COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE Hi Al IM'.MI fl',1 '• ■"■'11;'* ,„„ HX64077403 R A605 N48 Report on public bat RECAP Report on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations JANUARY, fW7 HiBOSHED BY THE SLWOR'S OOSf- MrrrES on pubuc batiis am> nja- L!C COMFC^T STATIONS » NHV YOKsC CITY. Columbia (HnttJem'tj) College of ^f)p9iitiansi anb ^urseonsi llibrarp CITY OF NEW YORK THE MAYOR'S COMMITTEE PUBLIC BATHS and PUBLIC COMFORT STATIONS AppotNTED Bv Mayor William L. Strong. Julv Stm. 1895. WM. GASTON HAMILTON, C.E , Chairman MOREAU MORRIS, M.D., Vice-Chairman WM. HOWE TOLMAN, Ph.D., Secretary 105 East 22d St., New York City COMPLIMENTS OP /( ^'CT^^i:^'€^vi.^-^t/V1^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/reportonpublicbaOOnewy 1 -w I p^^; REPORT ON Public Baths AND Public Comfort Stations BY THE MAYOR'S COMMITTEE OF NEW YORK CITY. New York City. 1897. '1^^4:14^ Copyright, 1897, by The Mayor's Committee : William Gaston Hamilton, C.E. MoREAu Morris, M.D., William Howe Tolman, Ph.D. o o Table of Contents. Chapter. Page. I Introductory 11 II The Mayor's Committee on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations 21 III Bath Legislation Regarding New York City Since 1800 26 IV Public Baths of New York 35 V Swimming Clubs and the Swimming Bath as a Meaijs of Recreation 43 VI The Spray Bath and Spray Baths in the Public Schools 54 VII Municipal Baths in America 61 VIII Municipal System of Foreign Baths 68 IX The Administration of European Baths 120 X Public Laundries 134 XI Public Comfort Stations 142 XII Recommendations of the Mayor's Committee:— Plans and Studies for (a) Bath on a Site 100x50 feet 163 (b) Proposed Ba;th for Tompkins Squaxe, Including a Muni- cipal Laundry and Two Public Comfort Stations 168 (c) Underground Public Comfort Stations: City Hall Park 176 Greeley Square Park, Thirty-third Street and Broad- way ITG Suggestions for (a) Chalets for the Parks 177 (b) Stations Under the Elevated Railway Stairs 177 (c) Structures Within the Area Line and the Dead Wall of Buildings 177 XIII Bibliography •. 181 List of Illustrations. Facing Page Proposed Bath for Tompkins Square, New York City, 1 Swimming Pool in the Baths of Diocletian 12 Hall in the Baths of Caracalla 12 Front of Proposed Baths on a Site 100x50 28 Bath-room on the Floating Hospital of the St. John's Guild 36 The "Ring," one form of the Spray or Shower Bathi at the People's Baths 36 The People's Baths, 9 Centre Market Place 36 First-Class Swimming Pool, Hornsey Road, Islington, London .... 44 Swimming Pool for Women, Hornsey Road, Islington, London .... 44 Amateur Swimming Club, London 53 Newport, England, Swimming Pool as a Gymnasium 53 Swimming Pool, Brookline Public Baths - 61 First Floor Plan, Brookline Public Baths 61 Brookline Public Bath - 68 Yonkers Public Bath 84 Deptford, England, Public Baths, Washhouses and Municipal Buildings 92 Shoreditch, England, Public Bathhouse and Public Library 92 Opening Exercises of the Public Baths at Essex Road, Islington, London 100 Ground Plan of Birmingham's Latest Public Bath 100 Laundry Hung up to Dry in One-Room Apartment 132 Household Effects of a Family Living in One Room 132 Mangling Room, Hornsey Road Laundry, London 140 Drying Room, Hornsey Road Laundry, London 140 Proposed Public Comfort Station for Greeley Square 148 Underground Lavatory (interior). Charing Cross, London 156 Suggested Public Comfort Stations under the Elevated Stairways . . 164 Suggested Public Comfort Station, within area line 164 Cottage Baths, Brighton, England 172 Proposed Public Comfort Station for Parks 172 Plan of Basement Floor of Proposed Baths, on a site 100x50 180 Plan of Ground Floor of Proposed Baths, on a site 100x50 180 Plan of Upper Floor of Proposed Baths, on a site 100x50 180 Longitudinal Section of Proposed Baths, on a site 100x50 180 Cross Section of Proposed Baths, on a site 100x50 180 Newington, England, Public Baths and Washhouses 197 PREFACE. 'I'he Mayor's Committee, whose final re- port is herewith presented, was appointed by his Honor, the Mayor of New York City, William L. Strong, in July, 1895, as an Advisory Advisory Committee, to eontiniu' Ihc study of the subject of Public Baths and Status. Public Comfort Stations, upon which it had already reported to the Committee of Seventy as its sub-conuuittee on this special sub- ject. This preliminary report had been accepted and approved by that Committee, and was published by it in pamphlet form. In pursuance of this study, as requested by the Mayor, the Com- mittee became so deeply impressed with the imperative neces- sity of an adequate municipal provision of Baths and Public Com- fort Stations for New York City, that it collected the latest and best information in relation to these matters, so that New Y^ork might have the latest system of Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations. New York claims the honor to have had the first Public Bath in the United States using the spray or rain water system, for hot and cold water, opeii Ihe year round. This public bath was made possible by the New Y'ork Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, who erected a bath house, where a nominal fee of five cents was charged for its maintenance. Since August 17, 1891, the People's Baths, under the care of this Association, have been a successful object les- son, having furnished 401,000 baths, more than 90 per cent, of which have been paid for by those who have used them. The operation of a public bath, being clearly a numicipal function, should not be left to the care of a private philanthropy. The Committee is deeply sensible of the interest which flavor Strong has showm in its work. The results of two years' study are presented in the accompanying report, and Successful Object Lesson. MAY UK'S CUMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Under- ground Public Comfort Stations. Worthy Memorial. Acknowl- edgments. the Committee may be allowed to state that the following plans and studies suggested and formulated by the Committee have been favorably received. 1. The Board of Health of the Health Department has the honor to have approved, August 20, 1895, a full set of plans and specifi- cations for a bath house, to be built on a city lot 100 by 50 feet. 2. The same Board has also approved one hundred Public Comfort Stations. 3. General C. H. T. Collis, Commissioner of Public Works, has likewise approved a full set of plans and specifications for a Public Bath, which was intended to have been located in Tompkins Square. He has also approved two underground public comfort stations, one to be located in the City Hall Park, the other in the small park in Greeley Square. 4. The passage of mandatory legislation, March 25, 1896, ap- propriated $200,000 for buildings for Public Baths and Comfort Stations. The action of Mayor Strong in naming an Advisory Committee on Baths has been since followed by the Hon- orable Josiah Quincy, the Mayor of Boston, and the Honorable Emory N. Yard, the Mayor of Trenton. In the age of Augustus, the Roman who stood nearest the Emperor did not consider it beneath his dignity to present a public bath to his city. In these days, when wealth is abounding on every hand, and men and women are desirous of leaving a worthy memorial, what larger social service could be rendered than the erection and equipment of a public bath? If such a benefaction was honored in the days of Rome, surely there are merchant princes in our American cities whose public spirit will make possible a monument to the lasting honor of their own mu- nicipality. The Committee begs to acknowledge the cordial cooperation of the Board of Managers of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and would especially ex- tend its thanks to the firm of Messrs. Cady, Berg & See, architects and engineers, for their expert advice and for the plans and studies. It would also express earnest acknowl- edgments to the Mayors and public officials of English and Con- PREFACE. 7 tinental cities, vvluj have placed at the disposal of the Committee plans, (Irawinj^s, special rept^rts and expert advice, particularly II. Montague Jiatcs, Principal Clerk to the Commissioners of Sewers of the City of London; Job Cox, Superintendent and Engineer of the Baths Department, City of Birmingham, and Chief Engineer Andreas Meyer, of Ilaniburj^^. (Signed) WILLIAM GASTON HAMILTON, MOREAU MORRIS, WILLIAM HOWE TOLMAN, Committee. Report on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. Hon. William L. Strong, Mayor, New York City. Sir:— Your Committee takes pleasure in sub- mitting the accompanying report, in accordance with your request of June 25tli, 1895, "to continue investigation regarding baths and lavatories and see if some means cannot be devised for erecting and trying at once some of the recommendations of the Sub-Committee of the Committee of Seventy." It is needless to mention the im- perative necessity of a sufficient number of free public baths in a great city like New York. The fact that there is not a single munici- pal public bath open the year round in New York is significant. New York and other x\merican cities are far behind those of Eu- rope, especially London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Paris and Berlin, in the municipal provision which is made for the comfort and wel- fare of all the component parts of their citizenship. There are numerous indications that American cities are proceeding to take under advisement these pro- visions for public comfort, and it is particularly gratifying to your Committee that the movement in many cases came from the im- pulse which you have given to civic betterment in New York City. This report to your Honor may seem to have been delayed unauly, indicated by the fact that the press and individuals have had so much interest in the subject of Baths, that they have made specific inquiry of you, when it would appear, but it should be brought to your notice that the subject entrusted to your Committee had to be studied from the very beginning, and the great volume of information was sought from English and Continental cities; in other words, outside of the reports of baths made possible by a few great philanthropies, there was no information to be de- rived from the cities of the United States. Accordinglv vour Corn- Free Public Baths. Great Philan- thropies. 10 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. mittee put itself in communication with Mayors and other officials in the capital cities of England and Europe; the courtesy of their replies and the wealth of illustrative material sent it, has placed it in a position to present to you a digest of the latest, hence the best, experience of the civilized world. From a study of this experience your Honor can satisfy himself on the soundness of the conclusions and recommendations of your Committee. At this point attention should be directed to the following tabulation for the city of London as an evidence of the provisions of that municipality in response to popular demands for baths. It will be noted that this study was made in 1892, and indicates the extensive provisions made for the city of London alone. PUBLIC BATHS AND WASH HOUSES, 1891-2. Locality. Cost of Water. Bathers. Washers. Batt€rsea Bermondsey Bloomsbury Chelsea Greenwich Hampstead Islington Kensington , Lewisham Paddington , Poplar Eotherhithe ■ St. George-in-the-East St. George, Hanover Square St. Giles, Camberwell St. Martin-in-the-Fields . . . St. Maiylebone , St. Pancras , St. Margaret and St. John . Whitechapel , St. .James, Westminster. . . . , £258 262 237 372 327 412 405 185 214 134 830 251 411 899 158 385 382 not stated 118,368 '92-93 not stated Baths not then not stated 93,623 Baths not then ' not stated 92,045 '92-93 179,784 116,738 '93-94 not stated 74,038 240,508 Baths not then 57,111 142,667 117,882 not stated 134,697 107,257 not stated 24,947 '92-93 not stated opened, not stated not stated opened. not stated not stated 19,639 9,293 '93-94 not stated not stated 44,789 opened. 35,340 38,959 66,182 not stated 20,563 49.171 Total I £6,122 1,474,718 308,883 Part of Wisdom. It should be stated at this point that your Committee means by a public bath an establishment under the con- trol of the municipality, where a hot or cold bath may be obtained at any time during the year. Such a public bath may be free or fees may be charged, the latter practice obtaining in nearly all of the cities of the world. If the city provides the plant, those using it should pay for that privilege. This is the part of wisdom, because the idea of charity should be mainly eliminated from a public bath, and the ojjcrating expenses will he lu-arly met by the fees. Tlpe present law provides for a free public bath, but a fee may be charged for the use of towels and soap; a certain part of each bath, say 15 or 25 per cent., may be absolutely free. There are not more than ffjur public baths under the control of cities in the United States; but that your Honor may realize that the conditions are not much worse in New York than in some of the other large municipalities, and that the needs are none the less imperative, an excerpt from the Seventh Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Labor is submitted. "New York. — (i) Starting from the corner of Centre and Worth, along Centre to Leonard, along Leonard to Baxter, along Baxter to Canal, along Canal to Centre, along Centre to Hester, along Hester to Mulberry, along Mulberry to Spring, along Spring to Elizabeth, along Elizabeth to Canal, along Canal to Bowery, along Bowery to Worth, and along Worth to Centre. "(2) Starting from the corner of Broome and Broadway, along Broadway to East Houston, along East Houston to Elizabeth, along Elizabeth to Prince, along Prince to Marion, along Marion to Spring, along Spring to Crosby, along Crosby to Broome and along Broome to Broadway." New York's Need.s. POPULATION OF THE SLUM DISTRICTS CANVASSED. at J. June 1, 1890. (Eleventh Census). April 1, 1893. Baltimore 16.878 1 18,048 Chicago 17,637 ' 19.748 New Yorli 27.462 28.996 Philadelptiia 15,409 17,060 Total 77,386 83,852 NUMBER AND PER CENT. OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS IN HOUSES OR TENEMENTS HAVING AND NOT HAVING BATH ROOMS. Population of Houses or Tenements having Bath Rooms. Population of Houses or Tenements not having Bath Rooms. City. Number Per cent. Number. Per cent. Fami- 1 ludivi- lies. [ duals. Fami- lies. Indivi- duals. Fami- i Indivi- j Fami- Indivi- lies. ' duals. lies. duals. Baltimore . . . Chicago New York . . Philadelphia 296 110 138 560 1,663 7.35 748 2.83 1.888 2.33 3.080 16.90 9.21 3.79 6.51 18.05 3.732 1 16.385 j 92.65 \ 90.79 3.771 19.000 97.17 | 96.21 5,774 27,108 97.67 93.49 2.753 I 13.980 83.10 , 81.95 12 MAIORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. NUMBER AND PER CENT. OF FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS IN HOUSES OR TENEMENTS HAVING WATER CLOSETS OR PRIVIES. Population of Houses or Tenements having Water Closets. Population of Houses or Tenements having Privies. City. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Fimii- 1 ludivi- 1 Fami- 1 Indivi- lies. 1 duals. 1 lies. | duals. Fami- indivi- lies. duals. Fam!- | ludlvi- lies. 1 duals. Baltimore . . i 486 2,637 12.07 14.61 Chicago ....;i,027 5,492 26.46 27.81 New Yorlc ..i2,797 |14,716 47.31 50.75 Philadelphia 1 1,006 | 5,473 30.37 32.08 3,542 15,411 87.93 85.39 2,854 14,256 73.54 72.19 3,115 14,280 52.69 49.25 2,307 11,587 69.63 67.92 1 7 Bath Rooms for 480 Houses. An additional investigation, comprehend- ing 480 houses in the New York sknii districts canvassed, was made in order to ascertain how many persons in each house were com- pelled to use the same bathrooms, water closets and privies. Out of a total of 480 houses visited for this puipose in New York, but seventeen had bathrooms. "The average number of persons to a bathroom in the houses having bathrooms was 8.14 in New York. The table itself shows the details for each specified number of per- sons to a bathroom in each house. It should be borne in mind that these figures refer only to the houses having bathrooms, 96.67 per cent, of the houses investigated in New York being entirely without such accommodations. The average number of persons compelled to use the same water closet or privy was 10.52 persons in New York. This average, although for but a small portion of the slum district of New York, is thought to be fairly representative of the whole. The table relating to bathrooms follows: NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A BATHROOM. 3 or under 4 2 4 or under 5 3 5 or under 6 2 6 or under 7 3 7 or under 8 1 11 or under 12 1 12 or under 13 1 13 or under 14 1 15 or under 16 1 24 or under 25 1 110 or under 111 1 Total houses 17 In the 480 houses inspected in New York 91 had water closets, 363 privies, and 26 both water closets and privies. NUMBER OF PERSONS' TO A WATER CLOSET OR PRIVY. Under 1 1 or under 2 2 or under 3 3 or under 4 3 11 14 27 4 or under 5 or under 6 or under 7 35 7 or under 8 40 The Swimming Pool in the Baths of Diocletian in Classic Rome. In this establishment 3.200 bathers could be accommodated at once. The proposed bath at Tompkins Square would have accommodated 96 at one time. It was staled, on the authority of Pliny, that for 600 years Rome needed no medicine but the public baths. A Hall in the Baths of Caracalla (Rome), .^.d. 212. 1.600 bathers could be accommodated at one time. One hall in the Baths of Diocletian was made by- Michael Angelo into the Church of S. Maria de gli Angeli. LNTKODI (rj'OltV 13 S (>!• !) Ol- io or 1 1 or 1*2 or i;{ or 14 or If) or Ki or 17 or 15 or 1!) oir 20 or 151 or imdcr iiiHlcr uiuler iiiidcM' under lIlKhT umlcr under under under under under untlor •A7 4r. 44 ;{r> 21 18 in r> n 8 9 4 or und«-r li.'! or under 25 or under 2S oi' under 2!) or under .'il or under .'{2 or under .''..'{ oi- nndi-r ;!;') 8 " " «' «' 4 150 1 " ves 10 free 5 :U9 3 " '' 25 " 6 157 1 2 " 15 i 1 11 20 105 1 u " 2 it 21 105 none " none none none 22 90 " " " " " 23 56 " " ii 11 " 24 94 " " " '• 11 25 120 1 " yes 5 free 26 389 2 " " 7 " 27 210 2 " u 15 free 28 206 1 " " 15 " 29 121 1 " (( 12 " 30* 270 3 " '' 2 " 31* 1 61 none 1> none none none 32 126 1 11 " paid for 33 150 2 (< yes 12 free 34 85 none " n')ue none none 35 71 1 " yes 10 free 36 285 2 " 25 " 37 75 none " none none none 38 120 1 " yes 3 free 39 194 none " none none none 40 271 2 *' Tubs, yes 12 free 41 77 none " none none none 42 103 " n '' '♦ " 43 107 '< " " " " 44 317 " " " " li 45 116 " u " " '« 46 134 1 t( yes 3 free 47 143 1 3 t( 48 49 vacant 49 38 none " none none none 50 38 1 " yes 2 free 51 150 1 " 3 (1 52 281 none " none none none 53 14 " " " " " 54 137 4 " yes 20 free 55 146 2 " 6 " 56 112 1 " " 4 " 57 172 1 (( (1 9 " 58 132 none ♦' none none none 59 176 1 it yes 5 free 60 17 none " none none none 61 147 «' " 1 1 " (1 62 101 1 " yes " free 63 292 none (( none " none 64 180 1 " yes 3 to 5] free 65 143 1 " " 7 66 75 1 not in use 67 73 none " none none none 68 152 2 " yes 7 free 69* 104 none " none none none Revoked. INTRODUCTORY. Tvodgor.M AUowod. Number of Bath 'I'll l)H. Num»)(ir fif H«th Tiibii, etc. Hhowcm. with hot, wator. Average Vh: VtSif. Free or Pal'l For. 70 68 none none none none none 71 145 " ' ' J J 72 73 (52 202 1 .. yen 1 a wcel< 74 103 nouc! " none none none frc;e 75 89 I " ycH 3 76 95 none " non yes 10 free 83 45 none " none. none none 84 305 " ( t 11 85 86 28 143 ti 11 2 ye-s 8 free 87 30 " none none none none 88 30 " " " K 89 90 21 116 1 .1 yes 7 free 91 139 1 '' * ^ 2 2 2 30 92 90 1 " " 93 120 1 " " 94 75 1 '' ( i 95 113 none " none none none 96 167 j)i:(:'r(jitv. IT "19. Imcc VVinlcr I'.atlis. — That tlu; city shall cstahhsh free winter baths throughout the tenement house districts of the city,"* Very cheap baths have been recently established in the poorer quarters of London with great success. We already have free sum- mer baths which liavc proved a blessing; during three months of 1883 more than 2,000,000 baths were taken in those establishments. P'ree winter baths would greatly enhance the cleanliness of the tenement house population, would lessen the danger of diseases, and would be one safeguard against the spread of epidemics. During the existence of the sub-committee of the Conmiittee of Seventy on Baths and Lavatories, the Tene- ment House Committee of 1894 presented its report to the Legis- lature. The Tenement House Committee of 1894, which was appointed in accordance with law, was organized under the chairmanship of Richard Watson Gilder, and Edward Marshall as Secretary. Very early in its inquiries, it was con- fronted with the problem of public baths. It was the opinion of the Committee that it is evident that the bathing habit is growing among the masses of the people, and it is also evident that the prac- tice stands greatly in need of encouragement by means of increased opportunities. The Secretary reports that out of a total population of 255,033 covered by the committee's inspection, only 306 persons have access to bathrooms in the houses in which they live. The only way in which the occupants of tenement houses can bathe is by using a tub of some kind, filled from the faucet in the kitchen or from that in the hall, or with water carried up from the yard. It is apparent that such conditions as these do not encourage the practice of bathing. Nor is this all. The number of rooms oc- cupied by a family in a tenement house is generally so small that every inch of space is occupied. Even when the occupants are wil- ling to incur the' labor of carpy-ing water from the faucet in the hall or from the yard, it is difficult to secure the privacy which is nec- essary for the bath. It is thus evident that though the number of baths taken at various bathing places in the city may be large in the aggregate, the persons who actually bathe are not numerous, and the great majority of the tenement house population is not yet reached. *Copy from tlie Secretary's miuutes of the Tenement House Com- mission. Qilder Committee. No Privacy 18 MAIOKS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Millions for Charity. European Models. Lavatories. The freer use of water by the tenement house population would aid them very materially in their struggle for existence by assisting the elimination from their system of the poisons absorbed in the sunless and airless dwellings. That sev- eral hundred thousand people in the city have no proper facilities for keeping their bodies clean is a disgrace to the city and to the civ- ilization of the nineteenth century. These facilities have been used and are abundant in many enlightened nations, and they are being increased in every way possible. The amount of money annually spent in charity in this city amounts to millions, and the question arises whether it be not greater economy to spend more for the preservation of health and the prevention of disease, because less would then be required for the support and care of the sick and help- less. The cultivation of the habit of personal cleanliness has a favorable effect also upon the character; tending to self-respect and decency of life. The committee believed it would conduce greatly to the public health if New York should follow the example of many of the cities of the Old World and open municipal baths in the crowded districts. It, therefore, favored the building, at the beginning, of at least one fully equipped bathing establishment on the best European models, affording every kind of bath desirable, at moderate charges. The same Committee reviewed the work of the Tenement House Commission of 1884 in the light of original rec- ommendations, and in compliance with them, the following sec- tions concern baths and the Commissioners' opinion. (19) "That the city establish free winter baths throughout the tenement house districts of the city. "This recommendation has not been adopt- ed. In the opinion of this Committee, the matter of baths is of great importance, and, consequently, this committee unites in a rec- ommendation that bathing establishments, at which a small charge shall be made, be constructed. The reasons for this are set forth at greater length in another part of this report." The committee summed up its work in twenty-one definite recommendations, on which it requested the modification of old and enactment of new laws. Its opinion re- garding public baths and lavatories was positive. 75. " Municipal Bathing Establishments. "That, in addition to free floating baths maintained in the summer months, the city should open in the INTRODUCTORY. V.) crowded districts fiilly-cciiiippcd h.-iiliing- establishments, on tlie best European models, and witli nnxUratc charges. "The Connnittee makes the above recom- mendation in the interests of tiie pubhc health. Hundreds of thousands of our po])ulation are without sufficient bathing facil- ities, while it is evident that the bathing habit increases among them in proportion to the (Opportunity afforded. The baths now maintained by benevolent orgrmizations at small charges arc prin- cipally rain baths. The bathing habit abroad has been greatly in- creased owing to the popularity of the swinmiing baths, and it is believed that municipal establishments here will be more successful in accomplishing their purposes if swimming baths be included in their arrangements. l6. ^'Drinking Founlains and Lavatories. "That numerous drinking fountains and sufficient public lavatories be established in the tenement house districts. The most crowded districts of the city are destitute of such ordinary conveniences; and the same should be promptly pro- vided. In foreign cities, as appeared in the testimony at the public hearings, lavatories of an elaborate character have been built with accommodations for which moderate charges are made." * The canvass of the Federation of Churches shows that there are only 1,037 bathtubs for 8,176 families in the Fifteenth Assembly District, or i bathtub to 7.9 families. Of these baths, 767 are in houses between Eighth and Ninth Avenues, in which 3,334 families live, or i to 4.3 families. Thus, for the 4,842 families west of Ninth Avenue, the Federation discovers only 270 bathtubs, or i to 17.9 families. For the 3.105 between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, 262, or i to 11. 9 families. For the 1,737 families west of Tenth Avenue, it discovers but 8, or i to 2 1 7. 1 families. For the 1,321 from Tenth to Eleventh Avenue, it discovers 3 tubs, or i to 440.3 families. For the 416 families west of Eleventh Avenue, it discovers 5 tubs, or i to 83.2 families. The tiers of blocks between Eighth and Tenth Avenues, and Eleventh Avenue and the river, seem, strangely enough, to be the best pro- vided. The condition between Eighth and Tenth Avenues is easily understood; but why should there be a higher average of bathtubs from Eleventh Avenue to the river than from Tenth to Eleventh Avenue? It is evident that the people are not satisfied with their proximity to the river, and the remark of an old Irishman to the writer is probably the true explanation : "Shure oi don't want to live *Reportof the Tenement House Committee, 1895, pp. 75, 76. Bathin{( Habit. Ordinary Conveni- ences. 20 MAlOKiS COMMITTEE OX PLIBLIC BATHS. '* Me Own Shanty." Rent Statistics. in those big houses any more. Foightin' above yez, swearin' be- low yez, drinkin' all round yez; and I juist come over here and got this bit of a shanty, and, thank God, it's me own now! It don't look much outside, but it kapes out the cold and the rain, and I've got a tub where I can wash mesilf whin I want to, too." Between Eleventh Avenue and the river many houses are detached, and the plumbing is not so great a problem in these smaller buildings.* It is safe to say that the above statistics show that there is no region of the city in which public baths and lavatories are more urgently demanded. If one of the blocks above mentioned is secured for a park, public baths could be easily at- tached thereto, summer and winter. The rent statistics accumulated by the Federation have already decided the City and Suburban Homes Company to locate definitely upon the* West Side the first block of model tenements which they propose to erect. The erection of these buildings cannet but benefit the condition of the people ten- anting the adjacent property, as rents in the improved buildings will be no higher, and the conveniences will be much greater. There will thus be good warrant for the plea of tenants in the poor homes to insist upon improvements. To meet present needs, how- ever, parks, public baths, and the enforcement of all laws designed to prevent tenement house evils, are urgently necessary. The people of the district living on the West Side are paying, proportionately to space occupied, as high a rent as those living between Eighth and Ninth Avenues, and their privileges are very much less. The rent statistics were not taken for the entire district, but the rent per room in the blocks taken between Eighth and Ninth Avenues is $52.09 per year; between Ninth and Tenth, $41.73; between Tenth and Eleventh, $29.34, and between Eleventh and the river, $38.31. It will be noticed that where the rent is the highest the rooms are the most crowded. Putting together the statistics of rent and baths per family, the facts are: 8th to 9th 9th to 10th 10th to 11th 11th to 12th Avenue. Avenue. Avenue. Avenue. Kent per family | $22N si.nck isih). 27 vantages. A few years' experience, however, showed tliat the en- terprise was too far in advance <>i the habits of the people whose advantage was songht t(j be appreciated l)y them, and lience it failed through insufficient patronage. May 9th, 1867, an act (Ch. 842; was passed to incorporate "Tlie Metropolitan T'.athing Association in the City of New York." The association was authorized to build and construct bathing houses or floating baths in the City of New York in the East River, North River and Harlem River so as to pro- vide public baths. It could prescribe rates not to exceed twenty-five cents for each person for each bath. The capital was to be $100,000 in shares of $100, but might be increased by a two-thirds vote of the shareholders to $500,000. The association could purchase, lease, take and hold real estate necessary for its use fronting on rivers and erect either floating baths or brick or stone buildings, the latter to conform to the building laws of New York City. The Board of Health in its annual report for 1866 pleaded for the establishment of free public baths and wash- houses as a sanitary measure. It said that "the fact that the bath and washhouse which the generous and practical philanthropy of the late Mr. Robert B. Minturn and his associates established did not become a remunerative enterprise need not deter the public from organizing and maintaining such sanitary establishments. The only question is, 'Can a system of public baths be so adminis- tered as to insure the attainment of their object, viz, to bathe the people who most need to bathe, and at the same time not incur an unwarrantable expense to the municipal government?' " In 1868 (Ch. 879) the Mayor, Aldermen and commonalty of New York City were authorized and em- powered to retain a slip or basin not exceeding two hundred feet in front at the easterly end of the Batter}^ in New York, adjoining the United States property on the westerly side, and to lease it for a public salt water floating bath. They were also authorized and directed to erect two free floating baths, one on the East River, and one on the Hudson River, and to provide the requisite attendance therefor. These baths were to be free and the Common Council was to prescribe the regulations. Two floating baths, the first in the city, were erected in 1870 in compliance with the requirements of this act. The Board of Health reported that the universal patronage re- ceived and the approval met with on every hand warranted the Ahead of the Times Pleading for Baths. Floating Baths. 2S MAiOK'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Melan- choly Contrast. Satire. hope that the city would ere long afford proper facilities for all who desired to observe that most essential of hygienic laws — to keep cleansed. In 1871 attention was called to the necessity for some easily managed form of bathroom in each tenement house which would render unnecessary the resort to the free baths upon the riverside, and provide a much cleaner and less dangerous means of purifying the body than the necessity of bathing in the sewer- polluted rivers. It was said that the utility of the baths as a sani- tary measure was more than questionable. The water should be taken from the center of the rivers by mechanical means or from the Croton supply, so that no sewer impurities would be in the least in- termixed. But the Board of Health recommended warm baths as a means of reducing the death rate and said, "What a melancholy contrast to such enlightened public zeal (as Rome showed by its numerous public baths) in behalf of the health of its people does New York present? Surrounded by water which can be readily utilized, with a population half of which at least never bathe for want of facilities, this city has but two public baths." It was no argument that there was no popular appreciation of public baths, for Boston's were well patronized. Baths should not be confined to the river front, but should be distributed over the entire city, with suitable isolation for the sexes. In 1872 it was admitted that grave objection had been made to the baths, but it was thought that the responsibility lay with the location of the bath or the impru- dence of the frequenters. In 1873 Sanitary Inspector Stuyvesant F. Morris could not say the public baths were more used, because that was impossible. He said: "What a satire it is upon this city with its million of inhabitants that there are but two small public baths. Still, as this seems to be the era of reform, retrenchment is of far more importance than cleanliness and health. So the great unwashed must remain unwashed, to the great detriment of their health, and consequently that of the city." In the same report Sanitary Inspector J. D. Bryant urged that the number of public baths should be largely increased in all parts of the city. As a result of this, in 1874 four more float- ing baths were authorized by law, and it was ordered that they should be under the exclusive control and management of the De- partment of Public Works. A sum of money not exceeding $80,000 was to be raised by bonds payable in 1875, and the Depart- ment of Docks was to assign convenient locations. The Board of Health report dated January I, 1876, called attention to the necessity for a large increase in the j'.ATii i.i<:(;i.si.A'rio.\ sincjo isoo. 29 miiulxT (j[ baths, i\\v inijioilaiicc of which could not be overesti- mated. Chapter 169, Laws of 1876, passed April 22, repeated the law of 1874, except that the expenditure was not to exceed $60,000 and tlu bonds were to be paifl from the taxes for .1877. During the follr)wing sunmier these four additional floatin_c^ ])aths were placed. In the same year (Chapter 46) Brooklyn was authorized to build two or more public baths, on which $25,000 might be expended. This sum was to be raised by bonds payable in 1877, and bearing- interest at the rate of 7 per cent. The annual allowance for maintenance was placed at $3,000. In 1879 the Commissioner of Public Works was authorized to construct an additional Free Floating ^ore Bath at a cost not exceeding that of one of the baths already in ex- Baths. istence. This bath was to be located during the summer at Seven- teenth Street and the East River. During 1879 the Department of Public Works erected two more baths. In 1 88 1 an additional Free Floating Bath W/is authorized, to be located in the Fifth Ward. In 1882 the laws relating to public needs in the City of New York were consolidated, and the acts already mentioned were summarized in Section 346, Chapter 410. This provided for nine free floating baths, one of which should be located on the East River, one on the Hudson River, one at Seventeenth Street and the' East River, one in the Fifth Ward, and the remainder at places designated by the Commissioner of Public Works. In the summer following, one more bath w^as erected, making a total of nine, the limit provided for by the law. In 1883 ^^^ 3^ct was passed providing for four new floating baths at such expense as should be necessary. When these baths were ready for use, the Commissioner of Public Works was to sell two of the older free floating baths, the proceeds to go to the general fund. The new baths were to be located at Public available places. These new baths were built during the following Need*. summer. In 1888 two acts providing for new baths were passed. The first bath, the cost of which was not to exceed that of one of the present baths, was to be opened by Augfust ist, and to be located in the East River between Fift\--ninth and Seventy-ninth Streets, and the other bath was to be located on the Hudson between One Hundred and Twentv-Eighth and One Hun- 30 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. dred and Thirtieth Streets, and the Commissioner of PubUc Works might expend on it such amount as was necessary. Two more baths were built and placed during the summer, making fifteen, the number now in use. In 1889 an act amending Section 346 of the Consolidation Act of 1882 was passed, which provided that from that date the Board of Estimate and Apportionment should determine on the number of baths necessary for the city, and make appropriation for them. The Commissioner of Public Works should then cause them to be constructed. Up to the present time no advantage has been taken .of this act, and the number remains the same as in 1888. The first provision for municipal baths, such as had existed in England since 1850, was made in 1889. Chapter 452 provided for a Board of Commissioners, to be known as the Municipal Bathhouse Commissioners, and to be composed of the Mayor of the city, the Recorder, the President of the Depart- ment of Charities and Corrections and the Commissioner of Public Works. On the authority of the Board of Estimate and Appor- tionment these Commissioners were to provide plans and specifi- cations for public bathhouses, containing hot and cold water baths, adapted to the different seasons of the year, and to be situated in the Second Assembly District. Plans were to be offered for com- petition at such premium as the Commissioners should see fit. The whole expense of erecting, furnishing and equipping these baths was not to exceed $75,000. The Department of Public Works was to have exclusive control and power and the Board of Estimate and Apportionment was to provide annually for their maintenance. The baths were to be opened for men one day, and for women alter- nate days. No charge was to be made for the use of the baths, and towels or other drying facilities were to be provided free. No attempt was made to carry out the pro- visions of this act, as there was no special interest in the matter on the part of the city authorities. In May, 1892, an act of more general ap- plication was passed. This gave permission to any city, village or town to establish free public baths, and to loan its credit or make ap- propriations from its funds for that purpose. The present Committee, on taking up the matter of public baths, decided to get legislative authority before proceeding in the matter. As a result, the law of April 18, 1895, was passed. It amends chapter 473, the law last mentioned, making BATH. LEGISLATION SINCE IHOO. 31 its provisions niand.-itory, and the amended law reads as fol- lows: "Section i. All cities of tiie first and second class shall establish and maintain such number of free public baths as the local Board of Health may deem to be necessary. Each bath shall be kept open not less than fourteen hours for each day and both hot anrl cold water shall be provided. The erection and maintenance of river or ocean baths shall not be deemed a compliance with this section. Any city, village or town having less than fifty thousand inhabi- tants may establish and maintain free public baths, and any city, village or town may loan its credit or may appropriate of its funds for the purpose of establishing such free public baths. "Section 2. This act shall take effect immediately." In the last session of the Legislature the following law was passed : "CHAPTER 122. "AN ACT to provide for the construction in the City of New York of certain buildings for the promotion of public health and comfort. ■'Accepted by the city, "Became a law March 25, 1896, with the approval of the Governor. "Passed, three-fifths being present. "The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : "Section i. The Commissioner of Public Works in the City of New York, with the consent and approval of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of said city, expressed as hereinafter provided, is hereby authorized and empowered to erect such and so many buildings for free public baths and such and so many structures for the promotion of public comfort within said city of New York as in the opinion of said Commissioner of Public Works and of said Board of Estimate and Apportionment shall be necessar}^ and proper. "Section 2. Before proceeding to erect or construct any build- ing or structure as authorized by the last preceding section the said Commissioner of Public Works may, from time to time, present to the said Board of Estimate and Apportionment a statement of any work proposed to be done, with plans and specifications there- for, and an estimate of the proximate probable cost therefor, where- upon the said Board of Estimate and Apportionment may, by reso- lution, authorize said work to be done wholly or in part, and may approve of the plans and specifications therefor, or may return the Immediate Action. Sanction of the Board. 32 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Public Letting. Baths in Parks. same to said Commissioner of Public Works for modification or alteration, whereupon said Commissioner of Public Works shall resubmit said plans and specifications, and after having modified or altered the same shall again submit them to said Board of Esti- mate and Apportionment, who may then approve the same or again return them to the said Commissioner of Public Works for further modification or alteration, and said plans and specifications may be so returned to said Commissioner of Public Works and resubmitted to said Board of Estimate and Apportionment until the said Board of Estimate and Apportionment shall, by resolution, approve said plans and specifications and authorize the work to be proceeded with accordingly. "Section 3. When any work provided for by this act shall have been authorized and the plans and specifications therefor approved by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, the said Commis- sioner of Public Works shall proceed to execute and carry out said work, which shall be done by contract, made at public letting to the lowest bidder, pursuant to the general provisions of law and ordin- ances regulating the letting, execution and performance of public contracts in the City of New York. The Commissioner of Public Works, with the approval of the Board of Estimate and Apportion- ment first had and obtained, is hereby authorized and empowered, with the consent in writing of the contractor and his sureties, to alter any plans, and the terms and specifications of any contract entered into by authority of this act, provided that such alteration shall in no case involve or require an increased expense greater than five per centum of the whole expenditure provided for in said contract. "Section 4. The Commissioner of Public Works is authorized and empowered, with the consent and approval of the Board of Es- timate and Apportionment, to locate any or all of the structures for the promotion of public comfort to be erected under the au- thority of this act to be so erected in any public park of the City of New York, and for that purpose the Commissioner of Public Parks shall permit the said Commissioner of Public Works, his officers and agents and the contractors to enter upon said park or parks and therein to perform the work so authorized. Any such structure which may be erected in any public park of said city shall, after its erection and completion, be under the care, custody and control of the Department of Public Parks in said city, who are hereby au- thorized and empowered to make proper and necessary rules for the use and management thereof. BATH LE(;itiLAT10N SINCE 1800. 88 "Section 5. For tlic pnqjosc of carrying out the work authorized by this act, inchiding conii)cnsation of any architect or architects employed by said Commissioner of Public Works to prepare plans pj^ng and specifications and to supervise the work done thereunder, and of any architect employed by the IJoard of Estimate and Apportion- ment to examine any plans and specifications, and including also the cost of such furniture and fixtures for any building hereby authorized as shall be approved and consented to by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, the Comptroller of the City of New York is hereby directed, from time to time, when thereto directed by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, to issue consolidated stock of the City of New York in the manner now provided by law to an amount not exceeding in the aggregate the sum of two hun- dred thousand dollars. "Section 6. This act shall take effect immediately. "State of New York, "Office of the Secretary of State. \ "1 have compared the preceding with the original law on file in this office, and do hereby certify that the same is a correct transcript therefrom and of the whole of said original law. (Signed) JOHN PALMER, "Secretary of State." After it was decided not to locate the first bath in Tompkins Square, another site was necessar}'. It will be noted that it will now be situated in the new East Side Park. The matter of locating an additional public park on the east side of the city was taken up at a meeting of the Board of Street Opening and Improvement on June 5th, 1896, and, after much discussion, the President of the Department of Public Parks offered the following resolution: "Resolved, That the Board of Street Opening and Improve- ment, in pursuance of the provisions of Chapter 293 of the Laws of 1895, and of Chapter 320 of the Laws of 1887, proposes to select, lo- cate and lay out as a public park the block bounded by Jefferson Street, East Broadway, Canal and Division Streets, and also the Block bounded by Division, Essex, Hester and Norfolk Streets, preseo' and also the block bounded by Norfolk, Hester, Suffolk and Divis- status, ion Streets, in the City of New York ; and that such portion of Nor- folk Street running from Hester to Division Streets be closed and thrown into such public park, and that Jefferson Street be opened and extended through the block bounded bv Di\'ision. Hester. 34 MAYOR'S COxMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Suffolk and Norfolk Streets so as to connect with Norfolk Street on the north side of Hester Street; and that the Department of Public Parks be requested to set apart for a public bath the easterly end of the block bounded by Suffolk, Hester, Division and Norfolk Streets." CHAPTER IV. PUBLIC BATHS OV NEW YUKK. The first provision for free public baths was made in 1870 by the erection of two floating baths. There are now fifteen floating baths, berthed at convenient locations from the Battery to One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Street, on the North River, and from Market Slip, on the East River. The baths are usually open from the mid- dle of June to October ist. They are open daily from 5 A. M. to 9 P. M., except Sundays, when they are closed at noon. Mon- days, Wednesdays and Fridays are set apart for women and chil- dren, the remainder of the week being for males. There is absolutely no charge for admission to the baths. All bathers excepting chil- dren are required to furnish themselves with bathing dresses, and, to avoid infection, no towels or other toilet articles can be hired at the baths. Two male attendants are in charge of each bath on the days set apart for males, and two female attendants on the other days. A male guard at each bath on women's days, a policeman to keep order, and a keeper at each bath at night are also employed. Each bath has an average of sixty-three dressing rooms, a reception toilet and retiring room, and is lighted by gas. The baths have a supply of ice water and are thoroughl}^ swept, scoured and washed down nightly. At the end of each bathing season the baths are thoroughly repaired, painted and cleaned. The average cost of construction and equipment of each bath is $13,000, and the annual cost of mainte- nance and repairs for the fifteen baths is $48,000, including $30,000 for the salaries of attendants. The baths are located as conveniently as possible to crowded tenement house districts. The berths are as- signed by the Department of Docks, and before the baths are placed the Health Department makes an examination to ascertain if the sanitary condition of the location is good. William Brookfield, Commissioner of Public Works, wrote the Committee, under date of June 19, 1895, that more floating baths could be used advantageously, if berths could be obtained for them at places where they are most needed. Male Quard. Location of Baths. 