A4 A cqrt7P NECiATlVE NO *>!" 2 3 MICROFILMED 1992 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project *<^ Funded bv the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HrMANJTlES t is Reproductions may not be made wiiiiout permission trom Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copynghied maierial... Columbia Universitv Librarv reserves the nsht to refuse to accept a cop}' order if, m in- jucgement, fulfillment of the order would m^■olve violation of &e :-:'^r ■.'right law. AUTHOR PEAKE J CI ITADCTU TITLE : HISTORY OF THE GERMAN EMPERORS PL A CE : PHILADELPHIA DA TE : 1874 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative If i t . I f f Original Material as Filmed Existing Bib!iogra| hic R i\(H:t)rt,i •t^ Restrictions on Use: '"^rwt-rf WP' iii iwu i i^ g «fi^mm-T^^*'^'^*^^ Peake, Elizabeth. ' * Ilistoiy of the German emperors and tin n , .mii mpo- ranes. Tr. from the (Ivniuin mu] compile^! iVruii aiithc^n- tie sources. By Eiiza belli i Lippincott & co., 1874. - 587 p. illus. (ports.) 23"". Phiiiid ! ' ! H ■ 1. J_Ioly Roman empire— Emperors. 2. Europe— Hist. l.ilirary of Congress 5-35965t DD8S.6.P3 TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE: ^S-/n ^ REDUCTION I M AG L 1 ' I , A C LM ENT: I A \^ IB lib D atl: I'l lmed: zi/sl/±2^ INIL f A I.:; FILMED i)V: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC \'; \ \ X \ i \ 1 I V,.,^ • r-, CT //A* r Association for Information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 iiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiili IT 1 Inches T 1 TTT 4 5 6 iliiiiliiiiliiiilmiliin iiiiiii T 1.0 I.I 1.25 8 9 iliiiiliiiiliii m 10 mi 11 TTT li 12 13 14 nlmilmmmjjimmi 4,5 «3 2.8 13.6 14.0 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 TTT I II T 5 15 mm 11 > MflNUFflCTURED TO flllM SinNDflRDS BY fiPPLIED IMflG^. INC. \ 'K^.mm^€^^^^(^^ ;^:'mi ^l^lp:;.!*^;^^^ VB -P3\ ^^' .#V COLLE« Uli % library of F. A. 1'. Barnard, U,.l). Pres nf Columbia Collosc 1864-1880. ? \ \ This book is due two weeks from the last date stamped ^.elow, and if not returned at or before that time a fine of !ive cents a day will be incurred. M^ :f HISTORY r OF i THE GERMAN EMPERORS 9 AND THEIR CONTEMPORARIES. TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN AND COMriLED FROM ArTHENTIC SOURCES. BY ELIZABETH PEAKE. AUTHOR OF " PEN PICTURES OF EUROPE." \ 4 ILLUSTRATED. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 1874. THIS HISTORY IS DEDICATED TO MY SCHOLARS. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by ELIZABETH PEAKE, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. HAVING BEEN WRITTEN ESPECIALLY FOR THEIR USE, TO REFRESH THFIR MEMORIES, AND TO RECALL THE PLEASANT HOURS WHICH THEY HAVE PASSED IN THE PURSUIT OF THIS " QUEENLY BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE" WITH THEIR FAITHFUL AND AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, E. PEAKE. i Lippincott's Press, Philadelphia. 101428 PREFACE. The Town-House in Frankfort-on-the-Main, called Roeiner, a build- ing of the fifteenth century, has little architectural beauty, but much historical interest to recommend it, having been the scene of the cere- monies attending the election of the Emperors, and the place where the festivities which succeeded their coronations were held. The walls of the banqueting-room, or Kaiscrsaal, where the Emperors w^ere entertained, and waited on at table by kings and princes, are covered with their portraits in the order of their succession,— fifty-two in number,— painted by Lessing, Bendeman, Bethel, and other eminent living artists. Under nearly every one is the motto whicl the Em- peror adopted at his coronation. At the end of the hall is the *' Judg- ment of Solomon," by Steinle. Looking at these portraits reminded me of Carlyle's saying, that *^the history of the world is but the biography of great men;" and the thought struck me that it might be a good plan to begin with Charlemagne, and come down to the present time, taking as a clue, through the Middle or Dark Ages, a connected outline of the lives of the Emperors, and the great events which occurred in their times, with a brief mention of their contemporaries, even though it might occasion some repetition. If this work serves as a guide through any of the intricacies of history, and adds a modicum to the general knowledge of past events and characters, the ambition of the author will be satisfied. E. P. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction 9 FRANK EMPERORS. Charlemagne 17 Louis the Debonnaire 25 Louis IL, the German 29 Charles the Fat 31 Arnulph 32 Louis the Child 33 Conrad 1 34 SAXON EMPERORS. Henry the Fowler 39 Otho L, the Great 41 Contemporaries 44 Otho IL, the Red 46 Otho III 48 Henry IL, surnamed the Saint 51 Contemporaries 53 FRANCONIAN EMPERORS. Conrad IL, the Salic 59 Henry III., the Black 61 Henry IV , . 63 Henry V 68 lothaire of supplinburg 70 Contemporaries 71 SUABIAN EMPERORS. Conrad III 91 Frederic L, Barbarossa 95 Henry VI 103 Philip of Suabia 105 Otto IV. of Brunswick 107 Frederic II 109 Contemporaries .... 115 HAPSBURG, AND OTHER HOUSES. Rudolph of Hapsburg 131 Adolph of Nassau 136 Albert 1 139 Contemporaries 143 7 8 Henry VII. . . . . Frederic the Handsome -^ Louis the Bavarian . Charles IV. . . . Günther of Schwarzburg Contemporaries Wen c ES LAUS . Rupert, or Robert . sigismund Contemporaries CONTENTS. HOUSE OF AUSTRIA. Albert H. J^ Frederic HI. . Contemporaries • Maximilian I. . Contemporaries Charles V. Contemporaries Ferdinand I. Contemporaries Maximilian H. . Contemporaries Rudolph H. Contemporaries Matthias . Ferdinand H. Ferdinand HI. . Contemporaries Leopold L . Joseph L Contemporaries Charles VI. . Charles VII. Contemporaries HOUSE OF AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. Francis I. . Contemporaries Joseph II. . Leopold II. . Contemporaries Francis II. Contemporaries P\GH 149 152 153 155 158 161 170 175 176 184 199 200 210 222 , 226 239 . 251 293 . 296 306 . 308 315 . 320 336 . 341 3^3 . 370 381 . 387 389 . 403 405 . 406 417 428 444 447 448 459 463 HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN. William I. 556 J*. :J INTRODUCTION. During the civil wars that raged between the sons of Constantine the Great, a.d. 340-355, the Roman garrisons were recalled from the Rhine, and the flourishing provinces of Gaul were left exposed to the incursions of the German barbarians beyond the river. Swarms of Franks and Alemanni, or Suabians, now crossed, and spread devasta- tion as far as the Loire. Forty-five populous cities, Tongres, Cologne, Treves, Worms, Speyer, and Strasburg, besides a far greater number of open towns and villages, were pillaged, and, for the most part, reduced to ashes. The Alemanni already began to establish themselves on the left bank of the Rhine, and the Franks occupied the island of the Ba- tavians (now Holland) and Toxandria (Brabant), when Julian, the young Emperor, appeared with his legions, and in the brilliant cam- paigns of 356-358, defeated the Alemanni at Strasburg, driving them headlong across the Rhine ; and making a treaty with the powerful