fAM. 
 
 PAClf. I*. 
 
 t 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 PROF. S. C. BARTLETT, D.D. 
 
 AND 
 
 REV. C M. HYDE, D.D. 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 American B<ard of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 
 
 1900. 
 
Sketch of the Hawaiian Mission. 
 1820 — 1862 . 
 
 BV REV. S. C. BARTLETT, D.D. 
 
 In the year 1809 a dark-skinned boy was found weep- 
 ing on the doorsteps at Yale College. His name was 
 Henry Obookiah (Opukahaia), and he came from the 
 Sandwich Islands. In a civil war his father and mother 
 had been slain before his eyes; and when he fled with 
 his infant brother on his back the child was killed with a 
 spear, and he was taken prisoner. Lonely and wretched, 
 the poor boy at the age of fourteen was glad to come 
 with Captain Hrintnell to New Haven. He thirsted for 
 instruction; and he lingered round the college buildings 
 hoping in some way to gratify his burning desire. But 
 when at length all hope died out he sat down and wept. 
 The Rev. Edwin VV'. Dwight, a resident graduate, found 
 him there, and kindly took him as a pupil. 
 
 In the autumn of that year came another resident 
 graduate to New Haven for the purpose of awakening 
 the spirit of missions. It was Samuel J. Mills. Oboo- 
 kiah told Mills his simple story — how the people of 
 Hawaii “are very bad; they pray to gods made of wood;” 
 and he longs “ to learn to read this Bible, and go back 
 there and tell them to pray to God up in heaven.” Mills 
 wrote to Gordon Hall, “ What does this mean ? Brother 
 Hall, do you understand it ? Shall he be sent back un 
 
2 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 supported to attempt to reclaim his countrymen.’ Shall 
 we not rather consider these .Southern islands a proper 
 place for the establishment of amission?” Mills took 
 Obookiah to his own home in Torringford, and thence 
 to Andover for a two years’ residence ; after which the 
 young man found his way to the grammar school at Litch- 
 field, and, when it was opened, in 1817, to the Foreign 
 Mission School at Cornwall, Conn. At Litchfield he be- 
 came acquainted and intimate with Samuel Ruggles, who 
 about this time (1816) resolved to accompany him to his 
 native island with the gospel. 
 
 In the same vessel which brought Obookiah to 
 America came two other Hawaiian lads, William Ten- 
 nooe (Kanui) and Thomas Hopu. After roving lives of 
 many years, in 1815 they were both converted — Ten- 
 nooe at New Haven, and Hopu after he had removed 
 from New Haven to Torringford. Said Hopu after his 
 conversion, “ I want my poor countrymen to know about 
 Christ.” These young men, too, had been the objects of 
 much personal interest in New Haven ; and in the follow- 
 ing June, during the sessions of the General Association 
 in that city, a meeting was called by some gentlemen to 
 discuss the project of a Foreign Mission .School. An or- 
 ganization was effected under the American Board that 
 autumn, at the house of President Dwight, three months 
 before his death. Next year the school opened. Its first 
 orincipal was Mr. Edwin Dwight, who found Obookiah 
 in tears at Yale College, and among its first pupils were 
 Obookiah, Tennooe, Hopu, and two other Hawaiian 
 youths, with Samuel Ruggles and Elisha Loomis. 
 
 But Obookiah was never to carry the gospel in person 
 to his countrymen. God had a wiser use for him. In 
 nine months from the opening of the Mission School 
 lie closed a consistent Christian life with a peaceful 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 3 
 
 Christian death. The lively interest which had been 
 gathering round him was profoundly deepened by his 
 end and the memoir of his life, and was rapidly crystal- 
 lizing into a mission. Being dead, he yet spoke with an 
 emphasis and an eloquence that never would have been 
 given him in his life. The touching story drew legacies 
 from the dying and tears, prayers, donations, and conse- 
 crations from the living. “ O what a wonderful thing,” he 
 once had said, “that the hand of Divine Pro\;idence has 
 brought me here from that heathenish darkness. And 
 here I have found the name of the Lord Jesus in the 
 Holy Scriptures, and have read that his blood was shed 
 for many. My poor countrymen who are yet living in 
 the region and shadow of death ! I often feel for them 
 in the night season concerning the loss of their souls. 
 May the Lord Jesus dwell in my heart, and prepare me 
 to go and spend the remainder of my life with them. 
 But not my will, but thine, O Lord, be done.” 
 
 The will of the Lord was done. The coming to 
 America was a more “ wonderful thing” than he thought. 
 His mantle fell on other shoulders, and in two years 
 more a missionary band was ready for the Sandwich 
 Islands. Hopu, Tennooe, and John Honoree, natives of 
 the islands, were to be accompanied by Hiram Bing- 
 ham and Asa Thurston, young graduates of Andover; 
 Dr. Thomas Holman, a young physician ; Daniel Cham- 
 berlain, a substantial farmer ; Samuel Whitney, mechanic 
 and teacher; Samuel Ruggles, catechist and teacher; and 
 Elisha Loomis, printer and teacher. All the Americans 
 were accompanied by their wives, and Mr. Chamberlain 
 by a family of five children. Air. Ruggles seems to have 
 been the first to determine upon joining the mission, and 
 Mr. Loomis had been a memljer of the Mission School. 
 With this company went also George Tamoree (Kamaulii), 
 
4 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 who had been a wanderer in America for fourteen years, 
 to return to his father, the subject king of Kauai. 
 
 The ordination of Messrs. Bingham and Thurston, at 
 Goshen, Conn., drew from the surrounding region a large 
 assembly, among whom were a great number of clergy- 
 men and nearly all the members of the Mission School, 
 now thirty or more in number; and “liberal offerings” 
 for the mission came in “from all quarters.” A fortnight 
 later the mjssionary band were organized at Boston into 
 a church of seventeen members ; public services were 
 held Friday evening and Saturday forenoon, in the pres- 
 ence of “crowded” houses, at the Park Street Church; 
 and on the Sabbath six hundred communicants sat with 
 them at the table of the Lord. “ The occasion,” says 
 the PanopHst of that date, “ was one of the most in- 
 teresting and solemn which can exist in this world.” 
 On Saturday, the 23d of October, 1819, a Christian as- 
 sembly stood upon Long Wharf and sang, “ Blest be the 
 tie that binds.” There was a prayer by Dr. Worcester, 
 a farewell speech by Hopu, a song by the missionaries, 
 “ When shall we all meet again ; ” and a fourteen-oared 
 barge swiftly conveyed the little band from their weeping 
 friends to the brig “ Thaddeus,” which was to carry the 
 destiny of the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 While the missionaries are on their way let us take 
 a look at the people whom they were going to reclaim. 
 The ten islands of the Hawaiian group — an area some- 
 what less than Massachusetts — were peopled by a well- 
 formed, muscular race, with olive complexions and open 
 countenances, in the lowest stages of barbarism, sensu- 
 ality, and vice. The children went stark naked till they 
 were nine or ten years old ; and the men and women wore 
 the scantiest apology for clothing, which neither sex hesi- 
 tated to leave in the hut at home before they passed 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 5 
 
 through the village to the surf. The king came more 
 than cnce from the surf to the house of Mr. Ruggles 
 with his five wives, all in a state of nudity; and on be- 
 ing informed of the impropriety, he came the next time 
 dressed — with a pair of silk stockings and a hat! The 
 natives had hardly more modesty or shame than so many 
 animals. Husbands had many wives, and wives many 
 husbands, and exchanged with each other at pleasure. 
 The most revolting forms of vice, as Captain Cook had 
 occasion to know, were practiced in open sight. When 
 a foreign vessel came to the harbor the women would 
 swim to it in flocks for the vilest of purposes. Two 
 thirds of all the children, probably, were destroyed in 
 infancy — strangled or buried alive. 
 
 The nation practiced human sacrifice ; and there is a 
 cord now at the Missionary Rooms, Chicago, with which 
 one high priest had strangled twenty-three human vic- 
 tims. They were a race of perpetual thieves; even kings 
 and chiefs kept servants for the special purpose of steal- 
 ing. They were wholesale gamblers, and latterly drunk- 
 ards. Thoroughly savage, they seemed almost destitute 
 of fixed habits. When food was plenty they would take 
 six or seven meals a day, and even rise in the night to 
 eat; at other times they would eat but once a day, or 
 perhaps go almost fasting for two or three days together^ 
 And for purposes of sleep the day and the night were 
 much alike. Science they had none ; no written lan- 
 guage, nor the least conception of any mode of commu- 
 nicating thought but by oral speech. 
 
