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AUTHOR: 
 
 EUTROPIUS 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 EUTROPIUS 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 DA TE : 
 
 1898 
 
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 Eutropius. 
 
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 EDIT El) EUR SCHOOL USE 
 
 BY 
 
 J. C. HAZZARD, Ph.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LATIN, PORTLAND ACADEMY 
 
 -<>o>a<o<^ 
 
 KEW YORK :• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN hOOK rOMiAW 
 
r 
 
 V 
 
 m 
 k 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 PREFAi h 
 
 ^To 
 
 lu:\. .iAM)n COOlMai, D.I)., D.C.L., LL.D. 
 
 WITH (iKATEKlL AFKECTIOX 
 
 Copyright, 1S98, bt 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. 
 
 KUTK0PIU8. 
 
 w. p. I 
 
 The Brprinrinm of Eiitro])ius lias for many years been nsed 
 suecessfully in German schools, but, though an American edi- 
 tion was published in the early part of this century, the author 
 has of late years received little attention in this country. Yet 
 in character and subject the Breciar'nim is admirably adapted 
 for elementary work. While the Viri Romcw deals only with 
 the early history of Rome and the lives of a few great men of 
 the republican age, the Breciaritim gives an outline of the 
 history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death 
 of the Emperor Jovian in 364 a.d., and is thus in subject 
 closely related to the Latin course. The Latin is good, remark- 
 ably so for the time of its comi)osition, and is not so difficult 
 as that of Xepos or of parts of the T7/-/ Romae. 
 
 In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had 
 in mind, and so references to the standard Latin Grammars 
 have been added more copiously than some Avill consider judi- 
 cious. It has been found, however, by experience in the class- 
 room, that a reference to the grammar when carefully studied 
 is worth far more than a translation of a difficult passage or 
 comment upon it. The grammatical references are placed at 
 the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes, 
 which are principally historical and geographical, the editor 
 has tried to aid the student in mastering the difficulties that 
 
 3 
 
 2o>^27S 
 
prp:face 
 
 occur rather than to do his work for him. The references to 
 the histories are intended rather for the teacher than for the 
 pupil. If a few minutes can be spent every day in reading 
 to the class the portions refered to, the time will not be wasted, 
 and it will fill in the outline of the history that the text con- 
 tains. It is strongly urged that each student should be pro- 
 vided with a copy of some good outline of Koman History 
 (Creighton's Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it 
 from day to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal 
 facts of Koman History may be obtained Avith but slight 
 conscious effort on the part of the student. 
 
 in the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted 
 dates have been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken 
 in his chronology. In nuirking the cpiantities of the long 
 vowels, Lewis, in his Eleuientart/ Latin Dictionary, has been 
 followed, except where later authorities differ from him. 
 
 The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Kev. J. 
 i: \\ ilson, T> ] ' . Trincipal of Portland Academy, for advice and 
 assistance, and to Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for per- 
 mission to use material from their First Latin Readings. 
 
 The Grammars cited are Harkness' Standard Latin Gram- 
 mar (H.), IMooney (M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gil- 
 dersleeve (G.), and Bennett (B.\ Peferences to Harkness' 
 iiiv. LaiiiiGrammai^ (1898) will be found on p. 242. 
 
 J. C. H. 
 
 Portland, Oregon, 
 June, 1898. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 TEXT 
 
 IJOOK I 
 
 Book II 
 Book hi 
 Book IV 
 Book V 
 Book VI 
 Book VII 
 Book VIII 
 Book IX 
 Book X 
 Bihi-io(;i;ai 
 
 II V 
 
 Like of Ki ihopius 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • » 
 
 PAOE 
 t 
 
 16 
 27 
 36 
 46 
 51 
 02 
 73 
 83 
 94 
 104 
 105 
 
 NOTES 
 
 Book I 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 105 
 
 Book II . 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 114 
 
 Book III . 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 121 
 
 Book IV . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 Book V 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 130 
 
 Book VI . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 lioOK VII . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 147 
 
 Book VIII 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 153 
 
 Book IX . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 158 
 
 Book X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 100 
 
 VoCABrLAIlV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 104 
 
mvi 
 
 BREVIAUII Ai: llll'.E CoSUlTX 
 
 LIBEU I'iUAil.-^ 
 
 From the Fouxding of Rome to the Capture of the 
 City hv the Cauls, 753-390 b.c The Regal Period, 
 753-509 H.r. 
 
 Rome Founded, 753 ha:. Eomidus, 753-71G b.c. 
 
 1. Roinanuni iiupen'iuiu a Koiiiulo exordium habet, qui 
 Rlieae Silviae, Vestalis virginis, fllius et, quantum putatus 
 est, Martis, cum Kemo fratre fino partu editus est. Is cum 
 inter pastores latrocinaretur,' decem et octo annos^ natus 
 
 5 urbem exiguam in Palatlno monte constituit, xi Kal. Maias, 
 Olympiadis sextae anno tertio, ]>ost Troiae excidium, anno 
 trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto. 
 
 2. Condita clvitate,^ quani ex nomine suo Romam voca- 
 vit, haec fere egit. jMultitudinem flnitimorum in cTvitatem 
 
 10 recepit, centum ex senioribus * legit, quorum consilio omnia 
 ageret,'"' quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Turn, 
 cum uxores ipse et populus suus non liaberent,^ invltavit 
 ad spectaculum Ifiddrum vIcTnas urbl Romae natidnes at(iue 
 
 1 H. 521, II, 2 ; M. ;J47 ; A. & G. 325 ; G. 585 ; B. 288. 
 
 2 H. 379 ; M. 197 ; A. & G. 25(5 ; G. 330 ; B. 181, 1. 
 
 3 H. 431 ; M. 255, 1 ; A. & G. 255, d, 1 ; G. 409 ; B. 227, 2, a. 
 
 * H. 397, 3, N. 3 ; M. 225, n. 2 ; A. & G. 216, c ; G. 372, r. 2 ; B. 201, 1, a. 
 6 H. 497, I ; M. 382, 3 ; A. & G. 317, 2 ; G. 630 ; B. 282, 2. 
 6 H. 517 ; M. 355 ; A. & G. 326 ; G. 586 ; B. 286. 2. 
 
 7 
 
• • • • s •- * 
 « • • • • • • , • • • ' . . t , 
 
 8 
 
 • •••••,•,,•••••• •««^€» ■ 
 
 
 eanim vSr^ijiYs/rajmii'; 'Commotls bellls propter raptfirinn 
 iiiiuriam ^'aeMiiie^rrfes' viti-t^Aiitemnates, Criistumiiios, Sabl- 
 1103, Fidenates, Veientes. Haec omnia oppida urbein ciu- 
 gimt. Et cum orta subitu tempestate iioii comparuisset, 
 5 anno regiil trlcesimo septimo ad deos translsse creditus est 
 et cdiisecratus. ])eiude liomae^ per (piinos dies senatores 
 imperaverunt et liis regnantibus annus unus completus est. 
 
 Kiima Foinpilius, 715-G72 b.c. 
 
 3 T^ostea IsTuma Pompilius rex creiitus est, qui belbim 
 quidem nulbim gessit, sed non minus clvitati- quamliomubis 
 10 profuit. Nam et leges llomanis nioresijue constituit, qui 
 consuetudine itrueliorum iam latrOnes ac semibarbari puta- 
 bantur, et annum descrlpsit in decern menses prius sine 
 aliqua supputatione confusum, et inflnlta llumae sacra ac 
 templa constituit. Morbd deeessit quadragesimo et tertio 
 15 imperil anno. 
 
 Tullus IIo,stiIins, 672~r)40 b.c. 
 
 4. Huic successit Tulhis Hostllius. Hio bella reparavit, 
 Albanos vicit, ([ui ab urbe Tldma duodecimo mlliario^ sunt, 
 Veientes et Fidenates, quorum alii sexto mlliarid al)sunt 
 ab url)e Ildma, alii octavo decimo, bello superavit, ui-bem 
 
 20 ampliavit adiectd Caelid monte. Cum trlginta et duos annos 
 regnasset,* fulmine ictus cum domd sua arsit. 
 
 Ancns 3Tarcuis, 640-616 b.c. 
 
 5. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex fllia nepds, susce- 
 pit imperium. Contra Latinos dimicavit, Aventlnum moiitem 
 
 1 H. 425, II ; M. 242, 1 ; A. & G. 258, r, 2 ; G. 411 ; B. 282, 1. 
 . 2 H. 380 ; M. 202 ; A. & G. 228 ; G. 347 ; R. 187, III. 
 
 8 H. 425, II, 2, N. 2 ; M. 241, 2 ; A. & G. 258, /, 2 ; G. 385, n. 1 ; B. 228, 1, h. 
 ' \l J :: M. 100, 1 ; A. & G. 128, a, 1 ; G. 131, 1 ; B. 110, 1. 
 
 LIBER L 9 
 
 clvitati adiecit et laniculum, apud ostium Tiberis civitatem 
 suprfi mare sexto decimd miliarid ab urbe Kdma condidit. 
 Vicesimd et (juartd anno imperii morbd periit. 
 
 Lucius Tar(jui)iius J*riscus, 616-578 B.C. 
 
 6. Deinde regnum Priscus Tarquinius accepit. Hic nume- 
 5 rum senatdrum duplicavit, circum Kdmae aedificilvit, ludds 
 
 Rdmands instituit, (|ul ad nostram memoriam permanent. 
 Vicit idem etiam Sablnds et non parum agrdrum sublatum 
 Isdem urbis Kdmae territdrid iunxit, })rlmus(pie triuni]>lians 
 urbeni intravit. Murds fecit et cloacas, Cai)itdlium incolui- 
 10 vit. TrIcesimo octavo imperii amid per Anci filids occTsus 
 est, regis eius, cui ipse successerat. 
 
 Sen'iua Tullius, 578-534 b.c. 
 
 7. Post bunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus 
 ex ndbilT femina, captlvii tamen et ancillil. Hic quoque 
 Sablnds subegit, inontes tres, Quirlnrdem, Vrminalem, Esqui- 
 
 15 limim, urbi adiunxit, fossas circum murum duxit. Primus 
 omnium censum drdinavit, (pil adhfic per orbem terrarum 
 incognitus erat. KSub ed Kdma omni])us in censum delatis 
 liabuit capita lxxxiii milia civium Kdmandrum cum lils, 
 qui in agris erant. Occlsus est scelere generl sul TaivjuinI 
 
 20 Superbl, fllil eius regis cui ii)se successerat, et filiae quam 
 Tar(]uiiiius liabebat uxdrem. 
 
 Lucius Tarf/uim'us Suj^erMiSj 534-510 b.c. 
 
 8. L. Tarcjuinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus regum,' 
 Volscds, quae gens ad Campaniam euntibus- ndn longe ab 
 iirbe est, vicit, Gabids civitatem et Suessam Pdmetiam 
 
 1 II. 307, 3 ; M. 225, 3 ; A. & G. 210, a, 3 ; G. 372 ; B. 201. 1. 
 
 2 H. 384, 4, N. 3 ; M. 210 ; A. & G. 235, b ; G. 353 ; B. 188, 2, a. 
 
10 
 
 EUTROPr BREVIARII 
 
 LIBKK r. 
 
 11 
 
 subegit, cuiii Tuscis paceni fecit et templum lovi in Capi- 
 tolio aedificavit. Postea Ardeain oppugnaiis, in octavo 
 decinio nilliario ab urbe Konia })Ositam clvitateni, imperium 
 perdidit. Nam cum filius eius, et ipse Tarquinius iuuior, 
 5 nobilissimam feminam Lucretiam eandemque pudlcissimam, 
 Collatlni uxorem, stuprasset eaque de iniuria marlto et patrl 
 et amlcis qiiesta fiiisset, in omnium conspectu se occidit. 
 Propter (piam causam Prutus, parens et ipse TarquinT, 
 poi)uhini concitavit et Tarquinio^ ademit imperium. ^lox 
 
 10 exercitus ([uofpie eum, <juT civitatem Ardeam cum ipso rege 
 oppugnabat, relupiit ; veniens(pie ad urbem rex portis clausls 
 excliisus est, cunuiue inq)erasset annos quattuor et viginti 
 cum uxore et llberls suls fugit. Tta liomae regnatuni est 
 per se]>tem reges anr.Is duceutls quadraginta tribus, cum 
 
 15 adliuc lloma, ubi phlrimum, vix fisijue ad (pilntum decinuim 
 mlbarium possideret. 
 
 EstablUhment of the RepiihJir. Election of Conauls, 509 h.<'. 
 
 9. liinc cdnsules coepere, jn-o uno r^ge duo, hac causa 
 creati, ut, sT unus nudus esse voluisset,'-' alter eum liabeus 
 potestjltem similem coerceret.^ Et ])lacuit ne imperium 
 
 20 longius (puim annuum haberent,^ ne per diuturnitatem pote- 
 stalis Tnsolentiores redderentur, sed cTvTles semper essent, 
 qui se post annum sclrent futfiros esse prlvatos. Fuerunt 
 igitur aniul prlnid ab expulsis regibus consules L. Tunius 
 Brutus, qui maxime egerat ut Tarquinius pelleretur, et Tar- 
 
 25 quinius CollatTnus, marltus Lucretiae. Sed Tanjuinio Colla- 
 tlno statim sublata est dlgnitas. Placuerat enim ne quisquam 
 
 1 H. 385, II, 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229 ; G. 345, n. 1 ; B. 188, 2, d. 
 
 2 II. 509, N. 3 , M. 403 ; A. & (J. 337, a, 3 ; G. 596, 2 ; B. 320. 
 
 3 H. 497, II ; M. 328 ; A. & G. 317, 1 ; G. 545, 1 ; B. 282, 1. 
 * II. 498, 1 ; M. 333, 1 ; A. .<: G. 331. il \ (J. 54f') ; B. 295, 4. 
 
 I 
 
 in urbe maneret (piT Tanpiinius vocaretur. Ergo accepto 
 omul patrimdnid sud ex uibe migriivit et loco ipsius factus 
 est L. Valerius l*ublicola consul. 
 
 War intli 'rarfjtn'iu'us. 
 
 10. Commdvit tamen bellum urb! l-vdmao rex Tarquinius, 
 5 qui fuerat expulsus, et, conlr»ctIs multis gentil)us, ut in re- 
 
 gnum posset restitui dimicavit. In prima pugna J^rutus con- 
 sul et Aruns, TarquinI filius, in vicem se occiderunt, Hdmani 
 taiuen ex efi pugna victdres recesserunt. •P)rutum matrdnae 
 Kdmanae, defensdrem pudlcitiae suae, quasi communem 
 
 10 patrein per annum luxerunt. Valerius I'ublicola Sj). Lucre- 
 tium Tricipitlnum conlegam sibi fecit, Lucretiae patrem, (pid 
 morbd mortud iterum Horatium Pulvillum conlegam sibi 
 sumpsit. Tta primus annus quliupie cdnsules liabuit, cum 
 Tarquinius Collailnus proi)ter ndmen urbe ^ cessisset, Brutus 
 
 15 in proelid perlsset, Sp. Lucretius morbd mortuus esset. 
 
 War 7vitJi Porseima, 508 b.c. 
 
 11. Secundd quoque annd iterum Tarfpiinius ut recipere- 
 tur in regnum bellum Rdmanls intulit, auxilium el ferente 
 Porsenna, Tusciae rege, et Rdmam ])aene cepit. Verum 
 tuni quoque victus est. 
 
 20 Tertid annd post reges exactds Tarquinius cum susci})I 
 ndii posset in regnum necpie el Porsenna, (pii pficem cum 
 Kdmanis fecerat, praestaret auxilium. Tusculum ^ se contulit, 
 (juae civitas ndn longe ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuor- 
 decim annds privatus cum iixdre cdnsenuit. 
 
 25 Quartd annd post reges exactds. cum Sabinl Kdmanis 
 bellum intulissent, victi sunt, et de Lis triumpliatum est. 
 
 1 H. 412, 2 ; M. 233, 2 ; A. & G. 258, a, n. 2 ; G. 390, 2 ; B. 229, 1. 
 -^ H. 380, II ; M. 199, 1 ; A. & G. 258, h ; G. 337 ; B. 182, 1, a. 
 
12 EUTROPl BREVIARII 
 
 QuTnto anno L. Valerius ille/ Briitl conlega et qualer 
 consul, fataliter mortuus est, adeo pauj)er ut conlatis a popiild 
 nunniils suniptum habuerit^ sepultui'ae. Quern matronae 
 sicutl Brutum annum luxerunt. 
 
 Institution of the Dictatoishij), 501 b.c. 
 
 6 12. Nono anno post reges exactos cum gener Tarquini 
 ad iniuriam socerl^ vindicandam '^ ingentem conlegisset exer- 
 citum, nova Komae dignitas est creata, quae dictatura appel- 
 latur, maior quam consulatus. Eodem anno etiam magister 
 equitum f actus est, qui dictatorl obsequeietur. iSIeque quic- 
 
 10 quaui simili'js potest dici quam dictatura antiqua liuic 
 imperil potestati, quam muic Tranquillitas Vestra liabet, 
 maxime cum Augustus quoque Octavianus, de quo postea 
 dicemus, et ante euni 0. Caesar sub dictaturae nomine atque 
 lionore regnaverint. Dictator autem Kdmae primus fuit 
 
 15 T. Larcius, magister equituui primus Sp. Cassius. 
 
 Secession of the Plebeians. Establishment of the Tribunate, 
 
 494 B.C. 
 
 13 ?>ext(3 decimo anno post reges exactos seditionem 
 
 populus Kdmae fecit, tamquam a senatu atque cdnsulibus 
 
 premeretur. Turn et ipse sibi tribunds plebis quasi proprids 
 
 indices et defensdres creavit, per quds contra senatum et 
 
 20 cdnsules tutus esse posset. 
 
 1 H. 450. 1 M i [3, 1 ; A. & G. 102, b ; G. 307, 2 ; B. 246, 3. 
 
 2 H. 500, II : 405, VI ; M. 337 : 316, 2 ; A. «Sb G. 319, 1 : 287, c, r.; G. 
 552, 1 : 513 ; B. 284, 1 : 268, 6. 
 
 8 H. 306, III ; M. 216 ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 363, 2 ; B. 200. 
 *H. 542, 11 r,N. 2:544, 1; M. 291 : 297 ; A. & G. 300 : 318, Z> ; G. 432, r.; 
 B. 338, 3 : 339, 2. 
 
 LIBI I^ L 
 
 1;: 
 
 War icith the Volsci, 493 B.C. 
 
 14. SequentI anno Volsci contra Kdmands bellum repara- 
 verunt, et victi acie etiam Coriolds civitatem, quam liabebant 
 optimam, perdiderunt. 
 
 Coriolanus, 491 B.C. 
 
 15. Octavd decimd annd postipiam reges eiecti erant expui- 
 5 sus ex urbe Q. Marcius, dux Rdmanus, qui Coriolds ceperat, 
 
 Volscdrum civitatem, ad ipsds Volscds contendit Iratus et 
 auxilia contra Bdnuinds accepit. Rdmands saepe vicit, us(iue 
 ad quintum mlliarium nrbis accessit, op})uguaturus ^ etiam 
 patriam suam, legatls qui pacem petebant repudiatis, nisi 
 10 ad eum mater Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe venissent," 
 quarum fietu et deprecatidne sui)eratus remdvit exercitum. 
 Atque lilc secundus post Tarquinium fuit qui dux contra 
 patriam suam esset. 
 
 Slaughter of the Fabii, 477 B.C. 
 
 16. C. Fabid et L. Virglnid cdnsulibus trecenti ndbiles 
 15 lionunes, qui ex Fabia familia erant, contra Veientes bellum 
 
 sdli susceperunt, ju'duuttentes senatui et populd per se omne 
 certamen implendum. Itaque profecti, oumes ndbiles et 
 <pil singull nuigudrum exercituum duces esse deberent. in 
 proelid conciderunt. Unus omnind superfuit ex tanta fami- 
 20 liii, (pil propter aetatem puerllem duel ndn j)otuerat ad 
 pugnam. Tost liaec census in urbe habitus est et inventa 
 sunt civium capita cxvir milia cccxix. 
 
 1 IT. 549, 3 ; M. 283 ; A. & G. 293, b, 3 ; G. 640, 4, (2) ; B. 304, 3, b. 
 
 2 H. 510 ; M. 366 ; A. & G. 308 ; G. 597 ; B. 304. 
 
14 
 
 EUTROn BREVIARTT 
 
 Dictatorship of CincinnatuSy 458 B.C. 
 
 17. SequentI tamen anno cum in Algido monte ab iirbe 
 duodecimo ferine nilliario Komanus obsideretur exercitus, L. 
 Quintius Cincinnatus dictator est factus, qui agrmo quattuor 
 iugerfini ^ possidens nianibus suls colebat. Is cum in opere 
 
 5 et arans esset inventus, siidore deterso togam praetextam 
 accepit et caesis hostibus libera vit exercitum. 
 
 JJecenivh'8 appouded, 451 n.c. Laws of XII Tables promul- 
 gated, 450 B.C. Death of Vhyinla; Decemvirs deposed, 
 449 B.C. 
 
 18. Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe conditii imperium 
 cOnsulare cessavit et pro duobus consulibus decern fact! 
 sunt, qui summani potestatem liaberent, decemviri nominatl. 
 
 10 Sed cum prim 6 anno bene egissent,- secundo unus ex his, 
 Ap. (Uaudius, Virglnl cuiusdam, qui honestls iam stlpendils 
 contra Latinos in monte Algido mllitarat,^ filiam virginem 
 coiTumpere voluit ; quam pater occldit, ne stuprum a decem- 
 viro sustineret, et regressus ad mllites movit tumultum. 
 
 15 Hublata est decemvirls ^ potestas ipslque damnati sunt. 
 
 Revolt of the Fidenates, 438 b.c. 
 
 19. Anno trecentesimo et quinto decimo ab urbe condita 
 
 Fidenates contra Komanos rebellaverunt. Auxilium his 
 
 praestabant Veientes et rex Yeientium Tolumnius. Quae 
 
 ambae civitates tarn viclnae urbl sunt ut Fidenae sexto, 
 
 20 Vel octavo decimo mlliario absint. Coniunxerunt se his 
 
 i H. 300. V ; M. 223 ; A. & G. 215, b ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 2. 
 
 2 H. 515, in M. 378, 1 ; A. & G. 326 ; G. 587 ; B. 300, 3. 
 
 8 H. 235 ; M. 100, 1 ; A. & G. 128, a ; G. 131, 1 ; B. 110, 1. 
 
 4 H. 385, 11, 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229 ; G. 345, r. 1 ; B. 188. 2, d. 
 
 iAiWAl 1. 
 
 M 
 
 et Volscl. Sed jSIam. Aemilio dictatore et L. Quintid Cin- 
 cinnjlto magistro equitum victi etiam regem perdiderunt. 
 Fidenae captae et exclsae." 
 
 War in'th Vet, 396 b.c. 
 
 20. Tost viginti deinde annos VcientanI rebellaverunt. 
 .5 1 )i('tritor contra ipsos missus est Furius Camillus, qui i)rlmum 
 cos vicit acie, mox etiam civitatcm diu obsidens ccpit, 
 antlquissimam Italiae atque ditissimam. Post earn cepit 
 et Faliscos, non minus nobilem civitatem. Sed commota 
 est el invidia, quasi praedam male divisisset, damnatusque 
 10 ob earn causani et expidsus clvitate.^ 
 
 Rome Captured hi) the GauJs, 390 B.C. 
 
 Statim (xalll Senones ad ur])em venf'runt et victos IJo- 
 luanos undecimo mlliari(3 fi KomJi apud tinmen Alliam secntl 
 etiam urbem occupaverunt. Neque defend! (juicquam nisi 
 Capitolium potuit; quod cum diu obsedissent et iam Ro- 
 
 15 mfinl fame labdrarent, accepto aurd, ne Capitolium obside- 
 rent, recesserunt. Sed a, Camilld, qui in vidua civitatc 
 exsulfibat, Gallls^ superventum est gravissimecjue victi sunt. 
 Fostea tamen etiam secutus eds Camillus ita cecldit ut et 
 aurum, quod his datum fuerat, et omnia quae ceperant 
 
 20 mllitaria slgna revocaret. Ita tertid triumplians urbem 
 ingressus est et ai)pellatus secundus lldmulus, quasi et ipse 
 patriae conditor. 
 
 1 li. 414, I ; M. 236 ; A. & G. 243 ; G. 300, 2 ; B. 214, 1. 
 
 - H. 384, II, 5 ; M. 205, n.; A. & G. 230 ; G. 217 ; B. 187, 11, b. 
 
iu 
 
 EUTROPI BKEVlAllir 
 
 Liri'!^ IT. 
 
 17 
 
 LIB! n SECUNDUS 
 
 From the Capture of the City to the End of the 
 First Funic War, 390-241 b.c. 
 
 Militanj Tribunes icith Consular Power Elected, 444 n.c, 
 1. Anno trecentesimo sexagesimo quinto ab iirbe condita, 
 post captani autem primo, dignitates mutatae sunt, et pro 
 duobus consulibus facti tribunlmllitares consnlarl potestate. 
 llinc iani coepit Romana res crescere. Isnm CamiUus eo 
 5 anno Yolscorum civitatem, quae per septuaginta annos 
 bellum gesserat, vicit et Aequomm urbem et Sutrlnoruni 
 atqiie omnes deletis earundem exercitibus occupavit et tres 
 
 simul triumphos egit. 
 
 2 T. etiani Qumtius Cincinnatus Fraenestlnos, qui usque 
 
 10 ad urbis Romae portas cum bello venerant, persecfitus ad 
 fliimen Alliam vlcit, octo civitates, quae sub ipsis agebant, 
 llomanls adiimxit, ipsum Fraeneste aggressus in deditidnem 
 accepit. Quae omnia ab eo gesta sunt viginti diebus,^ 
 triumphusque ipsi decretus. 
 
 15 3. Verum dignitas tribfiuorum mllitarinm non diu perse- 
 veravit. Nam post aliquantum nfdlos placiiit lieri et qua- 
 driennium in urbe ita fluxit ut potestates ibi maiores non 
 essent. Fraesilmpserunt tamen tribuni mllitares consularl 
 potestate iterum dignitatem et triennio perseveravemnt. 
 
 20 Rursus consules facti. 
 
 Death of CamiUus, 305 b.c. 
 4 I aonucio et Q. Servilio consulibus mortuus est 
 CamiUus. Honor ei post Romuhim secundus dtdatus est. 
 1 11. 129 ; M. 243, 1 ; A. & G. 256 ; G. 393 ; B. 231. 
 
 Invasion of the Gauls ; Torquatus, 361 B.C. 
 
 5 r. Qiiintius dictator adversus (iallos, qui ad Italiam 
 venerant, missus est. Hi ab urbe (piarto mlliario trans 
 Anienem liuvium consederant. Ibi nobilissimus de sena- 
 toribus iuvenis L. ^lanlius provocantem Galium ad singulare 
 5 cert«amen progressus occidit, et sublato torque aureo collo- 
 que suo imposito in perpetuum Torcpiati et sibi et posterls 
 cognomen accepit. Galll fugati sunt, mox per C. Sulpicium 
 dictatorem etiam victl. Xon multo ^ post a C. ^larcio TuscI 
 victi sunt et octo milia captivorum ex his in triunq3hum 
 .10 ducta. 
 
 First Samnite War, 343-;Ul b.c. 
 
 6. Census iterum liabitus est. Et cum LatinI, qui a Ro- 
 milnls- subacti erant, mllites praestare nollent, ex ROmanls 
 tantum tirones lectl sunt, factaecjue legiones decern, qui mo- 
 dus sexaginta vel anq)lius armatorum milia efficiebat. Farvis 
 
 lo adliuc Rdmanis rebus tanta tamen in i-e mllitfiri virtus erat. 
 Quae cum ])rofectae essent adversum (i alios duce L. Furio, 
 (pildam ex (iallis unum ex Koiuanis, (juI esset** optimus. 
 prdvocavit. Tum se ]\I. Valerius tribunus mllitum o])tulit. 
 et cum processisset armatus corvus el^ supra dextrum brac- 
 
 20 cliium sedit. ^[ox commissa adversum Galium ])ngna idem 
 corvus alls et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit, ne rectum 
 posset aspicer<\ Tta a tribfinn Valerid interfectus. Corvus 
 uon solum victoriam el. sed etiam nomen dedit. Nam 
 postea idem Coi-vlnus est dictus. Ac propter hoc meritum 
 
 25 annorum trium et viginti consul est factus. 
 
 1 H. 423 ; M. 248 ; A. .^ G. 25() ; G. 403 ; B. 223. 
 
 2 H. 415, I ; M. 247, 2 ; A. & G. 246 ; G. 401 ; B. 216. 
 
 8 H. 503, 1 ; M. .383, 1 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 631, 1 ; B. 283. 2. 
 
 * H. 384, 4, X. 2 ; M. 208; A. & G. 235, a ; G. 350, 1 ; 15. 188, 1. 
 
 HAZ. KCTUOl'IL'S — 2 
 
18 
 
 EU'i'noin !ua-.viAKii 
 
 i.ini.u ii. 
 
 lu 
 
 Latin War, ;M0-o38 b.c. 
 
 7. Latinl, qui noluerant milites dare, hoc quoque a Ro- 
 nianls exigere coepermit, iit iiniis consul ex eorum, alter ex 
 Eonianorum populo crearetur. Quod cum esset negatum, 
 belluni contra eos susceptum est et ingenti pugna superati 
 5 sunt; ac de his perdomitis triuniphatum est. Statuae con- 
 sulibus ob nieritum victoriae in rostrls positae sunt. Eo 
 anno etiani Alexandria ab Alexandro Macedone eondita est. 
 
 Second Samnite War, 326-304 b.c. 
 
 8 lam RomanI potentes esse coeperunt. Bellum enim in 
 centesimo et tricesimo fere mlliario ab urbe apud Samnitas 
 
 10 gerebatur, qui medil sunt inter Picenum, Campaniam et 
 Apuliam. L. Paplrius Cursor cum honore dictatoris ad id 
 bellum profectus est. Qui cum Romam redlret, Q. Fabio 
 ^Maximo, magistro eqiiitum, quem apud exercitum rellquit, 
 praecepit ne se absente pugnaret.^ Ille occasione reperta 
 
 15 fellcissime dimicavit et Samnitas delevit. Ob quam rem a 
 dictatore capitis- damnatus, quod se vetante pugnasset,^ 
 ingenti favore mllitum et popull llbercatus est, tanta Paplrio 
 seditione commota ut paene ipse interficeretur. 
 
 Romans defeated at Caudine Forks, 321 b.c. 
 
 9 I 'ostea Samnltes Romanos T. Veturio et Sp. Postumio 
 20 consulibus ingenti dedecore^ vicerunt et sub iugum mlse- 
 
 runt. Pax tamen a senatil et populo soluta est, quae cum 
 ipsis propter necessitatem facta fuerat. Postea Samnltes 
 
 1 H. 408. I M. 833, 2 ; A. & G. 331 ; G. 546, 2 ; B. 295, 1. 
 I i |. *, u ; M. 228 ; A. & G. 220, a ; G. 378, 3 ; B. 208, 2, a. 
 
 3 H. 235: 516, II M. 100, 1 : 357 ; A. & G. 128, a, 1 : 321 , G. 131, 1 : 
 641 !' IK), 1: 286, 1. 
 
 4 il il'. Ill M 245; A. & G. 248; G. 399; B. 220, 1. 
 
 victi sunt a T Paplrio consule, septem milia eorum 'sub 
 iugum missa. Paplrius primus de Samnltibus triumphavit. 
 Eo tempore Ap. Claudius censor aquam Claudiam induxit 
 et viam Appiam stravit. Samnltes reparato bello Q. Fabium 
 
 5 Maximum vicerunt tribus mllibus hominum occlsls. Postea, 
 cum pater ei Fabius ^[aximus legatus datus fuisset, et 
 Samnitas vicit et plurima ipsorum oppida cepit. Deinde 
 i' Cornelius Ruflnus M. Curius Dentcatus, ambo consules, 
 contra Samnitas missi ingentibus proelils eos confecere. 
 
 10 Turn })ellum cum Samnltibus per annos (piadraginta novem 
 actum sustulcrunt. Necpie fdlus hostis fuit intra Italiaia 
 qui Romiinam virtutem magis fatlgaverit. 
 
 War with the Gatds and Etruscans, 283 B.C. 
 
 10 Interiectis ali(iuot annis iterum se Gallorum copiae 
 contra Romanos Tuscis Samnltibusque iimxerunt, sed cum 
 15 Romam tenderent a (Jn. Cornelio Dolabella consule deletae 
 sunt. 
 
 War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 281-272 b.c. Battle of 
 
 Heraclea, 280 b.c. 
 11. Eodem tempore Tarentlnis, (pil iam in ultima Italia 
 sunt, bellum indictum est, quia legatls Romanorum inifiriam 
 fecissent. Hi Pyrrhum.^ Epirl regem, contra Romanos 
 
 20 auxilium poposcerunt, qui ex genere Achillis orlginem 
 trahebat. Is mox ad Italiam venit. tunKpie primum Ro- 
 manI cum transmarlno hoste dimicaverunt. Missus est 
 contra eum consul P. Valerius Laevlnus, qui cum explo- 
 ratores Pyrrhl cepisset, iussit eos per castra duel, ostendl 
 
 26 omnem exercitum tunuiue dimittl. ut renfmtiarent l^vrrho 
 
 1 H. 374 ; M. 192, 2 ; A. & G. 239. c ; G. 339, a ; B. 173. 1. a. 
 
20 
 
 EUTKOPl BUEVIAKII 
 
 LIBKll II. 
 
 J1 
 
 quaecumque a Komanis agerentur.^ Commissa mox pugiia, 
 cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantorum auxilio vicit, quos 
 incognitos Romani expaverunt. Sed nox proelio fineni 
 dedit; Laevinus tanien per noctem fugit, Pyrrhus Romanos 
 5 mille octingentos cepit et eos sunim(3 honore tractavit, occl- 
 sos sepellvit. Quos cum ad verso vulnere et truci vultu 
 etiam mortuos iacere vidisset, tulisse ad caelum manus 
 dicitur cum liac voce : se totlus orbis dominum esse potu- 
 isse, si tales sibi milites contigissent. 
 
 Ernhassy of Cineas. 
 
 10 12. Postea Pyrrhus coniunctis sibi Samnltibus, Lucanis, 
 Hruttiis Ponuim perrexit, omnia ferro - ignl([ue vastavit, Cam- 
 paniam populatus est atque ad Praeneste venit, mlliilrio ab 
 urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore ^ exercitus, qui eum cum 
 consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati ad 
 
 15 Pyrrhum de redimendls ca})tivls * missi ab eo honorifice 
 sLisceptl sunt. Captivos sine pretio Romam misit. Unum 
 ex legatis Ronulnorum, Fabricium, sic admlratus, cum eum 
 pauperem esse cognovisset, ut quilrta parte regnl promissa 
 sollicitare voluerit ut ad se transTret, contemptus(iue est a 
 
 20 Fabricio. Quare cum Pyrrhus Rdmanorum ingenti admira- 
 tione teneretur, legatum mIsit, qui pacem acquis condicio- 
 nibus peteret, praecipuum virum, Cineam nomine,^ ita ut 
 Pyrrhus i)artem Italiae, quam iam armls occupaverat, 
 obtineret. 
 
 25 13.1 *ax displicuit remaiidatumque Pyrrho est a senatu eum 
 
 1 H. o29, I ; M. .388 ; A. & G. 334 ; G. 407 ; B. 300, 1, a. 
 
 2 H. 420 ; M. 247, 1 ; A. & G. 248, c, 1 ; G. 401 ; B. 218. 
 ^ H. 410 ; M. 254 ; A. & G. 245 ; G. 408 ; B. 210. 
 
 * II. 542, I\' : 544, 1 ; M. 202 : 297 ; A. & G. 301 ; G. 433 ; B. 338. 4. b : 
 339, 1 
 
 » H, 4J4 , M. 238, 1 ; A. v^ G. 253 ; (i. 397 ; B. 220. 
 
 cum Romfinis, nisi ex Italia recessisset,^ pacem habere non 
 posse. Tum Romani iusserunt captivos omnes, quos Pyrrhus 
 reddiderat, Infames haberl, quod armati capl potuissent, nee 
 ante eos ad veterem statum reverti, quam si binorum ho- 
 
 T) stium occlsorum spolia retulissent. Ita legatus Pyrrhl rever- 
 sus est. A quo cum quaereret Pyrrhus. qualem Roinam 
 comperisset, Cineas dixit regum se patriam vidisse ; scilicet 
 tales illlc fere omnes esse, (pialis unus Pyrrhus apud Epirum 
 et reliquam (rraeciam putjlretur.- 
 
 10 Missi sunt contra Pyrrhum duces ]*. Sulpicius et Decius 
 Mus consules. Certamine commisso Pyrrhus vulneratus est, 
 elephantl interfecti, viginti milia caesa hostium, et ex Ro- 
 manls tantum (pinupie mIlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugatus. 
 
 Fabricins; JkiftJp of BciteceatHin. 275 h.c. 
 
 14. Interiecto anno contra Pyrrhum Eabricius est missus, 
 
 15 qui prius inter legatds sollicitarl non poterat quarta regnl 
 
 parte promissa. Tum, cum viclna castra ipse et rex haberent, 
 
 medicus IVrrhl uocte ad pum vcnit, ]»romittens veneno se 
 
 Pyrrhum occlsurum, si sibi ali<iuid i)olliceretur. Quem Fa- 
 
 bricius vinctum reduci iussit ad dominum l*yrrhoque did 
 
 20 quae contra ca])ut eius medicus spo})ondisset. Tum rex 
 
 admlratus eum dixisse fertur: ' Ille est Filbricius, qui diffici- 
 
 lius ab honestate (piam sol a cursfi suo avert! potest.' Tum 
 
 rex ad Sicilian! profectus est. Fabricius victis Lucanis et 
 
 Samnltibus triumphavit. 
 
 25 Consules deindc ^1. Curius Dentatus et Cornelius T>entu- 
 
 lus adversum Pyrrhum missi sunt. Curius contra eum pu- 
 
 gnavit, exercitum eius cecfdit, ipsiim Tarentum fugavit, castra 
 
 1 II. 508 : 527, I ; ^I. .303 : 402 ; A. & G. 307, c : 337, 3 ; G. 595, r. 1 ; 
 B. 319, B, 3rd tx. a. 
 
 2 H. 524 ; M. 392 ; A. & G. 3:30, 2 ; G. 050 ; B. 314, 1. 
 
or) 
 
 EUTIJOPL BREVIARII 
 
 LIBER 
 
 23 
 
 cepit. Ea die caesa hostiiiiu vigintl tria iiiTlia. Curius in 
 coiisulatu triiiniphavit. Prliiiiis Komani elepliantos quat- 
 tuor (Ifixit. Pyrrhus etiaiii a Tareiito ^ iiiox recessit et aputl 
 Argos, Graeciae clvitatem, occlsus est. 
 
 6 15 C. Fabio LiciuiO C. (Jlaudio CanTiia consulibus anno 
 urbis conditae (puidringentesinio sexagesinio prinif) legatl 
 Alexandrlni a Ptolemaeo niissi Eomam venere et a liomanls 
 aniicitiani qnani petierant obtinnerunt. 
 
 16 Q. OgulniO C. Fabio Plctore consulibus l*ieentes bel- 
 
 10 luni connnovere et ab Tnsequentibns consulibus V. Senipronio 
 Ap. Claudid victi sunt; et de his triumphatum est. Con- 
 ditae a RonianTs cTvitates Arlminum in Gallia et Beueven- 
 tum in Samnio. 
 
 17. M. Atilio Regulo L. Iillio Libone consulibus Sallentlnls 
 15 in Apfdia bellum indictum est, captlque sunt cum civitate 
 
 simul Brundisini, et de his triumphatum est. 
 
 First Punic War, 264-241 k.(\ ; Bomans victorious in ^icib/, 
 
 264 B.C. 
 
 18. Anno quadringentesimo soptuagesimo septimo, cum 
 iam clarum urbis Romae nomen esset, anna tamen extra 
 Italian! nu')ta non fuerant. Ut igitur cognosceretur - quae 
 
 20 copiae liomanorum essent, census est habitus. Tum inventa 
 sunt cTvium capita ducenta nonaginta duo milia trecenta tri- 
 ginta quattuor, quamquam a condita urbe numquam bella 
 cessassent. 
 
 Et contra Afros bellum susceptum est primum Ap. Claudio 
 
 25 Q. Fulvio consulibus. In Sicilia contra eos pugnatum est et 
 Ap. Claudius de Afrls et rege Siciliae Hie rone triumphavit. 
 
 1 H. 412. 8, N. ; M. 233, 8 ; A. & G. 258, a,s.\; G. 391, r. 1 ; B. 229, 2. 
 ' 11 1 *:, ii ; M. 328 ; A. & G. 317, 1 ; G. 645, 1 ; B. 282, 1. 
 
 19. InsequentI anno Valerio Marco et Otacilio Crasso con- 
 sulibus in Sicilia a Romanis res magnae gestae sunt. Tauro- 
 nienltanl, Catinenses et praeterea quinquaginta civitates in 
 lidem acceptae. Tertio anno in Sicilia contra Hieronem, 
 
 5 regem Siculorum, bellum paratum est. Is cum onml nobili- 
 tate Syraciisanorum pacem a Romanis impetravit deditque 
 argenti^ ducenta talenta. Afri in Sicilia victi sunt et de 
 his secundo Romae triumphatum est. 
 
 Battle of Mylae, 260 b.c. 
 
 20. Quinto anno piiml belli, quod contra Afros gerebatur, 
 10 primum Komani C. Duilio et Cn. Cornelio Asina consulibus 
 
 in marl dlmiciiverunt paratis navibus rostratis, quas Libur- 
 nas voeant. Consul Cornelius fraude deceptus est. Duilius 
 commisso proelio Karthaginiensium ducem vicit, triginta et 
 unam naves cepit, quattuordecim mersit, septem milia ho- 
 is stium cepit, tria milia occldit. Xecpie fdla victoria Romanis- 
 grjitior fuit, quod invicti terra"' iam etiam mari^ plurimum 
 possent. 
 
 C. Aqullid Fiord L. Scipidne consulibus Scipid Corsicam 
 et Sardinian! vastavit, miilta milia inde eaptivdrum abduxit, 
 20 triumphum egit. 
 
 Invasion of Africa by the Romans, 256 B.C. 
 
 21. L. Manlid Vulsdne ^I . Atilio Reguld cdnsulibus bellum 
 in Africam translatum est. Contra ITamilcarem, Karthagi- 
 niensium ducem, in marl jiugnatum, victusfpie est. Nam 
 perditis sexaginta quattuor nrivil)us retrd se recepit. Rd- 
 
 '-'5 mani vl«:inti duas amiserunt. Sed cum in Africam transis- 
 
 1 H. 396, V ; M. 221 ; A. & G. 214, e ; G. 368 ; B. 197. 
 
 2 H. 391, I, footnote ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234, a ; G. 359; B. 192. 1. 
 
 8 H. 425, II, 2 ; M. 241, 3 ; A. & G. 258, d ; G. 385, x. 1 ; B. 228, 1, c, 
 
 ^ 
 
24 
 
 EUTiioiM r.in:viAUii 
 
 LIBEU II. 
 
 
 sent, priniam Clypeaiii, Africae civitatein, in deditionem 
 acceperunt. Consults usque ad Karthaginem processerunt, 
 nuiltis([ue castellTs vastatis Manlius victor Rdniam rediit et 
 vlginti septeni milia captlvoruni reduxit, Atllius Regulus 
 5 in Africa reniansit. Is contra Afros acieni mstruxit. Con- 
 tra tres Karthaginiensiuni duces dimicans victor fuit, decern 
 et octo niilia hostiuni cecidit, (junupie niTlia cum decern et 
 octo elephantis cepit, septuilginta quattuor civitates in fidem 
 acce[)it. Tuni victi Kartliaginienses paceni a Komanis petl- 
 
 10 verunt. Quain cum Txegulus nOllet nisi dfirissimis condicio- 
 nibus dure, AfrT auxilium a Lacedaemonils petTverunt. P^t 
 duce Xantliippo, qui a Lacedaemonils missus fuerat, Rdma- 
 norum dux llegulus victus est ultima pernicie. Xani duo 
 milia tantum ex omni Kdnuino exercitu refugerunt, qum- 
 
 1") gent! cum imperatore Kegul(3 captT sunt, triginta milia 
 occisa, Regulus ipse in catenas coniectus. 
 
 Iiotna)ts shipn: reeled near Sicily. 
 
 22 M. Aemilio Paulo 8er. Fulvio Xobiliore cdnsulibus ambd 
 Roman! consules ad Africam profecti sunt cum trecentarum 
 nilvium classe. Rrimum Afros navalT certamine superant. 
 
 20 Aemilius consul centum et quattuor naves hostiuni demer- 
 sit, triginta cum pugnatdribus cepit, ([uindecim milia ho- 
 stiuni aut occidit aut cepit, mllitem suum ingenti ])raeda 
 dltavit. Et subacta Africa tunc fuisset, nisi (juod tanta 
 fames erat ut diutius exercitus exspectare ndn posset. 
 
 2") Consules cum victrici classe redeuutes circa Siciliam nau- 
 
 fragium pass! sunt. Et tanta tem])estas fuit ut ex quadrin- 
 
 gentls sexaginta quattuor nilvibus tantum octdginta servari 
 
 potuerint; necpie iilld tempore tanta maritima tempestiis 
 
 > 
 
 audita est. RdmanI tamen statim ducentfis naves repara- 
 ao verunt, neque in ali(]ud animus his infractus fuit. 
 
 23 Cn. Servllius Caepid C. Semprdnius Blaesus cdnsules 
 cum ducentis sexaginta navibus ad Africam profecti sunt. 
 Aliquot civitates ceperunt.' Praedam ingeiitem reducentes 
 naufragium pass! sunt. Itaipie cum continuae calamitates 
 .") Rdmanls ^ displicerent, decrevit senatus ut a maritimis proe- 
 lils recederetur et tantum sexaginta naves ad praesidium 
 Italiae salvae essent. 
 
 Battle of Panormu.% 250 b.c. 
 
 24. L. Caecilid Metelld C. Furid Placidd cdnsulibus ]\Ietel- 
 lus in Sicilia Afrdrum ducem cum centum triginta elephantis 
 10 et magnis cdpils venientem superavit, viginti milia hostiuni 
 cecidit, sex et vIgintI elephantds cepit, reliquds errantes 
 per Xumidas, quds in auxilium habrbat, conlcgit et Rdmnm 
 deduxit ingenti pompa, cum eleidiantdrum Humerus omnia 
 itinera comiderct. 
 
 Rrntihiii sent to Home to solicit Peace, 250 B.C. 
 
 15 25. post haec mala Karthaginiens«"s Regulum ducem, 
 quem ceperant, petlverunt ut Rdmani i)roticisceretur et paceni 
 ii Rdmanls obtineret ac i)ermiitatidnem captivdrum faceret. 
 Llle Rdmam cum venisset, inductus in senatum nihil (]uasi 
 Rdmanus egit dixitque se ex ilha die,- (jua in potestatem 
 
 20 Afrdrum venisset, Rdmaimm esse deslsse. Itaque et uxd- 
 rem a (•omi)lexu remdvit et senatui suasit ne \ydx cum 
 Poenis lieret; illds enim fractds tot casibus spem nfdlam 
 habere; se tantl'^ ndn esse, ut tot milia ca]>tlvdrum ju'opter 
 unum se et seiieni et paiicds, (pil ex Rdmanls capti ^ fuerant, 
 
 1 II. 3b!5, I ; M. 205 ; A. & G. 227 ; (J. :54(5 ; B. 1«7, II, a. 
 
 -■ H. 123 ; M. 55, 1 ; A. & G. 73 ; G. 04 ; B. 53. 
 
 3 II. 404 ; M. 224 ; A. & G. 252, a ; G. 380 ; B. 203, 3. 
 
 * H. 524, 2, 2 ; M. 302, x. 3 ; A. & G, 330, d ; G. 028, r. a ; B. 314, 3. 
 
26 
 
 EUTROPI RREVTARII 
 
 I.IHER Til. 
 
 27 
 
 redderentur. Itaque obtinuit. Nam Afros pacem petentes 
 nfdliis admisit. Ipse Karthaginem rediit, offerentibusque 
 Romanis ut eum Komae teii^rent, iiegavit se in ea urbe 
 mansuriim in qua, i)ostquaiii Afrls servierat, dlgiiitatein 
 5 hoiiesti civis habere iioii jxjsset. Regressus igitiir ad Afii- 
 cain omnibus suppliciis exstinetus est. 
 
 pHblius Claudius defeated neai- Vrepana, 249 b.c. 
 
 26 r Claudio Pulchro L. lunio consulibus Claudius 
 contra auspicia pugnavit et a Kartliaginiensibus vietus est. 
 Nam ex ducentis et vigintl nilvibus cum triginta fugit, 
 
 10 nonaginta cum pugnatoribus cajjtae sunt, demersae ceterae. 
 Alius quoque consul naufragio classem amisit, exercitum 
 tamen salvum liabuit^ quia viclna lltora erant. 
 
 Battle of Lllyhaeum, 242 b.c. Battle of the Aegates Islands 
 
 and End of the War, 241 b.c. 
 
 27 {]. Lutatio Catulo A. Postumio xilbino consulibus, anno 
 belli PfinicI vTcesimo et tertio Catulo bellum contra Afros 
 
 15 commissum est. Profectus est cum trecentis navibus in 
 Siciliam ; AfrT contra ipsum quadringentas paraverunt. 
 Kumquam in maii tantis copiis pugnatum est. Lutatius 
 Catulus navem aeger ascendit; vulneratus enim in pugna 
 superiore fuerat. Contra Lilybaeum, cTvitatem Siciliae, 
 
 20 pugnatum est ingenti virtute Romanorum. Nam lxtii Kar- 
 thaginiensium naves captae sunt, cxxv demersae, xxxir 
 milia hostium capta, xiii milia occisa, infinitum auri, ar- 
 gentl, praedae in ]>otestatem R(3manorum redactum. Ex 
 classe Romana xu naves demersae. Pugnatum est vi Idus 
 
 2 Martias. Statim pacem Karthaginienses petTverunt tributa- 
 que est his pax. Captivi Romanorum qui tenebantur a 
 Karthaginiensibus redditi sunt. Etiam Karthaginienses 
 
 
 petTverunt ut rediml eos captivos liceret quos ex Afrls 
 IvomanT tenebant. Senatus iussit sine pretio eos darl qui 
 in pri])lica custodia essent; qui autem a prIvatTs tenerentur 
 ut pretio dominls reddito Karthaginem redlrent atqiie id 
 
 :, pretium ex tisco magis quam a I^^arthaginiensibus solveretur. 
 
 28. ^•. Lutatius A. Maiilius consules creati bellum Fali- 
 
 scTs intulerunt, quae cTvitas Italiae opulenta quondam fuit. 
 
 Quod ambo consules intra sex dies, quam venerant, transe- 
 
 gerunt xv mllibus hostium caesTs, ceteris pace concessa, 
 
 10 agro tamen ex medietate sublato. 
 
 Liin:R TKin lUS 
 
 From the End of the First to the End of the 
 Secoxi) Punic War, 241-201 b.c. 
 
 1. Flnito igitur l^unico l)ell6, quod per xxiii annos tra- 
 ctum est, l^omani iam clarissima gloria noti legatos ad Ptole- 
 maeuni, Aegypti regem, miserunt auxilia promittentes, quia 
 rex Syriae Antiochus bellum ei intulerat. I lie gratias 
 
 i'> Romanis egit, auxilia non accepit. lam enim fuerat pugna 
 transacta. Eodeni tempore i)otentissimus rex Siciliae Hiero 
 Romam venit ad ludos spectandos ^ et ducenta milia modio- 
 rum - trlticT populo donum exhibuit. 
 
 Sardinia taken by the Romans, 238 b.c. 
 
 2. Ij. Cornelio Lentulo Fulvio Flacco consulibus, quibus 
 20 Hiero Romam venerat, etiam contra Ligures intra Italiam 
 
 bellum gestum est et de his triumphatum. Karthaginienses 
 
 1 H. 542, III : 544, 1 ; M.291 : 297 ; A. & G. 300 ; G. 432 ; B. 338, 3 : 339. 
 
 2 H. 396, V ; M. 223 ; A. & G. 215, b ; G. 365 ; B. 203. 2. 
 
 ft 
 
2H 
 
 KUTROPI BHKVIAKir 
 
 tameii belliim reparare temptabant, Sartlinieiises, qui ex 
 condicione pacis Konifiiils pareie debe])ant, ad rebellandiun ' 
 impelleutes. Venit tameii Komam legatio Karthaginiensium 
 et pacem im])etravit. 
 r. 3 T. .Manlio Torquato C. Atilio Bulc(3 oousulibiis de 
 Sardls triunipliatum est, et pace omnibus locis facta Romanl 
 nuHuni belluui liabuerunt, quod liLs post Roniam conditaiii 
 seniel taiituiu Numa roiu})ili6 regnante contigerat. 
 
 War trith the Ilbjrians, 229 k.c. 
 
 4. L. IVstumius Albliius ( 'n. Fulvius C^eiitumahis consules 
 10 l)enum contra Illyrios gesserunt et multis civitatibus captTs 
 
 etiam reges in deditidnem accepenint. Ac tuni prlinuni ex 
 Illyi'ils triunipliatum est. 
 
 Invasion of the Gauls, 225 n.c. 
 
 5. L. Aemilio cousule ingentes Gallorum copiae Alpes tran- 
 sierunt. Sed pro Komanis tota Italia consensit, traditum- 
 
 i-> que est a Fal)io liistorico, qui el bello interfuit, dccc nillia 
 hominum paiTita ad id bellum fuisse. Sed res per consulem 
 tantum prospere gesta est. xl milia hostium interfecta 
 sunt et triumphus Aemilio decretus. 
 
 6. Aliquot deinde annis post contra Gallos intra Italiam 
 20 pfignatum est, fniTtumque bellum M. (laudio ^Farcello et 
 
 Cii. Cornelio ScTpione consulibus. Tum .Marcellus cum - 
 parva manu ecpiitum dimicavit et regem Gallorum, Virido- 
 marum nomine, manu sua occidit. Postea r-um conlega 
 ingentes copias Gallorum peremit, :\[ediolanuni expugnavit, 
 25 grandem praedam Romam i)ertulit. Ac triumplians Mar- 
 cellus spolia Galll stipiti imposita unieris suTs vexit. • 
 
 1 H. 542, III ; M. 291 ; A. & G. 300 ; G. 4.32 ; R. 338, 3. 
 - H. 410, I ; M, 244 ; A. & G. 248, o ; G. 392 ; B. 222. 
 
 LIBKH II r. 
 
 29 
 
 iSecond P"iiic War beyun, 218 B.C. 
 
 7. .M. Minucio Rufo 1*. Cornelio consulibus Histrls bellum 
 
 inlatum est, (luia latrdcinatl navibus Komanorum fuerant, 
 
 quae frumenta exhibebant, perdomitnpie sunt omnes. Eodem 
 
 anno l)ellum I'unicum secundum Komanis inlatum est per 
 
 .-) Ilannibalcm, Karthaginiensium ducem, <pil Saguntum, His- 
 paiiiae clvitatcm ItomanTs^ aniTcam. oppugnare aggressiis 
 est, annum agC'us vicesimum aetatis. copils congregatis cl 
 milium. Huic UomanI per legatos deiiunliaverunt ut bello 
 abstineret. Is legatos admittere noluit. KonianI etiam 
 
 10 Karthaginem niTserunt, ut mandaretur Hanniball'- ne bellum 
 contra socios popull EomanT gereret. Dura responsa a 
 Karthaginiensibus data sunt. Saguntlnl interea fame victi 
 sunt, captniue ab llannibale ultimls poenis adliciuntur. 
 Bellum Karthaginiensibus indictum est. 
 
 Hannibal rrnsses the Alps. 
 
 15 8. Tum P. Cornelius Sclpid cum exercitu in Hispaniam 
 profectus est, Ti. Sempronius in Siciliam. Hannibal relTcto 
 in His])ania fratre Hasdrubale Pyrenaeum transiit. Alpes. 
 adhuc t^a ])arte-' invias, sibi patefecit. Traditur ad Italiam 
 Lxxx niTlia peditum. x mllia equitum, septeni et xxx ele- 
 
 •_>0 i)hant6s adduxisse. Interea mult! Ligures et GallT Hanniball 
 se coniunxerunt. Sempronius Gracchus cognitd ad Italiam 
 Hannibalis adventfi ex Sicilia exercitum Ariminum traiecit. 
 
 Batt/e of the Trehia. 21 (S B.C. Battle <>/' Trasumenns, 217 n.v. 
 
 9. J^ Cornelius ScTpid Hanniball primus occurrit. Com- 
 
 misso proelio, fugatis suis ipse vulneratus in castra rediit. 
 
 1 II. 391, I ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234, a ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. 
 
 -2 H. 384, 5; M. 205, y.; A. & G. 230 ; G. 217 ; B. 187, II, b. 
 
 ^ H. 425, II, 2 ; M. 241, 3 ; A. & G. 258,/, 2 ; G. 385, n. 1 ; B. 228, 1, b. 
 
H 
 
 I ! TIJnlM BREVIARII 
 
 Sempronius Gracchus et ipse coufllgit apud Trebiam amnem. 
 is quoque vincitur. Haiiniball luiilti se in Italia clediderunt. 
 Inde ad Tusciaiu veiiiens Hannibal Flaminio consul! occur- 
 rit. Ipsum Flaniinium interenut ; Ronianoruni xxv nillia 
 5 caesa sunt, ceterl dift'Cigerunt. Missus adversus Hannibaleni 
 postea a Ronianis Q. Fabius Maximus. Is euni differendo ' 
 pugnam ab impetu fregit, niox inventa occasione vTcit. 
 
 Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C. 
 10 i,>iilngentesini(3 et (piadragesinio anno a condita urbe 
 L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Yarro contra Hannil)aleni 
 
 10 niittuntur Fabiocpie succedunt, (piT abiens anibo cOnsules 
 monuit ut Hannibaleni, calliduni et inipatienteni ducem, 
 non aliter vincerent <iuani proeliuni differendo.^ \'erum 
 cum inipatientia Varronis consulis contradlcente altero con- 
 sule apud vlcuni, qui Cannae appellatur, in Api'ilia pugna- 
 
 15 tuni esset, anibo consules ab Hannibale vincuntur. In ea 
 pugna tria mllia Af roruin pereunt ; magna pars de exercitii 
 Hannibalis saucicatur. Niillo tamen proelio Punico belld 
 KomanT gravius accept! sunt. Periit enim in eo consul 
 Aemilius Paulus, consulares aut praetori! xx, senatores capti 
 
 20 aut occ!s! XXX, nobiles viri ccc, nnlitum xl m!lia, equitum 
 III nulla et quingenti. In (juibus mal!s nemo tamen Roma- 
 norum pacis mentionem habere d!gnatus est. Serv!, quod 
 numquam ante, manumissi et milites fact! sunt. 
 
 War in Spain, 218 b.c. 
 
 11 Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Ro- 
 
 25 manis paruerant, se ad Hannibaleni transtulerunt. Hannibal 
 
 Romanis obtulit ut capt!vos redimerent, responsumque est a 
 
 1 H. 542, IV, (1); M. 292 j A. & G. 301, 1 ; G, 431 ; B. 338, 4, a. 
 
 f^ni 
 
 81 
 
 senatu eos cives non esse necessaries qui, cum armat! essent, 
 cap! potuissent. Ille omnes postea vari!s suppliciis inter- 
 fecit et tres modios anulorum aureorum Karthaginem m!sit, 
 (pios ex manibus ec^uitum Romanorum, senatorum et m!li- 
 
 5 tuin detraxerat. Interea in Hispania, ubi frater Hannibalis 
 Hasdrubal remanserat cum magno exercitu, ut eam totam 
 Afr!s ^ subigeret, a duobus Scipionibus, Romains ducibus, 
 vincitur. Perdit in pugna xxxv nnlia hominum ; ex h!s 
 capiuntur x m!lia. occ!duntur xxv nnlia. Mittuntur e! a 
 
 10 Karthaginiensibus ad reparandas v!res xii m!lia peditum, 
 IV nulla equitum, xx elephant!. 
 
 Battle near Xola, 215 b.c. 
 
 12 Anno quarto postquam ad Italiam Hanni))al venit, 
 ^I. Claudius Marcellus consul apud Nolam, c!vitatem Campa- 
 niae, contra Hannibaleni bene pugnavit. Hannibal multas 
 
 15 c!vitates Romanorum per Ai)riliam, Calabriam, Bruttios occu- 
 pavit. Quo tempore etiam rex Macedoniae Pliilippus ad eum 
 legatos nusit, promittens auxilia C(mtra ROmanos sub hac 
 condicione, ut delet!s Roman!s ii)se quocpie contra Graecos 
 ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet. Capt!s igitur legat!s Philipp! 
 
 20 et re cognita Roman! in ^lacedoniam ^1. Valerium Laev!num 
 !re iusserunt. in Sardinian! T. ]\Ianliuin Torquiltum ])r6r6ii- 
 suleni. Nam etiam ea sollicitata ab Hannibale Romanos 
 deseruerat. 
 
 13 Ita uno tempore (piattuor loc!s pugnabatur : in Italia 
 25 contra Hannibaleni, in Hispani!s contra fratrem eius Hasdru- 
 
 balem, in Macedonia contra Philipi)um, in Sardinia contra 
 Sardos et alterum Hasdrubalem Karthaginiensem. Is a 
 T. ]\Ianli6 proconsule, qui ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vivus 
 
 1 H. 384, II, 1, 2); M. 208 ; A. & G. 235 ; G. 350, 2 ; B. 188, 1. 
 
32 
 
 EUTROPl HREVIARII 
 
 est captus, occTsa duodecim lullia, capti cum eo mine 
 quingentl, et a lioiuanls Sardinia subacta. Manlius victor 
 captrvOs et Hasdrubaleiu Komam reportavit. Tnterea 
 etiam Tliilippus a Laevinu in Macedonia vincitur et in 
 5 Hispania ab Scipionibus HasdruV)al et Mago, tertius frater 
 Hannibalis. 
 
 Campaign in Sicily, 1514-210 b.c. 
 
 U necimo anno ' postquam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, 
 F. Sulpicio (hi. Fulvio consulibus Hannibal usque ad (luar- 
 tuni niiliarium urbis accessit, equites eius usque ad portam. 
 10 :^rox consulum^ cum exercitii venientium metfr^ Hannibal 
 ad Campaniam se recepit. In Hispania a fratre eius Has- 
 drubale anibo Scipiones, (luT per niultos annos victores 
 fuerant, interticiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mansit; casu 
 eniui magis erant quam virtute decei>t!. (.)uo tempore etiam 
 15 a consule Marcello Siciliae magna pars capta est, quam 
 tenere Afri coeperant, et nobilissima urbs Syracusana ; 
 praeda ingens Komam perlata est. Laevlnus in Macedonia 
 cum riiilippo et multls (Iraeciae populTs et rege Asiae Attalo 
 amicitiam fecit, et ad Sicilian! profectus Hannonem (luen- 
 ■20 dam, Afrorum ducem, apud Agrigentum civitatem cum ipso 
 oppido cei)it euuKiue Komam cum captivis nobilissiniTs misit. 
 XL civitates in deditidnem accepit, xxvi expugnavit. Ita 
 omnis Sicilia recepta est: ingenti gloria/ Komam regressus 
 est. Hannibal in Italia (hi. Fulvium consulem subito 
 25 aggressus cum octo mllibus liominum interfecit. 
 
 1 H. 429 ; M. 24:^, 1 ; A. & (i. 250, 1 ; 0. at)^ ; B. 230. 
 
 2 H 390, III ; M. 210, 1 ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 303, 2 ; B. 200. 
 
 3 H 410 , M. 254 ; A. & G. 245 ; G. 408 ; B. 219. 
 
 4 H. 419, HI ; M. 245 ; A. & G. 248 ; G. 399 ; B. 220. 
 
 LIBKK 111. 
 
 38 
 
 War in Spain, 210-20(3 b.c. 
 
 1 ') Interea ad Hispanias, ubi occlsis duobus Scipionibus 
 niillus Komanus dux erat, P. Cornelius Scipio mittitur. 
 fllius P. Scipionis, <iul ibidem bellum gesserat, annos natus 
 quattuor et viginti, vir Komfinorum omnium et sua aetate 
 
 5 et posteriore tempore fere primus, is Kartliaginem Hispa- 
 niae capit, in qua omne auruni, argentum et belli apparatum 
 Afrl liabebant, nobilissimos (pioiiuc obsides, (juos ab Hi- 
 spanls accei)erant. Magoncm etiam, fratreni Hannibalis, 
 ibidem capit, queni Komam cum aliis mittit. Koniae' ingens 
 
 10 laetitia post liimc nuntium fuit. , Scipio Hispaiiorum ob- 
 sides parentibus reddidit; <]urire oinnes fere HispanI find 
 animo ad eum transierunt. Post quae Hasdruljalem, Han- 
 nibalis fratrem, victum - fugat et praedam maximam capit. 
 
 Hecuplnrv o/ Tart'idHni, 201) b.c 
 
 16 Interea in Italia consul (^ Fabius Maximus Tarentum 
 
 15 recepit, in qua ingentes copiae Hannibalis erant. Ibi etiam 
 
 ducem Hannibalis Carllialonem occldit, xxv milia liominum 
 
 captivoi'um vcndidit, praedam mllitibus dispertlvit, ])ecu- 
 
 niani liominum \ Gnditorum ad iiscum rettulit. Tum multae 
 
 civitates Komandrum, quae ad Hannibalem transierant 
 
 20 i>rius. rursus sc Fabid Maximd dediderunt. Insequentl 
 
 aimd Sclpid in Hispania ("gregias res egit et per se et per 
 
 fratrem suum L. ScIpidixMii : i.xx civitates receperunt. In 
 
 Italia tameii male pfignatum est. Nam Cllaudius Marcelius 
 
 consul ab Hannibale occlsus est. 
 
 26 17. Tertid annd postquam Sclpid ad Hispanias profectus 
 
 fiierat, rursus res inclitas gerit. Kegeni HisiKiniarum magnd 
 
 1 H. 425. II ; M. 242. 1 ; A. & G. 258, c, 2 ; G. 411 ; B. 232, 1. 
 
 2 H. 549. 5: M. 281. 4 ; \. !k fi. 292, k.; G. 004. k. 1, 2 ; B. 337, 2. 
 
 iiv/. i;i Tuoi'irs — 3 
 
34 EUTKOri BREVIAKII 
 
 proelio victuni in amicitiaiu accepit et primus omnium a 
 victo obsides non poposcit. 
 
 Battle of Metaurus, 207 b.c. 
 18 I >espei'ans Hannibal llispanias contra Sclpionem tliu- 
 tius posse retinerl, fratrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Italiam 
 5 cum omnibus copiis evoeavit. Is, veniens eodeni itinere ' <iuo 
 etiam Hannibal venevat, a consulibus Ap. Claudio Nerone 
 et M. Livio Sallnatore apud Seuam, PicenI civitatem, in 
 insidias compositas incidit. Strenue tamen pfignans occlsus 
 est; ingentes eius copiae captac aut interfectae sunt, ma- 
 in gnum pondus aurl atque argenti Romam relatum est. Post 
 haec Hannibal diffldere iam de belli coepit eventu. Komil- 
 nls ingens animus accessit; itaque et ipsi evocaverunt ex 
 Hispania P. Cornelium Sclpionem. Is Komam cum ingenti 
 
 gloria venit. 
 ir, 19. Q. Caecilio L. Valerio consulibus omnes cTvitates, (puie 
 in Bruttils ab llannibale tenebantur, KomanTs se tradiderunt. 
 
 Scipio croases into Africa, 204 B.C. 
 20. Anno quarto decimo posteaquam in Italiam Hannibal 
 venerat, Scipio, qui multa bene in Hispania egerat, consul 
 estfactuset in Africam missus. Cul viro'- divinum quid- 
 
 20 dam inesse existimabatur, adeo ut putaretur etiam cum nu- 
 minibus habere sermonem. Is in 7Vfrica contra Hannonem, 
 ducem Afrdrum, pugnat ; exercitum eius interficit. Se- 
 cundo proelio castra capit cum quattuor mllibus et (piln- 
 gentls multibus, xi mllibus occisls. Sypliacem, Numidiae 
 
 25 regem, qui se Afrls coniunxerat, capit et castra eius invadit. 
 Syphax cum nobilissimis Numidis et Inflnltls spolils Romam 
 
 i H. 420, 1, :^); M. 247, 1 ; A. & G. 258, f/; G. 401 ; B. 218, 9. 
 2 TT P.86 ; M. 212, n. 1 ; A. & G. 22R ; G. 347 ; B. 187, III. 
 
 LIBER J 11. 
 
 o - 
 
 a Sclpione mittitur. Qua re audita omnis fere Italia 
 Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Karthaginiensibus redire iii 
 Africam iubetur, quam Scipio vastabat. 
 
 Efforts for Peave. 
 
 21. Ita anno sertimo decimo ab Hanni])ale Italia llberata 
 r. est. LegatI Karthaginiensium juicem a Sclpione petlverunt; 
 ab eo ad senatum Romam missi sunt. Quadraginta et quln- 
 que diebus his indutiae datae sunt, (pious(pie Tre Romam et 
 regredl possent'; et trlginta milia pondo argenti ab his 
 accepta sunt. Senatus ex arbitrid Sclpidnis pacem iussit 
 
 10 cum Karthaginiensibus lierl. Scljnu his condicionibus 
 dedit: ne am})lius quam trlginta naves liaberent.- ut (]uln- 
 genta mIlia pondd argenti darent,- caj)tlvds et perfugas 
 redderent.'- 
 
 22 Interim Hannibale veniente ad Africam pax turbata 
 
 I'i est, multa hostllia ab Afrls facta sunt. LegatI tamen eorum 
 ex urbe venientes a Rdmanis capti sunt, sed iubente ScI])ione 
 dimissl. Hanni])al q\u)que frecjuentibus proeliis victus ii 
 Sclpione i)etlt etiam i})se })acem. Cum ventum e.sset ad 
 conloquium, Isdem condicionibus data est quibus prius, 
 
 20 additis (]ulngentls mllibus i)ondd argenti centum mllibus 
 llbrarum pro] iter novam ])ertidiani. Karthaginiensibus con- 
 diciones displicuerunt iusst"M-unt(pie Hanni])alem }>ugnare. 
 Infertur a Scl])idne et Masinissa, alio rege Numidarum, qui 
 amicitiam cum Scl])i(5ne fecerat, KarthaginI bellum. Han- 
 
 25 nibal tres expldratores ad Sclpidnis castra misit. quds captds 
 Sclpid circumduci per castra iussit ostendlque his tdtum 
 exercitum, mox etiam prandium dari dimittlque, ut renun- 
 tiarent Hannibal I quae apud Rdmands vidissent. 
 
 1 H. r>19. II, 2 ; M. 354 ; A. & G. 328 ; G. 572 ; B. 203. Ill, 2. 
 
 2 H. 523, III. and footnote 4 ; M. 393 ; A. & G. 339 ; G. 652 ; B. 316. 
 
 m 
 
36 
 
 EUTKOPr BREVrARII 
 
 Battle of Zama, 202 b.c. End of thp Second PuiiU Way, 
 
 201 B.C. 
 
 23 Interea proelium ab utroque duce Instructuin est, quale 
 
 vix iilla iiiemoria fviit, cum perltissinu viri copias suas ad 
 
 belluni edricerent. ScTpio victor recedit paene ipso Hainii- 
 
 bale capto, (pil primum cum multls e(putibus, deiude cum 
 
 5 vlgintl, postremf) cum quattuor evasit. Inventa in castrTs 
 Hanuibalis argent! pondo vTgintI milia, aurl octogintii, cetera 
 supellectilis oopiosa. Post id certamen pax cum Kartlia- 
 giniensibus facta est. ScTpio Komam rediit, ingenti gloria 
 triumphavit atcpie Africanus ex eo appellarl coeptus est. 
 
 10 yinem acccpit secundum Punicnm bellum post annum 
 nonum decimum ([uam coeperat. 
 
 LIBER QUAirrus 
 
 From the Exd of the Second Pltxtc War to the End 
 OF TTiK War with Jl'gurtha, 201-100 b.c. 
 
 Second Macedonian War, 200-196 i'..< . 
 1. Transacto Punico bello secfitum est Macedonicum eontra 
 2 Philippum regem (piTngentesimo qulnquagesimo et primo 
 anno ab urbe condita. T. QuTntius Flaminmus adversum 
 
 i". Philippum regem missus rem prospere gessit. Pax ei data 
 est his legibus : ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Roman! contra 
 euni defenderant,^ bellum !nferret, ut capt!v6s et transfugas 
 redderet, qmnquaginta solas naves haberet, reliquas Ro- 
 nulnls dederet, per annos^ decem quaterna nnlia pondo 
 
 •_'«) argent! praestaret et obsidem daret f!lium suum l^emetrium. 
 
 1 H. 524, 2, 2 ; M. 392, n. 3 ; A. & G. 336, d ; G. 628, r. a ; B. 314, 3. 
 
 2 H. 379, 1 ; M. 197 ; A. & G. 256, a ; G. 336 ; B. 181. 2. 
 
 LIBEK IV. 37 
 
 T. QuTntius etiam Lacedaemonils intulit bellum. Ducem 
 eorum Nabidem vTcit et quibus voluit condicionibus in 
 Mem accepit. Ingenti gloria triumphavit; duxit ante cur- 
 rum nobilissimos obsidgs, Demetrium, Philippi f ilium, et 
 5 Armenen Nabidis. 
 
 Syr(j-AHolian War, V.rj-1^\) b.c. 
 
 3. Transacto bello Maccdonico secutum est Syriacum con- 
 tra Antiochum regem V. Cornclio Scipione M. AcilioGlabriojie 
 consulibus. Huic Antiocho Mannibal se iunxerat, Kartlia- 
 ginem, i)atriam suam, nu'tu ne Romanis traderetur,* relin- 
 
 10 quens. INI. Acilius Glabrio in Achaea bene pugnavit. Castra 
 regis Antiochi nocturna pfigna capta sunt, ipse fugatus. 
 Philippo, (juia contra Antiochum Komanis- fuisset auxilio,' 
 fllius Demetrius redditus est. 
 
 4. L. Cornelio Sc!i)i6ne et C. Laelio consulibus' ScTpio 
 15 Africanus Iratrl suo L. Cornelio ScTpionI consull legatus 
 
 datus contra Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, qui cum 
 Antiocho erat, naval! proelio "^ victus est. Ipse postea 
 Antiochus circa Sii)ylum apud Miignesiaui, Asiae civitatem. 
 a consule Cornelio Scipione ingenti ])roelid* fusus est. 
 
 20 Auxilid fuit Romanis in ea })ugna Eumenes, Attall regis 
 f rater, qui Eumeniam in IMnygia C(mdidit. QuTnquaginta 
 mIlia ])editum, tria equitum eo certamine ex parte regis 
 occlsa sunt. Tum rex ])acem i)etlt. Tsdem condicionibus 
 data est a senatil, (juamquam victo, (jni])us ante offerebatur : 
 
 25 ut ex Europa et Asia recederet atque intra Taurum se con- 
 tineret, decem mIlia talentorum et vlginti obsides prae- 
 
 1 H. 498. Ill ; M. :]:^6 ; A. & G. 331,/; G. 550, 2 ; B. 29(1. 2. 
 
 2 H. 390, I ; M. 200 ; A. & G. 233, a ; G. 356 ; B. 191, 2, a. 
 
 3 H. 431. 4 ; M. 255, 1 ; A. & G. 255. <l 1 ; G. 409 ; B. 227, 2. a. 
 
 * H. 425, II, 1, 1); M. 240, 2; A. ^ G. 259, a ■ (\. .189 ; B. 218, 7. 
 
 \ 
 
38 
 
 EUTROPI BRKVIARII 
 
 beret, Hannibalem, concitatorem \w\\\, dederet. EumenI 
 regi donatae sunt a senatfi oimies Asiae civitates, quas 
 Antiochus bello perdiderat, et Rhodils, qui auxilium Rd- 
 iiiains contra regem Antiochuiu tiilerant, iiiultae urbes 
 5 coiicessae sunt. Sclpio R<3mam rediit, ingenti gloria trium- 
 phavit. Noiuen et ipse ad iuiitationem fratris Asiagenis 
 accepit, (piia Asiaui vk-erat, slcuti frater ipsTus propter 
 African! doniitani ' Africanus appellabatur. 
 
 5. Sp. Postuniio Albino Q. ^Vlarcio Philippo consulibus 
 10 M Fidvius de Aetolls triuniphavit. Hannibal, qui, victo 
 
 Antiocho, ne Komanis traderetur ad Prusiara, Bithyniae 
 regem, fugerat, repetitus etiani ab eo est per T. Quintium 
 Flamininuni. Et cum tradendus- Komanis esset, venenum 
 bibit et apud Libyssam in finibus Nicomedensium sepultus 
 
 15 est. 
 
 Thh-d Macedonian War, 176-168 n.c. 
 
 6. Philippo, rege ]\[acedoniae, mortuo, (pii et adversum 
 Komanos bellum gesserat et postea Romanls contra Antio- 
 chum auxilium tulerat, filius eius Perseus in IMacedonia 
 rebellavit ingentibus copiis ad bellum paratis. JN"am adiuto- 
 
 20 res habebat Cotyn, Thraciae regem, et regem lllyrici. Gen- 
 tium nomine.'^ Eomanis autem auxilio erant Eumenes, 
 Asiae rex, Ariaratus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptole- 
 maeus Aegypti, ^Masinissa Numidiae. Prusias autem Bithy- 
 niae, quamquam surorem Persei uxorem haberet, utrisque 
 
 25 se aequum praebuit. Dux Eomanorum P. Licinius cousul 
 contra Perseum missus est et a rege gravi proelio victus. 
 Xeque tamen Ronulni. quamquam superati, regi petenti 
 pacem praestare voluerunt, nisi his condicionibus : ut se 
 
 1 H. 549, 5, N. 2 ; M. 286 ; A. & G. 292, a ; G. 325, r. 3 ; B. 337, 5. 
 
 2 H. 466, N. ; M. 295, 1 ; A. & G. 294, b ; G. 251 ; B. 337, 7, ?), 1. 
 
 3 II 4 J t M 238, I ; A. & G. 253 ; G. 397 ; B. 226. 
 
 J.IBEK IV. 
 
 •Ji7 
 
 •J CI 
 
 et suos senatui et populo Romano dederet.^ Mox missus 
 contra eum L. Aemilius Paulus consul et in lllyricum C 
 Anicius praetor contra Gentium. Sed Gentius facile unO 
 proelio victus mox se dedidit. Mater eius et uxor et duo 
 5 filii, frater cpiocpie simul in potestatem Romanorum vene- 
 runt. Ita bello intra xxx dies perfecto ante cognitum est 
 Gentium victum (^uam coeptum bellum nuntiaretur. 
 
 Battle of Pi/dna, 168 B.C. 
 
 7. Cum Perseo autem Aemilius Paulus consul iii Nonas 
 Septembres dimicavit vicitque eum vigiuti mililjus peditum 
 
 10 eius occisis. Equitatus cum rege integer fugit. Romanorum 
 centum milites amissi sunt. Urbes Macedoniae omnes, 
 quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt ; ipse rex, cum 
 desereretur ab amicis, venit in Pauli potestatem. Sed 
 honorem ei consul non quasi victo habuit. Nam et volentem 
 
 15 ad pedes sibi" cadere non permisit et iuxta se in sella cou- 
 locavit. ]VIacedonibus et lllyriis hae leges a Romanis datae : 
 ut liberi essent ^ et dimidium eorum tributorum praestarent/ 
 quae regibus praestitissent, ut appareret populum Romfinum 
 pro aequitiite magis quam aviiritia dimicare. Itaque in con- 
 
 20 ventu iufinitorum populoruui Paulus hoc pronuntiavit et 
 legfitidnes multarum gentium, quae ad eum venerant, ma- 
 gniticentissime convivid pavit, dicens eiusdem hominis ^ esse 
 debere et bello vincere et convivii apparatti elegantem esse. 
 
 Revolt in Epinis. 
 
 8. ^rox septuaginta civitates Epirl, quae rebellarant. cepit, 
 25 praedam militibus distribuit. Romam ingenti pompa rediit 
 
 1 H. 499, 3 ; M. 333, 3 ; A. & G. 331, x.; G. 546, I ; B. 295, 1. 
 
 2 H. 384, 4, N. 2 ; M. 208 ; A. & G. 235, a ; G. 350, 1 ; B. 188, 1. 
 
 3 H. 396, I ; M. 217, 2 ; A. & G. 214, c ; G. 366 ; B. 198, 3. 
 
40 
 
 EUTROPI BREVIARir 
 
 in navl Persel, (luae iiiusitatae magnitudinis ^ fuisse traditiir, 
 adeo ut sedecim ordines dlcatur habuisse remoriim. Triiim- 
 phavit autein magnificentissime in curru aureo cum duobus 
 fllils utroque latere astantibus. DuctI sunt ante curruni 
 
 5 duo regis fllil et ipse Perseus, xlv annos natus. Post euni 
 etiani Anicius de Illyrils triumphavit. Gentius cum fratre 
 et fllils ante currum ductus est. Ad hoc spectaculum reges 
 multarum gentium Romam veneiunt, inter alios etiam 
 Attains at(iue p:umenes, Asiae reges, et Prusias Bitliyniae. 
 
 10 ;Magn(3 lionore except! sunt et permittente senatu dona 
 quae attulerant in Capitolio posuerunt. Prusias etiam 
 fllium suiim Nicomeden senatui commendtavit. 
 
 9. Insequentl anncj L. Memmius in Liisitania bene pu- 
 gnavit. Marcellus postea consul res ibidem prosperas gessit. 
 
 Third Funic War, 149-146 B.C. 
 
 ir. 10 Tertium deinde bellum contra Karthaginem suscipi- 
 tur, sexcentesimo et altero ab urbe condita anno, L. Manlio 
 Censorino et M. ^Manllio cdnsulibus, anno (luTncpiagesimo 
 primo postquam secundum Punicum transactum erat. Hi 
 profecti Karthaginem oppiignaverunt. Contra eos Hasdru- 
 
 20 bal, dux Karthfiginiensium, dimicabat. Famea, dux alius, 
 equitatui KarthaginirMisium praeerat. Sclpio tunc, Sclpionis 
 African! nei)OS, tribunus ibi nnlitabat. Huius" apud omnes 
 ingens metus et reverentia erat. Nam et paratissimns ad 
 d!micandum'^ et consultissimus habebatur. Itaque per eum 
 
 25 multa a consulibus prospere gesta sunt, neqne quicquam 
 magis vel Hasdrubal vel Famea vltabant quam contra eam 
 Romanorum partem committere ubi Sc!pio d!inicaret. 
 
 1 H. 396, \ . M. -222, 224, s.; A. & G. 215 ; G. 366 ; B. 203, 5. 
 
 2 h! 396, III . M 216, 1 ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 363, 2 ; B. 200. 
 
 3 H. 542, III ; M. 291 ; A. & G. 300 ; G. 430 ; B. 338, 3. 
 
 l.iBKR IV 
 
 41 
 
 1 1 TVr idem tempus Masinissa, rt^x XumidSrum, per annos 
 sexaginta fer^ amicus popull Komani, anno vltae nonage- 
 simo septimo mortuus quadraginta (juattuor fllils rellctis 
 Sclpionem divlsorem regnl inter filios suos esse iussit. 
 5 12 Cum igitur clarum ScI})ionis nomen esset, iuvenis ad- 
 huc consul est factus et contra Karthaginem missus. Is eam 
 ct'pit ac diruit. Spolia ibi inventa, (juae variarum civitatum 
 excidils ^ Karthago conlegerat, et ornamenta iirbium clvitati- 
 bns Siciliae, Italiae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recognosce- 
 
 i(» bunt. Ita Kartliago septingentesimo anno, quam condita 
 erat, deleta est. Sclpio nomen (piod avus eius acceperat 
 meruit, scilicet ut pro])ter virtutem etiam ipse Africanus 
 iunior vocaretur. 
 
 13 Interim in Macedonia quTdani Pseudophilippus arma 
 
 15 movit et Romanum praetorem P. luventium contra se mis- 
 snm ad internecionem vicit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metel- 
 lus dux a Romanis contra Pseudophilippum missus est et 
 XXV mllilms eius occTsTs ^Facedcmiam rece])it, ipsum etiam 
 Pseudophilip[)um in potestatem suam redegit. 
 
 Dpsfrnction of Corinth, 146 r.c. 
 
 20 14 Corinthils quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae 
 Graeciae clvitatl, propter inifiriam legatorum Romanorum. 
 Hanc Mummius consul cepit et diruit. Tres igitur Komae 
 simul celeberrim! triumph! fuerunt : .\frican! ex Africa, 
 ante cuius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metelll ex ]Mace- 
 
 25 donia, cuius currum praecessit Andriscus, Idem qui et Pseu- 
 dophilippus, Mumml ex Corintho, ante quem signa aenea et 
 pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae ornamenta praelata 
 sunt. 
 
 1 H. 415 ; M. 234 ; A. & G. 244 ; G. 395 ; B. 216. 
 
I 
 
 42 
 
 Kl"l'K()lM I'.KKVlAltll 
 
 15 Iteriim in Macedonia Fseudoperses, qui se Persei fl- 
 lium esse dicebat, conlectis servitils rebellavit et, cum 
 sedecini milia armaturuni liaberet, a TremelliO (luaestore 
 superatus est. 
 
 Celtlherian War, 154 b.c. 
 
 5 16. i':6dem tempore Metellus in Celtiberia apud Hispanos 
 res egregias gessit. Successit e! Q. Pompeius. Nee multo ' 
 post Q. quoque Caepio ad idem bellum missus est, quod 
 (pildam Viriathus contra Uonulnos in Lusitania gerebat. 
 Quo metu Viriathus a suls interfeetns est, cum quattuorde- 
 
 10 cim annis llispanias ad versus Romanos nulvisset. Pastor 
 primo fuit, mox latronum dux. postremo tantos ad belluiu 
 popidos concitavit ut adsertor contra Komanos llispaniae 
 putaretur. Et cum iuterfectdres eius praemium a Caepiune 
 consule peterent, responsum est numquam Komanis placu- 
 
 15 isse imperatores a suis mllitibus interficT. 
 
 Capture of NnmuMtia, lo3 n.c. 
 
 17. Q. l^ompeius deinde consul a Numantlnls, quae Hispa- 
 
 niae civitas fuit opulentissima, superatus- pacem ignoi)ilem 
 
 ITn-it. Post eum C. Hostllius Mancluus consul iterum cum 
 
 Numantlnis pacem fecit infamem, quani populus et senatus 
 
 20 iussit Int'ringI atque ipsum :\ranclnum liostibus tradl, ut in 
 iUo, quem auctdrem foederis habebant, iniuriam solutl 
 foederis ' vindicarent. Post tantam igitur ignominiam, qua 
 a Xumantinls bis Roman! exercitus fuerant subiugatl, P. 
 ScTpio Africanus secundo consul factus et ad Numantinm 
 
 25 missus est. Is primum mllitem vitiosum et ignavum exer- 
 
 i II. 417, 2 ; M. 248 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 408 ; B. 223. 
 
 'i II. 549, 5 ; M. 281, 4 ; A. & G. 292, k. ; Gr. r,fi4. k. 1 ; B. .3.37, 2. 
 
 3 H. 39G, III ; M. 210, 1 ; A. & G. 217 : (i. 303. 2 ; B. 200. 
 
 LIBER IV. 
 
 43 
 
 cendo magis quam ]»uuiend6 sine ali(|ua acerbitate correxit, 
 tum multas Hispaniae civitates partiin cepit, partim in 
 deditionem acce})it, postremo ipsam Xumantiam difi o])ses- 
 sam fame confccit et a solo evertit, reliquam provinciam in 
 5 lidem accepit. 
 
 18. Eodem tempore Attahis, rex Asiae, frater P^umenis, 
 mortuus est heredemque populum Romanum relicpiit. Ita 
 im|»cri6 R(3mano per testamentum Asia accessit. 
 
 19. Mox etiam 1). lunius Brutus de CallaecTs et Lusitanls 
 10 magna gloria triumphavit et P. Sclpio Africanus de Xu- 
 
 mantlnTs secuudum triumplium cgit quarto decimo anno 
 postquam i)riorem de Africa egcrat. 
 
 War ivith Aristotiiais, I'M b.c. 
 20 >rotum interim in Asia bellum est ab Aristonico, P^ume- 
 nis flli('), qui ex concubina susceptus fuerat. Hic Eumenes 
 
 15 frater Attall fuerat. Adversus eum missus V. Licinius 
 Crassus mfinlta rcgum habuit auxilia. Xani et Rithvniae 
 rex Nicomedes Romanos iuvit et Mithradates Ponticus, cum 
 (pio bellum i)0stea gravissimum fuit, et Ariaratus Cappa- 
 dox et Pylaemenes Paphlagon. Victus est tamen Crassus 
 
 20 et in proelio interfectus est. Caput ipslus Aristonico 
 oblatum est, corpus Smyrnae se])ultum. Postea Perperna, 
 consul Romanus, qui successor Crassd venicbat, audita belli 
 fortuna ad Asiam celeravit et acie victum Aristonicum apud 
 Stratoniccn civitatem, quo confugerat, fame ad deditionem 
 
 25 compulit. Aristonicus iussu^ senatus Rdmae in carcere 
 strangulatus est. Triunq.hari euim de ed ndn ])oterat, quia 
 Perperna {q)ud IVrgamum Rdmam redie'Mis diem obierat. 
 
 21. L. Caecilid Metelld et T. Quintid Flaminiud consulibus 
 Karthagd in Africa iussil ' senatus reparata est, quae nunc 
 
 1 H. 410 ; M. 238 ; A. & G. 253, y.; G. 4(18. n. 1 ; B. 219, 2. 
 
44 EUTKom BUHVIARII 
 
 iuaiiet, aimis duObus et vlgiutl postquaui a Sclpione fuerat 
 eversa. Deducti sunt eo elves Roiiiani. 
 
