MA S TER 
 NEGA TIVE 
 
 NO. 92-80497-21 
 
MICROFILMED 1992 
 COLUMBIA UiMVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK 
 
 as part of the 
 "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" 
 
 Funded by the 
 NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES 
 
 Reproductions may not be made without permission from 
 
 Columbia University Library 
 
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 
 
 The cop)'nght law of the United States - Title 17, United 
 States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or oth( 
 reproductions of copyrighted material... 
 
 Columbia University Library^ reserves the rieht to reftise ti 
 accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the 
 would involve violation of the copyright law. 
 
AUTHOR: 
 
 DECKMAN, ALICE ANNA 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 STUDY OF THE IMPER 
 SONAL PASSIVE OF... 
 
 PLACE* 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 DA TE : 
 
 1920 
 
Master Negative if 
 
 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 lV-_W>_iH-^-M.\ 
 
 nTRLIOCRAFHIC MICROFORM TARGET 
 
 Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record 
 
 :i:D:NYCG92 B9950 
 
 CC:9J.24 BLT;;am 
 
 CF' : pjEu..! 
 
 
 MND:: 
 (J :!. G 
 G40 
 04 1 G 
 :::)(:} G 
 :l.GG 1 
 
 ••■\ t ir.: 
 ..;;. ••••I- -J 
 
 .1. .u.. 
 
 I... :; enq 
 PDi! 1920/ 
 OR:i POL:; 
 
 219015 
 
 HHO^ I c^!r^IC 
 
 PA223'5- 1 b.D4 
 DecKniai) ,, A J., i c«^ 
 A study of the 
 
 DCF;; 
 I NT;; 
 
 RTYP;;a 
 CSC: c: 
 G K^ C : 
 F^'EPs 
 
 ST:p 
 MOD ;; 
 BIO;; 
 CPJ; :G 
 
 DM 
 
 RR;; 
 
 1 M personal 
 
 F-RMs 
 BMRn 
 F I C ;; 
 FBI :D 
 COL : 
 
 MS s EL s 1 
 
 ATCl' 
 CONsb 
 I L C ; 
 EHL 5 
 
 ADsG2 
 UD : 02- 
 
 I I ,1 
 GEM s 
 
 11-92 
 11-92 
 
 BBE : 
 
 passive of the v en turn est type-- I hi! mi cr of arm "J 
 
 Restrictions on Use: 
 
 260 
 3 GO 
 
 302 
 
 650 
 
 lj:)g 
 
 1 c; I J y A 1. i c. e A n i i ;^i e t: K fii a < f . 
 P \) i 1 -^ d B 1 D I ■) i H ., 1"^ /^) „ , ^ I r: 1 9 2 - 
 
 •^j.ii. \..t 
 
 ! c:24 c:ni . 
 
 ■f I -^ e s i <- ( F-- 1 1 „ D » ) •- 1. 1 n i v e i" s i t y o f 
 
 D :i. b 1. 1 o u !'•• a f:^ h y j p . 7 .. 
 L. a t i } "1 1. B n q 1. 1 ?^ cj t^ « 
 RLIN 
 02 -11 --92 
 
 T' B r ) n f;;; y 1. v a i-) i a ., 1 9 2 « 
 
 TECMNICAL MICROFORM DATA 
 
 REDUCTION RATIO: 
 
 FILM SIZE: 3_lil__l 
 
 IMAGE PLAC'MENT: lA JIA ID IID 
 
 DATE FILMED:„_ 1_^QlI INITIALS 
 
 FILMED BY: kESEARCIi PUBLICATIONS. INC VVOODBRIDGE. CT 
 
 \ \ 
 
 VAX,^ ' f CX'^A 
 
n 
 
 Association for Information and Image Management 
 
 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 
 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 
 
 301/587-8202 
 
 Centimeter 
 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 12 13 
 
 liiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiil 
 
 LIT 
 
 iiiiliinliinliniliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiil 
 
 IT I 
 
 Inches 
 
 iiiiiii 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 I I I I I I IT I I I I I I 1 I 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 u 
 
 15.0 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 1^ i 
 
 3.2 
 
 2.2 
 
 l^ 
 
 3A 
 
 l^ 1. 
 
 10 
 
 2.0 
 
 I^ 
 
 
 
 i^ u 
 
 
 UCu 
 
 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 n 1 I 
 5 
 
 liiii 
 
 14 
 
 Lm 
 
 15 mm 
 
 MflNUFflCTURED TO flllM STfiNDFIRDS 
 BY fiPPLIED IMRGE. INC. 
 

 
 :*-'^, 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 A STUDY OF THE IMPERSONAL 
 PASSIVE OF THE VENTUM 
 
 EST TYPE 
 
 BY 
 
 ALICE ANNA DECKMAN 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
 
 PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
 
 THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 1920 
 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 A STUDY OF THE IMPERSONAL 
 PASSIVE OF THE VENTUM 
 
 EST TYPE 
 
 BY 
 
 ALICE ANNA DECKMAN 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
 
 PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
 
 THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 1920 
 
Grateful acknowledgment and sincere thanks are tendered to 
 Professors John C. Rolfe, Walton B. McDaniel, George D. Hadz- 
 sits, Harry B. Van Deventer and Edward H. Heffner of the 
 Latin Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and to 
 Professor Roland G. Kent of the Department of Indo-European 
 Philology and Sanskrit of the same University, for their helpful 
 suggestions and criticism in the preparation of this thesis. 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The following dissertation on "Impersonals of the Ventum 
 Est type" was suggested by Professor Kent's review of Profes- 
 sor H. E. Burton's Latin Grammar in the Classical Weekly 5. 162. 
 
 Professor Kent says, "In §346 ventum est is rendered by 'some 
 one came', but it means also, and more often, 'they (he, we) 
 came.' " 
 
 This remark has led to this study, the aim of which has been 
 to investigate the use of the impersonal passive of the type ven- 
 tum est, and to discover whether or not impersonals of this class 
 have a definite agent or doer of the action logically implied in the 
 context. 
 
 The material for this thesis has been gathered from those au- 
 thors of the republican period of whom we have works or por- 
 tions of works preserved substantially entire: Plautus, Terence, 
 Cato, Varro, Caesar and the other works found in the Corpus 
 Caesarianum, Lucretius, Catullus, Sallust and Nepos. 
 
 Examples (about nine hundred in number) found in Cicero 
 and classified on page 40 have not been discussed, since they add 
 nothing new to the investigation. 
 
 The works of other authors of this time, as Livius Androni- 
 cus, Naevius, Ennius, Lucilius, Pacuvius, etc., have not been 
 used, because they are in a fragmentary condition and the prop- 
 er context for such study is usually lacking. 
 
 A. A. D. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Bibliography 7 
 
 I. Definition and Classification of Impersonal Verbs 9 
 
 II. Divisions of the Ventum Est Type 14 
 
 Hi. Impersonals with Agent Unexpressed 15 
 
 1 . First Singular Definite 
 
 2. Second Singular Definite 18 
 
 3. Third Singular Definite 19 
 
 4. First Plural Definite 23 
 
 5. Second Plural Definite 25 
 
 6. Third Plural Definite 26 
 
 7. Second Singular Indefinite 33 
 
 8. Third Singular Indefinite 34 
 
 9. Third Plural Indefinite 35 
 
 IV. Impersonals with Agent Unexpressed but Defin- 
 itely Known 37 
 
 I. Third Singular 37 
 
 II. Third Plural 37 
 
 V. Impersonals with Expressed Agent 38 
 
 VI. Summary and Conclusion 40 
 
 Appendices: I. Excursus on Caesar 43 
 
 II. Doubtful Readings 46 
 
 III. Remarks on relinquitur, etc 47 
 
 Indices: I. Index Locorum 48 
 
 II. Index Verborum 54 
 

 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 In addition to the various editions and translations of the Lat- 
 in authors, the following works have been consulted : 
 
 Allen, J. H. and J. B. Greenough, New Latin Grammar, New York, 1903. 
 
 Bennett, C. E., Latin Grammar, Boston, revision of 1908. 
 
 Bennett, C. E., Syntax of Early Latin, The Verb, Vol. I, Boston, 1910. 
 
 Draeger, A., Historische Syntax der lateinischen Sprache, Leipzig, 1874. 
 
 Ernout, A., Recherches sur Vemploi du pas sif latin, in Memoires de la societe de 
 linguistique, 15.290 ff. 
 
 Gildersleeve, B. L., Latin Grammar (revised by G. Lodge), third edition, New 
 York, 1905. 
 
 Hale, W. G. and C. D. Buck, Latin Grammar, Boston, 1903. 
 
 Kiihner, R., Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache, Vol. II, part I 
 (second edition, revised by C. Stegman), Hannover, 1912. 
 
 Lane, G. M., Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges (revised by M. H. Mor- 
 gan), New York 1903. 
 
 Madvig, I. N., Latin Grammar, Oxford, 1849. 
 
 Meusel, H., Lexicon Caesarianum, Vol. I, Berlin, 1887; Vol. II, Berlin, 1893. 
 
 Roby, H. J., Latin Grammar for Schools, London, 1880. 
 
 Zumpt, C. G., Grammar of the Latin Language, New York, 1846. 
 

 CHAPTER I 
 
 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF IMPERSONAL 
 
 VERBS 
 
 This chapter deals with the definition and classification of the 
 impersonals as given by grammarians. They all seem to have the 
 same opinion with little or no variations. 
 
 Zumpt §225 thus defines an impersonal verb: "The term im- 
 personal verbs strictly applies only to those of which no other 
 but the third person singular is used,and which do not admit a 
 personal subject (I, thou, he), the subject being a proposition, 
 an infinitive, or a neuter noun understood." 
 
 Madvig §165 writes: "Those verbs are called impersonal 
 which are used only in the third person singular, and have usual- 
 ly no reference to a subject in the nominative." 
 
 Allen and Greenough consider this a definition of impersonal 
 verbs: "Many verbs from their meaning, appear only in the 
 third person singular, the infinitive, and the gerund. These are 
 called Impersonal Verbs, as having no personal subject." 
 
 Roby §575 says, "Certain verbs in the third singular, where 
 the fact of the action, state, or feeling is the prominent point and 
 the doer is left indefinite, are called impersonals." 
 
 Gildersleeve §208 says, " Impersonal verbs are verbs in which 
 the agent is regularly implied in the action, the subject in the 
 predicate, so that the person is not expressed." 
 
 Lane §1034 expresses his idea of an impersonal thus: "Some 
 verbs have no subject at all in the third person singular; these 
 are called Impersonal.'' 
 
 Roby seems to have been the only one who emphasized the 
 fact, that an impersonal expression is used when the writer wish- 
 es to make the act prominent and the actor secondary. This 
 idea is very clearly brought out by a French scholar, A. Ernout 
 in his '^ Recherches sur Vemploi du passif latin,'' in M. S. L, 
 15.292. In distinguishing between itur and it, eunt, Ernout says 
 that the action is stressed in the former, the actor being obvious 
 and left to inference, while the latter {it, eunt) gives equal promi- 
 nence to the act and to the actor. 
 
 Grammarians have classified these impersonal verbs under 
 four headings. 
 
 9 
 
lO 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 (i) The first group contains all those verbs which express 
 the operations of nature and the time of day; as, lucet, pluit, ton- 
 at J vesperascit. This class of verbs is ranked as impersonal, al- 
 though in the ultimate logical analysis, sky, earth or heaven per- 
 sonified is understood as the subject: cf. Cic. N. D. 2.25.65, 
 also Ar. Nub. 1279-1281. 
 
 KOLieiTzi vuv 
 
 ■ludTepa vo;jL(l^et<; Katv6v del t6v A (a usiv uSwp Ik^^'Zoi* , ri t6v yJXiov eXKitv 
 KdcTcoOev TauT6 to08' uBtop iraXiv. 
 and II. 12. 25, 26. 
 
 U£ 5 apa LBuq 
 (Juvs/lq, o<t)pa KS Oajaov ocXIzXoa Tsfxea ^e^TQ- 
 
 (2) The second class of impersonals, as defined by grammar- 
 ians, consists of five verbs of "mental distress" (Lane 1034), 
 miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet. These verbs are really caus- 
 ative. The cause of the feeling is put in the genitive and the per- 
 son affected by the feeling in the accusative. These imperson- 
 als may have an infinitive or clause as subject; as. Plant. Pseud. 
 282 non dedisse istum pudet; me quia non accept piget; cf. Allen 
 and Greenough §354. C. 
 
 Sometimes these verbs are used personally with a neuter pro- 
 noun as subject; as, Ter. Ad. 754 non te haec pudent; cf. Allen and 
 Greenough §354.C, note. 
 
 Rarely is the subject an appellative; as, me quidem haec con- 
 dicio non paenitet, Plant. Stich. 51; cf. Lane §1284. 
 
 (3) The third class of impersonals, as commonly given, in- 
 cludes those verbs which have a phrase, clause or infinitive as 
 subject; as, 
 
 accidit evenit necesse est refert 
 
 certum est fit obtingit restat 
 
 constat interest obvenit superest 
 
 contingit iuvat oportet videtur 
 
 decet libet placet 
 
 delectat licet praestat 
 
 (4) The fourth class, represented by the type ventum est 
 (the subject of this thesis), includes: 
 
 (a) All the passives of the intransitive verbs of motion ; as, itur, 
 
 (b) All passives of transitives used in an intransitive or abso- 
 lute sense. In litteras scribit, scribit is transitive, but in bene 
 scribit it is used intransitively or absolutely. In Plant. Pseud. 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 II 
 
 273, amatur is used in this intransitive sense, although amo is 
 regularly transitive. 
 
 (c) The passives of the verbs denoting state, disposition, feel- 
 ing or quality, which are intransitive in Latin and require an in- 
 direct object in the dative. " In the passive such verbs are used 
 impersonally, the dative remaining;" cf. Hale and Buck, §364. 
 Caesar decimae legioni indulgebat becomes in the passive decimae 
 legioni a Caesare indulgebatur. Nostri finitimi nobis invident, 
 has for its passive nobis a finitimis nostris invidetur. Trebonio 
 persuasi, becomes in the passive Trebonio a me persuasum est. 
 
 (d) Some deponents which are rarely used impersonally; as 
 philosophatum est Plant. Pseud. 687 and defunctum sit Ter. Ad. 
 508. 
 
 (e) Some passive infinitives depending on coepi^desino^ possum^ 
 soleo, etc., as pugnari coeptum est B. H. 15.5, desitum est potarier 
 Plant. Most. 958, sisti potest Plant. Trin. 720, solet caveri Varro 
 R. R. 2. 6. 3. 
 
 Coepi and desino show a very marked peculiarity. When they 
 are used with an infinitive passive they are generally put in the 
 passive, as pugnari coeptum est. This is especially true of Caesar 
 and of Cicero. When the infinitive was used in an impersonal 
 sense and accordingly was passive, a change was logical. In pug- 
 nare coepit, pugnare is the object of coepit; in pugnari coeptum est, 
 pugnari is the subject. The point here is the change of subject, 
 so that instead of pugnari coepit, pugnari coeptum est (the pas- 
 sive instead of the active) came into use. Coeptum est is a real 
 passive while pugnari became passive because it is impersonal. 
 This usage was extended to other phrases, as lapides iaci coepti 
 sunt in Caes. B. G. 2. 6. 2. This is hardly a ''curious instance 
 of attraction," as Lindsay calls it in his Latin Language, 522, 
 cf. Kiihner II, i §125.1, 2, also H. Kratz in N. Jahrb. f. Phil. u. 
 Paedag., XI, 724, f., Eduard Wolfflin in Archiv f. lat. Lexikogr. 
 u. Gram. VI, loi. 
 
 The following notes contain remarks on apparently imperso- 
 nal passive forms that have not been included, with the reasons 
 for such exclusion. 
 
 Note I. The neuter gerundive of intransitive verbs is used with 
 est as an impersonal phrase to signify that the action must 
 be done; as nunc est bibendum Hor. Carm. i. 37. i. Al- 
 though this form is a variation of the ventum est type, 
 
12 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 examples containing it have not been used, because, while 
 this construction is passive in form, it has no corresponding 
 
 active. 
 
 ''Gerundives and gerunds like the English verbal in 
 -ing were originallv neither active nor passive, but might 
 stand for either an active or a passive. In time a prevail- 
 ing passive meaning grew up in the gerundive and a prevail- 
 ing active meaning in the gerund." Lane §2238. 
 Note 2. Examples of iri used with the supine foiming the fu- 
 ture passive infinitive, while they are a variant of the ven- 
 tum est type, are not included in this discussion, because 
 this is the regular way of expressing the future passive in- 
 finitive, and iriy although an impersonal, is not felt as one; 
 as, "Cic. ad Att. 7. 22. i eum exceptum iri puto = I think 
 that there is a going to capture him, i. e. that he is going to 
 be captured. Iri is used impersonally and eum is the 
 object of exceptum." Lane §2273. 
 
 "The form of the infinitive future passive is derived from 
 the notion of going or intending, which easily passes over 
 into that of futurity." Zumpt §668 note. 
 Note 3. Passives used with certain adverbs such as satis, tan- 
 turn, istuc, etc., have not been considered, because the idea 
 contained in these adverbs may be felt to be the subject; as, 
 Sallust. Cat. 19. 6 de superiore coniuratione satis dictum (est). 
 Satis, or the idea contained in it, is the subject. In Caes. 
 B. G. 5. 19. 3 tantum agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis 
 hostibus noceretur, tantum has been considered as subject. 
 In Caes. B. G. 6. 34. 7 and 7. 16. 3 quantum . . . pro- 
 videri poterat, quantum is the subject. 
 Grammarians say very little concerning this ventum est group. 
 They are content to translate it by the stereotyped and mo- 
 notonous forms, there is a coming, people came, etc., ignoring 
 for the most part the fact that the sense of the passage implies 
 a definite doer or agent, which is expressed or clearly implied 
 in the context. 
 
 Several definitions of the ventum est type (as given by gram- 
 marians) follow: **An impersonal proposition is formed in 
 Latin by the passive of intransitive verbs (or transitives which 
 are used intransitively in a certain signification), by which 
 it is simply asserted that the action takes place; as ventum erat 
 ad urhemy Madvig §2i8c. 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 13 
 
 
 "The third person singular of a great many words, especially 
 of those denoting movement or saying, is, or may be used im- 
 personally, even when the verb is neuter, and has no personal 
 passive, e. g. curritur they or people run." Zumpt §229. 
 