 A race that destroyed their own children had little 
 tender mercy. Sons often buried their aged parents 
 alive, or left them to perish. The sick were abandoned 
 to die of want and neglect. Maniacs were stoned to 
 death. Captives were tortured and slain. The whole 
 
6 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 system of government and religion was to the last de- 
 gree oppressive. The lands, their products and occu- 
 pants, were the property of the chiefs and the king. 
 The persons and power of the high chiefs were pro- 
 tected by a crushing system of restrictions called tabus. 
 It was tabu and death for a common man to let his 
 shadow fall upon a chief, to go upon his house, enter 
 his enclosure or wear his kapa, to stand when the king’s 
 kapa or his bathing water was carried by or his name 
 mentioned in song. In these and a multitude of other 
 ways “men’s heads lay at the feet of the king and the 
 chiefs.” In like manner it was tabu for a woman to 
 eat with her husband, or to eat fowl, pork, cocoanut, or 
 banana — things offered to the idols — and death was the 
 penalty. The priest, too, came in with his tabus and his 
 exactions for his idols. There were six principal gods 
 with names, and an indefinite number of spirits. What- 
 soever the priest demanded for the god — food, a liouse, 
 land, human sacrifice — must be forthcoming. If he pro- 
 nounced a day tabu the man who was found in a canoe, 
 or even enjoying the company of his family, died. If any- 
 one made a noise when prayers were saying, or if the 
 priest pronounced him irreligious, he died. When a tem- 
 ple was built, and the people had finished the toil, some 
 of them were offered in sacrifice. In all these modes 
 the oppression of the nation was enormous. 
 
 The race had once been singularly- healthy. They- 
 told the first missionaries — an exaggeration, of course — 
 that formerly they died only of old age. But foreign sail- 
 ors had introduced diseases, reputable, and especially 
 disreputable ; and now, between the desolations of war, 
 infanticide, and infamous diseases widely spread by gen- 
 eral licentiousness, the nation was rapidly wasting away. 
 
 Such was the forbidding race on whom the mission- 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 7 
 
 aries were to try the power of the cross. “ Probably 
 none of you will live to witness the downfall of idolatry,” 
 so said the Rev. Mr. Kellogg to Mr. Ruggles as they 
 took breakfast together at East Windsor the morning 
 before he left home ; and so thought, no doubt, the 
 whole community. But God’s thoughts are not as our 
 thoughts. 
 
 Hopu called up his friend Ruggles at one o’clock on 
 a moonlight night (March 31) to get the first glimpse of 
 Hawaii, and at daybreak the snosv-capped peak of Mauna 
 Kea was in full view. A few hours more, and Hopu 
 pointed out the valley where he was born. A boat is 
 put off, with Hopu and others in it, which encounters 
 some fishermen and returns. As the boat nears the 
 vessel Hopu is seen swinging his hat in the air; and as 
 soon as he arrives within hail he shouts, “ Oahu’s idols 
 are no more !” On coming aboard he brings the thrill- 
 ing news that the old king Kamehameha is dead; that 
 Liholiho, his son, succeeds him; that the images of the 
 gods are all burned ; that the men are all “ Inoahs ” — 
 they eat with the women ; that but one chief was killed 
 in settling the government, and he for refusing to destroy 
 his gods. Ne.\t day the message was confirmed. Kame- 
 hameha, a remarkable man, had passed away. On his 
 death-bed he asked an American trader to tell him about 
 the Americans’ God ; but, said the native informant, in 
 his broken English, “ He no tell him anything.” All the 
 remaining intelligence was also true. The missionaries 
 wrote in their journal, “ Sing, O heavens, for the Lord 
 hath done it I ” The brig soon anchored in Kailua Bay, 
 the king’s residence; and a fourteen days’ consultation 
 between the king and chiefs followed. Certain foreign- 
 ers opposed their landing; “they had come to conquer 
 the islands.” “Then,” said the chiefs, “they would not 
 
8 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 have brought their women.” The decision was favor- 
 able. Messrs. Bingham, Loomis, Chamberlain, and Hon- 
 oree go to Oahu ; and Messrs. Ruggles and Whitney 
 accompany the young Tamoree to his father, the sub- 
 ject king of Kauai. The meeting of father and son 
 was deeply affecting. The old king, for his son’s sake, 
 adopted Mr. Ruggles also as his son, and gave him a 
 tract of land, with the power of a chief. He prepared 
 him a house, soon built a schoolhouse and chapel, and 
 followed him with acts of friendship which were of great 
 benefit to the mission while the king lived and after his 
 death. He himself became a hopeful convert, and in 
 1824 died in the faith. 
 
 And now the missionaries settled down to their work. 
 They had found a nation sunk in ignorance, sensuality, 
 and vice, and nominally without a religion, though 
 really still in the grasp of many of their old supersti- 
 tions. The old religion had been discarded chiefly on 
 account of its burdensomeness. We cannot here re- 
 count all the agencies, outer and inner, which brought 
 about this remarkable convulsion. But no religious mo- 
 tives seem to have had any special power. Indeed, King 
 Liholiho was intoxicated when he dealt to the system its 
 finishing stroke by compelling his wives to eat pork. 
 And by a providence as remarkable as inscrutable the 
 high priest threw his whole weight into the scale. Into 
 this opening thus signally furnished by the hand of 
 God the missionaries entered with wonder and grati- 
 tude. The natives educated in America proved less 
 serviceable than was expected. Tennooe was soon ex- 
 communicated, although in later years he recovered 
 and lived and died a well-reputed Christian. Hopu and 
 Honoree, while they continued faithful, had partly lost 
 their native tongue, lacked the highest skill as interpret- 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 9 
 
 ers, and naturally failed in judgment. Hopu, at the 
 opening of the first revival, was found busy in arranging 
 the inquirers on his right hand and his left hand, respec- 
 tively, as they answered yes or no to the single question, 
 “ Do you love your enemies ? ” and was greatly disturbed 
 at being interrupted. 
 
 The king and the chiefs, with their families, were the 
 first pupils. They insisted on the privilege. Within 
 three months the king could read the English language, 
 and in six months several chiefs could both read and 
 write. The missionaries devoted themselves vigorously 
 to the work of reducing the native speech to writing; 
 and in less than two years the first sheet of a native 
 spelling-book was printed — followed by the second, 
 however, only after the lapse of six months. From time 
 to time several accessions of laborers were received 
 from -America and various changes of location took 
 place. The first baptized native was Keopuolani, the 
 mother of the king; and others of the high chiefs were 
 among the earlier converts. The leading personages, 
 for the most part, showed much readiness to adopt the 
 suggestions of the missionaries. In 1824 the principal 
 chiefs formally agreed to recognize the Sabbath and to 
 adopt the Ten Commandments as the basis of govern- 
 ment. They also soon passed a law forbidding females 
 to visit the ships for immoral purposes. 
 
 The gravest obstacles encountered came from vile 
 captains and crews of English and American vessels. 
 They became ferocious towards the influences and the 
 men that checked their lusts. The British whale-ships 
 “Daniel” and “John Palmer,” and the American armed 
 schooner “ Dolphin,” commanded by Lieutenant Percival, 
 were prominent in open outrage. The house of mission- 
 ary Richards was twice assailed by the ruffians of the 
 
lO 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 ship “ Daniel,” encouraged by their captain. On one oc- 
 casion they came and demanded Ids influence to repeal 
 the law against prostitution. On his refusal they, in the 
 presence of his feeble wife, threatened, with horrid oaths, 
 to destroy his property, his house, his life, and tlie lives 
 of all his family. Two days after, forty men returned 
 with a black flag and armed with knives, repeating the 
 demand. The chiefs at length called out a company of 
 two hundred men armed with muskets and spears, and 
 drove them off. The crew of the “ Dolphin,” with knives 
 and clubs, on the Sabbath assailed a small religious as- 
 sembly of chiefs gathered at the house of one of their 
 number who was sick. Mr. Bingham, who was also 
 present, fell into their hands on his way to protect his 
 house, and barely escaped with his life from the blow of 
 a club and the thrust of a knife, being rescued by the 
 natives. A mob of English and American whalemen, in 
 October, 1826, started for the house of Mr. Richards 
 at Lahaina with the intention of taking his life. Not 
 finding him, they pillaged the town; while all the native 
 women from a population of 4,000 fled from their lust 
 for refuge in the mountains. A year later the family of 
 Mr. Richards took refuge in the cellar from the cannon- 
 balls of the “John Palmer,” which passed over the roof of 
 the house. When printed copies of the Ten Command- 
 ments were about to be issued this class of men carried 
 their opposition, with threats, before the king. At Hono- 
 lulu, while the matter was pending, Mr. Ruggles was 
 approached by an American captain, bearing the satirical 
 name of Meek, who flourished his dagger and angrily 
 declared himself ready “to bathe his hands in the heart’s 
 blood of every missionary who had anything to do with 
 it.” At one time twenty-one sailors came up the hill 
 with clubs, threatening to kill the missionaries unless 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 1 1 
 
 they were furnished with women. The natives gather- 
 ing for worship immediately thronged round the house 
 so thick that they were intimidated, and sneaked away. 
 At another time fourteen of them surrounded him with 
 the same demand, but were frightened off by the reso- 
 lute bearing of the noble chief Kapiolani— a majestic 
 woman six feet high — who, arriving at the instant, 
 swung her umbrella over her head, with the crisp words, 
 “ Be off in a moment, or I will have every one of you 
 in irons.” She was the same Christian heroine who, in 
 1824, broke the terrible spell which hung over the vol- 
 cano Kilauea by venturing down into the crater, in defi- 
 ance of the goddess Pele, hurling stones into the boiling 
 lake, and worshiping Jehovah on its black ledge. 
 