3U MAIOKS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. For the season of 1896, which lasted from June 20th to October loth, the number of bathers was as follows: Week Ending Males. Females Total. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 4. 11. 18. 25. 1. S. 15. 22. 29. 5. 12. 19. 26. 3. 10. 51,285 70,074 172.247 235,659 343,898 378,297 440,166 508,796 575,244 360,808 261,335 216,248 134,967 81,889 50,313 14,529 8,494 18,406 60.354 68,049 98,155 203,515 238,253 246,924 253,580 140,235 102,507 96,178 82,591 22,218 13,173 5,511 59,779 88,480 232,601 303,708 442,053 581,812 678,419 755,720 828,824 501,043 363,842 312,426 217,558 104,107 63,486 20,040 Total I 3,895,755 1,658,143 5,553,898 John Paton. While it is true that there are in New York no free public baths except the floating baths in the summer, yet there are opportunities for the people to secure cleansing baths entirely or partly free of cost, but these opportunities are made possible by philanthropic societies. The first public bath in the United States was opened in New York City, 9 Centre Market Place, by the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. The remarkable success of these baths was due largely to the great interest of the then president of the Association, John Paton. In his own words: "The only free baths in the city are those maintained by the Corporation, and consist of swimming baths in the harbor, open during the hot months. It is only necessary to glance at the hun- dreds of sewers pouring out their disgusting streams into the salt water of the docks, and see that while these city baths may afford amusement and pleasure to thousands during the hot season, the water is always impure and often filthy in the extreme. Such bathing is not cleansing, and it may be doubted if it is not often positively unhealthy."* ^T" Deeply impressed with the belief that cleanliness of person is not only elevating in its effects upon the mind and morals, but also necessary to health and to the warding * Public Baths, by John Paton, late President of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Read before the Evangelical Alliance in Chicago, 1893. Bath Room on the Floating Hospital of the St. John's Guild. 8,514 baths given during the summer of 1896. The bath room is not opened till the barge is in the pure water of the Lower Bay. The " Ring," one form of the spray or shower bath, at the People's Bath. Tne Pecpies Baths. 9 Centre Mar- ket Place, under the care of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. i'ui'.i.k; baths of mow yohk. (jII of disease, the New York Associati(jn for Improving the Condi- tion of the Poor discussed for many months the subject of public l)alhs. After long consideration of the plans in use in other countries, it was decided to try the spray or shower- bath system as followed in Vienna. This is simjjly a gentle shower of water, the temperature and force easily regulated by the bather, the water at once running off into the sewers. In this way the most perfect cleanliness is insured, and all risk of infection or communi- cation of contagious disease, such as must be almost inseparable from the use of the ordinary bathtub, is avoided. Another distinct advantage of this spray system is the great economy of water, at least six persons being able to bathe in the same quantity as would suffice for one tub batli. "The People's Bath House" stands in Centre Market Place, near Broome Street, in the midst of a large tenement house district, and adjacent to an industrial center where a mechanical and laboring population of a cosmopolitan character is constantly employed. It is substantially constructed of brick and iron, two stories in height, and presents an attractive appear- ance. The walls are of white enamel brick, strong iron beams sup- port the floors, the roof and bathrooms are of iron. Brick, cemen^^ and slate have been much used in the interior, and light-colored bricks compose a facade as striking as it is ornamental. The build- " ing is set ofif by many cheerful windows and an expansive arch spans the doorway. The sanitary appliances are complete. De- signed for the accommodation of both sexes, the baths on the main floor are equally divided, nine spray baths being allotted to each. There is one general entrance, but separate waiting rooms, one for men and the other for women ; from these each in turn goes to the baths, which are completely shut ofi from the adjoining compart- ments. In the rear of the main section there are three bathtubs, two for females and one for males, the former principally used by mothers with young children. The basement contains nine spray baths. They are all reserv^ed for males and constructed precisely similar to those on the main floor. The engine is especiallv strong and durable, and a powerful boiler heats the water for the whole building. Croton water is used and also an artesian well, sunk Avith- in the building, which insures a full supply, never failing and pure. Improved laundr}^ machiner\- and ventilating apparatus are also placed in the basement, and all towels in use are washed upon the premises. Every inch of space is economized. The whole struc- Spray System. Industrial Centre. as MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Solidity. American Housewife. ture is a model in its way and a compact embodiment of architec- tural and mechanical skill. Solidity is its great characteristic and la glance at the building will convince any one that it is certainly l^xyell adapted for perennial baths. A large skylight gives light to the I bathrooms above, there is gas for those below, and the most im- i proved methods of sanitary engineering have been adopted and skilfully executed. The fine appearance of the exterior is matched by the comfort and attractiveness manifested within. All idea of ' patronage is avoided and the bathhouse as it stands is both an orna- ment and a pride. A bather occupies his compartment for twenty minutes. This is ample time for a comfortable bath. He re- ceives a towel and a cake of soap and the fee of the bath is five cents. A mother with little children counts as one, and so much is this privilege appreciated that the tubs are in constant use the year round. The management is excellent. Cleanli- ! ness and economy are strictly observed, and an atmosphere of com- fort pervades the establishment. The floors and walls are as clean and bright as the kitchen of an American housewife, and the brass work shines like her tins. A competent matron cares for the women. A man of experience looks after the men. The police / authorities have kindly detailed an officer as a regular attendant and perfect order is maintained. The figures for the period since then through September, 1896, show a wonderful increase in the number of bathers and have taxed the capacities of the bath to the utmost. The facts also indicate the popular demand for cleansing baths. If the People's Baths were twice as large, they could be operated at a profit, but with their present capacity there is a debit balance. The following data summarize the facts through September, 1896. In answer to the numerous inquiries, the detailed expenses of the People's Baths for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1896, are submitted. PUBIvKJ IJATJIS OK NKVV YORK. 89 EXPENDlTUIlIliS FOR I'EOl'LE'S BATUS, 1895-1898. 189B-9fi. Halarlos. Qaa. Fuel. InddenUb. Ibigineera' Supplies. October, 1895 . . NovetUiber ... . December Janua.ry, 189(! . Febniiiry Mardli April May 305 ;'.05 305 .•',05 305 305 310 310 310 310 310 'iflA '87 18 50 34 62 K! 25 13 87 14 50 13 75 15 12 33 62 '$72 "66 "88 ,50 (>8 6o 72 (M) 43 25 '16266 $S2 80 .33 19 50 m 20 10 26 55 21 88 2.3 :v) 24 55 40 32 44 73 52 90 37 17 $0 15 2 75 2 87 4 75 11 47 8 73 June July August September 2 64 11 30 1 87 4 33 Totals $3,685 $179 10 $445 75 $428 01 $56 an 1895-96. Soap. Repairs. Total Expenses. Total Receipts. October, 1895 November $34 00 "34'66 "75 54 '$26 .57 "36 '36 "42 66 "2464 $363 54 359 81 446 43 348 54 488 67 384 18 455 64 471 78 409 96 405 19 542 31 385 12 $226 60 248 85 December January, 1896 February 218 75 200 15 193 70 March 265 70 April 326 85 May 453 20 June ~ 537 65 July 681 20 August 649 60 September 389 70 Totals $143 54 $122 91 $5,061 17 $4,391 95 Cost of operation for tlie last year beyond receipts from bathers— Charge fire cents for bath $669.22 Greatest number in any one month 14,644 Greatest number bathed in any one day 1,074 Average number bathed per month for the whole period 6,531 Average number bathed per day for the whole period 215 Avera,ge number bathed per day for the four winter months, 1895-6 (closed two days for repairs) 153 Receipts from bath-house $4,391 95 Receipts from donations 34 02 Total receipts $4,425 97 Expenditures $5,061 17 Debit balance $635 20 NUMBER OF BATHERS FROM DATE OF OPENING IN 1S91. THUS DIVIDED. Men 295,387 Women 54,462 Children .' 51,803 Total 401,652 40 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. NUMBER OF BATHERS. AUGUST 17, 1891, TO SEPTEMBER 30. 1895, 1891 1 Men |Wm'n| Chirn| Total 1591-2 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total Aug.l7tO| 1 t 1 Sept. 30| 5,188| 1,3011 4,015|10,504 Feb March .. April . . . May .... June — July .... Aug. . . . Sept. . . . 1,878 2,120 3,098 3,684 6,482 8,483 6,216 4,042 161 188 359 375 1,421 2,271 1,477 489 318 284 460 695 1,723 2,341 1,420 567 2,357 2,592 3,917 4.754 1891-2 Men [W'm'n Chil'n Total 9,626 OCL '91.. 1,721 246 Nor. ... 1,484 159 Dec. . . . 1,845 164 581 311 315 243 2,548 1,954 2,324 2,062 13,095 9,113 5,098 Jan. '92. 1,669 150 Total . 42,722 7,460 9,258 59,440 1892-3 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total 1892-3 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total Oct. '92. 3,603 348 385 4,336 May 5,112 553 754 6,419 Nor. . . . 2,256 209 230 2,695 June . . . 7,159 1,214 1,356 9,729 Dec 2,668 212 265 3,145 July .... 8,584 1,986 1,527 12,097 Jan. '93. 2,191 195 206 2,592 Aug. . . . 7,635 1,992 1,247 10,874 Feb 2,167 2,856 194 301 209 329 2.570 3,486 Sept 4,876 721 754 7,738 6,351 March . . Total . 52,624 8,267 68,629 April . . . 3,517 342 476 4,335 1893-4 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total 1893-4 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total Oct. '93. 4,076 420 609 5,105 May .... 5,649 783 943 7,375 Nor. . . . 3,018 292 580 3,890 June . . . 8,949 2,163 1,826 12,938 Dec 3,238 300 527 4,065 July .... 8,768 2.586 1,488 12,842 Jan. '94. 2,899 321 485 3,705 Aug. . . . 6,389 1,716 993 9,098 Feb 2,712 4,355 281 455 362 663 3,355 5,473 Sept 4,950 868 673 6,491 March .. Total . 59,908 10,757 9,872 80,537 April . . . 4,905 572 723 6,200 1894-5 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total Oct. '94.. 4,801 752 651 6,204 Nor. . . . 3,248 432 450 4,130 Dec 3.516 393 514 4,423 Jan. '95. 2,352 259 377 2,988 Feb 3,345 288 493 4,126 March . . 4.197 446 681 5,324 April . . . 4,824 528 758 6,110 1894-5 May June July Aug. Sept. Men W'm'n 6,795 8,127 8,003 9,476 6,833 1,096 1,579 2,076 3,035 1,697 Total . 65,517| 12,581 Chil'n 1,097 1,340 1,394 1,777 1,104 10,636 Total 8,988 11,046 11,473 14,288 9,634 88,734 ' 1895-6 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total 1895-6 Men W'm'n Chil'n Total Oct. '95.. 3,867 472 534 4,873 May .... 7,294 1,324 1,226 9,844 Nor 4,149 588 546 5,283 June . . . 8,183 2,048 1,314 11,545 Dec 3,751 458 474 4,683 July 10,092 2,919 1,633 14,644 Jan. '96.. 3,416 430 459 4,305 Aug 9,426 3,024 1,445 13,895 Feb 3,313 4,205 387 528 419 539 4,119 5,272 Sept. ... 6,364 1.144 851 8,359 March . . Total . 69,428 14,096 10,284 93,808 April . . . 5,368 774 844 6,986 i Expenses. Receipts. Deficit. Total No. of Bathers. 1891 .$667 81 5,077 75 5,106 86 5,293 31 5,152 91 5,061 17 $424 55 2,794 00 3,266 10 3,801 ()() 4,165 25 4,391 95 $243 26 2,283 75 1,840 76 1,492 31 987 66 669 22 10,504 59,440 68,629 80,537 88,734 93,808 1891-2 1892-3 1893-4 1894-5 1895-6 Totals .... $26,359 81 $18,842 85 $7,516 96 1 401,652 i'ijiu.k; r.A'nis of new yokk. 41 Sliorlly .'iftcr the l/coplo's liatlis, lliosc of tlic l»aron de Hirsch luind wen- opened, where also the spray system is used. The estabUshnient is open for Jews and Cliristians, and is supported by the Baron de Hirsch Fund. These baths occupy the first floor and basement of a house at the corner of Henry and Market Streets, and upon them have been expended $14,500. The cost of the plant was $1 1,000. The charge for bathing is five cents for adults and three cents for children. There is nf) charge for the pupils of the JJaron de Hirsch English and Trade Schools. Total number of bathers who have paid, from date of opening to January I, 1895, (three years) Men 1 59,323 Women 39,985 Total 199,308 Children (No record kept.) Free (Pupils of Baron de Hirsch English and Trade Schools.) Baron de Hir.Hch. Month. Men. January, 1895 1 2,775 February I 2,714 March | 3,188 April I 3,269 May j 4,956 June I 6,148 July I 6,706 August , 6,149 September | 4.761 Total i 40,666 Women. 6,594 Total. 267 3,042 262 2,976 364 3,552 421 3,690 723 5,679 1,115 7,263 1,425 8.131 1,092 7,241 925 5,686 47.260 In 1895-6, a total of 57.779 baths were taken. In the months of April and September the baths were closed for four days on account of Jewish holidays. The annual cost, including rent (over and above all receipts), is $1,200. Number of paid attendants, three; greatest number of bathers in any one month, 9,235. July, 1894; greatest number of bathers in any one day, 712, September 30, 1894. The baths of the Riverside Association^ 259 West Sixty-ninth Street, were opened February 20, 1895.1 There are thirteen baths of the rain water or spray system. Each compartment is built of corrugated iron below and \nre netting above, afi'ording light and ventilation. Each bather is allowed twenty minutes and is furnished soap and towel, at the cost of five Riverside Baths. 412 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Floating Hospital. Way- farer's Lodge. cents. The fee to the members of the association is one cent. March 15, 1895, Turkish and hydriatric baths were added. . Rain baths (since the date of opening). . 43,515 Turkish baths 5.7i6 Hydriatric baths 7,185 On Total baths up to October 31, 1896 56,416 The facihties of the Riverside Baths are about three hundred bathers dail)'-. The De Milt Dispensary also supplies baths at five cents, soap and towel furnished. The baths, consist- ing of six sprays and one tub bath, were opened in 1891 at a cost of $3,400. None of the baths is free. Only two afternoons and evenings a week are reserved for women. From November i, 1892 up to 1895, there were bathed 34,618 men and 3,442 women, a total of 38,060. In 1895, 15,826 persons bathed, and in the ten months of 1896 to November i, 13,247, making a grand total of 67,133 baths in four years. During the three weeks of 1896 tb-e baths were undergoing repairs, so that the numbers were consider- ably curtailed. The Floating Hospital of the St. John's Guild gave salt water baths to 3,084 babies, 4,575 children, and 855 women, a total of 8,514, on its fifty-seven trips in the bay in the summer of 1896. This made a total of 49,554 baths since the estab- lishment of the hospital 'in the summer of 1887. It contains twenty-three children's and four women's spray baths, two deep tubs for children and four small tubs for babies. These baths are supervised by trained nurses, and are, of course, free. The Wayfarers' Lodge on West Twenty- sixth Street only gives a bed on condition of a bath. This is usually taken very willingly, carbolic tar soap being supplied. There are seven shower baths, and the temperature of the water can be regu- lated at the bather's pleasure. From September i, 1895, *o Sep- tember 30, 1896, inclusive, the number of baths taken was 9,262. On March 1 1 last the Department of Pub- lic Charities established a "Lodging House for Homeless Men."^ A bath is compulsory for every lodger, and the results have been pronounced very beneficial. There are eight baths of the ordinary spray or shower bath form; the stalls are about two and one-half feet wide, thus providing a separate bathing place for each man. ciiAi*'ri':R V. SWIMMING CLUBS AND TllK SWIMMINO i'-ATII AS A MEANS OF RKCREATKjN. New York City is by no means so well supplied with means of recreation as its public-spirited citizens could desire. In the winter, while the well-to-do man can find en- joyment in his library or at a club, and numberless entertainments are open to his purse, the working man has often only the saloon to which he can turn to get society. The free libraries here are few and far between, though always well patronized. In the summer for the poor man there are the parks and the free floating baths. The extent to which these baths are used shows how much they are ap- preciated, even when the luxury of a swim is only able to be in- dulged in in water befouled by sewage such as that of the adjacent rivers. But there are many who do not care to use the floating baths who would dearly enjoy a plunge in a comfortable swimming bath, and would be prepared to pay a small sum for it. Much of the amusement provided in the city is not truly "recreation," which is a re-creating of the body and mind so that the man or woman feels like a new being afterwards, and is better fitted to enter again on the work he has to do. Of the recreative effects of swimming enough cannot be said. The invig- orating effect of a cold plunge on both body and mind is as beneficial as it is pleasant, while as an exercise swimming is both useful and agreeable. New York City especially needs to encour- age swimming. Being a seaboard city, many lives are annually lost by drowning which could be saved if either the person to whom the accident happens or some onlooker were able to swim. The deaths by drowning for the last three years were : 1893. 1894. 1 1895. Accident. Suicide. Accident. Suicide. Accident. Suicide. January . February . March . . . April May June July August . . Sept'ber . October . . November December i 5 9 37 31 34 28 20 14 9 2 i 1 1 1 2 5 6 16 17 26 35 31 26 21 5 7 6 .. 1 5 1 .. .. 1 3 11 1 9 i .. 1 16 j 2 2 26 I 2 32 , 7 2 ! 30 1 .. i 33 i .. 1 26 : .. 1 12 .. 12 1 1 1 5 1 .. Total . . 190 6 1 201 1 9 1 209 i 14 Lack of Recrea- tion. Seaboard City. 44 .MAiOliS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Policemen. 212 Deaths from Drowning. In addition to death many accidents occur, and it would seem that our policemen might with advantage be given instruction in the art of swimming and in life-saving methods, that they might not hesitate for fear of risking their lives in attempt- ing to rescue drowning persons. ]\Iuch more was done by the city in the past in this matter than it is doing to-day. In 1806 the Humane Society of New York resolved to devote a portion of its care to the resuscitation of persons apparently dead from drowning. It ac- cordingly provided several sets of apparatus and appointed physi- cians to take charge of them and give the necessary medical aid. In 1868 the number of deaths from drown- ing had so largely increased, averaging 212 per annum, that a committee was appointed by the Board of Health to see if some- thing could not be done in the matter. As a result, lessons in the rescue and resuscitation of drowned persons were given to 819 policemen, of whom ninety-two were sergeants; an illustrated pamphlet was issued and apparatus placed at twenty-four points on the water front. The apparatus consisted of a grapnel or drag, a pike, a ladder, and a float attached to a heaving line. During the five months previous to January 18, 1869, no fewer than twenty-five persons were rescued from drowning by the agencies of the Board. During 1869 it was reported that the lives of 180 persons had been saved. The number of rescue stations was extended, and the ap- paratus maintained in good order. In 1870 it was reported that a large number of lives had been saved, and policemen stationed at the ferries, ferrymasters, boatmen, and others united in the opinion that the life-saving apparatus was an indispensable necessity. In 1872 the appropriation for maintenance of the life-saving apparatus was $300. Nearly one-third of the apparatus had yielded to wear and tear. In 1873 the Board of Health reported that "The useful- ness of the apparatus would doubtless be enhanced if the persons regularly employed at the ferries and steamboat landings were in- structed and expert in its use, as well as in the resuscitation of per- sons rescued from the water." In 1874-75 the apparatus was care- fully overhauled and redistributed to points where it was most needed. The necessary exposure of the apparatus subjected it to rough usage, causing more injury than would result from honest wear and tear. No memoranda of the lives saved had been kept, though it was believed that they were so numerous as to warrant the Board in extending the apparatus more generally along the water front. Since that date no attempt was made to keep the apparatus First-class Swimming Pool, Hornsey Road, Islington (London). Size of pool, 132x40 feet; fees. 12c. for first-class and 4c. for second-class. The swimming pool affords splendid opportunities for recreation. Swimming Pool for Women at the Hornsey Road. Islington. London. Baths. At this establishment for the year ending March 31st. 1396. 92.190 persons used the private baths. 179.034 the swimming pools and 30.420 the laundry. The receipts from the above amounted to £4.224 10s. 3d. ($20,573.37). THE SWIMMING I'.ATH AS RIOCUKA'nON. 45 in repair, and it was j^raclnally lost, stok-n or worn rnit, until it all MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Swimming Lessons. 10,000 Swim- mers. Fabian Challenge Shield. boards at various heights, and lately chutes are being placed in many of the new baths, from which the diver slides headforemost into the water. The gradual deepening of the baths — generally from about three feet to six feet six inches — affords the means of enjoyment to both swimmers and non-swimmers, giving confi- dence to many to learn to swim. Provision is now frequently made for the game of water polo, which is hotly contested and greatly enjoyed by all the participants, and, on occasion, by spectators. The London School Board has done a great deal to encourage the children under its care to learn to swim. Tickets signed by the head teacher, and stamped with the name of the school, are issued to those who can afiford it at one penny (two cents) each, but to those who are too poor a special voucher is given freely, the Board redeeming them when a sufficient number has been presented. Many youngsters are not satisfied with get- ting a free ticket, which they can only have once a week, but man- age to pay for a bath at the id. rate in addition. The time spent in learning swimming counts as part of the regular school hours. Swimming instruction is given at most of the baths by competent instructors. The charge of 6d. per lesson or 5s. per course of twelve (12 cents and $1.25 respectively), as at Edinburgh, is a very usual one, children paying half price. In 1895 the London Schools Swimming Association taught over 10,000 boys and girls to swim — many of the class who would not otherwise have seen the inside of a swimming bath. The association is worked entirely by school board teachers, who not only give their services voluntarily, but are often out of pocket in defraying the many ex- penses entailed. Nearly three hundred schools are affiliated to the Central Council at the low fee of is. per annum. These schools are situated all over the London postal district and are grouped into suitable branches, of which there are now twenty-two, each school communicating with the Central Council through the Branch Sec- retary. Each branch sends one representative to the Central Coun- cil for every six schools affiliated. Hoxton has eleven schools which pay 2s. 6d. affiliation fee to the branch, which pays their af- filiation fee to the Central Council. A very pretty first-class certi- ficate, designed by Walter Crane, is awarded to every boy swim- ming a hundred yards, and to every girl swimming fifty yards, an examination fee of 3d. being charged. The "Daily Chronicle" Chal- lenge Shield is held for one year by the boys' school having the largest number of these certificates, compared with the number above the age of ten years on the roll of the school. The "Fabian'^ TIIK HWIMMINd r.y\'rn as recreation. 47 Challenge Shield is held hy I he j,nrls' school fiiiniHngthe same con- ditions. The event of the year is the Central Championship Com- petition, and leaders in the swinmiing world agree that it is the best all-around show ever given by children, the diving and the competi- tion of four boys' teams and four girls' teams for the Life Saving Society's medals and certificates l)eing especially commended. Teachers are encouraged to learn to swim by the granting of certificates to all who can dive (optional for ladies), swim one hundred yards (ladies fifty yards), part to be done on the back, and satisfy the judges of their power to teach swim- ming and life-saving. Candidates arc expected to answer questions on the theory and method of teaching, and to criticize faulty swim- Faulty ming, as well as to be able to effectively rescue by any two of the Swim- four methods and to know thoroughly the resuscitation drill on "^^"K- the Sylvester method. Examiners are appointed by the Southern Counties Amateur Swimming Association, the Life Saving Society and the London Schools Swimming Association. In 1895 the London Schools Swimming Association expended £86 2s, while its income was only £59 9s. 6d. Subscriptions amounted to £20 9s. 6d., the remainder of the re- ceipts coming from affiliation fees, sale of tickets and programmes at the Annual Competition, etc. The Association provided medals for the branch championship at a cost of £22 19s. 8d. in 1895, but all the trophies are given by interested friends. Mr. Charles Newman, who was formerly at the Battersea Baths, taught the Board School boys there free of charge, and he is now doing the same at the Westminster Baths. He gives about 1,700 lessons yearly, and turns out about one hun- dred swimmers each year. Unfortunately, he had to turn many boys away for the simple reason that they had had nothing to eat. Many deaths which were put down to cramp in the legs were more properly attributed to cramp in the stomach, and Mr. Newman therefore dared not let the lads enter the w^ater, much as thev would Life have enjoyed it. Mr. Newman also arranged a life-saving class, . which won warm approval from Coroner Hicks, who had so often ciass witnessed the sad results of a lack of this knowledge on the part of a riverside population. To promote the interests of s\\immers clubs were ver}^ early formed, and now there is scarcely a bath which is not used by at least one, and often by quite a number of these clubs. A reduction is usually made, club members being admitted for 4d. and 4^d., where other bathers are charged 6d. For this 4S .MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Swim- ming Clubs. Novice. Otter Club. and other club benefits, a fee, usually about los. 6d. per annum, ($2.60) is charged, the entrance fee varying from 2s. 6d. to £i is. Most of the clubs are affiliated to the Amateur Swimming Associa- tion, and only amateurs may belong to them. The accepted defini- tion of an amateur is as follows: "An amateur is one who has never competed for a money prize, declared wager, or staked bet; who has never taught, pursued or assisted in the practice of swimming or any other athletic exercise as a means of pecuniary, gain, and who has not knowingly or without protest taken part in any compe- tition or exhibition with anyone who is not an amateur." A swim- mer ceases to be an amateur and becomes a professional by "(a) Engaging in swimming or any other athletic exercise — or personally teaching, training or coaching any other person therein - — for pecuniary gain. "(b) Selling, realizing upon, or otherwise turning into cash any prize won by him. "(c) Accepting remuneration for swimming in public, or by being employed for money or wages in a swimming bath or else- w^here as an attendant on swimmers." A novice is one who at the time of compet- ing has never won a prize in a similar class of open competition, i. e. , winning a prize for plunging, object diving, etc., or in any other branch of sport, will not disqualify the winner from competing as a novice in a swimming race proper, or vice versa. This rule does not apply to prizes won at school. Honorar}^ members are admitted on differ- ent conditions, but are usually not allowed to vote, though given all other club privileges. Subscribing members have to be proposed and seconded by club members. A ballot is taken at the next com- mittee meeting, and a small minority can exclude, in one club one black ball in four, in another one in five. The management of the club is usually vested in a President, one or more Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretary, a Committee of about ten members and a Cap- tain. All but the last are always elected annually, though usually eligible for re-election. The Captain is sometimes elected, some- times (as in the Otter S. C, London), the captaincy is swum for in open water, the time and place being chosen by the committee, and the distance being 1000 yards. The votes of two-thirds of the mem- bers in one club, or in some cases of the committee alone, though then with the right of appeal, can expel a member for ungentle- manlv behavior. 'IMIIO swimming; HA'I'II as IIECKKA'J'ION. »u Prizes are offered by the clul^s lor jjrofic- iency in swimming-, diving', etc., and the annual entertainment is frequently a very brilliant nffair. liootle held two such contests last year, one club getting the Mayor to i)reside. The other festival was held by the boys from the schools, who paid for the use of the baths. The Otter Swimming Club held its annual entertainment on Octo- ber 1st, 1895, at the St. George's, 1 Buckingham Palace Road, baths. The progrannne included inter-club high diving, limited to three entries from each club. Points were given for correctness of posi- tion on the board, neatness of take-off, of position in the air, and of entering the water, avoidance of splash and neatness of coming to the surface. Each competitor was allowed two dives, and the high- est aggregate won. Two prizes were given. The next event was a 360 yards (12 lengths) team race. -Each man of each team swam sixty yards; the second started when the first had finished, the third waited until the second finished, and so on ; the team whose six men completed the 360 yards first won the race, and each man received a prize of a silver-mounted paper knife. Four prizes were offered for a ninety yards invitation and club handicap. There were six men in each of six heats, the final being swum by the first in each heat. A prize of a silver cigarette and match box case was offered to the win- ner of a thirty yards clothes handicap. Following this was a dis- play of diving, ornamental and trick swimming by two members of the club who were pupils of the instructor. Then came a sixty yards hurdle handicap in three heats, for which three prizes w"ere offered. The next event was a life-saving demonstration, under the director- ship of Mr. George J. Strickland (Otter S. C. and Life Saving Society). The demonstrators were teams of members of the Lon- don Schools Swimming Association, and all the details of release and rescue and of resuscitation were fully given. A water polo match between Cambridge University (Past and Present) and the Otter S. C. followed, and the last event w^as a sixty, yards interclub croco- dile race, for which a silver match box was offered to each of the four members of the winning team. There were sixteen entries. Admission tickets cost 2s. (50 cents), but admission at the doors was 2s. 6d. (60 cents). A charge of 3d. (6 cents) was made for the pro- gramme. These club contests bring the swimming bath into popular favor as a means of recreation, and the attendance is greatly increased. Almost ever}^ provincial town has its club. Burnley in 1894-5 sold 4,500 club tickets in packages of 100 each, at a reduction of 25 per cent. The Dolphin Club was responsible 5pla.sh and Neatness. Crocodile Race. 50 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON TUBLIC BATHS. Ladies' Days. Dives, Pathways, Rafts. for 8,237 of an attendance of 37,170 at the Manchester Road Baths at Bradford. Eighteen clubs use the Hornsey Road, IsHngton, baths. Three committee rooms are provided for their benefit, and can be used on special occasions as dressing rooms. Westminster gives the greatest possible facilities for clubs, quite a number, in- cluding several ladies' clubs, making it their headquarters. Some of the clubs are formed of employes of a single farm, the employers figuring as presidents or patrons. Thus the Blomfield House Swimming Club, the holders of the City of Lx)ndon Bath Championship and the Junior Water Polo Cham- pionship, with headquarters at the Westminster Baths, is composed of employes of Alessrs. Waterlow & Sons, wholesale stationers, The employes of Messrs. Maple, the furniture manufacturers and dealers, form the Clarence S. C, and use the Fitzroy Baths. The swimming bath is not yet so popular with ladies as with gentlemen. There are several reasons for this. The expense is greater, and the incumbrance of a bathing dress involves greater difBculty in learning to swim. The "ladies' days" are inconvenient to many, and sometimes no evening hours are al- lotted to them, so that very little opportunity exists for practice. Of twelve events at the Portsmouth Swimming Club's Nineteenth An- nual Festival, swum in the sea off South Parade Pier, four were for ladies. In a hundred yards challenge race for the Connaught Salt Water Challenge Trophy, there were only three entries, and only two for another trophy, though in each case two other prizes were offered. Eleven entered for a hundred yards open handicap. Many of the new swimming baths afford a good length for these races. The Hornsey Road First Class Baths are 132 by 40 feet, with a second-class bath of 100 feet by 35 feet, and a ladies' bath 75 feet by 35 feet. The festivals give enjoyment to numerous onlookers, as many as 2,000 having been seated at the Westminster Baths. The little island of Jersey, with its 52,000 inhabitants, 30,000 of whom reside in the commercial town of St. Heliers, early felt the need of bathing accommodation. The loss of life around the rugged and dangerous coast was so great that as early as 1865 the Jersey Swimming Club was formed to encourage the acquisition of the art of swimming. For years this club main- tained the whole of the dives, pathways, rafts, life-boats and other necessary appliances, with very little assistance from the local au- thorities. The public generally shared in all these benefits, though not more than one in four who availed themselves of the comforts Till) SVV1MM1N(; I'.ATIl AS JtE(;ilEATION. Til provided by the Club contributed in any way. 'J'he Club was in- corporated in 1893 .'uid obtained a lease of the foreshore at La T'ol- lette for twenty-one years at a nominal rent. The efforts to obtain a permanent bathinj^ place, more suitable to ladies and available at all states of the tide — the rise and fall is as much as forty feet in spring tides — were finally successful in 1895, when the Ilavre-des- Pas Bathing Establishment was opened. This bathing pool is but a short distance from the shore, and is so constructed as to be flushed at every tide, and it is fitted with sluices for cleaning purposes. The sides of the pool, which covers about three acres, are mostly of solid rock blasted to slope, but here and there a strong, wide stone wall has had to be built from rock to rock. At the shore side rises a massive granite tower, built on solid rock. Inside is a band stand (Granite and round the inside of the wall are built commodious dressing jower. boxes, with lavatories and shower baths attached. On the top of the dressing boxes is a wide gallery. There is every possible conven- ience for divers, and a shallow place for learners. In fact, it is an ideal bathing place, and is a credit, not only to the club, but to the whole island. The pool is only used by gentlemen from 8 to 10 a. m., being reserved for ladies from 6 a. m. to 7 p. m., with the exception of these hours, and on Sundays from 6.30 a. m. to 9.30 a. m. Admission is free to lady members, gentlemen members paying id. and non-members 3d. for a single bath or 2S. 6d. for twelve tickets. Swimming instruction is free to members, btit a charge of 3d. per lesson of a quarter of an hour is made to non-members, twelve lessons costing 2s. 6d. Separate dressing- rooms are provided, with the usual fittings. The bathing for the day being over, the establishment lends itself admirably to band promenades in the summer evenings. In the winter the pool is used for yacht sailing. The establishment has proved ver\^ success- ful, and in 1895 £50 of the original cost was paid ofT. The £3000 required was raised by means of debentures bearing interest at the rate of 2^ per cent, per annum. Some 15,000 persons paid admis- sion in the season of 1895, and there was every reason to anticipate a substantial increase in 1896. The bathing place at La Collette is open La free and non-members are allowed to the full extent of the accom- Collette. modation provided. It is proposed to erect here a similar establish- ment to the one at Havre-des-Pas, at a cost of £2000, which is to be raised at 3^ per cent, per annum, so as to give gentlemen the same opportunities now provided for ladies. The club now comprises 135 ladies and 188 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Police. No Towels. girls under sixteen; 239 gentlemen and 113 boys under sixteen; 57 life and 3 honorary members. A total of 753. The fees per annum are : — Ladies 8s. Girls (12 to 16 years of age) 6s. Girls (under 12 years of age, including the use of the new pool) 4s. Gentlemen 5s. Boys (under 16 years of age) 2s. Boys (under 7 years of age, including the use of the new pool) 4s. Subscriptions are payable in advance on January ist of each year. The club holds annual swimming matches, at which prizes are given. Certificates of proficiency in swimming are awarded, and every effort made to encourage this art, so valuable to a water-surrounded people. In this country the municipal provision of swimming pools is a comparatively late institution. The need arose when the rapid growth of cities left no streams or pools where the small boy could strip and bathe undisturbed by the police. New York's first floating bath was opened in 1870, and Philadelphia's first bathhouse in 1885. Chicago has had a public swimming bath for the first time this year, but already a second and a third are talked of. In neither of these cities is any attempt made to heat the bath, which is only kept open during the summer months. In Philadelphia there are six swimming baths in different parts of the city, and the attendants at each are a man, a woman and a policeman. The baths are 38 by 107 feet. They are open from 6 a. m. to 9 p. m. week days and from 6 to 9 a. m. Sun- day. Women's days are Mondays and Thursdays; other days are re- served for men. The building is cleaned twice a week, and the water in the tank changed twice a day. There is always a constant change of water, as it is running in and out continually, the depth being from three to six feet. The pool is sometimes divided and warnings posted to prevent accidents. No towels are allowed to be left at the bath, each bather being supposed to provide his own, though this is rarely done, the participants preferring to "dry ofif." Bathing trunks are provided at the modest charge of three cents. It will be noticed that of the 1,879,662 baths registered, only 32,416 were taken by women and girls. There were fully five times as many boys as men, and girls as women. "Amateur" Swimming Club (London). This club, as well as several others, uses the Fitzroy Baths. St. Pancras. The recreative features of the swimming club need no comment. The Newport (England) Swimming Pool, floored over in the winter and used as a gymnasium and room for tennis, thus emphasizing the recreative features of the establishment. THIO SWIMMINJ; I'.A'I'll AS RECREATION. 53 The season of 1896 lastcfl from June 15 to September 26. The mniibcr of bathers at tlic various bathhouses was as follows : Nsiiiiii oi' itiUh lIouMC. Male. Female. TotoL Utiacli Jiiid liMiiit'l Streets '402.81)4 170,843 ;U8,177 472,84.') 0(;,:'.o(; 41 C.J SI 13.080 3,418 3,224 6.488 li.r.Ts 4i5,i)do Eighth and Mifllin 174,261 Thirty-secdiKl and ItldRe Ave Twenty-sevculli and Master Thlrtv-thlrd and South 321.401 47»,.3.'{:{ CS KH4 Twelfth and Wharton :'.r,'S2 llM.so.-', Totals l,847,24t> 32,410 l.«7Si.ti(i2 ' The bathhouses cost $8,000 each to erect. The cost of maintenance and repairs is $400 per year, and $600 a year superintendent's salary. A new bathhouse has just been erect- ed at Second and Cumberland Streets at a cost of $15,102.95. The building is the handsomest of its kind in the country. Unlike those of the other city bathhouses, the bathing" pool is roofed over. The building is constructed of brick and stone and the pool is 35 by 90 feet. This bathhouse will be opened for the first time next year. Before the opening of the public bath- houses for the season of 1896, Dr. Edwin J. Houston, President of the National Swimming Association, made an arrangement with Chief Eisenhower, of the Bureau of City Property, to give a lecture on swimming at each one of the various pools, at which the mem- bers of the N. S. A. would assist him by giving exhibitions of the different swimming strokes, best methods of saving life in drown- ing accidents, how to resuscitate the apparently drowned, and in other ways instruct and educate the boys in these useful matters. The lectures created a great amount of public interest. Boys who had learned to swim had pointed out to them the most common faults in swimming; many who knew nothing of the art previously learned to swim. At the conclusion of each of the lectures referred to a number of the boys who displayed proficiency in swimming were allowed to compete for prizes, given by the National Swim- ming Association, comprising gold, silver and bronze medals, for the first, second and third in the final heat. Dr. Houston hopes eventually to see swdmming take a place in the educational curricu- lum in the schools of our large cities, and to further this end is try- ing to create a strong public interest in the sport. Bathing Pool. CHAPTER VL Rose Shower. Sprink- lers. First- Class Tubs. THE SPRAY BATH, AND SPRAY BATHS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The bathing establishment is now not up- to-date which has not spray baths in place of the old-fashioned tub. The original form of the spray was the old rose shower, which was common in the early part of the century. About iS8o a great demand for a cheap and quick form of bath pro- duced various improvements in the spray bath. The Hemenway Gymnasium, at Harvard University, contained a shower room ten feet by twelve feet, with appliances for giving lateral, vertical and descending showers. In 1883 Mr. Robert J. Roberts, physical di- rector of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association, to ob- viate the fall of water on the head, which was held to be dangerous, invented the ring-shaped rain shower, which has been named after him. It was first used in the Boston Y. M. C. A. Gymnasium, then new. In 1889 Dr. Simon Baruch, of New York, in an editorial in the Philadelphia "Medical Times and Register," urged the construction of public rain baths as a simple and cheap means of bathing those who had no facilities at home. At the Social Science Convention, Saratoga, in September, 1890, Dr. Baruch pre- sented plans for rain baths and described their working. On his advice the New York Juvenile Asylum substituted for its plunge bath a system of sixty-eight sprinklers, twenty inches apart, con- nected by pipes near the ceiling. By this means 280 children are now bathed in one hour, where formerly it was only possible to bathe eighty, and only one-eighth of the quantity of water is used. In November, 1890, Dr. Baruch explained to the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor the working of the spray bath and its adaptation to a public bathing es- tablishment. As a result, a building committee was appointed and the People's Baths were constructed. In Germany private spray baths are being introduced into all the municipal bathing establishments, and a smaller charge is usually made than for the tub bath. The use of a shower bathroom is often compulsory previous to entering the swimming bath. England has not taken up the system, though showers are often placed as an adjunct to first-class tub baths, or to swimming baths. rillO STRAY I^ATH. r)T, The supcii(;rity (jf tlic spray bath over llie tub is evident to any one who comes to the question with an un- prejudiced mind. The tub is extremely (hllicuk io keep clean, needing special preparation for each bather, and even then skin dis- coai eases arc sonu'tiines transmitted. A coal miner or engineer taking Miner. a tub bath would very soon soil the water so that absolute cleanli- ness would become an impossibility without a change of water. With the spray it is very rliffercnt. The bather soaps himself standing in a rain of warm water falling with some force, and scrubs and cleans himself perfectly in a short time, the soiled water passing away immediately. The outlay for tubs is avoided, as well as the cost of their wear and tear. The cost of the spray fittings is out .of all proportion to this expense. The time required is very much less in the spray bath than in the tub bath, because the mechanical effect of the descending stream aids the removal of dirt. The economy of water is enormous, only half the amount being used, and the economy of space is almost as great. The tonic effect of the spray is very valu- able, stimulating the skin, and thus providing protection against subsequent exposure, especially if the temperature of the water is gradually lowered. Low The low cost at which the spray bath can ^^^^ be given makes it pre-eminently successful as a popular bath. The People's Baths average an expense of a little over five cents a bath, and in Germany, owing to cheaper labor and accommodation not being quite so private as here, the cost is much lower. It is thought that a bath double the size of the People's Baths would pay ex- penses at a charge of five cents per person. Where this small fee was thought inadvisable, the expense to the cit}'- would be a com- parative trifle, compared to that for either tub or swimming baths. The basements of our public schools, which are, in many cases, very little used, are peculiarly fitted for the establishment of spray baths for the school children. Where the basement is used as a playground, a roof garden playground might be substituted, and so a double advantage secured. The credit of the initiation of this move- ment belongs to Gottingen, a city of 21.000 inhabitants, in Hanover, Germany. A great reform had been made in school affairs, giving 56 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. the most approved methods of heating and ventilation in large, hygienically-constructed buildings. But the thought came, of what avail were all these hygienic arrangements if to these buildings were admitted dirty children, with all kinds of infectious germs? Considering the matter, the almost complete lack of bathing facili- ties for the scholars, and especially for the girls, was spoken of. Except during the open bathing time during the summer months, Uawashed by far the greater portion of the children went unwashed, except for Children. face and hands, and especially was this the case with those above the age of ten. Indeed, a subsequent census of a higher grade school in Gottingen, containing 860 scholars, showed that only 145, or 17 per cent., were bathed in tubs at home, these being mostly the younger children, while i per cent, of the others bathed at private establishments. The remaining 700 children were practic- ally without the means of obtaining