Franks, permitted them to settle down in the depopulated province of Germania Secunda (now Belgium), where they remained, faithful allies of the Romans in the later wars with Attila and the Huns, 451, until they, under Clovis, burst forth in 486 to share the spoils of the perish- ing Empire of the West. Tournay, on the river Scheldt, was then the capital of the Franks, and here Childeric I., the father of Clovis,— a brave prince, and whom some consider as the real founder of the French monarchy, — died, in 482, and was buried. In his coffin, which was opened in 1655, were found a chasse of gold, bearing his head, and many other curiosities, now deposited in the Bibliotheque du Roi, at Paris; among them the '* Golden Bees," with which his royal robes are supposed to have been studded. They were, in consequence, adopted by Bonaparte in his coronation vestments, in preference to the fleiirs-de-lis, as symbols of the imperial dignity. Clovis (old German, Chlodwig, i.e. ^' famous warrior ;" modern Ger- man, Ludwig; French, Louis) was born A.D. 465. His first achieve- 9 10 INTRODUCTION. INTR OD UCTION. II ment after the death of his father was the overthrow of the Gallo- Romans, under Syagrius, near Soissons. He then took possession of the whole country between the Somme and the Loire, and established himself at Soissons. In 493 he married Clotilda, daughter of the King of Burgundy. She was a Christian, and earnestly desired the conver- sion of her husband, who, like most of the Franks, was still a heathen. In a great battle with the Alemanni, at Tolbiac (now Zülpich), near Cologne, Clovis was hard pressed, and, as a last resource, invoked the God of Clotilda, offering to become a Christian on condition of ob- taining the victory. The Alemanni were routed, and on Christmas- day of the same year Clovis and several thousands of his army were baptized by Remigius, Bishop of Rheims. Clovis at length took up his residence at Paris, where he died in 511. His great aim was the subjugation of all the Frankish princes, and the union of the whole Frankish people into a single powerful kingdom. The ''good King Dagobert," as the French call him, whose throne* is still to be seen in the Museum of Paris, reigned from 628 to 638, during which time his country rose to much consideration : commerce flourished, and gold and silver, hitherto almost unknown among them, became plentiful. The kings who succeeded him were called Sluggards, from the indo- lence of their lives, and all the power fell into the hands of the officers called " Mayors of the Palace." First on the list of these distinguished mayors stands Pepin the Elder, or Pepin of Landen, related to the Merovingian family. He took his name from his castle of Landen (now Liege, in Belgium). Rebelling, with other great lords of Austrasia, against the Regent Brunehaut, he offered the crown to Clotaire II., who, in reward for his services, created Pepin Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, an office which he continued to hold during the two following reigns. He died in 639. This Pepin the Elder left by his daughte- a grandson, Pepin the Fat, or Pepin of Heristal, who conquered Neustria, and, satisfied that he could have no slave more obedient to his will, caused Thierry III., King of Neustria, to be proclaimed King of Austrasia also, and from that time ruled both kingdoms with energy, and undisturbed by any internal commotion, during the lives of three other do-nothing kings. Pepin married Plectrude, daughter of Hugobert, Duke or King of Bavaria. He died in 714, and his two legitimate sons having died 1 »ä ;>*« * -'-. * Napoleon I. used this throne of Dagobert at his coronation. before him, Charles Martel, his illegitimate son, succeeded to his power. Charles Martel was much engaged in wars with the Alemanni, Bavarians, and Saxons ; but his importance as a historic personage is mostly due to his wars with the Saracens, whom he defeated, between Tours and Poictiers, in 732, in a great battle, and again in Burgundy, in 738, when they had advanced as far as Lyons. He drove them back to the Pyrenees. Charles married for his second wife Sunhilde, daughter of Grimoald of Bavaria. He died in 741, leaving the government of the kingdom to be divided between his two sons, Carloman and Pepin the Short. Carloman inherited Austrasia, Thuringia, and Suabia ; Pepin, Neus- tria and Burgundy. Pepin and Carloman deprived their half-brother Gripho of his inheritance, and threatened the liberty of his sister, Chiltrude, who withdrew to her mother's country, and was afterwards married to Odilo, Duke of Bavaria. It was not long before Carloman grew weary of a warrior's life, and, preferring to become a monk, he gave up his power to Pepin, and went to the monastery of Monte Casino, founded by St. Benedict a.d. 529, on a mountain overlooking the town of San Germano, between fifty and sixty miles northwest of Naples. This monastery became remarkable for its noble architecture, its great wealth, its valuable library, its archives, and the learning of its monks. Carloman died at Vienne, on his way to Italy, in 754, and Pepin, his brother, inclosed his body in a coffin of gold and sent it to Monte Casino. His ashes now repose beneath the high altar, in an urn of onyx-stone. A splendid inscription was placed on it in 1628. Pepin put down a rebellion of the Saxons, brought Odilo of Bavaria to terms, and, by favoring the clergy, secured their favor. Pope Zachary, feeling the importance of obtaining the aid of this powerful Frankish chief against the Lombards, who were then masters of Italy, released the Franks from their oath of fidelity to Childeric, the Mero- vingian monarch. Pepin at once caused himself to be elected king by the assembly at Soissons, a.d. 752, and was consecrated by St. Boni- face, the Apostle of Germany, whom he had made Archbishop of Mayence. Pepin was the first Frankish monarch whose election was sanctioned by the Pope, and these solemn ceremonies put the crown to a great extent at the mercy of the clergy, who from this time took a political rank in the state ; and the Latin language, which was also introduced, being the language of the clergy, helped to increase tlieir influence. Pepin was soon after called to aid the Pope against the Lombards; 12 INTRODUCTIOK. INTRODUCTION. n and, marching into Italy with a large army, he compelled Astulf, the Lombard king, to retire from the siege of Rome, and also to restore several cities which had previously belonged to the Greeks, and which he handed over to the Pope. Pepin had hardly left Italy, 755, when he was forced to return, the Lombards having broken their engage- ments. This time he took Ravenna, Emilia, the Pentapolis, and the Duchy of Rome, and reunited them to the Holy See. Pepin then reduced Aquitaine, after a desolating war of eight years, and shortly after that conquest died in Paris, of dropsy, in 768, and was buried m St. Denis. Pepin's first wife, Leutberge, had three sons and two daughters, all of whom, like their mother, lived and died in obscurity. His^econd wife was Bertha, daughter of Caribert, Count