 It is easy to understand why a certain class of cap- 
 tains and sailors have always pronounced the Sandwich 
 Islands Mission a wretched failure. 
 
 The missionaries labored on undaunted. Eight years 
 from their landing found them at work, some thirty-two 
 in number, with 440 native teachers, 12,000 Sabbath 
 hearers, and 26,000 pupils in their schools. At this 
 time about fifty natives, including Kaahumanu, the 
 Queen Regent, and many of the principal chiefs, were 
 members of the church. And now, in the year 1828, the 
 dews of heaven began to fall visibly upon the mission. 
 For two or three years the way had been preparing. 
 Kaahumanu, converted in 1825, and several other high 
 chiefs had thrown themselves vigorously and heartily 
 into the work. “They made repeated tours around all 
 the principal islands,” says Mr. Dibble, “assembling the 
 people from village to village and delivering addresses 
 day after day in which they prohibited immoral acts, 
 enjoined the observance of the Sabbath, encouraged the 
 people to learn to read, and exhorted them to turn to 
 
12 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 God and to love and obey the Saviour of sinners.” 
 “The effect was electrical — pervading at once every 
 island of the group, every obscure village and district, 
 and operating with immense power on all grades and 
 conditions of society. The chiefs gave orders to the 
 people to erect houses of worship, to build schoolhouses, 
 and to learn to read — they readily did so; to listen to 
 the instructions of the missionaries — they at once came 
 in crowds for that purpose.” About this time, too (May, 
 1825), the remains of King Liholiho and his wife were 
 brought back from their unfortunate expedition to Eng- 
 land, where they died from the measles. Their attend- 
 ing chiefs filled the ears of the people with what they 
 saw in England; and Lord Byron, commander of the 
 British frigate which brought the remains, gave an 
 honorable testimony to the missionaries. 
 
 These various influences caused a great rush to hear 
 the Word of God. The people would come regularly 
 fifty or sixty miles, traveling the whole of Saturday, to 
 attend Sabbath worship ; and would gather in little com- 
 panies from every point of the compass, like the tribes 
 as they went up to Jerusalem. Meanwhile the printed 
 Word was circulated throughout the villages. 
 
 At length the early fruits appeared. In the year 1828 
 a gracious work began, simultaneously and without com- 
 munication, in the islands of Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui. 
 It came unexpectedly. The transactions at Kaavaroa 
 (Hawaii) well illustrate the work. Mr. Ruggles was away 
 from home, with Mr. Bishop, on an excursion to visit the 
 schools of the island. They had been wrecked and had 
 swum ashore. Two natives who were sent home for 
 shoes and clothing brought a message from Mrs. Rug- 
 gles to her husband requesting his immediate return, 
 for “strange things were happening — the natives were 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 13 
 
 coming in companies inquiring what they should do to 
 be saved.” He hastened back, and found the house sur- 
 rounded from morning till night and almost from night 
 till morning. A company of ten or twenty would be re- 
 ceived into the house, and another company would wait 
 their turn at the gate. So it went on for weeks, and 
 even months, and the missionaries could get no rest or 
 refreshment e.\cept as they called in Kapiolani and 
 others of the converted chiefs to relieve them. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Ruggles had the names of 2,500 inquirers on their 
 books. With multitudes it was, no doubt, but sympa- 
 thy or fashion ; but there were also a large number of 
 real inquirers and many hopeful conversions. All the 
 converts were kept in training classes a year before they 
 were admitted to the church, and then only on the strict- 
 est examination. During the two following years 350 per- 
 sons were received to communion at the several stations. 
 For a time the work seemed to lull again. But in 1836 
 the whole aspect of the field was so inviting that the 
 Board sent out a strong missionary reenforcement of 
 thirty-two persons, male and female. 
 
 .•\t this time and for the following year the hearts of 
 the missionaries were singularly drawn out in desires 
 and prayers for the conversion not only of the Islands, 
 but of America and of the world. .And scarcely had the 
 new laborers been assigned to their places and learned 
 the language when (in 1838) there began, and continued 
 for six years, one of the most remarkable awakenings 
 that the world has ever witnessed. All hearts seemed 
 tender. Whenever the Word was preached, conviction 
 and conversions followed. The churches roused up to 
 self-examination and prayer; the stupid listened; the 
 vile and groveling learned to feel ; the congregations be- 
 came immense and sometimes left their churches for 
 
14 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 the open air, and the prayer-meetings left the lecture-room 
 for the body of tlie church. There were congregations 
 of four, five, and six tliousand persons. The mission- 
 aries preached from seven to twenty times a week and 
 the sense of guilt in the hearers often broke forth in 
 groans and loud cries. Probably many indiscretions 
 were committed and there were many spurious conver- 
 sions. But, after all allowances, time showed that a 
 wonderful work was wrought. During the six years 
 from 1838 to 1843 inclusive, twenty-seven thousand 
 persons were admitted to the churches. In some in- 
 stances the. crowds to be baptized on a given Sabbath 
 required extraordinary modes of baptism ; and Mr. Coan 
 is said to have sprinkled water with a brush upon the 
 candidates. 
 
 The next twenty years added more than 20,000 other 
 members to the churches, making the whole number 
 received up to 1863 some 50,000 souls. Many of these 
 had then been excommunicated — in some instances, it 
 was thought, too hastily ; many thousands had gone home 
 to heaven; and in 1863 some 20,000 still survived in 
 connection with the churches. 
 
 At length came the time when the islands were to be 
 recognized as nominally a Christian nation, and the re- 
 sponsibility of their Christian institutions was to be rolled 
 off upon themselves. In June, 1863, Dr. Anderson, 
 Senior Secretary of the American Board, met with the 
 Hawaiian Evangelical Association to discuss this impor- 
 tant measure. After twenty-one days of debate the 
 result was reached with perfect unanimity, and the Asso- 
 ciation agreed to assume the responsibility which had 
 been proposed to them. This measure was consumma- 
 ted by the Board in the autumn following, and those 
 stations no longer looked to the American churches for 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 15 
 
 management and control. “ The mission has been, as 
 such, disbanded and merged in the community.” 
 
 On the 15th of January, 1864, at Queen’s Hospital, 
 Honolulu, died William Kanui (Tennooe), aged sixty-six 
 years, the last of the native youth who gave rise to the 
 mission and accompanied the first missionaries. He 
 had wandered, had been excommunicated, and was re- 
 stored ; and after many years of faithful service he died 
 in the triumph of faith. In his last sickness he used 
 “to recount the wonderful ways” in which God had led 
 him. “ The names of Cornelius, Mills, Beecher, Daggett, 
 Prentice, Griffin, and others were often on his lips;” 
 and he went, no doubt, to join them all above. God had 
 spared his life to see the whole miraculous change that 
 had lifted his nation from the depths of degradation to 
 civilization and Christianity. Could the spirit of Henry 
 Obookiah have stood in Honolulu soon after the funeral 
 of Kanui he would have hardly recognized his native 
 island except by its great natural landmarks. He would 
 have seen the city of Honolulu, once a place of grass 
 huts and filthy lanes, now marked by substantial houses 
 and sidewalks and a general air of civilization ; a race 
 of once naked savages decently attired and living, some 
 of them, in comparative refinement; a nation of readers, 
 whom he left without an alphabet ; Christian marriage 
 firmly established in place of almost promiscuous concu- 
 binage ; property in the interior exposed with absolute 
 security for an indefinite time where formerly noth- 
 ing was safe for an hour; the islands dotted with a 
 hundred capacious church edifices built by native hands, 
 some of them made of stone, most of them with bells; 
 a noble array of several hundred common schools, two 
 female seminaries, a normal school for natives, a high 
 school that furnished the first scholar to one of the 
 
i6 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 classes in Williams College ; a theological seminary and 
 twenty-nine native preachers, besides eighteen male and 
 female missionaries sent to the Marquesas Islands; some 
 twenty thousand living church members; a government 
 with a settled constitution, a legislature, and courts of 
 justice, and avowing the Christian religion to be “the 
 established national religion of the Hawaiian Islands.” 
 
 These facts exhibit the bright and marvelous aspect 
 of the case. But, of course, they have their drawbacks. 
 The Sandwich Islands are not paradise, nor even Amer- 
 ica. The stage of civilization is, as it must be, far below 
 that of our own country. The old habits still shade 
 into the new. Peculiar temptations to intemperance and 
 licentiousness come down by inheritance. Foreign in- 
 terventions and oppositions have been and still are grave 
 hindrances. Church members but fifty years removed 
 from a state of brutalism cannot and do not show the 
 stability, intelligence, and culture of those who inherit 
 the Christian influences of a thousand years. 
 