 War with Transalpine Gauls, 125-121 B.C. 
 
 22 Anno sexcentesimo vicesimo septimo ab iirbe condita 
 C. Cassiiis Longlnus et Sex. Domitius Calvlnus consules 
 
 5 Gallls transalpinis belliuu intulerunt et Arvernorum tunc 
 nobilissiniae civitati atque eoruni duel Bitulto, Infinltani- 
 que niultitudinem iuxtil lUiudanuni liuviuni interfeeerunt. 
 Praeda ex torquibus Galloruin ingens Romani perlata est. 
 lUtuitus se Domitio dedit atcpie ab eo Koniani deduetus est, 
 
 10 niagurique gloria consules andx") triunipliaverunt. 
 
 23 ^1 Voi'cio Catone et (,». Marcio Rege eonsulibus sex- 
 centesiniO trleesimo et tertid anno ab urbe condita Xarbone 
 in Gallia colonia dedueta est annOque post a L. Caeeiho 
 Metello et Q. Miicio Scaevola eonsulibus de Dalniatia tn- 
 
 15 uniphatum est. 
 
 24 Ab ur))e condita anno sexcentesimo trleesimo quinto 
 C. Cato consul Seordisels intulit bellum ignominiosecpie 
 
 pfio-nnvit. 
 
 25. L. Caeeilio Metello et On. Carl)one eonsulibus duo 
 'JO ^letelli fratres eodem die, alteuum ex Sardinia, alterum ex 
 
 'riiraeia, triumplium egerunt, nuntiatumque Romae est 
 Cimbros e Gallia in Italiam transisse. 
 
 War n-ith Jnynrtha, 111-104 n.c, 
 
 26. r. Sclpione Nasica et L. Calpurnio Bestia eonsulibus 
 lugurtliae, Numidarum regl, bellum inlatum est, quod Ad- 
 
 25 herbalem et Hiempsalem, ^lieipsae filids, fratres suos, reges 
 et populi Romani amicos, interemisset.^ IMissus adversum 
 
 I H. 510. II ; M. 357 ; A. & (x. 321 ; (J. 541 ; B. 280, 1. 
 
 ui'v.n IV. 
 
 lo 
 
 eum consul Calpurnius Bestia, corriiptus regis pecunia, 
 pacem cum eo tiagitiosissimam fecit, quae ii senatfi improbata 
 est. Postea contra eundem Tnsecpientl anno Sj). Fostumius 
 Alblnus profectus est. Is (pioque per fratrem ignominiose 
 5 contra Numidas pugnavit. 
 
 27. Tertid missus est Q. Caecilius ^letellus consul. Is 
 exercitum a pridribus ducibus corruptum ingenti severitate 
 et moderatidne cum nihil in quemquam cruentum faceret,^ 
 ad disciplTnam Rdmanam reduxit. Eugurtham varils proeliis 
 
 10 vicit, elephantds eius occidit vel cepit, multas clvitates ii)sTus 
 in deditidnem accepit. Kt cum iam finem belld- positurus 
 esset, successum est' ei a C. Marid. Is lugurtham et Boc- 
 chum, Mauretaniae regem, (]uT auxilium lugurthae ferre 
 coeperat, pariter sui)eravit. Aliquanta et ipse opi)ida Xu- 
 
 15 midiae cei)it ])elld(pie terminum posuit captd lugurtha per 
 ([uaestdrem suum Cornelium Sullam, ingentem virum. tra- 
 dente ]>occhd lugurtham. A M. lunid Siland, conlega 
 (,). :\retellr, Cimbrl in Gallia victi sunt et a Minucid Rufd in 
 .Macedonia ScordiscT et TrilmllT, et a Servilid Caepidne in 
 
 L'o Hisi)ania Lfisitanl subacti. ActI sunt et duo triumi)hl de 
 lugurtlia. ))rTmus' per Metellum. secundus per Marium. 
 Ante currum tamen :\rarT Tugurtha cum dudbus flliis ductus 
 est catenatus et mox iussfi cdnsulis in careere strangu- 
 latus est. 
 
 1 II. 515, III ; M. .rs, ; A. & G. PAP>, d ; O. 587 ; B. 309, 3. 
 ^ II. 521, II, 2 : 4<iO. N. ; M. 348 : 08. 1 ; A. & G. 325 : 293. (t ; G. 585: 
 247; B. 288: 115. 
 
 3 II. 301, 1 ; M. 145, 3 ; A. & G. 230 ; G. 208, 2 ; B. 187. II, b. 
 
46 
 
 EUTROPT BREVTARII 
 
 Lli>i-J[ ie^ iMUS 
 
 From the End <>k the War with Jl'(;lkth^ to the 
 Exi) OF the First Civil War, lOG-81 r.c. 
 
 War v'lth the Cimbri and Teatones, 105-101 r.c Bdftle 
 
 of Aquae Se.vtiae, 102 B.C. 
 
 1 Thnu belliim in Numidia eontni Tugurtliam gevitur,* 
 
 Roinfinl consules M Manlius et Q. Caepio a Cimbrls et 
 
 Teutonibus et Tugurluls et Aiiibronibus, (piae erant Ger- 
 
 mandruin et Gallonini gentes, victi sunt iuxta tluinen lilio- 
 
 r. (lanum ingenti internecione ; etiam castra sua et magnani 
 partem exereitiis perdiderunt. Timor Romae grandis fuit, 
 (juantus vix Hannibalis tempore ne iterum GallT Romam 
 venlrent.- Ergo Marius post victoiiam lugurtliTnam se- 
 cundo consul est factus, belbuucpie ei contra Cimbros et 
 
 10 Teutonas decretum est. Tertio (pio(pie ei et quarto delatus 
 est consulatus, cpiia belhim Cimbricum protrabebatur. 8ed 
 in quarto consulatu conlegam babuit Q. Lntatium Catubim. 
 Cum Cimbrls itaque cdniilxit et (bidbi\s proeUls cc miha 
 hostium cecldit, lxxx mlba cepit et ducem edrum Teutobo- 
 
 15 dum. propter quod meritum absens quinto consul est I'actus. 
 
 Baffh> of VerceUae, 101 n.r. 
 
 2. interea Cimbri et Teiitones, qu(3rum copia adliiic Inflnlta 
 
 erat. ad Ttaliam transierunt. Iterum a C. ]\rario et Q. Catulo 
 
 contra eos dimicatum est, sed a Catull parte felicius. Nam 
 
 proelid, quod simul arnlx") gesserunt, cxl milia aut in pugna 
 
 20 aut in fuga caesa sunt, lx mIlia capta. Rdmani mllites ex 
 
 1 H. 4r.7. nr. 4 : M. 852 : A. & G. 276, 8 ; G. 570 ; B. 298. I. 
 
 2 H. 498. Ill ; M. ^:^i^ ; A. & G. 881. /; 0. 5.50 ; B. 290, 2. 
 
 LIBER V. 
 
 i: 
 
 utrdque exercitu tiecenti perierunt. Tria et trigiiita (jiu- 
 brls ' signa sublata sunt ; ex his exercitus Mari duo reporta- 
 vit, Catull exercitus xxxi. Is belli finis fuit; triumphus 
 utrique decretns est. 
 
 Social War, 90-88 b.c. 
 6 3. Sex. Ifilid Caesare et L. Marcid R]iili})pd cdnsulibus sex- 
 centesimd quinquagesimd ndnd annd ab urbe condita, cum 
 prope alia omnia bella cessarent. in Italia gravissimum 
 bellum Picentes, Marsi l*aeligni(iue mdvernnt, qui, cum annis 
 numerdsis iam pojuild Rdniand oboedirent. turn libertatem 
 
 10 sibi- aequam adserere coeperunt. Rernieidsum adinodum 
 hoc bellum fnit. R. Rutilius consul in ed occisus est, Cae- 
 pio, ndbilis iuvenis, Rorcius Catd, alius consul. Duces 
 auteni adversus Rdnulnds Ricentibns ' et Marsis fuerunt 
 T. Vettins, llierius Asinius, T. lR"ivnnius, A. Cluentius. 
 
 15 A Rdmanis bene contra eds i)ugnatum est a C. Mario, qui 
 sexies consul fuerat, et a C:n. Rompeid, maxime tamen a 
 L. Cornelid 8ulla, qui inter alia egregia ita Cluentium, ho- 
 stium ducem, cum nutgnis cdpiis ffidit ut ex suis" unum 
 amitteret.'' Quadriennid cum gravi tamen calamitate hdc 
 
 20 bellum triictum est. Quintd demum annd finem accepit per 
 L. Cornelium Sullam cdiisulem, cum antea in eddem ])elld 
 ipse multa strenue, sed praetor, egisset. 
 
 First Mlthradatir War, 88-84 b.c. 
 4. Annd urbis conditae sexcentesiind sexagesimd secundd 
 primum Rdmae bellum civih^ commdtum est, eddem annd 
 
 ^ H. 414 ; M. 280 ; A. & G. 248 ; (J. 81H), 2 ; B. 214. 1, b. 
 
 2 H. 884. II, 2) ; M. 208 ; A. & (i. 285 ; G. 850. 1 ; B. 188, 1. 
 
 8 H. 387 ; M. 212 ; A. & G. 281 ; (i. 349 ; B. VM). 
 
 * H. 397, 3, X. 8 ; M. 225, n. 2 ; A. & G. 210, c ; G. 372. h. 2 ; B. 20] ] a 
 
 ^ H. 500, II ; M. 882, 4 ; A. & G. 319, 1 ; G. 552. 1 ; B. 284, 1. 
 
48 
 
 EUTROPI BKEVIARII 
 
 etiaDi Mithradaticuin. Causain bello civlll C. Marius sexies 
 consul dedit. Nam cum Sulla consul contra :\litlirada- 
 ten gestiirus ' belluni, (lul Asiam et Acliaeam occupaverat, 
 mitteretur, iscjue exercitum in Campania paulisper teneret, 
 
 5 lit bell! socirilis, de cpio diximus, quod intra Italiam gestum 
 fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius adfectavit ut ipse ad 
 bellum ^litliradaticum mitteretur.- Qua re=^ Sulla commo- 
 tus cum exercitu ad urbem venit. lllic contra ]VIariiini 
 et Sulpicium dlmicavit. rrlmus urbem Romam armatus 
 
 10 ingressus est, Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit, at(iue 
 ita ordinatls consulibus in futurum annum Cn. Octavio et 
 L. Cornelio Cinna ad Asiam profectus est. 
 
 Mit!ir<(rl<(fes inrades Asia. 
 5 Mithradates enim, (pil Tonti rex erat atque Armenian! 
 iViinorem et totiim ronticum mare in circuitu cum Bosporo 
 
 15 tenebat, primum Xicomeden, amicum ]X)pulI KomanT, IVitliy- 
 niaS^oluit expellere senatuupie mandavit belhim se el propter 
 iniurias quas passus fuerat inliiturum. A senatfi responsum 
 MitliradatI est, si id faceret, quod bellum a Romanis et ipse 
 pateretur. Quare iratus Cappadociam statim occupavit et 
 
 20 ex ea Ariobarzanen, regem et amicum populi Roman!, fuga- 
 vit. Mox etiam l^ithyniam invasit et Paplilagoniam pulsTs 
 regibus, aniTcis populi Roman!, Pylaemene et Nicomede. 
 Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litteras misit 
 ut iibicumque invent! essent^ elves Roman!, unn die occide- 
 
 25 rentur. 
 
 1 11. 549, ;] ; 31. 2.S3 ; A. & G. 298, ^>, 2 ; G. 070. :) ; B. 337, 4. 
 
 2 H. 501, II, 1 ; M. 341, 1 ; A. & G. 332 ; G. 553 ; B. 297, 1. 
 
 3 H. 410 ; M. 254 ; A. & G. 245 ; G. 408 ; B. 219. 
 
 * H. 412, II ; :^I. 230, 2 ; A. & G. 258, a ; G. 391 ; B. 229, 1, a. 
 6 H. 529, I ; :M. 388 ; A. & G. 334 ; G. 407 ; B. 300. 1. 
 
 LiiiEK y. 
 
 1!^ 
 
 Sulfa talces Athens, 87 B.C. Battle of Chaeronea, S6 r.c. 
 6. Interea etiam Atlienae, civitas Achaeae, ab Aristone 
 Athenieiis! :\Iitliiadat! tradita est. .Aflserat enim iam ad 
 Achaeam :\Iitliradates Arclielaum, ducem suum,cum centum 
 et v!gint! m!libus equitum ' ac peditum. per quern etiam 
 -. ivli(pia (iraecia occupata est. Sulla Arclielaum apud Ri- 
 raeum. mjn longc ab AtlicuLs, obsedit, ipsas Athenas cepit. 
 Rostea commisso }»roeli6 contra Arclielaum ita eum v!cit ut 
 ex cxx mllibus vix decem Archelao superessent, ex Siillae 
 exercitu xiii tantum homines interficerentur. Hac pugna 
 
 10 Mitbradates cognita septuaginta milia lectissima ex Asia 
 Archelao m!sit, contra (]uem iterum Sulla commlsit. Primo 
 proelid (lulndecini milia hostium interfecta sunt et fllius 
 Archela! Diogenes; secundd omnes Mithradatis cdpiae ex- 
 stinctae sunt, Archelaus ipse tr!duo nudus in palfidilnis 
 
 1.-^ latiiit. Hac re audita Mithradates iussit cum Sulla de pace 
 
 agi. 
 
 T(^rms of Peace, 84 h.c. Si^lla's Retnr,, tit Ttahj, S3 \^^\ 
 7. Interim ed temi)ore Sulla etiam Dardands, Scordiscds, 
 Dalmatas et :\laedds partim vicit, alids in iidcm accepit. 
 Sed cum If-gatl a rege Mithradate, (pi! pacem petebant, 
 
 L'O venissent, ndii aliter se daturum Sulla esse respdndit. nisi 
 rex rellctis his, quae occupaverat. ad regnum suum redisset. 
 Rostea tamen ad conloquium ambd venerunt. Pax inter eds 
 drdinata est, ut Sulla ad l)ellum civile festlnans a tergd 
 perlculum ndii habrret. Nam dum Sulla in Achaea at(jue 
 
 2.1 Asia :\Iithradaten vincit,' Marius, qui fugatus erat, et Cor- 
 nelius Cinna, unus ex cdnsulibus, bellum in Italia reparave- 
 
 ^ II. 397, 2 ; M. 225. 1 ; A. & G. 210, a, 2 ; G. :;70 ; B. 201, 1. 
 2 II. 407, 4 ; M. 352 ; A. & G. 270. 3 ; G. 579 : B. 293, I. 
 
 HAZ. KL'TROPMS— 4 
 
50 
 
 EUTROPI BREVIARTI 
 
 
 runt et ingressl urbem Roiuain nobilissimos e senatu et con- 
 sulares viros intertecemnt, multos proscripsenmt, ipsius 
 Bullae domo eversa fllios et iixorem ad fugam compulenmt. 
 tJniversus reliqmis senatus ex urbe fugiens ad Sullam in 
 
 5 Graeciam venit, orans ut patriae subveiuret. Tile in 
 italiam traiecit, bellum civile gesturus adversus Norbaniim 
 et Sclpioneni consules. Et prluio proelio contra Norbanum 
 dimicavit non longe a Capua.^ Tunc sex mllia eius cecTdit, 
 sex milia cepit, cxxiv suos amisit. Inde etiam ad Scipionem 
 
 10 se convertit et ante proeliuni totum eius exercitum sine 
 sanguine in deditionem accepit. 
 
 Battle of Golline Gate, 82 b.c. 
 8. Sed cum Romae miitatT consules essent, Marius, Mar! 
 filius, ac Paplrius Carbo consulatum accepissent, Sulla 
 contra Mariuni iuniorem dimicavit et xv mllibus eius occlsis 
 
 15 cccc de suls perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. 
 Marium, :\IarI f ilium, Praeneste^ persecutus obsedit et ad 
 mortem compulit. Rursus pfignam gravissimam liabuit 
 contra Lamponium et Carinatem, duces partis Marianae, ad 
 portam Colllnam. lxx milia hostium in eo proelio contra 
 
 20 Sullam fuisse dicuntur. xii milia se Sullae dediderunt, 
 ceteri in acie, in castris, in fuga Insatiabili Ira victorum 
 consumpti sunt. Cn. quoque Carbo, consul alter, ab Arl- 
 mino ad Siciliam filgit et ibi per Cn. Pompeium interfectus 
 est, quem adulescentem Sulla atque annos unum et viginti 
 
 25 natum cognita eius industria exercitibus praefecerat. ut 
 
 secundus a Svdla haberetur. 
 
 9 Occiso ergo Carbone Siciliam Pompeius recepit. Trans- 
 
 1 il. -iiii, ii, ->, N., M. 233, 3; A. & G. 258, «, n. 1 ; G. 391, r. 1 , 
 
 r> 2*)'2 2 
 
 ' s'h. 3bu, ii , M. 199, 1 ; A. & G. 258, h ; G. 337 ; B. 182, 1, a. 
 
 ]^v.v^\ VT. 
 
 51 
 
 gressus inde ad Africam Domitium, ^rarianae partis ducem, 
 et Hiardam, regem ^Mauretauiae, qui Domitio auxilium fere- 
 bat, occidit. Post haec Sulla de Mitliradate ingenti gloria 
 triumpliavit. Cn. etiam Pompeius, quod nulli Romanorum 
 ■) tribatum erat, (piartum et vicesimum annum agens de 
 Africa triumpliavit. Hunc finem habuerunt duo bella 
 funestissima, Italicum, (juod et sociale dictum est, et chile, 
 quae anibo tracta sunt per annos decern. Consumpsenint 
 ultra CL milia liominum, viros consnlares xxiv, praetorios 
 10 VII, aedilicios lx, senatorPs fere cc. 
 
 IJIU-:!: bEXTUS 
 
 From the End of the First Civii, War to the 
 Assassination' ok ('aesak, <S1-44 b.o. 
 
 War With Serforins, 78-72 b.c. 
 
 1. M. Aemilio Lejudo Q. Catulo consulibus, cum Sulla 
 rem publicam composuisset, bella nova exarserunt, unum in 
 Hispania, aliud in Pamphylia et Cilicia, tertium in Mace- 
 donia, (juartuiu in Dalmatia. Xam Sertorius, (]ul partium 
 
 1^ ^larianarum fuerat, timens fortunam ceterorum. qui inte- 
 reinpti erant, ad bellum commovit Hispanias. Missi sunt 
 contra eum duces Q. Caecilius Metellus, filius eius qui 
 lugurtham ivgem vicit, et L. Domitius praetor. A Sertori 
 duce Ilirtuleio Domitius occisus est. Metellus vario suc- 
 
 '-'0 cessu contra Sertdrium dimicavit. Postea cum impar pu- 
 gnae^ solus ^Fetellus putaretur, Cn. Pompeius ad His])anias 
 missus est. Ita duobus ducibus adversis Sertorius fortuua 
 varia saepe pugnavit. Octavo demum anno per suos occisus 
 
 1 H. 391, I ; M, 214 ; A. & G. 234, a ; G. 359 ; B. 192. 1. 
 
52 
 
 EUTKOlM lUiEVlAKlI 
 
 est, et finis el bello datiis per Cii. Pompeium adul6scentem 
 et Q. Metellum Pium atque omnes prope Hispaniae in 
 dicionem populi KomanI redactae. 
 
 2 \ : Macedoniani missus est Ap. Claudius post eonsula- 
 5 tuni. Levia proelia habuit coutra varias gentes, quae Klio- 
 dopani pi'ovinciani incolebant, atciue ibi niorbo mortuus est. 
 Missus el successor C. Scrlbonius Curio post consulatuni. 
 Is Dardanos vlcit et usque ad Diinuviuni penetravit trium- 
 phumque meruit et intra triennium bello finem dedit. 
 
 War icith the Isauriaus, 78 b.c. 
 
 10 3. Ad Ciliciam et Pampliyliam missus est P. Servilius ex 
 consule, vir strenuus. Is Ciliciam subegit, Lyciae urbes 
 clarissimas oppugnavit et cepit, in his Phaselida, Olympum. 
 C\ny^^"»^- Isauros quoque aggressus in dicionem redegit 
 at(iue intra triennium bello fInem dedit. Prinuis omnium 
 
 i:. Ur.manorum^ in Tauro iter fecit. Revertens triumplium 
 accepit et nomen Isaurici meruit. 
 
 4. Ad illyricum missus est C. Cosconius pro consule. ^lul- 
 tam partem Dalmatiae subegit, Salonas cepit et comp(»sitd 
 bello Romam post biennium rediit. 
 
 20 5. isdem temporibus consul :M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catull 
 conlega, bellum civile voluit commovere, intra unam tamen 
 aestatem motus eius oppressus est. Ita uno tempore multl 
 simul triumpbl fuerunt, Metelll ex Hispania, Pomi)eI secun- 
 dus ex liispania, Curionis ex ^Macedonia, Servlll ex Isauria. 
 
 The Third Mithradatic War, 74-63 b.('. 
 2R 6 Vnno urbis conditae sexcentesimo septuagesimo sexto 
 L. Licinio Lucullo et .M. Aurelio Cottfi consulibus mortuus 
 
 1 II. 397, 3 ; M. 225. 3 ; A. & G. 210, a, '2 ; G. 372 ; B. 201, 1. 
 
 I 
 
 LIRKi; \ 
 
 53 
 
 est Xlcom^des, rex Hithyniae, et per testamentum populum 
 ROmanum fecit lieredem. Mitliradates pace rupta lUtliy- 
 niam et Asiam rursus voluit invadere. Adversus eum 
 amb(") consules missi variam lial)uere fortfniam. ( otta apud 
 5 Chalcedona victus ab eo acie, etiani intra opi)idum coactus 
 est et obsessus. Sed cum se inde Mitliradates Cyzicum 
 transtulisset, ut Cyzico capta totam Asiam invaderet, Lficul- 
 lus el. alter consul, occurrit. Ac dum Mitliradates in oJ)si- 
 dione CyzicI commoratur, ipse eum a tergo obsedit fame(pie 
 10 consumpsit et multls proelils vlcit, postremd Byzantium, 
 (piae nunc Constantlnopolis est, fugavit. Xavall quoque 
 proelid duces eius Lucullus oppressit. Ita una hieme et 
 aestate a Lucullo centum fere milia rPgis exstlncta sunt. 
 
 ITr//- irifh fhP Ohidiafnrs. 73-71 i\.c. 
 
 7. Anno urbis Romae sexcentesimo septuagesimo octavo 
 !."• xMacedoniam provinciam M. Liciuius Lucullus accepit, con- 
 
 sdbrlnus Luculll, qui contra Mitliradaten bellum gerebat. 
 Et in Italia novum bellum sulnto commdtum est. Septua- 
 ginta enim et quattuor gladiatdres ducibus Spartaco, Crixo 
 et Oenomaij efl'ractd Capuae ludd fugenmt et per Italiam 
 
 20 vagantes paene ndn levins bellum in ea, quam Hannibal 
 moverat. paraverunt. Nam multls ducibus et dudbus simul 
 Rdmandrum cdnsulibus victis sexaginta fere milium arma- 
 tdrum exercitum congregaverunt. victlque sunt in Apulia a 
 M. Licinid Crassd prd cdnsule, et post multas calamitates 
 
 2.1 Italiae tertid annd belld liuic est finis impositus. 
 
 8. Sexcentesimo octdgesimd primd annd urbis conditae. P. 
 Cornelid Lentuld et Cn. Aufidid Oreste cdnsulibus. duo tan- 
 tum gravia bella in inq^erid Rdmand erant, Mitliradaticum 
 et "Macedonicum. Ilaec duo Luculll agebant. L. Lucullus 
 
 30 et ^I. Lucullus. L. ergo Lucullus post piignam Cyzicenam, 
 
54 
 
 EUTKOi'l BUEVIAIUI 
 
 LIBER VL 
 
 00 
 
 qua vicerat Mitliradaten, et navalem, (lua duces eius oppres- 
 serat, persecutus est eum et recepta Paplilagouia atque 
 IJltliyiiia etiam regiium eius invasit, Sinopen et AiiiTson, 
 civitates PuntT nobilissimas, cepit. Secundo proelio a])U(l 
 
 5 Cablra (uvitateni, quo ingeiites oopias ex omul regno adduxe- 
 rat ^rithradates, cum xxx uillia lectissinia regis fi (luinque 
 uillibus K(3nuinoruni vastata essent, Mithradates fugatus 
 est, castra eius direpta. Armenia quoque Minor, quam 
 tenuerat, eidem sublata est. Suseeptus tamen est ^Vlithra- 
 
 10 dates post fugam a Tigrane, Armeniae rege, (pii turn ingenti 
 gloria imperabat, Persas saepe vicerat, Mesopotamiam occu- 
 paverat et Syriam et Phoenices partem. 
 
 Battle of Tigranocerta, 69 B.C. 
 
 9 Ergo Lucullus repetens hostem fugatum etiam regnum 
 Tigranis ingressus est. Tigranocertam, clvitatem Arza- 
 
 15 neuae, nobilissimam regni ArmeniacT, cepit, ii)sum regem 
 cum septem milibus quTngeutls cllbanarils et centum mlli- 
 bus sagittariorum et armatorum venientem decem et octo 
 mllia mllitum liabens ita vicit ut magnam partem Arme- 
 niorum deleverit. Inde Xisibin profectus eam quo(iue 
 
 20 clvitatem cum regis fratre cepit. Sed hi cpios in Ponto 
 Lucullus rellquerat cum exercitus parte, ut reglones victas 
 et iam Ronicanorum tuerentur, neglegenter se et avare 
 agentes occasionem iterum Mitliradatl in Pontum inrum- 
 pendi ^ dederunt, atque ita bellum renovatum est. Lucullo 
 
 25 paranti capta NisibI contra Persas expeditionem successor 
 
 est missus. 
 
 10. Alter autem Lucullus, qui Macedonian! administrabat, 
 Bessis primus Eomanorum intulit bellum at(iue eos ingenti 
 
 1 IT. .-4_'. I ; ^\■ 280. 1 ; A. & G. 298 ; G. 428 ; B. 338. 1, a. 
 
 I 
 
 proelio in Haemo monte superavit. Oppidum Uscudamam, 
 (juod BessI liabitabant, eodem die quo aggressus est vIcit, 
 Cabylen cepit, usque ad Dcanuvium penetravit. Inde multas 
 supra Pontum positas civitates aggressus est. I Hie Apollo- 
 5 niam evertit, Callatim, Partlienopolim, Tomos, Histrum, 
 Hurziaonem cepit bellocjue confectd Komam rediit. Ambo 
 triumphaverunt, tamen Lucullus, qui contra Mitliradaten 
 pugnaverat, maiore gloria, cum tantorum regnOnim ' victor 
 redisset. 
 
 10 IL Confecto btdlo Macedonico, manente Milhradatico, 
 quod recedente Lucullo rex conlectis auxilils repaniverat, 
 bellum Creticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius ^le- 
 tellus ingentibus proelils intra trienninm oinnem jirovinciam 
 cepit, ai)pellatusque est Creticus at(pie ex Insula trium- 
 
 15 phavit. Quo tempore Libya (iuo(|ue Komano imperid per 
 testamentum Appionis, (pil rgx eius fuerat, accessit, in qua 
 inclutae urbes erant Berenice, Ptolemais, Cyrene. 
 
 Cn. Pomp^)! takes command, C^(^ n.r. 
 
 12. Dum haec geruntur, piratae omnia maria infestabant 
 ita ut Romanis tdtd orbe victdribus sola navigatid tuta ndn 
 
 20 esset. (,)uare id bellum (^n. Pompeid decretum est. Quod 
 intra i)aucds menses ingenti et felicitate et celeritate cdnfe- 
 cit. Mox ei delatum etiam bellum contra Mithradaten et 
 Tigranen. Qud susceptd :\Iitliradaten in Armenia Mindre 
 nocturnd proelid vIcit, castra diripuit. quadraginta mllia 
 
 25 eius occldit, viginti tantuni dc exercitu ^ sud perdidit et 
 duds centuridnes. Mithradates cum nxdre fugit et dudbus 
 Qomitibus. Neque niultd post, cum in suds saevlret. Pliar- 
 
 1 H. 31)(;, III ; M. 21»;, I ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 3f).S. 2 ; B. 200. 
 
 2 H. 397. 3. X. 3 ; M. 225, x. 2 ; A. & G. 21(j. c ; G. 372, k. 2 ; B. 201, L a. 
 
o(; 
 
 KlTllOl'I HUEVlAKIl 
 
 iiacis, filil sui, apiid iiiilites seditioiie ad mortem coactiis 
 venenum hausit. Huiic fmern liabuit Mithradates. Peri it 
 aiitem apud Uosporum, vir ingeiitis iiidustriae^ consiliiqiic 
 Kegnavit aiiiiTs sexaginta, vTxit se})tiiaginta du6l)iis. contra 
 
 ."> Kdmanos bellum liabuit aiiiiTs quadragiiita. 
 
 13. Tigraiil deiiide l^ompeius bellum iutulit. Ille se el 
 dedidit et in castra Tonipei sexto decinuj miliario ab Arta- 
 xatfi venit ac diadema suum, cum jirdcubuisset ad genua 
 Pompel, in manibus ipsuis conlocavit. Quod ei l*om})eius 
 
 10 reposuit honoriliceque eum habit urn rcgnl tarn en parte 
 multavit et grandl pecunia. Adempta est ei- Syria. Thoe- 
 nlce, Soplianene; sex milia praeterea talentorum argent! 
 indicta, (piae populo llomano daret, (juia bellum sine causa 
 Romauis conimovisset.^ 
 
 Pompey s}ihdiies Si/ria dud Palestine, 64 n.c. 
 
 1.") 14. Pompeius mox etiam Albanls bellum intulit et eorum 
 regem Oroden ter vicit, postremo per epistulas ac miinera 
 rogatus veniam el ac pacem dedit. Hiberiae quoque rcgem 
 Artacen vicit acie et in deditionem accepit. Armoniam 
 >rinorem Deiotaro, Galatiae regl, donavit, cpiia socius belli 
 
 •2v Mitliradatici fuerat. Attalo et Pylaemeni Papldagoniam 
 reddidit. Aristarclium Colchis regem imposuit. ^lov Itu- 
 raeos et Arabas v^Tcit. Et cum venisset in Syriam, Seleu- 
 cTani, vTcInam Antiochlae* cTvitatem. iTbertate^ donavit, 
 (plod regem Tigranen non recepisset.^ Antioche isibus 
 
 2.' obsides reddidit. Aliquantum agrorum Daphnensibus de- 
 
 1 H. 39(5, V ; M. 222 ; A. & G. 215 ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 1. 
 
 2 H. 385, II, 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229; G. 345, u. 1 ; B. 188. 2. d. 
 8 IT, r,in. IT ; M. 357 ; A. & G. 321 ; G. 541 ; B. 280, 1. 
 
 ^ 11. uUl, 1 ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234. a ; G. 350 ; B. 192, 1. 
 
 6 H. 384, TI. 2 ; M. 203 ; A. & G. 225, 3, d ; G. 348 ; B. 187, 1, a. 
 
 LIBEK VI. 
 
 •X 
 
 dit, quo liicus ibi spatiosior tieret/ delectatus loci amoeni- 
 tate et aquarum abundantia. Inde ad ludaeam transgressus 
 est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertio mense cepit xii mlli- 
 bus Ifidaeorum occlsis, ceteris in lidem acc^ptis. His gestis 
 :. in Asiam se recepit et finem antlquissimo bello dedit. 
 
 Cicero Consid. Conspiracy of Catiline, 63 li.c. 
 
 15. AI. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio consulibus, 
 anno ab urbe condita sexcentesimo octogesimo nono. L. 
 Sergius Catilma, nobilissiini generis vir, sed ingenil pra- 
 vissimT, ad dCdendam i)atriam- coniuravit cum (piibusdam 
 
 10 Claris quidem sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe ex- 
 pulsus est. Socii eius deprehensi in carcere strangulati 
 sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catillna ipse victus 
 proelid est interfectus. 
 
 Trinmphs of MeteUufi and Pompey, 62 b.c. 
 
 16. Sexcentesimo nonagesimo anno urbis conditae I). lunid 
 ir) Sllano et L. Alurena consulibus Aletellus de Crt'ta triumpha- 
 
 vit, Pompeius de bello piratico et AFithradatico. Nfilla 
 umquam pompa triumph! similis fuit. Duct! sunt ante 
 eius currum filii Alithradatis, fllius Triganis et Aristobiilus, 
 rex ludaeorum; praelata est ingens pecunia et aur! atque 
 2) argent! Infinitum. Hoc tempore nullum ])er orliem terra- 
 rum grave bellum erat. 
 
 Caesar Consul. o\) v,.c. Governor of Gafd, ThS-lS) fj.c 
 
 17. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo tertio 
 C. Julius Caesar, (pil postea imperavit, cum L. Bibulo 
 
 1 n. 497. II ; M. 382, 3 ; A. & G. 317, 2 ; G. 545, 2 ; B. 282, 2. 
 
 2 H. 544. 1 ; M. 290 ; A. .^t G. 300 ; G. 432. n. ■ B. 339, 2. 
 
58 
 
 EUTROPI BREVIARII 
 
 LIBER VI. 
 
 59 
 
 consul est factus. Decreta est ei Gallia et Illyricum cum 
 legionibus decern. Is primus vicit Helvetios, qui nunc 
 Se(iuanl appellantur, deinde vincendo ^ per bella gravissima 
 usque ad Oceanum lUitamiicum processit. Domuit autem 
 
 5 annis novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, lliimen 
 Khodanum, Rlienum et Oceanum est et circuitu patet ad 
 bis et tricies centena nillia- passuum. Britannis mox bellum 
 intulit, quibus ante eum ne niJmen (pddem Komanorum co- 
 gnitum erat, eosciue victos obsidibus acceptis stipendiarios 
 
 10 fecit. Galliae ■■ autem tributi nomine annuum imperavit 
 stipendium qiiadringenties, GermamJsque trans Rhenum 
 aggressus immanissimis proelils vIcit. Inter tot successiis 
 ter male pugnavit, ai)ud xVrvernos semel praesens et absens 
 in Gerniauia bis. Nam legatl eius duo, Titurius et Auriin- 
 
 15 culeius, per Insidias caesi sunt. 
 
 Battle of Carrae; M Licinius Cmssns slain, 53 B.C. 
 
 18. Circa eadem tempora, anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo 
 nonagesimo se])timo, ^I. Licinius Crassus, conlega (hi. Pom- 
 pPi :VtrignI in consulatu secundo, contra Fartlids missus est 
 et cum circa Carras contra omen et auspicia dimicasset, a 
 Surena Orfxlis regis duce victus ad postremum interfectus 
 20 est cum filio, clarissimo et praestantissimo iuvene. Keli- 
 quiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt, 
 qui singulfirl animo* perditas res tanta virtiite restituit ut 
 Persas rediens trans Euphraten crebrls proelils vinceret."' 
 
 i H. 542, i\ , M. 202 ; A. & G. 301, footnote ; G. 431, 3 ; B. 338, 4, (/. 
 
 2 H. 370 ; M. 106 ; A. & G. 257 ; G. 335 ; B. 181, 1. 
 
 ■■^ II. 384, IT : AT. 205 ; A. & G. 227, /; G. 346 ; B. 187, IT, a. 
 
 ^ 11. 419, n M. 240 ; A. & G. 251 ; G. 400 ; B. 224. 
 
 & H. 500, ii , 31. 338 ; A. & G. 310, 1 ; G. 552, 1 ; B. 284, 1. 
 
 Thr Cin'l War hptireen Caesar and Pompej/. 40-45 r.c. 
 Caesar in cades Italt/, Ponijtey jfees to Greece, 49 k.c. 
 
 19 Hinc iam bellum civile successit exsecrandum ^ et 
 lacnmabile, quo i)raeter calamitatPs, (piae in i)roeliIs accide- 
 runt, etiam popull Romani fortfina mutfita est. Caesar euim 
 rediens ex Gallia victor cuepit poscere alterum cOnsulatum 
 5 atque ita, ut sine dubietate aliqua el deferretnr. Contradi- 
 ctum est a Marcello cdnsule, a Kibulo, a Ponqjeio, a Catone, 
 iussuscpie dimissis exercitibus ad urbem redlre. l*r()])ter 
 quam iniuriani ab Arlmino. ubi mllites congregatos habO))at. 
 adversum patriam cum exercitu venit. Consules cum Pom- 
 10 i)ei6 seiijltusque omnis atque universa ndlnlitas ex url)e 
 fugit- et in Graeciam transiit. \\)\\(\ Ei)Irum. Macedouiam. 
 Achaeam Pompeio duce senatus contra Caesarem bellum 
 paravit. 
 
 Caesar crosses to Sjxiin. 
 
 20 Caesar vacuam nrlxMu ingressus dictatdrein se fecit. 
 
 15 Inde Hispanias petiit. Il)i Poiupel exercitus validissimds et 
 f<n'tissimos cum trilnis ducibus, L. Afranid. M P.'treid. M 
 A'arrdne, superavit. Inde regressus in Graeciam transiit. 
 adversum Pom])eium diuiicavit. Prlmd ju-oelid victus est 
 et fugatus, evasit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompeius 
 
 •JO sequi ndluit, dixitque Caesar nee Pompeium scire vincere 
 et illd tantum die se potuisse superari. Deinde in Tlies- 
 salia apud Palaeopliarsfdum })rdductls utrimque ingentibus 
 cdpils dimicaverunt. Ponipel acies habuit xl mTlia peditum, 
 equites in sinistrd cornu sexcentds, in dextrd quingentds, 
 
 25 praeterea tdtlus Orientis auxilia, tdtam ndl)ilitatem, innu- 
 
 1 H. 543 ; M. 295. 1 ; A. & G. 294, a ; G. 438. n. ; B. 337. 7. a. 
 
 2 H. 403, I ; M. 176, 2 ; A. & G. 205, d ; G. 285, 1 ; B. 265, 3. 
 
60 EUTROPl BREVIARTl 
 
 iiieros senatores, praetorios, consulares et qui magnorum 
 iam bellonini victores fuissentJ ('aesar in aoio sua habuit 
 peditum ndii Integra xxx milia, eciuites nillle. 
 
 Baffle of Pharmlu.s. Pompey is defeafed, flees fn Eg>/pt, 
 
 and is slain, 48 b.c. 
 21 Xuniquani adhuc Konianae copiae in finuni ne(iue 
 
 r, niruoi-es neque luelioribus (bicibus convenerant, totuni terra- 
 vuni oi'beni fa('ile subacturae;- si contra barbarus ducerentur." 
 Pugnatuni tuni est ingentl contentidne, vietusque ad postre- 
 niuni Poni]»eins et castra eius dlrepta sunt. Ipse fugatus 
 Alexandviani petiit, ut ii rege AegyptT, cuT tutor a senatu 
 
 u) datus fuerat propter iuvenlleni eius aetateni, acciperet auxi- 
 lia. Qui fortunani niagis quani amleitiani secutus oeelcbt 
 P()nii)eium, caput eius et anuhiui Caesar! misit. Quo cdn- 
 s])ect6 Caesar etiani lacrimas fudisse dicitur, tanti viri iu- 
 tuens caput et generl quondam suT. 
 
 Caesar defeats Ptolemy. 
 22 Mox Caesar Alexandrlani venit. TpsI quoque Ptole- 
 niaeus parare vohiit Insidias, qua causa belluni regl inlatuni 
 est. Victus in XllO periit inventunHpie est eius corpus cum 
 lorlca aurea. Caesar Alexandria ' potltus regnum Cleopatrae 
 dedit. Ptolemael sororl. Rediens inde Caesar Pharnacen. 
 ;o Mithradfitis :vragnl fllium, (pil Pompei(3 in auxilium a])ud 
 Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Ponto et multas popidl 
 Roman! prdvincias occupantem vicit acie, postea ad nun-tern 
 coegit. 
 
 LJBER VI. 
 
 ul 
 
 i.> 
 
 1 H. :>0:i, 1 , M. -583, 2 ; A. & G. 820 ; ii. (uW. 2 ; B. 28:',. 1. 
 
 2 H. r)40. 3 ; M. 283 ; A. & G. 203, b. 3 ; G. (570. 4. (1) ; R. 337. 4, 
 ^ IT. 509. X. 3 : M. 30(5 ; A. & G. 307. /; G. 50(5, 2 ; B. 302, 3, a. 
 
 ^ n. 421. I ; M. 253 : A. .^t G. 240; G. 407 ; B. 218, 1. 
 
 Battle of Thapsns, 46 B.C. 
 
 23 hide Roniani regressus tertio se consulem fecit cum 
 M. Aemilio Lepido, qui ei magister equitum dictatorl ante 
 annum ' fuerat. Inde in Af ricam ])rofectus est, ubi Inf!nita 
 nr)])ilitas cum IuIkI, Mauretaniae rege, bellum reparaverat. 
 a Duces autem Roman! erant 1*. C'ornelius Scipio ex genere 
 ant!(|uissim6 Sc!pionis African! (hie etiam soeer I'umpei 
 Magni fuerat), M. Petreius, Q. Varus, .M. Porcius CatO, 
 L. Cornelius Faustus, Sullae dictatoris filius. Contra lios 
 commisso proelio post multas dimicationes victor fuit Cae- 
 i(» sar. Catd. Seipid, Petreius, luba ips! se occiderunt. Fau- 
 stus. Sullae (piondam dictatdris filius. Pomj)?! gener. a 
 Caesare interfeetus est. 
 
 Battle of MntaJa, 45 h.c 
 
 24. Post annum ^ Caesar Rdmam regressus quarto se cdn- 
 sulem fecit et statim ad Hispanias est profectus, ubi Pompel 
 
 1.'. filii, Cu. JN)nq)eius et Sex. Pomix'^us, ingens bellum })raei)a- 
 raverant. .Multa i)roelia fuerunt. ultiujum apud-'Mundam 
 civitatem, in quo adcd Caesar ])aene victus est ut fugienti- 
 bus suis se voluerit occidere, ne post tantani re! mllitaris 
 gldriam in potestatem adulescentium natus annds sex et 
 
 20 quIiKpiaginta venlret. l)("nique revocatls suis vicit. Ex 
 Pompei fllils mjiior occisus est. minor fugit. 
 
 Ca<\sar Monarch, 45 n.v. Caesar Assassinctfpd, 44 u.c. 
 
 26. Inde Caesar bellls civllibus tdtd orbe compositis Rd- 
 mam rediit. Agere insolentius'^ coepit et contra cdnsuetu- 
 
 1 II. 430 ; M. 258, 1 ; A. & G. 250, (/ ; ii. 403. n. 4, (a) ; B. 357. 1. 
 
 2 H. 433. 1 ; M. 258. 1 ; A. & G. 258, r, n. 1 : G. 41«5. 4 : B. 141. 
 » H. 444. 1 ; M. 420 ; A. & G. 03, a ; G. 207. 2 ; H. 240. 1. 
 
62 
 
 EUTROPI BREVIARTI 
 
 LIBER VII. 
 
 63 
 
 dinem Komaiiae llbertatis. Cum ergo et honores ex sua 
 voluntate praestaiet, qui a populo antea deferebantur, nee 
 senatui ad se venientl adsurgeret aliaque regia ac paene 
 tyraimica faceret, coniiiratum est^ in eum a sexaginta vel 
 5 aniplius senatoribus equitibusque Ronianls. PraecipuT fue- 
 runt inter coniuratos duo BrutI ex eo genere KiutT, qui pri- 
 mus Kdmae consul fuerat et reges expulerat, et i\ (Vassius et 
 Servllius Casca. Erg(3 Caesar, eum senatus die inter ceteros 
 venisset ad curiam, tribus et viginti vulneribus confossus est. 
 
 i.ii,Ki. >i:PTnius 
 
 Fkom the Assassination of Caesak to the Death of 
 
 THE EmPEKOII DoMITIAN, 44 B.C.-96 A.I). 
 
 Civil War with Jlirtius and Fansa, A 1-43 b.c. 
 
 10 1. Anno urbis septingentesimo fere ac nono interfecto 
 Caesare civllia bella reparata sunt. Percussoribus- enim 
 Caesaris senatus favebat. Antonius consul partium Caesaris 
 civllibus bellis opprimere eos conabatur. Ergo turbata re 
 pilblica multa Antonius scelera committens a senatfi hostis 
 
 15 iudicatus est. Missi ad eum persequendum duo consules. 
 Pn nsa et Hirtius, et Octavianus adulescens annos x et viii 
 natus, Caesaris nepos, quem ille testamento lieredem reli- 
 querat et nomen suum ferre iusserat. Hic est, qui postea 
 Augustus est dictus et rerum-' potltus. Qui profecti contra 
 
 20 Antonium tres duces vicerunt eum. Evenit tamen ut vi- 
 
 1 II. 801 ; M. 145, ; A. & G. 14(5, d ; G. 208, 2 ; B. 187. II, b. 
 
 2 H. 385, I ; M. 205 ; A. & G. 227 ; G. 340 ; B. 187, III, a. 
 
 3 H. 410, V. 3 ; M. 231 ; A. & G. 223, a ; G. 407, 2, (d) ; B. 212, 2. 
 
 ctorgs consules ambo morerentur. Quare tres exercitiis unl 
 Caesari Augusto paruerunt. 
 
 The iSecond Trinmcirate^ 43 b.c. 
 
 2. Fugatus Antonius amisso exercitfi confugit ad Le}>irliim. 
 qui Caesari ' magister ecjuitum fiierat et tum militum copias 
 
 .") grandes luibr'l)at, a quo susceptus est. Mox Lepidd o]>eram 
 dante Caesar pacem cum Antonio fecit et quasi vindicaturus 
 patris sul mortem, a quo per testamentum fuerat adoptatus, 
 Romam cum exercitfi profectus extorsit ut sibi vicesimo 
 anno consulatus daretur. Scnatum ])rdscrTpsit, cum Anto- 
 10 nio ac Lepidd rem })ublicam armis tenOre coepit. Per hds^ 
 etiam Cicero orator occisus est multnpie alii ndbiles. 
 
 The Battle of Philippi, 42 b.c. 
 
 3. Tnterea Brutus et Cassius, interfectdres Caesaris. in- 
 gens bellum mdverunt. Erant enim per Macedonian! et 
 Orientem mult! exercitus, quos occui)averant. Profecti sunt 
 
 15. igitur contra eds Caesar Octavianus Augustus et ]M. Anto- 
 nius; remanserat enim ad defendendam Italiam Lepidus. 
 Apud Philippds, Alacedoniae urbem, contra eds pfignavc- 
 runt. Primd proelid victi sunt Antonius et Caesar, periit 
 tamen dux ndbilitatis Cassius, secundd Brutum et inflnltam 
 
 20 nd])ilitatem, (piae cum illis bellum gesserat, victam interfe- 
 cerunt. Ac sic inter eds divlsa est res publica, ut Augustus 
 Hispanias, Gallias et Italiam teneret, Antdnius Asiam. 
 Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Italia L. Antdnius consul bel- 
 lum civile commdvit, frater eius, qui cum Caesare contra 
 
 25 Brutum et Cassium dimicaverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tus- 
 ciae civitatem, victus et captus est, neque occisus. 
 
 1 H. 384, II, 4, N. 2 ; M. 208 ; A. & G. 235 ; G. 350. 1 ; B. 188, 1. 
 
 2 II. 415, 1, 1, N. 1 ; M. 247, 3 ; A. & G. 240, b ; G. 401, end ; B. 141. 
 
04 
 
 EL'Jllol'I liKHVlAlUI 
 
 War with Sextns Pompey. 
 
 4. Interim a Sex. Pompeio, Cn. Pompel MagnT filio, in- 
 geiis bellum in Sicilia commotum est, his qui superfuerant 
 ex partibus lirfitl Cassilque ad eum cOnfluentibus. Bellatuni 
 per Caesareni Augustuni Octaviamini et ^\. Antonium ad- 
 
 5 versus Sex. Pompeium est. l*ax postreiuO convenit. 
 
 5. Eo tempore :\r. Agrippa in A(piltania rem pi'ospere 
 gessit et L. Ventidius Bassiis inrumpentes in Syriam Persas 
 tribus proeliTs vieit. Pacorum, regis Orudis flliiim. inter- 
 feeit eo ipso die quo olim Orodes, Persarum rex, per ducem 
 
 10 Surenam Crassuni oceTderat. Hic primus de Parthls ifistis- 
 simum triumplium Rdmae egit. 
 
 6 Interim Pompeius paeem rilpit et navali ])rot4i6 victus 
 t'ugiens ad Asiam interfectus est. Antonius. (piT Asiam v\ 
 Orientem tent'bat, repudiata sordre (\aesaris AugustI Oetjl- 
 
 1.5 vianl rieopatram, reglnam Aegyptl, dfixit uxorem. Contra 
 Persas etiam ipse pfignavit. Primis eos proelils vicit, regre- 
 diens tamen fame et pestilentia laboravit et, cum Instarent 
 Parthi fugienti, ipse pro vieto recessit. 
 
 Ciril M\ir between Angnst'fs and A)itoniHS. The Battle of 
 
 Actium, 31 li.c, 
 
 7. Hic quoque ingens bellum civile commovit cogente 
 20 uxdre Cleopatra, regina Aegyptl, dum cupiditate m\diel)rT 
 optat etiam in urbe regnare. Victus est al) Augusto navali 
 l)ugnri clara et inlfistrl aimd Actium, qui locus in Kpiro est, 
 ex qua fugit in Aegyptum et desperatis rebus, cum omnes ^ 
 ad Augustuni translrent, ipse se interemit. Cleopatra sibi '^ 
 25 aspidem admlsit et veneno eius exstincta est. Aegyptus per 
 
 1 II. oil ; M. 355 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 580 ; B. 280, 2. 
 
 2 H. 380 ; M. 202, 1 ; A. & G. 228 ; G. 347 ; B. 187, III. 
 
 IdBKK 
 
 « i I . 
 
 65 
 
 Octavianum Augustuni imperio Kdmano adiecta est praepo- 
 situsque el C. Cornelius Gallus. Hunc i)rimum Aegyptus 
 Romanum iudicem habuit. 
 
 Imperial Government Estahlishecf, 81 b.c. 
 
 8. Ita liellls totd orbe cdnfectis Octavianus Augustus Rd- 
 5 mam rediit, duodecimo annd^ quani consul fiierat. Ex ed 
 rem pablicam i)er quadraginta et quattuor ainids sdlus obti- 
 nuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum Antdnid et Lepidd 
 tenuerat. Ita ab initid principatus eius usque ad finem 
 (luinquagintji et sex anni fuerunt. Obiit autem septuage- 
 
 10 simd sextd annd morte communi in ojjpidd Caiiqjaniae 
 Atella. Rdmae in campd Martid seijultus est, vir, (jui ndn 
 immeritd ex maxima parte ded- similis est putatus. Xeque 
 enim facile alius ed"^ aut in bellls felicior fuit aut in pace 
 moderatior. Quadraginta et quattuor annis, (juibus sdlus 
 
 1.5 gessit inii>erium, civilissime vixit, in ciinctds lil)eralissimus. 
 in amicds fidissimus, qiids tantis evexit liondribus ut i)aeiie 
 aequaret fastlgid sud. 
 
 Extension of the Empire. 
 
 9. Nulld temi)ore ante eum niagis res Rdmana floruit. 
 Nam exceptis civilibus bellis, in (juibus invictus fuit. Rdmand 
 
 -'0 adiecit imperid Aegyptum, Cantabriam, J)alniatiam saepe 
 ante victam, sed penitus tunc subactam, Pannoniam, Aqul- 
 taniam, Illyricum, Raetiam. A'indelicds et Salassds in Alpi- 
 bus, omnes Poiiti maritimas civitates, in liis iidbilissimas 
 Bosporum et Panticapacum. Vicit autem multis proelils 
 
 25 Dacds. Gerinandrum ingentes cdjuas cecldit, ipsds quoque 
 
 1 U. 430 (last example); M. 24J> ; A. & G. 2f;2. n. 2 : G. oOS, 2 • B '^30 
 
 2 H. 301 ; M. 214 : A. & G. 234 ; G. 350 ; B. 102. 1. 
 
 3 H. 417 ; M. 230. 1 ; A. & G. 247 ; G. 398 ; B. 217. 1. 
 
 HAZ. ELTHOIMUS — ^5 
 
66 
 
 KLIKOPI BREVIARII 
 
 trans Albiiii fluvium suramovit, qui in Barbarico longe ultra 
 Rhenuni est. Hoc tamen belluni per Drusuni, prlvlgnum 
 suum, administravit, sicut per Tiberium, prIvTgnuui alterum, 
 Pannonicuni, . . . quo bello xl captlvoruni nillia ex Ger- 
 5 mania transtulit et supra ripam Rhenl in Gallia conloeavit. 
 Arnieniani a Parthls recepit. Obsides, ipiod null! antea, 
 Fersae e! dederunt. lleddiderunt etiam signa Roniana, 
 quae Crasso victo adenierant. 
 
 Death of Augustus, 14 a.d. 
 10. Scythae et Indl, (piibus antea Ronianuruni nonien inco- 
 10 gnituni fuerat, niunera et legatos ad eum niiserunt. (4alatia 
 qnocpie sub hoc provincia facta est, cum antea regnum fuis- 
 set, primusque eani M. Lollius pro praetore administravit. 
 Tanto autem amore ^ etiam apud barbar(3s fuit ut reges 
 populi Komani amid in lionorem eius conderent civitates, 
 15 quas Caesareas nominarent. Mult! autem reges ex regnis 
 suis venerunt, ut el obsequerentur, et habitu Romano, togati 
 scilicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsius cucurrerunt. Uo- 
 riens Dmis appellatns. Rem publicam beatissimam Tiberio 
 successor! rellquit, qui privignus el, mox gener, postremo 
 20 adoptione fllius fuerat. 
 
 Tiberi'is Emperor, 14-87 a.d. 
 11 Sed Tiberius ingenti socordia imperium gessit, gravi 
 erudelitate, scelesta avaritia, turpi libldine. Nam nusquam 
 ipse pugnavit. bella per legatos gessit suos. Quosdam reges 
 ad se per blanditias evocatds numquam remisit, in quibus 
 25 Archelaum Cappadocem, cuius etiam regnum in provinciae 
 formam redegit et maximam cTvitatem appellarl nomine 
 
 1 H. 41U, Tl ; M. 246 ; A. & G. 251 ; G. 400 ; B. 224, 1. 
 
 LiiU'n VII. «t7 
 
 suo iussit, quae nunc Caesarea dicitur, cum ^lazaca antea 
 vocaretur. Hic tertio et vicesimo imperii anno, aetatis sep- 
 tuagesimo octavo, ingenti omnium gaudio mortuus est in 
 Campania. 
 
 Califjulu Emperor. 87-41 a.d. 
 
 5 12. Successit ei C. Caesar, cogndmento Caligula, DrusI, 
 privlgni August!, et ipsius Tiber! nepos, sceleratissimus ac 
 funestissimus et qui etiam Tiber! d^decora purgaverit.' 
 Bellum contra (iermanos suscepit et ingressus Sueviam 
 nihil strenue fecit. Cum adversum eunctos ingenti avaritia, 
 10 libidine, erudelitate saeviret, interfectus in Palatio est anno 
 aetatis vicesimo nono, imperii tertio, men.se decimd dieque 
 octavo. 
 
 CkwdiuH Emiteror, 41-r)4 a.d. 
 
 13 Post hunc Claudius fuit, ])atruus Caligulae, Drusi, 
 qui apud Mogontiacum monumentum habet, filius, cuius et 
 
 15 Caligula nepds erat. Hic medic imperavit, multa gerens 
 tranquille at(}ue moderate, quaedam crudeliter et insulse. 
 Hritannis intulit bellum, quain nullus Romanorum post 
 C. Caesarem attigerat, efKpie devicta per Cn. Sentium et 
 A. Plautium, inlustres ac ndl)iles virds, triumphum cele- 
 
 20 brem egit. Quasdam insulas etiam ultra Hritannifis in 
 Oceand positas imperid Rdmaiid addidit, quae appellantur 
 Orchades, filid autem sud Britannic! ndmen imposuit. 
 Tam civilis autem circa qudsdam amicds exstitit, ut etiam 
 Plautium, ndbilem virum, qui expeditidne Britannica multa 
 
 25 egregie fecerat, triunqdiantem ipse prdsequeretur et cdn- 
 scendent! Capitdlium laevus incederet. Is vixit annds iv 
 et LX, imperavit xiv. Post mortem cdnsecratus est Divus- 
 que apj^ellatus. 
 
 1 H. 50S, I ; M. 383, 2 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. (i31, 2 ; B. 283, 1. 
 
68 
 
 KUTKOPI HHF.VIARII 
 
 Xero Emperor, 54-68 a.d. 
 14. Successit liuic Xero, Caligulae, avunculo siio, siniilli- 
 miis, (lul IvOiiiriiiiuii iinperiiim et cleforiuavit et ininuit, iiiusi- 
 tatae luxuriae ^ suiiiptuiuiKiue, et qui exeinplo C. Caligulae in 
 calidis et frigidis lavaret unguentls, retibus aiirels piscare- 
 5 tur, quae blattiius funibus extrahebat. Infinitam senatus 
 partem interfecit, bonis- omnibus liostis fuit. Ad postre- 
 111 uni se tanto dedeedre prostituit ut et saltaret et cantaret 
 in scaena citharoedieo habitu vel tragicd ParricTdia multa 
 couimTsit fratre, uxore, sorore, matre interfectls. Urbem 
 10 Komam incendit, ut spectaeulleius imaginem cerneret, quali 
 dlim Troia capta arserat. Tn re mllitarl nihil omnino ausus 
 l^ritanniam paene amisit. Nam duo sub eo nobilissinia 
 oppida capta illic atque eversa sunt. Armeniam ravthl 
 sustnlerunt legidnesque Romanas sub iugum mlserunt. 
 15 Duae tamen sub eo provinciae factae snnt, Pontns Polemo- 
 niacus concedente rege l*olemone et Alpes Cottiae ('ottio 
 rege defuneto. 
 
 15 1' r liaec Romano orb! exseerabilis ab omnibns simnl 
 
 destitatns est et a senatfi hostis iadicatus ; cum quaereretur 
 
 20 ad poenam, quae poena erat talis, ut nudus per pra)licum 
 
 ductus furca capitT eius Inserta virgis usque ad mortem 
 
 caederetur atque ita praecipitaretur a saxo, e Palatio fugit 
 
 et in subnrbano se iTbertl sui, quod inter Salariam et No- 
 
 mentanam viam ad quartum urbis mlliarium est, interfecit. 
 
 --, is aedificavit Roinae thermas, quae ante Xeronianae dictae 
 
 nunc Alexandrianae appellantur. Obiit trlcesimo et alterd 
 
 aetatis anno, imperil quarto deciino, atque in ed omnis 
 
 August! familia consumpta est. 
 
 1 H. 39(3, V ; M. 222 ; A. & G. 215 ; G. mo ; B. 203, 1. 
 
 2 H. 391 ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234 ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. 
 
 LIBER VII. 
 
 69 
 
 i< 
 
 Galba Emperor, OcS-OO a.d. 
 
 16. Huic Serv. (ialba successit, antiquissimae ndbilitatis 
 senator, cum septuagesimum et tertium annum ageret aeta- 
 tis, ab Hispanis et (tallTs imi)eratdr electus, mox ab uni- 
 versd exercitu iTbenter acceptus. Nam privata eius vita 
 
 ') Inslgnis fuerat mllitaribus etclvilibus rebus. Saepe consul, 
 saepe prd cdnsule, frequenter dux in gravissimis bellls. 
 Urdus breve imperium fuit et quod bona haberet exdrdia, 
 nisi ad severitatem prdpensior viderctur.' Insidils tamen 
 Otlidnis occisus est imperil mense septimd. lugulatus in 
 
 10 ford Rdmae sepultusque in liortis suis, qui sunt Aurelia via 
 lion longe ab urbe Rdma. 
 
 Othf) Emperor, iV.) a.d. 
 
 17. < )tli(i occlsd Galba invasit imi)erium, mfiternd genere- 
 ndbilior quam paternd, neutrd tamen obscurd. In privata 
 vita mollis et Xerdnl familiaris, in imperid documentum 
 
 15 sul ndn potuit ostendere. Xam cum Isdem temporibus, 
 quibus Otho Galbam occlderat, etiam A'itellius f actus esset 
 a (Termanicianis exercitibus imperatdr. l)elld contra euni 
 susceptd cum apud Jiedriacum in Italia lev! proelid victus 
 esset, ingentes tamen cdpias ad bellum haberet, sponte se- 
 
 L»o met'^ occldit. Petentibus mllitibus nt" tam cito de belli de- 
 sperilret eventu, cum tantl"* se ndn esse dixisset ut propter 
 eum bellum civile moveretur, voluntaria morte obiit trlce- 
 simd et octavd aetatis anno, ndnagesimd et quintd imperii 
 die. , 
 
 1 II. 510, 11 ; .M. 3(»0 ; A. & (;. 308 ; G. 597 ; B. 304, 1. 
 •^ II. 424 ; M. 238, 1 ; A. & G. 253 ; G. 397 ; B. 22(). 
 ■i II. 184, 3 ; M. 77, 2 ; A. & G. 99,/; G. 102, n. 2 : B. 0, 3. 
 ♦ II. 404 ; M. 224 ; A. & G. 252, a ; G. 379 ; B. 203, 3. 
 
70 
 
 EUTROPI BRKVIARll 
 
 '1^ 
 
 Vitellhfs Emperor, ()0 a.d. 
 
 18 Dein Vitelliiis iinperio' potitus est, faiuiliri honoratfi 
 
 iiiagis quaiii uobili. Nam pater eius uOii adiiHMluiii claiv 
 
 natus tres tameii ordiiiarios gesserat consulatfis. llTc cum 
 
 multo dedecore imperavit et gravl saevitia iiotabilis, prae- 
 
 5 cipiie ingliivie et voracitate, (pii[)iH' eum de die saepe (piarto 
 vel quiiito feratur- epidatiis. Xotissima certe eeiia luemo 
 riae mandata est, cpiam ei Yitellius frater exliibuit, in (pui 
 super ceteros sfimptus duo milia piseium, sei)tem avium 
 apposita traduntur. Hic eum Neronl similis esse vellet 
 
 10 atque id adeO prae se ferret, ut etiam exse(piias Neronis, 
 quae humiliter sepultae fueraut, honoraret, a Vespasian! 
 dueibus occTsus est interfecto prius in urbe SabTno, Ve- 
 spasian! imperatoris fratre, (piem cum Capitolid incendit. 
 Interfectus autem est milgno dedecore: tractus per urbem 
 
 1.- Romam pul)lice, nildus, erectd conui capite et subiecto ad 
 nientum gladio, stercore in vultum et pectus ab omnibus 
 obvi!s appetitus, postrenul iugulatus et in Til)erim deiectus 
 etiam communi caruit sepultura. Teriit autem aetatis anno 
 septimo et qmnquagesimo, imperi! mense octavo et die uno. 
 
 Vespaskm Emperor, ()l)-7*.) a.d. 
 
 20 19. Vespasianus liuic successit, factus apud Palaest!nam 
 imperatdr, ]tr!nceps obscure quidem natus, sed optim!s com- 
 parandus, privata v!ta inliistris, ut qu! a Claudio in Ger- 
 maniam et deinde in l^ritanniam missus tr!cies et bis cum 
 hoste conll!xerit, duas vali<lissinias gentes, v!gint! oppida, 
 
 25 insulam Vectam, Britanniae proximam, imperio Romano 
 adiecerit. Romae se in imperio moderatissime gessit. Pe- 
 
 1 H. 4i1. I ; M. lio;; ; A. & G. 249 ; G. 407 ; B. 218, 1. 
 
 2 11. 517.:;. 1) : M. 382, 2, x. ; A. &G. 326, x. 1 ; (i. 498, x. 8 ; B. 286, 2. 
 
 LIBER 
 
 71 
 
 ciiniae tantum avidior fuit, ita tamen, ut earn null! ^ iniuste 
 
 auferret. Quam cum omni d!ligentiae provisione conligeret, 
 
 tamen studiosissime largiebatur, praecipue indigentibus. 
 
 Xec facile ante eum cuiusquam pr!ncipis vel mfiior est 
 
 5 l!beralitas comperta, vel iustior. l*lacidissimae lenitatis, 
 ut qu! nuliestatis ijuoque contra se reos non facile piunret 
 ultra exsilii poenam. Sub hoc ludaea Romano accessit 
 imperio et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nobilissima Palae- 
 stlnae. Acliaeam, Lyciam, Hliodum, l^yzantium, Samum, 
 
 10 (^uae liberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Tliraciam, Cili- 
 ciam, Commagenen, quae sub regibus am!c!s egerant, in 
 provinciarum formam redegit. 
 
 20. Offensarum^ et ininncitiarum immemor fuit, conv!cia 
 a causidic!s et philosoplns in se dicta leniter tulit, d!ligens 
 
 \:> tamen coercitor discipl!nae m!litaris. Il!c cum f!lio Tito 
 de Hierosolym!s trium])havit. Per haec cum senatui, po- 
 pulo, postremo cunct!s anulbilis ac iucundus esset, prdtiuvio 
 ventris exstinctus est in villa proi)ria circca Sablnos, annum 
 agens aetatis sexagesimum nonum, im})eri! nonum et diem 
 
 20 septimum, atque inter Divos relatus est. Genituram f!lid- 
 rum ita cognitam luibuit, ut, cum multae contra eum con- 
 ifiratidnes fierent, quas patefactas ingent! dissimulatione 
 contempsit, in senatu dixerit aut filios sibi successuros, aut 
 neminem. 
 
 TifNs Emperor, 70^1 a.d. 
 
 25 2 1 Huic Titus fllius successit, qu! et ipse Vespasianus est 
 dictus, vir omnium virtutum genere mirrd)ilis adeo ut amor 
 et deliciae Iniman! generis diceretur, facundissimus. belli- 
 cdsissinuis, moderatissimus. Causas Lat!ne egit, poemata 
 
 1 II. :58:». II. 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229 ; (J. 347, 5 ; B. 188, 2, d. 
 
 2 H. 399 ; M. 226, 1 ; A. & G. 218 ; G. 374 ; B. 204, 1. 
 
72 
 
 KLTllOl'I BUKVIARII 
 
 t4 
 
 et tragoedias Graece composuit. In oppiiguatioiie Hieru- 
 solymoruiu sub patre lullitans cliiodecini propugnatores duo- 
 decim sagittfirum coiifTxit ictibiis. Ruinae taiitae civilitatis 
 ill iiiiperio fuit iit nrdliuu omiimo pQiiIerit, convlctos adver- 
 
 o sum se coniuratioiiis diiuiserit vel in eadem faniiliaritate 
 qua antea habuerit. Facilitatis et liberalitiltis taiitae fuit 
 ut, cum niiUi quicquam uegaret et ab amlcis repreliendere- 
 tur, responderit ufdlum trTstem debere ab impeiatore dis- 
 eedere, praeterea cum quadam die in cena recordatus fuisset 
 
 10 nihil se illo die cuiquam praestitisse, dixerit : ' Amlci, liodie 
 diem perdidi.' Hic Koniae amphitheatrum aediticavit et 
 quinque milia feraruni in dr-dieatiune eins occldit. 
 
 22. Per haec inusitato favore dllectus morb(3 periit in eii, 
 qua pater, villa post biennium et menses octo, dies vlgintl, 
 
 15 quam imperator erat factus, aetatis anno alterd et quadra- 
 gesimo. Tantus luctus eo mortuo pfiblieus fuit ut omnes 
 tamquam in ])ropria doluerint orbitate. Senatus obitu ipsius 
 circa vesperam nuntiato iiocte inrupit in curiam et tantfis ei 
 mortuo laudes gratiasque congessit, quantas nee vivo uni- 
 
 20 quam egerat nee praesenti. Inter Divos rehitus est. 
 
 iJomitian Emperor, 81-96 a.jj. 
 
 23 Domitianus mox acoepit imperium, frater i])sTus 
 iunior, Xeronl aut (^aligulae ant Tiberio similior quam patrT 
 vel fratrl suo. PriniTs tamen annis moderatus in imperio fuit, 
 mox ad ingentia vitia progressus libldinis, Tracundiae, cru- 
 2.') delitatis, avaritiae, tantum in se odii ^ concitavit ut merita 
 et patris et fratris aboleret. Interfecit nobilissimos P 
 senatu. Dominum se et deum })rlmus appellari iussit. 
 Nfillam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitolio 
 
 1 H. 31>7, 3 ; M. 225. 2 ; A. 1 G, 21(), «, 3 ; (i. 3()1) ; B. 201. 2. 
 
 LIBER VIII. 
 
 78 
 
 i 
 
 passus est ponT. ('onsobrinos suos interfecit. Superbia 
 qnoque in eo exsecrabilis fuit. Expeditiones quattuor ha- 
 buit, unam adversum Sarmatas. alteram adversum Cattos, 
 duas adversum Dacos. 1)(" DilcTs Cattisque duplicem trium- 
 
 5 phum egit, de Sarmatls solam lauream usurpavit. Multas 
 tamen calamitates isdem bellTs i)assus est; nam in Sarmatia 
 legio eins cum duce interfecta est et a Dacis Oppius Sal)i- 
 nus consularis et Cornelius Fuscus, praefectus praetorid,- 
 cum magnis exercitibus occlsl sunt. Komae qnoque multa 
 
 10 opera fecit, in liis Capitolium et Forum Transitorium, Divo- 
 rum Porticus, TsTum ac Seraplum et Stadium. Verum cum 
 ob scelera universTs exosus esse coepisset, interfectus est 
 sudrum coniuratione in Palatio. anno aetStis quadragesimo 
 quTntd, imperil quTiitd decimd. Funus eins cum ingentl 
 
 15 dedecdre per vespilldnes exportatum et igndbiliter est se- 
 pultum. 
 
 LIRER OCTAVT^S 
 
 From the Accession of Xkrva to the Death of 
 Alexandek Sevekus, 90-235 a.d. 
 
 Xerva Emperor, 9(1-98 a.d. 
 
 1. Anno octingentesimd et quTnquagesimd ab urbe condita 
 Vetere et Valente cdnsulibus res ])riblica ad prdsperriinum 
 statum rediit ])onTs prrnci|)ibus ingentl felicitate commissa. 
 20 Domitiand enim, exitiabili tyrannd, Nerva smit'ssit, vir in 
 privata vita moderatus et strenuus, ndbilitatis mediae. Qui 
 senex admodum operam dante Petrdnid Secundd, ])raefectd 
 praetdrid, item Partlienid, interfectdre Domitianl. imperatdr 
 est factus; aequissimum se et civilissimum praebuit. Rel^ 
 
 1 H, 385, 1 ; M. 204 ; A. & G. 227, c ; G. 340. k. 2. n. 2 ; B. 187. TIT. 
 
1 t 
 
 EUTKOri BKKVIAKII 
 
 ^ I 
 
 publicae divina provlsione consuluit Traianum adoptando 
 Mortuus est Roniae post annum et quattuor menses imperil 
 sill ac dies octo, aetatis septuagesimo et altero anno, atqiie 
 inter Divos relatns est. 
 
 Trajan Emperor, 98-117 a.d. 
 
 5 2. Successit ei Ulpins Ciinltns Traianus, natus Italicae in 
 Hispania, I'amilia- antlqua magis quam clara. Nam pater 
 eius primum consul fuit. Imperator autem apud Agrippl- 
 nam in Gallils factus est. Rem publieam ita administravit 
 ut omnibus principibus merito praeferatur, inusitatae 
 
 10 cTvTlitatis et fortitudinis. RomanI imperil, quod post Au- 
 gustum defensum magis fuerat quam ndl)iliter ampliatum, 
 fines longe lateque diftudit. Urbes trans Rhenum in Ger- 
 mania reparavit. Daciani Decibalo vieto subegit provincia 
 trans Danubium facta in liTs agrls quos nunc Taifall, Victo- 
 
 15 all et I'ervingi habeiit. Ea provincia decies centena milia 
 passuiim in circuitfi tenuit. 
 
 3. Armeniam, quam occupaverant PartliT, recepit Partho- 
 masirl occiso, qui eam tenebat. Albanis regem dedit. 
 Hiberorum regem et Sanromatarum et Bosporanornm et 
 
 20 Arabum et Osdroenorum et Colcliorum in lidem accepit. 
 Carduends, Marcomedos occupavit et Anthemfisiam, ma- 
 gnam Rersidis regionem, Selenciam, Ctesiphontem, Baby- 
 lonem ; Messenids vicit ac tenuit. Usque ad Indiae fines 
 et mare Rnbriim accessit atqne ibi tres prdvincias fecit, 
 
 25 Armeniam, Assyrian!, Mesopotamiam, cum his gentibus 
 quae >radenam attingunt. Arabiam postea in provinciae 
 fdrmam redegit. In marl Rnbro classem Instituit, ut per 
 eam Indiae fines viistaret. 
 
 1 II, .-4_>. TV : M. 202 ; A. & G. 801 ; G. 4.31 ; B. 388, 4, a. 
 
 2 IL II ■. : M, :':U : A. & G. 244; G. 81>o ; B. 215. 
 
 LIBHK \ill. 
 
 <0 
 
 4. Gloriam tamen mllitareni civllitate et moderatidne su]>e- 
 ravit, Rdmae et per prdvincias aeqnalem se omnibus exlii- 
 bens, amicds salutandl ^ causa frequentans vel aegrdtantes 
 vel cum festds dies liabuissent. convlvia cum Isdem indi- 
 5 screta vicissiin liabens, saepe in vehiculis edrum sedens, nul- 
 lum senatdrum laedens, nihil iniustum ad augendum hscum 
 agens, llberalis in ciinctds, pfiblice privatimque ditans omnes 
 et hondribus augens, qnds vel medidcri familiaritate cognd- 
 visset, per orbem terrarum aedificans multa, immnnitates 
 
 10 clvitatibus tribuens, nihil ndn tranquilliim et i>lacidum 
 agens, aded ut omnT eius aetate iinus senator damnatus sit 
 atque is tamen per senatum igndrante Trfiiand. Ob haec 
 })er orbem terrarum ded proximus nihil ndn veneratidnis 
 meruit et vivus et mortuus. 
 
 15 5. Inter alia dicta hoc ipslus fertnr egregium. Amicis 
 enim culpantibus, quod nimium circa omnes communis esset,^ 
 respondit talem se imperatdrem esse prlvatis, quales esse 
 sibi imperatdres priviitus optasset. Post ingentem igitur 
 gloriam belli domlque quaesitam e Perside rediens apnd 
 
 20 Selenciam Isanriae prdfluvid ventris exstinctus est. ()l)iit 
 autem aetatis aiind sexagesimd tertid, mense ndnd, die 
 quarto, imperil ndnd decimd. mense sextd, die (julntd de- 
 cimd. Inter Divds relatns est sdlusque omnium intra urbem 
 sepultus est. Ossa conlata in urnam auream in ford, rpiod 
 
 25 aedificavit, sub colunnia posita sunt, cuius altitudd cxliv 
 pedes habet. Huius tantum memoriae delatum est ut 
 usque ad nostram aetatem ndn aliter in senatfi prlncii)ibus 
 acclametur, nisi ^ Felicidr Augustd,'*' melidr Traiand.' Aded 
 in ed gldria bonitatis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel 
 
 1 H. 542. I ; M. 289 ; A. & G. 208 ; G. 428 ; B. 8.38, 1, c. 
 
 2 H. 510, II ; M. 357 ; A. & G. 821 ; G. 541 ; B. 286, 1. 
 
 3 H. 417 ; M. 2.30. 1 ; A. «& G. 247 ; G. 308 ; B. 217, 1. 
 
76 EUTROFT BREVIARII 
 
 vere laudantibus occasiouem inagnificentissinii praestet 
 exempli. 
 
 Hadrian Emperor, 117-138 a.d. 
 
 6 Deffinctcj TnTifiuo Aelius Hadrianus creatus est prlii- 
 ceps, sine aliqiiii quideiu voluiitate Traiaiil, sed operam dante 
 
 5 Plotina, Traiani uxore ; nam eum Traianus, quamquam 
 fonsobrlnae suae f Ilium, vivus noluerat adoptare. Xatus 
 et ipse Italieae in Hispania. Qui Traiani gloriae invidens 
 statim provincias tres rellquit, quas Traianus addiderat, et 
 de Assyria, Mesopotamia, xVrmenia revocavit exereitus ac 
 
 10 finem imperii esse voluit Eupliraten. Idem de Daciafacere 
 conatum amlel deterruerunt, ne iimlti elves Romiinl barbarls 
 traderentur, propterea quia Traianus victa Dacia ex toto 
 orbe Romano Inflnltas eo eopias hominum transtulerat ad 
 agros et urbes colendas. Dacia enim diuturno bello Deci- 
 
 ir) ball virls fuerat exhausta. 
 
 7. Pacem tamen omiil imperil sul tempore habuit, semel 
 tantum i)er praesidem dimicavit. Orbem ROmanum cir- 
 cumiit; multa aedificavit. Faeundissimus Latino sermone, 
 (xraeco erudltissimus fuit. Non magnam clementiae gloriam 
 
 20 habuit, diligentissimus tamen circa aerarium et militum di- 
 scipllnam. Obiit in Campania maior sexagenario, imperii 
 anno vlcesimo primo, mense decimo, die vicesimo nono. 
 Senatus ei tribuere noluit divlnos honores, tamen cum suc- 
 cessor ipslus T. Aurelius Antoninus Fulvius hoc vehementer 
 
 2."> exigeret, etsi universi senatores palam resisterent, tandem 
 obtinuit. 
 
 Antouinns Ph(,s Emperor, 138-161 a.d. 
 
 8. Ersro Hadriano successit T. Antoninus Fulvius Roionius, 
 Idem etiam Pius nominatus, genere claro, sed non admodum 
 
 LlliKK \lll. 
 
 77 
 
 vetere, vir inslgnis et qui merito Numae Pompilio confera- 
 tur,^ ita ut Romulo Traianus aequetur. Vixit ingenti hone- 
 state prlvatus, maiore in imperio, nfilll acerbus, cunctis 
 benlgnus, in re mllitarl moderata gloria, deiendere magis 
 
 5 provincias (iuam amplificare studens, viros ae(pussimos ad 
 administrandam rem pilblicam quaerens, bonis honorem 
 habens, improb(3s sine aliqua acerbitate detestans, regibus 
 amicis venerabilis non minus quam terribilis, aden ut bar- 
 barorum pliirimae nationcs depositis armis ad eum contro- 
 
 10 versias suas lltescpie deferrent sententiaeque parcrent. Hic 
 ante imperium ditissimus opes quidein omnes suas stq)en- 
 dils militum et circa amicos llberfdltatibus mi unit, verum 
 aerarium opulentum leliquit. Pius propter cleinentiam 
 dictus est. Obiit apud Lorium. vlllam suam, mlliario ab 
 
 15 urbe duodecimo, vltae anno septuagesimo tertid, imperil 
 vlcesimo tertio, atque inter Divos relatus est et merito 
 consecratus. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Emperors, 161-169 a.d. 
 
 9. i 'ost hunc imperavit M. Antoninus Verus, hand dubie 
 nobilissimus, quippe cum eius orlgo paterna aNuma Pompi- 
 
 20 lio, materna a Sallentino rege penderet, et cum eo L. Annius 
 Antoninus Verus. Tumque primum R dm ana res publica 
 dudbus aequd iure imperium administrantibus paruit, cum 
 usque ad eds singulds semper habuisset Augustds. Hi et 
 genere inter se coniuncti fuerunt et adflnitate. Xam Verus 
 
 25 Annius Antdnlnus iM. Antdnlnl flliam in matrimdnium ha- 
 buit, U. autem Antdnlnus gener Antdnlnl Pii fuit per uxd- 
 rem Gal6riam Faustmam ifinidrem. cdnsdbrmam suam. 
 10 Hi bellum contra Parthds gesserunt, qui post victdriam 
 
 1 H. 503. I ; M. 383. 1 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. <{31. 1 ; B. 283, 1. 
 
'8 
 
 EUXnniM l.UEVIARII 
 
 LIBER Vill. 
 
 'O 
 
 
 Traiani turn primum rebellaverant. Verus Antoninus ad id 
 proiectus est. Qui Antioehlae et circa Armeniani agens multa 
 })er duces suos et ingentia patravit. Seleuclam, Assyriae 
 urbcHi ndbilissimam, cum quadringentis mllibus hominuni 
 
 5 ce[)it ; Partliicuni triuni})huni revexit. Cum fratre eodem- 
 que* socero triumphavit. Obiit tamen in Venetia, cum a 
 Concordia civitate Altlnum proficlsceretur et cum fratre 
 in vehiculo sederet, subito sanguine ictus, casii morbl quem 
 Graecl apoplexin vocant. Vir ingenil parum civllis, reve- 
 
 10 rentia tamen fratris nihil umcpuim atrox ausus. (kim obisset 
 undecimo imperil anno, inter deos relatus est. 
 
 3fa}rns AvreUtis reigns alone, 169-180 a.d. 
 
 11. Tost eum M. Antoninus solus rem publicam tenuit, vir 
 quem mirarl facilius quis quam laudare possit. A principio 
 vltae tranquillissimus, adeo ut ex Infantia quoque vultum 
 
 1."' uec ex gaudio nee ex maerore mutaverit. Philosophiae de- 
 (litus Stoicae, ipse etiam non solum vltae moribus, sed etiam 
 eruditione pliilosoplius. Tantae admirationis adhtic iuve- 
 nis ut eum successorem paraverit Hadrianus relinquere, 
 adoptatd tamen Antonino Pio generum el idcirco esse vo- 
 
 20 hierit. ut hoc drdine ad imperium pervenlret. 
 
 12. iustitutus est ad philosophiam per Apollonium - Chal- 
 cedonium, ad scientiam litterarum Graecarum per Sextum 
 Chaer(")nensem, IMutarchl nepotem, Latlnas autem eum lit- 
 teras Fronto, orator nobilissimus, docuit. Hic cum omnibus 
 
 1*5 Ronnie aequo iure egit, ad niillam Insolentiam elatus est 
 imperil fastlgio ; llberiilitatis promptissimae. Provincias in- 
 gentl benlgnitate et moderatione tractavit. Contra Germa- 
 
 li 451. 3 ; M. 446 ; A. &. G. 195, e ; G. 810 ; B. 248, 1. 
 ii 1! I N. 1 : M. 247, 3; A. & G. 24(5, b; G. 401 ; B. 14! 
 
 nos eo prIncipe res fellciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse uninii 
 gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nulla memoria fuit, 
 adeo ut Punicis conferatur. Nam eo^ gravius est factum, 
 quod universi exercitus RdmanI perierant. Sub hoc enim 
 5 tantus casus pestilentiae fuit ut post victoriam Persicam 
 Romae ac per Italiam provinciasque maxima hominum pars, 
 mllitum onmes fere copiae languore defecerint. 
 
 1 3 Ingentl ergo labore et moderatione, cum apud Carnun- 
 tum iugl triennid perseverasset, bellum :Marcomannicum cdn- 
 
 10 fecit, quod cum his QuadI, Vandall, Sarnnitae, SuevI atque 
 omnis barbaria commoverat, multa hominum milia inter- 
 fecit, ac Pannonils servitid lll)eratls Rdmae rfirsus cum 
 Commodd Antdnind, filid sud, quem iam Caesarem fecerat, 
 triumphavit. Ad huius belli sumptum cum aenirid ex- 
 
 15 haustd largltidnes nillhls haberet neque indicere prdvinciali- 
 bus aut senatui aliquid vellet, Instrumentum regil cultus 
 facta in ford Divl Traiani sectidne distraxit, vasa aurea, 
 pdcula crystallina et murrina, uxdriam ac suam sericam et 
 aureani vestem, multa drnamenta gemmarum. Ac per duds 
 
 20 continuds menses ea venditid habita est multumque aurl 
 redactum. Post victdriam tamen emptdribus pretia resti- 
 tuit, qui reddere comparata voluerunt ; molestus nulll fuit 
 qui maluit semel empta retinere. 
 
 14 Hic permisit virls claridi'ibus ut convlvia eddem cultu 
 25 quo ipse et ministrls similibus exhiberent. In editidne 
 
 munerum post victdriam aded magniticus fuit ut centum 
 simul lednes exhibuisse tradatur. Cuui igitur fortunatam 
 rem pilblicam et virtute et mansuetudine reddidisset, obiit 
 xviii imperil annd, vltae lxi, et omnibus certatim adniten- 
 30 tibus inter Divds relatus est. 
 
 1 H. 423 : M. 248 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 403 ; B. 223. 
 
80 
 
 EUTMOri iiUKVIARII 
 
 LIHKH VIII. 
 
 81 
 
 
 3 
 
 Commodus Emperor, 180-19iS a.d. 
 
 15 Huius successor L. Antoninus Commodus nihil pa- 
 ternum liabuit, nisi quod contra Gernianos fellciter et ipse 
 pugnavit. Septein])rem mensem ad nomen suuni transferre 
 conatus est, ut Commodus diceretur. Sed luxuria et obsce- 
 
 5 nitate depravatus .^dadiatorils arniTs saepissime in Ifido, 
 deinceps etiam in ampliitlieatro cum liuiusmodT hominibus 
 dlmicavit. 0])iit niorte subita atque adeo ut strangulatus 
 vel veneno interfectus putaretur, cum annis xii post patreni 
 et AMI mensibus imperiisset, tanta exsecratione omnium ut 
 10 hostis liumani generis etiam mortuus iudicaretur. 
 
 Pertinax Emperor, 193 a.j>. 
 
 16 lluic successit Pertinax, grandaevus iam et qui sep- 
 tuagenarian! attigisset aetatem, praefecturam urbl tum agens, 
 ex senatiis consultd imperare iussus. Octogesimo die im- 
 perii praetorianorum militum seditione et TfdianI scelere 
 
 !•'> occlsus est. 
 
 IT Tost eum Salvius Iidianus rem publicam invasit, vir 
 nobilis et iure perltissimus, nepos Salvl Ifdianl, qui sub 
 Divo Hadriano perpetuum composuit edictum. Victus est 
 fi Severo apud ^Fulvium pontem, interfectus in Palatio. 
 
 20 Vixit mensibus septem postquam coeperat imperare. 
 
 Septimius Severn s Emperor. 193-211 a.d. 
 
 18 I line imperii Romani administrationem Septimius 
 
 Severus accepit, oriundus ex Africa provincia Tripolitana, 
 
 oppido Leptl. Solus omul memoriii' et ante et postea ex 
 
 Africa imperator fuit. Hic primum fisci advocatus, mox 
 
 25 mllitaris tribunus, per multa deinde et varia oflRcia atque 
 
 ^ IS l-.f , M. 243, 2 ; A. «S^ G. 250 ; G. 393 ; B. 231. 
 
 honores usque ad administrationem totlus rel publicae venit. 
 Pertinaceni se appellarl voluit in honorem eius Pertinacis, 
 (pil a Iiiliano fuerat occlsus. Parens admodum fuit, natura 
 saevus. Pella multa et fellciter gessit. Pescenniuni Ni- 
 5 grum, qui in Aegypto et Syria rebellaverat, apud Cyzicum 
 interfecit. I'artlios vicit et Arabas interiores et Adiabenos. 
 Arabas eo uscpie superavit ut etiam provinciam ibi faceret. 
 Idcirco Partbicus, Arabicus, Adiabenicus dictus est. Multa 
 toto orbe Komano reparavit. Sub eo etiam Clodius Albinus, 
 10 qui in occidend(3 Pertinace socius fuerat Ifiliano,' Caesarem 
 se in Gallia fecit, victusque apud Lugdanum est interfectus. 
 19. Severus tamen i)raeter bellicam gloriam etiam civllibus 
 studils clarus fuit et litteris doctus, jdiilosopliiae scientiam 
 ad plenum adeptus. Novissiinum bellum in Britannia 
 15 habuit, utque receptils provincias omnI securitate munlret, 
 vallum per cxxxii passuum milia a marl ad mare deduxit. 
 Decessit EboracI admodum senex, imperii anno sexto 
 decimo, mense tertio. Divus appellatus est. Nam fllios 
 duos successores relnpiit, Bassianum et Getam, sed Pas- 
 20 siano Antoninl nomen a senatu voluit iniponl. Itaciue di- 
 ctus est :^1. Aurelius Antoninus liassianus patrniue successit. 
 Nam Geta hostis publicus iadicatus confestim periit. 
 
 CaracaUa Emperor, 211-217 a.d. 
 
 50 M. igitur Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, idemque Cara- 
 caUa, morum fere paternorum fuit. ])aul6 asi)erior et minax. 
 25 Opus Pomae egregium fecit lavacrl, (piae thermae Antonl- 
 nianae appellantur, nihil praeterea memorabile. Impatientis 
 libldinis, qui novercam siiam luliam uxoreni dfixerit. De- 
 functus est in ( )sdroena apud Edessam moliens adversum 
 
 1 H. 387 ; M. 212 ; A. & G. 231 ; G. 340 ; B. I'.H). 
 
 HA/.. KlTKOl'll !5 — 6 
 
82 EUTROPI BREVIARII 
 
 Parthos expedltionem anno imperil sexto, mense seeundo, 
 vix egressus quadragesiminn tertium annum. Funere pu- 
 blico elatus est. 
 
 3facrinus Emperor, 218 a.d. 
 
 21. Deinde Opilius Macrlnus, qui praefectus praetorio 
 o erat, cum filio Diadumeno facti imperatores niliil memo- 
 
 rabile ex temporis brevitate gesserunt. Nam imperium 
 eorum duum mensuum et unius anni fuit. Seditione mlli- 
 tarl ambo pariter occlsi sunt. 
 
 Ileliogabalns Emperor, 218-221 a.d. 
 
 22. Creatus est post lios M. Aurelius Antoninus. Hic 
 10 AntonInT (-aracallae filius putabatur, sacerdos autem Helio- 
 
 gaball tempi! erat. Is cum Romam ingenti et niTlitum et 
 senatus exs})ectatione venisset, probrTs se omnibus contami- 
 navit. Impudicissime et obscenissime vTxit, biennioque post 
 et octo mensibus tumultu interfectus est mllitari et cum eo 
 1.5 mater Symiasera. 
 