a full bath from one year's end to another. The basements of the schools were empty, there was a good water supply and drainage, all necessary arrange- ments for heating and excellent janitors. A consultation with the city architect proved its practicability at an estimated expense of $166.60 for one school. The common council granted $238 for the purpose. The cost, exclusive of building alterations, as asphalting and drainage channels, was: Reservoir, with fittings $61 88 Furnace 40 46 Water pipes, douches 71 40 Tubs and fittings 11 90 Total $185 64 A room sixteen feet ten inches by eight feet three inches was fitted up as a bathing room and another of the same size as a dressing room. Both rooms have asphalt floors, which are laid where necessary with wooden bath mats or cocoa matting. The walls of the bathroom are cemented. There are three douches, with shallow tubs of five feet two inches in diameter under- neath. The water is kept at a temperature of 84 to 86 degrees Fah- renheit, and may be used on very hot days as cool as 75 or JJ de- grees Fahrenheit. About 5,000 gallons of water are used for seventy children. The baths were ready for use early in 1885. No compulsion was used, and at first only a few children went down^ Til JO HI'KAY liA'I'H. n? but after two months about 75 per eeiit. took part in the bathinj^. Each scholar wlio wishes receives a batli once a fortnight, on one •of the four full days during the time school is open. The class which bathes studies some lesson which does not require the presence of the whole class. From six to nine children, according to size, go down at once, and when they have had time to undress, a second set are sent down. The first set step under the douclies, two or three under each douche, and when they have bathed the others are ready to take their places. Thus the douches are kept in use, and the time occupied is comparatively small, a class of fifty-one boys bathing in fifty minutes. Girls and younger children take rather longer. The disturbance of lessons is not so great as was feared. Only a few children are absent at any one time and these can be easily controlled — the boys by the janitor, the girls and younger children by the janitress. The latter undertook to assist the little ones, who stood sadly in need of such help. A towel is brought by each bather, whilst bathing caps and petticoats were supplied to the larger girls. Precaution is taken to avoid cold imme- diately after bathing. The children go back to warmed classrooms and cool off gradually, bathing not being allowed half an hour be- fore school closes. "The quickness and willingness to learn after bathing, the education of the sense of cleanliness, the further- ance of the health of the children, are such important and real re- sults of the arrangement," says School Director Personn, "that I cannot but express to the city authorities the wish that, if possible, similar bathing establishments might be introduced into the other public schools." Already it had been found that parents sent cleaner and tidier children to the handsome new school buildinsTS ; now their pride made them anxious that neither the janitress nor their fellow scholars should see ragged or dirty underclothing. There are few families so lost to all better feelings that this has no effect, and in those where drink has driven the sense of honor away, charity must give clothes to the poor children. Up to date about forty cities have followed Gottingen's example, at a cost for w^ater of one-quarter of a cent in Germany and one-fifth of a cent in Switzerland. F'ew Children. Quickness and Willing- ness. The city of Posen erected a spray bath in the basement of the third public school in 1804. Dressing accom- 58 MAYOR S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. modation was provided for sixty scholars. Nine sprays were pro- vided, and it was estimated, from the experience of Carlsruhe, that each spray could be used five times in an hour, and that it would be possible to bathe from two to four children at a time under each spray. Thus an hour would be ample for each class. As the school contained 1,500 scholars, fifteen hours would suffice tO' bathe the whole number. One Bath Estimating one bath per week to each a Week. scholar, there would be an annual expense of about 800 M. ($190) for the necessary water and gas, and for heating and lighting in the winter months. The use of gas for heating the water had proved very successful in other cities, obviating the necessity of an engineer to look after the fires. There would be no other expenses, as the teachers could supervise the work of bathing their children. The cost of introduction of these baths in public schools is inconsiderable in view of their hygienic im- portance. , Posen estimated the initial expense as fol- lows : Alterations to building $763 Fixing gas and water pipes 428 Fittings for bath 333 Total $1,524 Adolph 5trasse. A Munich school bath, having sixteen sep- arate bathing cabins, placed in a room with two communicating open dressing rooms, has been found equal to affording a bath a week to 1,664 children. The bath fixtures, etc., in this case were put in at a cost of $450. Altona intends to place spray baths in all its public schools. One has already been erected as an experiment, in the Adolph Strasse school. This school consists of a center building and two wings. One wing contains a boys' school of thirteen classes with 953 pupils; the other a girls' school of thir- teen classes with 938 pupils. The spray is situated in the center building. Stuttgart has lately introduced the baths in two of its public schools. There are seventeen sprays in the Roman school, and dressing accommodations for fifty-one scholars. Thirteen sprays are provided in the Jacob school. The city of Brunswick has also lately intro- THE Hl'KAV I'.ATII. 09 duced spray Ij.'iths into some of its liij^Hi schools, and they have proved very beneficial. The i)roposal to introduce spray baths into a Boston public school first came up in the early part of this year. A plan was sketched by Dr. llartwell, director of physical training in the Boston public schools, for bath and dressinj^-rooms in the new Paul Revere school house at the North Enrl, anrl in another new school at the West End. Dr. Hartwell's plan was used as a basis for securing- estimates for cost of plumbing, asphalting, etc. The plan called for a room 40 by 58 feet, divided by partitions into twenty-eight bathing cabins and three dressing rooms, placed at right angles to the bathrooms and opening into it. Allowing each bather ten minutes in a bathing cabin, and ten minutes in a dressing- room before and ten minutes after entering the bathroom, 104 chil- dren, or two school classes, could be bathed in an hour, and 2,000 children in a week, providing the bathing cabins are kept occupied. With the asphalt floors, granolithic partitions, "Gegenstrom" bath fixtures and rubber curtains on brass rods in front of each dressing cabin, the estimated cost of fitting up the bath and dressing-rooms would be $2,600. The School Board on May 12 referred the matter to the Committee on Schoolhouses, who reported on Sep- tember 22 unfavorably. Their objections in part were: "Your Committee hesitate to take the position that it is the duty of the school authorities to bathe the children in the public schools be- cause they may not be clean, for if this be granted, we see no reason why we should not clothe them if they be improperly clothed, or feed them if not properly nourished at home. But, outside of the legal questions involved, your Committee do not believe that it is in the interest of public health to place these washhouses in the basements of our public school buildings, to there accumulate the uncleanliness which may be brought in on the bodies of the chil- dren. More or less of foul odors must necessarily come from this practice, and your Committee feel that the suggestion that eventu- ally these washhouses be used for the general public is not in the in- terest of the proper sanitation.'' To this a member replied that. "One would infer that the new Paul Revere schoolhouse was not to be con- nected with the sewer at all. One would think that the accumula- tion of filth was to be kept there in the building It is perfectly absurd to say that it is impossible in the basement of a public Ftoston Public Schools. Legal Questions. tiO MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. school building, built as you have to build them in that section of the cit}' ; that a bathhouse cannot be provided from which no odor whatever can arise. If we nmst have foul odors, let us have them in the basement and not in the schoolroom. It is not a washhouse at all, by the way, but simply bathing facilities in the basement of a school building." The matter was referred to the Committee on Hygiene, who reported in favor of the baths on October 13, A long discussion was chiefly devoted to the question of the exped- iency of the introduction of baths. It was said that the Board had been at work trying to put in proper ventilating apparatus in the schools to do away with unclean odors, in one school spending $4,500 for this purpose; but they could not get rid of the odors. The order to provide bathing accommodation in the Paul Revere schoolhouse was passed by a vote of 1 1 to 8. In this city the advisability of providing baths in school basements was mooted in the preliminary report of the Sub-Committee on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations. !\Ir. C. B. J. Snyder, Superintendent of School Buildings, has c J planned to leave room in the basement of a new East Side school for which ground has been condemned, but no further move has been made in the matter. Snyder. CHAPTER VJl. MUNICII'AL IJA'IIIS IN AMERICA. Tlic first city in Uic United States to estab- lish a municipal bath, supphed with hot and cold water and open all the year round, was Yonkers. This city raised a fund of $20,000 Yonkers. and a site was purchased. Plans were prepared for a floating bath on this site, but by reason of the high cost of this style of bath and the necessary expenses of dredging, approaches, main entrances, etc., the funds on hand were not sufficient to carry them out. The fact that the bath could be used but a few months each year, to- gether with the increasing pollution of the river with sewage, also had considerable weight with the committee and the plan was fin- ally abandoned. About this time a gentleman from Yonkers saw the People's Baths and induced the Committee and Mr. Cooper, Commissioner of Public Works, to pay them a visit. The new baths opened on Labor Day are modeled after the People's Baths and are 25 by 53 feet. They were designed by Hon. S. L. Cooper, Commis- S. L. sioner of Public Works. The front is of cream-tinted pressed brick Cooper. and the trimmings of Tuckahoe marble. The main portion of the building has only one story with a high basement. The inside walls, iron work, etc., are painted in white enamel, so as to be easily washed out with a hose. At the front, separated from the baths, is the office, with waiting rooms for men and women. The janitor's apartments are on the top floor. The outer walls are hollow, and there are two large ventilating skylights. The floor of the bath- room is laid with granolithic material on heavy beams. The boiler, which is to furnish the hot water and also the heat in winter, is in the basement in the rear. There are thirteen shower baths and one tub bath for men, and seven shower baths and one tub for women. The shower baths are divided into dressing and bathroom, each about four feet square. The cost was: Land, $2,000; building and equip- ment, $9,400; total, $11,400. Five cents is charged for towel and soap, and twenty minutes is allowed to each bather. Up to the present time the bath has been well patronized and has proved a complete success. It is proposed to build a second bath next year. Buffalo has erected spray baths, which Buffalo. were opened on New Year's Day, 1897. The building is 68 feet 62 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Baths Free. long and 30 feet wide. The principal part of the structure is only one story high, but the front part is two stories, and contains the living apartments of the bath attendants. There are fourteen separate shower baths and six shower baths in one large compart- ment, these latter showers being intended for the use of children. Besides these there is a bath tub, which can be used by mothers bringing children too small to bathe under the showers. A wash- room containing three laundry tubs and a drying closet, heated with steam coils and connected with a vent shaft, is a part of the ar- rangement. There is also a waiting-room and an ofBce from which towels and soap are issued. The soap used is powdered, and only enough for one bath is issued to each person. The ex- terior of the building is of very hard clinker brick and Medina sandstone. Owing to the limited amount ($8,000) appropriated for the purpose, it was found necessary to exercise the strictest economy in designing the building. This bath is entirely free, no charge being made for soap or use of towels. It is estimated that about sixty baths an hour can be given in the building. The interior of the bathing apartment has no plaster, the walls being all of brick, the floors of concrete, and the ceilings of timber. The partitions of the baths are of slate,, carried by iron framing. The part of the building containing the bathing apartments is lighted and ventilated by overhead skylights. The bathhouse is heated by steam and fitted with automatic apparatus, so that hot water is sup- plied to the showers at all times at a uniform temperature,, which can never be so hot as to scald the bather. This little place, with only 10,000 popula- Dunkirk. tion, intends to have a bathing establishment. It is proposed to have twelve spray baths. The movement, initiated by the local Young ]\Ien's Christian Association, has been endorsed by the Common Council, and the baths will be proceeded with at once. Boston. Free warm baths were opened at the Charlesbank Gymnasium recently and have been highly appre- ciated. So great is the need of a warm bath that visitors come from all over the city and from Cambridge and Medford, and more or less from all the surrounding towns. One day one hundred and seventy- four people used the baths, and usually there are a great many visi- tors every pleasant day. Small cakes of soap cost two cents, and towels are supplied free of charge, whether the visitor buys soap MUNKJII'AL I'.A'IIIS I.N AMKinCA. <^{ or not. Some people jii^o regularly twice a week and there are new- comers about every day. 'Jhe Charlesbank Gynmasium was the first open-air gynmasium in the world and is supported by the city, though run by the Massachusetts Emergency and Hygiene Asso- ciation. In June, 1896, $65,oocj was approj^riated for a new bathhouse, to be open all the year round. Mayor Quincy appointed a Bath Com- mittee, consisting of Mr. R. G. Woods, Mr. E. Billings, Prof. E. M. Hartwell, physical director of the schools, Mrs. M. M. Kehew, Miss Pingree, Mr. M. W. Myers and Councilman Ryan. A site has been chosen on Dover Street, near the corner of Harrison Avenue. The plan calls for a building 43 by no feet. On the first floor are separate waiting rooms for men and women, together with laundry and engine rooms in the rear. On the second floor are separate bathrooms for men and for women. In the front part of the building there is a third floor containing an apartment for the manager of the baths and his family. There will be 50 baths, including 17 for women, giving thus capacity for bathing 150 people per hour. The steam supply for all purposes in the building is to be furnished from the boiler room of the fire department repair shop, situated just at the rear of the bathhouse lot. Massachusetts provides by statute for the Brookline, erection and maintenance by towns or cities of public baths, w^hich Mass. may be wholly or partly self-supporting. Brookline took advan- tage of this and appointed on April 11, 1895, a committee to ex- amine the subject. The committee not only considered the special needs of the town, but made a thorough investigation of several of the best bathing establishments in this countr}- and abroad, and afterwards selected a location and prepared plans. In a population of 16,000 there are many persons who do not have access to bath- rooms in the houses in which they live, and there was not in Brook- line, as is the case in larger cities, any bathing establishment, public or private, where they could obtain warm baths. Nor was there any good open air bathing. The little swimming bath on Bovlston Street, in the brook, in 1895 was less used than in any previous vge^s season, owing, among other causes of dissatisfaction, to the bad con- dition of the water and the muddv bottom, and not a dozen bovs 64 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Dolphins. Dr. E. M. Hartwel!. learned to swim. The accommodations, too, are very inadequate to the needs of the population. The location of the new baths is the center of population of the town, close to its principal playground and its new high school. The building is a handsome, well-lighted, well- ventilated T-shaped building, covering 8,000 square feet. It is of brick with Roxbury stone foundations. Above the main entrance, chiseled into a large stone table supported by dolphins, are the w'ords, "Brookline Public Baths. The Health of the People the Beginning of Happiness." To cater to those people who cannot or will not see the advantages of the shower bath, a few slipper baths are provided, there being fifteen rain baths and three slipper baths. The sides of the rain baths are to be lined with marble, and each bath is to have a dressing-room. The swimming bath is 80 by 26 feet, the depth of the water varying from three to six feet. Fifty dressing- rooms with granolithic floors, and fitted with lock and key, are lo- cated around three sides. They are entered from the outside cor- ridor, so that the walk around the swimming tank, and the water itself are kept clear of mud and dirt. The bath itself has a bottom of adamantine mosaic, the sides being lined with English white-glazed brick. A gallery for spectators runs all around the swimming bath over the dressing rooms. In addition there is a steam laundry for the towels and tights, toilet rooms, and a room about ninety by thirty feet upstairs that may be fitted up later as a gymnasium. A special feature found in two of the best and most recently completed bathing establishments of Europe (at Stuttgart and Hamburg) is the addition of a passageway in rear of the dressing-rooms that sur- round the swimming tanks, as well as in front of them. This fea- ture has the hearty approval of Dr. E. M. Hartwell, Director of Physical Training in the Boston Public Schools, and has obvious advantages, not only in convenience, but in keeping clean the pas- sageway around the swimming tanks and consequently the water, a most important point, while also securing better ventilation for the dressing-rooms, and better order among the bathers. A smaller swimming tank, twenty-two feet by ten feet, is provided for swimming when the larger bath is empty or floored over. The walls and ceilings throughout the building are plastered; the trusses supporting the roof over the swimming bath are to be of hard pine planed. Very large skylights in the MIlNICII'Al. I'.A'IIIS IN y\.\ii;KH:A. 6& roof, windows on the end p^ablc and in the gallery will fnrnish an abundance of liglit and air; i)rovision for electric and gas lighting is also made. The water, constantly changing, is from driven wells, and is heated by steam as it enters, the temperature being eqiualizcd and sustained by artificial means. The surface will be constantly swept by a superficial current of fresh water from one end of the tank, thus removing any floating impurities. The cost of the building, exclusive of land, was $40,000, voted by the town. The bath was opened on New- Year's Day, 1897, and systematic instruction in swimming will be given to the three thousand school children of the town. The an- nual expenses for maintenance are estimated at from $4,500 to $5,000, to be largely offset, probably, by fees for use. > An association was chartered in March, Philadel- 1895, as the Public Baths Association of Philadelphia. A lot 60 P*^'^- by 40 feet, at the southeast corner of Berlin and Gaskill Streets, in the heart of Philadelphia's poorest district, has been purchased at a cost of $5,750, and plans for the first building are complete. Some of the features are taken directly from the People's Baths of New York, some from those in London. While the proposed building is to be nearly twice as large as the People's Baths of New York, the cost of its construction will be about the same, and it is hoped that the large accommodations — 1,000 baths per day — will make the receipts nearly equal to the running expenses. The first story of the Gaskill Street Baths will be devoted to men, the second to women; each has a separate entrance and waiting room, both the entrances being overlooked by a common office. The , interior is to be of glazed brick, iron, ground glass and concrete. Connected with this institution there will be a public laundry where, for a small sum, separate washtubs, steam steam dryers, mangles and ironing tables, may be hired by women who Dryers. have no place in their contracted rooms to do their family wash- ing. The towels from the bathhouse will also be washed here. A high basement is utilized for this purpose. Accommodations for ten workers will be provided. There are to be fifty-seven rain batlirooms, more than half being for men. Five tubs will be provided for the use of children and women who may not care to use the shower 6U MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. bath. This should give a capacity of more than i,ooo baths per day. The building will cost not less than $29,000, exclusive of the cost of the ground. The Association has on hand, after paying for the land, the sum of $3,643.70, and pro- visional promises conditioned on the raising of the full sum needed of a considerably larger amount. Chicago. City Council. The Alunicipal Order League of Chicago urged the adoption of a system of public baths, and a committee was appointed, consisting of Dr. Gertrude Gail Wellington, Dr. Julia Lowe and Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson. In March, 1893, an ap- propriation of $12,000 was secured from the finance committee of the City Council, and the "Carter H. Harrison Bath" was opened in the following' January. It is a handsome structure of pressed brick and brown stone, twenty-five feet wide by one hundred and ten feet deep. In the basement are the laundry and two furnaces, one for heating the building, the other for heating water from the baths. In the front of the main floor is a waiting-room sixteen feet square, seating forty people. Beyond this are the bathrooms,* with necessary toilet accommodations. There are sixteen shower and two tub baths, and a plunge twenty by thirty feet. This last has not been a success, owing to its small size and to the aversion of people to sharing so small a body of water. Allowing twenty-five minutes to each bather, the capacity of the bath is 2,600 persons a week. Two minutes are allowed for undressing after entering the bathroom, when the water is turned on for eight minutes. One minute's notice is given before the water is turned off, to allow time for a rinse-of¥. Fifteen minutes are allowed for dressing. Women are allowed to use the baths two days a week, men using them the remainder of the time. For wo- men the temperature is 105 degrees, and on other days 100 degrees. Many people resort to this bath, not only for the purpose of cleanliness, but for relief from rheumatism and other diseases, with, as they claim, good results. The bath cost $10,856, and is run at a cost of about $3,500, the total expense for each bath averaging three and four-fifth cents. Since opening to June, 1896, 226,538 baths have been given, 49,189 to women and girls. In July, 1896, the remark- able number of 11,250 baths were recorded. In the summer of 1896 the Douglas Park Natatorium and Gymnasium was opened. There are two pools, MIINICII'AL I'.A'niS IN A MKIIK 'A. 07 the OIK! for men, 55 by J 20 icct, llnxc to eight feet deep, with 1 17 dressing-rooms. 'J"l)e women's pool is 55 by 60 feet, two and one- half to seven feet dcei) and has seventy-five dressing-rooms. The baths are (jpen to the air. iivery bather, before entering, must use the shower bath, the simple shower and needle baths being both in use. There are six at each pool, separated by rub1)cr curtains. The water for these and also for the pools is warmed. A new shower-bath establishment will be in operation, it is expected, by January, 1897. '^" appropriation of $12,000 has been made by the city. At first it was proposed to have two wings for men and women, but the appropriation being insufficient, the baths will be used on two days by women, and by the men on the remaining five days. The building is on Went- worth Avenue, between Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Streets, and is 50 by 100 feet. The exterior is of bufT pressed brick and terra cotta, and the interior in hard wood and oil. There will be thirty-two shower baths, and a free laundry with dryers and steam washers. Needle [iaths. Newark is following the example of Chicago and foreign cities in placing spray baths as an adjunct to a swim- ming bath. The pool is twenty-eight by fifty feet, and is from three to five feet deep. At the rear are eight spray baths, three feet by six feet. There are thirty-six dressing rooms, four feet by three feet. The building is of brick, with brownstone trimmings, and will cost $7,500. Newark, N.J. Trenton, after discussing the question and getting plans, finally decided, owing to the financial stringency, to erect the baths in Mr. Thomas Terradell's Industrial Building, and then turn them over to him for future maintenance. Trenton, N.J. CHAPTER VIII. Typical Instances. MUNICIPAL SYSTEM OF FOREIGN BATHS. From the foregoing part of the report, it will be clearly seen that the provision for baths in American cities is totally inadequate. In the leading English and Continental cities these provisions are made as a matter of course, and a few typical instances have been chosen. The general system of baths is the same, and in no case are they free. From a careful study of the following pages, it will be noted that the operating expenses are nearly met in almost every case by fees.* Birniing= ham, England. Best in England. The city of Birmingham, with a population of 487,897 in 1893, or about the same as that of Boston, possesses four complete sets of well appointed public baths, and one open air swimming bath. Two of the public baths have a Turkish bath attached to them. The baths are very efficiently managed, the latest improvements having been introduced at the older baths, while the Monument Road Baths are among the best in England. The sites for two additional suites of baths have been pur- chased, and building will be proceeded with at once. There is no public washhouse now in Birmingham; the first and only one, erected at the Kent Street establishment, was closed in 1870, and a Turkish department provided in its place. The towels and other articles used at the several bathing establishments are washed by machinery at the Kent Street Baths, under the charge of one laun- dress employed by the Committee. She engages all the assistance she requires, and upwards of 50,000 articles are washed per annum at a cost of is. 2d. per dozen. The following tables will give some idea of the extensive work carried on by the Birmingham baths: * In the following accounts of English baths, the money is not changed to American, as this can be readily done at sight in a sufficiently accurate manner by multiplying by five ($4.87^:fl); the German mark is taken as equal to 23.8 cents; the Norwegian crown to 26.8 cents. For greater convenience, temperature is always given according to the Fah- renheit scale, and the metric measures and weights are changed to those in general use here. 2 V. O Si5 r- . m — ■h MUNICIPAL SYSTEM OF FOKEHJN BATHS. <«) IM lO T-( tH i-I ■* 3 ss^^ ^ GOC/D CO >f5 iH CO Pi OJ f^ CO •35 as CO o ^ J. O Tf< iM !S o '^ •^ C-l 1^ COl- ■0 o lO Tt< O 1^ o « M (^ CD(M r-l .a o o fOC^J H S ^ t-(t- -tl t- tH as M 00 IC W Q lO-^^ (^ . c ^00-* W tHO t- CO m IH t+l Z « M 03 ! U -M . H a 0) ft . s ■ ti-s • o o 1— 1 a g ft n a 1^ Cl Oj <1J ^ oj cd +3 -l-J 4-J (5 O O H H H ' 'It- ^ ^ ^ "3 .-'15 '^ o :o^, ,, H 8 % \a> CO lO Ci r-< « J3 CO Ift' t" a m Eh . W w •c CI O CO 2 p o -vf ^ P3 w P5 ^ Jz; Ci :o O iH >-( f :DrH U H o 3510 rH H 5?; g rH IS. o o CO t:: © 10 in ci ^ CO c J. a CD ^ "1 % ;5 P tH tH IOO M W»lft i?r & -? 1 1 80 N 00 CD T-i C.\~C. X M i-i tH T-H ^ iH -« r- CI 1.0 10 r- ?j »n 1H S P^ a ec CD CO »H M tH to S^ . 5? •a rH M iH ^rHCDl-ri I- ?» C. 00 CO y. H aiOCico-f LO fi-ir: t- oa H^ "^ »H ^ rt »-i iH M £ -1< -t< 01 CO CI I- iH M -WCIr-iriCO tH i-( ri UO CI LO rH 3C < S5 iH S '? IfrH CO r-l M t ?1 t- oi ;^ ■s a5 CO M 00 t- CC CD -r .-' CO 2S II •0 '" iH rH 10 M h- t- CO t- r- r. CI 10 ■4^ CD rH X - J 10 I-' l'- 1-1 So H W ^ Tfl tH CI »H (H M "JO © CO r- r. CI r-" ^ Pi ■O tH tH ,-1 M Pi < m o5 c CO CD CO c. r- r. t- i-< H H B "-' i-H iH iH i-l f> fH 0) CI C t-- 10 M iH 5J =4 — 1 i S ^ ^i •J g ; :^ -•a^ D 5 = ^ u, '. •3 M l£ 5^2 '— »*■ 35 C K x u 2 i ■u rt 3: £- .5 Ck, =? do ■- fc- c- "t- "t - ^ c a cj = ■5 ! OB U g^ = S = =^ l?L^ 1 5 c tc _ (V c rr' .=« a i 2 r r h .5 5 t: t* IS P w w ■-K r-^ ^ :::^ < "^ *The Small Heath swimmiug: bath, being situated in tlie open air. is not used during the ■vrinter months. t This expenditure includes the sum of f SIO for extraordinarr ex- penditure on acooimt of various extensions and alterations to the build- ings, and providing new boiler, machinery not required annually. 70 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE OX PUBLIC BATHS. m H Pi -^ O >^ P3 ! ■cio ■-1 ■*rHO 10 *S H H lOO 000 ys rH 1 rH — • ^J^"* » rt^ -^O M COTf t- ■oco i> 10 rH t- ll- -co 10 00 C3 ' r-( r-( iH rH 1-\ rH H rH rH 1 i ^1 t-C»lN X) 35 rH gs§ M 35 CO M 10 35 C5 LO 35 rH :ooo lO C- 35M M CO -* tH t- •<* '^i 10 M "^ H CDtH 00 rH M it- rH r^ rH H rH rH_ \\a \ J3 7; kffl • in 1 3 M • •0 fO w x 7-i ■ H rH "3 a • ^ t- • L- t- en Tl ^■*os rT COCO sT MO o" HO h" M W E^" ■ 000 0" 1 S rH rH i-i pH r/^kOSi U3 r-lCXD tH H O30 35 »co '4< MrH 35 • CD CO \S> 3 "^ tH 7-K rH i-{ rH rH rH • rH rH 3510 lO 0!N 3i M -^Oi ^5 OM S3 M T-i ^ :?5^ rH a ^ooro M t-MiH T-i OtH M COM t-lffl o i-H M JO •* M M M M H M 10 s rH ^ • . • ■^ rH • ?o" OtJI m" 350 E^ rH 10 ^" • 000 " 'd rH • rH r-{ 1-i o MH . 10 t-00 CD 00 35 QO rfiC^ t- .Ttl05 tH o 5 ts rHrH • rHrH rH rHrH rH OOM • M ;0N 35 \0 70 35 M-* CO • COM ■* M •-^ CD COM rHrH M lOM l^ • COM 95 o Zi M M ro M M rH rH tz; Ml THrH • o" OiOO io" TJHO m" ^ t- rH ' • 000 m ■^ rH rH • H rH r-i ^ 33 •J3 0i ; •-0 ccco t-GO CO COM 10 • ■<*<■* 00 g r^ H rH r-{ rH 7-\ -« ?0 CO COCO 00 35 t- OOM • »Cl- ■* O ^ -1< -+I MrH -i^ ^ \Ci -t rH CO •MM in ^ (M CO JC rH rH T-i rH b- -^^ ?0 OTi< t^ OtH in" \arn oT co»o oo"? DrH x" tH rH rH rH m . t--xi Vi C0 M 05 CO !X) ^ 05 05_ TtT r4 x" ^r rM OrH S P • fCiH ?205rHt->H» • . » 00 05 ;q_ro t-_^o • ::o t- CO >0 ro :^J i- lO i- m M i-i ?0 X) M M i~ :o l~- O ^ '-I ?2 05 r-H 35 aO » •* O :o_^:o -ilM ^.:^i ■^'' rH M ^i" O' m" 35" iH 35' ^0 iH Ui^s Pi 3 ,^ M h-* \i^ \^ ^ § *2 ^2 §^ So c3 PQ a '9 I 60 05 « S rH J5 C* ^ 0) a a) t2 C 2 tt" ^ O r- fi p ^ a « O fa P 1/2 a o * t- ^0 Oi th l-_ Si a "^ 30 GO ^ 30 t- M X r-l 00 |co So SIC CO o c^ •* CO O CO t^co :o CO GO(N Oi o CO lO x" 55 CO 35 CO CO •* 30 "* go" T-i Cn| CO CO 05 ■ 3 ?^ g a So »r5 05 ©05 O05 Cj QJ Q .a fcJO a a a ^ bo a DQ MUNICII'AI. SYSTEM OV I'OUEKJ.N BA'JllS. BIIIMINGHAM. ENGLAND. 73 Kent-8t. Woodcock-at. Northwood-it. Monument-rd. Small Heath Date of opening Cost of build- ings, including furnishing, but exclusive of ma- chinery, etc Cost of boilers, engines, i)ump- ing iniichinery, heating a r- rangements and sinking wolls, etc. First Class Swimming Bath : .Second Class Swimming Bath : Fii-st-class Baths : Private hot and cold water or slipper baths May 12,1851 jC 17,2(;1 ^ 4,410 About 300 yards of this land was re- sold. 86 ft. 6 : long by 38 ft. wide. Dressing boxes, 54 87 ft. long by 35 ft. wide 22 dressing boxes, and accommoda- tions for 75 without dressing boxes. Men's, 30 "Women's, 6 Aug.27,1860 / 7,647 £ 2,440 About 850 yards reserv- ed for future extension. 38 ft long by 14 ft. wide Mch 5, 1862 /; 9,638 £ 1,245 Dressing boxes, 6 80 ft. long, 35 ft. 6 in. wide. 40 dressing boxes, and accommoda- tions for 75 without dressing boxes. Men's, 16 Women's, 6 62 ft. long by 31 ft wide. Dressing boxes, 48. 68 ft. long, 32 ft. 9 in. wide. 24 dressing boxes, ac- commoda- tions for 75 without dressing boxes. Men's, 21 Women's, 4 Mch 1, 1883;July 9. 1883 £ 19,969 £ 6(K) £ 4,272 Cost of sink- ing a well for a pro- posed snite of baths on a reserve por- tion of park land ;^1350. Cost of erec- tion of a water tower, water tank, gas engine land deep water Ipumps, ;^85 80 ft. long by 32 ft. 9 in. wide. Dressing boxes, 50. 68 ft. long il33 ft. long, by 32 ft. i 72 ft. wide, wide. Accommo- \ dation for i 120 bathers.! Men's, 17 I Women's, 41 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Kentr6t. Woodcock-st. Northwood-st. Monument>rd. SmaU Heath. Second-class ) Baths : V Men's, 24 Men's, 16 Men's. 22 Men's, 17 Women's, 7 Women's, 8 Women's, 4 Women's, 7 Turkish Bath Department : 1 depart- ment, con- structed in 1879 out ot old build- ings former- ly used as a public workhouse, and consist- ing ot 14 dressing rooms, 2 hot rooms, 1 shampooing room, 1 plunge bath, 1 large cool- ing room, etc 1 depart- ment, am- sisting of : 18 dressing rooms, 3 hot rooms, 1 shampooing room, 1 plunge bath, 1 large cooling room, etc. Liverpool, England. SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADMISSION TO THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS. First Class Swimming Bath:— Single tickets 6d. Book of 20 tickets 8s. Members of Swimming Clubs 4d. Pupils of Grammar Schools, etc., 100 tickets for .... 25s. Hire of bathing drawers Id. Hire of ladies' bathing dresses 3d. Use of an extra towel Id. Second Class Swimming Bath: — Single tickets, with the use of a private dressing-room 3d. Single tickets, without a private dressing-room 2d. School boys are admitted at special times; books of 1000 Vad. tickets f 2 Is. 8d. School boys and girls are admitted at special times; books of 200 Id. tickets 16s. Sd. First Class Private Bath: — Warm bath, with two towels 6d. Cold bath, with two towels 3d. Second Class Private Baths: — Warm bath, with one towel 3d. Cold bath, with one towel Id. Shower baths are included in the above named charges, and soap tablets are supplied at Id. extra. Turkish Bath Department, including shampooing and the use of a private dressing room. Hot rooms (three), lounge and smoke rooms, needle douche, shower and plunge bath, one shilling. The present Baths Committee was elected in November, 1892. The members found the property committed to their charge in a much neglected condition. An entirely new MlJNlCli'AJv SV.S'J'IOM OF FOUKKiN J'.A'IIIS. system was immediately adojjte'l. A careful inspection of all the baths and washhouscs was made, and various hygienic and other improvements introduced. So great was the popularity of the Bur- lington Street open air baths, built by the new committee, that it was decided to look out for sites for more open-air baths in other populous districts of the city. In the course of 1896 the Com- mittee expected to supply heated salt water to the Burlington Street Baths. The Committee was not content with providing public baths, but has erected standpipes in crowded districts to supply salt water to the doors of the people, and this has enabled many mothers to give their children salt water baths at home. Liverpool was probably the first city in England to own its public baths. A building was purchased froin a private bathing estab- lishment in 1794 at a cost of about i4,ooo, and about £ 1,000 was expended on alterations. These baths were removed in 1820 to make way for docks, and it was not until 1828 that new baths — the Pierhead Baths — were opened. Owing, among other things, to a treacherous foundation, the structure cost £24,481 up to the date of opening, and has continued to cost a large amount annually. Since 1851 the question of reconstructing these baths has been periodically before the Committee, but small repairs only have been made, sufficient to keep the bath going. Several of the baths, in- cluding the ladies' swimming pool, are in such a dangerous condi- tion that they are not used. The Committee has, without any sacrifice of efficiency, shortened the hours of labor of its employees, and studied their comfort, and this with a saving of ii,ooo on the cost of administration. The scale of charges varies according to the location of the baths, and the accommodation provided. Cold fresh water baths are given at id. upwards, at five of the baths, but are not much favored even at this rate. Private warm baths and swimming baths range from 2d. to is. 6d. and vapor baths cost is. to 2S. In 1893 the Committee decided to issue swimming club contracts, giving the holders the privilege of bath- ing in a stated bath two evening per week, from April ist to Oc- tober 31st (sixty-two baths) for the sum of 5s. per contract, equal to under one penny per bath, not less than t\vent}"-five tickets being issued to one club. In 1895 775 of these contracts were issued, but were only used 20,295 times, less than half the number to which the holders were entitled. Open Air Baths. Fresh Water Baths. 76 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Annual Contracts. Experl= ment. Annual contracts were issued, for the first time, in 1893, at the sum of £1 is. each. In 1895 184 of these were issuedand were used 16,812 times, or an average of just 91 times. In 1894 the same privileges were extended to any of the city's per- manent employees for the sum of 7s. 6d. but were not very largely availed of. Only forty-three of these contracts were issued in 1895, and these were used only 1,443 times, or less than thirty-four times by each holder. Special tickets for the use of schools are sold in packages of 250 at one half penny each, entitling the holders to bathe in a body in charge of a responsible person in the second- class plunge in any establishment except the Pierhead, between 7 and 8 a. m., and 5 and 6 p. m., Mondays to Fridays, and between 7.30 and 9 a, m., Saturdays, but arrangement must be made with the superintendent what time each school may bathe. The number of these bathers was 38,500 in 1895, a large increase on previous years. In addition to this, penny and two-penny school tickets are issued, and 64,792 were used in 1895, making a total of school bathers of 103,292. The Baths Committee has now resolved (as an experiment) to grant free plunge baths to children attending schools within half a mile of the Margaret Street Baths, and this will undoubtedly educate the children in habits of cleanliness, and tend to make them regular visitors in the future. MUNIOIPAI. WVS'l'iOM OF FfJUEKlN UA'l IIS. ^ +; r-5 Ll es t' •^ •/' 3 . B All salt water b except one pri slipper bath. ^ 03 1"^ "7 5 a u .c a 1; *■ 1 ^ ll a 1 -•a ^ a ^ X C^ X '^ ^'9 _g 1 X CO rH 4> 0) V in in -r Ol 0) ^ rH CO o';;j2 8 •KlIBIS J0-0NpU«p9piA -oad eaB sasnoii S o 8 -qsuA ejaiiAV »- IH M 1 1 a •snjug laqjo CO ■s^Ba T-H CO •* T-l o i~ i^ .i9ddi[S oiBAiij rH lO CI ■^ 'i3< CO CO QC "^"rH 00 --^co is rH '^ a X gfc: Sc, ^".~ ■Snmado jo a;u(i 00 ^S o o &: in O'^ ^^O in o •«J" O ^ '>l r-i rH •8J1S JO ^soj CO o o s §S 5 Cl o fl t- f- HI o ,_ 00 u~ Ol D CO rH r-f eo s!? '^- •-i? s? ^ V 'C a H K ^ t-i 4. o ^ .»9 02 j= ;3 CO 2 o5 s a a . 5 1^ "5 ^, "3: .«_) a ^ S, CI « "Z. a 1 K 5 o ^ S 1 1 1 c g 1 i 78 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE OX PUBLIC BATHS. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR 1895. ^tablishment. Receipts. Expenditure. Excess of Expenditures over Receipts. Excess of Receipts over Expenditure. Pierhead CornwaUis Street Margaret Street £ s. 1153 11 1723 6 829 825 12 1024 12 1166 15 1035 17 266 8 d. 5 1 4 4 £ s. 1081 18 1458 13 844 12 1058 4 1 1 sy :-5 d. 9 11 9 7 2 5 5 3 6 5 £ s. "is i2 232 12 157 11 80 3 421 10 158 15 75 12 38 15 d. ■'■ 3 8 4 6 5 f s. d. 71 12 8 264 12 2 Westminster Road Steble Street Lodge Lane Burroughs Gardens Fredericlv Street Burlington Street Incidental 9 1246 19 5 1457 7 11 425 4 .. 75 12 .. 38 15 Totals 8025 4 5 8869 12 2 1180 12 7 336 4 10 Total excess of expenditures over receipts, £844 7s. 9d. NUMBER OF BATHERS DURING THE YEAR 1895. Limited to Boys. London, England. Pierhead Margaret Street . . . . Cornwallis Street . . Lodge Lane Westminster Road . Steble Street Burroughs Gardens Men. Private Batlis. Plunge Batlis. 3,744 12,345 25,815 18,207 18,218 13,924 16,400 Totals 1108,653 45,649 49,953 66,751 45,568 49,265 41,544 34.131 Women. Private Baths. 168 1,396 4,372 1,030 874 492 2,551 332,8611 10,883 Plunge Baths. 8,027 8,027 Total. 49,561 63,694 104,965 64,805 68,357 55,960 53,982 460,424 *Closed. The free open air swimming bath at Bur- h'ngton Street, limited to boys under the age of fifteen years, was opened on July 8th. The water was not heated, but, notwith- standing this, the bath was well patronized. During the months of July, and August the average weekly attendance was over i6,ooo. The class to which these boys belong is evident from the fact that nine-tenths of them come without shoes or stockings. In "Municipal" London over half a mil- lion pounds, or two and a half million dollars, is invested in public baths and laundry establishments, which cost iiio,ooo yearly to maintain. Besides the parishes of which details are given the fol- lowing have baths and washhouses in operation: MUNICll'AL SY8TEM OF FORKKiN KATIIS. 79 is ^ ^ o (-1 o c ■"■ "S J « S St ** »-< ^ ^ a s 73 05 CO a a O >- ^' ,-1 ^ s « a rO V p. a p a c3 p c3 « W (^ O £h w ^ 80 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Besides these parishes, the following have commissioners appointed and bathhouses in course of erection: Bethnal Green, Clerkenwell, Deptford, Fulham, Hackney, Lam- beth, Ratcliff and Shoreditch. Following are details of some of the more important London baths: St. Mary, Stratford, Bow. The Vestry voted to establish baths and washhouses on October 30th, 1888, and the baths were opened on July 27th, 1892. The initial expenses were: £ s. d. Land 4,270 o 10 Buildings 29,887 3 7 Engineering plant 6,599 o o Furniture, utensils and fittings. . 1,130 i i Total £41,886 5 6 Steam Driven. For this five loans, aggregating £42,000, were obtained from the London County Council at 3^ per cent, interest. In 1895-6, £1,904 of the principal was repaid, and £1,228 3s. 6d. interest. The debt will be entirely liquidated in 1922, the loans being repayable in from ten to thirty years. The accommodation provided is as fol- lows: First-class swimming pool, water area 90 feet by 30 feet (charge 6d.), with 52 dressing boxes. Second-class swimming pool, water area 86 feet by 30 feet (charge 2d.), with 71 dressing boxes. Fifteen men's first-class private baths; warm, 6d. ; cold, 3d. Thirty men's second-class private baths; warm, 2d.; cold, id. Four women's first-class private baths; warm, 6d.; cold, 3d. Eight women's second-class private baths; warm, 2d.; cold, id. The public laundry has forty washing troughs and forty drying horses, together with steam driven wring- ers and mangles, ironing stoves, tables and other conveniences. The charge is i|d. per hour, which includes a plentiful supply of hot and cold water. In 1895-6 there were 25,711 washers, against 27,639 for the previous year, al decrease of 1,928, caused by the fine weather, but the number of hours occupied was 98,505^ against 97,673, an increase of 632^ hours. Of these 25,711 women, 4,975 only stayed one hour, 1,873 ^^^ ^'^'^ one-half hours, and 2,523 two hours, while 142 stayed twelve hours. MUNlUll'AL SV.STEM OF I'UKEIG.N JJATII^5. 81 The followinj^ summarizes the number of baths taken in the three full years, during which the baths have been open: Private batHs— men .' Private ibaths— women Swimming baths— men Swlmmiap baths— women ... Vapor iMith Spray baths Family tickets, vapor baths . . . Family tickets, men's private baths Family tickets, men'si swim- ming baths Family tickets, women's pri- vate baths Fiamlly tlckeits, women's swimming baths Club bathers School bathers Board School bathers 1896-96. '48;6(!3 12,494 49,468 3,2:u 24 36 21 3,816 5,14(5 1,139 268 3,794 7,232 9,42.-) 1894-06. ■aSTTsr 9,881 35,045 1,358 40 48 3,569 4,671 898 348 3,609 3,320 3,411 1899-04. 36,485 10,615 54,066 633 66 02 2,910 5,647 988 646 2,147 2,018 3,380 Totals 144,757 105,921 119,48:^ It should be noted that the summer of 1894 was exceptionally cold and the winter following the severest for years. The working expenses were: 1895-G. 1894-5. 1893-1. Wages and salaries Coal £ s. 1076 10 460 17 380 5 339 2 94 6 32 4 109 13 48 12 48 27 3 10 10 36 17 d. 8 9 6 6 9 5 6 4 £ S. 1054 3 486 4 380 5 296 16 100 11 51 7 81 65 17 48 io io 2 2 49 19 d. 4 9 6 1 1 5 9 £ s. d. 1042 12 2 455 8 2 Rates and taxes 312 1 8 Water 265 6 8 Gas Soap and soda 99 9 11 46 7 1 Repairs Printing and advertising . . Insurances 78 19 2 69 7 6 40 10 Oil, etc Accountant 10 10 Fog abaitement Statement rating returns . . Sundries 5 5 36 1 Totals 1 £2664 3 7 £2626 16 11 £2461 18 4 RECEIPTS FROM BATHERS AND WASHERS, SALE OF SOAP. SODA, ETC. £ s. d f s. d 1893-4 2420 12 1S95-6 2045 10 9 1894-5 2024 IS 2 82 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Chelsea. Qreen- -wich. Chelsea public baths were only opened in 1893, and have been well patronized. The number of bathers in 1894-5 was 93,913, and the charges are 2d. and 6d. It is now pro- posed to erect another set of baths with washhouses at Kensal Town. The land has been purchased, and plans drawn up. The cost is estimated at £12,700. The Commissioners propose to util- ize heat obtained from a patent furnace which will consume the waste products of the district. This will mean a saving of £3,000. Washhouses have not yet been established. RECEIPTS. Year ending March 25, '95. Year ending March 25, '94. From Bathers £ s. d. 1213 15 10 4 15 6 1 17 7 16 10 £ s. d. 1121 4 3 From rents 11 10 From interest 14 1 From weighing machine . . . Totals 1 £1221 5 9 £1138 18 4 EXPENDITURES. Insurance, rates, taxes Repairs and maintenance of buildings Gas Coal Water Salaries and wages Furniture Printing and stationery . . . . Soap and soda Towels, bathing drawers, etc, Sundries Year ending March 25, '95. £ S. d. 131 18 6 Year ending March 25, '94. 