 But the amazing transformation of the islands is a 
 fact that depends not alone on the estimates of the mis- 
 sionaries or of the Board that employed them. The 
 most generous testimonies have come from other sources. 
 The Rev. F. S. Rising, of the American Church Mission- 
 ary Society, explored the islands in 1866 for the express 
 purpose of testing the question. He visited nearly every 
 mission station, examined the institutions — religious, 
 educational, social — made the personal acquaintance of 
 the missionaries of all creeds, and conversed with per- 
 sons of every profession and social grade. And he 
 writes to the Secretary of the American Board : “ The 
 deeper I pushed my investigations the stronger became 
 my conviction that what had been on your part necessa- 
 rily an experimental work in modern missions had. 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 17 
 
 under God, proved an eminent success. Every sunrise 
 brought me new reasons for admiring the power of 
 divine grace, which can lift the poor out of the dust and 
 set him among princes. Every sunsetting gave me 
 fresh cause to bless the Lord for that infinite love which 
 enable.s us to bring to our fellow men such rich bless- 
 ings as your missionaries have bestowed on the Ha- 
 waiian Islands. To me it seemed marvelous that in 
 comparatively so few years the social, political, and 
 religious life of the nation should have undergone so 
 radical and blessed a change as it had. Looking at the 
 kingdom of Hawaii nei as it today has its recognized 
 place among the world’s sovereignties, I cannot but see 
 in it one of the brightest trophies of the power of the 
 cross.” “What of Hawaiian Christianity? I would apply 
 to it the same test by which we measure the Christianity 
 of our own and other lands. There are certain outward 
 signs which indicate that it has a high place in the national 
 respect, conscience, and affection. Possessing these vis- 
 ible marks, we declare of any country that it is Chris- 
 tian. The Hawaiian kingdom, for this reason, is properly 
 and truly called so. The constitution recognizes the 
 Christian faith as the religion of the nation. The Bible 
 is found in almost every hut. Prayer — social, family, 
 and individual — is a popular habit. The Lord’s day is 
 more sacredly observed than in New York. Churches 
 of stone or brick dot the valleys and crown the hilltops, 
 and have been built by the voluntary contributions of 
 the natives. There the Word is preached and the sac- 
 raments administered. Sunday schools abound. The 
 contributions of the people for religious uses are very 
 generous, and there is a native ministry, growing in 
 numbers and influence, girded for carrying on the work 
 so well begun. The past history of the Hawaiian mis- 
 
i8 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 sion abounds with bright examples [of individual right- 
 eousness], like Kaahumanu and Kapiolani, and some 
 were pointed out to me as I went to and fro. They 
 were at one time notoriously wicked. Their lives are 
 manifestly changed. They are striving to be holy in 
 their hearts and lives. They are fond of the Bible, of 
 the sanctuary and prayer. Their theology may be crude, 
 but their faith in Christ is simple and tenacious. And 
 when we see some such in every congregation we know 
 that the work has not been altogether in vain.” In i860 
 Richard H. Dana, Esq., a distinguished Boston lawyer, 
 of the Episcopal Church, gave a similar testimony in 
 the New York Tribune, during his visit to the islands. 
 Among other things, he mentions that “the proportion 
 of inhabitants who can read and write is greater than in 
 New England; ” that they may be seen “going to school 
 and public worship with more regularity than the people 
 at home ; ” that, after attending the examination of Oahu 
 College, he “ advised the young men to remain there to 
 the end of their course [then extending only to the 
 Junior year], as they could not pass the Freshman and 
 Sophomore years more profitably elsewhere, in my judg- 
 ment ; ” that “in no place in the w'orld that I have 
 visited are the rules which control vice and regulate 
 amusement so strict, yet so reasonable, and so fairly 
 enforced;” that “in the interior it is well known that 
 a man may travel alone with money through the wildest 
 spots unarmed ; ” and that he “ found no hut without 
 its Bible and hymn book in the native tongue; and the 
 practice of family prayer and grace before meat, though 
 it be no more than a calabash of poi and a few dried 
 fish, and whether at home or on a journey, is as common 
 as in New England a century ago.” 
 
 There is one sad aspect about this interesting people. 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 19 
 
 The population has been steadily declining since they 
 were first discovered. Cook, in 1773, estimated the 
 number of inhabitants at 400,000. This estimate, long 
 thought to be exaggerated, is now supposed to be not 
 far from the truth. But in 1823 wars, infanticide, for- 
 eign lust, imported drinks, and disease had reduced 
 them to the estimated number of 142,000; and in 1830, 
 to the ascertained number of 130,000. In the lapse of 
 a few years after the first visits of foreign vessels half 
 the population are said to have been swept away with 
 diseases induced or heightened by their unholy inter- 
 course. The mission has done what could be done to 
 save the nation ; but the wide taint of infamous disease 
 was descending down the national life before the mis- 
 sionaries reached the islands ; and the flood-gates of 
 intemperance were wide open. They have retarded the 
 nation’s decline ; but foreign influences have always inter- 
 fered — and now, perhaps, more than ever. The sale of 
 ardent spirits was once checked, but is now free. The 
 present monarch stands aloof from tlie policy of some 
 of his predecessors and from the influence of our mis- 
 sionaries. And the population, reduced to 62,000 in 
 1866, seems to be steadily declining. The Pacific Corn- 
 tnercial Advertiser, \s\\\<^\ furnishes the facts, finds the 
 chief cause in the fearful prevalence still of vice and 
 crime, which are said to have been increasing of late; 
 and the reason for this increase is “political degrada- 
 tion ” and the readiness with which the people now 
 obtain intoxicating drinks. It must be remembered 
 that “ in the height of tlie whaling season the number of 
 transient seamen in tlie port of Honolulu equals lialf 
 the population of the town;” and the influences they 
 bring breathe largely of hell. Commercial forces and 
 movements, meanwhile, are changing the islands. The 
 

 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 lands are already passing into the hands of foreign cap- 
 italists and the islands are falling into the thoroughfare 
 of the nations. 
 
 The proper sequel, therefore, of this grand mission- 
 ary triumph may be taken away ; and the race itself, as 
 a nation, may possibly cease to be. But in no event can 
 the value or the glory of the work achieved be destroyed. 
 Not only will thousands on thousands of human souls 
 thereby have been brought into the kingdom by the 
 labor of a hundred missionaries and the expenditure of 
 perhaps a million of dollars from America; but a grand 
 experiment will have been tried before the world, and an 
 imperishable memorial erected for all time of what the 
 remedial power of the gospel can accomplish in an in- 
 credibly short time upon a most imbruted race. “ Fifty 
 years ago,"’ says Dr. A. P. Peabody, “the half-reasoning 
 elephant or the tractable and troth-keeping dog might 
 have seemed the peer or more of the unreasoning and 
 conscienceless Hawaiian. From that very race, from 
 that very generation with which the nobler brutes might 
 have scorned to claim kindred, have been developed the 
 peers of saints and angels.” And all the more glorious 
 is the movement that the nation was sunk so low and 
 was so rapidly wasting away. “ If the gospel,” says Dr. 
 Anderson, “took the people at the lowest point of social 
 existence — at death’s door, when beyond the reach of 
 all human remedies, with the causes of decline and de- 
 struction all in their most vigorous operation — and has 
 made them a Christian people, checked the tide of depop- 
 ulation, and raised the nation so in the scale of social 
 life as to have gained for it an acknowledged place 
 among the nations of the earth, what more wonderful 
 illustration can there be of its remedial power ? ” 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 21 
 
 The history of the Sandwich Islands will stand for- 
 ever as the vindication to the caviler of the worth of 
 Christian missions, and as a demonstration to the Chris- 
 tian of what they might be expected to accomplish in 
 other lands if prosecuted with a vigor at all propor- 
 tioned to the nature and extent of the field and crowned 
 with the blessing of God. 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 23 
 
 PROGRESS OF CHRISTIAN WORK 
 
 Ir| the Ha.waiia.ri Islands 
 FOR THE LAST THIRTY YEARS 
 1863 - 1893 . 
 
 BV 
 
 REV. C. M. HYDE, D.D. 
 
 When Rev. Dr. Anderson, .Secretary of the Ameri- 
 can Board of Commissioners for I’oreign Missions, visited 
 the Hawaiian Islands, in 1863, it was with the intention 
 of transferring the responsibility for the further develop- 
 ment and management of Christian work from the Board 
 to the Christian community of the islands. It was in 
 the judgment of many at that time not merely a hazard- 
 ous step to take, but a measure involving sure destruc- 
 tion to many interests and enterprises. Yet at the time 
 circumstances were such as to make the plan an abso- 
 lute necessity, no matter what risks were involved. The 
 record of thirty years’ work at the islands since the 
 American Board withdrew from the active control and 
 administration of that work will show how much grati- 
 tude we owe to God for the measure of success vouch- 
 safed to us, wonderful in its magnitude, thanks to His 
 gracious providence. Not all hindrances to the spread 
 of the gospel have been overcome, not all the progress 
 
24 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 realized that has been desired, and much of the failure 
 and disappointment must be attributed to the lingering 
 blindness and indolence of the professed disciples of 
 Christ, who have been slow to recognize providential 
 opportunities for greater efficiency, and not fully alive to 
 the greatness of their privileges as coworkers with God 
 in the regeneration of society as well as the salvation of 
 individuals. 
 
