisprudence of England, 
 and he made some wholesome regulations 
 lor the reductiqu and limitation of attornies, 
 who it seems were become a public griev- 
 ance in each county. His presence of mind 
 and his great dignity were most nobly exhi- 
 bited, when the prince of Wales, determined 
 to rescue one of his sei'vants who was arraign- 
 ed before the king's bench, presumed to in- 
 terrupt and even to strike the chief justice. 
 Gdscoigne supported the chai*acter of his sta- 
 tion against the bold aggression, and commit- 
 ted the prince to the custody of the king's 
 bench to await his father's pleasure. The 
 king heard of the circumstance with becom- 
 ing propriety, and thanked God " that he 
 had given him a judge who knew how to ad- 
 minister, and a son who could obey justice." 
 The venerable judge died soon after, 17th 
 Dec. 1413. He was twice married and left 
 a numerous family. The famous Strafford 
 in the reign of Charles I. was one of his de- 
 scendants. 
 
 Gascoigxe, George, an early English 
 poet, born in Essex, and educated at both 
 universities according to AVood. He studied 
 at Gray's Inn, and was a soldier in the Low 
 Countries. He cultivated poetry under the 
 patronage of lord Gray de Wilton, and though 
 his veMes and language are obsolete, yet he 
 possesses both strength, energ>', and ele- 
 gance. He died at Waltliamstow 1578. 
 
 Gasparini, a grammarian, surnamed 
 Barzizio from the place of his birth near 
 Bergamo. During the troubles of Italy, and 
 the ignorance of the times, he labored ear- 
 nestly to restore learning to its ancient splen- 
 tjor. He was professor of belles lettres at 
 Padua, and was patronised by the duke of 
 Milan. He died 1431, aged 61. He wrote 
 in elegant Latin commentaries on several of 
 Cicero's works, besides " Letters and Ora- 
 tions,*' reprinted 1723. 
 
 Gassendi, Peter, a celebrated French 
 philosopher, born 22d Jan. N. S. 1592, at 
 Chantersier near Digne in Provence. In his 
 infancy he frequently amused himself by 
 gazing at the moon and stars, and as soon as 
 ke was able to go to school at Digne, he made 
 such progress that he far outstripped all his 
 fellow-students in every branch of science 
 After stvulying philosophy at Aix for two 
 years, he returned to Uigue, and at the age 
 of 16 \vas made teacher of rhetoric, and 5 
 
 years after he removed to Aix, -where he 
 succeeded his old master Fesey as professor 
 of philoso})hy. His " Paradoxical Exercita- 
 tions," against Aristotle's philosophy gained 
 the attention of that humane patron of learn- 
 ing Nicholas Peiresc, and of Joseph Walter 
 prior of Valette, and by means of these dis- 
 interested friends he entered into orders, 
 and gradually rose to the dignity of D. D, 
 and to the wardenship of Digne church, 
 where he continued 20 years. His attention 
 to astronomy had never been relaxed in the 
 midst of all other pui'suits, and his reputa- 
 tion became so extensive that in 1C45 he was 
 appointed professor of mathematics at Paris. 
 In the discharge of tliis new office he unfor- 
 tunately contracted a cold, which assumed / 
 such unpleasant symptoms that he left Faris 
 in 1047 to breathe his native air. Here he 
 was patronised by Valois earl of Alais, and 
 while residing under his hospitable roof he 
 planned the life of his benevolent friend Pei- 
 resc. He quitted Digne in 1053, and in com- 
 pany with Francis Beruier, a physician, and 
 Anthony Poller, his amanuensis, he came to 
 Pari?, and lived in the house of his friend 
 Monmor, master of tlie court of requests, at 
 whose desire he undertook the life of Tycho 
 Brahe, which appeared 1G54 with an account 
 of Copernicus, Purbachius, and Regio-Mon- 
 tanus. His studious pursuits greatly enfee- 
 bled his constitution, but he was in some de- 
 gree relieved by phlebotomy. He had al- 
 ready undergone that operation nine times 
 when he remonstrated, but one of his physi- 
 cians prevailed upon the other two to assent 
 to the necessity of a repetition of the bleed- 
 ing, and the yielding patient submitted to it, 
 even to a fourth time. He soon after sunk 
 under his complaints, and placing the hand 
 of his faithful amanuensis on his heart, after 
 hearing that the motion of that spring of life 
 was faint and fluttering, he exclaimed in these 
 last words, " you see what is man's life," 
 and immediately expired 22d Oct. 1655. His 
 papers were left to the care of his friend 
 Monmor, who with the assistance of an able 
 and impartial judge, perased them and 
 deemed them all worthy of the name of the 
 philosopher. These therefore with the books 
 printed before appeared uniformly in 6 vols, 
 fol. at Leyden, 1658. This great man, who 
 lived and died in the bosom of the catholic 
 church, was the friend and correspondent 
 of Kepler, Longomontanus, Snellius, Heve- 
 lius, Galileo, Builialdi, Kercher, and other 
 respectable scholars, and to his genius, learn- 
 iag, and application, are owing in some de- 
 gree the rapid improvements in philosophy, 
 which banished the foolish and unreasonable 
 hypothesis of Aristotle and of his followers 
 from the schools of Europe. 
 
 G ASSIGN, John de, a native of Pau, dis- 
 tinguished in the army under duke de Ro- 
 han, in favor of the protestants, and under 
 Gustavus of Sweden, whose body guards he 
 commanded in the German Avars. On the 
 death of Gustavus he returned to France and 
 fought under la Force. His valor was emi- 
 nently displayed at the Yictory of Rocroy, 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 and he was ma«1c a mar^lial of Frnnce ui 
 consequence of tlic lioiioruljle wounds lie re- 
 ceived at die siege of Toulouse 1643. lie 
 was iiftorwaids in ihe wai-s of Flanders, and 
 iell at the si«'i;e of I^eiis 1047. 
 
 Gas r, Julm, a native of Dublin, descend- 
 ed from a I'linch proteslant family. He 
 was eduiated at Duljlin eollej^e, and iVoni lijc 
 curacy of St. Jolin's church lie became rec- 
 tor of .\iklow, vhlcli hi- affiTM ardt) exthanj^- 
 ed in 177.5 for hft. Nicholas without Dultlin. 
 He also obtained the :irchdcaconry of Cilan- 
 dclni^h, and the li\ing of Newcastle, an»l died 
 178S, aged 73. He piiMished iu 1753 tlie 
 Uudinients of Grecian History, a Avork of 
 merit, fov m hich the university of Dublin 
 honored him with the decree of D. D. with- 
 out the usual expenses — and a Letter from 
 ;i Clergyman of tlie Iri;di establislicd Church 
 to his I*oj)i^h I'arishioners. 
 
 Gastaldt, John Baiitiste, a native of 
 Sisteron, who died at Avi[j;non 1717, aged 
 73. He was eminent as a physician, and was 
 employed iu the household of the French 
 kin* He wrc)le Indlitutiones Me<Iicinic PIiv- 
 sico-Anatomiic, 12mo. — .Medical 1 racts on 
 Curious Subjects, JSce. 
 
 Gastaud, Francis, an ecclesiastic of Ai.\ 
 in Provence, father of tl»e oratory, preacher 
 in Paris, and afterwards a pleader in his na- 
 tive city. He was very violent in his dislikes 
 and in his attachments, and therefore while 
 lie supi'orted the opinions of Quesnel, he 
 acrimoiiionsly attacked Girard and hisfriends. 
 He died 173J at Yiviers, where he had been 
 banislied, and as he had insulted the bishop 
 of JNIarseilles hi his writings, he was denied 
 the honors of sepulture, lie wrote a set of 
 Homilies, &c. — the Policy of the Jesuits Un- 
 masked, S>cc. 
 
 Gaston of Fraace, John Baptist, duke 
 of Orleans, was sou of Henry IV. and brother 
 of Lewis XIH. and he is known for his deep 
 intrigues against the power of llichclieu. 
 He died 1660, aged 52. 
 
 Gaston di: Foix, duke of Nemours, 
 son of the count d'Etiuiipes, by Mary the 
 sister of Lewis XIL early distinguished him- 
 self ill the army in Italy. He defeated the 
 Swiss, and obtained a glorious viLtory at lia- 
 venna, and soon after fell in the field of battle 
 1.T12, aged 24. 
 
 Gastuhll, Francis, an Eiiglish prelate, 
 l»orn acSlapton, in Northamptonshire, about 
 1602, and educated at Westminsler school, 
 and Christ-church, ONfurd, where he took 
 the degree of M. A. 1GS7. He was preacher 
 at Lincoln's iuTi, and Boyle's lecturer, and lie 
 distinguislied Iiimself not only by his elo- 
 quence hi the pulpit, but by his writings in 
 defence of the Christian religiuu. In iViK), 
 he took Iiis degree of D. D. and became 
 duiplain to Harley, speaker of the Com- 
 mons, and in 1702, he Vas appointed canon 
 of Christ's churcli, O-vford. In 1711, he v.as 
 chaplain to the queen, and in 1714, he was 
 raised to the see of Chester, with permission 
 to retain his canoury. As bishop, he refused 
 to admit PciJoe vicar of Preston to the war- 
 denship of ]NIaachester college, because he 
 VOL. I. 7o 
 
 had not taken the degree of B. i). :.s Uie sta. 
 lut«s re«iuii'i.«l. The candidate hud indeed 
 been admilled to that degree by the arciibi- 
 shop, but (ia^trell coiisiderccl a metropolitxm 
 digree as nuthing, till the intei'ference of the 
 court of king's bench decreed, that the pri- 
 mate's <in.ihfic:ilif)n was sufrnicnt. On this 
 occasi(jn the bishop received the solemii 
 thanks of the university of Oxfor<l, for hii 
 vindication of their rights and privileges, not 
 only in his conduct, but in the piimplilet, 
 whicli he wrote in his own defence. Though 
 popular under the adminislr.'itiun eif ijueen 
 Anne, Gastiell became obnoxious to the mi- 
 nisters of George the L but though he dis- 
 liked the arbilrary manners and haughty 
 temper of Atterbury, he boldly opposed the 
 proceetlings against him, and censured the 
 conduct of his accusers, as too violent, acri- 
 « lonious, and uncharitable. lie died of the 
 gout, 24th Nov. 1725, and was buried in Ox- 
 ford cathedrrd, without any mrinument. He 
 is well known for his considerations concern- 
 ing the Trinity, and "Remarks on the Scrip- 
 ture Doctrine of the I'rinity, by Dr. Samuej 
 Clarke," besides ♦' the (Christian Institutes, 
 or the Sincere Word of God, ^c" a useful 
 performance, fn-st i)ublished 1707, and his 
 defence of the Christian Bcligion, against the 
 deists, pre:iched at Boyle's lectures, and af- 
 terwards digested into a conliuued discourse, 
 1699. 
 
 Gatakei^, Thomas, an English divine, 
 descended from a Sliropshire family, and 
 born 1574, in tJie parsonage house of St. Ed- 
 murid, Lombard-street, where his fatlurwas 
 minister.^ He was educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, and on the foundation of 
 Sidney college, he was on account of ,his great 
 abilities admitted one of the fellowj. After 
 being tutor, and chaplain to the families at' 
 Ayloftj and sir William Cook, he was ap- 
 pointed 1(1(11, pi-eacher of Lincoln's inn. la 
 1611, he married and took the living of llo- 
 therhithe in Surrey. In 1C20, he travelled 
 into the low countries, and every where dis- 
 tingiiislied hiniselfasan able preacher, and 
 an active opponent of the popish tenets. Asa 
 writer he excited the public attention by his 
 " Discourse on the Nature and Use of Lots, 
 a treatise historical and theological UU9, 
 4to." and by his defcyce of it 1G23, and so 
 high was bis reputrttion that, on the removal 
 of Dr. Comber, he was otFered the master- 
 shii) of Trinity college, Cambridge, \\hicU 
 his iiihriu health tlid not permit him to ac- 
 cci)t. He Mas one of the assembly of divines 
 who met at M'eslminster, concerning justi- 
 iication, and other tlieologicrtl subjects, an^ 
 tliough he declared strongly in favor of epis- 
 copacy, he signed the covenant, in obedience 
 to the sense of the majority of his brethren. 
 In 1 648 he was the first of the 47 ministers 
 who signed a remonstrance to the army, and 
 the general, against the design of trying the 
 king, and both in private, and in the pulpit, 
 he s[)oke against the prevailing tenets of the 
 independent faction. He was a sufferer by 
 the violence of the times, yet when his \>a- 
 rishioiiers V'. fused to pay him the compo?i- 
 
GA 
 
 GA 
 
 tion which thty had agreed in lieu oF the 
 tithes, he bore the disappointment wilh pa- 
 tience, and turned his attention to literary 
 pursuits. He married four wives, and died 
 1054, aged 80, and was buried in his own 
 church. His funeral sermon was preached, 
 and published with a narrative of his hfe, by 
 Simon Ashe, but he gave directions that no 
 monument or stone should mark the place 
 where hisi'emains were deposited. He was 
 a man who, to extensive erudition, united 
 
 freat moderation, and benevolent principles. 
 le opposed strongly in the reigns of James, 
 and Charles T. the high notions of church- 
 men, and deprecated the fatal consequences 
 which he foresaw would fall on the govern- 
 ment, and on the elmrch. The moderation 
 of his conduct drew upon him the abuses and 
 the virulence of the bigoted fanatics of the 
 times, but he always preferred peaceful re- 
 tirement, and such uniform conduct as his 
 conscience approved, to all the reputation of 
 guilty elevation and successful artifice. As 
 a critic, and a writer, he was highly respec- 
 ted, and Salmasius, Axenius, Colomies and 
 othei's, bear honorable testimony to his abi- 
 lities. He was one of the divines who wrote 
 Annotations on the Bible, especially Isaiah, 
 Jeremiah, and the Lamentations, and Cala- 
 my has observed that no commentator an- 
 cient or modern, is entitled to lugher praise. 
 He wrote besides " Marcus Antoninus's 
 Meditations, with a discourse on the Philo- 
 sophv of the Stoics, and a Commentary," 
 1G97~« Opera Critica" Utrecht, fol. 1668, 
 and h6 was besides engaged in a controversy 
 ■with Lilly, the astrologer, in which mox'e 
 learning, and more animosity were shown 
 than became the subject. Some of his MSS. 
 "were published by his son Charles, rector of 
 Haggeiston, Bucks, who was also a writer 
 on controversial divinity, and died 1680, aeed 
 66 
 
 Gatimobin, the last of Mexican kings, 
 was nephew to Moiitezuma. He was cruelly 
 tortured in a fiery ordeal by Corlez and the 
 Sp:miards who wished to discover his trea- 
 sures, and three years after, he was ignomi- 
 nously hanged in his capital, with many of 
 his caciques, in the sight of his subjects, 152G. 
 
 Gavants, Bartholomew, a Barnabite 
 monk, born in the Milanese. He wrote the 
 Thesaurus Sacrorum liituum, on the Cere- 
 monies, kc. of the Roman church, 5 vols. 
 4to. with plates — Manuale Episcoporum — a 
 tract on conducting Synods, &c. He died at 
 Milan, 1 038, aged ZO.' 
 
 Ga-UBIL, Anthony, a French missionary 
 in China, where he resided 30 years. He 
 was born at Caillac, 1708, and died 175y. He 
 wa3 interpreter at the court of Pekin, and 
 astonished even the Chinese themselves for 
 his knowledge of their language. He sent 
 some curious anecdotes to Europe, and pub- 
 lished a good history of Gengis Khan, 1739, 
 4to. and a translation of Chou-king 1771. 
 His eulogium appears in the 31st volume of 
 Lettres Curieuses, k Edifites." 
 
 Gaubius, Jerome David, a native of 
 Keidleberg, who studied medicice under liis 
 
 uncle a physician at Amsterdam, and aftei'- 
 wards went to Handerwyck, and to Lej den. 
 In 1731 he succeeded his illustrious friend 
 and preceptor Boerhaave, as Lecturer of Bo- 
 tany, and chemisti'y at Leyden, and obtained 
 the medical professorship three years after. 
 He died 1780, aged 75. Flis woi ks are a 
 Thesis on the Solids, 1725, when he took his 
 doctor's degree — another on the method of 
 Prescribing, and Writing Recipes, a valua- 
 ble work 1738 — Institutiones PathologicsE 
 Medicinal, 4to. 1758. — Adversaria de Variis 
 Argumentis, &c. He also edited Albinus de 
 Prssagienda Vita & Morte — Cramer's Ele- 
 menta Artis Docimasticise, 8cc. 
 
 Gaud, Henry, a painter and engraver of 
 Utrecht, who died 1639. His seven engra- 
 vings from Adam Elshamier's pictures are 
 much admired. 
 
 Gauden, John, a prelate born 1605, at 
 Mayfield, Essex, where his father was vicar. 
 He was educated at Bury St. Edmund's 
 school, and St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 w here he took his degrees in arts. In 1630, 
 he married the daughter of sir William Rus- 
 sel, of Chippenham, Cambridgeshire, and 
 obtained that vicarage, and afterwards the 
 rectory of Brighlwell, Berks. From his 
 connection with Oxford, he entered at Wad- 
 ham college, and took his degree of D.D. 
 1641. He was chaplain to lord AVarwick, 
 and he preached before the House of Com- 
 mons, in a style which procured, with their 
 approbation, the present of a large silver 
 tankard with an appropriate inscription, and 
 afterwards the rich deanery of Bocking in 
 Essex, for the regular possession of which 
 he obtained the collation of Laud, then a 
 prisoner in the Tower. He submitted to the 
 regulations of the parliament, upon the abo- 
 lition of the hierarchy, and he was one of the 
 assembly of divines, who met at Westmin- 
 ster, though Godwin was afterwards substi- 
 tuted in his room. When preparations were 
 made to try the king, he was one of those 
 divines wlio boldly ])ei:itioned against it, and 
 after the king's death he published *' a Just 
 Invective against those who murthered king 
 Charles I. &.c." His zeal was further mani- 
 fested in printing the " Icon Bnsilice," with 
 a copy of the MS. of which, written by the 
 unfortunate (Charles, he had been intrusted, 
 and though diligent search was made by the 
 parliament for the publisher of that popular 
 book, (ianden had the good fortune to es- 
 cape discovery. In 1659 he published *' the 
 Tears, Sighs, &c. of tlie Church of England, 
 kc. in ^ books folio." and so highly approved 
 were his services that he w as made, on the 
 death of Brownrigg, preacher to t!ie Tem- 
 pje, and bishop of Exeter. In 1662 he was 
 removed to Worcester, but, it is said, that 
 he was so disappointed in not being translated 
 to the rich sec of Winchester, that he died 
 of a broken heart, in September that same 
 year. Though he had cleared upwards of 
 20,000^. by renewing leases at Exeter, his 
 widow, with his five children, petitioned the 
 king for the half year's profits of the see of 
 Worcester, \yhich was refused. Gauden ha? 
 
«A 
 
 OA 
 
 been censured for his uinljition, an<l he is de- 
 scribed by Clart-ridoii, IJiuncl, Kennel and 
 others, as so inconslanl, arnbij^uous, and «:o- 
 vetous of preferment, ihul he woidd foUow 
 any party or subscribe* to any opinions to gam 
 his ends. Wood says thai lie was estei nic<l 
 hy all who knew him, that he was a man of 
 Aast parts, of unwearied labor and much vc- 
 sorted to for Iiismosl admirable and edilyiMj; 
 ■way of preachin};. Me wrote several tracts 
 on the politics, and theological disltutes, of 
 the times. Some have considered the Icon 
 llasilice, as wholly written by him, but the 
 style is so superior to that of the bishop, that 
 the king is now regarded as the sole author 
 of it. 
 
 GAunnxTio, a painter of Milan, horn 
 about 1480. He a<lorned the churches of his 
 native city with fresco and oil i)ainlings. 
 
 GAii DE.MTi us, St a biiliop of Urescia, 
 who obtained his preferment much against 
 his wishes from the hands of St. Ambrose. 
 He wrote sermons, — letters, — the Life of 
 Philaster, his predecessor, kc. publislied, 
 Brescia fol. 1738, and died 4*7. Anotiier, 
 in the sanac age, w rote tMO apologies for the 
 Donatists, of whom he was bishop. 
 
 Gaudenzio, Paganin, a native of the 
 Valleline. Fie received his education at 
 Kome where he acquired celebrity as Greek 
 professor, and afterwards at Pisa where he 
 filled the chair of belles lettres. He wrote 
 Declamationes — Chart:e PaLmtes — Obstetrix 
 Literaria — Academ.lnstar. — de Philosophiuj 
 apud Roman. Initio Sc Progrcssu, 4to. and 
 died 1648, aged 52. 
 
 G A VEST ON, Peter, son of a Gascon gen- 
 tleman, is known in English history as the 
 favorite of Edward II. In his elevation he 
 was proud, over bearing, and cruel, and the 
 barons thei*efore rose up against him, and he 
 was beheaded 1312. 
 
 Gauli, Giovanni Baptista, a painter of 
 Genoa who died at Home 17U9, aged 08. 
 His chief merit was historical and poi'trait 
 painting. 
 
 Gaulmix, Gilbert, a French writer of 
 some celebrity, acquired by his harangues in 
 the society of beaux and belles He died 
 I6fi5, aged 6(>. He wrote Commentaries on 
 Pseilus and I'heod. Prodromus, besides Re- 
 marks on the false Callisthenes, — an edition 
 of Romance of Ismenus aiid Ismenias, 8tc. 
 
 Gaupp, John, a native of Liudau in Swa- 
 bia, educated at Jena. He was the protes- 
 tant pastor of his native town, where he died 
 1738, aged 71. He was an able mathema- 
 tician, and wrote Gnomonica Mechanica 
 Universalis, 4to, besides some tracts on As- 
 tronomy, Chronology, sermons, ^c. 
 
 Gaurico, l.iica, an Italiaii professor of 
 astronomy at Ferrara. His prediction that 
 John Bcnlivoglio would lose the supreme 
 power of Bologna, exposed him to persecu- 
 tion, and he removed to Venice, and then to 
 Rome. He was made bibhop of Civita in 
 Naples by pope Paul, who was a great fol- 
 lower of astrology, but he resigned the see 
 in 1550, and came to Rome, where he died 
 1558, aged 8-?. His -vorka on astrology and 
 
 astronomy appeared at Basil .T vols. fol. 1.375 
 His brother, Pomjionio, wrote L.ilin poems, 
 tracts on lMiysiogi»oruy, archilectme, &tc. 
 anti <lied professor in Naples university. 
 
 (iAL'SSEM, Jane <Jaihariite, a celebrated 
 actress, M ho after enj(n irig for 30 years the 
 ap[)lauses of a I'rencli audience retired fi-om 
 the Ibeaire, Ifi'i't, f/om inolivts of religion 
 She (lie<l at I'aris 1707, aged 50. 
 
 (•AU'iHiEU, Jean Ijypiiste, a French. 
 abbe, ch.kplain to de Laiij;le, bishop of Bou- 
 logne, and to (Joll)Lrl, bishfip of .Monlpel- 
 lier, was l)Orn at Louviers in the diocese of 
 Evreux 1085. He died of a fall 1755. He 
 wrote against Infidels. His ch'ef works are 
 *' a Tract against Pope's Essay on Man'' 
 which he describes as impious, — Ijetters 
 again'jt Hanlouin and Berruyei-, 3 vols, 
 r.'mo. — an Attack upon the Jesuits, 3 vols. 
 and other works mentioned in " France Lite- 
 raire"17.iS 
 
 (iAY, John, an English poet, born 1088, 
 near Barnstaple, Devon The only education 
 which he received was at the free-school of 
 his native town, under Luck who had some 
 knowledge of poetry, but such v.as hi.s.taste for 
 literature, that when his parents, vsho were 
 poor thoiigli of a respectable family, bound 
 him apprentice to a silk-mercer in London, 
 he attended behind the counter with silent in- 
 dignation, and, as soon as he could, he purcha- 
 sed !us indentures of his master. Now freed 
 from the sliackles of business, he cultivated 
 the muses, and was introduced to the wits 
 of the times. Flattered with the friendship 
 of Swift and of Pope, he courted the public 
 approbation by dedicating in 1711, his lirs4 
 piece, " Rural Sports, a Georgic," to the 
 latter of these higli poetical characters. 
 But though successful as an author, his re- 
 sources were scanty, and his creditors now 
 threatened his liberty, v hen the patronage 
 of the duchess of jNIonmouth, by appointing 
 him her secretary, placed him above want, 
 and called his muse to new exertions. In 
 this sunshine of prosperity he wrote his 
 " Trivia, or the Ait of Walking the Streets,'* 
 and the tiext year he formed the plan of ids 
 *' Pastorals." In espousing the cause of Pope, 
 who had been insulted liy Philips, he not 
 only produced an excellent poem " the Shep- 
 herd's Week" which rivalle«l his antagonist's 
 performance, but he fixed the friendship and 
 gained the recommendation of his poetical 
 patron. He was flattered by the miiustry, 
 and was sent as secretary to lord Clarendon, 
 in his embassy to Hanover. The death ot" 
 queen Anne seemed to ruin his hopes, but he 
 paid his court to the new niinistry, atid in- 
 sured the patronage of the princess of \\'ales 
 by a well-timed compliment. He was admit- 
 ted into the company of the great and pow- 
 erful, and the sweetness of his manners, and 
 the sincerity of his heart, gained him friends 
 wherever he ai)peaix;d. He went to Ai\ in 
 Fiance with .Mr. Pulteney, and at his return 
 he introduced on the stage his " Three Hours 
 after Marriage" wliich did not meet the same 
 success which his 'M\ hat d'ye call it" had 
 a little time before comnoaftdej, hi, l/lS, 
 
GA 
 
 GA. 
 
 he was vith Pope at lord Ilarcouri's vhere 
 lie celebi-ated in IjeaiitU'ul verse the sad catas- 
 trophe of the two lovers destroyed by light- 
 ning. In w20, he recruitci! his finarices by a 
 handsome subscription to his poems, in 'i 
 vols. 4to. but the whole ^.mounting to lUOOZ. 
 was ventured and lost in the unfortunate south 
 sea scheme. This stroke had sucli eltect 
 upon hK spirits, that he almost sunk under 
 the loss, but by the friendship and advice of 
 Dr. Arbuthnothe gradually recovered. In 
 1724, he read his "Captives" before the 
 prini^ess of Wales, and at her request wrote 
 his beautiful and elegant fables for the me of 
 the duke of Cumherland. In 1727, he pro- 
 duced his " Beggar's Opera" which met 
 ^vith the most unusual sirccess, and was acted 
 ()3 successive nights in London, .50 at Rath 
 and Bi-istol, and with ecpial popularity in 
 other places- So great indeed w as the pub- 
 lic admiration, that the songs of the opera 
 api>eared on the fans of the ladies, and the 
 person who acted Polly, though hitherto oh- 
 scure, he«'ame an important character in the 
 history of the town, and at last, though 
 mother of some natural children, she rose 
 hy mai'rjage to the rank of a duchess. This 
 favorite play owed its celebrity to the unpopu- 
 larity of the court, and the resentment of the 
 poet, who was offered the place of gentleman 
 usher to the young princess Louisa, whieii 
 he rejected Avith marked indignation. To 
 take advantage of his situation witb the pub- 
 lic, he produced a second part to the Beg- 
 gar's Opera, by the title of " P®lly" but the 
 court forbad its appearance on the stage, and 
 Gay had the satisfaction of obtaining an un- 
 usually large subscription for its publication. 
 To make his triumph complete, the duke 
 and duchess of Qut*ensbury embraced his 
 cause, resigned their places at court to pa- 
 tronise him, and ever at'tcr made him an in- 
 mate at their splendid table. Thus raised i 
 to independence and comfort he began to 
 improve " the Wife of Bath" a play which 
 had been received with indifference in 1714, 
 but the second representation in 1720, was 
 unsuccessful, and brought upon his spirits a 
 severe St of melancholy. Some lucid inter- 
 vals indeed interposed during ti.e gloomy de- 
 pression, and under the hospitable roof of 
 the duke, at Amesbury, he was enabled to 
 finish his opera of " Achilles." He c^ime to 
 town to present his play to the stage, but an 
 inflammatory fever unhappily brought on a 
 mortification in his bowels, and he died at 
 BurUngton house 11th December 1732. Mis 
 i-equest to his friend Poi)e was faithfully com- 
 plied with, and these his verses were accord- 
 ingly engraved on his tomb; 
 
 Life is a jest, and all things show it, 
 1 thmi^hi so once, but noiv I kno-cv it. 
 After lying in state at Exeter change, his 
 remains were conveyed to Westminster ab- 
 bey, by the duke of Qiieensbury, and inter- 
 j-ed in the southeast aisle, against the tomb 
 of Chaucer, where his monument is erected. 
 The opera of Achilles afterwards appeared 
 on the stage for the benefit of his two widow- 
 ed sisters, Catherine Ballet, and Joanna 
 
 Fortesctie, who inherited eq^ialiy his piK)- 
 perty ol" about 3000/. A few years afterwards 
 a comedy "the Distressed Wife" was pub- 
 lished under his name, and in 1754, a hu- 
 morous piece called the Rehearsal at Goa- 
 tham. His papers were left to the care of 
 Pope who suppressed some of them as friend- 
 ship and delicacy required, 
 
 Gayot T3E PiTAVAL, Francis, aPrench 
 author, born at Lyons. He wrote, " Causes 
 Celebres," a voluminous work, in 20 vols. 
 r2mo. which, though interesting in some 
 pai'ts, is yet insipid in style and in elegant 
 composition. Gayot was unfortunate in all 
 his pursuits. He was successively an abbe, a 
 soldier, and at 50 an advocate. He died 1743, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Gat. A, 'I'lieodore, an eminent scholar, 
 born at Thessalonica, in Greece, 1398. Up- 
 on the invasion of his country by the Turks, 
 in 14.50, he came to Italy, and by his great 
 assiduity became one of the brigbtest orna- 
 ments to whom Europe is indebted for the 
 revival of learning. He soon gained a perfect 
 knowledge of the Latin language, and was 
 introduced to the patronage of carcllnal 
 Bessarion. In 1450 he came to Rome, and 
 was, with several others, engaged by pope 
 Nicolas V. in translating Greek authors into 
 Latin, and after the death of that ])ontiff, in 
 145G, he went to the court of Alphonsus, 
 king of Naples. Two years after he returned 
 to Rome, and by the patronage of his friend 
 Bessarion, he was presented to a small bene- 
 fice in Calabria. In his eld age he presented 
 one of his perlbrmances, beautifully w ritten 
 in vellum, to pope Sixtus IV. and v> hile he 
 expected a liberal reward, iie was asked by 
 the pontift'what his expenses had been, and 
 these were carefully repaid, which treat- 
 ment so excited his indignation that he ex- 
 claimed, "It was high time to return home, 
 since the over-fed asses of Rome had no 
 relish but for tliistles and weeds." Tiic 
 money he had received he contemptuously 
 threw into the Tiber, and died soon after of 
 grief and disappointment. The works of 
 Gaza consisted of original pieces, and of 
 translations, — Graramaticte Grsecse Libri 
 quatnor, written in Greek 1495, translated 
 by Erasmus 1522 — Liber de Atticis Men- 
 sibus — and translation of Cicero's de Se- 
 nectute, & de Soranio Scipionis, into 
 Greek — and Aristotle's History of Ani- 
 mals, translated into Latin, and other 
 works. Gaza's learning and reputation were 
 so highly respected that, S^aliger says, there 
 Avere not more than three he was inclined to 
 envy, Theodore Gaza, Angelus Politianus, 
 and Picus of jNIirandula, He is ranked 
 among the best translators of Greek authors 
 into Latin, though, inrleed Erasmus objected 
 to the elegance of his Latin idiom, and Hue- 
 tius, in commending his fidelity and perspic- 
 uity, allows that some things might have 
 been rendered better. He died at Rome 
 1478, aged SO. 
 
 Gaxali, or Abox Hamed Moham- 
 med Zein Eddin al Thousi, a mus- 
 sulman doctor, wh© died at Khor^san, Iijs 
 
GE 
 
 GE 
 
 unlive plnce, 1112, aiijed 50. lie wrote "the 
 Several Cl:tsf5es of -Sciences 'which concern 
 Religion." Two othci-s of th<r same n:uuL' 
 were aiilhors. One of llicni \\rote h Wm'X 
 on the Mercy of (iod. 
 
 Ga7.et, \\'illiain, a native of Arr.is, who 
 died lGl'2, aged 58. He was an ecch-siaslic, 
 and wrote a Chronolojrical History of the 
 Archbishops of('an»l)r:iy — KcclesiHStical His- 
 tory of tlie Low t^^untiifs, and other works. 
 
 Gaiola, Joseph, a physician of Verona, 
 who died 1715, aged 5 V. He is very candid 
 in his works, and acknowledges tliat patients 
 us often died by the negligence or ignorance 
 of their physicians as by ibt' force of disease. 
 
 (iA'iON-I)o iM?xiGNE, S. Al.M. a native 
 of Qnimper, was known as a critic, hut as a 
 poet link- reg:trdcd. He died 19th .Ian. 1784. 
 
 GA7.zot,i, Henozzo, an Italian painter, 
 who died 1 i-78, aged 78. He painted land- 
 scapes, portraits, and sacred subjects. 
 
 Geber, John, an Arabian physician of 
 the ninth century. He wrote a Commentary 
 on Ptolemy's " Syntaxis .Magna," published 
 Niirei^.ibei'g 1533, and in his lrd)or on alchc- 
 my^eserved tlie praises of Bocrhaave. His 
 works contain much kriowledge, though in 
 sucli affected jaigon that Dr. Johnson has 
 derived the word gibl>erish from the cant of 
 Geber, and his followers. His works are 
 ** Astronomy," in nine books, *' three books 
 on Alchymy," *' Fios Naturarum," '«Chy- 
 mica," &c. 
 
 Ged, William, an ingenious artist ami 
 goldsmith of Edinburgh, who invented a 
 plate for printing whole pages, instead o|' 
 using a type for every letter. I'his liati first 
 been practised by tlie Chinese and Japanese 
 in Idocks of wood, as pursued by Coster, the 
 European inventor of this simple method. 
 In the prosecution of his plan, Ged applied 
 to the university of Cambridge, in conjunc- 
 tion with some others, to print bibles and 
 prayer-books after the new method ; but 
 much money was sunk in the attcm\it, and 
 by the villainy of the pressmen and the ill 
 conduct of his partners, the unfortunate ad- 
 venturer was ruined in his hojie^s and for- 
 tunes. He returned to Scotland 1733, and 
 gave a specimen of his plan by the publica- 
 ti')n of a Sallust in 1714. He died 19th Oct. 
 1740. His son James, who had joined him in 
 the Cambridge speculation, became a rebel 
 in 1745, but was pardoned and released in 
 1748, and died in Jamaica, whei-e he Jiad 
 gone to settle with one of his brothers as 
 printer. 
 
 Ged Ai.T A, a famous rabl)i, who died 1448. 
 He wrote an Account of a Chain of Tradi- 
 tions from Adam to the Year of Christ 701, 
 and a treatise on the Creation of the World. 
 Geddes, James, a Scotch advocate, born 
 1710, ill the shire of Tweedale. He displayed 
 great powers of application while at tiie uni- 
 versity of iMlinburgh, and was rapidly advan- 
 cing to opulence and celebrity in the profes- 
 sion of the law when he was cut oft" bv a 
 lingering consumption before he reached his 
 4t)th year. To the dry labors of the law he 
 added a very polished and elegant taste for 
 
 classical literature. He wrote ''an Kssay on 
 the (composition and Manner of Writing of 
 the Ancients, particularly Plato," published 
 (ilasgow, l7iiS, 8vn. 
 
 (lEUUES, Michael, a learned di\inc, for 
 .some y«*ai*3 chaplain to the Lisbon fictorj-, 
 when.' the in<|uisiiion sus|>en«Ied his ecclesias- 
 tical labors, and obliged hint to return to 
 Kiigland. He was honored with tlie degree 
 of LL. I). tVom the university «)f Oxiurd, and 
 made chancellor of Sarum. H(; died 1715, 
 author of a History of the cluu-cli of Malabar 
 — the cbnrcb History of ^Ethiopia — Miscel- 
 laneous Tracts agahist Popery, 3 vols. Svo. 
 ^c. 
 
 liEDDES, Dr. a native of Ruthven, BamfT- 
 shire, educated at a village school in the 
 Highl.uids, and removed 1758 to the Scottish 
 college at Paris. He became in 17C4 priest of 
 a Roman catholic congregation in Angusshire, 
 and the next year chaplain in loi*d Tran- 
 ({uair's family. In 1709 he was minister at 
 Auchinhalrig, Bamftshire, and 10 years after 
 he obtained the degree of IjL. D at Al)er- 
 deen, and then removed to London, and 
 oiliciatcd in Duke's street chapel, Lincoln's 
 Inn fields, and in the Imperial Ambassador's 
 chai>el. He began in 178'J his translation of 
 the Bible, of which he published a Prospec- 
 tus, in 4to. 17S0, with an appendix 1737 
 atldressed to Lowth. At that time b.e enga- 
 ged in a controversy with Priestly on the 
 divinity of Christ, and again claimed the 
 public notice by his general answer in 1790 
 to the various queries, criticisms and hints, 
 offered to him on his meditated work. The 
 lirst volume of this long promised translation 
 appeared in 179-2, under the auspices of 
 lord Petre, as far as the end of the book of 
 Josliua, but so severe was the opposition 
 made to the work, tliat the bishops of his 
 persuasion oflended ^vith the lilicrties anfl 
 indelicacies of his version, aitually suspended 
 him from his ecclesiastical functions. Re- 
 gardless of the public displeasure, he j.ub- 
 lishcd his second volume 1797, but in lau- 
 guage still more exceptionable, so that he 
 found it necessary to defend himself against 
 the attacks and reproaches of his opponents, 
 and of critics by bis " Critical remarks" in 
 ISOO. He died 1802, aged 05. He Mas in 
 his character, irritable, petulant, and vindic- 
 tive, thougli he possessed great learning and 
 a capacious min([, and he is to be censured 
 for the intemperate and licentious perver- 
 sions which he wished to introduce In the 
 holy scriptures. He wrote also an apology 
 for the Roman Catholics ftf Cireat Britain. 
 
 Gedoyn, Nicolas, a French writer, boiTi 
 at Orleans. He studied at Paris, antl was a 
 Jesuit for 10 years ; but he returned to tlif' 
 world, and as the friend and favorite of 
 Ninon de I'Enclos, he figured as a in;ui of 
 wit and letters. He was member of the 
 French academy, and of that of belles lettres, 
 and in 1732 was made abbot of Notre-dame 
 de Beaiigency. He wrote some ingenious 
 essays and dissertations, published 1745, and 
 is chielly known for his elegant traTishitioni 
 of Quintilian and of I'ausanit^s. He died 
 ir4i, aged 77. 
 
GE 
 
 GE 
 
 Geer, Charles de, a native of Sweden, 
 descended from a nobie Uulcli family, and 
 educated at Utrecht and at Upsal under 
 Linnseus. He acquired much property by 
 the introduction of new machines in the ii-on 
 works of Danneraoi'a, and by an appai'atus 
 for drying corn by smelting houses. He was, 
 in 1761, made marshal of the court, and 
 knight of the Polar star, and a baron. He 
 died 1778, aged 58, much respected not only 
 as a man of science, but as a benevolent man, 
 Mho emplcyed bis great resources to the 
 relief and the comfort of the poor. He was 
 author of Meraoires pour servir {i I'Histoire 
 ties Insectes, 7 vols. 4to. — on the Procrea- 
 tion of Insects — and papers on the Transac- 
 tions of the Academies of Stockholm and 
 Upsal, he. 
 
 Geinoz., Francis, a learned Swiss abbe, 
 member of the academy of hellers Itttres at 
 Paris, and author of some valuable disserta- 
 tions OB Ancient Medals — on the Flan and 
 Character of Herodotus, &c. He died at 
 Paris 1752, aged SG, much esteemed for his 
 learning as well as his probity aud benevo- 
 lence. 
 
 Gejek, Martin, a native of Leipsic, pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew, ecclesiastical counsellor to 
 the elector of Saxony, and author of com- 
 mentaries on several of the books of the Old 
 Testament. &c. — and a treatise on the mourn- 
 ing of the Hebrews, all in 2 vols. fol. He 
 died 1681, aged 67. 
 
 Gel AST us, the elder, bishop of Csesarea 
 in Palestine, in the fourth century, was ne- 
 phew of Cyril of Jerusalem. He translated 
 into Greek two books of the ecclesiastical 
 history, &3. He is praised by Theodoret 
 and Jerome for the elegance of his style. A 
 fragment of one of his homilies is x^'.'eserved 
 in Theodoret. 
 
 Gelasius, of Cyzicus, bishop of Csesarea 
 about 475, is author of a history of the 
 Nicene Council in three books, not very res- 
 pectable, according to Photius, for either 
 style or matter. 
 
 Gelasius I. bishop of Rome after Felix 
 H. i92, was engaged in unsuccessful attempts 
 •to settle the disputes between the eastern and 
 ■western churches. He wished also to ^- 
 punge from the list of saints the name of 
 Acacius, which Euphemius, patriarch of 
 ■Constantinople, opposed. Some of his works 
 are extant, on controversial subjects. He 
 died 496. 
 
 Gelasius II. a Campanian by birth, rai- 
 sed to the pontificate 1118. He was ejected 
 from bis see by Cencio Frangipani, consul of 
 Home, and by the influence of the emperoi- 
 ttenry V. and after in vain endeavoring 
 even by force of arms to regain the pope- i 
 dom he retired to the monastery of Clugny | 
 in France, and died 1119. 
 
 Geldenhaur, Gerard Eobanus, aGer- 
 man, born at Nimeguen 1482. He studied 
 at Deventer and Louvain, and such was the 
 reputation of his learning that he was inrited 
 to the court of Charles of Austria, which 
 offer be declined for the office of secretary 
 to the bishop of Utrecht. He visited by 
 
 ordei' of Maximilian of Burgundy, in wkose 
 service he afterwards was, the schools and 
 the churches of Wirtemberg, and was so 
 struck with the zeal and innocent manners 
 of the protestants there, that he abjured for 
 their tenets the popish faith. He afterwards 
 married, and was engaged in the education 
 of youth at Worms, at Augsburg, and lastly 
 at Mari)urg, where he died of the plague 
 1542. He was a man well skilled in poetiy, 
 history, and rhetoric, but his change of re- 
 ligion, aiid the freedom with which he in- 
 veighed against the pope, ofiended his 
 friends, and particularly Erasmus, who 
 compared him to the traitor Judas, and 
 spoke wilh contempt of his conduct and 
 pretended sincerity. He Avrote Historia Ba- 
 tavica — Historia suce JEtatis — Germanic. His- 
 tori Illustratio de Viris Illustr. Inferior. Ger- 
 manise, &c. 
 
 Gelder, Arnold de, a Dutch painter of 
 Dort, who died 1727, aged 82. He was a 
 disciple and imitator of Rembi'audt. 
 
 Geldorp, Guahlorp, a painter of Lou- 
 vain, who died 1618, aged 65. He excelled 
 in portraits and history. 
 
 Gelee, Claude, commonly called Claude 
 of Lori'aiue. Fid. Claude. 
 
 GELE^'IUS, Sigismund, a learned man, 
 born at Prague 14'JS. He travelled to im- 
 prove his knowledge of modern languages, 
 and during his residence at Basil, he become 
 acquainted with Erasmus, who recoinmend- 
 ed him to John Frobenius as a cori-ector of 
 the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin works, in 
 which his printing-house was engaged. He 
 wrote some valuable works, and especially 
 Latin translations of Dionysius of Halicar- 
 nassus of Appian, Philo, Josephus, Origen, 
 and several others. He also publishe(l a 
 dictionary in four languages, Greek, Latin, 
 Germaii, and Sdavonian, and showed him- 
 self to be a most able and indefatigable scho- 
 lai". His talents have been deservedly com- 
 mended by Henry Valesius, Erasmus, and 
 others, and though Huetius and others im- 
 peach lus judgment in the great liberties 
 which he took in altering the texts of some 
 authors, especial!}' Arnobius, yet he gave a 
 new turn to whatever passages he did not 
 seem to undei*stand. His disregard for hon- 
 ors was very uncoinmon, he rejected the 
 splendid offers of the court of Bohemia for 
 the enjoyment of humble life, and though 
 deserving the most affluent fortune, he strug- 
 gled, says Thuanus, all his life with poverty, 
 ile died at Basil 1555, leaving two sons and 
 a daughter. 
 
 Gellert, ChristianFurchtegott, an em- 
 inent German poet, born at Hayniehen near 
 Fre>berg in Misuia, 4th July, 1715. He 
 studied at Meissen and Leipsic, and as the 
 circumstances of his family were narrow, 
 he maintained himself by being tutor in pri- 
 vate families. At the age of 43 he was 
 made professor of philosophy at Leipsic. 
 He died Dec. 1769. He was of a very gene- 
 rous and amiable disposition, but of a hypo- 
 condriac habit, and of a constitutional fear 
 of death, which, however, gradually disap- 
 
GE 
 
 GE 
 
 pearcil, so that he cxpireil caliTi nnd compo- 
 sed. He nciiuircd uiiivcis:il celebrity hy his 
 poetry. His " Fahh.'s and Tules," are besl 
 known. He m rote hcsidts, liymns, didaelic 
 poems, the Uevoteo, a comedy, Ike. 
 
 (iEi.l.l, John Baptist, hu It.ilian writer, 
 born at Florence lA'JH. Thnnt^h (;ftlie liuni- 
 ble occupation of a tailor, which he followed 
 till his (katli, yet he possessed great powers 
 of mind highly cidlivaled, and wrote some 
 very valuable hooks. He was universally 
 esteemed for his modesty, and Jiis talents 
 were so much respected that he was ac- 
 quainted with all the men of genius and 
 learning of his time, and was member of the 
 academV of Florence, and a burgess of the 
 city, lie died ISfi.i, aged 65. He wrote 
 besides translations from Ijatin, and Greek 
 authors, dialogues after the nxanner of Lu- 
 cian, which have been translated into Latin, 
 French and English, also dissertations, two 
 comedies, la Sporta and I'Errore, and other 
 things. 
 
 Gellibkand, Hcnrj', professor cf as- 
 tronomy in Gresham college, was born in 
 St. Bot'olph's parish, Aldersgate, 1597, and 
 educated at I'rinity college, 0.\ford. He be- 
 came curate of Chiddington, Kent, anil after- 
 wards devoted the Avhole of his attention to 
 mathematical pursuits. He took his degree 
 of M. A. 10'2.i, and was intrusted by his 
 dying friend, Briggs, the Savilian professor 
 at Oxford, to complete his Ti'igonometria 
 Britannica, wliich he did in 163'2. He was 
 called before the high commission court for 
 permitting his servant William Beale, to 
 publish an almanac for 1631, omitting llie 
 popish saints of the calendar, and substitu- 
 ting the names of the martyrs, for which he 
 was acquitted, though I^aud opposed it. 
 Though of a strong enlightened mind, he 
 had Tjot sagacity enough to abandon the 
 Ptolemaic for the Copernican system, and 
 hence his treatises in explanation of plane and 
 sj)herical triangles---on the iiaprovement of 
 navigation, &c. are confused and unsatisfac- 
 tory, especially when he treats of the varia- 
 tion of the needle. He died of a fever in his 
 40th year. He possessed great application as 
 H mathematiciati, but little genius. 
 
 Gelon, king of Syracuse, B. C 484, was 
 universally respected by his subjects for his 
 benevolence and mildness. 
 
 Gemelli-Carreri, Francis, an ludian 
 writer, autlior of an interesting account of 
 a voyage round the world, between 1G93 and 
 1098. Some imagine liiat he never went 
 round the world, hut imposed a fictitious 
 account on the public 
 
 Gemignagno, yjncniio de St. a Tus- 
 can painter, who fUed 1530, aged 40. He 
 was a disciple and imitator of Uaphael. 
 
 Gemignano, Gi;\cinto, a painter born 
 at Pistoia. He died IGSI, aged 70. The 
 cliurches of Rome are adorned with his pie- 
 ces. His son was also an eminent artist. 
 
 Gemini AN I, Francisco, an eminent per- 
 former on the violin, and composer, born at 
 Lucca in Italy 1680. He studied under 
 Scarlatti and Corelli, and came to England 
 1714, where he was iiuroduoed to George I. 
 
 fie refused to accept the place of master 
 and composer of music in Ireland, because 
 be Mas a itoman catholic, observing thai he 
 never would sacrifice his religion to private 
 interest ; and fiom his particular indepen- 
 dence of Uiind, unwilling t(» submit to the 
 ciquiees of the givat, he led an unsettled 
 life, and made sevend excursions into for- 
 eign countries. He was so fond ot [lainling, 
 that he injured his income by purchasing 
 [)ietures, but he found i:i the earl of Essex a 
 gnat friend and p.itron, who supported his 
 necesbilies. He, however, rejected, as of- 
 fetisive to his independent spirit, the offer of 
 a pension of 100/. a year from the prince cf 
 \V ales. He ha<l employed much time and 
 labor on a treatise on niusic, which while on 
 a visit at Dublin, a ti-eacherous female ser- 
 vant conveyed away from his house, and 
 this had such effect upon him that he died 
 soon after, Se])t. 17lh liC)2. He composed 
 Corelli's solos into concertos, and published 
 six conceitos of his own, besides harpsichord 
 pieces, {S:c. 
 
 Gemistus, George, surnamed Pletlio, 
 retired to Florence upon the taking of his 
 native city, Constantinople, by the Turks. 
 He lived to above the age of 100, distinguish- 
 ed for his learning and virtues. He w as a 
 strong Piatonican, and wrote commenta- 
 ries on the Magic Oracles of Zoroaster — 
 Historical treatises — de Gestis GrKcoruni 
 post Mantinie Pugnam — de Rebus I'elopon- 
 nes. &c. 
 