of Leon. After Pepin's accession to the throne. Pope Stephen III., who visited Paris at that period, solemnly crowned the king and queen, in the magnificent church of St. Denis, a.D. 754- Besides Carloman and Charlemagne, they had another son, called Gilles, and three daughters, one of whom, Giselle, became a nun ; another, Rotha'ide, married the Count d' Angers, whose son was the celebrated hero Roland, who per- ished at Roncesvalles. Bertha died at an advanced age, at Choisi, in 783, and was buried by the side of her husband in St. Denis. Pepin left Neustria to his oldest son, Carloman, and Austrasia to Charlemagne. Neustria was situated between the Atlantic and the English Channel on the north and west, the Loire on the south, the Meuse on the north- east, and Burgundy on the southeast. Being the earliest conquests of the Franks, it was thickly settled, and the centre of their power. Yet Brittany, called also Armorica, in the western peninsula, was inhabited by the pure old Celtic race, as different from the Roman inhabitants as from their conquerors the Franks. Charlemagne was the first to carry war into that country. CITIES OF NEUSTRIA. Paris had lost that distinction as capital which it enjoyed under the Merovingians, but figured still as the metropolis of Neustria. It had ^ grown greatly, and was no longer inclosed, like the ancient Lutetia, within tlie narrow boundary of the island of Notre Dame, but had ex- tended on both sides of the Seine. Here were still the palaces of Julian the Apostate (now called the Palais des Thermes, or Hotel de Cluny) and Clovis ; the ancient cathedrals of St. Medericus and St. Genevieve, besides numerous monasteries, convents, and gardens. Tournay, the early seat of the chiefs of the Salian Franks ; Senones, now Sens ; Rotomagus, now Rouen ; Ambianum, now Amiens. St. ;* Omer had a celebrated monastery, in which Thierry IV., the last Me- rovingian king, died. Boulogne, on the coast, had fortresses and arsenals, and Charlemagne stationed there one of his fleets. Another squadron he placed at Gand, now Ghent, at the junction of the Scheldt and the Lys. At Rheims, Clovis, together with his sister and three thousand of his subjects, was baptized. Soissons still pre- served its rank as the ancient capital, and Carloman was crowned there. At Attigny, not far from Soissons, the brave and unfortunate Witti- kind, the most distinguished of the Saxon leaders, did homage to Charlemagne, in 785, and was baptized, with thousands of his followers. Tours, on the Loire, was the resort of thousands of pilgrims, who thronged to the shrine of St. Martin. Carloman reigned over Neustria until his death, in 771, when it fell to Charlemagne. Austrasia, which Pepin gave to Charlemagne, was much smaller than Neustria j nevertheless, it was an important part of the country, the cradle of the Franks, the old homestead of the brave thanes, chiefs, and warriors who formed the feudal armies of the Franks, the strong- hold of the new dynasty in the hereditary castles of Landen and Her- istal, on the Meuse, surrounded by the faithful retainers of Pepin. Austrasia extended on both sides of the Rhine, from the Meuse, which separated it from Neustria, on the west, to the Weser, which formed the eastern frontier towards Thuringia, and the Sclavonian nations on the Elbe. It was also on these exposed frontiers that all the assaults of the Germanic, Sclavonian, and Tartaric nations were to be repelled. CITIES OF AUSTRASIA. Aix-la-Chapelle (Aquae Grani, Latin ; Aachen, German) ; Metz, southeast, on the Moselle, the former capital of Austrasia ; Treves and Thionville, on the same river; Speyer; Worms; Mayence; Ingel- heim; Coblentz and Cologne, on the Rhine; and Frankfort and Würz- burg, on the Main. The early Franks took possession of property by receiving a straw ; to throw down a straw was to renounce all claim to property. MAYORS OF THE PALACE. A.D. Pepin the Elder, or Pepin of Landen, was related to the Mero- vingian family. He died . , 639 Pepin the Fat, or Pepin of Heristal, grandson of Pepin of Landen 655-714 Charles M artel, illegitimate son of Pepin of Heristal . . 714-741 Pepin le Bref, or Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel . . 741-768 Pepin of Heristal ruled during the nominal reign of six Faineant or do- nothing kings, viz.: Dagobert IL, Clothaire III., Thierry III., Childeric IL, Clovis III., and Dagobert III. Carloman and Pepin the Short succeeded their father, Charles Mar- tel, in 741. Carloman resigned in 747, and Pepin ruled alone until 752, when he was elected king at Soissons, and reigned until his death, in 768. Pepin the Short was succeeded by his sons, Carloman and Charles, afterwards Charlemagne. 15 FRANK EMPERORS. FRANK EMPERORS. A.D. CHARLEMAGNE. SOU of Pepin thc Short. King of France . • Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne Louis the German, son of Louis the Pious . . • • • Charles the Fat, son of Louis the German . • • • ARNULPH. nephew of Charles the Fat, a natural son of Carloman. Duke of Carinthia Louis THE Child, son of Arnulph Conrad L, nephew of Arnulph 768-814 814-840 840-876 876-887 887-899 900-911 911-918 16 CARLOVINGIANS. CHARLEMAGNE, KARL DER GROSSE. A.D. 768-814. " Christus vincit, Christus regnat, Christus triumphat." (Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ triumphs.) Charlemagne was born A.D. 742, in the Castle of Carlsberg, in Upper Bava- ria. Others mention the Castle of Ingelheim, near Mayence ; and others, Aix- la-Chapelle, as the place of his nativity. He was one of those characters whose achievements bear the im- press of gigantic power, by whom nations have been formed and destroyed, and whose influence has been felt for centuries. He was the greatest reformer of the Middle Ages, when society was in a ferment, and when barbarism and civilization were in the most violent contest with each other. He was also a terrible war- rior, who for forty-five years led his immense armies from one frontier of his empire to the other in continual warfare. He came to the throne in 768, and four years afterwards, in the Diet at Worms, it was resolved 2 17 CHARLEMAGNE. Q FRANK EMPERORS. to make war on the Saxons, for the security of the frontiers which they omtally threatened, and for the extension of the Christian rehg.on. That same year he advanced as far as the Weser, ^-"""g'^;;?