355 12 122 6 6 378 3 8 274 14 8 1542 10 13 3 49 3 1 23 3 11 28 15 22 18 9 Totals £2929 19 4 ~I 8:~d: 95 17 6 559 1 110 12 7 306 6 8 259 9 4 1322 16 49 4 8 127 1 2 24 8 4 137 19 10 6 5 £2999 1 2 Baths and washhouses were established in 1850. Last year over 90,000 persons used the baths, though a falling off of 18,000 in numbers was caused by the opening of the Woolwich baths and the cold season. Charges are from id. to 6d., and the baths are open in summer from 6 a. m. to 9 p. m., Satur- day until 10 p. m., Sunday from 7 to 10 a. m. Loans were taken as follows: August, 1850 £7000 October, 1851 2500 March, 1877 2000 July, 1892 1000 March, 1893 500 Total £13,000 MUNICU'AJ. SYSTEM OV FOREIGN BATHS. S-i 0[ this aniouiit Xii,854 ^I'ls l->'^cn repaid. The receipts for llir year ending March 25, 1896, were: £ 8. d. liutherH 909 1 Washera 5*2 12 11>^ Soap 45 4 5 Rents 10 11 Sale of old materials 4 9 Total £1087 17 5'/2 were: Expenditures for corresponding period £ 8. d. Salaries and wages 709 10 4 Fuel 2:^4 13 Gas 02 4 Chandlery and soap 02 12 7 Rates, taxes and insurances 42 11 Furniture and utensils 10 Repairs and maintenance 170 IS 10 Printing, stationery and advertising ::'>G 12 5 Petty cash 12 18 7 Total £1342 3 10 The Parish of St. Mary, IsUngton, only adopted the Baths and Washhouses Acts in August, 1889, but the commissioners appointed went to work with a will, and Islington now has three extremely fine public baths. The Caledonian Road baths were opened in May, 1892, and the Homsey Road baths in July, 1892. The need for such establishments was evident by the fact that up to March 31, 1895, 1,002,735 bathers and 169,515 washers were accommodated, a total of 1,166,323 persons, while the receipts from these sources amounted altogether to £16,666 17s. 7d. The Tibberton Square baths were only opened in April, 1895, so no figures can be given. It will be noticed that a large payment is made for water. London does not possess its own water works, so the public baths have to help pay tlie heavy profits the water companies make. The increase in the number of women swim- mers is the more remarkable as the total attendance fell oflf, owing to the unfavorable season. School Board children are admitted at the low price of id. and for the year ending March 31, 1895, 6,952 visited the Caledonian Road baths, and 14.240 the Homsey Road baths. Each of the establishments has a wash- house connected with it. At first the women were slow in taking advantage of the many conveniences provided. Barely fifty women Isling:ton. Heavy Profits. Barely Fifty Women 84 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. used the laundn- at Hornsey Road the first week, but since then the numbers have reached i,ioo in a single week. The whole accom- modation is often taken up, and sometimes a number of women are waiting their turn. The original cost of the buildings was as follows : Caledonian -rd. Hornsey-rd. Tibberton-sq. I ± S. d. Purchase of site | 7,614 8 6 Erection of building |14,154 16 1 Engineering and machinery .... I 3,502 18 3 Architect, surveyor and clerli of works I 1,556 1 3 Furnishings aoid fittings 365 1 5 Electric light installation Compensation for disturbance . £ 2.189 24,199 12 5.948 11 s. d. 4 3 2.458 2 402 5 1,317 19 50 £ s. 6,063 13 21,672 4,994 2,195 2 10 Totals 27,193 5 6 36,565 15 2 34,924 16 4 ACCOMMODATIONS PROVIDED. Caledonian-rd. Hornsey-rd. Tibberton-sq 1 1 90x30 ft. 132x40 ft. 90x30 ft 1 75x25 ft. 100x35 ft. 94x30 ft. 1 75x25 ft. 50x20 ft. 93 71 47 42 74 58 16 34 33 26 49 65 Swimming Baths:— Area First Class . Area, Second Class Area Women's . . . Dressing Boxes:— First Class Second Class Women's Private Baths:— Men's Women's Washing Stalls .... Depth, all baths, 3 feet 6 incheis to 6 feet 9 inches. WORKING EXPENSES, YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1895. Caledonian-rd. Hornsey-rd. Wages and disbursements Rates, taxes and insurance Coal and coke Water Gas Soap, soda, disinfectants, etc Brushes, brooms, pails, etc Engineer's stores, etc Ticket books, India rubber stamps, etc. Drapery, drawers, costumes Other expenses f 1079 112 543 561 161 49 19 53 43 27 59 s. d. 15 5 1 6 12 5 11 4 1 13 10 2 9 8 3 11 8 11 16 £ s. d. 1357 6 1114 164 5 8 1022 1 1089 19 2 21 13 5 109 19 2 20 8 120 9 60 17 1 36 6 120 15 5 Total I £2710 17 10 £4123 19 61/2 < crq X- CD '~< 2: tX) CO MiJNicn'Ai. svs'noM OF i''(>Ki':if;.\ r.A'Jiis. w RECEIPTS FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1895. Caledonlan.rd. I'rlvato baths Swimming batlis . . . Laundry Soap, Koda, etc., sold Hire of bnlh Hire of hall Sundries d. 4 £ sV 861 4 782 1 644 13 2 20 13 7 7 12 3 152 19 6 Hornicjr-rd. ~ £~ s.'dr 1119 H 2 1984 11 2 545 1 34 9 Vh 46 13 1^8 7 7 Total . . . . Eoss on the year £2469 3 10 I £3730 10 8 £241 14 I £393 8 10% NUMBER OF BATHERS FOR THE YEARS 1893-4 AND 1894-5. Cnledouian-rood. Homsey^-road. Year ending March 81, 1895. Year ending March 31, 1894. Year ending March 31, 1895. Year ending March 31,1994. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. First-class Private Baths ... Second-Class Private Baths . . . First-Class Swimming Baths. Second-Class Swimming Baths. 14,358 46,292 13,560 56.724 1,349 10,863 561 3.417 14,058 19,318 23,634 57,596 1,731 11,475 822 1,629 25,987 35,734 63,166 64,191 2,520 13,844 5,792 16,990 24.209 33,575 76,350 77,835 2,315 13,135 7,208 11,388 Totals 1 H0.9o4 16,190 144,606 15,657 189,078| 39,146|211.969 34.046 PRIVATE HOT AND COLD BATHS. First Class: Hot, 6d.; cold or shower. 3d. Including soap, use of flesh brush and two towels. Second Class: Hot, 2d.: cold or cold shower, Id. SWIMMING BATH. First Class, 6d. ; books of twelve tickets, 4s. 6d. Second Class, 2d. NUMBER OF WASHERS. Caledonian-road. Hornsey-road. 1 Year ending 31st March, 1895 Year ending 31st March, 1894 39,540 33.004 31,480 27.079 Charge: First hour, Id.; second hour, l%d.; every succeeding hour, 2d. Kensington opened public baths in i888,, at a cost of nearly £6o,ooo, divided as follows: £ s. d. Site 13,443 15 11 Building works 31.526 8 3 Engineering works 12.927 15 8 Completion of and fitting up men's second- class swimming bath" in 1SS9 1,S3S 11 11 Total £59,736 11 9 Kensing' ton, London. 86 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Eight loans, amounting altogether to £59,700, were obtained, those for the site repayable in fifty years, for building work in thirty years and for engineering work in twenty years. Alore than a quarter of these loans have already been repaid. The accommodation includes: Men's Sirimming Baths. First class Second class . . . . . Third class Women's swimming bath Size. 87x46>^ ft 50x3lX ft 61x24^4: ft 61^2'x22K ft Depth. Water Capacity. 3 ft 7 in X 6X ft 3 ft 2 in X 5 ft 7 in 3 ft 7 in X 5 ft 7 in 3ft2inx5ft7in 126,000 gals 44,000 gals 43,000 gals 40,000 gals Dressing Compart- ments. 50 35 52 31 Private Baths. First Oass. Second Class. Third Class. Total. Men's 13 7 20 34 47 Women's 27 Total 20 20 34 74 Charges vary from id. for a third-class cold, and 2d. for warm or swimming bath, to 3d. for a first-class cold, 6d. for a warm, and 8d. for a swimming bath. Reduction on quantities of swimming tickets taken, which are transferable, re- duce the cost of a first-class swim to 6d. if ten tickets are taken and to 5d. if one buys one hundred tickets. The laundry contains sixty washing com- partments, with the usual conveniences, and fifty-five drying horses. It is open from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. all the year round at a charge of i^d. per hour. The first eleven months, 13,950 women attended for 38,709! hours. In 1889-90, the numbers increased to 31,113 women and 84,352 hours, while in the year ending March 25, 1896, 55,550 women stayed 123,703^ hours. Of the total number, 16,037 women stayed only one hour, and 16,147 two hours. The average time was 2^ hours at an average charge of 3 2-5d. per head. The receipts of the baths and washhouses for the year ending March 25, 1896, were: £ s. d. Bathers 1,495 15 8 Washers 785 18 QYz Soap sold to bathers 17 18 4 Soap, soda, blue, starch, etc., sold to washers 14 lYs Swimming entertainments 9 9 Use of weighbridge 1 1 6 Old stores 1 6 Total £2,325 4 5 MUNlUli'AJ. SYHTEM OF FOREIGN BATU8. 87 The expenses for the same i)crifKi were: £ 8. (1. Rates, tuxoH and lusurauce 448 1 7 Salaries Jind wages l-'»f5.'{ 3 6 Water r.Ol 17 Gas KW 5 Fuel 1 Among those who took swimming baths were 4,125 children from the i'o.'inl Schools, who paid id. each. Poplar baths were opened in 1852, so that the annual repayment on loans now amounts to only £315, and the interest in 1895-6 was £129 los. iid. Charges vary from id. to IS. for baths, and lAd. per hour in the laundry. The cold season of 1894 resulted in a considerable falling off in the receipts and number of bathers, which was, however, retrieved the following year. In 1894-5 substantial repairs were undertaken in the second-class swimming bath and five new porcelain first-class private baths were added. The Com- missioners recommend considerable alterations in the laundry, which needs a new and substantial flooring. It is desired to replace the old, worn-out hand wringer by a steam-driven one, as the labor of working a wringer by hand is far too heavy for women. A steam washing machine for the towels, and a new mangle were also re- quired if the laundry was to be brought up to modern standards. The receipts for the past two years were as follows: Poplar, London. 1894-5. £ S. d. Poplar School Swimming Club 23 2 Poplar School Girls' Swimming Club .... 19 19 London School Board 6 10 11 Other bathers 1384 10 Washers 347 17 3 Totals £1781 10 1895-6. f S. d. 23 2 10 10 2 13 8 1688 14 11 HI 5 3 £2040 3 7 The expenditures for the same period were : 1S94-5. f s. d. Salaries and wages 1003 4 5 Repairs and maintenance 257 18 Coal and colie 291 8 5 Water 165 17 8 Gas 80 2 3 Rates, taxes and insurance 53 13 6 Printing and stationery 32 15 Soap 30 10 Towels 51 18 Brushes, brooms, etc 18 2 Uniforms 10 19 11 Ironmongery 19 1 7 Small expenses 20 14 1 Totals £2036 3 1895-6. £ s. d. lOK) 6 10 170 7 2 219 13 9 145 10 51 8 6 54 11 24 13 37 14 1 20 7 30 14 >-> 15 6 5 22 6 3 23 1 11 £1855 13 8 92 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. The numbers using- the establishment for St. George, Hanover Square, London. the same period were: Bathers :— Men . . . . Womeu . Cliildreu Totals Washers No. of hours worked 1894-5. 78,970 6,517 12,616 98,103 10,025 55,658 1895-6. 92,914 7,718 16,990 117,622 9,244 50,424 The Davies Street Baths were erected in 1855, at a cost, including washhouse accommodation, of ii6,ooo. The average annual cost is £4,320, while the average annual re- ceipts from bathers are only £1,486. There is one swimming pool and forty-seven private baths. The laundry provides accommo- dations for thirty-six washers at an annual average cost of £671. The Buckingham Palace Road baths were rebuilt in 1890 at a cost of £45,238. To meet the great demand for hot water it was found desirable that the boilers should all be in- terchangeable for steam and hot water. Steam injectors are used to warm the swimming baths. The laundry is placed in the rear at the top of the building, being reached by an elevator. The flooring was strengthened for the hydro-extractors, and additional rivets placed in the girders to prevent vibration. RECEIPTS FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 25, 1895. Davies-street. Buckingham Palace- road. Receipts from bathers £ s. d. 1112 11 1 38 17 6 581 9 61/2 4 18 1% £ S. d. 2342 2 1 Soap sold to bathers 104 4 Receipts from washers Soap and soda sold to washers .... 655 1 2 3 1 11 Totals £1737 16 3 £3104 5 6 EXPENDITURES FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 25, 1895. Davies-street. Buckingham Palace- road. Wages and disbursements Rents, rates, taxes and insurance Coal and coke Water supply Gas Soap and soda Maintenance of building Engineer's stores New towels and drawers Sundries Totals £ s. d. 941 2 7 26G 9 376 11 248 3 140 17 55 1 1433 10 14 13 6 123 14 10 102 £3702 4 s. d. 8 11 £ 15(13 516 7 728 16 626 18 17 5 105 14 794 15 123 12 285 12 152 19 8 £4915 11 2 Deptford (London). Public Baths, Wash-houses and Municipal Buildings under the same roof. This combination enables each department to effect a saving in initial cost. Shoreditch (London). Public Bath-houses and a Public Library under the same roof. Estimated cost $150,000. MUNKJII'Al. SYSTEM OK I'MJKKKIN UATllS. y:i NUMBER OF BATHERS AND WASHERS. Bathen. Wuh«n. navie«..tn... '^i^i^^Zl^ Inivlai-iitreet i ""«'''"»*""" YeareiKliii;.,' Miiicli 25, 1,S'.)5. Year oiuIIuk March 25, l.S!>4. 77,452 l.'J(),2Jm 22,482 22^21 1K»,,S71 185.472 20.JM>4 SCALE OF CJ1AK(;ES. b. d. First Class, cold bath :^ First Class, warm batli o <> S(H'oud Class, cold bath 1 Second Class, warm bath 2 First-ChiKS Swiminiu;? Bath PMrst-ClasH SwinuniiiK Batli (^u-ls under 12) 4 Second-Class Swimmiug Bath .'i Swimming Costume 2 Washers. One hour or less 1 Between one and two hours 2% Between two and three hours 4% Every subsequent half-hour 1 These parishes took early advantage of the Baths and Washhonses Act and erected a pubhc bath and wash- house in 1853 at a cost of £20,000. There are two swimming pools, with forty-six dressing boxes and seventy-three private baths. The washhouse is fitted with hot air chambers for drying, Perkin's stoves and ironing boards, and contains accommodation for fifty- four washers. The establishment was closed for several months during 1893-4 for repairs, so that the receipts show a large decrease. RECEIPTS FOR YEAR ENDING MARCH 30, 1894. £ s. d. Cash from bathers 776 12 6 Cash from washers 1118 5 10 Cash from sale of soap 29 16 11 Cash from book tickets 17 Total £1941715^3 EXPENSES FOR YEAR ENDING MARCH 30, 1894. £ s. d. Salaries and wages 865 4 10 Water 243 19 8 Gas 103 5 Coal and coke 581 17 8 Soap and soda 26 1 Ii'onware 13 5 7 Washing towels 29 Machinery repairs 49 17 11 Insurance 13 9 9 Rates and taxes 120 9 4 Printing and stationery 41 1 8 Furniture 36 13 9 House repairs and expenses 67 9 New toweling and making 51 9 9 St. Giles- in-the> Fields and St. George, Blooms- bury, London. Total £2243 4 11 94 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE OX PUBLIC BATHS. NUMBER OF BATHERS. j Private Baths. Swimming Batlis. Men only. Total Bathers. Washers. i Men. Women. 1692 1 74,506 1893 79,183 10,634 13,272 10,959 16,767 17,721 9,818 101,907 110,176 57,377 17,977 45,549 44,399 1894 36,600 SCALE OF CHARGES. First Class. Second Class. (With 2 towels, brushes, etc.) (With 1 towel) Swimming Bath 4d. 2d. Private Batli, warm 6d. 2d. Private Bath, cold 3d. Id. Shower Bath, warm 6d. 4d. Shower Bath, cold 3d. 2d. Books containing 140 2d. bath tickets may be purchased at £1 each. Washing places with wringing machines, drying closets, mangles and irons: For the first two hours, l^d. per hour; for each subsequent hour, 2d. per hour; for each half-hour. Id. St. James, West- minster, London. In 1846 "An Act to Encourage the Estab- lishment of PubHc Baths and Washhouses" was passed. This act is permissive in character, and provides means for the estabHsh- ment of baths and washhouses in such towns and parishes whose members determine to avail themselves of the privilege by local taxation. The act was passed in August, and in December the Vestry of St. James decided to adopt the act and build a bath and washhouse. The action was significant because at that period local municipal life was not particularly vigorous. In addition, no ex- perience offered any guide a$ to the cost of such buildings, the necessary means of providing the desired accommodations, the extent to which such facilities would be used. The same difficulty confronted St. James as New York; namely, the great difficulty of securing a site, as almost all available land had been taken. How- ever, loans were placed and a building was erected in 1852, con- taining a laundry with fifty-six compartments, forty-five washing baths for men, fourteen for women, and a swimming bath forty feet by thirty feet. The building was opened in June and from that time to the end of the year 74,643 bathers and 8,600 washers used the establishment. In 1853, the numbers rose to 108,008 bathers and 32,648 washers. The pressure was so great for improved accommodations, especially for women, that the plant was ex- tended in 1861. As a proof that cleansing baths were demanded, in 1865 the maximum attendance was reached, when 1601,480 tickets were issued to bathers and 70,057 to washers. MUNICll'AL BiSTliM OK rOHElGN J'.ATIIK. !).'» As conveying the idea of the extent to which this bath lias been used, tiic following tabulation is elo- quent. Cost of oroclliiK (ill 1851) and furnishing, and extending (In 1801) the catnbllHhniont £21 .OOO Amount borrowed and repaid 21,fXX> Interest 13,002 Total £34,002 Total payments from the Poor Rate £34,971 Less surplus receipts paid at various times by the Commis- sioners in relief of the Poor Rate 9,350 Net charge on the Poor Rate (spread over a period of 45 years)... £25,621 Number of tickets issued to washers from the 14th of June, 1852, to the 81st of December, 1892 2,051,366 Number of bath tickets Issued during the same period 4,639,413 Total number of tickets issued 6,690,779 Total receipts from bathers and washers from June 14, 1852, to December 31, 1892 £121,893 The practical advantages of economy and the provision of suitable accommodations through the year is il- lustrated by St. James, w^hich for £25,621 secured a freehold site and building complete for carrying on a large bath busi- ness, whereby six and three-quarter millions of bathers and washers have used it in the more than two score years since it was opened.* In 1890, the bath commissioners began to take under advisement the provision of a swimming bath. A public inquiry was held in the parish and although previous notice of the inquiry had been widely circulated, only three taxpayers objected. The cost of the swimming bath now opened is slightly in excess of £6,000. The water surface of the bath is sixty feet by twenty-two feet. A foun- tain has been fitted up at one end, insuring a constant though small current of fresh, tepid water throughout the whole length of the bath, thus combining the effects of a gentle running stream with the safety of an enclosed bath. The bottom and sides of the bath, up to the water level, are white glazed tiles upon which is an orna- mental, hand-painted tile frieze. Dressing boxes are placed in a series of arched recesses along the sides of the bath. The present accommodations at the St. James Public Baths and Washhouses consist of the following: * Upwards of 150,000 tickets have been issued every year, and the receipts average rather more than the working expenses. 96 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. ACCOMMODATIONS. Swimming Baths:— One 60 feet by 22 feet. One 40 feet by 30 feet. Private Batlis:— First Class: 23 for men. 13 for women. Second Class: 41 for men. 13 for women. SCALE OF CHARGES. Swimming Bath:— s. d. First Class 6 Second Class 2 Second Class (Sundays) 3 Private Baths:— First Class, warm (use of two towels) 6 First Class, cold (use of two towels) 6 Second Class, warm (use of one towel) 2 Second Class, cold (use of one towel) 1 RECEIPTS. 1893. 1894. £ s. d. £ s. d." Bathers (including payments for swimming instruction) 1550 6 1616 3 10 Washers 1400 15 2 1342 4 9 Soap, etc 119 2 10 118 3 5 Totals £3070 4 WORKING EXPENSES. 1893. £ s. d. Salaries and wages 1222 12 5 Printing, stationery, advertising ... 93 2 8 Fuel 457 3 10 Gas 148 15 6 Water 391 19 Rales, taxes, insurance 76 11 7 Soap, soda, etc 68 19 4 Engineer's supplies 100 13 1 Renewals and repairs 80 16 3 Towels, costumes, etc 97 16 Brushes 18 13 10 Miscellaneous disbursements 56 5 2 £3076 12 1894. £ S. d. 1197 1 1 46 18 8 423 8 6 142 10 410 19 139 4 7 72 12 1 89 9 2 185 8 3 21 9 40 12 6 Totals £2813 8 8 £2769 4 7 NUMBER OF BATHERS. 1893. 1894. Private Baths: — Men— First Class , 22,167 21,765 Men— Second Class 46,575 44.999 Women— First Class 5,342 5,112 Women— Second Class 19,043 19,383 Swimming Baths:— Men— First Class 4,728 10,439 Men— Second Class 25,211 21,178 Women— First Class 465 1,990 Totals 123,531 124,866 MUNIClrAl. SYSTEM OF FOREIGN HATIIS. U7 LAUNDRY STATISTICS. Number of Btalls, 84. Iik.-IuhIvc cIiui-k'-, -<1- P'l' li'>ur. IK):;. WH. Number of washers 43,(181 W.^TO Number of hourH 108,()»1 IfJl .OWi/^ Average hours per washer 3.84 3.50 The public baths of St. Martin's were opened in 1849 at a cost for erection, fitting, etc., of £20,140. There is no swimming bath, but sixty-one private baths, at which a charge is made of 6d. first-class and 2d. second-class for a warm bath, and 3d. first class and id. second class for a cold bath. The laundry has provisions for sixty-one washers, and is situated on the second floor. There are tubs with hot and cold water, with a second tub with steam pipes attached behind the washing tub for boiling, dry- ing horses heated by coke fires, wringing machines, and stoves for heating irons. The charges are i|d. the first hour, 2id. one hour and a half, 3d. for two hours and id. for each succeeding half-hour. RECEIPTS FOR YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1893. f s. d. From bathers 9.^)0 6 10 From washers 741 14 8 Soap sold 46 14 2 Use of extra towels 1 15 3 Total £1740 10 11 EXPENSES FOR YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1893. f s. d. Wages and salaries 772 6 Repairs and maintenance 992 5 6 Rent 78 Rates, taxes and insurance 93 18 5 Water 189 5 6 Gas 77 6 8 Coal and colie 634 2 4 Soap and soda 14 17 5 Towels 52 12 11 Rubber goods 32 15 6 Various disbursements 38 8 5 Total £3075 13 2 St. Mar-- tin-in-the- Fields, London. The first Westminster public baths were opened in 1851, and were only the fourth of their kind in London. They were entirely rebuilt in 1893 at a cost of £32,800, and wash- houses opened in connection with them. Next door is the chief Westminster Public Library, an extremely fine building, opened at the same time, to take the place of the old building across the street. The proximity of the library to the baths is a peculiarly for- West- minster, London. 98 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. tunate one, and should greatly assist the popularity of both. At the request of the V'estry, the Commissioners of Baths undertook to construct their furnaces so as to destroy part of the house refuse, and permission was given to them to form vaults under the side- walk and pavement to receive the refuse. On the upper floors are placed the board room, the superintendent's office and his private apartments, the laundry and the engineer's apartments. The first- class swimming bath is 132 feet long by 31 feet; the depth varies from three feet to seven feet. Over one hundred dressing boxes are provided. The polo goals are fitted with nets and bells, the length of play being seventy-five feet and depth of water for polo four feet six inches to seven feet. There is a special platform for water polo referees and a diving board for learners at the half dis- tance. Quite a number of swimming clubs, including several ladies' clubs, make these baths their headquarters, and special ar- rangements are made for them. Entertainments are frequently given at the baths, over 2,000 spectators being accommodated at the International Entertainment of the Ravensboume Club. A popular innovation is the water chute, which is used by scores of merry bathers. The baths are under the superintendence of Mr. Charles Newman, who has his whole heart in the work, and many enccmiums have been bestowed on his management by London and Provincial Commissioners who have visited them. The boys from the public elementary schools are admitted either on payment of the sum of id. or on a special voucher signed by the head master or mistress free. Mr, Newman teaches these boys swim- ming for the pleasure he takes in it, but often he has to stop the boys whom he finds so hungry as to be unequal to the exertion. Mr. Newman has saved five people from drowning, and has the Royal Humane Society's medal for saving life. In winter the first class swimming bath is closed, the second-class one being used for first- class bathers half the week and for the second-class on the other days, and the water kept at a temperature of 75 degrees. The laundry is fitted up with washing troughs, steam drying horses, mangles, irons, three hydro-extractors, and a ventilating fan. There is accommodation for eighty-four washers, who are expected to provide their own soap and starch, but may buy them at the laundry. ACCOMMODATION PROVIDED. Swimming Baths: One 132 feet by 31 feet; 3 diving boards, spring board and water ctiute. One 74 feet by 24 feet; 2 diving boards. Number of Slipper Baths: First Class, 20 for men, 8 for women; Second Class, 26 for men, 8 for women. MUNlCII'Ali SYSTEM OF FOREIGN I'.A 1 US. W) SCALE OF CHARGES. H. (J. Flrst-ClaHH SwIminliiK or Private r.nMiH n (; Second-ClaHH SwlmniiiiK Hutli '» •''. Socond-CluHS I'rivate Bath 2 This establishment was opened in August, 1878, and is under the control of seven commissioners. The private baths are eighty-nine in number. The public laundry comprises thirty-eight washing conipai'tments, with the necessary tubs, wringers, mangles and di-ying chambers. The charge of the laun- dry is three half-pence an hour, and the washhouses are open on week days only, throughout the year, from eight in the morning until eight at night. It was not until 1886 that swimming pools were opened at an expense of ^5,639 i6s. id. As usual there are two pools; the first-class, one hundred feet by thirty-two feet, the second-class fifty-three feet by twenty-eight feet. WHITECHAPEL (GOULSTON STREET). 1878 I 1879 I 1880 | 1881 | 1882 [ 1883 | 1884 | 1885 1886 Bathers:— | I | | | I | I First Class .1 4,990 15,237110,917 18,091|19.344 19.714|22,85G|22.249 Second Clnss |21.77(>|49,9rj'(i:{,134|r.4,.519!fiS,07:-!|W.,!t2(i 7."i..=;07 70,240 Totals. ... i'Jii.TiUii*;."'-.! lii^s:;,!).".! ,s:;,.'.l(» S7.417,sr,.r, ii Washers 24,737 79,535 ; 98,489|104,272 Whlte- chapel, London. Two PooU. 5 ,02 4|2(;,9G4|28,321|29.824j27.G93|25,G.^l|24,442 23,461| 21,960 1887 1 1888 1 1889 1890-111891-21 1892-3i lS93-4il894-5 Bathers:— First Class . Second Class 25.771 25,952 27,372 84.115 88.411 93,647 29,208 30.784 30,048 29,726'21,908 98.403| 103,913 102.444 99..3.38 73,433 Totals . . . 109,886|114.3G3|121,019 127,6111134.6971 132,492| 129,064,95,341 Washers . . . 20,956| 21,826| 21,018| 20,595| 20.563| 18.730| 17,2.56111.326 NUMBER OF BATHERS USING THE SWIMMING BATHS. 1889-iX)| 1890-11 1891-21 1892-31 1893-4 1894-5 Women's Second Class Men's Second Class .. Women's First Class. . Men's First Class . . . 45.175 530 37,127| 38,629 317| 38,120| 2,2771 34.586| 415! 36,181| 32,»l! f 30.824 1 33,444 323 23,36r» 1,142 Totals 82,832| 77,066j 73,4.591 59,4471 75.669 58,269 RECEIPTS OF BATHS AND WASHHOUSES FOR THE PARISH OF ST. MARY, WHITECHAPEL. FROM MARCH 25, 1893, TO MARCH 25. 1895. Receipts from Warm Baths. Receipts from Wash- houses. Receipts from sale of Soap. Receipts from Swimming Baths. Receipts from Swimming Clubs. Receipts from Bathing Dresses. Interest on Deposit. Total Receipts from allsourcca. 1893-4 ;^1559 1894-5 ^1149 ;^541 352 £2i 16 .^841 546 ;^388 ;^136 £7 3fi8 ?9 r. ;^3496 2526 100 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. EXPENDITURES FOR BATHS AND WASHHOUSES FOR THE PARISH OF ST. MARY, WHITECHAPEL, FROM TO MARCH 25, 1S95. H . c 's ° 11 i 3 o u s o it a a II a o en S3 -2 a 1 a CO "3 a C3 a 0) n a S.2 a .a a a 2 3 a i o II "3 a S a a a) a "3 H 1893-4; 1 1894-5 £i22 ^251 ;^917 ;^632 ;^174 ;^32 ;^134 ;^399 ;^26 ;^152 ;^3506 ;^135 £32 422 236 762 472 115 750 86 32 112 376 56 95 3681 Edin- burgh, Scotland. Glasgow, Scotland. At the Edinburgh baths a charge of 2d. is made to each visitor. Lessons in swimming are given at a charge of 6d. each lesson, 5s. for twelve, to adults; 3d. each lesson for boys and girls, 2s. for a course of twelve lessons. There are two swim- ming pools, the small first-class one being reserved for women on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and part of Saturday. Special ar- rangements are made for School Board children at reduced rates- at fixed hours. PRIVATE PLUNGE BATHS. s. d. Reserved Special, First Class, each person 1 First Class, each person 6 First Class, twelve tickets 5 Second Class, each person 3 Second Class, tv^elve tickets 2 6 SWIMMING BATHS. First Class, each adult person 4 First Class, twelve tickets 8 First Class, boys and girls under 14 years 3 First Class, twelve tickets 2 Second Class, each adult person 2 Second Class, twelve tickets 1 6 Second Class, boys and girls under 14 years 1% Second Class, twelve tickets 1 Restricted charge for school children 1 Use of bathing pants, per pair OYq Use of bathing costume 1 Use of bathing cap 0^ Glasgow is not satisfied with providing- public baths for the use of its citizens, but aims to create a demand for these necessities of cleanliness and health. It was actually pro- posed to teach everybody swimming gratuitously, and for this purpose to establish small, properly-equipped teaching pools in every school. As the same bathers and washers come with great Opening Exercises of the Public Baths at Essex Road. Islington (London). The dedication of public baths is an occasion of civic importance, instanced by the presence of the Rt. Hon. George John Shaw Lefevre. M.P.. President of the Local Government Board : Mr. Cohen. M.P. for East Islington, and Sir Albert K. Rollit, M.P. for South Islington. >-; sj The Ground Plan of the latest Public Bath for Birmingham. England. Note that the building will contain a branch of the Public Librar\-. This city now operates five other baths. MUNICITAI. SYSTEM OF FOllKHJN liATHH. lUl regularity, it was estimated that the nunibers using tlie baths atul washhouses were only about 5,000 swimmers, 5,oocj hot batliers and 3,000 washers. This does not represent a very large proportion in a city of 700,000 population. Another suggestion made was to erect smaller washhouses throughout the city. l*:xperience proves that a supply of public facilities for washing clothes creates a demand even in localities where every tenement has its own wash- house and drying court. Of the washers more than half reside within the radius of a quarter of a mile and very few outside the half- mile limit. Up to 1895 the Con)(jration had under- taken to wash the linen of families at its establishments at reason- able rates, employing for this purpose thirty-two washers and ironers. The receipts in 1894-5 were i 1,378 4s. id.; expenses, £1,130 4s. id., leaving a net surplus of £248. The Factory and Workshops Act of 1895 introduced certain regulation in laundries "carried on by way of trade or for the purposes of gain," which would have involved considerable expense. This the Corporation was unwilling to undertake. For this reason, and also on advice that the power to carry on such a business for profit was not legally bestowed on the city by the Act of Parliament providing for the erection of baths and washhouses, it was resolved to discontinue employing assistance, and in future only to have the towels, etc., used at the baths done by the Corporation's employees. Trade. Greenhead. Woodside. Cranston Hill. Townhead. Gorbals. Date ot opening .Vng. 19, 1878 Sept. 13, 1882 May, 1883 June 8, 1894 April 17, 1885 Total cost of erection of bnild- ings and fittings ;^11889 8 8 ^10102 4 10 ;^15089 2 5>^ ;^6861 18 4 ;^24890 8 8X Large Pool — Capa<'ity, gal? 73592 96440 104000 96440 97552 Area 75x35 ft 75x40 ft 78 ft- 6 in bv 42 ft 6 in ' 75x40 ft 73x39 ft Depth 3 to 6 ft 3 ft 6 in to 6 3 ft 8 in to 6 3 ft 6 in to 6 4 to 7ft ft 10 in ft 4 in ft 10 in Small Pool- Capacity, galf^ 20878 23923 38551 34539 21139 Area 35x25 ft 40x24 ft 52x28 t\ 44x28 ft 38x21 ft Depth 2 ft 8 in to 5 ft 2 ft 10 in to 3 ft 4 in to 5 3 ft 6 in to 3 ft to 5 ft 6 in 5 ft 4 in ft 6 in ft 8 in Dressing Boxes- In large pool 50 ! 60 77 82 54 In small pool 22 1 30 34 29 13 Hot Baths- Men 2d-class 8 13 19 12 12 I\Ien Ist-class 20 l-l 12 15 14 Women 4 . ( 10 6 6 Kosher (Jew- 1 ish) 1 102 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Greenhead. Woodside. Cranston Hill. Townhead. Gorbals. Washiiouses — Washing Stalls 44 67 73 78 54 Hydro Extrac- tors 3 4 4 4 4 Washing Ma- chines 6 6 8 6 6 Wooden Boil- ers 2 2 2 2 2 Mangles 1 1 1 1 1 Stenter Rooms for drying Curtains 1 1 Size of Lann dry 20x18 ft 25x24 ft 28xl3>^ ft 27x13 ft Laundry tables 13x3 ft Two, each 13 ft X 3 ft 6 in 6ftx 4 n 9 in, 12>^ ft X 5 ft 9 ft X 3 ft 8 in SCALE OF CHARGES. s. d. Swimming Pools:— Adults 2 Boys and girls under 13 years 1 Women, twelve tickets 1 6 Boys and Girls, twelve tickets 9 Season Tickets:— Men, six months, April 1 to September 30 10 Men, twelve months, January 1 to December 31 .... 12 6 Women, six months, April 1 to September 30 3 Women, nine months, March 1 to November 30 4 Swimming club members, 13 tickets for the price of 12. Use of Pools (to clubs) between 9 and 10 p. m. Large pool, one night weekly, 40 bathers 6 8 For each additional bather 1 Small pool, one night weekly, 24 bathers 4 For each additional bather 1 Private Hot Baths:— Men, First Class, each bather 6 Men, Second Class, each bather 4 Tickets in parcels of 12 each. First Class 4 6 Tickets in parcels of 12 each, Second Class 3 Women, each bather 3 Women, tickets in parcels of 12 2 3 Washhouses:— For use of stall, wringing and drying appliances, hot and cold water, per hour 2 Use of washing board 1 RECEIPTS FROM BATHERS, 1894-5. Greenhead. ] Woodside. Cranston Hill. | Townhead. Gorbals. 1 Total. £ s. d. £ s. d.l f s. d. 916 8 8 1059 5 4| 814 7 11 £ s. d. 1030 7 7 £ 8. d. i- s. d. 1472 1 11 5292 11 5 MUNICII'AI. SYSTEM OF FOREIGN KATHH. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. io;i Year. HatlKTK. WiihIi1ii^;k. lUiceiptn. LxponditurcM. 1891-2 514,2H3 5HV1 1!) 54(),()2 1 527,8i;i 1«2,458 170,(W7 i7;{,;'.ii7 197,035 I srd. 9,722 1 0,(529 4 4 9,(M0 18 8 10,288 £ s. d. 12,449 4 1 11,420 9 6 1892-3 189.'i-4 11,218 12 10 1894-5 12,294 The decrease in the number of bathers in 1894, as compared with the preceding year, is due to the unfavor- able weather. Notwithstanding this, the revenue showed an in- crease, owing to the extraordinary increase in the number of washers. How largely the temperature of the air effects the num- ber of bathers may be seen from the following table for the months of June to November, 1891 : June. July. August. September. October. Not Weekly ^ Average [ Temperatures ) Corresponding ] with weekly 1 Receipts from [ Ponds. 70° 67° 66° ;^97 64° ;^98 63° ;^96 60° ;^68 59° ;^66 58° ;^48 57° ;^35 51° ;^26 48° £20 47° /13 DEFICIT PROVIDED FROM ASSESSMENTS. 1891-2 £2776 4 I 1893-4 £1578 1892-3 £1791 5 2 1894-5 £2006 Berlin has earned well-merited commen- dation for the excellence of its baths, but it does not yet consider the provisions made sufficient, and has four large city baths and several river baths in process of erection. Though there is, as would be expected, a deficit on the river baths, the city derives a small profit from the baths taken altogether. The following is the balance sheet for 1894-5: Berlin, Qermany, RECEIPTS. By River Baths $9,605 By City Baths:— (a) Moabit 11,916 (b) Schillingsbriicke 1S.407 30.323 Berlin Society for People's Baths 900 Total $40,828 104 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. EXPENDITUR^ES. River Baths $12 447 City Baths:— (a) Moabit $11,G20 (b) Schilliugsbi-iicke 14.071 ; 25,G91 Total $38,138 Surplus 2,690 $40,828 Ctty Orphan Asylum. I. River Baths. There is usually a considerable deficit on these baths, caused by the large number of free cards given. The Poor Commission and the City Orphan Asylum issued 22,696 of these cards in 1894-5, which were used on an average sixteen times. The previous year* 20,380 cards were used an average of twenty times each. Besides this, children from several institu- tions are admitted free without tickets. There was a large increase in the number of bathers in 1893 in consequence of the warm weather, and there would probably have been a surplus, but the baths had to be closed a month earlier than usual on account of the cholera, and the wages of the attendants were paid in full. The season 1894-5 was a bad one, and there was a delay of two months in opening two of the baths. The prices had been reduced in many of the baths, and there were many expensive repairs. The largest attendance in 1894 was 23,775 in the seventeen baths on July 24th; 16,183 nien and 7,592 women; this was 1,561 more than the best day — July 8th — of 1893, when 22,214 people bathed in seventeen baths. Two more new baths are about to be opened, and will largely increase the accommodation already provided. The number using the river baths in the season of 1894 was as fol- lows: 1894. Free. On Payment Total. Free. On I Payment] Total. Men: — Old bathing establish- ments New bathing establish- ments Women :— Old bathing establish- ments New bathing establish- ments Totals 185,372 59,566 89,295 22,061 108,944 184,876 82,502 72,589 294,316 244,442 171,797 94,650 240,634 60,780 94,3.30 20,446 125,9181366,552 246,496 307,276 92,917 71.257 187,247 91,703 356,294 448,9111805,205 416,190 i 536,588 1952,778 MUNICU'AL SYSTEM OF I'(>Iti:i(;.\ HATIIS. 105 O o o H O n single lis Twelve Baths i ct One ing 1q- n Cards arsons Under 14 years SI i- Swiuiui slructic for P< Over 14 vears 1.19 .71 J- l-^ Season Tickets for Persons Over 1 Under 14 years!l4 years o r-I 3 '-0 c5 ci •ll CI f Cards rsons Under 14 years 00 3 0-: F^ Monthl forPe Over 14 years O 10 C5 ■|1 ^ 1 Baths arsons Under 14 years GO 3 Fifteei for P( Over 14 years T-t ■" 00 11 Bath for sons Under 14 years -f t;:^ o 3 2 = = Single 1 Per Over 14 years o o o ■?1 8 r * 1. In the new Swimming and Bath- ing Establishments. (a) at the Moabit bridge. Swim- ming pool, 1st class (b) at the Lessing bridge swim ming pool, 2d class ((;) Weidendanimer bridge ) (d) Muhlen.straase and Cuvry- > strasse ) c « ir « £ o 5 94 16 00 139 53 52 60 1 90 SchUlingibrQcks 570 15 134 72 155 6 84 55 95 07 22f 67 73 84 356 18 7 88 85 50 28 46 110 41 2 73 Totals |$11,915 <^|$11,277 06l$18,406 83|$11,644 16 WORKING EXPENDITURE. Moabit 1894-5 Salaries $3,923 27 Firing 2,999 14 Lighting 1 540 02 Water 1 2,080 36 Maintenance of buildings and machinery Soap, soda, sea salt, etc Printing 125 dozen towels Various expenses 529 94| 357 14 147 27 443 101 1893-4 $3,727 43 3,055 60 574 42 2,464 73 419 45 350 84 138 25 269 54 SchJllingBbrficke [,849 87 i,064 01 598 30 ;,238 47 911 34 641 36 172 35 278 16 316 75 1893-4 $3,347 61 2,343 25 560 06 2,316 57 121 07 378 66 160 25 437 97 Total Income |$11,620 24 $11,000 26 $14,070 61 i 11,915 69 11.277 06 18,406 83 $9,665 44 11,644 16 Surplus 1 $295 45| $276 80| $4,336 22; $1,978 72 The increase in the cost of the water at the Moabit baths was due to the fact that it was found impossible to use the deep wells, and the city water had to be used entirely. Two new wells are to be made and it is expected that three-quarters of the water can then be obtained from this source, while formerly, on account of the great quantity of iron in the water, it has only been possible to use two-thirds of the well water. It is estimated that the cost of the wells will be covered within a year by the les- sened cost of the water. Of the amount spent at this establishment for maintenance, $216 was for tiling the walls of the two cleansing rooms attached to the swimming bath. The following was the attendance at the baths for the last two years: C05t0f Water. 108 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Moabit Schillingsbriicke 1S94-5 1893-4 1894-5 1893-4 Men Women Meo Women Men Women Men Women Slipper Bath, First Class . . . Slipper Bath. Second Class. . . Douche Bath, First Class . . . Douche Bath, Second Class . . Swimming Bath, over 14 under 14 9,384 42,414 3,056 20,821 46,619 18.700 2,633 22,157 431 2,510 10,408 9,606 12,667 42,513 3,639 13,940 46,884 18,052 5,143 24,827 2,733 9,080 7,654 9,247 57,824 6,972 69,229 82,986 30,481 2,457 33,795 165 7,743 14,692 10,872 8,918 39,550 3,576 33,317 53,824 18,065 3,165 24,234 111 3,520 9,417 4,392 Totals 140,994] 47.745|137,695| 49,437|256,739| 69,724|157,250 44,839 Moablt Baths. Art of Swim- ming. The Moabit baths were first opened on November ist, 1892. A severe winter followed. The attend- ance, 1893-4, showed a good increase. In 1894-5, the increase in prices previously alluded to caused a decrease in the number of first and second-class slipper baths, and of first-class douche baths taken. The unfavorable winter of 1894-5 also influenced the baths badly, so that there was only the ver}^ small increase of less than I per cent. The average attendance per day was 517, while in 1893-4 it was 512. During the months of January to March, 1895, the numbers using the swimming bath were 9,477 men and 1,854 women, and formed 34.7 per cent, of the total number of baths taken, while in 1894 the numbers were higher, 11,119 men and 1,952 women, but the percentage was smaller — 33.6. The best attend- ance was on the Saturday before Whitsunday, May 12th, 1894, when 2,635 persons bathed — 1,352 in the slipper baths, 482 in the douche baths and 801 in the swimming baths. The Saturday be- fore Whitsuntide, May 20th, 1893, 2,145 people bathed, so that this showed an increase of 490 or 22.8 per cent. The least number of baths given was on January ist, 1895 — 124 — against 88 taken on January 5th, 1894. During the year 1894-5 swimming instruction was given to 363 persons — 155 men and 158 women, while in 1893-4, 268 persons, of whom 143 were men and 125 were women, were instructed in this art. On January ist, 1895, women received the privilege of using the swimming bath on Monday evenings from 6.30 to 9, while before they had only been allowed the use of it from 10.30 a. m. to 12 m., and from 2 to 4 p. m. on week days. Owing to the colder weather no comparison can be made. From January to March 1,854 women used the swimming bath, compared to MUNIOirAL SYS'I'IOM OF FOllKUiS HATIIS. Vf.f 1,952 who used it in 1894, but on the twelve evenings when it was open to them there was a total attendance of 419, or an average of thirty-five per evening. 'J'he baths are open at 6 a. in. from April to September, at 7 a. m. during March; and October, anfl at 7.30 ,a. m., from November to February. They chjse on Saturdays at ■8 p. m.; on Sundays, in the sunmier, at ntjon, in the winter at i p. m., and on other days at 8 p. m. The Moal)it baths were built with a view to both suitableness and durability. Two-thirds of the swimming bath is set apart for swimmers, and there are two spring boards. The bath can be entirely emptied in eight hours and can be refilled in five hours. There are two cleansing cells, for adults and chil- dren. Each contains two head douches, one ray douche, one wash- basin and two tubs for the feet. Tepid water can be used before entering the swimming bath, but only cold must be used after- wards. On February 24, 1895, ^^^ Berlin Swimming League gave a grand entertainment in the bath, consisting of swimming and diving. The hall was decorated with flags for the occasion, and there was a very large attendance, including many of the city's representatives. Four swimming clubs use the baths one evening a week each. The first-class douches contain an extra ray douche of cold water, besides the head douche. Each douche-room is sub- divided into dressing and bathrooms. Originally the water used was limited to ten and one-half gallons, but this did not work well, and with the present unlimited use no more water is actually used. Douches with tepid water are provided in the slipper bath. The rooms used for washing and drying the linen, etc., have the latest improvements. Berlin Swimming League. The Schillingsbriicke baths were only opened on Saturday, June 24th, 1893, so that it is not possible to properly compare the attendance with previous years. The time of opening and the situation of the establishment were ven,- favor- able, so that it soon outstripped all similar establishments. The greatest attendance was on the Saturday before Whitsunday, May I2th, 1894, when 4,502 baths were taken — 1,599 slipper baths, 1,238 douche and 1,665 swimming baths. During the previous period of nine months the largest attendance was on Easter Eve, March 24th, 1894, wdien there were 3,278 bathers — 1.413 slipper baths, 826 douche and 1,039 swimming baths. On Christmas Eve there was the large attendance of 2,711, of whom 1,125 took slipper baths. Schillings. brucke Baths. Deep Wells. 110 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. 987 douches and 599 swimming baths. On thirteen Saturdays the attendance was between 2,000 and 3,100, and the attendance was usually oyer 1,000 on Saturdays. The least number of bathers in 1894-5 was 166 on Januar}^ i, 1895, as compared with 107 on January- i, 1894. The average number of bathers per day was 894 in 1894-5, and only 738 in the nine months of 1893-4 during which the establishment was open. Few establishments in Germany can compare with these baths. City water is used almost exclusively, as it was found impossible to use the deep wells, on account of the quantity of iron contained in the water. It is particularly re- markable that the swimming bath was so well attended, as the winter was very unfavorable and nine river baths are situated near by. Of 139,000 who visited the swimming bath, 54,000 (39 per cent, or an average of 300 per day) attended during the winter months. A number of swimming clubs use the baths twice a week regularly throughout the winter. Swimming was taught to 260 persons — 155 men and 105 women — in 1894-5, as compared with 117 persons — 90 men and 27 women — who learned in the season of 1893-4. The douche-room of the swimming bath is divided into two parts, one for adults and one for children. The use of the hall was given free to a swimming club for entertain- ments on October 21, 1894 and March 17, 1895. The rise in prices in the slipper and first- class douche baths resulted in a decrease in both men's and women's first-class slipper baths, and, compared with the corresponding period of the previous year, a slight decrease in women's second- class slipper and first-class douche baths. The men's douche baths have shown an increase of 50 per cent, and the women's of 52 per cent. On Saturday there are frequently more than 700 baths given in the men's department. The greatest numbers were 899 on De- cember 24, 1894 and 1,040 on May 12, 1895. There are only forty- one cells for men and the pressure on them is very great. On Sat- urday and Sunday three of the women's cells are used for men. The extraordinary success of the douche baths, built after a plan recommended by Prof. Lassar, has proved their suitability to the needs of a working class population of small means. The accommodations for washing the linen, etc., used, are the very best, being an improvement on the Moabit Baths. MUNICIPAL 8Y8TEM OF FOREIGN BATHS. Ill SOALfE OF CHARGES FOR THE S0HILLING8BRUCKE BATHS. , 1 M .9 ; Bath (in- 1 (only cindinf:; use ol' douche) for for persons over 14 .06 15 baths .71 1.07 pupils " " nndcrl4 .04 15 " .48 .71 who can SAvim) Swimming Lessons for persons over 14 1.19 " " under 14 .95, Towel .01 .01 Bathing Drawei-s Bathing 1 Cap for .01 Bathing ( women Dress j .05 Bathing Sheet .... .04 Keeping and Drying towels and bathing costumes .18 .48 Sea-salt and soap baths are also given. For one pound of sea salt 4 cents, and for one pound of soap 7 cents additional are charged. J. BatJis 0/ the Berlin Society for People's Baths. When these two baths were built the city- contributed $26,000 and gave the site. In the two years 1893-4 and 1894-5 the Society paid into the city treasury each year $900, amounting to 3^ per cent, on this outlay. In 1894-5 the income was $12,323.79, the previous year it was S12. 538.89, showng a decrease of $215.10. The surplus at the two establishments was as follows: Oranienburg Baths. Alt und Neu Kolln Baths. 1894-5 1S08-4 $1,892 10 1,489 87 $617 18 90S 74 Increase S402 23 Decrease $291 56 The societ}^ proposed to turn the baths over to the city, but it was thought that too much alteration 112 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Oranlen- burs:. would be required to fit them to the needs of municipal public baths. The opening of the Schillingsbriicke city baths, combined with the unfavorable season, caused a consider- able decrease in the attendance at the Alt and Neu Kolln baths, especially in the slipper bath establishment, while the Oranienburg baths showed a fair increase. The attendance at the baths for the years 1893-4 and 1894-5, was as follows: Orauienburg Baths. Alt uud Neu Kolln Baths. 1S94-5 1893-4 Increase or Dec'se 1894-5 1893-i Increase or Dec's Slipper Baths:— Men 61,146 25,692 33,059 989 258 58,500 24,463 28,895 1,122 234 +2,646 +1,229 +4,164 —133 + 24 54,718 23,726 29,798 616 161 59,665 27,033 30,701 841 440 —4,947 —3,307 Women Douche Baths:— Men —903 Women —225 Scholars —279 Totals 121,144 113,214 +7 ,93011 Of* 01 fl 118,680 —9,661 — -)- — Hamburg, Qermany. Qras- brook, Veddel, Bille. As in all cities the earliest baths in Ham- burg were river baths. The first building erected in connection with these baths was put up in 1847 ^^ ^^^ Grasbrook, and since then has been greatly enlarged and removed to the Veddel, cost- ing altogether $32,249. There is dressing accommodation for 405 men, including twenty-five private cells, and for 486 women, in- cluding 156 private cells. In 1889 there were 160,000 men and 111,000 women bathers. In 1864 another bath was opened on the Alster, for men and boys. The swimming pool is 347 feet 9 inches long by 91 feet 10 inches v^de and varies in depth up to 10 feet 6 inches. With the extensions in 1890 this bath cost $33,087. There is accommodation for 100 in private dressing-rooms and 264 in the common dressing-room. A charge of 5 pfennigs (just over one cent) is made for a steamboat journey to and from this bath, but the bath itself is free. A third river bath was erected in 1869 on an artificial island in the Alster at a cost,^ with improvements in 1883, of $9,996. The water here varies from 6 feet 6 inches to 8 feet 6 inches. The bathing place is especially frequented by boys. Dressing accommodation for 555 bathers is provided, including twenty-eight private rooms. In 1876 a fourth bathing establish- ment was erected in the Bille. This bath has a superficies of 44,132 square feet and contains 105 private dressing-rooms and other accommodations for 66 bathers. The cost was $11,900. A swim- ming bath for women and girls was erected in the Bille in 1885, and since it was very much more frequented than had been expected, MUNICIPAL SVS'I'IO.M OF l-()Iti:H;.\ I'.ATHS. 11 :i was enlarged in jXS8. 