 Gemma, Reinier, a Dutch physician, of 
 Dockum in Friesland, died 1555, aged 48. 
 He w as also an able astronomer and mathe- 
 matician, on whicli sciences he wrote some 
 valuable works. He practised physic at 
 Louvain. His works are Methodus Arith- 
 metical — de Usu Annuli Astronomici — De- 
 monstrationes Geometricce de Radii Usu, 
 &c. — de Locrum Describend. Ratione, Sue- 
 de Astrolabio Catholico, &c. His son Cor- 
 nelius was equally erainent,and died 1579, 
 aged 44. He wrote a treatise de Prodigiosa 
 Specie, Naturjupie Comets, &c. 
 
 Gexdre, Lewis le, a French historian, 
 born of an obscure family at Rouen, and rai- 
 sed to notice by the kindness of Harlay arch- 
 bishop of his province. He died 1733, aged 
 74. lie wrote an History of France, from 
 the commencement of the monarchy to the 
 death of Louis XIII. 3 vols, folio, a valuable 
 work — Manners and Cuslomsof the French 
 — the life of Francis Harlay his patron — ari 
 Essay on the reign of Louis the Great — the 
 Life of cardinal jl'Amboise, he. 
 
 Gendre, Gilbert Charles le, marquis of 
 St. Aubin, counsellor of the parliament of 
 Paris, and master of requests, died at Paris 
 1740, aged 59. He wrote "a treatise ou 
 Opinion," a learned and elegant perform- 
 ance, G vols. I'^mo. — Antiquities of the RoV' 
 al Family of France, 4to. 
 
 Gexdre, Nicolas le, a French sculptor, 
 who died at Paris 1670, aged 5J. His works 
 are admired for cliastcness and elegance oX 
 design. 
 
 Gendre, Lewis le, a deputy in the na- 
 tional convention, who after being 10 ^^ears 
 
GE 
 
 GE 
 
 A saJior, and then a butcher at Paris, display- 
 ed himself the fit instrument of the crimes 
 and atrocities of Marat and Robespierre, 
 lie figured in all tbe horrors of the lUth of 
 August, and of Septembirr, and the night be- 
 I'ore the execution of the unhappy Lewis, 
 he proposed in the jacobin club that the body 
 should be cut into 84 pieces, and sent to the 
 8-i departments. In his missions into the 
 provinces, at Lyons, Rouen, Dieppe, &c. he 
 every where spread terror and dismay, hut 
 though the friend of Robespierre, he no I 
 sooner saw his fall, than he attacked him 
 with virulence, and drove away, Avith a pis- 
 tol in his hand, all the members of the jaco- 
 bin club, and brought the kej- of their hall 
 to the convention. He continued afterwards 
 the enemy of the terrorists, and in his con- 
 duct showed deep art and dissimulation as 
 he had the management to survive every fac- 
 tion. He was member of the council of an- 
 cients, and died at Paris, 13th Dec. 1797, 
 aged 41, desiring in his will, that his body 
 might be sent to the anatomical school for 
 dissection, wishing as he expressed it, to be 
 useful to mankind, even after death. 
 
 Genebrard, Gilbert, a benedictine 
 monk born at Kiom in Auvergne 1537. He 
 espoused in his writings the cause of the 
 league, and after being 13 years professoi* 
 ofHebi'ew, at Paris, he was nominated to a 
 bishopric, which however from his animosity 
 in his pamphlets against Henry IV. he was 
 r.ot permitted to enjoy. By the interest of 
 the duke of Mayence, he afterwards obtain- 
 ed the archbishopric of Aix, but he became 
 there very unpopular by the publication of 
 his treatise against the right of the king of 
 appointing bishops, which was burned by the 
 jiands of the hangman. He died 1597, in 
 exile at his priory of Semur, in Burgundy. 
 Besides his acrimonious polemical works, he 
 \vrote "a Sacred Chronology" much es- 
 teemed — a commentary on the Psalms — " a 
 translation of Josephus, &cc." 
 
 Gekesius, Josephus, one of the Byzan- 
 tine historians who wrote the History of 
 Constantinople from Leo the Armenian to 
 Basilius the Macedonian, in four books, 
 X)rinted Venice, 1733. He florished 940. 
 
 Genest, Charles Claude, a French poet, 
 boi'n at Paris 1636. In his attempt to go to 
 India he was taken by the English, and sup- 
 ported himself by teaching French in Eng- 
 land. He returned to France, and obtained 
 an abbey, and became member of the Acad- 
 emy. He died 1719, aged 84. He wrote, 
 rtmong other tragedies, Penelope, much ad- 
 mired — some epistles — and a didactic poem 
 on the Proof of the existence of a God, and 
 the Immortality of the Soul. 
 
 Genet, Francis, bishop of Vaison born 
 at Avignon J 640, son of an advocate, is known 
 for tlie Theology of Gi-enoble, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 translated into Latin by his brother the 
 abbe. 
 
 Genoa, Jerome, an Italian painter and 
 architect born at Urbino, founder of the fa- 
 naily of the Ghengi. He died 1551, aged 75. 
 
 GftjJGA, BftrUiolomew, son of the pre- 
 
 ceding was eminent as an architect. He 
 died of a pleurisy whilst superintending the 
 fortifications of Malta, 1558, aged 40. 
 
 Gengis Kuan, son of a khan of the Mo-v 
 guls, Avas born 1193. At the age of 13 he 
 began to reign, but the conspiracies of his 
 subjects oWiged him to fly for safety to Aven- 
 ti-Khan,a Tartar prince, whom he support- 
 ed on his throne, and whose daughter he 
 married. Bui tbese ties of kindred were 
 not binding, Aventi joined against Gengis, 
 who took signal vengeance over his enemies, 
 and then with a victorious army directed his 
 power against the neighboring states, and in 
 the space of 28 jears conquered Corea, 
 Cathany, part of China, and the noblest pro- 
 vinces of Asia. His further projects of ex- 
 tended dominion over China were stopped by 
 death 1227, and his vast kingdom divided 
 among his four sons. 
 
 Gennadius, a patriarch of Constantino- 
 pie after Anatolius, 458. He was an able 
 theologian, and active diocesan. Of his 
 works nothing but a fragment of a Avork 
 against Cyril's anathemas is extant. He died 
 471. 
 
 Gennadius, an ecclesiastical writer, 
 Avho Avas a priest of Marseilles, and not a 
 bishop, about 493. He Avrote "deDogmati- 
 bus Ecclesiasticis" et " de Illustribus Eccle- 
 si£e Scriptoribus." He favored the doctrines 
 of Pelagius. 
 
 Gennadius, a patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple, AvhoAvasat tbe council of Florence 1438. 
 He resigned his dignity after enjoying it five 
 years, 1458, and died in a monastery 14G0. 
 He wrote among other things, an explanation 
 of the Christian faith in Greek, Latin, and 
 Turkish. 
 
 Gennari, Benedetto, a painter of Bo- 
 logna, who died 1715, aged 82. He Avas 
 patronised by Lewis XIV. for whom he 
 painted, and he Avas also encouraged in 
 England by Charles II. and the English no- 
 bilily. 
 
 Gennari, Ctcsare, son of the preceding, 
 a painter of Bologna, Avho died 1688, aged 
 47. He was eminentin historical pieces, and 
 in landscapes. 
 
 Gennaro, Joseph Aurelius, a native of 
 Naples, distinguished as an able civilian and 
 as an upright magistrate. The best knoAvn 
 of his learned Avorks, which are chiefly on 
 civil hiAv, and Avritten in an easy and pleasing 
 style, is Respiibiica Jurisconsultorum, ia 
 Avhich, in the fascinating form of a novel, he 
 gives an account of the most intricate parts 
 of the ci\il law. This respectable author 
 died 1762, aged 61. 
 
 Genoei.s, Abraham, a painter of Ant- 
 werp, born 1640. He was admired for his 
 landscapes and portraits. 
 
 Genovesi, Anthony, a native of Castig- 
 lione, Avho acquired great celebiity at Naples 
 as lecturer in philosophy, but exposed him- 
 self to the severe censures of bigoted critics, 
 by his metaphysics, in which he recommend- 
 ed the works of Galileo, Grotius, and Ncav- 
 ton. The popular odium Avas averted for a 
 Avlule by the protectipu of the kiug of Na^ 
 
GE 
 
 QlE 
 
 l»lcs, vlio npprtintcit him prtifeasor of ethics, 
 b*it his application for tlic tlu-ftlogncal chair 
 tlrew up(ji» him Iromthe rlcrj^y the ill loiiiiu- 
 cil chart^e ot" heres)-. Me \v:\3 altriwaicJs 
 prolcssor ofpulitie .il ithilobophy, ami died 
 I7(»*J, aged 57. He wrote; in llaliiOi, a Sys- 
 tem of lioijic, — lluinoios LtltL-r.s, — Philo- 
 sophicaLMcditaliunson Wcli^'wn and Aioruli- 
 ty, — ItaliHii Morality, his best work.. 
 
 Gensekic, kinj^ofllie Vaiiduls in Spain, 
 succeeded his fathci* Uodegisiles 4'28. He 
 defeated the Suevi, c()M(|ncred AtVii-a, pilla- 
 ged Iiome, and became formidahl?; to all the 
 powers on the borders of the Mediterrane- 
 an. He died 477. 
 
 CiEN SONNE, Armand, an Hdvocate at 
 Bourdeaux, born lOth Aug. 1758. At the 
 revolution he waindy attacked the govern- 
 Tiient, and first gave currency to tliat horri- 
 ble opinion that suspiciiui was a sutHcient 
 reason to condemn a person to death. He 
 however wished to relcr the sentence of the 
 unhappy Lewis to the primary assemblies, 
 and he had boldness enough to demand in. 
 the eon\enti()n the punishment of the Sep- 
 tembi-izers. This proved so oil'eusive to the 
 assembly and to liobespierre, that he was 
 marked for destruction with the Girondists, 
 fljul was guillotined .list Oct. 1793. 
 
 Gen'tii.e, Ludovico, a painter of Brus- 
 sels, wlio (lied 1670, aged fi4. He lived some 
 time in Italy, and painted for churches. His 
 portrait of Alexander \ir. i^ admired. 
 
 Gentilis, de Foliguo, a physician, au- 
 thor of commentaries on Avicenna. He 
 vrote also " de Legationibus" — de Juris In- 
 terpretibus, — de Advocatioue Hispanica &c. 
 and died at Foligno, 1348. 
 
 Gentilis, Scipio, a. native of Aneona, 
 who came into Germany, and studied at Tu- 
 bingen, Wittemberg, and Leyden, and was 
 professor of cf\il law at Altorf. He died 
 1616, aged 51, leaving four cliildren by his 
 wife, a beautiful lady of Lucca, w horn about 
 four years before he had married. He wrote 
 ** de Jure Publico Populi Romani" " de 
 Conjurationibus," de Bonis Maternis, 8cc. 
 Tasso's Jerusalem, translated intoLatin verse, 
 1585, 4to. 
 
 Gentilis, John Valentine, a relation of 
 the preceding, who left his native country 
 Naples, not to be burnt in consequence of his 
 attachment to Arianism. He fled to Geneva, 
 but nearly was condemned to the flames, by 
 the infli;ence of Calvin. He at last was con- 
 demned to lose his head at Berue, for the 
 violence of his religious opinions, 1567. 
 i. Gentilis, Alberico, a native of Ancnna, 
 Son of a physician. He was a lawyer, and 
 coming to England as attached to protestant- 
 ism, he was made professor of law at Ox- 
 ford, and died 1 608, aged 58. He wrote 
 six dialogues on the Interpretation of the 
 I^aw, — a Treatise de Jure Belli, commended 
 by Grotiua, — and other works. 
 
 Gentjleschi, Horatio, an Italian pain- 
 ter, born at Pisa 1563. After being admired 
 for his pieces in Genoa, Home, Florence, and 
 Savoy, he came to England, and was patro- 
 lOsed by CharlQs J. ile employed hi? p.enc.iJ 
 VOT.. X" 
 
 
 in adorning the ceilings of Gi-ecnwirh afTii 
 York house, and dic<l in En^^l.tnd after 12 
 years' rebulence, ■.rct.A Hi. His i)ibt v. ork in 
 the poiiico of carditial Bentivoglio's palace 
 at Itome. 
 
 CiEN rii.E3cii 1, Artemisia, daughter of 
 the [irecediiig, was cminint as an historical 
 painter. Her Dnvid wiili the head of Go- 
 liah, is her best piece. She tut.k some of 
 the portraits of the royal family and of the 
 nobility in England ; but chiefly lived at Na- 
 ples, where her gallantry became as jjubliti 
 as her eminence as a paii»ter, and the splen- 
 dor of her eijuifjige. 
 
 (iENTlLLEi, Valentino, a native of 
 Datijjliine, syndic of the city of Geneva. He 
 pul.>lished in 157S, an Aprilogy frir the Pro- 
 testants, oflcn edited, and also Anli-Machiir- 
 vel and Anti-.Socinus, 161'2. 
 
 Gentleman, Francis, an actor, author 
 of 11 dramatic pieces. He died 1784, aged 
 66. 
 
 Geoffuoi, Steplien Francis, a French 
 physician and chemist, born at Paris 167^?, 
 son of an apollucary. He visite<l Italy, 
 Holland, and England, to complete liis me- 
 dical studies, and became professor of chc- 
 mistrj- and of medicine at tke Royal college 
 at Paris. He died 17S1, much respected for 
 his attention and humanity to his patients. 
 His chief work is " Materia .Medica'" in 
 Latin 3 vols. Svo. It was translated by Ber- 
 gier, and continued by Nobleville, and ex- 
 tended to 17 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Geoffrov, of Monmouth, a British Iii.<«- 
 torian, author of Ciironicon, sivc Historia 
 Britonum, a curious book, but too full of le- 
 gendary tales in the history of the first Brit- 
 tt.^h kings. Uc was archdeacon of Mon- 
 mouth, and bishop of St. Asaph, which he 
 resigned to live at the monastery of Abing- 
 don, where he was abbot. He florished about 
 1150. 
 
 George, St. tlie patron of England, Avas 
 supposed to have suiiered martyi-dom in the 
 reign of Diocletian. Little is know n of his 
 history, though he is celebrated by many ec- 
 clesiastical writers, aiul even by som^of the 
 Mahometans. The miracles which he is said 
 to have performed are properly regarded rjs 
 fabulous. 
 
 George of Trebizond, a native of Can.- 
 dia, who came to Ronie under Eugeniua, 
 He was a popular professor of rhetoric and 
 philosophy at Vicenza, and afterwards be- 
 came secretary to pope Nicolas V. After 
 residing some time at the court of Alphonso 
 of Naples, he returned to Home, where he 
 died in a good old age, 1484. He wrote dfe 
 Arte Rhetorica — Reflections on sume of Ci- 
 cero's Orations and Letter.s, inc. and also 
 translated into Latin Eusebius' Evangelioa! 
 Preparations — some of the works of Aristo- 
 tle — Plato de Legibus — Ptoleniv's Almage.st, 
 &c. besides some controversial works. 
 
 George theCappadocian, bishop of Ale.v- 
 andria, was elected bishop of Alexandria by 
 the Arians after the expulsion of Athanasii^s 
 354. He ^.y.^ii of obscu'C origin, and born \Sk 
 
GK 
 
 GE 
 
 Epiphaiua, in Cilicia, and for some time he 
 was employed in selling pork and provisions 
 to the army. He afterwards went to EgApt, 
 where, thougli without character or integri- 
 ty, he was placed on the episcopal seat of 
 Alexandria, by the turbident opposers of 
 Athanasius. On his elevation he betrayed 
 the most oppressive conduct, he laid taxes 
 severe and arbiti'ary on the people to enrich 
 himself, and at last became so unpopular that 
 the populace assassinated him in the sixth 
 year of his episcopacy, 361. 
 
 George, surnamed Amira, a learned 
 Maronite, who came to Rome in the pontifi- 
 cate of Clement VIII. and published a valua- 
 ble Syriac and Chaldee grammar, 4to. 1.59fi. 
 He afterwards became bishop, and patriarch 
 of the Maronites, but he suffered much du- 
 ring the wars between tlie Turks and the 
 Emirs. He died about 1641. 
 
 George, duke of Clarence, brother of 
 Edward IV. of England, was condemned to 
 death, for conspiring against his brother. 
 As he was permitted to choose his own death, 
 he was, 1478, smothered in a vessel full of 
 Malmsey wine, a liquor to which he was par- 
 ticularly partial. Some suppose that he suf- 
 fered this cruel treatment from bis brother, 
 because it had been foretold by some sooth- 
 sayer, that the king's children would be de- 
 prived of the throne by a man whose name 
 ■was to begin Avith a G. ; that monster was 
 the duke of Gloucester, Richard III. 
 
 George, prince of Servia, was exposed 
 to the attacks of Mahomet II. to whom he 
 had given his daughter Alary in marriage. 
 After seeing some of his children treated 
 cruelly by the victorious enemy, and his ci- 
 ties depopulated, he died in consequence of 
 a wound which he had received, 1457, in a 
 battle against the Hungarians. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his youngest son Lazarus. 
 
 George Lewis I. son of Ernest Augus- 
 tus, of Brunswick, elector of Hanover, and 
 Sophia, daughter of Frederic, elector Pala- 
 tine, and grand-daughter of James I. was 
 born 8tU May IGGO. He was at the head of 
 the imperial armies in 1708 and 1709, and 
 behaved with great intrepidity and judgment, 
 and on the deatli of queen xVnne, in 1714, he 
 was called to the throne of England. By es- 
 pousing the party of the whigs, who had 
 contributed to his elevation, he highly offend- 
 ed the tories, and instead of reconciling all 
 parties to his administration, he thus sowed 
 the seeds of animosity and rebellion. An in- 
 surrection took place in Scotland, in 1715, 
 in favor of the Pretender, and the general 
 tranquillity v.as restored only after much 
 bloodshed. During his reign, the dui'ation 
 <of parliament was extended from three to se- 
 Tcn years, and the order of the bath was re- 
 vived, but the jiartiaHty with which the 
 south-sea scheme, was patronised in 1720, 
 proved the ruin of several thousand fomilies. 
 George, Avhose reign was distinguished by 
 firmness, and political sagacity, died sudden- 
 ly at Osnaburg, 11th June 1727, in his way 
 to Hanover. He had married Sophia Doro- 
 thgjt, daughter of the duke of Zelh 
 
 GEdRGE Augustus FT. St)n of the pre- 
 ceding, was "born 1683, and succeeded his 
 father as elector of Hanover, and king of 
 England 1727. He was engaged in war with 
 the Spaniards, and sent agamstthe American 
 settlements admiral Vernon, who took Por- 
 to-bello, though he was unsuccessful in his 
 attack on Carthagena. In the continental 
 wars he took an 6ctive share, and headed liis 
 troops at the battle of Dettingen, 1743, M'her» 
 he obtained a brilliant victory. The insur- 
 rection of the Scotch in favor of the Preten- 
 der, in 1745, was quelled by the rapidity and 
 valor of the duke of Cumberland, who de- 
 feated the rebels at the battle of Culloden 
 1746. Though the peace of Aix-la-chapelle 
 in 1748, restored tranquillity on the continent, 
 fresh disputes soon arose, and a new wax- 
 was kindled, in 1755, in North America. 
 Braddock w^as defeated, and slain in his ex- 
 pedition in America, and Byng was shot, foe 
 not giving battle to the combined fleets, and 
 relieving Minorca in the Mediterranean, but 
 at last the disasters of the war were forgotten 
 in the blaze of the glorious successes, which 
 under the administration of Mr. Pitt, began 
 now to adorn the annals of the country. The 
 destruction of the French power in the East 
 Indies, and the fall of Louisburg, Quebec, 
 and Canada, were followed by the defeat of 
 the French fleet under Confians, and the tri- 
 umphs of the English navy, all over the 
 world. George died in the midst of the suc- 
 cesses of his valiant subjects, by the sudden 
 bursting of the right Tentricle of the heart, 
 25th Oct. 1760, in his 77th year. He had 
 married in 1705, Caroline of Brandenburgh 
 Anspach, who died in 1737, but his domestic 
 happiness was much embittered by his dis- 
 putes with his son the prince of Wales, who 
 died 1751. The reign of this monai'ch was 
 splendid more than useful, hs supported the 
 rights of the queen of Hungary in the war of 
 1741, and in that of 1756, he enlarged the 
 jKjwer of his subjects by his conquests in 
 America, and in the East, but luxury and 
 corruption were permitted to florish un- 
 checked, and the conduct of the sovereign 
 Avas not always consonant with the strictest 
 principles of morality and virtue. 
 
 Gerard, Tom or Tung, the institutor and 
 first grand master of the knights hospitalers 
 of Jerusalem, afterwards of Malta, was born 
 at Amain. He took the religious habit at 
 Jerusalem in 1 100, and associated with others 
 to relieve all christians in distress, and bound 
 himself to observe also chastity, poverty, and 
 obedience. He died 1120, and his order was 
 confirmed by Anastasius IV. who divided it 
 into knights companions, clerks and serving 
 brothers. 
 
 Gerard, Balthazar, the assassin of Wil- 
 liam I. prince of Orange, was a native of Vil- 
 lefans, Franche Comt6. He ingratiated him- 
 self into the society and the friendship of 
 the unfortunate prince, by an affected air of 
 devotion, and at last perpetrated the deed 
 which he had for six years coolly meditated, 
 by shooting him through the head with a pis- 
 tol, as he was going out of his palace at Delft. 
 
GE 
 
 GE 
 
 li^ sufiereit tke s&me punisiiment aa Rnvail- 
 lie and Damicri, and died a luiirtyr to the 
 chut-ch of Uome, July 1584. I'he prince of 
 Orange was the head of the iirotestHtils, 
 und tlienec this fanatic was incited by liis hij;- 
 oted clergy to seek, as he said, by his death, 
 the cxpl'ition of liis sins, and eternal glory. 
 
 (iERAini, Jf)lin, a learned protestant di- 
 vine, lx)rn at Qnedlimburg, l.'iS'J. Jle wrote, 
 among other things, the ICarnaony of tlie 
 Evangelists, Geneva, 3 vols, folio, 104O. Jlc 
 died 1G.>8, divinity professoi" at Jena. 
 
 (it HARD, Dr. Alexander, professor of 
 pliilosophy anil divinity in the university of 
 Ahv'rdeen. He -vvas a native of Garioch in 
 Aberdeenshire, and died jNIarch, 179.T, aged 
 6r. We wrote an Essay on Genius, 8vo. — 
 ii vols, of sermons — an f^ssay on Taste, Siq. — 
 on the Genius and Evidences of Christianity, 
 Svo. — Discourse on Pastoral Care, &c. 
 
 GEjiARD, John, a native of Jena, vhere 
 he became theological professor and I'ector 
 of the university. He was author of Harmo- 
 nia Linguarui» Oriental. — Disputationum 
 Theologic. Fasciculus — de Scpaltura Mosis 
 — de Ecolesiie Copticx Ortu, kc. and died 
 16G8, aged 47. His son John Ernest, died 
 professor of divinity at Geisscn, and author 
 «f some learned works, 1707. 
 
 Gehard, John, a native of Nantwich, 
 Cheshire, educated as a surgeon, and patron- 
 ised by lord Burleigh in London, of whose 
 garden he bad the care. He was very emi- 
 nent as a botanist, and published an account, 
 in Latin, of the treoi, shrubs, plants, foreign 
 and domestic, in his own gar(len, 4to. 1591. 
 His chief work is, Herbal, or General Histoiy 
 of Plants, 15U7, best edited bv Johnson 1G33. 
 lie died 1607, aged 62. 
 
 Gerardi, Christofaro, an Italian painter 
 of Florence, Avho died 1556, aged 56. He 
 excelled in landscape and the grotesque as 
 well as history. 
 
 Gerardi, Mark, a painter of Bruges, 
 who came to England 15S0, and was patron- 
 ised by Elizabeth. He was equally eminent 
 in history, landscape and portrait painting, 
 and died 1635, aged 74. 
 
 Geub.ms, John, a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 eminent for his writings in .support of the 
 liberties of the GallicJ^n church. These 
 works proved highly offensive to the pope. 
 He died 1699, aged 70. 
 
 Geubelius, Nicholaus, an eminent law- 
 yer, born at Pforzeim, He died very old 
 1 560, at Strasburg, where he was professor of 
 Jflw. He wrote,'among other things, an excel- 
 lent work contaii^ng a description of Greece, 
 Basil, 1550, folio. 
 
 Gerberon", Gabriel, a French ecclesias- 
 tic, priest of the oratory, and then a Bene- 
 dictine of St. Maur, was born at Saint Calais, 
 Maine, 1628. Long distinguished at St. 
 Maur as a theological professor, he was or 
 dered to be arrested by Lewis XIV. for the 
 freedom of his opinions on the Jansenist con- 
 troversy, but he escaped to Holland, and in 
 1705 was seized by the bishop of Mechlin, 
 and imprisoned at Aiueins, and afterwards 
 at Vinceanes. He died at the prison gf the 
 
 abbey of St. Denis 1711, aged 82. Uh chief 
 work is the General HisLoi-}- of Jansenism, 3 
 vols. I'Jmo. Amsterdam. Though impetu- 
 ous in his character, he was firm in hia con- 
 duct, and exemjjlary in his [licty. 
 
 Geubiek, sir iialthazar, a painter of 
 Antwerp, recommended by Buckingham to 
 (Jhailtts I. who knighted him, .'utd sent him 
 trj Brussels as resident for the king of Great 
 Britain. He died 1 601, aged 09. 
 
 Gerb I LLON, John Francis, a josuit mis/' 
 sionary in China. He was born in 1654, be- 
 canie a Jesuit 1670, and was sent l(» China 
 1685, and died at Pekin 1707, superior of all 
 the missions in China. He wrote an acoognt 
 of his travels inserted in du Haldc's History. 
 He was in great favor with the emperor of 
 China, for whom he wrote Elements of Geo- 
 ineti-y, from Euclid and Archimedes, splen- 
 didly published at Pckin in the Chinese and 
 Tartarian Languages. 
 
 Gerdes, Daniel, a native of Bremen^ 
 who took his doctor's degree at Utrecht, and 
 became professor of divinity at Duisburg, 
 and in 1735, at Groningen, where he died 
 1765, aged 67. He wrote Vesperte Vadenses 
 or Diatribtc Theologico-l-'hiiologica; de Hy- 
 pcrbolis, &c. 4to. — Observationes ad qusedam 
 Loca S S. Jscc. — Miscellanea Duisburgonsia 
 ad Incrementum itci Litterariie, ^-c. 4to. — 
 Florilegium Historico-Criticum, &c. — Com- 
 pendium Theological Dogmaticae, kc. 
 
 Gerhard, Ephraim, a iialive of Silesia, 
 professor of law at Altdorf, where he died 
 17IS, aged 36. He wrote Delineatio Pliiloso- 
 phite liatioualis, 8cc. 
 
 Gerlach, Stephen, a native of Swabia, 
 educated at Tubingen, wliere, after being 
 five years chaplain to the imperial eml«ssy 
 at Constantinople, he became professor of 
 divinity and dean of th« church. He wrote 
 Epitome of Ecclesiastical History — Journal 
 of the embassies to the Porte — dissertations, 
 &c. He died at Tubingen 1612, aged 66. 
 
 Germain, Thomas, a native of Paris, 
 son of the king's goldsmith. He resided for 
 some years at Rome, distinguished as an in- 
 genious goldsmith and as an architect, and 
 eminent also in drawing. His metal sculp- 
 tures were so neatly Avrougbt that they ob- 
 tained high celebrity at Pari.s, and sold very 
 dear. He died 174S, aged 74. 
 
 Germaxicus, Ctcsar, son of Xero and 
 Antonia, was adopted by 'liijcrius, and be- 
 came a popular character at liome in conse- 
 quence of his valor in the field o( liattle, and 
 particularly for the goodness of his disposi- 
 tion and his many private virtues. He died 
 near Antioch, A. ]). 19, it is supposed by poi- 
 son, and was universally lamented. 
 German 10, Anastasio, anativeof PeidmoiV. 
 Origiiially-solf taught he acquired celebrity 
 for his learning at Padua, and also at Turin, 
 where he was elected professor of canon law. 
 His abilities recommended him to the popes, 
 and he was made bishop of Tarantasia. He 
 died at Madrid ; where hew was an embassa- 
 dor from the duko of Savoy, 16-27, aged 76 
 He wrote Do Sacroraru ImuniLaLibus^ 'jp'l 
 other tracts. 
 
GE 
 
 G£ 
 
 diRMANuSjbishcp-ofCyziouiTJ, XK'ns made 
 patriarch of Constantinople 715, and died 
 740. He was degraded by a council tor sup- 
 porting image worship. He wrote a trea- 
 tise de Sex S\'nodis CEctimaaicis, &c. Ano- 
 ther of the same name v as patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople 12'22, and deposed 1240, but re- 
 stored 1254, soon after whii-li lie died. He 
 was author of some homi'ins, orations, kc. 
 
 Germyn, Simon, a Dutch painter of 
 Dort, who died 1719, {.'g,c«i fin. His fruits 
 and hmdsc«pes are mucli admired. 
 
 Gerson, John, an illustrious Frenchman, 
 canon and chancellor of the church of Paris. 
 When Petit justified the nuirder of the duke 
 of Orleans, by the duke of Burgundy, he 
 boldly inveighed against it, and had the doc- 
 trine condemned by the doctors and bishops of 
 the university- . He was at the council of 
 Constance as ambassador from France, and 
 in his eloquent speeches he asserted the su- 
 j)eriority of the synod over the pope. He 
 retired to Gei-rnany from the persecution of 
 the duke of Burgundy, and died 1429, aged 
 60. His writings liave been y)ublished by Du 
 Pin, 5 vols. fol. 1706 in Holland. Thuanus, 
 Hoffman, Ca'.^, and others speak highly of 
 his erudition and universal knowledge. 
 
 tiERSTEN, Christian Lewis, a native of 
 Giessen, where he was mathematical profes- 
 sor. He was deposed from his office after- 
 "ttards for refusing to submit to the sentence 
 of a court of law, in a law suit with liis bro- 
 thcr-in-iaw, and was also imprisoned for 12 
 years for writing an improper letter to his 
 sovei'eign in vindication of his contumacy. 
 He died two years after his liberation from 
 confinement 1762, aged 61. He wrote Me- 
 thodus >40va ad Eclipses 'I'errse, ct Appulscs 
 Lunee ad Stellas supputandas — Tentamina 
 Systeraatis Novi ad Barometri Mnlationes, 
 &c. — Exercitationes circa Roris IVIeteori; — 
 Met.hodus CalcTili Eclipsiuni TerrM, in the 
 43 vol. of philosophical transactions — Mercu- 
 rins sub Sole Yisus — Quadrantes Astronom. 
 Muralis Idea Nova, &c. 
 
 Gervais, Armand Francis, a Carmelite 
 ecclesiastic, superior of his order, and in 
 1695 abbot of Ui Trappe, which he soon after 
 resigned. His attack on the Bernardines 
 procured his confinement in an abbey at 
 'I'royes, where he died 1741. He wrote an 
 History of the Cistercian Order— the Lives 
 of Eloisa and Abelard, and other works in 
 tl»eology and biography. 
 
 Gervaise, Nicholas, a French rnission- 
 ai'y in Siam, afterwards provost of Seu- 
 vre in the church of St. Martin of Touts. 
 He was at Home in 17'24, and was made 
 bishop of Horren, and soon after M'ent as 
 missionary to Guiann, where he and his at- 
 tendants were cruelly nmrdered by the na- 
 tives 1729. He wrote History of Boethius — 
 Liffe of St. !Martin of Tours — and the flisto- 
 ry of his Church — the Natural and Political 
 History of Siam, 4to. 16SS. 
 
 Gesxer, Conrad, an able schol.'^.r, phy- 
 sician, and philosopher, born at Zurich 1516. 
 The poverty of his father would have check- 
 ed the display of his great abilittc?, had not 
 
 Ammieti, profess&r of Latin and eMquenoe 
 at Zuiieli, with noble generosity, taken him 
 to his own house and provided for his educa- 
 tion. The death of his father left him his 
 own master, and he began to travel to seek 
 his fortune. He visited Strasburg, where he 
 made some progress in the Hebrew lajiguage, 
 and as he was allowed a small pension from 
 Zurich university, he made the tour of 
 ^' ranee, and in company with John Frisius 
 Aam? to Paris He afterwards returned to 
 Strasburg, and was called back to Zurich to 
 prcsi<le over a school, and there he married. 
 His appointment, however, was not ade- 
 quate to his expenses, and determining to ap- 
 ply liimself to physic he left Zurich in dis- 
 gust, and studied the Greek physicians in 
 their own language at Basil, till lie was ho- 
 norably nominated Greek professor at Lau-' 
 sanne. In some degree thus independent he- 
 applied himself with redoubled assiduity to 
 the medical pi'ofession, and passed to Mont- 
 peliicr where he devoted himself to anatomy 
 and botany, and on his return to Zurich he 
 began to practice as physician, and i*eceiveii 
 the honor of a doctor's degree. He was ap- 
 pointed there [trofessor of philosophy, a place 
 which he enjoyed 24 years till his death. He 
 died of the plague 15G5. For the variety of 
 his attainments, and the extent of his erudi- 
 tion, he was deservedly called the German 
 Pliny, and among his various avocations he 
 found time to write not less than 66 various 
 pieces on subjects of grammar, botany, me- 
 dicine, and natural history'. He was the first 
 who distinguished the genera of plants by 
 the comparison of their flowers, seeds, and 
 fruits. 
 
 Gesner, Solomon, bookseller of Zuricli, 
 was author of some elegant poems in the 
 German language. He was member of the 
 senate of Zurich, and also obtained celebrity 
 by his landscape painting.s, many of which 
 Avere sold in Englan<l. The most admired of 
 his compositions is the Death of Abe!, in po- 
 etic prose, which has been translated int» 
 Enghsh. He died 2d March 1788, aged S8. 
 He wrote besides, " Niglit" — Daphnis, a 
 pastoral — Idylls — a Letter on landscape 
 painting — poems, &c. He also published 10 
 landscapes engraved by himself 1765. 
 
 Gesner, John Matthew, an able scholar 
 and acute critic, of the family of Conrad 
 Gesner, born near Newburg in Germany 
 1691. After studying eight years at Ans- 
 pach, he was appointed by^ the recommen- 
 dation of Budus to superintend the public 
 school at Weinheim. Eleven years after he 
 was removed to the same but more lucrative 
 situation at Anspach, and lastly to Gotten- 
 gen, where he became pi'ofeGSor of humani- 
 ty, public librarian, ami inspector of public 
 schools in the province of Lunebarg. He 
 died at Gottingen universally respected in 
 1761. He is much known as the author of 
 some valuable editions of the classics, of which 
 tlie Horace and {!)laudian are the more popu- 
 lar. He also published a most excellent The- 
 saurus of the Latin tongue. 
 
 Gesneu, John Jame?, a native of Zurich. 
 
Gil 
 
 GJ 
 
 •Re H'as pi-ofessor in tlie iini\icrsi{v', and (Hed | 
 there 1787, Hj^ed SO. He wrote 'riicsutiriis 
 Universalis Oniniuni Numisiniitunt N'elermu 
 Ciriecor. K. Homnn. 4 vols. fol. — Specimen 
 Jtci Nuinmaria; Xumisni:it» Kejfuni Muce- 
 (ion ex Luboribus Crupliii, liU'/.ii. (ii)l/.ii, 8cc. 
 
 Gesneu, Solomon, Ji native ot Silesi:», uh<) 
 Studied at iJrcshiu and Slrasburp;, and be- 
 came divinity ]»rofess()r at Wittendx rj:, 151)3, 
 »n(i afterwards dean and rector ot" tlie uni- 
 versity. He wrote the I'rophccy of Hosea 
 froni Jerome's version — Hissortation on <ic- 
 nc«i3, bcc. — Ui.squisition on t!ie I'salter — ser- 
 mons, essays, N:c. He died 10O5, aged 40. 
 
 CiETA, Septimius, son ot" llie emperor 
 Severus, and brother of (/aracalla, was slain 
 in the arms of his mother, by his brother 
 who was jealous of his merits and virtues, 
 A, D. '212. 
 
 Get HI N, lady Grace, an English lady, 
 daughter of sir George Norton, of Abliots- 
 Ijeitli, Somersetshire, born 1070. She 
 married sir Uichard Gethin, of Gcthin- 
 Grott, Ireland ; but she did not live long 
 enough to display to the world the superior 
 talents she possessed, ?,s she died at the pre- 
 mature age of iil. She was buried in West- 
 minster abbc}', wiiere a beautiful monument 
 records lier n)erits, and where, to perpetu- 
 ate her memory, she also founded a sermon 
 to be preached every Ash-Wednesday for 
 ever. After her death were published '* Re- 
 liquiai Gethinianie," or Remains of the inge- 
 nious and excellent lady Grace Getliin, being 
 a collection of choice discourses, pleasant 
 apophthegms, and witty sentences, &c. 1700, 
 4to. This work, containing much good sense 
 and many judicious observations, deserves 
 the compliments which the fair author recei- 
 ved from the pen of Congreve. 
 
 Gething, Richard, a curimis penman of 
 Herefordshire. He settled in London about 
 1016, at the Hand and Pen, Fetter lane, 
 London, and published copy-books of various 
 hands with plates. One of them was dedi- 
 cated to sir Francis Bacon. The time of his 
 death is not mentioned. 
 
 Gevautius, John Gasper, an eminent 
 critic, born at Antwerp 151) J. He studied 
 imder the Jesuits at Antwerp, and then re- 
 moved to Louvain and to Uouay. He was at 
 I'aris in 1617, and took the degree of LL. D. 
 in the university" of Douay, and became town 
 clerk of Antwerp, an employment wliich he 
 held till his death 1066. He was married 
 1625. He pui)lished Lcctionum I\spiniana- 
 rum Libri quinque in Statii Sylvas, 1021, 
 8vo. Leydcn — Electonmi Libri tres, &c. 
 1619, 4to. Paris — a Latin poem on the death 
 OfThuanus, 1018, &c. 
 
 GEt S5, John Michael, a native of Holstein, 
 professor of mathematics at Copenhagen, and 
 author of the Theory of the Art of construct- 
 ing Mines, 1776 — a voyage to Iceland, from 
 the German, 2 vols. 4to. — an edition of Lo- 
 garithm! Numerorum ab Unitate ad 10,000, 
 &:c. He died at Holstein 1786, aged 41 . 
 
 Ghelex, Sigismund, or Gelexius. Vid. 
 Gelenius. 
 
 Gn*2.2,j, Peter Leone, a painter, born aj 
 
 Rome, and knighted by Pranris t duk« <X 
 Parma, his nbililies were employed by the 
 p«)pe in adorning the castle ol Gondolfo, and 
 other public edilices. He «lie<l 1755, aged Si. 
 
 (in I LIN 1, Jerome, an Italian writer, bon\ 
 at Mniiza, in .Milan, 1581). He was e<lucHtcit 
 by the Jesuits at .Milan, in philosophy and 
 polite literature, and studied the civil and 
 canon law at Parma. He married ; but up- 
 on the «leath of his wife he became an eccle- 
 siastic. He lived to the age of 80. He is 
 chiefly known for hi.s ♦' Theatro <rHuoirtini 
 Letter.ali," reprinted 2 vols. 4to. Aenicc, 
 1047. 'I'he work, though praised by Baillet, 
 is considered in general as insipid, partial, 
 and c>ften incorrect. He w rote begides, Ca- 
 s<.'s (li' Conscieiice — poems— Annals of Ales- 
 sandria. 
 
 GiiiRi.ANDAio, Uomcnico, a Florentine 
 painter, born 1449. He was intended for 
 the profession of a goldsmith ; but he studied 
 with success painting, and though liis pieces 
 possess not superior merit, lie is yet res- 
 pected as the master of the great Michad 
 Angelo. His three sons, David, Benedict, 
 an(l Randolph, were distinguished as paint- 
 ers, lie died at the age of 44. 
 
 GiiisoLn, Giovanni, a painter of Milan^ 
 who diefl 1083, aged 60. His perspective 
 views and his sea ports are mucli admired. 
 
 GiAFAR, or Sadek the Just, a Mussul- 
 man doctor, by the mother side, descended 
 from Abubekir the caliph. He wrote a book 
 of Prophecies — one on lots and traditions, 
 and died at Medina 704. 
 
 GiAiiEDH, or Large-eyed, a Mussalman, 
 the head of the Motazales, a sect who united, 
 religion and philosophy. He wrote treatises 
 on Metaphysics, S4c. and died S40. 
 
 CJiANXoxi, Peter, a Me<ipolitan, author 
 of an history of his country, which so otr'end- 
 ed the court of Rome that he fled from per- 
 secution to the kiug of Sardinia's dominions, 
 and died at Piedmont 1748, aged 08. Hi» 
 history was translated into French by Des- 
 mancenux. 
 
 GiBALvx', le Comtc dc, author of "1« 
 Monde Primitif," died 1784, aged 59. For 
 this valualjle work lie twice received the 
 pi'ize of 1200 livres from the French academy. 
 
 GiDBox, Edward, the celebrated author 
 of the history of the Decline and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire, was born at Putney, 8lK 
 May 1737, of a very respectable and ancient 
 family. From Kingston-schoot he ix?niovei 
 to Westminster, and afterwards entered as 
 gentleman commoner at Mag<lalen college, 
 Oxford. At the university he pail mucJi 
 attention to books of divinity, especially the 
 works of Bossuet, and as he had never imbi- 
 bed in his youth proper notions of religion, 
 ( and decided tenets of faith, he at last, either 
 from conviction, or the love of singularitj', 
 embraced the Roman Catholic principles, 
 and in 1753 renounced the heresy of the {u-o- 
 testants in the presence of a popish priest 
 in London, and was received into the hosonx 
 of the church. This conduct alarmed and 
 displeased his father, who immediatelv 
 sent him to Lausanne, where, under the 
 
GI 
 
 Gl 
 
 rrieoOly care> a^J ^y the sensijble conversa- 
 tfen of Pavilliard, a protestant divine, he was 
 made to understand the true nature of reh'- 
 gion, and the pure doctrines of the gospel, 
 iind in 1754 he renounced his errors, and 
 received as a pledge of his reconciliation, 
 the sacrament, according to the rites of the 
 reformed clmrch. During liis residence at 
 Lausanne, he paid much attention to classi- 
 <;al literature, and acquired such a perfect 
 knowledge of the French language, that lie 
 hoth spoke and wrote it with tlie same 
 facility as his own native tongue. He hero 
 became intimate with the daughter of a pro- 
 testant minister, an accomplished woman, 
 vho afterwards became the wife of the cele- 
 brated Necker; but his wish to form a ma- 
 trimonial connection with the lady was 
 checked by his father, and while he sighed 
 as a lover, he obeyed as a son, and abandon- 
 ed the object of his passion to lead the rest 
 of lifo in peevish celibacy In 1758 he re- 
 turned to England, but though engaged in a 
 military life, as the captain of the grenadiers 
 of the Harapsiiire militia, he continued his 
 studies in the midst of the dissipation of a 
 camp, and found more pleasure in the com- 
 pany of his favorite authors, than in the 
 society of gay and profligate associates. His 
 E"ssai sur I'Etude de la Literature, appeared 
 in 1761, dedicated to his father, and was 
 admired as an elegant and correct perform- 
 ance. At the peace of 1763 he quitted the 
 militia, and travelled through Paris and 
 Switzerland to Italy, and in the midst of the 
 ruins of the capital, formed the plan of that 
 great work which has immortalixed his 
 name. He contributed much to the com- 
 pletion of the ** Memoires Literaires" of 
 Great Britain by Deyvcrdun 17G7, and in 
 1770, he attacked Warburton's hypothesis 
 on the descent of ^neas to the infernal re- 
 gions, m his critical observations on the si.vth 
 book of Virgil's JEneid. I'hc death of his 
 father in 1770, left hin:i master of a comfort- 
 able, independent, tliough encumbered fa- 
 mily estate, and tiierefore as an owner of 
 landed property, he determined to add to 
 the consequence of his rank, by obtaining a 
 seat in parliament for Liskeard in 1774. The 
 first volume of his immortal work, the De- 
 cline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ap- 
 peared in 1770, and was continued and com- 
 pleted in five other quarto volumes. The 
 book was received with universal applause, 
 and his bookseller, Mr. Cadell, sensible of 
 the merits of the performance, and of its 
 rapid sale, liberally paid him on the com- 
 pletion of the history 80U0Z. Much and 
 deservedly as the historian is commended, 
 yet it is to be lamented that he has inveighed 
 ■with sarcastic rudeness, and with an insulting 
 airofaftected impartiality, against the great 
 truths of Christianity. The unsettled state 
 of his own religious opinions, and the fre- 
 quent visits which he paid to the infidel hero 
 of Ferncy, left it indeed doubtful whether 
 Ixe was much more than a masked atheist ; 
 but it required the deep arts of hypocrisy to 
 pretend to develop the awful causes which 
 
 produced the redemption of mankind, anfl 
 to unveil the mysteries which cover the 
 revelations of heaven to fallen sinners. It is 
 therefore not to be wondered, that the two 
 offensive chapters on the growth and pro- 
 gress of Christianity were violently attacked 
 by various writers, but these were disregard- 
 ed by the phlegmatic historian, who deigned 
 to give a reply only to Mr. Davis becau.sc 
 he had accused him with want of fidelity. 
 Though the abilities of the historian were 
 thus acknowledged of superior rank, and his 
 l)owers of understanding extensive, yet lie 
 never ventured to speak in parliament, but 
 during the eight years in which he held a 
 seat, lie gave a silent vote for the minister. 
 Mis M.emoir on the War with France, in 
 consequence of her espousing the cause of 
 the Colonies, wi'itten in French, was much 
 admired; and procured for him, from lord 
 North, a seat at the board of Trade, till its 
 abolition by Burke's bill. In 1783 Gibbon 
 returned to Switzerland, to complete the 
 three last volumes of his history, and lie 
 returned to England 1788, where the work 
 was published complete on his birth-day. 
 He afterwards returned to Lausanne, but 
 the horrors of the French revolution, the 
 origin of which he with many other virtuous 
 and sensible characters had falsely hailed as 
 the regeneration of mankind, disturbed the 
 tranquillity of his retirement and he hastened 
 baek to England. He died of a dropsy 16th 
 Jan. 1794, at the house of his friend lord 
 Sheffield. His posthumous works, with his 
 memoirs written by himself, and finished by 
 the pen of his friend iord Sheffield, appeared 
 in 2 vols. 4to. soon after his death. His char* 
 acter as a writer has been well drawn up by 
 the nervous pen of Mr. Porson in his letters 
 to archdeacon Travis. His history he allows 
 to be one of the ablest performances that 
 has ever appeared. His industry is indefati- 
 gable, his accuracy scrupulous, his reading, 
 which is sometimes ostentatiously displayed, 
 immense, his attention always awake, his 
 memory extensive, his periods harmonious. 
 In endeavoring however to avoid vulgar 
 terms he too frequently dignifies trifles, and 
 clothes common thoughts in a splendid dress 
 that would be rich enough for the noblest 
 ideas. In his anxiety to vary his phrase, 
 he becomes obsoure, and instead of calling 
 his personages by their names, he describes 
 them by their birth, alliance, office, or other 
 circumstances of their history. An unpar- 
 donaI)le faidt too, is his rage for indecency, 
 which pervades the whole work, especially 
 the last volumes, though it is I'cmarkable he 
 is so afteotcdiy prudish that he dares not call 
 Belisarius a ouckold, because it is too bad a 
 word to be used by a decent historian. 
 
 Gibbons, GriuUng, a famous sculptor, 
 son of a Datchman, settled in England. He 
 was a member of the board of works, and 
 was employed by Charles II. The best spe- 
 cimens of his art are the foliage in Wind,sor 
 chapel, the choir of St. Paul's cathedralj the 
 font of St. James's church, Westminster, 
 and particularly the ornaments of Pctvorth 
 house, lie di:ed 1721. 
 
GI 
 
 GI 
 
 Uj B B N s, OHando, a nati vo of Cnnibiidj^c, 
 jaftdc orp^anist of tlic roval cliapcl, ".iiid ad' 
 rnitU'd Mus. U. at OvloVd IG'2'2. Hi- dictl 
 three years after, oftlie amull-|)<tx, at ('nntcr- 
 hury, aged 4'2. His compositions in mfisic 
 were far superior to all those olhis nj;<". He 
 published Madri.s;als, IGI'J, kc. His son, 
 and also two brothers, were eminent as 
 mlisicirins. 
 
 (tiBBS, James, a»i architect, born at 
 Aberdeen 1GS3. Besides tlie design of St. 
 Martin's chiircii, London, \v)iich cost 3'2,t)OU/. 
 in the erectiou, tiie new churcii at Derby, 
 t-Jio senate house, and tlie new buildings of 
 King's college, Cambridge, and St. Mary's 
 church in the Strand, are part of his works. 
 Hi- sold his designs in 17'2S for 15(30/. and 
 tlie plates for M)6l. He died 5lh Aug. 1754. 
 
 G I BERT, Halthasar, a native of Aix, who, 
 after being fouryears pi-ofessor of philosophy 
 at Heauvais, was elected to the chair of rhe- 
 toric at the college of Mazai-ln, where he 
 proeided 50 years. Tliougli higlily respect- 
 ed at Paris he was banished to Auxerre by 
 the court in 1740, because he opposed the 
 revocation of an appeal wliich the university 
 Lad made against the bull Unigcnitus. He 
 died at Rcgennes 28tl» Oct. 1741, aged 77. 
 His works are Rhetorique, or les Regies de 
 rEloquence — Jugement des Savans sur les 
 Auteurs qui ont traite de la Rhetorique, 3 
 vols. — Observations sur le Traite des Eludes 
 de RolUn, &c. His nephew Joseph was also 
 a man of literary fame, and wrote Memoire 
 ]»our I'Histoire de-s Gaules, &cc. He died at 
 l*aris 1771, aged GO. 
 