^"^;;^ by castles and garrisons. Pope Adrian I. then called h.m to h.s a^ against Desiderius, King of the Lombards. C'-^-'^-S^i^" f^;,',! Alps with two armies, by the Great St. Bernard and Mont Cen.s, or LU the kingdom of the Lombards, and made tl« P"Pe J-s^^.end W confirming the gift which his father, Pep.n, had made to the Holy See, c,^ the exarchate of Ravenna. In 775 he had another war with the Saxons. The next year he sup- pressed an insurrection in Italy. In 777 l>e so completed h.s v.ctory over the Saxons that their nobles acknowledged him as the.r sovere.gn Tan assembly at Paderborn. The Arabs and Moors were mak.ng such progress in Spain that he hastened to that -untry, in 778. -d add« '0 his dominions the region between the Pyrenees and the Eb- Jt - in this campaign, on his return from the capture of Caesar Augusta now Saragossa, in th^ Ebro, that his nephew, the famous paladm Ro nd, Border-Count of Bretagne, lost his life in the pass of Roncesvalles. Hi next conquest was over his cousin, Tassilo II., Duke of Bavar, whl he deposed at a diet in Ingelhein. and who - y--^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ renounced all his rights to Bavaria, and ended h.s l,fe m »he c o ers of Lorsch. He was the last of the Agilonfing. race, who had ruled over Bavaria two hundred and thirty-three years. Charlemagne went to Italy in 781, where Pope Adr.an I. crowned his second son, Pepin, King of Italy, and his third son, Lou.s Kmg of lauita ne The wir which followed with the Saxons lasted three : at^re he succeeded in reducing them completely to subject.on Indin persuading their principal chiefs to be baptized and become h.s Jalf^vassals. Subsequently he gained victories over the Bulgarians and the Huns, consolidating and extending h.s emp.re, the eastern boundary of which now reached to the river Raab. Sn the death of Cynewulf, King of Wessex, in 787. Egber la.d claim to the throne, but had to give way to another claimant, Bnhtr.c and took refuge at the court of Charlemagne, where he ren.a.ned thirteen years. On the death of his rival, he was recalled to fill the hrone ofwessex, and after ruling that kingdom nine years in peace and prosperity, he subdued the other sovereignties, and was crowned V\x\^ of all England, A.D. 828. -r ttt n the year 800 Charlemagne went to Rome, to help Pope Leo III. subdue the rebellious Romans. On Christmas-day, as he was worship- ng in St Peter's Church, the Pope, unexpectedly, as it appeared, set CARL VINGIANS. 19 a crown upon his head, and, amid the acclamations of the people, saluted him as Carolus x\ugustus, Emperor of the Romans. Such was still the lustre of a title with which were associated recollections of all the greatness of the Roman Empire, that although it added nothing to his power, yet it greatly confirmed and increased the; respect enter tained for him. The age of chivalry had not yet arrived, and what is said of Charle- magne's ''Twelve Peers, or Paladins," of his tournaments and knightly pomp and pageantry, belongs to fiction and romance. The countries he had conquered were Thuringia, situated between the rivers Weser and Saale; Saxony had been subdued and Christian- ized, after a terrible struggle of thirty-three years. It was situated on the north of Austrasia and Thuringia, having Frisia, now Holland, and Friesland on the northwest. Paderborn, its chief city, where Charlemagne often resided, was in the centre of Saxony. Charlemagne built Bremen and Hamburg as fortresses for the protection of the coasts, and they soon became thriving and commercial cities. Bur- gundy embraced a tract of country along the Rhone, and nearly all of Switzerland. Its largest cities were Lyons and Geneva, Besangon, a considerable place even in the time of Caesar, 58 years before Christ, and Dijon, called by the Romans Divio. Aquitania reached across the Pyrenees to the banks of the Ebro, on the south. It contained the provinces of Gascony, Septimania, the Spanish Marches, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands. Toulouse was its capital ; the other cities were Bordeaux, Limoges, Perigueux, Fronsac, a strong fortress built by Charlemagne to hold the Aquitanians in check, and Saragossa. Lom- bardy, or Italy, comprised the greater part of the Italian peninsula, from the base of the Alps, on the north, to the territory of Gaeta and the river Garigliano, on the south, which formed the frontier of the tributary duchy of Beneventum, whose duke did homage to Charle- magne and paid a yearly tribute of twenty-five thousand gold pieces. The chief cities were Pavia, the former capital, Verona, Ravenna, Parma, Genoa, Pisa, Milan, and Turin. Alsatia, or Alsace, was south- east of Austrasia, and Strasburg was its most important town. Ale- mania — now Baden, Würtemberg, and the northeastern part of Switzer- land — was southeast of Alsace. Constance, St. Gall, and Chur (Coire) were the principal towns. Bavaria was east of Alemania. This land of the old Bojoarier,'^ especially the region between the rivers Lech and Raab, had been forcing its way into notice since 590 b.c. One of its dukes or kings was Arnulph, brother of that Odoacer who put an * Bojar (pronounced Boyar), Le. free proprietor of the soil. 20 I A' AX A' EMPEKOKS. end to the Ron«:. Empire, A.r. 476. Regensburg or Rafsbon on the Dantibe, was its capital. The other towns were Augsburg, Passau, Enns and Salzbur,, where Charlemagne gave a splendid reception o d or ek ambassadors sent by the Emperor Nicephorus to settle th frontiers between the two empires. Carinthia, or Karnthen, east of he Tyrol, was settled by Charlemagne with the surviving tribes of the ^nqvLd Avars, in 803. Avaria, or Hunnia, was the vast country ^"tween the rivers Enns and Theiss, the present ^^^^^^^^^ in which Charlemagne defeated the barbarians in several bat les^ Hi son Pepin continued the war, and driving them, in 796, across the ■Theiss,'destroyed the camp and capital of their '^•"g;-;'-^^^;^ fortified circle-near Buda, on the Danube, and took an "--n e booty Part of these vanquished Avars were forced to adopt Chris- tnn iyand settle in Carinthia; the mass of the nation fled, however, w^s the Black Sea, where they suffered still wor.^ from their ene mies the Bulgarians, and disappeared altogether. Charlemagne tin "0 gl t German settlers into the conquered territory, and fon.ed the ZL boundary, Osfricki, or Austrian frontier county, with Vi nna fo its canitil The Sclavonic tribe of the Croats, who occupied the ort east'lf Da.matia, were his subjects. The States of the Church were u d by the Pope, but Charlemagne styled himself " Protector of rVairimony of St Peter." Its cities were Rome, Ravenna, Padua, Bolo-rni Ferrara, Rimini, Pesaro, and Ancona. tTii;, enthroned on her hundred isles, was already an independent republic, an.l it was only a mere ceremony when she sent her atribassa- dors in 806, to do homage to the old Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle a; tL de th of Charlemagne, his empire included taly, the whole of Germany, with the present Hungary, Poland, and Prussia, half of Sniin and all of P'rance. r- v u The most celebrated of Charlemagne's contemporaries was the Caliph of the Saracens, Haroun-al-Raschid,* Aaron the Just, who, after attaining °he summit of ^vorldly power and prosperity in the East, sent a splendid embassv from Bagdavi'r lie met a scholar, a wriici, o. y^^^, his family. ^\l^clK\<-r ne ,,,.,, ,,- „. once made him his Frank, Lombard, Goth, Saxon, or ^.ngll^h, he at once m fr end One of the most noted scholars at h.s conrt was laul Warne so V known nnder the name of Paulus Diaconus, the Lomb d 1 ed, so well k ^^ ^^^^ ^,^j ^Anc^xtA "T::: he r.« de ILuor at the court of King Desiderius, and ■irttl; educated his daughter, A^'eh>erga, and ..ote or^^ • 1-1 ^ " rhnrlpmnirne sent bim word tnat nc iiiauc ..otion of learning, made a collection of -; 7; -;;;„; ^^U, r .