 In the reorganization of Christian work at the islands 
 under Dr. Anderson, the Sandwich Islands Mission, as 
 such, was formally discontinued. Its work was trans- 
 ferred to the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, organized 
 June 3, 1863. By the constitution of the new organiza- 
 tion it was to consist of all the ordained clergymen, 
 whether Congregational or Presbyterian, native or for- 
 eign, in the Hawaiian Islands, the Marquesas Islands, 
 or the Islands of Micronesia, together with such lay- 
 men as might be elected from time to time, and also 
 lay delegates appointed annually by the various island 
 associations. This Association holds an annual meet- 
 ing in Honolulu during the first week in June, which 
 takes the place of the former General Meeting of the 
 American Mission. Before this Association statistical 
 reports of the churches are read, also narratives of the 
 state of religion from the different island associations, 
 and a general report of the progress of Christian work 
 in its various departments prepared by the Correspond- 
 ing Secretary of the Hawaiian Board. 
 
 This Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association 
 is a chartered corporation. It consists of not less than 
 eighteen members. These are elected in different classes, 
 each to serve three years. One third of the members 
 must be Hawaiians. In this way the problem of cooper- 
 ation has been solved, so as to put native Christians on 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 25 
 
 perfect equality with other members of the Board. But 
 as the annual receipts of the Board amount to more 
 than $20,000, of which less than $3,000 are now contrib- 
 uted by the Hawaiian churches, the control of the dis- 
 bursement of the funds cannot be perverted from its 
 proper lines of administration by the votes of those who 
 contribute only a moiety of the funds. 
 
 Various standing committees have charge of the 
 various departments of the work — home work, foreign 
 work, education, publication, finance — and the work of 
 the Board is carried on by acting upon the recommenda- 
 tions made by the various committees at the regular 
 monthly meetings. No ecclesiastical authority is claimed 
 or exercised by the Board or by the Evangelical Asso- 
 ciation. The internal affairs of the individual churches 
 are managed by the churches themselves, acting under 
 the control of the various island associations, in con- 
 formity with the principles and rules of procedure as 
 published in the church manual. This secures a uni- 
 form mode of administration, and unites the churches as 
 members of one local organic body. 
 
 The report of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association for 
 1892 gives statistics of fifty-seven Hawaiian churches — 
 twenty-two on Hawaii, eighteen on Maui (including those 
 on Molokai also), ten on Oahu, seven on Kauai. These 
 report a total membership of 5,427, out of a total popula- 
 tion, native and half-castes, amounting together to 40,622, 
 as reported by the census taken December 28, 1890. 
 For these fifty-seven churches there are forty pastors, 
 seven of these serving also other parishes than those in 
 which they reside, leaving ten churches without any pas- 
 toral care except a quarterly visit from a special com- 
 mittee appointed by the island association. 
 
 The classified statement of receipts and expenditures 
 
26 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 of the Hawaiian Board as shown in the report 
 is as follows : 
 
 RECEIPTS 
 
 Special Contributiotis. 
 
 For Japanese 
 
 $461.30 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 1,689.25 
 
 Chinese 
 
 2,142.65 
 
 Queen Emma Hall . . . 
 
 500.00 
 
 General Contributions. 
 
 
 From Hawaiians 
 
 $2,678.86 
 
 Individuals 
 
 4,835-75 
 
 Central Union Church 
 
 1,450.00 
 
 United .States . . . . 
 
 173-87 
 
 Micronesia 
 
 435-19 
 
 Other Sources. 
 
 
 Publications 
 
 $1,817.85 
 
 Rentals and dividends . . 
 
 1,116.35 
 
 Special funds .... 
 
 4,467.14 
 
 Grants from A. B. C. F. M., 
 
 4,900.00 
 
 Balance from last year 
 
 Taken from general fund . . . . 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 For Japanese 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Queen Emma Hall 
 
 Home Missions 
 
 Foreign Missions 
 
 Publications 
 
 N. P. M. Institute 
 
 General Expenses 
 
 Permanent Fund 
 
 for 1892 
 
 $4,793.20 
 
 $9,573-67 
 
 $12,301.34 
 
 2,562.10 
 
 1.432.58 
 
 $30,662.89 
 
 $1,819-35 
 
 7,088.68 
 
 5,013-45 
 
 776.26 
 
 1.720.58 
 
 3.970.30 
 
 2.371-77 
 
 2,925.00 
 
 4,477-50 
 
 500.00 
 
 $30,662.89 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 27 
 
 The Board has received large donations of landed 
 property and of special funds, amounting now to over 
 $40,000, of which only the annual income is available for 
 the uses of the Board. 
 
 In 1853 a Marquesan chief arrived in Honolulu. 
 A Hawaiian sailor had found his way to the Marquesas 
 Islands, and had there married this chief’s daughter. 
 The Hawaiian’s superior attainments had so impressed 
 the chief that he took passage on a vessel bound for the 
 Sandwich Islands in order to secure missionary teachers. 
 Hawaiian Christians were so interested in this mission, 
 that two Hawaiian pastors and their wives volunteered to 
 take up this missionary work. Two teachers and their 
 wives also agreed to go, and June 16, 1863, tliey left 
 Honolulu, accompanied by Rev. B. W. Parker to assist 
 in establishing the mission. Mr. Parker had at one cime 
 been engaged in missionary work in those islands. He 
 returned to Honolulu, November i, to report the suc- 
 cessful establishment of the mission. Other mission- 
 aries and teachers from time to time have joined the 
 mission, which has been supported entirely by the Ha- 
 waiian churches. Death and removal have made many 
 changes; but the two Hawaiian preachers who began the 
 mission are still doing faithful and effective work for 
 that people, once ferocious cannibals, but since 1852 
 under a French protectorate. The islands are now gov- 
 erned by resident French officials, who are friendly to the 
 work of the Hawaiian missionaries. They have a church 
 membership of about 200, and two boarding-schools, one 
 for boys and one for girls, with over 100 pupils. 
 
 As the Micronesian Mission has developed from time 
 to time, Hawaiian teachers and preachers have been sent 
 by the Hawaiian Board both to the Marshall Islands and 
 to the Gilbert Islands. No Hawaiian missionaries are 
 
28 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 now at work in the Marshall Islands, but in the Gilbert 
 or Kingsinill group there are now nine Hawaiian mis- 
 sionaries and their wives. Three of these were sent 
 from Honolulu June i8, 1892, selected from students of 
 the N. P. M. Institute, who, in response to an urgent call 
 from the old missionaries in that field for new reenforce- 
 ments, had every one volunteered to go, their wives also 
 joining with them in this dedication of the whole body 
 of students to the work of Christ in the foreign field 
 
 The importance of establishing self-supporting 
 churches under the management of a native ministry 
 was recognized from the first by the members of the 
 American Mission. Tlie effort to realize this desirable 
 evidence of gospel progress and its self-perpetuating 
 power reached the stage of actual inception just thirty 
 years after the establishment of the mission. In 1849, 
 Rev. James Hunnewell Kekela, the first native pastor, 
 was ordained. He is now living, one of the two Ha- 
 waiian missionaries in the Marquesas Islands. At first, 
 those who had been active and successful school-teach- 
 ers and deacons were selected and ordained to the 
 office of the gospel ministry. But it was felt that some 
 special training for the duties of the ministerial office 
 was needed. Different pastors on different islands 
 formed classes of theological students. A Theological 
 Department had been established in Lahainaluna Semi- 
 nary in 1843, but the early death of the special in- 
 structor put a speedy end to any further effort in that 
 direction in connection with that school, whose special 
 province was to train and furnish school-teachers. 
 
 In 1863 Rev. W. D. Alexander, while pastor at 
 Wailuku, opened a Theological School, inviting pupils 
 from all the islands. In six years he had taught sixty- 
 two different pupils, just one half of whom had entered 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 29 
 
 the ministry. But Mr. Alexander’s departure for the 
 United States, in 1870, broke up the school. In 1873 
 the premises formerly occupied by the United States 
 Marine Hospital in Honolulu were purchased by the 
 Hawaiian Board and fitted up for occupancy as a theo- 
 logical seminary. Three of the older missionaries then 
 residing in Honolulu were constituted the faculty of 
 the seminary. But removals, infirmities, deaths, soon 
 necessitated a reorganization. In 1877 the American 
 Board resumed work in the islands so far as to send 
 Rev. C. M. Hyde, D.D., from Haverhill, Mass., to take 
 charge of this training school, renaming it the North 
 Pacific Missionary Institute. The .American Board paj’S 
 the salary of the instructor, but the Hawaiian Board 
 pays all other expenses. Of the present pastorate, 
 numbering forty, twenty-eight are graduates of the Insti- 
 tute ; six others have gone out as foreign missionaries to 
 the Gilbert Islands. In 1890 new buildings were erected 
 costing $10,000, nearly all contributed by a few gen- 
 erous donors at the islands. The Prudential Committee 
 has recently voted to send out an assistant instructor, 
 assuming the additional expense, and active effort is 
 being made to find the associate so urgently needed for 
 the further prosecution of this important work. A per- 
 manent fund of at least $10,000 is also needed, the 
 income to be applied to the support of the students 
 under the proposed reorganization of the work of the 
 Institute. 
 
 A class of new students will probably enter ready 
 to study English text-books and to recite in the English 
 language. Such an arrangement has been impracticable 
 until now. Only since 1877 has English been made the 
 language of the public schools. Young men of twenty 
 years of age who have had their previous training in 
 
30 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 the public schools and in the boys’ boarding-schools, 
 are now ready to seek further preparation for their life- 
 work, witli advantages available only to those wlio know 
 the English language sufficiently to use it in ordinary 
 conversation. 
 