 "The passive of intransitive verbs is often used; as, vivitur, 
 people live." Gildersleeve §208.2. 
 
 "The passive of intransitive verbs can be used only imper- 
 sonally; as, itur, there is a going, someone goes." Hale and 
 Buck §20ic. 
 
 "The passive of intransitive verbs is very often used imper- 
 sonally; as, pugnatur, there is fighting, (it is fought)." Allen 
 and Greenough §208. 
 
 "The impersonal use of the passive proceeds from its original 
 reflexive (or middle) meaning, the action being regarded as 
 accomplishing itself (compare the French cela se fait).'' Allen 
 and Greenough §2o8d, note. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 DIVISIONS OF THE VENTUM EST TYPE. 
 
 The examples of the ventum est type collected from the Latin 
 authors of the republican period, have been classified under the 
 following headings; as, 
 
 I.. Actor not expressed. 
 
 A. Actor definite in 
 
 a. first person singular, 
 
 b. second person singular (real), 
 
 c. third person singular, 
 
 d. first person plural 
 
 1. real, 
 
 2. editorial, 
 
 e. second person plural, 
 
 f. third person plural. 
 
 B. Actor indefinite in 
 
 a. second person singular (general), 
 
 b. third person singular, 
 
 c. third person plural. 
 
 2.. Actor not expressed, but definitely known from the 
 verb; as Cato de Agr. 150. i interkalatum erit = ponii- 
 fices inter kalaverint, 
 3.. Actor expressed, as in Caes. B. G. 5. 40. 4 anostrisre- 
 sistitur. These impersonals have been designated in this dis- 
 sertation "Impersonals with Expressed Agent." 
 
 14 
 
 CHAPTER III I. 
 
 THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE FIRST PERSON 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 This division contains all the verbs of the ventum est type, the 
 subjects of which, if expressed, would logically be in the first 
 person singular; as, Plaut. Merc. 465 auscultabitur. Demipho 
 says "ad portum ne bitas, dico iam tibi. Do not go to the har- 
 bor, I tell you that now. " Charinus is expected to answer in the 
 first person, either negatively or affirmatively. Instead of using 
 this very much overworked first person, Plautus gives us a 
 variation, by using ''auscultabitur, it will be heard," which is 
 equivalent to saying, " I will heed you and not go to the harbor. " 
 Plaut. As. 259 impetritum, inauguratumst = impetrivi, inaugu- 
 
 ravi; cf. sumam, intervortam, conferam 258. 
 Plaut. Bacch. 66 desudascitur = desudasco; cf. metuam 65, me 66. 
 Plaut. Cas. 758^ ihitur = ibo, being said in answer to i. 
 Plaut. Cist. 519 definitumst = definivi; cf. remittam. 
 Plaut. Men. 533/ac/wm est = feci, being said in answer to te sur- 
 
 rupuisse aiebas 532. 
 Paut. Men 538 curabitur = curabo; cf. dicam. 
 Plaut. Men. 6jg factum est = feci; cf. dedi 678, redimam 680. 
 Plaut. Men. 964 proventum est = proveni; cf.faciam, cupio g62,, 
 Plaut. Merc. 324 visumst = vidi, being in answer to vide. 
 Plaut. Merc. 465 auscultabitur = auscultabo, being in answer to 
 
 ad portum ne bitas. 
 Plaut. Merc. 776 abibitur = abibo, being in answ^er to volo <te 
 
 abire > . 
 Plaut. M. G. 1 1 73 praeceptumst = praecepi; cf. volo 11 70. 
 Plaut. Most. 314 imperatum est = imperavi; cf. volo. 
 Plaut. Most 401 curabitur = curabo, answering the command in- 
 
 tus cave muttire quemquam siveris. 
 Plaut. Pers. 17 vivitur = vivo, answering quid agitur? which is 
 
 equivalent to quid agis; cf. ut vales, ut queo I7^ 
 Plaut. Pers. 246 taciturn erit, celabitur = tacebo, celabo, cf. tu hoc 
 
 taceto. 
 Plaut. Pers. 320 credetur = credam; cf. commodabo. 
 
 15 
 
i6 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 Plaut. Poen. 913 dictumst = dixi, being in answer to the com- 
 mand liaec cur a clanculum ut sint dicta. 
 
 Plaut. Pseud. 273 amatur, egetur = amo, egeo, answering quid 
 agitur^ Calidore? 
 
 Plaut. Pseud. 457 statur = sto, answering quid agitur which is 
 equivalent to quid agis. 
 
 Plaut. Pseud. 687 philosophatum est = philosophatus sum; cf. diu 
 
 loquor. 
 
 Plaut. Rud. 776 curatumst = curavi, being an answer to the com- 
 mand cura. 
 
 Plaut. Stich. 467 sustentatumst = sustentavi, answering valuistin 
 
 usque? 
 Plaut. Stich. 509 credetur = credam; cf. experior, 
 Plaut. Stich. 586 susientatumst = sustentavi, answering valuistin 
 
 bene? 
 Pl^ut. Trin. 578 ibitur = ibo, answering the command abi hue ad 
 
 meam sororem ad Calliclem 577. 
 Plaut. Trin. 720 sisti potest = sistere possum; cf. agam, constrin^ 
 
 gamy accomodem, iubeam. 
 Plaut. True. 667 ibitur = ibo, answering qui non extemplo < in- 
 
 tro>ieris. 
 Ter. Ad. 210 actum esse = egisse <me>; cf. conveniam, faxo 209. 
 Ter. Ad. 561 factum = feci, answering produxe aibas. 
 Ter. Ad. 631 cessatum est = cessavi; cf. exorassem, ducerem 630. 
 Ter. Ad. g^Sfactumst = feci, answering tu illas abi et traduce Q17, 
 Ter. Eun. 271 statur = sto; cf. quid agitur, an equivalent to quid 
 
 agis. 
 Ter. Eun. 851 factum = feci, answering aufugistin? 
 Ter. Eun. 1066 dictumst = dixi, strengthening the threat si te in 
 
 platea offendero 1064. 
 Ter. Heaut. 862 inceptumst = incepi; cf . mi. 
 Ter. Hec. 452 factum = feci, answering dixtin dudum illam dix- 
 
 isse se expectare filium? 
 Ter. Hec. 457 creditur = credo, being an answer to bene factum 
 
 te advenisse, etc. 
 Ter. Hec. 843 visumst = vidi, answering vide 841. 
 Ter. Hec. 846 factum = feci, confirming te dixisse . . . 
 
 Bacchidem anulum suom habere 845, 846. 
 Ter. Phorm. 402 did potest = dicere possum; cf. mihi 401. 
 Cato de Agr. 118 scriptum est = scripsi (the writer). 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 17 
 
 Varro L. L. 5. 109 perventum est = perveni; cf. dicam 105. 
 Varro L. L. 5. 171 dictum est = dixi; cf. video 164. 
 Varro L. L. 8. 21 dictum — dixi; cf. omitto 8. 19. 
 Varro L. L. 8.21 visum est = vidi; cf. dico 22. 
 Varro L. L. 9. 92 responsum est = respondi; cf. dixi, 
 Varro L. L. 9. 107 dictum est = dixi (the writer). 
 Varro L. L. 10.51 decurritur = decurro; cf. </ic(?. 
 
CHAPTER III 2. 
 
 THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE SECOND PERSON 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 The second division contains all those examples that have a 
 definite doer logically implied in the second person singular; as, 
 Plaut. Amph. 'j oo factum est. Alcumena says, "nam dudum 
 ante lucem et istunc et te vidi. A little before dawn, I saw you 
 I and him (Sosia)." Amphitruo asks, "quo in loco? In what 
 place?" Alcumena answers, "hie in aedibus ubi tu habitas. 
 Here in the house where you live." Amphitruo replies, "num- 
 quam factum est. It never was done." Factum est is equiv- 
 
 Ialent to fecisti, you never did, meaning you never saw us. The 
 context demands such an answer. 
 
 Plaut. Amph. 700 numquam factum est = numquam fecisti, be- 
 ing a denial of istunc et te vidi 699. 
 
 Plaut. Amph. 749 numquam factumst = numquam fecisti, an- 
 swering audivistin tu me narrare haec hodie? 
 
 Plaut. Cure. 122 nolo diet = nolo <te> dicere. 
 
 Plaut. Cure. 7 14 factum est = fecisti, answering his own question 
 
 promistin te omne argentum redditurum 
 
 709-710. 
 
 Plaut. Poen. 756 postulatumst = postulavisti, answering the re- 
 mark valeant apud te quos volo 755. 
 
 Plaut. Pseud. 501 dictumst = dixisti; cf. mussitabas. The ques- 
 tion non a me scibas pistrinum in mundo tibi 500, answered 
 by scibam, is immediately followed by quin dictumst mihi? 
 which is answered in 502. 
 
 Plaut. Pseud. 516 praedicitur = praedicis; cf. te 515. This ques- 
 tion is asked as an answer to facito ut memineris 515. 
 
 Plaut. Trin. 138 curatum = curavisti; cf. inconciliastin 136, ex- 
 turbasti 137. 
 
 Plaut. True. 369 ambulatumst = ambulavisti; cf. soles 368. 
 
 Ter. Eun. 416 dictum = dixisti; cf. iugularas 417. 
 
 Ter. Eun. 902 commissum erit = commiseris, answering, nonfac- 
 iam, Pythias, 
 
 18 
 
 CHAPTER III 3. 
 
 THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 This group includes all those verbs having a definite actor log- 
 ically implied in the third person singular; as, Plaut. Pseud. 11 13 
 imperatumst. Harpax, after speaking of the general worthless- 
 ness of slaves when their master is absent, adds, "ego, ut mi im- 
 peratumst, etsi abest, hie adesse erum arbitror. I, as <my 
 master > commanded me, although he is away, think he is here 
 <and act accordingly >. " The sense of the passage requires 
 a definite subject for the active verb implied in imperatumst, 
 as is shown by erum. 
 Plaut. Aul. 527 itur = it-, cf. ipsus 530. 
 Plaut. Bacch. 43 emeritum sit = emeruerit; cf. haec. 
 Plaut. Bacch. 447 itur = it; cf. magister 448. 
 Plaut. Cure. 336 responsumst = respondit; cf. respondit 333, ab 
 
 illo 336. 
 Plaut. Men. 650 factum = fecit; cf . homo, Menaechmus. 
 Plaut. Men. ^0% factumst = fecit; cf. hoc, hominem. 
 Plaut. M. G. 590 actum est = egit; cf. mulier 591. 
 Plaut. M. G. 1085 responsumst — respondit; cf. hie 1083. 
 Plaut. M. G. 12,32 factum est = fecit; cf. mulierem 1330, also huic 
 
 miserae. 
 Plaut M. G. 1403 ventumst = venit; cf. uxorem 1402. 
 Plaut. Most. 260 dictum = dixit; cf. Scaphae. 
 Plaut. Most. 958 desitum est potarier = desiit potare; cf. eius 957. 
 Plaut. Pseud. 74 scriptum est = scripsit; cf. ea 62. 
 Plaut. Pseud. 11 13 imperatumst = imperavit; cf. erum. 
 Plaut. Trin. 138 mandatum = mandavit; cf. qui 137. 
 Plaut. Trin. 308 actumst = egit; cf. animus 306. 
 Plaut. Trin. 600 imperatumst = imperavit; cf. ibit 598. 
 Ter. Ad. 279 reddetur = reddet; cf. reddet 280. 
 Ter. Ad. 474 ignotumst, tacitumst, creditumst = ignovit, tacuit, 
 
 credidit; cf. matrem 471. 
 Ter. Ad. 508 defunctum sit = defunctus sit; oi.fratrem 510. 
 Ter. Heaut. 200 mansum = mansit; cf. erat 201. 
 
 19 
 
20 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 Ter. Heaut. 568 factum = fecit. Syrus confirms the statement 
 
 of Chremes. 
 Ter. Heaut. 628 factum est = fecit, confirmation of sustulisti, 
 Ter. Phorm. 135 persuasumst = persuasit; cf. Phormio 122. 
 Ter. Phorm. 283 ventumst = venit; cf. potuit. 
 Ter. Phorm. 778 siletur = silet, 
 Ter. Phorm. 1006 factumst = /ea7; cf. c^wxi/ 1005. 
 Cato de Agr. 144. 3 conductum erit = conduxerit; cf. redemptoris, 
 Cato de Agr. 144. 3 locatum erit = locaverit; cf. domino. 
 Varro L. L. 6. 72 ^o/e^/ agi = /?^/e5/ agere; cf. -25 (the person to 
 
 whom the daughter is promised). 
 Varro L. L. 6. 94 itur = it; cf. classicus 92. 
 
 Varro R. R. 2. 2. 6 adnumeratum est = adnumeravit; cf. dominum. 
 Varro R. R. 2. 4. 20 bucinatum est = bucinavit; cf. subulcus, 
 Varro R. R. 3. 8. i. dictum est — dixit; cf. i4xiw5 7. 11. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 4. 3 mandatum erat = mandaverat; cf. L. Plancus 
 
 4. I. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 6. 6 discedebatur = discedebat; cf. Caesar 5. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 19. 4 decertatum est = decertavit; cf. Labienus. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 31. 2 accederetur = accederet; cf. /?05/e5. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 50 i perveniretur = perveniret; cf. Caesari. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 82. 3 pugnari = <Caesarem> pugnare; cf. Cae- 
 
 5are. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 88. 7 em/ imperatum = imperaverat; cf. Cae5ar 
 
 86. I and 86. 3. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. i. 5 succurri posset = succurrere posset; cf. Cae- 
 sar 4. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 9. 2 occursum est = occurrit; cf. Caesar 8. i. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 14. i ventum est = z;ewi/; cf. uterque. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 75. 3 confiigitur = confiigit; cf. Caesar i. 
 Caes. B. C. I. 5. 3. decurrittir, discessum est = decurrit, discessit, 
 
 cf. senatus. 
 Caes. B. C. I. 5. 4. decernitur = decernit; cf. senatus, 
 Caes. B. C. I. 6. 6.feratur = /era/; cf. senatus 5. 
 Caes. B. C. 1.24.5 disceptetur = disceptet; cf. Caesar, se cum 
 
 Pompeio. 
 Caes. B.C. I. 26. 5 waw posse agi = <Libonem> non posse agere; 
 
 cf. Lt^a. 
 Caes. B. C. I. 37. 3 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 36. 4. 
 Caes. B. C. i. 71. i confligeretur = confligeret; cf. exercitum. 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 21 
 
 Caes. B. C. I. 80. 5 pugnatur = pugnat; cf. equitatus 80. 4. 
 
 Caes. B. C. I. 84. 2 venitur = z;ewi/; cf. Afranius. 
 
 Caes. B. C. I. 85. 12 dictum esset = dixisset; cf. Caesar i. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 2. 22. 5 imperatum est = imperavit; cf. Caesar 6. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 2. 25. 7 imperatum est = imperavit; cf. Cwrzo 6. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 33. i ventum esset = venisset; cf. Scipio. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 72. 4 esse/ offensum = offendisset; cf. </was, tribuni. 
 
 Caes. B.C. 3. 75. 4 ventum esset = venisset; cf. Caesar. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 85. 3 posse dimicari = < Caesarem> posse dimicare; 
 
 cf. Caesar. 
 •Caes. B. C. 3. 93. 3 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Pompei. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 11. 6 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 2. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 14. i waceri />osse = < Caesarem> nocere posse; cf. 
 
 Caesar. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 23. 2 ventum erat = venerat; cf. Crassus i. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 26. 2 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Crassus, 
 Caes. B. G. 4. 8. i i^tswm es/ = i^i^^/; cf. Caesar. 
 Caes. B. G. 4. II. I constitutum erat = constituerat; cf. Caesar. 
 Caes. B. G. 4. 28. i ventum est = z;ewi7; cf. Caesar. 
 Caes. B. G. 4. 31. 3 navigari posset = navigare posset; cf. e/ea/. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 3. 3 cognitum est = cognovit; cf. aZ/er. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 7. 9. imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 6. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 8. 5. accesum sit = accesserit; cf . tpse 2. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 45. 5 cognoscitur = cognoscit; cf. Caesarem. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 47. 3 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf . Caesar 46. i. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 48. 7 praeceptum erat = praeceperat; cf. Caesar i. 
 Caes. B. G. 6. 30. i imperatum est = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 29. I. 
 Caes. B. G. 6. 34. 7 noceretur = noceret; cf. Caesar 8. 
 Caes. B. G. 6. 43. 4 ventum est = venit; (supply res). 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 36. 7 z;ewm posset= venire posset] d. Vercingetorix 2. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 61. i ventum esset = venisset; cf. i/>se 60. 4 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 27. 5 praeceptum erat= praeceperat; cf. Fabius 3. 
 (Caes.) B. H. 27. 6 ventum esset = venisset; cf. Caesar 3. 
 (Caes.) B. H. 35. i ventum esset = venisset; cf. Caesar. 
 Catullus 39. 2 ventum est = i^ewi/; cf. Egnatius. 
 Catullus 39. 5 lugetur = /wge/; cf . wa/er. 
 Sail. Cat. 45. 2 praeceptum erat = praeceperat; cf. Cieera i. 
 Sail. Cat. 50. 5 ventum est = < consul> venit; cf. a consule. 
 Sail. Cat. 55. 5 praeceptum erat = praeceperat; cf. cowsw^ i. 
 Sail. Jug. 13. 8 consuleretur = consuleret; cf. senatu. 
 
22 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 Sail. Jug. 25. I consider etur = consuleret; cf. in senatu 24. i. 
 
 Sail. Jug. 29. 6 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Calpurnius 4. 
 
 Sail. Jug. 52. 3 praeceptum fuerat = praeceperat; cf. Metello 2, 
 
 Sail. Jug. 53. I imperahatur = imperahat; cf. Rutilius 52. 5. 
 
 Sail. Jug. 62. 7 iussum erat = iusserat; cf. iw&e/ 6. 
 