 Alexander Sever us Emperor, 221-235 a.d. 
 
 23 Successit huic Aurelius Alexander, ab exercitu Caesar, 
 a senatu Augustus nominatus, iuvenis admodum, susce- 
 ptoque adversus Persas bello Xerxen, eorum regem, gldrio- 
 sissime vicit. Mllitarem disciplTnam severissime rexit. 
 'JD Quasdam tumultuantes legiones integras exauctoravit. Ad- 
 sessorem habuit vel scrinii magistrum Ulpianum, ifiris con- 
 ditorem. Komae quoque favoral)ilis fuit. Periit in Gallia 
 mllitari tumultu tertio deciino imperii anno et die noiio. 
 in Mamaeam, matrem suam, iinice pius. 
 
 
 [.1I5ER IX. 
 
 83 
 
 iji;l'i: \ONUS 
 
 From the Accession of Maximus to the Abdication 
 
 OF Diocletian, 235-305 a.d. 
 
 Maximimis Emperor, 235-237 a.d. 
 1. Post Imnc Maximlnus ex corpore mllitari primus ad 
 imperium accessit sola militum voluntate, cum nfdla senatus 
 intercessisset auctoritas neque ipse senator esset. Is bello 
 adversus Germanos fellciter gesto cum a mllitibus impera- 
 5 tor esset appellatus, a Pupieno Aquileiae occlsus est dese- 
 rentibus eum mllitibus suls cum filio adhfic puero, cum quo 
 imperaverat triennio et panels diebus. 
 
 Autonius Gordkmus Emperor, 237-238 a.d. Gordianu. Ill 
 
 Emperor, 238-214 a.d. 
 2. Postea tres simul August! fuerunt, Pupienus, Balblnus, 
 
 ■ Gordianus, duo superiores obscurissinu-) genere, Gordianus 
 
 10 nobilis, quippe cuius pater, senior Gordianus, consensu 
 militum, cum proconsulfitum Africae gereret, Maximmo 
 imperante princeps fuisset electus. Itaque cum Pomam 
 venissent, Balblnus et Pupienus in Palatio interfect! sunt, 
 sol! ' Gordiano imperium reservatum. Gordianus admodum 
 
 15 puer cum Tranquilllnam Eomae duxisset uxorem, lanum 
 Geminum aperuit et ad Orientem profectus Parthls belium 
 intulit, qui iam moliebantur erumpere. Quod quidem fell- 
 citer gessit proelilsque ingentibus Persas adfllxit. Rediens 
 hand longe a Komanis flnil)us interfectus est fraude Pln- 
 
 20 lippl, qui post eum imperavit. Miles ei tuinulum vIcesimO 
 miliaria a Circesio, quod castrum nunc Komanorum est 
 Eupliratae inminens, aedificavit, exsequias Knmam revexit, 
 ipsum Divum appellavit. 
 
 1 H. 384, 4 ; M. 208 ; A. & G. 235, a ; G. 350. 1 ; B. 188. 1. 
 
84 
 
 ErTllOPI IJKEVrARlT 
 
 Philip Emperor, 244-249 a.d. 
 
 3 ['iiilippT duo, filiiis ac pater, Gordiano occiso imperiiim 
 iiivaseriiiit atque exercitfi ineoluinl rediicto ad Italiam ex 
 Syria profect! sunt. His imperantil)us millesimus annus 
 liomae urbis ingentT Ifidoruni apparatu spectaculorumque 
 5 celebratus est. Anil)o delude ab exercitfi interfecti sunt, 
 senior Pliilippus Veronae, Komae iunior. Annis qulnque 
 iniperaverunt; inter Divos tanien relati sunt. 
 
 Metini< Deri us Emperor, 249-251 a.j>. 
 
 4. Post hos J)e('ius e Panuouia Tuferidre I'udaliae natus 
 imperiuni sunipsit. Jkdluni civile, (piod in Gallia niotum 
 10 fuerat, oppressit. ImUuui suuni (/aesareni fecit. Ivoniae 
 lavacruni aediticavit. Cum imperassent biennio ipse et 
 filius, utercpie in liarbaiico interfecti sunt. Seni(u- meruit 
 inter Divds referrl. 
 
 Oallus Ilosfilifntus and Volnsifinus Emperors, 251-2;").'] a.d. 
 
 5 Ml )X imperatorcs creati sunt (iJallus llostllianus et Galll 
 15 filius Volusiilnus. Sul) his xVemilianus in Moesia res novas 
 mnlltus est; ad (piem opprimendum cum ambo profecti 
 essent, Interamnae interfecti sunt non completo biennio. 
 Xihil omnino claruni i^esserunt. Sola pestilentia* et morbis 
 atque aegritiidinibus notus edrum principatus fuit. 
 •JO 6. Aemilianns obscurissinu" natus obscurius imperavit ac 
 t(utid mense exstinctus est. 
 
 AemiUn)t}is Emperor, 253 a.d. VaJeriahtts Emperor, 
 
 25.3-2riO A.D. 
 
 7. Hinc Licinius Valerianus in Kaetia et Xdrico agens ab 
 exercitfi imperatdr et mox Augustus est factus. Gallienus 
 1 II. 410; M. 2.-,4 ; A. 0^: (i. i>4r, ; G. 40S : H. 2Ul 
 
 ]AVAA\ IX. 
 
 85 
 
 quoque Komae a senatu Caesar est appellatus. Horum iin- 
 perium Romano nomiiil pernicidsum et paene exitiabile fuit 
 vel infellcitcate principum vel ignfivia. Gcrmanl Ravennain 
 usque venerunt. Valerianus in Mesopotamia bellum gerens 
 .^ a Sapdre, Persarum rcge, superatus est, mox etiam captus 
 apud Parthds igndbill servitfite cdnsenuit. 
 
 Gallieiins Entpt^nn', 200-2(38 a.d. 
 
 b. Gallienus cum adulescens factus e*set Augustus, impe- 
 riuni primum fellciter, mox commode, ad ultimum pernicidse 
 gessit. Nam iuvenis^in Gallia et tllyricd multa streiiiie 
 
 10 fecit occlsd apud :\lursam Tngenud, qui purpuram sfimpse- 
 rat, et Trebelliand. Din placidus et (piietus, mox in omnem 
 lasclviam dissolfitus, tenendae vv\ pfd)licae liabcuas pro- 
 brdsa ignavia et despcratidne laxavit. Alamannl vastatls 
 Gallils in Italiam penetraverunt. Dacia, quae a Traiand 
 
 1.-, ultra Danuvium fuerat adiecta. tum amissa, Graecia, Mace- 
 donia, Pontus, Asia vastata est per Gotlids, Pannonia a 
 Sarmatis (}ua(lls(pie populata est, GermanI usque ad Hi- 
 spanias penetraverunt et clvitatem ndbilem Tarracdnem ex- 
 pfignaverunt. Parth! Mesopotamia occupata Syriam sibi 
 
 20 coeperaiit vindicare. 
 
 9. Tam desperatis rebus t^t dfdetd paene im])erid Rdmand 
 Postumus in Gallia, obscfirissime natus. i)urpuram sQmpsit 
 et per aniids decem ita imi)eravit iit cdnsumptas paene prd- 
 vincias ingenti virtfite et moderatidne reparaverit. Qui 
 
 o-i seditione mllitum interfectus est, (piod :\logontiacum clvita- 
 tem, quae adversus eum rebellaverat Laeliaiid res novas 
 mdliente, dlripiendani^ mllitibus tradere ndluisset. Post 
 eum Marius, vllissimus opifex, i)urpurani accepit et secundd 
 
 1 il. r)44, 2, N. 2 i M. 29:>, 2 ; A. it G. 294. (/; G. 4:iO ; B. 387. 7. />,2> 
 
86 
 
 EUTKOPl BKEVIAHII 
 
 die interfectiis est. Victorlnus postefi Galliarum accepit 
 iniperium, vir streimissimus, sed cum nimiae libldinis ' esset 
 et iiiatrimonia aliena corruinperet, Agripi)mae occisus est 
 actuari(3 (piodaiu doluin luacliinante, imperil sul anno 
 
 .") secundo. 
 
 10. 1 luie successit Tetricus senator, qui Aquitaniam honore 
 praesidls administrans absens a mllitibus imi)erator electus 
 est et apiid IJurdigalam purpuram sumpsit. Seditiones 
 multas militum pertulit. Sed dum liaec in Gallia geruntiir, 
 
 10 in Oriente per Odenathum l?ersae victl sunt. Defensa 
 Syria, recepta Mesopotamia usque ad Ctesiphontem Udeiul- 
 thus penetravit. 
 
 ChtHfh'us Emperor, 268-270 a.d. 
 
 11 1 ta Gallieno rem publieam deserente Romanum impe- 
 ^rium in Occidente per Postumum, per Odenathum in Oriente 
 
 15 servatum est. Gallienus interea MediolanI cum Yaleriano 
 fratre occisus est imperii anno nono, Claudiusque el suc- 
 cessit a mllitibus electus, a senatil appellatus Augustus. Hie 
 Gothos Illyricum ^Vlacedoniamque vastantes ingentl proelio 
 vicit. Parens vir ac modestus et ifistl- tenax ac rel pilblicae 
 
 20 gerendae idoneus, qui tamen intra imperil biennium morbo 
 interiit. Dlvus ap})ellatus est. Senatus eum ingentl honore 
 decoravit, scilicet ut in curia clipeus ipsi aureus, item in 
 Capitolio statua aurea poneretur. 
 
 QntntiUus Emperor, 270 a.d. 
 
 12. Quintillus post eum, ClaudT frater, consensu mTlitum 
 25 imperator electus est, unicae moderationis ^ vir et civllitatis, 
 
 1 H. 396, V ; M. 222 ; A. & G. 21o ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 1. 
 
 2 H. 399, II ; M. 226. 1 ; A. & G. 218, b ; G. 375 ; B. 204, 1. 
 
 TIP! 
 
 IX. 
 
 87 
 
 aequandus f ratri vel praeponendus. Consensu senatus appel- 
 latus Augustus septimo decimo die imperii occisus est. 
 
 AnreUan Emperor, 270-27^ a.d. 
 
 13. Post eum Aureliauus suscepit iniperium, Dacia RipensI 
 onundus, vir in bello potens, animi tamen immodici et ad 
 
 5 criidelitatem propensioris. Is (luociue Gothos strenuissime 
 vIcit. Romanam dicionem ad fines i)rIstinos varia bellorum 
 felicitate revocavit. Superavit in Gallia Tetricum apud 
 Catalaunos ipso Tetrico prodente exercitum suum, ciiius 
 adsiduas seditiones ferre non poterat. Quin etiam per lit- 
 
 10 teras occultas Aurelianum ita fuerat deprecatus ut inter 
 alia versa 1 Vergiliano uteretiir: ' Kripe me his, invicte, 
 malls.' Zenobiam quoque, (luae occiso Odenatho marlto 
 Orientem tenebat, hand longe ab Antiochia sine gravl 
 proelio cepit, ingressuscpie Rdmam nobilem triumphum 
 
 15 quasi receptor Orientis Occidentisciue egit praecedentibus 
 currum Tetrico et Zenobia. Qui .piidein Tetricus corrector 
 Lucaniae postea fuit ac privatus diutissime vixil ; Zenobia 
 autem posteros, (pil adhuc manent, Romae rellquit. 
 
 14. Hoc imperante etiam in urbe monetaril rebellaverunt 
 
 20 vitiatis pecunils et Fellcissimo rationall iuterfecto. Quos 
 Aureliauus victos ultima crudelitate comi)escuit. Plurimos 
 nobiles capite - damnavit. Saevus et sanguinfirius ac neces- 
 sarius magis in quibusdam (piam in fillo anulbilis imperator. 
 Trux omnI tempore, etiam fllil sororis interfector, discipllnae 
 
 25 tamen mllitaris et moruin dissolutorum magna ex parte cor- 
 rector. 
 
 15 Urbem Romam muris firmioribus cinxit. Templum 
 
 1 H 4-n I • M. 253 ; A. & G. 249 ; G. 407 ; B. 218, 1. 
 
 2 H. 410, III ; M. 251 ; A. & G. 220, 6,1 ; G. 404 ; B. 208. 2, h. 
 
i 
 
 88 
 
 EUTROPI P.KKVIAKII 
 
 Soli aedificavit, in (luo IiifliiTtuiu aiiri geiiimaruinque consti- 
 tiiit. Provinciaiii Daciain, (juaiii Traianus ultra Daimvium 
 fecerat, inteniiTsit, vastato oiiniT Tllyrico et Moesia despe- 
 rans eain posse retiuerl. al)dii('tr)sqiu' Kdmaiios ex urbibiis et 
 r» agi'Ts Daciae in media Moesia conloeavit ai>pellavitque eani 
 Daciani, ([iiae nunc duas ^loesias dlvTdit et est in dextrH 
 Danuvio in mare tluentl, cum antea fuerit in laeva. Occldi- 
 tnr servl suT fraude, <piT ad (piosdam mllitares viros, amlcos 
 i|)sTus, noniina })«Mtnlit adnotata falso manum eius imitatus. 
 10 tannpiam Auvclianus ipsos prirai-et occidere ; itaque ut prae- 
 venTretur, ah Tsdem interfectus est in itineris medio, quod 
 inter Constantlnopolim et JlfTacleam est stratae veteris: 
 locus Caenophi-firium a[)pellatur. ^^o^s tamen eius inultn 
 ndn fuit. Meruit (juofine inter Divos referrl. 
 
 T<i<-iftis fjinjieror, 'JTo-JJV) a.d. 
 
 1") 16. Tacitus post hunc suscepit imperium, vir egregie mora^ 
 tus et rel pfiblicae gerendae idoneus. Nihil tamen clarum 
 potidt ostendere intra sextum mensem imperil morte prae- 
 ventus. Fldrianus, qui Tacito successerat, duobus mensibus 
 et diebus xx in imperio fuit neque quicquam dignum me- 
 
 20 moria egit. 
 
 Prohus Emperor^ 276-282 a.d. 
 
 17 Tost hunc Probus, vir iidustris gloria militarl, ad 
 administrationem rei pfiblicae accessit. Ciallias a barbarls 
 occupatris ingentl proelidrum felicitate restituit. Quosdam 
 imperium usurpare conatds, scilicet Saturninum in Oriente, 
 25 Proculum et Bonosum Agripplnae, certfiminibus oppressit. 
 Vineas (rallos et l^aiinoniOs habere permTsit, opere militarl 
 Almam montem a[)ud Sirnnum et Aureum apud Moesiam 
 superiorem vineis conseruit et prdvincialibus colendos dedit. 
 
 LIBER IX. 
 
 89 
 
 Hie cum bella innumera gessisset, [uice parata dixit brevi 
 mllites necessarids ndn futurds. Vir acer, strenuus, iustus 
 et qui Aurelianum aequaret gloria militarl, moruni autem 
 civllitate superaret. Interfectus tamen est SirmI tumultu 
 5 militarl in turrl ferrata. 
 
 Cams Enippyor, 2.S2-28o a.d. Curns ami Nnmerianm 
 
 Emperors, 283-284 a.i>. 
 
 18. Post hunc Cams est factus Augustus, Xarbdne natus 
 in Gallia. Is cdnfestim (/arlnuni et Xumerianum fllids Cae- 
 sares fecit. Sed duni bcllum adversus Sarmatas gerit, nun- 
 tiatd Persarum tumultu ad Orient em profectus res contra 
 
 10 Persas ndbiles gessit. Ipsds proelio fudit, CdcluMi et Cte- 
 siphdntem, urbes ndbilissimas, cepit. Et cum castra supra 
 Tigridem haberet, vl divini fulminis periit. Xumerianus 
 quoque, fllius eius, quem secum Caesarem ad Persas duxe- 
 rat, adulescens egregiae indolis, cum oculdrum doldre corre- 
 
 15 ptus in lectlcula veheretur, impulsdre Aprd, qui socer eius 
 erat, per insidias occlsus est. Et cum dold occultaretur 
 ipsius mors, quoiisque Aper invadere posset imperium, fetdre 
 cadaveris prddita est. >rilites enim, qui eum sequebantur, 
 putdre commdtl deductis lectlculae pallils post aliquot dies 
 
 20 mortem eius ndtam habere i)Otuerunt. 
 
 Diocletian Emperor. 284-305 a.d. 
 
 19 I ntereil Carlnus, quem Caesarem ad Parthds proficiscens 
 
 Cams in Illyricd, (iallia, Italia rellquerat, omnibus se scele- 
 
 ribus inquinavit. Plurimds innoxids fictls criminibus occl- 
 
 dit, matrimdnia ndbilia corrupit, condiscipulls ' (pioque, qui 
 
 2.5 eum in auditdrid vel levl fatlgatidne taxaverant, pernicidsus 
 
 1 U. 391, I ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234. a ; G. 3o9 ; B. 102, 1. 
 
90 
 
 EU'll'f PI BREVfARII 
 
 fuit. Ob quae omnibus homiuibus invlsus non multo post 
 poenas dedit. Nam de Perside victor exercitus rediens, 
 fum Carum Augustum fulmine, Numeriaiium Caesarem lu- 
 sidiis perdidisset, Diocletianum imperatorem creavit, Dal- 
 5 matia oriundum, virum obscurissime natum, adeo ut a 
 plerlsque scribae fllius, a nouiiidlis Anullml senatoris llber- 
 tlnus fuisse credatur. 
 
 20 Is prima mllitum contione iuravit Xumerianum nfdlo 
 suo dolo interfeetum, et cum iiixtii eum Aper, qui Xumeriaiio 
 
 10 lusidias fecerat, constitisset, in conspectu exercitus manu 
 DiocletianI percussus est. Postea Carinum omnium odio et 
 detestatione viventem apud Margum ingenti proelio vTcit, 
 proditum ab exercitu suo, (]uem fortiorem habebat, aut certe 
 desertum, inter Yimiiiacium atque Aureum niontem. Ita 
 
 15 rerum ^ Komanarum potitus cum tumultum rusticani in 
 Gallia concitassent et factioni suae Bacaudarum nOmen 
 imponerent, duces autem haberent Amandum et Aelianum, 
 ad subigendos eos Maximianum Herculium Caesarem mi- 
 sit, qui levibus proelils agrestes domuit et pacem Galliae 
 
 20 reform a vit. 
 
 21 Per haec tempora etiam Carausius qui vllissime natus 
 strenuae inllitiae ordine famam egregiam fuerat consecu- 
 tus, oum apud Bononiam per tractum Belgicae et ArmoricI 
 pacandum mare accPpisset, quod P^ranci et Saxones Infesta- 
 
 25 bant. Multls barbaris saepe captis nee praeda integrfi aut 
 provincialibus reddita aut imperatoribus missa cum sus})i- 
 cio esse coepisset consulto ab eo admitti barbaros, ut transe- 
 untes cum praeda exciperet atque hac se occasione ditaret, 
 a Maximiano iussus occldl purpuram sumpsit et Britannias 
 
 30 occupavit. 
 
 1 H. 410, V. 3 ; M. 231 ; A. & G. 223, a ; G. 407. n. 2, (d) ; B. 212, 2. 
 
 M!u-:n IX 
 
 91 
 
 Diocletian makes Maximianus Hermlins Augustus, Con- 
 stantius and Maxim ianus Caesars. 
 
 22. Ita cum per omnem orbem terrarum res turbatae es- 
 sent, Carausius in Britannils rebellaret, Acliilleus in Aegypto, 
 African! QuInquegentianI Infestarent, Narseus Orient i 
 bellum Inferret, Diocletialius Maximianum Herculium ex 
 
 5 Caesare fecit xVugustum, Constantium et Maximianum 
 Caesares, quorum Constantius per flliam nepos Claud! tra- 
 ditur, Maximianus Galerius in Dacia baud longe a Serdica 
 natus. Atipie ut eos etiam adflnitate coniungeret, Con- 
 stantius privignam Herculi Theodoram accepit, ox (jua 
 
 10 postea sex liberos, Constantlni fratres, liabuit, (ialerius 
 flliam Diocletian! Valeriam, ambo uxores quas habuerant 
 repudiare compulsl. Cum Carausio tamen, cum ])ella fru- 
 stra temptata essent contra virum re!^ mllitaris perltissi- 
 mum, ad postremum pax convenit. Eum post septennium 
 
 \n AUectus, socius eius, occldit, atque ipse post eum liritannias 
 triennio tenuit. Qui ductu AsclepiodotI, praefecti praetorio, 
 oppressus est. Ita Britanniae decimo anno receptae. 
 
 23 Per idem tempus a Constantio Caesare in Gallia bene 
 pugnatum est. Circa Lingonas die una adversam et secun- 
 
 20 dam fortiinam expertus est. Nam cum rei)ente barbaris in- 
 gruentibus intra civitatem esset coactus tarn praecipiti neces- 
 sitate ut clausls i)ort!s in murum funibus tolleretur, vix 
 quinque horls medils adventante exercitu sexaginta fere 
 milia Alamannorum cecldit. Maximianus quocpie Augustus 
 
 2.-, bellum in Africa profligavit domitis Quincpiegentianis et 
 ad pacem redactls. Diocletianus obsessum Alexandria^ 
 Achilleum octavo fere mense superavit eumque interfecit. 
 Victoria acerbe usus est; totam Aegyptum gravibus pro- 
 
 1 H. 399, 2 ; M. 226, 1 ; A. & G. 218, a ; G. 374 ; B. 204. 1. 
 
1 
 
 
 EUTROPI HKEV^IARII 
 
 scrlptionibus caedibusque fuedavit. Ea tamen occasione 
 ordiiiavit provide multa et disposuit, quae ad nostram aeta- 
 teni inanent. 
 
 24. Giilerius ^raxiiniaiiiis ])rnniiiii adversus Narseiiin proe- 
 5 liuin msecun<luin habiiit inter Callinlciim Carrasque con- 
 
 i,n'essus, cum iiieousulte magis <iuaiii iguave dhiiieasset ; 
 adnioduni enini parva nianu cum copiosissimo hoste com- 
 laTsit. 
 
 25. Pulsus igitur et ad Diocletianuni profeetus cum el 
 10 in itinere occurrisset, tanta Tnsolentia a Diocletiano fertur 
 
 exceptus ut per aliquot passuum milia purpuratus tradatur 
 ad veliiculum cucurrisse ; mox tamen per Illyricum Moesi- 
 amque contractis co[)iIs rursus cum Xarseo, llormisdae et 
 Sa])oris avo, in Armenia ^Nlfiiorc pugnavit successu ingentl 
 
 IT) nee miuurt' consilio, simul fortitildine, ({uippe (]ul etiam 
 speculatoris munus cum altero aut tertio ecpiite susceperit.' 
 Pulso Narseo castra eius dlri[)uit ; uxores, sorores, iTberos 
 eepit, TnflnTtam extrlnsecus rersarum noV)ilitatem. gazam 
 Persicam copiosissinuim. Ipsum in idtimas regnl solitudines 
 
 20 egit. Quare a Diocletifinn in >resopot;imia cum praesidiTs 
 tum morante ovans regressus ingenti honore susceptus est. 
 Yaria deinceps et simul et virltim bella gesserunt Carpis et 
 Basternls subactTs, SarnmtTs victTs. (piarum nationum in- 
 gentes captlvorum cojuas in KomanTs flnibus locavr'runt. 
 
 JJioclefidit iihdicatcs. oOr) a.d. 
 
 25 26 Diocletianus moratns callide fnit, sagax praeterea et 
 admodum subtTlis ingenii, et (pii severitatem suam aliena 
 invidia vellet explere. Dlligentissimus tamen et soller- 
 tissimus ])rTnceps et (piT imperio Ivomand ]>rTmns regiae 
 
 • II. ".IT, 3. 1) ; M. :58-J. 2 n. ; A. & (i. ;)•_>(>. <• ; (J. ('.33 ; R. 283, 3. 
 
 LIBKIi IX. 
 
 98 
 
 consuetudinis formam magis quam Komanae llbertatis in- 
 vexerit^ adorarique se iusserit/ cum ante eum cuncti salu- 
 tarentur. Ornamenta gemmarum vestibus calciamentis(pie 
 indidit. Nam prius imperil InsTgne in chlamyde purpurea 
 
 5 tantum erat, reli(pia commfinia. 
 
 27 Hereulius autem j)ropalam ferus et inclvllis ingenii, 
 asperitatem suam etiam vultus horrdre significans. Hlc 
 natrirae suae indulgens Diocletiand in omnibus est severio- 
 ribus cdnsilils obsecutus. Cum tamen ingravescente aevo 
 
 10 parum se idoneum Diocletifmus moderandd imperio esse 
 sentiret, auctor Herculid fuit ut in vltam privatam con- 
 cederent et stationem tuendae rei pfddicae viridioribus 
 iunioribnsque mandarent. Cui aegre conlega obtempera- 
 vit. Tamen uteripie find din i^rlvatd habitu imperii insTgne 
 
 M mutavit, Xicomediae Diocletianus, Hereulius MedidlanI, 
 post triumi>lium inclutum. (puun Kdmae ex numerdsTs 
 gentibus egerant, pompa ferculdrnm inlustrl. (jua Narsei 
 coniuges sordres(pie et iTberl ante eurrum duct! sunt. ( Vm- 
 cesserunt tamen Saldnas unns, alter m Lucaniam. 
 
 20 28. Diocletianus privatns in villa, (piae baud j.rocul a 
 Saldnis est, praeelard dtid cdnsennit. inusitata virtute usus. 
 ut sdlus omnium post conditum Rdnu'inum imperium ex 
 tantd fastigid sponte ad i)rivatae vitae .statum civilitatemque 
 remearet. CNrntigit igitur ei. <piod nfdli iK)st natds homines. 
 
 2.". ut cum privatns obisset,- inter Divds tamen referretur. 
 
 1 II. r,03, I ; M. 383, I ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 031, 2 ; R. 2^3, 2. 
 
 2 H. -M'). TTI : M. 378. (» : A. & (i. 313. <1 : G. -.ST : R. ::oi>. 3. 
 
94 
 
 EUTROPI BREVIARII 
 
 LIBER DECIMUS 
 
 From the Abdication of Diocletiax to the Death 
 
 OF Jo VI AX, 305-364 A.i). 
 
 Constantius I and Galerius Emperors, 305-306 a.d. 
 
 1. ills igitur abeimtibus administratione rei publicae Cuii- 
 stantius et Galerius AugustI ereatl sunt cllvlsusque inter 
 eos ita Konianus orbis, ut Galliani, Italiam, Afiicani Con- 
 stantius, Illyricuni, Asiani, Orientem Galerius obtineret, 
 
 5 srunptTs duobus Caesaribus. Constantius tanien contentus 
 dlguitate^ AugustI Italiae atque Africae administrandae 
 sollieitfidinem recusavit, vir egregius et praestantissiniae 
 clvllitatis, dlvitils provincialiuni ac prlvatorum studens, 
 liscl commoda non admodum adfectans, dicensque melius 
 
 10 publieas opes a prlvatis liaberl quam intra iinum claustruiu 
 reservan, adeo auteni cultus modici ut festis diebus, si 
 anilcls nuinerosioribus esset epulanduni, prlvatorum el 
 argento ostiatim petitij triclinia sternerentur. llic non 
 modo amabilis, sed etiam venerabilis Gallls fuit, praecipue 
 
 15 quod DiocletianI suspectam prudentiam et MaximianI san- 
 guinariam temeritatem imperio eius evaserant. Obiit in 
 Britannia EboracI principatus anno tertio decimo atque 
 inter Divos relatus est. 
 
 Constcmtine Emperor, 306-307 a.d. 
 
 2 Galerius, vir et probe moratus et egregius re militarl. 
 
 20 cum Italian! quoque sinente Constantio administrationi 
 
 suae accessisse sentlret, Caesares duos creavit, ^raximlnum, 
 
 quern OrientI praefecit, et Severum, cul Italiam dedit. Ipse 
 
 1 II. 4J1, lii, M. -17. N. 1; A. & G. 254, ?>, 2 ; G. 401,n.«>; B. 219, 1. 
 
 LIBEH \'. 
 
 '.^o 
 
 in Illyrico moratus est. Veruin Constantio mortuo Con- 
 stantlnus, ex obscuriore matrimonio eius fllius, in Britannia 
 creatus est imperator et in locum patris exoptatissimus 
 moderator accessit. Romae interea praetoriani exelto tu- 
 :> multu :Maxentium, Hercull fllium, qui baud i)rocul ab urbe 
 in villa piiblica morabfitur, Augustum nfincupaverunt. Quo 
 nuntio Maximianus Herculius ad spem adiectus resumendi 
 fastlgil quod invltus ilmlserat, Romani advolavit e Luoania, 
 quam sedem prlvfitus elegerat in agrls amoenissimis con- 
 ic senescens, Dioclctianumque etiam i)er litteras adhortatus 
 est ut dcpositam resumeret potestatem, quas ille inrlsas 
 liabuit. Sed adversum motum praetdrianorum atque ^la- 
 xeutl Severus Caesar Roniam missus a Galerid cum exercitu 
 vcuit obsidt'nsque urbem mllitum sudrum scelere desertus 
 1.-) est. Aiictae .MaxentI opes confiriiifituuHpie imperiuin. Se- 
 verus fugiens Ravenuae interfectus est. 
 
 3. Herculius tanien ^raximianus post haec in contidiie 
 
 exercitus fllium ]Vraxentium nudare conatus seditidnem et 
 
 convlcia mllitum tulit. Indo ad Gallias profectus est dold 
 
 20 compositd. tamquam a filid esset expulsus,' ut Cdnstantind 
 
 generd iungeretur, mdliens tamen Cdiistantlnum reperta 
 
 occasidne interficere, qui in Gallils et mllitum ot prdvin- 
 
 cialium ingenti iam favdre regnabat caesis Francis atque 
 
 Alamannls captls<]ue edrum regii)us, quds etiam bostils, 
 
 25 cum magnificum spectaculum muneris parasset, obiecit. 
 
 Dctcctls igitur Insidils per Faustam flliani, quae dolum 
 
 vird nuntiaverat, profugit Herculius ]SIassiliaequc oppressus 
 
 (ex ea euim navigare ad fllium itraeparabat) poenas dedit 
 
 iustissimd exitfi, vir ad omnem acerbitatem saevitiamque 
 
 30 prdcllvis. Infldus, incommodus, clvllitatis penitus expers. 
 
 1 H. 513, II ; M. 375 ; A. & G. 312 ; G. 002 ; B. 307, 1. 
 
t>6 
 
 EniJOPl BKKVIARII 
 
 LiciniHs Emperor, 307-324 a.d. 
 
 4 ]*er lioc teinpiis a (ialerio Licinius imperator est f actus, 
 Dacia oriuudiis, iiutus vl aiitiqiia cOiisuetiuline et in bello, 
 (luod adversus Xarseuni gesserat, streiiuis laboribus et offi- 
 cils acceptiis. Mors (ialeri confestini secfita. Ita res 
 
 5 pQbliea tiiiii a novis (piattuor iiuperatOribus tenebatur, Cdn- 
 stantliio et MaxeiitiO, fllils Augustorinn, Lieinio et :\Iaxi- 
 iiiIiiO, novis hominibus. Qulntotamen Constantlnus imperil 
 suT anno beUum adversnm ]\Iaxentinni civile conimovit, 
 copias eius innltis i)roeliTs fudit, ipsnm postremo Koniae 
 
 10 adversuni nobiles omnibus exitils saevientem a pud pontem 
 Mulvium vTcit Italiacpie est potltus. Xon multo^ deinceps 
 in Oriente (pioque adversum Licinium Maximlnus res novas 
 molitus vTcInum exitium fortulta ai)ud Tarsum morte prae- 
 
 veiiit. 
 
 Co)is(a)ttiiie the Great sole R filer, 324-337 a.d. 
 
 ID 5 ( Constantlnus tamen, vir ingens et omnia efficere nitens 
 (piae aninio praeparasset,- simul principatum totius orbis 
 adfectans, Lieinio belhim intulit, quamquam necessitudo 
 et adflnitas cum eo esset ; nam soror Constantia nupta 
 Lieinio erat. Ac primo eum in Fannonia Secunda ingenti 
 
 20 apparatu belhim apud Cibalas instruentem repentlnns op- 
 pressit omnlque Dardania, ]\Ioesia, ^Macedonia potTtus nn- 
 merosas provineias occupavit. 
 
 6 Varia deinceps inter eos bella gesta, et pax reconcilifila 
 rupta(pie est. Postremo Licinius navall et terrestri proelio 
 
 2.-, victus apud Nicomediam se dedidit et contra religionem 
 sacrament! Thessalonlcae i)rivatus occisus est. Eo tempore 
 res Kdmana sub uno Augusto et tribus Caesaribus, quod 
 
 1 II. 4-2:) ; M. 248 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 403 ; B. 223. 
 
 2 II. 235 ; M. 100, 1 ; A. & G. 128, «, 1 ; G. 131, 1 ; B. 116, 1. 
 
 Lir.Kl; \. 
 
 numquam alias, fuit, cum liber! Constantin! Galliae, Orient! 
 Italiaeque praeessent. Verum insolentia rerum secundarnm 
 aliquantum Constantinus ex ilia favdrabili animi docilitate 
 mutavit. Frimum necessitudines persecutus egregium 
 5 virum filium et sororis filium. commodae indolis iuvenem, 
 interfecit, mox uxorem, post numerosos aiuicos. 
 
 7 Vir primo imperii tempore optimis principibus, ultimo 
 medils comparandus. Innumerae in eo animi corporiscpie 
 virtutes claruerunt. Militaris gloriae appetentissimus, for- 
 10 tuna in bellis prospera fait, verum ita ut non superaret 
 industriam. Nam etiam Gothos post civile bellum vane 
 profllgavit pace bis ad postremum data, mgentemque apud 
 barbaras gentes memoriae gratium conlocavit. Civilibus 
 artibus et studils liberalibus deditus, adfectator iust! amoris, 
 15 quem ab omnibus sibi et iTberalitate et docilitate (piaesivit, 
 sicut m ndnnfdlos amicds dubius, ita in reliquos egregius, 
 nihil occasionum praetermittens, (pio opulentiores eos cla- 
 
 rioresque ju'aestaret. 
 
 8. Multas leges rogavit. (piasdam ex bono et aequo, ple- 
 
 20 rascpie supertiuas. ndnnrdlas severas, primuscpie urbem ndmi- 
 nis sui ad tantum fastlgium evehere molitus est. ut Romae 
 aemulam faceret. Helium adversus Varthds mdliens, (pu 
 iam Mesopotamiam fatigfibant, uno et trlcesimd annd im- 
 perii, aetatis sexto et sexagesimd. Nicomediae in villa 
 
 2.^ publica obiit. Denuntiata mors eius est etiam i»er crinitam 
 stellam, quae inusitatae magnitudinis aliquamdiu tulsit ; 
 earn Graeci cometen vocant. Atque inter Divds meruit 
 referri. 
 
 The Sons of Constantine ride, 337-360 a.d. 
 9 Is successdres filids tres relTquit atque unum fratris 
 filium. Verum Dalmatius Caesar prdsperrima indole neque 
 
 30 
 
 HAZ. EITROPIUS i 
 
0« 
 
 EUTROI'I lUIKVIARII 
 
 patnio jibsiniilis hand inultf) post oppressus est factione 
 iiiTlitrirl et Coiistantid, patruelT suo, siiieiite potius rpiaiu 
 iubeiite. Constantlimm porro belluni friitrl iiiferentem et 
 apiid A(piilrMain iiu'oiisiiltius proeliuni aggressum Coiistaii- 
 
 5 tis (luces iiiteivnienmt. Ita res [)ubli('a ad duos Augustos 
 ledacta. Constantis imperiuui strenuuin alicpianidifi et 
 iustuui luit. Mox cum et valetudiue im})r6spera et amiels 
 priividribus uteretur, ad gravia vitia conversus, euui intole- 
 rflbibs })i-6vineialibus, unlit! iuiu(Mui(bis esset, factioue Ma- 
 
 h) gueuti occTsus est. Obiit luuul louge ab Hispauils iu castrd, 
 cul Heleuae' uduien est, auud imperil septiuid deciiud, aeta- 
 tis trleesiuu"), rr'l)us tauieu pluriuils streuue iu uillitifi gestis 
 exereituupie per ouiue vltae teuipus siue gravi crudelitate 
 terril)ilis. 
 
 15 10 Diversa CoustautI fortuua fuit. A Persls euim uiulta 
 et gravia jierpessus saepe eaptis oppidTs, obsessTs urloibus, 
 caesTs exercitibus, ufdluuKpie ei coutra Saporem prosperum 
 proeliuui fuit, uisi quod apud Siugara baud dubiam victo- 
 riam ferdcia luilituui auilsit, qui i)uguaui seditidse et stolide 
 
 20 coutra ratidueui belli die iaui praecipiti poposceruut. Tost 
 Cdustautis neceui Magneutid Italiam, Africam, Gallias obti- 
 neute etiani lllyricum res novas habuit, Vetrauidue ad iui- 
 perium cduseusu uiilitum electd. Queui graudaevum iam 
 et cunctls auiabileiu diuturuitate et felicitate uillitiae ad 
 
 L'o tuendum lllyricum priucipem creaveruut, viruui ])robum et 
 mdrum veterum ac iucuudae civllitatis, sed oniniiuu llbera- 
 lium artiuui expertem aded ut ne elemeuta quidem prnua 
 litterarum nisi graudaevus et iani imperatdr acceperit. 
 
 11. Sed a Cdustantid, qui ad ultidnem fraternae necis bel- 
 
 30 luni civile commdverat, abrogatum est Yetranidni imperium ; 
 
 1 H. 387, N. 1 ; M. 212, n. 2 ; A. & G. 2:M, h ; G. 349, r. 5 ; B. UK), 1. 
 
 LTBEll X. 
 
 99 
 
 novo inusitatdque mdre consensu mllitum deponere insigne 
 compulsus. Rduiae quo(pie tumultus fuit Nepotiand, Cdn- 
 stantlnl sordris fllid, per gladiatdriam manum imperium 
 vlndicante, qui saevis exdrdils ' dlgnuni exitum nactus est. 
 r, Vlcesinid enim at(iue octavd did a Maguentiauls ducibus 
 oppressus poenas dedit. Caput eius pild per urbem circum- 
 latuni est, gravissimae(pie prdscrlptidnes et ndbilium caedes 
 
 fuerunt. 
 
 12. Xdu multd post :\lagnentius apud Mursam prdtllgatus 
 10 acie est ac paene captus. Ingentes RduKUiI imperil vires ea 
 dimicatidue cdusumptae sunt, ad (puaelibet bella externa 
 iddneae, quae multum triumpbdrum possent'-^ securitatisque 
 cdnferre. OrientI mox a Cdustantid Caesar est datus patrul 
 fllius Gallus, .Magnentius(iue diversis proelils victus vim 
 15 vltae suae apud Lugduuum attulit imperil annd tertu. 
 meiise septimd, frater (pioque eius Decentius Senonibus, 
 (piem ad tuendas (lallias Caesarem miserat. 
 
 13 Per baec tempora etiam a (\mstantid multls inclvlh- 
 bns gestis Gallus C^aesar occlsus est, vir natura ferus et ad 
 oo tyrnmnidem ].rdni(.r, si sud iure imperare licuisset.^ Silva- 
 nus quo.pie in Gallia res novas mdlltus ante diem trlcesi- 
 nium exstlnctus est, sdluscpie imperu) Kdmand ed tempore 
 Cdnstantius princeps et Augustus fuit. 
 
 U Mox Ifilianum Caesarem ad Gallias misit, patruelem 
 or, suum, Gain fratrem, tradita el in luatrimduium sordre, 
 .urn niulta oppida barbarl expugnassent, alia obsiderent, 
 ubicpie foeda vastitas esset rvdmanumqne imperium nou 
 dubia iam calamitate uutaret. A cpid modicis cdpils apud 
 Argentoratum, (ialliae urbem, ingentes Alamanndrum copiae 
 
 1 H 4>1 III • M. ^38. 2 ; A. & G. 245, a, 1 ; G. 307, n. 2 ; B. 22G, 2. 
 Ml'03'n!2;M.383,l;A.&G.32U;(;.O31.2;H.282.3. 
 
 3 II. :>1U ; M. 3U(; ; A. & (i. 3U8 ; (J. .V.»7 ; B. 304. 1. 
 
100 
 
 EUTROPI RREVIARII 
 
 exstlnctae sunt, rex nobilissimus captiis, Galliae restitutae. 
 Multa postea per eimdem Iiilianum egregie adversum bar- 
 bai'os gesta sunt siimmotlque ultra Khenum GermanI et 
 fliiibus suTs Romanum imperium restitutum. 
 
 Julian Emperor^ 860-363 a.d. 
 
 15. Neque multo post, cum Gei'manicirun exercitus a Gallia- 
 I'uin praesidio toUerentur, consensfi inilitum liilianus factus 
 Augustus est, interiectoque anno ad lllyricum obtinendum 
 profectus Constautio rartliicis proelils oecupato. (^lT rebus 
 cognitis ad belluni civile conversus in itinere obiit inter 
 10 Ciliciani Cappadocianique anno imperil octavo et trlcesimo, 
 aetatis quinto et quadragesimo, meruitque inter Divds re- 
 ferrl, vir egregiae tranquillitatis, placidus, nimiuin amIcTs ^ 
 et familiaribus credens. mox etiam uxoribus deditior, (pii 
 tamen prlmls imperii annTs ingenti s6 modestia egerit, fami- 
 ly liarium etiam loeupletator neque inhonores sinens, quorum 
 laboriosa expertus fuisset officia, ad severitatem tamen pro- 
 pensior, sT suspTcio imperii moveretui*. mitis alias, et cuius 
 in civTlibus magis quam in externis bellls sit laudanda 
 fortfina. 
 
 Efftropiifs tal'es part in thp Parthian Expedition, 363 a.d. 
 
 20 16 Ifinc lulianus reruin potltus est ingentlque api)arritu 
 Parthis intulit bellum, cul expeditioni ego (pioque interfui. 
 Ali<piot ojipida et castella Persarum in deditionem accepit 
 vel vT expugnavit xVssyriamque populatus castra apud 
 ('tesiphontpiH statTva alicpiamdiu liabuit. Remeansque 
 
 25 victor, dum se inconsultius proelils Tnserit, hostllT manu 
 interfectus est vr Kal. Tul., imperil anno septimo. aetatis 
 
 1 H. 385, II M. 20.-) ; A. & G. 227 ; G. 84(5 ; B. 187. II, a. 
 
 r.iiu-.K X. 
 
 101 
 
 altero et trlcesimo atque inter Dlvos relatus est, vir ggregius 
 et rem publicam Tnslgniter moderaturus, sT per fata licuisset. 
 Liberalibus discipllnis apprlme erudltus, GraecTs doctior 
 atcpie adeo ut Latlna erudltio nfMpiaquam cum Graeca 
 
 5 scientia convenlret, facundia ingenti et prompta, memoriae 
 tenacissimae, in (piibusdam pliilosopho proprior. In amicos 
 liberalis, sed minus dlligens (inam tantum principem decuit. 
 Fuerunt enim nonnulll (pil vulnera gloriae eius Inferrent. 
 1,1 provinciales iiistissinuis et tributorum, quatenus fieri 
 
 10 posset, repressor. Civllis m cunctos, mediocrem liabens 
 aerarii curam, gloriae avidus ac per eam animi i)lcrumque 
 immodici, religionis diristianae nimius Insectator, perindr 
 tamen ut cruore abstincret. M. Antonino non absimilis, 
 (piem etiam aemularl studebat. 
 
 Jnridii En>i»'r(a\ 363-3()4 A.U. 
 1.-^ IT IN.st hum' lovianus, (pil tunc domesticus militabat, 
 ad obtinendum imperium consensu exercitus lectus est, com- 
 mendatione i)atris mllitibus (piam sua notior. Qui iam tur- 
 batis rebus exercitu cpioque inoi.ifi laborante uno a Persis 
 atnue altero proelid victus i.avem cum Sapore. necessariam 
 .>o (piidein, sed iguobilem. fecit multatus flnibus' ac ndnnfiUa 
 imperil KdmanI parte tradita. (.)uo<l ante eum annis mllle 
 centum et dudbus de vigiuti fere, ex (jud Kdmanum luipe- 
 rium conditnm cat. uumquam accldit. Quin etiam legidnes 
 iu)Strae ita et apud ('audium per Pontium Teleslnum et in 
 25 Hispania apud Numantiam et in Nunudia sub iugum missae 
 sunt, ut nihil tamen finium traderetur. Ea pacis condicio 
 non penitus reprehendenda foret, si foederis necessitatem 
 tum cum integrum fuit mutare voluisset, sicut a Rdmanis 
 
 1 11. 410 
 
 . HI M. 2ol ; A. & G. 220, h. 1 : (i. 404 ; B. 225. 
 
1"- 
 
 EUTU 
 
 imEVIAHlI LIBER X. 
 
 omnibus his bellTs, ([ua(? coiuineiuoravT, factum est. Xam 
 et Samnltibus et NumantinTs et Numidis coufestim bella 
 inlata sunt neque pax rata t'uit. 8ecl dum aemulum imperii 
 veretur, intra Orientem residens gloriae pavum consuluit. 
 
 5 Itaque iter ingressus atque lllyricum petens in Galatiae 
 finibus repentina morte obiit, vir alias neque iners neque 
 imprudens. 
 
 18 ^lultl exaninultum opinantur nimia cruditate (inter 
 cenandum enim epulis indulserat), alii odore c'ul)iculi, quod 
 
 10 ex recent! tectorio calcis grave quiescentibus erat, quidam 
 nimietate prunarum, quas gravi frigore adolerl multas 
 iusserat. Decessit imperii mense septimo, tertio decimo 
 Kal. i\[art., aetatis tertio et tricesimo anno, ac benlgnitate 
 principum qui ei successerunt inter Divos relatus est. 
 
 15 Nam et clvllitati propior et natfira admodum liberalis fuit. 
 
 Is status erat Komanae rei loviano eodeni et Varroniano 
 
 consulibus anno iirbis conditae mlllesimd centesimo et 
 
 octavo decimo. Quia autem ad inclutos principes veneran- 
 
 dosque perventum est, interim operl modum dal)imus. Nam 
 
 20 reliqua stilo maiore dicenda sunt. Quae nunc non tam 
 praetermittimus, quam ad maiorem scrlbendi diligentiam 
 reservamus. 
 
20 
 
 10 5 
 
 5 10 15 2« 
 
 ~^^, ^ ^' ^^ f* ^=^T^i- 
 
 25 
 
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 26 
 
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 SCALE OF MILES 
 
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 SAMOTMRAtS THRAClCA 
 
 fiO 
 
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 IMBROS 
 
 ^ LEMN08 ,u6***'; ^Xroia 
 
 Thacsalafi 
 
 
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 I.EUCAS 
 
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 The following books liave been referred to in the Xotes. While 
 the references are intended principally for the teacher, every student 
 should be provided with a copy of Creighton's Primer of Roman 
 History. If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the 
 student cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of 
 Ronuxn History. 
 
 Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. , Rodolfo 
 
 Lanciani. 
 Early Rome (Epochs of History). \V. Ihne. 
 Moinmscn's History of Rome, Abridged for Schools and Colleges. 
 
 L. Ijiyans and E. J. R. Hendy. 
 Rome and Carthage (Epochs of History). R. Bosworth Smith. 
 The History of Rotne (History I'rimer Series). M. Creighton. 
 The Early Empire (Epochs of History). ^^' W. Capes. 
 The Roman Triumvirates (Epochs of History). Charles Merivale. 
 The Age of the Antonines (P'.pochs of History). W. W. Capes. 
 ]Myths of Greece and Rome. H. A. Guerber. 
 The Story of the Romans. H. A. Guerber. 
 'I'he Development of the Roman Constitution (History Primer Series). 
 
 Ambrose Tighe. 
 
 XOTE 
 
 In the Notes the references to Harkness' Grammar occur in two 
 forms, the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1808), the 
 second, in brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar. 
 
 104 
 
 NO'l K.^ 
 
 LIFE OF KrTROlMrS 
 
 Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work 
 does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. Uk He was proconsul in Asia in 
 371 A.D., and praetorian praefect 880-387 a.d. He is said to have been 
 the secretary of the Emperor Constantine the (Jrtat. 
 
 The only one of his works that is extant is the Brevidrimn, a brief 
 history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the 
 Emperor Jovian. 3(34 a. i>. He dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens, 
 364-378 A.D., composing it probably at the emperor's request. 
 
 Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first 
 hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his 
 guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for 
 the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is cool 
 and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter of 
 dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is men- 
 tioned, but it has been lost. A latv-^r Greek version by Paeanius is extant. 
 
 Bt)OK I 
 
 Page 7. ^"- i- ^^i^^^ ^- R^'"^ 
 num : note emphatic position. 
 
 Fomnlo : see the legend of Rom- 
 ulus ciii'l Henuis in Rme, ]>. 32 ; 
 Livy, P>k. 1. 1\' ; Guerber, p. Uil 
 
 2. Vestalis virginis : the Vestals 
 were a kind of nuns, six in number, 
 who were priestesses of Vesta. It 
 was their duty to keep the fire on 
 the altar in her temple in the Fonuu 
 burningconstantly. •' Heraltar. with 
 its ever-burning fire, wius the family 
 
 ^.learth of the state, from which the 
 household fires were kindled at cer- 
 tain dates."' Lanciani, Anc. Rome. 
 Ch. VI. 
 
 filiuB : in appositiim with <jiu, 
 subj('' ' ■•*' pNf(l(>iy "^z 
 
 quantum putatus est : ' a.s he 
 wa.s thought ' = ' as it was thought ' ; 
 note that the Latin prefers the per- 
 sonal construction where we prefer 
 the impersonal. 
 
 3. is: emphatic position. 
 
 cum . . . latrociiiai eiur : the 
 student should note the different 
 
 105 
 
!')*'> 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Page 7 
 
 uses of cum, viz.: Temporal, with 
 Indicative or Subjunctive ; Causal 
 and Concessive, with Subjunctive 
 alone ; cf. cum . . . companiisset, 
 Ch. 2 ; rum . . . haberent, Ch. 2 ; 
 cum . . . eaisscnt, Ch. 18. 
 
 I decern et octo aiiiios natus 
 (ndscor): ' havini;- been born eigh- 
 teen years' = 'eighteen yeai-s old.' 
 The more common expression for 
 the numeral is (hiodev'Kjint'i. Cf. 
 annorum trium et vlgintl, Hk. II, 
 Ch. (5 ; (ninuia aijtns v'lcesiiiium 
 aetruh, P>k. Ill, Ch. 7. 
 
 o. urbem exigiiam remains of 
 this Lily arc siiii lound on the Fala- 
 tiiu' FIJI], 
 
 Palatmo moiite ; tlie Palatine 
 lliil, MiK' oi liit ^.ivt'H hills of Kome. 
 The othei-s were the Capitoline, Qui- 
 rinal, Aventine, Ksquiline, Viminal, 
 and Ca»d);)n. 
 
 XI Kal. Maias : the full expres- 
 sion would be iuite diem undecimum 
 Kalendds Maids, April 21. '• In the 
 Human calendar it coincided with 
 'li' i'alilia, or feast of Pales, the 
 guardian divinitv of shepherds." 
 
 (5. Olympiadis ; the Greeks reck- 
 oned time by periods of four yeai-s, 
 called Olympiads from the Olympian 
 Games, which were celebrated at 
 that interval. The starting point 
 was 770 B.C. Hence the third year 
 of the sixth Olympiad would be 
 75;] B.C. Some prefer to recognize 
 754 as the date of the founding of 
 the city. 
 
 ^ n. 2. ^. condita cTvitate : ' the 
 city having been founded * = • when 
 the citv had been founded.' The 
 
 student should ascertain by analysis 
 of the thought what the Ablative 
 Absolute is intended to represent, 
 and should translate it accordingly. 
 The literal translation should seldom 
 be used. Civitate = nrbe, a late 
 usage, frequent in Eutropius. The 
 usual expression is nrbe condita, but 
 Eutropius places the participle first 
 for emphasis. 
 
 Romam vocavit : according to 
 J^anciani, Roma is derived from 
 Bumoifj " river.' Roma then would 
 mean 'the town by the river,' and 
 Ronudus, ' the man from the town 
 by the river' {Anc. Borne, p. o7). 
 Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the 
 early name by winch the Romans 
 were called, means 'bushmen.' 
 Hence Roma would be ' the town of 
 the bushmen' (Mommsen, History 
 of Home, Vol. I, p. 71). 
 
 VK fere: -about,' indicating that 
 tiie statement is a loose one. 
 
 10. centum ex senioribiis : 'a 
 hundred of the elder.-, , r./ or de 
 with cardinal numerals is regularly 
 used instead of a Partitive Genitive. 
 Tarqiunius Triscus doubled the num- 
 ber of the senators, Ch. 6. Before 
 the end of the regal period the num- 
 ber was increased to 300. Sulla 
 added 300 equites. Julius Caesar 
 raised the number to 000. Augustus 
 reduced it to 600. For the duties 
 of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI ; 
 Tighe,pp.40, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 
 19, 45, 46. 
 
 12. uxores : object of haberent. 
 Emphatic on account of its position 
 before the subject of the verb. 
 
 Page 8] 
 
 «* I'ES 
 
 1< 
 
 Vxiiv: 8. 1. eaiuni : the ante- 
 cedent i< })t'itiun('s. 
 
 commotis bellis : lit. ' wars hav- 
 ing been aroused ' = • when war had 
 been aroused ' ; cf. condita civitate, 
 Ch. 2. 
 
 pi opt. ei I apt di um iiu ui laiii ; 1 i t . 
 'on account of the wrong of the 
 stolen (maidens) ' = ' on account of 
 the wrong done by stealing the 
 maidens.' With raptdrum so. rir- 
 ginum. 
 
 4. noji coinpaiiiibHet : lit. 'he 
 had not appeared ' = ' he had dis- 
 appeared. ' 
 
 5. ad decs Tiansisse: lit. 'to 
 have gone across to the gods' = 'to 
 have been translated.' 
 
 6. per quinos dies : ' through 
 five days each.' 
 
 Cir 3 "^ rex: predicate Nomi- 
 native. 
 
 bell 'am : emphatic by position as 
 well as by the use of quidem. " The 
 statement that during the forty-three 
 years of Numa's reign l?ome en- 
 joyed uninterrupted peace cannot 
 be looked \\\)o\\ as anything but a 
 fiction or a dream." 
 
 11. consnetudine proeliorum : 
 'because oi liien- habit of (waging) 
 war.' 
 
 iam . . . putabantur : • were 
 begiiniing to be thought * ; note the 
 force of the Imperfect. 
 
 12. in decern : Eivy I, XIX, says 
 in f??/'i'7- /-/),) inenses. 
 
 13 aliqiia — Tdld. 
 coiiiusuui. 'confused' ; modifies 
 annvm and is modified by prius. 
 14. moibo : i.e. a natural death 
 
 as contrasted with a death by 
 violence. 
 
 Cn. 4. 16. huic sticcessit : lit. 
 ' to this one sueci i;<n-u =: - iji,>> suc- 
 cessor wn-" ■ 'v**<' tlie emphasis. 
 
 hic belia lepaiavit: in allusion 
 to the former activity of Ronndus 
 in that divpction. 
 
 17. Aibauus : Alba Longa, the 
 most ancient town in Latium, is 
 sjud to have been built by Ascanius, 
 and to have colonized Rome. After 
 its destructiim by Tullus Hostilius 
 it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants 
 were removed to Rome. At a later 
 time the surrounding country was 
 studded with the splendid villas of 
 the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, 
 XXII-XW. gives an account of the 
 conquest of the Albans. 
 
 iinliaii6 the Roman milestones 
 were set up at intervals of 1000 
 paces, 5000 Roman feet. <m the 
 ndlitary roads. They gave the dis- 
 tance from the place from which the 
 measurement was made, its iianu*, 
 the name of the person who erected 
 the stone, and the name of the 
 reigning emperor. The phrase 
 means ' twelve ndles from Rome.' 
 
 1 8. alii . . . alii : ' the one . . . 
 the other.' Eutropius uses alius 
 with the meaning of aJfrr 
 
 20. adiecto Caelio monte : lit. 
 'the Caelian Hill having been an- 
 nexed ' = ' by annexing the Caelian 
 Hiir ■ of rnu<i:tr, ririfqte^ Ch. 2. 
 
 21. fuiiniiie ictus: lit. 'having 
 been struck by lightning.' 
 
 Slrsit : drdeo. 
 
 Ch. 5. 22 ex fiiia ' on his 
 
ll**^ 
 
 \() 11: 
 
 [Pagks 8, U 
 
 daughter's .side.' Note peculiarity : Marci us, llie seuate aud people 
 of filia, U. 80. 2 (4U, 4); M. 33, >'. 2 ; ' unanimously elected Tarquinius to 
 A. & G. 3(5, e ; G. 20. 4 : B. 21, 2, e. ; the vacant throne. His reign was 
 
 Pa(;k 9. 1- laiiicuiLim Moils j distinguished by great exploits in 
 laniculus. on the opposite side of j war and bv oreat works in peace. 
 the Tiber, was united to the city by ■ 5. circuni ; the Circus Maxinuis. 
 the Pons Sublicius. It was in a valley between the Pala- 
 
 civitatem this city, afterwards tine and Aventine Hills. Here the 
 called Ostia, was situated on the left Roman games were held. At first 
 bank of the river, about sixteen miles I the spectators sat on the hill side 
 
 from Rome. It was used as a port 
 for Rome until the time of the 
 YAn\nvv. 
 
 • K morbS periit cf. mnrho de- 
 ceasit, Ch. 3. 
 
 « n 6. i PiTscus Taiquiiiius = 
 
 and watched the games being cele- 
 brated in the valley beneath them. 
 Tarquinius is said to have been the 
 first to introduce seats. lu the time 
 of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet 
 long and 300 feet wide, and capable 
 
 Tarquinius Pnsciis. Whenonly the j of .seating 180,000 people. It was 
 «om^^« and the rof/xo?)!*^?* are written, ' enlarged many times, until in the 
 they are often rever-sed, especially , fourth century it was capable of 
 in late Latin The legend of the ; seating 385,000 people. 
 Tarquins is as follows : Demaratus, | Ifidos R5manos : the Lud'i lin- 
 their ance.stor, tied from (^orinth, i w<<;i<, consisting of iiorse and chariot 
 his native place, and settled at Tar- | races, were the oldest games, and 
 (|uinii in Etruria. He married an | were celebrated originally in honor 
 
 Etruscan wife, by whom he had 
 two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At 
 his death Lucumo inherited all his 
 father's property. Although he had 
 married Tanacjuil, a woman of the 
 highest rank, he was excluded from 
 all power and influence in the state. 
 Discontented with this he removed 
 to Rome with a large band of follow- 
 ers. He and his companions were 
 received with welcome, and were 
 admitted to the rights of Roman 
 citizens. He took the name of 
 Lucius Tanpiinius, to which Livy 
 adds Priscus, to distinguish him from 
 L. Tarquinius. the seventh king 
 cif Rome. At the death of Ancus 
 
 of Jupiter by victorious generals as 
 a part of a triumph. At first they 
 lasted only one day, but the time 
 was gradually increa.sed until in the 
 age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, 
 September 4-10 
 
 0. ad iiostiani meinonam : 'to 
 our tiiM' 
 
 7, vicit 'luphatic position, 
 noil paiuni = nuKjnum : ' a large 
 
 part' : cf. vo)/ cdiupitruiiiiipf. Ch. 2. 
 
 8. piimus . . . iiitravit ; 'and 
 he was the first to enter the city 
 celebrating a triumph.' A triumjih 
 was a solemn procession in which a 
 victorious general entered the city 
 in a chariot drawn by four horses. 
 
 Pagk 9] 
 
 ynTKS 
 
 109 
 
 He was preceded by the captives and 
 spoils taken in war, and was followed 
 by his troops ; and, after passing in 
 state along the Via Sacra, ascended 
 the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the 
 Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The 
 following conditions luul to be com- 
 plied with : (a) The general must 
 have been dictator, consul, or prae- 
 tor, (h) He must have actually 
 commanded in the battle and com- 
 mence<l it, him.self taking the aus- 
 pices, (c) The battle must have 
 been decisive and ended the cam- 
 paign, (d) The foes must have been 
 foreigners, and at least 5000 of them 
 must have been slain. 
 
 0. muros fecit : he began to sur- 
 round the city with a stone wall, a 
 work his successor, Servius Tullius, 
 completed. 
 
 cloacas : the Cloaca Maxima is 
 a .semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, 
 beneath the city. A part of this 
 sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in 
 existence, and after a lapse of 2500 
 years goes on fulfilling its original 
 l)urpose. Its opening into the Tiber 
 near the Temple of Hercules in the 
 Forum Boarium is still in a good 
 .state of preservation. 
 
 Cipi toll inn : the Temple of Jupi- 
 ter on the Caiiitoline Hill. Its foun- 
 dations were laid by Tar(|uinius 
 Priscus. Its walls were raised by 
 his successor Servius Tullius, and 
 Tarquinius Superbus completed it, 
 although it was not consecrated until 
 the third year after the expulsion of 
 the kings. It consisted of three 
 parts, a nave .sacred to Jupiter, and 
 
 two wings, the right sacred to Mi- 
 nerva and the left to Juno. The 
 magnificence and richness of this 
 temple are almost incredible. It 
 was burned in the time of Sulla, who 
 rebuilt it. After being destroyed 
 several times it was raised for the 
 last time by Domitian, who made it 
 more grand and magnificent than 
 had any of his predec«^ssors. 
 
 10. per . . . filios : Eutropius 
 occasionally substitutes per with the 
 Accu.sative for the Ablative or Da- 
 tive of agent ; cf. per eum multa a 
 constdibus prospere {ipsta sunt, Bk. 
 IV, 10. 
 
 11. rSgis §iu8 : apposition with 
 A nc'i. 
 
 cui : cf. huip ftnrrpftsit. Ch. 4. 
 Ch. 7. 12. Seiviiis Tiiilms , the 
 legend of Servius Tullius is as fol- 
 lows : Ocrisia, his mother, was one 
 of the captives taken at Corniculum, 
 and became a slave of TaiuKiuil, the 
 wife of Tarquinius Pri.scus. Servius 
 was born and reared at the palace 
 of the king. As Tanaquil by her 
 power of divination had foreseen 
 I the greatness of the child, she per- 
 ! suaded Tanjuinius to give his daugh- 
 I ter to Servius in marriage. At the 
 : death of Tarquinius, by the aid of 
 , Tanaquil, Servius became firmly 
 \ fixed in the royal power. The 
 great deeds of Servius were deeds 
 of peace, and he was regarded by 
 posterity as the author of all their 
 civil rights and institutions. Three 
 important events are assigned to him. 
 He reformed the constitution of the 
 state. He extended the boundary 
 
lin 
 
 VOTES 
 
 [Pages 9, 10 
 
 of the city and surrounded it with a 
 wail. He establislied an important 
 alliance by wliicli Rome and the 
 Latin cities became members of one 
 great lea.i^ue. 
 
 genitiis • ];t. ' born ' = ' the son.' 
 
 i.;. quoque : as well as Tar- 
 (luinius I'liiciis. Quoque nuist not 
 be confounded with quoque, the Ab- 
 lative of tlio prniiiHin ijiiisqm'. 
 
 15. fossas ciicuui miiruin : por- 
 tions of the iServian wall still 
 exist. 
 
 1''. censum . the number of Ro- 
 man citizens was ascertained every 
 five years, though not always with 
 perfect regularity, for the assess- 
 ment of taxes and the arrange- 
 ment of military service. Originally 
 the kings took the census. After the 
 establishment of the republic the 
 duty was performed by the consuls. 
 After 444 b.c, special officers, called 
 censors, had charge of it. The cen- 
 sus was concluded with the solemn 
 ceremony of reviewing the newly 
 constituted army, called a lustrum. 
 
 orbem terrarum : lit. ' the circle 
 of lands ' = ' tlif world.' 
 
 1"^ capita: 'souls'; cf. our ex- 
 pression ' head of cattle.' 
 
 10. in agiTs : others than inhabi- 
 tants oi iu)me i)ossessed Roman citi- 
 zenship. 
 
 21. iixorem -n.-^ his wife* 
 
 Tn 8 j: L Tarquinius Su- 
 perbus; L. iaitjuinius, called 8a- 
 l)erbus, ' the Overbearing,' from his 
 haughty nianner and conduct, com- 
 menced his reign without any of the 
 forms of election. One of his first 
 
 acts was to abolish the rights that 
 Servius TuUius had conferred upon 
 the plebeians. All the senators 
 whom he mistrusted and all whose 
 wealth he coveted he put to death 
 or banished. He surrounded him- 
 self with a bodyguard, by means 
 of which he w^as enabled to do what 
 he liked. After several successful 
 campaigns his tyranny caused the 
 people to depose him and drive him 
 from thf' o\tv 
 
 28. eLuitibus . lit. 'for those go- 
 ing ' = ' as you go.' 
 
 24. Gabios : ' the city Gabii ' ; 
 the name of the town, though plu- 
 ral, is in apposition with nvitdtem. 
 
 P.\«;i 10_ . Capitoiio . here the 
 Capitoline Hill. 
 
 2. oppugiiaiis ' while besieging 
 the city ' ; a clau.se with cum or dum 
 would have been more usual. 
 
 4. eius : antecedent is L. Tur- 
 qui)iiuft. 
 
 et ipse Tai quinius iuiiioi • also 
 a Tarquin (but) younger ' = ' who 
 was also called Tanjuinius ' ; his 
 praenomen was Sextus. 
 
 0. Lncretiani : for the interest- 
 ing story of Lucretia, see lite Story 
 of the 'Romans, p. (52. 
 
 eandemque : ' who was also ' ; 
 H. 508, ;] (451, 3) ; M. 446, 1 ; A. & 
 G. 195, e ; G. 310 ; B. 248. 
 
 6. stnprasset : ' had offered vio- 
 lence tu. ■ SLuprdsset iov stUjirCivis- 
 set, cf. re(fn(lss(t, Ch. 4. 
 
 7. questa fuisset : for qnesta es- 
 set. Kut ropius generally uses essem, 
 etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Sub- 
 junctive. For other exceptions see 
 
 Pages 10, 11] 
 
 XoTKS 
 
 111 
 
 Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses 
 fueram, etc., for eram in the Plu- 
 perfect Pa.ssive Indicative. 
 
 8. paipns ct ipse: 'a relative 
 likewise,' i.e. as well as Collatinus. 
 He was the son of Marcus Inn ins 
 and Tarquinia, the second daughter 
 of Taniuinius Superbus. He was 
 called 'Brutus,' i.e. 'the Stupid,' 
 on account of the mental imbecility 
 he feigned to deceive Tarquinius. 
 Parens, ' relative,' a late meaning. 
 
 10. eum : refers to the king. 
 
 qui : anteeedent is exercitus. 
 
 V-). regnatum eat: lit. 'it was 
 ruled ' " ' the dynasty lasted.' 
 
 14. amiis . Eutropius and some 
 other post-classical writers use the 
 Ablative of Time within which for 
 the Accusative of Duration of Time. 
 'I'he Ablative makes prominent the 
 limits that mark the time. 
 
 15. ubi pluuiiiiini ; lit. 'where 
 most ' = ' at the most,' at the place 
 of the widest extent. 
 
 Ch. 9. 17. hiuc : ' from this time.' 
 consules ; at first they were 
 C'AWi^d praetores, ' leaders.' The con- 
 suls were elected by the Comitia 
 Centuriata, the new a.s.sembly or- 
 ganized by Servius Tullius. 
 coepere = roeperunt. 
 18. alter cum : note the fond- 
 ness of the Latni for antitheses. It 
 tends to place contrasted words near 
 each other. Often the observance 
 of this is of a,ssistance in determin- 
 ing the meaning of a pas.sage. 
 20. annnnm : 'lasting one year.' 
 haberent : the clause ne . . . 
 haberent is the Subject oi placuit. 
 
 21 I eddeiciitiir : cf. roerceret, 
 above. 
 
 civil es : lit. 'like citizens' = 
 ' good cuizens.' 
 
 2."]. ab expulsis legibufe : 'after 
 the expulsion ol Liie Kings ; ' cf. post 
 reges e.ra('tos, Vh. 11. 
 
 24. maxime . . . peiieictur: 
 ' hau .K.iiv: the most i<' «Uivc -lUt 
 Tarquinius ' 
 
 25. Tarquimo . cf. Isdem, Ch. 0. 
 Note the emphasi- 
 
 Paok 11, 1. maneict: cf. habe- 
 rent. '\havp. 
 
 o. L. Vaieiiub Fubiicoia i^ivy, 
 Bk. II, 2, calls him rnblius Valerius. 
 Owing to his efforts to secure the 
 rights of the plebeians and f<n- his 
 popular measures he was called Pul>- 
 licola, 'the Partisan of the People.' 
 He secured the passage of the Vale- 
 rian law giving to every citizen con- 
 demned on a capital charge the right 
 of appeal to the people. 
 
 Cn. 10 
 
 ill viceni se 
 
 each 
 
 other in turn.' As the l^atin has no 
 reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to 
 resort to various circumlocutions; 
 cf. Caesar, Bk. I. 1, inter se, Bk II 
 10, alius aliitm circumspectant. 
 
 8. tamcii : although both the 
 leaders were slain. 
 
 10. per annum • cf. annum luxe- 
 runt, Ch. 11. 
 
 11. quo niorb5 mortuo : 'and 
 when he iiad uieu. iiie batin rela- 
 tive is very often best translated by 
 
 i ' and ' with a personal pronoun. For 
 I the case of morbb, cf. morbo, Ch. 3. 
 12 itenim : construe with s?7j/i;)- 
 \ sit. 
 
11 
 
 Ni/rKS 
 
 [Pagks 11, 12 
 
 Cii. 11. lb. PorseDiia. l^ars Poi- 
 senna, kinp; of Clu.siuiu in Etruria. 
 He aided the Tar(]uiiis a.s they had 
 come from Etruria. Hee Macaulay's 
 LaNn 'if A»i^i^)>f J^omp. Tforatius. 
 
 R5mam paene cepit : Ihne 
 (p. 81)) thinks that by this is meant 
 that the Etruscans conciuered the 
 city. 
 
 22. Tusculuni : said to have been 
 founded by Telegonus, the son of 
 Ulysses. It was always one of the 
 most important of the Latin towns, 
 and was a favorite resort of the 
 Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a 
 villa there. 
 
 24. c6iise2niit : lit. ' he grew old ' 
 = ' lived to be an old man.' 
 
 2(5. de his : ' over them ' ; the 
 regular expression used for a 
 triumph celebrated for a victory 
 over an enemy. 
 
 Tage 12. - fataliter : lit. 'by 
 fate ' = ' a natural tleath ' ; cf. morhb 
 decessitj Ch. 3. 
 
 3. nummls : ' money ' ; particu- 
 larly small C(»ins. 
 
 sumptnm habiiem sepiiituiae ; 
 ' hiui liif col vi a Miiiuii, 1. 1', was 
 buried at public expense. 
 
 qiiem : note its positii^n. 
 
 ( ii. 12. 5. gener TaiC]ra3ii 
 Manilin< Octavius of Tusculuu,. 
 
 7. dictatura : at times of great 
 danger, when it was necessary for 
 one man to hold the supreme power, 
 a dictator was appointed by one of 
 the consuls on the nomination of 
 the senate. The office was for six 
 months ; but in case the specific 
 object for which the dictator was 
 
 appointed was accomplished before 
 that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118 ; 
 Tigh<', p. n.^. 
 
 8. magibLei eqiut uiii : hv was 
 aid-de-camp to the dictator and was 
 appointed by him. In the absence 
 of the latter he became the repre- 
 sentative of the dictator. 
 
 9. neque potestati : ' neither 
 can anything be said to be more 
 similar than the ancient dictatorship 
 to the imperial power which,' etc. 
 Imperiiua was the regular term for 
 the power possessed by the magis- 
 trates. Here it refers to the power 
 of the emperor. 
 
 Eutropius explains for the benetit 
 of his readers the ancient dictator- 
 ship, which had long since fallen 
 into disuse, by comparing it to the 
 power possessed by the emperor. 
 
 11. TranquillitaftVestra : 'Your 
 Serene Highness' ; \ aiens, Emperor 
 of the East, 304-378 a.d. "Other 
 titles used of the emperors were 
 Aeternitds Tua, dementia Tua^ 
 Serenitds Tiia, MCujnitMb Tna, 
 Mil i est as Tuay 
 
 Vestra : in Latin of the classical 
 period tua would have been used, as 
 only one person is referred to. In 
 late Latin the pronouns of the second 
 person plural take the place of the 
 singular, just as 'you' has taken 
 the plnro of ' thon.' 
 
 13. sub ciictatuiae ii5miiie: in 
 45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual 
 dictator. 
 
 Cii 13 i popuIus=p?^6.s'here. 
 Pojndus is a collective noun, and so 
 takes a singular verb. 
 
 l'A..l> IL'-IIJ 
 
 NOTES 
 
 i 
 
 i 'J 
 
 tamquam : ' < »n the ground that ' ; 
 a late meaning. 
 
 18. tribunos plebis : these magis- 
 trates, elected by the plebeians in 
 an assembly of their own (Comitia 
 Tributa"), were invested with the 
 right of 'intercession,' by which 
 they could stop all legislation that 
 they judgetl to be harmful to the 
 plebeians. To make their interces- 
 sion effective they were declared to 
 he sacrosanrti^ i.e. ' inviolable,' and 
 the curse of outlawry was pronounced 
 against any one who harmed them. 
 The P'irst Secession of the Plebeians, 
 as this was called, was the beginning 
 of a long struggle between the orders, 
 and terminated in the complete polit- 
 ical e(juality of the plebeians. Ihne, 
 Ch. Xni ; Creighton, p. 12 ; Tighe. 
 p. 91. 
 
 10. per quos - '(/ per eua. 
 
 r.u.i; 13. ^ "• ^^ -■ quam habe- 
 bant optimam = <>j>tiiii<iiu 'jiiam 
 Jialjebant. 
 
 Cm. 15. o. Q. Marcius : called 
 Coriohlnus from the city Corioli, 
 which he had concpiered. Ihne. 
 p. 155; Creighton. p. 21. 
 
 8. oppugnaturus : the Participle 
 = opitTujui'irlssd. 
 
 9. patriam suam ; ' his native 
 city.' 
 
 12. secundus : really the first 
 after Taniuinius, but the second in 
 order. In an enumeration of a 
 series the Latin generally includes 
 the stRrtincf point. 
 
 Ch. 16 : • C Fabio c L Vn- 
 ginio consulibus : lit. • C. Eabius 
 and L. Virginius being consuls ' = ' in 
 HAZ. El TROPirs — 8 
 
 ihi- consulship of,' etc. Om- ol tlic 
 regular ways of dating events in 
 Latin is to give the names of the 
 consuls for th.at year. Another is 
 to reckon the time from the found- 
 ing of the city ; cf. ah nrhe cnndita, 
 Ch. 18. 
 
 15. qui . . . erant : ' who be- 
 longed to the Fabian houschoUl'; 
 cf. centum ex seniorihus, Ch. 2. 
 
 1(). promittentes . . hiipien- 
 dum : sc. esse; ' promising the sen- 
 ate and the ])eoi>le that the whole 
 contest would be ccunpleted by them- 
 .selves.' Promittb regularly takes 
 the Future Intinitive. 
 
 IS. qui siiiguli : 'each one of 
 whom.' 
 
 debereiit : cf. esset. (^li. 15. 
 
 HI. unus omnTno ftnpeifuit : see 
 Ihne. p. I«i3. 
 
 PAfii; 14. C'li. 17. 1. sequent! 
 tamen amio : in the year alter tli* 
 con>iils mentioned in the last chai>- 
 ter. 
 
 3. Qumtius : generally written 
 QnhtrtiKS. He held the dictatorial 
 power for fourteen days only, and 
 having completed his work returned 
 
 ! to his farm. Later he wa.s again 
 I appointed dictator, and again proved 
 himself to be the deliverer of his 
 ' country. 
 
 4. in opere et arans: the post- 
 classical writers seem to strive al- 
 most as nuich to avoid unifoinity 
 
 \ in expression as the classical writers 
 I strive for it. 
 
 5. togam praetextam by me- 
 tonomy the badge of office is put for 
 the office itself. The toga praetexta 
 
1 ] I 
 
 NO'f^KS 
 
 [Pages 14-16 
 
 had a red border woven in it. It 
 was the badge of office of the higher 
 magistrates and priests. It was 
 worn by boys also until they reached 
 the age of manhood and by girls 
 until they married. 
 
 Ch 18 7 altero = seanidd. 
 
 ab uibe coiidita: 'from the 
 foundin- ■ '; tiU. 
 
 9. decemviri : the laws, which 
 the decemvirs codified, known as 
 the Twelve Tables, remained the 
 foundation of Roman law for a 
 thousand years. They were en- 
 graved on twelve bronze tables and 
 were set up in the Forum that all 
 might read them. Every school- 
 boy was required to commit them 
 to memory. For an account of the 
 decemvirs and their legislation, see 
 
 Ihne, 
 
 p. 167 ; 
 
 Creighton, p. 16 ; 
 
 Tighe. 
 
 p. 95. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 ex hi3 : 
 
 cf. ex senioribus, 
 
 Ch. 2. 
 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 VirginT 
 
 . . . filiani: see Ma- 
 
 caulay's Lays of Ancient Eome^ 
 Virfjinia; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, 
 p. 16. 
 
 13. quam : sed earn. 
 
 Cn 19 i FTdenates the town 
 of Fidenae is said to have been colo- 
 nized by Romulus. It frequently 
 revolted and was as frequently re- 
 taken by the Romans. After its 
 destruction in 437 b.c. it was re- 
 built. 
 
 'jn, coiiiilnxeruiit se 'united.' 
 
 Px i 15. 2. victi . . . perdi- 
 derunt ; • Lhey were conquered and 
 
 Ch 20 P Veieiitani i lit v were 
 
 engaged in almost unceasing hos- 
 tilities with the Romans for more 
 than three centuries and a half. 
 
 5. ipsos = eos. Eutropius often 
 uses qi^r lor is. 
 
 <». acie : note the difference of 
 meaning between exercitus, iigmen, 
 acirs. and ropine. 
 
 diu obsidens: the siege is said 
 to have lasted ten years. 
 
 8. et Faliscos : in classical prose 
 etiam would have been used. 
 
 9. quasi : ' on the ground that ' ; 
 a late meaning. 
 
 divisisset: cf. preme)'i:tur, Ch. 
 13. 
 
 11. Gain Senones: see Ihne, 
 Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; The 
 Story of the Rormtns, p. 104. 
 
 12. apud f lumen AUiam : the 
 tight occurred on .July 16, which 
 was henceforth considered as an un- 
 lucky day. 
 
 seciiti . . . occupaverunt : cf. 
 vict'i . . . perdiderunt, Ch. 19. 
 
 15. obsiderent : cf. sustineret^ 
 Ch. 18. 
 
 21. et ipse : 'he too,' as well as 
 Romulus. 
 
 Book II 
 
 Pagk 113 -'" ^ '' 'f"iib~inT in^i 
 tarSs corisiiiAii pote state : six 
 military uibuufs with consular pow- 
 ers and consular duration of office 
 were elected by the Comitia Centu- 
 riata. The office was open alike to 
 patricians and plebeians. This was 
 a compromise measure on the part 
 of the patricians when they were 
 forced to yield to the demands of 
 
 Paoks 16, 17] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 il: 
 
 the plebeians to be admitted to the 3. Ameiiem . the Anio, a tribu- 
 consulship. All the rights of the tary of the liber. Auienem is Ac- 
 consulship were given to them by cusative from the old Nominative 
 this means without the honorary Anien. 
 
 privileges the holding of the office nobilisbimua : lit. *of highest 
 of consul conferred. Each year the M'tl. ' x^dNO. cf. nosed. 
 people determined whether consuls de benatoiibub: cf. tx senwn- 
 or military tribunes with consular ^*^s'. Hk. I. 2. 
 
 power should be elected. From the 4. L Manlius his name is gen- 
 time of the creation of the tribunes erally given as Titus. I he Story (f 
 with consular power until the open- the Bomans, p. 106. 
 incr of the consulship to the pie-! ^- sublato . . . imposito : ^ hav- 
 beians in 367 h.c, the tribunes were , ing taken off his (the Gaul's) golden 
 elected iifty times and the consuls ' necklace and having placed it on his 
 twenty-three. The plebeians were i own neck' ; cf. condita clcitdte, Bk. 
 kept out of the office until 400 1 I, 2. 
 
 B.C. Moinmsen, p. 63; Tighe, p. «',. in perpetr. un 'forever.' 
 ^^^^y j 7. fugati sunt: note the differ- 
 
 4. hinc : cf. hine, Bk. I, 9. | ence in form and meaning between 
 
 7. tres . . . egit : i.r. a ivi\in\\)h fu'jdre luid fugere 
 
 for each of the ciiies. 
 
 Cii. 2. 11. sub ipsTs :• under the 
 direction of these' ; i.e. the citizens 
 of Praeneste. 
 
 12. Romanis : note the name of 
 the people lor that of the city. 
 
 14. decretus: sc. est from the 
 sunt preceding. 
 
 Cn. 3. 16. placuit: lit. 'it was 
 pleasing' = 'they determined.' 
 
 17. ita fluxit: lit. 'it flowed so' 
 = ' there was such disturbance.' 
 
 Cn. 4. 21. I Genucio . . con- 
 sulibus: cf. C. Fahio . . . eOnsu- 
 Ubus, Bk. I, 16. 
 
 8. non niulto post: lit. 'not 
 after by much ' = ' not long after.' 
 
 9. mllia captTvomm it was 
 customary to adorn lue procession 
 of the victorious general, when he 
 was celebrating a triumph, with the 
 captives he had taken in the cam- 
 paign. When the procession passed 
 up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple 
 of Jupiter, the captives were led 
 aside to the Mamertine prison at the 
 foot of the hill and were .strangled. 
 
 Cii. 6. 11. LatinT : Creighton, 
 
 p. 27. 
 
 12. miiites piaestaie : it was 
 
 22.' honor . . . delatus est : lit. I the custom of liome to compel the 
 
 'honor second after Romulus was 
 conferred upon him ' = ' honor sec- 
 ond to that of Romulus,' *■*'' 
 
 Page 17. Cn. 5. 2, nuiiino: 
 cf. mlUdrio, Bk. I, 4. 
 
 states she had subdued to furnish 
 soldiers for the Roman army. These 
 were used as auxiliary forces, 
 ex RomauiS cf. ex senioribus, 
 I Bk. I, 2. 
 
ll»i 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 17, 18 
 
 13. qui iiioci'S = modua qui; 'a 
 force %v]iicli ' 
 
 14. paivis . . . lebua : ' although 
 up to this time the Koiuan state was 
 small.' 
 
 16. quae - ene lef/iones. 
 
 duce L. Furio : lit. ' L. Furius 
 being the leader' = 'under the 
 leadership of L. Furius.' 
 
 17. qui esset optimus : -who- 
 ever was the best.' 
 
 18. se . . . obtulit : • offered him- 
 self.' 
 
 Valerius: see The Story of the 
 Bohians, p. 111. 
 
 20. coinmissa . . . pugna : cf. 
 conditd clvUdte^ Bk. 1, 2. 
 
 21. alls et uiignibiis cf. ful- 
 mine^ Bk. I, 4. 
 
 25. ainiorum by a law passed 
 in 181 ii.( ., the legal age of the 
 consulship was fixed at forty-three. 
 There were exceptions made, as in 
 the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was 
 elected consul when he was thirty- 
 six years old. 
 
 Page 18. Cn. 7. 1. Latini : 
 Creightoii, [>. 28. 
 
 2. ex eonira : .sc. popxilo. 
 
 4. pugna . see The Story of the 
 Jiommis. n. 1 l;V 
 
 5. de his peidomitis : 'a tri- 
 umph was celebrated on account of 
 their defeat."' 
 
 <'.. rostiis : I he Rostra or speaker's 
 platform in the Forum. From it the 
 speaker could command the entire 
 Forum and the Comitium. In 42 
 B.C. it was removed and .set up again 
 at the west end of the Fonim. An- 
 other rostra was constructed about 
 
 the .same time at the opposite end, 
 in front of the new Temple of Divus 
 Julius. 
 
 7. Alexandre Macedone : Al- 
 exander the Great. 
 
 Cn 8 '. Samnitas : a Greek 
 form of the Accusative. The 8am- 
 nites were offshoots of the Sabines. 
 occupying the hilly country between 
 the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. 
 Their bravery made them the most 
 formidable rival of Rome in Italy. 
 In 290 B.C. they were .subjected to 
 Home. 
 
 12. Q Fabio Maximo : called 
 liUUidnati. This Fabius was five 
 times consul and dictator twice. He 
 triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, 
 Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the 
 great-grandfather of Q. Fabius ]Maxi- 
 mus, the hero of the Second Punic 
 war. 
 
 14. se absente : 'while he (Pa- 
 pTrius) was absent." 
 
 10. capitis damnatus : lit. ' hav- 
 ing been condemned of the head'=: 
 ' having been condemned on a 
 capital charge ' ; cf . our expression 
 ' capital puni.shment.' 
 
 se vetaiite : cf. parvlf< . . . i-ebns, 
 j Cli. 0. Se ; the antecedent is Fapl- 
 I rius. 
 
 '■ Cn. 9. 10. T Veturio . . . con- 
 sulibus : cf. C. Fahio . . . consiiU- 
 I bus, Bk. I, 10. 
 
 j 21). vicerunt : at the battle of 
 the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass 
 east of Campania. The commander 
 of the Sanniites was Gavins Pontius. 
 See The Story of the Bomarni, p. 113. 
 
 sub iiiaum : the voke was formed 
 
 Pagks 18, 10] 
 
 \^ * 1"KS 
 
 11' 
 
 by sticking two spears in the ground j 
 and fastening a third on top. To ! 
 pa.ss under the yoke was a sign j 
 of subjection, and is equivalent to ' 
 our expression ' laying doNvn arms.' j 
 Livy, Bk. L\, VI, de.scribes the 
 process. 
 
 2 1 . pax . . . soluta est : a Ro- 
 man general could not make peace 
 with the enemy without the ratifica- 
 tion of the senate and the i)eople. 
 
 22. ipsis : see note on ipsds, Bk. 
 
 I. 20. 
 
 facta fuerat : see note on facta 
 
 fidssH^ Bk. I, 8. 
 
 P\(ii: 19. ■'. aquam Claudiam 
 induxit : /.'-. lu' built tlie atiucduct 
 nauKMl after him. It was more com- 
 monly called 'Aqua Appia." Be- 
 tween seven and eight miles in 
 length, chietiy under ground, it was 
 the beginning of the magnificent 
 system of water works that distin- 
 guished ancient Rome. Four of 
 these old a(|ueducts still furnish the 
 water supply of modern Ronu*. 
 Lanciani. \iiripnt liome, p. 58. 
 
 4. viam Appiam : "the Appian 
 road was made in :U2 b.c. to join 
 R(nne to Capua, and was afterwards 
 carried as far as Brundisium. This 
 'queen of roads,' as it was called, 
 was a stone causeway, constructed 
 according to the nature of the coun- 
 try, with an end^ankment either 
 beneath or beside it, and was of 
 such a width that two broad wagons 
 could easily pass each other." 
 
 Q r ibiuin Maximum: called 
 (iunjesi, the son of Q. Fabius Maxi- 
 miis, mentioned in Cli. 8. 
 
 0. datur, iuibbet A. questa fuis- 
 ftet, Bk. I, 8. 
 
 7. ipsorum : cf. ipals, above. 
 
 10. per ami5s : cf. per annum, 
 
 Bk. 1, 10. 
 
 1 1 . actum : ' waged ' ; agrees with 
 
 helluiii. 
 
 Cn. 10. 1-. se . . luiixenuit 
 cf. conian.it' runt se, Bk, i, ii^ 
 
 15. deletae sunt : The Story of 
 the RoiiKiHs, p. 114. 
 
 Cu.ll. IT. Tarentinis: the people 
 of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious 
 city in southern Italy. It played 
 an important part in the war with 
 Pyrrhus. The whole of southern 
 Italy was known as Magna Graecia, 
 on account of the number of cities 
 founded there by the Greeks. 
 
 in ultima Italia : • in the most 
 remote part <tf Italy'; H. 497. 3 
 (440, N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; 
 G. 291, i;. 2; B. 241. 
 
 10. Pyrrhum . . . auxilium po 
 poscerunt : ' asked ai<l of Pyrrhus.' 
 Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the 
 greatest generals that had ever lived. 
 With his daring courage, his mili- 
 tary skill, and his kingly bearing, 
 he might have become the mo.st 
 powerful monarch of his day. But 
 he never rested satisfied with any 
 acquisition, and was ever grasping 
 at some fresh object. For an account 
 of the war see The Story of the Ro- 
 mans, pp. 115-121 ; Creighton, p. 31. 
 
 20. originem trahebat : ' was 
 claiming descent' ; it was the cus- 
 tom of royal families to claim de.scent 
 
 from heroes or gods. 
 
 21. primum : ' for the first time.' 
 
118 
 
 \f >TK< 
 
 [Pages lU-2\ 
 
 2i 
 
 cepisset: cf. latrdcindretiir, 
 
 Bk. 1, 1. 
 
 dfici cf. tbe oonstniction with 
 pracct-pit, Cli. 8. 
 
 Pa(.! 20. -* aiixilio ci.fulmine, 
 Rk, I. I 
 
 vicit although the h)ss of the 
 Uoiuaiis was nearly e(iualed by that 
 of ryrrhus, the vakie of winning the 
 first battle was at once shown by the 
 fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, 
 Sanniites, and all the Greek cities 
 joined Pyrrhus 
 
 0. quos . . . vidisset : ' and when 
 he saw them ly in<i; ' ; quos = et ens ; 
 cf /,*/,■". ttHiyfin rnorfun^ Bk. I, 10. 
 
 adveiso vuiiieie : 'with their 
 wounds in front'; i.e. they died 
 facinu the cikmuv. 
 
 8. bac voce: lit. 'this voice' 
 — ' tlu'sc words.' 
 