'i'lie total cost was $9,758. The water varies from 3 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 3 inches. There are 64 private rooms and accommodation for 136 additional bathers. In the summer of 1886 this bath was used by ii6,cj63 women and girls. In 1855 an establishment was opened on the Schweinemarkt by the Patriotic Society. The site for this building was given by the city, and the water supi)lied by the city free, being afterwards, on account of the high situation of the establishment, used for flushing the city sewers. This building was the first in Germany erected after the English model. The cost was $49,028. There are 24 first-class and 25 second-class women's slipper baths. These are 6 feet 6 inches by 5 feet 9 inches in size, and the partitions are 6 feet 6 inches high. The' first-class baths are fitted with douches. There are also two rain baths. Stalls are provided for thirty-three washers. According to statute only 4 per cent, interest was allowed and the surplus went toward the extinction of the share capital. In 1880 the entire capital was paid back, but the city allowed the Society to continue working the establishment, on condition that it built a second, and still later a third, the same conditions applying as to the first. A building was erected on the Schaarmarkt in 1881 at a cost of $74,970. It con- tained a swimming bath, 67 feet 3 inches by 2y feet 1 1 inches, the water varying in depth from 3 feet 7 inches to 7 feet 3 inches. The temperature is maintained at 72.5 degrees Fahrenheit by steam pipes. There are besides 7 first-class and 13 second-class men's slipper baths, and the same number of slipper baths for women. The use made of these two establishments in 1891 to 1894 was as follows: Patriotic Society. Schweinemarkt. Schaarm.irkt. No. of Bathers Hou rs of Washing No. of Bathers JNo of Swimmers 1891 1892 1893 182.198 89.570 107.105 112.218 24.284 15.937^. 17,513y2 17.550y2 85,572 57.773 62,214 65,185 1 1 1 69,655 45,659 63,113 103,944 1894 The great decrease in the use of the baths in 1892 was caused by the outbreak of cholera. The cit\- paid the company for the use of coal to sterilize the water used, by boiling and afterward cooling to required temperature. The large number using the swimming baths in 1894 was consequent on a 50 per cent. reduction of prices in this department. Cholera. 114 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Avoid Dirt. The following is a statement of the work- ing expenses for 1893 and 1894: INCOME FOR 1893 AND 1894. SOHWEINEMARKT AND SCHAARMARKT BATHS. By bathers By swimmers By washers By profit on soap By profit on sea salt By interest By extra towels, swimming- girdles, etc By swimming instruction . . Schweine- markt Schaarmarkt $9,569 78 833' 64 316 77 27 5() 18 02 91 57 $5,248 14 3,767 87 148 30 10 28 Schweiue markt Schaarmarkt $10,031 961 835 50| 316 47 24 54 183 41 $5,477 97 3,652 09 37 101 166 26 15 14 463 84 97 58 Totals |$10,857 34| $9,313 28|$11,391 ),872 88 EXPENDITURE FOR 1893 AND 1894. -■ - ■ 1893. 1894. Schweinemarkt. Schaarmarkt. Schweinemarkt. Schaarmarkt. Interest on loans . . Salaries $586 25 $3,792 53 3,618 33 1,410 29 1,277 55 $3,822 12 1,322 50 98 07 342 55 69 72 404 49 248 04 222 65 24 57 65 14 $714 00 3,606 10 Fuel 1,449 90 Soap, soda, etc Gas Printing Artisans' worlv . . . Divers repairs .... Divers payments . . Small expenses . . . Ground rent and insurance 97 07 73 03 345 84 358 83 79 32 102 34 608 56 445 01 174 '56 215 12 28 46 18 43 65 14 124 34 107 12 418 20 119 43 310 84 72 35 277 01 12 94 124 34 Totals $6,601 71 | $6,819 23 | $6,619 8d $7,212 23 In 1893 a third bath was erected in the suburb of Eimsbiittel, on the Schaferkampf. This contains 60 slipper baths — 12 first-class and 28 second-class for men, and 7 first-class and 13 second-class for women. Each bathroom is 6 feet II inches long by 6 feet 8 inches wide and the height is 9 feet 10 inches second-class and 1 1 feet 6 inches first-class. The swimming pool is 39 feet 4 inches wide, 63 feet 4 inches long, with a capacity of 105,668 gallons. There are 53 wooden dressing-rooms, each 4 feet 7 inches by 4 feet i inch, and 14 lockers. The dressing- rooms are entered from the corridor so as to avoid dirt. Every bather has to use the douche bath before entering the swimming pool, and a shallow tub is provided for the feet. The temperature of the hall in the slipper baths is maintained at 79 degrees Fahrenheit, the other rooms at ^2 degrees Fahrenheit. This bath is managed MUNlCll'AL yYSTEM OF FOREIGN UATllH. iir. by the Society which manages the other two baths, the Society re- ceiving city water free and i>aying interest on the .$9<'j,440, cost of erection. Both slipper and swinnning baths are opened from 6 a. ni. to 9 p. m. from April to Sejjteniher, 7 a. m. to 9 p. m. during March and October, and from 8 a. m. to 9 p. m. from November to February. Sundays and holidays they are opened at the usual time, but close at noon. Half an hour is al- lowed to each bather, and towels and bathing dresses are provided. In the slipper baths mothers may take a child under eight years of age in with them. The prices for baths at either of these three places are as follow: SLIPPER BATHS (MEN AND WOMEN). First Class (two towels) .$0 12 First Class (10 tickets, not good on Saturdays aftor 5 p. m.) 1 67 Second Class (one towel) 07 Second Class (16 tickets, not good on Saturdays after 5 p. m.) 95 Sea Salt Baths, first class 36 Sea Salt Baths, second class 31 SWIMMING BATHS. Without towel, but including bathing drawers 04 One year, not including washing of bathing apparel 5 95 Half year, not including washing of bathing apparel 3 09 Boys under 14, without towel, but including bathing drawers 02% Boys under 14, one year, not including washing of bathing apparel 2 86 Boys under 14, half year, not including washing of bathing apparel 1 67 Use of towel 01 Keeping and cleansing of bathing apparel, per month 07 Swimming instruction, quarter year 1 19 In 1893 the municipality erected a public douche in St. Pauli, which \vas leased to the same Society which operates the baths previously mentioned. This bath is open all the year round, from 6 a. m. to 10 p. m. in the summer and from „ , ^ . 5 a. m. to 10 p. m. m the wmter, closmg on Saturdays at 12 noon. Tempera- A charge of 10 pfennigs (2^ cents) includes the use of towel and ture. soap. The bath is built after the pattern of the Frankfort-on-Main baths, and contains accommodations for ten men and four women. The douche apparatus is separated from tlie dressing-room bv a rubber curtain, but this, not proving satisfactor}^, is to be replaced by an iron door. In the douche cell there is a deepening in the center, a seat which lifts up and is fitted with a hard rubber cushion 116 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. and a soap dish. The water strikes the bather at an angle of 45 degrees, and the temperature can be regulated at pleasure. At first the water allowed was limited to thirteen gallons, but this was not a success^ as the apparatus frequently went wrong. Under the present system only the same quantity is averaged, though no limit is made. Twenty minutes is allowed to each bather, and 5 pfennigs, just over one cent, charged for any excess of that time. The towels used are washed in the basement, where the heating ap- paratus is. On account of the cholera epidemic just before the opening of the baths, it is arranged to heat the water of the Elbe to boiling point, and then by mixing with city water and cooling, reduce the temperature to 112 degrees Fahrenheit, and yy degrees Fahrenheit. The average attendance at St. Pauli during 1893, the opening year, was 147 per day; in 1894 there were 48,138 bathers, or an average of 132 per day. Provision is made for 450 bathers. The greatest attendance was on July 7th, 1894, when 597 people bathed. Among the bathers there are few workers, the attendance coming largely from the small tradesmen class. Gothen- burg, Sweden. The first public bath in Gothenburg dates from 1802. At present there are two public baths, the "Renstrom- ska Badanstalten," opened in 1876, and the "Renstromska Badan- stalten i Majorna" (Majorna is a suburb of Gothenburg), opened in 1892. Besides these, there are three river baths in the Gota Elf, open to the public from May to September. All these establish- ments are maintained partly from city appropriations and partly from the funds belonging to the city, named "Renstromska fonden'' after their founder, Sven Renstrom, a merchant. The cost of the establishments was: For the Renstromska Badanstalten, $93,808.33 ; for the open air baths, about $800 each; for the baths at Majorna, $27,033.13, divided as follows : Building $15,716 37 Boilers, heating and ventilating apparatus .... 4,589 92 Bathing fixtures 4,015 51 Furniture 1,288 37 Plans and drawings 464 44 Insurance 68 68 Superintendence 482 40 Judicial survey 81 74 Gas and coke 139 16 Water 88 71 Sundries 97 83 Total $27,033 13 MUNICIPAL SYSTIOM OV I'OllVACS I'.ATIIS. 117 The open air hatlis arc free. 'I'lie re- ceipts at the otlxT hatlis fur tlic last few years were as f(>llows: RENSTROMSK A BADANSTA LTKN. Class of Baths. | 18 1)5 First Class I $7,y82~f9 Second Class 4,488 4U Third Class 1 3,02!) 41 Totils [$14,895 09 1894 I 1803 I 1892 $7,382 O.-', I .$7,.'-.24 611 '$7,562 75 4,285 ](»! 4.171 02( 4,511 06 3,045 «i!»| li.ssr, i:, '.'.oKi 08 $14,712 82|.'j;i4,880 T.s .< I--. l.V) 89 RENSTROMSKA BADANSTALTEN I MAJORNA. Class of Baths. 1894 1893 Slipper Baths:— First Class $194 37 $176 68 Second Class 418 08 355 64 Third Class 437 71 466 18 Russian Baths:— Second Class 198 10 148 20 Third Class 199 73 164 82 Shower Baths 38 4(1 9 41 Baths for School Children:— ^ At 10 ore (21/2 cents) 17 04 21 79 At 5 ore 68 85 67 90 Other baths 172 89 192 61 Total receipts $1,745 23 $1,603 23 The following are the operating expenses for 1894 at the Renstromska Badanstalten : Salaries $4,451 08 Fuel 2,302 11 Water 2,220 79 Lightins? 818 84 Washing of towels, etc 1,169 82 Repairs and maintenance 2,339 88 Printing and stationery 52 94 Soap 47 46 Telephone 46 01 Cleaning and sweeping 98 99 Medical attendance and medicine 86 59 Insurance and taxes 121 52 Written off for depreciation of furniture and linen 295 00 Sundries 69 95 Total §14,120 98 At Alajoma for 1894 the operating ex- penses were $1,926.51, while the cost of operating the river baths for the same period was $411.82. 118 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE OX PUBLIC BATHS. Following is a table showing the average income and average operating expenses per bath in cents: Year Average income per paid bath Average Operating Expenses per bath given. Salaries Fuel Water Light Washing Repairs & of Linen Maint'ce Total 1894 .. 1893 .. 1892 .. 1891 .. Cents. 13.23 13.41 13.23 13.36 Cents. 4.01 3.89 3.78 3.61 Cents. 2.07 1.96 1.98 2.06 Cents. Cents. 2.00 .74 1.81 1.01 1.76 .65 1.76 .53 Cents. Cents. 1.05 2.84 1.08 3.29 1.07 3.22 1.12 2.57 Cents. 12.71 13.04 12.46 11.65 No account is kept of the number visiting the open air baths, but it is estimated that they are used by at least 8o,ooo people in the course of the season. Every person taking an ordinary warm bath is permitted to take with him a child under eight years of age, without extra admission, and two children under the age of twelve may use the same bath upon paying the usual fee. The baths taken at |he two bathing establishments were as follows : RENSTROMSKA BADANSTALTEN. 1895. 1894. 1893. Men. Women. 1 Total. IMen. Women. I^otal. Men. Women. Total. First Class:— Roman Baths.. 1,486 80 1,566 1,766 92 1,858 1,837 74 1,911 Turkish Baths. 1,898 118 2,016 1,291 49 1,340 1,409 23 1,432 Sitz Baths ... 3,829 351 4,180 2,969 222 3,191 2,416 209 2,625 Slipper Baths- 15,224 6,327 21,551 15,587 6,225 21,812 16,165 6,587 22,752 Vapor Baths .. 567 77 644 552 40 592 679 46 725 Shower Baths. 105 105 96 96 92 92 Baths served at home 114 90 204 137 124 261 106 59 165 Total first 1 1 class 23,223 7,043 30,266| 22,398, 6,752 29,150 22,704 6,998 29,702 Second Class:— 1 Russian, shower and sitz baths .... 16,671 1,247 17,918 16,674 1,003 17,677 17,561 900 18,461 Slipper Baths., 10,615 9,217 19,832 10,196 8,602 18,798 11,162 8,640 19,802 Vapor Baths .. 475 71 546 553 33 586 496 45 541 Shower Baths. 136 136 103 103 147 147 Total second i class 27,897 10,535 38,432 27,526 9,638 37,164 29,366 9,585 38,951 Third Class:— Russian Baths 13,691 2,533 16,224 13,471 2,494 15,965 12,810 2,344 15,154 Slipper Baths.. 12,470 14,000 26,470 11,928 14,645 26,573 11,757 13,894 25,651 Vapor Baths .. 321 110 431 455 100 555 443 93 536 Free Baths.... 227 1,.355 1,582 309 1,309 1,618 443 1,390 1,833 Total third class 26,709 17,998 44.707 26,163 18,548 44,711 25,453 17,721 43,174 Grand total 77,829 35,576 113,405 1 76,087 34,938|111,025 77,523 34,304 1111.827 MUNICH'AI. SYSriOM OF FOREIGN I'.A'J'IIH. W.i RENSTROMSKA MA I>A NS'I'A I/I'KN I MAJORNA. is;m 189.'{ Sllpitcr ItjilliH, lirsl cIjihh !»(J7 879 yiipix'i- l»!i(liH, Hcroi.d cldHH 3,120 2,(\rA Slipper hJilliH, IliinI cIjihk 6,5.'{.'{ 6,{>r»S Russijui b;it lis, sccoikI cIiiks 2,112 1,580 Ilussiiiii biilliH. Ihlrd ( Ihhh 2,981 2,4<50 Shower l)!i t 1ih 574 2.'{4 Baths for Seiiool Children:— At 10 (ire 63(5 HI.'', At 5 (ire 5,i:38 5,007 Various batlis 1,648 1.844 Totals 23,709 22,489 The open air baths are managed by the city financial board, while each of the other public baths is man- aged by a special committee. CHAPTER IX. Promotion of Cleaoli- ness. Vapor Baths. THE ADMINISTRATION OF EUROPEAN BATHS. The first public baths in England were the St. George's Pierhead Baths, Liverpool, opened in 1828. In 1849 the City of Liverpool erected two new establishments. In Sep- tember, 1844, the Lord Mayor of London convened a meeting for the formation of an "Association for Promoting Cleanliness Among the People/' which resulted in the establishment of one of the first baths and washhouses in London. The success of these baths was so great that a larger set was opened in Whitechapel, but the hopes raised by the first success were not sustained, and the second establishment fell into decay until taken over by the Vestry of Whitechapel. In 1846 a private association opened baths in George Street, Euston Square, the water being supplied gratui- tously by the New River Company. In addition to its bathing and washing conveniences, there was a department "for cleansing, puri- fying and disinfecting the dwellings of the poor," which effected much good; but the New River Company abolishing their reser- voir, the establishment had to be closed. It had become evident that public baths and washhouses would not flourish under semi- philanthropic or private enterprise. In 1835 a bill to promote public baths was introduced into the House of Commons, but failed, owing to the opposition to it. In 1846, on June 8th, the Bishop of London presented five petitions on the subject to the House of Lords, praying for increased facilities for cleanliness available for the masses, and a bill was introduced on June 19th, which received the Royal assent on August 26th, 1846. The Act provided for the erection and maintenance by cities and boroughs of bathing establishments, containing hot and cold slipper baths, with the necessary arrange- ments for heating, lighting, etc. Less than a year afterwardsi an amendment was passed authorizing the provision of warm and cold shower baths and vapor baths, and also of public washhouses. In 1878 the Act was further amended to make room for swimming baths, now the most popular feature of many establishments. The Turkish bath was not well known at the time of the passing of the original act, or it is possible it would have been substituted for the vapor bath, as affording the most thoroughly cleansing bath possible. When the Paddington public baths and washhouses 'J'JIIO ADAIIMS'rUA'riO.N OK I'CJltlOHJN I'.ATUS. 121 were about to be erected in 1874, apijlicaticjii was made to ibc Local Government J5oar(l to ascertain the legality or otherwise of includ- ing the Turkish bath in the proposed establishment, and the reply of the Board was to the effect that, although the statutes contained no definition of baths, "the schedule to the statutes 10 and 11 Vict, cap. 61, recognizes a vapor bath, and the iJoard therefore appre- hends that there would be no legal objection to the establishment of a Turkish bath." Turkish baths are ])art of the establishments at Birmingham, Bradford and Worthing. When a city or town wishes to establish public baths, a committee of the Town Council is appointed to take charge of the matter. In Bootle this committee is the Parks and Baths Committee, in Bradford the Tramway, Baths and Team Labor Committee, in Burnley it was formerly the Baths, Cemetery and Recreation Grounds Committee, and is now the Town Hall, Baths and Cemetery Committee. The Committee is, of course, responsible to the Council and refers to the Council on all matters of importance. In London, the government of which is different to that of other cities, there is another method. The Vestries, a kind of district municipal council, appointed a small commission, usually consisting of seven, but sometimes of five or six. commissioners, who had more power than a committee, and were only obliged to refer to the Vestry when they wanted to borrow money. Since 1894 this system has been abolished, and the London Vestries, like the provincial Town Councils, manage their baths through a com- mittee. Before proceeding to erect baths, the con- sent of the Local Government Board to the expenditure must first be obtained. The initial expenses are met by a loan payable in a period of from ten to fifty years, according to the size of the loan, the purpose for which the expenditure is to be made and the rate- able value of the parish. Thus the Islington Commissioners pro- cured the following loans for their baths, all at 3^ per cent, up to March 31st. 1895: Borrow Money. Date of Mortgage. Per'd of Loan Original Amount of Loan. Of whom borrowed. For what purpose. 1891 vrs. Jan, 16 .. 50 £8.000 Prudential Assurance Co. Purchase of Site. Caledon- ian Road. May 12 . . 30 5,000 Prudential Assurance Co. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Caledonian Road. June 19 .. 50 6,000!London County Council.; Purchase of Site. Hornsey j Road. 121i MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Per'd Origiual Mortgage. of Loan umouut of Loan. Ofw •horn borrowed. For what purpose. isyi Nov. 6 .. 30 £5,000 Prudential Assurance Co. i:rection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey Road. Dec. 7 . . . 30 5,000 London County Council. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey 1S92 Road. March IS.. 30 3.000 Prudential Assu] •ance Co. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Caledonian Road. March 30.. CO 5,000 London County Council. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey Road. May 20 . . . 30 5,000 London County Council. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey Road. Erection of Baths and June 3 . .. 10 4,000 Prudential Assurance Co. Washhouses, Caledonian Road. June 16 . . 30 3,500 London County Council. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey Road. Nov. 23 . . 15 5,500 London County Council. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey 1893 Road. April 1 .. 30 9,600 London County Council. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey Road and Caledonian Road. April 1 .. 10 1,800 London County Council. Erection of Baths and Washhouses, Hornsey Road. Dec. 8 ... 25 11.2.50 London County Council. Purchase of Site and Erec- tion of Baths, etc., Tib- 1894 berton Square. May 11 . . 25 10,000 London County Council. Purchase of Site and Erec- tion of Baths, etc., Tib- berton Square. Oct. 18 . . 25 10,000 London County Council. Purchase of Site and Erec- tion of Baths, etc., Tib- Total £97,650 berton Square. Of this sum ^5467 los. id. of the principal had been repaid up to March 31st, 1895, and also interest to the amount of £6876 19s. id. (less income tax). This leaves a capital sum outstanding of £92,182 9s. iid. For the year ending March 31st, 1895, the payments of principal and interest were as follows : Repayment of Loan. £ s. d. Caledonian Road 747 9 Hornsey Road 1,548 6 8 Tibberton Square 450 Total £2,745 7 5 Interest. £ s. d. 809 5 4 1,306 19 5 711 10 6 £2.887 15 3 THE ADMINISTRATION Ol' FOREIGN BATHS. 123 The income from the baths usually hardly meets workiiif:^ expenses, although occasifjnally there is a slight guj^^t surplus. Any deficit, and the amount recjuired to meet payments surpliw. of principal and interest, comes out of the rates. As the loans are paid o(i the tax becomes less until, when all the loans are paid off, a very small annual payment is necessary to cover the working expenses. In the Parish of St. James, Westminster, which erected baths in 1851, the total charge on the rates, for site, erection of buildings and maintenance since erection, has only been £26,621. This, spread over a period of forty-five years, amounts to £592 or $2,890 per annum; and for this well-appointed cleansing baths and washhouses have been maintained, and a swimming bath has lately been opened. The rules and regulations at the baths differ very little, and those of the St. Margaret and St. John, West- minster, baths may be taken as an example of many others : Firs/ Class Private Baths. Warm or cold Baths 6d. Rules and Regulations. Attention is directed to the printed Bye-Laws. Each bather is provided with a bath of the desired temperature, with the use of two clean towels. Half an hour is allowed to each bather from the time of enter- ing and leaving the bathroom. Bathers will please ring the bell should they require the attendant. The admixture of any chemical except soap with the water in the bath is strictly prohibited. If soap and extra towels are required they can be obtained at the pay office at a charge of id. each article. (Please see that you get a ticket for same.) The attendants are not allowed to supply soap or extra towels. Please avoid talking in the bathroom, as it distracts the atten- tion of the attendant, and when quitting the bathroom, leave the door open, the water in the bath, and the towels on the seat. Bathers unable to wait their turn may have their tickets en- dorsed by the money-taker for use another day, but no money can be returned, nor will the ticket be available for another day except so endorsed. Water closets are provided. No smoking or drinking spirituous or malt liquors allowed in the building. Ili4 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Dogs are not allowed within the building. No employe is allowed to take any gratuity whatever, on pain of dismissal. No disorderly conduct, indecent or offensive language allowed in the building. Do not remain in the bath whilst hot water is being supplied. Bathers committing wilful damage, interfering with the com- fort of another or interrupting any of the servants in their duty, will be proceeded against under the bye-laws for the full penalty of 40s. By Order of the Commissioners, (Signed) CHARLES NEWMAN, Superintendent. Second Class Private Baths. Warm Bath 2d. Cold id. Rules and Regulations. Attention is directed to the printed Bye-Laws. Each bather is provided with a bath of the desired temperature, with use of one clean towel. (Extra towels can be had if desired by purchasing an extra towel ticket at the pay office.) Half an hour is allowed to each bather from the time of en- tering and leaving the bathroom. No smoking or drinking spirituous or malt liquors is allowed in the building. The admixture of any chemical or other preparation except soap with the water in the bath is strictly prohibited. Soap and extra towels can only be obtained at the pay office, at a charge of id. each article. (Please see that you get a ticket for the same.) The attendants are not allowed to supply soap or extra towels. Bathers are requested to decide as to the temperature of water they require before the attendant leaves the bath, as the calling out of numbers is likely to cause confusion. To avoid talking in the bath- room, as it distracts the attention of the attendant, and when quit- ting the bathroom to leave the door open, the water in the bath and the towels on the seat. Bathers unable to await their turn may have their tickets en- dorsed by the money-taker for use another day, but no money can be returned, nor will the ticket be available for another day except so endorsed. THE ADMlMS'l'KA'l I<>.\ (Jl'' J'OllKKjiN IJATLI.S. 125 Water chjscts arc ijr(jvi(lc(l. Dogs arc not adiiiiUcd within the buii'liiig. No person employed in the estabhshuient is allowed to take any gratuity whatever, on pain of dismissal. Bathers are particularly asked nc;t to stand on the towels. Bathers conunitting wilful damage, or interfering with the comfort of another, or interruptmg any of the servants in their duty, will be proceeded against under the bye-laws for the full pen- alty of 40s, No disorderly conduct, indecent or offensive language allowed in the building. By Order of the Commissioners, (Signed) CHARLES NEWMAN, Superintendent. Rules and Regulations for Bathers. Swimming Baths. Half an hour only is allowed to each bather. No bad language or whistling allowed. Do not spit in the water. No smoking or drinking intoxicating liquors allowed. Leave the building directly you are dressed. Return your towels and hired drawers to the bath attendant on leaving. Diving from the boxes is strictly forbidden. Soap must not be used in the swimming bath. Any person who shall wilfully offend against the foregoing rules and regulations will be immediately expelled, refused admit- tance on a future occasion, and proceeded against for the full pen- alty of 40s. The Commissioners are not responsible for articles lost by bathers in the establishment. By Order of the Commissioners. Notice to Co7iipetitors. Swimming Baths. 1. Do not fail to wear bathing Drawers under your costumes. 2. Do not enter the water bet^veen the diilFerent heats or events. 3. Do not interfere with the valves, bath fittings or furniture. 12G MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. 4. Do not shout or make unnecessary noises, as it distracts the attention of the bath attendant. ■5. Do not stand or loiter round the sides of the bath before the heat or event you are to compete, but walk in the dressing-room until notified. 6. Do not stand or loiter round the sides of the bath after you have competed, but proceed to your dressing-room, unless otherwise requested. (Signed) CHARLES NEWMAN, Superintendent. Switnmiiig. Certificate of Proficiency. THIS IS TO CERTIFY that aged residing at . has acquired the art of Swimming, under my tuition, and is proficient in Westminster Baths, London, S. W. 189 . Instructions for the Proper Use of the Water Chute. Get yourself into position by the use of the ropes. Do not hold the sides of the chute while sliding. Keep the head well down and the body stiff. Do not run down the chute. Not more than two persons must use the chute at one time. Do not crawl up the chute. Notice to Club, School and Special Ticket Holders. All club and school tickets must have the name of the club or school issuing the same, written or stamped across the face of such tickets before presentation at the pay office, and they, and also special book tickets, must be shown to the money-taker, who will, previous to the issuing of towels, stamp such tickets with the official date stamp. Club and school tickets are not transferable, and will only be accepted from bona fide members of the clubs and scholars of schools having permission to use them; any other person present- ing them will not be admitted, and the club or school issuing the same will not be allowed further concession. Members of clubs must, if required, produce their cards of membership before using the swimming baths. THiO ADMINLSTRA'J'KJ.N <>I' I'OJUOKi.X I'.ATIIS. 127 All school Ijallicrs imist Ik- in charge of a iiiaslcr or mistress, and under proper conlrcjl. Members of clubs are respectfully ashed to assist the manage- ment by leaving the baths directly after practice, in order to allow others to bathe. Polo practice not allowed vvilhout perniission of the Superin- tendent. By Order. How to Save Life from Drouming in a Balh. Newman's Method. Approach the person (if possible) from behind, grasp by or near the waist, the position of the arms, together with the weight of the drowning person, will cause you to sink. Immediately your feet touch the bottom of the bath, you will find that though you are under water, the drowning person will not only be on or above the surface, but that you will be able to walk to the side of the bath and deposit your burden with comparative ease and safety. This method only applies where a person has to be rescued in the deep end of the bath, and may be successfully accomplished by a non-swimmer,- To Restore the Apparently Drowned. Mode of Procedure. Place the patient on the side of the bath, face downwards, and, 1. Loosen the bathing drawers at the waist. 2. Stand astride the patient with your face towards the head, lock your fingers together under the abdomen and raise the body as high as possible without lifting the head or toes from the ground, at the same time jerking the body of the patient in order to remove mucus and water from the wandpipe. 3. Turn the patient on his back and slightly raise the upper portion of the body by placing something under the shoulder blades ; cleanse the mouth and nostrils, open the mouth, draw forth the tongue and secure it by an elastic band or string under the patient's chin. 4. Proceed to draw the air into the lungs by grasping the patient's arms above the elbows and draw them up gently until they meet above the head, bring them down again and press firmly against the sides of the chest whilst an attendant is, at the same time, gently pressing the abdomen : repeat these actions alter- 128 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. nately until there is some perceivable effort by the patient to breathe, remembering that it may be an hour or more before your efforts prove successful. During these operations the patient's hands and legs may be rubbed briskly, and smelling salts placed to the nostrils. 5. When the patient commences to breathe, induce circulation and warmth by rubbing the body with warm cloths or briskly with your hands. Hot water bottles may also be put to the soles of the feet. 6. When the patient can swallow, give hot coffee, milk or brandy. Provincial Baths. Closets and Boxes. As an illustration of the by-laws govern- ing provincial baths, those of Birmingham are annexed, having been copied by many other cities. In some places, the penalty at- tached to violation of the rules is higher; in Coventry, for instance, it is is ($25). "2. Every person resorting to the public baths shall, before being admitted to any bath or bathroom, obtain, by payment, from the authorized money-taker, a ticket whereon shall be stated, in addition to such other particulars as the Town Council may from time to time direct, the class or description of bath to which such person shall be entitled to be admitted, and every person shall, on being admitted to use any bath, deliver to the bath attendant, or other servant employed thereat, such ticket of admission as shall have been issued by the authorized money-taker. "3. Every bather in the swimming and plunging baths shall wear bathing drawers, costume, or bathing dress, and such drawers, costume, or dress must be made of material that will not discolor the water. "4. No bath attendant, officer, or servant employed at the public baths, other than a duly authorized money-taker, shall re- ceive from any person resorting thereto any payment for the hire or use of any articles, or for any purpose whatsoever, without the knowledge and consent of the superintendent. "5. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, by forcible or improper means, seek admission to any bathroom or compart- ment which shall be occupied by any person using a separate bath. "6. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, by forcible or improper means, seek admission to any swimming bath at any time when such swimming bath or the dressing-rooms, closets, I'lll] AI)Mh\Ih3TUATK)N OK FOItEIGN HATIIS. lli!) boxes, or conip.irlinciits attaclicd thereto shall he occupied by the full numher of persons authorized to use, at one and the same time, such swiuHuing bath, or dressin^j-roonis, closets, boxes or com- partments. "7. A person resortinj:^ to the public baths shall not, by for- cible or improper means, seek admission to any bathroom or dres- sing-room before any person who, by j^riority of payment, shall be entitled to prior admission to such bath, Init each person shall be admitted consecutively in the order indicated by the number on the Waiting. tickets of admission. "8. A person resorting to the public baths shall not use any bath of a higher class or description than that of the bath for which he shall have obtained a ticket of admission. "g. Every person resorting to the public baths shall, while waiting on the premises for admission to any bath or bathroom, remain only in such portion of the premises as shall be set apart as a waiting-room for intending bathers, and no person shall be ad- mitted to any other part of the establishment, excepting to that for which he shall have obtained a ticket. "10. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, after using any bath or quitting any bathroom, dressing-room or com- partment, loiter or remain, without reasonable excuse, in any passage leading to or from an}^ bath or bathroom. "11. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, at any time after being admitted at any swimming bath, or while occupy- ing any dressing-room, closet, box, or compartment attached thereto, enter or seek admission to any other dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, when occupied by any person, without the consent of such person, or otherwise knowingly intrude upon or interfere with the privacy of any other person using such swim- ming bath or occupying any dressing-room, closet, box or com- partment attached thereto. "12. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, at any time after being admitted to or while occupying any bathroom or compartment containing a separate bath, enter or seek admission from such bathroom or compartment when occupied by any per- son, without the consent of such person, or otherwise knowingly intnide upon, or interfere with the privacy of any person occupying any adjoining bathroom or compartment. "13. A man or boy above eight years old resorting to the public baths shall not enter or use any bath which shall be appointed or Man or Boy. 130 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Turkish Bath. Malt Liquor. appropriated for the use of any woman, or girl, or child under eight years old. "14. A woman or girl, or child under eight years old resorting to the public baths shall not enter or use any bath which shall be appointed or appropriated for the use of any man or boy above eight years old. "15. A person shall not knowingly occupy any private bath- room or any dressing room in the swimming or plunge bath for a longer period than thirty minutes, nor any dressing-room in the Turkish bath department for a longer period than two hours, un- less such person shall, upon demand being made' by the superin- tendent (or by the bath attendant acting upon his instructions), pay to such superintendent a sum equal to the amount previously paid by such person as a charge for admission to such bathroom or swimming bath. "16. Every person resorting to the public baths shall, at all times, exercise reasonable and proper care in the use of any bath or bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment. "17. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, at any time, carelessly or negligently break, or injure, or improperly inter- fere with the due and efficient action of any lock, cock, valve pipe, work, or engine or machinery in connection with any bath, or care- lessly or negligently injure any furniture, fittings, or conveniences of any bath, bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment. 18. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, at any time, carelessly or negligently injure or destroy any towel or other linen, or other article supplied for his use. "19. A person resorting to the public baths, and any ofBcer or servant or other person employed thereat, shall not, at any time, introduce into the building any spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or smoke or drink any malt liquor therein. "20. A person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while being on the premises, use any indecent and offensive language, or behave in an indecent and offensive manner. "21. Any person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while being upon the premises, by any disorderly or improper conduct, disturb or interrupt any other person in the proper use of any bath, bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, or any officer, servant, or person appointed or employed by the Town Council, in the proper execution of his duty. "22. A person resorting to the public baths shall not cause or allow any dog belonging to such person or under his control, to THE ADMINISTRA'I'IO.N OK FOREIGN BATHS. 131 enter or remain in any batii, hatiuvKjin, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, or in any passage leading to or from any bath or bathroom. "23. A person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while being in any swimming l^ath, use any soap or other sub- stance or preparati(ni whereby the water in such swimming bath may be rendered turbid or unfit for the proper use of bathers. "24. A person resorting to the public baths shall not wilfully and improperly foul or pollute the water in any separate bath or in any swimming bath, or wilfully or improperly soil or defile any towel, bathing drawers, or bathing dress supplied for his use, or any bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, or any furniture or article therein. "25. A person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while suffering from any cutaneous, infectious or contagious disease, enter or use any swimming bath or any separate bath. "26. A person resorting to the public baths, and any officer or servant employed thereat, finding any article which may have been left in any bathroom, or dressing-room, or in any other part of the establishment, shall, immediately after finding such article, deliver the same to the superintendent (or other person authorized to receive such articles), who shall thereupon register a description of the same and all particulars relating thereto in the book kept for that purpose, and any person losing such article shall, upon giving satisfactory proof thereof, receive such article from the superintendent (or other person authorized to receive such articles) upon entering his or her name in the book referred to. Penalties. "27. Every person resorting to the public baths who shall of- fend against any of the foregoing by-laws shall be liable for every oflfence to a penalty of forty shillings ($10). "Provided, nevertheless, that the justices before whom any com- plaint may be made or any proceedings may be taken in respect of any such ofTence may, if they think fit, adjudge the payment, as a penalty, of any sum less than the full amount of the penalty im- posed by this by-law. (Signed) E. O. SMITH. "Town Clerk." The Baths and Washhouses Act stipulates that the number of baths for the laboring classes in public baths and washhouses shall not be less than twice the number of baths 132 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. of any higher class if but one, or of all the baths of any higher classes, if more than one, in the same building. In practice this is usually, but not always, adhered to. There are generally two classes of baths; the first-class price for both slipper and swimming baths Cold ^s most commonly 6d. Second-class private baths are 3d. and 2d. Bath in different establishments. A cold bath is usually cheaper. For a Cheaper, second-class swimming bath also, 3d. or 2d. is charged; the latter charge is usually where a private dressing-room is not provided. Extra charge is made at the baths for the loan of bathing costumes or caps, soap, etc. A special rate is often made for school children and clubs. The following are the forms of appli- cation for these rates in use at the Westminster baths: Application for Special Ticket Book. Club. Questions. Answers to be given by Secretary of Club. Name of Club Headquarters Number of members Name and address of Secretary Entrance fee and sub- scription First or second class The club must provide a rubber or some suitable stamp, and stamp across on the face of each ticket the name of the club, and the secretary must sign his name below such stamp mark. Attendance by arrangement with superin- tendent. No allowance made for unused tickets. Club tickets are not transferable, and will not be available for use unless the foregoing rules are complied with. Signature of Secretary (Signed) CHARLES NEWMAN, Superintendent. School. Questions. Answers to be given by Head Master. Name of school Where situated From Mit)unl>,ility .,iiJ C'liiity, liiil)\ih<,X. I . Laundry hung up to dry in the house of a family living in one room. The Gilder Committee of 1894 state that out of 255.033 people coming within the scope of their inquiry, only 306 had access to bath-rooms in houses where they lived. J-)c.> \,iii:...t'.ui!\ ,1)1,1 Ccuiity. PiiJi\iL\ X. 1". The household effects of a family living in one room. A Public Laundry would remove the congestion, by enabling the family in question to do the laun- dry work outside of the so-called home. THE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN HATIIH. l.i.'} Name of Head Master or Mistress Numl)cr of books rc(|uirc(l First or second class The Head Master or Head Mistress must provide a rubber or some stamp and stamp across the face of each ticket the name of the school and sign his or her name below such stamp mark. Attendance by arrangement with superintendent. No allow- ance made for unused tickets. Boys must be in charge of a Master and under proper control. Tickets will not be available for use unless the foregoing rules are complied with. Signature of Head Master (Signed) WARRINGTON ROGERS, Clerk, CHARLES NEWMAN, Superintendent. Careful accounts are kept, and well tabu- lated, so that each year's report gives very full information as to the number using the baths, receipts and expenses. German baths, though efificiently con- trolled by the municipality, are often, as at Hamburg, managed by a private society, which is allowed only a fixed rate of interest, any surplus going to the benefit of the city. Where, as at Berlin and Chemnitz, the city operates its own baths, they are under the man- agement of a committee of the city council. At Gothenburg the river baths are man- aged by the city financial board, the two other bathing establish- ments by special committees under the city's control. Mangling. Steam Wringer. CHAPTER X. PUBLIC LAUNDRIES. The Baths Commissioners are also the authority for the public washhouse, usually built in connection with the baths themselves, though sometimes, as in Liverpool, it may occupy a separate building. One of the newest and best appointed washhouses in London is that at the Hornsey Road, Islington, baths. Every effort is made here to discourage the professional washerwoman, the charge being one penny the first hour, three halfpence the second, and 2d. every succeeding hour. If mangling only is done, a charge of 6d. an hour is made, the high rate being to prevent the underselling of the poorer women whoj eke out a living by taking in mangling. The dirty linen is usually brought in perambulators or rolled up in large bundles. Each woman re- ceives from the lady clerk a ticket, on which her name and the time of starting are set down. This ticket is handed by the visitor to one of the female attendants within the laundry, who in her turn fastens it upon one of the drying horses, the number on which corresponds with the number on the washing-tub the woman is entitled to use. There are fifty washing tubs, so that number of people can carry on their work at the same time. The whole accommodation is often taken up, and sometimes as many as thirty women are waiting out- side for vacancies, a circumstance which would seem sufficient to justify the Commissioners in their scheme for extending the laundry. At the tub the washer is supplied with foot- board, pail, copper stick, washing board, and has three taps under her command for the supply of hot and cold water and steam. From the tub the washer takes her linen to the steam wringer, which, making about 800 revolutions to the minute, draws out the water in a remarkably short space of time. After a few minutes in the wringer the clothes are then removed to the drying horse, heated by steam pipes from be- low, and from the drying horse they are carried to an adjoining room, where the mangling and ironing complete the work. The English mangle is a machine similar to the hand wringer, but used for pressing clothes after drying. The rollers are most commonly of wood, and the machine is turned by hand, or, in these large laundries, by steam. The polish given to the clothes saves the PUHLIC LAUNDRIES. 135 necessity of ironing sheets, pillow slips, towels, or, indeed, any linen that is not shirred or pleated. When the work is finished the woman takes her ticket to the lady clerk at the door, who makes up the time and charges the required amount. I'esides the public laundry Hornsey Road has an establishment laundry in the base- ment, and here sometimes 5,000 towels are washed in a single day. The Frederick Street baths and washhouse, opened in 1842 in Liverpool, was the first establishment of the kind in Great Britain. When reconstructed in 1854 it was made a washhouse only, other baths having been provided. Three other baths in Liverpool contain washhouse accommodation. At the Lodge Lane washhouse great improvements were made in 1894-5 in the drying apparatus. Formerly the clothing was put into six chambers, each sub-divided so as to give a certain amount of space to each washer, and left to bake dry in a temperature of 180 de- grees for two hours. The new system is drying by hot air in motion, so that a natural drying is obtained and the clothing is in cyatem no way damaged. The chambers are now arranged so that each person's clothing is under lock and key, thus obviating the thefts so common under the old system. It is probably owing to these alterations that the washhouse lost a great deal of its custom, many of the regular washers having bought their own washing requisites and not being then willing to go back. The decrease in the Bur- roughs Garden establishment was attributed to the demolition of unsanitary property in the neighborhood, and the consequent re- moval of many of the washers. Edinburgh washhouse authorities, having regard to the fact that a mother cannot leave young children at home alone, and often has no one to look after them while she comes to the public washhouse, graciously permit each washer to bring two children, but on the condition that they shall not be allowed access to the engine room. Usually no children are al- lowed. Edinburgh also permits to its washers the use of private hot and cold baths, with showers, on production of the deposit ticket, at the rate of 2d. an hour or part of an hour. Washers have to deposit one shilling on entering, and must leave the stall and ap- pliances used by them clean and ready for immediate use. The prices do not vary much and are gen- erally less for the first two than for subsequent hours, as it is Prices. reckoned that most of the women will get through their private washing in that time. In spite of this, the average time worked is three and one-half hours at St. James, Westminster, baths. The 136 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. scale of charges at St. Margaret and St. John, Westminster, is as follows: PUBLIC BATHS AND WASHHOUSES. SCALE OF CHARGES. LAUNDRY AND WASHHOUSE DEPARTMENT. s. d. 1 hour iy2 2 hours 3 2% hours 4 3 hours 41/0 3I/0 hours 6 4 hours 7 4% hours 8 5 hours 9 s. d. 7 hours 1 1 71/3 hours 1 2 S hours 1 3 S% hours 1 4 9 hours 1 5 9y2 hours 1 6 10 hours 1 7 lOVa hours 1 8 51^ hours 10 I 11 hours 1 9 6 hours 11 i IIV2 hours 1 10 6% hours 1 j 12 hours 1 11 N. B. — Persons exceeding any of the above periods more than five minutes will be charged the full hour or half-hour as the case case may be. At the Liverpool washhouses the charges for washing and drying (including use of dolly tub and maiden) are : One hour only, one penny per hour; if for two or more hours to- gether in one day, then for every hour, including the first, three half-pence per hour. Following are the rules at the West- minster washhouse. It will be noticed that it has been found necessary to exact 3d. caution money before allowing a washer to enter, a sufficient evidence that the washhouse is used by a poor class of people. Rules and Regulations for Washers. Which Will Be Strictly Enforced. 