 GiBERT, John Peter, a native of Ai.K, 
 professor of theology at Toulon and at Aix, 
 from which he, in 1709, removed to Paris. 
 He lived here in a very retired and abste- 
 mious manner, and tVough ollered several 
 benefices he refused them all with the most 
 ?ndifferent composure. As a canonist, learn- 
 ed and well informed, he was higlily res- 
 pected. He died poor at Paris 2d Dec. 
 1736, aged 76. He wrote Practical Cases 
 concerning the Sacraments — Memoirs con- 
 cerning the holy Scriptures — Institutions ec- 
 clesiastical aud beneficial, S;c. — Usage of the 
 Galilean Church in Censures, &c. — Tradi- 
 tions, or History of the Church, on Mar- 
 riage — Corpus Juris Canonici, kc. 3 vols. fol. 
 — S^otcs on the Treatise of Abu'', kc. 
 
 GiBERTi, Jolm Matthew, a native of Pa- 
 lermo, who obtained favor and consequence 
 at the court of Leo X. and Clement VH. and 
 became governor of 'i'ivoli and bishop of Ve- 
 rona. He was, in 1527, one of the hostages 
 whom Clement delivered to the Imperialists, 
 and, according to the barbarous prejudices 
 of those times, he was treated with great 
 rudeness, and even cruelty. When set at 
 liberty he retired to his diocese ; but return- 
 ed to Rome at the invitation of Paul H. and 
 Tvith a liberal mind he established in his own 
 house a Greek press, and thus enabled the 
 learned men M-hom he ])atronised to publish 
 some editions of the writings of the fathers. 
 His letters and directions to Che clergy are 
 valuuWe. He died I. US. 
 
 GiBtEur, William, a priest of the coo- 
 gregation of the oraloi y, wIkj wrote a book on 
 the I .i!)''rty of (iod, and of the Creator, in 
 Latin, a peiformance of great merit. He 
 died IGGtJ. 
 
 (iinsov, E<lmund, an English prelate, 
 born at Knipe, neai- Hampton, Westmore- 
 land, IGG'J. From a schofjl in the county 
 he entered as servitor at Queen's college, 
 Oxfo!-d, and soon evinced his [>roficiency by 
 publishing K.fjl , Willi'im Druhjmond's " Po- 
 lemo MiddiauM" anil .lames V. of Scotland'j 
 (Janlilcna Rustica, 'Uo. with curious and in- 
 teresting n(.tes. In 1C92, lie published & 
 Latin translation of the ChroniconSaxonicuni 
 4to. and soon after Librorum MSS. in duabus 
 Insignibws Bibliothecis, Altera Tenison,Lon- 
 dini. Altera Dugdali, Oxonii, Catalogiis, 
 dedicated toTenison bisliop of Lincoln, who 
 appointed him liis chaplain. He took his 
 master's degree in 1G94, and the next year 
 showed his abilities as an antiquarian by pub- 
 lishing Camden's IJiitannia, w ith great addi- 
 tions, also dedicated to Tenison, under 
 whose patronage he rose to the rectory of 
 Stisted, Essex in 17<X>, the rectory of Lam- 
 beth, and the mastership of St. Mary's l»os- 
 pital 1703, and in 1710, the arciidcaconry of 
 Surrey. His Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Ang- 
 licani in fol. appeared in 1713, and while it 
 commanded the applause of the friends of 
 the church, excited the censures and the en- 
 vy of its enemies. When W^ake on Tcui- 
 soti's death succeeded to the primacy 1715, 
 Gibson was raised to the see of Lincoln in 
 his room, and in 1723, he was ti-atislated to 
 London. He died at Piuth 6th Sep. 1748, 
 leaving several children. As a prelate Gib- 
 son ranks high. Vigilant over the rights of 
 the church, he warmly supported the test 
 act, and was zealous that those who were ad- 
 n\itted into holy orders should be pcrsoni of 
 character, discretion, and learning. The es- 
 tablishment of preachers from Oxford and 
 Cambridge, at W^hitehall, alternately, took 
 place at his suggestion. This worthy pre- 
 late wrote, besides, some tracts aud pastoral 
 letters, wisely calculated to recommend re- 
 ligion and to counteract in.^dellty and immo- 
 rality. 
 
 (iiBSo.v, William, a self-taught mathe- 
 matician, born at Boulton near Appleby, 
 Westmoreland, and died 1791, aged 71. 
 Though he published nothing, his know- 
 ledge of mathematics, of navigation, of mo- 
 chanics, optics, and experimental philosophr, 
 was very great and very accurate. 
 
 Gibson, Thomas, an craineiit [iaint£;y, 
 known at Oxford and in London. He died 
 April 28th 1751, aged about 71. 
 
 GiBSOx, Thomas, a physician, born at 
 Morpeth in Northumberland. He was very- 
 eminent for his knowledge of botany, histo- 
 ry, physic, and divinity, and he performed 
 very popular cures. H« favored the refor- 
 mation, and fled during tho persecution of 
 .Mary, but returne<l under Elizabeth, and 
 died in London 15^2. The titles of his wri- 
 tings are preserved in Tannery and in Aikin's 
 Memoirs of Medicine- 
 
GI 
 
 GI 
 
 Gibson, l^ichard, commonly called the 
 dwarf, Avas an eminent painter in the time of 
 sir Peter Leiy. He was originally servant to 
 a lady at Mortlake, who observed and en- 
 couraged his fondness for painting, and pla- 
 ced him under de Cleyn, master of the ta- 
 pestry works at Alortiake, and tlie designer 
 of the cuts for Ogilvy's works, and Sandys' 
 Ovid. Gibson's pieces in water colors, but 
 especially his copies of Lely's portraits, gain- 
 ed him great reputation. He was page of 
 the back stairs to Charles I. he was also a fa- 
 Torite with Oliver Cromwell, and drew him 
 several times, and he also instructed in 
 drawing the princesses Mary and Anne af- 
 terwards queens. He married Mrs. Anne 
 "Shepherd who was likewise a dwarf, and the 
 ceremony was honored by the presence of 
 Charles I. who gave away the bride. 
 Though only three feet ten inches, they had 
 nine children, five of which reached matu- 
 rity, and were well proportioned, and of the 
 common size. Gibson died in Covent Gar- 
 den in his 75th year, and his wife 20 years 
 after, 1709, aged 89- 
 
 GiBSOK, William, nephew of Richard, 
 •was instructed by him and Lely in the art of 
 painting, in which he became eminent. He 
 was successful as a limner, and a copier of 
 sir Peter Lely; whose collection he pur- 
 chased at his death, and enriched with seve- 
 ral valuable foreign pieces. He died of a 
 letharg}-, 1702, aged 58. 
 
 Gibson, Edward, kinsman to William, 
 ■H'as instructed by him in drawing. He first 
 painted in oil, but afterwards acquired great 
 celebrit)' in crayons. Kis promising abili- 
 ties were cut short by death when very 
 young. 
 
 ■' Gideon, one of the judges of Israel. He 
 •was of the tribe of Manasseh and was called 
 by God, while he was threshing, to extricate 
 the people of Israel from the oppression of 
 the Midianites. He was judge over the 
 nation forty years, and died B. C. 123G. 
 
 GiFANius, Hubertus or Obertus, a critic 
 and civilian, born at Buren in Guelderland, 
 1534. He pursued his studies at Louvain 
 and Paris, and first erected a library for the 
 Germans at Orleans, where he took the 
 degree of doctor of civil laAv, 15G7. He was 
 in Italy in the suite of the French ambassa- 
 dor, and afterwards was professor of phi- 
 losophy at Strasbui'g, and then at Altdorf 
 and Ingoldstadt. He abandoned the pro- 
 festants for popery, and was made counsel- 
 lor to the emperor Rodolph. He died at 
 Prague I6th Aug. 1604, according to Thua- 
 nus. He wrote notes and commentaries on 
 Homer, Aristotle's Ethics and Politics, Lu- 
 cretius, and other authox's, and some law 
 liracts, but he is accused with dishonorably 
 suppressing the publication of the MSS. of 
 Fruterius, an extraordinary youth who died 
 at the age of twenty-five at Paris, and 
 which had been intrusted to his care. He 
 was unfortunately engaged in quarrels with 
 Lambin, Scioppius, and others, which, in 
 exhibiting the passions of human nature, too 
 often show tliat t^ie inVellectual powers do 
 
 not always exercise that auUiorify over thu 
 heart which reh"gion dictates. 
 
 GiFFORD, Dr. Andrew, a baptist minis- 
 ter, for some time, assistant librarian in the 
 British museum. He died 1784, aged 84, leav- 
 ing his library to the baptist meeting, Bristol. 
 
 GiFFORu, Richard, an English divine, 
 educated at Baliol college, Oxford, which he 
 left after taking his first degree in arts. He 
 was for some time curate of Richard's 
 castle, Herefordshire, and then morning 
 preacher of St. Anne's Soho, and in 1758, 
 he became chaplain to the marquis of Twee- 
 dale, and the next year obtained from bishdj> 
 Coruwallls, Dufiield vicarage in Derbyshire. 
 He was presented, in 1772, to North Oken- 
 don rectory in Essex, where he was unable 
 long to reside on account of the pestilential 
 vapors of the fens. He was author of Re- 
 marks on Kennicott's Dissertation on the 
 Tree of Life in Paradise, — Contemplation, 
 a poem, 1753, quoted by Johnson in his dic- 
 tionary, — Outlines of an Answer to YW. 
 Priestley's Disquisitions on Matter and Spirit, 
 &c. He died at Dufiield much respected, 
 1st March 1807, aged 82. 
 
 Gig GEO, Anthony, an Italian di^'ine, who 
 settled at Milan, and translated into Latin 
 the commentaries of R. R. G. Solomon, 
 Aben Ezra, and Levi Gersora on the Pro- 
 verbs. His cliief work is Thesaurus Lijiguai 
 Arabicte, or Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, four 
 vols, folio. He died about 1632. 
 
 Gilbert, William, a learned physician, 
 who first discovered some of the properties 
 of the load-stone, was born 1540, at Colches- 
 ter, whei'e his father was recorder. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, but he took his de- 
 gree of M.D abroad, and on his return to 
 London, was elected fellow of the college of 
 physicians 1573. He began to practise in 
 London with such reputation, that Elizabeth 
 appointed hini her physician, with a Hberal 
 pension. In 16o0, he published his book 
 *' de Magneto, &;c. Physiologia Nova," 
 which contained the observations of former 
 writers, and might be said to be tlie founda- 
 tion of all future improvements. He died 
 30th November 1603, and was buried in 
 Trinity church, Colchester. His reputa- 
 tion, in consequence of his discoA'eries on the 
 magnet w as very exten.sive, so that not only 
 Carpenter, Barrow, sir Kenelm Digby, and 
 otutTS iiave compared him to Harvey, to 
 Galileo, to Gassendus, and other great lu- 
 minaries of philosophy, but foreigners have 
 regarded him as a man of uncommon merit 
 and of superior abilities. His MS. de Mundi 
 Nostri Philosophia Nova, was published at 
 Amsterdam, 1651, 4to. by sir William Bos- 
 well. He left his books, &c. to the college 
 of physicians. 
 
 Gilbert, Thomas B. D an English di- 
 vine, educated at Edmund hall, Oxford. He 
 was ejected from the parish of Egmond, 
 Salop, for nonconformity, 1662, and died 
 l4th July, 16y4, aged 83. He wrote some 
 theological tracts, and it is said that he made 
 a convert of Dr. South to his opinion cpa.- 
 cei'ning predestinatioa. 
 
01 
 
 GI 
 
 Gti. BERT, sir ffiunplirey, an able navi- 
 gator, bom at Dai-tniuulb. His niotlicr, 
 ■when a widow, murried Mr. Rfileigli, by 
 whom she bad tbc ruinous sii- W;dtcr lia- 
 leigb. lie wab cdiicatcd at Eton, and Ox- 
 ford, ami afterwards followed tlie military 
 professiot), aiul was knigbted in 1570, fur bis 
 services in Irebind. He, in 158.), louU po-s- 
 session of Newfoundland, in the name of bis 
 mistress Llizabelb, wlure bis ulleiiii.ts fo 
 settle a colony on the Anu'iicjoi continent 
 ■were unsuccessful. He wrote a book to 
 
 1>r{)ve a N. VV^. passage to Catbaia, and the 
 ndieti. On bis return from Newfoundlaml, 
 the shi[> in which he was, foundered, and 
 every soul on board perished, l.i84. 
 
 Gilbert, Jelfrey, cliief baion of the 
 excliequer in Ireland, and afterwards in 
 Kngland, abridged Locke's Kssay on the 
 Human Undc-rstandiiiji:, published by Dodd 
 1750, and translated the lt2th ode of Ho- 
 race's second book, in a very elegant style, 
 which was inserted in the Vvit's Iforace, p. 
 67. 
 
 GiLDAS, the most ancient of IJritish his- 
 torians, is known for bi« epistle written .'iGO, 
 twelve years aftei- the evacuation of IJrit-iin 
 by the Romans. He lived near the wail 
 built by Sevcrus, and Nicholson calls him 
 a monk of Bangor. His epistle was trans- 
 lated into English in the reign of Charles II. 
 There was also a poet of that name concern- 
 ed in the writing of tlie prophecies of Mer- 
 lin in Latin verse. 
 
 GiLDON, Charles, an English critic, born 
 at Gillingham, Dorsetshire, 1666. As his 
 friends were of the lioman catholic persua- 
 sion, he was sent to Uouay, to become a 
 priest, but his inclinations Avere not for the 
 church, and he returned to England, 16S5. 
 He spent in youthful follies, in London, the 
 greatest part of his property, and married 
 a woman of no fortune, and at last to re- 
 trieve his affairs, at the age of twenty-three, 
 ne went on the stage, but proved unsuccess- 
 ful as an actor, as well as the author of three 
 pl.iys. He afterwards published various 
 pamphlets and essays, and affected the name 
 and office of a cs-itic, and wrote his " Com- 
 plete Art of Poetry," and the " Laws of 
 Poetry," &c. He offended Pope, for which 
 he was placed in a conspicuous place in the 
 Dunciad. He died 1723. 
 
 Giles, of Viterbo, an Italian cardinal, 
 the favorite of the popes Julius II. and Leo 
 X. He was legate in Germany, from the 
 pope, and made a cardinal. He died 1532. 
 He was author of Commentaries on the 
 Psalms — dialogues — letters — poems — Ke- 
 marks on the three first Chapters of Gene- 
 sis, &CC. 
 
 Giles, .John, or ^Ginius, was born at 
 St. Alban's in tl>e 13tb century. He studied 
 at Paris, and Mas physician to Philip, king of 
 France, and professor of Medicine, at Mont- 
 pellier, and Paris. He was also made D. D. 
 and was the first Englishman on record en- 
 tered among the Dominicans. He was an 
 eloquent preacher, and as eminent for bis 
 physical recipes. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 76 
 
 OlMME'R.or Gemmer, descended from 
 Gcnaciic, whs lUc last ol liwi Vanilul kmg* 
 of Africa. He deiiosed bis rulaiiou liilder- 
 ii;, 5.;U, but Ik-d into Numidia, when inva- 
 (k'd b) ibe superior Ibice ul the gieatUeli.sa- 
 rius. He was at last taken prisoner after 
 various defeats, and when led tbrough the 
 street.'} of Couiluntinopio, be exclaimed. 
 Vanity of vanities, all is vanity ! He wa» 
 honored by Justinian, but refused to be rais- 
 ed to the ranli ol' senator, as it wa.s otfcred 
 on condition of hii renouncing Arianism. 
 
 Gill, Alexander, :\n Englisib scholar, ed- 
 ucated at (^brist-cburcb, Ovl'ord, and made 
 master of St Paul's .school 1(1(18, in which he 
 continued till his death lijj.), at the age of 
 71. He wrote some theological tracts, and 
 was buried in Mercers' chapel. 
 
 Gill, Alexander, son of the ab' ve, wafi 
 born in London, and admitted at 'I'rinity col- 
 lege, Oxford. He was usher to his father 
 in tSt. I'aul's school, and succeeded liim in 
 lC)j5, He removed five years after and 
 kept a school in Aldersgate, till his death 
 16 i2. He is called by Wood, a good Latiu 
 poet. 
 
 Gill, John D. I), a dissenting miiuster 
 born at Ketteriiig, Nortiiamptonshire, I'Jtii 
 Nov. 1697. In 1710, be was admitted pastor 
 of the anabaptists at Ketteriug, and two 
 years after went in the same capacity to 
 lligbam Ferrers. In 1721, be was invited 
 to Horsleydown meeting, in Isouihwark, and 
 soon after remove<l to Tooley street, where 
 he died Oct. l-ilii 1771. He ranked higli as 
 a good orientalist, and as an extensive scho- 
 lar. His publications were numerous, and 
 in his principles be was a rigid (Jalvinist. 
 His works are, an Exposition of the Bible, 9 
 vols, fob a valuai)le performance — the Cause 
 of God and Truth, 3 vols. 8\o. — a Body of 
 Divinit}', 3 vols. 4to — :; dissertation on tiie 
 Antiquity of the Hebrew Language — tracts 
 and sermons. 
 
 GiLLES, Peter, a learned adventurer, 
 born at Albi 1490. He distinguished him- 
 self by his knowledge of classical literature^ 
 and in 1533 he dedicated a book to Francis 
 I. and invited him to send learned men inta 
 foreign countrit^s to examine their manners 
 and customs. He was accorilinirlv sent bv 
 the monarch to the Levant, but as he was 
 not sui){ilied wllb money f(U' his expenses 
 as he e.'vpected, be was obliged in his dis- 
 tress to enrol liimself in the ai'my of Suli- 
 man II. for subsistence. He was afterwards 
 engaged in another voyage, and carried by 
 the [lirates to Algiers, from which be extri- 
 cated himself by the liberal assistance of car- 
 dinal d'Armagnae. lie died at Home I.tJS. 
 He was author of Tracts tie ^'i et NaturA 
 Animalimn — de Bospboro Thracio— de To- 
 pographia Constantinopoleos. 
 
 (iiLLESPiE, George, a Scotch divine, 
 one of the four sent as commissioners from, 
 the church of Scotland to Westminster 1643, 
 He wrote Aaron's iiod Blossoming — Miscel- 
 laneous Questions, &cc. and died 17th De«5. 
 1G48. 
 
 GiLLOT, Claude, a French painter and 
 
GI 
 
 GI 
 
 engraver of Langres, disciple to Vateau, and 
 the master of J. Baptiste Corneille. He 
 died at Paris J 722, aged 49. He was hap- 
 py ia representing grotesque tigures,&c. 
 
 Gilpin, Bernard, an eminent divine, 
 born at Kent mire, Westmoreland, and ed- 
 ucated at Queen's college, Oxford, of which 
 he became fellow. He afterwards Avent to 
 Christ church, and became a zealous sup- 
 porter of the reformation in consequence of 
 reading attentively the ■, orks of Erasmus, 
 and of other German divines. He obtained 
 in 1552 the living of Norton in Durham di- 
 ocese, but with remarkable humility he re- 
 signed it, considering himself as yet unfit to 
 preside over the spiritual concerns of a par- 
 ish. He next visited the continent, where 
 he printed a treatise on the sacraments, 
 written by his uncle Tonsta', and returned 
 to England in 1556. B>v the pati^onage of 
 his uncle he now obtaineci the archdeaconry 
 of Durham, an«t t'le rectory of Easinglon, 
 and afterwards the rectory of Houghton ie 
 Spring. Zealous and active he conducted 
 himself as the friend oF piety and religi^^n, 
 he enforced residence among the clergy, 
 and every where supported the honor and 
 the interests of virtue. His influence as a 
 pastor was considered as so great that Bon- 
 ner, jealous of the increasing power of the 
 reformers, marked him for destruction, and 
 Gilpin, summoned to London before a bloody 
 tribunal, already prepared himself to march 
 to the stake with all the composwe of those 
 Avho had gone before him, when tlie death 
 of Mary stopped the hand of his persecu- 
 tors, and restored him to the wishes of liis 
 parishioners, and the duties of a benevolent 
 ,^_pastor. This exemplary and hospitable man 
 was offered the bishopric of CarHsIe by Eli- 
 zabeth, and also the headship of Queen's 
 college, but he modestly refused these hon- 
 ors, satisfied to live and to die among his 
 parishioners who regai'ded him as a friend 
 and a father. He died 15 S3, aged 66. His 
 life has been written by bishop Carleton, and 
 by his descendant William Gilpin. 
 
 Gilpin, Richard, a native of Cumber- 
 land, educated at Queen's college, Oxford, 
 where he took the degree of M. D, He af- 
 terwards took orders, and became minister 
 of Greystock in his own county, and a pop- 
 ular preacher about London, but was expel- 
 led for nonconformity 1662. He then prac- 
 tised physic m the north, especially at New- 
 castle, and died 1657. Of his works his dis- 
 course on *' Satan's Temptations," is best 
 known. 
 
 Gilpin, William, an able divine, de- 
 scendant from the famous Bernard Gilpin 
 of whose life he wrote an account. He was 
 horn in Westmoreland, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and afterwards dis- 
 tinguished himself at the head of a i-espec- 
 table school at Cheam, Surrey. He died 5th 
 April 1804, aged 80, vicar of Boldre in 
 Hampshire, and prebendary of Sarum. He 
 published the Lives of Latimer, Wickliflfe, 
 Huss, and Cranmer — Lectures on Church 
 Catechism^ 12mo.— Exposition of the New 
 
 Teatameut, 2 vols. Svo. — ^Observations oji 
 Picturesque Beauty, Svo. — a Tour to the 
 Lukes, 2 vols. Svo. — Remarks on Forest 
 Scenery 2 vols. — Essays on Picturesque Beau- 
 ty — on Prints — on the River Wye, he,. — on 
 the Western Parts of England, Svo. — Moral 
 Contrasts, Svo. — Sermons to Country Con- 
 gregations, 3 vols. Svo. &c. 
 
 GiNNANi, Fiancis, a native of Ravenna, 
 page to duke Anthony Faruese. He after- 
 wards retired to solitude, and devoted 
 hii^self to the improvement of his estate, 
 and the cuUivatiou of natural history. He 
 died 1766, aged 50. He wrote an historical 
 treatise on the J)i&eases of Growing Corn, 
 4to. 1759 — a Description of Indigenous 
 Plants — Dissertation on the Scirpus of Ra- 
 venna — and an Accou.it of the Curiosities of 
 his Musteum. 
 
 GiocoMDO, Fra G'ovatini, a native of 
 Verona, vviiere he wrsj schoolmaster, and had 
 Julius Csesar Scaliger among his pupils. 
 He was well skilled in architectui'e, mathe- 
 matics, theology, and antiquities, and he con- 
 structed some of the bridges of France and 
 Italy. He died 1521. He published au edition 
 of Csesar's commentaries, and of Viti'uvius. 
 
 GioiA, Flavio, a Neapolitan, born at 
 Amalfi, celebrated as being the inventor of 
 the mariner's compass. As the sovereigns 
 of Naples were at that time the younger 
 branches of the royal famdy of France, he 
 placed at the nortli of tiiC compass a fleur 
 de lis, a distinction adopted by every suc- 
 ceeding navigator. The principality of Prin- 
 cipato, where he was born, also assumed a 
 compass for its arms, no doubt as a monu- 
 ment of the celebrity of its citizen. Some 
 have attributed the invention of the compass, 
 to the Chinese, and Dr. Wallis to the Eng- 
 lish. Gioia was born about 1300, but the 
 time of his death is not mentioned. 
 
 GiOLiTO, Del Ferrari, a printer of the 
 1 6th century at Venice, ennobled by Charles 
 V. His types Avere more elegant than his 
 printing was correct. He left two sonsprin- 
 ters, and died 15^7. 
 
 GioRDANi, Vital, a Neapolitan mathe- 
 matician. He was at first a soldier in the 
 pope's gallies, then purser of a ship, after- 
 wards keeper of St. Angelo's castle at Rome, 
 and lastly professor of mathematics. He 
 died 1711. He wrote Euclide Restituto, fol. 
 — de Componendis Gravium Momentis, fol. 
 — Fundamentum DoctrinJE Motus Gravium, 
 et ad Hyac. Christophorum Epistol. 
 
 Giordano, Luca, a painter of Naples, 
 Avho died 1705, aged 76. He improved h'tm- 
 self by studying the works of Titian, Corre- 
 gio, and Paul Veronese, and for his merits 
 he was knighted by the king of Spain. Sev- 
 eral of Jiis pieces are preserved at Milan, 
 but his most finished picture is the battle of 
 the angels, and the fall of Lucifer, preserv- 
 ed at Naples. 
 
 GiORGiANi, or Alseid x\lscherie. 
 Abon Hassan, or Houssain Ali, a na- 
 tive of Georgia, and a Mussulman doctor, 
 author of an Explanation of Terms used in 
 Theology and Pliilosophy— a Commentary 
 
GI 
 
 GI 
 
 (Su Euclid, 8cc. lie (lied 1413, at Shiraz. 
 Anotlicr of tliat name was eminent as a 
 grainmai-ian and niathcntaticiuit. 
 
 tiioRGiONE, an illuBtrious painter, so 
 called from his noble and coniely aspect, was 
 born at (Jastel Franco in Trevisani), Neiiiee, 
 1478. He devoted himself to music in which 
 he excelled, and afterwards directed his at- 
 tention to painting, and was the first of the 
 Lombards who found out the admirable ef- 
 fects of strong lii;;hts and shadows. He first 
 studied under (.iiovaiini Bellino, and improv- 
 ed himself by the imitation of the works of 
 Leonardo da ^'iIlci. 'I'itian was his friend 
 aiid fellow pwi»il, but his freiiuctit visits 
 alarmed him, and riewing him in the light 
 of a rival and enemy, he excluded him 
 from hi« house. Thus become hostile each 
 to the other, Titian rssiduously labored to 
 copy nature, but while he surp:.5Sfcd (iior.c;i- 
 one fn the delicacies of natural objects, he 
 was himself sui-passed in greatness of con- 
 ception, and suhliniity of inven'ion. The 
 house M'here the German merchants assem- 
 ble at Venice, had its front adorned by the 
 pencil of these rival masters, an<l while 
 Titian embellished one side, Giorgiouc la- 
 boi'ed on the other, but tinu; unfoi-lunately 
 has defaced these once splendid monuments 
 of human excellence. A Christ carrying the 
 Cross, in St. llovo's church, Venice, is con- 
 sidered as the best piece from Ginrgionc's 
 pencil. 'I'he ingenious artist employed his 
 talents to show that sculpture is not superi- 
 or to painting, and he represented all the 
 sides of the body in the same picture, by the 
 aid of reflection from a fountain at his feet, 
 from a looking glass at his side, and a shi- 
 ning armor. He died in his 33d year 1511, 
 of the plague, with which he unfortunately 
 was seized by paying a visit to a favorite 
 mistress, whose infection was not suspected. 
 OiosEPPixo, a painter so called from 
 Gioscppe d'Arpino, a town of Naples where 
 he was born 1560. He learned at Rome the 
 elements of his art, and so distinguished him- 
 self that he became the favorite of cardinals 
 and popes, and was made kniglit of St. Mi- 
 chael by Lewis XII. His battles in the cap- 
 itol are his best pieces. He died at Rome 
 I6i0. 
 
 GiOTTiNO, Tomaso, a painter of Flo- 
 rence whose name was Stefano. He was 
 called Giottino from the resemblance of 
 his style to that of Giotto. He died 13jt), 
 aged '32. 
 
 Giotto, an eminent painter, sculptor 
 and architect, born near Florence 1270. He 
 was found by Cimabue while he was eraploy- 
 yig himself in the fields in drawing upon the 
 sand the figures of the sheep which he was 
 tending, and under the guidance of this ex- 
 tellcnt friend and master, he soon rose to 
 consequence and fame. When Benedict IX. 
 vished to see designs from the Tuscan art- 
 ists, Giotto, with the greatest quickness, 
 drew with one stroke of his pencil, a circle 
 so round and so perfectly equal, tliat roun«l 
 as Giotto's O afterwards became j)roverbiul. 
 The pope understood from this the genius 
 
 ol tlic painter, and emidoyert him at R(»me. 
 His mf)3t admired j>iece was a sLi]» nt .Mo,-ja- 
 ic work over the tiiree g'ltes of the porticu 
 at the entrance of St. Peter's church. Gi- 
 otto still favored by Clement V Benedicts 
 successor, returned in 13U) to Florence load- 
 ed with riches, and was afterwards honoi'a- 
 bly engaged in tiie service of the lord of 
 Lucca, and of the king of Naples, and every 
 where left specimens of his geniu-j and of his 
 art. His death of the A'irgin, \vith the apos- 
 tles about her, was greatly adnured by Mi- 
 chael Angelo. He died 1336, and the city 
 of Florence erected a marble statue over 
 his tomb. Giotto was respected not only by 
 princes, but by the learned and the witty, 
 and among his particular friends were Dante 
 and Petrarch. 
 
 GiuALDi, Lilio Grcgorio, an ingenious 
 Clitic born at Ferara 1479 and educated in 
 Latin under Guarini, and in Greek under 
 Demetrius Chdcondylcs. He resided at 
 Modena, and afterwards went to Itome, and 
 saw thi^ pillage of that ancient capital by the 
 soldiers of tJharles V. After losing there 
 the whole of his little pi'operty, and attend- 
 ing his patron cardinal Ilangoni to the grave, 
 and losing his other patron Mirandula, h* 
 returned to Ferrara poor and enfeebled by 
 disease. Though, however, terribly afflic- 
 ted witji the gout, he yet read, and compo* 
 sed several of his books, till he sunk under 
 the heaviness of his complaint I55'i, and was 
 buried in the cathedral of Ferrara. He wrote 
 17 different things, afterwards collected into 
 2 vols, folio, Basil 1.580, and Leyden 1696. 
 The most valuable of his compositions sre 
 his Historia de Ueis Gentium — Historic 
 Foctarum turn Grcecorum quam Latinorum 
 Dialogi decern, — and the Dialogi do Poetis 
 Nostrorum. His erudition was very great, 
 and the high encomiums of Scaliger, of Ca- 
 saubon, awd Tliuanus upon his meritorious 
 services to the republic of letters, are very 
 just and honorable. 
 
 GiRALDi, John Baptist Cintio, an Italian 
 of the family of the preceding born at Fer- 
 rara 1504. After studying j)Iiilosophv and 
 the languages he applied to physic and took 
 the degree of M. D. Though only 21 yt^-.r.'S 
 old he was appointed to rcail lectures on 
 phj'sic and polite literature at Fcrrr.ra, and in 
 1542 he became secretary to tiie duke of Fei-- 
 rai-a. After teaching belles lettres ui Mon- 
 dovi three years he went to Turin, stnd 
 thence to Pavia, where he was honorably 
 made professor of rhetoric. He took the 
 t\ame of Cintio at Pavia, which he prefixed 
 to his books. He was greatly afflicted with 
 the gout, and retired to Ferrara where he 
 died soon after 1573. He wrote 9 Italian 
 tragedies, besides some orations in Latin, and 
 Hecatonmithi, or 1(K» novels. His tragedies^, 
 which some critics esteem as excellent com- 
 positions, were edited by his son Celso, Ve- 
 nice, 1583, 8vo. 
 
 GiRAi.Di'S, Sylvester, a learned Welch- 
 man born at Mainarpir castle near Pern 
 broke, South Wales, 1145 lie was educa- 
 ted under his unvi^, the lisiiop of St 
 
Gl 
 
 GL 
 
 DaruJ's, and stadied theology at' Paris for 
 some time. He returned to Enp;!and 1172, 
 and four years after ■was named by Henry 11. 
 "who knew his merit and hh learning, to fill 
 the vacant see of St. JJavid's, which he disin- 
 terestedly refused. Aftei-wards he went to 
 Paris and Bologna to .study the civil law, and 
 in 1185 he "was sent by tli'j king as secretary 
 to his son John, in Ireland. In this office he 
 applied himself to making tjllcctions of ma- 
 terials for the History of Ireland, and in 118G 
 returned to England. In 1198 he was a se- 
 cond time elected to the see of St. David's, 
 but as he had a rich competitor, and as every 
 thing was venal at lionie, I.e did not suci eed. 
 He died at the age of about 70. He wrote 
 several works, in which he displayed great 
 erudition and coinmanding elof^uence, which 
 vas wonderftd, as Tanner observes, in so 
 
 dark and 
 
 Ignorant 
 
 an age. 
 
 H 
 
 e was a a-reat 
 
 enemy to the monks, and very superstitious, 
 and with respect to dreams and visions con- 
 temptibly ridiculous. Besides his History of 
 Ireland, he wrote " Itinerarium Cambnt3e" 
 — '* de Rebus a se Qestis," and other tilings, 
 some of which are still in MS. 
 
 GiRARD, John Baptist, a Jesuit boni at 
 Del. He M-as tried by the parliament of Aix, 
 on the accusation of a girl of 18, Mary Cathe- 
 rine Cadiere, for using sorcery, accordiiig to . 
 her expressions, in tlie violation of her per- 
 son, and in the attempt to destroy the fruit 
 of her womb. This trial excited much of the 
 public attention. Girard was acquitted. 
 
 GiRARD, Gabriel, a French ecclesiastic, 
 almoner to the duchess of Berry, and inter- 
 Y»reter to the king in the Kussiau and Sclavo- 
 iiian languages. He wrote Synonymes Fran- 
 (jois — Principes de la Langue Franroise, &c. 
 and died much respected 1748, aged 70. 
 
 GiRANDON, Francis, a native of Troyes. 
 He studied sculpture and architecture under 
 Anguier, and was sent to Home by Lewis 
 XIV. to complete his knowledge of the arts. 
 He succeetled Le Brun as inspector general 
 of sculpture to the king, and died 1715, aged 
 87. His chief works are the Mausoleum of 
 Kichelieu in the church of the Sorbonne — 
 the Equestrian Statue of Lewis XfV. and 
 the Rape of Proserpine in the garden of Ver- 
 sailles. 
 
 GiRON, D. Pierre, duke of Ogsuna, a no- 
 Lle but proud and imperious Spaniard, who, 
 when viceroy of Naples, encouraged the fa- 
 mous conspiracy against Venice, which was 
 discovered by Jaftier one of the accomplices, 
 and which forms the subject of one of the 
 finest pieces of English tragedy. Girou was 
 di8gra<?ed and .died in prison 1624, aged 4'J. 
 
 GiRONST, James, a native of Beaufort in 
 Anjou, ^educated among the Jesuits, and 
 known as a popular preacher. His sermons 
 appeared in 5 vols. I'imo. 1704. He died 
 1689, aged 05. 
 
 GiRTiN, John, an English painter of 
 great excellence. His landscapes in water- 
 colors, and in oil, were much admired. The 
 views of London and I'aris, exhibited in the 
 Panorama in London, were by him, and 
 are pleasing proofs of his geoius and taste. 
 
 Though laboring under the attacks of a dread- 
 ful asthma, he followed his profession till 
 within a few days of his death, which hap- 
 pened Nov. 1802, in his 30lh year. 
 
 GiRY, Lewis, one of the first memhers of 
 the French academy, translated Tertullian's 
 Apology — the Sacred History of Sulpicius 
 Severus — Augustine de Civitate Dei, &c. 
 This learned and excellent character died 
 1665, aged 70. 
 
 GiSBERT, John, a Jiative of Cahors, for 
 some years divinity professor at Toulouse, 
 and then provincial of the Jesuits at Langue- 
 doc. He died 1710, aged 71. He wrote 
 Anti-Probalasimus, 4to. and other works of 
 merit. 
 
 GiSBERT, Blaise, a Jesuit, born at Cahors. 
 He wrote a work on the Education of a 
 Prince — another on Christian Eloquence, &c. 
 and died at Montpellier 1731. 
 
 GiSELiNvs, a physician, native of Bru- 
 ges, who published a correct edition of Pru- 
 dentius at Antvrerp. He died 1d51, aged 78. 
 GiuLANo, Di. jMajano, a Florentine, 
 sculptor and architect, who died at Naples 
 1447, aged 70. The Poggio Reale ])alace, 
 and other edifices at Naples, are the monu- 
 ments of his genius, as well as several build- 
 ings at Rome, in the pontificate of Paul II. 
 
 GiuSTi, Antonio, a painter of Florence, 
 who died 1705, aged 81. His animals, as well 
 as landscapes and historical characters, are 
 highly esteemed. 
 
 Glain, N. Saint, a native of Limoges, 
 1620, who retired to Holland to profess the 
 protestant faith. After serving with reputa- 
 tion in the armies of the republic, he wrote 
 in the Holland gazette, and from a zealous 
 protestant, he became, by reading Spinoza's 
 book, a rank atheist. So devoted was he to 
 his new opinions, that he tranalated Spinoza 
 into French, and published it in three differ- 
 ent editions, under three different titles, to 
 attract the public attention. 
 
 Gi.ANDORP, Matthias, a physician, born 
 at Cologne 1595, where his father was a sur- 
 geon. After studying at Bremen, and im- 
 proving himself at Padua and other Italian 
 universities, he became physician to the 
 archbishop of Bremen IC'28. He died soon 
 after 1652. His works, which exhibit the 
 powers of an attentive and able man, were 
 printed together at London 1729, 4to. with 
 his life prefixed. 
 
 Glanvil, Joseph, an English divine, 
 born at Plymouth, Devoivshire, 1636. He 
 was of Exeter college, Oxford, and in 1656 
 removed to Lincoln college, and soon after 
 taking his degree of M.A. 1658, entered into 
 orders, and became chaplain to Rouse, pro- 
 vost of Eton college. The death of his pa- 
 tron soon after left him at liberty ; and here- 
 turned to his college, where he continued 
 during the turbulence of the times, till the 
 restoration brought back peace, confidence, 
 and security. Glanvil, who had showed 
 strong partiality for Cromwell's usurpation, 
 now became an active royalist, and he drew 
 the attention of the learned by his popular 
 treatise, called the Vanity of Dogmatising, 
 
GTL 
 
 GL 
 
 i«c. apainst the Aristotelians, so that wlicn 
 the KovhI sotiety wus csfiljlisliiil, he w:(b 
 chosen one ot" lh.it leai'iietl hoil} , whose opi- 
 nions and phihisophy he iiad so ahly tlelend- 
 C(I. Jn lOO.i be cngaji^ed iii it coiilroversy 
 ahout the possiljihly t witches nii<l wilch- 
 cralt, and ihoiijifh liis iViends, and particuhir- 
 ly Mr. IJoyle, advised hini to he carei'ul in 
 his inaiiat;enient of so delicate a siibjict, 
 where relij^ion niiglit be tiH;ated with levity, 
 he collected, with more siiperslilion than 
 ])rmlence, not less than 20 nioilern relations 
 of apparitions, &ic. besides that of the invisi- 
 hle driimmtr, which nightly distuilied Muni- 
 ])esson\s house at 'i'edworlh, Wilts, and 
 ■which was the oiigin of the controversy. In 
 lGf)f», by the interest of his friends, he ob- 
 tained the rectory of the Abbey church, 
 Balh, wiiere he tixed his resilience. In \C)77 
 lie engaged in a controversy with Crosse, vi- 
 car of Chew, Sonierselsbire, in defence of 
 the Koyal society, and against the Aristote- 
 lian philosophy ; and the raillery used » n 
 Itoth sides, brought a fresh antagonist Dr. 
 Stubbe, physician at Warwick, who treated 
 our author with more vehemence and scur- 
 rility than propriety' could countenance. 
 Glanvil forgot bis resentment iu the attentive 
 performance of his ministerial duty ; and 
 when Stubbe was unfortunately drowned 
 near Bath, and his remains were brought 
 to be interred into the Abbey church, he 
 preached a very pathetic and eloquetit ser- 
 mon on tlie occasion, and paid very hand- 
 some and deserved compliments to the me- 
 mory of his departed antagonist. He was 
 presented, in 1678, to a prebendal stall of 
 Worcester, by the patronage of the marquis 
 of Worcester, to whom his wife was related, 
 and with the approbation of the king, to 
 whom he had been chaplain since 167'2. He 
 was attacked by a fever which proved fatal, 
 and he died at Bath 4th Nov. 1680, aged 44, 
 and was buried in his ow n thurch, where his 
 widow erected a decent monument to his 
 memory. He was twice married, but had 
 no issue. He was a man of great parts; but 
 though he possessed in a high degree the 
 power of writing w ith elegance and fluency, 
 liis publications were all on temporary and 
 controversial subjects. Besides the works 
 mentioned already, he wrote an " Essay 
 concerning Preaching, — anrf a seasonable 
 Defence of Preaching," — a blow at modern 
 Sadducism — " Reflections on Drollery" and 
 Atheism" — Essays on important subjects in 
 Pliiloaophy and Keligion — sermons, kc. 
 
 Glanville, Ranulph, an English law- 
 yer in the I2th century. He is mentioned 
 with great respect, by law writers, for his dil- 
 igence in collecting all the laws of the king- 
 dom into one body. 
 
 GLAPiiYRA, a priestess of Bellona's temple 
 in Cappadocia, is known for her amours with 
 M. Antony, from whom she obtained the 
 kingdom for her two sons, Sisinnaand Arche- 
 laus. 
 
 Clap THORNE, Henry, a dramatic writer 
 in the age of Charles I. Winstanley speaks 
 "(jf him with comraeiidiitiyu, bKl Lang!\iine 
 
 allows hira little merit. Besides plays, he 
 wrote ptiems to his mistress Lucinda. 
 
 <il.Asi:n, (Jhribtophrr, apothecary to 
 Louis XIV. wasaulhor of an elttgrnt an«l val- 
 uable treatise on chemistry, translated into 
 English and (iiirnnn. He ilied about 1679. 
 (i LASS, John, M. A. a Scotch divine, born 
 at Dun<lee Ki'jS, and educated at .\beideer>. 
 Upon his publication of a p.tm[)blet on the 
 inconsistency (4 i* civil establishment with 
 Christianity, he was«h'posed fiorn bis church, 
 near Dundee, and tlu:n liecame the founder 
 of a new sect called the (ilassites, in Scotland, 
 and Sandemonians in England. As the dis- 
 cipline of his sect was very rigorous, fev/ 
 cniljraced his tenets, and the name is scarce 
 known now. He wrote various controversial 
 tracts, published at Edinburgh, 4 vols. Svo. 
 He died at Dundee 177.3, aged 73. 
 
 Class, John, son of the preceding, was 
 born at Dundee 1725, and went as surgeon 
 to the West Indies. He afterwards quitted 
 the medical profession ; and as captain of 
 a ship traded to the Brazils. After an ab- 
 sence of two years, he returnetl from the 
 Brazils to London in 1765, with all his pro- 
 perty; but, V hen in sight of Ireland, four 
 of the seaman conspired against him ; and 
 after murdering him, his wife and daughter, 
 the male, one seaman and two boys, they 
 loaded the boat with dollars, and sinking the 
 ship, landed at Ross, and came to Dublin, 
 where punishment overtook them. They 
 were executed for the bloody deed, Oct 1766. 
 Class possessed abilities, and published a 
 description of Tenerifl", with the manners, 
 &c. ot the Portuguese, 4to. 
 
 Glassius, Solomon, a German divine, 
 professor of divinity and D.D. in Jena univer- 
 sity. He was afterwards superintendant of 
 the schools ai;d churches in Sa.xe Gotlia, and 
 died 1656, aged 63. He wrote Philologia 
 Sacra, 4to. — Onomatologia Messiai Prophe- 
 tica — Disputationes in Augustanam Confes- 
 sionem — Exegesis Evangeliorum etEpislol. 
 — ChristologiaMosaica, et Davidica, kc. 
 
 Glauber, Ro<lolphus, a Gei-man chemist, 
 author of a volume *' Glauberus Concentra- 
 tus" translated into English, fol. 1689, Lon- 
 don. He has acquired celebrity as the dis- 
 coverer of the neutral purgative salt, which 
 still bears his name. 
 
 Glauber, John, a painter of Utrecht, 
 who died 1726, aged 80. His landscapes are 
 much admired. His pieces are enriched by 
 the expressive figures of his friefid Lareisse. 
 Glauber, John Gollief, brother and dis- 
 ciple of the preceding, tlied 170,3, aged 47. 
 His landscapes, sea ports, &c. are in a verr 
 flnished style. 
 
 Glauber, Dinnna, sister of the above 
 painters, born lofiO, shone likewise by the 
 execution of her pencil. She became blind 
 in her old age. Her portraits and historical 
 subjects were admired. 
 
 Gleditsch, Jolm Gottlieb, a native of 
 Leipsic, who took his degree of M. D. at 
 Frankfort on the Oder, 1740, and there be- 
 came lecturer in botany, physiology, and the 
 -Materia Mcdica. He was afterw^irds mem- 
 
 '.« 
 
GL 
 
 GL 
 
 b«i' of the Berlin academy of sciences, an- 
 atomical professOT', and director of the botan- 
 ical garden. He was author of treatises 
 on the rnanp^cment of Trees — on the Means 
 of destioyiiig Locusts — on Fungusses — 
 Miscellaneous Essays on Medicine, Botany, 
 Economy — on Bees — on the System of 
 plants, &c. He died 1780, aged 7:^. 
 
 Gleichen, Frederic Wiliiam Von, a no- 
 bleman, bornatBayreuth, vho, after serving 
 his country uith the rank of lieutenant-co- 
 lonel, retired from public life iu 1756, and, 
 satisfied with the empty title of pri\'y coun- 
 sellor, devoted himself to the study of natural 
 history. He was very ingenious in the deli- 
 neation of plants, and well acquainted with 
 chemistry, and he constructed a curious 
 paicroscope, with which he made observations 
 on seminal animalcules, and on the putre- 
 faction of vegetables, of which he published 
 an account. These, and other works on sub- 
 jects of natural history, are written in Ger- 
 man, and possess met'it. He died 1 783, aged 
 69. 
 
 Glen, John, a painter and engraver on 
 "wood of Liege. He publislied, in the 16th 
 century, a curious work of ancient and mo- 
 dern dresses, wHh figures, &c. 
 
 Glendower, Uwen, a famous Welch - 
 man, who boldly opposed in the field, during 
 14 years, the elevation of Henry IV. to the 
 English throne. His name is still revered 
 among the Welch. He died 1415, aged 61. 
 
 Glicas, a Byzantine historian, whose 
 works, tlie Annais from the Creation, and 
 the History of the Byzantine Emperors, 
 v»^re published by Labbe, 1660, in Greek 
 and Latin. 
 
 G1.1SSON, Francis, an English physician, 
 boiri at Rampisbam, Dorsetshire, and edu- 
 cated at l/aius college, Cambridge, where he 
 became feliow. He tnokhis degrees in phy- 
 sic, and became, in the room oi Winterton, 
 regiuB professor of physic to the university, 
 an office which he held 40 years. He was 
 ele«ted fellow of the college of pliysicians 
 1634, and in his practice and studies he fol- 
 lowed the plans of the great Harvey, and 
 depended more upon anutomical dissection 
 and minute observations than wild theories 
 and vague conjectures. During the civil 
 war.s he removed to Colchester, where he 
 practised physic, and he was present at the 
 siege and surrender of that important for- 
 tress. He distingviished himself by the great 
 attention he paid to the progress of the rick- 
 ets, a disorder which then first began to ap- 
 pear in the counties of Dorset and Somerset, 
 and he communicated his observations and 
 discoveries to the world in his " Anatomia 
 Hepatis," 1654. He was for several years 
 presi<lent of the college of physicians, and 
 died 1677, in the parish of St. Bride, Lon- 
 don. He was a man of great erudition, and 
 Universally esteemed. He contributed much 
 to the advancement of true medical knov/- 
 ledge, and he discovered the capsula com- 
 munis, or vagina porta;, and more clearly de- 
 fined the vena cava porta, and vasa fellea of 
 the liver. Of his many compositions on anA- 
 
 tomical and medical subjects his treatise oSi 
 the Liver is his best work. 
 
 Gloucester, Robert of, the most an- 
 cient of English poets, florished in the reign 
 of Heniy II. and died in a good old age in th? 
 l)Cginning of John's reign. Camden speak* 
 very highly of him, and quotes many of his 
 English rhymes; but he is more esteemed 
 for his hisior}' than for his poetry. 
 
 Gloveu, Richard, an English poet, born 
 in London, and educated at Cheam school, 
 where his verses on the memory of Newton 
 were deservedly applauded. He afterwards 
 engaged with his father in the Hamburgh 
 trade, and in 1737 he married a woman of 
 fortune, and produced his admired poem 
 Leonidas. The powers of mind which he 
 possessed were now displayed in pohtioal 
 dissensions; he was a popular leader at elec- 
 tions, and when appointed one of the com- 
 mittee in an application to tiie hoxise of Com- 
 mons from the London merchants, he spoke 
 with such boldness and energy at the bar that 
 his address was printed, and excited univer- 
 sal attention. He sat in parliament for Wey- 
 mouth at the election of 1761, and died 17S5, 
 aged 74, much and deservedly lamented. 
 Besides his Leonidas he published London, 
 or the Progress of Commerce, a poem, 17a<i 
 — Hosier's Ghost, a popular ballad to rouse 
 the spirit of the nation against the insults of 
 the Spanish Court — Boadicea, a tragedy, 
 acted at Drury-lane, not with success, 1753 — 
 Medea, another tragedy, better received 
 1761 — Athenaid, an epic poem of inferior 
 merit, which appeared 1788, in 3 vols. l'2mo. 
 His great and immortal work Leonidas has 
 been translated into French, and has passed 
 througli various editions. 
 
 Gluck, Christopher, an able musician, 
 born in the Upper Palatinate. He studied in 
 Italy, and visited England and Germany, 
 and afterwards acquired great celebrity at 
 Vienna. He went to Paris, where his per- 
 formances were honorably rewarded with a 
 pension. He wrote besides operas, letters 
 on music, &c. and died at Vienna 1787, aged 
 73. 
 
 Glynn, Robert, a native of Cambridge^ 
 educated at Eton and King's college, of which 
 he became fellow. He studied medicine, 
 and took his doctoi-'s degree in 1752; but he 
 preferred the easy and indolent life of a col- 
 lege to the labors of an extensive practice, 
 which his knowledge and information might 
 have commanded. After being for 63 years, 
 for his wit, his learning, and his interesting 
 fund of anecdotes, the favorite of his society, 
 he died 1800, aged 82. He is known as the 
 author of the Day of Judgment, a poem of 
 singular merit, which obtained the Setonian 
 prize at Cambridge 1757, and which is much 
 read and deservedly admired. 
 