 Cm. 12 1* bibi cf. Tusc'is Sam- 
 nitih}(!^<p(t\ Ch. 10. 
 
 i;]. teiioie excicitris. ' on ac- 
 count of his fear of the army ' ; note 
 the difference in meaning between 
 the Subjective and Objective Geni- 
 tive ; II. 440, 2 (30(?, Ill); M.21«;, 1; 
 A .V G. 217: G. m\ 2; B. 200. 
 
 1 f se lecepit : lit. ' he took him- 
 self back' = 'he withdrew.' This 
 march was merely a feint on the 
 part of Pyrrhus. 
 
 15. honorifice : the Romans al- 
 ways regarded Pyrrhus as an honor- 
 able enemy. Their feelings towards 
 Hannibal were entirely different. 
 
 1~ Fabriciiini f\ Fdhririns Lu- 
 srlnu.^. He was consul for the first 
 time 283 n.<., when he triumphed 
 over the Boii and Etrurians. He 
 
 was noted for his extreme frugality 
 and simplicity, as well as for his in- 
 tegrity. He is cited by Cicero and 
 Horace as a type of the Koman citi- 
 zens of the best days of the Com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 18. cognovisset : cf. latrucind- 
 retur, iik. 1. 1. 
 
 10. vohierit : c(. Iiahuerit, Bk. I, 
 
 11. 
 
 Cii. 13. -". pax dispii cult . it is 
 said that at lirsL the smate wavered ; 
 but by the energy of the blind and 
 aged Appius Claudius, who caused 
 himself to be carried into the senate 
 house, their couraire was revived. 
 
 leiiiaiidatum est: 'word was 
 sent back.' 
 
 Pa(;e 21. 1- nisi . . posse: this 
 answer passed into a maxim of .state. 
 
 I ante . . q\iam : note the fond- 
 ness i>f the Latin for .separating the 
 parts of this and other compounds 
 of the same nature. 
 
 veterem : • former.' 
 
 binonmi > two apiece.' 
 
 (5. quaicMii : predicate to Romani ; 
 ' what sort (of a city) he had found 
 Home (to be).' 
 
 7. comperisset. cf. agerentur. 
 
 Ch. 11. 
 
 Cn 14 1^ occlsriinm cf. note 
 on promlttentes . . . implfndnm, 
 Bk. I, Ch. 1(5. 
 
 81 . . . aliquid: 'if something.' 
 polliceietur: Imperf. Subjunc- 
 tive repnsenting the Future Indi- 
 cative in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 
 04(5 (507, T, 527, I) ; M. :W>, 1, 402 ; 
 A. & G. ;W7, 1, 3:17, a, 3 ; G. 505, 
 K. 1 ; B. 310, B. 
 
 Pages 21-23] 
 
 No i i.^ 
 
 119 
 
 10. doiiiiiiuiu: indicating that 
 the physician was a .slave, as was 
 usual at that timo 
 
 23. Lucaiiih cl Saiiuiilibuy ; 
 they, with the Bruttii, had joined 
 Pyrrhus against Home. This was 
 the second triumph vi Fabricius ; 
 cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He 
 was consul the third time two yeai-s 
 after. 
 
 l*A(ii 22 - piinwui: 'he was 
 the first to.' 
 
 3. apud Argos : it is said that he 
 perished ingloriously in a street 
 light, 272 B.C. 
 
 Cn. 15. 0. uibis couditae : cf. 
 ah iirbe conditd, Bk. I, Ch. 18. 
 
 8. petierant for pet'iverant : tlie 
 shorter forms are more usual in this 
 verb. 
 
 Cn. 16. 11. de his: cf. de his, 
 Bk. I, Ch. 11. 
 
 12. civitates - 11 rhes : see note 
 on couditd clvitdte, Bk. I, Ch. 2. 
 
 Beneventum : its name is said to 
 have been originally Mah'vetUuiii, 
 and to have beeii changed because 
 of the evil omen it contained. Tlie 
 name Beneventum w:is given it in 
 271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated 
 Pyrrhus 275 n.c. It remaiued a 
 possession of the Romans during 
 the whole of the Second Punic War 
 and was thanked by the .senate for 
 its faithfulne.ss during that critical 
 period. 
 
 Cn. 17. If.. Biuiidisini: the peo- 
 ))le of Brundisium, the modern 
 Briudisi. It was a seaport of Ca- 
 labria, the chief naval station of the 
 Homans on the Adriatic Sea, and 
 
 their regular port of departure for 
 Greece. 
 
 Ch. 18. 17. aiuio ; sc. ab iirbe 
 condifd. 
 
 1- cxtia llaliain ; "the Roman 
 power was now dominant through- 
 out the peninsula to the river Aesis ; 
 the valley of the Po, however, was 
 still reckoned a i)art of (Jaul.' 
 
 24. 0011*11 Alios; i.e. Cartha- 
 ginians. Carthage was one of the 
 first cities of the ancient world. It 
 was situated on the north coast of 
 Africa, and was said to have been 
 founded by Plioeniclans from Tyre 
 under the leadership of Dido. 
 Carthage liTid been the ally of 
 Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. 
 But the growing conmiercial activity 
 of Carthage caused jealou.sy to arise 
 which resulted in the three wars 
 for the supremacy of the West, — 
 known as the Punic wars. Tlie first 
 was from 2(54 h.c. to 241 u.c. Tlie 
 .second 218-'202 k.c. and the third 
 140-140 B.C. It resulted in the cap- 
 ture and destruction of Carthage by 
 the Romans under P. Cornelius 
 Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. 
 III. 
 
 20. rege Biciiiae iiieione 
 Hiero was tlu' king of Syracuse and 
 its dependencies. Niarly all the 
 rest of Sicily was in the power of 
 the Carthaginians. 
 
 Pv<;k 23. <^'"- 19- - ^^^ "^''6 
 nae : 'great operations.' 
 
 ;i. in fidem acoeptae : sc. sunt ; 
 ' were tak«'n under their pri>tection ' ; 
 /.♦'. they were made tributary. 
 
 Ch. 20. 1 Libuinas: sc. /iJres; 
 
^■1^ 
 
 Xr>'rKS 
 
 [Pages 2:3-25 
 
 \> 
 
 these were light vessels built after a \ 
 model taken from the Liburniaiis, ' 
 a sea-fariiig people that lived on ! 
 tlie east coast of the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 12. Dniliiis the victory of Dui- 
 lius was tiue lo a device by which he 
 turned a naval battle into a land 
 contest. His ships were furnished 
 with grappling irons, by means of 
 which he seized the ships of the 
 enemy and then boarded them, 
 when the Roman soldiers easily 
 proved themselves superior to the 
 Carthaginian mercenaries. It was 
 the first naval victory the Romans 
 had ever gained, and in lionor of it 
 a column was erected to'the memory 
 of Duilius. 
 
 17. possent : cf.pufjndKset, Ch.S. 
 
 ll>. liicie - rM- /</.s' loris: 'from 
 these places.' 
 
 20. tiiuinphuni egit : 'he cele- 
 brated a triumph.' 
 
 Ch. 21. 2:'> pugnatum : sc. est ; 
 ' they fought.' 
 
 victuH est 'he (Hamilcar) was 
 c(m(iuered.' 
 
 _' I letio s"- lecSpit : cf. .Sf' IV'- 
 r'fpit. V\\. 12. 
 
 l*A<.i 24. ' "'' deditioncm ac- 
 ceperuiit • ilu'V received in .-sur- 
 render.' 
 
 ■J usque ad: lit. 'even up to' 
 = ' as tar as. ' 
 
 <'. decern et octo : cf. decern et 
 (hHo, liiv. i, C ii. 1. 
 
 "-=. ill fidem acoepit of. in fidem 
 a(:ceptii(\ in. i' 
 
 H. a Lacedaernomis : cf. Fyr- 
 rhuiii . . . aajdniiii /Kiposrernjit. 
 Ch 11. 'Hie Spartans were called 
 
 Lacedaemonii from I.acedaenion, 
 another name for Sparta. 
 
 Cn. 22 22. ingenti piaeda: 
 after a victory a portion m the 
 booty generally was divi(h'd among 
 the soldiers. 
 
 23. subacta . . . fuisset : cf. 
 
 quest" fi(isst'(^ Bk. I, H. 
 
 oO. neque . . . infractus fuit : 
 
 lit. ' neitlier in any one was courage 
 broken by these ' = • and no one's 
 courage was broken by these (mis- 
 fortunes) . ' 
 
 his : sc. cdsibus. 
 
 1'agk 25. ^"- 23. 4. continuae : 
 'repeated'; one following another 
 without any break. 
 
 0. recederetur : lit. • it should 
 be withdrawn ' = ' they should with- 
 draw.' 
 
 Ch. 24 8. Metello : a coin was 
 struck to commemorate this battle, 
 having the head of Metellus on the 
 one side and an elephant on the 
 other. Metellus was consul a second 
 time in 249 n.c, and was elected 
 Pontifex Maxinuis in 24M n.c. In 
 241 n.c. he rescued the Palladium 
 when the Temple of \'esta was on 
 tire. 
 
 10. venientem : • oji his arrival " ; 
 in Sicily from Africa. 
 
 12. in auxilium : lit. ' for aid' = 
 • as auxiliaries.' 
 
 18. ingenti pomp5 : cf. Hlfinid 
 pernicu'. Ch. 21. 
 
 Ch. 25. 17. obtineret ; • obtain ' ; 
 a late meaning. 
 
 18. nihil . . . egit : • did not act 
 at all " ; i.e. he made no use of the 
 l)rivileges enjoyed by Roman citi- 
 
 Pages 25-27] 
 
 NOTKS 
 
 zens, but acted as a foreigner on the 
 ground that he had lost his citizen- 
 ship when he had been captured by 
 the enemy. It was so provide<l by 
 Roman law, but there was also the 
 provision that when a priscmer re- 
 turned he rectjvered his former 
 status. The story of the return of 
 Regulus is ni«»re than doubtful. 
 
 20. uxorem : according to the 
 view he took she had cea.sed to be 
 his wife. 
 
 Ragi: 26. 1 obtinuit : -he gained 
 his point.' 
 
 2. nuUus admisit : 'no one ad- 
 mitted (to the senate)'; i.e. the 
 Romans refused to admit tli*- am- 
 bassadors. 
 
 ;). negavit = d'l.rit nun. 
 
 4. mansiirum : .sc. ease. 
 
 Ch. 26. 8. contra auspicia : 
 nothing was undertaken by the Ro- 
 mans without considting the will of 
 the gods. In this case the sacred 
 chickens refused to eat, this being 
 an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius 
 persisted in fighting. 
 
 11. alius: in classical Lathi alter 
 would have been used ; cf. (dil . . . 
 (tin, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant. 
 
 Cn. 27. 1'. trecentis navibus : 
 this fieet wsls not raised by the htate, 
 but by private subscription. The 
 mimber is generally given as 200. 
 
 IS. navem aeger ascendit : ' em- 
 barked with dittienltv.' 
 
 vulneratus . . . fuerat : cf. 
 tjHesf'i fiiissi/. Bk. I. S. 
 
 22. infinitum : • a very great 
 (amount 1." 
 
 auri : cf. nr<fe}iti, Ch. 19. 
 
 24. VI iciub Maitias: the full 
 express, -i. «. v)uld be ante diem sex- 
 turn Idus Mart ids; cf. XI Kal. 
 Maids, Bk. I, 1. 
 
 25. tributa . . . pax : peace 
 was granted finally on these terms : 
 Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to 
 give up the Roman prisoners with- 
 out ransom, and to pay a war indem- 
 nity of 3,200 talents, —§4,000,000, 
 — one third down and the reniain- 
 der in ton annual ])ayments. 
 
 Pagi 27, ^ liceret : -it might 
 be permitted ' ; the subject is redinil 
 captlvos. 
 
 4. redirent : /^/zeo generally takes 
 the Accusative and Infinitive, but hi 
 poetry and in late prose it .sometimes 
 takes nt with the Subjunctive. 
 
 T). ex fisco : • fr(»m the treas- 
 ury * ; a late meaning. 
 
 (u. 28. <■ Lutatius: Cerrd. 
 
 A Manlius ; lOrqudtus. 
 
 8. quam vgnerant : ' after they 
 ha<l come.' 
 
 B<M»K III 
 
 Cii. 1. 12. Ptoiemaeum this 
 was the fauKUis l't(»l« my Philadel- 
 ])hus. He was engaged in war with 
 Antiochns II, king of Syria. f(»r a 
 long time, but finally concluded 
 peace with him and gave him his 
 daughter in marriage. He wa.s 
 noted for his patronage of litera- 
 ! ture and science. 
 
 14. Antiochus : this was the 
 name of several kings of Syria. The 
 one referred to here was Antiochus 
 II. called Tlier.s. 
 
 gratias . . ggit :' gave thanks,' 
 
li!i: 
 
 XHTES 
 
 [Packs 27, 28 
 
 ]►;. Hieio more properly the j 
 king of Syracuse (See Bk. II, 18, i 
 19). During his reign the cele- 1 
 brated niathfuiatician Arcliiniedes 
 livt'l. He became the firm ally of j 
 the Romans, and when the Second 
 Funic War broke out he remained 
 true to his alliance. After the battle 
 of Lake Trasi menus lie sent a fleet 
 with provisions and other gifts to 
 the Romans and also furnished them 
 with a bfvlv of light troops. 
 
 18. exhibuit: lit. 'held out' = 
 *presei t m." 
 
 Cii. 2. iw. qui bus sc. ann'is ; 
 cf. tempor^'. Ch. 1 
 
 20. Liguies : iliey inhabited the 
 upper part of the Po valley. They 
 were of small stature, but strong, 
 active, and brave. In early times 
 they served as mercenaries in the 
 armies of Carthage. They were not 
 subdued finally by the Romans until 
 after a long and fierce struggle. 
 Genua was their chief city. 
 
 21. de his ef. de his, Bk. 1, 11. 
 Pa<.! 28. ■ Saidinienses when 
 
 a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome 
 took advantage of the exhausted 
 condition of Carthage, and de- 
 manded the surrender of the island 
 and an additional indenniity of 
 1 200 talents ($ 1 ,500,000) . Corsica 
 was obtained in a similar manner. 
 This was the beginning of the Ro- 
 man provincial system. Each prov- 
 ince was governed by a praetor and 
 ])aid taxes to the Roman people. 
 Jtome and Curtlavje. p. 102 ; Creigh- 
 ton, p. ot> 
 
 3. impellentes ; nominative 
 
 agreeing with Karthdginienses and 
 governing Sardiniensts. 
 
 Cn. 3. 7. nfilliim bellum habue- 
 runt : at Rome ihere was the su- 
 caiieil Temple of Janus, the gates of 
 which were open in time of war and 
 closed in time of peace. The gates 
 were closed only three times from 
 the building of the temple by Numa 
 to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 2-Hi 
 B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25 
 
 B.C. 
 
 8. semel taiitujn: "onlvonce.' 
 
 Numa Poaipiiio regiiante . cf. 
 conduct civitCttc, Bk. I, 2. 
 
 Ch. 4. 10. illyuos: the Illyri- 
 ans lived on the eastern side of the 
 Adriatic Sea. They were a nation 
 of pirates, and made the whole Adri- 
 atic and Ionian seas unsafe for com- 
 merce. Even the towns on the 
 coast were not safe from their 
 ravages. The Romans sent a force 
 against them and compelled them to 
 give up their conquests anil to make 
 peace. 
 
 11. ex fllyriis: (/? //Z?/nls would 
 be more connnon. 
 
 Ch. 5. lo. Ganornm : the Ro- 
 mans, recalling the terrible battle 
 of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic- 
 stricken at first. A large army was 
 raised and stationed at Arinunum, 
 where the first attack was exi)ected. 
 But the Gauls passed around the 
 Roman army, and, falling in with a 
 small reserve force, utterly defeated 
 it. Instead of hastening to Rome, 
 they resolved to put their plunder in 
 a place of safety. The Roman army 
 following them met them finally 
 
 Pages 28, 29] 
 
 No 1 K.N 
 
 123 
 
 near Telamon, where the decisive 
 battle was fought, and the Gauls 
 were annihilated. 
 
 14. consensit : 'united.' 
 
 15. Fabio : (^. Fabius Pictor, the 
 earliest of the annalists. He wrote 
 in Greek an account of the early 
 history of Rome. lie is frequently 
 quoted by Livy. 
 
 17. tantura : ' nlone.' 
 
 Cii. 6. 20. M Claudio Mar- 
 cello : he was five times consul. 
 This was his first consulship. He 
 was one of the chief generals of the 
 Romans in the Second Punic War. 
 He captured Syracuse after a siege 
 of two years (Chs. 12, 14). He fell 
 in battle 208 b.c, and was buried 
 by the enemy with military honors 
 (Ch. 10). 
 
 24. Mediolanum : the modern 
 
 Milan. 
 
 expugnavit : note the difference 
 between expmjno and oppiuind. 
 
 26. spolia : called ophna, were the 
 arms taken from a hostile general 
 by a Roman general coiinnanding 
 under his own auspices. They were 
 hung in the Temple of Jupiter 
 Feretrius on the Capitol. This 
 temple is said to have been built 
 by Romulus, who inaugurated the 
 custom. They were won on only 
 two subsequent occasions, when 
 A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars 
 Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Hk. I. 
 19), and the time mentioned in this 
 chapter. 
 
 P\r;K 29 ^'" 7.4. bellum Pun 
 cum secuiiduni : immediately after 
 the end of the First Punic War the 
 
 Carthaginians began to prepare for a 
 renewal of the struggle against Rome. 
 Hannlcar, the father of Hainiibal, 
 cros.sed over into Spain and con- 
 (juered a large part of it. Probably 
 it was his intention to make this 
 province the basis of operations 
 against Italy. But death prevented 
 the realization of his plans. Has- 
 drubal, his son-in-law, took com- 
 mand of the empire llamilcar had 
 founded in Si)ain, and organized and 
 enlarged it. He founded the city of 
 New Carthage, which from its situa- 
 tion seemed destined to become a 
 second Carthage in commercial im- 
 portance. In 221 M.( . he was assa.s- 
 sinated. At his death the command 
 was turnetl over to Hannibal, the 
 idol of the army and the sworn 
 enemy of the Romans. Active 
 preparations were made. Forces 
 were assembled, supplies were pre- 
 pared, and when all was ready Han- 
 nibal gave the signal for war by be- 
 sieging Saguntnni. 
 
 per Hannibal em : cf. jx^r fVins, 
 Bk. i. •". 
 
 5. Saguntum : a town on the 
 southern coast of S]>ain. said to have 
 been founded by the Greeks as a 
 tra<ling post. It was in alliance 
 with the Romans, although by the 
 terms of the la.st treaty with the 
 Carthaginians independence was 
 secured to the Saguntines by both 
 ■ parties. The capture of this town 
 ' was the first hostile act of the war. 
 nonip and Cartharff, p. 112 ; Creigh- 
 ton, i>. 40. 
 
 7. annum . . . ae^atis lit. 'i)nss- 
 
1lM 
 
 Xn 
 
 iiig the tweiitietli year of his life ' = 
 ' being twenty years of age ' ; cf. 
 decern et octb annus iidtus, Bk. I, 1. 
 
 10. niTserant sc. le(/dtdi<. 
 
 Tit mandaietur : lit. ' that it might 
 be L"iiiiiiau(lt'(r = • that instructions 
 might be given.' 
 
 11. dura responsa . the story is 
 told that when Q- >^abius, the chief 
 of the embassy, held up his toga, 
 saying, ' 1 carry here peace and 
 war : choose ye which ye will have.' 
 'Give us which ever you please,' 
 replied the Carthaginians. ' War, 
 tiien,' said Fabius ; and the decision 
 was greeted by the short-sighted 
 acclamations of the masses. 
 
 18. adficiuiitur: historical Present. 
 
 Cii. 8. 1-3. in Hispaiiiam : cf. 
 lidmam, ("ii. 2. 
 
 K;. Ti Scnipicmiis: m\ Long us. 
 
 17. A! pes there is a disagree- 
 ment as to tiie pass by which l4an- 
 nibal entered Italy. Probably he 
 crossed by the Little St. Hernard 
 pa.ss, and came into Italy near the 
 present town of Aosta. Creighton, 
 p. 41 ; Bamc and Carthago, p. 118. 
 
 V.) LXXX milia peditiim the 
 number oi llie lorces oi iiannibal 
 given here is taken from L. Cincius 
 Alimentus, a Koman annalist. He 
 was captured by Hannibal, and so 
 hatl excellent opportunities for gain- 
 ing information. 
 
 21. Spmproniiii^ Gncchus : a 
 mistake oi i\u(it)|uii>. li ssa^ Tl. 
 Sempronius Longus. In the next 
 chapter it should be Sempronius Lon- 
 r/?<s instead of Si nipr'nin'^ ^'■•'yrrhus. 
 
 Cfi. 9. 2^^. P Coineliii-, ScTpio : 
 
 |,> [Pagks 29, 30 
 
 at the beginning of the war he set 
 out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding 
 that Hannibal had already left and 
 was on his way to Italy, he went to 
 Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian 
 before he should cross the Alps. 
 Hannibal was too quick for hini. 
 Scipio returned to Italy and awaiteil 
 the arrival of the Carthaginians in 
 Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ti- 
 cinus, one of the northern tributaries 
 of the Po, the first engagement of 
 the war took place. The Romans 
 were defeated ; Scipio received a 
 severe wound, and was only saved 
 from deatli by the courage of his 
 son Publius, the future con(iueror of 
 Haimibal. P. Scipio and his brother 
 Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. 
 Home and Carthage, p. 127; Creigh- 
 ton, p. 40. 
 
 P.v<.i: 30. 1- apud Trebiam am- 
 nem : the Trebia is a small stream 
 flowing into the Po from the south. 
 For an account of the battle see 
 Borne and Carthage, p. loO ; Creigh- 
 ton, p. 4o. 
 
 2. multi . . . dediderunt : it was 
 Hannibars policy io encourage the 
 conununities subject to Home to 
 revolt and to attach themselves to 
 his standard. Everywhere he pro- 
 claimed him.><elf to be the ' Liberator 
 of Italy.' 
 
 3. Flaminio . . . ocean it ; this 
 battle took place in tlie following 
 year, 217 n.e. Hannibal wintered 
 in the plains of Lombardy, and at 
 the approach of spring attempted to 
 cross the Apennines. He was driven 
 back bv a violent storm, and was 
 
 Page ;30] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1 -lo 
 
 forced to return to his winter quar- ' 
 ters. Later in the year he passed 
 the mountains and marched into 
 Etruria, where he was met by the 
 Romans under Flaminius, who had 
 been elected consul for that year, in 
 the battle of Lake Trasi menus, in 
 which the Romans were utterly de- 
 feated, and almost the whole force 
 was annihilated. Home and Car- 
 thage, p. 138 ; Creighton, p. 43, 
 
 V) Q Fabius Maximus: was 
 the great-grandson of the (^. Fabius 
 Maxinuis mentioned in Bk. II, 8, 
 and grandson of the Q. Fabius men- 
 tioned in Bk. II, 0. He was one of 
 the greatest generals of Rome. He 
 was chosen dictator in 217 n.c, 
 after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. 
 The policy he adopted is well known. 
 By following Haiuiibal from place to 
 place, by watching for any error or 
 neglect on his part and immediately 
 taking advantage of it, and by avoid- 
 hig a general engagement, he earned 
 for himself the name of Cunctator, 
 'delayer,' but he saved the state. 
 In 2 IT) B.r. he was elected consul 
 again, and again employed the same 
 tactics. In 210 b.c, when he was 
 consul for the fifth time, he recap- 
 tured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 
 10). He opposed the sending of 
 Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy 
 ought to be rid of Haimibal first. 
 
 eum . . . f regit = ah i)iipetn eum 
 prohihuit ; ' prevented him from at- 
 tacking in force.' 
 
 differendo piignam : 'by post- 
 l)oning battle': i.e. by avoiding a 
 decisive engagement. 
 
 Cn. 10 ^ quadragS«lm6 : Eu- 
 tropius is mistaken in the date ; it 
 was 210 H.r. 
 
 '. ' L A c inilius Paulus : father of 
 the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in 
 Bk. IV, 0, 7. He had distinguished 
 hiuLself in his former consulship 
 in the war against the Illvrians. 
 Against his advice the battle of 
 Canae was fought, and, refusing to 
 fly from the field when the battle 
 was lost, he was sslain. He was an 
 ari.stocrirt. and was raised to the 
 consulship by that party to counter- 
 balance the influence of the plebeian 
 P. Terentius Varro. 
 
 13. impatientia Varroiiis : the 
 aristocracy laid all the lilame of the 
 defeat on \'arro. 
 
 14. Camiae : a town of Ajjulia to 
 the south .tl the Aufidus, about half- 
 way between Canusium and the sea. 
 This was one of the most important 
 battles of the war. Although the 
 Romans greatly outmnnbered the 
 Carthaginians, by the skillful ma- 
 neuvers of Hannibal, they were 
 surrounded on all si<les and were 
 cut down without mercy. " For 
 eight hours tiie work of destruction 
 went on, and at the end oO.OOO 
 men lay dead upon the groun<l. 
 Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, 
 who, though wounded by a sling 
 early in the day, had clung to his 
 horse, heartening on his men, till he 
 dropped exhausted from his saddle, 
 the proconsul Servilius, the late 
 high-spirited ma.ster of the horse. 
 Minucius, both (juaestors, twenty- 
 one military tribun* s. sixty senators, 
 
126 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 30-32 
 
 ami an unknown number of knights 
 were among tlie slain. Nearly 20,000 
 Roman prisoners were taken. Of 
 the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen 
 only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all 
 this slaughter the conqueror had lost 
 only ooOO of his infantry and but 
 200 of that matchless cavalry to 
 whom the victory was mainly due." 
 Home and Carthage,^. 100; Creigh- 
 ton, p. 44. 
 
 16. paiB de exeicitu =parsex- 
 ercitus : a very rare us-^ge. . 
 
 18. accept! sunt : ' were han- 
 dled' ; an ironical use of the word. 
 
 20. nobiltsviiT: men whose an- 
 cestors liad lu'ld high office. 
 
 22. nicntioncni habere: usually 
 mentlb iw III Jacere. 
 
 quod jiriniqTii'n ante : sc. f((C- 
 
 ttiiii ei'dl. 
 
 2:>. mannmissi: .sc. siod ; they 
 were ii be rated because none but 
 freemen could serve in the Koman 
 legion- 
 
 Cu, 11. 24. miiltae Italiae civi- 
 tates; -chietlN .N.iuinitcs and other 
 south Italian states. The Greek 
 cities held to Home, and ' not one 
 Honian citizen, nor one Latin com- 
 munity, had joined TInnnibal.' " 
 
 Taok 31. 2. vaiiis siippliciis : 
 probably the Romans exaggerated 
 the cruelty and treachery of Han- 
 
 lubal. 
 
 o. anulorum these rings were 
 the distinctive badges of the knights 
 and senators. 
 
 7. cluobus Scipioiiibiis P.Cor- 
 nelius and (inaeus, the father and 
 uncle of r. Scipio Africanus. For 
 
 the campaign in Spain see Home 
 and Carthage, p. 183. 
 
 Cii 12 12. anno quarto post- 
 quam II. 480 (420) ; M. 243, 1 ; 
 A. & G. 250; G. 393; B. 223; of. 
 aUqiKit ann'is post, Ch. 0. 
 
 13. Miicellus: see note on 31. 
 Claudio MdrceUo, Ch. 0. 
 
 civitatein - nrhem; cf. conditd 
 c'lvitdte, Bk. 1, 2. 
 
 10. rex Macedoniae PhDippus : 
 although rhilip pronnsed aid, he 
 never gave it. Owing to his fre- 
 quent struggles with the states of 
 Greece, and the invasion of Macedo- 
 nia by the Romans, he was compelled 
 to devote his undivided attention to 
 preserving his realm. 
 
 21. proconsulem : ' ex-consul ' ; 
 at the exi)iration of his term of 
 office the consul was given a prov- 
 ince to govern, under the title of 
 proconsul. 
 
 22. ea • tlu- rmtf-ecdent is.SVo'(?//<m. 
 Cn. 13. - . Hispaiiiis: the two 
 
 divisions of Spain, Hither and 
 Further. 
 
 28. missus tuerat : cf. qiiesta 
 fnisset, Bk. I, 8. 
 
 VM'h: 32. 3. et Hasdrubalem: 
 ' including Ilasdrubal.' 
 
 Cn. 14. H. an - iiib;s cf. 
 
 ad quintHra mllidrium urhis, Hk. I, 
 15. This was merely a feint on the 
 part of Hannibal to draw the Ro- 
 mans away from Capua, which they 
 were besieging, to the defense of 
 Rome. Rome and Carthage, p. 
 
 187. 
 
 IJ pel iniiltos annos : cf. per 
 annum, Bk. I, 10. 
 
 .' 
 
 Pages 32-34] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 12" 
 
 10. nobilissinii uibs Syi^i.ub 
 ana : '' So fell ISyracuse, the virgin 
 citv, which had seen two Athenian 
 armaments perish beneath its walls 
 which had for centuries saved Sicily 
 from becoming altogether, what its 
 greater part then was. a Carthagin- 
 ian appanage. ... It fell to rise 
 no more, at lea.st to its former opu- 
 lence. Its temples were left stand- 
 ing, because they would not pay for 
 moving ; . . • but the choicest works 
 of art were swept off to adorn the 
 imperial city.'' Home and Carthage, 
 p. 181. 
 
 22. in deditionem accepit : cf. 
 in deditiotipnt arnjirrant, Hk, 11,21. 
 24. consulem : he was praetor, 
 not consul. He wa.s surprised by 
 Hannibal and slain before Herdonia. 
 Paok 33. Ch. 15. 2. I Corne- 
 lius Scipio : he is one of the most 
 interesting characters in Roman 
 history. Brilliant and versatile, he 
 seemed to be the favorite of fortune. 
 When the senate had resolved to 
 make one more attempt to concjuer 
 Spain and were looking for a leader, 
 he offered himself and was sent with 
 1 1 ,000 men. On his arrival he found 
 the forces of the Carthaginians scat- 
 tered in different parts of the prov- 
 ince, and New Carthage defended 
 by a weak garrison. By a brilliant 
 stratagem he captured this with its 
 riches and munitions of war, 207 b. c. 
 Next he attacked Ilasdrubal at Bae- 
 cula in Andalusia. Although the 
 l?omans claimed the victory, Ilas- 
 drubal escaped from his hands and 
 started for Italy to bear aid tn his 
 
 brother Hannibal. S}>ain was left 
 to the undisputed pos.session of the 
 Romans. 
 
 3. anic"s ii'uss . . . viginti: cf. 
 deceni . . . */«f?<.s, Bk. I, 1 . He was 
 too young to be elected to the con- 
 sulship. 
 
 5. feiT- primns ' almo.st the 
 tirs* " 
 
 Kait liaL'iiieni Hispliuae. called 
 ' .\e» V. <o iii.i^t . Ni »^ iw-ic on hel- 
 ium Punicnm secundum, Ch. 7. A 
 town still exists on the same spot 
 bearing the name Cartagena. 
 
 11. lino animo : 'with one ac- 
 cord.' 
 
 Cn. 16 , ♦ Q Faoiiis Maxi- 
 mus : see note on Q. Fahio Maximo, 
 Ch. 0. 
 
 17. peciiiiiam hominuni ven- 
 ditorum : Mhe money derived from 
 the sale of the prismiers.' 
 
 18. ad fiscum: cf. ex Jisco, Bk. 
 II, 27. 
 
 21. egregias res : ' extraordi- 
 nary exploits.' 
 
 per se : cf. per fllios, Bk. 1, 0. 
 
 22. L ScTpi5nem became fa- 
 mous for his victories in the East, 
 Bk. IV. 4. 
 
 23. Claud}iis Marcellus : see 
 note on M. Claudia Manfllo, Ch. 0. 
 
 Cii 17 20. res inch^as cf. 
 egregias /es, Ch. 10. 
 
 Page 34. E ^ amTcitiqm ac- 
 cepit: cf. in deditionem ai'n per Hilt, 
 Bk. II, 21. It meant practical sub- 
 jection in either case. 
 
 § victo : sc. hostr 
 
 2. obsides non poposcit by 
 pursuing liie oppo>ii- * 'ui.-. lo that 
 
12S 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Ta.jks :;i-;'.<; 
 
 of iheC'aitliagiiiiiiu.s he hoped to win 
 over the Spaniards. 
 
 Ci! 10 desperans: 'giving 
 
 up the liope.' 
 
 (). a coiisulibus: construe with 
 hiniiHCis coiitjtositais. 
 
 7. a pud Sf nam : one of the crit- 
 ical battles ot liie world's history. 
 It is generally known as the battle 
 of the Metaurus, from the name of 
 the river near which it was fought, i 
 The messenger sent by Ilasdrubal to 
 inform his brother Hannibal of his 
 coming fell into the hands of the 
 Romans. Nero, leaving a part of 
 his forces to watch Hannibal, with 
 a picked band hastened north, Joined 
 the force under Salinator, defeated 
 Hasdrubal, who perished in the bat- 
 tle, and returned to his army in 
 Apulia before Hannibal discovered 
 his absence. It is said that he or- 
 dered the severed head of Hasdrubal 
 to be flung into the camp of Hanni- 
 bal. He '"recognized the features 
 of the brother whom he had so long 
 and eagerly expected, and in them 
 sadly saw the doom of Carthage." 
 Home and Carthage, p. 106 ; Creigh- 
 ton, p. 4'>. 
 
 12. ingeiis aiiiai'as accessit : 
 lit. ' great courage came to in ad- 
 dition' = 'great courage was in- 
 spired in.' 
 
 et ipsl = etiam : cf. et ipse, Bk. 
 1,8. 
 
 Ch. 20. 10. in Airicmi missus: 
 the senate, led by labms, opposed 
 the sending of Scipio, but the people 
 forced that body to accede to their 
 demands. Owing to the opposition 
 
 Scipio was not as well eipiipped for 
 the expedition as he should have 
 been. 
 
 divinum quiddam : ' something 
 divine.' The ancients believed that 
 great men were inspired by the 
 gods. Scipio pretended to hold 
 communication with Jupiter Capito- 
 j liiuis. Probably he merely took 
 ; advantage of a popular superstition. 
 I 24. Syphacem : Syphax had 
 driven Masinissa, a Lybian king, 
 from his throne. Masinissa joined 
 Scipio on his arrival in Africa and 
 gave him valuable aid. When the 
 w\ar was ended Masinissa was re- 
 stored to his throne as his reward. 
 
 l*v(;i:35. Cn. 21. A. legati . . . 
 petiverunt : their purpose was t<» 
 enable Hannibal to reach Africa 
 and prepare for war against Scipio. 
 
 7. quousque = donee: a late 
 I usage. 
 
 S. milia : .sc. Uhrdruin. 
 
 pondo : ' by weight.' 
 ■ 1 1 . lie . . . redderent : Indirect 
 Discourse depending on an idea of 
 commanding implied in Ids . . . 
 
 dedit. 
 
 I Cn. 22 "' quibus prius : sc. 
 
 , data essel ; cf. liis condicionihus 
 
 \ dedit, Ch. 21. 
 
 I 20. quingentis milibuB : Dative, 
 object of addifis. 
 
 24. KarUiaeinT bellum : the de- 
 tails or tiiese operations are imper- 
 fectly known. Rome and Carthage, 
 p. 222. 
 
 Paoi. 36. Ch. 23. 2. ulla me- 
 moria : ' within the memory of 
 any one.' 
 
 Pa(;k& m, 37] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 l-x) 
 
 P). Scipio victor . this was at 
 the famous battle of Zama, one of 
 the decisive battles of the world. 
 Although Hannibal managed his 
 forces with his usual skill, and his 
 veterans fought like the men who 
 had so often conquered in Italy, the 
 Carthaginians were utterly defeated. 
 This ended the Second Punic War. 
 Home and Carthage, p. 224 ; Creigh- 
 ton, p. 4«>. 
 
 0. milia : sc. JV>r~irnn). 
 
 7. suppellectilis : Nominative, 
 the usual form is supeUex. 
 
 0. Africanus : later Mdior was 
 added to his name to distinguish 
 him from the Scipio Africamis who 
 destroyed Carthage, 14«3 n.c. 
 
 11. quam coeperat : cf. quam 
 renerant, Hk. II, 28. 
 
 Book IV 
 
 12. 
 
 Macedonicum : sc. 
 
 V 
 
 Ch. 1 
 
 bdlnm. 
 
 Cn. 2. b). Philippum : Piiilip 
 V, king of ^Macedonia, began to 
 reign 220 p..(., was defeated by 
 Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 107 
 n.c. and died 170 n.c. The Stortj 
 of the liomans, p. 137 ; Creighton, 
 p. 47. 
 
 15. rem prospere gessit : in 106 
 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian 
 games, Flamininus caused a herald 
 to proclaim, *' that the senate and 
 the people of Rome, and their com- 
 mander, Titus Quinctius, having 
 subdued Philip and the Macedoni- 
 ans, now restored the Corinthians, 
 Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, 
 Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to 
 
 HAZ. KITKOPIIS — \) 
 
 their freedom and independence, 
 and to the enjoyment of their own 
 \ laws." 
 
 10. quaterna niTlia sc. Uhrd- 
 rum ; note the luice oi ihe distribu- 
 tive. 
 
 pondo : cf. poudo, Hk III 21. 
 
 Pa<.i:37. -• Nabidem Nabis, 
 the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had 
 seized the city of \r'"«< 
 
 quibus voluit condicioiubus = 
 
 quil)}is rojiiif (US niudicionihilS. 
 
 in fidem accepit : cf. in Jidetn 
 aeeeptae, Bk. II. P.>. This is a mild 
 way of saying that he made the 
 king a subject of Bome. 
 
 Ch. 3. 0. Syriacuiu: sc. helium. 
 Creighton, p. 48. 
 
 7. Antiochum : the mo.st illustri- 
 ous of the family of the Seleucidae, 
 kings of Syria, wjus Antioclius, sur- 
 named the Great. After having con- 
 quered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, 
 he was urged by Hannibal, who had 
 taken refuge at his court, to make 
 war on the Bomans. He invaded 
 (ireece, Imt was defeated by L. 
 Scipio at Thermopylae in 101 n.r., 
 and again at .Mt. Sipylus in Mag- 
 nesia in 100 !$.<.. when he was com- 
 pelled to sue for peace. 
 
 12. fuisset : cf. quia . . . fecis- 
 sent, Bk. II. 11. 
 
 Ch. 4. 14. L CornelioScTpione 
 cf. Bk. III. lo, 
 
 Scipio Africanus : although 
 Scii)io Africanus was the legatus of 
 his brother, yet he practically acted 
 as commander, as his brother was 
 a man '>f !io nin'iif \-. 
 
 17. navaii pioelio: this battle, 
 
180 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [PACiKs 37, 38 
 
 fouj^dit at tilt' mouth of the Kury- 
 lUL'dou, off Aspi'iKhis in ramphylia, 
 ''was tlio lirst naval battle and 
 the last battle fought by llauuibal 
 
 11 
 
 against tlio Ixonians. 
 
 18. apud Maijiiesiani : ''with 
 the (lay of Magnesia Asia was erased 
 from the list of great states ; and 
 never perhaps did a great power fall 
 so rai)idly, so thoroughly, and so 
 ignominiously as the kingdom of the 
 Seleucidae under this Aiitiochus the 
 Great." Mommsen. 
 
 20. Euinenes : Antiochus had 
 offered one oi his daughters in mar- 
 riage to Kumenes, the king of Per- 
 gamus, on condition that he assist 
 him against the Homans. 
 
 22. ex paite regis: 'on the side 
 of the king.' 
 
 24. data est: se. pox. 
 
 25. recederet : cf. wferrot, Ch. 2. 
 pA(iK38. 1- concitatSrem belli: 
 
 'who had aroused the war" ; often 
 it is best to translate nouns of 
 Agency by a clause. 
 
 r . et ipse : cf. ct ipac. Bk. I. 8. 
 
 Asiaeenis ■ the more usual title 
 
 is . isi'tiu 11^. 
 
 Cu.5 12. pel T. Quill tium ria- 
 nniilmim : ''f^ •" '■ ^"ilins, Bk. I, <). 
 
 1.;. tiadendus esset : the bitter- 
 ness with whicii the Komans hunted 
 down Hannibal was unworthy of 
 sueli n mmi nnd such a nation. 
 
 veiieimm bibit : "Thus igno- 
 miniously ended the career of the 
 man who stood once at the head of 
 the commanders of the world, and 
 whose memory is still honored for 
 the magnificence of his ambition in 
 
 daring to attack and expecting to 
 conquer the most powerful nation 
 of his time." 
 
 Cn. 6. 1'.'. rebellavit : on account 
 of the division of the conquered ter- 
 ritory after the fall of Antiochus, 
 Philip became indignant at the Ro- 
 mans, and planned a revolt on a 
 large scale. His death in 179 n.c. 
 prevented him from putting his plans 
 into execution. His son Perseus at- 
 tempted to carry them out. Owing 
 to his lack of genius, he did not 
 act pronqjtly and with energy when 
 the opportunity offered, and let it 
 
 slip by. 
 
 20. Thraciae : 'i'hrace was the 
 name given originally to the whole 
 region north of the Aegean Sea. 
 Afterwards it was eontined to the 
 valley of the Hebrus. It became a 
 Roman province in 40 a.d. 
 
 illyrici: Illyricum was on the 
 east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its 
 rocky coasts were infested with 
 pirates until it was conquered by the 
 Romans in the second century b.c. 
 It was made a province afterwards 
 and known as Dalmatia. 
 
 21. Romanis . . . auxilio : ef. 
 anxiUn . . . Bomdms. Ch. 4. 
 
 24. utrisque . . • praebuit : lit. 
 ' furnished himself etpial to both ' = 
 'reiuRined neutral.' 
 
 2V F Licinius: sc. Crassus. He 
 was utterly incompetent and thor- 
 oughly unscrupulous. 
 
 20. gravT proelio victns near 
 Larisa. If Perseus had possessed 
 the energy^ to follow up this victory, 
 the result might have been different. 
 
 Pages 30,40] 
 
 XOTKS 
 
 1:^1 
 
 Page 39. 1. mox missus contra ' 
 eum : Eutropius does not mention 
 the two campaigns under Aulus Ho.s- 
 tilius and Quintius Marcius Philip- 
 pus, in both of which the Romans 
 were unsuccessful. 
 
 2. L Aemilius Paulus : he was 
 the .sou ui the consul who fell at 
 Cannae, Bk. Ill, 10. He was one i 
 of the best specimens of tlie sturdy i 
 Roman character. He was noted 
 for his discipline in the army, and 
 maintained throughout life a pure 
 and unspotted character. 
 
 0. ante . . . quam : cf. note on 
 ante . . . quam. Bk. II. 13. 
 
 C\\. 7. 8. Ill Nonas Septem- 
 bres : the full expression would be 
 ante, dion tertlum Nonas Septchi- 
 hres; cf. A7 Kal. Mdias, Bk. I, 1. 
 
 9. vicit: at the battle of Pydna 
 in Macedonia, 108 n.c. " It was in 
 fact the last battle in which a civil- 
 ized state confronted Rome in the 
 field on a footing of equality with 
 her as a great power. . . . The 
 whole civilized world henceforth 
 recognized in the Roman senate the 
 supreme tribunal whose commis- 
 sioners decided in the last resort 
 between kings and nations." 
 Mommsen, History of Borne, Vol. 
 II, p. .331). 
 
 14. honorem . . . habuit: 'held 
 him in honor' = 'honored him.' 
 
 victo : in apposition with e'l. 
 
 15. sibi : sihi and s? refer to 
 Paulus. 
 
 23. convivii apparatu : 'in his 
 entertainments.' 
 
 Ch. 8. 25. praedam . . . dis- 
 
 tribuit : this act of cruelty was 
 commanded by the senate 
 
 Pagi: 40 - triumphavit au- 
 tem nirtgmficentissime : never 
 before had Rome .seen so grand a 
 triunqih. It lasted for three days. 
 
 3. cum duobus filiis : Q. Fa- 
 bius Maximus and P. Scipio Afri- 
 canus Minor, both of whom had 
 been adopted into other families. 
 
 9. BIthyiiiae: supply rex from 
 reyes above. 
 
 Cn. 10. 15. tertium . . Kai 
 thaginem : The Story of the Bomans, 
 p. 139 ; Creighton, p. 50 ; Borne and 
 Carthaye, Ch. XIX. The Romans 
 encouraged their ally Masinissa to 
 encroach on the territories of Car- 
 thage and to harass lier in every 
 way. They were seeking a pretext 
 for war, having fully decided to 
 utterly destroy their hated rival. 
 The story is told that every speech 
 that Cato the Censor made was con- 
 cluded with the words ' Delenda est 
 Carthrfgd,' 'Carthage must be de- 
 stroy eil.' 
 
 10. T. Maniio C*'i]soiTn5 et 
 
 M Maniiio: they were ulLeir> lu- 
 
 coiupeient. On several occasions 
 
 ' they were saved from destruction 
 
 only by the skill of Scipio. 
 
 19. Karthaginem oppiignave 
 runt: the Carthaginians tried in 
 every way to avert the war. Em- 
 bassy after embassy was sent to 
 Rome, offering everything that could 
 be asked. When the Romans de- 
 manded the surrender of the arms 
 of the city, they were given. But 
 when it was demanded that they 
 
V]'2 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pa<;ks 40, 41 
 
 should leave their city and should 
 settle somewhere else at a distance 
 of ten miles from the sea, they re- 
 fused and prepared for the struggle 
 that was inevitable. 
 
 21. Scipio : -Tublius Cornelius 
 Scii)io was the youngest son of 
 Aemilius I'aulus, the conqueror of 
 Macedonia. When (luite a youth 
 he had fought at his father's side 
 at Pydna, and he was afterwards 
 adopted into a still more illustrious 
 family, that of the Scipios. Like 
 his grandfather, the great Africanus, 
 he had early shown a taste for other 
 arts than that of war ; and his fond- 
 ness for literature was cemented by 
 the friendship which he formed, 
 while still a youth, with the histo- 
 rian Folybius. He was inferior in 
 all respects to his grandfather by 
 adoption, the elder Africanus." He 
 is chosen by Cicero in the De Ami- 
 citia as one whose friendship was 
 worthy of immortality. 
 
 24. consnltissimus: 'most fer- 
 tile in couueii." 
 
 per eum ■ cf. pf-r Ann nUu.^, 
 
 Bk 
 
 27. committeie: sc. proelium ; 
 the omission is late and rnre. 
 
 Vk- V 41. Cn. 11. 1. per idem 
 tempus ; equivalent to the Abla- 
 tive nf Timf within which. 
 
 Masiiiissa: see note on Syphii- 
 cem, I'k. in. 20. 
 
 Cii 12 •. iuveuis ; see note on 
 annbrmiu Bk. II, 0. Scipio was 
 about thirty-seven years old, and 
 had held the office of military tri- 
 bune only. 
 
 6. consul est factus : as in the 
 case of his grandfather by adoption, 
 there was the tacit understanding 
 that his office was to be continued 
 until he had brought the war to an 
 end. The Romans by this time had 
 learned the advantage of retaining 
 in office in times of danger a man 
 who showed himself adapted to the 
 place. 
 
 9. quae sua recognoscebant : 
 •which they recognized as their 
 
 own.' 
 
 10. Karthago . . . deleta est: 
 "Thus happened what, happily, has 
 rarely happened in history before 
 or since. An ancient seat of civili- 
 zation with the race which inhabited 
 it, with its arts and its sciences, its 
 laws, its literature, and its religion, 
 was swept away at a single stroke, 
 
 I leaving hardly a wrack behind ; and 
 
 ! with it vanished the last rival whom 
 
 I Rome had to fear, the one state 
 
 which ever met her on equal terms, 
 
 and therefore alone stood between 
 
 her and universal empire." Rome 
 
 and Carthago, p. 200. 
 
 quam = postquani. 
 
 11. avus eius: his grandfather 
 by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio 
 Africanus Maior, the con(iueror of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 12. Africanus iunior : etiam 
 ipse can. of course, refer only to 
 Africanus. htnior being adversative ; 
 'Africanus (but) younger'; cf. 
 note on Tarquinius iunior, Bk. I, H. 
 
 Cn. 13. 14. Pseudophilippus : 
 " A pretender, calling himself Phil- 
 lip, the son of Perseus, met with 
 
 P.\(;Ks41-4;i] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1'^8 
 
 supp )rt from Thrace and Byzan- 
 tium, and was accepted as king by 
 the Macedonian nation. He even 
 extended his rule over Thessaly by 
 his victory over the ]U)man praetor 
 Juventius." :M()]nmsen, p. 210. 
 
 15. praetorem: the praetor was 
 one of the chief magistrates at 
 Rome, next to the consuls. The 
 nund)er varied at different times. 
 After Sulla's time there were eight. 
 The duties of the i)raetor were to 
 administer justice, and in the ab- 
 sence of the consuls to act in their 
 place. Praetors were also sent to 
 govern provinces .'subject to Rome. 
 
 10. ad internecionem : ' to the 
 point of destruction.' 
 
 Cji. ii 22. cepit : after the 
 battle of Leucopatra, in which the 
 Achaeans were utterly defeated. 
 
 diruit: --With Corinth fell the 
 liberties of Greece ; a Roman prov- 
 ince took the place of the state that 
 for six centuries had been the home 
 of art and elocpience, the intellec- 
 tual sovereign of antiquity ; but 
 though overcome and despoiled, she 
 became the guide and teacher of her 
 conqueror.*" The light of Greece 
 was extinguished. 
 
 27. pictae tabulae : 'pictures.' 
 
 Paok 42. Cii. 15. :'.. haberet: 
 II. 598 (515, 111) ; M. •5T^ ; A. .^ 
 G. 3i:5. il\ (;. 587; B. 309, 3. 
 
 quaestSre : the quaestor was an 
 r.fficer in charge of the treasury. 
 Two remained in the city while the 
 others accompanied the provincial 
 sovernors and managed the finances 
 
 of the provinces. 
 
 Cn. 16. 5. Metelins (^. Cae- 
 
 cilius Metellus, luulu Mucedonicus, 
 
 j was the son of Caecilius mentioned 
 
 ; in Bk. Ill, 19. He was consul in 
 
 i 143 B.C., and received the province 
 
 ! of Hither Spain, where he carried 
 
 ; on war with success for two years 
 
 ; asainst the Celtiberi. His brother. 
 
 L. Caecilius, was consul in 142 u.c. 
 
 Chs. 21, 23. 
 
 8. Viriathus : it is said that 
 Caepio jn-ocured his assassination. 
 
 9. quo metu = cuinti iwtn : for 
 the ca.se of )i\etu, cf. meta, Ch. 3. 
 
 12. adsertor : 'restorer of lib- 
 erty.' 
 
 Cn. 17. 17. pacem ignobileir, 
 fecit: but fearing the reckoning 
 that awaited him at home for con- 
 1 eluding peace, he denied before the 
 senate the agreement he had made 
 with the people of Numantia. The 
 total inconq)etency of Pompeius 
 and of his successor, Mancinus, and 
 the demoralization of the army, 
 caused the war to drag on with dis- 
 grace and disaster for three years. 
 Creighton, ]>. 49. 
 
 20. Mancmum hostibus +iadi: 
 \ they relused to receive Iiim, iis the 
 i senate knew they would. 
 ' 24. consul factus: s( . est; this 
 was in 134 \\a . He was then at 
 the legal aire for the consulship. 
 I 25. militem : ' the soldiers ' ; a 
 I collective noun. 
 
 ' Pa<;i:43. 4. reliquam . . . ac- 
 cepit : "A senatorial C(»mmission 
 I was shortly afterwards sent to 
 j Spain, and the provinces were re- 
 ! organized. Spain gradually be- 
 
iW 
 
 1 • I I 
 
 NOTKS 
 
 [Pages 43, 44 
 
 caiiit' exceedingly prosperous, and, 
 despite the guerilla warfare ever 
 waged l)y the half-subdued native 
 tribes, it was the most flourishing 
 and best organized country in the 
 Roman dominions." Mommsen, 
 p. 215. 
 
 Cn. 18 Attains: the king- 
 
 dom of Attains consisted of Lydia, 
 Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four 
 states on the coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cii. 19 CallaecTs: generally 
 
 written (iallaeci. They were a 
 people inhabiting the northwestern 
 part (»f Spain, bordering on the 
 Atlantic. They were the most un- 
 civilized people of Spain. 
 
 Lusit^anis : they lived a little 
 south oi the (iallaeci 
 
 10. P ScTpio . . . Numantiiiis : 
 from tiic cupime of the city of Nu- 
 mantia he received the name A"?(- 
 
 12. de Afuca: i.e. de Karthd- 
 
 (jine. 
 
 Cn. 20. i-. Aiistonico: he was 
 a natural son oi Eumenes II of 
 Perganuis. Upon the death of his 
 brother Attains, who left his king- 
 dom to the Romans. Ch. 18, he 
 claimed the throne. At first he 
 met with considerable success. 
 
 15. P. Licniius Ciihsus : he 
 was consul for the year bU n.c. 
 He was a good orator and jurist. 
 
 25. carceie: the Mamertine 
 prison at the foot of the Capitoline 
 Hill. This was the only pri.son in 
 Rome in early times. In it most 
 of the famous captives of the 
 Romans were strangled. It con- 
 
 sisted of an upper and lower cham- 
 ber. The term Tullianum sometimes 
 applied to the prison as a whole is 
 more properly restricted to the lower 
 dungeon. Sallust in the 'Catiline' 
 gives an impressive picture of the 
 lower vault in which Jugurtha per- 
 ished. "There is," he says, "in 
 the prison a chamber named the 
 Tullianum, about twelve feet below 
 the surface of the earth. It is sur- 
 rounded by walls, and covered by a 
 vaulted roof of stone ; but its ap- 
 pearance is repulsive and fearful, 
 because of the neglect, the dark- 
 ness, and the stench.'" 
 
 27. diem obierat : lit. ' he had 
 met his day ' = ' he died.' 
 
 (fi. 21. 20. quae nunc maiiet : 
 Kutropius is in error. The Car- 
 thage of his time was f(iunded by 
 Augustus. He was carrying out 
 the plan< nf .Inlius Caesar in this. 
 
 Tagi: 44. -. deduct! sunt: the 
 regular term for the founding of a 
 colony. 
 
 eo = fiO enm Jocnm. 
 Cn. 22. 5. Gallis transalpinis : 
 the (iauls of the modern France 
 and Switz<'rland were called trdns- 
 alplnh to distinguish them from the 
 Gauls of northern Italy, who were 
 called cisalp'uil. 
 
 Arvernorum : the Arverni were a 
 people of Aquitania, in the modern 
 Auvergne. In early times they were 
 the most powerful people in south- 
 ern Gaul. They still possessed con- 
 siderable power in Caesar's time, as 
 he refers to them several times in 
 the Gallic War. 
 
 Page 44] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 136 
 
 cf. torque^ Bk. 
 from 
 
 est 
 
 I.e. 
 
 7. fliivium : a late word. The 
 regular term for river is fltiineu 
 
 8. torqtiibiiB 
 
 II, 5. 
 
 9. clediictiiB 
 
 Gaul. 
 
 Ch. 23. 12. Naibone: this was 
 the first colony of the Romans in 
 Gaul. Later it gave the name of 
 Xarhonensis to the province. It 
 was situated on the river Atax, and 
 was of considerable conunercial im- 
 portance. 
 
 13. L Caecilio Mutello : see 
 note on M(^telhis, Ch. 1«). 
 
 Cii. 24. 17. Scordiscis: a people 
 of Pannonia. They were sometimes 
 classed with the Illyrians, but they 
 were remains of an ancient and 
 powerful Celtic tribe. 
 
 Ch. 2 3 C Caecilio Me- 
 
 tello : he was the son of Quintus > 
 Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in 
 Ch. 10. He was consul in 113 n.c., 
 and carried on war in :Macedonia 
 against the Thracians, whom he 
 subdued. He obtained a triumph, 
 in consequence, in the same year 
 and on the same day with his 
 brother. 
 
 20. alterum ex Sardinia : this 
 was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a 
 brother of Gains Caecilius men- 
 tioned above. He was consul in 
 115 B.C. In 114 he was sent to 
 Sardinia as proconsul, and while 
 there he suppressed a revolt in the 
 province. For this he was granted 
 a triumph, which he celebrated at 
 the same time with his brother. 
 22. Cimbros : see Bk. V, 1, 2. 
 
 Cn. 26. 23. F. Scipione Na- 
 sica: i.e. 'Scipio with the pointed 
 nose.' This name, which was given 
 in derision to one member of his 
 family, clung to all his descend- 
 ants. 
 
 24. lugurthae . . - inlatum est 
 Jugurtha is an interesting charac- 
 j ter in Roman history. He was the 
 I illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the 
 , king of Numidia. He served under 
 Scipio in Spain, and there made the 
 ac(iuaintance of the dissolute patri- 
 cians who were serving in the army. 
 On the death of his uncle, he put 
 Hiempsal to death and seized the 
 kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in 
 the town of Cirta, and, having taken 
 the town, he put him to death with 
 savage torture. In the capture of 
 Cirta several Roman citizens were 
 slain. This conq)elled the senate to 
 make an investigation ; but many 
 of its members had been bribed by 
 Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. 
 Finally war was declared against 
 him. The army, however, was 
 poorly equipped and badly organ- 
 ized. Nothing but defeat resulted. 
 Metellus, on taking command in 109 
 n.c. reformed the army, won sev- 
 eral victories, and seemed on the 
 point of bringing the war to an end 
 when he was succeeded by Gains 
 Marius, his lieutenant. Marius 
 speedily brought the war to a 
 close. Jugurtha, however, was sur- 
 
 rendered to Sulla, Marius' lieuten- 
 ant, by the Moors, with whom he 
 had taken refuge. After gracing 
 the triumphal procession of Marius, 
 
13G 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 44-4<J 
 
 he was strangled in the Mamertiiie 
 prison. He is said to liave ex- 
 claimed as he touched the water at 
 the bottom of the prison, ' How 
 cold are thy baths, O Hercules' I 
 
 25. fraties sii5s : Eutropius is 
 inct)rrect. They were his cousins, 
 not brothers. 
 
 Pack 45. - qnae . . . impro- 
 bata est probably tlie senate 
 Would liavt' approved of it, but 
 such an outcry was raised by the 
 people that they were forced to re- 
 ject the peace and order the war to 
 be continue'l 
 
 T'li, 27 i Q Caeciiius Metel- 
 lua : he wa:^ liif ^oii of Lucius 
 Caeciiius, mentioned in Clis. 21, 2o. 
 He received the name of Xuniidicus 
 for his campaign against Jugurtha. 
 In an age of growing corruption his 
 integrity remained unsullied, and 
 he was distinguished for his abili- 
 ties in war and peace. Creighton, 
 p. 61. 
 
 12. successum est ei. lit. 'it 
 was succeeded to him ' = ' ho was 
 sncoee(h^d.' 
 
 C Mail 5 : see Bk. V, I. Marius, 
 who had accompanied Metellus, 
 gained his consulship by appealing 
 to the credulity of the people and 
 by misleading them with the most 
 unfair misrepresentations of the 
 conduct of Metellus. 
 
 Bocclium king of Mauretania, 
 father-in-law of Jugurtha. 
 
 l(i. Come 1 ill 111 SuUam : see Bk. 
 V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an 
 aristocrat was very annoying to 
 Marius. 
 
 Book V 
 
 Paoe 46. Cn. 1. 2. Cimbris et 
 Teutoiiibus : the Cimbri and Teu- 
 tones were Germanic tribes who had 
 migrated from their homes and had 
 come into Gaul. They defeated the 
 Romans in several engagements. 
 In the battle of Arausio, 105 u.c, 
 three lioman armies were cut to 
 pieces. Then they turned their 
 course towards Spain and gave the 
 Romans a respite of two years. In 
 102 li.c. they returned from Spain 
 and prepared to invade Italy. Be- 
 fore their entrance they divided. 
 The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed 
 the Rhone, intending to enter Italy 
 by the eastern Alps. The Teutones 
 and the Ambrones tried to come in 
 by the Maritime Alps, intending to 
 
 I join their countrymen in the valley 
 of the Po. jMarius met them at 
 Aipiae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 n.c, 
 
 ! and the mighty host of the barba- 
 rians was annihilated. The next 
 year the united armies of Marius 
 and Catulus met the Cimbri near 
 Yercellae in Cisalpine Gaid and 
 utterly defeated them. Those who 
 survived the battle were either 
 killed or sold in the slave market at 
 Rome. "The human avalanche 
 which for thirteen years had alarmed 
 the nations from the Danube to the 
 Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, 
 rested beneath the sod, ov t(»iled 
 luider the yoke of slavery." 
 Mommsen, History of Homo, Vol. 
 Ill, p. 20.S. Creighton. p. (W ; The 
 Storij of thp lioynavs, p. 155. 
 
 Pa(;ls 46, 47] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1:^ 
 
 1 1 
 
 7. quantus . . . tempore: 
 • barely was it as great in the time 
 of Hannibal.' 
 
 8. Mai ills: Gains Marius was 
 born near Arpinum 157 u.c. of an 
 obscure family. By his valor and 
 his energy he w(u-ked his way up in 
 the army, winning distinction in the 
 siege of Xumantia in Spain. In 
 110 u.c. he was elected tribune of 
 the plebs. He now became a 
 marked man. He acquired influ- 
 ence and importance by marrying 
 into the family of the Caesar.s. In 
 100 B.C. he went to Africa as lieu- 
 tenant of Metellus. In 107 n.c. he 
 was elected consul and brtnight the 
 war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. 
 IV^, 27. After his return from 
 Africa he was elec-ted consul the 
 second time in 104 n.c. and took 
 conunand of the war against tlie 
 Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 
 103, 102, and 101 n.c. he was elected 
 to the consulship, and crushed the , 
 barbarians in the two famous bat- 
 tles of Aquae Sextiae and Yercellae, 
 102, 101 i'..c., Chs. 1, 2. In 100 u.c. 
 he was elected consul for the sixth 
 time. The Social war again called 
 him into active service. He de- 
 feated the Marsi in two successive 
 engagements, Ch. 3. That he might 
 gratify his ambition and be sent to 
 the war with Mithradates, he pro- 
 cured the passage of a law removing 
 Sulla from the command of the 
 army and conferring it upon him- 
 self. Sulla refused to give up his 
 command, marched upon Rome, and 
 forced Marias to flee. After having 
 
 arranged matters at Rome to his 
 satisfaction Sulla left for the East, 
 Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius 
 returned to Italy, besieged Rome, 
 and entered the city as a conqueror. 
 " The most frightful scenes followed. 
 The guards of Marius stabbed every 
 one whom he did not salute, and the 
 streets ran with the blood of the 
 noblest of the Roman ari.stocracy." 
 Ch. 7. Without the formality of an 
 election he became consul for the 
 seventh time, 86 n.c. But he did 
 not hmg enjoy his honor. On the 
 eighteenth day of his consulship he 
 died. 
 
 15. absens : this was unusual. 
 The law provided that a man must 
 be present to stand for the consul- 
 ship, and that at least ten years 
 must elapse before he could be re- 
 elected. 
 
 Cn. 2. 1^. diniicatinii est this 
 battle was fought in the Campi 
 Raudii, near Yercellae. Before the 
 battle, the Cimbri demanded that 
 lands .shouhl be given them for 
 themselves and the Teutones. ' The 
 Teutones,' replied Marius, ' have all 
 the land they need on the other side 
 of the Alps.' 
 
 a Catuli parte : ' on the part of 
 Catulu.s.' 
 
 Paoi: 47. ^'"- 3. T. gravissimnm 
 bellum : this is known as Llie bociui 
 or Italian war. It was waged by the 
 Italian allies of the Romans. For 
 nearly thirty years the hope of ob- 
 taining Roman citizenship had been 
 held out to them, but no measure 
 had been carried to bet<^er their con- 
 
138 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 47, 48 
 
 dition. The burdens that Rome had ' 
 imposed upon them had been stead- 
 ily increased. Finally, in despair 
 of securing any reforms, they ap- 
 pealed to arms. At tirst they were 
 successful, but in the end the Ro- 
 mans conquered. However, they 
 were compelled to grant nearly all the 
 Italians had demanded. Creighton, 
 p. 64. 
 
 V2 alius for alter. 
 
 15. a Rdmams : ' on the side of 
 the Roniciiia ■ , ci. a Catidl parte, 
 Ch. 'J. 
 
 Ch. 4. -4. belium civile ; the 
 Fir.st Civil wdi, called also the 
 Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See 
 Chs. 7-0. The Stori/ of the Romans, 
 pp. 160-164; Crpiuliton. p. 66. 
 
 Pack 48. 1- Mithiadaticum : 
 sr. hflhirn commotum est. 
 
 bello civili . in classical Latin 
 probably a Genitive would have 
 been used. 
 
 2. cum Sulla . Lucius Cornelius 
 Sulla was born of a patrician fam- 
 ily in 138 B.C. After having secured 
 a good education, he passed his early 
 life in the pursuit of pleasure, squan- 
 dering the small fortune left him by 
 his father. He served under Marius 
 m Africa (Bk. IV, 8)., and received 
 the surrender of Jugurtha. During 
 the war with the Cimbri and Teu- 
 tones, he served under Marius and 
 Catulus with distinction. When the 
 Social war broke out he again en- 
 tered the service and won fresh 
 laurels (Ch. 3). In 88 n.c. he was 
 elected consul and received the 
 command of tlio war against Miih- 
 
 radates (Chs. 5-7). When he had 
 concluded peace with Mithradates, 
 lie returned to Italy in 83 b.c, and 
 prepared for the campaign against 
 the leaders of the Marian party. 
 His efforts were crowned with suc- 
 cess. In 82 B.C. he brought the con- 
 flict to a close with the decisive 
 battle of the CoUine gate (Ch. 8). 
 Sulla was now master of Italy. He 
 resolved to take the most ample 
 vengeance upon his enemies, and 
 utterly to crush the popular party. 
 He inaugurated a proscription, in 
 which as many as 47,000 are said to 
 have perished. He was chosen dic- 
 tator by the senate, and made vari- 
 ous reforms in the constitution of 
 the state, all tending to strengthen 
 the power of the aristocracy and to 
 weaken that of the commons. In 
 79 B.C. he resigned his office and re- 
 tired to his estate at Puteoli, where 
 he died in 78 b.c. "None of his 
 friends ever did him a kindness, and 
 none of his enemies a wrong, with- 
 out being fully repaid." 
 
 3. gestuius: the Future Parti- 
 ciple is not used by prose writers of 
 the classical period to denote pur- 
 pose. 
 
 •' primus arm r tus : a gen- 
 
 eral with his army could not enter 
 ' the city, except when celebrating a 
 triumph, without losing his com- 
 mand. 
 
 [ 11. in fiitfinim annimi : ' for the 
 next year. ' 
 
 Cm Oc^^Svio et L. Coineiio 
 Cirai"^ 111 apposition with cbnsuli- 
 
 Pages 48-50] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 139 
 
 Ch. 5. 13. Mit 
 
 ^atiatci 
 
 Mith- especially famous for its temple of 
 
 radates V was king of Pontus, a 
 
 state of Asia Minor. He is one of 
 the most striking characters of Ro- , 
 man history. Possessed of a large 
 and powerful frame, he was en- 
 dowed also with a mind of great 
 strength and alertness, indomitable ^ 
 courage, and consuming ambition. 
 It was the desire to extend his realm 
 that brought him into collision with 
 the Romans. In 88 b.c. he over- 
 ran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the 
 greater part of the lioman province 
 of Asia. In 84 b.c. peace wa.s con- 
 cluded with Sulla. In 83 b.c he 
 again began war. This was brought 
 to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). 
 For the third time he began to wage 
 war in 74 b.c. This was the last 
 and most important war, and. owing 
 to mismanagement on the part of the 
 Romans, was not concluded until 63 
 B.C. , when he wasdriven from hisking- 
 d(mi and forced to take his own lif«' 
 (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71. 
 16. ei : the antecedent is N'lco- 
 
 medes. 
 
 1^. faceret: Subjunctive in In- 
 direct Discourse representing the 
 Future Indicative in Direct. 
 
 quod . . . pateretur this use of 
 qnod with the Subjunctive after a 
 verb of speaking, instead of the In- j 
 tinitive with subject Accusative, is 
 late. For the usual construction, ' 
 cf. Bk. Ill, 11. I 
 
 et ipse: 'he too.' j 
 
 23. Ephesum : Ephesus at the | 
 mouth of the Cayster in Lydia, was 
 the chief city in Asia Minor. It was 
 
 Diana. 
 
 24 niio die orciderentur ■ on 
 that day over bU,uuu iuuuuis were 
 put to death. 
 
 Pagi 49^ '■'' 6. 1. Anstone : 
 he was a Cficuraicd philoMjpin.-r. 
 
 3. Archelanra: Archelaus was 
 a disLiu-uishta general of Mithra- 
 dates. At first he met with some 
 success, but was twice defeated by 
 Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea 
 and Orchomenos in Boeotia. 
 11. commTsit ■ ^c. proelinm. 
 15. iubsit . . . agi: lit. 'ordered 
 it to be treated concerning peace ' 
 = ' ordered a truce to be made.' 
 
 Ch. 7. lb paitun contrasted 
 with (iJ)'is. 
 
 22. pax . . oidinata est : by 
 the terms of the peace arranged 
 Mithradates abandoned all his con- 
 quests in Asia Minor, confined him- 
 self to the dominion he had held 
 before the war, paid an indemnity 
 of 3(XK) talents, and surrendered 
 80 .ships of war fully e<iuipped. 
 
 Page 50. 2. pi oscrTpseriiiit • 
 ' outlawed.' This was the tirst pro- 
 scription in Roman history. It was 
 so called from the list of the names 
 of the persons who were outlawed. 
 They might be kille 1 by any one 
 with impunity, even by slaves. 
 Their property was confiscated to 
 ' the state and was sold at public 
 I auction. Their children and grand- 
 children lost their votes in the 
 ' Comitia and were excluded from all 
 public otficos. 
 
 r, Norbaiiuni e^ Scipidnem 
 
* } 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 50-52 
 
 Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio | 
 were elected consuls for the year | 
 m H.r. I 
 
 7. coiitia Noibaiuiin tliu bat- 
 tle was fou'dit at Mt. Tifata in Cam- 
 pania. After the battle Norbanus: 
 shut himself up in Capua. 
 
 10. totuni . . . accepit: by 
 means of Sulla's emissaries the j 
 whole army deserted Scipio, who i 
 was forced to retire from the war. , 
 
 Ch. 8. 12. Matins : Gaius Marius 
 the younger was elected consul with 
 Gnaeus Tapirius Carbo, though he 
 had not yet attained the legal age 
 for the oltice. 
 
 14. dimicavit: at Sacriportus, 
 between higiiia and Praeneste. 
 Marius was driven to Praeneste, 
 and when the town was captured 
 was slain 
 
 19. poi tarn Coiiinam : one of the 
 gates of Rome on tlie Quirinal Hill, j 
 The battle raged so fiercely and the 
 result was so long in doubt, that | 
 Sulla is said to have invoked the | 
 aid of Pythian Apollo. With this I 
 battle the resistance of the Marian 
 party in Italy was at an end. 
 
 Pact: 51. Ch. 9. 1. nuiil Roma- 
 noi um : this was the first time that 
 any one who had not held the t)ffice 
 of consul was permitted to celebrate 
 a triumph. 
 
 0. XXIV : sc. mllla with all 
 these numbers, except the last. 
 
 Ci! 
 
 Book VT 
 
 1 n Sertoiiiis Quintus 
 
 Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served 
 under Marius in the war against the i 
 
 Teutones. Before the battle of 
 Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp 
 of the enemy in disguise. In 83 b.c. 
 he went to Spain and became the 
 leader of the Lusitanians. For sev- 
 ral years he waged war successfully 
 against the Komans. Finally he 
 was assassinated by one of his offi- 
 cers who was jealous of his power. 
 The Story of the liormns, p. 165 ; 
 Creighton, p. 09. 
 
 Paoe 52. Cn. 2. 5. lev! a proe- 
 lia : ' skirmishes.' 
 
 Rhodopam provinciam : a small 
 division of Thrace. 
 
 Cn. 3. 10. P. Servilius: Publius 
 Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 b.c. 
 The next year he was sent to clear 
 the sea of pirates. He waged war 
 successfully against them, conquered 
 Cilicia and organized it as a province. 
 He took a leading part in the public 
 affairs. 
 
 ex cbiiBMle = proconsul e ; a late 
 expression ; cf. our expression ' ex- 
 president.' 
 
 Cn. 5. 20. M. Aemilius Lepi- 
 dus: Lepidus and Catullus were 
 consuls in the year after the death 
 of Sulla. They quarreled over some 
 trifling matter. In 77 i?.c. Lepidus 
 marched to Rome with an army. He 
 was met by Pompey near the Mul- 
 vian Bridge and defeated. Shortly 
 afterwards he died in Sardinia. 
 
 23. Metelli: Genitive, depending 
 on triumphus supplied from tri- 
 nmph'i ab<we. 
 
 Ch. 6. 25. anno urbis con- 
 ditae : a variation for the usual ex- 
 pression ah itrhe conditd- The year 
 
 P.\GES 52-54] 
 
 NO'IKS 
 
 *is conceived of as belonging to the 
 city. Cf. anno a conditd iirhe, Bk. 
 Ill, 10 ; anno . . ■ ah nrhe con- 
 ditCu Bk. IV, 22. 
 
 Page 53. 1. Nicomedes . Nico- 
 medes HI, surnamed Philopater, 
 was the son and successor of Nico- 
 medes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 
 8, 20. He had been aided by the 
 Romans, and was encouraged by 
 them to encroach on the territories 
 of Mithradates. Having no chil- 
 dren, he left his kingdom to the 
 
 Romans. 
 
 2. Mithradates : see note on 
 
 Bk. V, ■" 
 4. apud Ciialcedona : the de- . 
 
 feat was botli by land and sea. 
 
 7. Lucullus : Lucius Licinius 
 Lucullus fought in the Civil war on 
 the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 
 ij.c, and consul in 74 b.c. For 
 eight years he carried on the war 
 against Mithradates with success; 
 but on account of the mutinous 
 spirit of his soldiers and the jeal- 
 ousy of certain Romans, he was un- 
 able to bring the war to a close. 
 On his return to Rome he gave him- 
 self up to a life of indolence and 
 luxury. He died in 57 b.c. 
 
 10. Byzantium: the city of By- 
 zantium was founded by the Me- 
 garians in 058 b.c and was a 
 place of great importance. Con- 
 stantinople was founded on the 
 same site by the Emperor Constan- 
 tine the Great in 330 a.d. It re- 
 mained the capital of the Roman 
 Kmpire of the East until its captur* 
 bv the Turks in 145:'. 
 
 milia 
 
 sc. homi- 
 
 13. centui". fei 
 
 num. 
 
 Cu. 7. 17. novum belium see 
 The Story of the lioraam^, i^. i07 ; 
 Creighton, p. 70. 
 
 18. Spartaco : Spartacus was a 
 Thracian by birth, and had been 
 taken prisoner and sold to a trainer 
 of gladiators. His character has 
 been maligned by the Roman 
 writers. '-Accident made Sparta- 
 cus a shepherd, a freebooter, and a 
 Gladiator ; nature formed him a 
 
 hero." 
 
 19. ludo : ' the gladiatorial 
 school.' The gladiators were 
 mostly slaves, and were the prop- 
 erty of the individuals who trained 
 them and leased them for the 
 games. This school belonged to 
 I Lentulus. 
 
 I 20. paene non levins: 'not 
 nuich lighter.' 
 
 22. armatorum : many slaves 
 
 joined them. 
 
 23. victi sunt in Apulia; they 
 were conquered on tne nver Silarus, 
 
 I which flows between Lucania and 
 Campania. Spartacus was slain in 
 j the battle. 
 
 1 Cn. 8. 27. duo: nominative mas- 
 ' culine, agreeing with T'--''^'. 
 
 Pagi. 54. 7. Mithradates tug a 
 ^ tus est: if the Roman soldiers ha<l 
 ' been able to restrain their eager- 
 ness for plunder and had followed 
 Mithradates rapidly, he would have 
 been captured. 
 
 10. Tigrane : Tigranes, king of 
 Armenia, was the son-in-law of 
 Mithradat^'s. Although at flrst he 
 
1 \'2 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 54, 55 
 
 refused to aid Mithradates, later the i by sea and by land, as far as fifty 
 insolence of LucLillus' envoys caused miles into the interior, over the 
 him to change his policy and take a whole eastern Mediterranean for 
 hand in the war. three years. 
 
 Cn. 9. 13. hostem fiigatum: quod . . . confecit : in the 
 'the enemy who had tied.' Often it space of forty days he had swept 
 is best to translate a participle by a ■ the whole western tract of the 
 clans*' Mediterranean Sea, and had driven 
 
 14. Tigranocer':am : the capital the enemy into the opposite quarter, 
 of TiCTniH - He drove the pirates from the sea, 
 
 IG. clibanaiiis this is the only and compelled them to take refuge 
 place m Eutropius where this word in their strongholds in the Cilician 
 
 is found. It is post-classical, and 
 is used by only two writers besides 
 Eutropius. 
 
 19. Nisibin : he was directing his 
 march to Artaxata, but the mutiny 
 of his soldiers caused him to turn 
 aside to Nisibis, the capital of Meso- 
 potamia, and take up his winter 
 (ptarters there. 
 
 20. hi his lieutenants, Eannius 
 and Triarius. They had been de- 
 feated at Cabira and Zela. 
 
 22. nealegenter . . . ageiites : 
 
 coast. These he speedily surrounded 
 and captured. He burnt over 1300 
 of their vessels, and destroyed all 
 their hostile magazines and arsenals. 
 In ninety days he had terminated 
 the contest. 
 
 22. ei . . . Tigraneii . by the 
 Manilian law the authority he had 
 already wielded against the pirates 
 was extended over all the East. 
 
 2T noctuiiio pioelid Mithra- 
 dates at first attempted to procure 
 peace, but Pompey would hear of 
 'conducting themselves carelessly nothing but unconditional surrender. 
 
 and greedily.' 
 
 'J!. bellum lenovattirn est 
 
 the 
 
 He started to retire slowly but was 
 ptirsued by Pompey, and was over- 
 
 Komans were now exactly where | taken in a narrow pass on the Lycus, 
 they were at the breaking out of the where the city of Nicopolis was after- 
 
 war, Pontus and Cappadocia were 
 overrun by Mithradates, and the 
 results of eight years' warfare were 
 lost. 
 
 Vm:v 55 ( ,i. 11. ii.', bellum 
 
 ward built. Mithradates escaped 
 with a few horsemen and fled to 
 Tigranes, who refused to receive 
 him. 
 
 quadiagiiita iiiilia : cf. centum 
 Creticuni iiie war was in reality ; fere mllid, i li. 0. 
 direckd .igainst the pirates who! 27. Phamacis : Pompey had been 
 made Tr'-to tlKr'ir 1'*':vl(]uarters. | active in fostering intrigues in the 
 Ch. 12. 20. Cii. Porapeio: by ' family of Mithradates. He had 
 the (iabinian law Pompey was in- caused Pharnaces to revolt and to 
 vested with absolute authority, both i ally him.self with the Romans, and 
 
 )i 
 
 Pages 55-57] 
 
 VOTES 
 
 i o 
 
 had proclaimed him king at Panti- 
 capaeum. 
 
 Pagi 5G ventoum hausit: 
 
 Pharnaces was about to hand iiim 
 over to the Romans. Tiie story is 
 that he was so inured to poisons 
 that he was compelled to end his 
 life with a sword. 
 
 Cn. 13. 7. ab Aitaxata: Pom- 
 pey was following iiim, and was plan- j 
 ning to capture his capital city. 
 
 11. Syria Phoeiiice : also Gala- i 
 tia, CapiJciuuLia, .liulapartof Cilicia 
 which LucuUus had taken away 
 from h'vv.. Pompey refused to return. 
 
 12. Sophanene : Pompey made 
 the son of Tigranes the king of 
 Sophanf^no 
 
 14. commuvisset : Subjunctive, 
 giving the reason of the Romans. 
 
 Ch. 14. 22. Syn un Syria was 
 disturbed by fierce internal dissen- 
 sions. To put an end to the anarchy 
 that existed there, Pompey resolved 
 to annex it. He drove from the 
 throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who 
 had been acknowledged by the sen- 
 ate and by Lucullus. 
 
 Page 57. 2. ludaeam ; the Jews 
 alone refused to obey his orders, and 
 sustained a siege of three months at 
 Jerusalem. Although Rome had no 
 business to interfere with the affairs 
 in this part of the East, yet the 
 government she gave to the prov- 
 inces, formed from the conquered 
 territory, was stable and just in the 
 main, and was welcome after the 
 state of anarchy that had prevailed. 
 Ch 15 " L Sergius Catilina : 
 Catiline was a mt^mber of a patrician 
 
 family. By his dis.solute habits and 
 his luxury he had squandered iul his 
 property and had run into debt. The 
 only relief was to secure the consul- 
 ship, that at the expiration of his term 
 of office he might be sent to govern 
 .some province, from the plunder 
 of which he might acquire another 
 fortune to be spent in riotous living. 
 Failing to secure the consulship, he 
 determined to overthrow the state. 
 He formed a band of di.ssolute nobles, 
 collected arms in various places, 
 stationed an armed force at Faesulae 
 in Etruria. and made all prepara- 
 tions for an outbreak as soon as the 
 time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero 
 had ascertained all Catiline's plans 
 by the aid of the mistress of one of 
 the conspirators. Desiring to drive 
 Catiline to some overt act, he assailed 
 liim in the senate on the 8th of 
 November. The oration he deliv- 
 ered has been preserved. Catiline 
 ha.stencd from the city to the armed 
 force at Faesulae. The conspirators 
 who were left in the city were soon 
 ' caught in a treasonable act, and 
 were arrested and strangled in 
 prison by order of the senate. 
 Afterwards Cicero was accused of 
 having put Roman citizens to death 
 without a trial, and was condemned 
 to exile for a lime. Creighton, 
 
 p. /" 
 
 12. Catiiina ipse : it was not 
 until March of the next year (62 
 K.c.) that Catiline was surrounded, 
 while attempting to escape into 
 Gaul, and slain. 
 
 Ch. 16. 10. nulla . . inix. : in 
 
1 i \ 
 
 XO'JKS 
 
 [Pa(;k 57 
 
 this tiiuiiiph \va.s displayed a list of 
 HOO vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 
 cities captured. 30 cities repeopled, 
 and 20,000 talents of gold brou<,dit 
 to the treasury. '-The great con- 
 (jueror had now celebrated his third 
 triumph. His first had been for 
 victories in Africa, his second for 
 the overthrow of Sertorius in Eu- 
 rope ; he had now completed the 
 illustrious cycle by inscribing on 
 the list the name of Asia. Each 
 section of the globe had succumbed 
 to his prowess." 
 
 Ch. 17. 23. C. luiius Caesar: 
 Gains Julius Caesar was born July 
 12, 100 H.c. He was of a patrician 
 family, but from the finst sided with 
 the popular party. Many stories of 
 his early youth are told. He be- 
 came pontifex maxinuis, military 
 tribune, and quaestor in succession. 
 At this period he was noted chiefly 
 as a dissolute debtor and a dema- 
 gogue. In 62 H.c. he was elected 
 praetor, and the next year went as 
 propraetor to govern the province of 
 Eurther Spain. In 60 b.c. he re- 
 turned to Home and formed a po- 
 litical coalition with Pompey and 
 Crassus, known as the ' Eirst Tri- 
 umvirate." In oO B.C. he was elected 
 consul, and, after the expiration of 
 his year of office, entered on the 
 governorship of Gaul and Illyricum 
 for the period of five years. This 
 v^-as afterwards extended for an- 
 other period of the same length. 
 While governor of the province he 
 con(iuered the Helvetians and a 
 wandering band of the Germans 
 
 who had come over into Gaul, 
 crushed a revolt of the Xervii, de- 
 feated the Veneti and the Aquitani, 
 and twice invaded Germany and 
 Britain. It was Caesar's intention 
 to stand for the consulship a second 
 time as soon as his term of office 
 as governor of Gaul should expire. 
 Pompey, meanwhile, had become 
 jealous of Caesar's power and had 
 gone over to the senatorial party. 
 A measure was passed by the senate 
 declaring Caesar to be an outlaw 
 unless he should disband his army 
 and come to Rome a private citizen 
 before a certain date. On Caesar's 
 refusal to do this, he was declared a 
 public enemy, and preparations for 
 war were made. Caesar advanced 
 to Rome. Pompey fled to (ireece, 
 where he was defeated the follow- 
 ing year at Pharsalus, and after- 
 wards was nuirdered in Egypt. At 
 the battle of Tjiapsus in Africa, 46 
 B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining 
 leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. 
 This was the end of the war. Ik- 
 returned to Rome and was made 
 imperator and perpetual dictator. 
 He inaugurated several important 
 reforms, among them a reform in 
 the calendar. He formed many 
 other plans which his death pre- 
 vented him from executing. Finally, 
 when it was thought that he was 
 aiming at the kingly power, a con- 
 spiracy was formed, and he was 
 assassinated on the fifteenth day of 
 March, 44 b.c. 
 
 " While other illustrious men 
 have been reputed great for their 
 
 Pages 57-50] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1 I 
 
 excellence in some one department 1 
 of intellect, the concurrent voice of | 
 antiquity has declared that Caesar ] 
 was great in all. ' He had genius,' 
 says Cicero, ' understanding, mem- | 
 ory, taste, reflection, industry, and ' 
 exactness.'" The Story of the\ 
 liomanii, p. 176 ; Creighton, p. 74 ; 
 The Roman Triumvirates, Ch. 5. 
 
 imperavit: 'was emperor'; a 
 late meaning. 
 
 Page 58. 1- decreta est : for 
 the number and gender see H. 305, 1 \ 
 (439,1); M. 174, 2, 178,2; A. & G. 
 187,rt;G.285-6;B.235,A,2,B,2,?>,B. 
 
 2. Helvetios . . Sequani : Eu- 
 tropius, following the custom of his 
 day, unites the Helvetians and Se- 
 quanians. In Caesar's time they 
 were quite distinct. The Helvetians 
 lived in what is now Switzerland; 
 the Sequanians were west of the 
 Jura mountains along the Rhone. 
 
 7. Britannis: twice he invaded 
 Britain. The first time it was a 
 mere reconnoissancc. His con(iuest 
 was only partial. 
 
 11. quadriiigenties : sc. rentena 
 m'lUa spstertium ; about §1,640,000. 
 
 Geimanos : twice Caesar crossed 
 the iviune, but only for the purpose 
 of impressing the Germans with the 
 power of his forces. He fought no 
 battles there, but he inflicted terrible 
 defeats on two German bands that 
 had roiiio nvr-v into Gaid. 
 
 ru. 18. 1= M Licinius Cras- 
 sus : there was no cause for war 
 against the Parthians, but Crassus 
 was anxious to make himself popu- 
 lar by winning military renown. 
 
 HAZ. EUTROPIUS — 10 
 
 18. circa Carras : the overthrow 
 at Carrae was one of the gravest dis- 
 asters ever sustained by the Roman 
 arms : 20,000 were slain and 10,000 
 were carried into captivity. The 
 Romans who were made prisoners 
 were treated with indulgence by the 
 Parthians and were allowed to settle 
 in the land of their conquerors. 
 Creighton, p. 77. 
 
 Page 59. Ch. 19 r altemm 
 consulatum: this he demanUed 
 in accordance with the agreement 
 formed between Pompey, Crassus, 
 and himself. He was now eligible 
 for a second consulship, as ten years 
 had passed since he was consul for 
 the first time. 
 
 5. aliqua : cf. aliqnd, Bk. I, 3. 
 contradictura est : lit. ' it was 
 opposed ' = ' oi)position was made.' 
 8. iniuriam : " the ' mjury ' was 
 in depriving him of his military com- 
 mand, and leaving him without the 
 security the consulship would have 
 affortled." He was willing to dis- 
 band his army and return to Rome 
 if he could be elected to the consul- 
 ship in his absence, or if Pompey 
 would disband his army. 
 
 ab Arimino : he had crossed the 
 small stream known as the Rubicon 
 which separated his province from 
 Italy. The story is told that as he 
 crossed the stream he said, ' The die 
 is cast, let us go where the gods and 
 the injustice of our enemies call us.' 
 mHites congregates habebat : 
 ' kept his troops collected.' 
 
 Ch. 20. 14. dictatorem : with 
 the exception of Sulla there ha<l 
 
1 in 
 
 Xn'r]^>; 
 
 [Pagks 59-01 
 
 been no dictator since the time of 
 the Second Punic War. 
 
 15. exercitfis . . . siiperavit 
 at first iie met witli serious reverses 
 at Ilenhi, but he soon succeeded in 
 compelling the Pompeians to sur- 
 render, and enrolled most of them in 
 his army. 
 
 18. prinid pioeiio di iJyrrha- 
 cium Hi iiiyiui, 
 
 20. nee . . . supeiaii Indirect 
 I)isconr<*' 'Ici^'n-linL:' '^u dixit. 
 
 22. Palaeopiiarsalum : this bat- 
 tle is generally known as the battle 
 of Pharsalia. 
 
 Page 60. Cn. 21 » iniinquain 
 . . . iieque . . . neque "a gen- 
 eral negative may be subdivided by 
 nequp . . . neqiip^ or aitt . . . a«t" 
 
 7. pugnatum turn est . Pompey 
 would have refused battle, but was 
 urged on by his followers. The 
 knights and senators who fought in 
 the Pompeian ranks soon broke and 
 fled. At the first attack Pompey 
 fled to his camp, where he tried to 
 rally his routed forces, but he was 
 unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse 
 at the last moment, he escaped 
 through the rear gate of the camp, 
 nor did he draw rein until he reached 
 Larissa. Thence he hastened to 
 the coast, where he took ship for 
 Egypt. 
 
 9. a lege Aegyptl he was only 
 a nominal king. Kgypt was made a 
 pnn-ijH-p bv Augustus, Bk. VII, 7. 
 
 11. occidit: he caused Pompey 
 to be inveigled into a boat, where he 
 was murdered and his head severed 
 from his body. His corpse was flung 
 
 into the surf, where it was picked up 
 later and burned. 
 