 In 1843 the public schools ceased to be under the 
 care of the American missionaries. The government, 
 organized in 1840 as a constitutional monarchy, then 
 assumed the whole burden of the support of the schools 
 under the supervision of a minister of public instruc- 
 tion. The public school system is now under the charge 
 of the Board of Education, which is a bureau in the 
 Department of the Minister of the Interior. In 1892 
 there were 127 government schools, 41 independent 
 schools, having a total of 10,712 pupils, in a total popu- 
 lation of 89,990. The course of study is such as would 
 be found in grammar schools in the United States; but 
 the scholars do not as yet, in the nature of the case, 
 reach the full possibilities of the course of study. La- 
 hainaluna Seminary, which was established by the Amer- 
 ican Board in 1831 as a high and normal school, was 
 transferred to the government in 1849. The boys’ board- 
 ing-schools, opened by the mission as early as 1836, have 
 all ceased to be, with the single exception of that at 
 Hilo, which was put by the American Board in 1863 in 
 charge of a board of trustees. They have now invested 
 funds amounting to j?40,ooo, besides a valuable school 
 property, buildings, lands, and equipment valued at 
 $20,000. 
 
 Industrial training has always been a prominent 
 feature in the mission boarding-schools. Following the 
 line of development of the educational work of the mis- 
 sion, the late Hon. Mrs. C. R. Bishop, the last survivor 
 of the Kamehameha family, left in 1884 a landed estate. 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 31 
 
 valued at over 5450,000, for the establishment and main- 
 tenance of two schools, one for boys, one for girls. The 
 Kamehameha Manual Training School for boys occupies 
 buildings whose beauty and fitness it would be hard to 
 find excelled in the United States. It is located in one 
 of the suburbs of Honolulu, in one of the loveliest of 
 many such scenes of natural beauty in the “ Paradise of 
 the Pacific.” There is a corps of 12 teachers, with 188 
 pupils. 
 
 A girls’ boarding-school will be opened by the trus- 
 tees of the B. P. Bishop estate in 1894. The first girls’ 
 boarding-school opened under the auspices of the Amer- 
 ican Board was the seminary at Wailuku, Maui, in 1837. 
 There are now in successful operation under the aus- 
 pices of the Hawaiian Board, the East Maui P'emale 
 •Seminary, with 96 pupils; Kohala, with 55; and Kawaia- 
 hao, with 132 — a total of 283 girls in course of training 
 to make useful wives and mothers and build up Chris- 
 tian homes all over the group. These all need liberal 
 endowments for their enlargement and maintenance. 
 They receive aid from the Board of Education in the 
 form of “ capitation fees ” for all scholars of certain ages, 
 proportioned to the length of their connection with the 
 school. But as this aid is conditioned upon charging 
 only 550 per annum for each pupil, the expenses would 
 largely outrun the receipts were it not for the help an- 
 nually received from liberal benefactors. This last year 
 all the mission schools have received generous donations 
 to their permanent funds from one of the old residents, 
 one of the most wisely liberal givers whom any commu- 
 nity may be proud to count among its numbers. 
 
 A missionary physician was sent to the islands with 
 the first band of pioneer missionaries in 1819, and four 
 others have been sent at different times. Dr. C. H. 
 
32 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 Wetmore was the last physician sent out by the Board. 
 He was located at Hilo in 1848, but withdrew from the 
 service of the Board in 1870. He still continues to re- 
 side in Hilo in the practice of his profession, an honored 
 citizen as well as a beloved physician, whose name is 
 always spoken with reverent affection in every home in 
 that community. Contagious diseases brought in from 
 foreign ports have been very destructive among the Ha- 
 waiians, ignorant as they are of the very first rudiments 
 of sanitary science. In 1848 the measles spread all 
 over the group, and it is calculated that one tenth of the 
 people died of that disease. In 1853 there was an out- 
 break of smallpox, 3,546 cases reported. It appeared 
 again in Honolulu in 1881, but was confined strictly 
 within the limits of that one city, yet there were 789 
 cases reported. The enforcement of the quarantine 
 regulations and the care of the sick cost the community, 
 directly and indirectly, nearly $300,000. 
 
 But of all diseases leprosy has been the most serious 
 to contend against, owing largely to loose habits of liv- 
 ing among Hawaiians and their utter indifference to the 
 risks of exposure. Hereditary weaknesses account for 
 the spread of this dread disease almost exclusively 
 among Hiyvaiians. For their own protection the for- 
 eign residents have insisted upon segregation. Under 
 government authority, since 1865, about 5,000 have been 
 sent to an isolated district of the island of Molokai. 
 They have been supported by the government at an ex- 
 pense of over $1,000,000. Churches have been built 
 for them and pastors supported by the Hawaiian Board. 
 The generosity of the Protestant community in addition 
 to all this has been shown by the establishment of 
 homes for leper children, separate buildings for boys and 
 for girls. These the government has placed in charge 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 33 
 
 of some devoted and trained members of a Catholic 
 sisterhood. It is believed that the disease has passed its 
 worst stages both in virulence and in contagiousness. 
 Under skillful medication and wise sanitation those 
 afflicted with it are thankful for such ceaseless pains- 
 taking to alleviate the disease and ameliorate their 
 condition. 
 
 Roman Catholicism was introduced into the islands 
 as early as 1827, but made comparatively little headway 
 until 1848. The well-known methods of papal aggres- 
 siveness and domination are as successful at the islands 
 as elsewhere, but not more so. Under the predominat- 
 ing influence of an evangelical Christianity, Roman Ca- 
 tholicism takes on a modified form and is not unwilling 
 to imitate some of the methods which make gospel in- 
 stitutions such a power in transforming and uplifting 
 our fallen humanity. The hold which any form of faith 
 or worship has upon the volatile Hawaiian is not suffi- 
 ciently strong to keep many of them from passing easily 
 from Protestantism to Catholicism, or vice versa. There 
 are, of course, also, many firm in their convictions of 
 truth and duty who never can be convinced that the only 
 way of salvation was built through Rome. The census 
 of 1884 reported 29,685 Protestants, 9,377 Portuguese, 
 and 10,995 other Catholics. 
 
 The Anglican Church, or Reformed Catholic as is its 
 chosen designation at the islands, was introduced by 
 Bishop Staley, as head of the Church of England Mis- 
 sion, in 1862; but its success has not been great. Aside 
 from half of a cathedral in Honolulu, a boarding-school 
 in Kona, and chapels at Kohala and Lahaina, mainly 
 for English residents at those places, there are no 
 marked indications of past or future successful growth. 
 
 In 1856 the first Mormons made their appearance in 
 
34 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 Honolulu en route to San Francisco. They proposed 
 to the government to establish a mission here, pledging 
 themselves not to teach polygamy and always to support 
 the royal party candidates. According to their manual, 
 they now number over 3,000 men, women, and children, 
 of whom two thirds are church officials. They use our 
 Bibles and hymns in their religious services, though they 
 make more of feasting and promises of good things as 
 means to win adherents. 
 
 The Reciprocity Treaty, ratified August 15, 1876, by 
 which Hawaiian sugar and rice were imported into the 
 United States free of Custom House duties, led to a 
 rapid development of the industries of the islands. In 
 1876 only 26,072,429 pounds of sugar were exported, 
 while in 1890 this export amounted to 259,798,462 
 pounds. In 1876 the export of rice was 2,259,324 
 pounds; in 1890 it was 10,579,000 pounds. This great 
 increase of production was brought about by the build- 
 ing up of large plantations by the aid of foreign capital. 
 There are about 65 plantations, with an investment of 
 $35,000,000, of which the American capital may be reck- 
 oned at $25,000,000, cultivating over 64,000 acres of 
 land, with nearly 20,000 laborers. The value of all the 
 imports into the islands in 1876 was $1,811,770; in 1890 
 the value was $6,962,201. In 1876 the total value of 
 the exports was $2,241,041 ; in 1890 these amounted to 
 $13,282,729 — -an average of $147 for every man, woman, 
 and child in the country. 
 
 This large army of laborers, and 3,500 more for the 
 40 rice plantations, cultivating 7,420 acres, has largely 
 been recruited from abroad — the South Seas, Portugal, 
 China, Japan. The first importation of Chinese coolies 
 was in 1852. The census of 1890 reported a Chinese 
 population of 15,301. Evangelistic work was begun 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 35 
 
 among them in 1868 when there were only 1,317 Chinese 
 residents. In 1878 a Chinese church was organized in 
 Honolulu with 39 members. A church edifice was 
 erected at a cost of $12,000, one half of this contributed 
 by the Chinese themselves. This has recently been 
 enlarged by the addition of an annex, 30 x 60 feet, ac- 
 commodating the organ purchased from the Central 
 Union Church when their old house of worship was 
 torn down. There is a lower story accommodating three 
 departments of the mission day school. The whole 
 cost of this addition has been about $4,000, of which the 
 Chinese have paid nearly one half, the storekeepers, 
 not Christians, appreciating keenly the advantages for 
 education and elevation thus afforded to them. Mr. F. 
 W. Damon has been since 1881 the faithful and efficient 
 superintendent of the Chinese Mission under the gen- 
 eral supervision of the Hawaiian Board. In this work 
 the American Board has cooperated by a grant in aid 
 of $1,000 towards Mr. Damon's salary. Evangelists 
 have been employed to labor among the Chinese on the 
 other islands. There is a mission school at Wailuku, 
 a school and a regular church organization at Kohala. 
 The church in Honolulu now numbers 105 members. 
 The mission day school has on its register 195 pu- 
 pils. Not the least interesting department of this work 
 is the free kindergarten for children under the legal 
 school age. 
 