^-1 Thi^ monastery was becoming more ana muic lived. 1 his monasien possessed one hundred s ;;;;;tr:r .f :;;ia :::'! ^ J^ eight... of .we. '"^:rrm:i^tS-::dti;r:f.eeig,^^^^^^ coitfidant and adviser of Charlemagne, was ^^^^^:^^l^_ Charlemagne became acquainte ->;--;, ^^'^V ^^rt. Mcuin ing from Rome, and -^f^^^^^^^^, -horn he instructed in became the 1--*^?'- ^^ ^^^^ ; '^i^^ructions more avaib^^ Charle- the various sciences. To render "'- p^/«//;, - of^ ^^ ^,^ ^„„,,, „.„^ by the „.ned to A cum, who the lea ed^^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^^^ . ^^ ,^^ Xs -rir ef G^tinais, St. Lupus, in Troyes, and St. Josse, abbeys,— i^erriercb, , , , . u,„ porrected and restored manu- stance and Fo« le, or ^^^^^ ^^^; attended the stood «^7^7;^^ ^tvnht palace, with all his family and the scien- sessions of the academ> '" ' ' ' .^f ^mon" whom were Peter of Pisa, tific and literary men of his ^°7'' '"^^"^^^j^j .„, j^e Archbishops railed Peter Grammaticus, Leidrodes, Theodolpnus, :nt i caiiea rcici v. Ai,i,,,t ^f Corve . — a Benedictine ab- CARL0VINGL4NS. 23 801 Alcuin retired from court to the abbey of St. Martin, in Tours, keeping up a correspondence with Charlemagne until his death, in 804! Eginhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, was a pupil of Alcuin. His talents and acquirements gained him the favor of the Emperor, who appointed him his private secretary, and superintendent of public buildings. Eginhard accompanied the Emperor in all his marches and journeys, never separating from him except on one occasion, when he was dispatched by Charlemagne on a mission to Pope Leo. On the death of the Emperor he was appointed preceptor to Lothaire, son of Louis the Debonnaire. His -Vita Caroli Magni," completed about the year 820, is the most important historical work of a biographical char- acter that has come down to us from the Middle Ages. He also wrote several otlier works. There is a legend which says that Eginhard's wife, Emma, was a daughter of Charlemagne. A mutual affection had arisen between them, and on one occasion, when the lovers were enjoying a nightly interview, a sudden fall of snow covered the spacious court, thus rendering retreat impossible without leading to a discovery. As the traces of female footsteps could not excite suspicion, Emma carried her lover across the court on her shoulders. This scene was observed from a window by Charlemagne, who united the affectionate pair in marriage. Aix-la-Chapelle and Ingelheim, on the Rhine, were the favorite resi- dences of Charlemagne. The last years of his life were spent at Aix- la-Chapelle: " Urbs Aquensis, urbs regalis, Sedes regni principalis, Prima regum curia," etc. In private life Charlemagne was exceedingly amiable, a good father, and a generous friend. He was tall, good-looking ; his gait was firm,' and his bearing manly and dignified. He had several wives. The first was Gelene, daughter of the King of Toledo. The second was Himiltrude, whom his mother, Bertha, persuaded him to divorce for Desiderata, the daughter of Desiderius, King of Lombardy. The fourth was Hermengarde, whom he soon divorced, and sent back to her father. Hildegarde, the fifth, was a prince.^s of Suabia, who had five daugh- ters and four sons, the youngest of whom, Louis, succeeded his father. She died, and was buried, at Metz, carrying to the tomb with her the regrets of the Emperor and the nation. Fastrade, the sixth, was daughter of Raoul, Count of Franconia. She was proud, and incurred the hatred of the nobles. She died young, and was buried first in the abbey and afterward in the cathe- 24 FRANK EMPERORS. dral of Mayence. She had two daughters : Hiltrude, Abbess of Fare- moutier, and Theodrade, Abbess of Argenteuil. Luitgarde, the seventh, was a beautiful German princess. Charle- magne was passionately fond of her ; and to please him she accustomed herself to the fatigues of the chase, and always accompanied him in his autumnal hunts, which took place in the forests of Ardennes and Vosges. In 799 Charlemagne placed the iron crown of Lombardy on her brow, and consequently Luitgarde was the first to unite the dignity of queen with the pompous title of empress. She did not long survive these honors, but died childless at Tours, in the year 800, and was buried there, in the church of St. Martin. Charlemagne had other children, also: Drogon, Bishop of Metz; Hugh the Abbot ; and Thierry. Charlemagne is styled Charles I. in the enumeration both of the French kings and of the German or Roman emperors. He possessed an amount of learning unusual in his age ; he could speak Latin and read Greek. He attempted to draw up a grammar of his own language, the German. Besides his Capitularies there are letters and Latin i)oems ascribed to liim. He died January 28, 814, in the seventy-first year of his age and tlie forty-seventh of his reign, and was buried in the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, in full imperial costume, seated on a throne of gold, his crown on his head, a chalice in his hand, his sword Joyeuse at his side, the Book of the Gospels on his knees, his sceptre and shield at his feet, and the pilgrim's pouch, which he had always borne while living, fastened to his girdle. The Emperor Otho HL repaired the cathedral in 983, and, on opening the mortuary chapel, or tomb of Charlemagne, found the body well preserved. It was opened again in 1165, after the antipope. Paschal III., had made Charlemagne a saint. The venerable relics were removed, and used in the coronation ceremonies of succeeding emperors of Germany. They are now deposited in Vienna. The bones were placed in a marble sarcophagus, and the position of the tomb is marked by a large slab of marble, under the centre of the dome, inscribed with the words, Carolo Magno. The throne in which the body of Charlemagne was seated is preserved in the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is in the gallery which runs round the octagon, facing the choir. It is an arm- chair, in shape somewhat like that of Edward the Confessor, in West- minster Abbey, but made of slabs of white marble, which, during the coronation, w'ere covered with plates of gold. Since his canonization, altars have been dedicated to him : one in the cathedral of Aix-la- Chapelle, and one in Frankfort, as well as in some other churches. LOUIS THE DEBONNAIRE. 25 LOUIS THE DEBONNAIRE, LUDWIG DER FROMME. A.D. 814-840. •' Omnium rerum vicissitudo." (All things are subject to change.) Louis the Pious, as he is called by the Germans, succeeded his father in 814. He was a good and amiable man, but totally incapable of governing the vast em- pire intrusted to his hands. He was more occupied with priests than with warriors; ordered parts of the Bible to be translated into Ger- man, and strove to improve and cultivate the German language. Being more of a student than a statesman, and trusting his German more than his Frankish subjects, he divided his dominions among his sons, giving Aquitaine to Pepin, Bavaria to Louis, and made Lothaire, the eldest, his partner in the empire. His nephew, Bernard, who held Italy as a fief of the empire, indignant at the elevation of Lothaire, revolted, and broke out in open rebellion. Beiiig abandoned by his troops, he was taken prisoner, and condemned to death. Louis commuted the punishment by ordering his eyes to be put out. Three days after, the young prince died. In order to pre- vent further trouble, the three natural sons of Charlemagne were shut up in a monastery and compelled to take monastic vows. Louis had been married eighteen years before his accession to the imperial throne, and was crowned at Rheims, by Pope Stephen V in LOUIS LE DEBONNAIRE. FRANK EMPERORS. 