 12. quo conspecto : ' and when 
 Caesar had seen it.' 
 
 14. generi quondam sui : Pom- 
 pey had married Julia, the daughter 
 of Caesar, in CO n.c. It was her 
 death in 54 u.c. that tended to 
 loosen the bond existing between 
 them . 
 
 Ch. 2Z. 17. victus ; Caesar con- 
 quered the royal forces on the banks 
 of the Nilp. 
 
 18. Aiexaiidiia: when Caesar 
 set fire to the royal fleet, the flames 
 consumed the great library of Alex- 
 andria, containing 400,000 volumes. 
 In this fire some of the greatest lit- 
 erary treasures of antiquity per- 
 ished. 
 
 Cleopat I ae : the famous queen 
 who proved to be the ruin of Antony, 
 Bk. VIT, 0, 7. 
 
 20. Pompeio in auxuium Ku- 
 tropius seldom uses the double Da- 
 tive ; cf. Bomdius fuisset auxilio, 
 Bk. IV, 3. 
 
 22. vicit acie : it was after this 
 battle that Caesar sent to the senate 
 the famous message ven'i, vidl, vlc'i, 
 ' I came, I saw, I conquered.' 
 
 Page 61. Ch. 23. 2. ei . . . dic- 
 tator! : ' while he was dictator ' ; 
 dictdtor'i is in apposition with el. 
 
 6. hie etiam 'he also ' ; as well 
 as Ca<^<'^r 
 
 7. M. Poicius Cato : he was the 
 great-grandson of the M. Porcius 
 Cato mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. 
 He is known in history as Cato 
 Uticensis, from Utica, where he com- 
 
 Pages G1-G3] 
 
 FES 
 
 1 1 
 
 mitted suicide. He was famous for 
 the austerity of his manners and for 
 his studied imitation of the customs 
 of early days. 
 
 0. vietoi liiit in the battle of 
 Thapsus. 
 
 Ch. 24. 15. Cn PoinpriiiB he 
 had gone into Spain and had gath- 
 ered around him adventurers of all 
 sorts. At first Caesar had sent of- \ 
 ficers to subdue the revolt, but find- 
 .ing their efforts unsucces.sful, he took 
 command in person. After encoun- 
 tering great personal danger, he 
 gained a complete victory. Thirty 
 thousand of the vanquished per- 
 ished. Gnaeus Pompey escaped 
 from the field, but was afterward 
 overtaken and .slain. Sextus, the 
 younger son of Pompey, was the 
 only leader of the republican party 
 left. 
 
 Page 62. <^"- 25. 1. iionoies: 
 'offices' ; political h<mors. 
 
 3. regia ac paene tyranniea : 
 • like a king and almost like a 
 usurper.' Nepos defines a tyran- 
 nus as one ' who is in perpetual 
 power in that state which enjoyed 
 liberty.' 
 
 8. senatus die: 'on the day of 
 the senate ' ; on the day when the 
 senate met. 
 
 9. euriam: Caesar was slain in 
 the Curia in the Campus Martins. 
 
 Ch. 
 
 Book VII 
 
 1. 12. partiutr. Caesaris : 
 
 'of Caesar's party.' Antony at 
 first pretended to favor the tyran- 
 nicides ; but after he had obtained 
 
 possession of the papers and treasure 
 of Caesar, he changed sides and en- 
 deavored to crush them. 
 
 10. Oct a vi 111115 he was the son 
 of Gains Oetavius and Atia, a 
 daughter of Julia, the sister of 
 Caesar. After his adoption he took 
 the name of Octavianus. 
 
 19. Augustus : this was a title 
 conferred upon iiim after the battle 
 of Actium, when he refused the 
 title of dictator. 
 
 remm potitus : potior regularly 
 
 takes Lue tji iiiiive in this phrase. 
 
 Cf. AUfandrln potltiis, Bk. VI, 22. 
 
 ' qui . . . ties duces : 'these three 
 
 leaders.' 
 
 20. viceiuiit eum in the battle 
 of Mutii!^ 43 n.c- 
 
 Page 63. -. moieientui : they 
 . were wounded in battle, but Augus- 
 tus was accused of having murdered 
 
 them. 
 
 Ch. 2. 3. Lepidum : Marcus 
 Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. 
 He was in Gaul at this time, being 
 governor of Gaul and Spain. After 
 he received Antonius, they cros.sed 
 the Alps at the head of a large body 
 of troops and met Augustus in the 
 north of Italy. 
 
 6. pacem . • fecit this was 
 known as the ' Second Triumvirate.' 
 Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus di- 
 vided the Roman world among 
 
 them. 
 
 8. vTcesimo anno . he was far 
 
 below the legal age, 43. 
 
 9. senatiim pi'scnpsit: 300 
 senators and -^ookj KiuguLs were in- 
 cluded in the pro.scripti -n. " Each 
 
148 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 63, 64 
 
 marked his victims' names upon the 
 fatal list, and each consented to give 
 up adherents of his own to the greed 
 or hatred of his colleagues." 
 
 11. Ciccio orator occisus est: 
 Augustus tried to save him, but 
 Antony, whose hatred Cicero had 
 incurred, demanded his death, and 
 Augustus was forced to yield. 
 
 Cn. 3. 17. Philippos the bat- 
 tle of riiilippi was fought in Novem- 
 ber, 42 n.r. Creighton, p. 82 ; The 
 Boman TriHmvlrates, p. 210. 
 
 1!». Cassius : Cassius was routed 
 and committed suicide. 
 
 Brfitnir. after his forces were 
 routed, Ikuius was compelled to kill 
 himself to prevent capture. 
 
 inflnTtam nobilitatem : ' very 
 many ui liie nitbility.' 
 
 21. divisa est res piiblica : 
 Lepidu.T loi.k the province of Af- ' 
 rica, Augustus the West, and An- ' 
 tony tho I'nst, 
 
 23. belluni civile ; after the cap- 
 ture of Terusia, Antony threatened 
 war', but he made a truce with 
 Augustus, whose sister Octavia he | 
 married. I 
 
 Pack 64- C'li. 4. 1. Sex. Poni- 
 pei5 : the son of Pompeiiis Magnus^ 
 cf. Bk. VI, 24. He had collected a 
 band of pirates and had made him- 
 self master of the Mediterranean. ; 
 
 5. pax pos^ienio coiiveiiit : 
 the agreement at Misenum. In ac- 
 cordance with this, Ponipey was to 
 retain his command over the sea 
 and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, 
 
 and Corsica. | 
 
 I 
 
 Cn. 5. 0. M Aniippa . Marcus 
 
 Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fel- 
 low-student with Augustus. He 
 was a gallant soldier and a devoted 
 friend. It was largely by his aid 
 that Augustus secured his power 
 and retained it. 
 
 7. Persas : i.e. the Parthians. 
 Eutropius used Persae for the Par- 
 thians who claimed descent from 
 the old Persian kings. 
 
 10. Crassum occiderat : Bk. 
 VI, 18. 
 
 11. triumphuni Rcinac egit: 
 several of the Koman standards lost 
 at Carrhae were restored by the 
 Parthians, and were carried in the 
 triumphal procession. 
 
 Cn. 6. 12. navali proelio: at 
 the battle of Naulochub, 30 b.c. 
 The Boman Triumvirates, p. 219. 
 Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the 
 standard of revolt. He was de- 
 feated by Augustus and his power 
 was taken from him, but his life 
 was spared. 
 
 10. ipse pugnavit : he lacked 
 the engines necessary for reducing 
 the strongly fortified cities of the 
 enemy, and besides he was very 
 anxious to return to Alexandria. 
 
 17. fame . . iaboiavit: his 
 retreat has been compared to the 
 flight of Napoleon from Moscow. 
 
 18. pro victo : 'for conquered' 
 = ' a.s if conc^uered.' 
 
 Ch. 7. 20. dum . . . optat=o/)- 
 tdns^ ' hoping.' The world could not 
 endure two masters. It was nat ural 
 that they should disagree, and that 
 the stronger should conquer, 
 
 22 apiid Actium September 2, 
 
 Pages. 64-66] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 li'.! 
 
 31 B.C. Antony had collected a 
 large naval and land force, but his 
 ships were too large to be handled 
 easily, and many of his land forces 
 deserted. In the midst of the fight 
 Cleopatra fled in her galley, and 
 
 antea : sc. detU'runt. 
 
 8. Crasso victo : ' from Crassus 
 when he was d. frntPfl.' 
 
 Ch. 10. 14. Ill iioiioiem eius : 
 the compliment was not in the 
 
 Antony basely deserted his forces ' foundiuii. but in the naming 
 
 and followed her. Creighton, p. 82 ; 
 The Roman Triumvirates, p. 225. 
 
 23. ex qua: the antecedent of 
 qua is pfcjna. 
 
 25. exstincta est : she was too 
 proud to be carried to Pome to 
 adorn the triumphal procession of 
 her conciueror. 
 
 Page 65. <^^'"- 8- "• duodecim 
 aiuiis = per annos above : the Abla- 
 tive makes the limits of the time 
 more prominent than the duration 
 
 18. Divus appellatus : i.e. he 
 was deifled and became the object 
 of a national worship. In the 
 provinces he was worshiped before 
 his death. 
 
 Tiberio : Tiberius Claudius Nero 
 was the son of Tiberius Nero and 
 Livia, the third wife of Augu.stus. 
 He flrst married the daughter of 
 Agrippa, whom he divorced at the 
 connnand of the Emperor and 
 married Julia, Augustus' daughter 
 
 8. principatus : ' leadership ' ; I and the widow of Marcus Agrippa. 
 afterwards the ' sovereignty ' of ' After the death of Gains and 
 the emperors ; cf . j)rl«fei).s English ! Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa 
 
 ' prince.' 
 
 10. inoi te comnium : ' a natural 
 
 and Julia, Tiberius was given the 
 tribunician power and was adopted 
 death' ; cf. morhd deees.^it, Bk. 1,3. j by Augustus as his success- 
 There was a report that he was Ch. 11. 21. ingenti socoidia 
 
 poisoned by Livia, his wife. 
 
 11. Atella: it is generally agreed 
 
 . . . libidine : probably Uu- »-iiar- 
 actcr of Tiberius was maligned by 
 
 that he died at Nola, near Naples. the Roman historians. The people 
 
 sepultns est: the ruins of his disliked him on account of his 
 mausoleum still exist. ''dark and gloomy temper, with 
 
 12 ex maxima parte: ' in very no grace or geniality of manner, 
 many iLsptM l.>. .shunning the pleasures of the peo- 
 
 15. civilissime : ' in a manner \ pie, and seldom generous or open- 
 most becoming a citizen' ; cf. | handed." But we must note the 
 c'lv'iles, Bk. I. 0. I many marks of bias and exaggera- 
 
 10. ut . . . suo : ' that he placed tion in the common story, and we 
 them almost on a level with his own may well believe that the ancient 
 dio-nitv.' 1 writers formed too harsh an opinion 
 
 17. aequaret: sc. eos. Aequdre oi his motives in some cases, and 
 may also take cum with the Ablative, i reported scandalous gossips too 
 
>n 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages GG-68 
 
 lightly. Creighton, pp. 80-01 ; 
 The Efirhj FJmpfvp, Ch. II. 
 
 25. Aichelauiii. he was sum- 
 moned to Rome soon after the ac- 
 cession of Tiberius and accused of 
 treason. His life was spared, but 
 he was obliged to remain at Home, 
 where he died in 17 a.i>. 
 
 Vm.k 67, 1 Caesarea : called 
 Caesarea ad Anjaewn to distin- 
 guish it from other cities of the 
 same name. It was situated at the 
 foot of Mt. Argaeus and was a place 
 of great antiquity, its foundation 
 having been ascribed to Mesech, 
 the son of Japhet 
 
 Ch. 12 " C Caesar: Gains 
 Caesar Augubiub Uc-nnanicus was 
 the son of German icus and Agrip- 
 pina. He was born in the camp, 
 probably in Germany, and was 
 reared among the soldiers. He re- 
 ceived the surname of Caligula from 
 his being arrayed in a mimic uni- 
 form and wearing a pair of cnligae 
 or soldiers' boots. At first he ruled 
 well ; but his sense of power turned 
 his head, and the latter part of his 
 reign was marked by excesses of all 
 sorts." Creighton, p. 02 ; The Early 
 Empire, Cli III 
 
 ( if, 13. 1 ). Claudius. Tiberius 
 Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Ger- 
 mans us \v!- The second son of 
 Drusus and An* nia. ih^ l)rother 
 of Urniianicus, the father of Ca- 
 ligula. In early life he had been 
 \\( ,ik in Hiina ann bodv, and had 
 been despised or neglected. As 
 t an; r x !h was ruled by his 
 wives and favorites, Narcissus and 
 
 Pallas. He was poisoned by his la.st 
 wife, Agrippina, who was anxious 
 that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus 
 by her former husband might suc- 
 ceed to the empire. Suetonius in 
 his ' Lives of the Caesars ' gives a 
 very dark picture of the reign of 
 Claudius. Creighton, p. 9.*] ; The 
 Early Empire, Ch, IV. 
 
 22. BiitainiicI , the son of 
 Claudius and Mes.salina, his first 
 wife. On the accession of Nero, 
 Britannicus was poisoned. 
 
 Page 68 Cii. 14. 1. Nero : 
 Clttudius Caesar, surnanied ^seio, 
 was the son of Domitius Aheno- 
 barbus and Agrippina. His early 
 youth was spent in study under the 
 philosopher Seneca, who remained 
 his counselor for several years. 
 During the first five years of his 
 reign he was mild and just. The 
 later years were filled with all S(^rts 
 of excesses, and were marked by 
 great cruelty. Creighton, p. 03; 
 The Early Empire Ch. V. 
 
 0. Hi bem Roniam iiicendit : it 
 is very improbable that Nero was 
 guilty of this crime. Rome was 
 almost destroyed in this conflagra- 
 tion. Of the fourteen districts into 
 which the city was divided, only four 
 remained untouched by the fiames. 
 The fire raged for six days and 
 seven nights ; and, after it was 
 thought to have been extinguished. 
 it burst forth again, and continued 
 for two days longer. On this occa- 
 sion Nero appears to have acted 
 with great liberality and kindness. 
 He caused provisions to be sold at a 
 
 Pages 68-70] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 l."l 
 
 very low price and the imperial gar- emperors from this time on were 
 dens to be opened to the people, set up and overthrown at the wdl 
 and temporary shelters to be erected of the army. He was very parsi- 
 for their accommodation. That he monious in his dealings and so lost 
 mi-ht remove suspicion from him- the good will of the soldiers, who 
 self, Nero caused it to be reported were ready to aid any revolt agauist 
 that the Christians had set fire to him. He ruled for only seven 
 
 the city, and a number of them was 
 .seized and put to death. This wiis 
 the first persecution of the Chris- 
 tians by the Romans, 04 .v.d 
 
 months. Creighton, p. 90; The 
 Early Empire, Ch. ^'T 
 
 Cii. 17. 12 Otlio Marcus Sal- 
 vius Otho was iionian emperor 
 Ch 15. 22. a saxo : .sc. Tarpeid. ivom January 15 to April 10, 09 
 23 liberti : his name was Phaon. ' a.i». He was the husband of the 
 Salariara : the Via Salaria ran , beautiful but infamous Poppaea 
 north from Rome to Ancona on the Sabina, whom Nero took from him 
 ^,^^lj.jj^ti(._ and made his own. He was after- 
 
 24.' interfecit: ''At last comes I wards sent to Lusitania, where he 
 Rliaon's courier with the news that | governed with justice and modera- 
 the senate had put a price upon his j tion. Creighton, p. 00 ; The Early 
 head ; the tramp of the horses tells Empire. Cli. \\\. 
 
 him that his pursuers are on his 
 track, and fear gives him the nerve 
 to i)ut the dagger to his throat, 
 while, true to the pa.ssion of his 
 life, he mutters, ' What a lo.ss my 
 death will be to art ! ' " The Early 
 Eri)p^>''' 1'- 127. 
 
 2o. Neionianae : the ruins of 
 the bath may still be seen near the 
 Pantheon. 
 
 Pa<:i 69. ^^ l.Serv.Galba: 
 Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in 
 the reign of Augustus of a patrician 
 family. He was in Spain when 
 Julius V index, the proconsular gov- 
 ernor of Gaul, rose against Nero. 
 (Jalba joined him, and Otho, gov- 
 ernor of Lusitania, followed his ex- 
 ample. He was saluted as emperor 
 by the soldiers, and the senate was 
 forced to ratify their choice. The 
 
 14. nioiiis : ^effeminate.'' 
 
 22. voluniaua moite obiit : he 
 put an end to his life at Brixelluni 
 in Cisalpiiie Gaul. 
 
 2:' rionaggaimo ct quinto im 
 pcui die : Eutropius is slightly mis- 
 taken. 
 
 Paoi 70. ^ i8 ' Vitelliiis : 
 
 Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor 
 from January 2 to December 22, GO 
 A. I.. When the news of Galba's 
 death reached I'pper Germany, 
 where Vitellius was in command, 
 his legions proclaimed him emi)eror 
 at Cologne. He immediately sent 
 his generals, Fabius Valens and 
 Caecina, at the head of a large 
 force, to Italy, and, having defeated 
 Otho's troops, obtained the undis- 
 puted command of all the West. 
 He was moderate in his rule, dls- 
 
 l>Js^ 
 
150 
 
 X^^TES 
 
 [Pa(;k.s GC)-6S 
 
 lif^htly. Creighton, pp. 8(1-01 ; 
 The EarJn Empire, Ch. II. 
 
 25. Archelaum : he was sum- 
 moned to Rome soon after the ac- 
 cession of Tiberius and accused of 
 treason. His life was spared, but 
 he was obliged to remain at Home, 
 where he died in 17 a.d. 
 
 Pace 67. ^ Caesaiea: called 
 Caesarea ad Argaeiim to distin- 
 guish it from other cities of the 
 same name. It was situated at the 
 foot of Mt. Argaeus and was a place 
 of great anti<iuity, its foundation 
 having been ascribed to Mesech, 
 the son of Japhet. 
 
 Cn. 12 C Caesar: Gains 
 
 Caesar Augustus Germanicus was | 
 the son of Germanicus and Agrip- | 
 pina. He was born in the camp, ! 
 probably in Germany, and was 
 reared among the soldiers. He re- 
 ceived the surname of Caligula from ' 
 his being arrayed in a mimic uni- j 
 form and wearing a pair of caligae \ 
 or soldiers' boots. At first he ruled 
 well ; but his sense of power turned 
 his head, and the latter part of his 
 reign was marked by excesses of all 
 sorts." Creighton, p. 02 ; The Early 
 Empire, Ch. h 1 
 
 Cn. 13. 1.}. Claudius: Tiberius 
 Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Ger- 
 manicus was the second son of 
 Drusus and Antonia, the brother 
 of Germanicus, the father of Ca- 
 ligula. Ill early life he had been 
 weak in mind and body, and had 
 been despised or neglected. As 
 emperor he was ruled by his 
 wives and favorites, Narcissus and 
 
 Pallas. He was poisoned by his last 
 
 j wife, Agrippina, who was anxious 
 
 that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus 
 
 i by her former husband might suc- 
 
 I ceed to the empire. Suetonius in 
 
 his 'Lives of the Caesars' gives a 
 
 very dark picture of the reign of 
 
 Claudius. Creighton, p. 00 ; llie 
 
 Earl II Empire, Ch. IV. 
 
 22. Britannici : the son of 
 Claudius and Messalina, his firtst 
 wife. On the accession of Nero, 
 Britannions; was poisoned. 
 
 Pack Qg, Cn. 14. 1. Nero : 
 Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, 
 was the son of Domitius Aheno- 
 barbus and Agrippina. His early 
 j youth was spent in study under the 
 philosopher Seneca, who remained 
 I his counselor for several years. 
 During the first five years of his 
 reign he was mild and just. The 
 j later years were filled with all si^rts 
 of excesses, and were marked by 
 great cruelty. Creighton, p. 03; 
 i The Early Empire, Ch. V. 
 j 0. urbem Ronnni incendit : it 
 is very improbable tliat Nero was 
 guilty of this crime. Rome was 
 almost destroyed in this conflagra- 
 tion. Of the fourteen districts into 
 which the city was divided, only four 
 remained untouched by the flames. 
 The fire raged for six days and 
 seven nights; and, after it was 
 thought to have been extinguished, 
 it burst forth again, and continued 
 for two days longer. On this occa- 
 sion Nero appears to have acted 
 with great liberality and kindness. 
 He caused provisions to be sold at a 
 
 Pacjes 68-70] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 lol 
 
 very low price and the imperial gar- 
 dens to be opened to the people, 
 and temporary shelters to be erected 
 for their accommodation. That he 
 might remove suspicion from him- 
 self, Nero caused it to be reported 
 that the Christians had set fire to 
 the city, and a number of them was 
 seized and put to death. This wjus 
 the first persecution of the Chris- 
 tians by the Romans, (54 .v.d. 
 
 Ch. 15. 22. a saxo : sc. Tarpeia. 
 
 2o. liberti : his name was Phaon. 
 
 Salariam : the Via Salaria ran 
 north from liome to Ancona on the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 24. interfecit : "At la.st comes 
 Phaon's courier with the news that 
 the senate had i)ut a price upon his 
 head ; the tramp of the horses tells 
 him that his pursuers are on his 
 track, and fear gives him the nerve 
 to i)ut the <lagger to his throat, 
 while, true to the passion of his 
 life, he mutters, ' What a loss my 
 death will be to art ! ' " 'The Early 
 Empire. ]>. 127. 
 
 25. Neronianae : the ruins of 
 the bath may still be seen near the 
 Pantheon. 
 
 Pa. yy. 16. 1. Serv. Galba : 
 Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in 
 the reign of Augustus of a patrician 
 family. He was in Spain when 
 Julius Vindex, the proconsular gov- 
 ernor of Gaul, rose against Nero. 
 Galba joined him, and Otho, gov- 
 ernor of Lusitania, followed his ex- 
 ample. He was saluted as emperor 
 by the soldiers, and the senate was 
 forced to ratify their choice. The 
 
 emperors from this time on were 
 set up and overthrown at the will 
 of the army. He was very parsi- 
 
 j monious in his dealings and so lost 
 the good will of the soldiers, who 
 were ready to aid any revolt against 
 him. He ruled for only seven 
 months. Creighton, p. 90 ; J he 
 Early Empire. Ch. VI. 
 
 I Cn. 17. Vl Otho Marcus Sal- 
 
 j vius Otho was Roman emperor 
 from January 15 to April 10, 00 
 
 i A.i». He was the husband of the 
 beautiful but infamous Poppaea 
 Sabina, whom Nero took from him 
 and made his own. He was after- 
 wards sent to Lusitania, where he 
 governed with justice and modera- 
 tion. Creighton, p. 00 ; The Early 
 Empire, Ch. VII. 
 
 14. mollis: 'effeminate.' 
 
 22. voluntaria inoite obiit : he 
 put an end to his iiie at lirixellum 
 in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 23. nonagesimo et quTnto im- 
 perii die ; l';nti-o])iii.> l^^ .•>iigiiLi} mi>- 
 taken. 
 
 Pa(;i: 70. s a. 18. i. Vitelims : 
 Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor 
 from January 2 to December 22, 00 
 .\.i>. When the news of Galba's 
 death reached Ui)i)er Germany, 
 where Vitellius was in connnand, 
 his legions proclaimed him emperor 
 at Cologne. He immediately sent 
 his generals, Fabius Valens and 
 Caecina, at the head of a large 
 force, to Italy, and, having defeated 
 Otho's troops, obtained the undis- 
 puted connnand of all the West. 
 He was moderate in his rule, dis- 
 
152 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 70, 71 
 
 turbing no one in the enjoyment 
 of what had been given by Nero, 
 Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton 
 and an epicure, spending enormous 
 sums on his table. Creigliton, p. 90 ; 
 The Early Empire, Ch. VIII. 
 
 10. id ferret : ' aimed so 
 
 openly at Luis.' 
 
 V]. cum Capitolio : '' In the con- 
 fusion of the light the famous temple 
 of Jupiter caught fire. All were too 
 busy to give time or thought to stay 
 the flames, and in a few hours only 
 ruins were left of the greatest of 
 the national monuments of Home, 
 which, full of the associations of the 
 past, had served for ages as a sort 
 of record office in which were treas- 
 ured the memorials of ancient his- 
 tory, the laws, the treaties, and the 
 proclamations of old times. The 
 loss was one that could not be re- 
 placed." The Earhj Empire, p. 14(). 
 17. iiiTibeiim . . . sepultura : 
 Eutropius is mistaken. Ilis body 
 was recovered and buried by his 
 wife, Galeria Fundana. 
 
 Ch. 19 . ' Vespasianus: Titus 
 Flavins babnius Vespasian. He was 
 proclaimed emperor at Alexandria 
 on the 1st of July, G9 a.d., although 
 it was a year before he entered 
 Rome. He lived more like a pri- 
 vate person than like the emperor 
 of Rome. The many stories that 
 are told of his avarice and his meth- 
 ods of raising money are probably 
 exaggerated. Although he was fru- 
 gal in his personal expenditures, he 
 spent large sums in adorning the 
 city. He was the first of the Fla- 
 
 vian dynasty. The others were his 
 two sons and successors. He died 
 on the 24th of June, 79 a.d. " His 
 last words were characteristic of his 
 somewhat cynical humour, ' Me- 
 thinks I am becoming a god.' " 
 Creighton, p. 90 ; The Early Empire, 
 Ch. IX. 
 
 Page 71. 8. Hierosolyma Ves- 
 pasian was besieging Jerusalem when 
 the war broke out between Otho and 
 Vitellius. When he started for 
 Rome he left Titus, his son, in charge 
 of the war against the Jews. Titus 
 captured the city after a stubborn 
 siege of five months, September 8, 
 70 A.D., and despite his efforts the 
 Temple was burned. Thousands of 
 Jews perished in the siege. 
 11. egerant = fupra)it. 
 Ch. 20. 15. coercitor : 'en- 
 forcer ' ; the word is apax lego- 
 viPiion. 
 
 hic . . . triumphavit: in 71 a.d. 
 when Titus returned to Rome. 
 
 20. geiiituram . . habuit: 'he 
 so knew the horoscope of his sons.' 
 Cii 21 Titus : Titus Flavins 
 
 Sabinus Vespasian. His early years 
 were spent in military service in 
 Britain and Germany. He won 
 great credit as a general and a sol- 
 dier. When he returned to Rome 
 after the fall of Jerusalem, he con- 
 ducted himself in such a manner as 
 to cause a fear that his rule would 
 resemble that of Xero. But after 
 he became emperor he changed his 
 manner of living, and his whole 
 reign was marked by a sincere desire 
 for the happiness of his people. The 
 
 Pages 71-74] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 153 
 
 year 79 a.d, is memorable for the 
 great eruption of 'Vesuvius, attended 
 by the destruction of Pompeii and 
 Herculaneum. He completed the 
 Colosseum, often called the Flavian 
 Amphitheater. When he died, after 
 a reign of only two years, there was 
 a suspicion that he had been poi- 
 soned by his brother Domitian. 
 Creighton, p. 98 ; The Early Em- 
 pire, Ch. X. 
 
 20. omnium . . . mirabilis : 're- 
 markable for every species of virtue.' 
 Page 72. Cir. 22. 17. tamquam 
 . . . orbitate : ' mourned as for a 
 loss in their own families.' 
 
 Ch. 23. 21. Domitianus: Titus 
 Flavins Domitian. Vespasian was 
 aware of his son's disposition and 
 put no confidence in him. When 
 Vespasian died, Domitian tried to 
 arou.se the .soldiers against his brother 
 Titus. After his brother became 
 emperor, Domitian was treated with | 
 great kindness, and several offices | 
 were shared with him. At first mild 
 and just, he soon became suspicious 
 and cruel. In Britain alone were 
 the Roman arms successful during 
 his reign. In all other places defeat 
 and disgraceful compromises with 
 the enemy marked his campaigns. 
 Finally his cruelty became unbear- 
 able, and a conspiracy was formed 
 by the officers of the guard, several 
 of his intimate friends, and even his 
 wife Domatilla, and he was slain 
 after a desperate struggle. Creigh- 
 ton, 1). 98 ; The Early Empire, Ch. XI. 
 27. dominum : here it has the 
 New Testament meaning, ' Lord.' 
 
 : Page 73. 10. Paiatio : in the 
 Flavian Pakice on the l*alatine Hill. 
 
 I Extensive remains of this structure 
 still exist. At first the word PaJd- 
 tium was applied only to the hill, 
 but from the time of Augu.stus it 
 meant a 'palace,' especially the im- 
 perial palace of the Caesai-s. 
 
 Book VIII 
 
 Ch. 1. 20. Nerva : Marcus Coc- 
 ceius Xerva was born at Narnia in 
 Umbria in 32 a.d. He was consul 
 with Vespasian in 71 a.d. and with 
 Domitian in 90 a.d. After the assas- 
 sination of Domitian he was declared 
 emperor by the Roman people and 
 the soldiers, and his administration 
 restored tranciuillity to the troubled 
 state. He stopped proceedings 
 against those accused of treason 
 and permitted many exiles to re- 
 I turn. Though he was virtuous and 
 I humane, he did not possess the 
 I necessary vigor for checking the 
 ' many abases that existed. He 
 j adopted as his son and successor 
 j Marcus Ulpius Traian, who was 
 then at the head of the army in Ger- 
 many. He died .suddenly on the 27th 
 of January, 98 a. n. Creighton, p. 99 ; 
 The Af/eofthe An to nines, Ch. I. 
 
 22. operam dante: 'giving him 
 aid, assisting him.' 
 
 Petroiiio Secundo. Paiiheiiio; 
 Xerva could not prevent the Praeto- 
 rian soldiers from putting them to 
 death. 
 
 Page 74. •'>• aetatis . . . ami 6 : 
 Eutropius is mistaken. lie was 
 sixty-five years old when he died. 
 
1'l 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 74, 75 
 
 1 intei Divos relatus est: cf. 
 D'iijus apptiintus, Bk. \'H, 10. 
 
 ('ii. 2. 5. Traianus : Marcus 
 Ulpius Traiaii was burn at Italica 
 Tiear Seville in Spain, September 18, 
 52 A.u. He was trained to arms, 
 and rose tiirough the various offices 
 to the rank t)f i)raetor. He was 
 adopted by Xerva in 97 a.i». After 
 Xerva's death he became emperor, 
 beinjjj the first Roman emperor wlio 
 was born out of Italy. He was a 
 jjjreat soldier and a good adminis- 
 trator. Good sense, a knowledge of 
 the world, and sound judgment 
 characterized him. Just and sin- 
 cere in his desire for the happiness 
 of the people, he was one of the 
 best emperors that governed Rome. 
 He crushed the Dacians, success- 
 fully waged war against the Par- 
 thians, and brought peace and 
 prosi)erity to the whole Roman 
 world. Creighton, p. 1)9 ; The Aye 
 of the Antonines^ Ch. II. 
 
 13. Daciini: Trajan conducted 
 two campaigns against the Dacians, 
 101-lOn A.i>. and 104-100 a.i>. On 
 his return from the second cam- 
 paign he celebrated a triumph and 
 entertained the people with games 
 lasting 123 days, '• It is said that 
 11,(K)0 animals were slaughtered 
 during these anuisements, and that 
 10,000 gladiators fought in the 
 arena.'' 
 
 10. te^nuit = hi/lnn'f. 
 
 Ch. 3. 17. Aiinemam . Trajan 
 began Ihis campaign in 114 a. d. The 
 winter of the same year he spent at 
 Autioch. During the next two years 
 
 he conquered the greater part of the 
 Parthian empire, taking the capital 
 city Ctesiphon 
 
 Page 75. ^'"- *• •^'' amicos . . . 
 frequentans : 'going often to his 
 friends to .salute then! ' 
 
 4. iestos dies iiabuissent: 
 'they were celebrating feast days.' 
 
 indiscreta : ' with no distinction 
 of rank.' 
 
 0. iiihil . . . ageiis : his finances 
 were prosperous, partly owing to 
 good management, and partly from 
 the success of certain mining opera- 
 tions in Dacia. 
 
 9. per orbem . . . inulta : "He 
 constructed several good roads in 
 the provinces and Italy ; among 
 them was the road across the 
 Pomptine Marshes. At Ostia h^' 
 built a large new basin. At Rome 
 he constructed the aciucduet called 
 by his name, built a theater in the 
 Campus Martins, and, above all, 
 made the Forum Traianum, with its 
 basilicas and libraries, and his 
 column in the center." 
 
 10. nihil non ■ the figure of Li- 
 totes, uiiinuuig a thing by denying 
 its contrary ; cf. iion compdndf^scf, 
 Bk. I, 2. 
 
 Cir. 5. 19. belli doniique : H. 
 484, 2 (420, 2) ; M. 242, 2 ; A. & (J. 
 258, (?; Ct. 411, 2; B. 232, 2. 
 
 20. Seluciam : it is generally 
 stated that he lived to reach Selinus 
 in Cilicia, where he died in August, 
 
 117 A.I). 
 
 23. solus . . . sepultus est : he 
 
 was the only one of the emperors 
 who was buried within the city. 
 
 P 
 
 .\(iES <.) 
 
 -77] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1.^.- 
 
 This privilege was enjoyed l)y the 
 Vestal Virgins. 
 
 24. ill foro : the Fnmm Tnlid- 
 num was probably the most mag- 
 nificent (»f all the Roman fora. It 
 occupied a large space between the 
 Capitoline and the Quirinal Hills, 
 the latter of wiiich was cut away to 
 make room for it. Among the many 
 buildings it contained were two 
 libraries, one for Latin and the other 
 for Greek mamiscripts. It contained 
 also the famous Column of Trajan. 
 This column, composed of huge 
 drums of white marble, is pierced 
 within. A bas-relief of the chief 
 events of the Dacian war wiiids 
 round the shaft. It is still standing. 
 
 2' CXT JV pedes : this was the 
 heigiiL oi luc quirinal Hill that was 
 cut nway. 
 
 20. habet = fsf. 
 
 huiuB . . . delatuiii est : ' so 
 nmch respect has been paid to his 
 memory.' 
 
 Page 76. Cu. 6. 3. Aeiius Ha- 
 driaiius: Publius Aeiius Hadrian 
 was with Trajan when the latter 
 died. With the consent of the 
 Syrian army he assumed the reins 
 of government and his act was rati- 
 fied by the senate. Although he 
 lost some of the territory that Tra- 
 jan had added to the Empire, he 
 strengthened and united the re- 
 mainder. He was, in general, a 
 just and able ruler ; yet at times he 
 showed him.self revengeful, suspi- 
 cious, and cruel. He died of drop.sy 
 at Baiae, 138 a.i>., in the sixty-third 
 year of his life. Creighton, p. 100 ; 
 
 Thr Afjc o/ thr Antouiurs, Ch. 
 III. 
 
 7. gloriae iiividens . more prob- 
 ably he .saw that the Empire had 
 become too large to be governed 
 successfully. 
 
 Cii. 7. 17. orbem Roiiianum 
 circumiit: he visited every ])rov- 
 ince in the Emi)iro, correcting 
 abu.ses, and examining the adminis- 
 tration of government. 
 
 18. multa aedificavit: among 
 other famous buildings the Mau.s(t- 
 leum of Hadrian, now called the 
 Castle of St. Angelo. 
 
 Ch. 8. 27. T. Aiitrjumus: liis 
 full name was Titus Aurelius Ful- 
 vius Boionius Antoninus, called Pius 
 becau.se he pci'suaded the senate to 
 grant to his adopted lather Hadrian 
 the apotheosis and other hoiiois 
 usually paid to (lecea.sed emperors. 
 " His reign is almost a blank in his- 
 tory — a blank caused by a siLspcn- 
 sion for a time of war, violence, 
 and crime." Although he waged 
 no war for conquest, he defended 
 the provinces with vigor, warring 
 again.st the Moors and Britons, and 
 the untamed races of the Rhine and 
 the Ilanube. Creighton, p. 101 ; 
 The Age of the xhitonino^. Ch. TV. 
 
 Page 77. ^- bonis honoieni 
 habens : ' paying respect to the 
 good.' 
 
 14. Lorium : in Etruria on the 
 Via AnrcUa. 
 
 Cn.9. 18.M An^5iiTiius Veins 
 he is generally kn(»wn as Marcus 
 Aurelius. He was the adopted son 
 of Antoninus Pins. When only 
 
156 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [PAGE^ 
 
 ^ < < 
 
 '0 
 
 twelve years old he assumed the 
 philosophic mantle and gave him- 
 self up to the study of philosophy, 
 attaching himself to the Stoic school. 
 After he became emperor he asso- 
 ciated Lucius Antoninus Verus, his 
 brother, with him in the govern- 
 ment. Although they were entirely 
 different in character, they reigned 
 conjointly with no disagreement. 
 His 'Meditations' have survived. 
 Creightcm, p. 101 ; The Age of the 
 Antiniines, Ch. V. 
 
 2o. singulos . . . Augustos : 
 ' one Augustus (emperor) at a time.' 
 
 Ch 10 28. contra Parthos : 
 Lucius Verus nominally had the 
 guidance of the war, but it was car- 
 ried on by his lieutenants while he 
 lingered in Antioch. 
 
 rw.E 78. Cu. 12 2^ Apollo- 
 iiiiim Chalcedoaiiini : called Apol- 
 iouiu.s Dyscoius. *• He is the father 
 of scientific Grammar, being the first 
 to reduce it to a systematic form." 
 
 24. Froiito : ]\Larcus Cornelius 
 From... lie acquired great reputa- 
 tion as a rhetorician and grammarian 
 at Rome in the reign of Hadrian. 
 Some of his letters to his pupils, 
 Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, 
 were found in the present century. 
 
 hie . . . egit : ' he treated all at 
 Rome with e(|uality.' 
 
 20. pioviiicias . . . tractavit : 
 he did not visit the provinces, but 
 kept himself thoroughly informed of 
 the details of their administration. 
 
 Page 79. ^- ©o prmcipe : 'dur- 
 ing his reign ' ; cf. his reynantibiis, 
 Bk. I, 2. 
 
 belium . . . Maicomaumcum : 
 the Marcomanni, ' men of the 
 marshes,' were a German tribe 
 that threatened destruction to the 
 Roman Empire. For thirteen years 
 Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held 
 them in check. He built many for- 
 tresses and a great wall to restrain 
 them. 
 
 2. quantum . . . fuit : ' it was 
 greater than any in the memory 
 of man'; i.e. there had been no 
 war with the Germans equally for- 
 nudable. 
 
 5. pestilentiae : the plague broke 
 out in 107 A.i). and lasted for sev- 
 eral years, despite all efforts to 
 check its ravages. It was probably 
 brought to Rome by the soldiers re- 
 turning from the expedition against 
 the Parthians. 
 
 Cii. 13. 10 Qiiadi: a powerful 
 people whodweiL in the southeastern 
 part of Germany. They had been 
 taken under the protection of Rome 
 by Tiberius. In 174 A.n, IVLarcus 
 Aurelius defeated them in a fierce 
 battle. They appear again during 
 the reign of Gallienus (Bk. IX, 8). 
 Towards the end of the fourth century 
 they disappear from history. The 
 Age of the Ant07u')ies.Y)\\ 10(5-108. 
 
 Vandali : a confederacy of Ger- 
 man peoples, who dwelt originally 
 on the northern coast of Germany. 
 Later they settled north of the 
 Marcomanni, whom they joined. 
 They invaded Spain, and later 
 Africa. Under their king Gense- 
 ric they invaded Italy, and took 
 and plundered Rome, 455 a.d. 
 
 Pages 70-81] 
 
 XOTES 
 
 Suevi: an important confederacy 
 of German tribes. Their name sur- 
 vives in the modern Suabia. 
 
 1'"). Caesareni fecerat : the title 
 of Caesar was now given to the per- 
 son next in rank to the emperor, 
 and who was intended to succeed 
 him. 
 
 15. indlcere . . . aliquid : ' to 
 make any demands on the provinces 
 or the senate.' 
 
 10. instruraentum regiicultus : 
 'royal furnituif.'' 
 
 22. comparata : * their purchases.' 
 
 Cn. 14. 28. obiit. he died at 
 Vindobi^na. now Vienna. 
 
 29. vitae LXI : it is generally 
 said that he died in the fifty-ninth 
 year of liis life. 
 
 Paoi 80. ! 15. i L Anto- 
 ninus Commodus : he was the 
 son of Marcus Aurelius, but like 
 him in no respect. After conclud- 
 ing a disgraceful treaty with the 
 Germans, he hastened to Rome, 
 where he gave him.self up to the 
 grossest vices. Creighton, p. 102. 
 
 0. in amphitheatre : he was the 
 con<|ueror in 7^]5 combats. Nothing 
 delighted him more than to be called 
 the ' Hercules of Rome.' 
 
 7. strangulatus vel veneno : he 
 was poisoned and afterwards .stran- 
 gled by his favorite Marcia. 
 
 Cn. 16. 11. Pertinax : Creigh- 
 ton, p. 1(»;5. 
 
 Cn. 17. 18. perpetuum compo- 
 suit edictum : this was a digest of 
 the mass of edicts that had been 
 issued by the praetors and the pro- 
 vincial governors. It was the basis 
 
 of the Corjms luris Clvilis of Jus- 
 tinian. 
 
 19. Mulvium poiitem : about 
 two miles north of Rome, on the 
 Via Flaminia. Here the ambassa- 
 dors of tlie Allobroges, that had 
 been tampered with by the fellow- 
 conspirators of Catiline, were ar- 
 rested, 0.3 n.c. The foundations of 
 this bridge still remain and are 
 built into the Poiite Mollo at the 
 same place. 
 
 Cn. 18. 21. Septimius Severn B 
 Lucius Septimius Seveius was l wm- 
 mander in chief of the army in 
 Pannt^nia and Illyria at the death 
 of Pertinax, 193 a.i>. He was pro- 
 claimed emperor by the army. For 
 nearly a hundred years the emperors 
 were made and unmade at the will 
 of the soldiers. Creiufhton, p. 104. 
 
 23. omni memoria: 'in all 
 time.' 
 
 24. fisci advocatus : a Roman 
 officer appointed to look after the 
 interests of the imperial treasury. 
 
 Pack gl. Gw. 19. 1(5. vallum . . . 
 deduxit : the celebrated wail of 
 Severus, extending from the Solway 
 Frith to the mouth of the Tyne. 
 It was erected to prevent incursions 
 of the Caledonians. 
 
 17. Eboraci : the modern York. 
 
 22. Geta . . . periit : he was 
 murdered by order of Caracalla. 
 
 Cn. 20. 2.'*. Caracalla : the name 
 of Caracalla was derived from a 
 species of Gallic cassock he intro- 
 duced at Rome. 
 
 24. monim . . . hiit : his whole 
 life was only one series of cruelties 
 
158 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pa(;es 81-81 
 
 and acts of extravagant folly. 
 Creighton, p. 105. 
 
 25. thermae Aiitornnianae : 
 these accunimutiiiLt'd about 1000 
 persons at once. The ruins are 
 still to he seen. 
 
 ^'*>' f 82. <'"• 22. 0. M. Aure- 
 lius Antoninus : known in history 
 as lleliogabahis. lie was the grand- 
 son of Maesa, sister-in-law of Sep- 
 tiniius Severus, and the son of 
 Syniiasera. He was priest in the 
 temple of the Sun at Emesa in 
 Syria when Caracalla died. Through 
 the instrumentality of his grand- 
 mother he was proclaimed emperor 
 by the soldiers and acknowledged 
 by the senate. He was the most 
 profligate of the Roman emperors. 
 
 Cii.23 '••- Alii cliiis Alexander : 
 Marcus Aurelius Alexander, gener- 
 ally known as Alexander Severus. 
 He had been adopted by lleliogaba- 
 his and had been created Caesar. 
 " He was distinguished by justice, 
 wisdom, and clemency in all public 
 transactions, and by the simplicity 
 and purity of his private life." 
 Creighton, p. 106. 
 
 20. adsessSrem : ' legal adviser.' 
 
 21. Ulpianuni : Domitius Ulpia- 
 nus was one of the most celebrated 
 Koman lawyers. His works are 
 often (pioted in the Corpus Juris 
 Ch''iUs of Justinian. He was assas- 
 sinated in a nuitiny of the soldiers 
 caused by his strict discipline. 
 
 Book IX 
 
 Page 83. Cn. 1. 1 . Maximinus : 
 his full name was Gains lulius Verus 
 
 Maximiims. He was born of barbaric 
 parentage, his father being a Goth 
 and his mother a German. He was 
 famous for his gigantic size and his 
 marvelous feats of strength. His 
 government was cliaracterized by 
 oppression and excesses. 
 
 Cn. 2. 9. Gordiauus : Marcus 
 Antonius Gordianus was the grand- 
 son of the elder Gordianus. He 
 was a mere boy, probably not more 
 than twelve years old, when he 
 was proclaimed emperor by the 
 soldiers. 
 
 Paoi Si. Cn. 3. 1. Philippi: 
 Marcus lulius Philippus I was an 
 Arabian by birth. After the death 
 of Misithus, the father-in-law of 
 Gordianus, he became praetorian 
 praefect, and caused the soldiers to 
 revolt, to slay Gordianus, and to 
 proclaim himself emperor. He pro- 
 claimed his son of the same name 
 Caesar, though lie was only seven 
 years old. 
 
 3. millesimiis annus this anni- 
 versary was marked by the celebra- 
 tion of the Saccular Games with 
 unusual magnificence, 248 a.d. 
 
 Cn. 4. 8. Decius : his full name 
 was Gaius Me.-^.sius Quintus Tra- 
 ianus Decius. He was sent by 
 Philippus to Moesia to crush an 
 insurrection, and was compelled by 
 the soldiers to proclaim himself 
 emperor. His reign was occupied 
 chiefly with warring again.st the 
 Goths. He persecuted the Christians 
 with great severity. 
 
 Ch. 6. 21. exstinctus est he 
 was slain by the soldiers. 
 
 pAciKs 81-88] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1.V^ 
 
 Cn. 7. /.'J. Galiieniis the .son of 
 Valerian us. 
 
 Page 85. ^- superatus est : at 
 first V'alerianus was successful ; but 
 he followed the enemy too rashly. 
 He was captured near Edessa. After 
 his death his skin was stuffed and 
 long preserved as a trophy in the 
 chief temple of the nation. 
 
 Cn. 9. 22. Postumus : this 
 period is known as the ' Kule of the 
 Thirty Tyrants.' These men, who I 
 revolted from Gallienus and set up [ 
 separate governments for them- 
 selves, were noted in the main for 
 their courage. They repelled the 
 invaders and established govern- 
 ments that gave peace and secu- 
 rity to their provinces. 
 
 28. vilissimus opifex : he is said 
 to have been a smith, ferri opifex. 
 
 Pagk S6 " matrimonia: liere 
 has a coiicrt'U' lUL'uning, • wives.' 
 
 Cn. 10. 10. Odenathum : he was 
 the ruler of Palmyra. He checked 
 tlie incursions of the Persians and 
 drove Sapor out of Syria. In re- 
 turn for tlie.se services Gallienus 
 honored him with the title of Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 Cn. 11. 10. occisusest: he was 
 slain by his soldiers while besieging 
 .Milan. 
 
 18. Gothos . . . vicit: he con- 
 (piered the Goths at Naisus in Dar- 
 dania and received the surname 
 (Jothicus in consequence. 
 
 Page 8T ^''>- 13. :■ A aeli- 
 anus : his reign presents a succes- 
 sion of brillimt exploits, and it 
 seemed for a time that he would 
 
 restore Home to her former posi- 
 tion. The Goths, Vandals, and the 
 Alemanni'were conquered. ZeiK >bia, 
 who had succeeded her husband as 
 ruler of Palmyra, was captured and 
 carried to Home. Tetricus was 
 crushed near Catalauni. Aurelian 
 commenced many works of public 
 utility, including a new city wall. 
 He was on his way to cha.stise the 
 Persians when he was killed by 
 some of his officers, a conspiracy 
 having been formed against him. 
 Creighton, p. 100. 
 
 11. • Eripe me': Aeneid, ' i. 
 3G5. 
 
 12. Zenobiam : she was not con- 
 tent with the power .she had, but 
 tried to extend her sway over all 
 Syria, Asia, and Egypt. Aurelian 
 captured Palmyra in 273 a.d., and 
 took her pri.soner. After adorn- 
 ing his triumphal procession, her 
 life was spared and she lived near 
 Tibur for several years. 
 
 occiso Odenatho : it is. said that 
 he was a.ssassinated and that Zeno- 
 bia ha<l -^ i' 'ud in it. 
 
 Pagi. 88. Ch. 15. 2. Daciam 
 . . . intermisit : he made the Dan- 
 ube the boundary of the empire, as 
 Augustus had done. 
 
 8. servi : the private secretary of 
 the emperor. He is generally said 
 to have been a freedman. 
 
 13. mors . . . fuit : Tacitus had 
 the as.sassins put to death soon aftei 
 the beginning of his reign. 
 
 Cn. 17. 21. Probus: his fidl 
 name w;is Man us Aurelius Probu.s. 
 He was as just and virtuous a.s he 
 
160 
 
 NOTES 
 
 [Pages 88-04 
 
 was warlike, and is deservedly re- 
 garded as one of the greatest and 
 best of the TJonian emperors. 
 
 27. apud Sirmium : it was his 
 birthplnpo. 
 
 Va('1 89. ^- tumultu militari: 
 the soldiers mutinied because lie 
 had employed them in laborious 
 public works. 
 
 Cii. 18 14. oculonim dolore 
 correptus : ' affected with a dis- 
 ease of the eye.' 
 
 Cii, 19 • inatrimoiiia : cf. 
 vpltrhndnia, Ch. 9. 
 
 I'agi 90 ■ Diocletianum : he 
 was born near ISalona in Dalmatia. 
 lie rose hi the army from one posi- 
 tion to another until on the assassi- 
 nation of Numerianus he was chosen 
 emperor. He made a great change 
 in the system of government. In 
 280 A.i). he associated Maximianus 
 with himself as a colleague and gave 
 liim the title oi Augustus. Six 
 years later, 292 a.d., Constantius 
 Chlorus and Galerius were pro- 
 claimed Caesars, and the govern- 
 ment of the Roman world was 
 divided among four men, Diocletian 
 taking the East, with Nicomedia as 
 Ins residence ; Maximianus taking 
 Italy and Africa, with Milan as his 
 residence ; Constantius taking Brit- 
 ain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treves 
 as his residence ; Galerius taking 
 Illyrieum and the whole line of the 
 Danube, with Sirmium as his resi- 
 dence. This division was natural 
 and possessed many advantages. It 
 was the only way that the falling 
 empire could be preserved, and 
 
 a semblance of union retained. 
 Creighton, p. 100. 
 
 Ch. 21. 22. strenuae militiae 6r- 
 dine : ' by a course of active service.' 
 
 24. accepisset : ^c. impfrhini. 
 
 29. Britaiiiiias occupavit : in 
 287 A.D. 
 
 Tage 91. Cii, 22. 5. Constan- 
 tium : siu'iiamed Cblorus, ' the pale.' 
 
 0. nep5s Claudi : ' the grand- 
 nephew of Claudius.' He was the 
 son of Eutropius, a Dardanian no- 
 ble, and Claudia, daughter of Chris- 
 pus, the brother of Claudius, 
 
 14. pax conveiiit : Carausiuswas 
 recognized as a colleague. 
 
 Page 92. Cii. 25. 18. extrinse- 
 cus = praetered, a late usage. 
 
 Cn. 26 28. regiae consuetu- 
 dinis lormam : Diocletian intro- 
 duced the customs of an Oriental 
 monarch. He wore the diadem, the 
 robes of silk and gold, and replaced 
 the republican form of salutation by 
 the adoring prostration of the East. 
 
 Cir, 27. 9. ingravescente aevo : 
 he was sixty years old, being born 
 in 245 A.D,, and abdicating in -W) a.d. 
 
 17, pompa ferculorum inlustri : 
 ' with a famous succession of pic- 
 tures.' Fcrcula^ve representations 
 of cities, rivers, and other objects 
 in the conquered countries, carried 
 in procession at a triumi)li. 
 
 Cii. 28, 24, post iiatos homi- 
 nes: 'since men were created,' 
 
 Book X 
 
 Page 94. Cii. 1. 11. adeo . . . 
 niodici : ' of so modest a mode of 
 living.' 
 
 Pages 04-97] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 bA 
 
 13. argeiito : 'silver plate.' 
 ti'clinia: properly a couch for 
 
 three persons reclining at meals. 
 Here it means the table, which was 
 square, and surrounded on three 
 sides by one-armed couches, while 
 the fourth side remained open for 
 convenience in serving. Each couch 
 accommodated three ix^rsons, who 
 reclined upon the left arm. 
 
 14. Gallis : he had reserved Gaul 
 for his peculiar province. 
 
 17. Eboraci: he was on an ex- 
 pedition against the Picts. 
 
 Page 95. Cn, 2, 1. Coustanti- 
 nuB : known in history as Constan- 
 tine the Great. The most important 
 change he introduced was the adojv 
 tion of Christianity as the state re- 
 ligion. The story is told that while 
 marching from Gaul at the head of 
 his legions, he saw in the heavens a 
 luminous cro.ss with this inscription, 
 'By this conquer.' In 313 ad. he 
 issued the famous Milan decree that 
 gave imperial sanction to the religion 
 of the Christians. Although he 
 openly acknowledged Christianity, 
 his religion was a strange mixture of 
 Christianity and Paganism. Creigh- 
 ton, p. 112. 
 
 0. in villa public^ : a building 
 in the Cam[)us Martius, intended for 
 a lodging house or hotel for foreign 
 ambassadors. 
 
 11, quaa . . . habuit : 'which 
 he utterly disregarded.' 
 
 Ch. 3. 18. nudare : ' to deprive 
 of his power,' 
 
 Page 96- ^"- 4. 1. Licinius: 
 his full name was Publius Flavins 
 
 HAZ. EITROPIIS — 11 
 
 Galerius Valerius Licinianus Lichi- 
 ius. By birth he was a Dacian 
 peasant, and an early friend and 
 companion of the Emperor Gale- 
 rius. He was invested with the 
 command of the Illyrian province 
 in 307 A.D. After the death of 
 Galerius he concluded an arrange- 
 ment with Maximiims, by which 
 the Hellesi)ont and the Bosporus 
 were to form the boundary of the 
 two empires. After his marriage 
 with the sister of Constant ine, he 
 and Constantine strove with each 
 other for the undivided sovereignty 
 of the Homan world. 
 
 Cn. 5. 20. apud Cibaias : this 
 was in the great battle (,i Adrian- 
 ople, July, 323 a.d. , and was followed 
 by the reduction of l^.vznntinm. 
 
 Cii. 6. 25. apua I-ficomediam : 
 this victory, September, 323 a,d., 
 made Constantine the sole ruler of 
 the Roman Empire, Licinius was 
 made a prisoner, and although his 
 life was spared for a time, Constan- 
 tine had him put to death in 324 a.d. 
 
 27. tribus Caesaribus iliey 
 were the sons of Constantine the 
 Great, Constantine, Con.stans. and 
 Constantius, 
 
 Page 97. 20. urbem ndminis : 
 Con.stantinople, a city which he 
 built on the site of ancient Byzan- 
 tium. This he aimed to make his 
 capital city. Here he had a second 
 senate, a praefect of the city, 
 regiones, and even larges.ses ; all of 
 which showed that the supremacy 
 of Rome was at an end, 
 
 24. in vTIIt piiblica : a building 
 
162 
 
 XOTKS 
 
 [Pagks !»7-102 
 
 similar in character to the one at 
 Home, Ch. 2. 
 
 Vxr.E 98. Cu. 10. l.j. Con- 
 stant! : he ruled from 887 to 8(51 a.d. 
 He was tlie third son of Constaiitiue 
 the Great. Under him the whole 
 empire a,t;aiii became subject to one 
 ruler. Ikit in 855 .v.d. he was com- 
 pelled to make Julian Caesar and to 
 vSend him into Gaul to oppose the 
 barbarians. 
 
 Page 99. Cir. 14. 24. lulianum : 
 called the Apostate, because, al- 
 though he had been brought up a 
 Christian, later he rejected Christi- 
 anity and returned to Paganism. 
 He was a brave soldier and a good 
 general. Forced by his soldiers to 
 as.sume the purple, he hesitated to 
 begin a civil war, but was relieved 
 of the necessity by the opportune 
 death of Constantius in 301 a.d. 
 "Julian was an extraordinary ciiar- 
 acter. As a monarch, he was inde- 
 fatigable in his attention to business, 
 upright in his administration, and 
 comprehensive in his views ; as a 
 man, he was virtuous in the midst 
 of a profligate age, and did not yield 
 to the luxurious temptations to 
 which he was exposed." Many of 
 his literary works are extant. 
 Creighton, p. 110. 
 
 Pagi: 100 Ch. 16. 21. cui 
 , . . . interfui : what part Eutropius 
 I took in this expedition is not 
 I known. 
 
 24. remeans victor : in the last 
 ' battle fought on the 20th of June, 
 J Julian was mortally wounded by an 
 i arrow and died the same day. 
 
 Pa<.i: 101. Cir. 17. 15. lovi- 
 §nus : his full name was Flavins 
 Claudius Jovian. His short reign is 
 remarkable only for the disgraceful 
 peace he made with the Persians. 
 Although he was a Christian, he pro- 
 tected the pagans. 
 
 20. flnibus: he agreed that the 
 Romans would surrender their ct)n- 
 quests beyond the Tigris and would 
 give up several fortresses in Meso- 
 potamia. 
 
 24. Pontium Telesinum : it is 
 generally stated that Gavius Pontius 
 was the leader of the Samnites in 
 the battle of Caudine Forks. Per- 
 haps Eutropius confuses him with 
 Pontius Telesiiuis, the leader of the 
 Samnites in tlie Social war. 
 
 Paoe 102. Cii. 18. 8. nimia 
 cruditate : 'violent indigestion.' 
 
 21. quam . . . reservamus: 
 whether lie ever fulfilled his inten- 
 tion and wrote another book is 
 unknown. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 -•o*- 
 
 ahl. 
 
 = ablative. 
 
 imp. 
 
 = imperfect. 
 
 abs. 
 
 = absolute. 
 
 impers 
 
 . = impersonal. 
 
 aec. 
 
 = accusative. 
 
 incep. 
 
 = inceptive. 
 
 act. 
 
 = active. 
 
 incho. 
 
 = inchoative. 
 
 adj. 
 
 = adjective. 
 
 ind. 
 
 = indirect. 
 
 adv. 
 
 = adverb. 
 
 indt'cl. 
 
 = indeclinable. 
 
 of. 
 
 == compare (confer). 
 
 indef. 
 
 = indetinite. 
 
 com p. 
 
 = comparative. 
 
 intens. 
 
 = intensive. 
 
 con j . 
 
 = conjunction. 
 
 iter. 
 
 = iterative. 
 
 contr. 
 
 = contraction. 
 
 m. 
 
 = masculine. 
 
 (hit. 
 
 = dative. 
 
 n. 
 
 = neuter. 
 
 dem. 
 
 = demonstrative. 
 
 nom. 
 
 = nominative. 
 
 desid. 
 
 = desiderative. 
 
 num. 
 
 = numeral. 
 
 dim. 
 
 = diminutive. 
 
 pass. 
 
 = passive. 
 
 disc. 
 
 = discourse. 
 
 pers. 
 
 = personal. 
 
 e.g. 
 
 = for example {evempli 
 
 pi. 
 
 = plural. 
 
 
 gratia). 
 
 prep. 
 
 = preposition. 
 
 end. 
 
 = enclitic. 
 
 pres. 
 
 = present. 
 
 f. 
 
 = feminine. 
 
 pron. 
 
 = pronoun. 
 
 freq. 
 
 = frequentative. 
 
 sc. 
 
 = supply (scilicet) 
 
 sen. 
 
 = genitive. 
 
 sub. 
 
 = substantive. 
 
 i.e. 
 
 = tbat is {id est). 
 
 sup. 
 
 = superlative. 
 
 Compound verbs are treated under the simple verbs from which they are 
 derived. To this there are two exceptions : (1) When neither the simide 
 verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) in 
 the case of certain verl)S like sfuno and swr/o, which, thoufjh themselves com- 
 pounds, came tt> be re,i?arded as simple verbs, and served as a basis for other 
 compounds. The star pretixed to certain simple verbs indicates that they are 
 not found in the text, but that two or more compounds occur. 
 
 All matter within square brackets is etymological. The bracketed words 
 when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary. 
 
 164 
 
 YOCABULAia 
 
 A., abbreviation of the praenomen 
 Aulus. 
 
 a, ab, abs (a only before consonants 
 or h, ab before vowels .and conso- 
 nants, abs usually only before t and 
 q, especially frequent before te), 
 prep, with abl., 1, of place, from, 
 away from, out of; 2, of time, froin, 
 since, after ; 3, of agency, by ; 4, of 
 separation, source, cause, from, 
 throiif/li, ber((Kse of. 
 
 abdQco, see dQco. 
 
 abeo, see eo. 
 
 aboleo, ere, evi, itus [ab + oleo], 
 to destroy, abolish, wipe out. 
 
 abrogo, see rogo. 
 
 absens, sentis [orig. part, of absum] , 
 ailj., ((fist' II f, (I tea if. 
 
 absimilis, e [ab -h similis], a<lj., un- 
 like. 
 
 abstineo, see teneo. 
 
 absum, see sum. 
 
 abundantia, ae [abundo, to ovei'- 
 ^fiow: ab + unda], f., plenty, full- 
 ness, ahiunhince. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 accedo. see ced5. 
 
 accido, s('(» cado. 
 
 accipio, see capio. 
 
 acclamo. are, avi. atus [ad + 
 clamo, to shout], to shout loudly, 
 exclaim. 
 
 acer, acris, acre, comp. acrior, 
 sup. acerrimus, vid\., sharp, bitter; 
 keen, vigorous, lierce. 
 
 acerbe [acerbus], adv., bitterly, 
 crui'Uf/, S'ri'i-eh/. 
 
 acerbitas, atis [acerbus], f., harsh- 
 ness, severity, unkindness. 
 
 acerbus, a. um, adj., bitter, harsh, 
 cruel. 
 
 Achaea, ae, f., a district in the Pelo- 
 poiniesus. Later the Roman prov- 
 ince' of Southern Greece. 
 
 Achilles, is, m., a famous Greek 
 chief at the siege of Troy, slain by 
 Paris, the hero of the Iliad. 
 
 Achilleus. i, m., he assumed the title 
 of emperor under Diocletian, and 
 reigne«l over Egypt for some time. 
 He was taken prisoner by DitK'letian, 
 and \A ns put to death, 21HJ a.d. 
 
 acies, ei. f., the sharp point of a 
 sirord ; battle line : battle. 
 
 Acilius, i, m., see Glabrio. 
 
 Actium, 1, n., a town in Ej)irus ; a 
 promofitory near the town. 
 
 actuarius, i, m.. a sfcretary, short- 
 ly ond vritcr. 
 
 actus, a, um, sec ag5, 
 
 ad, jn-ep. with accus., 1, oi place, to, 
 towards, to the house of, at, near; 
 
 2, of time, up to, towards, until, at ; 
 
 3, of purpose, to, in order to, far, 
 for the sake of. 
 
 addo, see do. 
 
 IGo 
 
] r^r. 
 
 VOCAHri.AKY 
 
 adduce, sot- duco. 
 
 ademi, ademptiis, sn- adimo. 
 
 adeo [ad + eo, adv. J, adv., (u this 
 
 point, so, very, to such a degree. 
 adeptus, see adipiscor. 
 adfectator, oris [adfectoj. ni., one 
 
 that sfrircs for. 
 adfecto, are, avi, atus [ad + fecto, 
 freq. of facioj, u> strive after, aspire 
 to. 
 adfero, see fero. 
 adflcio. see facio. 
 adfinitas, atis [ad 4 finisj, f., rela- 
 
 fiiniship (by iiiarriage). 
 adfligo, see *fligo. 
 Adherbal,alis.m.,a Ximiidian prince, 
 
 son of xMacipsa, slain by Ju,uurtha. 
 adhortor, ari, atus sum [ad -f 
 hortor, to urge], to encourage, ex- 
 hort, stimulate, urge. 
 adhuc [ad + hac], adv., up to this 
 
 lime or place ; still, although, yet. 
 Adiabeni, orum. pi. m., tbe Adia- 
 beni, a people living in the northern 
 part of ancient Assyria. 
 Adiabenicus. a, um, adj., a cog- 
 nomen of the emperor Severus, a 
 conqueror of the Adiabeni. 
 adimo. see emo. 
 
 adipiscor, i, adeptus sum [ad + 
 apiscor, to gain], to get, obtain, 
 reach. 
 adicio, see *iaci6. 
 adiung-o, see iungo. 
 adiutor, oris [adiuvo, to assist] , m., 
 
 (( helper, assistant, confederate. 
 ndministratio. onis [administro] , 
 
 1.. uiiinagentrnf, gorernhient. 
 administro, are, avi, atus [ad 4- 
 ministro, to manage], to manage, 
 gorvni, regulate, carry on (war), 
 admiratio. onis [admiror], f., ad- 
 miration, wonderment, astonish- 
 mpnt. 
 admiror, .see miror. 
 
 ! admitto, s^c mitto, 
 j admodum [ad i modus], adv., up 
 t'> tho fall limit, rrry, e.rceedingly. 
 adnitor, s<-e nitor. 
 adnoto, are, avi, atus [ad -f noto. 
 
 to mark], to ohaerrc, remark. 
 adoleo, ere, ui [ad + oleo, to emit 
 
 a smell], to turn to vapor, hum. 
 adoptio. onis [adopto], f., adoption. 
 adopto see opto. 
 adoro. see 6r6. 
 adrlgo, see reg-o. 
 adsentor, see sentio. 
 adsero, see *ser6. 
 adsertor, oris [adseroj, m.. a 
 
 claiiiKint . 
 adsessor, oris [adsideo, to sit by], 
 
 ni., an as'<ista)/f. aid : legal adrinpr. 
 adspicio, see *specio. 
 adsurg-o, ere, surrexi. surrectus 
 
 [ad + surgo (sub + rego), to rise], 
 
 to rise, arise. 
 adulescens. entis [adolesco, to 
 
 grow up], m,, young; as substantive, 
 
 a young man. 
 advento, are, avi, atus [ad -f- 
 
 vento, intens. of venio], to arrive. 
 adventus, us [advenio, to arrive], 
 
 m., arrival. 
 adversus, a. um [adverto, to turn 
 
 to], adj., turned to or towards; 
 
 opposed to, adverse. 
 adversus and adversum, prep, with 
 
 accus., facing, in opposition to, 
 
 against. 
 advocatus, i [advoco. to call to 
 
 aid], m., a pleader, advocate; aider, 
 
 helper. 
 advolo, are, avi, atus [ad + volo, 
 
 to tty], to tfy to, hurru on, rush. 
 aediflco. are, avi, atus [aedis + 
 
 facio], to build. 
 aedilicius. i [aedilis, aedile, a 
 
 Roman magistrate], m., one who 
 
 has been an aedile. 
 
 Vr)rABULAin 
 
 !♦ 
 
 ! i 
 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj., sick. 
 ft l,h'. 
 
 aegre [aeger], adv., irifh diificulty, 
 scarce! y. 
 
 aegritudo, inis [aeger], f., sickness, 
 grief, vexation, mortijication. 
 
 aegroto. are. avi [aeger], ti> be 
 sick, lauf/uid, pin". 
 
 Aegyptus, i, m., Egypt. 
 
 Aelianus, i, m., a leader of an iii- 
 surre<'tion during the reign of Dio- 
 cletian. 
 
 Aelius. i. ni., sec Hadrianus. 
 
 Aemilianus. I. m., the governor of 
 Pannonia and iloesia in the reign 
 of (lalhis, Roman emi)er(»r, 'io.l a.d. 
 
 Aemilius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 1. Lii'ius Aemilius,rousi\\"2"2-iB.r. 
 '_'. ^furcus Aciiiilius (Manierciis). 
 dii'tator. 
 
 See Lepidus. Paulus. 
 
 aemula. ae [aemulus]. f.. a rival. 
 
 aemulor, ari. atus sum (aemulus]. 
 to /•iral, ric with, emulate. 
 
 aemulus, a, um, adj., stnring car- 
 nc.ttly after, emulating, rivaling; 
 oivious. 
 
 aeneiis. a. um [aes, copper], adj., 
 (*/ copper, briai'ce. 
 
 aequalis, e [aequus], adj., equal, 
 lik'' : as sul>st., a companion. 
 
 Aequi, orum, pi. m., the Aequi, a 
 people ilwelling in the upper valley 
 of the AniO, in the mountains form- 
 ing the eastern boundary of Latium. 
 
 aequitas, atis [aequus], f., evenness. 
 fiiirness, I list ii-c. 
 
 aequo, are. avi, atus [aequus], to 
 III like even, place on a}i equality. 
 
 aequus, a, um, adj., even, level ; fair, 
 Just : aequo animo, impartially. 
 
 aerarium, i [aes, copper], n., treas- 
 ury, fund. 
 
 aestas, atis, f., sutnmer. 
 
 aetas, atis. f., time of life, life; old 
 
 a(/e : j>e/-i<)d nf time, time. 
 Aetoli, orum, pi. m., the Aetolians, 
 j inhabitants of Aetolia, a division of 
 I (ireece. 
 
 aevum, i, n., period of life, life, age. 
 Afer, Afri, m., ati African, e.'^pecially 
 I an inhabitant of Carthage. 
 ' Afranius. i, m., L. Afranius. a gen- 
 eral of I'ompey in Spain, killeil in 
 Africa. 4<J B.C. 
 Africa, ae. f., Africa; often the 
 j northern part of the continent, espe- 
 I cially the part near Carthage. 
 Africanus, i, m., see Scipio. 
 ager, agri, m., field, farm, estate; 
 
 territory, land; the country. 
 aggredior, see »gradior. 
 agnosco, see nosco. 
 ago. agere. egi, actus, to set in 
 motion, drive, lead; act, do, per- 
 I form ; treat, deal ; spend, pass time ; 
 I gratias agere, to give thanks. 
 
 con cogo, ere, coegi, coac- 
 tUS. to drire together, coUect ; force. 
 ex exigo, ere, egi, actus, to 
 dvive ont ; complete ; pa.<is, end. 
 
 re — redigo. ere, egi, actus, to 
 drive back ; reduce ; render, bring. 
 sub — subigo, ere. egi, actus, 
 
 to drive under, put dmrn, coiiijUrr. 
 
 trans — transig5. ere, egi, ac- 
 tus, to carry through, jinisli, setth , 
 perform . 
 
 agrestis. e [ager], '.u\\..(f the fields, 
 m.-itic; as subst., countryman. 
 
 Agrigentum, i. n.. a (ireek colony 
 ill Sicily. 
 
 Agrippa. ae. m., M. (Vipsuniu.s) 
 Agripjia, son-in-law of .\tticus. min- 
 ister of Augustus. 
 
 Agrippina. ae, f., a city in Belgic 
 (iaiil. 
 
 ala, ae, f.. <( rving, ffank. 
 
 Alamanni, orum. pi. m., the Ala- 
 
1G8 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 manni, a name applied to a con- 
 federacy of German tribes living 
 between the Dannbe, the Rhine, and 
 the Main. 
 
 Albani, orum, pi. m., the Albania 
 the inhabitants of Alba Longa in 
 I^itium ; the inhabitants of Albania 
 west of the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Albinus, i, m., a family name at 
 Rome. 
 
 1. Clodius AUnnus, governor of 
 Britain at the death of Conmiodus. 
 He revolted, and was defeated and 
 slain by Septimias Severus at Lug- 
 dunum, 197 a.d. 
 
 2. Sp. Fostumius (Albinus) , con- 
 sul 344 and 321 b.c. 
 
 3. Aldus FostMiiius Albinus, con- 
 sul 242 B.C. 
 
 4. L. Postumius Albvius, consul 
 234 and 221) b.c. 
 
 5. Sp. Posfutnius AlbinuSy consul 
 ISG B.C. 
 
 6. Sp. Postumius Albinus, consul 
 
 110 B.C. 
 
 Albis, is, m., the river Elbe in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m., Alexander the 
 (irear, king of Macedonia, the con- 
 queror of Persia ; B.C. ,'i5<i-323. 
 
 Alexander, dri. m., see Aurelius. 
 
 Alexandria, ae, f., a city in Egypt, 
 at the mouth of the Nile, founded 
 by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C. 
 
 Alexandrinus, a um, adj., Alex- 
 (imh-iite, }wrtainhiq to Alexandria. 
 
 Algidus. i. m., a mountain in Latium. 
 
 alias [alius], adv., at another time, 
 under other circumstances. 
 
 alienus, a. um [alius], adj., bekmg- 
 inxf to another, another's, 
 
 aliquamdia [aliquis + diu], adv., 
 /or (I u'/tile,/or ,sotne time. 
 
 aliquantus, a, um, adj., some, con- 
 siderable. 
 
 aliqui, quae, quod [alius-}- qui], 
 
 indef. pron. adj., some one or other, 
 
 some, any. 
 aliquis, qua, quid [alius 4- quis] , 
 
 indef. pron., so)ne one, something; 
 
 any one, anything ; some ; as subst., 
 
 aliquid, n., somethi)ig, anything. 
 aliquot [alius + quotj, indef. indecl. 
 
 adj., some, several. 
 alius, alia, aliud, adj., another, 
 
 other, different, else; alius . . . 
 
 alius, one . . . one, another . . . 
 
 another; pi., some . . . others; 
 
 longe aliam (alio) atque, very 
 
 different from. 
 Allectus, i, m., the chief officer of 
 
 Carausius in Britain. 
 Allia, ae, f., a small river flowing 
 
 into the Tiber from the east about 
 
 11 miles north of Rome. 
 Alma, ae, f., a mountain in Pan- 
 
 nonia 
 Alpes, ium, f., tl>e Alps. 
 alter, altera, alterum, pron. adj., 
 
 one of tico, the other, the second ; 
 
 alter . . . alter, the one . . . the 
 
 other. 
 Altinum, i, n., a town of the Veneti 
 
 in the north of Italy at the mouth 
 
 of the river Silis. 
 altitiido, inis [altus, high], f., 
 
 heig/tt, deptlt. 
 amabilis. e [amo, to love], adj., 
 
 worthy of love, lovely, amiable. 
 Amandus. i, m., a leader of an in- 
 surrection during the reign of Dio- 
 cletian, 
 ambo, ae, 6. adj., both. 
 Ambrones, um, i)l. m., a Celtic peo- 
 ple defeated by Marius near Aquae 
 
 Sextiae in 102 b.c. 
 amicitia, ae [amicus], f., friendship. 
 amicus, a, um [amo, to love], adj., 
 friendly ; as subst. amicus, i, m., a 
 friend. 
 
 VOCAl;! LAKY 
 
 1f:0 
 
 Amisus, i, Gr. ace. Amison. f., a 
 coast city of Pont us, the residence 
 of Mithradates the Great. 
 
 amitto. see mitto. 
 
 amnis, is, m., river, torrent, stream. 
 
 amoenitas, atis [amoenus], f,, 
 ltl( asajitness, agrceahlcness. 
 
 amoenus, a, um [amO, to love], 
 adj., pleasing, eharining. 
 
 amor, oris [amo, to love], m., love; 
 a beloved object, one's love. 
 
 amphitheatrum. i, n., amphitheater. 
 
 ample [amplusj, adv., largely. 
 
 amplifico, are. avi. atus [amplus 
 -1- facio], (n i/icri a.s ■, (ularge. 
 
 amplio, are, avi, atus [amplusj, to 
 enlarge, magnify . 
 
 amplius [amplus], comp. of ample, 
 )nore, further. 
 
 amplus, a, um, adj., great, large; 
 noble, di.stinguished. 
 
 ancilla. ae, f., a mai<l-sl(ive, maid. 
 
 Ancus, i, in., see Marcius. 
 
 Andriscus, i, m., a Persian who pre- 
 tended to be the natural son of Per- 
 .seus ami assun)e<l the name of Philip. 
 
 ang-ustia. ae [ang-ustus, 7iarroic], 
 (., )iarroic)iess ; pi., narroio places, 
 a pass. 
 
 Anicius, i, m., C. Anicius. praetor in 
 the Thinl Macedonian war, 17G-KW 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Anien, enis or Anio, onis, m., a 
 small tril)utary of the Tiller. 
 
 animus, i, m.. .ford, mind; disposi- 
 tion, feelings ; courage, spirit. 
 
 Annius, i, m., see Antoninus. 
 
 annus, i, m.. (( year. 
 
 annuus, a, um [annus], adj., an- 
 nual; lasting a year. 
 
 ante, adv., of space, before, in front 
 of ; of time, before, previously, ago ; 
 prep, with accus., both of space and 
 tim«'. in front of, before. 
 
 antea [ante], adv., before, formerly. 
 
 Antemnates, um, pi. m., the i?i- 
 habita/its of Anteninae, a Sabine 
 U)\\n at the junction of the Anio 
 and tlie Tiber. 
 j Anthemusia, ae, f., a province of 
 Mesoi>(Uamia. 
 
 Antiochenses, ium, m., the inhabit- 
 ants (f Andoch. 
 
 Antiochia. ae. f., the caj.ital city of 
 Syria on the river Orontes. 
 
 Antiochus, i, m., kings of Syria. 
 
 1. Antiochus II. , called llieos, 261- 
 240 B.C. 
 
 2. Antiochus III., called the Great, 
 22.V187 B.C. 
 
 3. Antiochus IV., called Epipha- 
 ncs. 17ri-l(V4 B.C. 
 
 antiquus, a, um [ante], adj., old, 
 belonging to a former time. 
 
 Antoninianus. a, um, adj., of or he- 
 longing to tlie Antonines. 
 
 Antoninus, i, m., the name of a 
 dynasty of Roman emi>erors. 
 
 1. T. Auridius Antoninus Fidvius 
 Boionius Pius, 138-lfil a.d. 
 
 2. M. Aurelius Antoninus Virus, 
 
 101-180 A.D. 
 
 3. L. Annius Antitninus Verus, 
 
 1()1-10'.» A.D. 
 
 4. L. Antoninus Commodus, 180- 
 
 11 W A.D. 
 
 5. M. Aurelius Antoninus Pafisd- 
 nius Caracalla, 211-217 a.d. 
 
 €). J/. Aurelius Antoninus, Ilelio- 
 gabalus, 218-222 a.d. 
 Antonius, i, in., the name of aR«)man 
 gens. 
 
 1. C. Antoniu.^, consul (>3 n.c. 
 
 2. L. Antonius, consul 41 b.c. 
 
 3. M. Antoniris, the friend of 
 Caesar and member of the Second 
 Triumvirate, consul 44 B.c. 
 
 Anullinus, i. m.. a Roman senator, 
 anulus, i [dim. <»f anus, a circle], 
 m., (( ring. 
 
170 
 
 * »l Ai>L LA U V 
 
 Aper. pri, m., Arrius Aper, praeto- 
 rian praefect. He was put to death 
 by Diocletian, 284 a.d. 
 
 aperio. see *pari6. 
 
 Apollonia, ae, f., a city of Thrace on 
 tlif I'oiitiis Eiixinus. 
 
 Apollonius, i, ni., AiwlU'nuus Chalct- 
 i/o/iiu.'<, called liijxfolHS, '* the ill- 
 tempered." A rhetorician. 
 
 apoplexis, is, f., apoplexy. 
 
 apparatus, us, ni., equipment, prepa- 
 ration ; splendor, pomp. 
 
 appareo, see pareo, 
 
 appello, se«' pello. 
 
 appeto, sec peto. 
 
 Appi6n,6nis, in., Appimi Ptolemueus, 
 kinj; of Cyrene, 117-1X5 b.c. 
 
 Appius, i, 111., a praenonien especially 
 conmion in the Claudian jjens. 
 
 Appius, a, um, adj., Ajtpian ; espe- 
 cially the via Appia, the famous 
 road built by Ai)pius Clau<lius the 
 Censor, ;{12 u.r. 
 
 app5nd, see pono. 
 
 apprime [primus], adv., mo.<it of all. 
 
 apud, i)rep. with ace, of place, near : 
 of persons, irith, amont/, in t/ie 
 presence of, at thr honse of; with 
 the name of an author, in the 
 works of. 
 
 Apulia, ae, f.,a district in the .south- 
 eastern part of Italy. 
 
 aqua, ae, f., nutter. 
 
 Aquileia, ae, f., a city in northern 
 Italy on the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 Aquillus, I. m., see Florus. 
 
 Aquitania, ae, f., a province of Gaul 
 between the (iaronne and the i 
 Pyrenees. | 
 
 Aiabes, urn. pi. ni., the inhahit<(nts I 
 if Arabia. j 
 
 Arabia, ae f . Arabia. 
 A.rabicus, a, um, adj., behmffinr/ to 
 or pertaining to Arabia, co,i,'nomen 
 of Septimius Severus. 
 
 arbitrium, i [arbiter, judge], n., 
 
 judgment ; will; poiver. 
 *arce6, ere, ui, — , to inclose ; pro- 
 hibit. 
 con — coerceo, ere, ui, itus, to 
 
 shut in; restrain, chfck. 
 ex— exerceo, ere, ui, itus. to 
 
 e.iuo'cisp, drill. 
 Archelaus, i, m., (1) a distinguished 
 
 general of Mithradates. 
 
 (2) Called Cappadox, king of Cai>- 
 
 padocia, '.^i b.c.-H a.d. 
 Ardea, ae. f., the capital city of tlie 
 
 Rutuli, in Latium, about eighteen 
 
 miles south of Rome. 
 ardeo, ere, arsi, arsus, to be hut, 
 
 burn ; be eager, ereited. 
 arg-enteus, a, um [argentum] , ad j ., 
 
 of silver. 
 Argentoratum, i, n., a city in Belgic 
 
 (Jaul. 
 arg-entum, i, n., silver; moneij. 
 Argi, orum, pi. m., the city of Argos 
 
 in the eastern part of the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 Ariaratus, i, m., calle<l Cappa.lox, 
 
 king of Cai)pad(»cia, 220-1G2 b.c. 
 Arlminum, i, n., a town in northern 
 
 lt.il\ (til the A<lriatic Sea. 
 Ariobarzenes, is, m., king of Cap- 
 
 padocia, \y.\-{\'-\ b.c. 
 Aristarchus, i, m., made king of Col- 
 chis by Pompey. 
 Aristo, onis, m., an Athenian i)hi- 
 
 l()Soi)her who surrendered Athens to 
 
 Mithradates, 87 b.c. 
 Aristobulus, i, m., king (.f Jiidea. 
 
 taken capti\e by Pompey, {\:\ b.<'. 
 Aristonicus, i, m., a natural s(ui of 
 
 Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. 
 arma. orum, pi. n., weapons ; nutrfare. 
 Armenes, is, m., son of Nabis, a 
 
 tyrant of Sparta. 
 Armenia, ae, f., a c«uintry of Asia 
 
 southeast of the hhuk Sea. 
 
 VOCABULAKV 
 
 171 
 
 Armenia Minor, the portion 
 west of the Eui)hratcs. 
 
 Armeniacus, a, um, adj., pertain- 
 ing to or bi'loiiifing to Armenia. 
 
 Armenii. orum, pi. m., (hr inhabit- 
 onfs if A r/timio . 
 
 armo, are, avi. atus [armiaj, to 
 arm, eqnip; armati, ((r)ucd men, 
 soldiers. 
 
 Armoricum, i, n.. the northern i»ait 
 of Celtic (iaul. 
 
 aro. are, avi, atus. to plow. 
 
 ars. artis. I., s/,i/l, art, knowledge. 
 
 arsi, see ardeo. 
 
 Artaces; is, m., a king of Hiberia, 
 cou(piere<l by Pompey. 
 
 Artaxata, ae, f., the capital city of 
 
 _ Armenia Maior. 
 
 Aruns, antis, m., the son of Tar- 
 (liiiniiis Siiperbus. 
 
 Arverni, orum. pi. m., an importaiu 
 tribe of Celtic Gaul. 
 
 Arzanena, ae, f., a district of Ar- 
 menia Maior, bounded on the south 
 by the Tigris. 
 
 ascendo, .see *8cand6. 
 
 Asclepiodotus, i, m., a praetorian 
 l)raefect during the reign of Dio- 
 cletian. 
 
 Asia, ae, f,, Asia; Asia }finor. 
 
 Asiagenes, is, m., a Greek term for 
 the Latin Asidticus ; cognomen of 
 L. Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of 
 .\ntiochus. 
 
 Asina, ae, m. (1) Cn. Cornelius 
 Asina, consul 2<K) b.c. 
 (2) P. Corneliu.'i (.4.s/»«), consul 
 
 218 B.C. 
 Asinius. i, in.. Ifieriu^ Asiniu.<<, leader 
 of the Marsi in the Marsic war, iK) 
 B.C. 
 
 asper. aspera, asperum. adj., 
 rongli. bitter: riiilent. severe. 
 
 asperitas. atis [asper], f., rough- 
 ness, harshness. 
 
 aspis, idis. t., nn asp. viper. 
 
 assiduus. a. um [adsideo, to sit bi/ 
 or near], adj., rontinualhj prese)(t, 
 busied; diligent, jtcrsistent, faith- 
 ful; continual, uneeasiitg, nnrr- 
 )iiitfing. 
 
 Assyria, ae, f., a division of Asia 
 between Media, Mesoi)otaniia, and 
 Habyloii. 
 
 Atella, ae, f., a small town -in Cam- 
 pania. 
 
 Athenae. arum, jd. f., Athens, the 
 chief city ol Attica. 
 
 Atheniensis, e, adj., Athenian. 
 
 Atilius, i, m.. tlu' na'ne of a Roman 
 gens. See Bulcus, Regulus. 
 
 atque. ac (the latter used only bef<)re 
 consonants), conj., ttud, and espe- 
 cially, and even; thnn, ((s ; simul 
 ac. as soon as; idem ac. the sum' 
 as: alius ac. other than; contra 
 atque. dijVerently from what. 
 
 atrox, ocis. adj., s<ivagc, fierce, 
 cruel, terrible. 
 
 Attains, i, m., kitigs of Pergamus. 
 
 1. Attains I., 241-1<»7 B.C. 
 
 2. Attains Philadelphns, l.-.O^l.W 
 
 B.C. 
 
 3. Attains Philometor, l.'i8-l;^i 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Attains, i, m., king of Paphlagonia. 
 
 attero. ere. trivi, tritus [ad -f tero. 
 t(t rut)], to rub against, rub airay, 
 irear; destroy, iraste. 
 
 atting-o. see Hang-o. 
 
 attritus. sc atterd. 
 
 attuli. st-e adfero. 
 
 auctor. oris [augeo], m., producer, 
 originator, c(ni.<<e. 
 
 auctoritas. atis [auctor], f.. au- 
 thority, pincer ; influence, weight, 
 dignity. 
 
 auctus. a. um, m <• auged. 
 
 audax, acis [audeo], adj., bidd, dar- 
 ing, audacious. 
 
172 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 audeo, ere, ausus sum, to dare, 
 
 attempt. 
 audio, ire, ivi, itus, to hear, hear of, 
 
 listen, to. 
 ob — oboedio, ire, ivi, itus, to 
 
 give ear to, hearken, listen ; yield. 
 auditorium, i [audio], n., a lecture 
 
 hall. 
 aufero, see fero. 
 Aufldius, i, 111., the name of a Roman 
 
 Lcens. See Orestes, 
 augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, to in- 
 
 c re a ae, spread; praise, honor; enrich. 
 Augustus, i. 111., a title of honor 
 
 given to Octavianus in 27 B.C., and 
 
 after him to all the Roman emperors. 
 Aurelianus i, m., Lucius Doniltlus 
 
 Aurelianus, Roman emperor, 270- 
 
 275 A.T). 
 Aurelius, a, um, adj.. Aurelian ; 
 
 esp. via Aurelia, the Aurelian road. 
 Aurelius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. 
 
 Aurelius Alexander, Roman em- 
 peror, 222-2:r, A.r>. 
 See Antoninus. Cotta. 
 aureus, a, um [aurum], adj., (/olden, 
 
 of f/olff ; embroidered icith gold. 
 Aureus mons. m., a mountain in 
 
 l^l^per Moesia. 
 auriim. \. n., gold. 
 Aisrunculeius, i. m.. the name of a 
 
 1\ iiiiaii i^eiis. St't' Cotta. 
 auspicium, i [avis + *speci6], n.. 
 
 divination bfj ivafching the .flight, 
 
 or noting the cries, of birds; an 
 
 ome)i ; auspices. 
 ausus, see aude6. 
 aut. coiij., or; aut . . . aut, either 
 
 . or. 
 autem, eonj., always postpositive, 
 
 biif, hotrever, imtre >rer. 
 auxilium, i [augeoj, n., help, aid; 
 
 pi., auxlliarif troops (usually foreign 
 
 and light armed). 
 
 avare [avarus, greedy], adv., greed- 
 ily. 
 
 avaritia, ae [avarus, greedy], f., 
 greed, avarice. 
 
 Aventinus, i, m. (so. mons), the 
 Aventine, one of the seven hills of 
 Rome. 
 
 averto, see *verto. 
 
 avidus, a, um, adj. comp., avidior, 
 desirous, eager, greedy. 
 
 avis, is. f., bird. 
 
 avunculus, i [dim of avusj, m., 
 mother's brother, uncle. 
 
 avus, i, m., grandfather, ancestor. 
 
 B. 
 
 Babylon, onis, f., capital eity of the 
 Babylonian-Assyrian Empire in 
 Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates. 
 
 Bacaudae, arum, pi. m., the name 
 of the revolting peasants in (iaul in 
 the reign of Diocletian. 
 
 Balbinus, i, m. (/>. Caeliu.s) Balld- 
 nus was elected emperor by the 
 Senate, l)ut was slain by the soldiers 
 at Rome, 238 a.d. 
 
 barbaria, ae [barbarusj, f., a 
 strange land, a foreign country 
 (oppo.sed to Greece and Italy). 
 
 barbaricus, a, um [barbarus], adj., 
 foreign, .strange; as subst., Bar- 
 baricum, i, n., strange land. 
 
 barbarus, a, um, nd]., foreign, bar- 
 barous, barbarian ; as .subst., bar- 
 bari, orum, pi. m., foreigners, 
 barbarians. 
 