 Gmeltn, Samuel Gottlieb, sonofaphy- 
 sician at Tubingen, was born in 1745, and 
 distinguished himself by his abilities and hii 
 perseverance in several voyages to France, 
 Holland, and on the shores of the Caspian 
 sea. He was seized by the Tartars when fn 
 their country, and died in confinement 1774. 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 fie published, in German, ** Travels in Rus- 
 sia, ami " Histoi-iu Fucoruni," Imt Uichij^Ii 
 n. iitau of genius, lincl well versed iit iwituriil 
 history, he was of « licentious turu of mind. 
 Pallas has written hia life. 
 
 Gmeli.v, John (iforge, uncle to the pre- 
 ceding;, was born at 'rubinpeii, :u>d b( «aine 
 member of the academy at l*clcr3bur|.:. lie 
 is known by his Flora hiibcrica, 4 vols. 4lo. — 
 and hi.i Travels in Siberia, published in 
 French, 'Z vols, lie died 1755, :i|j;e(l 40. 
 
 (tOadby, Robert, a printer of Sherborne, 
 Dorsetshire, author of an lllnsHalion of the 
 Scriptures, 3 >t)ls. fol. and the Univrise l-)i.<?- 
 playtJ'l* and other books, lie wrote also tlic 
 life of Bamfylde Moore Carew, thu innious 
 king of the bej^gars ; and he acquired soir.e 
 property by the establishment of a provinci:,! 
 paper at Sherborne. He died much respect- 
 ed 1773. 
 
 Guar, James, a Dominican friar of Paris, 
 sent to the Levant in 1618. He published 
 " ttrsecorum Eucologium," iu Cireek and 
 Latin, l*ai-is, 1647, and also translated some 
 of the Byzantine historians. He resided for 
 some time at Home, and was titii\ersally re- 
 spected for hislearning. lie died 1653, agetl 
 52. 
 
 GoDBO, Pietro Paolo Cortoncse, a pain- 
 ter of Cortona, who died 1640, aged 60. His 
 fruits and landscapes by their charming color- 
 ing and native elegance, are much admired. 
 
 GoBBO, Andrea, an Italian historical pain- 
 ter, who died about 1527, aged about 57. 
 
 Go BEL,, John Baptist, a native of Hanne, 
 bishop of Lydda. At the revolution he em- 
 braced the opinions of the popular party, and 
 WHS appointed 1791, first constitutional arch- 
 bishop of Paris. Soon after, however, he 
 resigned his episcopal habit iu the convention, 
 declaring at the age of 70 that he abjured a 
 religion in which he placed no faith, and which 
 dishonored humasky. This hoary delin- 
 quent against truth and virtue did not pass 
 unpunished, he was accused of atheism by 
 liohespierre, and condemned as the accom- 
 plice nf Chauniette. He was guillotined 14th 
 April, 1793, regretted by none. 
 
 GoBELi N, Giles, a famous dyer in the 
 reign of Francis I. known for the invention 
 of the fine scarlet which still bears his name. 
 The house where he lived in the Fauxbourg 
 of St. Marcel, Paris, still preserves his 
 name. 
 
 Go BIER, Charles, a jesuit of St. Maloes, 
 born 1644. He wrote the " History of the 
 Mariannes," and " Lettres Edifiantes," 
 which contain the history, geography, and 
 politics of those countries, subjected to the 
 observations and discoveries of the Jesuits. 
 He wrote some other tracts, and warmly em- 
 braced the disputes about the worship of 
 Confucius in China. He dietl at Paris 1708. 
 
 GoBRYAS, one of the seven Persian no- 
 bles who conspired to dethrone the usurper 
 Smerdis. He was father-in-law of Darius. 
 
 GocLENius, Conrad, a German, born in 
 in Westphalia i486, and esteemed for his 
 learning and virtues by Erasmus. He wrote 
 valuable liotes on (/iacro's Oflices, and pub- 
 
 lished an edition nf Luean, Mvl a translmtSon 
 ot LuciiOi's Herujotiuius. Hcdied 15JJ. 
 
 GocLE.\i us, liodolphiis, autlior of a iract- 
 on tn«; Cure of WoiUids by the application of 
 ll»c Magnet, may be cr)risidered as the foun- 
 der of luodciii inugiiclism. Ho waa born at 
 Witlembijrg, aiul was profffiior of physio 
 Mid mutheniMlius at Marpurg, and died lO'Jl, 
 uge«l 4 'J. 
 
 (iocLENH73, Uodolphus, a volujnitjous 
 wj'iler, born at Wardcck 1547. lie. was for 
 nearly .'»U years ]»r(»fes3or of logic at Marpurg, 
 where he died l6'-S. His works are on phi- 
 losophical subjects. 
 
 Go I.) u A n i>, Jun:ith;n», an Knglish physician 
 and chemist, l>')rn at (Greenwich 1017, and 
 educated at Magdalen hall, O.xford. After 
 foiu" years' residence in the university he tra- 
 velled to improve himself in the knowledge 
 of physic, and on his return he took his de- 
 gree of M. D. as member of Christ college, 
 Cambridge, and tliat of doctor at Catherine 
 hall. In 1646 he was chosen fellow of ths 
 college of physicians, and the ne.xt year was 
 appointed their reader in anatc-my. As ho 
 favored strongly the measures of parliament, 
 he was taken under the protection of Crom- 
 well, and accompanied him as physician to 
 the army to Ireland, and afterwards to Scot- 
 land, and for his services he was nominated 
 by the usurper, warden''of Merton college, 
 Oxford, 1651. During Cromwell's absenceirk 
 Scotlnud, he was one of the five delegates, 
 whom he a])pointed to settle all grants and 
 dispensations, and in the short parliament of 
 1653, he sat as the sole representative of tlie 
 university. At the restoration he was drivcu 
 with disgrace from his wardenship, and he 
 retired to Greshara college, where he had 
 been in 1655 chosen professor of physio, and 
 afterwards his .services and talents wero coa- 
 sidercd as so respectable, that in the establish- 
 ment of the Royal society to which he had so 
 much contributed, he was named one of the 
 ftrst council 1663. In his extensive practice, 
 as physician, he was so conscientious that he 
 mixed up his own medicines, and regardless 
 of the clamors of the apothecaries againsthimj 
 he even published a ])araphlet strongly re- 
 commending it to his fellow physicians. Af- 
 ter being driven from the Exchange by the 
 fire of London, he was enabled to return to 
 the new lodgings in 1671, where he continu- 
 ed till his death, eagerly devoted to the ad- 
 vancement of medicine and of philosophy. 
 He died of an aploplectic fit in Cheapside, as 
 he returned home from the society of a 
 number of his learned triends, 24th March, 
 1674. He was not only an able writer, but 
 he was the liberal patron of learned men, 
 and in consequence of his celebrity, had seve- 
 ral books dedicated to him. He procured 
 some fame by the invention of some drops,. 
 long since forgotten, but he deserves to be 
 mentioned with particular honor, if as Dr. 
 Seth Ward says, he was the first Englishmaa 
 who made a telescope. His writings, which 
 are chiefly on medical and philosophical sub- 
 jects, are preserved in the philosophical 
 transactions, in Birch's history of the Uoya! 
 society, and in separate pamplilcts. 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 GoDEAU, Anthony, a French prelate, 
 born at Dreux 1605. At tlie age of 24 he 
 was one of those learned men who met at 
 the house of Mr. Courart, on subjects of 
 science and philosophy, and to their zeal in 
 the cause of literature, the French academy 
 of belles lettres owed its origin, and he be- 
 came one of its first and brightest ornaments. 
 In iG36 he was raised by Richelieu to the 
 bishopric of Grasse, which he relinquished 
 for that of Venice. He was an active prelate, 
 attentive to the doties of his station, and 
 exemplary in every part of his conduct. He 
 died of a fit of apoplexy 21st April 1671. His 
 ■writings, both in prose and verse, are numer- 
 ous. His Ecclesiastical History, 3 vols, folio, 
 1653, is very valuable, the first of which only 
 appeared in 1653. He translated alst) the 
 psalms into French verse, which work though 
 abused by Vavassor and others, is preferred 
 by some to Marot's version. 
 
 GoDEFROi, Denys, a native of Paris, 
 counsellor in the parliament there. As he 
 was a protestant he left France at the revo- 
 cation of the edict of Nantes, and retired to 
 Geneva, and afterwards to Strasburg where 
 he died 11)22, aged 73. He wrote Corpus 
 Juris Civilis, 4to. — Notx in Qnatuor Libr. 
 Institut. — Opuscula Varia Juris, &c. 
 
 GoDEFROi, Theodore, eldest son of the 
 preceding, was a catholic, and became coun- 
 sellor of state in France. He wrote on the 
 Genealogical History of France, and died at 
 Strasburg 1642. His brother James, remain- 
 ed a protestant, and was member of the 
 council and law professor at Geneva, where 
 he died 1659. He was a learned man and 
 edited Cicero and other classical authors. 
 
 GoDEFROi, Denys, son of Theodore, was 
 author of Memoirs and Instructions concern- 
 ing the Affairs of the French King, in fol. 
 He died 1681. His son John edited Philip 
 de Coiuines' Memoirs, 5 vols. 8vo. and pub- 
 lished also queen Margaret's Memoirs, &c. 
 and died 1732. 
 
 GoDESCHALc, surnamed Fulgentius, a 
 monk of Orbais in Saxony, in the ninth cen- 
 tury, known for his controversy about pre- 
 destination and grace. He was attacked by 
 Kab. Maurus, archbishop of Mcntz, and 
 thrown into prison, wliere, after being de- 
 graded from his ecclesiastical offices, he 
 died ; but his doctrines as well as his suft'er- 
 ings gained him followers. Maguin published 
 in 2 vols. 4to. an edition of all the treatises 
 •written on both sides of the agitated question. 
 He died about 869. 
 
 GoDEWYCK, Margarita, a paintress of 
 Dort, who died 1677, aged 50. Her land- 
 scapes, and also her works in embroidery, 
 were much admired. 
 
 Godfrey, sir Edmundbury, an able and 
 upright magistrate, who exerted himself in 
 the discovery of the popish plot. He was 
 soon after found dead, pierced with his own 
 sword, and with many marks of violence. 
 His death was imputed to the resentment of 
 the papists, and therefore his funeral was 
 performed with great pomp, and no less than 
 72 clergymen preceded his corpse, and 1000 
 
 persons of rank attended the ' procession. 
 The dean of Bangor, Dr. William Lloyd, 
 afterwards bishop of Worcester, preached 
 his funeral sermon. He died 17th Oct. 1678. 
 
 Godfrey, of Bouillon, an illustrious and 
 active chieftain during the crusades, son of 
 Eustace count of Boulogne. He v/as, after 
 the fail of Jerusalem, elected by the chris- 
 tians king of that city, and of the adjacent 
 country, but, from motives of piety and 
 humility, he declined the lofty title, and was 
 satisfied with the appellation of duke of the 
 holy sepulchre. He defeated the armies of 
 the Egyptian sultan with great slaughter, 
 and made himself master of all the holy land. 
 He made an excellent code of laws for his 
 subjects, and died after enjoying his dignity 
 little moi-e than a year, 1100. He is one of 
 the heroes of Tasso's immortal poem. 
 
 GouDixoT, John, a native of Rheims, 
 where he was canon of the cathedral. He 
 was also a wine merchant, and in his conduct 
 very charitable. He was zealously attached 
 to the tenets of the Jansenists, and died 1749, 
 aged 88. 
 
 Go DIVA, a lady of great beauty and 
 greater celebrity. She was sister to Therald 
 du Bergenhall, sherift' of Lincolnshire, and 
 wife of Leofric earl of Leicester, the son of 
 the earl of Mercia. She solicited her hus- 
 band to exonerate the people of Coventry 
 from a heavy tax, and he consented to grant 
 her petition provided she rode naked through 
 the streets, which from her generous affec- 
 tion towards the city she condescended to 
 do. The adventure was painted in one of 
 the windows of Trinity church, Coventry, 
 with these words, 
 
 / LuriCffor the love of thee. 
 Do make CoveJitry toll-Jree. 
 
 GoDOLPHiy, John, a learned civih*an> 
 born at Godolphin, in the island of Sicily 
 1617. He was of Gloucester-hall, Oxford, 
 and devoted himself attentively to civil law, 
 and took his doctor's degree 1642-3. He 
 favored the puritans, and under Cromwell 
 he was appointed one of the three judges of 
 the admiralty. So gi'eat was his reputatioa 
 for integrity and knowledge, that at the 
 restoration he w-as made king's advocate, 
 and he asserted in his publications the king's 
 supremacy. He died 1678. He published 
 "a View of the Admiral's Jurisdiction," 8vo. 
 1061 — "the Orphan's Legacy, &c. 1674," — 
 "Repertorium Canonicum, 4to." — the Holy 
 Limbec, — the Holy Arbour, fol. &c. 
 
 Godwin, earl, a powerful Saxon baron, 
 Avho, in 1017, went with Canute against 
 Sweden, and for his valor in that expedition 
 received that monarch's daughter in marri- 
 age. On the king's death he supported Har- 
 dieanute against his brother Harold, but 
 soon after changed sides. After Hardica- 
 nute's death he declared himself in favor 
 of Edward, who had married his daughter, 
 but, with a fickleness peculiar to his charac- 
 ter, he afterwards conspired against him, 
 and escaped to Flanders to avoid punish- 
 ment. Bent, however, on revenge he inva- 
 ded the kingdom from the coutinent, and 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 oprcad such terror by sailing up t!ie Thames 
 lo London, lliat the kinjj jitldt-d in his 
 xvisiiesand received him a<,Min into hi.s jiro- 
 fection. He ilied at Winchester siiddeidy, 
 vhilc dining \vith (he kinj; 1U53. It is SHid 
 tliat lie niurdeivd Alfred, one of the sons of 
 the second Kihthx-d, and that wliiij accused 
 of it he purified himself by the solemnity of 
 an oath. 
 
 fJoDWiN, Thomas, an Kn^disli prelate, 
 born at Uckingham, Ik-rks, Ijir. Under 
 the palronaf;e of Dr. La\ton he was sent to 
 Ma^diden collei;e, Oxford, of whirli he be- 
 came fellow 15*4. He early embraced the 
 tenets of the protestants, and as his fellow 
 collegians vere very zealous for the popish 
 principles, he riuittcd Oxford, and took the 
 grammar school al lirackley, Northamplon- 
 shii'e, wliere he married, and lived in com- 
 iortablc independence in tin- reign of I'^dward 
 VI. At the acccs^jiDn of Alary he was expo- 
 se<l to persecution, and leaving his school, he 
 began to practice piiysi<-, and took his bache- 
 lor's degree at Oxford 1555. On Elizabeth's 
 accession he took orders, and by the friend- 
 ship of Hullingham bishop of Lincoln, he was 
 introduced to the queen, who admired Jiis 
 eloquence in the pulpit, and rcwai'dcd him 
 •with the deanery (if Christ chui'ch 1565, and 
 that of Canterbury the next year. In 1584 
 !)e Avas made bishop of Bath and Wells, but 
 lie soon after fell under the queen's displea- 
 sure for taking a second wife, and this weigh- 
 ed niucli on his spirits, and increased his 
 infirmities. He died of a quartan ague 1590. 
 
 Godwin, Francis, son of the preceding, 
 ■was born at Havington, Northamptonshire, 
 15Gl,and educated at Chi ist church, Oxford, 
 of which he became student 1578, He was 
 rector of Samford Orcais, Somersetshire, 
 prebendary of Wilts, subdean of Exeter, 
 »nd in 1595 he took his degree of U. D. He 
 devoted his time to literary pursuits, and 
 accompanied Camden in his travels into 
 Wales in search of antiquities, but while 
 he left his friend to record the features of 
 the country, he turned his thoughts to the 
 history of some of the inhabitants, and pro- 
 <luced in 1601, in 4to. "a Catalogue of the 
 Blshoi»s of England, since the first planting 
 of Christianity in the Island, with an History 
 of their Lives and memorable Actions." 
 This valual)le work gained him the friend- 
 ship of lord Buckhurst, and the pati'onage of 
 Elizabeth, who made him bishop of Landaff. 
 ilc now devoted himself to the improvement 
 of his book, and, in 1615, published another 
 edition, which however was so erroneously 
 printed, from his distance from tlie press, 
 that he gave another edition in an elegant 
 Latin dress, dedicated to James L who was 
 no pleased with it that he translated the bish- 
 op to the see of Hereford 1617. He died of 
 a languishing disorder April 1633, leaving 
 several children by his wife, daughter of 
 WoUtoti, bishop of Exeter. After his death, 
 in 1638, was published "the Alan in the 
 Moon, by Domingo Gonsalcs, 8-vo." an en- 
 tertaining piece on a philosophical subject, 
 ^vhich he had written in 1583, b'^t never 
 
 VOL, I, TS 
 
 I)Ubli«hc(f. \lc wrote also annals of this 
 reigns of Heiii'y \ III. Edward VI. and 
 Maiy, in J..atiii, ihe thiid editi(jn of which 
 was Ifjjd, Mithan English translation by ids 
 son .M(jrgan, also a c(imputa\ion of the value 
 of the Attic Talent, and Konian Sesterce, 
 
 Godwin, Thomas, a learned I'^nglishman, 
 born in Somersetshire 15S7. He waa of Mag- 
 dalen hall, Oxford, where he took the degree 
 of -NL A. 16U'.I, and that )e;'r he was elected 
 master of lio) he's fi-ec school, in Abingdon, 
 where his genius and abihtics were soon 
 distinguished by a respectable number of 
 pupils. He wrote for the use of his school 
 " Uomanic HistoriiC Anthologia" 1613, 4to. 
 and in 1016, jtublished at Oxford his "Sy- 
 nopsis Antiquitatum Hebraicarum, &c." de- 
 dicated Jo his patron Montague, bishop of 
 Bath and Wells. Some time after he obtain- 
 ed from his patron the rectory of Bright- 
 well, IkM-k'i, and resigned his school. He 
 printed 1637 " Moses and Aaron," and took 
 his degiee of 1). 1). 1637. He died at Bright- 
 well 1642-3, leaving a wife whom he had 
 married while at Abingdon. This worthy 
 and learned man was, on account of his book, 
 called Three Arguments to prove Election 
 upon Foj'csight, by Faith, engaged in a 
 controversy with Dr. Twise of Newbury. 
 
 Godwin, Mary V»'olIstonecr.Tft,a woman 
 of eccentric character and superior abilities, 
 born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, 1768. Redu- 
 ced in her circumstances by the extrava- 
 gance of lier father, she sought for subsist- 
 ence in the resources of her own mind, and 
 as a teacher of a day-school at Islington, and 
 then at New ington, and afterwards as gover- 
 ness in lord Kingsborough's family, she main- 
 tained herself with reputation. Too fond of 
 independence however to submit to the ca- 
 prices and humors of self-willed children, she 
 had recourse to her pen, and, in 1787, she 
 settled in London, and published Original 
 Stories for the use of children, and various 
 translations from French and German au- 
 thors. She Mas also engaged in the Analyti- 
 cal lieview, and, in 1790, was one of Burke's 
 opponents in an attack against his famous 
 pamphlet on the Frencli Kevcihition, and 
 the next year she published her vindicatioa 
 of the liiglits of Women, a book w hich in 
 bold language attempts to overthrow the 
 established regulations of society, and which, 
 instead of conciliating concord, harmony and 
 mutual ailection, in domestic life, w ould ren- 
 der the marriage-state a scene of distrust, 
 and jealousy, of strife, and contentious rival- 
 ship She was in 17'.)2, at Paris, where she 
 unfortunately formed an improper connec- 
 tion with an Araericnn merchant, by whom 
 she had a daughter, and while accoinpanying 
 him in Norway, she wrote her letters on 
 Scandinavia. The little respect she paid to 
 her character, proved now the source of 
 great unhappincss, and deserted by her un- 
 gratcl'ul favorite, she, on her return to Eng- 
 land, attempted to destroy herself by throw- 
 ing herself into the Thames, from Putney 
 bridge. She ia 30»c degree atoned IT'^G, fnr 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 the insults she had ofTered to the good sense 
 of her sex, and the precepts of a holy reh- 
 gion, and, after defending a promiscuous 
 intercourse among the sexes, as passion or 
 inclination dictated, she married Mr. God- 
 \»in, but died the August of the following 
 year in childbed. Her lettei-s, fragments, 
 and posthumous works, appeared after her 
 death. 
 
 GoERCE, William, an eminent scholar of 
 Middleburg, who died at Amsterdam, 1715, 
 aged 80. He isauthorof Jewish Antiquities, 
 2 vols. fol. Utrecht, 1700 — History of the 
 Jewish Church — essay on the Practice of 
 Painting — on Architecture. 
 
 GoERTZ, John baron of, a memorable 
 Swede, born in Holstein. He gained, by his 
 intrepidity and valor, the good opinion of 
 Charles XH. He endeavored to excite an 
 insurrection in England, in favor of the pre- 
 tender, and was at last sacrificed to the po- 
 pular fury. He had been placed, by Charles, 
 at the head of his finances, and the discon- 
 tents which he caused by raising money for 
 the schemes of his eccentric master, were 
 auch, that after the king's death he was be- 
 headed 1719. 
 
 Goes, Hugo Vander, a painter of Bruges, 
 disciple of Van Eyck. His Abigail in the 
 presence of David, is his most admired piece. 
 He florished about 1480. 
 
 Go ESI us, William, a critic, born at Ley- 
 den. His notes on Petronius, adopted in Bur- 
 man's edition, are much admired. He was 
 son-in-law of Dan. Heinsius, and died 16S6. 
 
 Goetze, George Henry, anative of Leip- 
 sie, who died at Lubec 170'2, aged 34. He 
 was superintendant of the churches of Lubec, 
 and wrote in Latin, dissertations historical, 
 critical, and theological. A collection from 
 his works appeared 3 vols. 12mo. 1706, 
 
 GoET,, John Augustus Ephraim, a native 
 of Ascherleben, educated at Halle, and mi- 
 nister of Quedlinburg, where he died 1786, 
 aged 55. He was an eminent naturalist, and 
 his various discoveries with the microscope 
 entitle him to great praise. He published 
 Entomological Collections, in four parts, 
 1771-1781 — History of Intestinal Worms, in 
 German, 1782, &c. 
 
 Go EX, Damian de, a Portuguese writer, 
 born at Alanquar, near Ijsboi), of a noble fa- 
 mily- He travelled much, and became ac- 
 quainted with the learned of Europe, espe- 
 cially John, and Olaus Magnus, Erasmus, 
 cardinal Bembo, and others. He married at 
 Louvain, and hoped there to enjoy peace and 
 security, after 14 years spent in travelling, 
 but a Avar between Charles V. and Henry II. 
 of France, drove liim from his retirement. 
 He was recalled home by John HI. of Portu- 
 gal, but the favors of the monarch were em- 
 bittered by the jealousy and the persecution 
 of the courtiers. By their influence he was 
 confined within the walls of Lisbon on his pa- 
 role, and he was soon after found dead in his 
 house, with the appearance of having been 
 strangled, or fallen a sacrifice to a violent 
 apoplexy. He wrote ** Fides, Heligio, Mo- 
 resque .^thiopum"— ** de Imperio &c Re- 
 
 bus Lusitafiorum," and other works mucii 
 esteemed. 
 
 GoFF, Thomas, an English writer, born 
 in Essex, 1592, and educated at Westminster 
 school, and Christ church, O.xford. In 1623 
 he obtained the living of East Chandon, Sur- 
 rey, where he took for his wife a Xantippe, 
 whose violence of temper destroyed his com- 
 forts, and probably shoi-tened his days. He 
 died 1627. Among his writings are five tra- 
 gedies, published after his death, some ser- 
 mons, and two funeral orations on sir Henry 
 Saville and Dr. Godwin. Philips and Win- 
 stanley ascribe to him improperly " Cupid's 
 Whirligig." 
 
 GoGAVA, Antonius Hennanius, a Ger- 
 man physician, who published Aristoxeni 
 Harmoniconim Elementorum Libri quinque, 
 Venice, 1592. 
 
 GoGUE r, Antony-Yves, a French writer, 
 born 1716 at Paris, son of an advocate. 
 Though dull in his younger years, his mind 
 expanded, and produced that excellent work 
 called " I'Origine des Loix, des Arts, des 
 Sciences, et de leur Progr^s ches les Anciens 
 Peuples, 1758," 3 vols. 4to. The reputation 
 of this celebrated performance he did not 
 long enjoy, as he died of the small-pox the 
 same year ; and his friend, Conrad Fugere, 
 to whom he left his MSS. and library, follow- 
 ed him through affliction to the grave in three 
 days. 
 
 Go LD AST, MelchiorHaiminsfield, a learn- 
 ed civilian, born at Bischoft'sel in Switzex'land 
 1576. He M'as always poor, though his dis- 
 tress was relieved by his publications, and 
 the liberality of his friends. He was of a 
 very unsettled temper, and he passed from 
 St. Gal to Geneva, from Geneva to Lausanne, 
 and afterwards be was at Frankfort, Forsteg, 
 and other places. He was some time secre- 
 tary to the duke of Bouillon, and he married 
 a wife at Frankfort, with whom he lived 
 nearly 30 years. He survived her five years, 
 and died 1635. He was a most indefatigable 
 man, and though his writings were not pro- 
 perly his own, but drawn from scarce books 
 and old manuscripts, yet he displayed aston- 
 ishing judgment and gi-eat erudition ; and 
 though abused by Scioppius, he probably de- 
 served all the flattering things which Conrin- 
 gius has said in his praise. As to the know- 
 ledge of the public law of the empire, and a 
 thorougli acquaintance with the affairs oi 
 Germany, no man was better entitled'to re- 
 spect, and therefore it might be said, that 
 had he lived in the age of Athens, he would 
 have found an honorable asylum in her pry- 
 taneum. His Avorks are Alonarchia S. Ro- 
 mani Imperii, 3 vols. fol. — Alaraanise Scrip- 
 tores, 3 vols. fol. — Commentarius de Bohe- 
 mise Regno, 4to. — Scriptores Rerum Suevi- 
 carum, 4to. — Collectio Consuetudinum Leg. 
 Imperial, fol. — Politica Imperial. 2 vols. fol. 
 &c. 
 
 GoLDHAGEN, John Eustachius, of Mag- 
 deburg, translated Herodotus, Pausanias, 
 Xenophon, and other Greek classics into La- 
 tin. He died 1772, aged 71. 
 
 Goldman, Nicholas, a native of Breslaw, 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 author of a Latin treatise on militai-y avchi- 
 teclurc, on tlie proportion of tlic circle, ice. 
 He <lie(l I6f).'j, at Levden. 
 
 Go L DON I, Charles, u native of Venice, 
 Tyho early showed a decided partiality for 
 theatrical representation, s(j that his lather, 
 to humor his tr\slc, fitted up a pla} -huiiMe on 
 his own priniises. 'I'hc genius, so kindly 
 patronised, was most lknp])ily itxerted. Mini 
 the Italian stage was completely reformed 
 by the labors and the judj;inoiit of Goldoni, 
 whose plays were numerous and popular. 
 After acquiring deserved celebrity at home 
 by the Itunior and genuine wit of Ijis come- 
 dies, he went in 17(il to Paris, where he he- 
 eame composer to the Italian theatre, and 
 obtained apartments at court, and a pension. 
 He died 179'2, aged S5. J lis works M-ere 
 collected together at Leghorn, in tliirty-one 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, a celebrated writer, 
 born at Elphin 17'29, or, according to some 
 accounts, at Pallas, in the eounty of Long- 
 ford, 1731. He was the third of four sons, 
 and his father, who was a clergyman, in- 
 tending him for the church, sent him in 
 1744 to Trinity college, iJulilin, where he 
 took his lirst degree in arts 1749. He pre- 
 ferred, however, medicine to divinity, and 
 in 1751 passed to Edinburgh tf) (|Ualify him- 
 self for his medical degrees, but lieie tlie 
 benevolence of his disposition drew him nito ; 
 tlifficuUies; and his imprudent offer to an- I 
 swer for the payment of the debts of an un- 
 grateful fellow collegian, obliged him to fly 
 precipitately from Scotland. He was pur- 
 sued, and arrested at Sunderland, but the 
 friendship of two of his college friends, who 
 knew his merits and pitied his imprudence, 
 relieved him from his difficulties ; and he 
 immediately embarked for the continent. 
 From Rotterdam, where he had landed, he 
 proceeded to Brussels, and then passing 
 tlu'ongh Flanders he came to Strasburg, and 
 visited Louvain, where he took liis degree 
 of M. B. From Flanders he travelled to 
 Geneva, where he became tutor to a young 
 man -whom the sudden possession of a large 
 fortune had induced to make the tour of 
 Europe, but the dispositions of the precep- 
 tor and the pupil were so different, that af- 
 ter visiting the south of France, they sepa- 
 rated in mutual di.sgust. After a long ex- 
 cursion, chiefly on foot. Goldsmith at last 
 reached Dover in 1758, but persecuted by 
 poverty. For a while he sought employ- 
 ment in London ; hut the rustic appearance 
 of his dress, and his broad Irish accent 
 provecl unfavorable to his api>lication, till at 
 la&t a cliemist in Fish-street, pitying his 
 misfortunes, received him into his laborato- 
 ry, more as an act of charity than from the 
 prospect of private advantage. From the 
 hospitable roof of this accidental patron, lie 
 soon, however, rose to greater consequence 
 under the patronage oi' Ids old friend Dr. 
 Sleigh, and after being usher in a school at 
 Peckham, he commenced wiiter in the 
 Monthly Review, and then in tlie Public 
 Ledger, where his Citizen of the World first 
 
 appeared under the title of Chinese Leitcri. 
 He was now courted as a man of genius, and 
 respected as a public character; and emerg- 
 ing from his obscure lodgings near the ofd 
 Built y, he took chambem iu the Temple, 
 and bi gan to live like a man of fashion and 
 of fortune. His Traveller, or Probpect of 
 Society, his Vu-ar of Wakefield, and his 
 l^etlers on the Hist<jry of England added to 
 hi.s reputation and to his income, and in 
 1708, liis fiood-natui-ed .Man, acted ;it Co* 
 vent-garilen, thr)Ugh censui-ed by sonio crit- 
 ics ]»laced him in the rank of the most popu- 
 lar writers of the age. His excellent poem 
 of the Deserted Village appeared in 177U, 
 and two years after he produced his comedy 
 of She stoops to Conquer, or the Mistake* 
 of a Night, which was received with great 
 and deserved applause, and will long trigage 
 the pnblie, appro!»ation. He puhlish'.d be* 
 sides, an History of England in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 — another in a Series of Letters fioni a 
 Nobleman to his Son, long attributed to lorl 
 Lyttleton, in two vols. l2mo. — a Roman 
 History, two vols. 8vo. — a Grecian hisloiy, 
 two vols. {>vo. — an History of the Earih 
 and Animated Nature, eigfit vols. Svo. 
 &c. but though his income was respectable 
 he was far from feeling the comforts of in- 
 dependence and pioapeiity. His temper 
 was unfortunately peevish and sullen, and 
 though humane, benevolent, and gei;erous, 
 though the I'riend of indigence and pining 
 merit, he was often a prey to childish morose- 
 ness and sullen melancljoly, and frequently 
 retired from the company of the gay and 
 the convivial to brood over his self-created 
 miseries and his imaginary woes. The last 
 part of life was embittered by the lingering 
 attack of a strangury, and bodily disease at 
 last produced a settled melaiicholy. A ner- 
 vous fever succeeded to wear out his consti- 
 tution, shattered by debility and the horrors 
 of despondency, and by inadvertently tak- 
 ing an improper dose of Dr. James's 
 powders lie hastened his own dissolution. 
 He died 4th April 1774, aged 45, and was 
 buried in the Temple church yard. A mo- 
 nument worthy of his fame and merit has 
 been erected to his memory in Westminster- 
 abbey, where a Latin inscription, in nervous 
 .ind beautiful language by the pen of Doctor 
 Johnson records his virtues. As a writer, 
 Gohlsmith acquired great and deserved ce- 
 lebrity. His poems possess singular beautv ; 
 the Traveller abounds with elegant and 
 animated description, and as Dr. Johnson 
 observed, no poem of greater excellence has 
 appeared since the days of Pope. The De- 
 serted Village exhibits beauties peculiarlv its 
 own, and while the simj>le tale of indigent 
 nature, and of suftering humanity can in. 
 terest and captivate the heart, so long will 
 the lines of this correct poem continue to be 
 read and admired. Besides the works al- 
 ready mentioned, many are enumerated as 
 the composition of Goldsmith, though it is 
 ju-obable that, like (iuthrie, Smollet, an<l 
 others, he only lent his name to them lo 
 give th(?m % temporary celebrity. 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 Goldsmith, oi- Gouldsmith, Fran- 
 cis, an able translator of Grotius' play of So- 
 phomparcfls, or History of Joseph, into 
 English verse. Ho livid in the reign of 
 Charles T. and was highly respected. 
 
 GoLius, James, a learned orientalist, born 
 l\t the Hague 1596. He studied with unusual 
 application at Lcyden, and travelled after- 
 wards to France with the duchess de la 'I'rc- 
 mouille, an<l Avas honorably invited to teacii 
 Greek at llochelle, where he staid till that 
 city was reduced by th« French arms. He 
 afterwards returned to Holland, and directed 
 by the genius of his friend and preceptor the 
 learned Arabic professor Erpenins, he ae- 
 companied the Dutch ambassador in ]6'2'2, 
 to the court of Morocco, thus to enrich his 
 mind with a more intimate knowledge of the 
 Arabian tongue, and to advance the mterests 
 of literature. He carried with him a letter 
 of recommendation from his master Erpe- 
 nius, for the Moorish prince, with a present 
 of a grand atlas, and of a New Testament in 
 Arabic, which was received with great satis- 
 faction by Muley Zidan the king of Morocco. 
 During his residence here, Golius devoted 
 himself assiduously to the Arabic, and in an 
 audience which he had from the king, he was 
 admired for the facility with which he under- 
 stood the language, though on account of its 
 guttural sounds he could not pronounce it 
 fluently, and on his return to Holland he 
 brought with him a most valuable collection 
 of books and manuscripts, hitherto uuknoAvn 
 to Europe, and among them the Annals of 
 the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco. On the 
 death of his valued friend Erpenins, he was 
 chosen as his successor in the Arabic chair, 
 but so great was his thirst after knowledge, 
 that he asked and obtained permission to 
 travel into the east. He v.as 15 mouths at 
 Aleppo, and made various excursions into 
 Arabia and Mesopotamia, and then came by 
 land to Constantinople, and at last in 1G29, 
 he returned to Leyden. He not only had 
 thus become a perfect master of the Persian, 
 Turkish, and Arabic languages, but he had 
 made observations on their manners, and he 
 brought with him such curious and valuable 
 manuscripts, as have ever since been the 
 pride and glory of the universit}- of Leyden. 
 With indefatigable zeal he now converted 
 the treasures he possessed to the good of 
 inankind, and nobly patronised by the states, 
 he began and finished a New Testament in 
 the Arabic language, with a translation into 
 the vulgar Greek, besides the Confession of 
 tlie Reformed Protestants, and a Catechism 
 and Liturgy, assisted by an Armenian and 
 an Archmandrite, to be dispersed among 
 the Greeks and Mahometans in every part of 
 the world. During his absence, his country- 
 men, in honor of his great services, h.id ap- 
 pointed him mathematical professor, and 
 soot' after he was nominated interpreter in 
 ordinary to the States for eastern languages, 
 for which he was so well qualified. To these 
 honors from his country he added all the vir- 
 tues of private life ; his temperance and re- 
 gularity insured him ft vigorous constitution, 
 
 and at the age of 70 he travelleii on foot fronl 
 the Meuse to the Waal, a journey of 14 
 hours. He died '28th Sept. 1067, much and 
 • ieservedly respected for his learning, his vir- 
 tue, meekness, and piety. He had by his 
 wife, with whom he lived 24 years, and who 
 survived him, two sons, who rose to distinc- 
 tion in Holland. Besides a valuable " Arabic 
 Lexicon," and a new edition of Erpenius' 
 Grammar, and a Persian Dictionary, printed 
 in London, the Lifeof Tsmcrlane, kc. he en- 
 gaged in a Geographical and Historical Dic- 
 tionary of the East, whidi, however, he did 
 not complete. 
 
 Goi.ius, Peter, bi'Otlicr of the preceding, 
 was born at Leyden, and established a mon- 
 astery of the bare-footed Carmelites on the 
 summit of m-^uut Libanns. He was an excel- 
 lent orientalist, and published some books in 
 Arabic and Latin, and assisted in the edition? 
 of the great Arabic Bible, printed at Rome 
 1671. He died at Surat, in the East Indies, 
 1673. 
 
 GoLTT-ius, Henry, an eminent painter 
 and engraver, born 1658, at Mulbrec, in the 
 duchy of Juliers. He travelled through Ger- 
 many to Italy disguised in the habit of a ser- 
 vant, whilst his servant appeared in the cha- 
 racter of a master, and pretended to keep 
 him for his knowledge and skill in painting. 
 After visiting Rome and Naples, and study- 
 ing the works of the best masters he return- 
 ed to Haerlem, where he died 1617. As au 
 engraver he has been highl}' commended by 
 Evelyn, and his imitations of Leyden, in the 
 Passion, the dead Christ, and other pieces, 
 have been long and deservedly admired. 
 
 GoLTT-ius, Hubert, a German writer, 
 born at Venloo, in the duchy of Gueldres, 
 15'26. Though brought up a painter under 
 his father, who was of the same profession, 
 he devoted himself to the pursuits of anti- 
 quities, and particularly of medals, and tra- 
 velled through France, Germany, and Italy, 
 in the cultivation of his favorite study. His 
 fame as an antiquary was so respectable that 
 he was honored with the freedom of Rome, 
 and the books he wrote were so curious and 
 so valuable that they were deemed the orna- 
 ments of the first libraries in Europe. He 
 was so devoted to the science of antiquity 
 that he gave to his children the names of an- 
 cient Romans, such as Julius, Marcellus, 
 &c. but though very nice and judicious in 
 his examination of antiques, he has admitted 
 some medals as true which are evidently not 
 such. He married a second wife, widow of 
 Smetius, more for the antiques which her 
 husband had possessed than for lovt, and, 
 consequently, the union proved so disagree- 
 able that the violent temper of his bride 
 shortened his days. He died at Bruges 1583, 
 aged 57. His chief publications were " Im- 
 peratorum fere omnium vivae Imagines a J. 
 Ciesare ad Carolum V. ex Veter. Numis- 
 matibus" — " Fasti Magistratuum, &c." — 
 " de Origine Populi H." — « Fasti Consu- 
 lares" — *' Thesaurus Antiquit." 
 
 Go I, YD DAN, a bard in the court of Cad- 
 wallader in the beginning of the 8th century. 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 doMAR, Francis, a native of Biugoj,| 
 known for his stront; and al)lc dtftMiCL- of 
 Calvin's principlfs af;ainst Arniiiiius, liis col- 
 league as divinity professor at I.cydcii, and 
 his adherents. Ho died ul (ii-onini^eii, whtrre 
 he was divinity and Hebrew prolessor, lOil. 
 He had before held a literary situation at 
 Middleburgh and Sauniur. His works were 
 •ollected into one volume, Amsterdam, 10+5. 
 
 fioMBAULD, John Ogier de, a French 
 poet, boin at St. Just de Lussac, in Sain- 
 tongc, lr>67. lie was educated at Bourdeaux, 
 and then came to Paris, where he determin- 
 ed by his abilities to advance liis fortune, 
 vhicli Ije, as the son of a fourtii marriage, 
 found very circinnscribed. His sonnets ami 
 epigrams gained him applause, and the ver- 
 ses wliich he wrote on the king's assassina- 
 tion by liavaillac IGIO, so pleased the (jueen 
 regent, Mary de IMedicis, tiiat she made 
 him her favorite, and granted him a pension 
 of ItitX) livrcs. Thus clicrished by the great, 
 and the respected friend and associate of 
 those who frequented the house of tliat vir- 
 tuous and amiable woman Mad. Harabouillet, 
 he charmed every company with his wit and 
 his elegant manners. He was one of those 
 ■whose meetings gave rise to the academy of 
 belles lettres, iGiO, under the patronage of 
 liichelieu, and he became one of its first 
 members. Though a friend of the reformed 
 religion he conducted himself with such pro- 
 priety that he oftended no party, but on the 
 contrary, he gained universal esteem, and 
 lived respected. His income was increased 
 by an additional pension from Seguier, chan- 
 cellor of France, and, by prudent economy, 
 his equipage and finances were always on the 
 most respectable footing. By an accidental 
 fall in his room he was confined for some of 
 the last years of his life to his bed. He died 
 1666, aged 99. At the age of 90 he pub- 
 lished a collection of epigrams, and some 
 veal's after, the tragedy called Uanaides. 
 Among his chief productions are *' Endy- 
 mion,' a romance, in prose — Amarintha, a 
 pastoral — letters — poems, &c. His posthu- 
 mous works appeared in Holland 1678, and 
 were chiefly religious, and in favor of pro- 
 testant principles. 
 
 GoMBERViLLE, Marin le Roi, a native 
 of Chevreuse, member of the French acade- 
 my, and author of Polexandre — la Cythe- 
 ree — la Jeune Alcidiane, romances — Dis- 
 cours sur les Vertiis & les Vices de I'His- 
 toire, &c. — la Doctrine des Mccurs scion les 
 Stoiques — de la Riviere des Araazones — 
 Poesies Diverses, &c. He died 1074, aged 75. 
 
 GoMEUs.M., Robert, a poet in the time 
 of Charles 1. student of Christ-church, 0.\- 
 ford, and B. D. 1027. He left poems and 
 sermons. His " Lexnte's Revenge" contain- 
 ing poetical meditations on the 19th and 20th 
 chapters of Judges is his best pieces. He 
 died lfi-i6. 
 
 GoMEX, de Cividad, Alvarez, a Latin po- 
 et of Guadalaxara near Toledo. He wrote 
 Solomon's Proverbs into Latin verse — the 
 ,^olden Fleece, and other works, esteemed 
 in Spain. He died 1558, aged 70. 
 
 Go^fEZ, de Castro, Alvarez, a learned 
 Spaniurd, born near Toledo, and anlbrjiot 
 the History of cardinal Xinienes. He died 
 15S0, aged 05. 
 
 (JoMKX, .Magdelcnc Angelica Poisson de, 
 a French lady who wrote some romances 
 and theatrical pieces, Tcry numerous, but 
 not much esteemed. She died 177(1, aged 80. 
 
 GOiN'DEBAUD, third king ot Burgundy, 
 after his brother Chilperic 491. He attack«(l 
 Italy, and endeavored in vain to reunite the 
 catholii^s and Ariansat a synod at Lyons 499, 
 but he was afterwards defeated and made 
 tributary to (^lovis king of the Franks. Ho 
 put to death his br-olher (iodesil who had re- 
 volted against him, and afterwards tievoted 
 himself to the improvement of his subjects, 
 whose morals and property he protected l)y 
 the establishment of a system of laws still 
 called la Loi GourbcIIe. He died 516. 
 
 GoNDRix, Lewis Antony, a favorite of 
 Lewis XIV. When visited at his counti-y 
 house by the monarch, he removed in one 
 night the grove of old trees which had ap- 
 l)eared to the king as offensive to the .sight. 
 Lewis the next day, complained of a large 
 wood which obstructed liis view, and in a 
 moment 1200 men, who were ready, levelled 
 the disagreeable wood to the ground. What 
 if the king, said the duchess of Burgundy, 
 who was present, if the king wished our 
 heads thus to disappear, the duke, I fear, 
 would not hesitate to gratify his sovereign. 
 
 GoNDY, John Francis Paul, cardinal de 
 Retz was born at Montmirel in Brie, in 1613, 
 and died 1079. He was doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, and coadjutor to his uncle the arch- 
 bishop of Paris, and after many intrigues he 
 obtained a cardinal's hat. Though a de- 
 bauchee in his youth, he yet assumed the 
 sanctity of the preacher, and with such elo- 
 quence and effect that he was adored by the 
 people. Fie caballed against Richelieu^ and 
 at last, after six years of exile, and after be- 
 ing imprisoned at Vincennes and Nantes, he 
 was permitted to return, and by his good 
 conduct and exemplary manners he made 
 atonement for the vices of his youth. He was, 
 says Voltaire, a Catiline in his youth, and 
 an Atticus in his old age. He wrote, besides 
 the Conspiracy of count Fiesco — Memoirs of 
 his Life, which are very authentic and inter- 
 esting. The best edition of this valuable per- 
 formance is that of Amsterdam 1719, 4 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 GoNET, John Baptist, a Dominican friar, 
 doctor and professor of theology in the uni- 
 versity of Bourdeaux, and author of a Sys- 
 tem of Theology in 5 vols, folio. He died 
 1G81, aged 65, at Beziers his native place. 
 
 GoNGORA, Lewis de, a Spanish poet, 
 born at Cordova 1562. He studied at Sala- 
 manca, and taking orders, became chaplain 
 to the king, and prebendary of Cordova 
 where he (lied 1027. His works were all 
 published after his death, and consist of son- 
 nets, elegies, a comedy, a tragedy, &cc. 
 Though he is abused by some critics for af- 
 fectation, and a false sublime, yet the Span- 
 iards regard him ksthe prince of their poets 
 
GO 
 
 e:o 
 
 Go NN*Li/i, John, the blind man of Coia- 
 bassi, lo8t his sight at the age of 20. He af- 
 terwards became a sculptor, and by the touch 
 acquired great excellence and even atterapted 
 portraits, and with some success. He gave 
 a good likeness of pope Urban VIII. and of 
 Cosmothe great duke of Florence. His works 
 are much admired in France. 
 
 Go NS ALVA, Fernandez, the great cap- 
 tain of Cordova, was an illustrious Spaniard, 
 distinguished against the Portuguese, and in 
 the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella in the 
 conquest of Grenada, and in the ^vars of Ita- 
 ly, where he conquered Calabria, Apulia 
 Naples. This great character, so respectable 
 for his valor and his private virtues, became 
 at last suspected to his sovereign, by the ar- 
 tifice of his enemies, and he died in retire- 
 ment in Grenada 1515. Florian has made 
 him the hero of his romance. 
 
 GoNTHiER, a Latin poet, author of the 
 History of Constantinople, 1203. 
 
 GoNTHiER, John and Leonard, two bro- 
 thers, eminent as painters on glass. Their 
 ■works were much admired, and are still 
 held iii high estimation. 
 
 GoNiAGA., Lucretia, a learned and il- 
 lustrious woman of the iCth century. At the 
 aige of 14 she married Paul Monfrone, who 
 conspired against the life of the duke of 
 Ferrara, and was discovered and imprison- 
 ed. Lucretia, though he was not put to 
 death, applied to every European power for 
 his deliverance, and even solicited the grand 
 Signior to seize the castle where he was con- 
 fined, but her endeavors were fruitless, 
 and her guilty husband died in prison. Though 
 afterwards soiieited in raarriyge, she lived in 
 widowhofxl, and of her lour children only 
 two daughters survived, whom she placed in 
 monasteries. She was so elegant a writer 
 that hen pist'es wore collected and published 
 at Venice 1552. Though she did not pro- 
 fess to be learned, yet she infused spirit, 
 and all the graces and flowers of erudition in- 
 to her pieces, and she fully deserved all the 
 praises and flattering compliments of Hor- 
 tensio Lando, and of the wits of her time. 
 She died at Mil.in 1576. 
 
 Go NX AG A, Scipio, a noble Italian, educa- 
 ted at Padua, and eminent for his knowledge 
 of philosophy and divinity. He was created 
 a cardinal by Sixtus VI. and died 1593, aged 
 51 He wrote some poems and left manu- 
 script memoirs of himself, &c. He was con- 
 cerned in the establishment of the academy 
 of Degli Eterei at Padua. 
 
 GoNXAGA, Vespasian, dukeof Sabbioneta, 
 a city which he founded, and which he 
 adorned with churches and schools, died 1591, 
 aged 60, universally respected as a liberal 
 patron of literature, and as an excellent Ita- 
 lian poet. 
 
 GoNXALEZ, Thyrsus, a Spaniard, general 
 of the Jesuits, who died at Home 1705. He 
 is author of the Doctrine of Probability, folio, 
 1694, and of several other tracts. 
 
 GoODALL, Walter, a writer, born in the 
 shire of Angus, and educrtte*.! at King's col- 
 lege, Aberdeen. He is kjiov/n as a philologist. 
 
 and as the author of a Vindication of M%ry, 
 in 2 vols. 1751, in which he shows himself 
 very strongly attached to the house of Stuart. 
 He died at Edinbrugh 1758, aged 71. H« 
 has been censured for his excessive fondneSA 
 of drinking. 
 
 Goodwin, John, an able disputant, edu- 
 cated at Queen's college, Cambridge, and 
 appointed 1633, miuister of St. Stephen, 
 Coleman street, London, from which he was 
 ejected 1G45 for refusing to adminster the 
 sacrament to his people promi.scuoUvsly. Un- 
 der the republic his principles were so vio- 
 lent that he wrote a vindication of the be- 
 heading of Charles I. At the restoration hft 
 was excepted from the act of indemnity, and 
 his works were burnt by the hangman, and 
 he soon after died lamented by few. His 
 writings which were in favor of Arminianism, 
 were a treatise of Justification, 4to. — Expo*- 
 sittou of the ninth of the Romans, 4to. — Re- 
 deraption redeemed, fol. &c. 
 
 Goodwin, Thomas, a puritanical divine, 
 born 5th Oct. 1600, at liolseby, Norfolk, and 
 educated at Christ church, Cambridge. He 
 was fellow of Catherine hall, but in 1630 to 
 avoid persecution he went to Holland, and 
 settled at Arnheira, as pastor of the English 
 church there. During the civil wars he re- 
 turned to London, and was one of the assem- 
 bly of divines at Westminster, and in 1649 
 was made by Cromwell president of Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, lie attended the protec- 
 tor in his last illness, and was ejected front 
 Oxford, at the restoration. He afterwards 
 preached to an assembly of independents in 
 London till his death, 23d Feb. 1679. His 
 works have been collected 5 vols, folio. He 
 is supposed by Granger to be alluded to in 
 No. 494 of the Spectator. 
 