20 816 His wife died two years afterwards, deeply regretted by the Em- p ror and the nation. In the excess of his grief, he declared h.s reso- Eon to renounce the world and becon^e a monk. At lengtn d.ssuaded C. this purpose, and advised to marry again, all the noble lad.es of rinpire assembled at Aix-la-Chapelle, and endeavored to outv,e one • „Ott:; in attraction. Louis, entirely unacquainted w,th the cjual. Ue and virtues of the fair candidates, chose the most beautiful «ho «as J di 1 daughter of Welf, or Guelph, Duke of Bavaria ; and the mar- iai 00k place in 819, at Aix-la-Chapelle. Soon after he budt a lace in Frankfort, called the Saalkof, a residence to wh.ch he was ve V mrtial and in which his son, Charles the Bald, was born ,n 8.3. The a en of those early times were charged with all the expenses of^ Tedor of the palace^ and were the depositaries of all nK>neys clestined for the payment of the troops. Juduh obtan.ed for Bernard, Co tt of Barcelona and Duke of Septimania, the -tuat.on o cha^ berlain which comprised the functions of mm>ster of finance and cor^^ rol er of the imperial household. From the birth of her son, , r Ittious princess, seconded by the chamberlain, "--san 1>- o - cupied herself with endeavors to aggrandize ^^ J^^'ft^^"^ weak enough to proclaim Charles k.ng over a portion of h s estates. I othaire, Pepin, and l-ouis revolted, and many of the principal noblts abo'ut tie court, whom Louis had loaded w.^^-rs joined them in taking up arms to dethrone the monarch. Judith «as lorcecl o r"ti to the monastery of Laon, where she was arrested by Pepin To ent her back to his father, after he had o^'-"«"-; l-™:,^ ^ take the veil and to exercise her influence over Louis to ^^^ «- - him to abdicate ; neither of which promises she kept The princes, Xlted, conducted Louis to Saint Medard, >" «o^^n^ >- prisoned the Empress in the royal monastery of St. Radegonde, n Po tiers The Emperor, meantime, entered into negotiations w h hrXllious sons, and the people, having gained nothing by tl disorder, and having compassion on their ill-used and legitimate sovereign replaced him on the throne by universal consent. L ui had'not the courage to punish the offenders ; but he was no sooner re-established than he withdrew Judith from her captivity de- ehr " her vows null, because they had been forced upon her ; and she ; rn^d riumphantly to the palace. Soon after, she had the happiness of e ng her son Charles crowned King of Aquitaine, and acknowl- edged by the princes who had been the chiefs of the conspiracy to dl«s him But hardly had the flames of this rebellion been ex- ti gu ^ d. when a mt.ltitude of errors on the part of Louis, and a thirst LOUIS THE DEBONNAIRE. 27 for vengeance in his wife, kindled another. The disinheriting of his sons Lothaire and Pepin afforded them a pretext for their unnatural hostility. In 832, Lothaire, Pepin, and Louis assembled their troops in Alsace and prepared to march against their father and sovereign Pope Gregory IV. joined them under the pretext of acting as mediator, but displayed all the zeal of a warm partisan, and threatened the weak monarch with the terrors of excommunication. The two parties met in a field between Basle and Strasburg, and the Pope, by promises and threats, induced the King to submit to his rebellious sons. The Pope and princes paid so little regard to their promises that the place is called to this ^2.y tht Field of Lies By the intrigues of Gregory, the monarch was deprived of all support and deposed by a tumultuous assembly, and the empire was conferred on his son Lothaire, after which the Pope returned to Rome. Louis was taken to the abbey of St. Medard, and condemned to do penance • his son Charles was sent to the abbey of Pruym, or Prüm, not far from Ireves; and Judith, after having her head shaved, was confined m the abbey of Tortona, in Lombardy. But tlie same circumstances and the same compassion of the people re-estabhshed the Emperor on his throne a second time ; yet the crown had less attraction for him than his reunion with the wife beloved. Judith returned to court, and became more powerful than ever Grief had materially injured the health of the Emperor, and she became anxious to secure the succession to her son before the death of his father. On the death of his son Pepin, Louis divided his dominions between Lothaire and Charles, to the exclusion of Louis of Bavaria, who imme- diately had recourse to arms. While the Emperor was on the march against this rebellious son, tortured with grief, and terrified with an eclipse of the sun, which he deemed an evil omen, he fell ill and died, on an island fn the Rhine,* whither he wished to be carried from Frankfort, hoping to recover his health during the summer. He urged his boat- men to row faster, and immediately on landing he requested a tent of leafy branches to be made for him, such as had served him while hunt- ing, and there, away from the clashing of arms and the din of battle the worn-out monarch, -lying on his couch, lulled by the soothing music of the gurgling waters," breathed his last. He was buried in St. Arnulfs Church, at Metz. He had made provision for his favorite son, Charles, bequeathing him the provinces of Burgundy and Neustria. His first wife was Hermengarde, daughter of Ingram, Count of Hasby. * This island is now occupied by the castle called the Pfalz. Q FRANK EMPERORS. Her sons were Lothaire, Pepin, and Louis. She died two years after she was crowned Empress. • ,1 ^ His second wife, Judith, daughter of Welf, Duke of Bavana, the mother of Charles, was artful and intriguing, and few queens ever dis- played greater perseverance or obtained greater success. But all her policy could not prevent a terrible struggle, of which she was the cause, between the sons of Louis the Pious, on the bloody field of Fontenay. At length, in 843, she succeeded in adjusting the quarrels between the brothers, by dividing the monarchy among them, and m the same year died at Tours, aged eighty. ^ ^ ^ ^ During this reign the Saracens subdued Sicily, infested the Tuscan Sea and threatened to make themselves masters of Italy ; and the Normans ravaged the coasts of Flanders, Neustria, and Aquitaine. With enemies on the north and south, discord, crime, and civil war rasing within, Europe presented a lamentable picture. Ye^ amid all this war and misery, we find Rabanus Maurer, a Ger- man scholar, doing much to promote the improvement of his nation. He was a native of