 Bassianus, i, m., see Antoninus. 
 
 Bassus, i, m., L. {P.) Ventldius Ba.'i- 
 sus, a Roman general who gained 
 several victories over the Parthians. 
 Consul 43 B.r. 
 
 Basternae. arum, pi. m., a warlike 
 German people living near the 
 mouth of the Danube. 
 
 VOCABUI-\nY 
 
 116 
 
 beatus, a. um [be6, to bless], adj., 
 
 blessed, happy, prosperous. 
 Bedriacum, i, n., a small town in 
 
 Cisaluiiu' Gaul. ! 
 
 Belgicus, a, um, a<lj.. }i"lglc; 
 
 Gallia Belgica, or abs(d. Belgica, 
 
 the northern part of Gaul between ' 
 
 the Rhine and the Seine. I 
 
 bellicosus, a, um [bellicus], adj.. 
 
 iriivlike, fond of voi\ tierce. 
 bellicus, a, um [bellum], adj., per- , 
 
 taininq to war. military, martial. I 
 bello, are, avi, atua [bellum], to 
 
 wage ivar. \ 
 
 re — rebello. are. avi, atus, to 
 
 mage ivar again, rebel. 
 bellum, i [for duellum, from duo], 
 
 n.. var, varfare. 
 bene [bonus], adv., comp. melius, 
 
 sup. optime : well, .niccessfully. 
 Beneventum, i, n., a city in Cam- | 
 
 pania in Italy. I 
 
 benignitas, atis [benignus], f., ' 
 
 qond-irlll, kindness. | 
 
 benignus, a, um, adj., kind, favor- 
 
 ,(hle. 
 
 Berenice, es, f., a city in Cyrenaica 
 
 in Africa. 
 Bessi. orum, pi, m., a mountain tribe 
 
 of Thrace. 
 Bestia. ae, m., L. Calpumins Bestia, 
 
 consul ill B.C. 
 bestia. ae, f., a beast, animal. 
 bibo, ere, bibi, — , to drink. 
 Bibulus, i, m., L. {Calpurniu.'^) Bibu- 
 
 ius, consul with Caesar 59 B.C. 
 biennium. i [bis -f annus], n., two 
 
 years' time. 
 bini. ae, a [bi3], dist. num. adj., two 
 
 by tiro, two each. 
 bis [duis ; cf. duo], num. adv., 
 
 twice. 
 Bithynia, ae, f., a country in Asia 
 
 Minor, on the Propontis and Black 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Bituitus, i, m., a king of the Arverni 
 
 in (iaul. 
 Blaesus, i, m., (.'. Sempronius Blae- 
 
 sus, consul 253 B.C. 
 blanditia, ae, f., (lattery; in pi., 
 
 blandishments, allurements. 
 blatteus. a. um [blatta. purple], 
 
 adj., jmrple-culored. 
 blattinus, a, um [blatta, purple], 
 
 adj., purple-colored. 
 Bocchus, i, m., akingof Mauretania, 
 
 father-in-law of Jugurtha. 
 Boionius, 1, m., see Antoninus, 
 bonitas, atis [bonus], f., gooilness. 
 Bononia, ae. f., a city in Belgic 
 
 Gaul, now Boulogne. 
 Bonosus, i, m., a Spaniard who 
 
 usurped the imi)erial title in Gaul 
 
 in the reign of Probus, 281 ad. 
 bonus, a, um, adj., comp. melior, 
 
 sup. optimus ; good, advantageous, 
 
 friendly ; bono animo esse, to feel 
 
 friendly: as subst., bonura, i, n., 
 
 profit; boni, orum. pi. m.. qood 
 
 men, loyal citizens, bona, orum, 
 
 jd. n., ffoods. 
 Bosporani. orum, pi. m., dwelling 
 
 on the Cimmerian Bosix>r»s. 
 Bosporus, i, m. 
 
 1. Clnunerlus Bosporus, the strait 
 leading from the Black Sea to the 
 Sea of Azov. 
 
 2. A city in the Crimea on the 
 Cimmerian Bosi>orus. 
 
 bracchium, i. n., an ann. 
 
 breviarium i [brevis], n., a sum- 
 mary, abridgment, epitome. 
 
 brevis. e. adj., sliort, brief. 
 
 bre vitas, atis [brevis], f., short)if>ss. 
 
 Britannicus, a. um, adj., pertaining 
 I to Britain, lirltisli ; as subst., Bri- 
 tannicus, i, m., son of the emi»eror 
 1 Claudius and Messalina. 
 
 Britanni, orum, pi. m., the inhab- 
 I itants of Britain, Britaius. 
 
171 
 
 VOCAIirf.AIIV 
 
 Britannia, ae, f., Uritain, En^^luiul 
 
 and Scotland; in the pi. includes 
 
 Ireland. 
 Brundisini, orum, pi. ni., the in- 
 
 Imbitaids of the cittj of Brundislitni, 
 
 in Calabria. 
 Bruttii, orum, ])I. tn., a people in the 
 
 southwestern part of Italy. 
 Brutus, i, m., a family name at Rome. 
 
 1. I). liiHius IJrutHfi. He eon- 
 qnered the Cailaeci and Lusitani, 
 and won the name of Callaecus in 
 fonsequenee. Consul I'AH b.<\ 
 
 2. L. luniLis Brutus, nephew of 
 Tarquinius Superbus, consul with 
 Collatinus rm b.c. 
 
 3. (M. luiiius) /Irutus, one of the 
 murderers of Caesar. 
 
 Budalia, ae, f., a town in Lower 
 Pannonia, the birthi)lace of the em- 
 peror Decius. 
 
 Bulcus, 1, m., ('. AtlUus liulcits, con- 
 sul '_*-»7 B.C. [now Bordeaux. 
 
 Burdigala, ae, f., a city in Aciuitania, 
 
 Burziaone, es, f., a city in the mod- 
 ern Bul<]jaria. 
 
 Byzantium, i, n., a city on the Thra- 
 cian Bosporus, later Constantinople. 
 
 C abbreviation of the praenomen 
 
 Gains, 
 C. ^ centum, iOO. 
 Cablra.orum, pi. n., a city in Pontus, 
 
 on the border of Armenia. 
 Ccib\ le es, f., a town in Thrace. 
 cadaver. er\< [cadoj, n., a corpse. 
 cado. ere. cecidi, casurus, to fall, 
 be ktlled, die: /nijtpen. 
 
 ad — accido, ere, cidi, — , to hap- 
 pen, befall, come to pass. 
 
 con — concido, ere, cidi, — , to 
 fall, be slain, peris'i. 
 
 in — incid6,ere,cidi. — , to fall, 
 fall in with, meet; happeit. 
 
 Caecilius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 jjens. 
 
 Q. Cai'dlins, consul 20() B.C. 
 See Metellus. 
 Caecus, i, m., Appius Claudius {Cae- 
 
 cus), consul o07 B.C. 
 caedes. is [caedo], f.. killing, slauyli- 
 
 ter, ntassacre. 
 caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus, to cut, 
 
 rat to pieces: kill, conqner, roat ; 
 
 virgis caedere, //07. 
 ex — excido, ere, cidi, cisus, 
 
 to cut out, cut down, cat ojf; demol- 
 ish, lay waste. 
 ob — occido, ere, cidi, cisus, to 
 
 cat down, kill, slay. 
 Caelius, a, um, adj., Caelian ; 
 
 Caelius Mons, the Caelian Hill, 
 
 one of the seven hills of Rome, 
 caelum, i. n., heaven, sky. 
 Caeninenses, ium, pi. m., the in- 
 
 /labilants of Caenlna, a town of the 
 
 Sabines. 
 Caenophrurium, i, n., a town in 
 
 Thrace. 
 Caepio, onis, m., the name of a 
 
 Roman family. 
 
 1. Cn. Serrilins Caepio, consul 
 203 B.C. 
 
 2. Q. (Cn.) Servllius Caepio, con- 
 sul 140 B.C. 
 
 3. Q. {Servilius) Caepio, consul 
 lOi B.C. 
 
 Caesar, aris. m., a family name in 
 the Julian f^ens. 
 
 1. C. I alias Caesar, the famou.s 
 dictator. See Notes, p. 144. 
 
 2. Sex. Ifilius Caesar, uncle of the 
 dictator. Consul fll B.C. 
 
 3. C. Octavidnus, see Augustus, 
 Octavianus. 
 
 Caesarea, ae, f., the name given to 
 several cities founded in honor of 
 the Caesars. 
 1. Caesarea in Cappadoeia, 
 
 VOCAHL'LAKY 
 
 I . .> 
 
 2. Caesarea in Mauretania. 
 
 3. Caesarea in Palestine, 
 caesus, a, um, see caedo. 
 Calabria, ae, f., a division of south- 
 ern Italy. 
 
 calamitas, atis, f.. a calamity, de- 
 feat. 
 
 calceamentum, i, n., a shoe. 
 
 calidus, a, um, adj., conip. calidior ; 
 irnrm, hot. 
 
 Caligula, ae, m., C. Caesar, sur- 
 nanied Caligula, Roman emi)eror 
 37^1 .\.D. 
 
 Cailaeci, orum, pi. m., the inhabit- 
 ants ofHhe northern part of Spain. 
 
 Callatis, is, f., a town in Moesia, on 
 the IMack Sea. 
 
 callide [callidus, shrewd], adv., 
 k>'enlii, shrewdly. 
 
 Callinicum, i, m., a city in Mesoix)- ' 
 tamia, on the Eui)hrates. 
 
 Calpurnius, i, m., sec Bestia. 
 
 Calvinus, i. m., Sex. Domitins Cal- 
 riitas, consul 127 B.C. j 
 
 calx, cis, f., limestone, lime ; the goal ' 
 of the race-roarse. 
 
 Camillus, i, m., 1. (M.) FUrias Ca- 
 millas, a famous Roman hero. 
 
 2. //. Farias {Camillas), consul 
 341) B.C. 
 
 Campania, ae, f., a district of Italy 
 on the western side, south of Latium. 
 
 campus, i, a plain : Campus Mar- 
 tius, the level space north of the 
 Capitoline Hill at Rome; it was out- 
 side of tlie walls in the earliest times, { 
 and served as a place for exercise, j 
 
 Canina, ae, m., C. Claudius Camnn. 
 consul 273 B.C. 
 
 Cannae, arum. pi. f., a small town in 
 Ai)ulia, where one of the most im- 
 portant battles of the Second Punic 
 War was foujrht, 210 b.c. 
 
 Cantabria, ae, f., a division in the 
 northern part of Spain. i 
 
 canto, are, avi, atus [freq. of can6, 
 to sing], to produce melodious 
 Soa)als, sing. 
 
 capio, ere, cepi, captus. to take, 
 gt't, sciie, ciiptare, arrive at; con- 
 silium capere, to form a plan. 
 
 ad — accipio. ere, cepi, ceptus, 
 to accept, receive ; listen to, learn. 
 
 de-decipio. ere. cepi. cep- 
 tus, to take in, catch, deceive, cheat.' 
 ex — excipio. ere, cepi, cep- 
 tus, to take out, except, take up; 
 intercept, capture: receive. 
 
 prae — praecipio. ere, cepi, 
 ceptus, to take beforehand, fore- 
 see; bid, order, direct, instruct. 
 
 re — recipiS. ere, cepi, ceptus, 
 to take hix-k. receive; admit: se 
 recipere, i<> retreat. 
 
 sub — suscipio, ere, cepi, cep- 
 tus, to take up; admit, support; 
 undertake, incur, undergo. 
 
 Capitolium, i. n , the chief temple of 
 Jupiter in Rome; the hill on which 
 Ihisstttod, tile \fons Capitoliitus, the 
 citadel as well as the chief sanctuary 
 of Rome. 
 
 Cappadoeia. ae. 1 , a i>rovince in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Cappadox. ocis, m.. (< ('appadodan. 
 
 captivus, a, ura [capioj, adj., c((p- 
 tive: as subst., captivus, 1, m.. 
 captiva, ae, f., captive, prisoner 
 of ii-iir. 
 
 captus, a, um. see capio. 
 
 Capua, ae, f., a (ireek city near 
 Naples, in Campania. 
 
 caput, itis, n.. the head: a persmi, 
 man: mouth (of a river); life. 
 
 Caracalla, ae, in., see M. Aurelius 
 Antoninus Bassianus. 
 
 Carausius, i. m.. a commander of the 
 fleet under Maximian. He revolte<l, 
 ami after some time was slain, 21<3 
 
 A.D. 
 
1 ?(• 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Carbo, onis, ni., 1. (Jn. {Papiriiis) 
 L'arbo, consul 113 B.C. 
 
 2. {(Jn.) Fapirius Carbo, consul 
 82 B.C. 
 
 career, eris, m., prison. 
 
 Cardueni, orum, pi. m., a p<nver£ul 
 and warlike people in the southeast- 
 ern part of Armenia Mfiior. 
 
 careo, ere, ui, itus, to be ivUhout, 
 be free from, be destitute of; re- 
 frain from, abstain from. 
 
 Carinas, atis, ni., C. Carinas, a 
 leader of the Marian party. 
 
 Carinus, i, ni., the son of the em- 
 l^nor Cams. He was assoeiated 
 with his father in the j^jovernnient. 
 
 Carnuntum, i, n., an ancient Celtic 
 town in Upper Pannouia, on the 
 Danube. 
 
 Carpi, orum, pi. in., a German people 
 living between the Carpathian moun- 
 tains and the Danube. 
 
 Carrae, arum, pi. f., a city in Meso- 
 potamia. 
 
 Carthalo, onis, ni., a leader of the 
 Carthaginians, slaiu by Q. Fabius 
 IVIaximns. 
 
 Carus, i, m. {^f. Aurelitis) Cdru^, 
 Roman emperor, 2S2-288 a.d. 
 
 Casca, ae, m. (P.) ServlUus Casca, 
 consul 44 B.C. 
 
 Cassius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 See Longinus. Viscellinus. 
 
 castellum, i [tlim. from castrum], 
 n., a strn)if/hold, castle, fort. 
 
 castrum, i, n., a fortifed place, 
 totm: p]., castra. orum, pi. n., a 
 ramp : <t canipai(/n. 
 
 casus, lis [cado], m., that ichich be- 
 falls ; event, chance, misfortune, 
 death. 
 
 Catalauni. orum, pi. m., a city in 
 Bclgic Gaul. 
 
 catena, ae, f., a chain, fetter. 
 
 cateno, are, avi, atus [catena], to 
 bittd irit/i chains. 
 
 Catilina, ae, in.,L. Serf/ius Catiline, 
 a conspirator during the consulship 
 of Cicero, <)3 B.C. 
 
 Catinenses. ium, pi. m., the inhab- 
 itants of Cat ina,ov Catanit,m Sicily. 
 
 Cato, onis, m., a family name in the 
 Porcian gens. 
 
 1. {M.) Porcius Cato, consul 81) 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2. C. (Porcius) Cato, consul 114 
 
 B.C. 
 
 3. M. Porcius Cato, consul 118 B.C. 
 
 4. M. Porcius Cato Uticensis. 
 Catti, orum, pi. m., one of the most 
 
 important nations in Germany, in 
 Hesse, and Thuringia. 
 Catulus, i, m., a family name at 
 Rome. 
 
 1. C. Lutatius Catulus, consul 
 242 B.C. 
 
 2. Q. Lutatius (Catulus), consul 
 241 B.C. 
 
 3. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul 
 202 B.C. 
 
 4. Q. (Lutatius) Catulus, consul 
 78 B.C. 
 
 Caudex, icis, m., Appivs Claudius 
 {C<(ude.r), consul 2(54 B.C. 
 
 Caudinus, a, um. adj., Caudine; 
 Furculae Caudinae, the Caudine 
 Forks, a narrow pass in the Samnite 
 nionntains. 
 
 Caudium. i, n., a town in Sam- 
 uium. 
 
 causa, ae, f., reason, motive; pre- 
 text; case, state; causa, Avith gen. 
 postpositive, for the sake of, on 
 account of; causam dare, to occa- 
 .tion, cause. 
 
 causidicus, i [causa 4- dico], m., a 
 pleader, advocate, special pleader. 
 
 cecidl. see cado. 
 
 cecidi, see caedo. 
 
 VOCAIU'LAKY 
 
 cedo, ere. cessi, cessus, to move, 
 
 yield, retreat. 
 
 ad — accedo, ere, cessi, cessu- 
 rus, to move toW((rds, draw mar: 
 be added : aqrec to, enter into. 
 
 con — concedo, ere, cessi, ces- 
 sus, to icithdraw, retire, depart ; 
 submit ; allow, grant, concede. 
 
 de — decedo, ere, cessi, cessus, 
 to (JO av'ay, irifhdraw, depart; to 
 die (sc. vita). 
 
 in — incedo, ere, cessi, cessu- 
 rus, to advanc!', approach ; march ; 
 move slowly. 
 
 inteb — intercede, ere, cessi, 
 cessus, to (JO bsticeen; intervene; 
 occur. 
 
 prae — praecedo, ere, cessi, 
 cessurus. /(, jo hefore. 
 
 pro — procedo, ere, cessi, ces- 
 sus, to )nove forward, advance, make 
 progress. 
 
 re — recedo, ere. cessi, cessus, 
 to move back, withdraw, retire, re- 
 treat. 
 
 sub — succedo, ere, cessi, ces- 
 sus, to come up, (ulvance ; sjicceed, 
 follow. 
 
 celeber. bris, bra. adj., famous. 
 
 celebro, are. avi, atus [celeber], 
 to practice^ repeat : celebrate. 
 
 celeritas, atis [celer, swift], f., 
 sirift iipss, speed, alertness. 
 
 celero, are, — , — [celer, swift], to 
 hasten. 
 
 Celtiberia, ae. f.. a monntainons 
 country in the central part of 
 Spain. 
 
 cena, ae, f., dinner, the princij)al 
 meal of tlie Romans, taken a)»out 
 tliroe o'clock. 
 
 ceno, are, avi, atus [cena], to dine, 
 eat. 
 
 censor, oris [censeo, to value], m., 
 censor, a R»man magistrate, elected 
 iiAZ. KJTHorn s — 12 
 
 every four years, to classify the 
 citizens. 
 
 Censorinus, i. m., L. M('mlius Cemo- 
 r}/iii.<, (Niiisiil 14*.» n.c. 
 
 census, us [censeo, to value], m , 
 the census, an enumeration and 
 classilication of the people accord- 
 ing to wealth. 
 
 centeni, ae. a [centum], distrib. 
 num. adj., a hundred each. 
 
 centesimus. a. um [centum] , num. 
 adj., huudndth. 
 
 centum, inded. num. adj., a hundred. 
 
 Centumalus, i, m., the name of a 
 R<jman familv. 
 
 1. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, con- 
 sul 229 B.C. 
 
 2. Cn. Fulvius {Centumalus), con- 
 SU1211 B.C. 
 
 centurio, onis [centum], m., a 
 centJiry, a division of the army or 
 tlie people, containinga hundred men. 
 
 cepi, see capio. 
 
 cerno, ere, crevi, certus, to sepa- 
 rate ; sec, perceive ; decide, deter- 
 mine. 
 
 de — decerno, ere, crevi, cre- 
 tus, to decide, determine ; decree, 
 vote, intrust (by a decree); (.'ontend, 
 .fight. 
 
 certamen. inis [certo, to fight], n., 
 a st ruijjle, battle, engagement. 
 
 certatim [certo, to tight], adv., in 
 rivalry, zeahmsly. 
 
 certe [certus, certain], adv., cer- 
 tainbj. surely. 
 
 cessi. see cedo. 
 
 cesso. are. avi, atus [freq. of cedo], 
 to be inactive, hjjter, delay ; come to 
 an end, cense. 
 
 (ceterus), a, um [nom. sing. m. 
 la«'king], adj., the rest, the others, 
 others. 
 
 Chaeronensis. e. adj., belonging to 
 Chacrtmea, a town in Boeotia. 
 
178 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Chalcedon, oiiis. 1., a (ireek i-ity in 
 
 IJithynia. 
 
 Chalcedonius, a, um, adj., helong- 
 htf/ to <.'hulce(lo)i. 
 
 chlamys, ydis, f., <i (irec'uni upper 
 f/nnueiit of ivool, military cloak, 
 utiifp )uav(lc. 
 
 Christianus, a, um, adj., (Jhristian ; 
 Christiana religio, Christianity. 
 
 Cibalae, arum, pi. f., a town in Pan- 
 nonia. 
 
 Cicero, onis, in., .V. Talliua (Jii-cro, 
 the taniou.s orator, consul OH B.C. 
 
 Cilicia, ae, f., a division of Asia j 
 Minor, borderinj.? on the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea. 
 
 Cimbri. orum, pi. ni., a Germanic j 
 tribe which, together with the Ten- ' 
 tones, invaded Italy, and was de- 
 feated by Marius, 101 B.C. 
 
 Cimbricus, a, um, adj., Cimhriaii. 
 
 Cincinnatus, i, ni., a Roman family 
 name. 
 
 1. L. Qulntius Cincinnatus, con- 
 snl 4()0 B.C. 
 
 2. T. Quhitivs Cincinndt}ts, con- 
 qnered the Piacnestini near the 
 nv(n- Allia. 
 
 Cineas, ae, ni., the friend and mini.s- 
 ter of Pyrrlins, king of Epirns. 
 
 cingo, ere, cinxi. cinctus. to en- 
 circle, s}(rroiin'J : ilird, f/i>''' ^>"' 
 equip: obsidiSne cingere, to 
 blockade, besief/e. 
 
 Cinna. ae. m.. /.. Cornelius Cinna, 
 consul ST, -Sn B.C. 
 
 circa, adv. and prep, with ace, 
 itround, round <d)out, throughout. 
 
 Circesium. i. ii.. a city of Mesopo- 
 tamia on the Enphrates. 
 
 circueo, see circumeo. 
 
 circuitus, us [circumed], m., a go- 
 niij round, circuit, irl/nling ivay. 
 
 circumduco. see diico. 
 
 circumeo, see eo. 
 
 circumfero, see fero. 
 circumlatus, see circumfero. 
 circus, i, m., a circle, inclosure for 
 athletic si>orf-'^, esi>. chariot races; 
 Circus Maximus, see Notes, p. los. 
 citharoedicus, a, um, adj., of or 
 pertaining to the citharoedl, those 
 who play on the citliara, acconipany- 
 ing it with the voice. 
 *cit6, are, avi, atus [intens. of 
 cieo, to cmisc to utorc], fi> rousr. 
 
 con — concito, are. avi, atus, 
 to arouse, urgi', exdtr. 
 
 ex — excito. are, avi, atus, to 
 rouse forth, excite, stimulate. 
 cite, adv., quickly, speedily, soon. 
 j civilis, e [civis], .adj., pertaining to 
 I a ritizen : cirll ; polite, moderate. 
 civilissime, see civiliter. 
 civilitas, atis [civilis], f., the art <f 
 I governmrnt, politics : rourteousness, 
 I politeness, ajf'ability. 
 civiliter [civilis], adv., sup. civilis- 
 sime ; citizenlike, as becomes a 
 prirate citizen. 
 civis, is. m.. a citizen. 
 civitas, atis, f., citizenship ; state, 
 
 conioiNnity : city. 
 
 Clare [clarus], adv., clearly ; loudly. 
 
 claresc5, ere, clarui, — [incho. of 
 
 clareo, to be bright], to grow bright ; 
 
 become audible, sound clear ; become 
 
 illustrious, grou: famous. 
 
 clarus, a, um. adj., bright : famous, 
 
 rt'nmDied: of sonnd, clear, loud. 
 classis, is, f., a class or division of 
 
 citizens : the navy ; feet. 
 Claudius, i, m., the name of one of 
 the oldest and most f anions of the 
 Roman gentes. 
 
 1. Claudius I., Tib. Claudius Dru- 
 sns Nero, Roman emperor, 41-r)4 .\.i>. 
 
 2. Claudius IL, M. Aurelius 
 Claudius Gothicus, Roman emperor, 
 268-270 A.D. 
 
 A'OCABrLARY 
 
 17 i) 
 
 See Caecus. Canina, Caudex, 
 Crassus. Marcellus, Nero, Pul- 
 cher. 
 Claudius, a. um., ;)(!j., CJandian. 
 claud5, ere, clausi, clausus, t-> 
 .shut, close, inclose. 
 
 con — concludo. ere, clusi. 
 clusus, to sJiat up, confittc. 
 
 ex — excludo, ere, clusi, clu- 
 sus, to s'tut out, cut of, exclude. 
 
 claustrum, i [claudo], n., a barrier, 
 hiiidrawe ; frontier, fortress, point 
 (f control. 
 
 dementia, ae [clemens, gentle], f., 
 mere if Illness, forbearance, kindness. 
 
 Cleopatra, ae, f., the famous qneen 
 of Eirypt. 
 
 clibanarius, i, m., a soldier clad in 
 mail ; a cuirassier. 
 
 clipeus, i, m., a rouml shield, as 
 distingnished from scutum, an ob- 
 long shi?ld. 
 
 cloaca, ae, f., a sewer drain. 
 
 Clodius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 ;;;ns. See Albinus. 
 
 Cluentius, i, in., a leader of the 
 :\larsi in the Marsic war. 
 
 Clypea, ae, f., a foriitied town in the 
 northern part of Africa, near Car- 
 tilage. 
 
 Cn., abbreviation of the praenomen 
 Gnaeus. 
 
 coactus, see cogo. 
 
 Coche, es, f., a city on the Tigris, 
 near Ctesiphon. 
 
 coepi, isse. coeptus, defective verb, 
 to begin. 
 
 coerceo, see *arce6. 
 
 coercitor, oris [coerceo], m., oyie 
 yr.'/o r''-<train.'<, an i iifurcer. 
 
 cognitus. st'i' cognosco, 
 
 cognSmen, inis [con 4- ( g ) nomen] , 
 n., a surname, a name a<lded to the 
 individual an<l clan names of aj»er- 
 soii, either a> a title of honor, as 
 
 Africanus. Mi-gnus. or as a nick- 
 name, as Cicero. Cognnmina 
 served to distinguish dilTereiit fam- 
 ilies of the same gens. 
 
 cognomentum. i [cognomen], n., 
 a sur)iame (rare). 
 
 cognosco, see nosco. 
 
 cogo. .sec ago. 
 
 Colchi, orum, pi. m., the inhabit- 
 ants (f CoJcliis, in Asia. 
 
 Collatinus, i, m. (L.) Tarquinius CoU 
 Idtlnus, the husband of Liicretia, and 
 one of the first two consuls, fiO*) B.r. 
 
 collinus, a, um, [collis, a hill], adj., 
 pertaining to a hill, hilly: Porta 
 Collina, the Colline Gate. 
 
 collum. i, in., t/rck. 
 
 colo, ere, ui, cultus, to till, culti- 
 vate; dwell in; practice, cherish; 
 clothe, adorn ; honor, esteem. 
 
 in — incolo, ere, ui, — . to dwell, 
 settle, inhabi' . 
 
 colonia, ae, [coloj, f., a colony, set- 
 t/em lit. 
 
 columna. ae, f., a column, pillar. 
 
 coma, ae. f., lK(r. 
 
 comes, itis [con f eo], m. and f., a 
 companion, comrade: attendant, 
 follower. 
 
 cometes, ae, Gr. ace. cometen. m., 
 
 <( e(im< t. 
 
 Commagene, es, f., a district in the 
 
 northern part of Syria, 
 commemoro, are, avi. atus [con 
 
 -f memor, mindful], t. roll to mind, 
 
 mention, tell. 
 commendatio. onis [comraendo], 
 
 f., cinnmindiini. f r,<iiiinend<ttion . 
 commendo, sec mando. 
 committo, see mitto. 
 commode [commodus], sid\., fitly, 
 
 easily, properly, rightly. 
 coramodum. i [commodus], u., 
 
 convenience, aavantage, ntibty. 
 Commodus, I, m., see AntSninus. 
 
180 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 commodus, a, um [con f modus] , 
 adj., ill due measure, suitable, Jit, 
 convpnienf. 
 
 commoror, ari. atus sum [con + 
 moror, to delay], to tarry, linyer, 
 abide, reuiain. 
 
 commoveo, see moved. 
 
 communis, e [con + munus], adj., 
 cotnt)ion: ordinary; public; res 
 communis, t/ie public interest. 
 
 compared, see pared. 
 
 compare, see paro. 
 
 compare, are, avi, atus [compar. 
 like] , to compare. 
 
 compello, see pello. 
 
 comperio, see *pari6. 
 
 compesco, ere, ui, — , to confine, 
 hold in check, repress, curb, restrain. 
 
 compleo, see *ple6. 
 
 complexus,us [complector, to em- 
 brace], ra., surroundiuff, embrace. 
 
 compono, sec pono. 
 
 compuli, see compello. 
 
 computatio. onis [computo, to 
 sun) tip], f., a reckoning. 
 
 concedo, see ced5. 
 
 concido, see cado. 
 
 concito, see *cit6. 
 
 concitor, oris [concitoj, m., he loho 
 arouses, a stirrer up. 
 
 concludo, see claudo. 
 
 Concordia, ae, f., a Roman colony 
 t()ui!(led ill Veiietia. 
 
 concubina. ae. f.. a roncubine. 
 
 condicio, onis [condico, to agree], 
 f., a condition, state ; terms, stipula- 
 tion. 
 
 condiscipulus, i [con + discipu- 
 lus. (( student], m., a fellow-student, 
 scho(dniate. 
 
 conditor, oris [condoj, m., a 
 founder, inventor, writer. 
 
 condo. see do, 
 
 coiifectus. see conflcio. 
 
 confero. see fero. 
 
 confestim, adv., immediately, at 
 
 \ once. 
 conflcio 
 
 see facio. 
 configo, ere, fix!, fixus [con + 
 
 figo, to Jix], to fasten together, 
 
 unite. 
 confirmo. are, avi, atus [con + 
 
 firmo, to make firm], to confirm, 
 
 strengthen, encourage, affiria. 
 cdnflig-o. see *flig'6. 
 confluo. see fluo. 
 confodio, ere, fodi. fossus [con -f 
 
 fodio, to dig], to dig ; stab. 
 confug-io, see fugio. 
 confundo, see fundo. 
 confusus, see confundo. 
 congero. see gero. 
 congredior. see *gradior. 
 congrego, are, avi. atus [con-(- 
 
 grex, a herd], to collect, unite. 
 congressus, see congredior. 
 conicio. see *iaci6. 
 coniungo, see iungo. 
 coniunx, coniugis [coniungo], m. 
 
 and r., <i Ititshnnd. wife. 
 coniuratio, onis [coniuroj, f.. « 
 
 con ''piracy , plot. 
 coniuro, see iuro. 
 conlatus, see confero. 
 conlega. ae [conligoj, m., a col- 
 league. 
 conligo. see lego, 
 conloco. see loco, 
 conloquium, i [con + loquor, to 
 
 spe((k], 11., an intenueu^, conference. 
 Conor, ari, atus sum, to attempt, 
 
 try. 
 
 conscendo, see *scand6. 
 
 consecro, see *sacro. 
 
 consecatus. see consequor. 
 
 consedi. see consido. 
 
 consenesco, see senesco. 
 
 consensi, see consentid. 
 
 cdnsensus, us [cdnsentid], m., con- 
 sent, assent, united opinion ; ex 
 
 VOCABULAUi 
 
 L-.l 
 
 communi cdnsensti, by common 
 
 roiiscnf . 
 
 cdnsentio. see sentid. 
 
 cdnsenui, see cdnsenescd. 
 
 consequor, see sequor. 
 
 cdnserd, see *serd. 
 
 cdnsidd, see sidd. 
 
 consilium, i [cdnsuld], n., a plan, 
 advice; counsel, ivisdom; author- 
 ity ; council. 
 
 cdnsistd, see *sistd. 
 
 cdnsdbrina, ae [con -soror], f., a 
 cousin-german, fir.'it cousin. 
 
 cdnspectus, us [cdnspicid], m., 
 sight, presence. 
 
 cdnspicid, see *specid. 
 
 Cdnstans, antis, in., the youiipjest of 
 the tliiee sons of Constantine the 
 (Ireat. 
 
 Cdnstantia. ae, f., daughter of Con- 
 stantius Chlonis. 
 
 Cdnstantinopolis, is, f., Constanti- 
 nople, a city built on the site of 
 Byzantium by Constantine the 
 
 Great. 
 Cdnstantinus. i, m., 
 
 1. Constantinus, surnamed "the 
 Great." Roman emperor 3013-337 
 
 A.D. 
 
 2. Constantinus, son of (1). 
 Cdnstantius, I, m., 
 
 1. tonstuntius Chlorus, father of 
 Constantine the Great. Roman em- 
 peror ;^05-30() A.D. 
 
 2. Constantius, third son of Con- 
 stantine the Great. Rcmian emperor 
 337-:i<)l A.D. 
 
 cdnstiti, sec cdnsistd. 
 
 cdnstitud. see *statud. 
 
 cdnsuetudd, inis [cdnsuescd, to 
 become accustomed], i., habit, cus- 
 tom, manner. 
 
 consul, ulis, m., a consul. The usual 
 name of the two highest officials of 
 the Roman repul)lic. They were 
 
 elected annually, and their names 
 were used in place «»f a date, 
 cdnsularis, e [cdnsul], adj., of a 
 con.wlf of consular rank; as subst., 
 an ex-consul. 
 cdnsulatus, us [cdnsul], m., coii- 
 
 sulate, c0)isulshijt. 
 cdnsuld, ere, ui, tus, to co7isult, 
 consider; counsel, give advic£ to; 
 pn wide for ; ask advice of. 
 cdnsultd [cdnsuld], adv., pur- 
 posely. 
 cdnsultum, i [cdnsuld], n., resolu- 
 tion, decree; senatus cdnsultum. 
 decree of the senate. 
 cdnsultus, a, um [cdnsuld]. adj.. 
 experioiccd, learned; iiiris cdn- 
 sultus, a lawyer. 
 cdnsumd, see sumd. 
 contamind. are. avi. atus [conta- 
 men, touch], to bring into contact, 
 mingle; corrupt, defile, p<dlutc. 
 contemnd, ere, tempsi. temptus 
 [con r temnd, to scorn], to despise, 
 scorn. 
 contendd, see tendd. 
 contentid. onis [contendd], f., exer- 
 tion, struggle; contest, contention. 
 contentus, a, um [contined], adj., 
 
 content, satisfied. 
 contigi. see contingd. 
 contined, .see tened. 
 contingd, see *tangd. 
 continuus, a. um [contined], adj., 
 
 successive, uninterrupted. 
 cdntid, dnis [contr. from conventid, 
 assembling], f., ass"nd)ly ; an ((d- 
 dress (to the assembly), 
 contra, prep, with ace, against, oppo- 
 site to, contrary to; adv., on the 
 other hand; contra atque, coti- 
 trary to ivhat. 
 contractus, a. um, see contraho. 
 I contradicd. str died, 
 contrahd, see trahd. 
 
182 
 
 VOC'ABULAKV 
 
 controversia, ae [contra -f vertoj, 
 
 f., (fispii/r, cniitrDrcrsii. 
 contuli. st'o confero. 
 convenio. se(' venio. 
 conventus, us [convenioj, m., a 
 
 ineetimj, m^sphihly. 
 conv^ersus, see converto. 
 converto. st'c *verto. 
 convicium, 1 [con + voco], n., a 
 
 convince, sec vinco. 
 
 convivium, i [con f vivo], n., a 
 
 fcdst. 
 
 copia. ae [co(n)-!- ops], f., ahun- 
 (hince, supfih/ ; pi., trooits, supplies ; 
 )iK'ans, force, trculfh. 
 
 copiosus. a, um [copia], adj., 
 Ill) hdkIiikj in, irell siipiiUcd, rich. 
 
 Corinthii, orum, pi. m., the inhabit- 
 ants of (Jitriiifh. 
 
 Corinthus, i. f., a city in llie Pelo- 
 ponnesus (III the isthmus of Corinth, 
 <'a[)t4irefl and destroyed V)y the 
 Konians, 14(» R.<'. 
 
 Coriolanus, i. vn., the surname of Q. 
 Marcius, the conqueror of Coricdi, 
 4!».'^ B.C. 
 
 Corioli, orum, pi. m., a town of the 
 Volsci in l.atium. 
 
 Cornelius, i, m., the name of a lar.ue 
 and imiMtrtant uens at Rome. See 
 Asina, Cinna. Dolabella, Faus- 
 tus. Fuscus, Galbus. Lentulus, 
 Rufinus, Scipio. Sulla. 
 
 cornu, us. n., o /torn ; trionpct ; icinff 
 (of an arujy). 
 
 corpus, oris. n.. a hodif. 
 
 corrector, oris [corrig-o], m.. a cor- 
 rector, nnprorer ; a hind bailiff, 
 f/orcrnor. 
 
 correctus, see corrigo. 
 
 correxi, see corrigo. 
 
 corrigo, see rego. 
 
 corripio, see rapio. 
 
 corrumpo. see rumpo. 
 
 Corsica, ae. f.. an island in the Medi- 
 terranean Sea, west »d' Italy. 
 
 Corvinus, i, m., M. Valerias Corn- 
 nus, twice dictator, six times consul. 
 
 corvus. i. m., a raven. 
 
 Corycus. i, m., a city in Cilicia. 
 
 Cosconius, i, m., C Cosronias, a 
 praetor during the Social AVar.S'.t b.( . 
 
 Cotta. ae, m., 1. M. Aarflins Cotta, 
 consul 78 (7-1:) B.C. 
 
 'J. (L.) Auruncaleia.<i {('otto), one 
 of Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul. 
 
 Cottius. i, m., a kin.n-of several Li^"- 
 rian trihes in the Cottian Alps. 
 
 Cottius, a. um. adj., Cnftitnt ; Alpes 
 Cottiae, the Cottian Ali)s, l)et\vcen 
 France and Italy, from Mt. Vi.so to 
 Mt. Cenis. 
 
 Cotys, yis, m., a Thracian kin^. 
 
 Crassus, i, m., a Roman family name. 
 
 1. Appias Clandias (,V(^ss//.<^, de- 
 cemvir. 
 
 2. M. Licinias Crassus, the trium- 
 vir, cinisul 70 B.C. 
 
 ;?. P. Licinius Crassas, ^ VAniiyul 
 
 171 B.C. 
 
 4. /'. Licinius ('riis>ias, called 
 
 Dives IVIncianus, consul lol b.c. 
 creber, bra, brum, adj., croicded, 
 
 nnnicrints. frfijiieat. 
 credo, ere. credidi. creditus. /o 
 
 heliere, trasf, think; intru.-tt, coai- 
 
 n\end to. 
 creo. are. avi, atus. to create, niakr^ 
 
 bef/et : elect, declare elected. 
 cresco, ere, crevi, cretus, ti> ;/r>ri\ 
 
 increase: become inttaential, prosper. 
 Creta, ae. f., an island in the Medi- 
 terranean Sea, south of Greece; 
 
 modern Candia. 
 Creticus, a. um, adj., pertaining to 
 
 Crete: Creticum bellum, var 
 
 dffain.'d Crete 
 crimen, inis [cerno] . n., accusation^ 
 
 slander ; fault, crime, offoise. 
 
 VOCAHUI.AUY 
 
 183 
 
 crinitus, a, um [crinis, hair], adj., 
 
 covered vith hair. 
 Crinitus. i. m., see Traianus. 
 Crixus, i. m., one of the j^ladiators 
 
 who revolted with Spartacus. 
 crQdelitas, atis [cradelis, crael], 
 
 I., rraj'l/ij. 
 crudeliter [crudelis, crael], adv., 
 
 crat'lltj. 
 cruditas, atis [crQdus, unripe], f., 
 
 (werloailinff of flu' sto)iiach ; indi- 
 
 (fe.stion. 
 cruentus. a. um [cruor], a<lj., 
 
 hliiinl-stiiin( d, blood I/. 
 cruor, oris, in., running blood, (/ore. 
 Crustumini. orum, pi. m., the in- 
 habitants (f Crustumeriuni, a town 
 
 in the territory of the Sabines, north 
 
 of Rome, 
 crystallinus, a. um [crystallum, 
 
 <-ri/sf(it], adj., of cnjstal, 
 Ctesiphon. ontis, f., a city in As- 
 
 s\ ria. on the Tij^ris. 
 cubiculum, i [cubo, to lie down], 
 
 n.. a bedchamber. 
 culpo. are, avi, atus [culpa, /«?//<], 
 
 to find fault with, blame. 
 cultus, us [colo], m., cultivation, 
 
 I'-or.'ihip; culture, trainiu;/ ; mode 
 
 of life ; dress, splendor. 
 cum, prep, with ahl., ivith, tor/ether 
 
 with. 
 cum, conj., of time, when, while, 
 
 whenever; of cause, since; of con- 
 cession, although ; cum . . . tum, 
 
 botll . . . (Old, not o)ihf . . . but olsn. 
 
 cunctus. a, um [coniunctus, con 
 4- iungo], adj., all tof/cther, all. 
 
 cupiditas, atis [cupidus, desirous], 
 f., desire, lonr/ing ; f/reediness, av- 
 arice. 
 
 cura. ae, f., care, an/iety. 
 
 Curia, ae. f., t}ie Roman senate houst^, 
 either the Curia llostilia, adjoininj; 
 the Forum, or the Curia Pompeia, 
 
 built by Pompey in the Campus 
 Martins. In the latter Caesar was 
 murdered. 
 Curio, onis, m., ('. Scribonius, consul 
 
 7() n.( . 
 Curius, i., m., the name of a Roman 
 
 •Tens. See Dentatus. 
 curro, currere, cucurri, cursus, 
 to run. 
 
 ob — occurro, currere. (cu)- 
 curri. cursus, to run to meet ; m^'ct 
 uifh , f/tcouuter : if'ithstand ; occur. 
 currus. Us [curro], m., a chariot. 
 Cursor, oris, m., L. I'apirius Vur.^or, 
 a celebrated <;eneral, six times con- 
 sul, dictator twice. 
 I cursus. us [curro], m.. runninf/, 
 speed: cours", voyuf/e. 
 custodia. ae [custos, a ;/u((rd]. f., 
 
 cart', (/uord, cn.sfinlft. 
 Cyrene, es. f., a (ireek city on the 
 
 coast (»f Africa, west of Efijypt. 
 I Cyzicus,!, f., a city of Mysia, in Asia 
 I Minor. 
 
 i Cyzicenus, a. um, adj.. pertaining 
 to ( 'ifzicus. 
 
 D. 
 
 D.. abl)reviati(«n of the praenomen 
 Decimus. 
 
 D. = 500. 
 
 Daci, orum. pi m., the Daciatis. in- 
 habitants of Dacia. 
 
 Dacia. ae. f., a <-ountry north of the 
 1 ):niubc. 
 
 Dalmatae. arum. pi. m., the Dalmti- 
 tiaiis. the iidialtitants of Dalmatia. 
 
 Dalmatia, ae. f., a c<uintry borderinji: 
 on the eastern shore of the A<lriatic 
 
 Sea. 
 Dalmatius, !, m., Dalmatius Caesur, 
 
 a nci>lie\v of Constantine the (ire;it. 
 damno, are. avi, atus [damnum, 
 
 in] urn], to rowlcmn, sentence ; bind, 
 
 compel ; censure. 
 
184 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 
 < 
 
 Danuvius, i, m., the Danube. 
 
 Daphnenses, ium, pi. in., the in- 
 habitants of Daphne, a place near 
 Antioch. 
 
 Dardani, orum, pi. lu., a people of 
 IpiRT Moesia. 
 
 Dardania, ae, f., a disti-iet of the 
 Troad, lying along the Hellespont. 
 • datus, see do. 
 
 de, prep, with abl., of place, from, 
 down from, out of; of time, after, 
 durimf ; of cause, in consequence of, 
 through ; of relation, concerniny, in 
 respect to. 
 
 debeo, see habeo. 
 
 decedo, see cedo. 
 
 decern, indecl. num. adj., ten. 
 
 decemvir, i [decern + vir], m., one 
 of a co)nmlssion of ten men, de- 
 cemvir. 
 
 Decentius, i, m., Magnus Decentius, 
 brother of Magnentius, by whom lie 
 was created Caesar, 3,')! a.d. 
 
 deceptus, see decipio. 
 
 dx-cevno, see cerno. 
 
 decessi, see decedo. 
 
 d' cet. ere, uit, — (impers.), to he 
 si(//(ihie, becoming. 
 
 Decibalus, i, m., a celebrated king 
 of the Dacians. 
 
 decies [decern], num. adv., ten 
 times. 
 
 decimus, a. um [decern], num. 
 adj., tenth. 
 
 decipio, see capio. 
 
 Deciu3, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 (Met ins) Decius, Roman emperor 
 24{)-251 A.D. See Mus. 
 
 decoro. are, avi, atus [decus, 
 
 ^honor], to decorate, distinguish. 
 
 d^crevi, see decerno. 
 
 rtedecus. oris [de + decus, /to;/or] , 
 ii., disgrace, (ris/tonor. 
 
 dedicatio, onis [dedico, to dedi- 
 
 cate], (., a dedication, consecra- 
 tion. 
 
 dedidi, see dedo. 
 
 deditio, onis [dedo], f., a swrender. 
 
 deditus, .see dedo. 
 
 dedo, see do. 
 
 deduce, see duco. 
 
 defeci, .see deflcio. 
 
 defend© , ere. fendi, fensus, to ward 
 qtl', repel: defend, protect. 
 
 defensor, oris [defendo], m., a de- 
 fender. 
 
 defers, see fero. 
 
 deficio, see facio. 
 
 deformo, are, avi, atus [de + 
 forma], to bring out of shape, de- 
 form, di-'ifigure, spoil, mar. 
 
 defung-or, fungi, functus sum [de 
 + fungor, to perform], to perform, 
 finish. 
 
 deicio, see *iaci6. 
 
 dein, see deinde. 
 
 deinceps [deinde + capio], adv., 
 one after the other, successively ; 
 next, moreover. 
 
 deinde or dein [de-j-inde], adv., 
 afferuutrds, next, then, thereafter. 
 
 Deiotarus. i, m.. tetrarch of Oalatia. 
 
 delecto. ai'e, avi. atus [freq. of 
 delicio], to delight, jdease. 
 
 deleo, ere, evi, etus, to destroy, 
 overthrow, mi a. 
 
 deliciae, arum, pi. f.., delights, pleas- 
 vre, luxury. 
 
 demerge , see mergo. 
 
 Demetrius, i, m., son of Philip V., 
 king of Macedonia. 
 
 deminuo, see minuo. 
 
 demum, adv., at last, finally ; tum 
 demum, then at last, not till then. 
 
 denique, adv., at last , finally ; briefly. 
 in fine. 
 
 Dentatus, i, m., M. Curius Dentdt\is. 
 consul '_",•() aiut 275 B.C. 
 
 denuntio, see nuntio. 
 
 VOCABULAUY 
 
 185 
 
 depono, see pono. 
 depopulor, see populo. 
 depravo, are, avi, atus [de + 
 pravus], to distort ; pervert, seduce, 
 corrupt, deprave. 
 
 deprecatio, onis [deprecor], f., 
 warding ojf by prayer; supplica- 
 tion, intercession. 
 
 deprecor, arl, atus sum [de + pre- 
 cor, to (^s^•], to plead against, plead, 
 avert by prayer ; decline. 
 
 deprehendo, see *prehend5. 
 
 describe, see scribo. 
 
 desero, see *sero. 
 
 desino. soe sino. 
 
 desperatio, onis [despero], f., de- 
 spair, desperation . 
 
 despero, are. avi. atus [de + 
 spero, to hope], to give up hope, 
 despair. 
 
 destituo. see *statu6. 
 
 detego, ere, texi, tectus [de + 
 tego, to cover], to uncover, disclose, 
 betray. 
 
 deterged, ere, tersi, tersus [de + 
 tergeo. to rub], to wipe qtf', remove, 
 cleanse, empty. 
 
 deterreo. ere, ui, itus [de f terreo, 
 fn t'-rrin/], /<> frig'if> )i ouuiy, deter. 
 
 detestatio, onis [detestor], f., the 
 invocation of a curse ; depreca- 
 tion. 
 
 detestor, ari. atus sum [de + 
 tester, to cause to witnes.s], to 
 curse, execrate ; avert, ward of, 
 deprecate. 
 
 detraho, see traho. 
 
 deus. i. m., a god, divinity. 
 
 devinco, see vinco. 
 
 dexter, era, erum and tra, trum, 
 adj., right : on the right hand. 
 
 diadema. atis, n., a royal he ad-dre.<i8, 
 diad'in. 
 
 Diadumenus. i. ni., son of the em- 
 peror Macrinns. 
 
 (dicio) ,6nis, {., dominion, .sovereignty, 
 
 sway, rule. 
 dice. ere. dixi, dictus, to say, speak, 
 
 tell; assent, promise ; appoint, call. 
 contra — contradico, ere. dixi, 
 
 dictus, to Contradict, oppo.^ic. 
 in — indico, ere, dixi. dictus, 
 
 to proclaim, declare; appoint. 
 dictator, oris [dicto, to say often^, 
 
 m., a dictator, a magistrate with 
 
 supreme power, chosen at times of 
 
 supreme peril. 
 dictatura. ae [dictator], f., tJte 
 
 ojtic if dictator, dictatorship. 
 dictum, i, [dico], n., a saying, re- 
 mark, word; command. 
 diduco, see duco. 
 dies, ei, m., and sometimes in the 
 
 sing, f., day, time. 
 differs. s»m' fere, 
 diflaciliter [dis r facilis, ea.vy] , adv., 
 
 ('onij). difficilius; vlt/, difficult!/. 
 diffidS, ere, fisus sum [dis + fido, 
 
 to tru.'it], to distrust, doubt. 
 diffugio, see fugiS. 
 I diffundO, see fundo. 
 dignitas. §.tis [dignus]. f.. value, 
 i twrit : rmik, ifignity. 
 dignor, ari, atus sum [dignus], to 
 I deem worthy, deign, comlescend. 
 dignus. a, um, adj., worth, worthy, 
 
 deserving. 
 diligens, tis [diligS], adj., careful, 
 
 diligent, attentive ; sparing ; fond 
 
 of. 
 diligentia, ae [diligens], f., dili- 
 
 t/cnce, actirif)/, earnestness. 
 diligo. see legS. 
 
 dimicatiS, Snis [dimicS]. f., a com- 
 bat, struggle. 
 dimicS. are, avi, atus. to fight . _ 
 dimidius. a, um [dis 4 medius] . 
 
 adj., haf; as snbst., dimidium. i, 
 
 n.. a h<df. 
 dimitto, see mitto. 
 
186 
 
 YOCAIU'LAKY 
 
 Diocletianus, i, in., i Valerius) JJio- 
 
 r-lt'diinu-^, (.'inperor l!84-oOo a.d. 
 Diogenes, is, in., son of Arclielaus, 
 
 slain in the siege of Athens, 
 diripio, see rapio. 
 diruo, ere, ui, utus [dis-fruo, (o 
 
 Jiill], to tear asniulpr, di'strofj. 
 dis, ditis, adj., snp. ditissimus ; rich. 
 disciplina, ae [disco, (o learn], f., 
 
 If^aniiny, instructiu)i, discipline ; 
 
 .St/stem. 
 dispertio. Ire. ivi, itus [dis + par- 
 
 tio, (o .s'lare], to distribute, divide. 
 displiceo. ste placeo. 
 dispone, stH> pono. 
 dissimulatio, onis [dissimulo, to 
 
 make unlike], f., a disf/uisiii;j, dis- 
 
 senih/inf/, concealment. 
 dissolutus, a, um [part, of dissolve, 
 
 to take {(iHirt],'A(\]., lax, retniss, ner/- 
 
 ligeiit, careless. 
 distraho, see traho. 
 distribuo, see tribuo. 
 dito, are, avi, atus [dis], to make 
 
 rich, enrich. 
 diu, adv., oonip. diutius, sup. diu- 
 
 tissime : lonq, for a lonr/ time: 
 
 quam diu, as lon(j as. 
 diuturnitas, atis [diuturnus], f., 
 
 loiif/ <-i>ntinna))ce, li'iif/tJi of time. 
 diuturnus, a, um [diu], adj., pro- 
 
 }on<(> d . 
 diversus, a. um [part, of diverto, 
 
 to tarn aside], adj., scatter, sepa- 
 rate ; different ; contrani, opposed to. 
 divide, ere. visi, visus, to divide, 
 
 se{H(r(if". 
 divinus. a, um [divus], adj., divine, 
 
 sacred. 
 divisor, oris [divido], m., one v:ho 
 
 distributes, an erocidor. 
 divitiae, arum [dives, rich^, pi. f., 
 
 ivalth, riches. 
 divus, a, um, adj., divine, dei^tied ; 
 
 as suhst , Divus, i. ni., a <jod. An 
 
 epithet given to tlie Roman emperors 
 after death. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, to dive, put, 
 place ; furnish, yield ; dare nego- 
 tium, to commission, direct ; dare 
 in fugam, to put tofif/ht; dare 
 manus, to yield: dare operam, 
 to attend to, assist : dare poenas, 
 to pay the penalty ; dare verba, to 
 deceive. 
 
 ad — addo. dere. didi, ditus, to 
 add, join to. 
 
 con — condo, dere. didi, ditus, 
 to put together, compose, build, 
 found; conceal. 
 
 de — dedo, dere, didi, ditus, to 
 (jive up. surrender : devote. 
 
 ex — edo, dere. didi, ditus, to 
 put fort/i, s/iju-, elevate; bear, pro- 
 duce. 
 
 in — indo, dere, didi, ditus, ^> 
 put info: confer, apjdij. 
 
 per— perdo, dere, didi, ditus. 
 to lose, destroy, ruin : u-asfe. 
 
 pro — prodo, dere, didi, ditus, 
 to give or }iut forth, make known ; 
 hand doicn ; betray, surrender. 
 
 re — redo, dere, didi, ditus. ^> 
 ffire back, rrturn : rcmler. 
 
 trans— trado, dere. didi, ditus. 
 to give over, give up, deliver, surn-)!- 
 der; intrust; transmit; traditur, 
 it is said. 
 
 doceo, ere, ui, tus, to teach, point 
 out. 
 
 docilitas, atis [docilis, teachable]. 
 f., teachahleness. ihicility. 
 
 documentum, i [doceo], n., a les- 
 son, craniple : evidence, proof . 
 
 Dolabella, ae, ni., Cn. Cornfliu.^ 
 Doldbella, ronsnl I.IU B.C. 
 
 doleo, ere. lui. liturus, to feel pain ; 
 grieve. 
 
 dolor, oris [doleo], n\.,pain, -yorroiv, 
 di.stres<, vexation. 
 
 VOCABrLAHY 
 
 is' 
 
 dolus, i, m., fraud, guile, stratagem. 
 domesticus, a. um [domus], adj., 
 
 in-irntc, t/omestti- ; domesticum 
 
 bellum, civil u-ar. 
 dominus, i [domo], ni., ti master, 
 
 lord. 
 Domitianus, i, m., T. Flavins Jfonii- 
 
 iitlnns, Roman emperor SW.Hi A.i>. 
 Domitius, i, m., a Roman family 
 
 name. 
 
 1. ('n. Domitius, (mmisuI 32 r..( . 
 'J. Ij. Domitius, a Roman general 
 in the war with Sertorius. 
 See Calvinus. 
 domo. are. ui, itus, to tome, comiuir. 
 per— perdomo. are. ui, itus. 
 to .Kubdue, vanquish. 
 domus, lis, f., a ltouse,home ; liouse- 
 
 /nild : domi. Inc.. of home. 
 don5, are. avi. atus, to give, pre- 
 sent, confer. 
 donuni. i, n., a gift. 
 Drusus, i. 111.. Xero Claudius Drusus, 
 son id I'i. Clan<lins Xero, and step- 
 son of ,\agnstns. 
 dubie [dubius], adv., doubtfully, un- 
 
 ci rtni nlfl . 
 
 dubietas, atis [dubius], f., doubt, 
 
 hesitation (late), 
 dubius, a, um, a<lj., doubtful, un- 
 certain. 
 ducenti, ae, a [duo i- centum], 
 
 adj., two hundred. 
 duco. ere, duxi, ductus, to lead: 
 think, eoiisider : /irotract, put oft': 
 uxorem ducere, t<t marry ; vitam 
 ducere. to liv". 
 
 ab — abdiico, ere, diixi, ductus, 
 to lead away, withdraw. 
 
 ad — adduce, ere. duxi, ductus, 
 
 to bud to, bring : induce, infuencc. 
 
 circum — circumduco, ere. 
 
 diixi. ductus, to le<al around. 
 
 dran- anaDttl, surround. 
 
 de — deduce, ere, duxi, ductus, 
 
 to lead, withdraw : induce; launch, 
 
 di.'iembtirk. 
 
 dis - diduco. ere. duxi. duc- 
 tus, to drau- niitirt. si'imrnte. relax. 
 ex — educo, ere, dQxi, ductus. 
 
 to lead out . 
 in — induce, ere, duxi. ductus. 
 
 to lead in : induce ; put on, rover. 
 pro — prodiico. ere, diixi, 6.\ic- 
 
 t\is, to triid j'oru-iird i)Yout : pndong. 
 re — reduce, ere. duxi, ductus, 
 
 to leaiJ tniek : draw back : remove. 
 ductus, us [diico], m., leadership. 
 Duilius, i, m., C JtuHius, consul 2<".<> 
 
 n.( ., commander of the Roman fleet 
 
 in the battle of Mylae. 2r>0 n.v. 
 dum, conj., iv/iile, until. 
 duo. ae. o, num. adj.. fnu,. 
 duodecim [duo- decem], indtcl. 
 
 niiiii. adj.. twelre. 
 duodecimus, a, um [duo deci- 
 
 mus]. num. adj., tuelfth. 
 duplex, icis [duo : plico. fofofd], 
 
 adj., twoftdd, double. 
 duplico. are. avi. atus [duplex]. 
 
 to ilonh't \ rejieot . 
 
 durus, a, um, adj., Imrd, JkivsJi, dijli- 
 
 rutt. 
 dux. ducis [duco], m., '/ leader, 
 
 guide, commander. 
 
 e. ^(M• ex. 
 
 Eboracum, i. ii., a city in Britain. 
 
 nioilorn York. 
 Edessa, ae, f., a city in the western 
 
 part of MesoiM)tamia. 
 edictum. i [edico, to make known]. 
 
 n., a proclamation, edict. 
 editio. onis [edo]. f., a statement, 
 
 account . 
 
 edo, see do. 
 edQco, see duco. 
 effero, sec fero. 
 eflQcio, see facio. 
 
r-' 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ef fringe, see frango. 
 
 effugio, see fugio. 
 
 ego. mei. pers. proii., / ; i)l. nos, icp. 
 
 egredior, see *gradior, 
 
 egregie [egregius], adv., excel- 
 
 lenthf, excenJitif/hf, strikhigb/. 
 egregius, a. um [e + grex, hprd], 
 
 adj., select, distinguished, euiinent. 
 eicio. see *iacio. 
 elegans, antis [elego, for eligo]. 
 
 a'lj., selt'cf, ele(/ant, polite. 
 elementum, i, n., a Hrst principle, 
 
 simple substance ; rudiments. 
 elephantus, i, m., elephant. 
 eligo. see lego, 
 emineo, ere, ui, — , to stand out, be 
 
 conspicuous. 
 emo, ere, emi, emptus, to t^ike; 
 
 but/, purchase : (jain, acquire. 
 ad — adimo, ere, emi, emptus, 
 
 to take away, destroy, deprive of. 
 inter — interim5, ere, emi, 
 
 emptus. to take from the mid.'it of, 
 
 kill. 
 
 per— perinio, ere, emi, emp 
 tus, to take away entirely; anni- 
 hilate, destroy. 
 
 re — redimo, ere, emi, emp- 
 tus, to buy back, redeem, rum^ota. • 
 emptor, oris [emo], m., (( buyer, 
 
 purchaser. 
 enim, conj., always postpositive, 
 namely, in fact, you know, for, be- 
 cause. 
 e5, ire. ivi (ii), iturus, to go or 
 co7ne, march. 
 
 ab — abe5. ire, ivi (ii). iturus. 
 to go away. d"part. 
 
 circum — circumeo, ire, ivi 
 (ii), itus, to go around, surround. 
 
 inter— intereo, ire, ivi (Ii), 
 iturus. to perish, die. 
 
 ob — obeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to 
 go to meet ; attend to, perform ; die, 
 perish. 
 
 per — pereo,ire,ivi (ii), iturus, 
 to perish, dis ipj>cor, die. 
 
 re- redeo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, 
 to go back, return. 
 
 trans — transeo, ire, ivi (ii), 
 iturus, to go acro.ts, cross; pasf 
 through or by ; desert. 
 
 eo [is], adv., /or that reason, there- 
 fore; to that place, thither; to that 
 degree, so far. 
 
 Ephesus, i, f., a Greek citj' near the 
 coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 Epirus, i, f., a country on the Ionian 
 Sea, northwest of Greece proper. 
 
 epistola, ae, f., a letter. 
 
 epulae, arum. pi. f ., a banquet, feast. 
 
 eques.itis [equus] , ra., a hors"ma)i, 
 kuight; pi. cacalry ; magister 
 equitum, master of the horse, aid- 
 de-camp of the dictator. 
 
 equitatus, us [equito, to ride], m., 
 cavalry. 
 
 equus, i, ni., a horse. 
 
 erectus, a, um [orig. part, of erigo], 
 adj., upright, erect. 
 
 ergo, adv., expressing an inference, 
 now, then, therefore. 
 
 eripio, see rapio. 
 
 err5, are, avi, atus, to waitder, 
 stray, rove : bf in error, err. 
 
 erudio, ire, ivi (ii), itus [e + rudis, 
 rough], to polish, educate, train. 
 
 eruditio, onis [erudio], f., a polish- 
 ing, traini'ig. 
 
 erumpo, see rumpo. 
 
 Esquilinus, i, in. (se. collis), the 
 Esquiline, the largest of the seven 
 hills of Rome. 
 
 et, conj.. and, also, even, and yet; 
 et . . . et. both . . . a)id. 
 
 etenim, conj., /or, /or truly, and in- 
 deed, because, since. 
 
 etiam [et + iam] , conj., also, even. 
 
 Eumenes, is, m., king of Perganius, 
 IDT-loU B.C. 
 
 VOCAIU LAUV 
 
 IM! 
 
 Eumenia, ae, f., a city in Phrygia. 
 Euphrates, is, dat. Euphratae, 
 
 p. Ho, 1. 22, ni., the Euphrates, a 
 
 river in Syria. 
 Eutropius, i, ni., see Life. 
 Europa, ae, f., Europe. 
 evado, see *vado. 
 eveho, see veho. 
 evenio, see venio. 
 eventus, us [evenio], m., outcome, 
 
 result : occurrence, event. 
 everto, see *verto. 
 evoco, see voco. 
 ex or e (last never before vowels), 
 
 prep, with abl. ; of place, out of,\ 
 
 from ; of cause, in consequence of, ! 
 
 been use o/; according to. 
 exanimo, are, avi, atus [ex + 
 
 anima], to put out of breath, kill; 
 
 weaken. 
 
 exardesco, ere. arsi. arsus [ex + 
 ardesco, to t ok" fire], to take fire ; 
 be angry. 
 
 exauctSro, are, avi, atus, to dis- 
 charge from service, release from 
 fhp military oath. 
 
 excidium. i, n . downfall, ruin. 
 
 excido, see caedo. 
 
 excipio, see capio. 
 
 excito, see *cit6. 
 
 exclCldo. see claudo. 
 
 exemplum. i, n., a .specimen, ex- 
 inuple. 
 
 exerceo, sec *arceo. 
 
 exercitus, us [exerceo], ni., an 
 
 army. 
 exhaurio. see haurio. 
 exhibeo. see habeo. 
 exig5, see ag5. 
 exiguus, a. um [exigS], ?n\]., small, 
 
 scanty. 
 existimo, are. avi, atus [ex + 
 aestimo, to reckm], to compute, 
 value, judge, think, estimate, believe, 
 suppose, imagine. 
 
 exitiabilis, e [exitium], adj., de- 
 structive, (k'adli/. 
 
 exitium, i [exeo], n., destruction, 
 ruin. 
 
 exitus, us [exeo], m., a going out, 
 way of egress ; result. 
 
 exordium, i [ex -fordo], n., a be- 
 t/in ui of/. 
 
 exosus, a, um [part, of exodi], adj., 
 hating, detesting. 
 
 expavesco, ere, pavi, — [ex + pa- 
 vesco, incho. of paveo, to become 
 alarmed], to dread, fear greatly 
 (rare). 
 
 expeditio, onis [expedio, to .set fire], 
 f.. ((/I expcditi oi . eumpaign. 
 
 expello, see pello. 
 
 experior, iri. pertus sum, to te.st, 
 try; await, undergo ; find, learn. 
 
 expers, tis [ex -f pars] , a(\]., having 
 no part in; destitute of, devoid of, 
 free front, without. 
 
 expleo. see *pleo. 
 
 explorator, oris [explore, to search 
 out], ni., a scout. 
 
 export© , see *porto. 
 
 expugno. see piigno. 
 
 exsecrabilis. e [exsecror] . adj., 
 accurscil. 
 
 exsecratio, onis [exsecror], f., an 
 ('.recro/ion, midcdiction, curse. 
 
 exsecror. sec *sacro. 
 
 exsequiae. arum [exsequor. to fol- 
 low out], f., funeral procession, 
 funeral. 
 
 exsilium, i [exsul, a banished per- 
 son], n., ba)iishiuent, e.tile. 
 
 exsisto. see *sist6. 
 
 exspectatio, onis [exspecto], f., 
 crpectation, anticipation. 
 
 exspecto, see specto. 
 
 exstinguo, ere stinxi, stinctus 
 [ex + stinguo. to cftinguish], to 
 quench, kill, blot out, destroy, fx- 
 
 I tinguish. put an end to. 
 
r.H 
 
 VOCABrLARY 
 
 exsulo, are, avi, atus [exsul, o 
 
 liii III >ihe(l person], to he in exile. 
 externus, a, um [exter, outer'], adj., 
 
 external, foreif/n, struuf/e. 
 extorqueo. ere), torsi, tortus 
 
 [ex + torqueo. to ticist], to twist 
 
 (Hit, extort. 
 extra [exter, ou^e/-], adv., on the out- 
 
 siile, without; prep, with ace, out- 
 
 x.hle of, heijond. 
 extrahd, see traho. 
 extrinsecus, adv., irithoat, on the 
 
 oittiside ; — praeterea, in addition. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabius, i, in., the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 Fabiafaniilid, the Fabian gens. 
 C. Fabius, consul 477 b.c. 
 Q. Fafiius, the lirst Roman annal- 
 ist. 
 
 (,'. Fabins Pirtor, consul 2()*.) n.c. 
 
 See Licinius, Maximus, Vibu- 
 
 lanus. 
 
 Fabricius, i, lu., (C.) Fabricius {Lu- 
 
 scinus), a Roman statesman and 
 
 general, prominent in tlie war with 
 
 Pyrrhus ; consul 283 and 278 B.C. 
 
 facile [facilis, eas[/], adv., eomp. 
 
 facilius: easilii : rendily. 
 facilitas, atis [facilis, easy], f., ease, 
 
 kindline.^s, kindness, courtesy. 
 facio, ere, feci, factus, to do, make, 
 (tet, fonn : choose, aii})oint ; pass, 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, to be <1one, 
 in'ciir, take jtlace, hup/ten : certi- 
 orem facere, to inform. 
 
 ad — adflcio, ere, feci, fectus, 
 to do something to, influence ; treat, 
 visit with. 
 
 con — conficio, ere, feci, fec- 
 tus, to do thorouijhty, complete; 
 wear out, exhaust ; prepare, collect, 
 furnish. 
 
 de — deflcio, ere, feci, fectus, to 
 fail, desert, be wanting ; revolt. 
 
 ex — efflcio, ere, feci, fectus, to 
 form, e fleet ; accomplish; render; 
 build ; produce. 
 
 inter — interficio, ere. feci, fec- 
 tus, to shin, kill. 
 
 prae — praeficio, ere, feci, fec- 
 tus, to place In command of, ap- 
 point. 
 
 factio, onis [facioj, f., a party, 
 political party, faction. 
 
 factum, i [facio] , n., a deed, act. 
 
 facundia, ae [facundus], f., elo- 
 (/nence, oratory. 
 
 facundus, a, um, adj., eloquent. 
 
 Falisci, orum, pl.m., the inhabitants 
 of Falerium, a town in Etruria, near 
 Mount Soraete. 
 
 falso [falsus,yW/.sf], adv., falsely. 
 
 fama, ae [for, to speak], f., report, 
 rumor; rettown, honor. 
 
 Famea, ae, m., the surname of 
 llamilco, commander of tiie Car- 
 thaginian cavalry in the third Punic 
 war. 
 
 fames, is. f., hunger, starvation. 
 
 familia, ae [famulus, slave], f., the 
 slaves in a liojtsehold ; fnmily, 
 household; race, estate, retinue; 
 mater familias (old gen.), mis- 
 tress, matron. 
 
 familiaris, e [familia], adj., belong- 
 ing to a family, private, intimate, 
 friendly; as subst., an intiinate 
 friend; res familiares, ///•oy)e/7//. 
 
 familiaritas, atis [familiaris], f., 
 i ntimacy, friendship. 
 
 famula, ae, f., a slave wom<tn. 
 
 fastigium, i, n., top, /i eight ; slope, 
 desc'iit ; rank, dignity. 
 
 fataliter [fatalis, fatal], adv., fa- 
 tallif, according to fate. 
 
 fatigatio. onis [fatigo], f., weari- 
 ness, fatigue. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 r.a 
 
 fatigo, are, avi, atus, to tire, vex; 
 
 frsf. 
 
 fatum, i [for, to speak], n., an utter- 
 ance, prophetic declaration, oracle; 
 fate, destiny. 
 Fausta, ae, f., Flavia Mdximidna, 
 the daughter of Maximianus and 
 wife of Constantine the (ireat. 
 
 Faustina, ae, f., Galeria Faustina 
 (called Jiini«»r to distinguish her 
 from her mother), the daughter of 
 Amira (Valeria Faustina. She was | 
 the wife of M. Aurelius. 
 
 Faustus, i, m., L. Cornelius Faust us, 
 son of the'dictator Sulla. j 
 
 faveo, ere, favi, fauturus, to be 
 fiirorable, furor, support, rhcri.sh. 
 
 favor, oris [faveo], m., favor, good 
 will, prais". 
 
 favorabilis. e [favor], mly, favored, 
 in favor; winning favor, pleasing. 
 
 Felicissimus, i, m., the name of the 
 <lirector of the mint under the em- 
 peror Aurclian. 
 
 felicitas, atis [felix], f., good for- 
 tune, siirc'ss. 
 
 feliciter Tfelix], adv., eomp. felicius, | 
 sui>. felicissime; luckily, happily. I 
 
 felix. icis, adj., happy, successful, 
 fortumde. 
 
 femina, ae, f., a woman, female. 
 
 fera, ae [ferusj, f.. a wild Iteast. 
 
 ferculum, i [fero], n., a means of 
 rnrrying, a frame, barrow, litter. 
 
 fere, adv., almc^t, nearly, for the 
 most jiarf, usually; about; with 
 neg., hardly, searcely. 
 
 feriatus, a. um [feriae, days of rest] , 
 ■m\]., keei)i)ig /lolidoys, idle; festive. 
 
 ferme [for ferime, sup. of fere], 
 adv., almost, about (especially of 
 numbers). 
 
 fero, ferre. tuli, latus. to bear, 
 lift ; endure; bring, receive, report; 
 drive, blow (of the wind) : pass., to 
 
 rush; enter; signa ferre. to ad- 
 vnnrr : fertxiv, is said : ferre sen- 
 tentiam. to Jndgi . 
 
 ab — auferd, ferre, abstuli, ab- 
 latus, to take or carry away, 
 remove. 
 
 ad - adfero, ferre, attuli, ad- 
 latus, to bring, present, produce, 
 aflirm ; carry word. 
 
 circum — circumfero, ferre, 
 tuli, latus, to cast amtind, go 
 around. 
 
 con — confero, ferre, tuli. la- 
 tus, to bring together, collect : con- 
 vey ; impute; compare; se con- 
 ferre, fietoke o?/^'.s self, go. 
 
 de — defero, ferre, tuli. latus, 
 to bring doicn, bring; report, in- 
 form; «.s.s?7n, confer tipon : offer; 
 accu,^e ; remdeferre ad populum. 
 to submit a nuifter to the people. 
 
 dis — differs, ferre, distuli, di- 
 latus, to carry asunder, .scatter; 
 postpone : delay : differ. 
 
 ex — effer5, ferre, extuli, ela- 
 tus, to carry out or away ; .spread 
 abroad; raise, elate; bury. 
 
 in — infero, ferre. intuli, inla- 
 tus, to bring in or U[i(in ; introduce ; 
 throw; infict ; make, produce; in- 
 .spire ; bellum inferre. fn vuige 
 (olfensive) war ■ signa inferre, to 
 advance again.*<t; se inferre, to 
 betake one's self. 
 
 ob — offero. ferre, obtuli, obla- 
 tus. to Itvi'ig before, offer : promise : 
 expose. 
 
 per — perfero, ferre, tuli, la- 
 tus, to carry through; convey, 
 report : endure. 
 
 prae — praefer5, ferre. tuli. la- 
 tus, to carry before ; put before, 
 prefer. 
 
 re — refero, ferre. rettuli, la- 
 tus, to bring back; report, relate; 
 
102 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 pedem referre, retreat ; gratiam 
 referre. innk^' return, requit". 
 
 trans — transfers, ferre, tuli, 
 latiis, to l)i(tr or take over i»r acros.s ; 
 frmisport, tran<f"r. 
 
 ferocia, ae [ferox, tkrce^, f., fierce- 
 ness, couraf/e, rrneltt/. 
 
 ferratus, a, um [ferrum], a(lj../'/r- 
 nisheiJ wWi iron, ironed; milites 
 ferrati, cuirassiers. 
 
 ferrum, i, u., iron; sivord, spear. 
 
 ferus, a, um, adj., icil(t, barbarous, 
 crnf'L 
 
 festind, are, avi, atus, to hasten. 
 
 festus, a, um, -.ul]., festive ; dies 
 festus,/e((s^ day. 
 
 fetor, oris, m., an ofensive smell. 
 
 fictus, a, um [fingo, to form], adj., 
 fdls", firfitions. 
 
 Fidenae, arum, pi. f., an ancient 
 town ill the conntry of the Sabines, 
 live miles north of Rome. 
 
 Fidenates, um, pi. m., the inhabit- 
 ants of Fidenae. 
 
 fides, ei, f., f/ood faith, loyalty; 
 pro)nise ; aUia))re ; tr^ist. 
 
 fidus, a. um, adj., trusty, faithful. 
 
 filia, ae, t'., daughter. 
 
 filius, i, m., s'ni. 
 
 finio, ire, ivi, itus (finis), to bound, 
 limit ; end, finish. 
 
 finis, is, m., a limit, boundary ; end, 
 jnirpose ; pi., territory, rountnj. 
 
 finitimus, a, um [finis] , adj., bor- 
 deriny, vdyfiborlny ; as subst., 
 finitimi, orum, pi. m., neiyhbors. 
 
 flo, fieri, factus sum, see facio. 
 
 firmus, a, um, adj., strong, power- 
 ful ; trusty. 
 
 fiscus, i, m., a purse; treasury. 
 
 Flaccus, i, m., 1. {M.) Fulrius Flac- 
 cus, eoiisal ■_*()4 B.C. 
 
 2. Q. Fulvius [Flaccus), consul 
 237 B.C. 
 
 flagfitidsus, a, um [flagitium, a 
 
 crime], adj., shameful, disgraceful, 
 
 infamous. 
 Flamininus, i, m., T. Qulntius Fld- 
 
 )niHhtus, consul 123 B.C. 
 Flaminius, i, m., (C.) Flatninius 
 
 (Xepos), consul 223 and 217 B.C. 
 fleo, ere. flevi, fletus, to weep. 
 fletus, us [fleoj, m., weeping, en- 
 
 treidies; tears. 
 *flig6, ere, flixi, flictus, to strike 
 
 (ante-classical). 
 ad— adfligo, ere, flixi, flictus, 
 
 to dash against, scatter, ruin. 
 
 con— confligo, ere, flixi, flic- 
 tus, to strike together; contend, 
 
 fight. 
 
 pro — profligo, are, avi, atus, 
 
 to rout, iyvertlinnc. 
 floreo, ere, ui, — [flos, a fiower], to 
 
 bloom, ffourish, prosper. 
 Florianus, i, m., (3/. Anniu.<i) Flori- 
 
 anus, the brother of the emperor 
 
 Tacitus, upon whose death he was 
 
 proclaimed emperor at Rome, 27(5 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Florus, i, m., C. Arpdlius Floru^,Ci>n- 
 
 sul with Ti. Scipio, 2'>Ub.c. 
 flumen, inis [flu5J, n., a stream, 
 
 river. 
 fluo, ere, fluxi. fluxus, to flow. 
 
 con — conflu5. ere, fluxi, —, ?o 
 
 run together, crou:d, throng. 
 fluvius. i [fluo], m., a river. 
 foedo. are, avi, atus [foedus], to 
 
 moke foal, poll ate; di'<honor. 
 foedus, a, um, ad]., foul, unseendy. 
 foedus, eris, n., a trady, alliance, 
 
 league. 
 forem, es. et, etc., see sum. 
 forma, ae, i., form, figure, beauty. 
 fortis. e. adj., brare, s'nmg. 
 fortitude, inis [fortis], f., courage, 
 
 bravery. 
 fortuitus, a, um [fors, chance], adj., 
 
 causal, accidental (rare). 
 
 VOCAlilL.ViJY 
 
 193 
 
 fortuna, ae [fors, chance], f., luck, 
 fiirtini'- ; st<de, property. 
 
 fortunatus, a, um [fortuna], adj., 
 lucky .for' un<de. 
 
 forum, i (cf. foris, out of doors), w., 
 an out of doors place, market, 
 Forum; esp., the Forum Romanum 
 between the Caiiitoline and the 
 Palatine hills. It was the center of 
 the political, religious, and business 
 life of Rome. 
 
 fossa, ae [fodio, to dig], f., a ditch, 
 pit, moat. 
 
 Franci, orum, pi. m., the Franci, 
 i.e. " the Freemen," a confederacy 
 of German tribes on the lower 
 Rhine. 
 
 frango, ere, fregi, fractus, to break; 
 wreck, subdue, tire ouf. 
 
 ex — effringo, ere, fregi, frac- 
 tus, to break q(f', break open. 
 
 in — infringe, ere. fregi, frac- 
 tus, to break of; subdue, overcome. 
 
 frater. tris, m., a brother. 
 
 fraternus, a, um [frater]. adj., 
 brother's, bmih^rly. 
 
 fraus, fraudis, i.,foul play ; treach- 
 ery. 
 
 frequens. entis, a Ij., Grounded, fre- 
 quent ; in great )) ambers. 
 
 frequenter [frequens], adv., often. 
 
 frequento, are, avi, atus [fre- 
 quens], to visit repeatedly; fre- 
 quent ; throng. 
 
 frigidus, a, um [frigeo, to be cold], 
 .adj., cold. 
 
 frigus, oris, n., cold. 
 
 Fronto, onis, m., (3/. Cornelius) 
 Front a, a celebrated teacher of 
 rhetoric during the reign of Ha- 
 drian. 
 
 frumentum, i [fruor, to enjoy], n., 
 grain, cor)i; pi., crops. 
 
 frustra, adv., /// vain. 
 
 fuga, ae, i.,fiight. 
 
 IIAZ. KITIJOI'IIS — 1.3 
 
 fugio, ere, fug.!,—, to fee; avoid, 
 
 escajH'. 
 con — confugfo. ere, fugi, — , to 
 
 fiee, take refuge. 
 
 dis — diffugio, ere, fQgi, — , to 
 
 fiee apart, scatter. 
 
 ex — effugio, ere, fugi,—, to 
 
 fiee from, esrap\ 
 
 pro — profugio, ere, fugi,—, to 
 
 fiee, escap". 
 
 re — refugio, ere, fugi,—, to 
 
 fiee back, escape. 
 fugo, are, avi, atus [fugio], to put 
 
 to fiight, rout. 
 fulgeo, ere, fulsi, — , to fiash, gleam. 
 fulmen, inis [fulgeo], n., lightning, 
 
 tliunderbolt. 
 Fulvius, i, m.. the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. See Centumalus, Flaccus, 
 
 Nobilior. 
 fundo, ere, fudi, fusus, ^> pour, 
 
 shed ; roid, vanquish. 
 
 con — confundo, ere, fudi, fu- 
 sus, topiur toyi'tlier, mingle, unite, 
 
 confuse. 
 dis — diff und5, ere, fudi, fusus, 
 
 to spread out, eytend, stretch. 
 funestus, a, um [funus], adj., cans- 
 
 ing death, deadly, destructive. 
 ftinis, is, f., a rope, cable. 
 fCinus, eris. n., burial, funeral rites ; 
 
 eorps'\ 
 furca, ae, f., a two-pronged fork; 
 
 yoke. 
 furcula. ae [furca], f., a forked 
 
 prop ; pi., a narrow pa.s.s. 
 Furius. i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. 
 
 C. Filrias Plnridus, conH\\\ 251 B.C. 
 See Camillus. 
 Fuscus, i, m., Cornelius F^/.scu.s, one 
 
 of the most active adherents of 
 
 Vespasian in his contest for the 
 
 empire. 
 futurus, .see sum. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 G 
 
 Gabii, orum, pi. ni., an ancient 
 town ill Latinm, east of Rome. 
 
 Galatia, ae, f., a province of Asia 
 Minor settled by Gallic tribes in the 
 tbird century B.C. 
 
 Galba, ae, in., S^rvius {Sulpicius) 
 G(tlbi(, Konian emperor {\H-iVj A.n. 
 
 Galerius. !. ni., .see Maximianus. 
 
 Gallia, ae, f., the country of the 
 Gauls ; modern France and the terri- 
 tories on the west bank of the Rhine. 
 The northern part of Italy was set- 
 tle<l by Gauls, and was called GaU'm 
 Clsalpiim; hence the pi. Galliae. 
 
 Gallienus, i, m. {P. Lichua.^ Valeri- 
 (1)1 Ks E<j>i(ttlnH) GalUenuKt Roman 
 f'lnperor 260-268 a.d. 
 
 Gallus, i, m., 
 
 1. C. (Cn.) Cornelius Gallus, gov- 
 ernor of Egypt umler Auj;ustus. 
 
 2. Gollus Hostili anus, Uoman em- 
 peror 251-25;> a.d. 
 
 Gallus, a. um adj., pertalniuf/ to 
 Gaul; Gain, orum, pi. m., the 
 G<iuls. 
 
 gaudium, i [gaudeo, to rejoice], n., 
 
 Joif. 
 
 gaza. ae. f., treasure, riches. 
 
 geminus, a, um, adj., tvjin, twofold ; 
 as subst., gemini. orum. pi. m., 
 the tu-ins. 
 
 gemma, ae, f.. a bud ; gem, precious 
 sfouf. 
 
 gener. eri. m., a son-in-law. 
 
 genitura, ae, f., hour of birth ; na- 
 tivity. 
 
 gens, gentis, f., a gens or clan; 
 tribe, jieiiplf, nation. 
 
 Gentius,!,m., a king of the lUyrians. 
 
 Genucius, i, m., L. Genucius, consul 
 
 'M]7i B.C. 
 
 genus, generis, n., race, family, 
 stock, birth ; kind, class, sort. 
 
 Germani, orum, pi. m., the Ger- 
 ni'dts. 
 
 Gerraania, ae, 1.. Genuauif. 
 
 Germanicianus, a, um, adj., sta- 
 tioned or serving in Germany (late). 
 
 gero, ere, gessl. gestus, to bear, 
 carry ; perform, do, carry out , 
 icage ; se gerere, to conduct one's 
 self, behave; rem publicam ge- 
 rere, to administer the state; res 
 gestae, ex/iloifs, hisforif. 
 
 con— congerd, ere, gessi, ges- 
 tus, to bring together, collect. 
 
 Geta, ae, m., Septimius Geta, brother 
 of Caracalla, l)y whom he was assas- 
 sinated, 212 A.D. 
 
 Glabrio, onis, m., M. Aciiius Gla- 
 brio, consul VM B.C. 
 
 gladiator, oris [gladius], m., a 
 gladiator. 
 
 gladiatorius, a, um [gladiator], 
 adj., pertaining to a gladiator, 
 gladiatorial. 
 
 gladius, i, m., a sword. 
 
 gloria, ae, f.. gloi-y, honor, fame. 
 
 gloridse [gloria], adv., gloriously. 
 
 Gordianus, i, m., (A/. Antdnia.<i) 
 Gordidnvs, the name of three Roman 
 emperors, father, son, and grandson, 
 2;'.7-244 A.D. 
 
 1. Gordianus, senior. 
 
 2. Gordianus A ugustus, son of ( 1 ). 
 .'>. Gordidn us A ugustus, son of (2). 
 
 Gothi, orum, pi. ra., the Goths, a 
 
 (Jermanic people. 
 Gracchus, i, m., a family name in 
 the Sempronian gens at Rome. 
 
 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, consul 
 218 B.C. See Notes, p. 124. 
 *gradior, gradi. gressus sum, to 
 step, ifidk. 
 
 ad— aggredior, gredi. gres- 
 sus sum, to approach, attack, wi- 
 de rt a ke. 
 con — congredior. grpdl. gres- 
 
 VOCAIU! \l:V 
 
 lU.l 
 
 sus sum, to come together, vnite 
 
 with, engage, affufk. 
 
 e — egredior, gredi, gressus 
 sum, to go out, leave, disembark ; 
 surpass, 
 
 in — ingredior, gredi, gressus 
 sum, to enter. 
 
 pr5 — progredior. gredi, gres- 
 sus sum. to ((ilrti iic<', procei il, 
 
 re— regredior, gredi, gressus 
 sum. to stcj) It'f'k, retreat, return. 
 
 trans — transgredior, gredi, 
 gressus sum, to step over or 
 across, cross. 
 
 Graece, advr, in the Greek language, 
 ill Greek. 
 
 Graecia, ae, f., Greece. 
 
 Graecus, a, um, adj., Grerinn, 
 Greek; as subst., Graeci. orum, 
 pi. m., the Greeks. 
 
 grandaevus. a, um [grandis ^ 
 aevum, age], adj., aged. 
 
 grandis, e. adj., large, grand. 
 
 gratia, ae [gratus], f,, favor, re- 
 gard ; return, acknoicledge ; friend- 
 ship, love, popularity, influence; 
 gratiae, arum, pi. f., thanks; 
 gratia, with preceding gen., fre- 
 quent in expressions of purpo.se, for 
 th" sake of. 
 
 gratus, a, um, adj., welcome, pleas- 
 ing, grateful. 
 
 gravis, e, adj., heavy, hard, severe; 
 important, grave ; troublesome, 
 grievous. 
 
 graviter [gravis], adv., comp. gra- 
 vius, sup. gravissime : weightily, 
 vigorously, seriously, ivith dignity. 
 
 H. 
 
 habena, ae [habeo], f., a holder, 
 halter, rein; (mly in pi., the reins, 
 direction, management, government. 
 
 habeo, ere, ui. Itus, to have, h(dd, 
 
 possess, ke*'p ; regard, consider; 
 render (honor) ; habere se, to be. 
 de — debeo, ere, ui, itus. to 
 owe, ought; pass., be due; debet, 
 debuit, inf., ought. 
 
 ex — exhibeo ere. ui. itus, to 
 hold forth, show, disptlay ; furnish, 
 procure, 
 
 prae — praebeo, ere. ui, itus. 
 to hold in front, otjer, furnish, 
 exhibit. 
 
 habito, are. avi. atus [freq. of 
 habeo], t(> dwell, inhabit, live. 
 
 habitus, us [habeo], m., state, con- 
 dition ; habit, manner ; dress. 
 
 Hadrianus, i, in., (P.) Arlius Hadri- 
 an us. Roman emperor 117-Ki8 a.d. 
 
 Haemus, i, ni., a lofty range of 
 mountains .sei>arating Thrace and 
 Moesia. 
 
 Hamilcar, aris, m., a Carthaginian 
 general in the lirst Punic war. 
 
 Hannibal, alls, m., the son (»f Hamil- 
 car Ban-a, the great general of the 
 Cartliaginians in the second Punic 
 war. 
 
 Hanno, onis, m., 
 
 1. A Carthaginian general in the 
 second Punic war, taken captive in 
 Sicily 210 b.c. 
 
 2. A Carthaginian general in tiie 
 second Punic war, defeated l)y Scipio 
 203 B.C. 
 
 Hasdrubal, alis, m., 
 
 1. Surnamed Calvus, " the Bald," 
 commander of the Carthaginian ex- 
 ]>editi()n to Sardinia in the second 
 Punic war 21.') B.C. 
 
 2. Brotlier of Hannibal, defeated 
 and slain at the battle of the Aletau- 
 rus207 B.C. 
 
 :i. The leader of the Carthaginians 
 in the third Punic war 141>-14(j B.C. 
 baud, adv., by no means, not at all, 
 )iot. 
 
196 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 I 
 
 haurio, ire, hausi, haustus, to | 
 
 drink. 
 
 ex— exhaurio, ire, hausi, haus- 
 tus, t" lake out, rniptij out, erlianst. 
 
 Helena, ae, f., the luinie of a Roman 
 camp ill Spain where Constaiis died. 
 
 Hehogabalus, i, m., see Antoninus. 
 
 Helvetii, orum, pi. in., a Celtic tribe 
 living north of Lake Geneva in 
 modern Switzerland . 
 
 Heraclea, ae, f,, a city in Thrace on 
 the Propontis. 
 
 Herculius, i, m., a cognomen of 
 Maximianns. 
 
 Herennius, i, m., T. Ilerennius 
 (Pontius), leader of the Samnites 
 in tlie Marsic war. 
 
 heres. edis, m., an heir. 
 
 Hiberi, orum, pi. m., the inliabitants 
 of Hiheriu. 
 