 GooL, John Van, a Dutch painter, born 
 at the Hague 1683. He also wrote an ac- 
 count of the lives and works of the Flemish 
 painters. 
 
 GordianI. emperor of Rome, was inves- 
 ted with the purple in Afi'ica much against 
 liis wish, ^37, in the reign of Maximinus. 
 His son of the same name assumed the im- 
 perial power with him, but soon after their 
 elevation they were attacked by a general of 
 Maximinus, and the son was killed in battle, 
 and the father destroyed himself with his 
 girdle 237 A youth of the family afterwards 
 was raised to the throne, but a few years after 
 he was murdered near the Euphrates by his 
 minister PhiUp, 244. 
 
 Gordon, Thomas, a political waiter, boi'ii 
 at Kircudbright, Galloway. He came to 
 JvOndon early, and distinguished himself in 
 the Bangorian controversy, and other politi- 
 cal subjects as the defender of lord Oxford. 
 He was patronised by Mr. Trenchard, who 
 with him began to publish under the name of 
 " Cato" a number of letters on public affairs. 
 He about this time published " the Independ- 
 ent Whig," in which he showed his violence 
 against the hierarchy, but sir Robert Wal- 
 pole, knowing his abilities, gained him over 
 to his party, and made him commissioner of 
 M'ine licenses. Thus devoted to the minister. 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 ke began ably to defend liis ineasures U\ se- 
 veral jjaniphk'ls, and fontiiau-d attached to 
 liiin till his death, uhleli happened iJSth July, 
 1750, at llie age of tiu. llih second wife whs 
 Trehchai'd's widow, hy whom he had sonie 
 children. IJosides political tracts, he pub- 
 lished English translations of Suliubt aud Ta- 
 citus, with additional <liscoitrses. 
 
 Gordon, Alexundir, M. A. a Scotch- 
 man, admired as a draughtsman and as a 
 Grecian. He travelled over France, Ger- 
 many, and other \dfices, and was secretary 
 to the society for the encouragement of learn- 
 ing:, afterwards to the Egyptian chib, whose 
 members hatl visited Egypt, awl to the anti- 
 quarian society, which he resigned 1741. 
 He went with governor Glen to Carolina, 
 Nvhere he died a justice of peace, leaving a 
 handsome inheritance to his family, lie 
 wrote " ItJnerarium Septentrionale," or a 
 Journey through Scotland, with plates — Lives 
 of Alexander VI. and his son Ciesar Borgia, 
 &c. folio — History of Ancient Amphithea- 
 tres — and 25 Plates of Egyptian Mummies, 
 &c. folio, 1739 — Ilieroglyphical Figures, &c. 
 
 GoKDON, James, a Jesuit, descended from 
 a Scotch family. He taught philosophy and 
 languages at Bourdeaux and Paris, and 
 suffered much for the catholic religion. He 
 died at Paris 1G'20, aged 77. He wrote Con- 
 troversiarum Christians FKlei Epitome, 2 
 vols, folio. There was another Jesuit oi that 
 name, author of a Commentary on the Bible, 
 3 vols. fol. 1632, and other works. 
 
 Gordon, Robert, of Stralogh, was author 
 of " Theatrum Scotia," an excellent book 
 ^?ith maps of the country, dedicated to Oli- 
 ver Cromwell. He died about the middle of 
 the 17th century. 
 
 Gordon', Andrew, a native of Aberdeen, 
 ■who became professor of jthilosophy in the 
 Scotch monastery of Benedictines at Erfurt, 
 where he died 1751, aged 39. He wrote 
 Pbcenomena Electricitatis Exposita, 8vo. — 
 Philosophia Jucunda et Utilis, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 —Origin of the Present War of Great Bri- 
 tain, 4to. — PhysictB Experimentalis Elemen- 
 ta, 8vo. He first substituted a cylinder in- 
 stead of a globe in his electrical machine. 
 
 Gordon, lord George, son of Cosmo 
 duke of Gordon, was originally in the navy, 
 •which a dispute with the first lord of the ad- 
 miralty obliged him to quit. He afterwards 
 obtained a seat in parliament for Ludgei-s- 
 hall, and anxious to gain popularity he vio- 
 lently opposed the ministry, and attacked the 
 hill which granted certain immunities to the 
 lioman catholics. Not satisfied with the op- 
 position which he gave to the measures in 
 the house, he had the imprudence to head 
 the mob when they presented a petition to 
 the commons, and thus by his artful and in- 
 tempei\atv; conduct, he occasioned those 
 dreadful riots, which in 1780 nearly convert- 
 ed the capital into a heap of ruins. So gross 
 a violation of duty did not pass unnoticed, he 
 was sent to New gate and tried, but acquitted. 
 In 1786 he was excommunicated for refusing 
 to appear as a witness in a cause, and two 
 years :\fter hn was found guilty of publishing 
 
 a gros^ libel against tlic qiieen of Franct. 
 To avoid the punishment due to this offence 
 helled tolloilanii, but soon alter returned 
 in the habit of a Jew. His disguise, however, 
 could not iicreen him from the pursuits of 
 the oHicers of tiie law, he was sent to New- 
 gate, and died tiiere 1793, aged 43. 
 
 (jO iiE, Thomas, born of an ancient family 
 at Aldeiton, Wilts, was educated at Oxford. 
 He was (-f Lincoln's Inn, and died on his 
 estate, 1684, author of some Latin miscella- 
 neous piece:;. 
 
 GouEn. i,a)i Italian poet, born at Arezzo, 
 He wrote after the manner of Dante, the 
 history of his (country from 1010, to 1384, 
 which if not elegant as a poem. Is however 
 useful as a chronicle. 
 
 GoRGiAS, Leonlinus, a philosopher of 
 Sicily, B. C. +17, so eminent that a statue of. 
 gold was raised to liis honor at Delphi. 
 
 GoRius, or Go K 10, AntoniusFranciscus, 
 an historian, critic, and antiquarian of Flo- 
 rence. He wrote several valuable works o:i 
 Grecian and lioman antiquities, especially 
 Musjeura Etruscum, 3 vols, fol — Mussbuin 
 Cortonense, fol. — Inscription on Tuscany, 
 3 vols. fol. — Description of the grand duke's 
 Cabinet, 11 vols. He died 1757. 
 
 GoRLiEus, Abraham, an antiquarian of 
 Antwerp, who died at Delft, 1609, aged 69. 
 He published an interesting collection of the 
 rings and seals of the ancients, the best edi» 
 tion of which is th.ilof Leydcn, 1625. He 
 also gave to the public, a collection of medals 
 in 1008, in which, says Scaliger, he is not al- 
 ways to be depended upon. His collections 
 of antiques were sold by his heirs to the 
 prince of Wales. 
 
 GoRL.«us, David, a native of Utrecht, ia 
 the I7lh centui'v, author of some philosophi- 
 cal books, in which he advanced new opi- 
 nions. 
 
 GoROPius, John, a physician of Brabant, 
 who after travelling over Europe, settled at 
 Antwerp. In his " Origines Antverpiana," 
 he maintained with ridiculous pertinacity, 
 that Flemish was the language ol Adam. He 
 died 1572. 
 
 CJoRRAN", Nicholas de, a Dominican, con? 
 fessor to l^hilip the Fair of France. He died 
 1295. He was an admired and eloquent 
 preacher, and his sermons, together with a 
 commentary on the gospels, appeared at 
 Paris 1523 and 1539. 
 
 GoRREUs, a protestant physician at Paris, 
 w ho published a translation of Nicander, and 
 died 1572, aged 72. Upon being suddenly 
 arrested by some soldiers, on account of his 
 religion, he unfortunately lost his senses. 
 
 GoR TER, John, a native of Enhuysen, in 
 West Friesland, who tookhis doctor's degree 
 in medicine at Leyden, and in 1725, became 
 medical lecturer,' and public physician at 
 Harderwvck. He afterwards went to Pe- 
 tersburg, but returned in 1758, to Holland, 
 and died 1702, aged 73. He wrote a trea- 
 tise de Perspiratione Insensibili Sanctoriana 
 Batavia — Compendium Medicince — de Secre- 
 tione Humorura e Sanguine ex Sohdorumi 
 Fabricvi, &c. — MorbiEpidcmiciDescriptio e* 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 Cuatlo — Materies Medica, &c. — Exercita- 
 tiones Medicine, 4to. &c. 
 
 GossELiN, Antony, regius professor of his- 
 tory and eloquence, and principal of the 
 college du Bois, at Caen, published the his- 
 tory of the ancient Greeks, in Latin 1636, 
 
 Go SSE LIN I, Julian, a writer born at Home, 
 1525. At the age of 17, he was appointed 
 secretary to Ferdinand Gonzaga, viceroy of 
 ■Sicily, in whose service he continued 4u 
 years. He published several things in Ita- 
 lian, in verse and prose, besides Latin poems, 
 and died at Milan, 1587. 
 
 Goth, Stephen, archbishop of Upsal, 
 who by attempting in vain to restore the Ro- 
 man catholic religion in Sweden, in conjunc- 
 tion with John the king, nearly kindled a 
 civil war in the 1 6th century. 
 
 Gothofred, Dennis, an able lawyer, 
 born at Paris. He taught law in some of the 
 German universities, but was not permitted 
 to reside in France, on account of his attach- 
 ment to the principles of Calvin. He died 
 1622, aged 73. He edited "Corpus Juris 
 Civilis," and wrote some law treatises, pub- 
 lished in Holland, in foHo. 
 
 Gothofred, Theodosius, eldest son of 
 the preceding, Avas born at Geneva, 1580, 
 and professed the catholic religion, which his 
 father had abjured. He became counsellor 
 of state, and assisted in the embassy for a 
 general peace at Munster, where he died 
 1649. He wrote several works on the his- 
 tory, rights, and titles of the French mon- 
 archy. 
 
 Gothofred, James, son of Dennis, was 
 born 1587. He was a Calvinist, and enjoy- 
 ed five times the office of Syndic, and other 
 high appointments at Geneva, where he died 
 1652. He wrote several works, which dis- 
 play his great and extensive erudition. 
 
 Gothofred, Dennis, son of Theodosius, 
 was born at Paris, 1615, and died at Lisle, 
 1681, director of the chamber of accounts. 
 He wrote the histories of Charles VL VH. 
 and Vni. 
 
 Gothofred, John, son of Dennis, just 
 mentioned, succeeded his father as director 
 at Lisle. He was equally well skilled in the 
 history and antiquities of France, and wrote 
 Journal de Henry HI. — Memoires of Mar- 
 guerite, and an edition of Philip Comines. 
 He died 1732, very old. 
 
 Gotteschalc. Fit/. Godeschalc. 
 
 Go TTi, Vincent Lewis, an Italian of Bo- 
 logna, made a cardinal by Benedict XIH. 
 He w rote several works on theology, &c. and 
 died 1742, aged 78. 
 
 GoTTiGNiES, Giles Francis, a native of 
 Brussels, professor of mathematics at Rome, 
 where he died 1689, aged 59. He was also 
 a Jesuit, and wrote Elementa Geometriae 
 Planx — AritUmetica Introductio ad Logisti- 
 cam Mathesi Universse Servicntem — Epis- 
 toliB Mathemat. — Figura Comctarum, qui 
 apparuerunt Annis 1664, 5, and 8. 
 
 GoTTLEBER, John Christopher, an ex- 
 cellent German critic, who died 1785, aged 
 52. Of his learned works, the best known 
 is Animadversions on Plato's works. 
 
 GoTTSCHED, John Christopher, a Ger- 
 man poet of Koningsberg, professor of logic, 
 philosophy, and metaphysics, who died at 
 Leipsic 1766, aged 66. He was assisted in 
 the composition of his dramatic pieces by 
 his wife, and so great was his influence and 
 celebrity, that he banished buffoonery fronx 
 the stage, and spread a love of literature 
 over Germany. His wife died 1762. The 
 best of his works are. Essay towards a Crit- 
 ical History of Poetry for the Germans — 
 Collections for a Critical History of the Lan- 
 guage, Poetry, and Eloquence of Germany 
 — Principles of General Philosophy — Prin- 
 ciples of the German Language — the Ger- 
 man Theatre — Poems — the Death of Cato, 
 a tragedy, &c. 
 
 GouDELiN, or GouDOTJi.1, Peter, a 
 Gascon poet, born at Toulouse, so esteemed 
 among liis countrymen, that he is called the 
 Homer of Gascony. His works, containing 
 great sprightliness, and elegance, were pub- 
 lished at Toulouse, and Amsterdam. He 
 died 10th Sep. 1649, aged 70. 
 
 GouDiMEL, (/laudius, an excellent mu- 
 sician, put to death at Lyons, for setting the 
 psalms of Marot and Beza to music. 
 
 Go VEA, Martial, a Latin poet of the 16th 
 century, author of a Latin grammar. 
 
 Go VEA, Andrew, brother to the prece- 
 ding, taught grammar and philosophy, and 
 established under John HI of Portugal, the 
 college of Coimbra. He died 1548. 
 
 Go VEA, Antony, youngest brother of the 
 preceding, eminent for his erudition, and 
 professor of law at Toulouse, and then at 
 Turin. Besides an excellent edition of Vir- 
 gil and of Terence, he wrote Latin epigrams, 
 and a commentary on Cicero's Topica. He 
 died, as Blount says, after an inordinate 
 meal of cucumbers, at Milan 1565, aged 60. 
 
 Gouge, William, mini.sterof Blackfriars, 
 was born at Stratford le Bow. He was of 
 King's college, Cambridge, and is remarka- 
 ble for not being absent from morning and 
 evening prayers for nine years, and for read- 
 ing 15 chapters of the bible every day. He 
 was one of the ministers of the assembly of 
 Westminster, and was appointed one of the 
 annotators of the bible. He died 16th Dec. 
 1653, and was buried at his own chui-ch, 
 leaving an exemplary character for perse- 
 verance as a preacher, for humility, faith, 
 and patience. He wrote " the whole Ar- 
 mour of God" — Exposition of the Lord's 
 Prayer — "Commentary on the Epistle to 
 the Hebrews," and other works in support 
 of Calvinism. 
 
 Gouge, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
 was educated at Eton and King's colleges, 
 Cambridge, and became minister of St. Se- 
 pulchre, London, for 24 years, but was ejee- 
 ted at the restoration. He died in bis sleep 
 1681, aged 77. He wrote several books of 
 practical divinity, and distributed many thou- 
 sand copies of the bible, catechism, &c. 
 among the 300 schools Avhich he is said to 
 have established in Wales. Dr. Tillotson 
 preached his funeral sermon, though he was 
 a nonconformist. 
 
GO 
 
 GO 
 
 Gouges, Mary Olynipij do, a native of 
 Moiitiiiibsin. DiU'iiij;; iliv revolution, she 
 t.'s;>oiis<.'(l 'lie vi(j|ciit iuchhiiics ol" llic liiuus, 
 an«l iiu\ils-' Mirrtbeaii llit,- heroor licr wriiiiifjs. 
 Jii.>nocLioii, liOH L'Vi'f, »ii(l llir eiionuilies ol" 
 tlie (Jiues cook'd lic-r jirfjutlices, uiiti ulin 
 XiOuia X\'I. was di'a}j:y;fti bol'oic the bloody 
 triliuni'l, slu! had the cdiirat^e Ui ikiiiand of 
 Jth'.- ( onvetilion llie pj-i\ ileR;u ordeleiidinu; nti 
 itiiiucenl iiKiiiari'h. I'liis lieiviie loiuliict, 
 nufi her atlaiks tijiou >laral atMl liobes- 
 Jticire, maiked her out foe death. Slie was 
 Kitillotined .'id N((>einher 17'J'2, aped ;JS. She 
 Avi-i/le snitic drjiiiiatic. pteecs, which wei'e 
 eolleiled in thj-cc vols. Svo. 
 
 Co I'jE'i', Claude l'cter,a French w ritei- 
 ^v]\o died at Paris 1707, aged 70. lie \ni\)- 
 lislicd a suj)plciiiciit to Dupin's Rihliothe- 
 cpic, IS vf)l.s. I'Jmo. — liichclet's Dii1,ioiia:-y, 
 ^c. His library consisted oi" above 10,000 
 volumes. " 
 
 (to t'JON, .Tolm, a sculj>tnr of t'aris, iVom 
 the correctness ajid grace of his worksj cal- 
 led the Corcg!;io of sciili)ture. He ilorislied 
 in t]»e 1 eigns of Francis I. and Henry H. 
 and was killed at the massacre of St. IJar- 
 tholonicw 157-2. 
 
 GoiT.AUT, Simon, an able writer, born 
 near Paris 1543. He studied at Geneva, 
 Avliere lie succeeded Calvin as minister; and 
 cMed there IG-JS. He wrote an History of 
 the League, — Notes on Plutarcirs works, 
 translated by Amiot, — and on C;. prian's 
 ■works ; and published besides some treatises 
 on <livinity, — and on moral subjects, — and a 
 'l^-anslation of Seneca, and other ruthors. 
 His works are enumerated in .Niceron's 
 IXIemoirs. 
 
 Gould, Robert, an English poet, who 
 died 1708. His works, Avhich are miscel- 
 laneou.s, appeared in 1709, 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 Go u LIN, John, a French writer, born 
 at Ilheims lOlh Feb. IT'-ZS. He studied me- 
 dicine, but was more distinguished as an 
 author, learned, judicious, and eidiglitened. 
 He published various works of merit, and 
 *lied at Paris 1799. 
 
 GouLSTOX, Theodore, a physician, born 
 in Northamptonshire, and educated at Mer- 
 ton college, Oxford, where he became fel- 
 low, and Avhere he took his degree of M.D. 
 1610. He jiractised with great celebrity in 
 London, and died 1032, and by his will left 
 200/. to purchase a rent-charge, to endow a 
 pathological lecture in the college of physi- 
 cians. He wrote a paraphrase of Aristotle, 
 and of odier Greek writers. 
 
 GouLU, John, a French writer, born at 
 Paris, where he died 162.5, aged 49. He 
 translated into French Epictctus, Aii-ian, 
 Basil, Diogenes the Areopagite, &c. and had 
 a very son ere controvei'sy with Balzac. 
 
 GorpiL, Jame«-, a native of Lucon^ 
 who studied medicine ut Pnris, and succeed- 
 ed there J. Sylvius as royal professor of phy- 
 sic 1.555. Besides editing several Greek 
 medical writer.s, he translated from the Ita- 
 lian, I'iccolomini's treatise on the sphere of 
 the world, and died 15G4. 
 
 Goupv, Joseph, a. French artist, ad- 
 
 VOL. I. 77 
 
 mired fur liis execution iu water colore, and 
 for kis f>kill as a copier. He tuu^ht the 
 jiiiucess <if \\ hIcs ; an<l his cartoons were 
 bo hifihiy valuef), that liu- duke oi- Chando". 
 }^:ive 300/. loi- the copy, \. hen, liie) pioduct-.l 
 at his death not more tliun 17 jjulncaJ. He 
 died 1747. 
 
 GoL'UDO.v, Sinjon, a native of I'ari.s, w Lo 
 at the age of Ift, embraced Jlic cc«;lesi.istical 
 pr(;ie3Hion among the canons ol Si \ iclor, 
 and lived a very austere lile till his dealli 
 17'29, aged 8.j. Jle was author of Letters ou 
 Cases of (Conscience, h} nins, kc. 
 
 (iouiiXAY, Mary do Jars, lady of, a 
 l''renchu'onian, born in (iascony 15 05, and 
 allied to several illustiiouj families. Siie 
 had a great partiality lor literature, and she 
 showeil such re?»>)ect for ^lontaigne upon 
 reading his fust essays, which W(!re then 
 published, that she solicited his frietidsbij*; 
 and on the death of her father, adopted hinx 
 as her own parent. Thuti «Ievoted in the 
 muses, and the purest regai-ds of this cele- 
 brated ]>liilo3op}u'r, she passed the best part 
 of her life, rejecting every connexioti whifli 
 might dc'jtroy her friendslup and her men- 
 tal enjoyments. On MonL;iigne's <Ieat!), she 
 crossed the kingdom to Ojingle her tears 
 with those of his widow and her muvh loved 
 di'ughter, and as a proof of her great grati- 
 tude and immortal alfection, she reprinted 
 his Essay in 1G34, with an elegant prefac« 
 sacred to his memory. Her works, in prose 
 and verse, were pviblishcd in 1G36, in oi'.o 
 volume. She died 1G4.5 at Paris, and licp 
 memory was honored with various epitaphs 
 friMu the pens of Menage, Valois, Patio, in 
 Mothe, Vayer, and others. 
 
 GouHvij.LL, John Heranld, author of 
 " Memoirs" containing anecdotes of the 
 French ministers from Mazarin to Colbert, 
 and f)f Lewis XIV. was originally valet to the 
 duke of itouchefoucaull, and by him raised 
 for his merit, to offices of trust and confi- 
 dence. He died 1705, aged 80. 
 
 GoussET, Janiesv, a French protcstont 
 minister of Blois, v ho left France at the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes, and be- 
 came professoi- of Greek and t/ieology at 
 Groningen. He died there 1704, lea>ing 
 several books as proofs of his great eru- 
 dition, especially an Hebrew Uietiopary, — 
 Dissertations on Controversy with tXc Jews, 
 kc. 
 
 Go UTHiERESj James, a French advocate, 
 br)rn at Chnumont. He wrote some valuable 
 woi'ks, " de Yctcre Jure Pontificis Kgnr.c 
 Publico" kc. He died 1638. 
 
 Gouviox, N. a Frencli officer who serv- 
 ed in America, and during the revoluiioa 
 was menjbcr of the national assembly, an<l 
 afterwards genei'al in llic army of the North, 
 wheie he was killed at the head of his troops, 
 lllh June, 1793, near the villagtj of Glis- 
 velle. 
 
 GouXT)t: LA BouLAYE, Fraucis le, a 
 native of Anjou, w ho travelled through ,\sia 
 and Africa in the character of a Mahome- 
 tan, and through Europe as a catholic, of 
 which he published an account in 4ta 1653. 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 He went as ambassador to the great Mogul 
 itx IfiGS, and was carried oft' by a fever the 
 next year in Persia. 
 
 GouYE, John, ft Jesuit and mathemati- 
 cian of Dieppe, member of the academy of 
 Sciences, lie wrote Matliematlcal and Phi- 
 losophical Observations, 2 vols. 8vo. He died 
 at Paris, 17'25, aged 75. 
 
 GouYE LoNGUEMARE, a French autlior 
 ■vvho wrote some memoirs and dissertations, 
 to illustrate the history of Francnc, and died 
 1763. 
 
 GowER, John, an old English poet, born 
 in Yorkshire 1320. He v.as professor of law 
 in the Inner Temple, and according to some 
 was chief justice of the common pleas. He 
 was a niunificciit benefactor to St. Mary's 
 church, now St. Saviour's, Southwark, w here 
 his monument is still preserved. His works 
 called Speciilum Aleditantis — Vo.\ Claman- 
 lis — Confessio Amantis, were first printed 
 by Caxton, 1483. They possess great spirit, 
 and the author in bold" and energetic lan- 
 guage inveighs against the debaucheries of 
 the limes, the immorality of the clergy, the 
 wickedness of corrupt judges, and the vices 
 of an abandoned court. 
 
 GoYEN, John Van, a painter of Leyden, 
 Avlio died 1656, aged 60. His landscapes, 
 battles, and sea-pieces are most highly val- 
 ued. 
 
 Goio^x, Deodati, grand master of the or- 
 der of St. John of Jerusalem, dieci 1353. 
 A fabulous story is related of his killing an 
 enormous dragon that infested Rhotles. 
 
 Gozxi, count Gaspar, a Venetian noble 
 who died 17S6, aged 73, illustrious for his 
 lyrical and satirical poems. He was al.=!0 the 
 author of apei'iodical paper "I'Observatore," 
 in imitation of the Spectator. His works ap- 
 peared together at Venice 1794, in 12 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 Graaf, Barent, a painter of Amsterdam, 
 who died 1709, aged ill. His landscapes 
 w ere in the style of Bomboccio. 
 
 Graaf, Uegnier d >, a physician born at 
 Schoonhaven in Holland, 13th July l64l. 
 He studied at Leydcn, and with such success, 
 that in 1G63 he published a most respecta- 
 ble treatise *' de Succo Pancreatico." He 
 went to France, and settled at Delft, where 
 he practised with great celebrity. He had a 
 controversy with Swamraerdam, on account 
 of the three treatises which he published on 
 the organs of generation in the human spe- 
 cies. He died I7th August 1673, aged only 
 52. His works appeared at Leyden 1677, 
 and 1705, and were translated into Flemish, 
 1686. 
 
 Graa\v, Henry, a native of Hoorn, dis- 
 ciple to Van Canijien. His historical pieces 
 are admired. He died 1682, aged 55. 
 
 GKABE,John Ernest, a native of Kon- 
 ingsberg, in Prussia, who studied divinity 
 with great attention, ar.d then determined 
 to go to Rome, to embrace popery, because 
 he considered the Roman church as the 
 true church of Christ. He pubUshed his 
 opinions before his departure, but before he 
 reached Rome, he met with three Pam- 
 
 phlets which had been Avritten by order of 
 the elector of Bradenburg, in answer to hi^ 
 book, and these had such an eflect upon him, 
 that after convex'sing with Spener, the au- 
 thor of one of them, he resolved to come to 
 England, as the only place which retained 
 the regular succession of the Apostolic min- 
 istry, M'ithout the superstitions of Rome. 
 He was liberally received in England, and 
 presented to the degree of D. D. by the uni- 
 versity of Oxford, and in proof of his sinceri- 
 ty, and his adherence to the principles of the 
 Anglican church, he took orders, and wrote 
 some valuable -.vorks in divinity. He also 
 published an edition of the Septuagint, from 
 the Alexandrian IMS. preserved in the king's 
 library. He died 1712, aged 46, and was bu- 
 ried in Westminster abbey. 
 
 Gracchus, Tiberius, and Caius, sons ol 
 Sempronius Gracchus by Cornelia, are cele- 
 brated for their intrigues and death. By at- 
 tempting to revive the Agrarian law at Rome, 
 they drew down upon themselves the veii- 
 geance of the senate. They were both killed, 
 Tiberius 133 B. C. and Caiug, some yeai'S af- 
 ter. 
 
 Gracchus, Sempronius, a Roman ban 
 ished for his licentious amour with Julia, to 
 a solitary island on the coast of Africa, where 
 14 years after he was assassinated. 
 
 Gracchus, liutilius, a Roman poet of the 
 loth century. Though possessing merit, he 
 was inconsistent in his character. 
 
 Gracian, Balthazar, a Spanish Jesuit, 
 rector of the college of Arragon. He died 
 1658. His sermons and theological treatises 
 were highly esteemed among, his country- 
 men, though written in a turgid and affect' 
 ed style, 
 
 Gradenigo, Peter, doge of Venice, is 
 known in the history of Europe, for- chang- 
 ing the government of his country, from a- 
 democracy to an aristocracy. He died 1303. 
 
 GRiECiNus, Julius, a native of Frejus, 
 Forum Julii, put to death by Caligula, for re- 
 lusing to become the accuser of M. Silaaus, 
 He wrote a book on agriculture, and was tha 
 father of Jul. Agricola. 
 
 GrjEme, John, a Scotch poet born at 
 Carnwarmth, Lanarkshire, 1748. As the 
 youngest of four sons and of a weakly con- 
 stitution, he was intended for the ministry 
 by his father, a farmer of the middling class, 
 whose income arose chiefl) from hisindu-^^ti-y. 
 From the school of Lanark, he was removed 
 to Edinburgh university, where his talents 
 soon displayed themselves in the composition 
 of elegant Latin, and in the acquisition of 
 the more abstruse sciences of natural philo- 
 sophy and metaphysics. He declined ac- 
 ' cepting an exhibition at the university of St. 
 I Andrew's, and satisfied with the friendship 
 I of Wilkie, the autlior of the Epigoniad, he 
 devoted himself fully to the cultivation of 
 the muses, in the ease and retirement of a 
 college life, but his rising fame was cut short 
 by the appearance of a rapid consumption, 
 of which he died 26th July, 1772, aged 22. 
 His poems consisting of elegies and miscel- 
 laneous pieces v/ere printed at Edinburgh^ 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 ?7o, Svo. ami exhibited him in tbe cliaracter 
 •)f a spirited niitlior, and a l)ciicv(>leiit man, 
 (ijiyicvi L'S, .lohii (Jcoige, aeelehnitcd cri- 
 tic, rifl. Grevi us. 
 
 Craffio, a Jesuit of Capua in lh«? IGlh 
 century, author nt' two 4lo. voUinu-.s on 
 luoral buhjecls. lie was grand pensiunai-y 
 of Naples. 
 
 Gra FiGN' V, rrance:-, a Frciuli lady, w Iio 
 wrote the " Pi-ruvian lA-tloi's," an admired 
 unU ek^gant pLrfonn.'incf, Iraiishilfd into 
 C'Vcry Eurojtean h^ni:;uat;e. After her Iiiis- 
 hand's dvatli, who was cli.amberhiin to the 
 duke of Loi'rainc, and from whom, fur his 
 l»ruUiii-!.y, she was scpr-.raled, slie removed to 
 l*arJ8, to live with the wife of marshal lliclic- 
 licu, where she died ir;'>8, uL^cd C.i. She 
 Mro'e also Cenic — la Fille d'Aristide, two 
 dranjatic peiccs. 
 
 Gkafton', liichani, aiUiK;'.- of an ahridg- 
 Tiaent of the Chronicles of l%n.i;l:ind, and of 
 a Chronicle and larire meere Hislorvc of the 
 Aflayer.s of Mnj^land, and Kings of tlie same 
 from the Creation of tht." \\'orltl, was horn in 
 London under Henry Vlll. and died there 
 in the reign of Filizabeth. 
 
 Graham, (icorge,an ecninGnl watch and 
 clockmalicr born at Gratwick, Cumberland, 
 1675. In 1088 he came to London, arid some 
 time after lived in the family of I'onjpion, a 
 clockmaker, who knew his merit, loved his 
 person, and respected his abilities. To the 
 most perfect knowledge of mechanics he ad- 
 ded practical astronomy, and by his perse- 
 verance and accuracy, he not only improved 
 but invented several astronomical and n)athe- 
 matical instruments, with a degree of per- 
 fection ^'.nd dexterity hitherto unknown. The 
 great mural arch in Greenwich observatory, 
 Avas made for iJr. Ilalley under his inspec- 
 tion, and divided by his own hand ; and with 
 his sector Dr. Bradley first discovered two 
 new motions in tiie fixed stars. Dut not otdy 
 England was benefjted hy Jiis genius, but the 
 rest of Europe. 'Ihe instruments uith 
 ■which the French academicians made obser- 
 vations to ascertain the figure of the earth, 
 and those which enriched the collections and 
 cabinets of the king of Spain, and other 
 princes, were all constructed by this most 
 ingenious and eniiisent artist. As a member 
 of the lioyal society, he contributed some 
 valuable discoveries, especially on the hora- 
 ry alteratjon of the magnetic needle, and a 
 quick silver pendulum, and other particulars 
 respecting llie sini])le pendulum. With ;dl 
 the powers of his genius, he was candid and 
 raodest, friendly and con:imnnicative, and 
 more anxious to advance the happnu-ss of 
 mankind by the improvement of science, 
 than to accumulate a private fortune. The 
 remains of this most respectable man were 
 carried Nov. 24, 1751, with great solemnity 
 10 Westminster, and deposited in the same 
 grave with his friend and master Tompion. 
 Graham, Catherine Macaulay. J'id. Ma- 
 
 CAULAV. 
 
 Grain, John Baptiste le, a French histo- 
 rian born l:')i]5. He was counsellor and 
 master of the racncsts to ^uecn Mary de 
 
 I Mcdicis, and became a great favorite witU 
 Heniy I\'. He wrote the J)eca<les, contain- 
 ing the History of Henry 1\". :in«l the fiislo- 
 ry of Louis XHI. to the rkalh of marshal 
 <l*Ancre lOlT. fie was so censured, and bw 
 illiberally abused by the Jesuits, who interpo- 
 lated his works to make biro appear ridicu- 
 lous, that be ordei'e'd in hii will that none of 
 his descendants should he educated b) the 
 Jesuits. He died at Faris 10 i3. 
 
 Gu.\ 1 N DOROE, Andicw, a jdiysician and 
 pJiilosopher of the E[)icurean !»ect, bo? ij at 
 Caen. He wrote some treatises on fire, light, 
 colois, Jkc. and di(;d 1070, aged OO. 
 
 GjiAi VGEU, James, lid. Granger. 
 
 (iRA.m AYE, John ^apti^.t, provost of Arn- 
 heim, and historiographer to the Low Coun- 
 tries, was taken during his voyage from Ita- 
 ly to Spain, and carried to Algi/^rs. He re- 
 turned honie ai!(i died at Luh<,cI035. He 
 wrote an History of Afiica — " Feregriuatio 
 Bclgica, a valuable w ork — Antiquitutes Flan- 
 drnc," &CC. and .some poetry, 
 
 Grammond, tiabricl lord of, president 
 of the pa.rliument of Toulouse, and author 
 of the History of Lewis Xlll. and of a curi- 
 ous History of the Wars of Lewis XIII. 
 against the Protestants, died 165-i, respected 
 for his integrity. 
 
 Gramo NT, 'Antony dake of, marshal of 
 PVance, is known as a warrior and a., a writer. 
 He v/aaof the family of Gramont in Navarre, 
 and by marriage wasallied to cardinal Itiche- 
 lieu. He wrote two volun\es of -Memoirs, 
 and after being the greatest orr;ament of 
 the court of Lewis XIV. he died IG7S, aged 
 74. 
 
 Gramont, Phlllbcrt count cf, son of the 
 preceding, was a volunteer under Conde 
 and Turenne. He had the temerity of pay- 
 ing his addresses to the misti-css of Lewis 
 XIV. and in co:ise«[uence of this, his servi- 
 ces \fere forgotten, and he ilcd to England 
 for protection, where his vivacity and agr-.-e- 
 a!)le Uiiinners gained him many admirers. 
 He became a favorite at the court of Charles 
 II. and afterwards married a lady of the name 
 of Hamilton. His memoirs were communf- 
 cated by him to count Hamilton, by whom 
 they were made public in elegant and inter- 
 esting language. 
 
 G randy, Marquis of. Vid. Manners. 
 
 Grancolas, John, a doctor of i!io Sor- 
 bonne, author of some theological works, 
 and of some translations of the fathers, died 
 17.32. 
 
 Grand, Antony !e, a Cartesian philoso- 
 pher of the 17th century, author of Koin« 
 historical treatises — ofn Sacred Histoi-v from 
 the Creation till tlie Age of Const.oilinc (he 
 Cireaf, pnlUished in London Svo. — anvl of In- 
 Etitutio Fhiiosophiic Descr.rtes. 
 
 (J RANI), Joachim le, a Frer.ch political 
 writer, much esteemed .'itlhe court of Lewis 
 XIV. He wrote some interesting tracts on 
 the History of France, besides translations 
 of Lobu's and of ifibeyro's Histories, and the 
 History of the Divorce of Henry VIH. and 
 Catharine of .\vragon, 3 vuh. lledi.eJ I'iy^, 
 agcl ^O 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 GiiAND, Mark Antony le, a Frcncli ac- 
 tor, who died at Paris 172B. His various 
 comedies were received vilh great applause, 
 as well as Ins pert'ormance in several cliarac- 
 ters. His vorks ai)peared 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Grand, Levvis, a doctor of the Sorbonne^ 
 ■born at Luzigiii in Autuu. His m ci'ks, an 
 theolog:ical subjects, are much admired. He 
 dicil 17cS0. 
 
 G>^AND, Peter le, captain of a Diep])e 
 privateer, was famous for his courage. He 
 attacked in 1640, with his ship of four guns 
 and '28 men, a Spanish vestel of 54 gtiiis, 
 •\rhicli he took an<l carried ia triumph to 
 France. 
 
 Graxdet, Joseph, a French priest of 
 Angers, whose amiable manners and bene- 
 Tolence of heart are highly commended. He 
 wrote several volumes on subjects of biogra- 
 phy, in 12mo. He died At Angers 1724, 
 aged 78. 
 
 Grandi, Francis Levis, a native of Cre- 
 jiioiia, professor of philosophy at Florence, 
 afterwards at Pisa, and then abbot of St. Mi- 
 tihael at Pisa, where he died 1742, aged 71. 
 He Avrote vailous mathematical works of 
 merit. 
 
 Grandier, Urban, a Jesuit, native of 
 Uouvere, near Sable, curate and canon of 
 St. Peter's Loudun, in France. He was an 
 eloquent preacher, and as he recommended 
 confession to the curate at Easter, he drew 
 upon himself the envy and resentment of the 
 raonks at Loudun. He was accused of e;im- 
 inal conversation with rnaids and married 
 ivoraen in his own church, and w hen honor- 
 ably acquitted, his enemies inveighed against 
 }iim, for causing tJie Ursuline nuns of Lou- 
 dun to be possessed with the devil. The fol- 
 ly of this accusation would have appeared 
 before impartial judges, but the monks per- 
 suaded cardinal Richelieu, that Grandier 
 "Nvas the author of " la Cordonnierc de Lou- 
 dun" a severe satire «pon himself, and con- 
 sequently his fate was determined upon. 
 He was ordered to be tried, and soon found 
 guilty of magic, witchcraft, and possession, 
 and condemned to be burnt alive, and to 
 have his ashes dispersed in the air. Tlie 
 •Ueadful sentence was executed, and this in- 
 nocent man perished in the flames, because 
 his enemies were acrimonious against him, 
 and their virulence was supported by the 
 approbation of a gloomy tyrant in power. 
 
 Grand IN, ?.Lartin, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, author of a Popular Course of The- 
 ology, in 6 vols. 4to. He died at Paris 1691, 
 aged"" 87. 
 
 Graxdius, Gnido, a mathematician of 
 Ci'emona, who among other things traiisla- 
 ted Euclid into Italian, and died 1742, aged 
 71. 
 
 Grandl'ET, Charles, a French actor for 
 35 years, the successful representative of all 
 the Paris petils-maitres. His operas, and 
 other poetical pieces, rnet with some suc- 
 cess on the stage. 
 
 GRANET,Franci.s, a learned French wri- 
 ter, intimate with the abbe de Fontaine, who 
 speaks Mith great respe*:^ of his tftlents and 
 
 amiabla caarAct'er. He translated Newton's 
 Chronology, and wrote Remarks oa Racine 
 and Cornciile, and was for some time en- 
 gaged as a journalist at Paris, where he died 
 i7'4l. 
 
 Gtv A NGE, Joseph de Chancel, a French' 
 writer, who brought upon himself several 
 difticulties, with imprisonment and exile, in 
 consequence of a satirical work on Philip 
 duke of Oi'leans. He died 1758, aged 82, 
 leaving sevei'al works. His tragedies ai'e 
 much admired, as weU as bis miscellaneous 
 pieces, and they display genius, judgment, 
 and sublimity. 
 
 Grange, Nicolas, an able writer and 
 critic. He translated Lucretius with notes, 
 and edited the Greek antiquities of le Bos. 
 His translation of Seneca appeared after his 
 death, with an account of his life by his 
 friend Diderot. He died at Paris 1775, aged 
 37- 
 
 Granger or Grainger, James M. D. 
 a physician, known as the author of a poem 
 on the Sugar Cane, of a translation of Ti- 
 bnllus, and of some medical tracts, was born 
 at Dunse in the south of Scotland 1723. He 
 was educated at Edinburgh, and was under 
 lord Stair, as surgeon in the army, during 
 the (Jerman campaign of 1748, and after- 
 ward- he practised in London, Avhere his 
 genius and learning pi'ocured him the friend- 
 ship of Shenstone and other raen of letters. 
 Probably his success as a physician was not 
 equal to his expectations, as he left London^ 
 and embarked to settle at the Island of St. 
 Christopher. In his passage he administer- 
 ed to the cure of Mrs. Burt, who sailed in 
 another ship of the fleet, and who liad been 
 seized with the small-pox, and by his friend- 
 ly attentions to her, he gained the afl'ection 
 of her daughter, whom he married as soon 
 as he reached St. Christopher. In the midst 
 of a respectable practice. Granger did not 
 forget the muses. He wrote his Sugar 
 Cane, which he came to England to pu!)]ish, 
 and after a few years' residence, again re- 
 turned to his favorite island, where he died 
 of a contagious fever, 1767. His wife and 
 ene daughter survived Ids loss. In his char- 
 acter he was a man of pleasing manners, and 
 of ?;reat benevolence of heart. Hrs merits 
 as a poet are well known. Besides the Su- 
 gar Cane, he wrote an Ode to Solitude, — a. 
 West Indian Ballad, — Historia Febris Ano- 
 malai Balavte, 1746, — a Treatise on the more 
 common West India Diseases, 8vo. — a 
 Translation of Tibullus' Elegies into English 
 verse. 
 
 Granger, James, author of the Biogra- 
 phical Ilistor}' of England, 4 vols. 4to. a val- 
 uable work, \vas vicar of Shiphike, Oxon, 
 and died LHh April 1776, in consequence of 
 an apoplectic fit, with v.'hich he had been at- 
 tacked on the preceding day, whilst adminis- 
 tering the sacrament in his own church. 
 
 Grant, Francis, lord Cullen, an eminent 
 lawyer and judge of Scotland, born of the 
 ancient family of the Grants, about 1660. 
 He was educated ai Aberdeen, and finished 
 his studies under Voct at Leydeu, and dis- 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 played even in his younger years, supIi assi- 
 *luitv!i8 promised the hii^liest exertions. On 
 liis return to Scotland he beciinie tiii- tVit-nd 
 ol" sir CiGorge .Mackenzie, and distiiif^uishcd 
 himself by the able and constitutional char- 
 ncler which he su]>ported at the rL'Vf)|iiti()n. 
 VV^hih' in ihf Scotch convention ol LbUites, 
 some of tlie aged lawyers arj^ued in favor of 
 the lious«^ of Stuart, he boldly and niutifuliy 
 adopted the principles of the Kni^liali nation, 
 and asserteil the right of ilie people to fill up 
 the vacant throne. This decided couduct 
 tended not a lillle t') recommend the succes- 
 sion of William III. and (jlraut thus became 
 n popular advocate, and a politician uhose 
 opinions were respected and universally :i|>- 
 ])i*oved. Without his solicitation he wascre- 
 :Ued a baronet by tpiecn Anne in 1705, and 
 a year after he was nominated one of the 
 judges of Scotlar.d, when he assumed the 
 fitle of lord Cullen. After 20 years of inde- 
 li»tigable and honorable labor devoted to the 
 good of his country, and the impartial ad- 
 miniotration of her laws, this uprif^ht ma- 
 gistrate lell a sacrifice to an illness of three 
 days Ifith March 172G, in his 60th year. 
 Respected as a judge in public, and as a man 
 in private iiie, he was equally great as a wri- 
 ter. His essays on law, religion, education, 
 and on several literary subjects, proved him 
 to have been a man of solid sense, e.\tensive 
 erudition, and strongly fix:ed principles, lie 
 left three sons and nve daughters. 
 
 (iRANT, I'atrick, a Scotch judge, by the 
 title of lord Preston-Grange, was bora at 
 Edinhurgh IG9S, and studied at Glasgow, 
 Paris, and Leyden. He was member of the 
 house of coinraons, and in 1746 was made 
 lord advocate, and in 1754 advanced to the 
 bench. He wrote some ingenious pieces 
 against the rebellion of 1745, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself as a lawyer. He died at 
 Edinhurgh 1762, aged 64. 
 
 Granville, George, viseount Lands- 
 dow ne, an English poet, second son of Bar- 
 nard Granville esq. brother of the first era-l of 
 Bath of this name, who had a principal siuire 
 in bringing back Charles II. The father of 
 Barnard was sir lievil, killed in the royal 
 cause at Landsdowne 1643. Under the tui- 
 tion of sir Vrillam Ellys, a pupil of Busby, 
 young Granville travelled abroad, and at 
 the age of 11 he entered at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and two years after, in conse- 
 quence of his extraordinary abilities, he was 
 created M. A. He had a strong passion for 
 H military life ; but his father checked his 
 ambition when he expi-essed a wish, on the 
 insuiTection of the duke of Monmouth, to 
 r.rm in defence of the king, and his ardor 
 was renewed at the invasion of the prince of 
 Orange, but he was equally rebuked, and he, 
 Avith liis family, remained quiet spectators 
 of the revoluiion, and ac(puesced iit the 
 measures of parliament. Unable to shine in 
 the field lie devoted himself to the cultiva- 
 tion of the muses, ami soon told the world, 
 in all the sweetness of amorous poetry, how 
 much he was charmed with the beauty of 
 !M;.iv.j 0. name under 'vliich ho ;mn;r<i!r.]i. 
 
 zed tlie charming, but ine.xorahlc countess 
 of Newburgh. In vain his friends expostula- 
 ted with him for the prostitution of hi.s poet- 
 ry and of his iauie, at the shrine of unyield- 
 ing charms ; he indulge*! his favorite pasbion, 
 and, in enjoymgthc company of the fair, he 
 celebraleil, after the example of his predeces- 
 sor Waller, the reigning beaaties of the age- 
 ll<,- wrote also some dramatic pieces, and 
 his play of the " Ilrilish Enchanterx," intro- 
 duced on the slagt" under the care of Uet- 
 lerlon, called ami obtauied the public ap- 
 plause for iO buccesoivc nights. Thus dis- 
 tinguished as a writer, ami flattered by the 
 muse of Addison and of Diyden, liranville, 
 at the age of 35, was introduced to <jueeu 
 Anne after her accessation, and found that 
 jiolite reception which his character and hi» 
 great veneration for his royal mistress de- 
 served. In seconding the views of ministry 
 in their war against Spain, he translated the 
 second Olynthiac of Uemoslhenes to animate 
 his countrymen, and presented toHarley the 
 Journal of Wimbh-dfin's Ex])edition against 
 Cadiz in 1625, that his errors might he 
 avoided in the projected plan under the duke 
 of Ormond ; hut in vain, for the attempt was 
 unsuccessful, though Vigo fell into the hands 
 of the disa))pointed English. After the death 
 of his father, Granville was in parliament 
 for Fowey, and by the death of his ehler 
 brother, who died governor of Barbadoes, 
 he was now at the head of his family, and 
 in possession of a vei-y ample fortune. A 
 change of administration, however, cut otf 
 his prospects of aggrandizement, till, at the 
 trial of Sachevereli, in 1710, his friends were 
 again replaced into the favor of the queen, 
 and he became secretary at war in the rooiiv 
 of Walpole. In 1711 he married Mary, 
 lord Jersey's daughter, widow of Thomas 
 Thynne, and the same year he was created 
 baron of Bidcferd, viscount Landsdowne, in 
 Devonshire. Though he was one of the 12 
 persons created peers at the same time, for 
 the purposes of pai'tv, his elevation caused 
 not so much noise as that of the others, as 
 already two peerages had been extinct in 
 his family, which, for antiquity, respectabil- 
 ity, and fortune, was equal to any in the 
 kingdom. In 1712 he was made privy coun- 
 sellor, comptroller, and aftcrwar(ls ti'casurer 
 of the household. The «lealh of the queen re- 
 moved him from his oflices ; but he did nsrt 
 forget his friends, and therefore strongly pro- 
 tested against the atUiinting of Oi-moml and 
 Bolingbroke. As he was suspected of vio- 
 lent attachment to the ]jretender's i)arty, 
 and was even suspected of planning nn msur- 
 recliiin in the West, at the reljelliou of 1715, 
 he w as arrested on the 26th Sept. and com- 
 mitted a close prisoner to the Tower, wtiere 
 he remained till 1717. As he eontinurd to 
 oppose the ministry his conduct was always 
 suspected by the court, and tl>erefore, nn 
 the breakiiuT: out of Atierbury's accusation, 
 he retire*! to I'rance to avoid the imputation 
 of treason ar.il the persecution of his ene- 
 mies. After 10 j-cars' residence at Paris 
 he return' J t<; r.n:;la!id; atid publiohod, in 
 
GK 
 
 GR 
 
 1732, his pocmSj corrected of their javenUe 
 inelegances, togetlier with a viniiication of 
 his uncle sir Ricliard Granville, against the 
 raisi'eprescntalions of Burnet, of Echard, 
 and Clarendon, in 2 vols. 4to. The rest of 
 his life was passed in the case of privacy and 
 literary retirement. He died 30th Jan. 1735, 
 aged 68, a few days after his wife, and as he 
 had no male issue, but only four daughters, 
 the title v.as extinct. I'he last verses which 
 he wrote were to inscribe two copies of his 
 poems to queen Caroline, who liail honored 
 hira with her protection, and to the princess 
 r oy u! , A n n e o f O ra n ge . 
 
 Grapaldus, Francis Mai*ius, a native of 
 Parma, who distinguished hhnself so much 
 in an embassy to the pope, that Julius II. 
 crow^ned him v/ith his own hand. He wrote 
 a hook in which he described all the parts of 
 SL house with great judgment and taste. The 
 •work has often been reprinted. 
 
 Gr AS, Anthony le, an ecclesiastic of Paris, 
 vho translated Cornelius Nepos into French, 
 and wrote an account of the fathers in the 
 age of the apostles. He died 1701, aged 70. 
 Gras, James le, an advocate of Itouen, 
 •who translated llesiod's Opera et Dies into 
 French verse in the 17th century. 
 
 Graswinckel, Theodore, a native of 
 Delft, who died at Mechlin 1G6G, aged 66. 
 He was eminent not only as a lawyer, hut as 
 a man of letters, and he was made knight 
 of St. Mark by the Venetiansfor vindicating 
 them against the duke of Savoy iu his work 
 called Libertas Vencta. He was buried at 
 the Hague, where a monument is erected 
 to iiis memory. He wrote besides de Jure 
 Majestatis against Buchanan, and other 
 learned and valuable treatises. 
 