 Sail. Jug. 75. 7 ventum — venit; cf. proficiscitur 6. 
 
 Sail Jug. 91. I ventum est = venit; cf. distrihueraty curabat. 
 
 Sail. Jug. 108. 2 caveri nequivisse = <Bocchum> cavere nequi' 
 
 visse; cf. Bocchus. 
 Sail. Jug. 109. 3 praeceptum fuerat = praeceperat; cf. 5w//a I. 
 Nep. 6. I. 2 factum est = fecit; cf. consecutus sit, 
 Nep. 14. 8. 3 pugnatum erat = pugnaverat; cf. posuit. 
 Nep. 15. 8. I reditum est = rediit; cf. i//e permisit. 
 Nep. 18. 8. 4 posset perveniri = posset pervenire; cf. Antigonus, 
 Nep. 18. 9. 5 imperatum erat — imperaverat; cf. mittity praecepit 3. 
 Nep. 19. 4. I perventum est = pervenit; cf. valeret, portaretur. 
 
 CHAPTER III 4. 
 
 THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE FIRST PERSON 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Under this heading are placed all those verbs which have an 
 implied definite actor in the first person plural. There are two 
 varieties of this class, the Real and the Editorial. 
 I. Real. 
 The Real first plural refers to definite persons, as Ter. Phorm. 
 135 factumst, ventumst, vincimur. Vincimur is a real first person 
 plural active and has for its subject, Geta, who is speaking, and 
 his master. In the same line, Terence uses factumst and ventumst, 
 tw^o impersonals which have for the subject of their equivalent 
 actives fecimus and venimus, the same subject as vincimur, 
 Geta says, "factumst, ventumst, vincimur. We did <it>, 
 we came, we were conquered, or we did <as Phormio advised >, 
 we went < to court >, we lost < our case >." Vincimur cleaLV- 
 ly shows that factumst and ventumst are equivalent to actives 
 with an implied subject in the real first person plural. 
 Plaut. Cure. 646 ventum est = venimus; cf. ea me spectatum tu- 
 
 lerat per Dionysia 644. 
 Plaut. Stich. 774 saltatum est = saltavimus; cf. aheamus. 
 Plaut. True. 9 ventumst = venimus; cf. agamus. 
 Ter. Ad. 302 emergi potest = emergere possumus; cf. mihi, erae- 
 
 que filiaeque erili. 
 Ter. And. iigfletur = flemus; cf. venimus 128. 
 Ter. Heaut. 275 ventum est = venimus; cf. hie, ego 277. 
 Ter. Heaut. 281 interventum est = intervenimus; cf. hie, ego 277. 
 Ter. Heaut. 743 eatur = eamus; cf. sequere hac. 
 Ter. Phorm. 135 factumst, ventumst = fecimus, venimus; cf. vin- 
 cimur. 
 Ter. Phorm. 640 pervenirier potuit = pervenire potuimus; cf. vo- 
 
 lumus 641. 
 Ter. Phorm. 773 possiet discedi = possimus discedere; cf. gesseri- 
 
 mus 772. 
 Varro R. R. i. 44. 3 dicetur = dicemus; cf. Licinius 3 and Agrius, 
 Varro R. R. 2. 2. 6 agitur = agimus; cf. emptor, ille. 
 
 23 
 
24 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 Caes. B. C. 2. 31. 4 credi = < nos> credere; cf. haheamus 5. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 44. 8 concedi oporteret = <nos> concedere opor- 
 
 teret; cf. nos. 
 Lucr. 6. 32 occurri = < w(?5 > occurrere; cf . tendtmus 26, possemus 
 
 28. 
 Sail. Jug. 31. 26 vindicatum = vindicaverimus; cf. vivamus. 
 
 2. Editorial. 
 
 In this group have been placed those impersonals denoting 
 what the writer thinks, knows, or says. To avoid mentioning 
 himself exclusively, he uses an "editorial plural." This some- 
 times means himself, as in Sail. Jug. 33. 2 diximus, which is 
 equivalent to dixi and clearly means the writer (Sallust) only. 
 Or the author may include others besides himself in this first 
 plural, as in Varro L. L. 9. 54 dicimus which has for subject we 
 grammarians or we people. Again, to vary his construction, he 
 may substitute an impersonal, having for its equivalent active a 
 subject in the first plural editorial, as in Sail. Jug. 96. i dictum 
 est. That dictum est is a first plural editorial, is proved by Jug. 
 33. 2, 34. I, 37. 3, 38. 6, where diximus is used in the same sense. 
 
 By careful comparison with the active plurals in the same para- 
 graph, it has been felt that the six examples of Varro which fol- 
 low, should be classed as first plural rather than first singular. 
 
 The fourteen examples of Caesar which are cited, are also felt 
 to be plurals rather than singulars because Caesar uses the first 
 plural active much more frequently than first singular active. 
 Evidence for this is given in Appendix i. 
 Varro L. L. 5. 74 dictum est = diximus; cf. dicimus, videamus 
 
 5- 75. 
 Varro L. L. 9. 54 dicitur = dicimus; cf. dicimus. 
 
 Varro L. L. 9. 76 transiretur = transiremus, cf. dicimus. 
 
 Varro L. L. 9. 82 perventum est = pervenimus; cf. dicimus 83. 
 
 Varro L. L. 9. 98 responderi potest = respondere possumus; cf. 
 dicamus 97. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 4. i; Caes. B. C. i. 39. i, i. 48. 3, i. 56. 2, 2. 
 34. 1,3. 6. 2, 3. 15. I, 3. 39. I, 3. 62. I ; B. G. 4. 28. I demon- 
 stratum est = demons travimiis. 
 
 Caes. B. G. i. 16. 2, i. 49. 3, 3. 20. i, 4. 35. i dictum est = diximus, 
 
 Caes. B. G. 6. 11. i perventum est = pervenimus. 
 
 Sail. Jug. 96. I dictum est = diximus; cf. diximus 33. 2, 34. i, 37. 3, 
 38. 6. 
 
 CHAFIER III 5- 
 
 THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE SECOND PERSON 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 This class includes all verbs of the ventum est type, which 
 have a definite actor logically implied in the second plural, as 
 Plant. Bacch. 757 erit accubitum. In 753 Chrysalus says, 
 *'Mnesiloche et tu Pistoclere, iam facite in biclinio cum amica 
 sua uterque accubitum eatis." Then in 757 instead of repeat- 
 ing the second plural he uses the impersonal erit accubitum which 
 is equivalent to accubueritis as is shown not only by accubitum 
 eatis in 755, but by exsurgatis 758. 
 Plant. Bacch. 757 accubitum erit = accubueritis; cf. accubitum 
 
 eatis 755. 
 Plant. M. G. 737 desisti = <vos> desistere; cf. istis. 
 Varro R. R. 2. 11. i praedictum est = praedixistis; cf. adieceritis, 
 Caes. B. C. 2. 38. 3 auditum erat = audiveratis; supply, "you, 
 
 my readers." 
 
 25 
 
CHAPTER III 6. 
 
 THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 In this group are placed all those verbs (of the ventum est type) 
 which have a definite actor logically implied in the third plural, 
 as Plaut. Pseud. 453 itur. Pseudolus hears Callipho and Simo 
 talking about him. He knows that punishment awaits him, so 
 he says to himself in 453-4, ''itur ad te, Pseudole. Orationem 
 tibi para advorsum senem. They are making towards you, 
 Pseudolus; prepare your speech to meet the old fellow." Then 
 advancing to meet them he says aloud in 455-6 "erum saluto pri- 
 mum, ut aequomst, postea si quid superfit vicinos impertio. 
 First, as is proper, I salute my master, and after that if anything 
 is left I bestow it upon his neighbors." Itur is equivalent to 
 eunt, which has for its implied subject Callipho and Simo. 
 Plaut. Cas. 813 exitur - exeunt; cf. prodeant 806. 
 Plaut. M. G. 1091 factumst = fecerunt; cf. legerunt 1090. 
 Plaut. Poen. 835 bibitur, esiur = bibunt, edunt; cf. omnia genera 
 
 834. 
 Plaut. Pseud. 453 itur = eunt, which has for its implied subject 
 
 Callipho and Simo. 
 Ter. And. 251 itur = eunt; cf. alunt 250. 
 Ter. Heaut. 44 curritur = currunt: cf . scribunt, parcunt 43. 
 Ter. Phorm. loio ventumst = venerunt; cf. fiunt. 
 Varro L. L. 8. 39 transitum = {verba) transisse; cf. verbis. 
 Varro R. R. 2. 6. 3 solet caveri = solent cavere; cf. emptores implied 
 
 in emptionibus. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 26. 3 subventum foret = subvenissent; cf. Alienum, 
 
 Rabirium Postumum. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 61. i dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. exercitus in* 
 
 structi. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 2. 3 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. habebant. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 2. 5 visum est = viderunt; cf. movebant. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 15. 7 discessum est = discesserunt; cf. occur- 
 
 rerevt 6. 
 
 26 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 27 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 16. 5 decer latum est = decertaverunt; cf. con- 
 tender ent, viderent 3. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 25. 5 ventum esset = venissent; cf. proficiscun- 
 iur 2,- 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 29. 3 certaretur — certarent; cf. milites equitesque 
 nostros. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 31. i pugnabatur = pugnabant; cf. milites. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 31. 2 ventum est = venerunt; cf. cohortis i. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 40. i concurritur, pugnatur = concurrunt, pug- 
 nant; cf. signo . . . ab utroque dato, 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 46. 3 concurritur = concurrunt; cf. ad duces. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 53. i concurritur = concurrunt; cf. Berones com- 
 plurisque evocatos. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 60. 5 confligitur = confligunt; cf. legiones. 
 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 63. 3 pugnetur = pugnent; cf. cohortibus, and 
 numero equitum et reliquorum auxiliorum i. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 4. i resistitur = resistunt; cf. consulis, ScipioniSj 
 Catonis. 
 
 Caes. B. C. I. 26. 4 discedatur = discedant; cf. Caesar 2, Pom- 
 peius I . 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 26. 4 discessum sit = discesserint; cf. Caesar 2, 
 Pompeius i . 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 41. 3 dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. Caesar ^ A f ra- 
 mus. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 43. 5 contenditur = contendunt; cf. Afraniani, nos- 
 tri. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 45. 6 pugnabatur = pugnabant; cf. constiterant, 
 sustinebant. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 46. i pugnatum esset — pugnavissent; cf. nostri. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 46. 3 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. nostri; 
 Afranianis 5. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 47. 4 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. illi. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 58. 2 ventum erat = venerant; cf. confugiebant. 
 
 Caes. B. C. I. 67. i posse veniri = <se> posse venire; d. cense- 
 bant. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 67. 2 posse exiri — <se> posse exire; cf. sumebant. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 69. 4 conclamatur = conclamant; cf. exeunt^ con- 
 tendunt. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 79. 4 adpropinquatum esset = adpropinquavissent; 
 cf. iuberent. 
 
28 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 29 
 
 Caes. B. C. I. 80. i pugnatur, proceditur = pugnanty procedunt; 
 
 cf. subsistunt. 
 Caes. B. C. i. 86. 3 disputatum esset = disputavissent; cf. in 
 
 utramque partem. 
 Caes. B. C. i. 87. i veniatur = veniant; cf. dimittantur 86. 3. 
 Caes. B. C. i. 87. 3 postulatum est = postulaverunt; cf. Petreius 
 
 atque Afranius. 
 Caes. B. C. 2. 9. 9 visum est = viderunt; cf. exstruxerunt, relique- 
 
 runt. 
 Caes. B. C. 2. 16. 2 noceri posse = nocere possent; cf. /^05/^5 i. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 6. i perventum esset = pervenissent; cf. milites. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 16. 4 discederetur = discederent; cf. Pompei, Cae- 
 
 saris 5. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 16. 5 rediri posset = rehire possent; cf. missuros. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 19. 5 ventum esset = venissent; cf. /ega/i 4. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 26. 5 itum est = ierunt; cf. nacti^ introduxerunty 
 
 aestimaverunt. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 37. 3 contenderetur = contenderent; cf. militibus. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 52. i pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. Volcatius 
 
 TulluSy legionis, cohortibus tribus, and Germani 2. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 52. i succurri posset = succurrere possent; cf. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 63. 2 dimicaretur, posset resisti = dimicarenty 
 
 possent resistere; cf. nostri. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 67. 5 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. nostril illi, 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 72. 3 dimicatum =<se> dimicavisse; cL Pompeia^ 
 
 nis I, nostrorum militum 2. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 80. 3 succurratur = succurrant; cf. Scipionem, 
 
 Pompeium. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 86. i cognitum est = cognoverunt; cf. Caesar apud 
 
 suos. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 86. 3 accessum sit = accesserint; ci.equitibus. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 87. 7 discessum est = discesserunt; cf. praecipiC' 
 
 bant. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 109. i ageretur = agerent; cf. regum. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. iii. 2 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. Achillas^ 
 
 Caesar. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. iii. 3 pugnabatur = pugnabant; cf. diductis copiis, 
 Caes. B. C. 3. iii. 5 actum est = egerunt; cf. t//^', /jt. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. iii. 5 agi debuit = agere debuerunt; cf. t7/i, /li. 
 
 f 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 112. 7 pugnatum esty discederetur = pugnaverunt, 
 
 discederent; cf. neutri. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 26. i pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. nostras , 
 
 Helvetii. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 26. 2 pugnatum sit = pugnaverint; cf. nostras y HeU 
 
 vetii. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 26. 3 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. nostroSy 
 
 Helvetii. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 26. 4 pugnatum esset = pugnavissent; cf. nostri. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 30. 5 mandatum esset = mandavissent; cf. sanxe^ 
 
 runt. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 43. 2 dictum erat = dixerant; cf. venerunt. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 43. 4 ventum est = venerunt; cf. Caesar 2, Ariovis- 
 
 tus 3. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 52. 4 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. nostri. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 6. i sustentatum est = sustentaverunt; cf. Remorum. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 9. i contendebatur = contendebant; cf. neutri. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 10. I pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. hastes y nostri. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 1 1. 4 ventum erat — venerant; cf. nostrorum militum, 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 17. 2 cognitum est = cognoverunt; supply Caesar 
 
 and his officers. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 20. i concurri = <milites> concurrere; cf. milites. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 32. 4 perspectum est = perspexerunt; supply Cae- 
 sar and his officers. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 2 intellectum est = intellexerunt; supply Caesar 
 
 and his officers. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 3 concur sum est = concur rerunt; cf. proximis 
 
 castellis. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 5. i pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. nostras. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 15. 4 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. nostriy perpaucae 
 
 {naves hostium.) 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 21. i pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. SotiateSy 
 
 nostri. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 22. 4 pugnatum esset — pugnavissent; cf. milites. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 24. 5 exspectari = <se> exspectare; cf. omnium. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 24. 5 tVe/wr = tV^w/; cf. omnium. 
 Caes. B. G. 4. 13. 5 dicebatur, dictum esset = dicebant, dixissent; 
 
 cf. Germani 4. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 16. i dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. nostras, illi 2. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 19. 3 discedi = <eo5> discedere; cf. equitum 2. 
 
30 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 25. 5 perventum = <se> pervenisse; cf. legatis, 
 
 quaestorihus. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 26. i ventum est = venerunt; cf. legatis, quaesto- 
 
 ribus, legiones 25.5. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 31. i consurgitur = consurgunt; cf. comprehenduntf 
 
 orant. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 31. 5 maneatur = maneant; cf. proficiscuntur. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 35. 5 pugnaretur — pugnarent; cf. committehant, 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 44. 3 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. 5W05 omneSy and 
 
 hostes 43. 6. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 50. 5 concur sari, agi = <milites> concur sare^ 
 
 agere; cf. equites. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 56. i veniri = <legationes> venire; cf. legationes, 
 
 55. 4. 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 58. 3 visum est = viderunt; cf. equites 2. 
 Caes. B. G. 6. 13. 7. interdictum est = inter dixerunt; cf. interdi- 
 
 cunt 6. 
 Caes. B. G. 6. 19. 3 compertum est = compererunt; cf. habent, in- 
 
 terficiunt. 
 Caes. B. G. 6. 37. 6 trepidatur = trepidant; d.ferantur, provident. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 2. 3 disceditur = discedunt; cf. ^wi. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 4. 2 concurritur = concurrunt; cf. 5«^*^ clientibus. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 15. 3 deliberatur = deliberant; cf. Gallis 4. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 16. 3 iretur = irew/; cf. nostris. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 24. 4 occurreretur = occurrerent; cf. /i(?5/e5 3. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 25. i pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. hostibus, nobis. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 28. i veniretur = venirent; cf. t7/i 27. 3. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 35. 5 perventum = <eo5> pervenisse; cf. C(?/>ia5, 
 
 correptis cohortibus 4. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 49. i pugnari = <milites> pugnare; cf. Romanis 
 
 48. 4. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 50. i pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. hostes, nostri. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 61. 3 tumultuari = <milites> tumultuare; cf. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 67. 2 pugnatur = pugnant; cf. equitatum, hostem, 
 
 omnibus in partibus. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 70. 6 z;ewm = <legiones> venire; cf. legiones 5. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 76. 5 pugnaretur - pugnarent; cf. those in the town, 
 
 implied in ex oppido. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 80. 6 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. Germani, hostes, 
 
 nostri. 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 31 
 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 84. 2 pugnatur, concurritur = pugnant, concurrunt, 
 
 cf. 5W05 I. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 85. 4 laboratur = laborant; cf. GaZ/i, Romani. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 87. i pugnaretur = pugnarent; d. Brutum, Fabium 
 cum aliis. 
 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. I. 2 resisti posse = <se> resistere posse; cf. Gallis. 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 7. 2 esse demigratum = <Bellovacos> demigra- 
 
 visse; cf. Bellovacos i. 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 10. 2 contendebatur = contendebant; cf. paucis. 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 12. ^dimicari= < Remos> dimicare; cf. i^emi5 3. 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 19. 3 pugnatur = pugnant; cf. pari contentions 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 23. 5 ventum esset = venissent; cf. C. Volusenum 
 
 Quadratum, centuriones 4. 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 29. i dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. nostri 28. 4, 
 
 hostes 28.5. 
 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 48. 2) contender etur = contenderent; cf. Volusenus, 
 ille. 
 