1. The washhouses are open from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. (Sun- days and bank holidays excepted), and all washers are requested to leave the building in a proper and orderly manner immediately at the hour of closing. 2. The charges for the use of separate washing compartment, steam drying horse, mangle, tables and irons, are as under: One hour, i^d. Three hours, 4^d. Two hours, 3d. Three and a half hours, 6d. Two and a half hours, 4d. And for every succeeding half-hour, id., and should the hour or half-hour be exceeded by more than five minutes, it will be counted for as a half-hour. imji'.lk; laundkieh. l."{7 3. Every washer before entering the washhouse shall procure admission tickets at the pay office, her name and time of entrance will be written thereon by the money-taker; one of such tickets must be handed to the attendant, who will admit the bearer in the order of entrance to an unoccupied compartment. The other ticket the washer must retain for production to the money-taker upon leaving, in order that tiic proper charge may be made. 4. See that the correct time is put on your ticket at the time of entrance, as no alteration can afterwards be made. 5. Your ticket must not be placed upon the drying horse until your clothes are ready to be dried, and nmst not remain on the horse after the clothes are dry. 6. One drying horse only is allowed to the use of each washer, and if it is found that a drying horse is being used without having previously obtained a ticket for same, or that a washer is using another's ticket, the clothes of the person so using the same will be removed from the drying horse and detained until another ticket has been obtained from the pay office. 7. The time occupied from entering until leaving, will have to be strictly paid for; washers should, therefore, be careful to make the best use of their time. 8. Washers, upon the completion of their work, must take their tickets to the attendant, who will enter upon the ticket the time occupied by the washers; the money-taker will then make the charge and receive payment, without wiiich the clothes will be detained. 9. Starch is only to be made and used in the washhouse, where tables, etc., are provided for the purpose. 10. Washers must not unnecessarily slop the floors, or waste the water or steam. No wet clothes must' be placed in the mangles. Washers must use the greatest caution in the use of the mangles and hydros, the engineer or the attendant will advise when nec- essary. 11. No food, bonnets, shawls, etc., are to be placed upon the tables; pegs and shelves are provided for the purpose. 12. No 'washer is allowed to bring clothes into the building in a state of vermin, or those that have been used by persons suffering from infectious or contagious diseases, unless and until such articles have been disinfected and purified, to the satisfaction of the sanitary authorities. 13. Soap and soda may be obtained from the attendant at fixed prices. Tickets. Drying Horse. Food, Bonnets, Shawls. 138 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. 14. No indecent, insulting or offensive language is allowed to be used, and any washer who shall wilfully obstruct or interfere with another, or who, by her actions, is likely to create a disturb- ance, will be immediately expelled, and will be refused admittance in the future. 15. No children will be admitted. 16. Washers must not offer gifts or money to the attendants, the receipt of which subjects them to dismissal. 17. A\'ater-closets are in the building. 18. Washers are, for their own comfort, requested to see that these rules and regulations are strictly carried out, but if, upon re- port, it is found that any washer refuses, or has refused to do so, she will not bcagain admitted to the building. By Order of the Commissioners. Washers are strictly forbidden to bring spirituous or malt liquors into the building. Washers must deposit 3d. with the money-taker previous to entering the washhouse. Washhouse Department Notice. You are not allowed the use of the mangle for more than one hour at a time. You are not allowed to mangle and iron at one time. You must finish in the washhouse before you begin to mangle and iron, and if you are found to be having the use of both depart- ments at one time, or that you are using the ticket of another per- son, you will be charged accordingly, and, in default of payment, your clothes will be retained until payment is made for the time so occupied. If you lose your ticket you are liable to be charged from the time the washhouse is opened, viz, 8 a. m. By Order, (Signed) C.NEWMAN, Superintendent. Liverpool's regulations for its washhouses wall serve as an example of provincial requirements. The caution money here is greater, 6d. 1. Each person taking a ticket thereby engages to perform and abide by all the following regulations, and is admitted only on such conditions. 2. The charge for each compartment and the conveniences for drying shall be 'one penny per hour; if for more than one hour, or One part of an hour, tof:jttlicr in one day, then for every honr or part of an hour, inclu 1^)1 nc 27,H49* .'',.'{,()r»7 KuiToiiKh.s (JardoiiH rj4,731 <{1,4I>7 Frederick Street 1(J,.'WJ 15,117 Totals iry.i.i'.Tj. ir>«,:}7r> * Owing to jilterutloiiH tlilH was open for four and one-half weeks only. Here is a sample of the tickets in use at the Westminster Baths. (In books of 1000.) No Name No. washing compartment Began at o'clock. Left off at o'clock. s. d. .... Hours occupied Received by Working women and wives of working men generally shun anything like publicity with regard to their do- mestic arrangements, and at first are reluctant to resort to public washhouses. But the conveniences and benefits soon become so ^,^ . apparent that the natural distrust gives way. To the women whose Disorder. families occupy one, two or three small rooms in a tenement house these opportunities of doing the washing aw^ay from home, and thus preventing dirt and disorder in the house, come like blessings. The fact alone of the municipal laundry having overcome so com- pletely the women's natural objections to mix among others in their domestic duties is an eloquent testimony of its usefulness and superiority. The advantages of cheap, comfortable and con- venient washing are not the only benefits of municipal washhouses ; a broader and kinder feeling springs up between the women by the occasional contact. They learn from each other; they give and take; they assist each other in many ways. The public washhouse might be said to be the beginning of communal life in strictly household matters. Just as much of the washing of working people is better done in a central, well-equipped building, supported con- jointly by the people through the rates, instead of each separate little home being thrown into commotion by soap-suds and wet linen, so might other domestic arrangements, especially cooking, be placed upon a communal basis. Drinks with Meals. News- papers. CHAPTER XL PUBLIC COMFORT STATIONS. One of the first surprises, and a very dis- agreeable one, of the man who has spent all his life in foreign cities, on coming to New York, is the entire absence of those conveni- ences he meets with at home ever>' five or six blocks. He has not been accustomed to rely on saloons, for he is most likely in the habit of taking what he cares to drink with his meals. Lately the closing of saloons on Sunday has made the question a very im- portant one in this city. The provision of public comfort stations may lead to the discouraging of the glass, taken often when not greatly desired, to recompense the saloon keeper. So far back as 1866 the need was realized. The Citizens' Association of New York organized a committee for sanitary inquiry, consisting of such well-known men as Hamilton Fish, John David Wolfe, Edward S. Jaffray, John Jacob Astor, August Belmont, and others, to in- quire principally as to the high deathrate at that time. The doctors who reported to them as to the measures to be taken to remedy this, called attention to the necessity of public comfort stations, and said, "This scandalous want is regarded with concern by medical advisers; but considered simply as a cause of indecency and a public nuisance it should be obviated by suitable municipal care and provision, or by private enterprise, in preparing needed plans and structures." One of the Sanitary Inspectors employed at this time said: "Public urinals are also necessary in large cities. As constructed in Paris they disfigure the public thoroughfares and offend public decency; but such places might be built in the rear of small stores, thus removing every objectionable appearance." In the same year the engineer of the Met- ropolitan Board of Health reported: "There has been considerable discussion as to the propriety of erecting, in different parts of the cities of this district, public urinals and water-closets. Of this necessity there is no doubt: the question is, where they shall be located and how they shall be constructed. Buildings could be erected in the few public squares with these conveniences, and of sufficient extent to afford some shelter in cases of sudden rain, with small withdrawing rooms for men and women, which should be under the charge of a keeper who might be paid sufficiently by the profits on the sale of newspapers." PUBLKJ COMi'Olt'l" S'i'A'lIONS. H.'i An act was passed by the New York Leg- islature April 23, 1867, authorizing the Croton Aqueduct Depart- ment "to locate, erect, and establish public urinals within the boundaries of any street, avenue, public place or thoroughfare in said city, as it may from time to time deem advisable, and connect the same by dr;;iins or suitable pipes with any adjacent sewer." The department was also to provide for the maintenance and cleanli- ness of these places. A penalty of $50, or three months' imprison- ment, was laid down for any one convicted of defacing or defiling the constructions, the money to help pay the debt incurred in the erection of Croton Aqueduct. In 1868 drawings were made for two pub- lic comfort stations, one -at Astor Place, and the other at the corner Astor of Broadway and Park Row, but as the appropriation was insuffi- pjacg cient for both, only the first was proceeded with. This con- venience for both men and women was opened for use in May, 1869. From its first opening it showed the imperious necessity for some such provision. In June 986 men visited it during the thir- teen hours it was open on a single day. In August the men's divis- ion was enlarged by moving the partition toward the women's part, but without reducing the closet accommodation of the latter. With this enlargement the male frequenters continued to increase, so that at least 300,000 made use of the convenience up to the close of 1869. The greatest number of women using their division was twenty-five in a single day. The engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Health reported : "Of the necessities of such edifices both for men and women there can be no doubt, and of the appropriate- ness of this locality for one. But, as one where there should be many, it undertakes the relief of too large a population and district, and is too small. The attempt to keep the men's division clean by the once-a-day supervision of a woman, and by structural means guard against misuse, and the closing of the building evenings, have been mistakes. In the opinion of your Engineer, it has been clearly proved, by the experience of the urinals in Astor Place and City Hall Park, that these indispensable structures should have some competent person in charge while they are in use, as at our frequented hotels; that these accommodations should be of the best character, tending rather to bring up the sense of decency in the users than degrade it. In an educational point of view well- kept public urinals may serve as powerful assistants to the Board of Health, as examples of what can be done to render such struct- ures comfortable and inoffensive; thev vdW introduce among our 144 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. lowest classes habits of cleanliness and self-respect, that will im- prove the condition of our tenement houses." In 1870 the convenience in Astor Place was remodeled and placed under the care of a keeper. The De- partment of Parks during the year erected urinals in the city parks. The Board of Health thought that the health and comfort of the City public demanded that the number should be largely increased, that Parks. they should be erected in all parts of the city, and be constructed for the accommodation of women and children as well as men. They believed there was no doubt as to the propriety of erecting water-closets and urinals and the only question was, where, and in what manner they should be erected and constructed. It was sug- gested that there was a special need for these conveniences along the river fronts, and that the matter should be laid before the De- partment of Docks. In 1872 the convenience at Astor Place was transferred to the care of the Department of Public Works. Subsequently it was found to occupy too public a place; it fell into disuse and was removed. In 1882 an act was passed which consoli- dated into one act the special and local laws affecting New York City; Section 347 of this act repeated the main part of the act of 1867 previously mentioned, but the powers there bestowed on the Croton Aqueduct Department were transferred to the Commis- sioner of Public Works. In 1894 the City Vigilance League drew up the following petition, which was extensively signed: " To the Legislature a7id Governor 0/ the State 0/ New Fork. "We, the undersigned, residents and citizens of the State and City of New York, in view of the fact that this city is almost entirely without public water-closets and lavatories, and that this state of affairs is a menace to public health, as well as an offense to delicacy and modesty, and that we regard a sufficiency of these as absolutely necessary, do hereby petition the State authorities to grant power to the government of the City of New York: "To construct public water-closets and urinals in all the squares and parks, and in the tenement house districts at every fourth street." A bill was introduced in the State Legis- lature in 1895 making it mandatory on every city or incorporated village with four thousand or more inhabitants to erect in con- PUBLIO COMFORT STATIONS. 145 vcnient public places suitable structures, each containing not less than two public urinals and one public closet, so that there should be in each city two such structures for each thirty thousand inhab- itants thereof, and in each such village two such structures, and the number of structures for men and women were to be equal. The local board of health was to take charge of these conveniences, which were to be free, and maintained at the expense of the city or village. This bill failed to pass. With the exception of the provisions made by the Department of Public Parks, there are no water-closets or urinals provided by the city. What are the accommodations in the parks at present? In response to this inquiry, the Secretary of the Department sent the following communication: Bill for Men and Women. City of New York, Department of Public Parks, 49 and 51 Chambers Street. January 21, 1895. W. H. Tolman, Esq., Secretary, etc.. Dear Sir: — I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your communi- cation of the i6th inst., and in reply thereto, I submit herewith a list of the public urinals and water closets provided by the city in the parks: Men's Cottages. Women's Cottages. Urinals. Central Park 11 1 7 2 I 1 3 1 2 Riverside Park Mt. Morris Park City Parks 16 East River Parlv Totals 21 15 18 The cottages specified above afiford accommodations to from four to eight persons, the urinals from two to eight persons. In the new parks north of the Harlem River, the only accommoda- tions of the nature referred to are in the buildings on the parks, no cottages or urinals having been especially erected for the pur- pose. Should you desire a list of the buildings in the new parks open for this purpose, the same will be furnished with pleasure. VePk- respectfully. (Signed) CHARLES DeF. BURXS. Secretan-. D. P. P. 146 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. There was no improvement in these con- ditions during the sixteen months following, as will be seen by a letter of more recent date : City of New York, Department of Public Parks, The Arsenal, Central Park, May 2, 1896. Air. \\'illiam H. Tolman, Secretary, Mayor's Committee, Public Baths, etc., 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, Dear Sir: — Replying to the inquiry contained in your favor of the 1st inst., I beg to advise you that the conditions of January 21, 1895, with regard to park urinals and accommodations are prac- tically unchanged at this date. Very respectfully, (Signed) WILLIAM LEARY, Secretary. Accompanying this letter we submit a summary of the city parks and their area in acres: City Parks. Area in Acres. Abingdon Square 202 BatteiT 21.190 Beach Street 038 Bowling Green .517 Bryant 4.775 Boston Road, 164tli Street 060 Boston Road, 169th Street 160 Central 839.921 Canal Street 318 Christopher Street 139 City Hall 8.239 Cooper Union .2.39 Cedar 17.470 Duane Street 108 East River 12.546 Five Points .114 Fourth Avenue 5.630 Fulton Avenue and 167th Street 200 Fulton Avenue and 170th Street 950 Grand Street 630 High Bridge 23.380 Jackson Square .227 Jeannette Park 870 Manhattan Square 19.051 Madison Square 6.840 Morningside 31.238 Mount Morris ' 20.174 Park Avenue, 34th Street to 40th Street 1.168 Riverside Park and Drive 177.800 Rutgers 482 Stuyvesant Square 4.229 I'UBLIG COMFORT STATIONS. 147 City TjirkH. Area In Acrea. Union W(|UJin' 'AAKi WiiHliiiiKton S(iuare 8.115 CorlcJUH I look H.'.'.nn St. John 1.7(X» Tompkins Square 10.r>0S TRIANCI^ES. Boulevard and (Jlid Street .''A I Boulevard and (i(it li Street fX59 Manhattan Avenue and 114th Street .018 Sixth Avenue, ;'.2d and :',r)th Streets 186 St. Nicholas Avenue, 12;'.d Street 072 St. Nicholas Avenue, IMTtii Street .0.'?8 St. Nicholas Avenue, 150th Street 240 SUMMARY. Central Park 8.'}9.921 Citv Parks 891.090 Triangles 967 Total, exclusive of new parks 1,231.978 New Parks. Van Cortlandt 1,132.85 Bronx 661.60 Pelham Bay : 1,756. Broux and Pelham Parkway 95. Mosholu 80. Crotona 141.65 Claremont 88.05 St. Mary's 28.70 Croton Parkway 12. Total, new parks 3,945.35 It is clearly evident how inadequate are the municipal provisions for these public conveniences, particularly in the tenement-house districts where there is a congested popu- public lation. With such ridiculously inadequate municipal provision for Servants. the public comfort, the case of the public serv^ants who are letter carriers, street cleaners, and policemen, is particularly distressing, inasmuch as the law forbids the last two classes to enter a saloon while on duty. There are practically no public water-closets or urinals for the pohcemen and the street sweepers, and the only semi-public conveniences are those of the saloons. That the above reasons are cogent for a system of public comfort stations, is proved again by these two communications. Police Department, President's Office, City of New York, New York. May 15, 1895. My Dear Sir: — I am so pressed for time that I have not had time to examine your preliminary report as carefully as I would: 148 MAYORS COMMITTEE 0\ PUBLIC BATHS. Legitimate Excuse. but in its essentials I am heartily in accord ^vith it. You bring out admirably the effect that the present system has in helping out the saloons. One great trouble we have in trying our policemen for going into saloons in uniform is that they can now plead a legiti- mate excuse for the very reason you emphasize. Sincerely yours, (Signed) THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Commissioner's Office, Police Department of the City of New York, i 300 Mulberry Street. New York, May 21, 1895. William H. Tolman, Esq., No. 427 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York. My Dear Sir: — I beg to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the 14th inst., enclosing a preliminary report of the Sub-Com- mittee of Seventy, upon Baths and Lavatories. I have not had an opportunity, on account of a press of work,, to carefully examine your report, but I most unhesitatingly and heartily endorse the work in which you are so much interested. I say this, not only as a citizen of New York, but more particularly on account of my connection with the Police Department. The Source want of public lavatories in ithe City of New York is a source of of Injury. very great injury to the ef^ciency of the Police Department. Offi- cers are compelled to leave their posts of duty, and invariably pro- long their absence to an undue extent. Furthermore, whenever they are reported for absence from post, the almost invariable ex- cuse is that of necessity, caused by an absence of lavatories. The excuse, although hackneyed and many times false, is a difficult one to disprove. I can, therefore, briefly and most heartily state that a development of the system which you propose, would result in the greatest good to the Police Department, and conse- quently to the welfare of the city. Wishing you every success in the work which you have under- taken, I am. Yours very sincerely, (Signed)lA. D. ANDREWS, Police Commissioner. In the early part of February, 1896, a bill was introduced into both Senate and Assembly giving a monopoly ( UNDCnanouND pubuc Co/>yi-!s/i/, iSor, /\y the Mayor's Coiiimitte,: Proposed Underground Public Comfort Stations. Greeley Square. It will be noted that the park effect will not be disturbed, but at the same time a much needed public convenience will be supplied. iMiuLK! (;()Mia>irr s'iationk. 149 of public lavatory stivicc to AJcxaufUr l)e Fosscz, and those who were or might hereafter be associatcfl with him. They were author- ized to erect and operate "structures for public lavatcjries and urinals at convenient points in, upon and alonpf the streets, avenues, roads, parks and jjublie i)laces in cities and towns of the State and to exhibit advertisements and signs thereon." I'^ive cents was to be the max- imum charge for lavatory accommodation, and for this soap, towels, etc., were to be supplied. The corporation proposed to pay over to the city i per cent, of its grf)ss receipts for the first five years and afterward 2 per cent., the franchise and all structures erected under it reverting to the city at the end of thirty years. By subsequent amendment, the interior of the kiosks might be used by the city de- partments for telephone, police, fire and ambulance calls, post offices and express boxes, and such kiosks as were not required by the re- spective cities might be used by the company for the sale of neces- sary oT convenient articles. The limitation of the franchise to thirty years was removed in this amended bill. The scheme aroused much opposition. It was objected that it would mean the practical surrender, at a nom- inal rental, of the streets, avenues, parks and public places in every city and town of the entire State where the kiosks would be erected, for advertising purposes, to a company that ought to pay liberally for this privilege, if it were ever considered wise to disfigure the streets and parks in the manner proposed. Home rule was sub- verted to this advertising monopoly. Fortunately the opposition was alert and watchful and succeeded in defeating the project. A law which was passed May 19, 1896, amended the powers of the Board of Aldermen, giving them per- mission "to grant permits for the erection of booths and stands within stoop lines, the owner or owners of said premises consenting thereto, for use by bootblacks, for the sale of newspapers, period- icals, fruits and soda water only, and also to grant permits for the erection of booths and stands in or on the space immediately un- derneath tlie steps or stairs leading to and from the elevated railroad stations, and within the curb line, for the sale of newspapers and periodicals." Under this law a resolution was introduced by AWemian Noonan giving to "A. B. & C' tlie right to erect and maintain for twenty years advertising booths or news-stands under all the "L" stairs. The company was to furnish free ice water and a free lavatory, the city supplying the water, the Aldermen naming a newsdealer to occupy the stand rent free, he to keep the booth Kloslu. Home Rule. Free Ice Watw. 150 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Lavatories. Plinth and Dado clean and pay for lighting, the city to have police, fire and ambu- lance calls and space for a city directory, and the company to pay to the city 5 per cent, of its net profits from advertising. This was denounced as a revival of the De Fossez bill, while one Alderman stated that he was authorized to ofifer 20 per cent, of the gross receipts by responsible parties. The resolution failed to get through the committee. In England it has long been the custom to provide public urinals. Of late years there has been a revolt against the disfigurement caused by these places to the public streets, and many cities are now building underground conveniences, usually furnishing better accommodation. A fee of 2d. is charged for the use of towels and soap with hot water in the lavatory, and id. for the use of the water-closets. There are often one or more free seats in both men's and women's departments, and the urinals are always free. In London the entrance is usually in the center of a street, and the narrow strip of sidewalk around it serves as one of the refuges so numerous in crowded public streets. The Islington Vestry has re- cently erected two underground conveniences, and two others are in course of erection. Of these latter, one is for women. It will con- tain seven water-closets and a lavatory, and is situated near the first one opened for men. The other is for both sexes, and will contain seven water-closets and lavatory for men, and four water-closets and lavatory for women. The first convenience for men only was opened on December 3, 1894, and cost ^1598 7s. 6d. It is situated under the carriageway of the High Street, and comprises entrance and exit staircases enclosed by wrought iron railings, six water- closets, twelve urinals, lavatory with three basins, attendant's room and two storerooms. The roof is formed of pavement lights sup- ported on steel joists and is laid out as a refuge. The brickwork has been built in Portland cement. The interior is faced with white glazed bricks, with a plinth and dado of blue glazed bricks, the whole being laid with very fine joints. To prevent the soaking of water into the brickwork, a horizonal damp course has been laid in all walls at the floor level, the back of the exterior walls has been twice coated with a boiling mixture of tar and pitch, and a backing of dry rubble has been put around the walls, and drains formed of channel pipes laid so as to discharge subsoil water through weep holes in the exterior walls into gullies inside the convenience. The drains are formed of glazed stoneware socketed pipes, jointed with cement and made watertight. They are ventilated into brick cham- bers in the carriageway, the chambers also acting as surface water PUBLIO COMFORT STATIONS. 161 gullies. The floors are laid with vitreous tiles. Cast iron gratings and a central lamp column on the refuge have been provider! for the ventilation of the convenience. Gas jets fixed over the doors of the water-closets light the convenience at night, and the products of combustion arc collected by hoods placcfl above the jets, and con- veyed by tubes discharging under the ventilating gratings on the refuge. The second convenience, for both men and women, was opened a week later and cost £2542 9s. 4d. The Vestry met with considerable dillficulties in the site. The Public Health (London) Act, 1891, which vests the ground under the carriageway of a road in the Local Authority for the pui-pose of constructing public conveniences, does not give the same right to the ground un- der the sidewalk. The center of the road was occupied by a double line of street cars, and large water mains were directly underneath. The owner of the property would not permit the use of the sidewalk for the construction of staircases though he permitted the construc- tion of areas under part of it, and the staircases were built in the street, though it was only possible to construct one entrance and exit for the two conveniences. The men's convenience comprises twelve urinals, five water-closets and two lavatories; the women's, four water-closets (one free) and a lavatory with two basins. There is an attendant's room and a storeroom under the staircase in each convenience. The main wall next the center of the road runs for its entire length alongside a water main three feet in diameter. In order to avoid disturbing the water main, shafts have been sunk on one side and headings driven under it near each of the sockets. Each heading was taken down to the level of the foundations of the main wall, a pier of cement concrete was then put in the heading and carried half way up the water main, and as soon as the concrete was set, the excavation for and the building of the main wall referred to were proceeded with, the three-feet water main being securely sup- ported by the concrete piers. The interior work is similar to that in the first-mentioned convenience. As the sewer into which the conveni- ences are drained is shallow and is also subject to flooding during heavy rainfalls, arrangements have had to be made for the preven- tion of the flooding of the convenience w'hen the sewer is overfull. The drain will then be shut ofif from the sewer by a valve placed in a manhole immediately outside the convenience, worked from the in- side of the men's convenience. In order to provide for draining of the convenience when the sewer is flooded, a tank has been con- 152 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON TUBLIC BATHS. structed under the floor of the men's convenience. An automatic alarm worked by the water rising in the manhole indicates when the valve must be closed to prevent the flooding of the convenience by the water from the sewer, and also, as the water subsides, when the valve may be opened again. Cast iron gratings have been fixed in the risers of the stairs and openings formed in the rear walls of the water-closets so that a current of air may pass through the conven- ience to the "Blackman" exhaust fans, which are worked by the pressure of water from the street main, the water being afterwards used for flushing the urinals and the drains. The roof of the con- venience is formed of steel troughing carried by built girders of wrought iron. The troughing is covered with cement which forms the foundation of the roadway above. For three months to the end of the financial year, the receipts at both these conveniences were extremely satis- factory', and more than met the working expenses. HIGH STREET CONVENIENCE. RECEIPTS. £ s. d. 782 tickets for lavatory at 2(1 6 10 4 21,678 tickets for use of water closet at Id. . . . 90 6 6 Total £96 16 10 PAYMENTS. Wages 42 4 2 Uniforms 2 11 10 Tickets and ticket holders 7 2 Brooms and brushes 6 5 11 Chandlery 1 4 10 Washing towels 1 13 4 Gas 1 2 3 Water 1 5 3 Miscellaneous 1 3 9 Total £64 13 4 Surplus ■ . £32 3 6 £96 16 10 Interest on loan, June 12, 1893, to March 31, 1895 69 9 4 Principal repaid 44 Total £113 9 4 PARKHURST ROAD CONVENIENCE. RECEIPTS. Men: — 366 tickets for lavatory at 2d 3 1 13,108 tickets for water closet at Id 54 12 4 Women: — 44 tickets for lavatory at 2d 7 4 5,278 tickets for water closet at Id 21 19 10 Total £80 6 Deficit 25 1 1 £105 1 7 I'UDLKJ (J(>.\IK(>It'r S'I'A'I IONS. 153 lOXI'ENHEH. jL k. (I. Wjwn <»r aU.(!U(l!iiit,s (lucn'H) H •"'> T Wjik<'H of attouduiitH (womeii'H) 2H S 7 Unll'oniiH 2 II l'» TlckclH iiixl ticket lioMcrH 10 12 8 RrooiiiH !ui(l briislics 11 10 1 (limiKlicry 1 1 " AVjisIiIii;,' (owcIk I '> (Jiis liUln,t,' 1 i:'. o Gas 1 H U Water 1 10 Mlscellaueous Ill 3 TotMl £105 1 7 Iiitorcst on hcuis £10 2 1 For the first convenience a loan of £1300 was obtained from the London County Council at 3I per cent.; for the second a loan of £2400. Both conveniences were designed by the Chief Surveyor of the Vestrj'. Besides these conveniences Islington has forty-two public urinals with one hundred and eighty-eight com- partments, all free. In the year ending March 31, 1895, the cost was as follows : £ s. d. Masons and paviors' work 2.5 2 2 Paintinj:: and repairs and provision of automatic flushing apparatus throughout Parish 160 Water for flushing 184 1 8 Smiths' work and repairs 9 17 2 Plates and sinks 4 9 3 Notice tablets 17 4 Acknowledgment for sites 12 Total £393 19 2 The conveniences and urinals are managed by the Works Committee of the Vestry, the Finance Department checking the receipts. The parish of Chelsea, London, with less than 100,000 inhabitants, contains seventeen urinals and two under- ground conveniences. The cost of maintaining the former during the financial year 1893-4 was ;£i579 los. lod.. and in 1894-5. £934 IIS. 4d. This included thorough repairs to one urinal, while anotlier was removed and reconstructed on a new site. Patent automatic flushing tanks had been fitted to all these conveniences and were reported to be working well, and using less water with equal effi- ciency. The second latrine was designed and built by the men in 154 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. the direct employ of the Vestry at a cost of £625. The receipts and expenses for these underground conveniences were as follows : Sloane Square. No. Using. Receipts. 58.709 ;^262 13 2 62,200 I 207 12 7 Working Expenses. World's End. No. Using. Receipts. I;^2t52 272 £1 9 1 78 18 1 1893-4 1894-5 1,750 18,635 The figures given for 1893-4 at the World's End convenience are from date of opening, February 5, to March 25, 1894. St. George, Hanover Square, has a popula- tion about equal to that of Chelsea, and has now three latrines, a fourth being in course of construction. Some idea of the accommodation provided may be gathered from the following: Marble Arch Conveni- ence. Tate of open- ing Cost Accommodations. Men Women No. "C !>0 i c > p 15 M 1 1 > >A < ij & sd 1 1891 1434 2 8 13 5 1 2 1893 7378 15 8 72 24 paid and 2 free 2 with 6 basins each 2 8 1 with two basins and two private with basin and water closet 3 1894 995 10 6 14 6 3 4 2 4 6473 32 12 6 12 4 The cost of the first convenience includes outlay for an ornamental cast iron clock tower with clock and four dials. The second and largest is built on a site at the Marble Arch granted by the Government Office of Works. It is built under- ground of brickwork faced inside with ivory white glazed bricks. It is surrounded above the ground level by a handsome balustrade cf solid Portland stone. There are four entrances, two from the road and two from Hyde Park, each five feet wide and fitted with Bostwick's patent iron collapsible trellis gates. The water-closets are of the pedestal pattern, fitted with mahogany seats and flushing tanks, etc. The urinals are semi-circular fire-clay backs, in white enamel with polished Rouge Royal Marble divisions. The lava- tories are also fitted with polished marble tops, and are supplied with I'UliLIU COMFOKT STATIONS. 1&5 liot and cold vvaUr. 'J'lic usual charges arc made. The women's department is entirely ab(jve ground, and is similar in character to the lodges in the parks. It is a substantial structure of Grecian de- sign, built of brickwork faced on the outside with solid Portland stone, and on the inside with ivory white glazed bricks. For the use of a private lavatory, containing washbasin and water-closet, a special charge of 4d. is made. The fittings are similar to those in the men's department, the floor being laid with black and white en- caustic tiles. There are two entrances, one in the park. The drain- age was designed in accordance with the most approved principles of sanitation, and the sanitary appliances and fittings are of the most modem description. Both departments have good light and ventilation, and are lighted by electricity. The doors of the water- closets have patent automatic "penny-in-the-slot" locks. The men's department is open from 7 a. m. to 12.30 a. m., and the women's from 8 a. m. till midnight week days; on Sundays both are open from 9 a. m. to 11 p. m. The Board of Works for the St. Giles Dis- trict, which has a population of about 50,000, has recently erected two latrines. The first, on Shaftesbury Avenue, was opened in 1892, and the cost in the financial year 1892-3 for building and mainten- ance was iioo2 7s. 8d.; the receipts for the same period were £267 8s. 2d. For the year ending 1893-4, the receipts were £327 3s. 3d.; expenses as follows : f s. d. Wages of attendant 223 12 o Repairs 42 10 8 Water supply 15 14 Lighting 34 17 6 Disinfectants 29 11 7 Attendants' uniforms, washing towels, soap, chandlery, etc 65 6 10 Total £411 12 7 Repayment of loan ISO Interest on loan 55 3 2 Total £646 15 9 The latrine for men and women at the junction of New Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road was opened September 29, 1895, at a cost of about £2500, and has proved a great success. There are fourteen urinals, twelve water-closets and three lavatories for men, and six water-closets and three lavator- ies for women. All the urinals and one of the women's water-closets are free ; the usual charges are made for other accommodation, and 156 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. it is estimated that the receipts will amount to about iiooo. The latrine has a superficial area of 1500 feet, and is situated at a depth of fourteen feet below the level of the roadway. The women's depart- ment is approached by a stairway leading from the sidewalk. The internal fittings are of the most modern description. The water- closets are Jennings' syphonic discharge apparatus, and the urinals of the radial basin stall pattern. The convenience is ventilated by Blackman's air propeller, worked by water power, the waste water being used for flushing. The ventilator is placed beneath a refuge in the center of the roadway. On each refuge there is an ornamental ventilating lamp column. The roof of the latrine is of rolled steel girders and trough plates ; the staircases are formed of iron framing with patent reversible treads. Beside the latrines the Board of Works maintains fourteen urinals with fifty-one stalls, the number of stalls varying from one to six. Only two of these, with four compartments, are without an automatic water supply. The whole of them were repainted during the year at a cost of £25. The parish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields maintains a latrine at Charing Cross, which is kept open from 7 a m. to midnight on week-days, and until 1 1 p. m. on Sundays. In winter the women's department is opened at 8 a. m. Besides this, the Vestry maintains nine urinals with thirty-one compart- ments. Of these, six are of slate, two of iron and one of brick and slate. The receipts and payments for 1893-4 were as follows: RECEIPTS. £ s. d. Rebate on electric current 1 13 10 Payments for use of lavatories, etc 794 9 9 Total £796 PAYMENTS. Contract Electric light Water Condensers Law costs Gas Repairs 303 18 11 Painting urinals 58 7 1 Paper, name plates, uniforms, etc 20 17 7 Wages and washing towels, Charing Cross lavatory 296 16 6 Wages, cleansing urinals, etc 67 13 10 Oilman's goods 17 17 7 Sundries 34 15 8 £796 3 7 312 3 58 17 210 2 11 14 13 11 12 13 11 9 1 4 2 Total £1,419 9 5 CO 5 3 ~ a> o 2 ^ I'UJtlilO (;().MJ''<>in' S'lA'IlONH. 157 ( )i this, /271 13.S. lOfl. was spent on tlic maintenance and repairs of llie urinals, which arc free. Shoreditcli opened an underground sani- tary convenience and hivat(jry for \)(>i\) sexes in October, 1895, at a total cost of about ii8oo, ttnvards wliirh a street railway corpora- tion contributed £600. The convenience is sixty feet by fifteen feet, and its floor is about ten feet below the surface of the Headway. There are twelve urinals, six water-closets and three lavatories for men, and three water-closets and one lavatory for women. The convenience was constructed by the same contractor as the new convenience in the St. Giles district, and its fittings arc very similar. The Strand District I'.oard of Works maintains two latrines, the accommodation being as follows: Cost. Accommodation. Latrine. Men. Women. Urinals. ^^Z. I^--^^-- ZfeZ. l^-'toHea. Wellinstou St. . . Law Courts £1,860 2,474 18 20 10 4 12 5 4 4 2 2 In addition to these latrines maintained by the local authority there are six free and ten other latrines for which a charge of id. is made in Covent Garden Market. The accommodations outside of London are not so adequate, though the large cities are rapidly taking the matter up. Birmingham makes more provision for women than most other places, as will be seen from the following table of accommodations provided for women only: Premises. Two small premises fitted up as shops, con- tain two water-closets each Two sets, contain'g six One bxiildinc;, five .... Charge. ;^d Id and ; Id Wages of Attendant. lOs. per week 15s and 10s. per week 9s. per week 9 a. m. to 7 p. m. 8 a. m. to 8 p m. 9.30 a.m. to 9.30 p.m. Bradford reports thirty-five urinals in the year ending August 31, 1804, as against thirty-two in the previous year. Arrangements were made for four more, and negotiations pending for one in the workhouse grounds. The urinals are under the care of the Sanitary- Committee of the Town Council. 158 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Brighton, for the year 1894-5, reported the working expense of its lavatories to be £560 iis. iid., receipts, £700 IIS. 3d., a very favorable state of affairs. Burnley, with a population of over 60,000, spent £260 on its conveniences in the year ending March 25, 1894, and i435 i^ ^^^ following year. Croydon, with 80,000 population, spent £255 5s. 3d. on new urinals in the year 1893-4, and the following for working expenses of both drinking fountains and urinals: £ s. d. Rent of sites 14 Repairs to urinals 27 9 6 Hose 2 2 9 Ironmonger, etc 5 16 9 Gas 4 18 11 New fountain and repairs 7 6 Wages 88 5 8 Total £136 8 1 Sheffield's account for these conveniences for the year 1894-5 was as follows: URINALS. £ s. d. Acknowledgments for privilege to erect urinals 3 1 Plumbing and repairs 46 14 10 Water and gas 320 12 10 Total £370 8 8 WAITING ROOMS. RECEIPTS. £ s. d. f s. d. Fitzalan Square:— Use of men's lavatories 122 17 10 Use of women's lavatories 142 6 1 265 3 11 Moorhead:— Use of men's lavatories 66 18 3 Use of women's lavatories 50 5 5 — — 117 3 8 £382 7 7 PAYMENTS. Fitzalan Square:— Wages of attendant 46 16 Rates, taxes, gas and water 47 12 6 Washing towels, repairs, etc .... 25 12 10 120 1 4 Moorhead: — Wages of attendant 41 12 Gas and water 17 17 11 Cleaning material, repairs, etc. . . 13 15 9 73 5 8 Total £193 7 IMJl'.I.IO (JOMFOll'I' STATIONS. 1.V.J In Germany the ;iccoinniocJation provided is very similar. Allona has erected chalets for ladies, with a notion store in the front, this making- it possible for ladies to enter without embarrassment, as the entrance is always through the shops. Berlin has 146 urinals with 735 compart- ments. Every day they use 971,000 gallons of water or 354,900,oo(j per year, at a cost of $3190. Lately the city has been experiment- ing with an oil closure system, which would take the place of flush- ing. For this a mixture of petroleum and rapeseed oil has been used. The oil being comparatively light rises to the top and keeps down all disagreeable odors. The saving is said to be consider- able. The city has not yet decided to adopt the system altogether, but is investigating it. The urinals were introduced at a very early date, but, of course, only provided for men. In 1877 two conven- iences for women were opened in schoolhouses, and one in tiie playground of a schoolhouse. The use of these was free, except that in each establishment one closet was only to be used on pay- ment of a small "tip" to the attendant. These conveniences were not much used, and a private contractor established five others in rented rooms for both men and women. Each establishment contained accommodation for from six to eight persons. The enter- prise failed for lack of support, partly due to the places not being sufficiently noticeable. In 1879 the contractor obtained permission to erect conveniences in various public places; and the necessary water was freely granted. There are now twenty-two such places, with accommodations for both sexes. The city has made a ver>' advantageous agreement with the contractor, by which he turns over 10 per cent, of the net income to the city, and at the expiration of the agreement the conveniences become the property of the city. A fee of 10 pfennigs (2.38 cents), first class, and 5 pfennigs, second class, is charged. In the first-class toilet is a washbasin, towel and mirror, which are absent in the second class. An extra 5 pfennigs is charged for clean towel, soap, comb and brush. No one is allowed to remain longer than fifteen minutes in a ;om- partment. Seven of the establishments are open all night, the re- mainder from 7 a. m. to 1 1 p. m. The attendant receives 33 cents for either day dutN-- (7 a. m. to 11 p. m.) or night duty (10 p. m. to 8 a. m.). Brunswick, with 75.000 inhabitants, has only two municipal public comfort stations in two of the larger market places. The usual fees are charged. The urinals, the num- bers of which are continually increasing, are everywhere free. Aitona. Berlin. Private Con- tractor. Brunswick. 160 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE OX TUBLIC BATHS. Chemnitz. Chemnitz provides for a population of 139,000 three latrines. The first, for both men and women, was erected in 1890 at a cost of $1 140. For the use of either closet or urinal there is a fee of 5 pfennigs (1.19 cents). Automatic paying machines are placed at the door of each compartment. In 1892 this establishment was used by 7830 persons, in 1893 by 7172, in 1894 by 7078, in 1895 by 6618. Two other conveniences were built in 1895 at a cost of $640 and $950 respectively. In addition there are twenty-six public urinals, for the use of which no fee is charged. These are partly water flushing, partly oil disinfection; the latter method has proved very successful. The management and con- trol are vested in the City Building Department. For 1894 the cost was as follows: Appropriation. Actual Cost. Erection of new urinal $142 80 $142 38 Clean.siug and disinfecting urinals 628 32 598 12 . Water for flushing 1,951 60 1,777 86 Dresden. Hamburg. Leipzig. Dresden has twenty-nine public conven- iences for men, one of which can be used as a lavatory by women, for which a small fee is paid to the attendant. A second public lavatory for women is erected on city property and leased to a con- tractor for $72 yearly; he charges a small fee for the use of it. A joint stock Company for Hygienic Purposes has erected eleven lat- rines for both men and women. There are two classes, the first containing two closets for each sex, and the second, one each and a urinal. The usual fees are charged and there is an automatic regis- tering apparatus. The company does not guarantee a dividend, as the income has never been high enough. Hamburg contains a number of urinals and water-closets for free use. Several of them are built casemate- like into the lining wall of deep-lying landing places. Besides these, a limited liability Company for Hygienic Purposes has established conveniences on city grounds, parks, etc., whose use it obtained free. The buildings are of iron and contain the usual accommoda- tion at 10 and 5 pfennigs. Leipzig's urinals are in the form of little houses built of iron or corrugated sheet metal ; they have an open entrance protected by a screening wall and contain as a rule, three, rarely seven, standing places, the use of which is free of charge. They are lighted by gas, furnished with intermittent water rinsing, and connected with the city's sewer system. Lately, patented oil closures have been introduced into them. Disinfection is accom- PUBI.KJ CU.MFOKT STA'IION.S. ICi plislu'd hy llic tisc of dilnlrd r;Li])i>lic acid. The City's Economy In- spection carts for and maintains these places. There arc also twenty-one conveniences containinj^ seven urinal stands, one closet for men, and two (with facilities for washing) for wfjmen. The at- tendant stays in the women's department and has t mittee on Public Baths, Watcr-CIoscts and Urinals, as prepared by Messrs. Cady, Berg 8i See, architects and engineers." (Signed) EMMONS CLARK, Secretary. A True Copy. In the plans and studies for the first bath, the Committee were obliged to follow the general principles of the People's Bath in Centre Market Place, adding the latest experience of the European models. The Committee also availed themselves of the experience of their architects in the construction and plan- ning of hospitals and other public buildings, hence a composite study was secured that will be perfectly suited to American needs and conditions. Describing the details of the proposed bath, it will be seen that this bathhouse furnishes eighty baths, of which forty-two are for men, fifteen for boys, and twenty-three for women. Those for men and boys are so arranged that their pro- portions can be reversed at times when a large number of boys will be present. These baths will further meet the needs of those for whom the bath tub rather than the spray is desirable, three tubs being located in the mezzanine story and eleven in the second story ; provision is also made for separate baths for men who are too filthy to be admitted to the public baths. Besides these sub-divisions there is a gen- eral division of the house into male and female departments. The moment one enters the house, one passes either into the male or female waiting-room, which are separated by a central office and partition of glass and ornamental iron, so located that one person controls both entrances, as well as all the entrances to baths, stair- ways, etc.; 'thus, no one can enter or leave the building, or its baths, without being seen from this point. This separation applies not only to the bathers, but to employes as well, as no person can pass from the male to the female departments, or the reverse, without passing through this central office or controlling point on the main floor; the economy of this arrangement in the administration of the baths is evident; for, at times when there are few bathers present, one person can control all parts of the buildings. The baths themselves are constructed of iron, marble and unbreakable glass, the iron being finished in white enamel. Each individual spray bath has two compartments, one a dressing-room, and the other for the bath itself. The floors through- out are of solid masonr\-, no iron beams being used, to prevent Capacity. Depart- ments. 