Mayence, who received his education in the Bene- dictine monastery at Fulda, and subsequently went to Tours, to com- plete his studies, under Alcuin. After his return, in 804, he became superintendent of the monastic school at Fulda, from which proceeded many distinguished scholars. After many adversities, which the dif- fusers of light in the Dark Ages always had to encounter, he nv^s con- secrated, in 822, Abbot of Fulda, and during the twenty years he held this office the beneficial influence of his literary school, and of his truly Christian church discipline, continued to increase Dissatisfied with the turbulence of the times, he was desirous of ending his life as a hern.it; but the Emperor, Louis the Cxerman, obliged him, in 847, to accept the archbishopric of Mayence. In this dignity he died, in 8^6 In the diffiision and formation of the German language he was very active, and so far succeeded as to introduce preaching in German He also compiled a Latin and German glossary of the Bible, preserved in several manuscripts,-a valuable monument of the old German lan- guage, which has been printed in Schiller's -Thesaurus." The famous philosopher, Joannes Scotus Erigena, probably born in Ireland, appears to have resided principally in France, at the court of Charles the Bald. His love for the mystic doctrines of the old Alex- andrian philosophers was shown by the translation of the writings ascribed to Dionysius the Areopagite, which proved to be a well-spring of mysticism during the Middle Ages. LOUIS IL, THE GERMAN. 29 LOUIS II., THE GERMAN. LUDWIG DER DEUTSCHE. A.D. 840-876. (His motto is unknown.) No sooner was Louis the Pious dead, than his sons began to dispute about their possessions. Charles the Bald and Louis the German united their forces against their brother, Lo- thaire of Italy, the Em- peror; and in 841 a bloody battle took place at Fon- tenay, near Auxerre, in Burgundy, in which Lo- thaire was defeated. The treaty of Verdun followed, in 843. As they had no common language in which to address their fol- lowers, Charles, who com- manded the Franks and Gauls (now for the first time beginning to be called French), addressed those coming from the north in the la?igHe d'oui, much like the modern French, — the greater part German, mixed with a little Latin. Those coming from the south used more Latin than German; to these he spoke in thQ langi^e d'oc, after- ward called the Provencal, the favorite language of poetry, but which, after two centuries, ceased to be spoken. At the treaty of Verdun, Lothaire was forced to relinquish his im- perial title, and take Italy and the tract of country lying between the Rhone, Moselle, and Scheldt on the west, and the Rhine and Alps on LOUIS LE GERMANIQUE. 30 FRANK EMPERORS. the east. This country was then called Lothar.ngm, or Lor a. e Louis took Germany, and hence is called the German ; .uul Cliarles assumed the crown of France, which from that time retained the name ° LouTs the German now fought the Bohemians, Moravians, and Sua- bians, whom he successively defeated, and then made war «n Lot -re and took from him one-half of Lorraine. Lou>s usual y es.ded a Frankfort, and made that city his capital. His brother Lotha.re u. before his death, retired to the monastery at Prüm and took t x hab t of a monk His son had Italy, with the title of Lmperor bu d> mg oon :?ter his dominions were claimed by Charles the B^d and ^.s the German. Italy then became the apple of discord to the «hole '' Louis the German exposed himself in a great degree to tbe reproach of cruelty at the rebellion of the smaller landed proprietors of Saxony, ; t he his, as a ruler, the merit of having made many useful mstuu ions n Germany. The poet Otfried, who lived at that time, and ^^ ho is good authority, says that " Louis governed the East-Frank empire with strength and wisdom, being a worthy king." ,. ,. , ,,_ He founded the cathedral of Frankfort, and died in his pa ace, he Saalhof, in 876. He was buried in the monastery of Lojsch, a lew miles from Darmstadt. His wife was Emma, a Low Dutch princess. His sons were Louis, Carloman, and Charles the Fat. AS soon as Louis the German died, Charles the Bald o France w .0 had received the imperial diadem from Pope John \ III. m 875, ap- peared with an army on the German soil, hoping to subdue the cou„^r>^ But the sons of Louis the German, Carloman, Louis, and Charles «ho governed Germany together, boldly opposed the enemy, and enUrely defeated the French king, near Andernach, on the Rhine. Xharl the Bald died the following year. Carloman died m &80, Loui. in 882, leaving Charles, the youngest son of Louis the German, the sole possessor of the throne. Charles the Bald of France had four sons, only one of «horn, Louis, survived him. This Louis had few virtues and ^^ny defects- He reigned two years in France, and left two sons, Lou-s and C lo- man and, some months after his death, a posthumous son Cha. es, r^vard^ surnamed the Simple. Louis and Carloman did not l.v. long and their brother Charles being very young, the nobles and bishops gave the crown of France to Charles the Fat, the son of Louis the German. CHARLES THE FAT. 31 CHARLES THE FAT. KARL DER DICKE. a.D. 876-887. " Os garrulum intricat omnium." (A garrulous mouth confuses everything.) Charles the Fat, the third son 01" Louis the Ger- man, came into the posses- sion of the whole empire of Charlemagne, with the exception of Provence. He was crowned at Rome, in 880, by Pope John VHI. He lived mostly at Frank- fort, and enriched the ca- thedral. He had neither physical strength nor pow- ers of mind to support his high dignity, and the Nor- mans ravaged his territories with impunity. In Z^d they laid siege to Paris, which was defended by the bravest men in France, with Eudes, Count of Paris, at their head. After Paris had stood a siege of four years, Charles the Fat made his appearance with a large army; but, instead of fighting, he purchased the safety of the city of Paris, and gave the enemy per- mission to march into anotlier part of the kingdom, to ravage and lay It waste. This proof of cowardice, added to his pride and gluttony, so disgusted all classes and nations among his subjects, that the princes assembled at the imperial diet, which he had convoked at Tribur, near Frankfort, deposed him, and elected his nephew, Arnulph, in his stead. Charles fell into such abject poverty as to lack the necessaries of life, and was only saved by charity from starvation. He died shortly after his deposition, not without suspicion of violence. He was buried CHARLES LE GROS. FRANK EMPERORS. in the isle of Reichenau, anciently famed for its monastery. This island is in the broad part of the Rhine, where it - -^^J^^^^ than a river, and a few miles above its entrance into Lake Constance His first wife is unknown ; his second was Richarda, a princess of Alemania. He left no children. ARNULPH. A.D. 888-899. " Facilis descensus Averni." (The descent to Hell is easy.) Arnulph, nephew of Charles the Fat, a natural son of Carloman, Duke of Carinthia,* was a brave and capable man. He refused the crown of France, but reserved his rights of sov- ereignty over it. He de- feated the Normans in the decisive battle of Louvain, in 891, and built a castle, which still goes by the name of Chateau de Cesar, as a barrier against them. With the aid of the Hungarians, he conquered the Morav- ians, and undertook two ex- peditions into Italy, in 894, and again in 895, in the latter of which he gained a victory by an impetuous attack on the city of Rome, which was in commotion caused by the an ti popes Sergius and Boniface VI. In 896 he was crowned Emperor, by Pope Stephen VII. ; but soon after, he fell ill (tradition says he was poisoned), and died at Ratisbon^^rRegens- 77"" TT-.