 (Caes.) B. H. 11. 2 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. miserunt. 
 
 (Caes.) B. H. 13. 7 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. dubitarunt, 
 essent facturi 6. 
 
 (Caes.) B. H. 15. 5 pugnari coeptiim est = pugnare coeperunt; cf. 
 nostris defendentibus iniecissent 6. 
 
 (Caes.) B. H. 23. 8 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. inter quos, 
 comminus. 
 
 (Caes.) B. H. 33. 2 ventum esset = venissent; cf. coeperunt. 
 
 Lucr. 2. 962 decursum siet = decucurrerint; d. animantes, im- 
 plied from animantem 944, and possint 961. 
 
 Lucr. 3. 598 trepidatur = trepidant; cf. cupiunt 599. 
 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 
 1. Cat. 9. 4 vindicatum est = vindicaverunt; cf. curabant. 
 
 1. Cat. 51. 5 consultum est = consultaverunt; cf. maiores nostri, 
 
 1. Cat. 60. 2 ventum est — venerunt; cf. cohortis, hostium exer- 
 
 citus. 
 1. Cat. 60. 3 certatur= certant; cf. veterani, illi. 
 ^- Jug- 53- 2 ventum est = venerunt; cf. consistunt. 
 1. Jug. 54. 10 subveniretur = subvenirent; cf. Romanos. 
 1- Jug. 58. I certatur = certant; cf . Romani 57. 4. oppidani 57. 5. 
 1. Jug. 60. I. certabatur = certabant; cf. t7/i, ^o^/e^ 3. 
 1. Jug. 74. 3 certatum — certaverunt; cf. Numidae 2. 
 1. Jug. 76. 5 ventum erat = venerant; cf. Romani. 
 1. Jug. 105. I consuleretur = consulerent; cf. Bacchus, Sullam. 
 
32 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 Sail. Jug. 107. 7 perventum est = pervenerunt; cf. intenderant. 
 Sail. Jug. 113. 2 veniretur — venirent; cf. Bocchus, Sullam, Jugur- 
 
 thae legatum. 
 Sail. Jug. 113. 6 dictum erat = dixerant; cf. Bacchus^ Sullam^ 
 
 Jugurthae legatum 2. 
 Sail. Jug. 113. 6 invaditur = invadunt; cf. undique, ex insidiis. 
 Nep. 1.4.5 desperari = < praetores > desperare; cf . praetores 4. 
 Nep. 1.4.5 ciuderi .... dimicari = < praetores > audere 
 
 . . dimicare; cf . praetores 4. 
 Nep. 4. 3. 7 iudicari = <se> iudicare; cf. putahant. 
 Nep. 6. 3. 5 iudicatum foret = iudicavissent; cf. iudicum. 
 Nep. 8. 3. 3 reditum erat = redierant; cf. vellent, 
 Nep. 14. II. I conveniretur = convenirent; cf. Datamen, Mithri- 
 
 dates. 
 Nep. 15. 3. 3 disputaretur = disputarent; cf. circulum, 
 Nep. 16. 4. I dimicatum est = dimicaverunt; cf. gwi, undique, and 
 
 praesidium 3. 3. 
 Nep. 17. 2. I dimicari = <eos> dimicare; cf. Lacedaemoniis, 
 Nep. 18. 4. I pugnatum esset = pugnavissent; cf. copias 3. 3, Mace- 
 
 dones 3. 4. 
 Nep. 18. 7. 3 conveniretur, deliberaretur = convenirent, deliberarent; 
 
 cf. omnes 2. 
 Nep. 18. 9. 5 auditum esse = < adversarios > audivisse; cf. adver^ 
 
 sarios. 
 Nep. 20. 3. 5 decretum sit = decreverint; cf. Syracusani implied in 
 
 53'mcw5i5. 
 Nep. 25. 2. 4 dictum esset = dixissent; cf . haberent. 
 
 CHAPTER III 7. 
 
 THE ACTOR INDEFINITE OR GENERAL IN THE 
 SECOND PERSON SINGULAR 
 
 This group contains all those examples which have a subject 
 impliedly indefinite in the second f)erson singular (i. e. you = 
 anyone). Cato in de Agr. 5. 7, giving general directions as to 
 farming, says, "pecori et bubus diligenter substernatur. Care- 
 fully bed your flocks and herds." Substernatur is equivalent to 
 substernas, having as its implied subject the indefinite you, any- 
 body. It should be remembered that the second singular, if used 
 indefinitely, is normally in the potential subjunctive, not in the 
 indicative; cf. Lane 1550. 
 
 Plant. Poen. 533 curratur = curras; cf. bibas, edas 534. 
 Cato de Agr. 5. 7 substernatur = substernas; cf. conficias. 
 Cato de Agr. 14. i iussitur = iubeas; cf. locabis. 
 Cato de Agr. 39. 2 cessetur = cesses; cf . facias. 
 Varro L. L. 9. 108 transitum est = transieris; cf. transieris. 
 
 33 
 
CHAPTER III 8. 
 
 THE ACTOR INDEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 In this class are placed those verbs which have a third sing- 
 ular indefinite actor implied, as in Plaut. Trin. 65 vivitiir. Me- 
 garonides says, "edepol proinde ut bene uiuitur, diu uiuitur. In 
 proportion as one lives a happy life, one lives a long life." Here 
 vivitur is equivalent to vivit and has homo (meaning any one of 
 the race of men) for its implied subject. In negative expres- 
 sions, usually, the indefinite is singular as Caes. B. G. 2. 17. 4 "ut 
 instar muri hae saepes munimentum praeberent quo non modo 
 non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. So that these hedges 
 presented a fortification like a wall, through which (no one) 
 could enter nor even penetrate with the eye." The subject of 
 posset is felt to be singular indefinite rather than plural indefinite. 
 Plaut. Bacch. 544 ne invideatur = ne <qmsquam> invideat; cf. 
 
 nullus 543. 
 Plaut. M. G. 758 adpositumst = <aliquis> adposuit; cf. iube^ 
 
 tolle 759. 
 Plaut. Trin. 65 vivitur, vivitur = <homo> vivit, <homo> vivit. 
 Ter. And. 501 renuntiatumst = <aliquis> renuntiavit. 
 Varro L. L. 6. 72 neque agi potest = neque <quisquam> agere 
 
 potest. 
 Varro L. L. 8. 31 discessum est = <aliquis> discessit; cf. si quis 
 
 putat. 
 Caes. B. G. i. 31. 2 enuntiatum esset = <quisquam> enuntia- 
 
 visset. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 17. 4 non intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset = 
 
 non <quisquam> intrare, sed ne perspicere quidem posset. 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 3. 2 neque veniri <posset> = neque <quisquam> 
 
 venire < posset. > 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 9. 5 nuntiari posset = <quisquam> nuntiare pos- 
 set. 
 Nep. 18. 9. 4 praenuntiatum esse = <aliquem> praenuntiavisse, 
 
 34 
 
 CHAPTER III 9. 
 
 THE ACTOR INDEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 In this class are placed those verbs which have an indefinite 
 actor logically implied in the third plural; as Plaut. Amph. 
 942 reventum est. Jupiter says in lines 938-42 ''nam 
 in hominum aetate multa eveniunt huius modi; capiunt 
 voluptates, capiunt rusum miserias; irae interveniunt, redeunt 
 rusum in gratiam, verum irae si quae forte eveniunt huius 
 modi inter eos, rusum si reventum in gratiam est, etc. For 
 in the life of mortals many things of this nature happen; now they 
 take their pleasures, again they meet with hardships. Quarrels 
 intervene, again they (mortals) become friends. But if, by 
 chance, any quarrels of this nature happen between them, then 
 if they have become friends again, etc." Reventum est is equi- 
 valent to revenerunt which has for its implied indefinite subject 
 homines, as is shown by hominum. 
 Plaut. Amph. 942 reventum est = <homines> revenerunt; cf. 
 
 hominum 938. 
 Plaut. Cure. 679 argentariis male credi qui aiunt = < homines > 
 argentariis male credere qui aiunt. Credi is equivalent to 
 credere which has for its implied subject men or people. 
 "Those who say it is bad that < people > trust bankers," 
 etc. 
 Plaut. Cure. 680 credi dico = < homines > credere dico; credi is 
 equivalent to credere, which has a third plural indefinite 
 subject men implied. "I say it is both good and bad <for 
 men> to trust < bankers >" is the meaning of nam et bene 
 et male credi dico. 
 Plaut. Most. 235 estur, hibitur = < homines > edunt, bibunt; cf. 
 neque quisquam parsimoniam adhibei 236, showing that more 
 than one person is doing the eating and drinking. 
 Plaut. Rud. 271 veniri solet = < homines > venire solent. 
 Plaut. True. 746 invidetur = < homines > invident; cf. invident. 
 Ter. Eun. 348 conclamatumst = < homines > conclamaverunt. 
 Ter. Heaut. 154 vivitur = < homines > vivunt. 
 
 35 
 
36 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 Ter. Hec. 315 trepidari, cur sari = < homines > trepidare, cursare, 
 
 Varro L. L. 5. 47 itur = <homines> eunt. 
 
 Varro L. L. 6. 16 sacrificatur = < homines > sacrificant. 
 
 Varro L. L. 6. 24 exitur — < homines > exeunt. 
 
 Varro L. L. 6. 25 sacrificatur = < homines > sacrificant, 
 
 Varro L. L. 6. 34 parentetur = <homines> parentent. 
 
 Varro L. L. 7. 32 dubitatur = < homines > dubitant. 
 
 Varro L. L. 8. 14 dicitur = <homines> dicunt. 
 
 Varro L. L. 10. 80 erratur = <homines> errant, 
 
 Varro R. R. i. 2. 4 posse navigari = < homines > posse navigare. 
 
 Varro R. R. i. 16. 6 navigari, evehi, invehi possit = < homines > 
 
 navigare, evehere, invehere possent. 
 Varro R. R. 3. i. 2 did possit = < homines > dicere possint. 
 Caes. B. C. i. 6^.2 conclamatumesset = <quidam> conclamavis- 
 
 sent, 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 96. 4 dicebatur = <homines> dicebant, 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 36. 2 despici poterat = <homines> despicere po- 
 
 terant. 
 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 7. 7 diceretur = < homines > dicerent. 
 Lucr. 5. 18 wow poterat vivi = <mortales> non poterant vivere; cf. 
 
 mor tales 15. 
 Sail. Cat. 2. 8 siletur = < homines > silent. 
 Sail. Jug. 5. I i/ww 65/ = < homines > ierunt. 
 Nep. 6. 4. I perlatum esse = < homines > pertulisse, 
 Nep. 10. 9. 5 dictum est = < homines > dixerunt, 
 Nep. 10. 10.2 factum est = <homines> fecerunt, 
 Nep. 25. 14. I cenatum est = <homines> cenaverunt; cf. convivae. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE AGENT NOT EXPRESSED BUT UNDERSTOOD 
 
 FROM THE VERB 
 
 In this group are placed those impersonals whose subjects are 
 neither expressed nor implied in the context, yet are known be- 
 cause the verb itself immediately calls up the person or persons 
 upon whom this duty devolves; as CatodeAgr. 150. i interkalatum 
 erit is equivalent to <pontifices> inter kalaverint. It was the 
 duty of the pontifices to regulate the calendar. In Caes. B. C. 
 I.I.I referretur = < consul > referret. To refer matters to the 
 senate was the consul's business. This group has been divided 
 into two classes: the first contains those verbs which have a 
 singular subject implied for their active equivalent, the second 
 class includes those verbs which have a plural subject implied. 
 These active verbs, whether singular or plural, have their im- 
 plied subjects in the third person. 
 
 I. Third Singular. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. i. i. referretur — <consul> referret. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 2. 2. non oportere referri — non oportere <consU' 
 
 lem> referre. 
 Caes. B. C. i. 2. 7 refertur = < consul > refert, 
 Caes. B. C. i. 6. 3 refertur, refertur = < consul > refert, refert. 
 Sail. Cat. 48. 5 referatur = <consul> referat. 
 Sail. Cat. 51. 21 animadvorteretur = < praetor > animadvorteret. 
 Sail. Jug. 28. 3 nuntiari iubet = <nuntium> nuntiare iubet, 
 
 II. Third Plural. 
 
 Cato de Agr. 150. i interkalatum erit = < pontifices > interka- 
 
 laverint. 
 Varro L. L. 6. 13 inter calatur = < pontifices > intercalant, 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 40. 5 cani iussisset= iussisset <cornicines tubi- 
 
 cinesque> canere; cf. comment on B. G. 7. 47. i below. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 75. 2 conclamari = < the proper officials > conclam- 
 
 are. 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 47. i cani = iussit (cornicines tubicinesque) canere. 
 Cani in B. Afr. 40. 5 and here may mean that Caesar ordered 
 < the instruments > to be sounded. In that case cani would not 
 belong in this group, since there is an implied subject of the pass- 
 ive, but would be an ordinary passive; as in B. C. 3.82. i classi- 
 cumque apud eum cani . . . iubet. 
 
 37 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 IMPERSONALS WITH EXPRESSED AGENT 
 
 This class of verbs, which is here called "Impersonal with 
 Expressed Agent, " includes those verbs which have their log- 
 ical subject expressed by the ablative, or dative of agent, or 
 otherwise. This construction is used to make the action prom- 
 inent, while the actor is secondary, but not left to inference. 
 Plaut. Amph. 219 utrimque exitum est; utrimque = ab utrisque 
 
 and is an expressed agent. 
 Plaut. Bacch. 295 factum a vobis. 
 Plaut. Cas. 394 a me factum. 
 Plaut. M. G. 561 a me factum esse. 
 Plaut. Poen. 805 factum a vobis. 
 Ter. Ad. 662 factum a vobis. 
 Ter. Heaut. 158 peccatum a me est. 
 Ter. Heaut. 249 factum a nobis est. 
 Ter. Hec. 624 abs te est factum. 
 Ter. Phorm. looi factumst abs te. 
 (Caes.) B. Afr. 18. 4 ab hostibus pugnaretur nee comminus ad 
 
 manus rediretur. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 19. 6 pugnabatur a nobis. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 39. 2 utrimque processum est; utrimque = ab 
 
 utroque. 
 (Caes.) B. Alex. 62. 3 pugnatur utrimque; utrimque = ab utroque, 
 Caes. B. C. i. 26. i utrimque pugnabatur; utrimque = ab utrisque, 
 Caes. B. C. i. 57. 3 pugnatum est utrimque; utrimque = ab utris* 
 
 que. 
 Caes. B. C. i. 67. i disputatur a Petreio atque Afranio. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 14. i erat praeceptum a Caesar e. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 93. i concurri a Pompeianis. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 93. i erat praecepttim a Caesar e. 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 100. i factum a Libone. 
 Caes. B. G. I. 22. 3 erat praeceptum a Caesare. 
 Caes. B. G. I. 50. 3 utrimque pugnatum est; utrimque = ab utro^ 
 
 que. 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 4 pugnatum ab hostibus est. 
 
 38 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 39 
 
 Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 4 a viris fortibus pugnari debuit. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 18. 6 ab iis erat provisum. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 3. 25. I a& hostibus pugnaretur. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 4. 23. 2 a quibus administratum esset. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 4. 26. i pugnatum est ab utrisque. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 6. i ab nobis dictum est. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 30. i a Cotta primisque ordinibus resisteretur, 
 
 Caes. B. G. 5. 40. 3 a6 nostris resistitur. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 16. 3 a& nostris occurrebatur . 
 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 47. 2 erat a Caesare praeceptum. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 70. I a& utrisque contenditur, 
 
 Lucr. 5. 1 1 49 concessumst legibus acquis. 
 
 Lucr. 6. 377 turbatur utrimque; utrimque = ab utrisque. 
 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 Sal 
 
 • Jug. 53- 2 utrimque concurritur; utrimque = ab utrisque. 
 
 . Jug. 67. 2 neque a fortissumis resisti posse. 
 
 .Jug. 102. 4 a Manlio concessum. 
 
 . Jug. 107. I a paucis strenuis pugnatum. 
 
 . Jug. 112. 3 ab omnibus veniretur. 
 
 . Jug. 114. I ab ducibus nostris pugnatum, 
 Nep. 2. 10. 4 apud plerosque scriptum est. 
 Nep. 2. 10. 5 legibus non concederetur. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 
 
 Unexpressed 
 
 Personals with 
 
 Agent 
 
 Plaut. 
 
 Ter. 
 
 Cato 
 
 Varro 
 
 Caes. 
 
 Pseu- 
 
 do 
 Caes. 
 
 Lucr. 
 
 Cat. 
 
 Sail. 
 
 Nep. 
 
 Cic. 
 
 I. First Singular 
 Definite 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 2. Second Singu- 
 lar Definite. . 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 3. Third Singular 
 Definite 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 14 
 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 177 
 
 4. First Plural 
 Real 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 87 
 
 5. First Plural 
 Editorial 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 45 
 
 6. Second Plural 
 Definite 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 7. Third Plural 
 Definite 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 103 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 
 IS 
 
 IS 
 
 180 
 
 8. Second Singu- 
 lar Indefinite 
 
 I 
 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9. Third Singular 
 Indefinite. . . 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 103 
 
 10. Third Plural 
 Indefinite. . . 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 113 
 
 II. Agent not ex- 
 pressed but 
 definitely un- 
 derstood — 
 a. Third Singular 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 19 
 
 b. Third Plural... 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Total 
 
 79 
 983 
 
 44 
 280 
 
 7 
 109 
 
 39 
 
 387 
 
 172 
 340 
 
 46 
 158 
 
 4 
 227 
 
 2 
 116 
 
 35 
 121 
 
 26 
 124 
 
 838 
 
 Pages of text exam- 
 ined (reckoned ap- 
 proximately with 
 Teubner page as 
 unit) 
 
 4633 
 
 Number of Teubner 
 
 
 pages per imper- 
 sonal verb of this 
 tvoe 
 
 12.4 
 5 
 
 6.3 
 
 5 
 
 IS. 5 
 
 9.9 
 
 1.9 
 21 
 
 3.4 
 S 
 
 S6.7 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
 3-4 
 6 
 
 4.7 
 
 2 
 
 5.5 
 
 Impersonal with 
 Agent Expressed 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 41 
 
 Definite 
 
 Sg. Plu. 
 