166 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Public Lavatory for Men. Adminis- tration. cracking due to their expansion and contraction. The floor of each bath compartment has sunk into it a Httle marble foot bath; each bath and apartment will have separate drain to main sewer, this for, cleanliness as well as hygienic reasons. Excepting the fourteen tub baths, the baths themselves will for the most part be "rain showers" or "ring showers" (the latter arranged so that water will not strike the head, and preferred usually by women). The material, and the manner in which it is used, will greatly aid in the maintenance of cleanliness; the parti- tions being of heavy rolled glass (with wirework imbedded in it), the necessary framework, and door of metal, finished in white enamel. The foot of the glass partitions is to be finished in strong enamelled wire work for ventilation, while the tops of the com- partments will be covered with the same material, allowing the free play of light and air, but preventing thievery. The solid masonry foundation permits the use of white vitrified tiling for the floor, without danger of cracks or open joints; and it has the further important value of fur- nishing a series of masonry passageways, which will be used for the plumbing and ventilating pipes, and will give the engineer easy ac- cess to them, while keeping all parts separate. No plunge baths or double baths of any kind will be used for easily understood hygienic reasons. This bath, as planned, should readily ac- commodate one million bathers per year, if kept open as required by law, and properly administered. The plans of the Committee contemplate ample provision for free public water-closets and urinals, in all parts of the city, but it has been deemed wise to not await their comple- tion, but to make a start in this building. A free lavatory con- taining water-closets, urinals and wash sinks, lias been provided in the basement, accessible directly from the street. The water-closet seats will be so arranged that they cannot possibly be stood upon. Of course ample water-closets, urinals, wash basins and sinks are provided for the employes also, in each department of baths, and all located for convenience of access. The administrative parts of the building consist of the engine and boiler rooms, which are placed in the basement, and from which by means of the brick passages already alluded to above the engineer can readily control all of the main and RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MAYOR'S COMMITTEE. 107 branch lines of plumbing*, as well as all parts of the hoatini:^ and ventilating apparatus and air ducts. The laundry is placed (ju the second floor, where the best light and air will be obtained. The circular office or central controlling point is built in the main waiting-room, not only giving simple and convenient control of it, as previously mentioned, but making a central point from which keys, towels, soap and other supplies can be given out. Each bather should be allowed twenty minutes per bath ; sand glasses (which are reversed when he enters) indicating to the attendant when the bather's time has expired. We think it would be advisable in the first building to be built to try experimentally the several systems of controlling the quantity and temperature of water allowed each bather, viz : First, To build a certain number of baths where the bather himself will be allowed to control both the temperature of the water and th/? quantity used. Second, fo build some baths where the bather can control the temperature of the water, but where the quantity of hot water is limited. Third. To build some baths where the bather will have no control over the water supply in any way. The attendant to fix the temperature and the quantity from a central point outside of the baths. In each case, however, the piping and faucets would be so arranged that under no possible conditions could a bather scald himself. We would recommend the heating of the water by the German or "Gegenstrom" system. The heating and ventilating will be in gen- eral on the principle of drawing down the fresh air through the large air shafts in the rear (which would be built high above the neigh- boring structures), by means of fans and electric motors; regulating its temperature by blowing through plenums, \\nth steam coils under the control of the engineer, and then forcing it to the various parts of the building, in general at a height of about five f^et above the floor. The velocit}' of the incoming current \\-ill be so regulated to the various parts, as to avoid any possibilit}- of Control of Bathers. Heating and Ventila- ting. 168 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. feeling a draught, and yet the air will be constantly changed in even,- part. The exhaust would be near the ceilings of the rooms, connecting into branch exhaust ducts provided for that purpose; the branches all connecting to the large duct on the second floor, where a fan and motor would draw the air out of the building. In winter the exhaust fan would not be used, but the air allowed to escape by natural means, using only the inlet fans to force in the fresh air. All of these ducts would be controlled by the engineer with locking adjusting dampers, to prevent unequal supplies of air, or unnecessary exhaust of same. Design. The design of the interior has been planned to make the waiting-rooms, as well as the main bathing halls, ver\' attractive by its abundance of windows and skylights, and its light reflecting surfaces. It will everywhere suggest cleanliness and light, and no possibility of hidden disease germs. The exterior is in classic style, admitting of sufficient ornamentation to be attractive, but retaining the dignity and massiveness necessary^ to prevent its appearing insignificant or trivial, in comparison with the higher and probably more prominent buildings adjoining. The material would preferably be marble, although the design would be carried out as well in limestone or other light masonry. Whatever material is used, however, should be light in color. Proposed Bath for Tompkins Square. March 25, 1896, the Act quoted on page 31 became a law. The Mayor was very anxious that aggressive measures should be taken at once and proposed a conference be- tween the Commissioner of Public Works and the Committee, since that department was charged with the initial steps. Special April 22d a special meeting of the Mayor's Meeting. Committee was held at the office of Mayor Strong, in accordance with his request that the Committee should meet the Honorable the Commissioner of Public Works, in order to dis- cuss the proposed bath and public comfort station. The salient points of the Committee's work were presented to the Mayor and the Commissioner, who both expressed themselves delighted with the work, particularly commending it for its practicability and business-like character. General Collis requested the Secretary to RECOMMIOiNDATION.S (JK Till': MAYORS (JO.M.M riTKi:. IC'J place at his disposal the recommendations desired by tlie Commit- pung tee, in' order that he might get the necessary authority from the Accepted. Board of Estimate and Apportionment. He also signified his willingness to avail himself of the services of Messrs. Catly, Berg & See, the consulting architects of the Committee, and requested plans and drawings of a proposed bath to be located in Tompkins Square, the latter site having been suggested by Mayor Strong as a desirable location for the first public bath. In accordance with the ofificial request of the Commissioner of Public Works, the Committee met at the office of General CoUis, May i8, and presented plans for the first public bath and two underground public comfort stations, with the accompanying recommendations of the Committee. The entire Committee was present, and, in addition, Messrs. Cady and Berg, The Commissioner accepted the plans and arranged that the Com- mittee, with the architects, should meet the Board of Estimate and Apportionment at the Mayor's offtce the following morning, May 19, at II o'clock. Agreeable to that request, the Mayor's Com- mittee, with the architects, met at the Mayor's oflfice, and were re- quested by him to accompany him to the Comptroller's office, as the meeting of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment would be held there. The Committee was informed by the Comptroller that the Board had so much business which they must discuss that it would be impossible to reach any consideration of the plans for a public bath and public comfort stations at that meeting. The following report was submitted in ac- cordance with the request of Commissioner Collis for plans and specifications: New York, May 18, 1896. Commissioner C. H. T. Collis, Commissioner of Public Works. My Dear Sir: — In accordance with your request of April 22d, for plans and recommendations for a public bath, the Mayor's Committee would most respectfully recommend that the first pub- lic bath be built in Tompkins Square, and that two underground public comfort stations be built, one in the City Hall Park, at the corner of Mail Street and Park Row, and the other in Greeley Square, at the junction of Broadway and Sixth Avenue and Thirty- second Street. For these we herewith present four sets of plans which have been prepared by IMessrs. Cady, Berg & See, under the guidance of and after constant consultations with the Committee, and we further 170 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. recommend that jMessrs. Cady, Berg & See be appointed the archi- tects and engineers to carry out these structures. The following list of accommodations to be provided and a description of the plan is most respectfully submitted. Free Public Bath. The accommodations in this building are for bathers, as follows: A waiting-room for men and boys, with seats for more than one hundred; also a waiting-room for women, with seats for over fifty. In the men's baths there are on the main floor twenty-eight rain baths, and fourteen more rain baths on the second floor, where there are also ten tub baths for men, while there are on the main floor seventeen rain baths for boys, making in all sixty-nine baths for men and boys. The plan is so arranged that the proportions of boys' and men's baths can be reversed at times when most men are at work and public schools are not in session. The provisions for women are seventeen rain baths on the main floor, and ten tub baths on the second floor, making in all twenty- seven baths. The object of providing some tub baths is for such women and men as cannot stand showers. This number of baths - should readily provide for more than one million bathers a year. In connection with these baths will be built the necessary laun- dry conveniences for washing towels, also the engineering depart- ment for providing the steam, hot water, electric lighting, and for running the ventilation. All the baths (except those with bathtubs) will have dressing- rooms in front so arranged that the clothing cannot be wetted while bathing, while the bath, or rear compartments, will have either "rain" showers or "ring" showers (the latter arranged not to strike the head, and preferred generally by women). Foot In each bath floor will be sunk a marble foot bath. Each set Baths. of compartments will be arranged to drain separately and to pre- vent the water from splashing from one bathroom into adjoining compartments or bathrooms; this for cleanliness as well as hygienic reasons. The partitions of the compartments will be composed of heavy rolled glass, with wire bedded in it, the necessary metal parts being painted Avith enamel paint. The doors will be of light metal, painted with enamel paint. KECOMMENDATIONS Ol' 'I'lli; MAVollS (JO.M M I'l li:]:. 171 At the foot of the glass partitions will be enamelled wirework in slate frames, to promote thorough ventilation; the tops of the compartments will be covered with heavy enamelled wire work to prevent thieving. Hie scats and ail similar parts are made movable for cleanliness. It will be noticed that the floors of the baths, throughout the main floor, are on solid masonry. This is done to avoid cracking due to the expansion and contraction of iron beams, which would otherwise take place. Having solid masonry for a foundation, vitrified tile can be used for a flooring, without any danger of cracking or opening of joints. Then, too, these masonry foundations furnish a series of brick passages, which will be utilized for plumbing pipes and for ventila- tion system. In connection with each set of baths, there will be ample con- veniences in the way of water-closets, urinals, washbasins, etc., for men, women and boys. The administration parts of the building consist of the engine and boiler rooms, which are placed in the basement, and from which, by means of the brick passages, the engineer can readily control all of the main lines of plumbing, as well as the heating and ventilating apparatus and air ducts. The laundry is placed on the second floor, where the best light and air will be obtained. A circular ofHce is built in the main waiting-room in connec- tion with the partition dividing the male and female waiting-rooms (office and partition similar to those enclosing banking-rooms, and about seven feet six inches high, of glass and iron). This office is so located that one person can control both of the main entrances (male and female), and all of the entrances to the various baths, staircases, etc. No one can enter or leave the building without being seen from here, excepting, of course, those using the public comfort stations and the public laundry. Adminis- tration. The plan has been drawn with a view of entirely separating males from females the moment they enter the building. The plan arranges this not only for the bathers, but also for all employes. No person in any part where there are females (whether bathers or employes) can go to any part where there are males, or Separation of Males and Females. 172 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. vice versa, without passing througli the central controlling office on tlie main floor. Control of Bathers. In, order to avoid too many attendants, we think it will be nec- essary to allow^ each bather, excepting those in bathtubs, to con- trol his own hot and cold water faucets so far as the degree of heat is concerned. In each case, however, the piping and faucets would be so arranged that under no possible conditions could a bather scald himself. This can be readily and economically accomplished by using the well-known German Gegenstrom System of heating the water. In this system no steam is wasted, but only the actual amount needed to heat the water while in use is consumed. Outside of each bath, however, will be placed cocks under the control of the attendant, to shut off entirely the supply, both hot and cold, in case a bather attempts to overstay his time limit when the baths are crowded. In the case of the tubs, the attendant will control the quantity and temperature in order to avoid waste of water. Heating The heating and ventilating will be in general on the principle and of drawing down fresh air through the large fresh air shafts (which Ventilating, would be built up high above any other part of the structure), by means of fansi and electric motors, regulating its temperature by blowing through plenums with steam coils under the control of the engineer, and then forcing it to the various parts of the building, in general blowing it in at a height of about five feet above the floor and so arranged as to avoid all draughts. The exhaust would be in branch exhaust ducts provided for that purpose, the branches all connecting to the large exhaust duct in the roof, where a fan and motor would exhaust the air and blow it out of doors. In winter the exhaust fan would not be used, but the air allowed to escape by natural means, using only the inlet fans to force in the fresh air. All of these ducts, as well as the ceiling lights and skylights, would be controlled by electricity from the engine-room, with locking dampers, to prevent unequal supplies of air or unnecessary exhaust of same. Speaking tubes from all parts to the engine-room will give the engineer a thorough knowledge of the wants of the building at all times. Design. The design of the interior* has been planned to make the wait- Cottage Baths, Brighton (England). It is the plan that a large number of small baths shall be located in the industrial quarters, instead of the erection of one large bathing establishment. Co/'.vc/^/i/. iSg~, ^y the Mayor's Ccmmittce. Among the recommendations of the Committee is the duplication or exten- sion of the Public Comfort Stations in the Parks. The extensions should be in the shape of chalets or other ornamiental buildings. RECOMMENDATIONS OK 'I'HI'] MAVOIfS COMMITTEK. IT.'. ing-rooms, as well as the main bathing iuills very cheerful, and with an abundance of light. Everything will be carried out with a view to the avoidance of dust or dirt, and so arranged that any part can be hosed out thoroughly at any time. The exterior is in the style kntnvn as Italian, and has been made very simple and dignified. Ihis style has been selected so as to be able to keep the byilding as low as possible, making it unob- trusive and not obstmcting the sunshine and air of the park. It, however, will have sufiicient dignity and massiveness not to ap- pear insignificant or trivial in comparison with the higher buildings on the avenue. The material should preferably be of light stone, as this at once suggests the idea of purity and cleanliness, and accords well with the style chosen, best bringing out its lines and detail. The piazzas running along each side form a connection between the designs of the ends, and atf the same time give a shady place for settees, where people can rest; while at the end of the piazza drinking fountains for public convenience will be provided. The bathhouse will be least obstructive in the park by placing it on the center of the east side of Tompkins Park, immediately ad- joining Avenue B. The entrances for men and boys, that is, to the baths and to the men's public comfort station, would be from the Avenue. Those for women, to the baths, laundrv^ and public comfort station, would be from the park side, the approaches so arranged as to be screened by shrubbery. Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Committee, (Signed) WM. H. TOLMAN, Secretar}\ When it became known that the Com- mittee proposed to locate the first bath in Tompkins Square, a gen- eral protest was made, on behalf of the inhabitants of that part of the city. It was claimed that the park space was altogether too small as it was, and that it would be a serious loss to invade the park by the location of a building devoted to public purposes. The protest was so strong, and the points so well taken, that, after a conference wth the Mayor, it was decided to withdraw all recom- mendations for the location of a bath in Tompkins Square. The Committee pointed out to His Honor the ]\Iayor that it was compulsory to indicate some park for the location of the bath, as no latitude for a choice was given by the mandatory law on public baths. Location. 174 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. In justice to his Honor, the Committee should state that the law on public baths being mandatory, it was necessary to select some park, and Tompkins Square seemed the most desirable. The proposed building for Tompkins Square would have provided for more than a bath, as it contem- plated a public laundr}^ and a public comfort station. From a de- scription of the plans and the front elevation, it will be noted that such a building would have been an architectural addition to any city as well as serving the special object for which it was designed. The law being mandatory with reference to the location of baths in the public parks only, and as there was no public park in which a bath could be constructed that would meet the wants of that portion of the tenement-house population for which these baths were eminently intended, it was seen that no further action could be taken without additional legislation, which would allow the purchase of property by the city or the securing of proper locations by condemnation proceedings. Plans for Underground Public Comfort Staiions. The Committee has given the subject of lavatories or places of public comfort much thought, and the Chairman of the Committee has made personal study and inspec- tion of the lavatory systems of the cities of Europe and England. It is firmly believed that when the American public are conversant with the latest practice on the subject they will not be behind Europe in their introduction, especially as it is contrary to' law for the public servants of the city to frequent, while on duty, drinking places, about the only places now providing conveniences for public comfort. In our opinion the most approved system is the underground "latrines" as now adopted by the City of Lon- don; they are clean, inodorous, hidden from view, and attractive, and frequented by all ranks of society, and are provided for both men and women in separate places. It is customary to make a charge of a penny for the use of the closets, and two pence for the use of towels and soap in the lavatories, the urinals being free. With the small charge these places are quite self-supporting, and your Committee asks that the experimental places suggested may be carried on in all particulars as far as possible as are those in Lon- don in the matter of management. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MAYOR'S COMMITTEE. 175 The report oi the City of London Com- missioners of Sewers shows the working" of ten cstabHshmcnts in the small area of the City of London, which has a day population of 262,000, as follows: • oJ _; '- z ^ COI- ^- T— ' • 1 A g 'O T-l tH ,-1 r-( ^ • "^ .s r/j a C: C) CO 10 (- 'J> r- I- . •^" "2 tH iH rH iH rH r-( n i ^ '-K CO c-i iri I- 'O CI ro 1- • 1- oi tH T-H 10 i-< • ft W t* fo CO CO CI :o rt rn th M • C) r-( r-( CJ CO t • P 5> ~ tH r-( t-( ai >o -^ -f rH CO CD i.o c; • ■t-i r-i T-t tH rH • =+< 05 -fl CI Tl -t< ira rH 1.0 • CO 16 CO 10 10 -t< t- rH L-0 • >H Tf< CO (M -f r-t CO 71 iH •B-JUtip -nonv CONMMWMiNJNCl : ^« a Q0iHrHrH73r-l,HiH'CrH t-IiHtH OjiHi-It-I OtH -ss ^ B$22o22Bo2 3« a OJOiCioOocsoiOci 00 000 w a CO CO CO CO ?3 iC rt iH 4J+J+-4_» ^ ' CO t~- t- 10 L- I- t- t- t~ ^ 9-2 ~« 0** "cS a OOOOOMCSOOOiCOiM < D IM 1-1 r-( i-l -JOOrHCDiHGOt-COrHMO '0 T-l T-( T-l o'-g MOO'*r-IOOT-l©lNlOCiO ->;> 3 TH T-l tH tH s ^ -1— -»- ,,, 10 t- I- X Ci iH CO C Oc^"*Lot^co-t^ 5^-5:2 '^-Si; ii >■•" -.J & ;^ Z K^IX — ^ 1^ 1 I 176 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Since then latrines have been opened at Crutched Friars, Aldgate, BiUingsgate Alarket and Cannon Street, all in the city area. The last named latrine cost ^2389. It appears from the latest published re- turns that the receipts and expenditures for three years ending December, 1892, when nine conveniences only were in use, were as follows : Receipts ^6,752 Expenditures (including gas, wages, water, repairs, etc.) ^6,9/^4 Under- ground Latrines. It will be seen that these conveniences are almost self-supporting, and it is hoped in the course of time that they will become a source of profit, besides paying interest on capital outlay. Another great advantage of these under- ground latrines is that the old-fashioned and unsightly conven- iences are gradually disappearing from the streets. In addition to water-closet accommodations these conveniences provide free urinals. It is estimated that 9,000,000 use the urinals per annum, and 697,300 the water-closets. Their economy, efficiency and util- ity, must therefore be manifest, and the Commissioners' efforts fully appreciated. Your Committee suggests that two under- ground places of public comfort be built; one at the south end of the City Hall Park, and one at the small park between Broad- way and Sixth Avenue, and between Thirty-second and Thirty- third Streets. These will serve as object lessons. If as successful as those in London, we believe many more will be built in other locations, as necessity may suggest, being almost hidden from view, light, clean and thoroughly ventilated and, if cared for as they are in London, they will soon commend themselves to the common sense of the public. To meet the wants of the public where underground places may not be available, the Committee presents plans for urinals with self-flushing apparatus, to be placed on properties belonging to the city, or which may be acquired for the purpose, but most earnestly recommends that the underground places of public comfort be used wherever practicable, to the ex- clusion of all other kinds. Experience demonstrates that it takes RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MAYOR'S COMMITTEJ:. 177 some small time before these places are fully appreciated by the public, but it is merely a question of time. With the exception of the provisions made by the saloons in New York City there is practically no provision „ . for public comfort stations outside of the few shelters in the public shelters. parks. July ID, 1895, a formal request was made to the Committee by the Board of Health, in accordance with the following resolution: "That the Committee appointed by His Honor the Mayor, on Public Baths, Lavatories, etc., be and is hereby requested to prepare plans for public lavatories and water-closets in the streets and public places in this city for the accommodation of women as well as men, and for additional accommodations in the public parks." The Committee at once instructed the architects to prepare plans and studies for underground public comfort stations, as well as those to be located under the elevated stations and ^vithin the area line of buildings on the sidewalk. The plans were submitted and, after a conference with President Wilson, several changes were made in order that his ideas might be embod- ied. The Board of Health referred the matter to al special com- mittee, which in turn reported to the Board, and October 2, 1895, the following communication was received: William Howe Tolman, Ph. D., Secretary, 105 East Tw^enty-second Street, New York. Sir: — At a meeting of the Board of Health of the Health De- partment, held October ist, 1895, the following resolutions were adopted: Resolved, That this Board approves of the report submitted by the Mayor's Committee on Public Baths, Water-closets and Uri- nals, and the accompanying plans made by Cady, Berg & See, Plans architects and engineers, and recommends that the President ap- Approved. point a committee of one from this Board to obtain the necessarv^ funds, and to procure one hundred of these stations at once, and to select and lease the necessar}' sites. Resolved. That the Mayor's Committee be requested to submit the necessary working drawings, specifications and estimates for one hundred such stations. Resolved, That the Secretar\- of this Board communicate \\nth the Board of Commissioners of Public Parks and request them to 178 MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. co-operate with the Aiayor's Committee and this Board in carrying out the suggestions contained in the report, relating to stations in the smaller and larger parks. Resolved, That Commissioner George B. Fowler be and is hereby appointed a committee of one, under the above resolution, to represent this Board. (Signed) EMMONS CLARK, Secretary, A True Copy. Commissioner Fowler manifested his great interest in the matter by meeting with the Committee and frequent consultations with the architects, in order that the whole matter might receive careful attention. The Committee was par- ticularly anxious to make provisions for the comfort of public servants, especially the policemen, when early in October the Sec- retar}^ was authorized to present to Commissioner Roosevelt the following statement: It is proposed ultimately to establish on each policeman's post a station containing a water-closet and urinal. For the immediate present, however, only one hundred of these stations vwll be put in various parts of the city, experimentally. Experiment The stations will be built of iron, roofed over, and so arranged Stations, that where placed against the side walls of buildings no part of the interior can be seen from the windows or any part of the house. They will be entered from the street side. Where they cannot be placed against houses, they will be placed on street corners of wide streets or under elevated railroad stairs. The height from sidewalk to top of cornice in each case will be eight feet six inches. The width of each station — or the projection out from the house — will be four feet. The length of each station or the part coming against the brick wall of the house, will be six feet ten inches, where the station contains both a water-closet and a urinal, or four feet four inches where it contains a urinal or water-closet only. The stations will be so arranged that they cannot possibly be- come a nuisance to property owners. Where stations are placed against the brick walls of houses, inside of the area line, the City would pay a moderate rental. Where the owner of the property would be willing also to keep the station clean, the City would pay an additional amount for such service. Each roundsman should as- Available certain- Sites. First. How many available sites there are on his post where RlflCOMMlONUATIONS OK Till': MAYOlfS COMMITTEE. 170 a combined waLcr-cluscl and urinal station (six feet ten inches long; could be placed against a house, inside of the area line, where the landlord would not object. He also should report with the site the annual rent demanded, and whether the landlord is willing to keep the station clean and tiie annual cost thereof. Second. Report similarly available sites for urinal stations only (four feet four inches long), yearly rent demanded, and if willing to keep same clean, yearly compensation for such service. Third. Report available street corners where a combined water-closet and urinal station (four feet wide by six feet ten inches long), placed near the curb, would not obstruct pedestrians. Fourth. Report available street corners where urinal stations only (four feet wide and four feet four inches long) could be placed near the curb without obstructing pedestrians. Fifth. Report all available sites where combined water-closet and urinal station (four feet wide and six feet ten inches long, eight feet six inches high) can be placed under elevated railroad stairs. October 8, the Committee, in compliance with the resolution of the Board of Health, passed at the meeting on October i, accepting their report and plans, requested Messrs. Cady, Berg & See to prepare the necessary working drawings and specifications for each of the four varieties of public comfort stations called for by the Board of Health. April 22, 1895, a conference was called by Mayor Strong between the Committee and the Commissioner of Public Works, to whom the building of the public comfort stations was entrusted, in accordance with the last law. General Collis ex- pressed himself as satisfied with the studies of the Committee, and Conference. signified his willingness to avail himself of the services of the Com- mitee's architects, and requested the necessary recommendations, in order that he in turn could secure the necessary authorization from the Board of Estimate and x\pportionment. May 18 the plans and studies were sub- mitted to the Commissioner at his oflfice, at which meeting the plans were accepted by him. At a meeting of the Board of Estimate held in July the plans were subjected to a criticism by Commis- sioner Styles, of the Park Department and, on motion of the Comptroller, the whole matter of underground public comfort stations was referred to the Parks Department, with a request that they should report to the Board of Estimate. ISO MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. In connection with the building for the proposed bath in Tompkins Square, provisions would have been made for two wings, one containing sixteen water-closets, twenty urinals and three washbasins for men, and the other, fourteen water- closets and four washbasins for women. In the recommended underground public comfort stations, one in the City Hall Park, the other in the small Greeley park in Greeley Square, the plans submitted provide for making Square, these stations of masonry so far as practicable. The ceilings to be entirely of mason work, so as to avoid the expansion and contrac- tion of iron beams, and the consequent possibility of dampness and leaks. The ceilings of these stations will be kept well down, as shown on the sections, so as to leave sufficient height above to fill in with earth and loam, so as to be able to retain the appearance of the park, and not lose any of the verdure or breathing space now existing. Each station will, of course, be made thor- oughly damp-proof and watertight. The entrances for men and women will be located at opposite points of the parks as shown on the plan, and wall be screened by shrubbery and ornamental iron railings, which will also run around the park. The ventilation will be by means of elec- tric exhaust fans, which will draw the air from every water-closet bowl, as well as from over every water-closet and urinal. It is then blown out through an ornamental shaft, on top of which an electric light will be placed. In connection with this station will be a room for the male and female attendant, also rooms for coal and heating apparatus. Where the sewer level would be above the plumbing fixtures, these will discharge into a tight cesspool sunk below the floor, and the matter in the latter will be pumped out and into the sewer at regular intervals. A small electric pump will be provided for this purpose. The walls, like those in the bathhouses, will be of light glazed brick, the partitions of water-closets similar to those of the baths, all wired glass, and all arranged to avoid dust and to give the utmost light and cleanliness to the place. It should be stated that this wired glass is sufficiently opaque to provide proper privacy. -±n 1 CHAT'I'ICR Xlir. I'.IIILIOGRAPIIV. Aachen (Germany). — Public i'aths. "Aix-la-Cliai>elle and Envi- rons," pp. 33-35. Aachen (Germany), SUidlbauamt Abteilung Hochbau. — Letter and matter regarding public baths, etc., December 10, 1895. AUsop, Robert Owen. — Public Baths and Washhouses. 98 pp. ill., London, 1894. Altona (Germany). — Tariff, description (with plans) and tickets of Altona Baths. Altona (Germany), Magistrat der Stadt. — Letter regarding baths and lavatories, March 12, 1896. Amateur Swimming Association (England). — Form of Application for Championship Competition. Amateur Swimming Association (England). — Swims and Swim- mers; notes on the Association's meetings, etc., from London paper. Amateur Swimming Club (London, England). — Rules, Fixtures and Programme of the Twenty-eighth Annual Costume En- tertainment, Monday, October 21, 1895; also letter from A. C. Parker, Hon. Sec, April 2, 1896, giving information as to accommodation usually provided for swimming clubs. Baruch, Simon, M. D. — A Plea for Public Baths, with an inex- pensive method for their hygienic utilization. 45 pp. ill.; re- printed from "Dietetic Gazette,'' May, 1891. Baruch, Simon, M. D. — Letter criticizing the Committee's report as to a large bathhouse and the introduction of tubs. Berlin (Germany). — Die Stadtische Volksbadeanstalt in Moabit. See "Festschrift zur XXXV Hauptversammlung des Deut- scher Ingenieure," Berlin, 1894. Berlin (Germany),* Magistrat hiesiger Koniglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt. — Letter regarding Public Bath and Lavatories, February 18, 1896; also reports on the City Baths, 1893-4 and 1894-5. Berlin (Gemiany). — Oel pissoir von Beetz. "Technische Mitthei- lungen und Anzeigen," Xovember i, 1895. Berlin (Gemiany). — Tariflf, blank reports, etc., of the Berlin Public Baths. 182 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Berlin (Germany). — Ueber Anlage und Betrieb von Bediirfniss- rVnstalten fiir Manner und Frauen, with plans; also Oelver- schliisse bei Pissoiren ; both by Rudolf Protz, Sub-Director of the Berlin Public Lavatories; together with detailed estimates of cost of Berlin conveniences and urinals, and poster. Birming-ham (England), Baths Department. — Letters from Super- intendent and Engineer, J. Cox, regarding public baths, Jan- uary 21, June 20 and September 30, 1896. Birmingham (England). — Biographical Sketch of Mr. Job Cox, Superintendent of the Corporation Baths; with portrait. Bir- mingham "Owl," January 10, 1896. Birmingham (England) Boroilgh of. — ^Public Baths and Open Bathing Places ; by-laws for their management, use and regu- lation. 1885. Birmingham (England), City of. — Corporation Baths; details and particulars of the several bathing establishments, 1894; rules for the baths. Title page of report, January, 1896. Birmingham (England), City oi — Corporation Baths; with inter- ior photograph of the oldest bathing institution. Birming- ham "Faces and Places," 1893; pp. 40 and 43-45. Blomfield House Swimming Club (London, England). — Pro- gramme of Annual Costume Entertainment, Monday, Octo- ber 28, 1895. Bootle (England), Borough of. — Public Baths and Gymnasium; Annual Reports, sixth and seventh, 1894 and 1895; also time and price of admission for classes. Letter from J. Farmer, Town Clerk, January 20, 1896, regarding work. Boston, City Council. — References to Public Baths. Inaugural ad- dress by Josiah Quincy, Mayor; p. 36. Boston, City of. Department of Parks. — Elevation of Bath House in Marine Park. Twentieth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners, for the year ending January 31, 1895. Boston (Mass.). — Letter from John Mullaly, Superintendent Bath House, West Boston Bridge, September, 1896, and letter from Samuel F. Hubbard, Superintendent North End Union, Au- gust 7, 1896, re Baths in a Boston Public School. Boston (Mass.). — Report on Bathhouses for 1895. Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Health Department, for the year' 1895. Bradford (England), Borough of. — Baths and Washhouses. Re- port of the Committees of the Council, 1894; pp. 83-85. Breslau (Germany), Magistrat der Koniglichen Haupt- und Resi- denzstadt. — Letter and matter regarding public baths, etc., BIBLIOGRAPHY. 188 November 20, 1895; also returns for 1894 and 1895; rules, time and instructions to attendants. Brighton (England), Jiorougli of. — Public liatbs; by-laws for their management, use and regulation, 1874; also statistics of cot- tage baths, and letter frf)ni W. Boiling, ex-Mayor, in refer- ence to cottage baths, September 22, 1896. Brighton (England). — Letter regarding Public Baths from F. J. Tillstonc, Town Clerk, March 24, 1896. Brockton (Mass.). — Letter from William S. Bamford; September 4, 1896. Brookline (Mass.). — Baths, Bathing and Swimming for Soldiers; by H. Lincoln Chase, Assistant Surgeon Massachusetts Vol- unteer Regiment. (Reprinted from the Boston "Medical and Surgical Journal" of August 27 and September 3, 1896.) Also letters from Mr. Chase; September 26, October 29 and Novem- ber 24, 1896. Brookline (Mass.), Special Committee. — Report on Improved Pub- lic Bathing Facilities; October 24, 1895 > circular of opening of ibaths, December 28, 1896. Brunswick (Germany), Der Stadt Magistrat. — Letter regarding Public Baths, etc., November 26, 1895. Number of baths, charges, etc. Budapest (Hungary). — Book, pamphlet, letter, etc., regarding Pub- lic Baths; December, 1895. Buflfalo (N. Y.).— The Buffalo Free Bath. The "Engineering Record;" September 19, 1896. Burnley (England), County Borough of. — Baths manager's report; March 25, 1893, and March 25, 1894. Annual Report, 14th, 1893, p. 61 ; also Annual Report, 15th, 1895, P- 63. Burnley (England), Count}^ Borough of. — Letter from William G. FuUalove, Town Clerk, Tanuar\- 20, 1896, regarding work; also Rules and Regulations relating to Corporation Baths, 1895. Chemnitz (Germany). — Letters from Biirgermeister Gerber, Feb- ruary 26, 1896 (with date of first bath, number, cost, etc., of Public Baths and Public Lavatories), and July 21, 1896. Also letter from Department of School Aflfairs as to school baths, September 24, 1896. Chemnitz (Germany). — Public Baths. "Bericht der Bauverw^al- tung," 1888, pp. 4, 6. 16, and 19-22: and 1890. pp. 6. 18, and 19; also "Bericht iiber die ^'erwaltung und den Stand der Gemeindeangelegenheiten," 1894 and 1895. 184 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE 0\ PUBLIC BATHS. Chemnitz (Germany). — Reference to Public Lavatories. "Bericht der Stadtbauvenvaltung," 1888, p. 7, and 1890, pp. 7 and 14. Chicago (111.)- — Letter from Dr. Gertrude G. Wellington, Septem- ber 2, 1896; letter from Joseph Downey, Commissioner of Public Works, November 7, 1896. Chicopee (Mass.), Dwight Manufacturing Co. — Letters from Car- roll D. Wright, United States Commissioner of Labor, and J. W. Cumnock, Agent Dwight Manufacturing Co., as to pro- visions made for baths; September 9 and 15, 1896. Clarence Swimming Club (London, England). — Programme of Fifth Annual Entertainment, Thursday, October 17, 1895. Coventry (England), City of. — Public Baths ; by-laws for their man- agement, use and regulation, 1893; also letter from Town Clerk, Lewis Beard, regarding baths; January 20, 1896.. Croydon (England), County Borough of. — Baths and Additions. Abstract of Receipts and Expenditures, 1894; p. 2. 1 Croydon (England. — Queries and replies regarding the baths; cir- culars of time, price, etc., and letters from Samuel Jacob, Town Clerk, January 20, 1896, and E. Mawdesley, Town Clerk, Sep- tember 7, 1896. Dolphin Swimming Club (London, England). — Rules, officers and fixtures for season 1896; also letter from C. W. Horner, Hon. Sec, June 29, 1896. Donald, Robert. — PubHc Baths and Laundries. "Outlook," Feb- ruary 15, 1896. Dresden (Germany), Rath. — Letter on Public Baths and Lava- tories, February 13, 1896, concerning river baths and pro- posed douche baths, public and private lavatories. Eastbourne (England). — Prospectus of the Royal Parade Baths, Limited. Edinburgh (Scotland), City of. — Corporation Baths; scale of charges, time, and various kinds of admission tickets; also de- posit and other tickets for washhouse and Rules and Regu- lations for Baths and Washhouses. Essen (Germany), Die Polizeiverwaltung. — Letter and matter re- garding Public Baths, etc., November 9, 1895; time and price of baths. Fisk, Harvey E. — The Introduction of Public Rain Baths in Amer- ica: a Historical Sketch. "The Sanitarian," June, 1896. Frankfort-on-Main (Germany). — Letter from the Mayor, May 20, 1896. lUIirJfXMtAl'Jl V. 18B Gerhard, William Paul. — Sonic ivcccnt Public "Rain" Baths in New York City. Glasgow (Scotland), City of.- Cori;onilioii I'.allisaiid VVashhouses; Reports for 1891 and 1892. Glasgow (Scotland). — Letter frr^m J. Lang, City Chambers, re- garding various details of Public J>atlis, date of first bath, number of baths, etc., January 31, 1896; also letter from W. Thomson, Superintendent Corporation Haths and Wash- houses, with statistics, etc., of public baths, February 10, 1896. Gothenberg (Sweden). — Letter from Gustav Svanberg, Commis- sioner of Trade, Policy and Finance, giving date of first bath, cost, number, etc., February 14, 1896. Gothenberg (Sweden). — Statistical abstract of the baths served in the Renstromska Badanstalten; average operating expenses of the same; also small ground plan, tariff of baths, tickets and pamphlets concerning baths. Gottingen (Germany). — Bade-Einrichtung innerhalb der Volk- schulen der Stadt Gottingen, by Oberbiirgermeister Merkel; also letter from Mayor, July, 1896. Gottingen (Germany). — Schulbader, by Oberbiirgermeister Mer- kel. Volks- und Schulbader, Verhandlung auf der dreizehnten Versammlung des "Deutschen Vereins fiir oflfentlichen Ge- sundheitspflege" zu Breslau am 13 Sept., 1896. Graz (Austria), Stadtrath. — Letter regarding public baths, etc., January, 1896. Halifax (England). — Coi-poration Baths: List of charges and hours of admission; also various admission tickets, 1894-5. Hamburg (Germany). — Bade- und Waschanstalten. ''Hamburg und seine Bauten," etc.; pp. 214-231. Hamburg (Germany), Bau Deputation, Central Bureau des Ingen- ieurwesens. — Letter and matter regarding Public Baths, etc., November 26, 1895, from Andreas IMeyer, Chief Engineer. Notices of baths, scale of prices, tickets, reports, 1890-94, etc. Hamburg (Germany). — Specifications and Conditions for Building a Casement, with Closet and L'^rinal Accommodation, on the Hop Market. Harrogate (England). — An illustrated Account of Harrogate; Its Baths, Waters and Environs. Harrogate as a Health Re- sort (illus.). Also letter from ^^'illiam Bennett. Engineer and Superintendent of \\^ells and Baths, September 2^, 1896. Hartford (Conn.). — Letter from John K. \Mlliams. August 22. i8q6. 186 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Hartvvell, Edward. — Letter, July 7, 1896, on date of introduction of rain baths in the United States. Huddersfield (England), Borough of. — Public Baths: By-laws and regulations, 1871. Letter from F. C. Lloyd, Town Clerk, re- garding Public Baths, January 21, 1895. Jersey City (N. J.), People's Palace. — Letter from J. Lester Wells, Secretary People's Palace, August 26, 1896, with illustration of swimming tank and exterior of building. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — Annual Reports, 26th to 30th,. 1892-96, and programmes of 29th and 30th annual swimming matches, 1894-95; rules and regulations. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — "J^^sey," by Archibald Sin- clair. "Swimming," January 16, 1896. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — Letters from A. F. Grellier, Hon. Sec, March 24th and June 15th, 1896; with manuscript account of the club since its formation. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — Rules and regulations, pro- grammes, application and entry forms for competitors, tide tables, cuttings from "Jersey Times," August 19 and 20, 1895, and January 23 and March 7, 1896. Keith, James, C. E. — Patented Systems of Heating Water (illus.) ; also illustration of Stafford Corporation Baths, with method of heating Turkish baths. Konigsberg (Germany), Magistral Koniglicher Haupt- und Resi- denzstadt. — Letter and matter regarding Public Baths, etc.» December 4, 1895. Rules, price, etc. Krakau (Austria), Magistral der Hauptstadt. — Letter concerning Pubhc Baths, November 23, 1895. Laibach (Austria). — Letter regarding Public Baths, etc., December 4, 1895. Leipzig (Germany), Rath der Stadt. — Letter and matter regarding Public Baths, etc., November 22, 1895. Description of bathing house and cost of erection, receipts and expenditures; also People's Douche Baths. Life-Saving Society (England). — Annual Reports of the Central Executive Committee, 1892-93 (with prospectus for 1894); 1893-94 (with prospectus for 1895); 1894-95 (with prospectus for 1896). Liverpool (England), Borough of. — Public Baths and Washhouses, sundry statistics, 1893 ; scale of charges, etc. ; also reports of the Engineer and Chief Superintendent of Baths and Washhouses,. November 20, 1895, 3-nd January 15, 1896. BIBLlOUKAriiy. 