^nthPn is a crown-land of the Austrian empire, forming part ARNOUL I. 4 LOUIS THE CHILD. 33 burg, where he used often to reside, and where he was buried, in the cloister of St. Emmerans. His wife, Jutta, was sister to Luitpold of Bavaria. He left one son called Louis the Child. LOUIS THE CHILD. a.D. 899-911. " Multorum manus. paucorum consilium." (Many hands, little counsel.) Louis the Child, Ar- nulph's son, was only seven years old when he succeed- ed his father. He often re- sided at Frankfort, and gov- erned the state under the direction of Hatto, Arch- bishop of Mayence. At an early age he took an active part in the affairs of the government, and proved himself worthy of his illus- trious descent. Feudalism was daily gaining strength, and the Hungarians were demanding tribute from the provinces they had invaded and subdued. In the year 907, the brave Margrave Luitpold of Ba- varia, the ancestor of the Scheyern and Wittelsbach House, lost his life fighting the Hungarians, while aid- ing Louis the Child to drive them back to their own country. Louis was obliged to fly, in order to save his own life; and on his return to Bavaria he made Luitpold's son, Arnulph, Duke of Bavaria and the border countries. Louis died, unmarried,' m 911. He was buried by the side of his father. LOUIS IV., L'ENFANT. the Carni, who derived their name from the Celtic word cam or com; Latin, comu, t-nghsh, horn : an allusion to the craggy, horn-like pinnacles of their hills. 34 J-KAXK EMPERORS. After his death, the Bavarians proclaimed Arnulph independent " t:;r:l,s or the e^^re could no. aspire to the cr.vn : the Dnkes of Franconia, Siiabia, Bavaria, and Saxony. The crown offered to Otho of Saxony, who, on account of his advanced age dSun'ed it and recon.nended Conrad of ^^<^^^ ^^^^:^^. descendant of Charlemagne in the female hne. He was elected l.m peror. CONRAD I.. KONRAD DER ERSTE. A.D. 911-9^8. .. Fortuna, quam blanditur. flUlit." (Fortune deceives when she flatters.) Conrad, nephew of Ar- nulph, found great opposi- tion among the unruly dukes of the different Ger- man principalities. Ar- nulph of Bavaria, to con- firm himself in his duke- dom, consented to the elec- tion of Conrad as Emperor, hoping also to obtain in- fluence through his mother, Cunigunde, whom Conrad married after Luitpold's death. Soon after, the Hungarians invaded Ba- varia, and Arnulph, with the help of the Suabians, completely defeated them, at Getting, on the Inn, in 913. He now ventured to uphold his uncles on the mother's side, Erchanger and Berthold, in their at- tempts to make themselves independent dukes in Ale- mania. But Conrad en- tered Bavaria with a pow- erful army, and Arnulph was defeated, and fled to the mountains beyond Salzburg. Conrad CONRAD I. CONRAD I. 35 hen gave Bavaria to his own brother, Eberhard, secured the posses- Be Lfhtlr'rl'^V? "'^^ '" '^«'"'"^ ^^"»^ '- «-g-- • for which there'. magnanimity and patriotism by an act the powerful Saxons, who had hitherto appeared hostile to theunitvof carrvTolfr ''^f^ ^"^«^«°^ ^ '-»"d he ordered his brother Eberhard to vassT,J° "57/ "T ™P^",^' ■"='>-' to prevent the indecis.on of tl! vassais, and decide Henrv s ejprfinn u■^v^ i ■ xxcui_y b election. Henry was hunt no- whpn ti^^ trSleT"^' '""^' ^"' ^^°"^ '^'-^ ■•ncidentUved t^^:!«!!",^ Conrad died at Limburg, in Bavaria, and was buried at Fulda His SAXON EMPERORS. Hen-rv I., THE FOWLER, grandson, on his mother's side, of Louis A.D. the German Otho I.. THE Great, son of Henry the Fowler' Otho II.. THE Red, son of Otho the Great Otho III., son of Otho the Red . . . Henry II., St. Henry, great-grandson of Henry the Fowler 919-936 936-973 973-9S3 9S3-1002 I 002- I 024 0I I SAXON EMPERORS. P' * HENRY THE FOWLER. HEINRICH DER VOGLER. .... „^3,. Ad vindictam tardus, ad beneficentiam vplnv •■ /ci ^"^'^"^ "^^^^^^ (Slow to punish, quick to do good.) Henry the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, called, also, the Builder, because he founded and enlarged cities, was the grandson of Louis the German, on his mother's side. Henry was proclaimed by the Thuringians and the Saxons, and soon recog- nized by the Suabians and Bavarians. Through his ability, he opened the do- minion of that illustrious house of Saxony to which Germany owes its organiza- tion and the permanent possession of the imperial sceptre. He repressed the ambition of the great vas- sals, by forming a regular army, and by building in the provinces fortified castles, to which he drew, by the grant of important privi- leges, the ninth part of the inhabitants of the country. He established marches, or HENRI L'OISELEUR. n an and Sorab.ans. He conquered the Danes of Jutland, and won the I.' o wSuf D7e 'Z?f^ '^'"^"^ ''°- --^^ P-P'^- yj , vinceslaus, Duke of Bohemia, was compelled to recognize his 39 SAXOuV EMPEKOKS. 1 • If. f<.r the eaucstran warüire against inc nu j^ German '^^^':^^?'^^'Zr^^ nobility .vcrc superb, and ^vere ,n- The hunting fetes of the C.erma , gorgeously eluded muong the highest ^f-^'^l^^'^J^^, .hase. In the ornamented tents, beheld the ""'."' ^^l^^^^, ^,,, jovial ccnpany, evening they feasted under tents ^^]^\^'^;^^l'^ J,^,, „f the hunt- wuh their suites, returned by '°->^"ß '' ^~ i,e chase; and kings ing-horns. Large tracts o. and -"«-f ^^ j^^"^ „ ,,,,, „sties, and and nobles preferred, on th.s account, to resKl^ ^,^^ ^^,^,,^ despised the qu.et dwolbng >" -7^; „'j^,, a nnnber of castles, eotmtry against the Hun^- ';;^2S::2:^o. ^^ environs. Merse- to serve as places of ■■ S*^ '" Quedlinburg, and many other burg, Meissen, Dresden, .^* .^;;^\,,„i„gia, arose at this time, fortified cities and castles m ^'^^°"> en in 0^7 ami that of Branden- He founded the margrav.ate of Me s n .9-^^, a ^^^^^^^ ^^ burg in 93«. I" -'^^ ^^ rTlilvncomUv, and thus extended Danes, he carried the war >nto ^1- "- co. ^ ^^^^^. ^^^^^^^ ,^^ the limits of Germany over the E der, as ^^^^ ^^^^^^.^, founded a Saxon colony and place a «^^ ^^^ ^,^ Lotharingia to his emp.rc At the e ^^^^^ ^^^^^ the Hungarians, he - -^^ ^^^^ :;t:;r-ngia and Saxony, but accustomed to receive ^^"^ 'Xior.Utrsch^r^^r. <)ii,:^y^^--^^^ were completely routed by Henrj , betöre ° j^^, ;„ obliged to flee. After these successes, he d- f \^ ,,^,„,„,en, order to be crowned Emperor at ^--^''^^^X.\z- of seventeen a little more than sixty years old, after a g o - ;<. . ^^^ ^^ vears, and was buried with great VO^^^^^^^oZl and his naturally unguished for excellent quahtje^ m n a