 Plautus 57 10 
 
 Terence 27 12 
 
 Cato 3 I 
 
 Varro 12 11 
 
 Caesar .42 122 
 
 Pseudo-Caesar 14 31 
 
 Lucretius o 3 
 
 Catullus 2 o 
 
 Sallust 16 17 
 
 Nepos 6 15 
 
 Total 179 222 
 
 Indefinite 
 Sg. Plu. 
 
 5 7 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 I 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 35 
 
 In examples found in the works of authors other than histo- 
 rians (Caesar, Sallust, Nepos and Lucretius) the singular definite 
 is used more frequently than the plural definite. In the histo- 
 rians the plural definite is used more often. 
 
 The singular indefinite is used on an average less than the plu- 
 ral indefinite, the ratio being about i : 2. 
 
 The definite meaning occurs more frequently than the indef- 
 inite, the ratio being about 15: 2. 
 
 Plautus, out of 79 examples, uses 31 which require a logically 
 implied subject in first singular definite, because he uses dialogue 
 requiring a first singular definite subject. This impersonal con- 
 struction relieves the monotony of a too oft recurring first per- 
 son definite. 
 
 Terence, for the same reason, uses for the most part an im- 
 personal requiring a logically implied subject in first and third 
 singular definite. 
 
 Cato, giving directions as to farming, makes very little use of 
 this impersonal construction. Of the seven examples taken 
 from his works three are equivalent to a personal construction 
 having a second singular indefinite subject. 
 
 One-third of the examples gathered from Varro require a sub- 
 ject in the third plural indefinite because Varro treats of gram- 
 mar and of affairs pertaining to agriculture and does it in gen- 
 eral or indefinite terms. He uses this impersonal passive for the 
 sake of variety. 
 
 Caesar and Sallust write of war; consequently the greater num- 
 ber of their impersonal verbs need subjects logically implied in 
 
42 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 the third person singular and the third plural definite. To avoid 
 the too frequent use of a personal subject they make use of 
 this impersonal construction. 
 
 Nepos in his "Lives" is very fond of this impersonal passive, 
 having for its active a logically implied subject in the third plu- 
 ral definite. 
 
 The lyric poet Catullus and Lucretius in his philosophical 
 poem make very scanty use of this impersonal passive. The 
 comic writers Plautus and Terence, however, use it very frequent- 
 ly. 
 
 In conclusion it can be said: 
 
 ( I ) . Writers of the republican period do not use the impersonal 
 passive of the ventum est type so frequently as the imperial au- 
 thors. The writers of the empire continued to make use of this 
 
 coBiDicijoi I \i $01 jii isdi mo ip 113 IE tiiilr 
 
 €HCi-§'. 1 11^ <!C)HCeig OI CII6 6lii|3iie coiiciiiaea co iiiskg qsg oi ciiia 
 
 .... .^M...^:oM oo «a a]ooi]io Jdi 1 ^ooi^Jic hiJdo tthlOC llC ODS eXOUDDJ© 
 -FH*^*-^' J^H^ yi^t-i-FGi-H o^ -fpG Gijj£>ii-G cou4;iunGC| ^o ujrg^jcG nee o^ -FJJis 
 
 DsggiAG o{ ipe jisjsiM u\ |AD6 go iLGdncuiiA 5g ipG wkm\ m- 
 
 ( ' ) ' NiH^^^^ ^i ^H^ i.ebnpjicgu bekioq qo uo^ nee 4:pe iuJbGi.eou^j 
 
 lu couqnsiou n c^u pe ggiq: 
 1>^- 
 
 coiJJic /Auj^GL2 j,ign4:n8 guq xglgucg* po/agagl* hsg ip aglX ^LGdnGu^:- 
 
 boGUj m^G aglA gcsufA nsG oj ^pis imbGLSou^i b^ggjAG* j^pG 
 
 j^fJG jXlic bo€|: c^^njing suq pncLGqns lu pi8 bpii08objJicq 
 IS] qcpuifG* 
 p^AiuS (OL i;8 srcqAG 3 jo§ic^j]A imb|iGq snplGC^ lu ^pc ^piiq b\n' 
 
 I4Gb08 lU pi8 „n^G8^^ 18 AGLX ^OUq 0^ ^pi8 lUjbGLSGUgj b^88IAG' 
 ^pi8 IUjbGL80U^J COU8;LncqOU* 
 
 fpG po jLGdnGui: nsG o[ g bcLsouq 8nplGC|: ^pcX ixjhjcg nsG 0{ 
 ^pG ^piiq bGi8ou 8iugn|^L guq ^pG ^paq bjnL^j qGyui^G* j^o ^AOiq 
 
 ^5 
 
 \j 2^^^ ^\ ^\^^ \^\>^uowa\ 
 
 APPENDIX I 
 
 EXCURSUS ON CAESAR 
 
 A table follows, showing how often Caesar and pseudo-Caesar 
 make use of a first singular, a first plural, and an impersonal con- 
 struction of verbs of saying, thinking, believing, naming, show- 
 ing etc. 
 
 FIRST PLURAL 
 Caesar pseudo-Caesar 
 
 confidamus B. C. 2.4.4 
 consuevimus B. G. 5.1.2 
 
 imijiiiiiii C 1 1* ' 
 
 consuevitmis B. Ci. 5.1.2 
 
 1: DO 
 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 
 (•) 
 
 (I) 
 CD 
 
 ( » 
 
 audiehamus B. Alex. 74.3 (i) 
 
 demonstravimus B. Afr. 24.1, 34.1, 
 
 D II 8 D ii 
 
 dstrtoft.sifa.vittt^'u.s B. A.fr-. ^4- 
 
 34-1. 
 
 «^^»*<i\s"2.\vcts^s\\s4^*i. ;b' "Vl.^* s-^"!* 3'i"i* 
 
 bacnqo- q;3gbsi. 
 
 imi brnKvr 
 
 luS g;c* 
 
 f I» 
 
 I 
 
 84:Lnc4:iou o^ AGipg o^ sgXiuS^ ^piupiuS^ pGiiGAiu&^ uguJluR^ 8pO//i- 
 
 m^JCG nSG 0[ ^ JJL8; 8IUgn]gL* S JJL8^ h\[\l^' SUq ^U lUJbGlgOU^] cou- 
 
 Y ;srp]G \o\\oiL2' gpo/AiuS }J0//i oj^Gu c^Gg^L ^uq bsGnqo-c^Gs^L 
 
 EXCflKSn? OM CVE?VK 
 
 VLbEMDIX I 
 
^o 
 
 ySeuf Exbieeseq 
 
 ]ml)€L80USri JAJfp 
 
 ,\ K- . . . . t 
 
 2 
 13-^ 
 
 d83 
 i5 
 
 2 
 Q-3 
 
 380 
 
 i2"2 
 lod 
 
 dd 
 38i 
 
 3d 
 
 31 
 
 Id 
 3^0 
 
 lis 
 
 2 
 3*1 
 
 128 
 
 3 
 
 2Q-i 
 
 33i 
 
 28 
 
 IIQ 
 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 3-^ 
 
 131 
 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 izi 
 
 3Q 
 
 80 
 
 (A0€ 
 
 90U3] A6ip 01 fpi8 
 1)9868 b6l imb€L- 
 
 I^nmpei o^ x^npuGi 
 
 21 
 
 nv\() 
 
 lenpuGi bsSG 98 
 
 OlOXIUJSfGlX iAIfp 
 
 lUGq (LGcjcouGq sb- 
 
 i,98G8 Ot f GXf GXSrUJ- 
 
 ^Q35 
 
 lot^ 
 
 838 
 
 P' XPmbini?!-' 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 q6i8(ooq — 
 q6(JU!(6|A nu- 
 bieaaeq pnf 
 ir v86Uf uof Gx- 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Id 
 
 lo- XPI'-q bl"»-sfl 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 IIS 
 
 
 uc 
 
 GUDIfG-- 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 ml 
 
 
 J 
 
 Alii.. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 IB) 
 
 10. Third Plural 
 
 Indefinite. . . 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 113 
 
 1 1 . Agent not ex- 
 pressed but 
 
 definitely un- 
 
 qceuifGiX na- 
 
 Dl§i«M DQC 
 
 definitely un- 
 
 acrstooa 
 
 a. Third Singular 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 10 
 
 b. Third Plural. . . 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 121 
 
 3-4 
 6 
 
 
 13 
 
 Total 
 
 79 
 
 983 
 
 12.4 
 S 
 
 44 
 
 280 
 
 6.3 
 5 
 
 7 
 109 
 
 IS. 5 
 
 39 
 
 387 
 9.9 
 
 172 
 
 340 
 
 1.9 
 
 21 
 
 46 
 
 IS8 
 
 3.4 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 227 
 
 56.7 
 2 
 
 2 
 116 
 
 58 
 
 26 
 
 124 
 
 4-7 
 
 2 
 
 828 
 
 Pages 
 Sned (] 
 proxiiT 
 Teubn 
 unit) . 
 
 of 
 rec 
 lat 
 er 
 
 text exam- 
 
 koned ap- 
 
 ely with 
 
 page as 
 
 462a 
 
 Numb 
 pages 
 sonal 
 tvoe. . 
 
 er of Teubner 
 
 per imper- 
 
 verb of this 
 
 5.5 
 
 Impersonal with 
 Agent Expressed 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 pGL 0^ ^:pGiL lujbGLSOU^j AGipg UGGq 8nplGC^8 ]oSic^]|X iiubjiGq lU 
 (^STGgSL ?uq g^jjngf mu|:g oj m^l! cousGcfnGuqX ^\sg 8lg?;gl unuj- 
 
 8SJCG OJ A^LIG|:X* 
 
 Giq OL IUqGJJUI|:G fGLIIJS' JJG n8G8 |:pi8 IUjbGL80Uq b^88IAG JOL |:pG 
 
 m^L guq o^ 3^^118 bGLf^iuiug ^0 sKucn]^f\iG suq qoG8 i|: lu &gu- 
 Igc^ iu ^pG ^paq bini^j luqGyui^G pGCsnsG /^^llo ;lg?|:8 o{ Sl^uj- 
 
 QUG-^fpaq OJ |:pG GX^IJjb]G8 S^^pGLGq ^LOUJ /^SLLO LGdniLG s 8np- 
 
 psAiug s 8GC0uq 8iuSn|3L iuqG)JUi|:G 8nplGcr 
 
 (Louj pi8 /AOip |:pLGG SLG GdniAqGU|: p ^ bGL80u^j cou8|:Lncqou 
 
 |:pi8 iujbGL80u?i cou8|:Lncqou- Ql ^H^ 8GAGU GX3Iub|G8 ^S^GU 
 
 (^gp' SiAiuS qiLGcqou8 ^8 p j^LUJiuS* uj^jcGS aglX ji^jg nsG 0^ 
 8iuSn]SL qGguip* 
 
 bGL80U3j LGdniLiug ^ jogicqiX imbjiGq snplGCf m {jl8|: ^uq i:piLq 
 
 JLGLGUCG' {OL |:pG 8^UJG LGS80U' n8G8 JOL ^^G UJ08J: bSLj: ^U lUJ- 
 
 80U qG(JUItG* 
 
 8|LncqOU LG|IGAG2 (pG lUOUOpuA 0( 3 fOO 0{[ LGCniUUg (JL8f bGL- 
 
 LGdniuug ^ gL8; 8iu8nj^L qG(JUii:G gnpkcr ipis iiubGLgou^i cou- 
 
 lUjbjiGq snplGCi: lu yL8f giuSnjs^L qcyuifG' pGCS^nsG jjg nsGS qis^joSnG 
 
 ' pifif ofii 01 JO MBp' mi 31 iipicp iffliiiie if m\^ 
 
 Plautus, out of 79 examples, uses 31 which require a logically 
 
 implied subject in first singular definite, because he uses dialogue 
 requiring a. first singular definite subject. This impersonal con- 
 
 struction relieves the monotony of a too oft recurring first per- 
 
 SfLnCflOU LGJIGAGS fpG UJOUOfOuX 0|_ Q" 4^00 OJ^i: LGCnLLIUS l^t-'Stl BgL- 
 struction r^lie-v^es tH^ mono-tony of a. -too oft r-ecurring farst: per- 
 
 son dennite. 
 
 Terence, for the same reason, uses for the most part an im- 
 personal requiring a logically implied subject in first and third 
 singular definite. 
 
 Cato, giving directions as to farming, makes very little use of 
 this impersonal construction. Of the seven examples taken 
 from his works three are equivalent to a personal construction 
 having a second singular indefinite subject. 
 
 One-third of the examples gathered from Varro require a sub- 
 ject in the third plural indefinite because Varro treats of gram- 
 mar and of aff"airs pertaining to agriculture and does it in gen- 
 eral or indefinite terms. He uses this impersonal passive for the 
 sake of variety. 
 
 Caesar and Sallust write of war; consequently the greater num- 
 ber of their impersonal verbs need subjects logically implied in 
 
42 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 1 
 
 the third person singular and the third plural definite. To avoid 
 the too frequent use of a personal subject they make use of 
 this impersonal construction. 
 
 Nepos in his "Lives" is very fond of this impersonal passive, 
 having for its active a logically implied subject in the third plu- 
 ral definite. 
 
 The lyric poet Catullus and Lucretius in his philosophical 
 poem make very scanty use of this impersonal passive. The 
 comic writers Plautus and Terence, however, use it very frequent- 
 
 ly. 
 
 In conclusion it can be said: 
 
 ( I ) . Writers of the republican period do not use the impersonal 
 passive of the ventum est type so frequently as the imperial au- 
 thors. The writers of the empire continued to make use of this 
 construction, as is shown by Tacitus, who gives us one example, 
 approximately, for every 3.4 pages, Juvenal, one example for 
 every 11.8 pages, Horace, one for every 25.5 pages, and Sueton- 
 ius, one for every 2.5 pages. 
 
 (2). This idiom is used most frequently by historians of this 
 (republican) period ; Caesar, Sallust, and Nepos. 
 
 (3). It is not popular with the poets of this age, except the 
 writers of comedy. 
 
 (4). In republican times, the impersonal passive of the ven- 
 tum est type was commonly equivalent to an active, having a 
 definite subject implied in the context. In this investigation, 
 four hundred fifty-four examples have been cited ; four hundred 
 one of these show a definite doer for the active equivalent, only 
 fifty-three show an indefinite agent implied for the equivalent 
 active. 
 
 APPENDIX I 
 
 EXCURSUS ON CAESAR 
 
 A table follows, showing how often Caesar and pseudo-Caesar 
 make use of a first singular, a first plural, and an impersonal con- 
 struction of verbs of saying, thinking, believing, naming, show- 
 ing etc. 
 
 Caesar 
 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 
 confidamus B. C. 2.4.4 
 consuevimus B. G. 5.1.2 
 credimus B. C. 2.27.2 
 demonstravimus B. C. 1.3 1.2, 3.4.6, 
 
 3.10.1, 3.56.1, 3.58.1, 3.62.3, 3. 
 
 66.2, 3.67.5, 3.68.2, 3.79.6, 3.84. 
 
 3» 3-894. 31001; B. G. 2.1. 1, 
 
 2.22.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1, 5.19.1, 5.22.1, 
 
 549-2, 5-56.3. 6.8.9, 6.29.1, 6.34. 
 
 I. 6.35.3, 7.37.1, 7.48.1, 7.70.1, 
 
 7.76.1, 7.79.2, 7.83.8, 7.85.4. (32) 
 dixeramus B. G. 2.1.1, 2.28.1 (2) 
 diximus B. G. 3.5.2, 3.15.1, 3.26.3, 
 
 4.4.1, 7.17.1, 7.23.2, 7.58.3 (7) 
 docuimus B. C. 3.80.2, 3.84.5, 3.88. 
 
 3; B. G. 6.2.1, 6.35.5, 6.40.4 (6) 
 existimavimus B. G. 7.25.1. (i) 
 
 exterreamur B. C. 2.4.4 (i) 
 
 meminimus B. C. 3.108.2 (i) 
 
 mentionem fecimus B. C. 3.99.2, B. 
 
 G. 6.38.1 (2) 
 
 nominavimus B. G. 2.18.1 (i) 
 
 ostendimus B. G. 3.10.1 (i) 
 
 Putamus B. C. 3. 17. 1 (i) 
 
 reperiebamus B. C. 3.53.1, 3.57.5; 
 
 FIRST PLURAL 
 
 pseudo-Caesar 
 
 audiebamus B. Alex. 74.3 (i) 
 
 demonstravimus B. Afr. 24.1, 34.1, 
 74.1; B. Alex. 28.2; B. H. 20.3, 
 25.7, 28.4, 31.4, 34.6, 39.1, 
 40.1. (11) 
 
 docuimus B. Afr. 55.1; B.Alex. 33. 
 2 (2) 
 
 scripsimus B. Alex. 69.2, 78.2; B. H. 
 
 4.2, 5-2 (4) 
 
 Total 18. 
 
 B. G. 5.13.4 
 scripsimus B. G. 2.29.1 
 sentimus B. C. 2.27.2 
 speramus B. C. 2.27.2 
 utimur B. G. 5.1.2 
 videbamus B. G. 5.13.4 
 volumus B. C. 2.27.2 
 
 Total 
 
 (3) 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 (I) 
 67 
 
 43 
 
44 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 FIRST SINGULAR 
 
 Caesar 
 
 commemoram B. G. 4.16.2, 4.1 7.1 (2) 
 demonstraveram B. G. 4.27.2 (i) 
 demonstravi B. C. 3.15.6 (i) 
 
 dixeram B. G. 2.24.1 (i) 
 
 Total 5 
 
 pseudo-Caesar 
 
 arhitror B. Afr. 7.4; 59.1 (2) 
 
 commemoravi B. Afr. 41.3, 48.2, 73.1, 
 
 80.3; B. G. 8.47.2 (5) 
 
 demonstravi B. Alex. 30.5 (i) 
 
 {fi:ciB. Afr. 32.1, 51.6, 69.4 (3) 
 
 docui B. Afr. 38.1, 38.2, B. G. 8.10. 
 