 Hiberia, ae. f., a country of Asia. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this ; he, 
 she, it; the follow inrf ; the latter. 
 
 hiems, hiemls, f., winter ; storm. 
 
 Hiempsal, alls, ni., son of Micipsa, 
 king of Nuiuidia, was murdered by 
 .Tuuurtha. 
 
 Hierda, ae, m., king of Mauretania. 
 
 Hierius, i, m., Hierius A.nnius, leader 
 of the Samnites in the Marsic 
 war. 
 
 Hier5, onis, m., king of Syracuse, an 
 ally of the Romans. 
 
 Hierosolyma, orum, pi. n., Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 lime [hie], adv., from this place or 
 time, hence. 
 
 Hirtius, i. m., (.4.) Hirtius, friend of 
 Caesar; consul 43 B.C. 
 
 Hirtuleius. i, m., a distinguished gen- 
 oral of Sertorius in Spain. 
 
 Hispania, ae. f., Spain (including 
 Portugal). It was divided into two 
 provinces, Hispania Citerior and 
 Ulterior; hence the pi. Hispaniae. 
 
 Hispanus, a, um, adj., Spanish; as 
 subst., Hispanus, i, m., a Spaniard. 
 
 historia, ae, f., history, account, 
 story. 
 
 historicus, i, m., an historiaii. 
 
 Hister, tri, f., a town in Lower 
 Moesia. 
 
 Histri, orum, pi. m,, the i)ihabitants 
 of Ilistria, a peninsula in the north- 
 ern extremity of the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 hodie [hoe + die], adv., to-day. 
 
 homo, hominis, in. and f., a human 
 beinf/ ; man, mankind. 
 
 honestas, atis [honestus], f., honor, 
 virtue. 
 
 honestus, a, um [honor] , adj., hon- 
 orable, iipriyht, noble, illustrious. 
 
 honor, oris, m., honor, respect, es- 
 teem ; public office. 
 
 honorifice [honorificus, conferring 
 honor], adv., icith honor, honorably. 
 
 honoro, are, avi, atus [honor], to 
 honor, respect, adorn; celebrate. 
 
 hora, ae, f., hour, the twelfth part 
 of the day (sunrise to sunset) or 
 night. 
 
 Horatius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 gens. See Pulvillus. 
 
 Hormisda, ae, m., king of Persia, 
 30n-310A.D. 
 
 horror, 6ris,m., dread, terror, horror. 
 
 hortus, i, m., f/arden, orchard, park. 
 
 Hostilianus, i, ni., see Gallus. 
 
 hostilis, e [hostis], adj., hostile. 
 
 Hostilius, i, m., Tullus Hostilius, the 
 third king of Rome, ()72-G40 B.C. 
 See Mancinus. 
 
 hostis, is, m., an enemy, foe. 
 
 huiusmodi [hie f modus], adv., of 
 thi.'< (i.e. the following) kind. 
 
 humanus, a, um [homo], adj., hu- 
 man; refined, civilized; humane. 
 
 humerus, i, m., t/ie shoulder. 
 
 humiliter [humus, the .r/ro?njd],adv., 
 basely, tneanly, abjectly, humbly. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 r. 
 
 I. 
 
 laceo. ere, ui. — , to lie, lie dead. 
 "^iacio, ere, ieei, iaetus, to throw, 
 cast, hurl ; throw up, construct. 
 
 ad — adieio, ere, ieei, ieetus, to 
 throw to,, din f/ ; add. 
 
 eon — eonieio, ieere. conieei, 
 eonieetus, to throw together, unite ; 
 liurl. throw : conjecture. 
 
 de — deieio, ieere, ieei, ieetus, 
 to throw or }iurl down, bring down ; 
 lay low, dislodge, destroy. 
 
 ex — eieio, ieere, ieei, ieetus, 
 to cast or ^rive out, expel. 
 
 inter — interieio, ieere. ieei. 
 ieetus, to throw or place between, 
 intt'rj)osr ; intprrenp (in pass.). 
 
 ob — obicio, ieere, ieei, ieetus, 
 to throw before, put in the way of; 
 put in the hands of ; eypo.^e. 
 
 sub— subicio, ieere. ieei. iee- 
 tus, to throifi or place under; hand 
 up; pn'esent ; snbdup. 
 
 trans — traieio, ieere, ieei, iee- 
 tus, to thi'ow or carry acros.^, trans- 
 port ; pierce, penetrate, transfix ; go 
 or pass over, cross. 
 iam. adv., ??o?/-, ulroady, at once. 
 lanieulum, i, n., Janiculum, a liill 
 
 on the west bank of the Tiber, 
 lanus, i, m., Janus, an old Latin di- 
 vinity, who presided over the be- 
 irinnings of all things; e<unmonly 
 represented witli two faces, 
 ibi. adv., there; thereupon, then. 
 ibidem [ibi] , adv., /// the same place, 
 
 ju.'ft there. 
 ieo, ere, iei, ictus, to strike, sniite ; 
 foedus ieere, to strike (conclude) 
 a treaty (rnrt-). 
 ictus, us [ieo], m., a blow, stroke, 
 
 icound. 
 ideirco [id-(-abl. of circus], adv., 
 on that account, therefore. 
 
 Idem, eadem. idem, dcni. pron., the 
 same; often best rendered by an 
 a<lv., also, too, besides. 
 
 idoneus, a, um, adj., suitable, ft ; 
 capable. 
 
 Idus, uum, pi. f., the Ides; the fif- 
 teenth of March, May, July, and 
 October, and the thirteenth of other 
 months. 
 
 ig-itur, adv., then, t/mrefore, accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 ignave [ignavus], adv., sluggishly, 
 slothfully, without spirit. 
 
 ig-navia. ae [ignavus], f., idleness, 
 sloth ; covxtrdice, baseness. 
 
 ignavus. a, um, adj., inactive, lazy, 
 sloiliful; cowardly, dastardly. 
 
 ignis, is, m., fre. 
 
 ignobilis, e [in + (g)n6bilis, adj., 
 tmknowu, unrenowned, obscure; 
 ba.<ie, ignoble. 
 
 ignobiliter [ign6bihs].adv., meanly 
 
 (late Latin). 
 
 ignominia, ae [in-|- (g)nomen], f., 
 iHs'irnop. dishonor, ignominy . 
 
 ignominiose [ignominiosus, d/.s- 
 graceful], adv., ignominiously, dis- 
 gracefully. 
 
 ignoro. are. avi. atus [ignarus, 
 ignorant], to be ignorant, not to 
 knojr, overlook. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that; he, 
 she, if : the former. 
 
 illie [ille], adv., there, in that place. 
 
 iimstris, e, adj., clear, distinguished, 
 glorious. 
 
 illyricum. i, n., a country east of 
 the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 illyrii, orum. pi. m.. the inhabitants 
 of Illyricum . 
 
 imago, inis, f., likeness, semblance, 
 image ; stfttuc 
 
 imitatio. onis [imitor], f., a copy- 
 ing, imitation. 
 
 imitor, ari, atus sum, to imitate. 
 
198 
 
 VOCAHrr.ARY 
 
 ♦ 
 
 imnianis, e, adj., hniir, inunpuap. 
 immemor, oris [in f memor], adj., 
 
 II mil hid till , ni I'c/rss. 
 
 immerito [immeritus, niidescrvcil], 
 
 a<lv., mijustly, (ijiilcscrvcdhj. 
 immineo, ere, ui, — , to ovcr/iaur/, 
 
 th rente II. 
 immodicus, a, um [in h modus],! 
 
 adj., beifoinl bonii'ls, en irnioiis, i 
 
 hiffJi ; excca.vvr. \ 
 
 immunitas, atis [in + munus, hnr- 
 
 <le)t], L, freedom from inihlic duties, 
 
 i mill unity. 
 impar, paris [in -f- par], adj., un- 
 
 pqaal. 
 impatiens, entis [in-f patiens], 
 
 -.id}., inipiUient ; Intolerant, iinpetu- 
 
 mis. 
 impatientia, ae [impatiens], 1., 
 
 i)nji<ifieii('c. 
 impello, soe pello. 
 imperator, oris [impero], m., ri»n- 
 
 inunder-in-chief, f/oi.eral, emperor. 
 imperium. i [impero] , n., convnand, 
 
 control, (/over lime lit, nnlitury au- 
 
 fJinrity : sorerrif/iify, empire. 
 impero, are, avi, atus, to rule, com- 
 mand: order, levy : to he emperor. 
 impetro, are, avi, atus, to procure, 
 
 (lain; accomplii^h, bring to puf^s : 
 
 succeed. 
 impetus, us [in-fpeto], ni., on 
 
 nttiick : vioJpnve, vehemence. 
 impleo. see *ple6. 
 impono. see pono. 
 improbo, are, avi, atus [improbus], 
 
 to disprove, bUnu", censure; reject. 
 improbus, a. um [in + probus. up- 
 
 riglif], adj., wicked, outrageous. 
 improsper, spera. sperum [in -f 
 
 prosperus, fortunate], adj., ?//*- 
 
 fortunate, unprosperom<. 
 imprudens, entis [in f- prudens. 
 
 foreseeing], adj., not foreseeing, 
 
 imprudent, of guard. 
 
 impudice [impudicus, shamrlf.ts], 
 adv., iiii<;/tas(e/y. 
 
 impulsor, oris [impello], m.. one 
 v'ho incites, instigator. 
 
 in, prep, with ace, <»f place, info, to, 
 on, upon, tovmrds, against; of pur- 
 pose, y or, with a view to; of other 
 relations, respecting, according to: 
 in dies, diiy tn/ day ; with ahl., of 
 place, in, on. upon, in the midst of, 
 among; of time, in, in the course 
 of, during; of other relations, in 
 the midst of, in. the case of, respect- 
 ing, according to. 
 
 incedo, see cedo. 
 
 incendo, ere, cendi, census [in + 
 cande5, to shinr], to spt on tire, 
 burn ; evcitr. 
 
 incido, see cado. 
 
 incivilis, e [in + civilis], adj.. ;w/»/r, 
 II 11 civil . 
 
 inclutus, a, um, :\i\\., famous. 
 
 incog-nitus. a, um [in +cognosc5], 
 adj., uukiiovii. 
 
 incolo, see colo. 
 
 incolumis. e. adj.. saf'r. unharmed. 
 
 incommodus, a, um [in + com- 
 modus],adj., inconvenient, unsuit- 
 able, unfit. 
 
 inconsulte [inconsultus, not asked], 
 adv., unadvisedly, inconsiderately. 
 
 incrementum, i [incresco, to in- 
 crease], n., groieth, increase. 
 
 inde, adv., /rowi that place, thence; 
 nejt, then. 
 
 Indi. orum, pi. m., the people of 
 India. 
 
 India, ae, f.. India, modern Hindu- 
 stan. 
 
 indico, see dico. 
 
 indigeo. ere. ui. — [in + egeo], to 
 be poor, to harp need of, vant. 
 
 indiscretus. a, um [in4- discerno, 
 to distinguish], adj., iindistinguish- 
 able ; rcithout distinction of rank. 
 
 VOCAlUL.Mn' 
 
 199 
 
 indo, see d5. 
 
 indoles, is, f., nature, disposition. 
 
 induce, see duco. 
 
 indulge©, ere, dulsi. dultus, to be 
 
 complaisant : be kind, be tender; 
 
 yield, grunt, spare ; bestoic, confer. 
 industria, ae, f.. industry, diligence ; 
 
 idii/ity . 
 indutiae. arum. pi. f., truce, armis- 
 
 (irr. 
 
 iners, ertis [in + ars], a<lj., unskill- 
 ful, idle, effeminate. 
 
 infamis. e [in 4- fama]. adj., infa- 
 mous. 
 
 infantia, ae [in f for. to .npeak], f., 
 iiifani'ii. 
 
 Infelicitas. atis [infelis, unfortu- 
 iiati']. f., ill-luck, misfortune. 
 
 inferior, ius (ciuup. of inferus), 
 adj., hncer, inferior. 
 
 infero. see fero. 
 
 infesto. are, — , — [infestus, hos- 
 tilp], to attack, molest, infest. 
 
 Infidus, a, um [in i fidus], adj., not 
 to be trustcil, faithless, treacherous, 
 
 false. 
 
 infinitus, a. um [in-finio], adj.. 
 unbounded, vast, enormous; num- 
 berless; as subst., Infinitum, I, n.. 
 a large amount, a large number. 
 
 infring-o. see frango. 
 
 ingenium, i, n., disposition, ability, 
 nature, wit. 
 
 ingens. entis, adj., large, huge, great. 
 
 Ingenuus, i, m., one of the Thirty 
 Tyrants: defeated and slain by 
 ( Jallieniis. 
 
 ingluvies, — , ace. em, abl. e, f.. the 
 crop, niair : gluttony. 
 
 ingravesco, ere, — , — , to be burden- 
 some, be wearied : increase, grow 
 worse. 
 
 ingredior, see *gradior. 
 
 ingruo. ere, ui. — . to break in ; as- 
 sault in force. 
 
 inhonorus. a, um. adj.. unsightly. 
 
 inimicitia. ae, [inimicus, un- 
 friendly], f., enmity. 
 
 initium. i 'ineo], n., a beginning. 
 
 iniucundus, a, um [in f iucun- 
 dus], adj., unpleasant, disagree- 
 able. 
 
 iniuria, ae [in -(-ius], f., ivrong, in- 
 
 /usfire, violence, injury. 
 iniuste [iniustus], adv., unjustly. 
 iniustus, a, um [in -f iustus], adj., 
 
 unjust. 
 innoxius. a, um, adj., harmless ; not 
 
 guilty, blameless, innocent. 
 innumerus. a, um [in -f numerus], 
 
 adj., countless. 
 
 inopia, ae [inops, needy], i., want, 
 scarcity, poverty. 
 
 inquino, are, avi, atus, to stain, de- 
 lile : dishonor. 
 
 inritus, a. um [in + ratus], adj., un- 
 decided, unsettled : void, of no e feet. 
 
 inrumpo. see rumpo. 
 
 insatiabilis, e [in ^ satur, full], 
 adj.. II 11 sating, not cloi/ing. 
 
 insectator, oris. ni.. a persecutor. 
 
 insequor, see sequor. 
 
 insero, see ser5. 
 
 insidiae, arum [insideo. to sit 
 tijion]. pi. f., anihush : treachery. 
 
 insigne, is [Insignis], n., a sign, 
 hiidge, ornament . 
 
 insignis, e [in^signum], adj., re- 
 markable, di.'itingui.shed. 
 
 insigniter [insignis], adv., remark- 
 ably, e.rtraordinarily. 
 
 insolens. entis [in-f soleo]. adj., 
 
 nniisu'il : hiiughtii. in.tolenf. 
 
 insolentia, ae [Insolens], f., unusu- 
 aliie.^s; haughtiness, arrogance, in- 
 solence. 
 
 insolentius (eonip. of msolenter), 
 adv., too haui/htily. insoh^ntly. 
 
 Instituo. see *statuo. 
 
 Insto. see 8tQ. 
 
'">on 
 
 VOCxVrVULARY 
 
 instrumentum, i [instruo], u., tool; 
 collt'ctiveiy, slock of tooU, plant. 
 
 instruo, ere, struxi, structus [in + 
 struo, to pile wp], to build; ar- 
 range, draiv up or array (troops) ; 
 ynake ready, equip,, fit out. 
 
 insula, ae, f., an island. 
 
 insulse [insulsus, 'without taste], 
 adv., tastelessly, insipidly; fool- 
 ishly, absurdly. 
 
 insum, see sum. 
 
 integer, gra, grum [in -f root tag 
 in tango], adj., untouched, new; 
 full, entire, vigorous. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace, of place, be- 
 tween, among; of time, during. 
 
 Interamna, ae, f., a town in I'nibria. 
 
 intercede, see cedo. 
 
 interea [inter -|- is] , adv., in the 
 meantime, meanwJiile. 
 
 intereo. see eo. 
 
 interfector, oris [interflcio], m., a 
 slayer, murderer. 
 
 interflcio, see facio. 
 
 interim, adv., meanwhile. 
 
 interimo, see emo. 
 
 intericio, see *iaci6. 
 
 interior, ius [inter], adj., comp., no 
 positive, sup. intimus ; inner, in- 
 terior. 
 
 intermitt5. see mitto. 
 
 internecio. onis [internecd, to de- 
 stroy], f., slaug/iter, utter ruin. 
 
 intersum, see sum. 
 
 intervenio, see venio. 
 
 intolerabilis, e [in f tolerabilis, 
 supportable], adj., wiendurable. 
 
 intra, adv. and prep, with ace, inside 
 (f, w/thin, during. 
 
 intro, are, avi,atus [intro, witliin], 
 to enter. 
 
 intueor, see tueor. 
 
 inultus, a, um [in -f ulciscor, (<> 
 avenge], adj., v)ithout satisfaction, 
 unavenged, unpunished. 
 
 inusitatus, a, um [in -j- usitatus, 
 usical], adj., u)iusual, unfamiliar, 
 novel. 
 
 invado, see *vad6. 
 
 inveho, see veho. 
 
 invenio, see venio. 
 
 invicem [in + vicem], adv., by 
 turns, in turn, one after another, 
 alternately. 
 
 invictus, a, um [in j-vinc6], adj., 
 unconquerable, inrincible. 
 
 invideo, see video. 
 
 invidia, ae [invideo], f., envy, ill- 
 will. 
 
 invisus, a, um [invideo], ad]., hate- 
 ful, /losfilc, troublesome. 
 
 invito, are, avi, atus, to invite, su)n- 
 
 hion . 
 
 invitus, a, um, adj., umvilling. 
 
 invius, a, um [in -f via]; adj., im- 
 passible. 
 
 lovianus. i, m., (Flarius Claudius) 
 lovidnus, Roman emperor 3<)3-3()4 
 
 A.D. 
 
 ipse, a, um, intensive pron., himself, 
 herself, itself, themselves ; often best 
 rendered by very, mere, in person, 
 even, actually. 
 
 ira, ae, f., anger, passion. 
 
 iracundia, ae [iracundus, irasci- 
 ble], f., rt proneness to anger, 
 hasty temper; anger, wrath, pas- 
 si on. 
 
 iratus, a, um [irascor, to be angry] , 
 adj., angry. 
 
 is, ea. id, dem. pron., this, that; he, 
 she, it ; such. 
 
 Isauri, orum, pi. m., the inhabitaiits 
 if [sduria. 
 
 Isauria, ae, f., a country of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Isauricus. i, adj., Isaut'ian, a sur- 
 name of P Servilius (Vatia), who 
 conquere<l the Isaurians. 
 
 isium, i, n., the temple of Isis. 
 
 VOrABULAKV 
 
 l; ' ' i 
 
 ita [is] , adv., in thu way, so, thus ; 
 as follows, in such a way ; accord- 
 ingly, and so. 
 
 Italica, ae, f., a city in Spain. 
 
 Italicus, a, um, adj., Italian. 
 
 itaque [ita + que], adv., and so, 
 therefore, consequently. 
 
 item, adv., likewise, just so, also, 
 moreover. 
 
 iter, itineris [eo], n., a journey, 
 march ; road, higliv-ay. 
 
 iterum, adv., again, once more, for 
 the second time. 
 
 Itiiraei, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- 
 tants of Itur^ea, a district in Coele- 
 syria. 
 
 luba. ae, m., 
 
 1. Kin^ of Nuniidia, defeated by 
 Caesar in the battle of Thapsus, 4(1 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2. Kintr of Mauretania. 
 
 iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, to order, 
 command. 
 
 iucundus, a, um, adj., pleasant; 
 phasing, joyful, dear. 
 
 ladaea, ae, f ., Judea, a part of Pales- 
 tine. 
 
 ludaei, orum, pi. m., the Jews. 
 
 iudex. icis, [ias + dico] , m., a judge. 
 
 iudico. are, avi, atus [iudex], to 
 judge, think, be of the opinion; 
 pronouncp. 
 
 iugerum. i [iungo], n., a measure of 
 land, somewhat more than half an 
 acre. 
 
 iugis, e [iungo], adj., joined to- 
 gether. 
 
 iugulo, are, avi, atus [iugulum, 
 neck], to cut the throat, kill, slay, 
 murder. 
 
 iugum, i [iungo], n., (( yoke; ridge. 
 
 lugurtha, ae, m., king of Numidia. 
 See Notes, p. 13.1. 
 
 lugurthinus, a, um, i\<\}., pertaining 
 to lugurtha. 
 
 lulia, ae, f., Ifilia Mae.<ia, wife of Ca- 
 
 racalla. 
 lulianus, i, m., 
 
 1. {Flavins Claudiu.<<) Kdidnus, 
 Roman emperor ;iGl-;^>3 a.d. 
 
 2. Salvias Ifiliiinus, an eminent 
 Roman jurist. 
 
 3. Salvius irdinnus, Roman em- 
 peror from March 28 to June 1, 1*.»3 
 
 A.D. 
 
 lulius, i, m., the name of a Rtjman 
 
 gens. • See Caesar Libo. 
 iungo, ere, iunxi, iQnctus, to join 
 
 together, unite, bind, fasten, yoke. 
 ad— adiungo, ere. iunxi, lanc- 
 
 tUS, tojoiit fo, fasten to, add. 
 con — coniungo, ere, iunxi, 
 
 iunctus, to fasten together, con- 
 
 nert,form by a.<isociating. 
 iunior, see iuvenis. 
 lunius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. See Brutus, Pullus, Si- 
 
 lanus. 
 luppiter. lovis, m., the chief god of 
 
 the Latins. He was originally a 
 
 personification of the sky, and had 
 
 control of the thunder, lightning, 
 
 rain, and storms, 
 iaro, are, avi, atus, to take an oath, 
 
 swear. 
 con — coniuro. are, avi. atus, to 
 
 t<(ke un oath together, conspire, plot. 
 ias.iuris, n., right, justice, authority; 
 
 CO urt . 
 (iussus, us) [iubeo], m., only in the 
 
 abl. sing, iussu, 1>y order of, com- 
 mand. 
 iustus, a, um [iQs], ndy.just, fair, 
 ] proper, lilting , regular. 
 ■ iuvenilis. e [iuvenis], adj., youthful. 
 iuvenis, e, adj., comp. iunior; young. 
 iuvo. are, iuvi, iiltus, to help, aid. 
 ' iuxta, adv. and prep, with ace, near. 
 luvontius, i, m., 7*. (.1/'.) luventius 
 1 {Thalma), praetor lOT B.C. 
 
202 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 K:il r. Kalendae, arum, pi. f., the 
 Kalends, tlie first day of the mouth. 
 
 Kiirrhag-iniensis. e. adj., Cartha- 
 (/iitiu/i; as subst., Karthaginien- 
 ses, ium, j»l. m., the Cartliagluians. 
 
 Karthago, inis, f., 
 
 1. Ciirthiiye, a city founded by the 
 Phoenicians on tlie noitliern coast 
 of Africa; destroyed by the Romans 
 U(; v..r. 
 
 2. Karthu'io Nova, a city founded 
 by the Carthaginians on the eastern 
 coast of Spain. 
 
 L., abbreviation of the praenomen 
 
 Lucius. 
 L. = 50. 
 labor, oris, m., labor, toil; )nts- 
 
 /nrfltllP. 
 
 laboriosus, a, um [labor], adj.,/^/// 
 
 of labor, laborious, toil.soine; iveari- 
 
 sotne, (lijfirulf. 
 laboro, are, avi, atus [labor], to 
 
 foil, .strire ; be in ditftress ; be 
 
 troubled. 
 Lacedaemonil, orum, pi. m., the 
 
 Liicedaeuionianx, the inhabitants of 
 
 Lacedaemon or Sparta 
 lacrima, ae, f., a tear. 
 lacrimabilis, e [lacrimo, to weep], 
 
 adj., lamentable. 
 laedo, ere, laesi, laesus. to hart, 
 
 injure. 
 Laelianus, i, n»., one of the Thirty 
 
 iyrants; empert>r in (xaul after the 
 
 death of Postumus. 
 Laelius, i, m., C. Laeliuii, consul HK) 
 
 B.( . 
 
 laetitia, ae [laetus, /o?//a/], i.,joy, 
 rejoiciny. 
 
 laetor, ari, atus sum [laetus, joy- 
 ful], to rejoice, be joyful, be ylad. 
 
 Laevinus, i, ni., the name of a 
 Roman family. 
 
 1. L. Valerius {Laevinus), consul 
 206 B.C. 
 
 2. M. Valerius Laevinus, consul 
 210 B.C. 
 
 3. P. Valerius Laevinus, consul 
 280 B.C. 
 
 laevus, a. um, adj., left; as subst., 
 laeva. ae, f., the left ; in laeva. on 
 the left side. 
 
 Lamponius, i, m., a leader of the 
 Marian party in the V\\\l war be- 
 tween Marl us and Sulla. 
 
 languor, oris, m., faintness, feeble- 
 ness, )re<irine.'<s. 
 
 Larcius, i, m., T. Larcius (Flavus), 
 the tirst dictator, 501 b.c. 
 
 largior, iri, itus sum, to give freely, 
 distribute ; bribe. 
 
 largitio, onis [largior], f., liberal- 
 it i/, bribery. 
 
 lascivia, ae [lascivus, .sportive], f., 
 joint If. 
 
 late [latus, broad], adv., broadly, 
 widely; <»/ all sides, far and 
 ivide. 
 
 lateo, ere. ui, — , to lie hid, escape 
 notice. 
 
 Latine, adv.. in Latin. 
 
 Latinus, a, um, adj., Latin, pertain- 
 ing to Latiuni ; as subst., Latini, 
 orum, pi. m., tlte Latins. 
 
 latro, onis, m., a robber, brigand. 
 
 latr5cinor, ari. — [latro]. to be a 
 robber, commit piracy. 
 
 latus. eris. n., a side : fank. 
 
 laudo, are, avi, atus [laus], to 
 praise, connnend. 
 
 laurea, ae, f., the laurel tree. 
 
 laus, laudis, L, praise, fame, glory ; 
 ability, merit. 
 
 lavacrum, i [lavo]. n., bath. 
 
 lavo. are, lavi. lautus, to trash, 
 bathe. 
 
 V(H ABLLARY 
 
 203 
 
 laxo are. avi. atus, to loose, ."ipread 
 init, ri'Ia.!'. 
 
 lecticula, ae [dim. of lectica, 
 rom-h], t'.. a litter; bier. 
 
 lectio, onis [lego], f., a reading. 
 
 legatio, onis [leg5J, f., an enibiis.><y. 
 
 legatus, i [lego], m., ayi ambassador, 
 hgate ; lieutenant, deputy. 
 
 legio, onis [lego], f., a ler/ion. 
 
 lego, ere, legi, lectus, to gather, 
 collect ; select, appoint, c^ioose ; read. 
 con — conlego, ere, legi, lec- 
 tus, to collect, gather; obtain, get, 
 acquire. 
 dis — diligq, ere, lexi, lectus, 
 
 to aingle out, esteem, lore, prize. 
 
 ex — eligo, ere, legi, lectus, to 
 
 jiirk out, choose, select. 
 lenitas, atis [lenis, .so//], f ., .so/Yne.s.s, 
 
 smoothness, gentleness, mildness. 
 leniter [lenis, soft], adv., softly, 
 
 mildly, lightly. 
 Lentulus, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 family. 
 
 1. {L.) Cornelius Lentulus, cous\\\ 
 
 275 B.C. 
 
 2. //. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 
 2o7 B.C. 
 
 .3. P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 
 
 71 B.C. 
 
 leo. onis, m., lion. 
 
 Lepidus, i, m., 3/". Aemilius Lepidus, 
 a member of the Second Triumvi- 
 rate, consul 46 B.C. 
 
 Leptis, is. f , a Phoenician colony in 
 the northern part of Africa. 
 
 levis, e, adj., light, trivial, easy. 
 
 lex. legis. f.. a law, decree. 
 
 libenter [libens, glad], adv., gladly, 
 cheerfully. 
 
 liber, era. erum. adj., free; as 
 subst., liberi. orum, pi. m., chil- 
 dren. 
 
 liberalis. e [liber], adj., //'ep-&or/i, 
 noble : liberal, generous. 
 
 liberalilas. atis [liberalisj. f., gen- 
 
 rrosif y, kindness ; n gift . 
 
 libero, are, avi, atus [liber], to set 
 free, release. 
 
 libertas, atis [liber], f., freedom. 
 
 libertinus, i [libertus], adj. u.sed 
 as subst., m., <( manumitted slave, 
 freednian. 
 
 libertus. i [liber], m., a freedmrni. 
 
 libido, inis [libet, ft pleii.sr.<s], f., 
 pleamire ; lust, wantonness, passion . 
 
 Libo. onis, m., L. Iillins L/V>o, consul 
 267 B.C. 
 
 libra, ae, f ., a pair of .scales ; a pound. 
 
 Liburnus. a. um, adj., o/ or l>elong- 
 ingtothe Liburfiians,an Illyriait peo- 
 ple livinji^ between Histria and Dal- 
 matia : naves Liburnae, li^jht j;al- 
 leys built after a model used l)y tfiem. 
 
 Libya, ae, f., the northern part of 
 .\frica, west of Ejrypt. 
 
 Libyssa. ae. f., a city of Bithynia in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 licet, licere, licuit or licitum est, 
 impers., it is allowed , per nt it fed . 
 
 Licinius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 1. C. Fabius Licinius, consul 273 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2. (P. Flavin.^) Licinius. Romnn 
 emperor ;'>07 -324 a.i>. 
 
 See Crassus, Lucullus, Vale- 
 
 rianus. 
 Ligures. um, pi. m., the people of 
 
 Liguria, a district on the western 
 
 coast of Italy. 
 Lilybaeum, i, n., a town in western 
 
 Sicily. 
 Lingones, um, (ir. ace. Lingonas, 
 
 pi. m., a Celtic people of Gaul. 
 I lis. litis, f., a strife, dispute, quarrel ; 
 
 a suit, action. 
 littera. ae, f., a letter (of the alpha- 
 bet) ; pi., writing^ literature, letters ; 
 
 a letter. 
 
204 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 litus, oris, n., « shore beach. 
 
 Livius, i, in., the name of a Roman 
 jjens. See Salinator. 
 
 loco, are. avi, atus [locus], to place. 
 
 con — conloco, are, avi, atus, 
 
 to place, arranr/o, station, establish. 
 
 locupletator, oris [locupleto, to 
 e/irich], m., <(n viivicher. 
 
 locus, i, pi. loci and loca, m., a placo, 
 spot ; room ; position, rank, condi- 
 tion. 
 
 Lollius, i, m., M. Lollius, consul 21 
 
 B.C. 
 
 longre [lonffus], adv., at a distance, 
 far, by far. 
 
 Longinus, i, m., 
 
 1. V. Cassins Longlnus, consul 
 124 B.C. 
 
 '2. C. Cassias {Lonyinns), mur- 
 derer of Caesar. 
 
 longus, a. um, adj., long, tall; dis- 
 t((nt ; tedious. 
 
 lorica, ae [lorum, « strap], f., a 
 corselet of lentlipr, a coat of mail. 
 
 Lorium, i, n., a town in Etruria. 
 
 Lucani, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- 
 tants of Liicania. 
 
 Lucania, ae, f., a district in southern 
 Italy. 
 
 Lucretia.ae,f.,thewifeofCollatinus. 
 
 Lucretius, i, m.. the name of a Roman 
 .icons. See Tricipitinus. 
 
 luctus, us [lugeo], m., grief, sor- 
 row, mourning. 
 
 Lucullus, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 1. L. Licinius Lucidlus, consul 74 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2. M. Licinius Lucullus, brother 
 of (1). 
 
 lucus. i, m., a sacred grove, grove. 
 ludus, i, m., plag, game ; place of 
 
 training, school. 
 Lugdunum, i, n., a city in Gaul, now 
 
 J^yons. 
 
 lugeo. ere, luxi, luctus, to mourn, 
 b ivail. 
 
 Lusitani, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- 
 tants of Lusitiinia. 
 
 Lusitania, ae, f., a province in the 
 southwest of Spain. 
 
 Lutatius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 gens. See Catulus. 
 
 luxuria, ae, [luxus, excess], f., lux- 
 nnj, extravagance 
 
 Lycia, ae, f., a division of Asia 
 Minor, 
 
 M. 
 
 M., abbreviation of the praenomen 
 Marcus. 
 
 M'., abbreviation of the praenomen 
 Manius. 
 
 Macedo. onis, m., a Macedonian. 
 
 Macedonia, ae, f., an extensive coun- 
 try north of Greece, between Thes- 
 saly and Thrace. 
 
 Macedonicus, a, um, adj., Mace- 
 donian ; a surname of Q. Caecilius 
 Metellus,wIio conquered Macedonia ; 
 also of L. Aemilius Paulus. 
 
 machinor, ari, atus sum, to contrive 
 ski/If al/ff, devise, scheme, plot. 
 
 Macrinus, i, m., (M.) Opilius Macri- 
 71US, Roman emperor 217-218 a.d. 
 
 Madena, ae, f., a part of Armenia. 
 
 Maedi, orum, pi. m., a people of 
 Thrace. 
 
 maeror, oris, m., mourning, sad- 
 ness, grief, sorroio, lamentation. 
 
 magis, adv., comp., more, rather; 
 eo magis, all the more; sup., 
 maxime, greatly, chiefly, exceed- 
 ingly. 
 magister, tri, m.. a master, ruler, 
 teacher; magister equitum, mas- 
 ter of the horse, aid-de-camp of the 
 dictator. 
 Mag-nentianus, a um, adj., belong- 
 ing to or pertaining to Mdgnentius. 
 
 VOCABUL.\HY 
 
 205 
 
 Magnentius, i, m., Roman emperor. 
 
 Magnesia, ae, f., a city of Asia 
 Minor near Mount Sipylns in Lydia. 
 
 magniflcentissime [magniflcus] , 
 adv., sup. of magnifice ; splendidly, 
 very magnificently. 
 
 magniflcus, a, um [magnus + 
 facio], adj., sup. magniflcentis- 
 simus ; splendid, mag niflc*'nt, noble. 
 
 magnitudo, inis [magnus] , [.,mag- 
 nifudp, greatness, size. 
 
 magnus, a, um, adj., comp. maior, 
 sup. maximus ; great, large, abun- 
 dant, powerful. 
 
 Mago. onis, m., the brother of Han- 
 tiihal, captured by Scipio in Spain. 
 
 maiestas, atis [maior j, f., grcat- 
 ??r.s,s, (/randenr, dignity, majesty. 
 
 maior, see magnus. 
 
 Mains, i. m., the month of May; usu- 
 ally as adj.. Mains, a, um, agree- 
 ing with mensis, Kalendae, Ndnae, 
 
 Idi'o'. 
 male [malus]. adv., comp. peius, 
 
 sup. pessime ; badly, ill, unhap- 
 
 p i ly, uw^uc cessfully . 
 malo, see volo, 
 malus, a. um, adj., comp. peior, 
 
 sup. pessimus: bad, evil, hurtful ; 
 
 as subst., malum, i. n., misfortune. 
 Mamaea, ae, f., (rfilia) Mamaea, 
 
 mother of Alexander Severus. 
 Mancinus, i. m., C. Hostilius Manci- 
 
 lius. consul I'M B.C. 
 mando, are, avi, atus [manus + 
 
 do], to commission, command, setid 
 
 word. 
 con -commends, are, avi, 
 
 atus, to commend or commit for 
 protection, infmsf, roromutPtid. 
 
 re — remando, are, avi, atus, to 
 semi back word (very rare), 
 maneo, ere, mansi. mansus, to 
 stay, continue, abide by. 
 
 per — permaneo, ere, mansi, 
 mansurus, ^» mntinae, ren\ain. 
 
 re — remaneo, ere, mansi, to 
 remain behind. 
 Manllius, i, m., M. Manillus, consul 
 
 149 B.C. 
 Manlius. i, m., 
 
 1. A. Mdnlius, consul 241 B.C. 
 
 2. M. Mdnlius, consul 105 B.r. 
 See Censorinus. Torquatus, 
 
 Vulso. 
 mansuetudo, inis [mansuetus, 
 
 tame], f., mildne.<is, gentleness. 
 manumitto, ere. misi. missus 
 
 [manus + mitto], to set free, 
 
 emanci}>ate ; enfranchise. 
 manus, us, f., hand, arm ; band, 
 
 troop : force : combat ; manus con- 
 
 seTere,tojoin battle ; dare manus, 
 i to yield. 
 Marcellus, i, m., the name of a 
 
 famous Roman family. 
 
 1. M. Claudius Marcellus, conaul 
 222 B.C. 
 
 2. {M.) Claudius Marcellus, con- 
 sul l»i<l B.C. 
 
 3. (M.) Claudius Marcellus, con- 
 sul 51 B.C. 
 
 Marcius, i, m., 
 
 1 . Ancus Mdrcius, the fourth king 
 of Rome, (UO-CIG b.<'. 
 
 2. C. Mdrcius, consul 310 B.C. 
 
 3. Q. Mdrcius, surnamed Corio- 
 
 lanus. 
 See Coriolanus. 
 
 Marcomannicus, a, um, adj , be- 
 longing or pertaining to the Mar- 
 cot nannt. 
 
 Marcomedi, orum, pi. ni., a people 
 
 of \v«'stern Asia. 
 i Mardi, orum, pi. m., a powerful, 
 warlike people that dwelt on 
 the southern shore of the Caspian 
 
 sea 
 ! mare, is. n., the sea. 
 
200 
 
 vocabulauv 
 
 a town ill 
 
 I'pper 
 
 Marg-um, i, u. 
 Moesia. 
 
 Marianus, a. urn, adj., belonging or 
 pei'(uh>i)ig to Marias. 
 
 maritimus, a, um [mare], adj., 
 nairihi^, maritime, on the seashore. 
 
 maritus, i [mas, male], ni., a hus- 
 band. 
 
 Marius, i, m., the name of a family 
 at Koine. 
 
 1. C. Marius, seven times consul, 
 leader of the democratic party in 
 the Civil war between him and Sulla. 
 See Xote.s, p. 137. 
 
 2. C. Marius, sou of (1). Consul 
 82 B.C. 
 
 3. M. Aurelius Marius, one of the 
 Thirty Tyrants. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m., the Roman god of 
 
 war. 
 
 Marsi, orum, pi. ni., a hrave and 
 warlike .Sabellian people, who dwelt 
 in the mountains of central Italy. 
 Martius, a, um, adj., pertaining to 
 
 Mars. 
 Martius, i, m., the month of March : 
 usually used as an adj., Martius, 
 a, um, agreeing with jnfnsis, Kal- 
 endac, Nona.p, hh'is. 
 Masinissa, ae, m., a king of Nu- 
 midia, an ally of the Romans. i 
 
 Massilia,ae, f.. a city in Gaul, modern \ 
 
 Marseilles. 
 mater, tris, f , mother. 
 maternus, a, um [mater], adj., of 
 a mother, mother'.^ ; maternal, on 
 the mother's sido. 
 matrimonium, i [mater], n., mar- 
 riage: pi. wives. 
 matrona, ae [mater], f., « matron, \ 
 woman. 
 
 Mauretania, ae. f., a district on the ' 
 northwestern coast of Africa, em- 
 bracing parts of modern Morocco 
 and Algiers. 
 
 Maxentius, i, m. (3/. Aurelius Va- 
 lerius) Mu.rentius, Roman emperor 
 3(M)-312 A.D. 
 
 maxime, see magis. 
 
 Maximianus, i, ni., 
 
 1. Gdlerius ( Valerius) Maximia- 
 nus, Roman emperor, 305-311 a.d. 
 
 2. (M. Aurelius Valerius) Maxi- 
 mianus, surnamed Herculins, Ro- 
 man emperor 28(^-305 a.d. 
 
 Maximinus, i, m., 
 
 1. (C. Julius Verus) Mftximinus, 
 Roman emperor 23o-2:>8 a.d. 
 
 2. Gdlerius (Valerius) M(7ximi- 
 )ni.^, Roman emperor ;)0r)-314 a.d. 
 
 Maximus, i, ni., 
 
 1. Q. Fablus Maximus, consul six 
 times. 
 
 2. Q. Fabius Maximus, defeated 
 by the Samnites 2*)2 b.c. 
 
 3. Q. Fabius Maximus {Cunctd- 
 tor), five times consul. 
 
 maximus, see mag-nus. 
 
 Mazaca, ae, f., a city in Cappadocia, 
 
 later called Caesarea ad Argue um 
 
 from Mount Argaeus upon which it 
 
 stood. 
 
 medicus. i [medeor. to heal], m., a 
 
 })}ujfiician, surgeon. 
 medie [medius], adv., in the middle, 
 
 mailoratchi, (olerabhf. 
 medietas, atis [medius], f., the 
 
 middle, place in the middle, midst. 
 mediocris. ere [medius], adj., com- 
 mon, moderate, mediocre. 
 Mediolanum, I. n , a city in Cisal- 
 pine (tuuI, modern Milan, 
 medius, a, um, adj., in the middle, 
 middle, viidst of; as subst., me- 
 dium, i, n., middle, midst, space be- 
 tween. 
 melior, see bonus, 
 melius, .see bene. 
 
 Memmius, i, m.. L Memmius, con- 
 sul 151 n.c. 
 
 VOCABr 
 
 MIX 
 
 memorabilis, e [memoro. to bring 
 to mind], adj., worth telling, re- 
 markable. 
 
 memoria, ae [memor, mi)id/ul], f., 
 iio-mon/ ; report, record, time, age. 
 
 mens, mentis, f., the miml; disposi- 
 tion; 7'easo}). 
 
 mensis, is. m., a month. 
 
 mentio, onis, f., mention. 
 
 mentum, i, n., the chi)i. 
 
 mereo, ere, ui, itus, to get, earn, 
 deserve : serre. 
 
 mergo, ere, mersi, mersus, to dip, 
 plunge, ,^iuk. 
 
 de — demerge, ere. mersi, 
 mersus, to sink. 
 
 merito [meritum, desert], adv., de- 
 .'iercedlg,justlii. 
 
 Mesopotamia, ae, f., Mesopotamia, 
 a division of Asia between the Eu- 
 phrates and Tigris rivers. 
 
 Messala. ae, m., M. (.!/'.) Valerius 
 (Messdla). consul 2<I3 b.c. 
 
 Messenii, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- 
 tants of Messene, an island in the 
 Tigris river. 
 
 -met, an intensive enclitic particle, 
 
 self. 
 
 Metellus. i, m., the name of a promi- 
 nent family at Home. 
 
 1. C. Caecilius Metellus, consul 
 113 B c. 
 
 2. L. Caecilius Metellus, consul 
 251 B.C. 
 
 3. L. Caecilius Metellus, consul 
 123 B.C. 
 
 4. {Q. Caeciliu.'i) Metellus Mace- 
 don icus, consul 143 B.C. 
 
 5. Q. C<tecilius Metellus (Numidi- 
 cus), consul 109 n c. 
 
 (). Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, 
 consul OU B.C. 
 
 7. //. (Caecilius) Metellus, carried 
 on war against Mithradates. 
 
 H. M. (Caecilius) Metellus. 
 
 metus. lis, \n.,fear, dread. 
 Micipsa, ae, m., king of Numidia, 
 the eldest of the sons of Masinissa. 
 migro, are, avi, atus. to migrate, 
 
 reniori' . 
 
 miles, itis, m. and f., a soldier. 
 
 mlliarium, i, n., a milestone, mile. 
 
 militaris, e [miles], adj., military: 
 as sub.st., « .soldier: res militaris. 
 the art of war, military operations. 
 
 militia, ae [miles], f.. military ser- 
 vice. 
 
 milito, are, avi, atus [miles], to be 
 a soldier, wage war. 
 
 mille, indecl. num. adj., a thousand; 
 as subst. with pari, gen., milia, um, 
 1)1. n., thousand, thousands. 
 
 millesimus. a, um [mille], num. 
 adj.. thi>ns((udt]i. 
 
 minax, acis [minor, to threaten], 
 adj.. threatening. 
 
 minime, see parum. 
 
 minimus, see parvus. 
 
 miinister, tri, m., an attendant, ser- 
 vant. 
 
 minor, us, see parvus. 
 
 Minucius, i,m.. the name of a Roman 
 gens. See Rufus. 
 
 minuo, ere, i, utus [minus], to )i>akc 
 .small, diminish, reduce 
 de — deminuo, ere, i, utus. to 
 I make snmller, le.^isen. diminish. 
 
 minus, adv., see parum. 
 
 mirabilis. e [miror], adj., wonderful. 
 I miror, ari, atus sum, to iconder at, 
 
 be astonished. 
 ' ad— admiror. ari. atus sum. 
 i to iconder at, admire. 
 
 Mithradates, is, m , surnamed the 
 Great, kin^ of Pontus 12(m;;! b.c. 
 
 Mithradaticus, a. um, adj., per- 
 taining to Mithradates. 
 
 mitis, e, adj., mild, kind, placid. 
 
 mitto. ere. misi. missus, to soid, 
 1 dispatch , throw, shoot ; let go. 
 
208 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ab — amitto, ere, mici, missus, 
 to send aiimy, lose ; dismiss. 
 
 ad — admitto, ere, misi, missus, 
 to permit, admit, c/ive audience to. 
 
 con — committo, ere, misi, 
 missus, to send or brinr/ together, 
 join: intrnst connnif, hrinrj ahoiit, 
 canae, allovj : pugnam or proe- 
 lium committere. io hvgin battle. 
 dis- dimitto, ere, misi, mis- 
 sus, to send aioay, dismiss; give 
 up, abandon. 
 
 inter — intermitto. ere, misi, 
 missus, to send between, interpose, 
 interrupt: stop, cease. 
 
 per — permitto, ere, misi, mis- 
 sus, to let pass: permit, allow. 
 
 praeter— praetermitto, ere, 
 misi, missus, to permit to go by, 
 let pass, let go : omit, neglect. 
 
 pro — promitto, ere, misi, mis- 
 sus, to put forward; promise, 
 assure. 
 
 re — remitto, ere, misi, mis- 
 sus, to send back, relax ; abate. 
 moderate [moderatus], adv., sup. 
 moderatissime ; with moderation, 
 vi'uh'ratc ij . 
 moderatio, onis [moderor], f., 
 
 )i)i>dprafio)}, se//-ro))tr()l. 
 moderator, oris [moderor], m., a 
 
 manager, governor, director. 
 moderatus, a, um [moderor], adj., 
 
 self-control led, temperate, modest. 
 moderor, ari. atus sum [modus], 
 ^> .v('/ bounds to, check, restrict, 
 regulate. 
 modestia, ae [modestus], f., mod- 
 eration; shame, modesty; sense of 
 honor, dignity. 
 modestus. a. um [modus], adj., 
 keeping due measure, moderate, 
 7nodest, temperate. 
 modicus, a, um [modus], adj., 
 suiall, moderate. 
 
 modius, i [modus], m., a measure, 
 peck. 
 
 modo [modus], adv., only; Just 
 now, lately ; modo . . . modo, at 
 one time . . . at another, noic . . . 
 now; non modo . . . sed etiam, 
 not only . . . but also. 
 
 modus, i, m., measure, limit, end; 
 ^''(ly, manner. 
 
 Moesia, ae, f., the modern Bulgaria 
 and Servia, divided into Moesia 
 Superior and Inferior ; hence the pi., 
 Moesiae. 
 
 Mogontiacum, i. n., a city in Belgic 
 (laul, modern Mainz. 
 
 molestus, a, um [moles, mass], 
 adj., troublesome, annoying, vexa- 
 tious. 
 
 molior, iri, itus sum [moles, mass], 
 to struggle, toil ; undertake, attempt. 
 mollis, e, adj., goitle, smooth; yield- 
 ing. 
 moneo, ere, ui, itus, to advise, warn, 
 
 remind. 
 monetarius, i [moneta, mint], m., 
 
 a minter, coiner. 
 mons, montis, m., a mountain, hill, 
 
 height. 
 monumentum, i [moneo], n., a 
 
 monum'ut, record; i >mb. 
 moratus, a, um [mos], adj., man- 
 nered, of morals, comtitated ; char- 
 acteristic. 
 morbus, i, m., sickness, disease. 
 morior, mori, mortuus sum, to die. 
 moror, ari, atus sum [mora, delay], 
 
 to delay, waif. 
 mors, mortis [morior], f., death. 
 mos, moris, m., « custom, habit; 
 manner, fashion; pi., customs, 
 character. 
 motus, us [moveo], m., motion, dis- 
 turbance, revolt. 
 moveo, ere, movi, motus, to move, 
 remove ; influence, excite. 
 
 VOCABULAllY 
 
 209 
 
 con — commoveo, ere, movi, 
 motus, to arouse, disturb, move, 
 influence. 
 
 re — removeo, ere, m5vi, mo- 
 tus, to remove, put aside, dismiss, 
 V)ithdrau\ 
 
 sub — submoveo, ere, movi, 
 motus, to drive of, dislodge. 
 
 mox, adv., soon, directly, then. 
 
 Mucins, i, m., see Scaevola. 
 
 muliebris, e [mulier, a woman], 
 ml]., pertaining to a woman, woman- 
 like. 
 
 multitudo, inis [multus], f., (/ mul- 
 titude. 
 
 mult5, are, avi, atus [multa, <( 
 flne], to flue, deprive ; punish , con- 
 demn. 
 
 multo [multus], adv., by far, much. 
 
 multus, a, um, adj., comp. plus, 
 sup. plU-rimus; much, many a; 
 pi., many. 
 
 Mulvius, a, um. adj., Mulvian: 
 Mulvius pons, the Mulvian hridge, 
 about two miles north of Rome. 
 
 Mummius. i. m., L. Mununiu.'i, the 
 conqueror of Corinth ; consul 14G 
 
 V..C. 
 
 Munda, ae, f ., a Roman colony in the 
 .^outh of Spain, where a battle was 
 fought in 45 b.( . between Caesar and 
 the Pompeians. 
 
 munio. ire, ivi (il), itus [moenia, 
 walls], to fortify, secure, guard. 
 
 miinus. eris, n., duty, service; pres- 
 ent, gift. 
 
 Miirena, ae. m., L. (Licinius) Mh- 
 rfuii, consul (52 B.C. 
 
 murrinus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to the stone murra, murine. 
 
 Mursa, ae, f., a town in Pannonia. 
 
 murus. i, m., a wall. 
 
 Mus, Muris, m.,(P.) Decius Mus,cou- 
 sul 27'. • n.c. 
 
 muto, are, avi. atus. (<> change. 
 
 ll-iVZ. Kl TKOl'ILS — 14 
 
 N. 
 
 Nabis. idis, m., tyrant of Sparta. 
 
 nactus, sec nanciscor. 
 
 nam, con j., /or, but. 
 
 nanciscor, i, nactus sum. to get, 
 
 (>ht>'i II . 
 
 Narbo, onis, m., a city in the south- 
 ern part of Gaul. 
 
 narratio, onis [narro, to tell], f., a 
 relating, iiarrative. 
 
 Narseus, i, m., king of Persia, 294- 
 ;•»<•;? A.D. 
 
 Nasica, s<'e Scipio. 
 
 nascor, i, natus sum, to be born; 
 spring from, arise. 
 
 natio, onis [nascor], f., nation, tribe, 
 people. 
 
 natura, ae [natus], i., nature, dis- 
 jiosition ; .'<ituati'>ii. 
 
 natus, a, um [nascor]. a<lj.. lit. 
 born ; with annos and numerals, 
 old. 
 
 naufragium. i [navis + frango], 
 n., .*ihipwreck, ruin. 
 
 navalis. e [navis], adj., naval. 
 
 navigatio, 6nis [navigo], f., a voy- 
 ogp : narigoti'm . 
 
 navigo, are. avi, atus [navis + 
 ago], to ."ioil, navigate. 
 
 navis, is, f., ship, vessel; navis 
 longa. war ship, galley: navis 
 oneraria, transport. 
 
 ne. 1, adv., not: ne . . . quidem, 
 not even, not at all; 2, conj., in 
 order that not, lest, not to, for fear 
 that. 
 
 ne, enclitic interrog. particle, used 
 (1) in direct questions, and then 
 translatable only by the intlection 
 of the voice; (2), as conj. with in- 
 direct (jucstions, whether. 
 
 nee, see neque. 
 
 necessarius, a, um [necesse, neces- 
 sary], adj., neces.sary, indispcnsa- 
 
 I 
 
210 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 hie ; as subst., an intimate friend, 
 
 relative. 
 necessittido, inis [necesse, 7ieces- 
 
 ''oiri/], i., fri'udxhqi, /iitiniaci/. 
 negligenter [neg-legens, heedless], 
 
 adv., heedlessly, earelessly, neyli- 
 
 (lently. 
 nego, are, avi, atus, to say no, deny, 
 
 refns!'. 
 neg-otium, i [nee + otium], n., husi- 
 
 iie^'s ; toil, hdji>r, trouble. 
 nemo, inis fne + homo], m. and f., 
 
 })o one. 
 Nepotianus, i, m . (Flavins Popilins) , 
 
 Nepotidmis, Roman emperor for 28 
 
 days in .'ioO a.d. 
 nepos, Otis, m., cpruuhon; nephew 
 
 (late): pi., descendants. 
 nequaquam [ne + quaquam, any- 
 
 ichere], adv., not at all, by no 
 
 means. 
 neque or nee [ne + quej, adv. and 
 
 von]., and not, but not, nor, nor yet; 
 
 neque (nee) . . . neque (nee), 
 
 neither . . . nor. 
 Nero, onis, m., 
 
 1. Nerd {(Jhualias t'lpsar ])ru<us 
 Genndnicns), Roman emperor 54- 
 
 68 A.D. 
 
 2. Appius Claudius Xerd, consul 
 207 B.C. 
 
 XorSnianus. a, Mm,3id].,helon<jing 
 or pertaiiiiny to Nero; Neronianae 
 f'lermae. 
 
 Nerva, ae. m. (J/. Cocceins), Xerva, 
 Roman emperor VXI-OS v.n. 
 
 neuter, tra, trum [ne + uter], 
 pron., neither (of two). 
 
 nex. necis. t, death ; murder, slaugh- 
 ter. 
 
 NIeomedenses, ium, pi. m., thein- 
 hab'tonts of Xlcomedia. 
 
 Nicomedia, ae, f., the capital city 
 of Bithynia in Asia Minor. 
 
 Nicomedis, is, m., 
 
 1. Surnamed Epi plumes, king of 
 Bithynia, 149-!>1 B.C. 
 
 2. Surnamed Philopator, kinj^ of 
 Bithynia, 91-74 B.C. 
 
 Niger, gri, m. (C.) Pescennins Xiger, 
 
 Roman emperor 1<);)-194 a.d. 
 nihil [ne + hilum, a ^/v^fe], n., indecl., 
 
 nothing, )n>t at all. 
 Nilus, i, m., the river Nile. 
 nimietas, atis [nimius], f., a too 
 
 great number or quantity; super- 
 
 fuity, excess. 
 nimis, adv., too luuch, very, exces- 
 
 sirely. 
 nimius, a, um [nimisj, adj., too 
 
 )nuch, too great, excessive. 
 nisi [ne + si], couj., if not, unless, 
 
 exrppt. 
 Nisibis, is, f., a city in Mesopotamia, 
 nitor, i, nisus or nixus sum. to 
 
 strive, aft' nipt ■ rely upon. 
 ad— adnitor, i, nisus or nixus 
 
 sum, to lean against or upon ; 
 
 strive. 
 Nobilior, oris, m., a celebrated 
 
 Roman family. 
 
 1. M. Fulvius (Xobilior), consul 
 189 B.C. 
 
 2. Ser. Fulvius Xobilior, consul 
 255 B.C. 
 
 nobilis, e [n5sc6], adj., noted, nota- 
 ble ; renowned, noble. 
 
 nobilitas. atis [nobilis], f., rcnoicn, 
 n ability ; the nn'ilps. 
 
 nobiliter [nobilis], adv., famously, 
 exroUontly, ,^ph';-(Iidhi . nobly. 
 
 noeturnus, a, um [noxj, adj., by 
 night, nocturnal. 
 
 Nola, ae, f., a city in Campania in 
 Italy. 
 
 nolo, see volo. 
 
 nomen, inis [nosco], n., a name; 
 (O'covnt ; pretense; authority. 
 
 Nomentanus, a, um, adj., pertain- 
 ing to Xomentum, a Sabine city. 
 
 VOCAlU'LAi; 
 
 -11 
 
 nomino, are, avi, atus [nomen], 
 
 to name, call, mention. 
 non, adv., not, no. 
 Nonae, arum. pi. f., the Xones, the 
 
 seventh of March, May, July, and 
 
 October, and the tifth of other 
 
 months, 
 nonagesimus, a, um [nonaginta], 
 
 num. adj., ninetieth. 
 nonaginta, indecl. num. adj., ninety. 
 nonnullus, a, um [non + nullus]. 
 
 adj., so)ne, sPvpraJ. 
 nonus, a, vim [novem]. num. adj., 
 
 ninth . 
 Norbanus, i, m. (C) Xorbdnus, con- 
 sul 83 B.C. 
 Noricum. i, n., a Roman province 
 
 south of the Danub(\ 
 nosco, ere. novi. notus, to come to 
 
 knoiv, become acquainted with: in 
 
 perf. systimi. to I- non-. 
 ad — agnosco, ere, gnovi, gni- 
 
 tus, to recognize. 
 con — eognosco, ere, eognovi. 
 
 cognitus, to learn, perceive, under- 
 stand. 
 re + con — recognoseo, ere, 
 
 gnovi. gnitus, to n-coll, recogiiize. 
 noster, tra, trum [nos], adj., our, 
 
 our own. 
 notabilis, e [noto, to mark], adj., j 
 
 noteworthy, con.yjicuous, notable. 
 notus, a, um [nosco], adj., well 
 
 kmnrn, familiar. 
 novem, num. adj., nine. 
 noverea, ae, f., stepmother. 
 novus, a, um, ad'}., fresh, new, young, 
 
 recent : novae res, a revolution. 
 nox. noetis, f., nir/ht. 
 niibo. ere. nupsi. nuptus, to veil 
 
 o//r'.s- so/f, niiirry. 
 nudo, are, avi, atus [nudus], to 
 
 iiKike bare, strip, crpose. 
 nudus. a, um, a<lj.. nukf'd, bare. 
 nullus, a, um [ne -r ullus] (gen. 
 
 nullius, dat. nuUi), adj., 7io7ie, no ; 
 
 as subst., no one. 
 Numa, ae, m., see Pompilius. 
 Numantia. ae, f., a city in Spain. 
 Numantini, orum, pi. m., th'' i/i- 
 
 hobit(i/i(s (f Xuinantia. 
 numen, inis [nuo, to nod], n., (( 
 
 divinity, power. 
 numer6sus,a, um [numerus],adj., 
 
 in fall numbers, numerous, vumi- 
 
 fold. 
 Numerianus, i, m., the younger of 
 
 tlic i\vo sons of the emperor Cams, 
 numerus, i, m., nu)nber, account, 
 
 character, rank. 
 Nximidae, arum, pi. m., the Xunii- 
 
 diuns. 
 Numidia. ae, f., a country of north- 
 ern Africa, west of Carthage, 
 nummus, i, m., money; coin: ses- 
 terce (= 4.1 cents). 
 numquam [ne fumquam], adv., 
 
 never. 
 nunc, adv., at the present moment, 
 
 n(nt\ 
 nuncupo. are, avi, atus [nomen 
 
 -4- capio], to r<dl, c(t/l by nonu'. 
 nuntio, are, avi, atus [nuntius], 
 
 to tell, announce, report. 
 de — deniintio, are, avi, atus, to 
 
 announce, denounce, order, threaten. 
 pro — pronlintio, are, avi, 
 
 atus, to tell, declare, recite, appoint. 
 nuntius, i, m., a messenger ; message 
 nusquam [ne f usquam] , adv., 710- 
 
 U'lurc. ill no place. 
 nuto, are. avi. atus, to nod; waver, 
 
 be ready to give way. 
 
 O. 
 
 ob, prep, with ace, to, towards; for 
 
 ou account (f, by reason of. 
 obeo. .see eo. 
 obicio, see *iaci6. 
 
o^ o 
 
 vor MU'LAPvY 
 
 obitus, us [obeo], m., destruction, 
 
 oboedio, see audio. {death. 
 
 obscene [obscenus, Ul-o)nened] , 
 adv., sup. obscenissime ; immod- 
 estly, indecent I If. 
 
 obscenitas, atis [obscenus, ill- 
 omened], f., moral impurity, foul- 
 ness, unchasfity, lewdness, obscenity . 
 
 obscure [obscurus], adv., comp. 
 obscurius, sup. obscurissime ; 
 <)hsc}irely. 
 
 obscurus, a, um, adj., dark, obscure; 
 if/noble, mean, loiv. 
 
 obsecro, see *sacro. 
 
 obsequor, see sequor, 
 
 obses. idis [obsideoj, m. and f., a 
 lioattnie. 
 
 obsideo, see sedeo. 
 
 obsidio, onis [obside5], f,, a fiier/i\ 
 
 obtempero, are, avi, atus [tem- 
 pero, to so/ten], to submit. 
 
 obtineo, see teneo. 
 
 obvius, a, urn [ob-f via], adj., in 
 the icay, meeting/ ; with esse, fieri, 
 or venire, to mpvt. 
 
 occasio, onis [occido, to happen], 
 f., an ocrasio)i, opportunity. 
 
 Occidens, tis [occido], m. (sc. sol), 
 the settinr/sun.theWest, the Occident. 
 
 occid5, see caedo. 
 
 occulo. ere. cului, cultus, to cover, 
 cover over ; hide, conceal. 
 
 occulto, are. avi, atus [freq. of 
 occulo], to hide, conceal; secrete. 
 
 occultus, a, um [occulo], adj.yhid- 
 den, secret, concealed. 
 
 occupo, are, avi. atus [ob -f 
 capi5], to take possession of, seize, 
 hold, occupy; attack, employ. 
 
 occurro, see curro. 
 
 Oceanus, i, m,, the Atlantic and its 
 divisions in contrast with the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. 
 
 Octaviana. ae, f., sister of Octavi- 
 anus and wife of M. Antonius. 
 
 Octavianus, i, m., see Caesar, Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 Octavius, i, m., C. Octdvius, consul 
 87 B.C. 
 
 octavus, a, um [octo], num. adj., 
 eif/hth. 
 
 octing-entesimus, a, um [octin- 
 genti], num. adj., eit/ht hundredth. 
 
 octingenti, ae, a [octo + centum], 
 num. adj., c<(/ht liandred. 
 
 octo, indecl. num. adj., eiqlit. 
 
 octodecim [octo + decern] , indecl. 
 num. adj., eiffhteen. 
 
 octogesimus, a, um [octoginta], 
 num. adj., eightieth. 
 
 octoginta [octo], indecl. num. adj., 
 eifjlity. 
 
 oculus, i, m., the eye. 
 
 Odenathus, i, m., ruler of Palmyra. 
 He checked the incursions of the 
 Persians, and was honored with the 
 title of Augustus by Gallienus. 
 
 odeum, i, n., a public building de- 
 sifjned for musical performances, 
 odeon. 
 
 odium, i [odi, to hate], n., hatred, 
 aversion. 
 
 odor, oris, m., odor, stench. 
 
 Oenomaus, i, m . , a leader of the gladi- 
 ators who revolted with .Si)artacus. 
 
 offensa, ae, f., disfavor, offense, ha- 
 tred, enmity. 
 
 offero, see fero. 
 
 officium, i [opus + facio], n., ser- 
 vice, favor ; duty, office. 
 
 Ogulnius, i, m., Q. Ogulnius, consul 
 2G9 B.C. 
 
 olim [ole, old form of ille], adv., 
 formerly. 
 
 Olympias, adis, f., an Olympiad, 
 the space of four years intorveni?ig 
 between the games at Olympus. 
 The period wjis used in assigning 
 dates, the first Olympiad beginning 
 in 770 B.C. 
 
 VOCAHULARY 
 
 213 
 
 Olympus, i, m.. a city in Lycia in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 omen, inis, n., a foreboding, prog- 
 nostication, omen. 
 
 omnino [omnis], adv., in all, alto- 
 gether, only, in general ; at all. 
 
 omnis, e, adj., every, all. 
 
 opera, ae [opus], f., work, pains, 
 aid; operam dare, .<o attend to, 
 
 • a.tsist, aid. 
 
 opifex, ficis [opus+facio], m., 
 workman, artisan. 
 
 opinor. ari. atus sum, to think, be- 
 lie re. . 
 
 oppidum, i, n., a walled town. 
 
 Oppius, i, m., see Sabinus. 
 
 opprimo, see premo. 
 
 oppugnatio, onis [oppugno], f., 
 an assault, attack, siege. 
 
 oppugno, see pugno. 
 
 (ops), opis, f., power, help ; pi. opes, 
 um, ir<'alth, resources. 
 
 optimus. see bonus. 
 
 opto, are, avi, atus, to hope, 
 desire. 
 
 ad — adopto, are. avi, atus, to 
 adopt. 
 
 opulentus, a, um [ops], adj., rich, 
 vcultliy . 
 
 opus, operis, n., work, business, 
 need : forfitieation. 
 
 orator, oris [oro], m., an orator, 
 amt)as,<iador. 
 
 orbis, is, m., circle ; orbis terrae or 
 terrarum, thp world. 
 
 orbitas, atis [orbus, destitute], {., 
 hereo rente lit , orphanage. 
 
 Orchades, um, pi. f., a group of 
 islands north of Scotland, now Ork- 
 ney Islands. 
 
 ordinarius, a, um [ordino], a<lj., 
 of order, usual, regular, ordinary. 
 
 ordino. are, avi. atus [ordo], to 
 arrange, regulate. 
 
 ord5, inis, f., an order, rank, row. 
 
 Orestes, is, m., (Jn. Aufidius Orestes, 
 consul 73 B.C. 
 
 Oriens, entis [orior], m. (sc. sol), 
 the rising sun, the East, the Orient. 
 
 origo, inis [orior], f., an origin, 
 source, pedigree. 
 
 orior. iri. ortus sum, to rise, begin, 
 spring from . 
 
 oriundus, a, um [orior], adj., de- 
 scended, sprung from, originating, 
 born. 
 
 ornamentum, i [orno, to fit out], 
 n., a preparation ; decoration, orna- 
 ment, jewel. 
 
 oro, are, avi, atus [6s. mouth], to 
 I' ray, bef/, cnfreat. 
 
 ad — adoro, are, avi, atus, to 
 sH]>plicate ; icor.ship, reverence. 
 
 Orodes, is, m.. a king of the Parthi- 
 ans, conquered by Pompey. 
 
 OS, ossis, n.. a bone. 
 
 Osdroena. ae, f., Osroenc, a district 
 in the west of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Osdroeni, orum, jd. m., the in- 
 habitants of O.sdroena. 
 
 ostendo. see tendo. 
 
 ostiatim, adv., from door to door, 
 front house to house. 
 
 ostium, i [OS, mouth], m., the mouth 
 of' (I rirer. 
 
 Otacilius, i, m., (T.) Otdcilius Cras- 
 sus, consul 2(».'i b.c, 
 
 Otho, onis, u)., (M. Salvias) Otho, 
 Roman emperor from January 15 to 
 April 1«), (>[) A.D. 
 
 otium, i, n., leisure; ease, idlcTiess ; 
 nsi, peace. 
 
 ovo, are, — , — , to ejrult, rejoice; re- 
 ceive an ovation, triumph. 
 
 P., abbreviation of tlie praenomen 
 
 Publius. 
 paco, are, avi, atus [pax] , topmcify, 
 
 make peaceful. 
 
 i 
 
214 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 '^- 
 
 rr.r AT^n. \iiy 
 
 21') 
 
 Pacorus, i, in., pon of Orodesl., king 
 
 of Piirthia. 
 Paelig-ni, orum, pi. m., a Sabine 
 
 people dwelling; in central Ttaly. 
 paene, ailv., ohnost, nearly. 
 Palaeopharsalus, i, f., a city in 
 
 Thessaly where (ae.sar defeated 
 
 Pompey 4H B.C. It is {generally 
 
 written Pliarsalns. 
 Palaestina, ae, f , Palestine. 
 palam, adv., openJu, publicly. 
 Palatinus, i (sc. mons), adj., the 
 
 fdjiitinr Hill. 
 Palatium, i, n., the Palatine Hill: 
 
 the imperial palace, which was on 
 
 the hill, 
 pallium, i, n., a Grecian cloak, 
 
 mantle. 
 palus, udis. f., a marsh, fen. 
 Pamphylia, ae, f.,a division of Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 Pannonia, ae. f,, one of the most im- 
 portant provinces of Rome, lying 
 
 between the Danube and the Alps. 
 Pannonicus, a, um, adj., pertaining 
 
 to Pannonia. 
 Pannonii, 5runi, pi. m., the inhab- 
 
 ifdiifs of Pannonia. 
 Pansa, ae, m. (C Vibius), Piinsa, 
 
 consul 43 B.C. 
 Panticapaeuni, i. n., a city in the 
 
 modern Crimea. 
 Paphlagon, onis. m , a. Paphlago- 
 
 nian. 
 Paphlag-onia. ae, f., a division of 
 
 \<ia Minor on the Black Sea. 
 Pai)irius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. See Carbo. Cursor, 
 parens, entis [pario], m. and f., a 
 father or mother, parent; relative 
 
 (late). 
 pareo, ere, ui, — , to appear; obey, 
 
 f<erre. 
 
 ad — appareo, ere, ui, — , to be- 
 come visible, appear; serve. 
 
 con — compareo, ere, ui, — , to 
 
 appear, shoir nur'.'t self. 
 
 *pari6, ere, peperi, partus, to give 
 birth to, bring forf It. 
 
 ab — aperio, ire, ui, tus, to nn- 
 corer, ban; njicn, disclose. 
 
 con— comperio, ire, peri, per- 
 tus, to fntl out, learn. 
 
 re — reperio, ire, repperi, re- 
 pertus, to Jind (again), meet iriffu, 
 <lis('(n'er. 
 
 paro, are, avi, atus, to make ready, 
 
 prepare ; rcsolrc. /ihin : get. acquire. 
 
 con — compar5, are, ayi, atus, 
 
 to make ready, prepare; obtain, 
 
 procure. 
 
 prae — praeparo, are, avi, 
 atus, to make ready beforehand, 
 provide. 
 
 re — reparo, are. avi. atus, to 
 rene)''. 
 
 parricidium, i [pater + caedo], n., 
 murder of a father, parricide. 
 
 pars, partis, f., a part, number; dis- 
 trict ; side, direction ; party, faction. 
 
 Parthenius, i, ra., the slayer of 
 Domitinn. 
 
 Parthenopolis, is, f ., a city in Lower 
 Moosia on the Black Sea. 
 
 Parthl, orum, pi, m., a Scythian peo- 
 ple southeast of the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Parthicus, a, um, adj., belonging to 
 Parthia, cognomen of Septimius 
 SeviJnis. 
 
 Parthomasiris. is, m., king of Ar- 
 menia. 
 
 partim [pars], adv., partly. 
 
 partus, us [pari5], m., a bringing 
 forth, delivery, birth*; progeny. 
 
 parum, adv., too little, not enough; 
 comp., minus, le.^x, by no meaiis, 
 not ; sup., minime, least of all, by 
 no means, not at all; as a subst., 
 parum, indecl. n., too little, not 
 enough. 
 
 parvus, a, um, adj., little, .<imall ; 
 comp., minor. smaller, less ; 
 younger (sc. natQ) ; sup., mini- 
 mus, smallest, least. 
 
 pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, to feed ; 
 of animals, to graze, broiose. 
 
 passus, us [passus from pando. 
 to spread], m., a step, pace; 
 mille passuum, pi. milia pas- 
 suum, a lioman mile - 4S.")4 Eng- 
 lish feet. 
 
 patefacio. ere, feci, factus [pateo 
 + faciOj, to lay open, di.scfose, 
 bring to light. 
 
 pateo, ere, ui, — , to be open, extend, 
 be manifest. 
 
 pater, tris, m., a father, ancestor. 
 
 paternus, a, um [pater], adj., 
 fiitltcrly, of <i father. 
 
 patior, pati. passus sum, to safer, 
 bear, endure: experience ; allow, 
 permit. 
 
 per — perpetior. i. pessus sum, 
 to endure, he putieut under. 
 
 patria, ae [pater], f., fatherland, 
 
 eouiitrii. hoiue. 
 patrimonium, i [pater], n., inherit- 
 ance, patrimony, property. 
 patro, are, avi, atus, to carry out, 
 
 perform, execute. 
 patruelis, e [patruus], adj., of a 
 
 fatlier's brof/ier, child (f a father's 
 
 brother: as subst., a cousin. 
 patruus, i [pater] . m., of a father's 
 
 brother, paternal uncle. 
 paucus, a, um. [n\].,feio, little. 
 paulisper [paulum, by a little], 
 
 adv., a short time. 
 paulus, a, um. adj., little, small: as 
 
 sub.st., paulum. i, n., a little, tritte : 
 
 abl., paulo, by a little. 
 Paulus, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 family. 
 1. L. Aemilius Paulus, consul 
 
 216 B.C. 
 
 2. L. Aemilius Paulus, surnamed 
 Macedonicus, consul 168 b.c. 
 
 3. M. Aemilius Paulus, consul 255 
 B.( . 
 
 pauper, eris, m\j.,poor. 
 
 pax, pacis, f., peace. 
 
 pectus, oris, n., the breast. 
 
 pecunia, ae [pecus, cattb-], f., 
 money. 
 
 pedes, itis [pes] . m., a foot .soldier, 
 infintr/f. 
 
 pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, to drive 
 out or ((way, erpel ; defeat, rout. 
 
 ad — appello, are, avi, atus, to 
 call, address, name : appeal to : ac- 
 cuse. 
 
 con — compello, ere, pu'' pul- 
 sus, to drive together, collect : force, 
 compel. 
 
 ex — expello, ere, puli, pulsus, 
 to drive out or away, expel, dis- 
 lodge. 
 
 in — impello, ere, puli. pulsus, 
 to urge on, iudte, impel. 
 
 pendeo, ere, pependi, — , to Jtaug, 
 
 be .'<usjtcudeil : re.^t , depend. 
 
 penetro, are, avi, atus [penitus], 
 
 to enter, penetrate. 
 penitus, adv., inwardly, v^ithin : 
 
 deeply, completely. 
 per, prep, with ace. (1) of place, 
 
 til rough, ((cro.ss, over, througJiout : 
 
 (2) of time, through, during : (3) of 
 
 means or agency, by means of, by 
 ! the agency of, through. 
 percussor. oris [percutio], m., (( 
 
 sfabber, murderer. 
 percutio, ere, cussi, cussus [per 
 
 + quatio, to shake], to thrust 
 I throug/i, .■<trike, kill. 
 perdo, see do. 
 perdonio. see domo. 
 pere5. se<' eo. 
 perfero. see fer5. 
 I perficio, see facio. 
 
 ; II 
 
_ r » 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 perfidia, ae [perfidus, faithless], 
 
 f., tt'Pddiery. 
 perfug-a, ae [perfug-io, to flee for 
 
 rcf>i!/c]y ni-> (I fugitive, deserter, ref- 
 use. 
 Perg-amum, I, ii., a city in Mysia in 
 
 Asia Minor, 
 pergo, see rego. 
 
 periculum, i, n., trial; daiujer, peril. 
 perimo, see emo. 
 perinde [per + inde], adv., in the 
 
 same 7)ianner,ji(st as, equally. 
 peritus, a, um, adj., skillful, experi- 
 enced, familiar ivith. 
 permaneo, see maneo. 
 permitto, sec mitto. 
 permutatio, onis [permuto, to 
 
 (■/n(n</e], (., rhanf/e, efdiange. 
 pernicies, ei [per + nex], f., de- 
 struction, ruin. 
 perniciose [perniciosus], adv.,(?an- 
 
 f/erouslf/, destructively. 
 pemiciosus, a, um [pernicies] , 
 
 adj., (binijerous, destructive. 
 Perperna, ae, m., (J/.) Perperna, 
 
 c.iiisul l.'U) B.C. 
 perpetior, see patior. 
 perpetuus, a, um. adj., continuous, 
 
 uninterrupted; in perpetuum, 
 
 forever. 
 Persae. arum, pi. m., the Persians. 
 persequor, see sequor. 
 Perseus, ei, m., tlio last king of 
 
 INIacedonin, 178-108 B.C. 
 persevero, are, avi, atus, to persist, 
 
 persevere. 
 Persis. idis, f., Persia. 
 Pertinax, acis. m., (Ifelvius) Perti- 
 
 nii.i', Roman emperor from January 
 
 1 to :Mareh 28, 193 a.d. 
 Perusia, ae, f., an ancient town in 
 
 Etrnria in Italy, 
 pervenio, see venio. 
 pes. pedis, m., afoot; pedem re- 
 
 ferre. to retreat. 
 
 Pescennius, i, m., see Nig-er. 
 
 pestilentia, ae [pestis, plague], f., 
 a pci^tllence, phigue. 
 
 peto, ere, ivi (ii), itus, to strive for, 
 seek; beg, ask, request; assail, at- 
 tack. 
 
 ad — appeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus, 
 to strive for, reach after; assail, 
 attack ; long for, desire ; draw nigh, 
 approach, be at hand. 
 
 re — repeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus, 
 to seek again, try to get back, de- 
 mand back ; recall, repeat ; attack. 
 
 Petreius, i, m., M. Petreius, a par- 
 tisan of Pompey : fouj,dit a»ainst 
 Caesar in Spain, Greece, and Africa. 
 
 Petronius, i, m.. Petronius Secundus, 
 a partisan of Nerva. 
 
 Pharnaces, is, m., Gr. ace. Phar- 
 nacen, the son of Mithradates, 
 who succeeded his father as king 
 of Pontns. 
 
 Phaselis, idis, f., a city of Lycia in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Philippi, orum, pi. m., a city in 
 Macedonia where Brutus and Cas- 
 sius were defeated by Octavian 
 44 B.C. 
 
 Philippus, i, m., 
 
 1. Philip v., king of Macedonia 
 220-178 B.C. 
 
 2. (3/. Ifdlus) Philippus I., Ro- 
 man emperor 244-249 a.d. 
 
 3. (3/. litllus) Philippus IL, son 
 of (2). 
 
 4. L. Miirclus Philippus, consul 
 
 91 B.C. 
 
 5. Q. ^f(lrclus Philippus, consul 
 18(; B.C. 
 
 philosophia, ae, f., philosophy. 
 
 philosophus, i, m., a philosopher. 
 
 Phoenice, es, f., Phoenicia, a coun- 
 try of Syria. 
 
 Phrygia, ae, f., a division of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 VOf- \IU'T.AKY 
 
 •^1 
 
 Picentes, ium, pi. m., the inhabitants 
 
 of I'lcenum. 
 Picenum, i, n., a division of Italy on 
 
 tlie Adriatic Sea, north of Latiuni. 
 pilum, i, n., a heavy javelin ; pike. 
 pingo, ere, pinxi, pictus, to paint; 
 
 represent, delineate, portray. 
 Piraeus, i, m., the chief harbor of 
 
 At liens, 
 pirata, ae, m., a pirate. 
 piraticus, a, um [pirata], adj., per- 
 
 taining to )nrates, piratical ; Pira- 
 
 ticum bellum, war against the 
 
 pirates. 
 piscis, is. f., aflsh. 
 piscor, ari, atus sum [piscis] , to 
 
 flsh. 
 plus, a. um, adj., reverent, jiious. 
 placeo, ere, ui, — , to please, be 
 
 agreeable to; ,sc'e»i best to; inijiers., 
 
 placet, placuit, placitum est, to 
 
 bs resolved by. 
 dis — displiceo, gre, ui, — , to 
 
 dLsj, lease. 
 placidus, a, um [placo, to soothe], 
 
 adj., ralm, quiet, tranquil. 
 Plautius, i, m., A. Plauflus, sent by 
 
 the emperor Claudius in 43 a.d. to 
 
 subdue liritain. 
 plebs, plebis, and plebes. ei, f., 
 
 the coinmon people, populace, ple- 
 
 hf'ians. 
 plenus, a, um [pleo]. K<\].,full. 
 *pleo, ere, plevi. pletus, t<> flll. 
 con — compleo, ere, plevi, ple- 
 tus, to flll (to the brim) ; com- 
 
 plete. 
 
 ex — expleo, ere. plSvi. pletus. 
 
 to flll up. flll. 
 in — impleo, ere, plevi, pletus, 
 
 to rill lip, finish. 
 plerique, aeque, aque, adj., very 
 
 many, most. 
 plerumque, adv., mostly, generally, 
 
 very often. 
 
 Plotina, ae, f., the wife of the em- 
 peror Trajan. 
 
 plurimus, sec multus. 
 
 Plutarchus, i, m., a (ireek philoso- 
 pher and biographer. 
 
 poculum, i, n., cup. 
 
 poema, atis, n., a poem. 
 
 poena, ae, f., compensation, jmnish- 
 ment, jicnalty. 
 
 Poeni, orum, pi. m., the Carthagini- 
 ans. 
 
 Polemo, onis, m., king of Pontus 
 39-02 A.D. 
 
 Polemoniacus, a, um, adj., belong- 
 ing to Polono. 
 
 polliceor, eri, itus sum, to promise, 
 volaiifeer. 
 
 pompa, ae, f., a procession, parade, 
 
 Pompeius, i, m., 
 
 1. C)i. Pompeius, consul 89 B.C. 
 
 2. Cn. Pompeius, surnamed Mag- 
 nus, the triumvir, consul 70 n.c. 
 
 3. Cn. Pompeius, son of the tri- 
 umvir. 
 
 4. Q. Pompeius, consul 141 B.C. 
 
 5. Sex.. Po^nptius, younger son of 
 tlie triumvir. 
 
 Pompilius, i, m., Numa Pompilius, 
 the second king (tf Rome, 715-072 B.C. 
 pondo [pondus], adv., by weight. 
 pondus, eris [pendo, to weigh], n., 
 
 }rrig]it. 
 
 p6n6, ere, posui, positus, to put 
 down, phice, set, deposit; serve (at 
 meals) ; spend; .sef up, build; pitch. 
 
 ad — appono, ere, posui, posi- 
 tus, to put before, place near ; serve 
 (at table). 
 
 con — compono, ere, posui, 
 positus, to arrange, settle ; con- 
 clud>\fliilsh. 
 
 de — depono. ere. posui, posi- 
 tus, to lay down or aside, put down; 
 stop ; arrange, establish. 
 
 ! n 
 
'21 S 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 dis — dispone, ere, posui, posi- 
 
 tus, to tirruD'/p, arrmj, dL^posi'. 
 in — impono, ere, posui, posi- 
 
 tus, to place or ijut upon or in; 
 
 establish. 
 prae — praepono. ere, posui, 
 
 positus, to set over, put ui charge of. 
 re — repono. ere, posui, posi- 
 tus, ((> put !)((ck, replace, restore. 
 pons, pontis, iii., a bridf/e. 
 Ponticus. a, um, -mV]., pertaining to 
 
 Pontas: Ponticum (mare), the 
 
 Black Sea. 
 pontifex. ficis, m., priest. 
 Pontius, i, Ml., see Telesinus. 
 Pontus, i. in., 
 
 1. Poiitas Earhius, the Bhick 
 Sea. 
 
 2. A country of Asia Minor on tlie 
 BhK'k Sea. 
 
 populo, are, avi, atus, to plunder, 
 
 rara'jf, laij waste. 
 de — depopulor, ari. atus sum, 
 
 to lay traste, rarat/c, plnndtr, pil- 
 
 hi'je. 
 populus, i, in., a people, nation. 
 Porcius, i, ni., the name of a Koman 
 
 tjeiis. See Cato. 
 \)urrC) [pro], adv., forioard, hence- 
 
 j'ortii, f(i rtherniore, again. 
 Porsenna, ae, in., Lars Porsetma, 
 
 kiiii;- of Clusium in Etruria. 
 porta, ae, f., a city f/ate, gate. 
 *porto, are, avi, atus [porta], to 
 
 tiear, carry. 
 ex — exporto, are, avi, atus, 
 
 to carry out, export. 
 re — reporto. are, avi. atus, 
 
 fi) carry back, rrjxai. 
 porticus, us, f., a colonnade, arcade, 
 
 portico. 
 posco, ere, poposci, — , to ask, de- 
 mand. 
 possldeo. ere, sedi, sessus [sedeo], 
 
 to occupy, hold, possess. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, — [potis, 
 a/)^' -f sum], to be able, can; plu- 
 rimum posse, to have great poiver. 
 
 post, (1) adv., after, later, after- 
 wards; (2) prep, with ace, after, 
 behind. 
 
 postea [post + is], adv., after- 
 wards. 
 
 posterus, a, um [post], mV]., follow- 
 ing, nej't ; eomp. posterior, us, 
 gen. oris, later; sup. postremus, 
 last, lowe.'it ; ad post evum,ji nail y ; 
 as subst., posteri orum, pi. in., 
 descendants, posterity. 
 
 postquam or post . . . quam [post 
 + quam], eonj., after, when. 
 
 postremo [posterus], adv., at last, 
 JliKtlly. 
 
 Postumius, i, in., see Albinus. 
 
 Postumus, i, m., (3/. Cassidnus) 
 Postunius, one of the Thirty Ty- 
 rants. 
 
 potens, entis [possum], adj., pojoer- 
 fnl. 
 
 potestas, atis [possum], f., power, 
 might ; opportunity, permission ; 
 (^^ thority , sovereignty . 
 
 potior, iri, itus sum [potis, able], 
 to get pos.session, acquire. 
 
 potius [eomp. of potis, able], adv., 
 sup. potissimum ; rather, more, 
 sooner. 
 
 prae, prep, with abl., before, in front 
 of, in c(miparison vnth. 
 
 praebeS, see habe5. 
 
 praecedo, see cedo. 
 
 praeceps, cipitis [prae -f caput], 
 adj., headlong, Iiasfy ; steep, pre- 
 cipitous. 
 
 praecipio, see capio. 
 
 praecipito, are, avi, atus [prae- 
 ceps], to throw headlong,cast down ; 
 rush dow7\, 
 
 praecipue [praecipuus], adv., 
 chiefly, principally, especially. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 -1 
 
 praecipuus, a, um [praecipio], 
 adj., special, particular ; eminent, 
 prominent. 
 
 praeclarus, a, um [prae -f olarus], 
 adj., very bright or brilliant, excel- 
 lent, distinguished. 
 
 praeda, ae, f., booty, .y>oil, jJnndcr. 
 
 praefectura, ae, f., t/ic ojfice of over- 
 seer, superintendence ; praefecture. 
 
 praefectus, i, m., overseer, super in- 
 tendent ; praefect. 
 
 praefero, see fero. 
 
 praeficio, see facio. 
 
 praemium, i [prae i emo], n., re- 
 word, prizo. 
 
 Praeneste, is, n., a town in Latiuin 
 east of Rome, modern Palest rina. 
 
 Praenestini, orum, pi. m., the in- 
 habitants of Praeneste. 
 
 praeparo, see paro. 
 
 praepono, see pono. 
 
 praesens, entis [praesum], adj.,o< 
 hand, present. 
 
 praeses, sidis [praesideo], m., a 
 protector, guard, defender; presi- 
 dent. 
 
 praesidiura, ! [praesideo], n., help, 
 aid, defense; defensive force, garri- 
 so)) : fort, .<itation, post. 
 
 praesto, see sto. 
 
 praesum, see sum. 
 
 praeter, prep, with ace, past, be- 
 yond; contrary to, against; besides, 
 except. 
 
 praeterea [praeter + is], adv., in 
 addition to this. beside.'<, moreover. 
 
 praetermitto. see mitto. 
 
 praetexo, ere, ui, tus [texo, to 
 iDcave], to provide with a border; 
 toga praetexta, a (purple) bor- 
 dered toga, worn by maj,nstrates 
 and freeborn children till the six- 
 teenth or seventeenth year, when 
 they became of ajje and assumed 
 the togci virilis, which was wholly 
 
 white; the girls wore the toga 
 praetexta until they married. 
 
 praetor, oris [orig. praeitor. from 
 prae f e5], in., a leader, com- 
 nitnnlfr : praetor, inngisfrate.jndgt . 
 
 praetorianus, a, um [praet5rium], 
 adj., belonging to the ttodi/gnnrd ; 
 praetoria)> : as subst., praetoriani, 
 orum, pi. m., the ]iraetorians. 
 
 praetoriura, i, n., the imperial body, 
 guard. 
 
 praetorius, a, um [praetor], adj., 
 of or belonging to the prattor or 
 commander ; as subst., praet5rius, 
 i, m., a man of praetorian rank, an 
 ex-praetor. 
 
 praevenio, see venio. 
 
 prandium, i, n., Innch. 
 
 pravus, a, um, adj., crooked, wrong ; 
 jierrerse, wicked. 
 
 *prehend6, ere. i, hensus, t>> grasp. 
 de — deprehendo, ere, i, hen- 
 sus, to seize, catch : surprise, de- 
 tect, di.Kcoi^er. 
 
 re — reprehends, ere, i, hen- 
 sus, to hold back, check ; blame, 
 criticise, reprove. 
 
 premo, ere, pressi, pressus. to 
 ]>ress : ]ire.*i>; Jiord. crush. 
 
 ob — opprimo, ere, pressi, 
 pressus, to crush utterly, over- 
 power, ovenchelm. 
 
 pretium, i, n., price, value; reward, 
 money, ransom. 
 
 primo [primus], adv., at first. 
 
 primum [primus], adv.,yfr.s'<. 
 
 primus, sec prior. 
 
 princeps. cipis [primus -f capio], 
 ad]., Jir St, foremost ; as subst. m., 
 leading man, chief, leader. 
 
 principatus, us [princeps], m., a 
 chief authority (in the state); head- 
 ,<ihip, leader.fhip : reign, sovereignty. 
 
 principium. i [princeps], n., begin- 
 ning, origin. 
 