 The first Japanese laborers were brought to the 
 islands in 1885, and immediately upon their arrival 
 active evangelistic work was begun among them. There 
 are now nearly 20,000 Japanese resident at the islands. 
 One of the most interesting events in the recent history 
 of Christian work was the organization of a Japanese 
 church in 1888, at which time the Japanese consul. 
 
36 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 M. Taro Ando, and every member of the Japanese consu- 
 late made a public profession of faith and entered into 
 church fellowship. The work among the Japanese in 
 Honolulu has not progressed as it might have done. 
 The California M. E. Conference undertook to cooper- 
 ate with the Hawaiian Board in evangelistic work for 
 the Japanese, but difficulties of administration at such 
 a distance from headquarters were too great, and the 
 work on their part was abandoned. Rev. Jiro Okabe, 
 stationed by the Hawaiian Board at Hilo, has organized 
 a church for that district numbering ii6 members. 
 They have built their own house of worship, and main- 
 tain an active evangelistic work among their country- 
 men along the eastern coast of Hawaii. 
 
 The Hawaiian Board was unable to do much for the 
 evangelization of the Portuguese until 1890. A Sabbath 
 school was organized by Mrs. Whitney, and Mr. B. F. 
 Dillingham has been its superintendent. But through 
 the generous donation of Mr. P. C. Jones, the Hawaiian 
 Board was enabled, in 1890, to begin missionary work 
 among them involving an outlay of over $7,000. De- 
 cember 28, 1890, a Portuguese chapel was dedicated in 
 Honolulu in connection with a day school, which now 
 has on its register 96 pupils. June 12, 1892, a Portu- 
 guese church was organized, of which Rev. A. V. Soares is 
 the pastor, having a membership of 39. Recently a free 
 kindergarten for Portuguese children has been opened 
 in a new building erected for the purpose on the mis- 
 sion premises at a cost of over $600, the cost being 
 paid entirely by Mrs. M. E. Rice. January 17, 1892, a 
 Portuguese church at Hilo was dedicated which cost 
 $3,200. Rev. R. K. Baptist is the pastor. The church 
 was organized at the same time with a membership of 91. 
 
 The establishment of free kindergartens is one of 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 37 
 
 the many departments of Christian work under the fos- 
 tering care of the Woman’s Board of Missions for the 
 Pacific Islands. The membership of this society is 
 composed almost wholly of ladies connected with the 
 Central Union Church of Honolulu. They have an aver- 
 age attendance of nearly sixty at their monthly meet- 
 ings, which are full of interest from reports of what they 
 themselves are doing in various lines of missionary 
 work among the various nationalities that make up the 
 heterogeneous population of the Hawaiian Islands, as 
 well as reports from their own missionaries in the 
 islands 2,500 miles and more to the south. The annual 
 receipts and expenditures amount to about 5 1,600. 
 
 Few churches can show a larger amount and variety 
 of Christian activities than is exhibited in the annual 
 reports of the Central Union Church. In December, 
 1892, it entered its new house of worship, built of lava 
 rock at a cost of $130,000, furnished with electric lights, 
 a fine organ, all the modern conveniences, with an an- 
 nex giving ample space for lecture-room, Sunday-school 
 rooms, ladies’ parlor with kitchen attachment. The cur- 
 rent expenses are over $6,000; the monthly collections 
 for benevolence, over $4,000 ; the Sunday-school collec- 
 tions, over $700. Besides all this it is the individual 
 members of this church and congregation who have sup- 
 ported at home and abroad the Christian work which, 
 in the providence of God, this community has been 
 called upon to assume. 
 
 Mention should be made in this connection of the 
 Y. M. C. A., which in 1883 dedicated a building erected 
 specially for its use, which cost $19,000 and stands 
 directly opposite the building of the Honolulu Library 
 and Reading Room Association, which cost about $i 5,000 
 and has a library of 10,000 volumes. The Y. M. C. A. 
 
38 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 has a membership of 200, and through its various com- 
 mittees — Devotional, Educational, Entertainment, Wel- 
 come, Employment, Visitation — does a large amount of 
 effective Christian work for the benefit of many others 
 than those for whose special benefit the Y. M. C. A. was 
 organized. A new sailors’ home, under the management 
 of a board of trustees, is now being built at a cost of 
 $15,000. The Queen’s Hospital, a quasi-public institu- 
 tion, as well as the Lunalilo Home for aged and indi- 
 gent Hawaiians, may properly be mentioned as part of 
 the results of Christian work inaugurated at the islands 
 by those who, in trying to do the work of the Master, 
 “builded better than they knew,” and must rejoice with 
 all Christ’s redeemed in the transformation which in less 
 than threescore years and ten has been wrought in the 
 life and surroundings of the Hawaiian people. 
 
 Efforts have been made under the auspices of the 
 Hawaiian Board for the support of churclies among for- 
 eign residents on the other islands, but many of the 
 attempts have proved abortive because the numbers are 
 so few, the homes so far distant from one another, and 
 these residents not at alt permanent. Yet the Kohala 
 Church maintains regular religious worship with only 
 II members. The Hilo Foreign Church has a member- 
 ship of 103; and Makawao, 56. The congregations are 
 about twice the membership, and are all provided with 
 attractive church buildings. 
 
 The Hawaiians have not been backward in this mat- 
 ter of church buildings. Kaumakapili Church, that wor- 
 shiped in i88i in an old dingy and dirty adobe build- 
 ing, with a roof of monstrously disproportionate size, has 
 now a commodious, one might almost say elegant, brick 
 edifice, with a large basement Sunday-school room, elec- 
 troliers brilliant with glass pendants and reflectors, and 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 39 
 
 an organ built in London. It was erected by persistent 
 effort for ten years, little by little, at a total cost of 
 S6o,ooo. The old stone church known as Kawaiahao, 
 begun by Rev. H. Bingham in 1840, has recently been 
 repaired and modernized. Its ample audience room in 
 these recent years has been the scene of many of the 
 ■State funerals, mournful pageants for one and another 
 of the Hawaiian chiefs who have passed away forever 
 from the pomps and vanities, vexations and disappoint- 
 ments of earth. Instead of the thousands that once 
 thronged the house of worship, four or five hundred 
 would be called a crowded house, and 1 50 to 250 the ordi- 
 nary Sabbath congregation. During the years 1878-1884 
 the Hawaiians spent $74,786.85 for churches and par- 
 sonages. It was an era in this line of work only paral- 
 leled by the period 1860-1870, when the many churches 
 were built that now dot the coast of Hawaii with 
 their heaven-pointing steeples. At both these periods 
 money poured in upon the people. Much of it was fool- 
 ishly spent, but some of it found permanent investment 
 in the sanctuaries of worship which indicate and develop 
 the vigor of religious life. 
 
 The population of the islands, which was 73,138 in 
 1853, was 89,990 according to the census of 1890. But 
 this increase was due to the importation of laborers for 
 the sugar plantations, which came into existence under 
 the favoring conditions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1876. 
 Of these immigrants there are now 9,000 Portuguese, 
 15,000 Chinese, and 20,000 Japanese. These outnumber 
 the native population, which has decreased to 34,000. 
 This decrease is attributable chiefly to the physical 
 deterioration and accompanying demoralization of the 
 Hawaiians, because of the removal of the old restrictions 
 on the sale of alcoholic liquors. The evils which have 
 
40 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 resulted indirectly from the spread of drunkenness are 
 as appalling and lamentable as its direct results in dis- 
 ease, poverty, degeneration. 
 
 In 1839 the first edition of the Hawaiian Bible, 10,000 
 copies, was published, twenty years after the first mis- 
 sionaries left their homes to dwell among a savage peo- 
 ple, learn their language, commit it to writing, put it in 
 printed form, and teach a nation to read for themselves 
 the Word of God. A second edition of 10,000 was 
 published in 1843. These were in quarto and octavo 
 forms, and various editions have been circulated, printed 
 from the original stereotype plates. Not till 1889, fifty 
 years after the first edition was printed, was the Bible 
 printed in smaller size, eighteenmo, suitable to be easily 
 carried and handled. For these editions of the Scrip- 
 tures, and for those of the New Testament, one of the 
 New Testament and Psalms bound together, one with 
 the Hawaiian and English versions in parallel columns, 
 the Hawaiian people is under everlasting obligation to 
 the American Bible Society, at whose expense or from 
 whose presses all these various editions and numbers 
 of the .Scriptures have been furnished. 
 