 4, 8.19.2, 8.44.3 (5) 
 
 existimavi B. G. 8.48.10 (i) 
 
 nominavi B. Afr. 96.2 (l) 
 
 ordiar B. Afr. 60.1 (l) 
 
 perveniam B. Afr. 60.1 (i) 
 
 scio B. G. 8.48.10 (i) 
 
 scripsi B. Alex. 35.3, B. G. 8.44.4 
 
 (2) 
 statui B. G. 8.48. 1 1 (i) 
 
 Total 24. 
 
 Impersonals 
 
 demonstratum est B. Alex. 4.1, B. G. 
 
 8. 4*4* 
 
 Total 2. 
 
 auditum erat B. C. 2.38.3 (i) 
 
 cognitumest B. C. 3.86.1; B. G. 2.17. 
 
 2 (2) 
 
 demonstratum est B. C. 1.39.1, 1.48. 
 
 3, 1.56.2, 2.28.1, 2.34.1, 2.42.5, 
 
 3.6.3, 3. 15. I. 3-39.1. 3.62.1, B. 
 
 G. 4.28.1. (11) 
 
 dictum est B. G. 1.16.2, 1.49.3, 3.20. 
 
 I, 4-35.1 (4) 
 
 perventum est B. G. 6.11.1 (i) 
 
 videtur B. G. 7.5.6 (i) 
 
 Total 20. 
 
 Of these twenty-two impersonals four have indirect discourse 
 as subject: demonstratum est B. C. 2. 28. i, 2. 42. 2, B. G. 8. 4. 
 3; videtur B. G. 7. 5. 6. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 1. Caesar uses more than three times as many first plurals 
 as pseudo-Caesar, 67 :i8. 
 
 2. Pseudo-Caesar uses more than four times as many first 
 singulars as Caesar, 24:5. 
 
 3. Caesar uses ten times as many impersonals as pseudo- 
 Caesar, 20:2. 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 45 
 
 4. Since Caesar uses 67 first plurals to 5 first singulars, or 
 13 times as many, his impersonals should be interpreted as first 
 plurals rather than first singulars. Pseudo-Caesar uses eighteen 
 first plurals to twenty-four first singulars. These impersonals 
 of his may be interpreted as first singulars or first plurals. 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 DOUBTFUL READINGS 
 
 Those passages which have various textual readings have been 
 
 listed. The text is uncertain; therefore they have not been in- 
 cluded in the discussion. 
 
 Plaut. M. G. 1409 factumst. One Ms. has the reading factum est, 
 while another reads /actus est. 
 
 Plaut. True. 127 cenetur, Ms. Ambrosianus has cena detur, Pal- 
 atinus reads centur. 
 
 Ter. And. 451 ohsonatum est. This is the reading of the Vatica- 
 nus Ms. ; obsonatus est is another reading. The latter reading 
 is strongly favored by the context. 
 
 Caes. B. C. i. 86. 4 noceatur. ne cut de his noceatur is the read- 
 ing of one Ms. Another reads ne quid eis noceatur. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 16. 4 componeretur has componerentur for a variant 
 reading. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 18. 3 visum est, reversus est and rursus are the dif- 
 ferent readings for this passage. 
 
 Caes. B. C. 3. 24. 2 imperatum est is a reading given by only one 
 text, that of Kubler. It has no Ms. authority. 
 
 Caes. B. G. 7. 79. 3 concurritur ; ^ group of Mss. has concurritur, 
 the a group has concurrunt. The latter seems to be the 
 better reading. 
 
 Lucr. 2. 94 probatumst. The Ms. readings of this passage are 
 ostendi . . probatumst and ostendit . . probatumst. 
 The latter makes spatium the subject of probatumst. 
 
 46 
 
 APPENDIX III 
 
 NOTES ON RELINQUITUR, SITUM EST, ACTUM 
 
 EST, ETC. 
 
 relinquitur, although an impersonal passive in Varro L. L. 10. 
 30, R. R. 2. 2. 20, 2. 3. 9, 2. 9. I, has not been classed with 
 the ventum est group. It is equivalent to restat or to super- 
 est, and has been considered as an impersonal of the third 
 type, a classification to which restat and superest belong. 
 In Varro R. R. 3. 16. i, relinquitur has a subject. Usually 
 it is followed by ut, where the w^clause is subject; as in Caes. 
 B. C. I. 29.2, B. G. 5. 19. 3, etc. 
 
 In Plaut. Stich. 53 est situm is an impersonal passive and also is 
 equivalent to restat or superest. It has, therefore, not been 
 included in the ventum est group. 
 
 Actum est in Plaut. Cist. 685, actum siet Ter. Heaut. 456, 
 actumst in Ter. Eun. 54, 717, 985 and Heaut. 584 are 
 impersonal passive, in form, but not in meaning. Ago in 
 its original meaning is an active transitive verb. Res acta 
 est, the case is over (and done for) ; acta haec res est, this mat- 
 ter is ended. From this meaning arose the expression actum 
 est de aliqua re, it is all over with a person or thing. Every- 
 thing is lost. The person is utterly ruined. Since actum 
 est is the regular form meaning **it is all over," it has not 
 been included in this study. 
 
 In Sallust Cat. 52. 6 agitur de vectigalibus = vectigalia aguntur, 
 vectigalia is felt to be the subject. 
 
 In Varro R. R. i. 2. 20 non inigi is not an impersonal passive. 
 Hoc nomine refers to caprini generis, from which a subject 
 is clearly implied. 
 
 Plaut. Cure. 681 creditur has not been included in this study. 
 Creditur may here be an impersonal passive with an indef- 
 inite implied subject in the third singular as <homo> credit, 
 cf. French on, German man, or a third plural may be its 
 implied indefinite subject, as homines credunt; or it may 
 have a word for money as its subject, for such a word is the 
 subject of perit. The last interpretation seems the best. 
 
 47 
 
INDEX LOCORUM 
 
 CAESAR 
 
 B. Afr. 
 
 4-3 
 
 mandatum erat 
 
 20 
 
 B. C. 
 
 1-5 4 
 
 decernitur 
 
 20 
 
 
 6.6 
 
 discedebatur 
 
 20 
 
 it 
 
 1.6.3 
 
 refertur, refertur 
 
 37 
 
 
 18.4 
 
 pugnaretur, redire 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 1.6.6 
 
 feratur 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 tur 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 1.24.5 
 
 disceptetur 
 
 20 
 
 
 19.4 
 
 decertatum est 
 
 20 
 
 II 
 
 1.26. I 
 
 pugnabatur 
 
 38 
 
 
 26.3 
 
 subventum foret 
 
 26 
 
 (1 
 
 1.26.4 
 
 discedatur, disces. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 31.2 
 
 accederetur 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 sum sit 
 
 27 
 
 
 405 
 
 cani 
 
 37 
 
 II 
 
 1.26.5 
 
 agi 
 
 20 
 
 
 50.1 
 
 perveniretur 
 
 20 
 
 41 
 
 1.37.3 
 
 imperatum erat 
 
 20 
 
 
 61. 1 
 
 dimicaretur 
 
 26 
 
 44 
 
 1.39 I 
 
 demonstratum est 
 
 24 
 
 
 82.3 
 
 pugnari 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 I. 41. 3 
 
 dimicaretur 
 
 27 
 
 
 88.7 
 
 imperatum erat 
 
 20 
 
 41 
 
 1.43.5 
 
 contenditur 
 
 27 
 
 B. Alex. 
 
 1-5 
 
 succurri 
 
 20 
 
 II 
 
 1.45-6 
 
 pugnabatur 
 
 27 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 pugnaretur 
 
 26 
 
 44 
 
 I . 46 . I 
 
 pugnatum esset 
 
 27 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 visum est 
 
 26 
 
 41 
 
 1.46.3 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 27 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 demonstratum est 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 1.47.4 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 27 
 
 
 9.2 
 
 occursum est 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 1.48.3 
 
 demonstratum est 
 
 24 
 
 
 14. 1 
 
 ventum est 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 1.56.2 
 
 demonstratum est 
 
 24 
 
 
 15 7 
 
 discessum est 
 
 26 
 
 41 
 
 1.57.3 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 38 
 
 
 16.5 
 
 decertatum est 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 1.58.2 
 
 ventum erat 
 
 27 
 
 
 19.6 
 
 pugnabatur 
 
 38 
 
 II 
 
 I . 67 . I 
 
 veniri, disputatur27,38 
 
 
 255 
 
 ventum esset 
 
 27 
 
 41 
 
 I . 67 . 2 
 
 exiri, conclamatum 
 
 
 293 
 
 certaretur 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 esset 27 
 
 .36 
 
 
 31 I 
 
 pugnabatur 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 1.69.4 
 
 conclamatur 
 
 27 
 
 
 31.2 
 
 ventum est 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 1. 71. 1 
 
 confligeretur 
 
 20 
 
 
 39 2 
 
 processum est 
 
 38 
 
 11 
 
 1.79 4 
 
 adpropinquatum 
 
 
 
 40.1 
 
 concurritur, pug- 
 
 
 
 
 esset 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 natur 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 1.80. I 
 
 pugnatur, proce- 
 
 
 
 46.3 
 
 concurritur 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 ditur 
 
 38 
 
 
 53- 1 
 
 concurritur 
 
 27 
 
 44 
 
 1.80.5 
 
 pugnatur 
 
 21 
 
 
 60.5 
 
 confligitur 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 1.84.2 
 
 venitur 
 
 21 
 
 
 62.3 
 
 pugnatur 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 I. 85. 12 
 
 dictum esset 
 
 21 
 
 
 63.3 
 
 pugnetur 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 1.86.3 
 
 disputatum esset 
 
 28 
 
 
 75-3 
 
 confligitur 
 
 20 
 
 II 
 
 1.87. I 
 
 veniatur 
 
 28 
 
 B.C. 
 
 I.I.I 
 
 referretur 
 
 37 
 
 11 
 
 1.87.3 
 
 postulatum est 
 
 28 
 
 
 1.2.2 
 
 referri 
 
 37 
 
 II 
 
 2.9.9 
 
 visum est 
 
 28 
 
 
 1.2.7 
 
 refertur 
 
 37 
 
 44 
 
 2.16.2 
 
 noceri 
 
 28 
 
 
 1.4. 1 
 
 resistitur 
 
 27 
 
 II 
 
 2.22.5 
 
 imperatum est 
 
 21 
 
 
 1-5.3 
 
 decurritur, disces- 
 
 
 II 
 
 2.25.7 
 
 imperatum est 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 sum est 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 2.31.4 
 
 credi 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 49 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2.34 I 
 
 2.38.3 
 3.6.1 
 
 3.6.2 
 
 3. 14. I 
 
 15 I 
 16.4 
 
 16.5 
 19 5 
 26.5 
 
 33.1 
 37.3 
 39 I 
 52.1 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 62.1 
 
 63.2 
 
 675 
 
 72.3 
 72.4 
 
 75-2 
 
 75-4 
 80.3 
 
 853 
 86.1 
 
 86.3 
 87.7 
 93 I 
 
 demonstratum est 24 
 auditum erat 25 
 
 f)erventum esset 28 
 demonstratum est 24 
 praeceptum erat 38 
 demonstratum est 24 
 discederetur 28 
 
 rediri 28 
 
 ventum esset 28 
 
 itum est 28 
 
 ventum esset 21 
 
 co.^tenderetur 28 
 
 demonstratum est 24 
 pugnatum est, suc- 
 curri 28 
 demonstratum est 24 
 dimicaretur, resisti 28 
 pugnatum est 
 dimicatum 
 offensum esset 
 conclamari 
 ventum esset 
 succurratur 
 dimicari 
 cognitum est 
 accessum sit 
 discessum est 
 concurri, praecep- 
 
 B.G. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 14 
 
 44 
 II 
 II 
 44 
 44 
 41 
 14 
 14 
 
 93 3 
 96.4 
 
 3.100.1 
 
 3. 109. I 
 3. Ill 2 
 
 3-111 3 
 3. III. 5 
 3112. 7 
 
 I. 16. 2 
 1.22.3 
 1.26. I 
 1.26.2 
 26.3 
 26.4 
 
 30.5 
 
 31.2 
 
 1.43.2 
 
 1.43 4 
 
 tum erat 
 
 imperatum erat 
 
 dicebatur 
 
 factum 
 
 ageretur 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 pugnabatur 
 
 actum est, agi 
 
 pugnatum est, dis- 
 cederetur 
 
 dictum est 
 
 praeceptum erat 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 pugnatum sit 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 pugnatum esset 
 
 mandatum esset 
 
 enuntiatum esset 
 
 dictum erat 
 
 ventum est 
 
 28 
 28 
 21 
 
 37 
 21 
 
 28 
 21 
 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 
 38 
 21 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 38 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 29 
 
 29 
 34 
 29 
 29 
 
 II 
 
 41 
 44 
 41 
 41 
 41 
 44 
 l< 
 l( 
 It 
 II 
 l< 
 << 
 II 
 II 
 
 II 
 II 
 44 
 44 
 14 
 41 
 II 
 44 
 14 
 14 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 41 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 44 
 44 
 4< 
 14 
 14 
 44 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 41 
 
 1 . 44 . 8 concedi 24 
 
 1 . 49 . 3 dictum est 24 
 
 1.50 3 pugnatum est 38 
 
 1 . 52 . 4 pugnatum est 29 
 2.6.1 sustentatum est 29 
 
 2.9.1 contendebatur 29 
 
 2 . 10. 1 pugnatum est 29 
 2 . II . 4 ventum erat 29 
 2 . 1 1 . 6 imperatum erat 2 1 
 2.17.2 cognitum est 29 
 2.17.4 intrari, perspici 34 
 2 . 20 . 1 concurri 29 
 2.32.4 perspectum est 29 
 2.33.2 intellect um est 29 
 
 2 . 33 . 3 concursum est 29 
 2.33.4 pugnari, pugna- 
 tum est 38, 39 
 
 3.3.2 veniri 34 
 3.5.1 pugnaretur 29 
 
 3. 14. 1 noceri 21 
 
 3.15.4 pugnaretur 29 
 3.18.6 pro visum erat 39 
 3.20.1 dictum est 24 
 3 . 2 1 . 1 pugnatum est 29 
 
 3 . 22 . 4 pugnatum esset 29 
 3 . 23 . 2 ventum erat 2 1 
 
 3.24.5 exspectari, iretur. 29 
 
 3.25.1 pugnaretur 39 
 
 3.26.2 imperatum erat 21 
 4.8.1 visum est 2 1 
 
 4 . 1 1 . 1 constitutum erat 2 1 
 
 4.13.5 dicebatur, dictum 
 
 esset 29 
 
 23 . 2 administratum es- 
 set 39 
 
 26.1 pugnatum est 39 
 
 28 . 1 ventum est, dem- 
 onstratum est 21, 24 
 
 31.3 navigari 2 1 
 35 . 1 dictum est 24 
 
 5-3.3 cognitum est 21 
 
 5.6.1 dictum est 39 
 
 5.7.9 imperatum erat 2 1 
 
 5.8.5 accessum sit 2 1 
 
 5 . 16 . 1 dimicaretur 29 
 
 5.19.3 discedi 29 
 5 • 25 . 5 perventum 30 
 5.26.1 ventum est 30 
 
50 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 . G. 
 
 5-30.1 
 
 resisteretur 
 
 
 39 
 
 B. G. 
 
 8.7-7 
 
 diceretur 
 
 36 
 
 <i 
 
 5-3II 
 
 consurgitur 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 8 
 
 10.2 
 
 contendebatur 
 
 31 
 
 «1 
 
 5-3I-5 
 
 maneatur 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 8 
 
 12.5 
 
 dimicari 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 5. 35-5 
 
 pugnaretur 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 8 
 
 19 3 
 
 pugnatur 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 5-40.3 
 
 resistitur 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 8 
 
 23-5 
 
 ventum esset 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 5-44-3 
 
 pugnaretur 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 8 
 
 27-5 
 
 praeceptum erat 
 
 21 
 
 II 
 
 5. 45-5 
 
 cognoscitur 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 8 
 
 .29. 1 
 
 dimicaretur 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 5-47-3 
 
 imperatum ( 
 
 ^rat 
 
 21 
 
 
 8 
 
 48.3 
 
 contenderetur 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 5-48.7 
 
 praeceptum 
 
 erat 
 
 21 
 
 B. H. 
 
 
 II. 2 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 5-50.5 
 
 concursari, agi 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 13 7 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 5-56.1 
 
 veniri 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 15-5 
 
 pugnari 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 5-58.3 
 
 visum est 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 238 
 
 pugnatum est 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 6. II. I 
 
 perv-entum est 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 27.6 
 
 ventum esset 
 
 21 
 
 II 
 
 6.13 7 
 
 interdictum 
 
 est 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 33-2 
 
 ventum esset 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 6. 19. 3 
 
 compertum 
 
 est 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 35-1 
 
 ventum esset 
 
 21 
 
 II 
 
 6.30.1 
 
 imperatum ( 
 
 iSt 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 CATO 
 
 
 II 
 
 6.34-7 
 
 noceretur 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 6.37-6 
 
 trepidatur 
 
 
 30 
 
 de Agi 
 
 • 
 
 5-7 
 
 substernatur 
 
 33 
 
 II 
 
 6.43-4 
 
 ventum est 
 
 
 21 
 
 (< 
 
 
 14. 1 
 
 iussitur 
 
 33 
 
 II 
 
 7-2.3 
 
 disceditur 
 
 
 30 
 
 <i 
 
 
 39 2 
 
 cessetur 
 
 33 
 
 II 
 
 7.4.2 
 
 concurritur 
 
 
 30 
 
 << 
 
 
 118 
 
 scriptum est 
 
 16 
 
 n 
 
 7-9-5 
 
 nuntiari 
 
 
 34 
 
 4< 
 
 
 144-3 
 
 conductum erit, 
 
 20 
 
 II 
 
 7-15-3 
 
 deliberatur 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 locatum erit 
 
 20 
 
 II 
 
 7.16.3 
 
 iretur, occurreba- 
 
 
 <l 
 
 
 150. 1 
 
 interkalatum erit 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 tur 
 
 30 
 
 ,39 
 
 
 
 CATULLUS 
 
 
 II 
 
 7 . 24 . 4 
 
 occurreretur 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 9 ■ i 
 
 
 
 
 39-2 
 
 ventum est 
 
 21 
 
 • • 
 
 II 
 
 7-25 I 
 
 7.28.1 
 
 pugnaretur 
 veniretur 
 
 
 30 
 30 
 
 39-5 
 
 lugetur 
 
 
 21 
 
 II 
 
 7-35-5 
 
 perventum 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 LUCRETIUS 
 
 
 II 
 
 7.36.2 
 
 despici 
 
 
 36 
 
 2.962 
 
 decursum siet 
 
 31 
 
 II 
 
 7-36.7 
 
 veniri 
 
 • 
 
 
 21 
 
 3-59S 
 
 ! 
 
 trepidatur 
 
 31 
 
 ■■ 
 
 7-47-1 
 
 cam 
 
 
 37 
 
 5.18 
 
 
 vivi 
 
 
 36 
 
 II 
 
 7.47.2 
 
 praeceptum 
 
 erat 
 
 39 
 
 5-I149 
 
 concessumst 
 
 39 
 
 II 
 
 7-49 I 
 
 pugnari 
 
 
 30 
 
 6.32 
 
 occurri 
 
 24 
 
 II 
 
 7-50.1 
 
 pugnaretur 
 
 
 30 
 
 6.377 
 
 turbat 
 
 ur 
 
 39 
 
 II 
 
 7.61. I 
 
 ventum esset 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 • 
 
 7.61.3 
 
 tumultuari 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 NEPOS 
 
 
 II 
 
 7.67.2 
 
 pugnatur 
 
 
 30 
 
 1-4 
 
 5 
 
 desperari 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 7.70.1 
 
 contenditur 
 
 
 39 
 
 1.4 
 
 5 
 
 dimirari 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 7.70.6 
 
 veniri 
 
 
 30 
 
 2.10. 
 