 Gr ATAROLus, William, alearned physi- 
 cian, born at Bergamo. As a protestant he 
 ■wished to live in Germanj', but after visiting 
 !Marpurg he settled at Basil, where he prac- 
 tised, and died 15GiJ, aged 52. He wrote a 
 great many books. 
 
 Gratian, a Roman, emperor in con- 
 junction with his father Valentinian. He 
 was cruel in his government, but warlike in 
 the field, and successful against tlie Goths, 
 -and the other barbarians who had invaded 
 the Roman empire. He was killed in a re- 
 volt A. D. 383, aged 24. 
 
 Gratia n, a private soldier, raised to the 
 imperial throne in Britain, 407, and put to 
 death four months after. 
 
 GRATiA>r, a Benedictine monk of Chiusy 
 in Tuscany, in the 12th century, employed 
 for 2i years in wi-iting a book to reconcile 
 the contradictory canons one to the other. 
 This book called "Decretals," was in high 
 repute for some centuries, and greatly con- 
 tributed to advance the authority and su- 
 premacy of the papal see. 
 
 Grati ANi, Jerome, an Italian writer of 
 the 17th century, author of the Conquest of 
 Grenada — and of Cromwell, a tragedy — and 
 other miscellanies in prose. 
 
 Gratius Faliscus, a Latin poet in 
 Ovid's age. He wrote Cynegcticon, or Art 
 of Hunting, &c. 
 
 Gratius, Ortumus, a learned Germany 
 born at Helwiok in the diocese of Munster. 
 His real name was Graes. He v.rote seve- 
 ral works, especially Lamentationes Obscu- 
 rorum Virorum, &c. and died 1542. 
 
 Gravelot, Henry Francis Bourguig- 
 non, an engraver of Paris, who spent some 
 time at St. Domingo, and afterv/ards came 
 to London, where he resided 13 years. He 
 employed his art in adorning the best edi- 
 tions of the French poets, and died 1773, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Gr A VEROL, Francis, a French advocate, 
 born at JN'isrnes, who wrote among other 
 works Sorberiana. He was an excellent 
 scholar, and died 1694, aged 59. His broth- 
 er John wrote ArchiEologia Philosophica, 
 against bishop Burnet. 
 
 Graves, Richard, a popular English 
 writer. He Avas born at Micleton, Glou- 
 cestershire 1715, and after receiving liis 
 education at Abingflon school he removed to 
 Pembroke college, Oxford, and afterwards 
 in 173G was elected fellow of All-Souls. He 
 studied physic for some time, but abandoned 
 it for divinity, and entered into orders in 
 1740. He was presented in 1750 to the rec- 
 tory of Ciaverton near Bath, and to this wa.s 
 added in 1763 the living of Kilmersdom, by 
 the friendship of Mr. Allen of Prior park, 
 and the empty honor of being cliaplain to 
 lady Chatham. He distinguished himself 
 much as a popular and pleasing writer, and 
 every where displayed that ease, that free- 
 dom, and that good humor which were so 
 eminently visible in his character. The best 
 known of his publications are, the Festoon, 
 or Collection of Epigrams, 12mo.— Lucubra- 
 tions, in prose and rhyme, published under 
 the name of Peter PomiVet — the Spiritual 
 Quixote, 3 vols. 8vo. a work of merit, in 
 which he successfully exposed to ridicule the 
 conduct and tenets of the methodists — Eu- 
 genius, or Anecdotes of the Golden Bull — 
 Columella, or the Distressed Anchoret — 
 Plexippus, or the Aspiring Plebeian — politi- 
 cal pieces, under the name of Euphrosyne — 
 Recollections of some Particulars in the Life 
 of liis friend Shenstone — Life of Commo- 
 dus, translated from the Greek of Jierodian 
 — Hiero, or Royaltj-, from Xenophon— - 
 Sermons on Various Subjects — Meditations 
 of Antoninus from the Greek — the Reveries 
 of Solitude — the Coalition, or Rehearsal of 
 the Pastoral Opera of Echo and Narcissus — 
 the Farmer's son, as a Companion to Anstey's 
 Farmer's Daughter — the Invalid, with the 
 Means of enjoying Long Life — Senilities, &c. 
 This truly amiable man, long respected for 
 his benevolence, and the urbanity of his man- 
 ners, died at his rectory of Ciaverton, 1804, 
 in his 90th year. 
 
 Gravesande, William James, an emi- 
 nent mathematician and astronomer, born at 
 Delft in Holland, 1GS8. He was educated at 
 Leyden, and intended for the law, and before 
 the age of 19 he wrote an able treatise oa 
 perspective. He settled at the Hague 1707, 
 and pi'actised at the bar, but his acquaintance 
 with learned men led him to the cultivation 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 »f literature, ami he was oiio of tiiflsc who 
 luiittcl ill the pefiodicjil review caik-d " Ic 
 .lounial Litcraire," tVoin 1713 to 17'_"J. In 
 1715 he was one ui the ilelej^ules sent to C(jn- 
 j;i*atulale George I. on his accession to the 
 .liiiglishtlu'one,and duringhis stay in Hnj^land, 
 he became the t'rien<l ol' the great Nlvvkjh, 
 •whose suliliine phil<(SO[)hv he al'lerwards 
 tauglit when elected l()tlie malhenuuical and 
 philosophical ciiair of iieyden. This learned 
 man died 1 742, after long enjoying the re- 
 spect of Ills cDunirymen hy his |)atriotism, 
 talents, and assiduity, lie wrote unjong 
 otiu-r things *' an Introduction to Newton's 
 I'iiilosophy" — " a small treatise on the Kle- 
 juents of Algebra," — a Course of Logic and 
 JVIttaphysics. 
 
 (in AV iNA, Pott r, an Italian poet, who 
 published a 4to. volume of poems, admired 
 Ibr harmony, sweetness, and delicacy. He 
 ■was the fiicml and favorite (d'Sannazius, and 
 Paul Jovius, who speak of him in terms of 
 rapture and admiration. 
 
 (jRAviNA, John A inccnt, an illustrious 
 lawyer, born at Koggiano, 18th I'eh. 1G04, 
 and educated under his relation Gregory 
 Caloprese, the well known plulosopher. He 
 afterwards studied at Naplfjs, and so ardent 
 •WAS his attachment to literature and science, 
 that each day he dedicated 10 often 12 hours 
 to his improvement. He went to Rome 1G'J6, 
 and son)e time after was made professor of 
 canon law in the Sapienzi college, by Inno- 
 cent XT. He was invited by liberal promises 
 and high patronage to settle in the univei-si- 
 ties of Germany, and also at Turin, but he 
 pi-eferred liis residence, where he die«l of a 
 •jiiortification in his bowels, 6th Jan. 1718. 
 Though learned, he was unhappily of a disa- 
 greeable temper, and spoke witJi such free- 
 »lom and contempt of mankind, that he rais- 
 ed himself many enemies. He wrote vari- 
 ous works, hut that which entitles him to the 
 praises of the learned, is his three books, 
 *' de Ortu et Progressu Juris Civilis," the 
 "best edition of which is that of Naples, 2 
 vols. 4to. with the addition of his treatise de 
 Romano Imperio. lu this famous work he 
 called upon the itoman youth to study the 
 law in the oi'iginal records, in the pandects, 
 institutes and the code, and not in modi'rn 
 inelegant abridgments. He wrote also live 
 tragedies besides philological treatises, ora- 
 tions, &c. 
 
 Graunt, Edward, a learned man, head 
 master of Westminster school, andautlior of 
 ** Griecffi Linguse Specilegium et Institutio 
 GriccK Grammatico;." He di*d iGoi. 
 
 Graunt, John, the celebrated author of 
 " Observations on the Bills of Mortality," 
 ■was born inBirchinlane, London, 24th April 
 1620. He was brought up in the rigid prin- 
 ciples of the puritans, and as he was intend- 
 ed for trade, he received no adv,antages from 
 grammar education, but was barely qualified 
 in writing and arithmetic, I'ur the business of 
 a haberdasher. In this employment he gait.- 
 ed by his good sense, and strict probity, the 
 confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens; 
 60 (hat hi rose to all the offices of his -ward ; 
 
 was a common council-man, and a captain^ 
 and then a major of the train bands. Hra 
 " (Jbservations" first appeared in 1C61, and 
 with such success, that Louis XIV. of France 
 adopted his plans foi- the regular register of 
 births and burials, and Charles H. in proof ot* 
 his general a[(probation, recommciided him 
 to the Itoyal society to be elected one of 
 their membors in 1001.2. fn 1005 the third 
 edition of his popular book was piunted by 
 the society's printer, and the author, flatter- 
 ed by the honors paid to his literary services, 
 al)andoned the business (jf shopkeeper, and 
 in lOOG became a tru.stee for the manage- 
 ment of the Xew river, for the countess of 
 Claiendon. In this new ofiice, it has beeu 
 reported by Burnet, that he "was guilty of a 
 most diabolical crime, by blopi»iiig all th& 
 cocks which conveyed water from Islingtou 
 to London, the night before tlie great hrc 
 began, which consumed the city. Tiie accu- 
 sation, however, is false, as he was admitted 
 among the the trustees 23 days after the con- 
 flagration happened; and the malevolent re- 
 port arose only after his death, and prob*bly 
 owed its origin to his change of religious 
 principles, as about 1667 he reconciled him- 
 self to the tenets of the church of Rome. 
 He died IStU April 1674, and was buried in 
 in St. Dunstan's church. Fleet-street, attend- 
 ed by many respectable friends; and among 
 them by sir Wiiliam Petty, to "whom he left; 
 his papers. A fdlJi edition of his book ap« 
 peared in 1G7G, under the care of his friend i 
 and it may be fairly inferred, tliat to this 
 work, and the perserving powers and in^ 
 quisitive mind of the author, we are indebted 
 for the science of political arithmetic, so 
 ably treated afterwards by sir William Petty, 
 Uanicl King, Dr. Davcnant, and other learn- 
 ed men. 
 
 Gray, Thomas, an English poet, son of a 
 reputable citizen, was born in Cornhill 26th 
 Dec. 1716. He was educated at Eton, fron\ 
 whence he removed to Peter-house, Cam- 
 bridge, and four years after, in 1738, he 
 came to town to apply liimself to the study 
 of the law. His pursuits were for a while 
 suspended, while he accompanied his friend 
 Horace Walpole on tiie continent. Two 
 months after his return, in 1741, his fithcr 
 died, and he then discovered that his income 
 was inadequate to support him in the study 
 of the law, therefore he returned to Cam- 
 bridge, v.here he took his degree of LL. B. 
 and where he afterwards chieily fi.xed his re- 
 sidence. Between the yc:a-3 1759 and 1762, 
 he had lodgings in Southainptcn-row, to be 
 enabled to considt the Harlcian and other 
 jMSS. in the British museum, from ■whicU 
 he made some curious extracts. In 176S, he 
 was appointed professor of modern history at 
 Cambridge, but his liealth was such, that he 
 never executed the duties of the ofHce. He 
 died of (he gout in his stomach July 30th 
 1771, and was buried witli his famUy at 
 Stoke Pogges, Buckinghamshire. As a 
 scholar. Gray "^as profound, elegant, and 
 well informed ; hehad read all tlie historians 
 of England. Fr.iqcr. -.; d Iudy,.and was weV. 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 'r'ersecl in antiquities, in criticism, in morals, 
 and politics ; and he possessed tlie most re- 
 fined taste in painting:, arcliitecture, and 
 gardening'. His letters are correct, pleasing, 
 and instructive. His poems, wliich are very 
 few, but most elegant, nervous and sublime, 
 T^'ere published in 1775, in 4to. by his friend 
 Mason, Avho had lived with him in intimacy 
 iSince 1747, and vho, therefore, was -well 
 qualified to prefix to the edition " Memoirs 
 of his Life and Writings." 
 
 Grazzini, Antony Francis, surnamed 
 Jjasca, one of the principal founders of the 
 academy of la Crusca, Avasborn in Florence, 
 and considered as neai'ly equal in merit as 
 a writer to Boccace. He published six 
 comedies, and other things, besides a collec- 
 tion of novels printed at Paris 1756, He 
 died 1583. 
 
 Greatrakes, Valentine, an Ii'ishman, 
 v.-ho acquired some celebrity by attempting 
 to cure diseases by the mere touch. He 
 came to FiUgland ; but the high expectations 
 formed of his powers were soon dissipated, 
 when the populace found themselves disap- 
 pointed. He is described as an extraordina- 
 ry person, by Boyle, who with several others 
 has attested his cures. But, though Glan- 
 ville imputed his healing powers to some 
 sanative qualities about his person, it is plain 
 that his enthusiasm v/as strongly assisted by 
 the imagination of his patients. He was 
 otherwise a humane and virtuous character, 
 and died about 1080. 
 
 Greaves, John, an eminent mathemati- 
 cian and antiquary, born 1602 at Colmore 
 near Alresford, Hants, where his father 
 •was rector. At 15 he entered at Baliol col- 
 lege, and in 1624 he was elected first of five 
 candidates to a fellowship in Merton college. 
 He devoted his time to mathematics and 
 oriental learning, and in 1630 he was chosen 
 geometi'y lecturer in Gresham college. In- 
 tim.ately acquainted with the works of the 
 most celebrated astronomers of the age, he 
 ■wished to extend his knowledge by travelling, 
 and accoi-dingly, in 1635, he went to Hol- 
 land to attend the lectures of Golius at Ley- 
 den, and afterwards passed to Paris, and 
 then visited Rome and other parts of Italj'. 
 Lord Arundel saw and admired his spirit in 
 Italy, and endeavored to prevail upon him 
 to accompany liim to Greece, with the liberal 
 allowance of 200/. per annum, and the pro- 
 mise of more extensive patronage, but 
 Greaves had formed the design of penetra- 
 ting to Egypt, and therefore on his return to 
 England, he communicated his plan to his 
 patpon Laud. With praise-worthy zeal. 
 Laud applauded and liberally encouraged 
 his intentions, but when the city of London 
 vas solicited to add its influence, and to sub- 
 scribe to the design, it was ])ercmptorily re- 
 jected, andGrea\es remembered ever after 
 with sullen disdain the illiberality of the Lon- 
 doners. In June 1637 he embarked for Leg- 
 horn, and from thence he pioceeded to Con- 
 stantinople, where by the kindness of sir 
 Peter Wyche, the English ambassador, he 
 \^a8 introduced to Cvril Lticaris the Greek 
 
 patriarch, who enabled him to procure valtT- 
 able MSS. but whose violent death, how- 
 ever, soon frustrated his design, and render- 
 ed his longer residence at the Porte danger- 
 ous. He then embarked for Alexandria,"and 
 after visiting Rhodes he reached Egypt, Sep, 
 1038. After twice penetrating into the de- 
 sert, measuring the pyramids, and making 
 various observations on the climate, monu- 
 ments, and manners of the country, he left 
 Alexandria April, 1639. He came back 
 through Italy, and after visiting Florence 
 and Rome with the eye of a philosopherand an 
 antiquarian, he embarked at Leghorn, and 
 reached London before midsummer 1640, 
 richly loaded with the classical spoils of the 
 East, Arabic, Persic Greek MSS. besides 
 gems, coins, and other valuable antiquities. 
 The political state of the kingdom, however, 
 promised little encoui-agement to his studi- 
 ous pursuits, and for his attachment to his 
 patron and to his royal master, he sufi'ered 
 much from the virulence and pei-secution of 
 the parliament. He was removed frrtm liis 
 professorship at Gresham college, and l h6ugh 
 appointed to the Savilian professorsiiip of 
 astronomy at Oxford, and permitted by the 
 king to retain his Merton fellowship, 
 he found liimself disturbed in his views of 
 Arranging his papers for the press. In this 
 undertaking he was assisted by his friend 
 archbishop Usher, and thougii the Commons 
 were acrimonious ag.ninst the partisans of 
 royalty, yet he found an active patron in 
 Seldon, who was burgess in the house for 
 Oxford, and to whom he dedicated his 
 *' Roman Foot." Such at last was the per- 
 secution of the parliament that he was eject- 
 ed from the Savilian professorship, in which 
 he was succeeded by Seth Ward, and he 
 afterwards went to reside in London, where 
 he married. Devoting himself to studious 
 pursuits, he shunned the p<i'itics of the times, 
 and chose rather to enrich English literature 
 by the translation of Arabic and Persian 
 manuscripts with ex]>lan:!tor3' notes. He 
 died Sth Oct. 1652, and \ias buried in the 
 church of St. Benet Slierehog, London, 
 He had no chiUken by his wife. His coins 
 were left to his friend sir John Marsham, 
 and his astronomical instruments were pre- 
 sented to the Saviliin profcssorsljip of 0.\- 
 ford, with several of his papers. The best 
 known of his works are, his " Pyraniidogra- 
 phia," and his " Description of the Roman 
 Foot and Denarius." He had formed a 
 plan for adopting the Gregorian calendar by 
 omitting the bissextile days for 40 years, 
 which though appvove<l by the king and 
 council, was not adopted tlirough the turbu- 
 lence of the times. 
 
 Grecourt, John Baptist Joseph Villart 
 de, a French poet, born at Tours Though 
 an ecclesiastic he lived a disorderly life, l)ut 
 afterwards quitted the church, and became 
 the favorite of men of rank and fashion, ou 
 account of his great wit. He died 1743, 
 aged 60. He wrote tales, epigi'ams, songs, 
 fables, sonnets, and other light woi'ks. 
 
 Green, Robert, a poet m the reign of 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 F.lizabetli. He was of St. John's collage, 
 <?anibridge, and aft«Twaiils at Clare liitll, 
 ■nliere he took his <ltgiec of ,M. A. 1583. 
 The wit and humor which he possesseil in 
 great plenty, were unrortnnali;ly prostituted 
 to encourap^e the cuise of vice and ohscetiity, 
 :tnd he showed hiniselt a most nbaiidoiie«i 
 libertine in W>eory and practice. He is said 
 to be the lirst English poet who "wrote for 
 bread, and happy had it been if virtue had 
 been the idol of his muse. Jt is said that he 
 iV It remorse with jienilry and disease, as 
 Cibber has preserved one of his letters to 
 his much injui'ed wife. He died according 
 to Wood 15li'2, of a surfeit, after eating too 
 many jiiekled herrings, and swallowing too 
 Biuch Rhenish wine. His pieces which are 
 numerous, are now little known. 
 
 Green, John, an English prelate, born at 
 or near Hull in Yorkshire, 1706. He was of 
 St. John's college, Cambridge, and after- 
 wards usher of Lichfield school, and then 
 chaplain to the duke of Somerset, who be- 
 came his friend and active patron, and gave 
 him the rectory of Borough Green near 
 Newmarket. In 1748 he was made regius 
 professor of divinity, in 1750 master of 
 Corpus Christ], Cambridge, and in 1756, he 
 became dean of Lincoln, and vice chancellor 
 of the university. On tlic translation of Dr. 
 Thomas to Salisbury, he was raised to the 
 see of Lincoln, and in 1764, he resigned the 
 headship of his college. In 1771 his income 
 ■was irtcreased by the addition of the residen- 
 tiaryship of St. Paul's. It is remarkable 
 that on the debate concerning the dissenters 
 in 1772, he favored the bill for their relief, 
 and was the only bishop who voted with that 
 side of the house. He died suddenly at 
 Bath, 25th April 1779. He wrote the 
 ** Academic, or a Disputation on the State 
 of the University of Cambridge," and some 
 sermons. 
 
 Gr E E N, Edward Burnaby, author of some 
 poetical works, was educated at Benet col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He translated Anacreon, 
 Apollonius llhodius, and some parts of Pin- 
 dar, and paraphrased Persia^. He died 
 1788. 
 
 Green, Matthew, an English poet. His 
 parents were dissenters, but he afterwards 
 abandoned their tenets for the church of 
 England. He held an office at the custom 
 house, where he attended to his duty with 
 diligence and ability. His best poem is the 
 *' Spleen," containing wit, elegance, and 
 originality. He was a very amiable man, 
 and died at the age of 41, 1737. His works 
 have been elegantly edited by Dr. Aikin. 
 
 Greene, Dr. Maurice, a musician, son 
 of a London clergyman. He was organist, 
 before the age of 20, to St. Dunstan in the 
 West, and afterwards in the year 1718, to 
 ^t. Paul's, and in 1727, to the royal chapel, 
 in 1730, he took his doctor's degree atCujn- 
 hridge, and was also appointed professor of 
 music to the university. He projected the 
 plan of reforming our church music, which 
 had been corvupted by mutilated copies, and 
 ihe inatteulion of tianscribcc*'? »pd (h'; dc- 
 
 iign, "jfopped by his ill health, wis hMppriy 
 conipluled l>v his friend Dr. Boyce. lie died 
 1st. Sep. 1755. His pertornjanccs are men- 
 tioned by air John llawkin.s. 
 
 Gheenhii.l, John, :in English paintrr, 
 bort\ at .Sali.sbury. He studied uii<fi-r sir f'e- 
 ter I^ely, who was so jealous of his po wrrs 
 that he never would use his pemil licfore 
 him, till he in;nl\ertiiiily betrayed himself 
 by taking a likemss f)l his wile. His licen- 
 tious and imprudent mode of life, it is said, 
 hastenud his end. A poilrail of bishop ^^a^d, 
 by him, is preserveil in Salisbury town hiJI. 
 He died IDth May, 1676. 
 
 Greenville, sir Richard, grandfathor 
 to the well known sir Bcvil GreenviUe, was 
 son of sir Ro^jer, and was born in Cornwsdl 
 1540. He served in the imperial army 
 against the Turks, and was knighted 1571. 
 He was, in 1585, sent on an expedition to 
 America, and in 1591, he was commissioned 
 to intercept a rich Spanish fleet, in conjunc- 
 tion Avith lord Howard. He willi only a few- 
 ships attacked the enemy's squadron of 52 
 sail, on the American coast; but when about 
 to sink his own ship he was carried on board 
 the Spanish fleet, and died three days after 
 of the wounds which he had receivect 
 
 Greenville, sir Bevil, grandson of sir 
 Richard, was born at Stow, in Cornwall, and 
 educated at Exeter college, under Dr. Pri- 
 deaux. During the civil wars he behaved 
 with singidar courage, and after defending 
 the rights of his sovereign, in various en- 
 counters, he at last fell at the liottle of Lans- 
 downe, near Bath, 5tii July, 1§43, aged 47, 
 
 Gregory, St. surnamed the Great, was 
 descended from an illustrious Roman family. 
 He was made prefect at Rome 573, by Justin 
 the younger, but he soon after quitted all 
 secular employments to retire to a monas- 
 tery. He was sent, by Pelagius, to Constan- 
 tinople as nuncio, and on the death of that 
 f pontiff, he was elected in his room 590. He 
 abored earnestly in his new dignity to heal 
 ditferences, and to make proselytes ; and in 
 Sardinia, and alsoin England, by the preach- 
 ing of Augustine, the moiik, the blessings of 
 the gospel were rapidly spread. This mild 
 and benevolent pontiff died 12th March, 604, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Gregory II. a native of Rome, elected 
 pope afier Constantine, 715. He was an en- 
 lightened and virtuous pontiflf, and died 12th 
 Feb. 731. 
 
 Gregory HI. a native of Syria, who suc- 
 ceeded the preceding, 731. He excommu- 
 nicated the Icnnoelastes, and solicited the as- 
 sistance of Charles Martel, against the Lom- 
 bards, w ho ravagetl Italy, by means of a pom- 
 pous embassy which is regarded by some 
 authors as the origin of the apostolic nuncios 
 in France. He was a chjiiitable but magni- 
 ficent pontift', and the first w ho added tem- 
 ]»oral consequence and imposing splendor to 
 the ecdesiaslical power of the hoi}- see. He 
 died 28th Nov. 741. 
 
 Gregory IV. a native of Rome, elected 
 pope 82*7, or 828. He rebuilt Ostia, and vi- 
 sited Frajjce, to reconcile Uie jarring jn-t.er- 
 
GR 
 
 GK 
 
 csts of the rojal fiitnily, but rciurned wit'u- 
 out accomplishing his designs, and died at 
 Heme, iSth Jan. 844. 
 
 Gregory V. Brunon, a German, elected 
 pope after John XVI. 996. lie was opposed 
 by Crescentius, the consul of Rome, who 
 raised to the holy seat the anti-pope, John 
 XVIT. but the usurper was expelled by the 
 influence of the emperor Otho, who was the 
 I'elation of Gregory, and excommunicated in 
 the council of Favia. He died 18th Feb. 999, 
 aged 27. 
 
 Gregory VI. John Gratian, a Roman, 
 elected pope 1044, after Benedict IX. He 
 labored zealously to restore the revenues of 
 the church to their former florishing situa- 
 tion, antl punished peculators and plunvler- 
 ers, but his anathemas offended those who 
 reaped advantage from the public calamities, 
 and a formidable party was raised against 
 1dm. Gregory defeated them, and rendered 
 travelling easy and safe, but the sevei'ity of 
 his measui-es displeased again the Romans, 
 who preferred public robbery to private in- 
 dusti-y, and Gregory, m disgust, abdicated 
 thetiara, in the council of Sutri, nearRome,^ 
 104C, and was succeeded by Clement II 
 
 Gregory VII. Hildebrand, son of a car- 
 penter of Soauo, in Tuscany. He entered 
 among the monks of Cluni, and obtained 
 preferment at Rome, an<l in 1073 was elected 
 successor to Alexander II. In his new dig- 
 nity, the pope soon assumed extraox'dinary 
 powers, and claiming snpeHoi-ity, not only 
 in all spiritual but temporal afTairs, he re- 
 garded the sovereigns of Europe as vassals 
 whom he could depose and appoint at his 
 pleasure. His presumption soon embroiled 
 liim with his ancient friend Henry IV. em- 
 peror of Germany, Avho had the weakness 
 to submit to his power by the most mortify- 
 ing penance. A reconciliation Avas followed 
 by fresh disputes, and at last Henry elected 
 another pontift', in opposition to Gregory, 
 while the oftended Italian prevailed upon 
 the German princes to apx>oint another em- 
 peror. At last Gregory, tired with the dis- 
 sensions, which his inordinate ambition had 
 i-aised around him, and disgusted with the 
 niurmui's of the Romans, retired to Salerno, 
 •where he died 'i4th May, 1085. 
 
 Gregory VIII. Albert de Mora, of Be* 
 nevento, succeeded Urban III. as pope 1187, 
 and died two months aftei*, 17th Dec. ex- 
 horting the Christian priuces to undertake a 
 crusade against the infidels. The anti-pope 
 Bourdin assumed also the name of Gregory 
 VIII. 
 
 Gregory IX. Ugolin, of the family of 
 the counts of Segni, and nephe^r to Innocent 
 HI. was elected pope 1227. He excited the 
 Christian princes to undertake a crusade, 
 and Frederic, emperor of Germany, though 
 twice excommunicated for his disputes with 
 the see of Rome, joined the expedition. He 
 died 12th Aug. 1241. 
 
 Gregory X, Theobald, of the noble fa- 
 mily of the Vi&conti, at Placentia, was elect- 
 ed pope 1271, while he was in the Holy- 
 land, with Edward king of England. He sum- 
 
 vijoned a general council at Lyons, and la- 
 bored earnestly to heal all schisms in religion, 
 and to reconcile tlie Eastern and Western 
 churches. He died lOth Jan. 1276, at A- 
 rezzo. 
 
 Gregory XI. Peter Roger, nephew to 
 Clement VI. and son of the count of Beau- 
 fort, of Limousin, -was elected pope 1370. 
 He was a zealous promoter of concord and 
 reconciliation among the Christian princes, 
 and distinguished himself by his benevolence, 
 his charity, and his liberal patronage of let- 
 ters. He quitted Avignon, where the popes 
 had fixed their residence for several years, 
 and transferred the see to Rome, where he 
 died 28th March, 1378, aged 47. 
 
 Gregory XII. Angelo Corario, a native 
 of Venice, made a cardinal by Innocent VIL 
 and elected pope 1406, during the schism ia 
 tlie West. He was opposed by Benedict 
 XIII. the other pope, and at last a general 
 council, held at Fisa, deposed both the com- 
 petitors, and elected Alexander V. in theis-- 
 room. Gregory who wished to oppose the 
 proceeding of the council, at last iied before 
 the storm to Gaeta and Rimini, and sent hi.s 
 abdication to the council of Constance. lie 
 died at Recanati, 13th October, 1417, aged 
 92. 
 
 Gregory XIII. Hugh Buoneompagno, a 
 Rolognese, elected pope after Fius V. 1572. 
 He was an able civiUan, and warmly opposed 
 the prntestants. He embellished Rome with 
 churches, palaces, and porticoes, and chiefly 
 immortalized himself by the reformation of 
 the calendar, and the adoption of the style 
 which bears his name. He was assisted in 
 this honorable and necessary alteration by the 
 labors of Lilio, an able astronomer of Rome, 
 hut though the plan was acknowledged uni- 
 versally useful, it was pertinaciously rejected 
 by the protestant princes of Europe. Gre- 
 gory also published the Decretals of Gratian, 
 which were enriched with valuable learned 
 notes. He died 10th April, 1585, aged 83. 
 
 Gregory XIV. Nicolas Sfondrate, son 
 of a senator of Mdan, was elected pope after 
 Urban VII. 1590. He declared himself, at 
 the suggestion of Philip II. of Spain, against 
 Henry IV. of France, and levied an army to 
 enforce his threats, but his troops were de- 
 feated, and his military plans disconcerted. 
 He died of the stone, 15th Oct. 1591, aged 
 57. 
 
 Gregory XV. Alexander Ludovisio, of 
 an ancient family of Bologna, was archbishop 
 of his native town, and made a cardinal by 
 Paul V. He was elected pope 1621, and 
 died 8th July, 1623, aged 69. He erected 
 the see of Paris into an archbishopric, and 
 assisted the empei'or and tlic king of Poland 
 in their wars. He wrote Epistola ad Regent 
 Persarum Schah Abbas, cum Notis Hegal- 
 soni, 8vo. — Decisions de la Rote. 
 
 Gregory, James, a Scotch mathemati- 
 cian, born and educated at Aberdeen. His 
 strong genius began early to display itself", 
 and in 1663 at the age of 24 he invented the 
 reflecting telescope, which still bears his 
 name, but which the inexperience of the 
 
CiU 
 
 GR 
 
 London artiuts could not tlicn construct ac- 
 coi'diiig to his approbHtinn. lie al'tcrwards 
 went to Italy, wliicli at that tine was consi- 
 dered as the cradle ol" luatlieinatical kuow- 
 ' iedge, and applied the powers of his mind 
 ^vit^l sucli success that he discover* <I a ik-w 
 analytical niethod ol" suiiiining up an iiitinitc 
 converging series, to calculate with exactncKs 
 the area ot" the hyperhola, and of the circle. 
 On his returq to London in I(j(i9 he was cho- 
 sen a meml)er of the Royal society, and soon 
 niter engaged in an unfortunate conti-oversy 
 Avilh Iluvgcns al)out ihe <jaa(lra(ure of the 
 circle, in which his arguments were false. 
 Ills rcptitation as a niatlieinalician, and as 
 the inventor of the relli-cting telescope, and 
 of the burning concave mirror, was now so 
 veil established, that the royal academy at 
 l*aris proposed iiini to the French king as 
 tleserving an honorable pension from him, a 
 step which was not, however, adopted. In 
 lG7'i he had a di'^pute, hutiii aniicablo terms 
 ■with sir Isaac Newton after his wonderful 
 discoveries on the nature of ligiit, about the 
 various utility of his dioptric telescope against 
 that of the ciitoptric instrument of his anta- 
 gonist. This able philosopher, vhose genius 
 daily contributed to the improvement of ma- 
 thematical science, was uuliappily attacked 
 hy a fever which proved fatal Dec. 1675, in 
 his 36th year. A short history of his ma- 
 thematical discoveries was compiled and 
 published by his friend Mr. Collins, with his 
 letters to him in the "(Jommercium Episto- 
 licum." His works are Optica Promota stu 
 Abdila Radiorum Reflexorum & Kefracto- 
 rum Mysteria, &c. 1063, translated by Ur 
 Desaguiliers into English — Vera Circuli ^ 
 Hyperboloe Quadratura, &c. besides some 
 papers in the philosophical transactions. 
 
 Gregory, David, nephew to the preced- 
 ing, was born at Aberdeen 24th June, 1661. 
 He there received the elements of his edu- 
 cation, and then went to Edinburgli, where 
 he took the degree of M. A. The fame of 
 his uncle and the perusal of liis papers ex- 
 cited his attention in mathematical pursuits, 
 and at the age of 23 he was deemed capable to 
 fill the mathematical chair of Edinburgh. He 
 published, in 1684, an ingenious treatise called 
 *' Exercitatio Geomctrica de Dimensione I'i- 
 gurarum," 4to. and soon after, on the appear- 
 ance of Newton's Princi[)ia, he applied him- 
 self to study the great truths of that immortal 
 philosopher, and was the first to introduce 
 them into the university schools. In 1691 lie 
 came to London with the intention of solicit- 
 ing th(! Savilian professorship of astronomy 
 at Oxford, upon Dr. Bernard's resign.ttion, 
 and by the friendship of sir Isaac Newton, 
 and of Flamsteed, he succeeded, after being 
 admitted at Baliol college, and incorporated 
 ]M. A. and created M. D. He now devoted 
 himself to his laborious studies, and display- 
 ed great powers in the elements of optics 
 nnd physical and geometrical astronomy, 
 improving the discoveries of others by new 
 and elegant demonstrations. He proposed 
 to publish the works of all the ancient ma- 
 thematician?', and in the prosecution of this 
 
 plan ju'oduced an edition of Endid in C4rciA: 
 and Latin, and prepared viitli liis friend 
 Hailey, an I'dilion of ibe Conies «)t Apol|(j- 
 nius. His lab(jra however were itoppetl Ijy 
 deatli. lie <licd ut his villa near iVlaiden- 
 head, Ifith Oct. 1710, and a ha:tihonie mo- 
 nument was erected to his inuinoyy, in St. 
 Mary's, Oxford, by his widow. His eldest 
 son David, was eclucai(Ml at Christ church, 
 and successively became regius [uofessor of 
 modern history, canon auti dean of his col- 
 legi;. Many of his j»apers were inserted in 
 tlie I'iiilosf^phical 'I'rans.ictioni, and the \n- 
 rious things which he wrote, and the im- 
 provement which he made in geometry and- 
 philosophy are fully mentioned in the liio- 
 graphia Rritannica. His brollier James was 
 for 33 years mathematiial professor at Ediii- 
 bui-gli, where he was succeeded by Maclau- 
 rin. — Another brother, Charles, was 3iJ 
 years mathematical prolessfir at St. An- 
 di'ew's, where he was succeeded by his soi^ 
 David, author of a System of Arithmetic 
 aiul Algebra in Latin. 
 
 Gregory, John, an Vjnglish divine, born 
 at Agmondesham, Bucke, 1 0th November 
 1607. Hi.s abilities displayed themselves so 
 early that as his parents were poor, though 
 well respected, his opulent neigiibors united 
 to give liini a liberal education by common 
 subscription. With this benevolent intention, 
 he M as sent with sir William Drake to Christ 
 church, Oxiord, as servitor, under the tuition 
 of Alorie}^, afterwai'ds bishop of V.'inchester. 
 Young Gregory rose in the esteem of his 
 fellow studeiit:s, he took his degree of .M.A. 
 1631, and was made by dean Duppa, chap- 
 lain of the cathedral. When Duppa was 
 promoted to the see of Chichester, and af- 
 terwards to Salisbury, he accompanied him 
 as his domestic chaplain, and obtained from 
 him a stall in the church of Sarum. The 
 violence cif the times, however, did not long 
 permit liim to enjoy his ecclesiastical honors, 
 he was ejected by the parliament, and, in his 
 distress he Avent to reside in tiic house of one 
 Sutton, vvhokept an ale-house at Kiddington 
 green, near Oxford, to whose son he had 
 been tutor, w here he dieil of the gout in liis 
 stomach, 3Iarch 13th, 1G46. liis remains 
 were buried in Oxford catliedrai. His woi'ks 
 were Notes and Observations on some Pas- 
 sages of Scripture, — an edition of Ridley's 
 View of the Civil and Ecclesiasticrd Law, — 
 '* (ircgorii Posthuma," ^c. 
 
 Gregory, Edmund, author of the "His- 
 torical Anatomy of Chriitian Melancholy," 
 — of *' a Meditation on Job," Svo. was of 
 Trinity college, Oxford, and died 1650. 
 
 Gregory, Dr. John, a physician of re- 
 spectability, born at Abenleen. He studied 
 at Edinburgh and Leyden, and became |>ro- 
 fessor of philosophy and medicine at Aber- 
 deen. He wrote several valuable medical 
 tracts, but he is chiefly known for his " Com- 
 parative View of the Stale of Man, ami 
 other Animals," — a ratlier's Legacy to hk 
 Daughter, and other morrd pieces. He set 
 tied in London in 17.11, but removed to Edin- 
 burgh as profcgsor cf physic, in iTi'.ti. aui* 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 difij tliere 1773, aged 49. His works liave 
 been collected into 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Gregory, Peter, a native of Toulouse, 
 author of some learned but injudicious works. 
 Me died 1527. 
 
 Gregorius, GeorgiusFlorentiits, or Gre- 
 gory of Tours, a learned bishop of Tours, in 
 the 6th century- He was an abie writer, as 
 his Histoiy of France, Lives of the Saints, 
 and other works fully prove, though Gib- 
 bon censures his style as devoid of elegance 
 and simplicity. He died about 595. 
 
 Grenada, Lewis de, a Dominican, born 
 at Grenada. Devoted to the duties and aus- 
 terities of a monastic life, he had the firm- 
 ness to refuse the bishopric of Braganza, and 
 died 1588, aged S4. He Avrote several works 
 which evince his labors, his piety, and his 
 benevolence. 
 
 Grena.v, Benignus, a Latin pact, profes- 
 sor of rhetoric at Harcourt. He was born 
 at Noyers, and died at Paris 1723, aged 42. 
 He was the friend and the poetical rival of 
 professor Coffin. His verses contain great 
 elegance, with many noble and delicate sen- 
 tiracTits. 
 
 Grence, a French painter of gitat 
 merit. His pieces are much admired, pspe- 
 cially the sacrifice of Jeptha, Diana and En- 
 djmion, Susannah, he. 
 
 GRENV1LI..E, George, a celebrated states- 
 man, known in pai-liameutary histoiy for his 
 two bills for the more i-egular payment of 
 the navy, passed in 1757, and for the trial of 
 contested elections, passed in 1770. He was 
 distinguished for his eloquence in the senate, 
 and possessed that extensive and enlightened 
 knowledge which fitted him for the highest 
 offices of the state. He was in 1751, made 
 treasurer of the navy, and became first lord of 
 the treasury in 1763, but resigned two years 
 after to lord Rockingham. He died 13th 
 Kovember, 1770, a^d 58. By Elizabeth, 
 daughter of sir William Wyndham, he had 
 four sons and five daughters, and of these, 
 the present marquis of Buckinghana, who 
 inherited the family estates in Buckingham- 
 shire ; lord Grenville,. and Mr. Thomas 
 Grenville, have raised themselves high in 
 the public estimation for their services to 
 their country, in the important offices which 
 they have filled with so mudi ability, firm- 
 ness, and wisdom. 
 
 Gresham, sir Thomas, descended from 
 an ancient family in Norfolk, was born in 
 London 1519, and was bound apprentice to 
 a mercer. That his mind might, however, 
 be somewhat more cultivated, he became a 
 member of Caius college, Cambridge, where 
 his proficiency was such that he was called 
 by Caius the founder, ** Doctissimus Mer- 
 cator." He was admitted into the mercers' 
 company in 1543, and about that time mar- 
 ried, and in 1551, he went to Antwerp to 
 settle as agent to king Edward, for taking up 
 money from the Flemish merchants. In 
 this office he displayed great dexterity and 
 wisdom, and made the balance of trade pre- 
 ponderate much in favor of England. On 
 Mary's accession he was removed from his 
 
 ofiice, IB consequence of which he present- 
 ed a petition to the queen, and represented 
 in modest terms the many services which he 
 had rendered to her brother Edward, and 
 to the kingdom, in consequence of which he 
 was restored to favor, and continued in the 
 same employment under Elizabeth. lu 
 1559, he was knighted by the queen, and in 
 the midst of his great reputation, and com- 
 mercial prosperity, he built himself a man- 
 sion-house on the west side of Bishopsgate- 
 street, but his hopes Avere ruined, and his 
 happiness embittered by the death of his 
 only son, a youth of 16, in 1564. Full of 
 liberality, sir Thomas wished that the mer- 
 chants of London might meet in a more 
 convenient place than the open air in Lom- 
 bard-street, and therefore, agreeable to his 
 suggestions, the city of London, bought for 
 more than 3532t. about 80 houses, which 
 were pulled down, and on the site of them 
 was begun, 7th June 1566, the erection of a 
 noble building. It was fully completed in 
 1569, at sir Thomas's expense, after the 
 model of the exchange at Antwerp, and Jan. 
 2yth, 1570, EUzabeth, attended by her no- 
 bility, visited it, and by the voice of a herald, 
 caused it to be proclaimed "the Royal Ex- 
 change." Sir Thomas afterwards built the 
 mansion-house at Osterly park, for his resi- 
 dence, and he determined to appropriate 
 his house in Bishopsgate-street to literary 
 purposes, though earnestly solicited to apply 
 his liberality to the foundation of a college at 
 Oxford, or more particularly at Cambridge, 
 where he had received some part of his edu- 
 cation. In 1575 he therefore founded Gi-e- 
 sham college, leaving the half of his proper- 
 ty in the Royal exchange to the corporation 
 of London, and the other to the mercers' 
 compan)', for the endowment of seven lec- 
 tures in divinity, law, physic, astronomy, 
 rhetoric, geometry, and music, at 50/. each, 
 with his house where the lectures were to 
 be delivered. Besides these munificent do- 
 nations, he was a very liberal benefactor to 
 various charities and institutions, and, in 
 every respect shewed that riches in his hand 
 could best be employed in acts of benevo- 
 lence and humanity. This truly illustrious 
 character did not long enjoy the satisfaction 
 of conscious and dignified virtue ; he fell 
 down senseless on his return from the ex- 
 change to his house, Bishopsgate-street, and 
 expired soon after, 21st November, 1579. 
 He was buried with great pomp in his parish 
 church of St. Helen's. His corpse was at- 
 tended by 100 poor men and as many wo- 
 men, clothed in black, and the expenses of 
 the funeral, in those cheap days, amounted 
 to no less than 800/. His lady survived hini 
 some years, she died 23d November 1596, 
 and was buried in the same vault with him. 
 The character of this generous and public 
 spirited man has been drawn accurately by- 
 Mr. Ward, who observes that, to the know- 
 ledge of ancient and modern languages, and 
 an eagerness to patronise litei'ature and 
 learned men, he united a very comprehen- 
 sive knowledge of comraeitial affairs, foreigp 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 ind domestic. He therclurc deservedly ac- 
 quired an immense tbrtunej wliicli rendered 
 liini not oidy tlu" Inijlicst con»iu<uiev in liit- 
 kin<:;(loni, with llie aitiu'llation of the Royal 
 mercliant, but the most capable and the most 
 -willing to eniitloy his opulence in such acts 
 as di^uily huniait natui'e. 
 
 Gresse r, John liaptist Lewis, a cele- 
 brated French poet, known chieily ior his 
 elegant, lively, and interesting poem called 
 Vert-vert. His tF.uvres Diverses were pub- 
 lished 1748, l'2mo. He was director of the 
 i'rcnch academy, and obtained the orckr of 
 !St. Michael, and letters of nobility. He died 
 .nt his native town, Amiens, I6th June 1777, 
 yged 08. His comedy of the Mechant was 
 a very popular play. 
 
 GuE rsER, .lames, a learned Jesuit, born 
 at Marcdorf 15G1. He was twenty-four 
 years professor of moraliJy and school di- 
 vinity at Ingoldstadt, and published a great 
 number of books on tiieological subjects, 
 and against the protectants. To great learn- 
 ing he united unusual modesty. He died at 
 Ingoldstadt 163.5. His works were published at 
 Ratisbon, in 17 vols, folio, by Niceron, 1739. 
 
 Grevenbroeck, a Flcniish painter of 
 llie 17th century, admired for bis sea pieces, 
 and particularly for the correctness with 
 whicli he delineated the moat minute ob- 
 jects. 
 
 Greville, Fulk, or Foulk, lord Brooke, 
 ■was born 1554, at Beaucbamp court, War- 
 ■vvickshire, tlie seat of his father sir Fulk 
 Greville. He was educated, as is supposed 
 at Shrewsbury school and at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and afterwards entered at Ox- 
 ford. After travelling abroad, he was intro- 
 -duced to the court of queen Elizabeth, 
 ■where he became a great favorite, and 
 where he obtained an annual income of 
 ^bove 2000/. as clerk of the signet to tJie 
 council of Wales. I'hough prevented by 
 the commands of the queen from indulging 
 his attachment to military affairs, he dis- 
 tinguished himself, with his aftectionate 
 friend sir Philip Sydney, in the tilts and 
 tournaments whicli engaged the public at- 
 tention on the expected marriage of EUza- 
 beth to the duke of Anjou. In 1597 he was 
 knighted, and continued to represent his 
 tiounty in parliament till the end of the 
 queen's reign. Though under James he 
 obtained the gmnt of Warw ick castle, on the 
 reparation of which he spent 20,000/. yet he 
 found Cecil jealous of his power, and tliere- 
 fore retired to privacy, and to studious pur- 
 jsuits. He wished to engage in the history of 
 his country from the union of the two roses 
 in Henry VH. but Cecil the secretary re- 
 fused him the peinisal of those papei's which 
 might have thrown a great light on the an- 
 nals of that interesting period. After Cecil's 
 death he became, in 1615, a favorite at 
 court, and was made under-treasurer and 
 chancellor of the exchequer, and in 1620 he 
 was raised to the dignity of tlie peerage. He 
 continued in the favor of Charles I. and in 
 the beginning of his reign founded a history 
 lecture in tlie university of Cambridge, with 
 
 an annual salary of 100/. The 6iuceediii|f 
 history of his life is most melancholy ; Ralpli 
 Hey wood, one of his domestics, coiisidciint; 
 his sci-viich to<» long unn.-warded, iipbraide«l 
 him in his i-hand)er with unusual Ireedom, 
 and upon fihiling his applicatioji disregarded, 
 slal)l)c'd him mortally in the back with a. 
 knife or sword, and then retiring to an ad- 
 joining chamber, destroyed himself with the 
 same weapon. This bloody catastrophe 
 happened at I'rook-house, Holborn, 3<Jth 
 l^eplrml>cr, ICrZH. The dead l>ody was con- 
 veyed to Warwick, and buried in St. .Mai7's 
 church there. Lord Brooke deserves to be 
 recorded not merely as a courtier, but as the 
 friund and patron of learned men, and among 
 his respectable associates may be numbered 
 besides Sidney, Spenser, Shakspeare, Ben 
 Jonson, Lgcrton, Overal, Camden, Speed, 
 Davenant, inc. As he was never married, 
 his estates descended to liis relation Robert 
 Greville. 
 
 Gre VI N, James, a French poet and phy- 
 sician, born at Clermont 1538. He was in 
 the service of Margaret of France, duchess 
 of Savoy, and died at Turin, 3th Nov. 1573. 
 He wrote three plays ; and had he not died 
 thus prematurely, he would have been dis- 
 tingui.shed still more by hie genius as a poet, 
 and by extensive practice as a physician. 
 His poems, &c. were printed at Paris 1561, 
 in Svo. As he was a strong Calvinist, he 
 joined Roche Chandicu and Christian to 
 write the well known poem " the Temple," 
 against Ronsard, w ho in his " Miseries of 
 the Time," had abused the protestants. 
 
 Gre VI us, or Gr^evius, John George, a 
 learned Latin critic, born at Naumbourg in 
 Saxony, 29th Jan. 1632. He finished his 
 studies at Leipsic, but though intended for 
 the law by his father, he paid much atten- 
 tion to classical literature, and by the friend- 
 ship and assistance of J. F. Gronovius at De- 
 venter, and of I). Heinsius, at Leyden, he 
 laid the foundation of that universal learning, 
 which soon after so eminently distinguished 
 him. By the persuasion of D. Blondel, at 
 Amsterdam, he quitted the tenets of Luth&r 
 for tliose of Calvin. His reputation was so 
 well established that his assistance as pubhc 
 professor was solicited by the elector of 
 Brandenburg, but he finally settled at De- 
 venter, where he succeeded bis friend Gro- 
 novius. After adorning, by l)is eloquence 
 and the great powers of his mind, successive- 
 ly, the chairs of eloquence, politics, and his- 
 tory ; and after being honored w ith the par- 
 ticular attentions of the states of Utrecht, 
 who as well as many students from Germany 
 and England, paid homage to his superior 
 abilities ; this excellent scholar was suddenly 
 carried oIF by an apoplexy, 11th Jan. 1703, 
 aged 71. By his wife, whom he wiarried 
 1656, he had IS children, but only four daugh- 
 ters survived him. As an editor and anno- 
 tator, Grajvius has acquired great celebrity. 
 Hesiod, Suetonius, Cicero, Florus, Catullus, 
 Tibullus, Propertius, Csesar, Luci.an, &c. 
 M'cre edited by him, besides Callimachus, 
 which his son, who died in his 23d year, ha4 
 
GR 
 
 r.cuily completed. His chief work is his 
 '■' Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum," 
 13 vols. fol. to which he added Thesaurus 
 Antiq. et Histor. Italiaj, printed after his 
 death, 3 vols. fol. The best part of his let- 
 ters to the learned men of the age were 
 preserved in Di*. Mead's collection. 
 
 Greuxe, a very eminent French painter. 
 His Pere de Faraille giving his daughter to 
 an honest peasant, to whom she was betroth, 
 ed, his Filial Piety, and his young Woman 
 deploring the loss of her canary-bird are 
 very fine performances. 
 