 Nor must the aid rendered by the American Tract 
 Society be forgotten, in furnishing a religious literature 
 for the Hawaiian people. From the very origin of the 
 mission, tracts and other religious publications have 
 been furnished in editions of 10 000 at a time. The 
 most important publications of late years have been a 
 Manual of Church History, a Commetitary on Matthew, 
 and an Illustrated Bible Dictionary. This last, through 
 the liberality of the Tract Society, is now sold at only 
 fifty cents a volume. With its graphic explanations and 
 descriptions of Bible customs and localities, it makes the 
 Bible a new book, as one of the Hawaiian pastors says. 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 41 
 
 In this connection mention should be made of the 
 Hawaiian hymn book, also printed by the American 
 Tract Society, of which large numbers are sold every 
 year. The Hawaiians are passionately fond of singing, 
 and have developed a style of their own which is 
 very attractive even to those whose tastes have been 
 cultivated in the scientific and artistic methods of 
 Europe and America. To meet the popular demand for 
 music the Hawaiian Hoard has published various Sun- 
 day-school hymn books; in 1881 translations of 180 of 
 the Moody and Sankey Gospel Hymns. The Hawaiian 
 churches have been fortunate in having with them for 
 over half a century Rev. L. Lyons (died in 1886), who 
 made it a rule to translate a new hymn every week. 
 The Hawaiian .Sunday-School Association in 1882 raised 
 $1,000 towards paying the cost of publishing a new 
 Sunday-school hymn book. The Hoku Ao A^ani {Bright 
 .\/or?ting Star) contains about 300 hymns and tunes. 
 Over 5,000 of these books have been sold, at first 
 at seventy-five cents each, latterly at fifty cents. They 
 have done much to give its special attractiveness to the 
 .Sunday-school work. The various Sunday schools are 
 organized in local .Sunday-school associations, and these 
 send delegates to the general Sunday-school associa- 
 tion, which holds its annual meeting in June, one feature 
 of which, as of the local gatherings, is a Sunday-school 
 exhibition. The last Sunday in each quarter of the year 
 is devoted to these exhibitions. Various classes recite 
 assigned lessons and sing hymns of their own selection. 
 Quite often these are the leader’s original composition, 
 both words and melody. Four thousand nine hundred 
 and sixteen Sunday-school scholars are reported. A Sun- 
 day-school manual is published every year, containing 
 lists of the International Sunday-school lessons, the top- 
 
42 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 ics, the three main divisions, the leading practical appli- 
 cation, and the Golden Text, supplemented by various 
 chronological tables and explanatory indexes of per- 
 sons and places. 
 
 The hope of the nation and the church is in the 
 careful training of the young. Of late years the in- 
 fluences from the palace have been deadly, blighting the 
 growth of decency and morality, piety and industry. 
 True friends of the Hawaiians have seen with regret 
 the spread of these pernicious influences, but have been 
 powerless to check or repress these abominations so 
 intimately connected with the political abuses of the 
 Hawaiian sovereignty. The recent overthrow of that 
 political power so long abased for the degradation of 
 the people gives new hope of a brighter future and stim- 
 ulates to more general and energetic endeavor. 
 
 This brief sketch of the progress of Christian work 
 in the Hawaiian Islands is a record full .of inspiration 
 to every one in sympathy with the Divine Redeemer’s 
 love for God’s human family and his personal love for 
 the least and lowest among the children of men. It is 
 a story of struggle and achievement far more than of 
 failure and disappointment. This glance along the route 
 of God’s advancing host rnay well cheer every humble 
 and patient worker to larger endeavor and more persist- 
 ent effort. In the circles for prayer and in the petitions 
 of the solitary believer let there be frequent and special 
 mention of the Hawaiian work, whose name awakens 
 a tender chord in many Christian hearts all over the 
 world. To this work American Christians have given 
 freely of their dear ones, as well as of their garnered 
 eains. The Hawaiians were first of all in this era of 
 
 O 
 
 missionary enterprise to receive the institutions of the 
 gospel and adopt them by national authority. Largely 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 43 
 
 because of this they have been recognized among th*. 
 separate sovereignties of Christendom. That separate 
 sovereignty seems likely now to be absorbed, not lost, 
 as the probable result of recent political negotiations. 
 But the loss of separate sovereignty of jurisdiction Is 
 not necessarily the loss of Hawaiian nationality. While 
 in the empire of Great Britain, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and 
 English maintain their distinctive national characteris- 
 tics, so it will be with the Hawaiian people should these 
 islands come to constitute a part of the domain of the 
 Great Republic. All that is good in the Hawaiian race, 
 and that therefore may properly be perpetuated, will 
 doubtless have continued existence, growth, and devel- 
 opment. The Canaanite has perished forever from off 
 the face of the earth, not the victim of conquest but 
 of his own iiiipurity, impiety, and inhumanity. But the 
 Hebrew faith, allying itself to the ever living God and 
 his law, is for all time. Other Polynesian races have 
 entirely disappeared in the few years since their exist- 
 ence was first made known to the world at large. The 
 early and general acceptance of Christianity by the Ha- 
 waiian people has given them a lease of life far beyond 
 what could have been assured to them simply by their 
 own inherent vigor or vitality. Their future now de- 
 pends upon the choice they may make in regard to seek- 
 ing in all its fullness the kingdom of God and his right- 
 eousness. A new baptism of the .Spirit, as general a 
 turning to the Lord as marked the great religious move- 
 ment of 1837-1840, will give new honor and new hopes 
 to the Hawaiian people, wasted, weak, and wayward as 
 they may seem to some harsh critics ; lovable and at- 
 tractive as they are and ever will be to those who know 
 them best and have done the most for them. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 January, 1900. 
 
 This narrative is resumed seven years after the sec- 
 ond part was written, and is brought down to the begin- 
 ning of the year 1900. During this interval, death has 
 claimed both the honored brethren who wrote the pre- 
 ceding pages. Dr. Hyde wrought on under failing 
 strength, but with unfailing zeal and devotion, to the 
 very end. His death, October 13, 1899, closed a period 
 of twenty-two years of most varied and effective mission- 
 ary service. He identified himself in a rare degree with 
 the Christian community in the islands, lent himself 
 without stint to duties of all kinds, missionary, educa- 
 tional, and charitable, and everywhere was felt as a 
 strong and wise counsellor and associate. His memorial 
 is in the churches, and schools, and social order he did 
 so much to build and reinforce. 
 
 The islands have entered on a distinctly new era in 
 their fortunes. The monarchy passed away, borne down 
 by its own weakness and defects, and the government, 
 which succeeded at once, rallied to itself the support of 
 the most intelligent natives, as well as of the great body 
 of foreign born inhabitants, and has maintained peace and 
 liberty, order and prosperity beyond any record of recent 
 times in the islands. The annexation of the Hawaiian 
 Islands by the United States, in July, 1898, was the nat- 
 ural result of the situation, as well as the realization of a 
 long cherished desire on the part of the great body of 
 
HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 45 
 
 men of wealth and influence in the islands. Coming in 
 the midst of the war with Spain, which later resulted 
 in the annexation of Porto Rico, the expulsion of the 
 Spanish government from Cuba, and the transfer of her 
 sovereignty in the Philippines to the United States, it 
 proved to be the beginning of a new era, the inaugura- 
 tion of wider relations between the great Republic and 
 the nations of the world. 
 
 The religious life and activities of the islands have 
 felt only a beneficial influence from these political events, 
 with no radical change in form or direction. At Dr. 
 Hyde’s earnest request, in 1894, Rev. John Leadingham 
 was appointed by the American Board to assist in the 
 management and instruction of the North Pacific Mis- 
 sionary Institute, and has rendered excellent and increas- 
 ingly valuable service. The importance of this training 
 school increases from year to year, Chinese and Portu- 
 guese pupils have been added to the Hawaiians, and a 
 hopeful effort is now in progress to provide in the islands 
 an endowment of 5150,000 for the more adequate support 
 of the Institute. The number of Japanese laborers has 
 already reached forty thousand, and is steadily increasing. 
 Rev. and Mrs. O. H. Gulick, born in the islands and for 
 many years members of the Board’s mission in Japan, are 
 nowin charge of Christian work among the Japanese in 
 the islands, and find their duties so many that they are 
 asking for another missionary family to share it with 
 them. Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Damon devote them- 
 selves with great earnestness and wisdom to the super- 
 vision of Christian work among the twenty thousand 
 Chinese resident in the islands. The religious need of 
 the large contingent of Portuguese residents is faithfully 
 looked after by well trained preachers of the same nation- 
 
46 
 
 HAWAIIAN MISSION. 
 
 ality. The islands seem to be the meeting point of many 
 peoples, and offer rare opportunities for a wide-reaching 
 evangelism. They lie on the lines of travel between 
 British Columbia and Australia, between the United 
 States and the Far East, and their fortunes, now wrapped 
 up with those of the United States, have a bearing on 
 some of the most vital questions of the times. It was a 
 step with long and vast consequences in human history 
 when the “Thaddeus,” one October day in 1819, sailed 
 from Boston, with Hiram Bingham and Asa Thurston, 
 and their companions, to plant the gospel amid the idola- 
 trous and degraded people of Hawaii. 
 
r; 
 
 V ■ 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
DATE DUE 
 
 JAN 2 0 7 : 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAYLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U.S.A.