 4 
 
 script um est 
 
 39 
 
 II 
 
 7-76.5 
 
 pugnaretur 
 
 
 30 
 
 2.10 
 
 5 
 
 concederetur 
 
 39 
 
 II 
 
 7.80.6 
 
 pugnaretur 
 
 
 30 
 
 4.3 
 
 7 
 
 iudicari 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 7.84.2 
 
 pugnatur, 
 
 concur 
 
 « 
 
 6.1 
 
 .2 
 
 factum est 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 ritur 
 
 
 31 
 
 6.3 
 
 •5 
 
 iudicatum foret 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 7-85.4 
 
 laboratur 
 
 
 31 
 
 6.4 
 
 .1 
 
 perlatum esse 
 
 36 
 
 II 
 
 7.87.1 
 
 pugnaretur 
 
 
 31 
 
 8.3 
 
 •3 
 
 reditum erat 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 8.1.2 
 
 resisti 
 
 
 31 
 
 10.9 
 
 ■5 
 
 dictum est 
 
 36 
 
 II 
 
 8.7.2 
 
 demigratum esse 
 
 31 
 
 10.10 
 
 .2 
 
 factum est 
 
 36 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 51 
 
 14.8. 
 
 3 pugnatum erat 
 
 22 
 
 Merc. 
 
 324 
 
 visumst 
 
 15 
 
 14. II. 
 
 I conveniretur 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 465 
 
 auscultabitur 
 
 15 
 
 15-3- 
 
 3 disputaretur 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 776 
 
 abibitur 
 
 15 
 
 15-8. 
 
 I reditum est 
 
 22 
 
 M. G. 
 
 561 
 
 factum esse 
 
 38 
 
 16.4. 
 
 I dimicatum est 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 590 
 
 actum est 
 
 19 
 
 17.2. 
 
 I dimicari 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 737 
 
 desisti 
 
 25 
 
 18.4 
 
 I pugnatum esset 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 758 
 
 adpositumst 
 
 34 
 
 18.7 
 
 3 conveniretur, delibe- 
 
 
 II 
 
 1085 
 
 responsumst 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 raretur 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 109 1 
 
 factumst 
 
 26 
 
 18.8 
 
 4 perveniri 
 
 22 
 
 II 
 
 1173 
 
 praeceptumst 
 
 15 
 
 18.9 
 
 4 praenuntiatum esse 
 
 34 
 
 II 
 
 1332 
 
 factum est 
 
 19 
 
 18.9 
 
 5 imperatum erat 
 
 22 
 
 II 
 
 1403 
 
 ventumst 
 
 19 
 
 18.9 
 
 5 auditum esse 
 
 32 
 
 Most. 
 
 235 
 
 estur, bibitur 
 
 35 
 
 19.4 
 
 I perventum est 
 
 22 
 
 II 
 
 260 
 
 dictum 
 
 19 
 
 20.3 
 
 5 decretum sit 
 
 32 
 
 li 
 
 314 
 
 imperatum est 
 
 15 
 
 25.2 
 
 4 dictum esset 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 401 
 
 curabitur 
 
 15 
 
 25-14 
 
 I cenatum est 
 
 36 
 
 11 
 
 958 
 
 potarier 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 17b 
 
 vivitur 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 PLAUTUS 
 
 
 II 
 
 246 
 
 tacitum erit, celabi- 
 
 
 Amph 
 
 . 219 
 
 exitum est 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 tur 
 
 15 
 
 (( 
 
 700 
 
 factum est 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 320 
 
 credetur 
 
 15 
 
 i< 
 
 749 
 
 factumst 
 
 18 
 
 Poen. 
 
 533 
 
 curratur 
 
 33 
 
 (< 
 
 942 
 
 reventum est 
 
 35 
 
 II 
 
 756 
 
 postulatumst 
 
 18 
 
 As. 
 
 259 
 
 impetritum, inaugu- 
 
 
 II 
 
 805 
 
 factum 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 ratumst 
 
 15 
 
 li 
 
 835 
 
 bibitur, estur 
 
 26 
 
 Aul. 
 
 527 
 
 itur 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 913 
 
 dictumst 
 
 16 
 
 Bacch 
 
 . 43 
 
 emeritum sit 
 
 19 
 
 Pseud 
 
 • 74 
 
 scriptum est 
 
 19 
 
 a 
 
 66 
 
 desudascitur 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 273 
 
 amatur, egetur 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 295 
 
 factum 
 
 38 
 
 II 
 
 453 
 
 itur 
 
 26 
 
 <i 
 
 447 
 
 itur 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 457 
 
 statur 
 
 16 
 
 li 
 
 544 
 
 invideatur 
 
 34 
 
 II 
 
 501 
 
 dictumst 
 
 18 
 
 <4 
 
 757 
 
 accubitum erit 
 
 25 
 
 II 
 
 516 
 
 praedicitur 
 
 18 
 
 Cas. 
 
 394 
 
 factum 
 
 38 
 
 II 
 
 687 
 
 philosophatum est 
 
 16 
 
 <( 
 
 758a 
 
 ibitur 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 1113 
 
 imperatumst 
 
 19 
 
 (1 
 
 813 
 
 exitur 
 
 26 
 
 Rud. 
 
 271 
 
 veniri 
 
 35 
 
 Cist. 
 
 519 
 
 definitumst 
 
 15 
 
 li 
 
 776 
 
 curatumst 
 
 16 
 
 Cure. 
 
 122 
 
 dici 
 
 18 
 
 Stich. 
 
 467 
 
 sustentatumst 
 
 16 
 
 (( 
 
 336 
 
 responsumst 
 
 19 
 
 II 
 
 509 
 
 credetur 
 
 16 
 
 li 
 
 646 
 
 ventum est 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 586 
 
 sustentatumst 
 
 16 
 
 It 
 
 679 
 
 credi 
 
 35 
 
 II 
 
 774 
 
 saltatum est 
 
 23 
 
 41 
 
 680 
 
 credi 
 
 35 
 
 Trin. 
 
 65 
 
 vivitur 
 
 34 
 
 «< 
 
 714 
 
 factum est 
 
 18 
 
 II 
 
 65 
 
 vivitur 
 
 34 
 
 Men. 
 
 533 
 
 factum est 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 138 
 
 mandatum 
 
 19 
 
 <i 
 
 538 
 
 curabitur 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 138 
 
 curatum 
 
 18 
 
 <( 
 
 650 
 
 factum 
 
 19 
 
 II 
 
 308 
 
 actumst 
 
 19 
 
 <( 
 
 679 
 
 factum est 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 578 
 
 ibitur 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 808 
 
 factumst 
 
 19 
 
 II 
 
 600 
 
 imperatumst 
 
 19 
 
 II 
 
 964 
 
 proventum est 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 720 
 
 sisti 
 
 16 
 
52 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 II 
 «I 
 
 True. 9 ventumst 
 
 369 ambulatumst 
 
 667 ibitur 
 
 746 invidetur 
 SALLUST 
 
 Cat. 2.8 siletur 
 
 9.4 vindicatum est 
 
 45 . 2 praeceptum erat 
 
 48 . 5 referatur 
 
 50.5 ventum est 
 
 51.5 consultum est 
 
 51.21 animadvorteretur 
 
 55 . 5 praeceptum erat 
 
 60.2 ventum est 
 
 60.3 certatur 
 Jug. 5.1 itum est 
 
 13.8 consuleretur 
 
 25 . 1 consuleretur 
 
 28 . 3 nuntiari 
 
 29 . 6 imperatum erat 
 31.26 vindicatum 
 
 52 . 3 praeceptum f uerat 
 
 53 . 1 imperabatur 
 
 53.2 ventum est, 
 ritur 
 
 54.10 subveniretur 
 
 58 . 1 certatur 
 
 60 . 1 certabatur 
 
 62 . 7 iussum erat 
 
 67 . 2 resisti 
 
 74 . 3 certatum 
 75 . 7 ventum 
 76.5 ventum erat 
 91 . 1 ventum est 
 96.1 dictum est 
 
 102.4 concessum 
 
 105. 1 consuleretur 
 
 107. 1 pugnatum 
 107.7 perventum est 
 
 108.2 caveri 
 
 109.3 praeceptum f uerat 
 1 1 2. 3 veniretur 
 1 1 3. 2 veniretur 
 1 13. 6 dictum erat, invadi 
 
 tur 
 114. 1 pugnatum 
 TERENCE 
 
 Ad. 210 actum esse 
 
 11 
 
 23 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 31 
 21 
 
 37 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 22 
 
 31 
 31 
 36 
 22 
 22 
 
 37 
 22 
 
 24 
 22 
 22 
 concur- 
 31» 39 
 31 
 31 
 
 31 
 22 
 
 39 
 
 31 
 22 
 
 31 
 22 
 
 24 
 39 
 31 
 39 
 32 
 22 
 22 
 
 39 
 32 
 
 32 
 39 
 
 16 
 
 Ad. 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 279 
 302 
 
 474 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 » 
 
 II 
 
 And. 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 508 
 
 561 
 
 631 
 662 
 
 958 
 129 
 
 251 
 501 
 271 
 
 348 
 416 
 
 851 
 902 
 
 1066 
 
 Heaut. 44 
 
 154 
 
 Eun 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 i< 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 158 
 200 
 249 
 
 275 
 
 281 
 
 568 
 628 
 
 743 
 862 
 
 315 
 452 
 
 457 
 624 
 
 " 843 
 
 •' 846 
 
 Phorm.135 
 
 II 
 11 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 it 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 Hec. 
 II 
 
 <i 
 
 II 
 
 reddetur 19 
 
 emergi 23 
 ignotumst, tacitumst, 
 
 creditumst 19 
 
 defunctum sit 19 
 
 factum 16 
 
 cessatum est 16 
 
 factum 38 
 
 factumst 16 
 
 fletur 23 
 
 itur 26 
 
 renuntiatumst 34 
 
 statur 16 
 
 conclamatumst 35 
 
 dictum 18 
 
 factum 16 
 
 commissum erit 18 
 
 dictumst 16 
 
 curritur 26 
 
 vivitur 35 
 
 peccatum est 38 
 
 mansum 19 
 
 factum est 38 
 
 ventum est 23 
 
 interventum est 23 
 
 factum 20 
 
 factum est 20 
 
 eatur 23 
 
 inceptumst 16 
 
 trepidari, cursari 36 
 
 factum 16 
 
 creditur 16 
 
 factum est 38 
 
 visumst 16 
 
 factum 16 
 persuasumst, factumst, 
 ventumst 20, 23, 23 
 
 It 
 
 4i 
 <l 
 l( 
 II 
 It 
 <i 
 
 283 
 402 
 640 
 
 773 
 
 778 
 
 lOOI 
 
 1006 
 
 lOIO 
 
 L.L. 5.47 
 " 5.74 
 
 ventumst 
 
 dici 
 
 pervenirier 
 
 discedi 
 
 siletur 
 
 factumst 
 
 factumst 
 
 ventumst 
 
 VARRO 
 
 itur 
 
 dictum est 
 
 20 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 20 
 
 38 
 20 
 26 
 
 36 
 24 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 53 
 
 L.L. 
 
 5 109 
 
 perventum 
 
 17 
 
 L.L. 9.82 
 
 perventum est 24 
 
 «i 
 
 5 171 
 
 dictum est 
 
 17 
 
 " 9 92 
 
 responsum est 17 
 
 II 
 
 6.13 
 
 intercalatur 
 
 37 
 
 " 998 
 
 responderi 24 
 
 11 
 
 6.16 
 
 sacrificatur 
 
 36 
 
 "9.107 
 
 dictum est 17 
 
 II 
 
 6.24 
 
 exitur 
 
 36 
 
 •• 9.108 
 
 transitum est 33 
 
 II 
 
 6.25 
 
 sacrificatur 
 
 36 
 
 " 10.51 
 
 decurritur 17 
 
 11 
 
 6.34 
 
 parentetur 
 
 36 
 
 " 10.80 
 
 erratur 36 
 
 11 
 
 6.72 
 
 agi, agi 
 
 34,20 
 
 R. R.I. 2. 4 
 
 navigari 36 
 
 14 
 
 6.94 
 
 itur 
 
 20 
 
 " I. 16. 6 
 
 navigari, evehi, invehi 36 
 
 II 
 
 732 
 
 dubitatur 
 
 36 
 
 " I 44 3 
 
 dicetur 23 
 
 l< 
 
 8.14 
 
 dicitur 
 
 36 
 
 " 2.2.6 
 
 adnumeratum est, 
 
 it 
 
 8.21 
 
 dictum 
 
 17 
 
 
 agitur 20, 23 
 
 It 
 
 8.21 
 
 visum est 
 
 17 
 
 •* 2.4.20 
 
 bucinatum est 20 
 
 II 
 
 8.31 
 
 discessum est 
 
 34 
 
 " 2.6.3 
 
 caveri 26 
 
 II 
 
 8.39 
 
 transitum 
 
 26 
 
 " 2. II. I 
 
 praedictum est 25 
 
 II 
 
 9-54 
 
 dicitur 
 
 24 
 
 "3.1.2 
 
 dici 36 
 
 II 
 
 9.76 
 
 transiretur 
 
 24 
 
 "3 8.1 
 
 dictum est 20 
 
INDEX VERBORUM 
 
 abire, 
 
 ahibitur Plaut. Merc. 776 
 accedere, 
 
 accederetur, B. Afr. 31.2 
 
 accessum sit Caes. B. C. 3.86.3, B. G. 5.8.5 
 accumbere, 
 
 accubitum erit Plaut. Bacch. 757 
 agere, 
 
 actum esse Ter. Ad. 210 
 
 actum est M. G. 590, Caes. B. C. 3. 11 1.5 
 
 actumst Plaut. Trin. 308 
 
 ageretur Caes. B. C. 3.109.1 
 
 agi Varro L. L. 6.72, 6.72, Caes. B. C. 1.26.5, 3.1 1 1.5, B. G. 5.50.5 
 
 agitur Varro R. R. 2.2.6 
 administrare, 
 
 administratum esset Caes. B. G. 4.23.2 
 adnumerarej 
 
 adnumeratum est Varro R. R. 2.2.6 
 adponere, 
 
 adpositumst Plaut. M. G. 758 
 adproptnquaret 
 
 adpropinquatum esset B. C. 1.79.4 
 amare, 
 
 amatur Plaut. Pseud. 273 
 ambulare, 
 
 ambulatumsl Plaut. True. 369 
 animadvortere, 
 
 animadvorteretur Sail. Cat. 51.21 
 audire, 
 
 auditum erat Caes. B. C. 2.38.3 
 
 auditum esse Nep. 18.9.5 
 auscultare, 
 
 auscultabitur Plaut. Merc. 465 
 hibere, 
 
 bibitur Plaut. Most. 235, Poen. 835 
 hucinare, 
 
 bucinatum est Varro R. R. 2.4.20 
 canere^ 
 
 cani B. Afr. 40.5, Caes. B. G. 7.47.1 
 cavere, 
 
 caveri Sail. Jug. 108.2 
 
 caveri Varro R. R. 2.6.3 
 celare, 
 
 celabitur Plaut. Pers. 246 
 
 54 
 
 A Sttidy of the Impersonal 
 
 55 
 
 cenare, 
 
 cenatum est Nep. 25.14.1 
 certare, 
 
 certabatur Sail. Jug. 60.1 
 
 certaretur B. Alex. 29.3 
 
 certatum Sail. Jug. 74.3 
 
 certatur Sail. Cat. 60.3, Jug. 58.1 
 cessare, 
 
 cessatum est Ter. Ad. 631 
 
 cessetur Cato de Agr. 39.2 
 cognoscere, 
 
 cognitum est Caes. B. C. 3.86.1, B. G. 2.17.2, 5.3. 3 
 
 cognoscitur Caes. B. G. 5.45.4 
 committere, 
 
 commissum erit Ter. Eun. 902 
 comperire, 
 
 compertum est Caes. B. G. 6.19.3 
 concedere, 
 
 concederetur Nep. 2.10.5 
 
 concedi Caes. B. G. 1.44.8 
 
 concessum Sail. Jug. 102.4 
 
 concessumst Lucr. 5.1 149 
 conclamare, 
 
 conclamari Caes. B. C. 3.75.2 
 
 conclamatum esset Caes. B. C. 1.67.2 
 
 conclamatumst Ter. Eun. 348 
 
 conclamatur Caes. B. C. 1.69.4 
 concurrere, 
 
 concurri Caes. B. C. 3.93.1, B. G. 2.20.1 
 
 concurritur B. Alex. 40.1, 46.3, 53.1, Caes. B. G. 7.4.2, 7.84.2, Sail. Jug 
 53-2 
 concursare, 
 