187 London (England), County Council. — Returns of baths and wash- houses in the County oi London, 1848-XH. London (England), "Local Government Journal." — Architecture, Building and Engineering. New Baths and Wa^shhouscs. July 30, 1892. London (England), Schools Svviinniiiig Association. — Report, 1895; Programme of Championship Races and Entertainment, October 2, 1896; circulars of same; claim for first-class certifi- cates. London (England), Bethnal Green, Parish of. — Letter from Robert Voss, Vestry Clerk, September 14, 1896. London (England), Bow, Parish of St. Mary, Stratford. — Report of the Commissioners for Public Baths and Washhouses, 1894, 1895, 1896. London (England), Chelsea, Parish of. — Baths and Washhouses. Report, 38th, 1893-94; pp. 19, 20, 40-43, and Report, 39th, pp. 44-48 and 182-185. London (England), Chelsea, Parish of. — Letter from M. T. Hol- land, Vestry Clerk, January 20, 1896, regarding the work. London (England), City of. — Latrines. Works and Proceedings of the Commissioners of Sewers; p. 25; 1894. London (England), City of. — Specifications for underground la- trine in Cannon Street; also letter from H. Montague Bates, Principal Clerk to the Commissioners of Sewers, Februar}- 27, 1896. London (England), City of. — Underground Latrines; returns pre- pared by Clerk and Engineer, by order of Streets Committee. 1892 and 1893. London (England), City of. — Underground Urinals, etc. Returns prepared by the Principal Clerk and Engineer by order of the Streets Committee; from the first opening up to December 31, 1889. London (England), Clerkenwell, Parish of St. James and St. John. — Letter from R. E. Paget. \^estr\^ Clerk, September 9, 1896. London (England), Fulham, Parish of. — Letter from J. H. Den- selow, Clerk to the Vestrv, January 24th, 1896, regarding Pub- lic Baths and Lavatories. London (England), Greenwich, S. E. — Letter from Alfred Budds. Clerk to the Commissioners, September o. 1896. Also ac- counts of Commissioners for year ending ]\Iarch 25th. 1S96. London (England). Hackney. Parish of. — Letter from George Gro- cott, A'^estr}- Clerk, September 12, 1896. ISS MAYORS COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. London (England), Hoxton Schools Swimming Association. — ^Bal- ance Sheet for 1895, and circular containing rules and hints on swimming. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Description of a Visit to the Baths. Reprinted from "London," April 18, 1895, with illustrations. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Letter from William F. Dewey, Vestry Clerk, regarding public baths and lavatories, January 23, 1896, and letter from D. McMonnies, Acting Clerk, September 9, 1896. Public Baths and Wash- houses: Abstract of receipts and payments of the Commission- ers, 1889-92, 1893-94. Programme of the opening of Public Baths, 1892 and 1895. Leaflet of the Hornsey Road Baths and Public Laundry. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Public Baths and Washhouses. Annual Reports, 35th, 1891, p. 66; 37th, 1893, p. 62; 38th, 1894, p. 9; 39th, 1895, pp. ix and Ixi. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Urinals. An- nual Report, 35th, 1891, p. 51. London (England), Kensington, Parish of St. Mary Abbotts. — Let- ter from Henry E. Mayfield, Clerk to the Commissioners, Octo- ber 9, 1896. Report of the Commissioners of Public Baths and Washhouses for the year ending March 25, 1896. London (England), Lewisham, Parish of. — Public Baths and Wash- houses; Report of Commissioners, 1888; Abstracts of Ac- counts, 1894 and 1896; time and price of admission to the baths; Report of Board of Works, 1893-94. London (England), Newington, Parish of St. Mary. — Letter from L. J. Dunham, Vestry Clerk, February 14, 1896. London (England), Paddington, Parish of. — Report of the Commis- sioners for Public Baths and Washhouses. 1891-92. London (England), Paddington, Parish of. — Report of the Commis- sioners for Public Baths and Washhouses for the year ending March 31, 1896. Annual Report of the Vestry, June, 1896. London (England), Plumstead, Parish of. — Letter from E. Hughes, Town Clerk, September 9, 1896. London (England), Poplar, Parish of. — Reports from the Commis- sioners and General Abstracts for the years ending March 23, 1895, and March 28, 1896. Also letter from Joseph S. Freeman, Clerk to the Baths Committee, September 22, 1896. London (England), Shoreditch, Parish of St. Leonard. — Letter from H. Mansfield Robinson, LL. D., Clerk to the Baths Commis- BIBLIOailAPUY. Ib9 sioncrs, October 2, 1896; also Conqjulilion for the Proposed New Public Paths and Library. London (Englandj, St. George, Hanover Square, i'arish of. — Pub- lic Conveniences; leaflet with costs, charges, etc., January 14, 1894. Letter from G. Livingston, Surveyor, regarding Public Lavatories, where first erected, number, etc., February 2, 1896. London (England), St. George, Planovcr Square, Parish of. — Re- port of Connnissioners of Baths and Washhouses to Vestry, 1894-95 ; also Abstract of Accounts of same year and letter from Louis C. Mounstephcn, Clerk, February 11, 1896, regarding their Public Baths (where first erected, etc.). London (England), St. George, Hanover Square, Parish of. — Re- port of the Connnissioners for Public Baths and Washhouses, on completion of new baths and washhouses, 1890. Also Laws, Orders and Regulations for the management of baths and washhouses. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Circular of Information regarding Public Lavatory, New Oxford Street. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Letters regarding Public Baths from H. C. Jones, Clerk to the Board, January 20 and September 11, 1896; also leaflet on Baths and Washhouses. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Public Urinals. Annual Report, 1893, P- 53- London (England), St. Giles-in-the-Fields and St. George, Blooms- bury, Parishes of. — Baths and Washhouses. Lists of Joint Vestry, etc., 1894, p. 16. London (England), St. James, Westminster, Parish of. — Statement relating to Public Baths and Washhouses, with special refer- ence to New Swimming Bath, July, 1893. Also report of Com- missioners, 1895. London (England), St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Parish of. — Public Baths and Washhouses; Statement of Receipts and Expendi- tures. Annual Report, 38th, 1893-4. pp. 75-79. London (England), St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Parish of. — Statement of Receipts and Expenditures by Commissioners, 1893. and schedule of laundr}-, and sample tickets. Letter from H. Bald- win. Superintendent. February 4. 1895. '^^'ith information re- garding the building containing the laundr}'^ and baths. London (England). St. "Marylebone. Parish of. — Public Baths and Washhouses: insta^tions to architects for rebuilding. March 20, 1894, note on cost, etc.: also letter from O. L. Marchant, lyO MAYOft'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. Clerk lo the Baths Committee, September 9, 1896, and Abstract of Cash Received and Paid, 1895-96. London (England), Strand District Board of Works. — Return showing Public Latrine Accommodations in large towns and populous districts in England, etc., March, 1889. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. Margaret and St. John. — ^Letter concerning Washhouses and Swimming Baths from C. Newman, Superintendent Westminster Baths, March 7, 1896. Rules and regulations, notices, returns, classes, tickets, etc. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. Margaret and St. John. — Opening of the New Coroner's Court, PubHc Mortuary and Underground Conveniences. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. Margaret and St. John. — Westminster's Progress; the largest baths in London, etc. Cutting from "Morning Leader," London, Au- gust 22, 1893. London (England), Whitechapel, Parish of. — Public Baths and Washhouses, 1894 and 1895. London (England), Woolwich. — An expert on Woolwich Baths. Cutting from "Kentish Independent," October 14, 1893. Lowell (Mass.). — Reference to PubHc Baths. Annual Report, i8th, of Board of Health, pp. 34-39. Luton (England), Borough of. — Abstract of Accounts, 1893-94. Baths Account, p. 4. Luton (England), Borough of. — By-laws for the management, use and regulation of Public Baths. See By-Laws of the Borough of Luton, 1877-91, p. 109. Magdeburg (Germany), Der Magistrat der Stadt. — Letter, Novem- ber 22, 1895. Milan (Italy), Municipio de. — Letter from the Mayor regarding Baths and Lavatories, February 24, 1896. Milwaukee (Wis.). — Letters from Walter Kempster, M. D., Com- missioner of Health, June 6, 1896, and Fred. Schneider, Sec- retSLvy, Board of Public Works, June 9, 1896, as to Milwaukee's bathing facilities. Morris, Moreau, M. D. — "More about the Public Rain Baths." "Sanitarian," July, 1896. Munich (Germany), Der rechtskundigen i. Biirgermeister der Kgl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt. — Letter regarding PubHc Baths, December i, 1895. National Cash Register Co., Dayton (Ohio). — Letters from John H. BIBLIOaUAPHY. liJl Patterson, President, September 12 and 23, 1896, with account of bath acconiniodation provided for the company's employes. National Swinnning Association (England). — Prospectus for 1896. New Orleans (La.), Morris Public Bath. — Letter from James K. Bowling, Superintendent, June, 1896, and cutting from "The Daily States," Monday, May 21, 1896. Newport, Mon. (England), County Borough of. — Kane's new sys- tem of Public Baths, with descriptive plan. Baths and gymna- sium, list of classes, etc., 1895-96. Letters from James Kane, Superintendent Public Baths, October 30, 1895, ^""^ August 22, 1896. New York City, Commissioner of Public Works. — Rules and Regu- lations for Public Baths. New York City, Committee of Fifty. — Leaflets in English, German, Italian and Yeddish, "What Municipal Reform has Done for You," October 25, 1895. New York City. — Deaths by Drowning (Accident and Suicide), 1893-95, with letter from President Charles Wilson of the Board of Health. New York City, Fifth Avenue Swimming School, Bath and Gym- nasium. — Letter from Proprietors, Dr. C. A. Bode and P. J. H. Daly, card of invitation, and circulars of information. New York City, Tenement House Committee. — Public Baths. Ten- ement House Committee Report. Albany, 1894, p. 47. New York, State of. — Petition blank to Legislature respecting Pub- lic Lavatories. Nizza Marittima (Italy). — L'Elettricita applicata al Risanamento dell'Abitato. "L'lngegneria Sanitaria," Februar}% 1894. Otter Swimming Club (St. George's Baths, Buckingham Palace Road, London, S. W.). — Letter from Charles W. Bland, Hon. Secretary, March 21, 1896. Also Diary for 1895, election form, programme of annual entertainment, report and balance sheet for 1894, and list of officers, fixtures and rules for 1895. Philadelphia. — Letter from Henrv' C. Gill Acting Secretary to the Mayor. Number of baths taken in the summer of 1895 i" six city baths. Letter from Hazlehurst & Huckel, architects of Model Bathhouse, Second and Cumberland Streets, October 3, 1896, with description of bathhouse. Philadelphia Public Baths Association. — A short account of the Public Baths Association, its organization and objects, charters and by-laws, 1895. Philadelphia, Public Baths Association. — Public Baths of Philadel- 192 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BATHS. phia, by Sarah D. Lowrie, Sec. of Association. "The Citizen," January, 1896, pp. 249-251. Philadelphia, Social Science Department of Civic Club. — Munici- pal Public Baths, report by Mrs. Frances Howard Williams, December 15, 1895. 'The Citizen," January, 1896, pp. 251- 252. Portsmouth (Eng-land), Swimming Club. — Programme of the Nine- teenth Annual Swimming Festival, August 5, 1895. Posen (Germany). — Anlage eines offentlichen Brausebades auf dem neuen Markte. "Bericht iiber die Venvaltung und den Stand der Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten in der Stadt Posen," 1894-95, p. 142. Posen (Germany), Magistrat der Provinzial-Hauptstadt. — Letters regarding Public Baths, etc., October 31, 1895, ^^^ Januar}' '21, 1896. Providence (R. I.), Narragansett Machine Co. — Articles on Public Baths. "The Gymnasium" for August, 1890, and April, 1893. Providence (R. L). — Reference to Public Baths. Inaugural address of Edwin D. McGuinness, Mayor, p. 15. Richmond (England). — Cost of building and maintenance of Public Baths. Roberts, Prof. Robert J., Physical Director, Boston Y. M. C. A. — Hints on Bathing and the Roberts Rain Shower. One Hun- dred Health Hints. Rome (Italy). — Specifications of Latrines approved by the Common Council and Provincial Deputation, 1872. Salford (England), County Borough of. — Diagram of Blackfriars Street Baths, showing fluctuation in number of bathers. Ap- pendix, pp. 24-25, Annual Report, 1892. Sheffield (England), City of. — Public Baths and Washhouses. Ab- stract of Accounts, March 25, 1895, PP- '^7-^9- Sheffield (England), Town Clerk's Office.— Letter from Mr. Her- bert Bramley, Town Clerk, January 29, 1896. Strassburg (Germany), Biirgermeister-Amt der Stadt Strassburg i. Els. — Letter regarding Public Baths, etc., February i, 1896. Also tickets of admission. Stuttgart (Germany). — Das Schwimmbad, vom Kommerzienrat Leo Velter; ill. "Hygienischer Fiihrer," pp. 191-200. Stuttgart (Germany). — Letter and matter regarding Public Baths, Lavatories, etc., from the Oberbiirgermeister, November 4, 1895- BIBLIOG-IIAI'IIV. la'J Troppau (Austria). — Letter on I'uljlic liatlis fiom \)v. j'liiil Kocho- wanski, February i8, i8(/3- Vacher, Francis. — Public lUitbs and Cheaj) liaths for tlie I'eoplc; two papers on baths provision and construction; 22 pp.; ill. London, 1879. Vienna (Austria). — Oel Pissoirs, olinc WasscrspiJlunj,^, j^eruchlos. (An account of the (;il disinfection system of Wiihclm Beetz.) Washing-ton (D. C). — Letter from W. R. Stevens, Superintendent Bathing Beach, Aug-ust 28, 1896. Worthing (England). — Description of proposed alterations to the Municipal Bath; also letter from Eflward J. Dean, forwarding same. Yonkers (N. Y.). — Letter from Hon. S. L. Cooper, Commissioner of Public Works, November 3 and December 11, 1896. York (England), City of. — Public Baths. "Year Book of General Information," 1894-95, pp. 123-126. Plans, Draiviiigs and Photographs. Altona (Germany). — Ground plan, section, front and side elevations of Sternstrasse baths. Berlin (Germany). — Elevations and ground plans of (i) conveni- ence for men and women; estimated cost, AI. 5,000, in wood. (2) Conveniences for men and women; estimated cost M.8,000, in iron. (3) Rotunda conveniences for men and v^omen; water arrangements sho^^^^. (4) Seven compartment urinal. Binningham (England). — Ground plans of the five public baths; also map of city showing the position of the baths. Boston (Mass.). — Plan, with transverse and longitudinal sections, of bathhouse for men and boys, sketched by Cxeorge R. Tol- man. Brighton (England). — Photographs of the new swimming bath and of cottage baths. Chemnitz (Gennany). — Ground plan of convenience for men and women. Dresden (Germany). — Ground plan, section and elevations of a river bath in the Elbe for boys. Ground plan, section and elevations of a city bath. Elevation and" plan of urinal with seven compartments. Frankfort-on-Main (Germany). — Swimming baths, plan of base- ment, mezzanine and ground floor, longitudinal and trans- verse sections. Douche bath, elevation, section, basement and ground floor plans. 194 MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC BAxHS. Graz (Austria). — Plans and sections of an ordinary, and of an oc- tagonal urinal. Also elevation, section and ground plan of convenience for both sexes. Hamburg (Germany). — Ground plan, section and details of erection of casement urinal on the Hop Market, 1889; elevations, plans, and sections of a projected urinal on the landing place at the Hohenfelder Bucht, 1891 ; of another projected urinal on the landing place near the Kuhmiihle, 1891, and of a urinal on the Graskellerbriicke, 1893. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — Photograph of Havre-des-Pas bathing establishment. Konigsberg (Germany). — Basement and ground plans and longfi- tudinal sections of municipal douche baths, 1895. Krakau (Austria). — Elevation and ground plan of convenience for men and women on the Sudplatz. London (England), City of. — Plans of underground convenience at Cannon Street for men and women. London (England), Deptford. — Elevation, ground and first floor plans of Public Baths, Washhouses and Municipal Offices. London (England), Greenwich, S. E. — Photographs of exterior of baths and of second-class swimming bath. London (England), Hackney. — Photograph of exterior of baths. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Ten photo- graphs of Homsey Road Baths, showing swimming baths, private baths, washhouses, entrance, etc., and one showing first-class men's swimming baths. London (England), Newington, Parish of St. Mary. — Plan and pro- cess reproduction of front elevation of public baths and wash- houses. London (England), Shoreditch, Parish of St. Leonard. — First pre- miated design for proposed new Public Baths and Library, showing elevations and ground plans. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Plan of underground convenience for men and women at Tottenham Court Road. London (England), St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Parish of. — Plan of refuge and underground convenience with sections. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. Margaret and St. John. — First and second-class swimming baths, ex- terior of baths and portrait of Charles Newman, Superin- tendent. Munich (Germany). — Plans, sections and elevations of people's BIBLIOOKAPFIY. 19S douche baths (octagonal; on the Bavaria Ring; and of two other douche baths, one octagonal. Elevation and plan of uri- nal, scvcn-conipartnient. Elevations, sections and plans of two public conveniences for men and women. Newport, Mon. (England). — Photographs of swimming bath, bathers and gynmasium. Plans and elevations of ladies' chalet, combining shop and lavatory. Posen (Germany). — Plans, elevations and section of proposed octa- gonal people's douche bath. Plans, elevation and sections of conveniences for men and women, two in 1890, one in 1892 and one on the old market place. Plan of urinal on the Sapielsa- Platz. Providence (R. I.), Narragansett Machine Co. — Plan of Gymna- sium, showing arrangement of bath. Rome (Italy). — Plans and elevations of six types of urinal, and of a latrine approved by the Council of Hygiene. Strassburg (Germany). — Proposed people's douche baths, to cost M.29,000; plans, elevations and sections. Also plans, eleva- tions and sections of people's baths on the x\cademie-Platz ; cost M.35,000. Worthing (England). — Basement and ground plan of Worthing public bath, as in 1896, and with proposed alterations. Yonkers (N. Y.). — Elevations of public baths on Vark and Jefferson Streets and in rear, plans of living rooms, first story and cellar, lonsfitudinal and cross sections. iu =r CT) ET c O 3 T) -1 n S o- « 00 3 s P c? I/l CO 3 ST 3- K Ol w CT p o o- m. o M =r 3 a> 3 3 a> 3 (1)' p o H o II 5" CO --1 m CD CO O. p .-^ a; 3- Si5 m' O '^ 3 3' INDEX. Accommodation In proixjsed bath lOOx 50, 165; of proposed bath In Tomp- kins Square, 170. Aldermen, Board of, given power to grant permits for newspaper stands, 149. Altona, chalets for ladles, 159; school baths at, 58. Amateur, definition of, 48; Swim- ming Association, 48; Swimming Association, Southern Counties, 47. Andrews, A. D., Commissioner Police Department, letter from, 148. Association for Improving the Con- dition of the Poor, 54;^ — -baths of, 26, 36; co-operation of, 6; erects bathhouse, 5. Astor, John Jacob, on 1866 Committee of Sanitary Inquiry, 142. Astor Place convenience, care of, transferred to Public Works De- partment, 144; public comfort sta- tion, 143. Augustus, age of, public baths, 6. Austrian conveniences, 162. Baruch, Dr. Simon, 54. Bates, H. Montague, Principal Clerk to the Commissioners of Sewers of the City of London, 7. Bathers, number of, at floating baths, 36. Bathhouse Commissioners, Municipal, 30. Bathing and Washing Association, People's, 26; Association, Metro- politan, of the City of New York, 27; habit growing, 17. Bath Legislation regarding New York City, 26. Baths and Comfort Stations, organi- zation of Mayor's Committee on, 25. Baths and Washhouses Act, England, 26, 45; floating, 52; floating, au- thorized. 27; floating, cost of, 35; floating, first two erected, 27; floating, location of, 35; fioating, number of bathers, 36; floating, regulations of, 35; number of per- sons having access to, 17; per family In the Fifteenth Assembly District, 19; provision for, inade- quate in American cities, 68: pub- lic, should be paid for, 164; slip- per, 45. Belmont, Augunt, on 1866 Committe« of Sanitary Inquiry, 142. Berlin, Germany, city public bathii, 106; coHt of water at Moabit bathn, 107; douche baths at public baths, 116; Moabit baths, 108; number of bathers at city public baths, 108; number of river bathers, 104; original outlay on city public • baths. 106; public baths. 103, 133; receipts and expenditures at river baths, 103, 104; receipts and working expenditure of city public baths, 107; river baths, 104; scale of charges at river baths, 105; Schlllingsbrucke baths, 109; Society for People's Baths, 111; Swimming League, 109; urinals and conveniences, 159. Bibliography, 181. Bill giving monopoly of public con- veniences, 148; to make public conveniences mandatory, 144. Billings, E., on Boston Bath Com- mittee, 63. Birmingham, England, attendance of bathers, 71, 72; baths, rules and regulations, 128; cost of baths, 73; public baths, 68; public con- veniences for women, 157; receipts and expenditures of public baths, 69, 70; scale of charges, 74; Turk- ish bath, 121. Blomfleld House Swimming Club, 50. Board of Aldermen given power to grant permits for newspaper stands, 149. Board of Commissioners of Public Parks requested to co-operate with Mayor's Committee, 177. Board of Estimate and Apportion- ment, 179; and bath appropria- tion, 30; and Maj'or's Committee, 169; and public baths, 31. Board of Health, 179; and life-sav- ing apparatus, 44; and public baths, 2S, 31; approves plans for bathhouse, 6, 64; approves public comfort stations, 6, 177; demands Increase of urinals, 144; Metro- politan, and public urinals, 142; Metropolitan, engineer reports on urinals. 143; pleads for establish- ment of free public baths and wash- houses, 27; recommends warm INDEX. baths, 28; reports universal pa- tronage of free baths, 27; requests plans for public conveniences, 177; to determine number of public baths, 163. Bootle baths, how managed, 121. Boston, Bath Committee appointed. 6: baths in public school, 59; Charlesbank Gymnasium, free baths at, 62; public baths, 28, 63; Y. M. C. A. Gymnasium shower bath, 54. Bradford baths, how managed, 121; swimming club, 50; Turkish bath, 121; urinals, 157. Brighton, lavatories, receipts and ex- penses, 158. Brookfleld, William, Commissioner of Public Works, 35. Brookline public bath, 63. Brooklyn, baths first authorized, 29. Brunswick, school baths at, 59; uri- nals and conveniences, 159. Bryant, Sanitary Inspector J. D. (1873), 28. Buffalo, municipal baths, 61. "Bureau of Public Comfort," 24. Burnley baths, how managed, 121; conveniences, 158; swimming clubs, 49. Burns, Charles De F., Secretary De- partment of Public Parks, letter from, 145. Cady, Berg & See, architects and en- gineers, 6, 165, 177; architects of Mayor's Committee, 163, 169; pre- pare plans for baths, 169; request- ed to prepare drawings of public comfort stations, 179. Cady, J. C, & Co., architects, 23. Capacity of baths on site 100x50, planned by the Mayor's Committee, 165. Carlisle and Washington Streets, vi- cinity recommended for public bath, 24. 164. Carlsruhe, school baths at, 58. Caution money from washers, 135, 136. Charges for baths in England, 132. Charities and Corrections, President of the Department of, a Municipal Bathhouse Commissioner, 30. Charlesbank Gymnasium, Boston, free baths at, 62. Chatham Square, vicinity recom- mended for public bath, 24, 164. Chemnitz baths, 133; conveniences, 160. Chicago, Carter H. Harrison bath, 66; Douglas Park Natatorium and Gymnasium, 66; Municipal Order League, 66; swimming bath, 52. Cholera affects use of Hambui'g baths, 133; as affecting bath water, 116. Citizens' Association of New York, 142. City and Suburban Homes Company, 20. City Hall Pa,rk, as site for under- ground public comfort stations, 6, 169, 176, 180; public urinal, 143. City Vigilance League petitions for public conveniences, 144. Civil Service examinations favored by Committee of Seventy, 21. Clarence Swimming Club, 50. Clark, Emmons, Secretary of the Health Department, letters from, 165, 177. Classes, different, in baths, 131. Clubs, swimming, 47. Collis, Gen. C. H. T., Commissioner of Public Works, approves plans for public baths in Tompkins Square, 6; confers with Mayor's Com- mittee, 168, 179. Comfort stations, should be partly free, 24. Commissioner of Public Parks, and structures for public comfort, 32. Commissioner of Public Works, 29; and public baths, 31, 35; confers with Mayor's Committee, 168, 179;- — in charge of public convenience, 144. Commissioners of Sewers of City of London, report on public conveni- ences, 175. Committee of Seventy, disbandment, 24; expresses appreciation of Sub- Committee's study, 24; genesis of, 21; nominates committee of five, 22; organization of Sub-Commit- tee, 22; platform of, 21. Common Council to regulate use of floating baths, 27. Company for Hygienic Purposes, Dresden. 160; Hamburg, 160. Comparison of attendance at swim- ming and slipper baths, England, 45. Competitions, swimming, 49. Comptroller and bath appropriation, 33; moves to refer plans of com- fort stations to Park Department, 179. Cooper, Hon. S. L., Commissioner of Public Works, Yonkers, 61. Coventry, England, public baths, 128. Cox, Job, Superintendent and Engin- eer of the Baths Department, City of Birmingham, 7. Cracow, no conveniences, 162. Croton Aqueduct Department, 144; and public urinal, 143. INDEX. ill Purks nnd site stniL'turcs for -erects urinals Croydon, cxponKcH of urlnnlH, Ififi. Death rate affected by lack of public convcnlnnreH, 142. Do FoHsez, Alexander, and public conveniences, 149; bill, 150. De Milt Dispensary, baths of the. 42. Department of Docks and location of baths, 35; public conveniences, 144; to assign location of baths, 28. Department of Public Charities, bath.s at, 42. Department of Public for hath, 33; nnd public comfort, 32;— In city parka, 144; provision of public conveniences, 145. Department of Public Works, 29; to control floating baths, 28; to take charge of Astor Place conveni- ence, 144. Design of proposed bath on site lOOx 50, 168; public convenience, 180; Tompkins Square proposed baths, 172. Docks and water fronts, improvement of, favored by Committee of Seventy, 22; life-saving appara- tus at, 44; Department of, and lo- cation of baths, 35; and public conveniences, 144; location of baths, 28. Dolphin Swimming- Club, Bradford, 49. Douche baths at Hamburg, 115. Douches provided at swimming baths, 45. Dresden, Company for Hygienic Pur- poses, 160: public conveniences, 160. Drexel, Joseph O., of Tenement House Commission of 1S84, 16. Drinking fountains recommended by Tenement House Committee of 1894, 19. Drowning, lives lost in New York City in '93-'95, 43. Drying by hot air in motion, 135. Dunkirk, movement for public baths, 62. Easterbrook, William P.. of Tene- ment House Commission of 1SS4, 16. East River, location for floating bath, 29. East Side Park, location for bath, 33. Economy Inspection. Leipzig. 161. Edinburgh, Scotland, charges for swimming lessons, 46; public bath, 100; scale of charges. 100; ^washhouses, 135. Eisenhower, Chief, of the Philadel- phia Bureau of City Property, 53. ElpctlonH, depuration of Stale and Municipal, favored by the Commit- tee of 8<.-v«rnty, 22. Eleventh Avenue and Fifty-eighth Strfct, vlflnlty recommended for public bafh, 24. 164. EmcrKen'y and Hygiene Aasoclation, MnHHuchuHcitH, mulntalnii Charles- bank GymnuHlum, 63. England, chargew for bathH, 132; differc-nt cIuhhch of bathH, 131; Local Government Board and pub- lic bath loana, 121; provldcH pub- lic urinals, 150; public bath leglM- latlon, 12'i; the shower bath, 54. English Baths and WashhouBes Act, 26, 45, 120. Essex Market, vicinity recommended for public bath, 24, 164. Estimate and Apportionment, Board of, 179; and bath appropriation, 30; and Mayor's Committee, 169; and public baths, 31. European models of baths, 165. Paure, John P., Secretary of Commit- tee of Seventy, and of St. John's Guild, 22; selects Sub-Committee on Baths and Lavatories, 22. Federation of Churches and Christ- ian Workers in New York City, 19; rent statistics of, 20. Fifteenth Assembly District, baths per family in, 19; parks urgently needed, 20; public baths and lava- tories urgently demanded in, 20; rent per room in, 20. Fifth Ward, floating bath to be lo- cated in. 29. Fifty-eighth Street and Eleventh Avenue, vicinity recommended for public bath, 24, 164. Fish, Hamilton, on Committee of Sanitary Inquiry, 142. Floating Hospital, St. John's Guild, baths of the, 42. Fowler, Commissioner George B., of the Health Department, 178. Frankfort-on-Main baths, 115. Free public baths an imperative ne- cessity in New York, 9. Gegenstrom bath fixtures, 59; sys- tem of heating water, 167, 172. German baths, how managed. 133: conveniences, model for Austrian, 162; system of heating water, 167, 172. Germany, public conveniences, 159; spray bath in. 54. Gilder. Richard Watson, Chairman Tenement Hou?e Committee of 1894, 17. INDEX. Glasgow, Scotland, deficit provided from assessments, 1U3; number of bathers and washers, 103; public baths, 100; receipts and expendi- tures at baths, 102, 103; scale of charges at baths, 102; tempera- ture as affecting receipts at baths, 103; washhouses, 101, 102. Gothenburg, average operating ex- penses of baths, 118; baths, how managed, 133; cost of public baths, 116; Majorna baths, number of bathers, 119; public baths, 116; receipts and operating expenses of public baths, 117; Renstromska Badanstalten, number of bathers, 118; urinals and conveniences, 162. Gottingen, baths in the public schools, 56. Graz, Austria, public conveniences, 162. Greeley Square as site for under- ground public comfort station, 6, 169, 176, 180. Hamburg, Germany, baths, how man- aged, 133; cholera affects use of baths, 113; Company for Hygienic Purposes, 160; Blmsbuttel baths, 114; Patriotic Society, 113; re- ceipts and expenses of baths, 114; river baths, 112; scale of charges at baths, 115; Schaarmarkt baths, 113; Schweinemarkt baths, 113; St. Pauli douche baths, 115, 116; swimming baths at, 64; tempera- ture of baths, 114; urinals and conveniences, 160; water boiled on account of cholera, 116. Hamilton, William Gaston, 7; "Vice- President of the Association for Im- proving the Condition of the Poor, 22; Chairman Sub-Committee on Baths and Lavatories, 22; Chair- man Mayor's Committee on Baths and Comfort Stations, 25, 163. Harrison, Carter H., Bath of Chicago, 66. Hartwell, Dr. B. M., Director of physical training in the Boston pub- lic schools, 59, 63, 64. Havre-des-Pas, Jersey, bathing estab- lishment, 51. Health, Board of, 179; and life-sav- ing apparatus, 44; and public baths, 28, 31; approves plans of Mayor's Committee, 164, 177; de- mands increase of urinals, 144; pleads for establishment of free public baths and washhouses, 27; recommends warm baths, 28; reports universal patronage of free baths, 27; requests plans for pub- lic conveniences, 177; to determine number of public baths, 163. Health Department approves plans of Mayor's Committee, 177; letter from, 164; report on baths in lodg- ing houses, 13. Health, Metropolitan Board of, and public urinals, 142; engineer re- ports on public urinals, 143. Health Laws, thoroughness recom- mended by Committee of Seventy, 21. Heating and ventilating proposed bath 100x50, 167; Tompkins Square proposed bath, 172. Hebrew Sheltering Orphan Asylum, baths in, 23. Hedges, Job E., letter from, 25. Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University, shower room, 54. Hicks, Coroner, of London, 47. Hirsch, Baron de, Fund Baths, 41. Hodgman, Abbott, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 16. Home rule and public conveniences, 149. Houston, Dr. Edwin J., President of the National Swimming Associa- tion, 53. Hudson River, location for floating bath, 29. Humane Society, care for cases of drowning, 44. Jaffray, Edward S., on 1866 Committee of Sanitary Inquiry, 142. Jersey Swimming Club, 50, 51. Kehew, Mrs. M. M., on Boston Bath Committee, 63. King, David H., Jr., 22. Kiosks as public conveniences, 149. La CoUette bathing place, Jersey, 51. Laibach, Austria, urinals and con- veniences, 162. Lassar, Prof., 110. Laundries, how administered, 134; scale of charges, 136. Laundry in proposed bath, 100x50, 167; in proposed bath in Tompkins Square, 174; money-taker's daily account, 140; municipal, advan- tages of, 141. Lavatories, charges made, 19; in foreign cities, 19; public, recom- mended by Tenement House Com- mittee of 1894, 19; urgently de- manded in Fifteenth Assembly Dis- trict, 20. Leary, William, Secretary Depart- ment of Public Parks, letter from, 146. INDEX. Legislation, bath, rogardlng; New York City, 2(5; on public bathn, 6; on public convonlcncoH, 143. Legislature, petitioned for public con- veniences, 144. Leipzig, Germany, conveniences, 161; Economy Inspection, Hil; uri- nals and conveniences, 100. Letter carriers affected by lack of public conveniences, 148. Life-saving apparatus at docks, 44; demonstration, 49; Newman's method, 127; Society, 17. Liverpool, England, liurroughs Gar- den washhouse, 135; cost and ac- commodation of bathing establish- ments, 77; Frederick Street wash- house, 135; free open air swim- ming bath, 78; Lodge Lane wash- house, 135; number of bathers during the year 1895, 178; public baths, 74; receipts and expendi- tures of baths for 1895, 78; St. George's baths, 120; washhouses, 134; washhouse charges, 136; washhouses, number using, 141; washhouses, rules and regulations, 138. Loans for public baths in England, 121. Lodging-house of Department of Pub- lic Charities, baths at, 42; pa- trons, majority dirty and unclean, 13. Lodging-houses, baths in, 13; baths in, reasons for not usine:, 16. London, England, Association for Promoting Cleanliness Among the People, 120; baths, deficit, how paid, 123; baths, how managed, 121; baths in George Street, Eus- ton Square, 120; Bishop of (1846), and public baths, 120; Lord Mayor and public baths, 120; municipal baths in 1S92, 10; New River Water Company and public baths, 120; particulars of baths and washhouses in operation. 79; pub- lic conveniences, 150; Public Health Act, 151; School Board en- courages swimming, 46; Schools Swimming Association, 47; Schools Swimming Association de- monstrates life-saving methods, 49; very cheap baths in the poorer quarters, 17; Vestries and public baths, 121. London, Engi-vnd : — Battersea public baths, 47. Bow, number of bathers. SI; pub- lic baths, SO; worlving expenses and receipts of public batlas, 81. Chelsea public baths. 82: public convenlf;ncf;H, 153; r<;colptM and expcndltureH of public bathn, 82; recelptH and 'rxpenHcti of public convonlencr;H, 1.03. City, CommlHHionorH of HewerB' re- port on public convenlencea, 175; public convenience*, 175; un- derground latrlneH, 174. Greenwich public baths, 82. Islington, charges at public bathH, 85; expenses of public urlnaJB, 162; Horn.sey lioad bath, .'/); Homsey Road washhouHe, 134; loans for baths, 121, 122; loan* for public conveniences, 152; number of bathers, 1893-5, 85; number of washers, 1894 and 1895, 85; original cost of public b.aths, 84; public baths, 83; receipts and payments of public conveni- ences, 152; underground conveni- ences, 150; working expenses and receipts of baths, 1894-5, 84. Kensington, charges at public baths, 86; laundry, 86; num- ber of bathers, 1892-6, 87; receipts and expenses of public baths, 1895- 96, 86, 87. Lewlsham, number of bathers, 1895- %, 89; public baths, 87; re- ceipts and expenses for 1895-6, 88; scale of charges, 89. Marj-lebone public baths, 89. Paddington, number of bathers and washers, 90; public baths, 90; receipts and expenditures for 1S95- 96, 90; Turkish baths, 120. Poplar, number of bathers and washers, 92; public baths, 91; receipts and expenditures for 1S94- 96, 91. Shoreditch, public conveniences, 157. St. George, Hanover Square, Buck- ingham Palace Road baths, 49: number of bathers and washers, 1893-3, 93; public baths, 92; public conveniences, 154; re- ceipts and expenses for 1894-5. 92; scale of charges, 93. St. Giles-in-the Fields and St. George, Bloomsbury, number of bathers and washers. 1893-4, 94; public baths. 93: public conveni- ences, 155; receipts and expenses for 1893-4, 93; scale of charges, 94. St. James, Westminster, laundry statistics, 97; number of bath- ers. 1893 and 1894, 96: public baths, 94, 123: receipts and working expenses. 1893 and 1S&4, 96: scale of charges. 96: ^wash- house, 135. INDEX. St. Martin-in-the-Fields, public baths, 97; public conveniences, 156; receipts and expenses for 1893, 97. St. Pancras, Fitzroy baths, 50. Strand District Board of Works, public conveniences, 157. "Westminster, application for special ticket book, 132; certificate of proficiency in swimming, 126; — ^ public baths, 47, 50, 97; rules and regulations for bathers, 123; rules and regulations for washers, 136; scale of charges, 99; spe- cial ticket holders, 126, 127; washer's ticket, 141; washhouse charges, 136; water chute, 126. Whitechapel, number of bathers and washers, 99; public baths, 99, 120; receipts and expenses of public baths, 99, 100. Lowe, Dr. Julia, of Chicago, 66. Marshall, Edward, Secretary Tene- ment House Committee of 1894, 17. Massachusetts Emergency and Hy- giene Association, maintains Charlesbank Gymnasium, 63. Massachusetts public bath laws, 63. Mayor of New York, a Municipal Bathhouse Commissioner, 30. Mayor's Committee on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations, con- fers with Commissioner of Public Works, 168; organization of, 25; prepares plans for comfort sta- tions, 177; report delayed, 9; requested to submit plans for baths, 163. Metropolitan Bathing Association in the City of New York, 27. Metropolitan Board of Health and public urinals, 142; reports on public urinals, 143. Meyer, Chief Engineer Andreas, of Hamburg, 7. Milan, public comfort stations, 162. Mintum, the late Robert B., and pub- lic baths, 27. Morris, Moreau, M. D., 7; Medical Inspector, ex-Tenement House Commissioner (1884), 22; Secretary of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 16; Vice-Chairman Mayor's Committee on Baths and Comfort Stations, 25, 163. Morris, Sanitary Inspector Stuyves- ant F. (1873), 28. Mott Street, bathing institution in, 26. Munich, school baths at, 58; urinals and conveniences, 161. Municipal Bathhouse Commissioners, 30. Municipal bathing establishments recommended by Tenement House Committee of 1894, 18; laundry, advantages of, 141. Municipal Order League of Chicago, 66. Myers, M. W., on Boston Bath Com- mittee, 63. National Swimming Association, 53. Newark, N. J., public bath, 67. Newman, Charles, Superintendent Westminster baths, London, 47. New York City behind European cities in provision of public baths, 9; baths in public schools, 60; number of persons compelled to use the same water-closet or privy, 12, 13; number of persons to a bath- room, 12; public baths of, 35; slums, baths in, 11; the first spray bath, 5. New York Juvenile Asylum, 54. Noonan, Alderman, introduces reso- lution on public conveniences, 149. Novice, definition of, 48. O'Donohue, Joseph, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 16. Oil closure system for urinals, 159, 160, 161, 162. One Hundred and Tenth Street and Second Avenue, vicinity recom- mended for public bath, 24, 164. Ottendorfer, Oswald, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 16. Otter Swimming Club, London, 48, 49. Park, East Side, location for bath, 33; public, as location for baths mandatory, 174. Parks, Board of Commissioners of Public, requested to confer w^ith Mayor's Committee, 177. Parks, city, area in acres, 146; small, favored by the Committee of Seventy, 21; urgently needed in Fifteenth Assembly District, 20. Parks, Commissioners of Public, and structures for public comfort, 32. Parks, Department of Public and site for bath, 33; and structures for public comfort, 32; erects urinals in city parks, 144; plans of com- fort stations referred to, 179; President of, 33; provision of pub- lic conveniences, 145. Paton, John, President Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 36. People's Bathing and Washing Asso- ciation, 26. People's Baths, 5, 22, 23, 37, 54, 165; INDEX. Vll model for YonkfsrH, 01; numbor of butliers, 3it; r.'cclpt.s juid cxpunHeM, 39. PcrmlHHive act t(j cHtiibllsh fii'i- pub- lic batliH, 30. PersoiHi, S(!boijl J^lroclor, of (Jotlln- gen, 67. Phlliidciipbla, bath hou.scH, 52; planH for public bath, 65; Public Baths AHHoclallon of, (JO. Plngri'(>, Miss, on Uo.stoti I'ath Com- mittco, i;:j. Plans and studies approved by city authorities, 6; drawings and pho- tOKraphs, 193; for public baths, 31. Platform of Committee of Seventy, 21. Police Department and lack of public conveniences, 148. Policemen affected by lack of public conveniences, 148. Portsmouth Swimming Club, 50. Posen, Germany, public conveniences, 161; school baths at, 58. Preliminary Report Sub-Committee on Baths and Lavatories, 23. President of the Department of Chari- ties and Correction, a Municipal Bathhouse Commissioner, 30. Professional, definition of, 48. Proposed bath on site 100x50, accom- modation, 165; capacity, 165; de- sign, 168; heating and ventilating, 167; laundry, 167; public lava- tory, 166; water supply, 167. Public bath defined, 10; laws sum- marized, 29; movement in New York gives impulse to other cities, 9. Public Baths Association of Philadel- phia, 65. Public baths, establishment of, fa- vored by Committee of Seventy, 22; free, made mandatory, 31; free or paid, 10, 11; Imperative need of, 13; municipal. In Amer- ica, 11; permissive act, 30; plans, 31; provision made manda- tory, 31; should be partly free, 24; sites for, 24; small charge recommended, 19; urgently de manded in Fifteenth Assembly Dis- trict, 20. Public Charities. Department of. baths at, 42. Public comfort station in Tompkins Square proposed bathhouse, 174. Public comfort stations, proposed un- derground, ISO; underground, recommended, 169. Public comfort, structures for the promotion of, 31. Public conveniences, charge for, 174; proposed, ITS: provision of, in- adequate, 147; underground, 150. i'ubllc Hoalth Act, London, 161. Public lavatory In proponed bath on HitO lOOx.V), IM. Public HchoolH, biilhH In, M. Public WorkH, CommluHlonor of, 29; and public buthH, 31, 35; con- fefH with Muyor'n Committee, 168, 179; In charge of public conveni- ences, 144. Public Works, Dcpartmont of, 29; to control flo.-itlnK bathH, 28. Quincy, Hon. Josiah, Mayor of Bol- ton, appoints bath rommlttfie, 6, 63. Rain baths, the principal bath main- tained by benevolent organlzatlonB, 19. Rapid transit favored by Committee of Seventy, 22. Recorder of New York, a Municipal Bathhouse Commissioner, 30. Recreation, lack of. In New York City, 43. Relchardt. Anthony, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 16. Rent per room in Fifteenth Assembly District, 20; statistics of Federa- tion of Churches and Christian Workers, 20. Resuscitation of drowned persons, 127; lessons in, given to police, 44. Riverside Association, baths of the, 41. Roberts, Robert J., physical director Boston Y. M. C. A.. 54. Rome, gifts of public baths by citi- zens, 6; numerous baths, 28. Roosevelt, Theodore, President Po- lice Department, 178; letter from, 147. Roundsmen requested to report avail- able sites for public comfort sta- tions, 178. Rules and regulations for bathers, 123; for washers, 136. Ryan, Councilman, on Boston Bath Committee, 63. Saloons provide comfort stations, 177; the only public conveniences now provided. 174. Schools, public, baths recommended in, 23; measures favored by Com- mittee of Seventy, 21. Schools Swimming Association, Lon- don, 47. Second Assembly District, bath for. 30. Second Avenue and One Hundred and Tenth Street, vicinity recommended for public bath, 24, 164. Separation of State and Municipal INDEX. elections favored by Committee of Seventy, 22. Seventeenth Sti-eet and the East River, location for floating bath, 29. Seventy, Committee of, disbandment, 24; expresses appreciation of Sub- Committee's study, 24; nominates Committee of five, 22; genesis of, 21; organization of Sub-Commit- tees, 22; platform of, 21. Shaler, Alexander, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 16. Shefl3eld, urinals and waiting rooms, expenses and receipts, 158. Sites for public baths, 24, 164. Slums of Xew York City, baths in, 11. Street cleaners affected by lack of public conveniences, 148. Snyder, C. B. J., Superintendent of School Buildings, 60. Southern Counties Amateur Swim- ming Association, 47. Spray bath, cost of a, 55; superior- ity of the, 55; recommended, 23; system, economy of, 37. Stevenson, Dr. Sarah Hackett, of Chi- cago, 66. Stiles, Commissioner of Park De- partment, criticizes plans of comfort stations, 179. St. John's Guild, baths on the Float- ing Hospital, 42. Strassburg conveniences, 161. Street cleaning, thorough system of, favored by Committee of Seventy, 22. Strong, Hon. William L., Mayor of New York, 7, 179; and public baths, 168; appoints Advisory Committee on baths, 5; letter from, 25. Stuttgart, Germany, public conveni- ences, 161; school baths at, 59; swimming baths at, 64. Sub-Committee of Committee of Seventy, preliminary report on baths and lavatories, 5, 23; recom- mendations, 23; studies placed be- fore the Mayor, 24. Sub-Committees of Committee of Seventy organized, 22. Swimming as part of school curricu- lum, 53; as recreation, 43; bath, comparatively recent institution, 45; bath, great popularity of, 45; baths, 120; baths, recommended by Tenement House Committee of 1894, 19; clubs, 47; competitions, 49; instruction in, 46. Switzerland, cost of public school baths, 58. Teachers encouraged to learn swim- ming, 47. Temperature as affecting receipts at baths, 103; in Hamburg baths, 114 j of douche baths, 116. Tenement House Commission of 18S4, appointment of, 16; recommenda- tion as to public baths, 16; work reviewed by Tenement House Com- mittee of 1894, 18. Tenement House Committee of 1894, appointment of, 17; definite opin- ion on public baths and lavatories, 19; recommends municipal baths, 18; report presented to Legisla- ture, 17. Tenement house population, baths in- tended for, 174. Tolman, William Howe, 7; Secre- tary Mayor's Committee on Baths and Comfort Stations, 25, 164; Sec- retary of Sub-Committee on Baths and Lavatories, 22. Tompkins Square, lavatory accommo- dation in proposed bath, 180; plans for baths in, 6; proposed bath, ac- commodation, 170; proposed bath, design, 172; proposed bath, heat- ing and ventilating, 172; proposed bath, laundry in, 174; proposed bath, objections to, 173; 'public comfort station in proposed bath, 174; site for bath, 24, 33, 164, 169. Trenton, N. J., action on public bath question, 67; Bath Committee ap- pointed, 6. Turkish bath, 120, 121. Underground conveniences, advan- tage of, 176; public comfort sta- tions recommended, 169; public conveniences, 150. Urinals for each policeman's post, 178; proposed, 178; proposed, for city properties, 176; public, a ne- cessity, 142. "Vienna, conveniences as model, 161; spray bath system, 37; urinals and conveniences, 162. Washers, average time worked, 135; caution money demanded, 135, 136; number of, 141; tickets, 141. Washhouses, public, recommended for tenement house district, 24. Washington and Carlisle Streets, vi- cinity recommended for public bath, 24, 164. Water boiled before using for baths, 116; cost of, in Moabit baths, Ber- lin, 107; polo, 49; supply in bath. INDEX. Ix proposed method of control, 167; supply, In r>iil>llc bathH, 172; Hiip- ply In tononu'Tit houHOH, 17. Wayfarcr.s' Lo(1k