 Grew, Obadiah, an English divine, born 
 at Atherston, Warwickshire, 1607. He en- 
 tered at Baliol college, and after taking his 
 degrees in arts, he entered into orders at the 
 age of 5i8, and favoring the views of parlia- 
 ment, settled at Coventry as minister of St. 
 Michael's there. Active and exemplary in 
 his conduct, he was an indefatigable parish 
 priest, and as he sided with the presbyteri- 
 ans against the hierarchy, so he opposed 
 them in their views of cutting ofi'the king ; 
 and even drew^ a promise from Cromwell, as 
 he passed through CovwiUy, in 1647, that 
 no violence should be oftered to his royal 
 master. In 1651, he took both his degrees 
 in divinity, but at the restoration he refused 
 to conform, for which he was ejected from 
 Iiis palish. He died '22d Oct. 1698. He 
 published Meditations on the Parable of the 
 i*rodigal Son, and other tlieological tracts. 
 
 Grew, Nehemiah, son of the preceding, 
 ■w-as eminent as a writer and a physician. 
 He was educated abroad, and was admitted 
 into the college of physicians 1680. His 
 |j;reat merits and extensive practice, in Lon- 
 don, recommended him to the Royal society, 
 of which he became fellow ; and in 1677, 
 secretary. Besides the publication of the 
 philosophical transactions in which he was 
 engaged, he sent to press the Anatomy of 
 Plants, fol. — Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Stomach, &c. fol. — Catalogue of the Rarities 
 of the Royal society — Cosmologia Sacra, &e. 
 He died suddenly. Lady -day 1711, in Lou- 
 don. 
 
 Grey, lady Jane, celebrated for her vir- 
 tues and her misfortunes, was daughter of 
 Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, by Frances 
 Brandon, daughter of Mary, dowager of 
 France, and sister to Henry VHI. She w as 
 liorn in 1537, at Bradgate-hall, Leicester- 
 shire, and from her very infancy shewed 
 great quickness and comprehension of mind. 
 Under Hai-ding and Aylmer, her father's 
 chaplains, she improved herself in the vari- 
 ous branches of learning ; and became such 
 a proficient in languages, that she spoke and 
 Avrote, with astonishing facility, the French, 
 Italian, Latin, and it is said the Greek ; and 
 "was also well skilled in Hebrew, Arabic, and 
 Chaldee. To these high acquirements in 
 literature, were united great beauty, the 
 mildest manners, and the most captivating 
 virtues of humility, benevolence, and modes- 
 ty. Regardless of the pleasures and frivo- 
 lous occupations of the great, she sought for 
 gratification in reading and in meditation. 
 
 GR 
 
 and she observed to her tutor Ascham, v/h» 
 found her reading Plato while the rest of 
 the family were hunting in the park, that 
 the sport which they were enjoying, was but 
 a shadow compared to the pleasure which 
 she received from the sublime author. The 
 alliances of her family, hoAvever, and theii* 
 ambition, were too powerful to ouft'er her to 
 live in her beloved seclusion. No sooner 
 was the declining health of the sixth Edward 
 perceived by his courtiers, than Dudley, 
 duke of Northumberland, prevailed upon 
 the unsuspecting monarch, to settle the 
 crown on his relation, lady Jane, whose at- 
 tachment to the principles of the reforma- 
 tion was indubitable ; and to pass over his 
 sisters Mary and Elizabeth. When this was 
 effected, the artful favorite n^arried his son 
 Guildford Dudley to the future queen, and 
 thus paved the way to the elevation of his 
 own family to the throne. But while others 
 rejoiced in these plans of approaching great- 
 ness, Jane alone seemed unconcerned, and 
 when, at last, on Edward's death, she was 
 hailed as queen by her ambitious father-in- 
 law, Northumberland, she refused the prof- 
 fered dignity, till the authority of her father 
 the duke of Suffolk, and the enti^eaties of a 
 husband whom she tenderly loved, prevailed 
 upon her I'cluctantly to consent. She wa's 
 as usual, conveyed to the tower, preparatory 
 to her coronation, and she was proclaimed 
 queen in the city, and honored w ith all the 
 marks of royalty. This sunshine of pros- 
 perity, was, however, but transitory ; her 
 rival Mary proved more powerful, and the 
 kingdom seemed to espouse her cauae with 
 such loyalty, that Northumberland and Suf- 
 folk yielded to the popular voice, and lady 
 Jane after being treated as queen for a few- 
 days, descended again, and with exultation, 
 to privacy. But misfortunes accompanied 
 her fall. She saw her father-in-law and his 
 family, her own father and his numerous ad- 
 herents brought to the Tower, and at last 
 expire under the hand of the executioner, 
 and she herself together with her husband 
 were to complete the bloody tragedy. She 
 and lord Guilford and Cranmer were car- 
 red to Guildhall from the Tower and at- 
 tainted of high treason, and condemned, but 
 it is imagined that had not Wyatt's rebellion 
 at that time alarmed the suspicions of the 
 bigoted Mary, the innocent Jane might 
 have been pardoned. Three months after 
 her condemnation she was ordered to pre- 
 pare for death, and as her husband was dis- 
 suaded from increasing their mutual bitter- 
 ness by taking leave of each other, she 
 gave him her last Airowell through the Avin- 
 dow as he passed to the place of execution, 
 and soon after she saw his headless body 
 wrapped in a linen cloth borne to the chapel. 
 From the horrid sight she was soon sum- 
 moned herself to the scaffold, where she 
 suffered with the most christian resignation, 
 exclaiming with fervency, ** Lord, into thy 
 hands I commend my spirit." This bloody 
 catastrophe took place 1 'ith Feb. 1554. Jane 
 carried with her to the grare, the regrets 
 
GR 
 
 (iU 
 
 and the xiflcctions of flm proCeslnnts, Rti-.l 
 Alary in sIiciMiiij;' llic liiofitj of tliost- who 
 were so ueaily i ehtteil lo her, sfciuc(! to 
 proclniin Uiat she Ht-lle rcgai-dcd tlio sacri- 
 ficing of tlie livi's of her siiltjccts lo lu'r own 
 higotcd principU'S. 
 
 (iuiiv. Dr. Zac.liary, an Eii_e;lisli at-liolar, 
 desccndcil from a Vork-diirc; fa?.iil\. He 
 was of Jesns coilepc, Canihriilj^e, and aftur- 
 wards r<:riiovcd Lo'l'rinity ha'l, where he look 
 the degree of LL.l). He was rector of 
 lIoughton-Con(|Mcsl, Redfordsiiire, and viiar 
 of St. Clihs' and Si. Peter's in Camhridj^e, 
 and (Ued 25lh Nov. l7Gi), ac^ed 79. He was 
 riuthor of near SO pubiications, tlie hest 
 known of which is his ediliou of Hudiltras, 
 V ilh curious and interesting notes, 2 vols, 
 xvhicli has been censured anil ridicidcd hy 
 AVarburton.and H. I'iehling, but ahly defend- 
 ed by Warton on Shakspearc, He al.so an- 
 swered Neale's History of ihe Puritans, i 
 vols. 8vo. Dr. Grey was twice married and 
 left two daughters. 
 
 Grey, Ur. Kichard, an EngU.'^h divine, 
 horn 16'J3. He was of Lincoln college, Ox- 
 ford, and ohtained the livings of Kilncote, 
 Leicestershire, and afterwards Hinton in 
 ^Torthamptonshire, and a prebend in St. 
 Paul's. He was made D.D. 1731, by the 
 univei-sity for his " System of English Ec- 
 clesiastical Law." He published besides in 
 1736 an anonymous pamphlet called " the 
 Misez'able and Distracted State of Religion 
 in Engh'nd, upon the Downfall of the Church 
 Established," Svo. — and also « a New Meth- 
 od of Learning Hebrew without Points," — 
 Liber Jobi. — the Last "Words of David — 
 some sermons, &c. He lett some daughters, 
 and died 28th Feb. 1771, aged 78. 
 
 G RIB ALDUS, Matthew, a learned civil- 
 ian of Padua, who left Italy to embrace tlie 
 protestant faith, and became professor of 
 civil law at Tubingen. He followed the er- 
 rors of the anti-trinitarians, for which he 
 ■was obliged to fly from Tubingen, and he 
 was at last seized at Bern, where the plague 
 carried him off in Sep. 15fi4, and thus pre- 
 vented the ignominious death which his per- 
 .secutors would have inflicted upon him. He 
 wrote some valuable books on civil law, the 
 best known of which is his"Commenlai"ii in 
 Legem de Kerem Mi.xtura, et de Jure 
 Fisci." 
 
 Gribxer, Michael Henry, professor of 
 the law at V/ittemberg, died 1734. Ha 
 wrote several works in Latin on jurispru- 
 dence, &c. and his abilities are mentioned 
 with respect by Saxius in his OnomasticOn. 
 
 Griekson, Constantia, a woman of great 
 respectability as a scholar in (ireek and 
 Roman literature. She was horn in Kilken- 
 ny, Ireland, of poor and illiterate parents, 
 but she proved her title to celebrity by her 
 edition of Tacitus, dedicated lo lord Car- 
 teret, and by that of Terence, inscribed to 
 his son, and also by her poems, and a Greek 
 epigram of great meiit. In acki.owlcdg- 
 ment of her literary abilities, lord Carteret 
 inserted her name in the patent whicli grant- 
 ed the office of king's printer to her husband 
 for life. She died ia 1733, p^cd only 27. 
 
 She received, as slie iidormrd .Mr;^. Pilkitig- 
 (on, some instruclioM fiom the clergyman oi 
 her parisli, but for tbe best part of her 
 learning, she was intlebted lo l»er own in- 
 <lusti'y. 'I'o her leurning and pbilosoidiical 
 knowledge, she united great modesty, geiiu- 
 ine piety, and every femah; virtue. 
 
 (JuiFFEr, Hirnry, a Jesuit of Moulins, 
 who died at lirnsscis 1775, aged 77. H<i 
 published Daniel's History of France, in 
 which he continued the reign of Lewis XHI. 
 7 vols. 'ilo. besides sermons, and a popular 
 work called " Deliccs des Pavs f!as," 5 vols. 
 l2mo. 
 
 CiniFriEP, Jolm, ao eminent painter, 
 called old G)'iftier, and abroad the gcnllemah 
 of Utrecht. He was born at Amsterdam;, 
 and died in London 1718, aged CO. His views 
 on the Thames vvei'c much admired, as also 
 liis etched prints of birds, beasts, JScc. from 
 the designs of F. liarlow. His son Robert, 
 called the young (uiiiier, was born in Eng- 
 land, and was living in 1713. He was au 
 excellent landscape painter. 
 
 Griffin, the last prince of Wales before 
 its total subjugation by tbe English, was in- 
 humanly put to death in London by his con- 
 queror. 
 
 Griffith, Michael, a native of London, 
 who studied at Seville and in the Low Coun- 
 tries, and became a Jesuit, and was sent as 
 missionary of his ordei* to England. He died 
 at St. Omer's 16.^2, aged 65. He wrote An- 
 nales Eclesise Britannicic, 4 vols. fol. — Bri- 
 tannia Illustrata, 4to. 
 
 GRiFFirns, Ralph, a native of Shrop- 
 shire, known in the republic of letters as tlio 
 first editor and proprietor of ihe Monthly 
 lleview a periodical work, begun, in 1749, 
 and by his assiduity and the co-operation of 
 men of talents and information raised to 
 great celebrity. This useful work was sa 
 ably and so successfully conducted, that it 
 procured him a comfortable independence, 
 on which he retired to his residence at Turu- 
 harii Green, some years before Ids death. 
 He was honored for his services to literature 
 with the degree of L.L.D. from one of the 
 American universities, and he died 1803, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Grigxan, Frances Margaret dcSevignc, 
 countess of, daughter of the celebrated mad- 
 ame de Sevigne, was born in lfi4fi. She 
 married in 1069, count Grignan, an officer of 
 higli rank at the court of Lewis XIV. Her 
 residence in Provence with her husliand, 
 and at a distance from her motlier, was the 
 cause of the writing of those excellent let- 
 ters, which passed between the mother and 
 daughter. She had two daughtei*s and one 
 son. She died 1705, one year after the death 
 of her son, and her husband survived her 
 till 1714, aged 85. 
 
 Grigxox, Jaques, a French engraver at 
 the end of the 17lh centur}-. Hisbest works 
 arehis i)ortraits. He engraved some piece."? 
 from Chauveau's designs for " les Tableau.x; 
 de la Penitence." 
 
 Gri.m.m.bi, Jolm Francis a painter, 
 born at Bologna lOOG. He studie.'J under 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 Tiis relations the Caraccis, ar.d was honoraUy 
 employed by Innocent X. in adorning the 
 Vaticarj, and the other edifices of liome. 
 He also was engaged by Mazarin at Paris 
 Jor three years in embellishing his palace 
 and the Louvre, but the troubles of the times, 
 and the m arrath with which he espoused the 
 cause of his patron, obliged him to fly to the 
 Jesuits for protection. On his return to 
 ilome he gained the patronage of Iniwcent's 
 two successor, Alexander A'^ll. and Clement 
 IX. and devoted the labors of his pencil in 
 their service. He was also skilled in archi- 
 tecture, and 42 of his engravings in aqua for- 
 tis, are mentioned with great commenda- 
 tion. In him the celebrity of the painter 
 >vas united Avith great benevolence and the 
 most chai-itable disposition. He died of a 
 dropsy at liftme 1660, leaving a considerable 
 fortune among his si.\ children, the youngest 
 <5f whom, Alexander, distinguished himself as 
 a painter. 
 
 Grimani, Uomenico, son of the doge of 
 "Venice, was born there 1460. He was a 
 learned man and the correspondent of Eras- 
 mus, and translated some of Chyrsostom's 
 homilies into Latin. He was made a cardi- 
 nal and died 1523. 
 
 Grimani, Hubert, an excellent portrait 
 painter of Delft, who died 1629, aged 30. 
 
 Grimarest, Leonard, a Fxench writer 
 •who died 1720. He wrote the Life of 
 Charles XH. and that of Moliere, severely 
 censured by Voltaire. 
 
 Grimaud, N. de, professor of medicine 
 at Montpellier, is author of a treatise on 
 Fevera — Memoirs on Nutrition, &c. He 
 died 1791. 
 
 Grimmer, James, a much admired land- 
 scape painter of Antwerp, who died 1546, 
 aged 30. 
 
 Grim DUX, a French painter, who affect- 
 ed to make no distinction between night and 
 day. His portraits are highly valued as ca- 
 binet pieces. He died 1740. 
 
 Grimston, sir Harbottle, a learned law- 
 yer, master of the rolls to Charles I. He 
 died 1GS3, aged 9'J. 
 
 Grind AL, Edmund, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born 1519 at Halsinghara in 
 Cumberland. He entered at Magdalen col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and then z-emoved to 
 Christ's, and afterwards to Pembroke hail, 
 when he became fellow 1538, and M. A. 
 1541. He Avas afterwards chosen lady Mar- 
 garet's public preaclier, and distinguished 
 himself so much that Ridley bishop of Lon- 
 don made him his chaplain 1550. The next 
 year he was appointed chaplain to the king, 
 and in 1553 he obtained a stall at Westmin- 
 ster and was marked as one of those who 
 ■where to enjoy in two portions the rich bish- 
 opric of Durham, but the succession of Mary 
 clouded all his prospects. He fled to Stras- 
 hurg, and there remained till the death of 
 the queen, when his services were employed 
 in drawing up the new liturgy and in oppos- 
 ing in a public dispute with seven Qther pro- 
 testants the popish prelates. In 1559 he 
 was made maste* of Pembroke hall, in the 
 
 room of Young, who refused the oaths trf 
 supremac}-^, and the same year he was nomi- 
 nated to succeed after Bonner's deposition as- 
 bishop of London. In 1564 he took his de- 
 gree of D.D. and in 1570 he w as translated to 
 York, and succeeded Parker five years after 
 in the see of Canterbury. His elevation was 
 of short duration. Elizabelh saw with dis- 
 pleasure that the frequent meetings of the 
 clergy for purposes of mutual improvement, 
 and for the better understanding of the scrip- 
 ture, wei'e often converted into faction in- 
 stead of chi'istian edification, and she there- 
 fore directed Grindal to exercise his author- 
 ity to abolish these prophesyings, as they 
 were called. The primate who acknowledged 
 that the interference of the laity in these 
 public meetings was often subversive of good 
 order and decorum, yet saw consequences in 
 the friendly meeting of the clergy so favora- 
 ble to the cause of religion that he ventured 
 to dispute with tlie queen about the proprie- 
 ty of her measures. Elizabeth was peremp- 
 tory, her commands were issued to the 
 bishops to silence all prophesyings and exer- 
 cises, all preachers not lawfully called ; and 
 Grindal, after being allowed a decent time to 
 consider of his conduct, was, by order of the 
 Star-chamber, confined to his house, and 
 his see sequestered from him. Though ia 
 some degree afterwards restored to his me- 
 tropolitan power, yet he chose ito resign 
 his see, and to receive a pension from the 
 queen. With this he retired to Croydon, but 
 died two months after, 6th July, 1583, and 
 was interred in Croydon church. This learn- 
 ed prelate, whose firmness was doubted 
 whilst he held the see of London, and seem- 
 ed to waver in his treatment of the papists, 
 wrote little. The patrons of his early life, 
 Avere besides Ridley, secretary Cecil and 
 archbishop Parker. He was engaged in 
 drawing up the statutes for the government 
 of Christ-church, Oxford, and by his human- 
 ity he provided a new settlement at Embden 
 for the British merchants of Antwerp, whom. 
 Spanish tyranny oppressed and insulted. 
 
 Gringonneur, Jacquemin, a Parisian 
 painter in the l4th century, said to have in- 
 vented playing cards about 1392, to amuse 
 the melancholy hours of Charles VT. king 
 of France, Some, however, imagine that 
 cards were in fashion long before the de«- 
 rangement of the sixth Charles. 
 
 Gringore, Peter, herald at arms to the 
 duke of Lorraine, died 1 544. His " Morali- 
 ties" in verse, though not very interesting, 
 are curious, to mark the progress of theatric 
 cal improvement. 
 
 Grisaunt, William, an English physi- 
 cian, astronomer and mathematician, who 
 studied at Mcrton college, Oxford, ami to 
 avoid the suspicion of magic which in those 
 barbarous ages attended the possession of 
 learning, fled over to France. He settled at 
 Montpellier and afterwards at Marseilles, 
 where he acquired eminence and fame by an 
 inquisitive exammation of the diseases and 
 constitution :of his patients. His son rose to 
 the pontificate under the name of Urban V 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 Ilis works arc rncntioncd in Aikin's Ring. 
 -Memoirs. The tinieofhisilealli is unknown, 
 tliougli lie vas an old man in 1350. 
 
 liitiVE, JoJm do la, a Frt-nch gcopfrajjlK r 
 born at Sedan. He died 1757, aj;ed (iH. 
 His *' Topoj^rapliy of Pari.s" is exlnincly 
 accurate, and lii.s plans of \'ersaille8, Mai-lv, 
 &c. are luucii adinii'ed. He wrote also a 
 JManual of Spherical Trigonometry, and 
 other works. 
 
 <jROCYN, William, a learned F-nRlishman, 
 l)orn at Hi'ir.iol I'l i.*, and eduealed at AVin- 
 chester school, and New college, 0.\f(jrd. 
 In liZy he obtained from liis college the rec- 
 tory of N'ewton l.ongville, Bucks, and after- 
 "wards in conscqnencc of holding in the 
 ablest manner a disputation before llichani 
 1!I. when he visited Oxford, lie was m;ide 
 prebendary of Lincoln. He ti-avellcd to 
 Italy, and improved himself in the Greek, 
 then little understood, under Demetrius 
 Chalcondylas, and Politian, and at his 
 return 1491, settled at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford, where he became pulilic professor of 
 liis favorite language. He was the corres- 
 pondent and friend of P^rrasmus. When 
 that illustrious scholar visited Oxford, Gro- 
 cyn received him with affection, and intro- 
 duced him to Warham the primate, and 
 other great and learned men. In 1490, Gro- 
 cj'n exchanged his living for the mastership 
 of All-hallows college, Maidstone, K^nt, 
 "where he died 1522, of a stroke of the palsy, 
 ■which the year before had greatly impaired 
 liis faculties. He had little respect for Plato, 
 I)ut paid great homage to the philosophy of 
 Aristotle, whose works, he undertook witli 
 Latimer, Linacre, and More, to translate, but 
 <Iid not pursue. He left part of his i)ropcr- 
 ty to Linacre his executor, and to Thomas 
 Lilly the grammarian, who was his godson. 
 A Latin epistle from him to Aldtis Manutius, 
 is preserved in Linacre's translation of Pro- 
 clus de Sphiera. Though Erasmus says 
 this is all he wrote, yet some other writings 
 of his are mentioned by Bale and Leland. 
 
 GROcnowsKi,a Pole, who, after serving 
 in the Prussian armies, took up arms in de- 
 fence of his country against the Russians. He 
 was with Kosciuszko, at the battle of Sye- 
 zekociny, 6th June, 1791, and was mortally 
 Mounded by a canon ball. 
 
 Groditius, Stanislaus, ajesuit of Poland, 
 autlior ol" eight volumes of Latin sermons, 
 and other polemical writings. He died at 
 Cracow, 1G13. 
 
 Gronovius, John Frederic, a respecta- 
 ble civilian, critic, and historian, born at 
 Hamburgh, 1613. After making great pro- 
 gress in literature at home, he travelled 
 through Germany, Italy, and France, further 
 to increase the resources of his mind, and 
 on his return througli Hcventer, he was 
 stopped and honorably appointed professor of 
 polite learning. In 1058 he removed to Ley- 
 den as successor in the professorial chw", 
 to Dan. Heinsius, and there he died'greatly 
 regretted, 1072. He married at Deventer, 
 and had two sons both eminent in literature. 
 He published a dissertation ou Sl-alius' Sylva 
 
 VOL. I. 79 
 
 — a treatise on the Sesterce — a work of 
 Ecclesiastical Wiiters, besides \alu:il)|(: edi- 
 tions of Plautus, Seneca, Sallust, Livy, 
 (^idnlilian, Pliny, &c. 
 
 (.Ko NOV 1 us, James, son of the prcf-ed- 
 ing, was born at J)evenler, 20th Oct. 164.';, 
 and educated uniler his father at Ley«len. 
 In 1 670, Im- viiiltd EiiglamI, and not only 
 examined the valu.ible libraries of the uni- 
 vei-.suies, bti» he gained the friendship f)f the 
 learnc«l, of J'ocock, Peai.son, arid .M. (Jasau- 
 bon,and alter his return to Leydcii, lie ex- 
 tended his travels lo France, where he was 
 introOuc«d to Chaplain, d'He.rbclot, Theve- 
 not, and other .-jcboliirs. Though his father's 
 death discoricertcd his plans, he proceeded 
 to Italy, where the grand duke of Tuscany, 
 in respect to his merits, granted him a pen- 
 sion, and a professf»r's chair, at Pisa, where 
 he had for his colleague Henry Norris, after- 
 wards a cardinal. After some time he left 
 Tuscany, and returning by the way of Ve- 
 nice and Pa<lua, he came to Leyden, where, 
 in 1079, a professorship awaited him. in 
 this peaceful retreat, endeared to him by 
 the residence of his father, and the partiali- 
 ties of youthful life, he determined to pass 
 the remainder of his days, and therefore re- 
 jected the honorable offers of a chair at Pa<. 
 dua, and also at Keil, in Holstein, under the 
 duke of SIcswick. In the midst of his lit- 
 erary occupations the death of his favorite 
 daughter rent Iiis bosom v ith afflicilon, so 
 that in the fullness of his grief, he fell sick, 
 and five weeks after followed her to the 
 grave, 21st Oct. 1716. He left two sons, the 
 eldest a physician and the youngest Abra- 
 ham, history professor at Utiecht. Grono- 
 vius was inferior to his father in modesty and 
 moderation, though superior in learning; 
 but his virulence against his literary antago- 
 nists was such, that he m as called a second 
 Scioppins. Besides editions of Macrobius, 
 Polybius, &c. he published that valuable 
 book, *' Thesaurus Antiquitatum Gr^ca- 
 rum" 13 vols. fnl. 
 
 Gropper, John, an able polemic of 
 Westphalia, wlio refused a cardinal's hat. 
 He died at llome 1559. He liad a great ab- 
 horeuce of women. He wrote a valuable 
 work " Erchiridion Christianie iieligionis.'* 
 
 Gros, Peter, an able sculptor, boin at 
 Paris. He embellished the capital of France 
 with many fine specimens of his art, and 
 died at Itome 1710, aged 44. 
 
 Gros, Nicholas, a theologian of Jtheiras, 
 whose opposition to the bull uni^enitus, ob- 
 liged him to fiy from France. He was for 
 some time in England, and wrote several 
 things on temporary subjects. He was the- 
 ological professor at Amersfort, and in his 
 writings ably supported the jansenists in Hol- 
 land. Iledied 1751, aged 70. 
 
 Grose, Francis, an English antiquary, 
 and able writer. He illustrated " the An- 
 tiquity of England and ^^'ales" in 4 vols. 
 4to. " and of Scotland," in two. His de- 
 sign, with respect to Ireland, was checked 
 by death, whi<di carried him off in Dublin, ia 
 1791, aged 52 He published besides *'a 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 great 
 Dr. 
 
 Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue,'' 
 —Military Antiquities, &c. — a treatise on 
 Ancient Armour, &c. His talents were 
 much admired as a draughtsman, and he was 
 equally respectable as a pleasing and agree- 
 able companion in private Ufe. 
 
 Grosley, Peter John, member of the 
 academy of belles lettres, and of Inscriptious, 
 Was born at Troyes, and died there 1785, 
 aged 67. He wrote " Recherches pour 
 I'flistoire du Droit Francois" — the Lives of 
 the two Pithou's, &c. besides large contribu- 
 tions to the Encyclopedia, and the Diction- 
 naire Historiqnc. 
 
 Grosseteste, Robert, .in English pre- 
 late, born about 1175, at Stradbrook, Suffolk. 
 Tliough obsourely born, he received a de- 
 cent education, most ably assisted by inde- 
 fatigable application, at Oxford and Paris, 
 where he becamq a respectable proficient in 
 Greek hterature, Uttle regarded at that time. 
 On returning from Pai-is, he read lectures ou 
 philosophy and divinity at Oxford, and from 
 the celebrity which he acquired was made 
 archdeacon of Chester, afterwards of AVilts, 
 .i.nd in l'2ij4-5, elected bishop of Lincoln. 
 He died at Buckden, 1253, highly respected 
 for learning, integrity, and piety, even in 
 the opinion of Matthew Paris, who often 
 speaks of him with marked indifference. 
 He wrote commentaries on Aristotle, and 
 other voluminous works, mentioned in Tan- 
 nei"'s Bibiiotlieque. He possessed 
 learning, a clear and vigorous intellect. 
 Pegge has written his life. 
 
 Grosteste, Claude, a French refugee, 
 who came to London, after the revocation 
 of the edict of Naiites. He was minister of 
 the Savoy, and wrote several sermons, and 
 a treatise pn the Inspiration of the Sacred 
 Books, displaying learning, benevolence, and 
 humihty. He died 1713, aged '28. 
 
 Grosvenor, Benjamin, a native of Lon- 
 don, made minister of a dissenting congre- 
 gation, in Ci'osby-square, 1704, and in 1716 
 removed to Salters' hall meeting-house. Be- 
 sides essay on Health, and the Mourner, often 
 edited, and universally approved, he wrote 
 several sermons, and died 1758, aged 83. 
 
 Grotius. or Groot, Hugo, a celebra- 
 ted writer, son of John de Groot, a respec- 
 table burgo-master of Delft. He was born 
 at Delft, 10th April 15S0, and from his ear- 
 liest years displayed strong powers of mind, 
 great genius, sound judgment, and a most 
 retentive memory. He studied at tiie Hague, 
 and afterwards removed to.Leyden under 
 the care of Francis Junius, and here Joseph 
 Scaliger saw and admired his promising abi- 
 lities, and alfectionately interested himself in 
 his improvement. In 1598 he accompanied 
 count Justin of Nassau, and the grand pen- 
 iicner Barnevelt, in their embassy to France, 
 and he was received with every mark of 
 kindness by the court, and presented by 
 Heory IV. with his picture and a gold chain. 
 The university of Paris also {jaid its respects 
 to this learned youth, and granted him a 
 doctor of law's degree before his return 
 to JJoil^d. DcTotiog himself to the law, 
 
 he pleaded his first cause at Delft, kmi 
 though scarce seventeen he commanded the 
 general applause by his eloquence and exten- 
 sive information. But polite literature also 
 engaged much of his attention, and in 1599 
 he published an edition of Martianus Capel- 
 la, dedicated to the celebrated de Thou, and 
 translated into Latin, Stevin's treatise for 
 the instruction of pilots in finding a ship's 
 place at sea. In 1600 he published his 
 Plijenomena of Aratus, and acquired su<ik 
 celebrJt} as a poet that his Prosopopoeia was 
 translated into French by du Vaer, Rapin, 
 Pasquier, and Malherbe, and into Greek by 
 Casaubon. He also wrote ti'agedies, and his 
 Adamus Exui, his Christus Patiens, and his 
 Joseph were received with great applause, 
 lu 1603, he was appointed historiographer 
 to the states of Holland, who thus selected 
 him as the ablest historian worthy to trans- 
 mit to posterity the heroic deeds of their 
 countrymen, and their emancipation froni 
 Spanish slavery. He was next appointed ad- 
 vocate general for the fisc of Holland and 
 Zealand, with an increased salary, and he 
 ably defended in 1609, in his " Mare Libe- 
 rum" the freedom of the ocean, and the 
 right of the Dutch to trade to the east, 
 though the work was severely and acutely 
 censured by Selden. His treatise de Anti- 
 quitate Reipublicse Batavse, to assert the 
 ancient independence of his country from 
 the Roman yoke, and the modern usurpa- 
 tions of Spain appeared in 1610, and was 
 rewarded with the unanimous thanks of the. 
 states. In 1613, he was honorably elected 
 pensionary of Rotterdam, and obtained a 
 seat in the assembly of the states of Holland, 
 and afterwards of the states general, and 
 soon after his abilities were employed in set- 
 tling the disputes between the English and 
 the Dutch, on the subject of the fi«hcry in 
 the Northern seas. In the religious diifer- 
 ences which now began to agitate Holland, 
 Grotius who had hitlierto marcheel unoppos- 
 ed in the road of honor and glory, took ^ 
 share, and, in embracing the tenets of Armini- 
 us, he declared himself a zealous advocate 
 for tolei'ation. His conduct, and that of 
 those with whom he acted, proved offensive 
 to prince Maurice, and the conference, be- 
 gun for reconciUation, soon ended in mis- 
 trust and warfare. At the national synod of. 
 Dort, 15th November, 1618, the five articles 
 of the Arminians were condonned, their 
 ministers were banished, and their three 
 able defenders, Barnevelt, Grotius, and Hoo- 
 garbetz, were tried, and the first was execu- 
 ted, and the others doomed to perpetual im- 
 prisormient. In his prison of Louvestein, 
 Grotius found consolation in literary occupa- 
 tions, and though his confinement was rigo- 
 rous, he derived evei-y comfort from the 
 attentions of his wife, who after some diffi- 
 culty was permitted to visit him. The fond 
 care of this worthy Avoman at last procured 
 his deliverance, after a captivity of nearly 
 two years, and on pretence of removing 
 books which she declared pi'oved injurioas 
 to her husba{^d's health, she- whs pei'raitttjJ 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 to send away a small chest of ili-awers oPthc 
 length of tliree feet and a half, in wliicli he 
 was confined. Thus carried hy two scdditis 
 iVoni the fortress ol" LouvrsUin, the chest 
 wa3 removed to (Jorcum on horsehack, and 
 at the h«uise of a fiien«l the ilhisti-ious pris- 
 oner was set at llliert)-, and iinniciliately 
 escaped dis_u;uiscd in the dress of a mason 
 with a rule and a tr»)wel, to Valvic in Hra- 
 bant, and then to Antwerp. From Ant- 
 werp he wrote to the states general, excul- 
 pating himself, and asserting that his con- 
 duct was giiideil by the purest love for his 
 country, and the sincerest regard for the in- 
 terests of tlie states, and he afterwards went 
 to Piiris, where he received a pension fi'om 
 the French court. His apology a])peared in 
 1C2'2, but it was received with such indigna- 
 tion by the slates general, that all persons 
 were forbidden to read it on pain of death, 
 and a decree was issued to seize the ofl'end- 
 ing author wherever he couUl be found. In 
 l<o^23 he retired from the tumults of Paris to 
 the seat of one of his frie»ils near Boulogne, 
 and there began his great work on the Rights 
 of Peace and War. The death of Maurice 
 in Holland made no change in the politics of 
 the Dutch, and the next stadlhohier, Frede- 
 ric Henry, professed the same enmity against 
 the exiled sufferer, but, at last, through the 
 solicitations of his friends, and the earnest 
 applications of his wife, the confiscation was 
 removed from his property, and in October 
 1631, he ventured to revisit Holland. Though 
 honorably received at IJotterdam, at Am- 
 sterdam, and at Delft, he found still the 
 spirit of rancour in tl»e magistrates, and 
 when threatened again with persecution, he 
 determined to remove from an ungrateful 
 country on which his services and his wri- 
 tings have conferred immortal fame. In 
 INfarch 1632, he retired to Hamburgh, nnd 
 there was flattered with the most pressing 
 and liberal irtritations from Spain, Portugal, 
 Denmark, Holstein, and other princes, but 
 lie preferred the friendship of Oxenstiern, 
 and a residence in Sweden, to all other 
 situations. By the kindness of his new pa- 
 tron, and the celebrity of his 0%^^! meritori- 
 ous Avorks, he was at last declared counsellor 
 to the queen of Sweden, and appointed her 
 ambassador to France, and for eight years, 
 till 1644, he supported the character of his 
 station, and the interests of his new adopted 
 country, with firmness and with dignity. 
 When, at his own solicitation, he retireil 
 from the French embassy, he removed 
 through Holland to Sweden, ami was honor- 
 ably received by queen Christina ; but seeing 
 the cabals of his enemies, who, without me- 
 rit, were jealous of his fame and consequence, 
 he sighed again for retirement, and request- 
 ed permission to go to Lubec. On the 12th of 
 August 1645, he embarked, but the vessel 
 was driven by a dreadful storoi on the coast 
 of Pomcrania, and Grotiu?, intent to reach 
 Lubec, arrived at Rostock, after a tedious 
 journey of sixty miles, exposed to the rain 
 and to the inclemency of the air. The diffi- 
 culties of his journey were increased by the 
 
 attacks of a fever, and the illustrious stran- 
 ger, whom the ingratitude of his country- 
 men had banished from his home, and the 
 envy of courtiers had tlriven fi'om his long 
 wished for asylum, sinking under fatigue and 
 disease, expired at midnight, 2Sth August, 
 1615. His remains were cr»tivi'yrd to Delft, 
 and deposited in the grave of Ik4s family, 
 where ibis modest epitaph written by liim- 
 self marks the spot : 
 
 (Jrothis hie Hugo est, Batavum captivun 
 ft exiil, 
 Lcrrutiis reg)ii, Snceia 7nn:;}ia, tui. 
 Besides his valuable treatise on the Christian 
 religion, which is known to every student of 
 Christianity, and his treatise tic .lure Belli & 
 l*aci.s, and the other pieces already mer>- 
 tioned, he published, among other -Horks, 
 Via ad Pacem I'Lcclesiasticam, — Anlhologia, 
 — HistoriaCiothorum, — Commentary on the 
 Old and New Testaments, — Dissertatio Hia- 
 toric. de Dogmat. Ritib. ^c. — I'^cclesice, hic. 
 — de Originc (jentium American. — Notc^ 
 on Tacitus, Lucian, &tc. — Epistles, &cc. His 
 wife, Mary Reigesberg, whom he marrie»I 
 1608, survived him.-- She was a woman of a 
 most respectable family in Zealand, and ii> 
 her character most amiabje, benevolent, and 
 exemplary. The religious opinions of Gro- 
 tius were very favorable to the cliurch of 
 England, and it is no despiofible testimony 
 to the purity and authenticity of the doc- 
 trines of our national establishment, that its 
 tenets and discipline were commeiidcd and 
 applauded by a man whose judgment was so 
 discriminating, and whose opinion is so res- 
 pectable and so satisfactory, especially on 
 the subject of religion, to which he devoted 
 for a long time all the powers of a strong, 
 vigorous, and unjirejudiced mind. Tv.o of 
 the sons of this illustrious character, Corne- 
 lius and Diederic, embraced the military 
 profession, and another, Peter, became emi- 
 nent in the law, and as a philologist, and was 
 known as a pensionary of Amsterdam. He 
 died 1678. 
 
 Grottus, William, brother of Hugo, was 
 boi'n at Delft, and distinguished liimself as a 
 lawyer. He wrote Encliiridrion do Princi- 
 piis Juris Nature, — &c Vitae Juris consulto- 
 rum in Pandectis Nomin. &fc. and died 1G62. 
 
 Grove, Henry, a learned teaciier among 
 the presbyterians, born at Taunton, Somer- 
 sctsliire, 4lh January 1083. He was de- 
 scended from very respectable families in 
 Devonshire and Wiltshire, by his lather and 
 mother, and therefore his education was pal^ 
 ticularly attended to. After being under the 
 care of Mr. Warren, who kejit an academy 
 at Taunton, he went to London, and Jitiidied 
 under his relation, Mr. Rowe, and by his 
 learning and abilities, recommended himself 
 to the notice of some respectable divines, 
 among whom was Dr. Watts. At the age 
 of twenty-tM'O he began to be a preacher, 
 and soon after married ; and undertook witji 
 Mr. James, the care of 'J'auuton academy, 
 in the room of his friend Warren, where he 
 continued very successfully employed for IS 
 ytars. During tbi;.t «ime Le ei;gaged in the 
 
GR 
 
 GR 
 
 Iheologloal dispQtes -which agitated the dis- 
 senters and tlie cKrg)-, ami he published his 
 ** Essay on the Terms of Christian Com- 
 munion," and other thmg^. In 1736 he lost 
 his wife, and the following year he f II a vic- 
 tim to a violent fever, which carried liini ofi' 
 aTih Feb. 1730-7. An inscription was pla- 
 ced over his grave by Dr. AA'ard of Gresham 
 college. He wrote Miscellanies in prose and 
 \crse, besides a Discourse on Saving Faith, 
 —an Essay on the Soul's Immortality — and 
 the numbers 588, 601, 026, 035, in the Spec- 
 tator. His posthumous works appeared in 
 1740, 4 vols. Svo. 
 
 Grove, Joseph, an Englishman, -who 
 -wrote the life of cardinal Wolsey. He died 
 1764. 
 
 Gruchius, Nicolas, of a noble family in 
 Rouen, -was the first who explained Aris- 
 totle in Greek. He translated Castanedo's 
 history of the Indies, and wrote a treatise de 
 Coraitiis llomanorum, besides tracts against 
 Sigonius, and other works. He died 1572, 
 at liochelle. 
 
 Grudius, Nicolas Everard, treasurer of 
 Brabant, v/rote sacred and profane poetry 
 in Latin, and died 1571. 
 
 Grue, Thomas, a Frenchman at tlie end 
 of the seventeenth century, who translated 
 several English works into French, and 
 among them, Ross's history of all lleligions, 
 and Rogers' Gate opened to the Knowledge 
 of Paganism. 
 
 Gruet, N. a young poet of very promis- 
 ing abilities, who was unfortunately killed by 
 the discharge of a fowling-piece, on which 
 he was resting liis head, and of which the 
 trigger was pulled by the motion of his dog. 
 His farewell of Hector and Andromache, 
 nnd his Annibal to the Carthaginian senate, 
 are poetical pieces of great merit. He died 
 1778, aged 25. 
 
 Gruget, Claude, a Parisian of the lOth 
 century, who translated Spanish and Itahan 
 -works into French, and among them tlie 
 queen of Navarre's Heptameroii. 
 
 Gruner, John Frederic, an able theolo- 
 gian and scholai', boi'n at Cobourg. He 
 v.'i'ote an introduction to Roman x\ntiquities, 
 — Miscellanea Sacra, — Critical Remarks on 
 the Classics, besides editions of Cselius Se- 
 dulius, Eutropius, Patercidus, and other 
 valuable works. He died 1778, aged 55. 
 
 Gruterus, Janus, an eminent philolo- 
 gei', born 3d December 15G0, at Antw. rp. 
 JHis father was burgomaster there, and he 
 ■was obliged to fly in consequence of signing 
 that petition to the duchess of Parma, which 
 gave rise to the word Guex. He came to 
 Norwich with his wife, who was an Englishwo- 
 man, and with his infant son. Under the eye 
 of his mother, who was an excellent scholar, 
 and could read Galen in the original, young 
 Gruter made a rapid progress, and at the 
 proper age he was sent to Cambridge. On 
 the return of his parents to the continent he 
 followed them and completed his education 
 at Leyden, where he took a doctor's degree 
 in civil law. During the political agitation 
 of Flanders, he travelled into foreign coun- 
 
 tries, and -was some lime professor of histoiT 
 at Wittemberg, but refused to continue 
 there, as a confession of faith, contrary to 
 his sentiments, was tendered to him. He 
 was afterwards offered a professor's chair at 
 Padua, but he prefeired tlic invitation which 
 he had received to settle at Heidelberg. In 
 this situation he published his large collec- 
 tion of inscriptions, dedicated to the em- 
 peror Rodolphus II. who in approbation of 
 his merit granted him the license of pub- 
 lishing his own works and those of others, 
 and intended him the honors of nobility, the 
 completing of wiiich his death prevented. 
 On the taking of Heidelberg he had the 
 misfortune to lose his valuable librai'y which 
 had cost him liJOO golden crowns, and all 
 applications for its I'ecovery Avere fruitless. 
 He afterwards had honorable invitations to 
 settle in Denmark, and in the university of 
 Franeker, but he rejected them, »nd at last 
 fixed his residence at a country house near 
 Heidelberg, from whence going to visit his 
 son-in-law he was 10th September 1527, 
 suddenly taken ill, and expired ten days af- 
 ter. He was buried in St. Peter's church, 
 Heidelberg. He was an able critic, a man 
 of extensive erudition, and a very volumi- 
 nous and respectable writer. 
 
 Gruterus, Peter, a practitioner of pln*- 
 sic in Flanders, Mho published in 17U9 at 
 Leyden *' a Century of Latin Letters," with 
 obsolete phrases, and a " New Century," 
 also in 1629 at Amsterdam, where he died 
 1634. 
 
 Gryllus, son of Xenophon, slew Epa- 
 minondas, and fell himself at the celebrated 
 battle of Mantinea, B. C 363. 
 
 GRYNiEus, Simon, a learned German, son 
 of a peasant of Swabia, born at Veringen, in 
 the county of Hohenzollern, 1493. He stu- 
 died with great assiduity, and became Greek 
 professor at Vienna, but his attachment to 
 the protestants exposed him to many dan- 
 gers and frequent persecution. He was im- 
 prisoned by the monks at Baden, and after 
 his liberation had a conference v ith Luther 
 and Melancthon at Wittemberg. He was 
 afterwai'ds for six years Greek professor at 
 Heidelberg, from whence he went to Basil, 
 and, in 1531, visited England with strong re- 
 commendations from Erasmus to sir Tho- 
 mas More, Montjoy and others. In 1534 he 
 was employed in reforming the churoli and 
 school of Tubingen, and two years after re- 
 turned to Basil, and in 1540 assisted at the 
 conferences of Worms. He died of the 
 plague the next year at Basil. He Avas an 
 excellent scholar, Avhose great erudition is 
 usefully displayed in his editions of the Al- 
 magest of Plotemy, of Euclid, Plato, Pro- 
 clus, &c. 
 
 Gu ynjEus, John James, a native of Berne, 
 of the family of the preceding. He Avas min- 
 ister and divinity professor at Basil, and died 
 there 1617, aged 77. He was blind for the 
 last five years of his life. He Avrote notes on 
 several of the fathers, besides an ecclesiasti- 
 cal history, &c. 
 
 Gryn.«;iis, Thomas, nephew of the pr^- 
 
GU 
 
 CiU 
 
 •:c(ling, was born at Syringcn in Swahia, and 
 oducatetl under the tare <jf liis uncle. He 
 ■vvas Latin and (ireck prolcbsor at HeriK' and 
 Jiasil, and v.i.s liiglil} rcsiicctcd as a scliolar 
 Mud a man. lie k-il tbur suns, all cniinenl in 
 literature. 
 
 GRVPiiiARUEn, Joiui, professor of his- 
 tory aud [)oetry at Jena, was author of some 
 work;;, tind die<l 101'2. 
 
 CJitvi'Hius, Sebastian, a celebrated prin- 
 ter at Lyons, born at Keiitldingen in Swa- 
 bia 14U3. He was c(iually known as a scIki- 
 lar, and Conrad (iesner, in testimony oi bis 
 merit, dedicated one of Ids books to him, 
 :ind Julius Sci.lii^er also spoke icspcctfuily ol 
 his abilities. The booksprinled Ijv <iryphu»s 
 are nmcli admired, especially his Hebrew, 
 (ireek, and Latin editions, and parliculaily 
 his " Latin liitjje," in 2 vols. fol. in the lars^- 
 ost types, then seen, 15.50. He died IjjO, 
 and left his trade and reputation to his son 
 and able successor Anthony (ir^phiiis. 
 
 GuYPHius, Andrew, the Ooineille of 
 Germatiy, was born at Glogaw iGlG. He 
 is highly extolled by the Germans as a tragic 
 writer, and he also published in a line vein 
 of satire and irony, a critique on tire ancient 
 comedies of the Greeks. He died 1G04. 
 
 Gryphius, Christian, son of Andx*ew, 
 ■was professor of eloquence at Breslaw, and 
 principal librarian of the college of Magda- 
 len. He was a man of extensive erudition, 
 and was the author of German poems — a 
 treatise on the German language — of a dis- 
 sertation ou the historical writers oi" tlie 17th 
 century, &c. He died 1706, aged 57. 
 
 GuA DE ]Malve8, John Paul de, a 
 French ecclesiastic, born in Languedoc. He 
 first conceived the idea of au encyclopedia, 
 which was so successfully executed by d' Alem- 
 bert, Diderot, and others. He wrote Usage 
 de I'Analyse de Descartes, bcc. and died at 
 Paris 1786, aged 74. 
 
 GuADAGNOLO, Philip, a learned orienta- 
 list, born at JSIagliano, He chiefly devoted 
 liimself to the study of Greek, Hebrew, 
 Chaldean, Syriac, Persian, and particularly 
 Arabic, which he taught many years in the 
 Sapienza college at Home. He was so well 
 versed in Arabic, that he spoke an oration in 
 that language before queen Christina at Rome 
 1656. He also at the request of pope Urban 
 VHL undertook in 1G22, and linished after 
 27 years' labor, a translation of the Bible in- 
 to Arabic for the use of the Eastern ciiurch- 
 es, pul)lished at Uomc 1671, 3 vols. fol. He 
 wrote besides an Apology for the ('bristian 
 Religion in Latin l6ol, and in Arabic 16.37, 
 against a Mahometan, and witli such eliect 
 that his antagonist embraced Christianity — 
 "a Methodical Arabic Grammar"--an Arabic 
 Dictionary, not completed, the manuscript 
 of which is preserved in the convent of San 
 Lorenzo in Lucina. This accomplished scho- 
 lar died 1656, aged CO. 
 
 GuAGUiN, Alexander, an author, who 
 was born at Verona 1538, and died at Cra- 
 cow, aged 76. He wrote some valuable topo- 
 graphical works, especially " Sarmatiaj Eu- 
 j-opeK Descriptio, Spires," 1581 — et Uerum 
 Palonicarum Scriptores, 3 Tols. 8vo, 
 
 Gu.'XLBERT, St. John, a lloicnLmc wiio 
 founih-d a monastery at Vallombrosa among 
 the Apennines, wlure he died 1073 The 
 si»ot ib immortalized by the pen of MiUon in 
 his ParaJlise Lost. 
 
 (it ALDUS, Prioratus, or Galea^zo, an 
 Italian historian, born at Virenza, wliere be 
 die<l lt)7il. He was historiographer to the 
 emperor, and wrote the History ol Fei'di- 
 nand H. and 111. and also of Leopold, 3 vols, 
 folio — the Troubles of Prance from 16-iS to 
 1654. 
 
 G u A I. T n R u s,;Rodolphus, author of Com- 
 mentarlc. on l!ie liiljle, and of a translation of 
 Julius Pollux, was born at Zurich 1520, and 
 died 15S6. 
 
 GuARiN, Peter, a Benedictine of liou- 
 en, who died at Paris IT'JO, aged 51. He was 
 an excellent Hebrew schoLsir, and published 
 a Hebrew (irammar, 2 vols. 4to. and also R 
 Hebrew Lexicon 
 
 Guar IN I, an ert)inent scholar, of a noble 
 Veronese family, uho went to Ojnstantino- 
 l)le to learn Greek, and was the first who 
 taught it in Italy. He was professor of learn- 
 ed languages at Ferraja, and translated some 
 of the ancient authoi's, especially Straboand. 
 Plutarcli's Lives, and died l-iGD, at Ferrara. 
 His son Haptisla was professor at F'errara, 
 and translated into Italian some of Plautus's 
 comedies, and wrote besides some poems 
 and other works, kc. 
 