 concur sari Caes. B. G. 5.50.5 
 
 concur sum est Caes. B. G. 2.33.3 
 conducere, 
 
 conductum erit Cato de Agr. 144.3 
 confligere, 
 
 confligeretur Caes. B. C. 1.71.1 
 
 confligitur B. Alex. 60.5, 75.3 
 constituere, 
 
 constitutum erat Caes. B. G. 4.11.1 
 consulere, 
 
 consuleretur Sail. Jug. 13.8, 25.1, 105. 1 
 
 consultum est Sail. Cat. 51.5 
 consurgere, 
 
 consurgttur Caes. B. G. 5.3 i.i 
 contendere, 
 
 contendebatur Caes. B. G. 2.9.1, 8.10.2 
 
56 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 contenderetur Caes. B. C. 3.37-3» B. G. 8.48.3 
 contenditur Caes. B. C. 1.43-5» B. G. 7-70-1 
 convenire, 
 
 conveniretur Nep. 14.11.1, 18.7.3 
 credere, 
 
 credetur Plaut. Pers. 320, Stich. 509 
 credi Plaut. Cure. 679, 680, Caes. B.C. 2.31.4 
 credttumst Ter. Ad. 474 
 creditur Ter. Hec. 457 
 curare, 
 
 curabitur Plaut. Men. 538, Most. 401 
 curatum Plaut. Trin. 138 
 curatumst Plaut. Rud. 776 
 currere, 
 
 curratur Plaut. Poen. 553 
 curritur Ter. Heaut. 44 
 cursare^ 
 
 cur sari Ter. Hec. 315 
 decernere, 
 
 decermtur Caes. B. C. 1-5-4 
 decretum sit Nep. 20.3.5 
 decerlare, 
 
 decertatum est B. Afr. 19.4, B. Alex. 16.5 
 dtcurrere, 
 
 decurritur Varro L. L. 10.51, Caes. B. C. i.5'3 
 decursum siet, Lucr. 2.962 
 definire, 
 
 definitumst Plaut. Cist. 519 
 defungi, 
 
 defunctum sit Ter. Ad. 508 
 deliberare, 
 
 deliheratur Caes. B. G. 7.1 53 
 deliberaretur Nep. 18.7.3 
 demigrare, 
 
 demigratum esse Caes. B. G. 8.7.2 
 demonstrare, 
 
 demonstratum est B. Alex. 4.1, Caes. B. C. 1.391. 148.3. I.56.2, 2.34. 
 I, 3.6.2, 3-I5-I. 3-39-1» 3.62.1, B.G. 428.1 
 desistere, 
 
 desisti Plaut. M. G. 737 
 desperare, 
 
 desperari Nep. 1.4.5 
 despicere, 
 
 despici Caes. B. G. 7.36.2 
 desudascere, 
 
 desudascitur Plaut. Bacch. 66 
 
 dicere, 
 
 dicebatur Caes. B. C. 3.96.4. B. G. 4''3-5 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 57 
 
 dicetur Varro R. R. 1.44.3 
 dicer etur Caes. B. G. 8.7.7 
 
 did Plaut Cure i^^, T^r Phnrm. 402. Varro R. R. 3.1.2 
 
 dicitur Varro L. L. 8.14, 9.54 
 
 dictum Plaut. Most. 260, Ter. Eun. 416, Varro L. L. 8.21 
 
 dictum erat Caes. B. G. 1.43.2, Sail. Jug. 113.6 
 
 dictum est Caes. B. G. 1.16.2, 1.49-3» 3-20.1, 4-35-1» 5.6.1, Varro L. L. 
 5.74, 5. 171, 9.107, R. R. 3.8.1, Nep. 10. 9.5, Sail. Jug. 96.1 
 
 dictum esset Caes. B. C. 1.85. 12, B.G. 4.13-5» Nep. 25.2.4 
 
 dictumst Plaut. Poen 913, Pseud. 501, Ter. Eun. 1066 
 dimicare, 
 
 dimicaretur B. Afr. 61. i, Caes. B. C. 1.41.3, 3-63-2, B. G. 5.16.I, 8.29.I. 
 
 dimicari Caes. B. C. 3-85-3» B. G. 8.12.5, Nep. 1.45» I7-2.I 
 
 dimicatum Caes. B. C. 3.72.3 
 
 dimicatum est Nep. 1 6.4.1 
 discedere 
 
 discedebatur B. Afr. 6.6 
 
 discedatur Caes. B. C. 1.26.4 
 
 discederetur Caes. B. C. 3.16.4, 3.1 12.7 
 
 discedi Caes. B. G. 5.19.3, Ter. Phorm. 773 
 
 disceditur Caes. B. G. 7.2.3 
 
 discessum est B. Alex. 15.7, Caes. B. C. 1.5-3» 3-87-7» Varro L.L. 8 3T 
 
 discessum sit Caes. B. C. 1.26.4 
 disceptare, 
 
 disceptetur Caes. B. C. 1.24.5 
 disputare, 
 
 disputatum esset, Caes. B. C- 1.86.3 
 
 disputaretur Nep. 15.3.3 
 
 disputatur Caes. B. C. 1. 67. 1 
 dubitare, 
 
 dubitatur Varro L. L. 7.32 
 edere, 
 
 estur Plaut. Most. 235, Poen. 835 
 egere, 
 
 egetur Plaut. Pseud. 273 
 emergere, 
 
 emergi Ter. Ad. 302. 
 emerere, 
 
 emeritum sit Plaut. Bacch. 43 
 enuntiare, 
 
 enuntiatum esset Caes. B. G. 1.3T.2 
 
 err are, 
 
 erratur Varro L. L. 10.80 
 evehere, 
 
 evehi Varro R. R. 1.16.6 
 exire, 
 
 exiri Caes. B. C. 1.67.2 
 
 exitum est Plaut. Amph. 219 
 
58 
 
 A Study oj the Impersonal 
 
 exitur Plaut. Cas. 813, Varro L. L. 6.24 
 exs pec tare, 
 
 exspectari Caes. B. G. 3.24.5 
 facer e, 
 
 factum Caes. B. C. 3.100.1, Plaut. Bacch. 295, Cas. 394, Men. 650, Poen. 
 
 805, Ter. Ad. 561, 662, Eun. 851, Heaut. 568, Hec. 452, 846 
 factum esse Plaut. M. G. 561 
 factum est Nep. 6.1.2, 10. 10.2, Plaut. Amph. 700, Cure. 714, Men. 533, 
 
 679, M. G. 1332, Ter. Heaut. 249, 628, Hec. 624 
 factumst Plaut. Amph. 749, Men. 808, M. G. 1091, Ter. Ad. 958, Phorm. 
 135, looi, 1006 
 ferre, 
 
 feratur B. C. 1.6.6 
 flere, 
 
 fletur Ter. And. 129 
 ignoscere, 
 
 ignotumst Ter. Ad. 474 
 imperare, 
 
 imperahatur Sail. Jug. 53.1 
 
 imperatum erat B. Afr. 88.7, Caes B. C. 1.37-3. 3-93-3» B.G. 2.11.6, 3.26. 
 
 2, 5- 7.9. 547-3. Nep. 18.9.5, Sail. Jug. 29.6 
 imperatum est Caes. B. C. 2.22.5, 2.25.7, B. G. 6.30.1, Plaut. Most. 314 
 imperatumst Plaut. Pseud. 11 13, Trin. 600 
 impetrire, 
 
 impetritum Plaut. As. 259 
 inaugurare, 
 
 inauguratumst Plaut. As. 259 
 incipere, 
 
 inceptumst Ter. Heaut. 862 
 intellegere, 
 
 intellectum est Caes. B. G. 2.33.2 
 inter calare, 
 
 tntercalatur Varro L. L. 6.13 
 interkalatum erit Cato de Agr. 150. 1 
 interdtcere, 
 
 interdictum est Caes. B. G. 6.13.7 
 intervenirey 
 
 interventum est Ter. Heaut. 281 
 intrare, 
 
 intrari Caes. B. G. 2.17.4 
 invadere, 
 
 invaditur Sail. Jug. 113.6 
 invehere, 
 
 invehi Varro R. R. 1.16.6 
 invidere, 
 
 invideatur Plaut. Bacch. 544 
 invidetur Plaut. True. 746 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 59 
 
 eatur Ter. Heaut. 743 
 
 ihitur Plaut Cas. 758a, Trin. 578^ True. 667 
 
 iretur Caes. B. G. 3.24.5, 7.16.3 
 
 itum est Caes. B. C. 3.26.5, Sail. Jug. 5.1 
 
 itur Plaut. Aul. 527, Bacch. 447, Pseud. 453, Ter. And. 251, 
 Varro L. L. 5.47, 6.94. 
 iudicare, 
 
 iudican Nep. 4.3.7 
 
 iudtcatum foret Nep. 6.3.5 
 inhere, 
 
 iussitur Cato de Agr. 14. i 
 
 iussum erat Sail. Jug. 62.7 
 labor are, 
 
 laboratur Caes. B. G. 7.85.4 
 locare, 
 
 locatum erit Cato de Agr. 144.3 
 lugere, 
 
 lugetur Catullus 39.5 
 mandare, 
 
 mandatum Plaut. Trin. 138 
 
 mandatum erat B. Afr. 4.3 
 
 mandatum esset Caes. B. G. 1.30-5 
 manere, 
 
 maneatur Caes. B. G. 5-31-5 
 
 mansum Ter. Heaut. 200 
 navigare 
 
 navigari Caes. B. G. 4.31.3, Varro R. R. 1.2.4, 1.16.6 
 nocere, 
 
 noceretur Caes. B.G. 6.34.7 
 
 noceri Caes. B. C. 2.16.2, B. G. 3-I4-' 
 nuntiare, 
 
 nuntiari Caes. B. G. 7.9-5. Sail. Jug. 28.3 
 occur r ere, 
 
 occurrebatur Caes. B. G. 7- 16.3 
 
 occurreretur Caes. B. G. 7-24.4 
 
 occurri Lucr. 6.32 
 
 occursum est B. Alex. 9.2 
 offendere, 
 
 offensum esset Caes. B. C. 3.72.4 
 parentare, 
 
 parentetut Varro L. L.6.34 
 
 peccare, 
 
 peccatum est Ter. Heaut. 158 
 
 perferre, 
 
 perlatum esse Nep. 6. 4.1 
 perspicere, 
 
 perspectum est Caes. B. G. 2.32.4 
 
 perspici Caes. B. G. 2.17.4 
 
6o 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 persuadere, 
 
 persuasumst Ter. Phorm. 135 
 
 pervenire, 
 
 perveniretur B. Afr. 50.1 
 
 perveniri Nep. 18.8.4 
 
 pervenirier Ter. Phorm. 640 
 
 perventum Caes. B. G. 5.25.5, 7-35-5 
 
 perventum esset Caes. B. C. 3.6.1 
 
 perventum est Caes. B. G. 6.11.1, Nep. 19.4. 1, Sail. Jug. 107.7. 
 Varro L. L. 5.109, 9.82 
 philosophari, 
 
 philosophatum est Plaut. Pseud. 687 
 potare, 
 
 potarier Plaut. Most. 958 
 postulare, 
 
 postulatum est Caes. B. C. 1.87.3 
 
 postulatumst Plaut. Poen. 756 
 praeciperCf 
 
 praceptum erat Caes. B. C. 3.14.1, 3-93I» B. G. 1.22.3, 5-48.7. 747 2, 
 8.27.5, Sail. Cat. 45.2, 55.5 
 
 praeceptum fuerat Sail. Jug. 52.3, 109.3 
 
 praeceptumst Plaut. M. G. 1173. 
 praedtcere, 
 
 praedicitur Plaut Pseud. 516 
 
 praedictum est Varro R. R. 2.1 1. 1 
 praenuntiare, 
 
 praenuntiatum esse Nep. 18.9.4 
 procedere, 
 
 proceditur Caes. B. C. 1.80.1 
 
 processum est B. Alex. 39.2 
 provenire, 
 
 provenium est Plaut. Men. 964 
 providere, 
 
 provisum erat Caes. B. G. 3.18.6 
 pugnare, 
 
 pugnabatur B. Alex. 19.6, 31. i, Caes. B. C. 1.26.1, 1.456, 3.111.3 
 
 pugnarctur B. Afr. 18.4, B. Alex. 2.3, Caes. B. G. 3.5.1, 3.15-4» 3-25-I. 
 5-3S.5» 5-44-3. 7-25-1. 7-50.i, 7-76-5. 7-8o.6, 7.87.1 
 
 pugnari B. Afr. 82.3, Caes. B. G. 2.33.4, 7.49.1. B. H. 15.5 
 
 pugnatum Sail. Jug. 107. i, 1 14. 1 
 
 pugnatum erat Nep. 14.8.3 
 
 pugnatum esset Caes. B. C. 1.46.1, B. G. 1.26.4, 3.22.4, Nep. 18.4.1 
 
 pugnatum est Caes. B. C. 1.46.3, 1.474. 1-57-3. 3-52.1, 3.67.5,3.111.2, 
 3.112.7, B. G. 1.26.1, 1.26.3, 1-50-3. 1-52.4. 2.10.1, 2.33.4, 3.21. 1, 
 4.26.1, B. H. 11.2, 13.7, 23.8 
 pugnatum sit Caes. B. G. 1.26.2 
 pugnatur B. Alex. 40.1, 62.3, B. C. 1.80.1, 1.80.5, B. G. 7-67.2, 7.84.2, 
 
 8.19-3 
 pugnetur B. Alex. 63.3 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 61 
 
 reddere, 
 
 reddetur Ter. Ad. 279 
 redire^ 
 
 rediri Caes. B. C. 3.16.5 
 
 reditum erat Nep. 8.3.3 
 
 reditum est Nep. 15.8.1 
 
 rediretur B. Afr. 18.4 
 rejerre, 
 
 referatur Sail. Cat. 48.5 
 
 referretur Caes. B. C. i.i.l 
 
 referri Caes. B. C. 1.2.2 
 
 refertur Caes. B. C. 1.2.7, 1-6.3, 1-6.3 
 renuntiare, 
 
 renuntiatumst Ter. And. 501 
 resistere, 
 
 resisteretur Caes. B. G. 5.30.1 
 
 resisti Caes. B. C. 3.63.2, B.G. 8.1.2, Sail. Jug. 67.2 
 
 resistitur Caes. B. C. 1.4.1, B. G. 5.40.3 
 res ponder e, 
 
 responderi Varro L. L. 9.98 
 
 responsum est Varro L. L. 9.92 
 
 responsumst Plaut. Cure. 336, M. G. 1085 
 revenire^ 
 
 reventum est Amph. 942 
 sacrificare, 
 
 sacrtficatur Varro L. L. 6.16, 6.25 
 saltarCt 
 
 saltatum est Plaut. Stich. 774 
 scribere^ 
 
 scriptum est Cato de Agr. 118, Nep. 2.10.4, Plaud. Pseud. 74 
 stlere, 
 
 siletur Ter. Phorm. 778, Sail. Cat. 2.8 
 sistere, 
 
 sisti Plaut. Trin. 720 
 stare^ 
 
 statur Plaut. Pseud. 457, Ter. Eun. 271 
 substernere^ 
 
 substernatur Cato de Agr. 5.7 
 subvemre, 
 
 subveniretur Sail. Jug. 54.10 
 
 subventum foret B. Afr. 26.3 
 succurrere, 
 
 succurratur Caes. B. C. 3.80.3 
 
 succurri B. Alex. 1.5, Caes B. C. 3.52.1 
 sustentare, 
 
 sustentatum est Caes. B. G. 2.6.1 
 
 sustentatumst Plaut. Stich. 467,586 
 
62 
 
 A Study of the Impersonal 
 
 tacere, 
 
 taciturn erit Plaut. Pers. 246 
 
 tacitumst Ter. Ad. 474 
 transtre, 
 
 transiretur Varro L. L. 9.76 
 
 transitum est Varro L. L. 9.108 
 
 transitum Varro L. L. 8.39 
 trepidare, 
 
 trepidari Ter. Hec. 315 
 
 trepidatur Caes. B. G. 6.37.6, Lucr. 3.598 
 
 tumultuaret 
 
 tumultuari Caes. B. G. 7-6 1.3 
 turbare, 
 
 turbatur Lucr. 6.377 
 venire, 
 
 veniatur Caes. B. C. 1.87. 1 
 
 veniretur Caes. B. G. 7.28.1, Sail Jug. 112.3, 113.2 
 
 rewfWCaes. B.C. i.67.i,B.G.3-3-2.5-56-i. 7.36.7,7.70.6, Plaut. Rud.271 
 
 venitur Caes. B. C. 1.84.3 
 
 ventum Sail. Jug. 75.7 
 
 ventum erat Caes. B. C. 1.58.2, B. G. 2.1 1.4, 3.23.2, Sail. Jug. 76.5 
 
 ventum esset B. Alex. 25.5, Caes. B.C. 3.195. 333.1. 3.75.4. B. G. 7.61. 
 
 I, 8.23.5, B. H. 27.6, 33.2, 35.1 
 ventum est B. Alex. 14.1, 31.2, Caes. B. G. 1.43.4. 428.1, 5.26.1, 
 
 6.43.4. Catullus 39.2. Plaut. Cure. 646, Sail. Cat. 50.5, 60.2, Jug. 
 
 53. 2, 91. 1, Ter. Heaut. 275 
 ventumst Plaut. M. G. 1403, True. 9, Ter. Phorm. 135, 283, loio 
 
 vindicare, 
 
 vindicatum Sail. Jug. 31. 26 
 
 vindicatum est Sail. Cat. 9.4 
 videre, 
 
 visum est B. Alex. 2.5, Caes. B. C. 2.9.9, B. G. 4.8.1, 
 5.58.3, Varro L. L. 8.21 
 
 visumst Plaut. Merc. 324, Ter. Hec. 843 
 
 vivere, 
 
 vivi Lucr. 5.18 
 
 vivitur Plaut. Pers. 17b, Trin. 65, Trin. 65, Ter. Heaut. 154.