--'J 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 prior, ud, gen. prioris, comp. adj., 
 former, previous, first, prior ; sup. 
 
 primus, first, foremost. 
 priscus, a, um [prius], in\] ., former , 
 
 t'idor ; primitive, strict. 
 Priscus. i, m., see Tarquinius. 
 pristinus, a, um [prius], adj., /or- 
 
 m^r, old. 
 prius [prior], adv., before, sooner, 
 
 previously, frst of all. 
 privatim [privatus], adv., private??/, 
 
 (IS a sincjle individual. 
 privatus, a, um [privo, to set 
 
 apart], adj., private, individual ; as 
 
 subst., privatus, i, m., a man in 
 
 private life, a private citizen. 
 privigna. ae, f., a .stepdaughter. 
 privignus, i, m., a stepson. 
 pr5, prep, with abl., in front of, be- 
 fore; in behalf of; in comparison 
 
 ivifh, in accordance with. 
 probe [probus, estimable'], adv., 
 
 riqht, ivell, properly, correctly. 
 probrosus, a, um [probrum], adj., 
 
 shameful, ignominious, infamous. 
 probrum, I, m., a .shameful act, base 
 
 deed; numodesty, leivdness ; insult, 
 
 rrpmach. 
 Probus, i, m., {M. Aurelius) Probus, 
 
 Roman emperor 276-282 a.d. 
 procedo. see cedo. 
 procllvus, a, um [pro + clivus, 
 
 slope], nd]., sloping, .^teep ; liable, 
 
 prone ; subject, ready. 
 proconsul, is [pro, in place o/ + 
 
 consul], m., a proconsul, governor 
 
 of a province. 
 proconsulatus, a, um [proconsul], 
 
 adj., the office of a proconsul, pro- 
 consulate. 
 procul, adv., at a distance, far from. 
 Proculus. 1. m., a famous Roman 
 
 jurist , 
 procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus 
 
 [pro + cumbo, to lie], to lie down, 
 
 sink, fall forward ; fall, sink down, 
 
 be beaten down. 
 prodo, see do. 
 produce, see duco. 
 proelium, i, u., a battle, combat, cn- 
 
 (lagcincnt. 
 proflciscor, i, fectus sum [pro + 
 
 faciscor, from facio], to set out, 
 
 proceed; spring from. 
 profligo, see *flig6. 
 profluvium, i, n., a f owing forth; 
 
 ventris pr5fluvium, diarrhea. 
 profugid, see fugio. 
 progredior, see * gradior. 
 promitt5, see mitto. 
 promptus, a, um [promo, to set 
 forth], 'AiX]., prepared, quick, prompt. 
 pronuntio, see nuntio. 
 pronus, a, um, adj., turned for- 
 
 irard, inclined; tendency ; disposed, 
 
 pronp. 
 propalam [pro ^- palam] , adv., 
 
 openly, publicly, manifestly. 
 prope, adv., near by ; nearly, almost. 
 propensus, a, um, adj., hanging 
 
 down : inclined, disposed, prone. 
 propior, us [prope], comp. adj., 
 
 nearer; sup. proximus, nearest, 
 
 next ; latest, last ; next, following. 
 proprius, a, um, adj., not common 
 
 with others, own, special, individual. 
 I propter, prep, with ace, on account 
 
 of. 
 propterea [propter -f is], adv., ./V»r 
 
 this reasoi/, therefore; propterea 
 
 quod, because. 
 propugnator, oris [propugno, to 
 
 defend], m., a defender. 
 proscribo, see scribo. 
 proscriptio. onis [proscribo], f., a 
 
 pidtlic notice of sale, jtroscriptiori. 
 prosequor. see sequor. 
 prosper aful prosperus, a, um [pro 
 
 + spes], adj., according to one's 
 
 hopes, favorable, prosperous. 
 
 VOCALlLAUr 
 
 ■2-21 
 
 prospere [prosperus], adv., propi- 
 tiously, .saccessfidly 
 
 prostituo, s3e *8tatu6. 
 
 prosum, see sum. 
 
 protraho, see trahS. 
 
 provide [provideo, to provide, fore- 
 see], adn-., carefully, prudently (very 
 rare) . 
 
 provincia, ae, f., an office, duty; 
 province. 
 
 provincialis, e [provincia], adj., 
 of a province, provincial ; as subst., 
 provincialis, is, m., a provincial. 
 
 provisio, Snis [provides, to fore- 
 sec], {., a foreseeing, foreknowledge ; 
 foresifflit, providence. 
 
 provoco, see voco. 
 
 proximus, see propior, 
 
 prudentia, ae [prudens, foresee- 
 ing], i., foresight, practical icisdom, 
 f/ood .sense. 
 
 pruna, ae, f., a burning coal, live coal. 
 
 Prusias, ae, m., king of Hithynia 
 22S-1S0 B.C. 
 
 Pseudoperses, ei, m., a pretended 
 son «»f Perseus. 
 
 Pseudophilippus, i, m., a pretended 
 son of Philii). king of Macedonia. 
 
 Ptolemaeus. i, m., a name borne l)y 
 the kini^s of Egypt after the time of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 1. Ptoletnaeus Philadelphus, 286- 
 247 B.C. 
 
 2. Ptolemaeus Euergetes, 247-222 
 
 B.C. 
 
 3. Ptolemaeus Philometor, 181- 
 14(5 B.C. 
 
 4. Ptolemaeus Auletes, 47-43 B.C. 
 Ptolemais, is, f., a city in Libya, 
 publice [publicusj, adv., in the 
 
 name of (by order of) the state, puh- 
 liely, officially. 
 publicus, a. um [orig. poplicus], 
 a<lj., belonging to the people, public ; 
 official. 
 
 Pablicola, ae, m., L. (P.) Valerius 
 Puhlicolii. consul .5()*.i w.c. 
 
 pudicitia, ae [pudicus], f., mod- 
 esty, virtue. 
 
 pudicus, a, um [pudeo. to be 
 asliamed], adj., modest, virtuous. 
 
 puer, pueri, m., a child; boy; 
 shfve. 
 
 pugna. ae, f., a combat, Jight, battle. 
 
 pugnator, oris, m., a fighter, com- 
 batant. 
 
 piignS, are, avi, atus [ptigna], to 
 Jight ; oppose, resist. 
 
 ex — expQgno, are, &vi, atus, 
 to take by .■^torm, capture; over- 
 power, prero/I upon. 
 
 Ob — oppugno, are, avi, atus, 
 to tight agaiuHt, assault, besiege. 
 
 Pulcher, chri, m., P. Claudius Pul- 
 cher, consul 249 B.C. 
 
 Pullus, i, m., L. lunius Pullus, con- 
 sul 24<> n.r. 
 
 Pulvillus, i. m., (3/.) Horatius Pul- 
 vlllits, consul 5(K) B.C. 
 
 Punicus, a, um, adj., Phoenician, 
 Punic: Carthaginian : Punicum 
 bellum. Punic tear, tirst, 2C4-241 
 B.C.; second, 218-202 B.C.: third, 
 14<t-14<i B.C. 
 
 punio, ire. ivi. itus [poena], to 
 }junish. 
 
 Pupienus. i. m. (3/. Clodius) Pupi- 
 enus {M(ixi)nus), Roman emperor 
 238 A.D. 
 
 pargS. are. avi. atus [purus + 
 ago], to make clear; clear away, 
 excuse. 
 
 purpura, ae, i., purple-color, purple, 
 purple garment. 
 
 purpureus, a, um [purpura], adj., 
 purple-colored : clothed in purple. 
 
 purpuro. are. avi, atus [purpura], 
 to be clothed in purple. 
 
 puts, are, avi, atus, to think, con- 
 sider, suppose. 
 
QOO 
 
 \i)LAia LAi;v 
 
 Pyiaemenes, is, m., king of Paphla- 
 
 goiiia. 
 Pyrenaeus, a, um, adj. (se. mons), 
 
 the Pyrenees inountains. 
 Pvrrhus, i, m., king of Epirus, waged 
 
 war against Rome 281-272 B.C. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q., abbreviation of the praenomen 
 Quintus. 
 
 Quadi, orum, pi. m,, a Suabian peo- 
 ple. 
 
 quadragesimus, a. um [quadra- 
 g-intaj, ninii. mV]., fortieth. 
 
 quadriennium, i [quattuor -f- an- 
 nus], n., u period of fan r iiears. 
 
 quadringenti, ae, a [quattuor + 
 centum], nnni. \n\]., four hundreit. 
 
 quadringenties [quadringenti], 
 ■nun. \n\\., four hundred ti)ncs. 
 
 quaero, ere. quaesivi. quaesitus, 
 to s"*'k : o.s'A" ,■ (/!'t, ohtdiii. 
 
 quaestor, oris [orig. quaesitor; cf. 
 quaero, quaeso], m., quaestor, 
 quurtennaster, a name given to cer- 
 tain magistrates who had the care 
 of public moneys and military sup- 
 plies, both at Rome and in the prov- 
 inces. 
 
 quails, e, adj., (1) interrog., of what 
 kind? ivhat sort off (2) rel., of such 
 a kind, such as, as. 
 
 quam [quls], adv., how, hoiv much : 
 after a comp., than : with a sup., as 
 possible ; quam primum. as soon 
 as possible : quamdiu, ((.s- long as; 
 tarn . . . quam, as . . . .so, not only 
 . . . In It also. 
 
 quamquam. conj.. althou(/h, even if. 
 
 q nam vis [quam + vis, from volo], 
 adv. and conj., however much, al- 
 though. 
 
 quantus, a, um [quam] adj., (1) in- 
 trnng., how great f how much? 
 
 (2) rel., correl. to tantus, as great 
 
 as, as. 
 quantum, adv., hoiv much? how 
 
 farf 
 quare [qua + re], adv., (1) interrog., 
 
 lohij .^ (2) rel., for which reason, 
 
 wherefore, therefore. , 
 
 quarto [quartus], adv., for the 
 
 fourth time. 
 quartus, a, um [quattuor], num. 
 
 ^xd]., fourth. 
 quasi, adv. and conj., as if, just as 
 
 if, as though ; on the ground that. 
 quatenus, adv., (1) interrog., to what 
 
 point f how far? (2) re]., as far as. 
 quater [quattuor]. num. adv., four 
 
 ti}n<'s. 
 quaterni, ae, a [quater], dist. num. 
 
 adj., four each, by fours, four at a 
 
 time. 
 quattuor, indecl. num. adj.,/o?<r. 
 quattuordecim [quattuor -\- de- 
 
 cem] , indecl. num. -Ad]., fourteen. 
 -que, conj. enclitic, and, and yet, but. 
 queror. i, questus sum, to complain. 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, 
 
 which, what, that ; whoever, what- 
 ever. 
 qui, quae, or qua. quod, indef. pron. 
 
 used adjectively, any, some. 
 quia, conj., because, since. 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 
 cumque, indef. rel. pron., whoever, 
 
 wh ichever, whatever. 
 quidam, quaedam, quiddam, and 
 
 as adj., quoddam, indef. pron., a 
 
 certain one, so)nebody ; a certain. 
 quldem, a<lv., ///(/f'f'f/, in fact, to be 
 
 sure: ne . . . quldem, 7iot even, 
 
 not at all. 
 qulesco, ere, evi, etus, to rest, re- 
 pose, keep quiet. 
 quietus, a, um [qulesco], adj., at 
 
 rest, free from exertion; undis- 
 turbed, quiet, peaceful. 
 
 VOCARULAia 
 
 223 
 
 quilibet, quaellbet, . quodlibet 
 (quidlibet), indef. pron., any one 
 yon please, any one, who or whatso- 
 ever. 
 
 quin [qui, adv., hoio ? + ne], conj.. 
 how not? why not? that, that not, 
 hut t/iat ; quin et or etlam, nay 
 more. 
 
 quingentesimus. a, um [quin- 
 genti], num. adj.,^>e hundredth. 
 
 quingenti, ae, a [quinque f cen- 
 tum], num. i{d'].,jive hundred. 
 
 quini, ae. a [quinque], dist. num. 
 a.d}., fire each, by Jives. 
 
 quinquagesimus, a, um [quinqua- 
 ginta], num. i\d}.,jiftieth. 
 
 quinquaginta, indecl. num. adj., 
 
 quinque. indec^l. num. adj., five. 
 Quinquegentlani. orum, pi. ni., a 
 
 l>eople (if Lil)ya. 
 Quintillus. i, m. (3/. Aurelius) (Juin- 
 
 tillus, brother of the emperor M. 
 
 Aurelius Claudius. 
 Quintius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. See Cinclnnatus. Flamini- 
 
 nus. 
 quinto [quintus], num. adv., for the , 
 
 .///■///, time. \ 
 
 quintus, a, um [quinque], num. 
 
 adj., >/;/>. 
 quippe, adv., indeed, as you see, 
 
 surely. 
 quique =^ et qui. 
 Quirinalis, is (sc. collis) m., the 
 
 Quirinal Hill, one of the seven hills 
 
 of Rome, 
 quis. qua, quid, indef. pron. used 
 
 substantively, some one, any one, 
 
 someth ing, a n yth i ng. 
 quisquam. quaequam. quicquam, 
 
 indef. pron., adj., or noun, any one, 
 
 nuy/hing, any. 
 quo [qui], adv., (1) rel., whither, 
 
 where; (2) interrog., whither? 
 
 where? (3) indef., to any place, any- 
 where. 
 
 j quo [qui], conj., with comparatives, 
 in order that, that, that thereby; 
 quo minus, that not. 
 
 quod [qui], conj., because, supj>os- 
 ing that, in that, so far as : quod 
 si, but if. 
 
 quondam, adv., once, formerly, some- 
 time. 
 
 quoque, conj., also, too. 
 
 quousque, adv., till when? how 
 longf until (late). 
 
 Raetia. ae, f.. a lioman province 
 
 south of the Danube, 
 rapid, ere, rapui. raptus, to seize 
 and carry ojt', drag qtf'; plunder, 
 destroy. 
 
 con — corripio, ere, ui, reptus, 
 to seize, snatch up, grasp ; collect, 
 carry off', phDider. 
 
 dis — diripio, ere, ui, reptus, 
 to tear asunder, ravage, plunder. 
 
 ex — eripio, ere. ui, reptus, to 
 take or snatch away ; rescue ; de- 
 prive. 
 ratio, onis [reor. (o think], f., reck- 
 oning, calc ulation, account ; method, 
 plan. 
 rationalis, e [ratio], adj., of or 6c- 
 longing to accounts ; as subst., 
 rationalis, is, m., an arcountant. 
 ratus, a, um [reor, to think], adj., 
 t hi, light out, deji lied, fixed. 
 ^ Ravenna, ae, f., a city in Ci.salpine 
 I Gaul. 
 
 I rebello, see bello. 
 recedo. see cedo. 
 I recens. entls. adj., recent, late, 
 , fresh. 
 
 receptor, oris [reciplo], m., a har- 
 borer, concealer. 
 
±:\ 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 recipio, see capio. 
 
 recog-nosco, see nosco. 
 
 reconcilio, are, avi, atus, to procure 
 (i(/(iiit, n;/o.iii : rcinntv, reconcile. 
 
 recorder, ari, atus sum [re -f- cor, 
 heart], to reiDeniber, recall. 
 
 rectus, a, um [rego], mV}., straight, 
 direct. 
 
 recuso. are, avi, atus [re + 
 causa], to re/use, object, decline, 
 lie f<i fate. 
 
 redo, see do. 
 
 redeo, see eo. 
 
 redigo, see ago. 
 
 redimo. see em5. 
 
 reduce, see duco. 
 
 refero, see fero. 
 
 reformo, are, , atus [re f forma] , 
 to s/i<(j)e (if/aiii, reform, change. 
 
 refugio, see fugio. 
 
 regina, ae [rex], f., a queen. 
 
 regio, onis [regS], f., a direction ; 
 region, territory/. 
 
 regius, a, um [rex], adj., royal, 
 kingly. 
 
 regno, are. avi, atus [regnum], 
 /o he king, rnfc. 
 
 regnum. i [rex], n., kingship, su- 
 hrriiiiK'i/ : kingdom , reign. 
 
 rego. ere. rexi, rectus, to regulate, 
 ride, conduct. 
 
 ad — adrigo, ere, rexi, rectus. 
 to set up, raise, erect ; rouse, en- 
 courage. 
 
 con — corrigo, ere, rexi, rec- 
 tus, to straighten, correct, im- 
 prove. 
 
 per — pergo, ere, perrexi, per- 
 rectus, to go straight on, proceed, 
 hasten; with ace, jntrsue ivith 
 vigor, perform. 
 
 reerredior, see *gradior. 
 
 Rggulus, i, m., 
 
 1. M. Atllius Regulus, consul 2()7 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2. M. Atllius Regulus, consul 25(5 
 
 B.C. 
 
 religio, onis, f.. soise of duty; re- 
 ligion, devotion to the gods ; scruple. 
 
 relinquS, ere, liqui, lictus [re + 
 linquo, to leave], to leave behind, 
 leave ; bequeath; appoint by icill. 
 
 reliquiae, arum [relinquo], pi. f., 
 remainder, remnant, residue. 
 
 reliquus, a, um [relinquo], adj., 
 ronaining, rest. 
 
 remando, see mando. 
 
 remaneo. see maneo. 
 
 remeo, are, avi, — ,^j go back, re- 
 turn. 
 
 remitto, see mitto. 
 
 removes, see moveo. 
 
 remus, i, ni., an oar. 
 
 Remus, i, ni., the brother of Roninlus. 
 
 renovo, are, avi, atus [re + 
 novus], to re new. 
 
 reparo, see par5. 
 
 repente [repens, sudden], adv., sud- 
 denly. 
 
 repentinus, a, um [repens, sud- 
 iten], adj., sudde)), untxpected. 
 
 reperio. see *pari6. 
 
 repetd, see peto. 
 
 repono. sec pono. 
 
 reports, see *porto. 
 
 reprehends, see *prehendS. 
 
 repressor, oris [reprimS, to check], 
 ni., a restrainer, represser. 
 
 repudiS, are, avi, atus, to cast off, 
 divorce : reject, scorn. 
 
 res, rei, f., thing, matter; a fair, 
 deed, exploit, event; circumstance ; 
 story; property, fortune; trouble; 
 res familiaris, private property ; 
 res publica, the commonwealth, 
 state ; res gestae, exploits. 
 
 reservS. see servS. 
 resides. s5e sedeS. 
 resists, see *sisto. 
 respondeS, see spondeS, 
 
 VnrwiUT.Any 
 
 '')■) ~ 
 
 respSnsum, i [respondeo], n., an 
 
 ansirer. 
 res publica, see res. 
 restituS, see *statuS. 
 resumS, see sumS. 
 rete, is. n., a net, snare. 
 retineS, see teneS. 
 retrS, adv., backward, behind. 
 reus, i, ni., defendant, accused per- 
 son ; prisoner. 
 revehS, see veho. 
 reverentia, ae [re + vereor], f., 
 
 respect, awe, reverence. 
 reverter, see *vertS. 
 revocS, see vocS. 
 rex, regis [regS], ni., a king. 
 Rex, Regis, m., Q. Murcius Rex, con- 
 sul lis B.C. 
 Rhea, ae, f., Rhea Silvia, the mother 
 
 of Konuilus and Kenuis. 
 Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine. 
 Rhodanus, i, ni., the Rhone. 
 Rhodii. Srum, pi. m., the Rhodians, 
 
 the people of the island of Rhodes. 
 Rhodopa, ae, f., a lofty mountain in 
 
 Til race. 
 Rhodus, i, f., Rhodes, an island in 
 the eastern part of the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea. 
 ripa, ae, f., the hank of a river. 
 ripensis, e [ripa], adj., situated or 
 stationed on the hanks of a river ; 
 Dacia ripensis, iJacia on the 
 Danube. 
 rogS, are, avi, atus, to ask, in- 
 quire; request, implore. 
 
 ab — abrogS, are, avi, atus, to 
 appf'td ; annul, abrogate. 
 RSma. ae, f., Royne. 
 Romanus, a, um, adj., Roman; as 
 sub.st., Romani, Srum, pi. m., the 
 Romans. 
 RSmulus, i, m., the son of Rhea 
 Silvia and Mars, the founder of 
 Rome. 
 
 HAZ. EUTROPIUS 15 
 
 rSstratus, a, um [rSstrum], adj., 
 furnished with beaks. 
 
 rostrum, i, n., the beak of a ship; 
 pl.. the Kostra or speaker's platform 
 in the Forum (adi»rned with the 
 beaks of captured ships). 
 
 ruber, bra, brum, a<lj., red; Rub- 
 rum mare, the Red Sea. 
 
 Rufinus, i, m., P. Cornilius RUrinus, 
 consul 2!>0 b.c. 
 
 Rufus, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 1. M. Minucius Riifus, consul 
 221 B.C. 
 
 2. {Q.) Minucius Riifus, consul 
 
 110 B.C. 
 
 3. P. Sulpicius (Riifus), a parti- 
 san (if Marius. 
 
 rumps, ere, rupi, ruptus, to break, 
 destroy. 
 
 con — corrumpS, ere, rupi, 
 ruptus, to destroy; seduce, bribe, 
 corrupt. 
 
 ex — erumpS, ere, rupi, rup- 
 tus, to break forth or out, burst 
 forth. 
 
 in — inrumpS. ere, rupi, rup- 
 tus, to break in, fall upon ; inter- 
 rupt. 
 
 rursus or rursum [oris;, revorsus; 
 cf. reverts], adv., back; again. 
 
 rusticus, a. um [rus, the country], 
 adj., of the country, rustic; as 
 subst., rusticani, Srum, pl. m., 
 countrymen. 
 
 Rutihus, i, m., P. Rutilius, consul 
 
 <K) B.C. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabini. Srum, pl. m., the Sabines, 
 
 a race in central Italy, adjoining 
 
 Lntium on the east. 
 Sabinus, i, m., 
 
 1. Oppius Sabinus, a Roman j^en- 
 
 eral slain by Dacians during the 
 
 reign of Domitian. 
 
220 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 2. Q. Titiirius {Sabhnis), a lieu- 
 tenant of Caesar. 
 
 3. (Flarius) Sabinus, brother (»f 
 the emperor Vespasian. 
 
 Bacer, era, crum, adj., holy, sacrefl ; 
 
 as suhst., sacrum, I, n., a holy 
 
 thing, sacred vessel; pi. religions 
 
 ritrs, sacridces. 
 sacerdos, otis [sacer], ni. and f., 
 
 priesf, priestess. 
 sacrament um, 1 [sacro] , n., an oath. 
 *sacr5, are, avi, atus, to set apart ; 
 
 bless : cursp. 
 con — consecro, are, avi, atus, 
 
 to dedicate, consecrate, devote. 
 ex — exsecror, ari, atus sum, 
 
 to curse, <d)linr. 
 Ob — obsecro, are, avi, atus, 
 
 to implore, supplicate. 
 saepe. ^i\\\, frequently, often. 
 saevio, ire, ivi (ii), itus [saevus], 
 
 to he fierce or cruel, rage ; punish 
 
 cruelly. 
 saevitia, ae [saevus], f , fury, 
 
 cruelty. 
 saevus, a, um, adj., raging, fierce, 
 
 cruel. 
 sag-ax, acis, adj., of quick perception, 
 
 sagacious, keen-scented. 
 sagitta. ae, f., arroiv. 
 Sagittarius, i [sagitta], m., an 
 
 (irr/irr, hmrma)!. 
 Sag-untini, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- 
 tants of Saguntum. 
 Saguntum,!, n., a city on the eastern 
 
 coast of Spain, 
 salarius, a, um [sal, salt], adj., of 
 
 salt, salty: vxi Saldria, the road 
 
 from R(mie to Reate. 
 Salassi, orum, pi. m., a people livinjj; 
 
 ill tlio Alps. 
 Salinator, oris, m . M. Llvius Sali- 
 
 ndtor, consul 210 B.C. 
 Sallentini, orum, pi. m., a people of 
 
 Calabria in southern Italy. 
 
 I Salonae. arum, pi. f , a city in Dal- 
 I iiiatia. 
 
 I salto, are, avi. atus, to dance, le<ip 
 j saluto, are, avi, atus [salus, 
 health], to ivish one health, greet, 
 salute, visit. 
 
 Salvius, i, m , see lulianus. 
 
 salvus, a, um, adj., well, safe, 
 sound. 
 
 Samnites, um, dr. ace. pi. Samni- 
 tas, pi, m., the Samnites, a branch 
 of the Sabine race inhabitinfj the 
 mountains southeast of Latium. 
 
 Samnium, i, n., a division of middle 
 Italy. 
 
 Samus, 1, f ., an island in the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, near the coast of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 sanguinarius, a, um [sanguis], 
 adj., bloodtlilrsty, bloody, sangui- 
 nary. 
 
 sanguis, inis, m., blood. 
 
 Sapor, oris, m., the name of several 
 Persian kings. 
 
 1. Sapor I., 240-273 a.d. 
 
 2. Sapor II., 310-381 a.d. 
 Sardi, orum, pi. ni , the Sardinians, 
 
 inhabitants of the island of Sardinia. 
 Sardica, ae, f., a city in Lower 
 
 Moesia. 
 Sardinia, ae, f., Sardinia, an island 
 
 in the Mediterranean Sea, west of 
 
 Italy. 
 Sardinienses, ium, pi. m., the Sar- 
 dinians, inhabitants of the island of 
 
 Sardinia. 
 Sarmatae, arum, pi. in., the in- 
 
 liahitnnts of Sarinatia. 
 Sarmatia. ae, f., Sarmatia, now the 
 
 eastern part of Poland and the 
 
 southern part of Russia in Europe. 
 Saturninus. i, m., one of the Thirty 
 
 Tyrants, 
 saucio, are, avi, atus [saucius], to 
 
 loound. 
 
 VOC.VBT'LAPvY 
 
 
 Sauromatae, arum, pi. m., a people 
 of Asia dwelling on the Tana'is. 
 
 Saxones. um, pi. m., the Saxons. 
 
 saxum, i. n., « stone, rock, boulder. 
 
 *scand6. ere. — , — , to climb, mon„t. 
 ad — ascendo, ere, i, scensus. 
 to climb up, mount, ascend. 
 
 con — conscendo, ere, i, scen- 
 sus, to mount, ascend ; go on board. 
 
 Scaevola, ae, m., Q. Milcius Scae- 
 cola, consul 117 b.(". 
 
 sceleratus, a, um [scelus], adj.. 
 wicked, infamous. 
 
 scelus. eris, n., a sin, crime. 
 
 scena, ae. f., n stage. 
 
 scientia. ae [scio], f., knowledge, 
 skill. 
 
 scilicet [scire + licet], adv., plainly, 
 of course, »lonhtless. 
 
 scio, ire, scivi, scitus, to kmnr, 
 understand 
 
 Sciplo, onis, ni., the name of one of 
 the most illustrious familiesof Rome. 
 
 1. Cornelius Scipio, consul 83 u.c. 
 
 2. Cn. C'or/iflius Sclpiii, consul 222 
 
 B.C. 
 
 3. L. ( Ciu'ncliu.s) Scipio, consul 25t> 
 
 B.C. 
 
 4. p. Cornelius Scipio, consul 218 
 
 B.C. 
 
 5. 
 
 P 
 P 
 
 Cornelius Scipio, consul 191 
 Cornelius Scipif,, praetor lt4 
 
 B.r, 
 
 <i. 
 B.C. 
 
 7. /*. Cornelius SripiO Africdnus, 
 con.sul 205 B.C., the con<iiieror of 
 Hannibal in tiie First Puni<* War. 
 
 8. /*. Cornelius Scipio Africdnus 
 (Min(ir),vonsn] 147 «.<•. He brought 
 the Tiiird Punic War to a close by j 
 capturing and destroying Carthage. ' 
 
 H. L. Cornelius Scipio Asidgenes, 
 consul 8-3 B.C. i 
 
 10. /*. (Cornelius) Scipio Xdsica, 
 consul !•] B.C. j 
 
 Scordisci. orum, pi. ni., a Thracian 
 j i>eople. 
 scriba, ae [scribo], f., a derk, sec- 
 retory. 
 
 scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to 
 write. 
 
 I de - describe, ere, scripsi, 
 scriptus, to copy ofi', sketch, de- 
 scribe. 
 
 pro — proscribo. ere, scripsi, 
 scriptus, to ofier for sale ; pro- 
 scribe, outline. 
 
 Scribonius, i, m., see Curio. 
 
 scriniura, i, n.. a case, box (especially 
 for books and papers). 
 
 Scythae. arum, pi. m., a wandering 
 tribe of Kuro[>e and Asia north ol 
 the Black and Caspian Seas. 
 
 se. sec sui. 
 
 sectio, onis, f., « sale at auction 
 of confiscated property. 
 
 secundo [secundusj, adv., /or the 
 second time. 
 
 secundus, a, um [sequor], adj., 
 second ; favorable, .'Successful. 
 
 Secundus, I, m., Pefrdnius Secundum; 
 a itartisan ol Nei-\n. 
 
 securitas, atis [securus, //-ee from 
 care], f , freedom from care, secur- 
 ity. 
 
 sad, conj., but : yet. 
 
 sedeo, ere. sedi, sessus, to sit, 
 settle, remain, be encamped. 
 ob — obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus, 
 
 to besiege, occupy ; nuitch closely. 
 
 re — reside©, ere, sedi, — , to sit 
 
 hack, remain sitting, be left behind, 
 
 remain. 
 sedes, is [vf. sedeo]. f., seat, chair; 
 
 residence, abode. 
 seditio, onis [sed f itio, from e6], 
 
 f , disse/isivn, rehi'llion, remit. 
 seditiose [seditio] . adv., seditious/ y. 
 Seleucia, ae, f , 
 
 1. A city in Assyria. 
 
228 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 2, A city in Cilieia. 
 
 3. A city ill Syria. 
 
 sella, ae [sedeoj, f., a seat, chair. 
 
 semel, adv., once. 
 
 semiharhSLVUs,!, n\., semi-barbarian. 
 
 semper, adv., always. 
 
 Sempronius, I, m., P. Seinpronius, 
 consul 2G8 B.C. See Blaesus, 
 Gracchus. 
 
 Sena, ae, f., a city in Umbria in 
 Italy. 
 
 senator, oris [senatus], m., a sen- 
 ator. 
 
 senatus, us [cf. senex], m,, council 
 of elders, senate, in the time of tlie 
 kings a mere advisory body, called 
 together by the king when he de- 
 sired advice, bnt later the chief 
 power in tlie Roman state. 
 
 senectus, utis [senex], f., old age. 
 
 senesco. ere, senui,—, [senex], ^o 
 (/row old. 
 
 «^on — consenesco, ere, senui, 
 — . to grow old . 
 
 senex. gen. senis, adj., old: comp. 
 senior, elder; sup. maximus 
 (natu), eldest. As subst., senex, 
 senis, m., an old man; seniores, 
 uni. pi. m., the elders (men over 45) . 
 
 senior, sec senex. 
 
 Senones. um, pi. m., a people of 
 Celtic (h\\\\. 
 
 Senones, um, pi m., the chief city 
 (»f the Senones. 
 
 sententia, ae [sentio], f., anopinion, 
 judgment ; sense. 
 
 sentio, ire. sensi. sensus, to discern 
 by sense, feel : see, perceire. 
 
 ad — adsentor. ari, atus sum, 
 to (^s'.'*">?^ trotter, fairu. 
 
 con — consentio, ire, sensi, 
 sensus. to agree, conspire, plot. 
 
 Sentius. i, m., On. Sentins, a Roman 
 general during the reign of the em- 
 peror Claudius. 
 
 sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), sepultus, to 
 
 bury, inter. 
 septem, indecl. num. adj., .seven. 
 September, bris, m., Septetnber, the 
 
 seventh month of the year begin- 
 ning with March, 
 septendecim [septem -f decem], 
 
 indecl. num. adj., seve)itee)i. 
 septennium, i [septem + annus], 
 
 n., the space of .seven years. 
 Septimius. i, m., see Severus. 
 Septimus, a, um [septemj, num. 
 
 adj., seventh. 
 septingentesimus, a, um [septin- 
 
 g-enti, seven hundred], num. adj., 
 
 seveii hundredth. 
 septuagenarius, a, um [septua- 
 
 gintaj, num. adj., of or belonging 
 
 to the number seventy. 
 septuagesimus, a, um [septua- 
 
 ginta], num. adj., .seventieth. 
 septuaginta [septem], indecl. num. 
 
 adj., seventy. 
 sepultura, ae [sepelio], f., burial, 
 
 fiDicral. 
 Sequani, orum, pi. m.,an important 
 
 tribe in eastern Gaul north of the 
 
 Rhone, 
 sequor, i, secutus sum, to follow, 
 
 pursue ; ensue. 
 con — consequor, i, seciatus 
 
 sum, to }^ursue, overtake; arrive; 
 
 obtain. 
 in — insequor, i, secutus sum, 
 
 to pursue , follow up. 
 ob — obsequor, i, secutus 
 
 sum, to submit to, indulge in, 
 
 assist. 
 per — persequor, i, secutus 
 
 sum, to pursi/p, pro.secute ; relate. 
 pro — prosequor, i, secutus 
 
 sum, to follow after, pursue, ad- 
 dress. 
 Serapium, i, n., Serapium, the temple 
 
 of Serapis. 
 
 \ i n 
 
 H_ Aljl i..V K 1 
 
 o.» 
 
 
 Serdica, ae, f., a town in Upper 
 
 Moesia, the modern Sofia. 
 Sergius, i, m., see Catilina. 
 serious, a, um, adj., of silk, silken. 
 sermo, onis, m., talk, conversation, 
 
 di.'<ciiKrse. 
 *ser6, ere, — , tus, to bind together. 
 ad — adsero, ere, ui, tus, to 
 claim, lay claim to. 
 
 con — consero. ere. ui, tus, to 
 join in battle ; conserere maniis. 
 to fight hand to hand. 
 
 de — desero, ere, ui, tus, to 
 leave, abandon, desert. 
 
 in — insero, ere, ui, tus, to 
 fasten into; insert. 
 Sertorius, i, m., Q. Sertorius, an 
 otHcer in the army of Marius. He 
 went to Spain as propraetor in 82 
 B.C. and maintained an independent 
 command until his death in 72 B.C. 
 Servilius, i, m., Q. Servilius, consul 
 ',k}5 B.C. See Caepio, Casca, 
 Vatia. 
 servio, Ire, ivi (ii), itus, to be the 
 slave of, devote one's self to; have 
 regard to. 
 Servius. i, m., see Tullius. 
 servitium, i [servus], n., slavery; 
 
 slave.s. 
 servitus, utis [servus], f., slavei-y. 
 servo, are, avi, atus, to save, pre- 
 serve, watch. 
 
 con- cSnservo. are, avi, atus, 
 to keep .sdfi', pr>strre. 
 
 re — reserve, are, avi, atus, to 
 keep back, reserve, preserve. 
 servus, i, m., a slave, servant. 
 sese, see sui. 
 
 sestertius, i [semis, half,-{-terti\is], 
 m., (sc. nummus), a sesterce, a I 
 small silver coin equivalent origi- 1 
 nally to tw<» and one-half as.ses, but 
 later worth about four cents. In 
 naming large sums the Romans ' 
 
 spoke of " so many times a hundred 
 thousand sestertii" {centina milia 
 sestertium) . 
 
 severe [severus], adv., sup. seve- 
 rissime ; .strictly, .severely. 
 
 severissime, see severe. 
 
 severitas, atis [severus], f., strict- 
 ness, .severity, sternne.ss. 
 
 severus, a, um, adj., serious, strict, 
 harsh. 
 
 Severus, i, m., 
 
 1. (/>.) Seiitimius Severus, R^nnaiu 
 emperor 103-211 a.d. 
 
 2. {Flavius Valerius) Sev€ruf<,K(h' 
 man emperor 30(>-307 a.d. 
 
 sex, indecl. num. adj., six. 
 
 Sex., abbreviation of the praeuomeii 
 
 Sextus. 
 sexagenarius, a, um [sexaginta], 
 
 num. adj., belonging to sixty ; maior 
 
 sexagenario, older than sirty 
 
 yrars. 
 
 sexagesimus, a, um [sexaginta], 
 
 num. adj., sirtietb. 
 sexaginta [sex], indecl. num. adj., 
 
 sixty. 
 sexcentesimus, a um [sexcenti], 
 
 num. adj., six hundredth. 
 sexcenti, ae, a [sex 4- centum], 
 
 num. adj., six hundred. 
 sexdecim or sedecim [sex -j- de- 
 cem], indecl. num. adj., sixteen. 
 sexies [sex], num. adv., six times. 
 Sextus, i, m., Sextus Chaeronensis, a 
 
 teacher of Antoninus Pius, 
 sextus, a, um [sex], num. adj., 
 
 sixth. 
 si, conj., if whether : quod si, but if. 
 sic, adv.,. so, thus; sic . . . \it,justas. 
 Sicilia. ae, f., the island of Sicily. 
 Siculi, orum. pi. m., the inhabitants 
 
 (f Sicily. 
 sicut [sic + ut], in\v.,ju.st as. 
 sido, ere, — , — , to seat one's self, sit 
 down. 
 
230 
 
 V< )CABULA 
 
 con — consid5, ere, sedi, ses- 
 
 sus, to Sit doivii; settle, encamp, 
 
 tdkp a posit io)i. 
 sig-niflco, are, avi. atus [signum 
 
 + facioj, to make signs, show: 
 
 point out, indicate. 
 sigrnum, i, n., sign, signal; military 
 
 standard, ensign , statue, image. 
 Silanus, i, m., a celebrated Roman 
 
 family. 
 
 1. D. Ifinins Silanus, consul ()2 b.c. 
 
 2. M. lunius Sild/ius, consul 
 100 K.C. 
 
 Silvanus, i, m., a Roman who revolted 
 in Gaul during the reign of the em- 
 peror Constantius. 
 Silvia, see Rhea, 
 similis, e, adj., sup. simillimus ; 
 
 like, si)iiilar. 
 8imul, adv., at the same time ; simul 
 
 atque or ac, as soon as. 
 sine, prep, with abl,, loithout. 
 Sing-ara, ae, f.. a city in Mesopotamia, 
 
 on the Tigris, 
 singularis. e [singuli], adj., one by 
 one, single, individual; remarkable, 
 singular, unparalleled. 
 singruli, ae, a, adj., one at a time, one 
 
 "piece, single. 
 sinister, tra, trum, adj., left. 
 sino. ere, sivi, situs, to put, place; 
 pernnf, let. 
 
 de — deslno, ere, sivi (ii) , situs, 
 fn rrn.'^e, stop. 
 Sinope, es, f., a city in Paphlagonia, 
 
 (HI tho Black Sea. 
 Sipylus, i, m., a mountain in Lydia. 
 Sinnium, i, n., a city in Lower Pan- 
 
 nonia. 
 *sist6. ere, stiti, status, to cause to 
 stand, place, .^pt ; sttind. 
 
 con — consisto. ere. stiti,—, to 
 
 stand, trike pn.^ition (of an army) : 
 
 stop, half ; be firm, endure, continue. 
 
 ex — exsisto, ere, stiti, — , to 
 
 make come out ; appear, arise, pro- 
 ject, exist. 
 [ re — resist©, ere, stiti, — , to op- 
 
 po.^e, v^ithstand, resist. 
 situs, a, um [orig. part, of sino], 
 
 adj., placed, .situate, lying. 
 Smyrna, ae, f., one of the most 
 flourishing and important sea-ports 
 of Asia Mim)r. 
 I socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 
 socialis, e [sociusj, adj., social. 
 socius, i, ni., a comrade, ally, con- 
 
 fcdprate. 
 socordia, ae, f., dulln€,ss, careleiss- 
 
 ness : laziness, indolence. 
 sol, s51is, m., the sun; Sol, Soils, 
 
 m., the Sun-god. 
 solitudo, inis [solus], f., loneliness; 
 
 Intirty place, wilderness. 
 sellers, ertis, adj., .skillful, e.rpn-f. 
 sollicito, are, avi, atus [sollicitus, 
 agitated], to urge, incite, tempt, 
 solicit. 
 sollicitudo. inis [sollicitus, agi- 
 tated], {., uneasiness of mind, care, 
 anxiety. 
 solum, i. n., the ground, soil. 
 solum [solus], adv , onh/. 
 solus, a, um. gen. solius, dat. soli, 
 
 adj., tnily, al'inr. 
 solvo, ere, solvi, solutus, to loose; 
 set .'iail ; annul : pay ; unseal, open. 
 I Sophanene, es, f., or Sophene, a 
 
 division of Armenia Maior. 
 soror, oris, f., a sister. 
 Sp., abbreviation of the praenonicn 
 
 Spurius. 
 Spartacus, i, m., a Roman gladiator 
 who led an insurrection of gladiators 
 and slaves, 73 b.c. 
 spatiosus, a, um [spatium, space] , 
 adj., roomy, of great extent, ample, 
 erfensivr. 
 *speci6, ere, spexi, — , (obsolete), 
 to look. 
 
 V()CAIirL\]!Y 
 
 o^ 
 
 '2\] 
 
 ad — adspicio, ere, spexi, spec- 
 
 tus, to look at, crxiidue, inspect. 
 con — conspicio, ere, spexi, 
 
 spectus, to catch sight of, spy; 
 
 see. 
 spectaculum,i [specto, to look at], 
 
 n., II s'unv, .spectacle. 
 specto, are, avi, atus [freq. of 
 
 ♦specioj, to look at, v:utch, behold. 
 ex — exspecto, are, avi, atus, 
 
 to look out for, waif for, await. 
 speculator, oris, m., a spy. 
 spes, ei, f., hope, ex.spectation. 
 spolium. i. n., spoil, booty. 
 spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsus, 
 
 to promise. 
 
 re — respondeo, ere, i, spon- 
 sus, to answer, reply; correspond 
 to, agree with . 
 sponte [a])l. of spons, obs.], f., ?»o/- 
 nntarily ; with mea, tua, or sua, 
 of my, your, or his own free will. 
 stadium, i, n., a stade, stadium, fur- 
 long, tRH).5 English feet ; « course for 
 footraces; race cour.se ; Stadium, 
 the race course built by Domitian. 
 statim [sto], adv., instantly, at 
 
 once. 
 Static, onis [sto]. f., n picket, guard. 
 stativus, a, um [sto], ad]., perma- 
 nent, stationary ; castra stativa, 
 a permanent camp. 
 statua, ae [sto], a statue, im<(ge. 
 *statu6, ere, i, utus [sto], to cause 
 to .<itand, .set up, place; determine; 
 determine on; arrange, appoint. 
 
 con — constituo. ere. i. utus, 
 to set up, erect ; .set in order, organ- 
 ize ; arrange, appoint ; rcsolrc. 
 
 de — destituo, ere, i, utus. to 
 set down, dp/tosif. 
 
 in — instituo, ere. i, utus, to set 
 in place, arrange ; found, establi.th ; 
 determine, undertake, begin ; train, 
 teach. 
 
 pro — prostituo, ere, i, utus, 
 to set forth in public, expose ; d;.s- 
 honor, prostitute, offer for sale. 
 
 re — restituo, ere, i, utus, to 
 set up again, replace, restore, re- 
 instate ; repair, remedy, save. 
 
 status, us [sto], m.,. state, position, 
 rank. 
 
 Stella, ae, f., o star. 
 
 stercus, oris, n., dung, excrement, 
 manure. 
 
 sterno, ere, stravi, stratus, to Iny 
 low, scatter ; pave. 
 
 stilus, i. m.. stilus, pen. 
 
 stipendiarius. a, um [stipendium] , 
 adj., trihntiiry, paying tribute. 
 
 Stipendium, i [stips, gift + pendo], 
 n., a payment ; salary, pay ; cam- 
 paign. 
 
 Stipes, itis. m., a log, .stock, post, 
 trunk. 
 
 *st6, are, steti, status, to stand, 
 take the part of, stand firm ; con- 
 tinue. 
 
 ad — asto, are, stiti, — . to .stand 
 at, be at houd. 
 
 in — insto, are, stiti, staturus, 
 to draw near, be present ; press on, 
 pursue. 
 
 prae — praesto. are, stiti, sti- 
 tus, to shinr ; be.stow, supply ; sur- 
 f,a.ss: be J, referable ; do, perform. 
 
 Stoicus. a. um, adj.. Stoic. 
 
 Stolide. adv.. stui rally, stolidly, 
 
 strangrulo. are, avi, atus, to stran- 
 gle, throttle, kill. 
 
 Stratonice, es, f., a city in Caria in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 strenue [strenuus], adv., stip. 
 strenuissime. rigor<,usly. 
 
 strenuissime. see strenue. 
 
 strenuus, a, um, a.lj., brisk, active, 
 vigorous. 
 
 strictim, adv., superficially, summa- 
 rily, briefly. 
 
232 
 
 VOf \n!'LARY 
 
 studeo, ere, ui, — , to be eager, take 
 pains about, pay attention to ; wish, 
 try ; favor. 
 studiose [studiosus, eager], adv., 
 
 eagerly, zealoaslii. 
 studium, i [studeo], n., zeal, enthu- 
 siasm; desire, pursuit, study ; good 
 loill, affection. 
 stupro. are, avi, atus [stuprum], 
 
 to debauch, dishonor. 
 stuprum, i, n., debauchery, defile- 
 ment, dishonor. 
 suadeo, ere, suasi, suasus, to ad- 
 vice, urge, exhort. 
 yub. prep, with ace, under, toioards, 
 until, after; with abl., v)ider, be- 
 neath, at the foot of, close to; in 
 tie reign of. 
 subicio, see *iaci6. 
 subigro, see ago. 
 subito [subitus], adv., suddenly. 
 -cubitus, a, II m [subeoj, adj., sud- 
 den, unexpected. 
 subiugo. are, avi, atus [sub + 
 iugumj, to bring under the yoke; 
 suf>J''rt, subjugate. 
 sublatus, see tollo. 
 submoveo, see moveo. 
 subtilis, e, adj., nice, precise, accu- 
 rate, subtle. 
 suburban us. a. um [urbs], adj., 
 
 )i(:ar the city, suburban. 
 subvenio, see venio. 
 duccedo, see ced5. 
 successor, oris [succedo], m., a 
 
 fo/lower, .vfccessor. 
 successu-^, us [succedS], m., fa- 
 vorable outcome, success. 
 sudor, oris [sudo, to siveat], m., 
 
 sireKt ; fatigue. 
 Suessa, ae, f., Suessa Pumetia, a <-ity 
 
 of the Volsci, in Latiuni. 
 Suevi. orum, pi. m., a confederacy 
 
 of German tribes. 
 Suevia, ae, f., Suevia, the laud of 
 
 the Suevi, modern Bavaria and 
 
 Wurtemberg. 
 sui, gen., sibi, dat., se (sese), ace. 
 
 and abl., reflex, pron., sing, and pi., 
 
 himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
 Sulla, ae, m., L. Coryielius Sulla, sur- 
 
 named Felix, consul 88 b.c. 
 Sulpicius, i, m., 
 
 1. C. Sulpicius, dictator 304 b.c. 
 
 2. P. Sulpicius, consul 279 b.c. 
 
 3. P. Sulpicius, consul 211 b.c. 
 See Rufus. 
 
 sum, esse,fui, futurus, to be, exist, 
 live; with gen., belonging to, be a 
 part of; be true, be so ; happen, take 
 place ; with dat., have, possess. 
 
 ab — absum, esse, afui, — , to 
 be aicay or absent, be far from ; 
 prope abesse, to be at no great 
 distance, be near. 
 
 in — insum, inesse, infui, — , to 
 be in or on; belong to. 
 
 inter — intersum, esse, fui, — , 
 to be present at, take part in. 
 
 prae — praesum, praeesse, fui, 
 — . to be over or before ; rule, gov- 
 ern, be in command of . 
 
 pro — prosum, prodesse, pro- 
 fui, — , to benefit, profit, aid. 
 
 super — supersum, esse, fui, 
 — , to be over and above, remain ; 
 survive, outlire. 
 summus, see superus. 
 sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, to 
 use up, spend. 
 
 con — consume, ere, sumpsi, 
 sumptus, to use up ; devour, waste ; 
 destroy ; spend, pass ; 7ise, employ. 
 re — resume, ere, sumpsi, 
 sumptus, to take up again, take 
 back, resume. 
 sumptus, us [sumo], m., outlay, 
 
 expense. 
 supellex or supellectilis, is, f., 
 household stufi', furniture. 
 
 VUCAni LA!;V 
 
 .loo 
 
 
 super, prep, with ace, over, above, 
 upon, in addition to; with abl., 
 over, above, upon, on ; about, of, 
 concerning. 
 superbia, ae [superbus], f,, haugh- 
 tiness, pride. 
 superbus, a, um, adj., haughty, 
 
 ]irou'/, august. 
 superfluus, a, um [super + flu6], 
 adj., runniitg over, superfluous ; un- 
 necessary. 
 superior, see superus. 
 supero, are, avi, atus [super], to 
 pass over or around, overcome, con- 
 quer; survive. 
 supersum, see sum. 
 superus, a, um [super], adj., above, 
 on high; comp., superior, ius, 
 upper, higher, earlier, superior; 
 victorious; elder; sup. summus, 
 a, um, highest, chief, utmost. 
 supervenio, see venio. 
 supplicium, i [supplex, a suppli- 
 ant], u., punishment, execution, 
 torture. 
 supra, adv. and prep, with ace, 
 
 above, over, before, on. 
 Surena, ae, m.. a general of the 
 Parthians who defeated Crassus in 
 !')A B.C. 
 suscipio. see capio. 
 suspectus, a, um [orig. part, of 
 suspicioj, adj., mistrusted, sus- 
 pected. 
 suspicio, onis [suspicio, to suspect], 
 
 f., d/.-^trusf, siispirion. 
 sustineo, see teneS. 
 sustuli, see tollo. 
 
 Sutrini, orum, pi. ni., the inhabi- 
 tants of Sutrium, a city in Etruria 
 in Italy, 
 suus, a. um [sui], pron. adj., his 
 own, her own, its own, their oicn ; 
 his, hpr, its, their; as snbst., sui, 
 orum, pi. m., his (their) friends, 
 
 followers, soldiers or fellow-citi- 
 zens. 
 
 Symiasera, ae, f., the mother of 
 Heliogabalus. 
 
 Syphax, acis, m., a king of Nu- 
 niidia. 
 
 Syracusani, 5rum, pi. m., the in- 
 habitants of Syracuse, a Greek city 
 in Sicily. 
 
 Syracusanus, a, um, adj.. belong, 
 ing to Syracuse; urbs SyracQ- 
 sana, the city of Syracu^^e. 
 
 Syria, ae, f . , Syria , a country of Asia , 
 on the eastern coast of the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. 
 
 Syriacus, a, um, adj., belonging to 
 Syria, Syrian ; Syriacumbellum 
 Syro-Aetolian war, 192-189 b.c. 
 
 T. 
 
 T., abbreviation of the praenomen 
 Titus. 
 
 tabula, ae, L, a board, plank; pic- 
 ture (sc. picta, painted); ivriting 
 tablet ; record, list. 
 
 Tacitus, i,m., (3/. Claudius) Tacitus, 
 Roman emperor 275-27G a.d. 
 
 Taifali. orum, pi. m., a tribe of 
 Dacia. 
 
 talentum, i, n., a talent, a Greek 
 money measure worth about 
 SI 100. 
 
 tails, e, i{(\].,such, of such a kind; 
 talis . . . qualis, such, . . . a.«. 
 
 tarn, adv., to such a degree, so much, 
 as much, so; tam . . . quam, as 
 . . . so, not only . . . but also. 
 
 tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that, 
 all the same, however, neverthe- 
 less. 
 tamquam, adv. and conj., as, as if, 
 
 as though. 
 tandem, adv., at length, at la.^t, 
 
 finally. 
 
■^:ll 
 
 vnr.\ lU'LARY 
 
 »tang-6, ere, tetigrl, tactus, to 
 touch ; reach to. 
 
 ad — attingro, ere, iigi, tactus, 
 to border on, touch, attain. 
 
 con — conting-6, ere, tig-i, tac- 
 tus, to touch, reach ; occur, happen to. 
 
 tantum [tantus], adv., so much (and 
 no more), only, merely. 
 
 tantus. a, um, adj., so great, such. 
 
 Tarentini, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- 
 tants of Tarentum. 
 
 Tarentuni, i, n., a flouri-shing Greek 
 city on the .southern coast of Italy. 
 
 Tarqulnius, i, ni., the name of a gens 
 in early Konie, said to have come 
 from Etruria. 
 
 1. (/>.) Tarquinius Priscus, the 
 fifth king of Rome, 61(5-578 b.c. 
 
 2. L. Tarquinius Superbus, the 
 son of Priscus, the last king of 
 Rome, 5.34-510 B.C. 
 
 3. {Sextus) Tarquinius, son of (2). 
 
 4. (L.) Tarquinius Colldtlnus, 
 cousin of (8), and husband of Lu- 
 cretia, consul 501) b.c. 
 
 Tarraco, onis, f., a city in Spain. 
 
 Tarsus, i, f., a city in Cilicia in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Tauromenitani, orum, pi. m., the 
 inhabitants of Tauromenium, a city 
 on file eastern coast of Sicily. 
 
 Taurus, i, m., a mountain range in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 taxo, are, avi, atus [freq. of tango] , 
 to touch sharply, harass, vex. 
 
 tectorium, i [tego. (o cover] n., a 
 covering, cover; plastering. 
 
 Telesinus, i, m., Pontius Telesinus, 
 commander of the Samnites in the 
 wn r against Sulla. See Notes, p. 1(52. 
 
 temerltas, atis [temere, rashly], 
 f., rashness, heedlessness, temerity. 
 
 terapestas, atis [tempusj, i., point 
 of time, period of time ; storm, tem- 
 pest. 
 
 templum. i, n., a sacred spot ; temple. 
 
 tempto, are, avi, atus [freq. of 
 tendo], to touch, handle; try, at- 
 tempt : sound, try to ivin over. 
 
 tempus, oris, n., time, period, sea- 
 son; opportunity, occasion. 
 
 tenax, acis [teneo], adj., holding 
 fast, tenacious ; firm, steadfast, per- 
 sistent. 
 
 tendo, ere, tetendi, tentus, and 
 tensus. to spread out, stretch ; in- 
 sidias tendere, to lay a trap for, 
 plot against. 
 
 con — contend©, ere, i, tentus, 
 to stretch ; exert one's self, strive, 
 insist; hasten, march quickly. 
 
 ob(s) — ostendo, ere, i, tentus, 
 to stretch out, shoiv ; produce, fur- 
 nish ; disclose, 7nake knoivn. 
 teneo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold, keep, 
 
 possess; maintain, guard, defend; 
 seize. 
 
 ab — abstineo, ere, ui, tentus, 
 to hold buck or from; keep aloof 
 from; refrain from, abstain. 
 
 con— contineo, ere, ui, tentus, 
 to hold, keep, contain; restrain, 
 rule, curb. 
 
 ob — obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, 
 to hold, possess ; rule, govern. 
 
 re — retineo, ere, ui, tentus, 
 to hold or keep (back) ; retain, 
 detain. 
 
 sub(s) — sustineo, ere, ui, ten- 
 tus, to hold up, support, sustain; 
 bear, endure, hold in check, restrain. 
 ter, num. adv., three times. 
 Terentius. i, m., see Varro. 
 Itergum, i, n., the back; tergum 
 I vertere, tofiee. 
 ' terminus, i, n., the end, boundary. 
 terra, ae, f., the earth: kuid ; terri- 
 tory, country. 
 terrester, tris, tre [terra], adj., 
 of the earth or land. 
 
 \ULAiil L.\l; V 
 
 :?8n 
 
 terribilis, e [terreo] , ad]., frightful, 
 dreadful. 
 
 territorium, i [terra], u., a terri- 
 tory, do)nain. 
 
 terror, oris [terreo], m.,/ertr, terror. 
 
 tertia [tertius],num. adv., the third 
 titnc. 
 
 tertius, a, um [cf. tres], num. adj., 
 third. 
 
 Tervingi, orum, pi. m., a people of 
 1 )acia. 
 
 testamentum, i [testis, a icitness], 
 n., a will, testament. 
 
 Tetricus. i, m., (C. Pesuvius) Tetri- 
 rus, one of tlu" Thirty Tyrants. 
 
 Teutobodus, i, m., a leader of the 
 Cimbri. 
 
 Teutones, um, pi. m., the Teutones, 
 a Germanic people which with the 
 Cimbri invaded Italy, but were de- 
 feated by Marius, 102 B.C. 
 
 Theodora, ae, f., the wife of Con- 
 stant ins. 
 
 thermae, arum, pi. f., warm baths. 
 
 Thessalia, ae, f., Thcssaly, a large 
 district in the nortlieastern part of 
 Greece. 
 
 Thessalonica, ae, f,, a city in Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Thracia, ae, f., Tliracc, a large di.s- 
 trict in the southejistern part of 
 Europe, between the Aegean Sea, 
 Macedonia, and the Black Sea. 
 
 Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber. 
 
 Tiberius, i, m., Tiberius {('laudiwi 
 X''rn), Roman emperor 14-37 a.d. 
 
 Tigranes, is. in., king of Armenia, 
 son-in-law of Mitbradates,iX>-5<) B.C. 
 
 Tigranocerta, ae, f., the capital city 
 of Armenia Maior. 
 
 Tigris, idis, ra., the Tigris, a river in 
 Mesopotamia. 
 
 timeo. ere. ui. - , to fear, be anxious. 
 
 timor, oris [timeo] m.,fear, a cause 
 of fear. 
 
 tiro. Onis, m., a rerrriif : bpginner. 
 Titurius. i, ni., see Sabinus. 
 Titus, i, m., 7'. Flavius Sabinus Ves- 
 
 pasidnus, Roman emper<>r7t»-}^l a.d, 
 togra, ae, f., the toga, the character- 
 
 i.stic outer robe of the Romans, 
 togatus, a, um [toga], adj., clad in 
 
 (lie toga : ill pf'acefulgarh, unarmed. 
 toUo, ere. sustuli, sublatus, to lift, 
 
 raise, take up; remove, abolish. 
 Tolumnius, i, m., (Lar) Tolumnius, 
 
 leader of the Veientes. 
 Tomi, orum, pi. m., a city in Lower 
 
 Moesia. 
 Torquatus. i, m.. 
 
 1. (T.) Mdnlius l^orqudtus, dicta- 
 tor 353 B.C. 
 
 2. T. Mdnlius Torquatus, consul 
 235 B.C. 
 
 torquis, is, m., a twisted collar, neck- 
 lace. 
 
 tot, indecl. adj., so many. 
 
 totus, a, um. gen. totius, <lat. toti, 
 adj., (///, all the, the whole, entire. 
 
 tracto, are, avi, atus [freq. of 
 traho], to treat. 
 
 tractus, as [traho], m., a stretch, 
 tract. 
 
 trado, see do. 
 
 tragicus. a, um [tragoedia], adj., 
 of tragedy, tragic. 
 
 tragoedia. ae. f., tragedy. 
 
 trahS, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw, 
 drag; detain. 
 
 con — contraho, ere, traxi. 
 tractus, to draw together, col/ert, 
 assemble. 
 
 de — detraho, ere, traxi, trac- 
 tus, to draw or strip of, remove; 
 drag. 
 
 dis — distraho, ere, traxi, trac- 
 tus, to pull asunder, part, separate. 
 ex -extraho, ere, traxi, trac- 
 tus, to draic <jr pull out ; prolong, 
 waUc. 
 
0^( 
 
 VOCABULAia 
 
 pr6 — protralio. ere, traxi, 
 
 tractus, to draw forth, bring J or- 
 
 iritrd, produce : discover, disclose. 
 
 traicio, see *iaci6. 
 
 Traianus, i, ,n., (J/.) Ulpius Crlnitus 
 
 Trdianus, Roman emperor 98-117 a.d. 
 
 tranquille [tranquillus], adv., 
 
 calmly, tranquilly. 
 Tranquillma, ae, the wife of the 
 
 tiiilxTor (iordianus. 
 tranquillitas, atis [tranquillus] , f., 
 calnine.^s, stillness: Tranquillitas,' 
 atis (as title of emperor), Serene 
 Highness. 
 
 tranquillus, a, urn, adj., cabn, peace- 
 ful, tranquil. 
 
 trans, prep, with ace, across, beyond, 
 orer. 
 
 transalpinus, a, um [trans + 
 Alpes], adj., across the Alps, trans- 
 alpine. 
 
 transeo, see eo. 
 
 tran~fer(j, see fero. 
 
 trfiusfugra, ae [transfugio, to Jiee 
 vci'r], m., a deserter. 
 
 transgredior, see *8"radior. 
 
 transig-o, see ago. 
 
 transitorius, a, um [transeo], adj., 
 adapted for passing through, hav- 
 ing a passage loay ; forum Transi- 
 torium. 
 
 transmarinus. a. um [trans + 
 
 mare], adj., beyond the sea. 
 Trebellianus, i, m., one of the Thirty 
 
 Tvraiits. 
 Trebia, ae, f., a river in Cisalpine 
 Ganl, where the second battle of 
 the Second Punic War was fouglit. 
 trecentesimus, a, um [trecenti], 
 
 iinin. adj., three hundredth. 
 trecenti. ae, a [tres + centum], 
 
 '■'•-'■ ;i'ij.. three hundred. 
 Treiueliius, i, m., a Roman quaestor 
 
 who conquered Pseudoperses. 
 tres, tria, num. adj., three. 
 
 Triballi, orum, pi. m., a Thracian 
 
 people of Lower Moesia. 
 tribunus, i [tribus], m., chief of a 
 tribe, tribune; tribunus militum 
 or militaris, military tribune, cap- 
 tain, one of the minor officers of a 
 legion, six in number; tribunus 
 plebis, tribune of the people, elected 
 from the plebeians. The office was 
 created in 494 b.c. to protect the 
 plebeians from the patricians. Ten 
 tribunes were elected annually. 
 Their persons were sacred. 
 
 tribuo, ere, i, utus [tribus], to as- 
 sifffi, gf'<^(fd, give. 
 
 dis — distribuo, ere, i, utus, to 
 divide, distribute, apportion. 
 
 tribus, us [cf. tres],f., a tribe (orig. 
 a third part of the people). 
 
 tributum, i [tribuo], n., « tax, trib- 
 ute. 
 
 tricesimus, a, um [triginta], num. 
 
 adj., thirtieth. 
 tricies [triginta], num. adv., thirty 
 
 times. 
 Tricipitinus, i, m., Sp. Lucretius 
 
 Trieipitinus, consul 509 b.c. 
 triclinium, i, n., a couch for three 
 
 persons reclining at meals, a dinner 
 
 sofa. 
 
 triduum, i [tres + dies], n., the 
 space of three days, three days. 
 
 triennium, i [tres + annus], n., the 
 space of three years, three years, 
 
 triginta, indecl. num. adj., thirty. 
 
 Tripolitanus, a, um, adj., belonging 
 to Tripolis; tripolitana provincia, 
 the province of Tripolis, m northern' 
 Africa. 
 
 tristis, e, adj., sad, sorroiofid ; stern, 
 strict, severe. 
 
 triticum, i, n., reheat. 
 
 triumpho, are, avi, atus, to cele- 
 brate a triumph. 
 
 triumphus, i, m., a triumph, a 
 
 Vnr \ lU' J ,\ I; y 
 
 . ) ■ 5 ' 
 
 splendid procession in which the 
 vietorious general entered the city 
 accompanied by his soldiers and the 
 spoil and captives he had taken. 
 The procession passed around the 
 Capitoliue Hill into the Via Sacra, 
 then into the Forum, and up to the 
 temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 
 Troia, ae, f., Troy, a city in the 
 northwestern part of Asia Minor, 
 renowned for its ten years' siege by 
 the Greeks, 
 trux, trucis, adj., tcild, savage, stern. 
 tu, tui, pi. vos, vestrum or vestri, 
 
 pers. pron., thou, you. 
 tueor, eri, tutus or tuitus sum, to 
 look at, irateh ; defrnd, protect. 
 
 in — intueor, eri, itus sum, to 
 
 look closely at or upon, gaze at. 
 
 Tugurini. or Tigurini, orum, pi. 
 
 m., a Helvetian people who invaded 
 
 Italy with the Cimbri and Teutones. 
 
 Tullius, i, m., Servius Tullius, the 
 
 sixth king of Rome, r.78-5;i4 B.C. 
 Tullus, i, lu., see Hostilius. 
 tum, adv., then, at that time; there- 
 upon. 
 tumultuor. ari, atus sum [tumul- 
 
 tus], to make a disturbance, riot. 
 tumultus, us, m., (t disturbance, up- 
 
 nmr : rebellion, riot. 
 tumulus, i [tumeo, to swell], m., a 
 
 hillock, mound, hill. 
 tunc, adv., then, at that time ; accord- 
 ingly, thereupon. 
 turbo, are, avi, atus [turba, a 
 
 crou-d], to disturb, confuse. 
 turpis. e, adj., ugly ; base, dishonor- 
 ahlr. 
 
 turris, is, f.. a tower. ■ 
 
 Tusci. orum, pi. m., the Etruscans, 
 
 iidiabitants of Etruria. 
 Tuscia, ae, f., Etruria, a division of 
 
 central Italy. 
 Tusculum, i, n., an old town in La- 
 
 tium, about ten miles southeast of 
 Rome. 
 
 tutor, oris [tueor], m., a guardian, 
 
 tutor. 
 tutus, a, um [tueor], adj., safe. 
 tuus, a, um [tu], pron. adj.,' ?/our, 
 
 yours. 
 tyrannicus. a, um [tyrannus], adj., 
 
 tyrannical. 
 tyrannis, idis [tyrannus], f., the 
 
 su:ay of a tyrant, arbitrary power, 
 
 despotic rule. 
 tyrannus, i. m., « ruler, tyrant. 
 
 U. 
 
 ubi, adv., tchere, when : ubi primum, 
 
 as soon ((s. 
 ubicumque, adv., wherever. 
 ' ubique [ubi + que], adv.. anywhere. 
 ullus, a, um, gen. ullius, dat. aili, 
 
 adj., any. 
 Ulpianus. i, m., (Domitiu.^) llpidnus, 
 
 a celebrated Roman jurist. 
 Ulpius. i, w., see Traianus. 
 ulterior, ius, gen. oris [ultra], adj., 
 further, remoter; sup. ultimus, 
 .farthest, last, iitmost, greatest. 
 ultio, onis [ulciscor, to avenge], f., 
 
 revenge. 
 ultra, prep, with ace, on the further 
 
 side, beyond. 
 umquam, adv., at any time, ever ; 
 
 usually with a netrative. 
 undecimus, a, um [undecim, 
 
 eleven], num. adj., eleventh. 
 unguentum. i [unguo, to anoint], 
 
 n., ointmeyit, unguent, perfume. 
 unguis, is, m., a nail, hoof, claw. 
 unice [unicus]. adv., aloyie, singly, 
 
 uuiijuely. 
 unicus, a, um [unus], adj., only, 
 
 sole, .tingle; unconunon. 
 uni versus, a, um [unus -)- *vert6], 
 adj., all in one, whole, entire. 
 
288 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 unus, a \im, gen. ilnius, dat. uni, 
 
 adj., one, onlij, solo, alone. 
 urbs, urbis, f., a city ; The City 
 
 (Rome), 
 urna, ae [uro, to hum], i,, a vessel, 
 
 iirn (of baked clay). 
 Uscudania. ae, f,, a city iu Thrace, 
 usque, adv., all the way, right on, 
 
 continuoiisly, even. 
 asurpo, are, avi, atus [usus + 
 
 rapio], to make use of, enjoy; 
 
 usurp. 
 usus, us [utor], 111., use, employ- 
 ment ; experience, training ; projit, 
 
 advantage, convenience. 
 usus, a, um, see utor, 
 ut, adv., iiiterrog., howf in what 
 
 wayf rel., as, just as ; since, seeing 
 
 that; ut . . . ita, just as . . . so. 
 ut, conj., (I) with iiid., when; ut 
 
 prim 11 m. as soon as; (2) with 
 
 subj. of purpose, in order that, 
 
 that; of result, so that, that. 
 uterque, traque, trumque [uter 
 
 -f que], adj.. each (of two), both. 
 utor, uti, usus sum, to make luse 
 
 of, employ ; enjoy ; have, possess ; 
 
 as.-tociate loith, be intimate tcith. 
 titrimque [uterque], adv., from or 
 
 on both sides, on either hand. 
 uxor, oris, f., a ivife. 
 uxorius. a. um [uxor], adj., of a 
 
 wife. 
 
 V. 
 V. = 5. 
 
 vacuus, a lari [vaco, to be empty], 
 adj., empty, unoccupied. 
 
 *vado. ere. — , — , to go, rush. 
 
 ex — evado, ere, vasi, vasus, 
 to go forth or away; get away, 
 escape; get to h", become. 
 
 in — invado, ere, vasi, vasus, 
 to enter ; attack; seize, take posses- 
 sion of. 
 
 vagfor ari at \is sum, ^o wander. 
 
 Valens, entis, m., 
 
 1. (F,) Valens, consul 96 a.d. 
 
 2. Valens, emperor of the East, 
 3&4-378 A.D. 
 
 Valeria, ae, f., daughter of Diocle- 
 tian and wife of Galerii^s. 
 Valerianus, i, m., 
 
 1. (P.) Licinius Valerianus, 
 Roman emperor 253-200 a.d. 
 
 2. (P.) Licinius Valerianus, son 
 
 of (1). 
 Valerius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
 
 gens. See Corvinus, Laevinus, 
 
 Messala. Publicola. 
 valetudo, inis [valeo, to be ivell], 
 
 f., health (good or bad), sickness, 
 
 ivpakness. 
 validus, a, um [valeo, to be veil], 
 
 adj., .strotig, healthy, effective. 
 vallum, i, n., stockade, rampart, 
 
 ivall. 
 Vandal!, orum, pi. m., Vaiidals, a 
 
 confederacy of German peoples 
 
 that invaded Italy in tlie fifth cen- 
 tury A. I), 
 varie [varius], adv., variously. 
 varius, a, um. adj., diverse, various. 
 Varr5, 5nis, m., 
 
 1. M. (Terentius) Vari-o, n legate 
 of Pompey in Spain, where he was 
 defeated by Caesar. 
 
 2. P. (('.) Terentius T^rro, consul 
 219 and 210 B.C. 
 
 Varronianus, i, consul 3<J3 a.d. 
 
 Varus, 1, m., Q. Varus, one of the 
 leaders of the Pompeian party at 
 the battle of Thapsus. 
 
 vas, vasis (pi. vasa, orum), n., a 
 I'p.'i.^p/, dis/i. 
 
 vastitas, atis [vasto], f., devasta- 
 tion. 
 
 vasto. are, avi, atus, to lay waste, 
 devastate, destroy. 
 
 Vatia, ae, ni., P. Servilius Vatia, 
 surnamed Isauricus, consul 79 b.c. 
 
 vnrAnri 
 
 . 1 t t i 
 
 239 
 
 Vecta, ae, f., an island off the south- 
 ern coast of England, now the Isle 
 of Wight. 
 
 vehementer [vehemens, earnest], 
 adv., earnestly, seriously, severely ; 
 exceedingly. 
 
 vehiculum, 1 [veho], n., or vehicle, 
 rarriagr. 
 
 veho. ere, vexi, vectus, to bear, 
 carry, convey; in pass, with navi 
 or equo, to sail, ride. 
 
 ex — eveho, ere, vexi, vectus. 
 to lift, raise, elevate. 
 
 in — inveho. ere. vexi, vectus, 
 to carry i}i or to ; in pass., ride into, 
 sail info. 
 
 re — reveho, ere, vexi, vectus, 
 to carry bark, bring bark, return. 
 
 Veientani, orum, pi, ra., the inhabi- 
 tants of Veil. 
 
 Veientes, ium, pi. m., the people of 
 Vi'il. 
 
 Veil, orum, pi. m., Veii, a powerful 
 town in Etruria, about twelve miles 
 from Rome. 
 
 vel [old. imi)erative of voloj, adv. 
 and c(mj., even ; or, or else ; vel 
 . . . vel, either . . . or. 
 
 venditio, onis [vendo], f., an auction 
 .s'«/f, auction. 
 
 vendo. ere. did!, ditus [contr. from 
 venumd5] , to sell. 
 
 venenum. i, n., poi.'^on. 
 
 venerabilis, e [veneror], adj., ven- 
 erable, reverend. 
 
 veneratio, onis [veneror], f,, ven- 
 eration, reverence. 
 
 veneror, ari, atus sum, to worship, 
 revere, respect, honor. 
 
 Venetia, ae, f., a district at the head 
 of the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 venia, ae, f., favor, grace, kind- 
 ness. 
 
 venio, ire, veni, ventus, to come, 
 go. 
 
 con — convenio, ire, veni. ven- 
 tus, to come together, assemble; be 
 agreed upon, be suitable. 
 
 ex — evenio, ire, veni, ventus, 
 to turn out, come to pass. 
 
 in — invenio, ire, veni, ventus, 
 to come upon, find, discover. 
 
 inter — intervenio, ire, veni, 
 ventus, to come ujyon, appear, in- 
 tervene. 
 
 per — pervenio, ire, veni, ven- 
 tus, to come to, reach; penetrate, 
 attain to. 
 
 prae — prae venio, ire, veni, 
 ventus, to come before, get start of, 
 anticipate, outstrip. 
 
 sub — sub venio, ire, veni, ven- 
 tus. to come to help, aid, o.^sist . 
 
 super — supervenio, ire, veni, 
 ventus, to come to the rescue, ar- 
 rive; surpass. 
 venter, tris, m., the stomach; appe- 
 tite. 
 Ventidius. i, ni., see Bassus. 
 verbero, are, avi, atus [verber. 
 
 lash], to whip, scourge, beat. 
 vere [verus, true], adv., truly, 
 
 really. 
 vereor, eri, itus sum, to fear, dread, 
 
 rcS)>ert. 
 Verg-ilianus. a, um, adj., Vergilian ; 
 Vergilianus versus, a verse from 
 the Aeneidiii Vergil. 
 Verona, ae, f., an important town in 
 
 Cisalpine Gaul. 
 *vert5. ere, i, versus, to turn, 
 change ; in pass., turn about, return. 
 ab — averts, ere, i, versus, to 
 turn away or oside, avert, divort. 
 
 con — converto, ere, i, versus, 
 to turn round, change ; turn, direct ; 
 divert, misuse. 
 
 ex — everts, ere. i, versus, to 
 overturn, dpstroy, ruin. 
 re — reverter , i, reverti or (less 
 
o 
 
 M 
 
 \'<H \I;''^ 
 
 (, ) 
 
 
 often) reversus sum, to return; 
 
 revert, recur. 
 versus, us [verto], m., a line, 
 
 verse. 
 verum [verus, true], adv., trulf/, 
 
 certainly ; hut. 
 Verus, i, m., see Antoninus. 
 Vespasianus, i, in., {T. Flavius) 
 
 Vespasimius, Roman emi)eror 70-79 
 
 A.D. 
 
 vespera, ae, f., evening. 
 vespillo, onis, m., a corpse bearer. 
 Vestalis, e, adj., pertaining to the 
 
 goddess Vesta, 
 vester, tra, trum, pron, adj., your, 
 
 yours ; Vestra (as title of emperor), 
 
 *'Your Serene Hif/h)iess." 
 vestis, is, f., clothing, garments; a 
 
 robe. 
 veto. are. ui, itus, not allow, forbid. 
 Vetranio, onis, m., a commander of 
 
 the legions in Illyria who was pro- 
 claimed emperor by the troops. 
 Vettius, i, m., T. Vettius, a leader of 
 
 the Marsi in the Marsic war. 
 Veturia, ae, f., the mother of Cori- 
 
 olanus. 
 Veturius, i, ni., T. Veturius, consul 
 
 :^21 B.C. 
 Vetus, eris, m., consul with Valens, 
 
 <r> A.B. 
 vetus, eris, adj., old, aged; of a 
 
 former time, ancient. 
 via. ae. f., a way, road, journey; 
 
 passage. 
 (Vibulanus, i), m., C. Fabius (Vibu- 
 
 liinus) consul for the third time 479 
 
 B.C. His praenomen is generally 
 
 given as Kaoso. 
 vicesimus, a, um [viginti], num. 
 
 adj., twentieth. 
 vicinus, a. um [vicus], adj., near, 
 
 neighboring. 
 vicissim [vicis, alternation], adv., 
 
 i)i turn. 
 
 Victoali, orum, pi. m., a West Gothic 
 people. 
 
 victor, oris [vinco] , m., a conqueror ; 
 as adj., victorious. 
 
 victoria, ae [vinco], f., victory. 
 
 Victorinus, i, m., one of the Thirty 
 Tyrants. 
 
 victrix, icis [vinco], f., a victress, a 
 female conqueror; as adj., victori- 
 ous. 
 
 vicus, i, m., a toicn, village. 
 
 video, ere, vidi, visus, to see, per- 
 ceive, understand ; in pass., seem. 
 
 in — invideo, ere. vidi, visus, 
 to look askance at, envy. 
 
 viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty. 
 
 vilis, e, adj., cheap, common, ivorth- 
 less. 
 
 vilissime, see viliter. 
 
 viliter [vilis], adv., sup. vilissime; 
 at a low price, cheaply. 
 
 villa, ae, f., a country house, farm, 
 villa. 
 
 Viminacium. i, n,, a town in Upper 
 Moesia. 
 
 Viminalis, e [vimen, an osier], adj., 
 of osiers; as subst., Viminalis, is, 
 m. (sc. collis), the Viminal Hill, 
 one of the seven hills of Rome. 
 
 vinci5, ire, vinxi. vinctus, to bind, 
 fetter. 
 
 vinco, ere, vici, victus, to conquer, 
 defeat; surpass: intrans., pre- 
 vail. 
 
 con — convinco, ere, vici, vic- 
 tus, to overcome ; convict, refute ; 
 ex})ose. 
 
 de — devinco, ere, vici, victus, 
 to conquer completely, subdue. 
 
 Vindelici, orum, pi. ni., a people 
 dwelling in the Roman province of 
 Vindelicia, south of the Danube. 
 
 vindico, are, avi, atus [vis + 
 dico], to claim; liberate; avenge, 
 take vengeance on. 
 
 VOCAULLAilY 
 
 211 
 
 vinea, ae, f., a plantation of vines, 
 
 vineyard; vine. 
 vir, viri, m., a man; hero; husband. 
 vires, see vis. 
 virga. ae, f, « rod. 
 Virginius, i, m., 
 
 1. L. (T.) Virglnius, consul 479 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2. (Z.) Virginius, father of Vir- 
 ginia, a maiden whose attempted 
 enslavement by Appius Claudius led 
 to the overthrow of the decemvirs ; 
 consul 449 B.C. 
 
 Virgo, inis, f., a young girl, maiden, 
 
 virgin. 
 Viriathus, i, m., a celebrated Lusita- 
 
 nian chief who maintained a sepa- 
 rate command against the Romans 
 
 for several years, 
 viridis, e, adj., green, fresh, new. 
 Viridomarus. i, m., a leader of the 
 
 Gauls who was slain by Marcellus. 
 viritim [vir], adv., man by man, 
 
 separately, individually. 
 virtus, Gtis [vir], f., inanliness, 
 
 valor; goodness; virtue. 
 vis. fren, and dat. wanting, ace. vim, 
 
 abl. vi, f., strength, force; hostile 
 
 force, violence ; quantity, number; 
 
 pi. vires, energy, vigor, resources; 
 
 vim facere. to use violence. 
 Viscellinus, i, m., Sp. Cassius (Vis- 
 
 celUnus), the first master of the 
 
 borse at Rome, 
 vita, ae [vivo], f., life, conduct. 
 Vitellius, i, m., 
 
 1. (A.) Vitellius, Roma.n emperor, 
 
 09 A.D. 
 
 2. (L.) Vitellius, brother of (\). 
 vitio, are, avi. atus [vitium], to 
 
 make faulty, taint, corrupt, defile, 
 dis^)nnor. 
 vitiosus, a, um [vitium], adj.,/w;/ 
 of faults, faulty ; wicked, depraved 
 
 vitium, i, 11., a fault, vice. 
 vivo, ere, vixi, — , to live. 
 vivus, a, ini [viv5], adj., living, 
 
 alive. 
 vix, adv., ivith difficulty, hardly, 
 
 scarcely. 
 voco, are, avi, atus [vox], to call, 
 summon ; rouse ; namp. 
 
 ex — evoco, are, avi, atus, to 
 call out, summon. 
 
 pro— provoco, are, avi, atus, 
 to challenge. 
 
 re — revoco, are, avi. atus, to 
 recall, recover. 
 volo, velle, volui, — , to be willing, 
 icish. 
 
 magis - malo, malle, malui, 
 — , to wish, rather, prefer. 
 
 ne — nolo, nolle, nolui, — , to be 
 
 unwilling, not to icish, not to want. 
 
 Volsci, orum, pi. m., an ancient 
 
 tribe living in tlie south of I>atium. 
 
 Volumnia, ae, f., the wife of Corio- 
 
 lanus. 
 voluntarius, a, um [voluntas], 
 
 atij., of free will, voluntary. 
 voluntas, atis [vol5], f., will, desire, 
 
 liirUnd/ii,)}. 
 
 Volusianus. i, m., son of the em- 
 peror Gallus. His father conferred 
 the title of Caesar upon him in 251 
 A.D. and Augustus in 252 a.d. 
 
 voracitas, atis, f., greediness, rav- 
 enousness. 
 
 vox, vocis, f., voice, sound, tone; 
 cry, call : saying, speech. 
 
 vulnero, are, avi, atus [vulnus,], 
 to H'ound, hurt, injure. 
 
 vulnus, eris, n., a wound; blow, mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 Vulso, onis. m., L. ^fanlius Vulso, 
 consul 2'}(] B.C. 
 
 vultus, us, m., the expression of the 
 face, features, countenance. 
 
 HAZ. ELTROPIUS 
 
 16 
 
212 
 
 REFERENX^ES 
 
 X. - 10. 
 
 Xanthippus, i, m., a Lacedaemonian 
 who commanded the Carthaginians 
 against the Romans under Regulus. 
 
 Xerxes, is, m., a king of the Persians 
 who was conquered by Alexander 
 Sever us. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zenobia, ae, f., queen of Palmyra. 
 
 Ul':Fi:!n-.NCES 1 n 
 
 I \ 
 
 KMCSS^ NLW LAliX 
 
 Gh'AMMARS (1898) 
 
 P. 7. 
 
 N. 1. 600, II. 
 
 P. 15. 
 
 N. 1. 463. 
 
 
 2. 417. 
 
 
 2. 426, 3. 
 
 
 3. 489. 
 
 4. 444. 
 
 5. 590. 
 
 6. .598. 
 
 P. 16. 
 P. 17. 
 
 N. 1. 487. 
 N. 1. 479,3. 
 
 2. 468. 
 
 3. 591, 1. 
 
 P. 8. 
 
 N. 1. 483. 
 
 
 4. 425, 4, N. 
 
 
 2. 429. 
 
 3. 485, 2. 
 
 4. 238. 
 
 P. 18. 
 
 N. 1. 5W, I. 
 
 2. 456, 2. 
 
 3. 2.38 ; 588. II 
 
 P. 9. 
 
 N. 1. 442. 
 
 
 4. 473, 3. 
 
 
 2. 425, 4. 
 
 P. H>. 
 
 N. 1. 411. 
 
 P. 10. 
 
 N. 1. 428, 2. 
 
 P. 20. 
 
 N. 1. 652. 
 
 
 2. 646. 
 
 
 2. 476. 
 
 
 3. 568. 
 
 
 3. 475. 
 
 
 4. 564, II. 
 
 
 4. 629. 
 
 P. 11. 
 
 N. 1. 462. 
 
 
 5. 480. 
 
 
 2. 418. 
 
 P. 21. 
 
 N. 1. 646. 
 
 P. 12. 
 
 N. 1. 507, 4. 
 
 
 2. 643. 
 
 
 2. 570; 550. 
 
 P. 22. 
 
 N. 1. 462, 3. 
 
 
 3. 440, 2. 
 
 
 2. 568. 
 
 
 4. 628. 
 
 P. 23. 
 
 N. 1. 440, 3. 
 
 P. 13. 
 
 N. 1. 638, 3. 
 
 
 2. 434. 
 
 
 2. 579. 
 
 
 3. 485, 2. 
 
 r. u. 
 
 .\. 1. 140, 3. 
 
 P. 25. 
 
 N. 1. 426, 1. 
 
 
 2. 598. 
 
 
 2. 135. 
 
 
 3. 238. 
 
 
 3. 448, 1. 
 
 
 4. 428, 2. 
 
 
 4. 643, 3. 
 
 P. 
 
 27. 
 
 N. 1. 628. 
 2. 440,3 
 
 P. 
 
 28. 
 
 N. 1. 628. 
 2. 473, 1 
 
 P. 
 
 29. 
 
 N. 1. 434 
 
 2. 426, 3 
 
 3. 485, 3. 
 
 P. 
 
 30. 
 
 N. 1. 630. 
 
 P. 
 
 31. 
 
 N. 1. 425, 2. 
 
 P. 
 
 32. 
 
 N. 1. 488,2. 
 
 2. 440, 2. 
 
 3. 475. 
 
 4. 473, 3. 
 
 P. 
 
 33. 
 
 N. 1. 483. 
 2. 639. 
 
 P. 
 
 U. 
 
 N. 1. 476. 
 2. 429. 
 
 P. 
 
 35. 
 
 N. 1. 603, 2. 
 2. 642. 
 
 P. 
 
 36. 
 
 N. 1. 643. 
 2. 417. 
 
 P. 
 
 37. 
 
 N. 1. 567. 
 
 2. 433. 
 
 3. 489. 
 
 4. 485, 2. 
 
 P. 
 
 38. 
 
 N. 1. 636, 1. 
 
 2. 5.31. 
 
 3. 480. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 243 
 
 P. 39. N. 
 
 1. 5(34, III. 
 
 2. 425, 4, X. 
 
 3. 447. 
 
 P. 40 
 
 N. 1. 4.39. 
 
 
 2. 440, 2. 
 
 
 3. 628. 
 
 P. 41. 
 
 N. 1. 467. 
 
 P. 42. 
 
 N. 1. 479,3. 
 
 
 2. 639. 
 
 
 3. 440, 2. 
 
 P. 43. 
 
 N. 1. 475,3. 
 
 P. 44. 
 
 N. 1. 588, II. 
 
 P. 45. 
 
 N. 1. 598. 
 
 
 2. 600, II. 
 
 
 3. 426, 3. 
 
 P. 46. 
 
 N. 1. 533. 
 
 
 2. 567. 
 
 P. 47. 
 
 N. 1. 462. 
 
 
 2. 425, 2. 
 
 
 3. 430. 
 
 
 4. 444. 
 
 
 5. 570. 
 
 P. 48. X. 
 
 P. 49. N. 
 P. 50. N. 
 
 P. 51. N. 
 P. 52. N. 
 P. u4. N. 
 
 P. 55. N. 
 
 P. 56. N. 
 
 1. 638, 3. 
 
 2. 571, 3. 
 
 3. 475. 
 
 4. 463. 
 
 5. 649, II. 
 
 1. 442. 
 
 2. 53:j. 
 
 1. 4C,2. 3. 
 
 2. 418. 
 
 1. 4;^. 
 1. 442. 
 1. 626. 
 
 1. 440, 2. 
 
 2. 444. 
 
 1. 440, 3. 
 
 2. 427. 
 
 3. 588. II. 
 
 P. 57 
 P. 58 
 
 P. 59. 
 P. 60. 
 
 P. 61, 
 
 4. 434. 
 
 5. 426, 6. 
 
 N. 1. 568, 7. 
 2. 628. 
 
 . N. 1. 630. 
 
 2. 417. 
 
 3. 426, 1. 
 
 4. 473, 2. 
 
 5. 570. 
 
 X. 1. ()21. 
 2. 392. 
 
 N. 1. 591, 1. 
 
 2. 647. 
 
 3. 579. 
 
 4. 477. 
 
 N. 1. 488, 2. 
 
 2. 420, 2. 
 
 3. 498. 
 
 I 
 
 P. 62. N. 1. 426,3. 
 2. 426, 1. 
 .:. 458. 3. 
 
 P. 63. N. 1. 425, 4, \. 
 
 2. 468. ;',. 
 
 P. 64. X. 1. .598. 
 2. 429. 
 
 P. 65. N. 1. 488, 2. 
 
 2. 434. 
 
 3. 471. 
 
 P. 66. X. 1. 47.3,2. 
 
 P. 67. X. 1. 591, 1. 
 
 P. 6.S. X. 1. 440,3. 
 2. 4'M. 
 
 P. 69. \. 1. 579. 
 
 2. 480. 
 
 3. 175,4. 
 
 4. 448. 1. 
 
 P. 70. X. 1. 477. 
 
 2. 598, I. 
 
 TYHtKJRAHHY BY J. S (MSHING A O.., NuKM 
 
 P. 71. N. 1. 427. 
 2. 450. 
 P. 72. X. 1. 442, 1. 
 P. 73. X. 1. 426,4. 
 P. 74. X. 1. im. 
 
 2. 469, 2. 
 P. 75. X. 1. (LXi. 
 
 2. 58«, II. 
 2. 471. 
 P. 77. N. 1. m, 1. 
 P. 78. X. 1. .'-.OS, 3. 
 2. 4<;s, .3. 
 p. 79. X. 1. 479, 1. 
 P. 80. X. 1. 4m, 1. 
 P. HI. X. 1. 4.-.O. 
 P. ^3. X. 1. 425,2. 
 P- ^4. X. 1. 475. 
 P. 8.-). X. 1. (;22. 
 
 P. 8«i. X. 1. 447. 
 
 2. 440, 3. 
 P. ^7. X. 1. 477. 
 
 2. 45<), .3. 
 P. H«.». X. 1. 4.34. 
 P. 1>0. X. 1. 4.58. 3. 
 P. 91. X. 1. 4.V). 
 P. i>2. X. 1. ."!♦•_>. 1. 
 
 P. 9.;. X. 1. rm, i. 
 
 2. 59S. 
 
 P. *M. X. 1. 47«i. 1. 
 
 P. 95. X. 1. .-.H4. 
 
 P. 90. X. 1. 479,2. 
 2. 2.W. 
 
 P. 98. X. 1. 4.50. 1. 
 
 P. W. X. 1. 481. 
 
 2. .591, 1. 
 
 3. .579. 
 
 P. 100. X. 1. 4.34. 
 P. 101. X. 1. 4r)»>, .3. 
 
 OOU. M.\SS. 
 
Cicero's I.aclius l)c Amicitia 
 
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