 GuARiNi, John Baptist, a famous Italian 
 poet, great-grandson of the precc"ding, born 
 at Ferrara 1537. He wak educated at Pisa 
 and Padua, and afterwards introduced to tlie 
 court of Alphonso H. His abilities were 
 employed in frequent embassies to V^cnice 
 and to Turin, where his *' Pastor Fido,*' 
 was first exhibited to the applauses of an ad- 
 miring populace, at the nuptials of the duke 
 of Savoy with the sister of Philip HL of 
 Spain. In 1571 he went as ambassador to 
 Ivome, and four years after negotiated in Po- 
 land, to obtain for his master the crown, 
 which Honry of Valois had resigned. Dis- 
 gust, with the intrigues and ingratitude of the 
 court, drove him, in 158^2, into retirement; 
 but he was prevailed upon again to become 
 secretary of state, and ambassador, and again 
 he abandoned, with dissatisfaction, the ofiices 
 of elevated life for jirivacy. As t!ie duke of 
 Ferrara had favored his son in a law-suit 
 against him, lie offered his services to tl«e 
 duke of Savoy ; but the loss of his wife, in 
 15S9, produced a revolution in his senti- 
 nicnls, and for a while determined him to 
 become an ecclesiastic. After, however, be- 
 ing in the service of the duke of Mantua, he 
 Mas reconciled to Alphonso of Ferrara; but 
 fresh quarrels aro-ic, and Guarini quilted 
 his country for the protection of the grand 
 duke of Tuscany. He died at Venice, Oc- 
 tober IGl'J, aged 70, after exhibiting the 
 peevishness and dissatisfaction of an ambi- 
 tious, but inconsistent, character. He was 
 member of several learned societies; but so 
 regardless of the poetical fame which his 
 Pastor Fido had acquired, tb.at lie consider- 
 ed it below the rink of a gentleman to be a 
 
GU 
 
 GV 
 
 pwct. He wi-oic several tl!ing3 besides, men- 
 tioned by Niceron. 
 
 GuARi^s^i, Guarino, a wcH known archi- 
 tect, born at Modena. He died 1683, aged 
 59. He embellished Turin, and other cities 
 of Italy, and even Paris, with palaces ; but 
 though admired, his buildings are irreguJar. 
 
 GuASCo, Octavian, a native of 'I'urin, 
 who died at Verona 17S3. He a>, as member 
 of the French academies, and distinguished 
 himself by his v. ritings, especially " a treatise 
 on Asylums," — on tlie Statues ol" the An- 
 cients, kc. 
 
 GuA7,2,i, Stephen, an Italian, secretary 
 to the duchess of Mentz, and author of some 
 poems, dialogues, &c. much esteemed. He 
 died at Paviaj ISGa. 
 
 GUA2.2.I, Mark, a native of Padua, emi- 
 nent in arms and in literature. He wrote an 
 History of Charles YIH. — an History of his 
 own Time, and other things, much admired. 
 He died 1558. 
 
 GuAY Trouin, Rene du, a famous ad- 
 Kiii'al. Vid.Uv'GvAY. 
 
 GuDius, Marquard, an able critie of Hol- 
 stein, educated at Rensburg and Jena. He 
 early displayed a strong inclination for lite- 
 rature, and was recommended by Gronovi- 
 us to D. Heinsius, as a person of great and 
 promising talents ; but his parents were anx- 
 ious to advance him at court, and, therefore, 
 earnestly desired to see him lay aside all stu- 
 dious pursuits. By the interest, however, of 
 liJs friends Grt3vius and Gronovius, he ob- 
 tained the ofiice of tutor to a young man of 
 iamily and fortune, named Samuel Schas, 
 and with him he began to travel, in 1659, in- 
 to France. His abilities, and the recommen- 
 dation of liis friends in Holland introduced 
 him to the learned of Paris and of Toulouse, 
 and after visiting the libraries and most cu- 
 rious collections of f^ranc<i aTid Italy, the 
 tator and the pupil returned, in 1664, to 
 Germany. lie was afterwards in England, 
 and ill the company and friendship of his 
 pupil, who possessed great erudition, and 
 employed much of his great property in the 
 eoliection of rare and valuable manuscripts, 
 he spent tlie v/hole of his time, and declined 
 accepting a professorship which was ofiered 
 him at the Hague. So great and sincere was 
 the friendship betAvecn Gudius and Schas, 
 that the pupil left his property to his pre- 
 ceptor in 1675 ; but such was the ungrateful 
 conduct of Gudius, that on the acquisition of 
 his riches he forgot and disregarded the 
 friends in Holland, to whose interference he 
 owed his elevation and his opulence. He 
 •v^as afterwards counsellor to the duke of 
 Holstein, and to the king of Denmaik, and 
 died immaturely, as Burman observes, in 
 1689. Though very learned, he never pub- 
 lished any thing of great importance ; the 
 notes and MSS. however, •which he commu- 
 nicated to his friends were valuable, and his 
 assistance and abilities have been honorably 
 recorded by Grtevius, Burman, and otliers. 
 
 Gudius, (iottlob Frederic, a Lutheran 
 minister, author of some valuable works, 
 especially on the DifncuUy of leai-ning He- 
 
 brew — ^Remarks on the Enipei'or Julian*— a 
 Life of Hoffman. 
 
 GuEDRiER DE St.Aubin, Henry Mi- 
 chael, a doctor of the Sorbonne, born at 
 Gournai-en-bray, near Rouen. He died ab- 
 bot of St. Vulmer monastery, in Bayonne, 
 1742, aged 47. He distinguished himself as 
 a casuit, and wrote the Sacred History of 
 the two Covenants, 7 vols. 12mo. Sec. 
 
 GuERARD, Robert, a Benedieline monk, 
 born at Rouen, where he died 1715, age<l 74. 
 He wrote an Abridgment of the Bible in 
 questions and answers, 2 vols. l'2mo. and as- 
 sisted Delfau in tlie editing of St. Austin's 
 work, and was sent to exile, when his asso- 
 ciate was disgraced for his book called I'Abbe 
 Commendataire. 
 
 GuERCHEviLT.E, Antoinette de Pons, 
 marchioness of, a French lady, remarkable 
 for her dignified answer to Henry IV. who 
 meditated an attack on her virtue. If, said 
 slie, I am not noble enough to be your wife, 
 I am too noble to be your mistress. When 
 married to Mary de Medicis, he made her 
 lady of honor to hh queen, saying, Since 
 you are a lady of honor, be one to ray 
 wife. 
 
 GuERCHi, Claude Lewis de Regnier, 
 count de, a French general, who distinguish- 
 ed himself in the wars of Italy and Flanders^ 
 and afterwards came to England, as ambas- 
 sador from his court. He died 1768. 
 
 GuERCiNo, Francisco Barbieri da Cento, 
 so called from a cast in one of his eyes, was a 
 painter of eminence, born near Bologna^ 
 1590. He began to practise his profession at 
 the early age of eight, and by attending the 
 lessons of Michael Angelo, and the Carac- 
 cis, he acquired gi-eat reputation for cor- 
 rectness, invention, and a becoming boldness 
 in his figures. For two years he practised at 
 Rome, by the desire of Gregory XV. but af- 
 terwards the liberal offers of the kings of 
 England and France could not draw him 
 away from his favorite retreat at Bologna. 
 Christina queen of Sv/eden, paid her res- 
 pects to him, and shook him by tke hand, 
 by that hand, said he, which had painted 106 
 altar pieces, 144 pictures for people of dis~ 
 tinction, and besides composed 10 books of 
 designs. He died 1666, a bachelor, leading 
 much of Ids property to build chapels, and 
 for other charitable purposes. His private 
 character for piety and morality, was as em- 
 inent as his abilities as a painter. 
 
 GuERET, Gabriel, eminent as an advocate 
 at the bar, and as an author, was born at Pa- 
 ris 1641, and died there 1688. He wrote 
 *' Parnassus reformed" — the War of Au- 
 thors, and other facetious and satirical 
 works. 
 
 GuERicK, Otho, a German philosopher, 
 and physician, celebrated as the inventor of 
 the Air-pump, and of the W^eather glass. 
 He was counsellor to the elector of Braden- 
 bui-gh, burgo -master of Magdeburg, and 
 author of some treatises on experimental 
 philosophy. He Avas tAvice married, and by 
 his first wife had Otho, who was counsellor 
 to the king of Prussia, aad a man of Jearn- 
 
Gir 
 
 GU 
 
 ing. Tiis able mnn ilicd at Ilaiuljur^ii, 
 16S6, flgcti 84. 
 
 (iuERiN, Francis, profosior of the cdI- 
 Icge of Deauvais, li-ansl:ilcii 'i'ucilus ami Li- 
 vy into Frciicli. His Livy was estfcmcJ, 
 jiriutcd at Rarltou's press, 10 vols. 12iiio. 
 
 Gl'EUIMERe, Frniicis liobichon, aullioi- 
 of "rEcole tie Cavalcnc," and " Klemeiisdc 
 Cavakrie," was equerry to the Frendi king, 
 •Mu\ died 17J1. 
 
 Guerre, Martin, a Frenchman, uhose 
 history excited r.onie interest in liis country. 
 After living about lOyears with Bei'lrande <le 
 Itols, his wife, he went from her and engaged 
 jU the Spanish service. Eight years after 
 one of his friends, Arnaud du Thil, present- 
 ed himself to the deserted Bertrande, and 
 by imposing on her credulity, was received 
 by her as her husband. 'I'he impostor was 
 suspected by the uncle of Guerre, but du 
 Thd, though prosecuted, and condemned to 
 be hanged, assei'ted his innocence, and de- 
 daring himself the real Martin, appealed to 
 the parliament of Toulouse. Tlie cause 
 seemed intricate, but before the decisive sen- 
 tence was pronounced, Martin returned, and 
 the impostor was for his treacherous and im- 
 moral conduct, lianged and burned, 1650. 
 
 GuESCLiN, Bertranu du, a celebrated war- 
 rior, constable of France, he was a native of 
 Britany, but his education had been so ne- 
 glected, that he could neither read nor Avrite, 
 and in his person he was as mean, as his mhul 
 was noble. He was principally distinguished 
 iu his wars against the English. His life 
 has been ^^rittcn by several of his country- 
 Tncu. He died in the midst of his triumphs, 
 before Chateau Neuf de Rendon, 1380, aged 
 69. 
 
 GuETTARD, .lohn Stephen, a French 
 physician and botanistj whose extreme ap- 
 plication in literary pursuits, brought on a 
 premature death 1780. He wrote Observa- 
 tions on Plants, 2 vols. 12mo. and Memoirs 
 of different parts of the Sciences and Arts, 
 3 vols 4to. 
 
 Guevara, Antony do, a Spanish Avriter, 
 born in the province of Alaba. He was 
 brought up at court, and became known as a 
 preacher, and historiographer to Charles V. 
 He was made bisliop of (luadix in Granada, 
 and of Mandoncdo in Galicia, and died 1544. 
 The beet known of his works is "J)ial of 
 Princes, or, the life of M. A. Antonius," 
 Avhich has been translated into all the langua- 
 ges of Europe. He is deservedly censured 
 as an Idstorian, not oidy for the ill taste, but 
 tlie improbabilities, and distorted accounts, 
 which he introtluces as historical facts, more 
 becoming the meretriciousness of romance 
 than sober truth. He wrote besides Golden 
 Epistles, &c. His nephew, Anthony, was 
 also an ecclesiastic, and author of Commen- 
 taries on the Scriptures. 
 
 Guevara, Lewis Velez de, a Spanish 
 comic poet, admired in the court of Philip 
 IV. for ins pleasantries. His humorous piece 
 " el Diabolo Cojuelo" is the foundation of 
 le Sage's Diable Boitcaux. He was a native 
 «if Icija, in Andalusia, ami di'-d 1016. 
 
 Cl'eulette, Thomas Simon, a Ftench 
 advocate, author of some novels and come- 
 dies, was born at I'aris, and died 170G, aged 
 H3. His workb display genius, elegance, uud 
 I Hse. iictiidcH *' the Sultans of Guzcrat, hccw 
 he wrote Italian piecrs, ^c. 
 
 G ug:.i EL.Mi M, Uttuiinic, n matlicmati- 
 ciau, born at Bologna. He was of the acade- 
 my of I'aiis, and was patronised by Lewis 
 XIV. Of lii'j vnluablc works which be wrote 
 the treatise on the Nature of Itivers is Uie 
 most esteemed. His works are printed at 
 (iencva, il vols. 4to. 171'J. He died 1710, 
 aged 55. 
 
 GuinER i', author of GestaDei perFran- 
 cos, or an History of the Jirst Crusade, <licd 
 abbot of llogent-sous-Couci, ll'J4, aged 71. 
 
 (iuiBEur, .?ames Anthony Hippolite, a 
 nati\e of Montauban who early served ia 
 the German wars, and became a colonel ia 
 Corsica. He puUislied in 1770, Essai ge- 
 neral du Tacti(jue, and afterwards quitted 
 the military profession to devote himself to 
 dramatic writings. He became member of 
 the French academy, in the room of Thomas, 
 and died 1790, aged 4^. Besides tragedies, 
 he wrote also the eulogy of the king of Prus- 
 sia — of Catinat, and of I'Hopital. 
 
 GuicciARDiNi, Francisco, a celebrated 
 historian, born at Florence, 14S2, of a noble 
 family. After receiving a most liberal edii- 
 cation, he practised the law, and held some 
 ofriccs of dignity and imporlancc, ahd 
 then devoted himself to the public altairs ol" 
 Ids native city. From Florence, he went to 
 Rome, and was highly honored by Leo X. 
 and i:is two successor.s, who employed hiia. 
 in a high, civil, o.nd military capacity, and 
 trusted much to his integrity and talents. He 
 died universally respected 15^0. His history 
 of Ital}-, in Italian, 4 vols. 4to. is a peribrm- 
 ance about which his countrymen deservedly 
 pride themselves. 
 
 GuicciARDixi, Lewis, nephew of the 
 historian, was himself a writer of great fideli- 
 ty. He w as born at i^'lorence, and died at An- 
 twerp, 15S9, aged 66. Of his valuable works 
 the most esteemed is his description of the 
 Fays Bas, in Italian, translated into French 
 by Belleforet. 
 
 Gui CHARD, Claude de, liistoriographer 
 to the Duke of Savoy, w as author of a curi- 
 ous work called '* the Fujierals of the An- 
 cients" in 4to. He died 1607. 
 
 GuicHERON, Samuel, a French advocate 
 of Bourge, in Bressc, known as an historian. 
 Among other things his " Genealogical His- 
 tory of the House of Savoy," is much admi- 
 red by Bayle and others. He died 1064, 
 aged 57. 
 
 GuiDi, Alexander, an Italian poet, bora, 
 at Pavia in IMilan, 1650. He was patr^iniscd 
 by the duke of Parma, and afterw ards under 
 the protection of Christma of Sweden, who 
 resided at Rome, he not only became ac 
 r|uainted with the literary cliaracters of that 
 city, but read to great advanL'ige the works 
 of his favorite roasters, Dante, Petrarch, anci 
 Chiabrara. After thus enjoying tlic friend- 
 ship of tlic learncttj aud the good opinion of 
 
GU 
 
 GU 
 
 llie popes, of Eugene of Savoy, an*l others, 
 }»e was seized wllh an apoplexy which proved 
 faUil at Fiescati, in June, 1712. His body 
 \vas carried back to Rome, and buried in the 
 churcli of St. Onuphrius, near that of Tasso. 
 His works \\hich consistof pastorals, operas, 
 am! other poems written in an easy, agree- 
 able, but correct style, wei-e published at Ve- 
 rona 172G, 12rno. with an account of his life. 
 Though re»i)ectable as a poet, he was in his 
 pei-soii very tleformcd, his head was disagree- 
 ably large, and he was blind of one eye. 
 
 GuiDO, Ueni, a celebrated Italian painter, 
 torn at Bologna 1575. His father who was 
 a musician designed him for his profession, 
 ■but nature had given him a strong genius for 
 paintino:, aj\d by improving himself under the 
 direction of Dennis Calvert, a Flemish pain- 
 ter, and afterwards of the Caraccis, he ac- 
 quired such excellence "as rendered him su- 
 perior to t!ie artists of his age. His merits 
 happily were not buried in oblivion, lie was 
 honored with the notice and esteem of pope 
 .Paul V. oT the cardinals and princes of Italy, 
 of Lewis XIII. of Philip IV. of Spain, and 
 of Udislaus kingof Sweden and Poland. He 
 lived in great splendor at Bologna, and after- 
 ivards at Rome, but a most invincible attach- 
 ment to gaming ruined his fortune and ren- 
 dered him indigent and discontented. From 
 the most elevated aftiuence he sunk to \x)ver- 
 ty, and the reflection of his deplorable and 
 rumed situation had such an eft'ect upon him 
 that it brought on a distemper of which he 
 died 164'2. In his youth his features were 
 so pleasing that his master Ludovico Carac- 
 ci painted his angels from him. In every 
 part of his character Guido was respectable, 
 gaming was his only vic«. His pictures are 
 much valued, and they adorn the collections 
 of the great. His best piece is what he 
 painted with Domenicheno in the church of 
 St. Gregory. Some of his designs were 
 etched by himself. 
 
 • Guido, Cagnacei, an historical painter of 
 Bologna, disciple to Keni Guido. He pos- 
 sesserl great merit. He died 1680. 
 
 GutDOTTi, Paul, a painter, engraver, 
 and architect, of Lucca. He had also some 
 knowledge of anatomy, and pretended he 
 could fly with wings. In the attempt he fell 
 and broke his limbs. He died 1629, agetl CO. 
 
 GuiGNARD, .lohn, a Jesuit born at Char- 
 tres, and professor of divinity at Clermont 
 college. He was executed at Paris 7th Jan. 
 1595, for high treason. During the afl'air of 
 John Chastel, which so nearly concerned the 
 life of Henry TV. sonie papers were seized 
 at Clermont, in the hand-^V^iting of Guig- 
 nard and as in these he raaijitained that the 
 murder of Henry III. and of Henry IV. was 
 lawful, and refused to retract his assertions, 
 he was put to death. 
 
 GciGNES, Joseph de, a native of Pon- 
 toise, who studied -tlrc oriental languages un- 
 der Stephen Fourmont, and became inter- 
 preter to the French king, 1741, and mem- 
 ber of the belles lettres academy 1753. The 
 I'evolution though it huwied him not to the 
 guillotine; yet proved the source of his ifl's- 
 
 ery an«I reduced him to poverty. Ue died 
 at Paris 1800, aged 79. He was w'ell acquaint- 
 ed with the Chinese characters, and for 35 
 years was the principal conductor of the Jour- 
 nal des Savans. He Avrote General History 
 of the Huns, Turks, Moguls, and Tartars, 5 
 vols. 4to. -the Life of Fourmont-the Military 
 Art of the Chinese — Memoir to prove the 
 Chinese an Egj-ptian Colony — Essay on the 
 Oriental and Greek Topography — Principled 
 of Typographical Composition — Memoirs in 
 the Academy of Inscriptions, &c. 
 
 Guild, Wdliam, D. D. a Scotch divine 
 born near Dundee, an»l educated at the Ma- 
 risohal college, Aberdeen, where he was 
 successfully professor of philosophj', divinity, 
 and church histoxy. Though lie opposed the 
 covenant in 1638, he afterwards complied, 
 and at the restoration went as one of the 
 commissioners to Breda to congratulate 
 Charles II. He wrote in 1657 an answer to 
 a Roman catholic book on Innovations, and 
 died 1662, much esteemed, aged 60. 
 
 GuiLLAiN, Simon, a sculptor, rector or 
 the painting and sculpture academy at Paris. 
 He died 1658, aged T7. 
 
 GuiLi.AXDius, Melchior, an eminent 
 physician and botanist of Koningsberg in 
 Prussia. He was taken by the Algerines 
 when going on botanical pursuits to Africa. 
 His commentary on the Papyrus is full of 
 erudition. He wrote several works, and di- 
 ed at Padua 1589, where he was botanical 
 professor. 
 
 GuiLLELMA, a woman of Bohemia, who 
 in the 13th century, founded in Italy a sect 
 which united enthusiasm with lewdness. Af- 
 ter being respected during life as a saint, she 
 Avas, when dead, dug up from her graAC and 
 burnt with ignominy. ' 
 
 G u I L L E M E A u, James, a French surgeon, 
 author of some valuable books on his pro- 
 fession. He died at Paris 1612. 
 
 GuiLi.ET DE St. George, George, 
 first historiogi-apher to the academy of 
 painting and sculpture in Paris, was boi'n at 
 Tliiers in Auvergne, and died at Paris 1705, 
 aged 80. He wrote among other things, the 
 iiistory of Mahomet II. — Ancient and Mo- 
 dern Sparta — Ancient and Modern Athens, 
 kc. 
 
 GuiLLiAUD, Claude, doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, was author of Commentaries on the 
 Gospels ofSt. Matthew, and St. John, and of 
 Collationes in oranes S. Pauli Epistoias, &c. ' 
 
 GuiLLiM, John, author of the celebrated 
 vork " display of Heraldry'' in folio, was 
 born in Herefordshire 1565, and educated at 
 Brazen-nose college, O.xfonl. He was of the 
 society of the college of arms, and in 1G17, 
 was made rouge-croix ])ursuivant of arms. 
 He died 1621. The sixth edition of his val- 
 uable work appeared 1724, with many edi- 
 tions. Some have attributed the work to 
 Dr. Barkham. 
 
 Gu ILL or IN", a physician, horn at Saintes, 
 29th March 1738. He studied at Paris, and 
 at the revolution he was sent as a deputy to 
 the national assembly from Paris. In ma- 
 king a report on the penal code, he rccom- 
 
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 mended an instrument of death which might 
 be more expeditious, and create to the unhap- 
 py suflTererslcss l):iiu than t-ilhcithf haltfi- or 
 the wheel, and this new ii)a<-liinei«oralally usctl 
 duiing the civil dissensions ollhestate,liasini- 
 mortalizfd flu- name of its author. 'I'houi;h it 
 is reported that he ptriilud undtr his guillo- 
 tine, it is however certain that he died a na- 
 tural death, and it is said of f^iicf f«»r tlu- in- 
 famous abuse (»f what he iuu'nded for the 
 more humane punishment of the guilty. 
 
 CiriscAKi), Robert, a famr)us Norman 
 knight, sou of Tancretl llauteville, of Cou- 
 tances, assisted in the conquest of Naples 
 and Sicily, from the Saracens. He obtained 
 tHie dukedom of Apulia and Calabria, and 
 toDk prisoner pope (iregr)ry VII. who died 
 a rapti\e under liis care. His daughter mar- 
 ried (Jonstantine, son of the emperor Mi- 
 chael Ducas, for which elevation he is cen- 
 sured by the invidious Anna Comena. He 
 died 1US5, in the island of Corfu. 
 
 CiuiscARD, Charles, a Prussian olficer of 
 distinction, author of " Military Memoirs 
 of the Greeks and liomans" a valuable w ork. 
 He wrote besides Memoircs Criti(jues &c 
 Historitiues sur Plusieur Points d'Antiquites 
 Militaires, 4 vols. 8vo. &cc. As a soldier, he 
 served with reputation under the Dutch, and 
 under Fre<lcric H. of Prussia, who called 
 himQuintusIcilius, and gave himai'egimcnt. 
 He died 1775, aged 33. 
 
 Guise, Claude <le Lorraine, duke of, fifth 
 son of duke Rene 11. of Lorraine, settled in 
 France and became the founder of the fam- 
 ily of Guise there. At the battle of Marig- 
 iian he displaye«l such valor, that he receiv- 
 ed more than '20 wounds. He married An- 
 toinette de Bourbon of the blood royal, in 
 1513 f and died 1550. 
 
 Guise, Francis, duke of, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was a man of great talents, and ex- 
 tensive influence in France. In him began 
 the factions of Conde and Guise. He Avas at 
 the head of the Catholic party, and was a 
 most furious bigot. He died by a pistol shot 
 from the h^^id of Poltrot de Mere, a protes- 
 tant gentleman, 1563, aged 44. 
 
 Guise, Henry, duke of, eldest son of 
 Francis, was born in 1550. Brave and gal- 
 lant as a soldier, lie was turbulent, imperi- 
 ous, factious, and violent as a subject, and at 
 the head of that party which were called the 
 league, and formed by the intrigues of his 
 brother the cardinal, under pretence of sup- 
 porting the catholic religion and the state, he 
 long overawed the king, Henry III. and pre- 
 •vented his appearance at Paris. After mas- 
 sacring the Huguenots, and fdlingthe streets 
 of Paris with blood, on the famous day called 
 the day of Barricades, (iuise consi«\ered his 
 success secure, but Henry escaped his guards 
 and fled to Blois where he called an assembly 
 of the states. Guise ajjpearcd there, but a 
 forced reconciliation with the king was fol- 
 lowed by the assassination of tlic dema- 
 gogue's, 23d Dec. 15 88, and on the morrow 
 the cardinal shared the fate of his brother- 
 
 Guise, Charles, duke of, eldest son of 
 Henry, was arrested on his father's murder 
 
 YOT,. !>. 
 
 80 
 
 and confined in the castle of Tours, from 
 which he escaped 159'2. His partisans re- 
 ceived him with o|icii arms, jjut In- :ifler- 
 w ards had the good sense to be reconciled to 
 the king, and might have lived in security, 
 had not Uic.belieu's jealousy of him driven 
 Inm from the kingitoni. He fled to Italy, 
 and died at Cima lo40, aged Oy. 
 
 (iuisE, Lewis de Lorraine, cardinal of, 
 son of Henry, was illustrious as well in arms 
 as in the arts of peace. He was with Lewis 
 Xllf.in Poitou, where he greatly signalized 
 iiimself lie died at Saintes 1C21. 
 
 Guise Henry ofLoiraine,duke of, grand- 
 son of Henry, was remarkable for liis in- 
 trigues wilh the duke of Bouillon, and the 
 court of Soissons, whicii obliged him to fly 
 from Fi'ancc! to Rome. Ihiring his exile, 
 the revolt of the Ne:ii)oIitans from the Span- 
 ish power-. Called him into the field, but 
 while flusiied with victory lie rcgardtd the 
 crown of Naplcsaireacly within his reach, he. 
 was taken prisoner at Abruzzo and carried 
 to Spain. After four years' imprisonment 
 he was liberated. He died IGG4, aged 50, 
 author of Memoirs ofjiis Neapolitan Enter- 
 prise, which appeared in one vol. ito. after 
 his death. 
 
 Guise, William, an English divine, boru 
 at Ablond's court, near Gloucester IG53. 
 He entered at Oriel college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow, and he applied 
 himself with indefatigable zeal to the .study 
 of oriental literature, and published a trans- 
 lation with a valuable commentary of "Mis- 
 nte Pars Ordinis Primi Zeraim I'ituh Sep- 
 tem." His learning was highly esteemed 
 both at home and abroad. He died of the 
 small-pox 1G38, and was buried at St. Mi- 
 chael's Oxford, where lie had long resided, 
 and where his wife erected a monument to 
 his memory. His son was general Guise of 
 military memory. 
 
 GuiTTON, d'Arezzo, an early Italian 
 poet, some of whofee productions are to be 
 found in the Florence collection of ancient 
 Italian poets 1527, in 8vo. He florishcd in 
 the middle of the 13th century. 
 
 GuiTTON, John, a native of Rochelle, 
 mayor of the town when it was besieged by 
 Richelieu. He always liad a dagger on the 
 table, to stab the first man who talked of 
 surrendering, and when told chat many per- 
 ished by famine, he said, it matters little if 
 one only is lejii^to shut the gates. 
 
 GuLDENSTAEDT, Jolin Antoiiv, a fa- 
 mous traveller, born at Riga. He visited 
 during an absence of three years, Astracan, 
 Caucasus, (ieorgia, Tartary, and the neigh- 
 boring ])laces, with tJic e\esof a politician 
 and pliilosopher. His jierformances are enu- 
 merated by Coxe. He was honorably in- 
 vited to Petersburg, where he became pro- 
 fessor of languages, and where he died of a 
 fever, 1781. 
 
 GuNDLiXG, Nicolas .lemme, a native of 
 Nuremberg, professor of eloquence, civil 
 Jaw, and plxilosophy at Halle, on which sub- 
 jects he wrote some valuable works. His 
 repntatipn for sagacity nud kiiot\ledge wa« 
 
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 slich that he wae often consulted at Berlin 
 b>- the court. His " Course of Philosophy," 
 " of Literary History," and liis History of 
 moral Philosophy, are much esteemed. He 
 dred rector of Halle 1729. 
 
 GuNN'ERUS, John Ernest, a native of 
 Christiana, made hishop of Drontheini 1758. 
 He dietl at Chz'istiansund 1773, aged 55. 
 He was well skilled in botany, and published 
 Flora Norwegite, &c. He founded, for the 
 encouragement of Natural history, the royal 
 ^Norwegian society at Drontheira. Linnseus, 
 in compliment to his mei-it, gave the name 
 of Gunnera to a plant. 
 
 Gunning, Peter, an EngUsh prelate, 
 born at Hoo in Kent, 1613, ami educated at 
 Canterbury school, and Clare hall, Cam- 
 bridge. He became fellow and tutor of his 
 college, and distinguished himself as a 
 preacher, but he exposed himself to the per- 
 secution of the parliament, on account of his 
 zeal for the king's service ; and when eject- 
 ed, he returned to Oxford. Here he was 
 made chaplain of New college, and after- 
 "wards became tvUor to lord Hatton, and sir 
 Francis Corapton, and chaplain to sir Uob- 
 crt Shirley, at whose deatli he obtained the 
 chapel of Exeter-house, Strand. At the 
 restoration, his services and sufferings were 
 rewarded ; he was created D. D. by the 
 king's mandate, and then advanced to a pre- 
 bend of Canterbtir}', and successively to the 
 headships of Corpus Christi and St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. He was one of the com- 
 mittee for the review of the liturgy, and he 
 liad a conference with the dissenters at the 
 Savoy, in 1661. In 1669, he was made bish- 
 of Chicliester, and in 1674, he was translated 
 to Ely, where he died, 6th July 1684, a bach- 
 elor. He was buried in his cathedral. Opin- 
 ions have varied with respect to his charac- 
 ter, but it must be confessed, that, though 
 some question, whether his head was as good 
 as his heart, he was distinguished by erudi- 
 tion, piety, and exemplary manners. His 
 charities to public use Avere great and nu- 
 merous. 
 
 GuNTEu, Etlmund, a mathematician, of 
 Welch extraction, born at Guntcr's town, 
 Brecknockshire, 1581. He was educated at 
 Westminster, under Busby, and entered at 
 Christ-church, Oxford, where he took his 
 degrees, and was ordained. His genius led 
 him to mathematical pursuits, and by the 
 new projection of a sector, he acquired ce- 
 lebrity, and was in 1619, honorably appoint- 
 ed jtstronomy professor at Gresham college 
 1619. In this appointment he directed all the 
 powers of his mind in the improvement of 
 science. He invented a portable quadrant, 
 observed a new variation in the magnetic 
 needle, and contrived that valuable rule of 
 proportion, the line of numbers, called from 
 liim, Gunttir's scale. His merits gained him 
 not only the friendship of the learned, of 
 Oughtred, Henry Briggs, and o-thers, but 
 the patronage of the earl of Bridgewater, 
 and the notice of his sovereign Charles I. 
 This excellent philosopher was carried off 
 ill the prime of life lOtli Pec. 1GJ26. He was 
 
 buried in St. Peter's the poor, Broad-streetj 
 where no monument records the name of a 
 mathematician, whose services to science 
 and to mankind are so great. The fifth edi- 
 tion of his works Avas published by Leybourn, 
 1674, in 4to. 
 
 GuNTHER, a German poet in the begin- 
 ning of the 18th century, whose superior 
 genius proved his destruction. As he wa# 
 going to be presented to Augustus II. king 
 of Poland, a rival poet mixed some poisonous 
 drugs in his drink, in consequence of which 
 the unhappy man, as he was addressing the 
 monarch fell down, and he expired soon af- 
 ter, in his 28th year. He wi'ote some ele- 
 gant poetry, an Ode on Eugene's victory 
 over the Turks, &c. 
 
 GuRTLER, Nicolas, a native of Basil, wh«> 
 died 1707, aged 53. He wrote a Greek, 
 
 German, and French Lexicon Historia 
 
 Templariorum — Origines Mundi Institutio- 
 nes Theologicse. 
 
 GusMAN, Lewis, a Spanish Jesuit, author 
 of the history of his fraternity in the Indies, 
 and the success of their missions in Japan, 
 14 books. He died at Madrid 1605, provin- 
 cial of Seville and Toledo. 
 
 GussANviLL AN, Peter, anativeof Char- 
 tres. He edited the works of Gregory the 
 Great, the best, before the Benedictine edi- 
 tion. 
 
 GusTAVus, king of Sweden, was son of 
 Eric, duke of Gripsholm, is known by the 
 name of Gustavus Vasa. He was born l49Qt 
 After the reduction of Sveden by Christiati 
 II. king ef Denmark, Gustavus was kept a 
 prisoner in the capital of the conqueror ; 
 but after many years of captivity, he escaped, 
 and appeared among the Dalecarlians, whom 
 he engaged to I'evolt. A great boldness of 
 character, and an ardent love of military glo- 
 ry, together with capacious resources of 
 mind, had calculated him for a leader iR 
 times of danger and difficulty. The conduct 
 of the Danes, who had murdered his father 
 and other Swedish nobles, roused him to 
 revenge. He re-took Upsal ; and though 
 occasionally defeated, he acquired fresh vigor 
 from disasters ; and animated to desperation 
 by the cruelties of Christian, who put his 
 mother and his sister to death, by shocking 
 tortures, he over-i'an Gothland, and besieg- 
 ed Stockholm. The states of the kingdom, 
 were convened, and Gustavus was offered 
 that kingdom, which his valor liad recover- 
 ed, and by his influence the crown was de- 
 clared hereditary in his male issue. Inva- 
 sion from abroad ceased, by t}\e expulsion of 
 the Danisli monarch from the throne, and 
 the succession of Frederick, duke of Hol- 
 stein, and Gustavus, secure in the love of his 
 subjects, cultivated all the arts of peace and 
 commerce, and made the Lutheran tenets 
 the established religion of his country. This 
 great and heroic monarch, died at Stock- 
 holm 1560, in his 70th year, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son Eric. 
 
 GvsTAvus, Adolphus, deservedly sur-' 
 named the Great, was born at Stockholm 
 1594. In 1611 he ascended the throae of 
 
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 Sweden) and though stj yoiing he evinced 
 the sagacity of ri gn-at rharaefiU" in (h<- 
 choice of able ministers. He was fond of 
 jiiilitary glory, and soon accjuired renown in 
 his battles against the Uanes, .Miiscovit«'s, 
 and Poles. 13y his heroic valor and jii«li» 
 tjioiis conduct, he made an honoraljli- peace 
 •>vith the two first, and oblij^t-d the last to 
 evacuate Livonia, an«l then forming an alli- 
 *ince with the ])rotcstants of <Jc'rniany, he 
 over-ran in two yoais and a half all tiic coun- 
 tries between the Vistula, the Rhine, and 
 the Danube. The iniperial gcnei-al Tilly 
 ■was twice <lefeated, and the p)ridc of Austria 
 was humbled, hut the battle in the plains of 
 IjUtzen proved fatal to the life of the brave 
 monarch, 1G3'2. He fell it is said by the 
 ti'eacherous intrigues of Richelieu, or by the 
 iian<l of Lauemburgh, one of his generals 
 ivho had been dishonorably bribe«l by the 
 emperor Ferdinand to take away his life. 
 This warlike monarch possessed those vir- 
 tues whicli in a reign of peace inigbt have 
 equally distiiignished him. He patronised 
 literature, he enriched tlie university of 
 ITpsal by his munificent donatiojis, he found- 
 ed the royal academy of Abo, and the uni- 
 vei'sity of Dorp, in Livonia. Before his time 
 the Swedes were indifi'crent soldiers, but 
 such was the enthusiasni which he inspired 
 among his sulycets, that ho had always an 
 army of 80,000 men well disciplined. He 
 has been with some justice compared to the 
 great Scipio, and the parallel in some par- 
 ticulars is striking. He was succeeded by 
 his only child the celebrated Christina, who 
 succeeded, though only five years old. 
 
 GusTAvus HI. king of Sweden, son ol 
 Frederic Adolphus, by Louisa Ulrica, the 
 sister of Frederic II. king of Prussia, was 
 l)Oi"n 24th January 1746, and succeeded to 
 his father 1771. Disgusted with the influ- 
 eiiee of Russia at Stockholm, and Avith the 
 usurpation of his senators who wished to 
 abridge his liberty, and not only to appoint 
 him a confessor, but to settle even how 
 much wine he might be permitted to have 
 on his table ; he secretly formed the plan of 
 a revolution, whicli was effected without 
 hlood-slied in 1772. The senate surrounded 
 by the guards surrendered its authority, and 
 the friends of Gustavus were afterwards 
 distinguished by wearing a white handker- 
 chief on the left arm, which was the signal 
 of mutual attachment during the revolution. 
 The wisest regulations followed this change 
 of government, a new translation of the 
 bible was made, torture wa.s abolished, eom- 
 iuerce,the arts and the sciences were liberally 
 encouraged, agriculture and industry patron- 
 ised, and the laws Avere administered with 
 greater dispatch and more impartiality. To 
 put an end to the disputes Mhich prevailed 
 ■with Russia, he in 1777 paid a visit to Cathe- 
 rine at Petersburg, and was received with 
 magnificer.t hospitality, and in 1783 he spent 
 ten months in traveliing over Italy and 
 France, not only to improve his health, but 
 to observe the manners, the political regula- 
 trons, aijd the ijidustrio'is exertious of foreign 
 
 countries. The pcaoe with Russia w.is dig- 
 luibcd in 1788, by the emissaries of Calhe- 
 i-ine, who wished to excite disturbantes in 
 Finland, and Gustavus declared war, ami 
 e(|nip|K.'d a formid.able fleet at Carlscrona. 
 Though he had to conlen<l with Denmark 
 and liussia, he, enroui-aged by assurances of 
 support iV'im Turkey and I'liishia, boldly 
 attacke«l J-'iedericksban, where he destroyed 
 several vc-s.icls, but he uas rejiul vd in hi.s 
 attempt against Revel, and oMigcil lo re- 
 treat. The attempt on AVyburg was equally 
 unsuccessful, but a splendetl victory was olv 
 tained Jidy 9th 1790, by the monarch over 
 the Ru.s.sian fleet, who took and deslroycxi 
 foity-five ships, and peace soon after was r<*- 
 stored between the two countries. The 
 abilities which Gustavus had displayed made 
 him amlutious oi' acqiiiring greater glory iu 
 war, and therefore on the breaking out of 
 the French revolution he zealo^isly engaged 
 in the coalition which Spain formed with the 
 Northern powers for the invasion of France. 
 But during the preparations for this di.stant 
 war, the life of the monarch was cruelly 
 sacrificefl by the hand of an assassin. The 
 Swedish nobles, dissati.sfied with the events 
 of the revolution of 1772, and with the 
 changes which had beeji introduced into the 
 government at the diet of (iefle in 1792, 
 ccjiispired against his life, and three of thenv 
 drew lots who should give the fatal blow. 
 Ankarstroom, a disbaniled ofticer who had 
 received favws from the monarcji was the 
 assassin, and during a mask ball in which the 
 unfortunate king had been warned of h'm 
 danger, the fatal blow was given by the dis- 
 charge of a pistol. This was in the nig^t of 
 the 15th April, 1792, and the king languish- 
 ed till the 29th of the same month, and ex- 
 pired in great agonj-, maintaining to tl»e last 
 the firmness and serenity ol'a heroic mind. 
 He took an affectionate farewell of his sou 
 and of his friends, and a])poiuted his brother 
 the duke of Sudermania the regent of the 
 minority. Gustavus passessed an enlighten- 
 ed mind, and as his education had been un- 
 der the care of count Tessin, he imbibed a 
 strong partiality for literature and for noble 
 achievements. He wrote some dramatic pie- 
 ces, academical discourses, and an eulogy on 
 Torstenson, which Avas seci'Ctly conveyed to 
 the academy of Stockliolm, and obtained the 
 prize. 
 
 GuTHiERES, James, a French advocate, 
 known as an able antiquarian and correct 
 writer. He died 1038. 
 
 GuTHKiE, William, -was born at Brcich- 
 en, Angushire, 1701, and educated at Kiiig's 
 college, Aberdeen. A love afl'air drove him 
 to London, where he wrote for the booksel- 
 lers, and ditd 17fit). He was a justice of 
 Middlesex, but did not act. His works were. 
 History of England, three vols, folio, — ji 
 Geographical Grammar, in 8vo. and 4to. 
 He lent his name to *' History of Scotland,'* 
 10 vols. — to " Universal History," 12 vols.— 
 and a " Peci'age," 4to. 
 
 GuTTEMBERG, Joho, a German, born 
 at Mentz 1408, of a noble Cimih". He (Hs- 
 
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 putes with Faust, 'SchoefFer, and othei»s, the 
 honor of inventing printing. Boyer says, 
 Laurentius of Haerlem is the real inventor, 
 and that his types vere stolen hy a brother 
 of Ciutteraberg. Guttemherg, however, 
 claims the merit of regularly printing a 
 book, and of inventing cut metal types, with 
 w hich the earliect editions of the bible were 
 printed. He died at Mentz, 1468. 
 
 Guy, Thomas, son of a lighterman and 
 coal dealer of the same name, in Horsleiy- 
 down, Southwark, Avas apprenticed in 1660 
 to a bookseller, and began trade with about 
 200/. stock, in the house which forms the 
 angle between Cornhill and Lombard-street. 
 He engaged with others in a scheme to 
 print bibles in Holland to import into Eng- 
 land ; but when that was prohibited, he con- 
 tracted with the university of Oxford for 
 tlieir privilege, and by this lucrative con- 
 nexion, he began to amass a large fortune. 
 His property, however., Avas immensely in- 
 creased by purchasing seamen's tickets and 
 south-sea stock in the year 1720. It M'as his 
 intention to marry his maid-servant, and to 
 adorn the avenues of his house, on this occa- 
 sion, he had the pavement before his door 
 Maended. A broken piece was observed in his 
 absence by the maid-servant, and she desired 
 the workmen to repair it, and when they 
 said they were not to go so far, she, pre- 
 suming on the partiality of the old man, re- 
 quired them to mend it, and to tell her mas- 
 tei* not to be angry, as she had directed it. 
 The pavement was mended^ but Guy was 
 offended at the presumption of his intended 
 bride, he determined never to marry her, 
 hut to apply his riche's to charitable purpo- 
 ses. After being a great benefactor to St. 
 Thomas' hospital, he at tiie age of seventy- 
 six formed the noble design of erecting that 
 stately pile which bears the name of Guy's 
 hospital. The erection cost him 18,793/. 
 and 219,499/. Aiere left by him for its endow- 
 ment, and he had the satisfaction to see the 
 building roofed in before his death, which 
 liappened 17th December 1724, in his 81st 
 )"ear. He also founded an alms-house at 
 Tamworth, which he represented in parlia- 
 ment, and Avhich was his mother's native 
 place, and he also gave 400/. a year to 
 Christ's hospital, and kit 80,000/. to his 
 relations. This most extraordinary, and 
 very benevolent man, who left more to cha- 
 ritable uses than any private man on record, 
 was in his habits very parsimonious. He 
 dinetl on his shop counter with an old news- 
 paper for his table cloth, without dainties, 
 and his dress and appearance were so mean 
 that in some instances the alms of the hu- 
 nnane were pressed upon him as upon an in- 
 digent and half starved beggar. 
 
 Guy, a monk of Arezzo, known as a 
 musician, and as the first Avho produced a 
 delightful harmony from several different 
 voices singing together. He also invented 
 the six syllables of the gamut, ut, re, mi, fa, 
 sol, la. His inventions were received with 
 applause by thft world. He lived about the 
 year 1026. 
 
 Guyard, de Berville, a French author 
 of some merit. He was born at Bans 1697, 
 and after suffering, like Otway and Chatter- 
 ton, all the evils of pinching poverty and ac- 
 cumulated distress, he died in the prison of 
 Bicetere at the age of 73. He wrote the 
 lives of Bertrand, of d.u Guesclm, of the 
 chevalier Bayard, &c. 
 
 Guyard, Anthony, a benedictine monk, 
 author of Political Observations on the Ad- 
 ministration of Benefices, &c. He died at 
 Dijon 1770. 
 
 GuYET, Francis, an eminent critic, born 
 at Angers 1575. He lost his parents in his 
 infancy, but, though his property Avas squan- 
 dered by the negligence of his guardian, he 
 dcAoted himself assidiouslj' to letters, and 
 Avent to Paris, Avhere he had the happiness 
 to be introduced to the society of the two du 
 Puys, Thuanus, and other learned men. In 
 1608 he visited Rome, and acquired a per- 
 fect knowledge of Italian. After his re- 
 turn through Germany to Paris, he became 
 tutor in the house of the duke d'Epernon to 
 th£ abbot de Granselve, afterwards cardinal 
 tie la Valette. In this office he conducted 
 himself Avith such judgment and prudence, 
 that he gained the confidence of his patrons, 
 and might haAe risen to eminence in the 
 church, had he not preferred the retire- 
 ment of Burgundy college, to the splendor 
 of a palace. He employed himself here in 
 a Avork to prove that the Latin is deriAcd 
 from the Greek, and that all the primitive 
 words of the Greek are but of one syllable. 
 Though learned, he published nothing, but 
 his criticisms afterAvards appeared very val-- 
 uable in the hands of his friends, especially 
 those on Hesiod, published by Grteviiis, and 
 those on Terence by Bocclerus. As a critic, 
 however, he Avas scA'ere, and he scrupled 
 not to erase many verses in Virgil, and to 
 reject the first ode in Horace, and the se- 
 cret history of Procopius. Thus respected 
 for his erudition, and for the virtues of pri- 
 vate life, this good man died of a catarrh 
 after three days' illness, in the arms of his 
 friends, J. du Puy, and Menage, 12th April, 
 1655, aged 80. His life, in Latin, Avas pub- 
 lished by Portner. 
 
 GuYON, Johanna Mary Bouviers de la 
 Mothe, a French lady of a noble family, 
 born at Montargis, 1648, famous for her 
 writings. She Avished to take the veil, but 
 her friends made her marry, and she be- 
 came, at the age of twenty-eight, a AvidoAV. 
 Abandoning the care of her family, she de- 
 voted herself to the mysteries of quietism, 
 which Michael de Molinos, a Spanish Jesuit 
 at Home, had imposed upon the credulity 
 of the Avorld. Wavering in her opinions, 
 and inconstant in her temper, she, howevci', 
 endured persecution for her tenets, and 
 when she, declaimed herself the pregnant 
 Avoman mentioned in the apocalypse, and 
 threatened the peace of the kingdom by 
 the number of her followers, she was im- 
 prisoned in the bastille by order of the 
 king. Fenelon undertook her defence, but 
 his enemy Bossuet hjid the art to procure 
 
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 ihe condemnation of iiis works on the sub- 
 ject. Her verses, after hej* dealli, wliich liap- 
 peiicd at IJIois 1717, weic (iiililishcil in five 
 volnmcs, and also son»e <tf lier M} blical 
 lleveries. 
 
 GuYON, Claude, a Freiic]» liistorian, born 
 at Franche Conjte. Ifi- «lied at Paris, 
 1771. Besides his *' Ecclesiastical History," 
 a very valuable book, be wrote *' History 
 of (be Indies, — of the Amazons, — and a 
 continuation of F.cliard's iioinan History. 
 
 CiuYS, I'eter Aus^iistine, a native of i\far- 
 seilles, eminent as a merchant, and as a man 
 of letters. He travelled over various parts 
 of the east, uith the e} e of a philosopher 
 and an anti(|uarian, atid published the result 
 of his researches, in M-hich he compared the 
 different characters of the ancient and of the 
 iiiodern iidiabilants of those classical coun- 
 tries. He died at Zante in the Ionian sea, 
 in 1799, aged 79. His works are Essay on 
 the Anti(|uities uf Marseilles, Svo. — Voyage 
 Literaire de la Grece, four vols. Svo. 1783, 
 — a Voyage in Italy and in the North, Svo. kc. 
 
 GuYSE, John, a native of Hereford, who 
 ^ecame a dissenting minister there, and in 
 17'27 removed to New Broad-street inde- 
 pendent congregation, London. He was 
 made 1) D. by the university of Aberdeen 
 1732, and though blind for some years he- 
 lore his death, he nevertheless continued his 
 pastoral functions. He died 1761, aged 81. 
 He wrote a paraphrase of the New-Testa- 
 ment, three vols. 4to. — the Standard Use of 
 Scripture in the Purposes of Divine Revela- 
 tion, Svo. — Jesus Christ (iod-Man, 8cc. in 
 several sermonsi, — the Holy Spirit in ser- 
 mons, — Youth's xMoiutor in l;cn sermons to 
 young persons, 12mo. 
 
 GwYNV, Ele.inor, better known f^ the 
 name of Nell, was famous in the history of 
 coiu-lez.ins, as she rose, fivjiu im orang<.' girl 
 of the meanest descri|»ti(jn in the play-house, 
 to be the mistress of Charles H. in the first 
 carcei" of lile she gained her bread by sill^;- 
 ing from tavern U) tavern for the amuse- 
 ment of the guests, and gradually advance*! 
 to the rank of a jiopuiar actress, :»t the 
 theatre royal. She is represented as hand- 
 some, but low of stature. She was mistress 
 successively to Hai't, Lacy, and Buckhurst, 
 before she \vas admitted to tlie arms of the 
 licentious Charles. It is said that in her 
 elevation she showeil her gratitude to Dry- 
 den, who had patronised her poverty, and 
 she was, unlike the other concubines, faith- 
 ful to her royal lover. From her arc sprung 
 the dukes of St. Alban's. She died 1087. 
 
 GwY'NNE, Matthew, an English physician, 
 born in London, of an ancient Welch family. 
 He was educated at Oxford, where in 1593, 
 he took his degree of M.D. He went ia 
 1595, as physician to sir Henry Unton, 
 queen Elizabeth's ambassador to France. 
 He obtained great rj^putation by his prac»- 
 tice, as a\ ell as by his writings, which modera 
 discoveries have rendered now of little value. 
 He died after 1639, though what year is un- 
 certain. 
 
 G Y L I p p u s, a Lacedfcmonian general, sent 
 to assist Syracuse against the Athenians, B. 
 C. 4l4. He was banished for embezzling the 
 booty Avhich he had obtained. 
 
 GyzEX, Pfiter, a landscape painter, dis^. 
 ciple to John Breughel, born at Antwerp, 
 about 1630. His views on the Rhine ai'e 
 mucli admired. 
 
 END OP THE FIRST VOLUME 
 
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