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DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
103
LX XXIII.— DIRECTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE
AND MANAGEMENT OF FOG-SIGNALS.
1. The principal keepers of liglit-stations, which are provided with
fog-signals, will be held to a strict accountability for the proper care,
attention to, and management of fog-signals.
STEAM WHISTLES, SYRENS, AND TRUMPETS.
2. The principal keeper of the light-station must satisfy himself, by
a thorough, careful, personal examination and inspection of the engine,
boiler, and the entire machinery of the fog-signal, before attempting
to put it in operation, that it is in complete and satisfactory icorlcing order ,
and when it is not in operation all its parts must be dusted daily, and,
if necessary, cleaned and wiped off. When the engine is not in opera-
tion it must be covered with a tarpaulin or canvas cover, to keep dust
out of the journals and off of the friction surfaces.
3. In the event of accident to or derangement of any part of the
machinery, it must be reported immediately, unless the injury be of
such a kind that the keeper is able to make the necessary repairs him-
self, otherwise the facts are to be reported immediately to the Liglit-house
Engineer or Inspector of the district easiest reached, accompanied by
such detailed report as will enable the officer to whom the report is
made to provide the necessary assistance and materials for putting the
fog-signal in efficient working order in the shortest time. Hand force-
pumps with pipe connection cocks, &c., should be provided for every
steam fog-signal boiler.
4. The engine-room must be kept clean; the unpainted parts of the
machinery kept free from dust, dirt, and rust, and the painted parts
wiped dry at all times and well oiled.
f>. No dirty waste, cotton, or woollen rags, or cloths saturated with
•oil, are to be left in boxes, corners of the room, or elsewhere, where
they might become ignited from spontaneous combustion, but when the
wiping off of the engine and machinery has been finished, these arti-
cles are to be thrown into water in buckets for washing, or, if unfit for
further use, to be thrown into the furnace of the boiler to be burned.
(1. Should the steam boiler have a heater attached to it for keeping
the water in it warm preparatory to raising steam, firing under it
should be commenced at the moment of the earliest indication of there
being probable necessity for using the fog-signal soon, which must be
continued, with the draught so regulated as to raise the temperature
of the water in the boiler from 190° to 210° Fahrenheit as speedily as
possible.
7. Having the water in the boiler at the temperature of 190° to 210°
Fahrenheit from the heater, as soon as it is seen that the fog-signal
will be required, commence firing judiciously in the furnace, and when
there is sufficient steam for operating the fog-signal effectively and con-
tinuously, according to its distinguishing character, put it in motion,
noting the time, state of the weather, &c.
Whenever the fire is allowed to go out, or is drawn from the boiler,
the furnace and ash pit should be thoroughly cleaned, kindling wood
104
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
placed in tlie furnace, and everything made ready for lighting when it
shall he again needed.
In starting the “ getting up steam ” in the boiler, the lire should be
controlled to burn moderately, and the safety-valve kept open until the
steam escapes freely, when the valve may be closed and the fire per-
mitted to burn to full activity.
8. In cold weather, with indications of fog or snow, the water in the
boiler should be kept at 190° to 210° Fahrenheit by the heater ; but
great care must be taken, in firing, not to force the heater so much as to-
run the risk of so rapidly evaporating the water in it as to burn the
heater.
After the heater is in full action, there will be nothing to fear in
“forcing” the heater, if the connecting pipes are of proper size and
clear ; these pipes should be occasionally examined to see that they are
unobstructed.
If in any case the attendant finds the temperature increasing in the
heater, so that steam is making, and there is no increase of tempera-
ture of the water in the boiler, there will be reason to apprehend that
there is some obstruction in the circulation between the heater and the
boiler, and the fire should be hauled or allowed to die out in the heater,
the fire having at the same time been started in the boiler.
As soon as the use of the boiler ceases for the occasion an examina-
tion should be made, to ascertain if any, and what, obstruction there
was to the circulation.
9. While the keeper is getting up steam, he must be careful to oil all
the working parts. of the machinery, and by close inspection see that
all the oil holes are clear, and that they take the oil freely. As often
as once a month (as there maybe opportunity) the several wearing
parts must be taken apart and carefully cleaned and oiled.
10. At all times, while the engine is in operation, see that there is,
as near as may be, two cocks of water in the boiler. Should the water
in the boiler foam, prime, and rise at any time while in operation or
raising steam, shut off for a few moments for the foaming to subside,,
then ascertain the quantity of water left in the boiler, when open again
and increase the quantity of feed water to supply deficiency.
The aim should be never to have less than two cocks of water.
If the boiler shows a disposition to foam or prime, the valves should
not be opened suddenly, but gradually, or if necessary to open suddenly
for short blasts, it should be closed quickly, before the foam can rise to
obstruct the flow of steam. (In the whistle machines the opening of
the whistle-valve is always sudden, and cannot be closed except sud-
denly, and after the fall duration of the blast, without changing the
characteristics of the signal.)
11. Boilers that foam must be pumped up or fed with great care, yet
observing the safer course of pumping enough, and never allowing the
water to get out of sight. If it should occur that, from any cause, the
water should fall below the gauge-cocks and glass, do not haul fires ,
and do not put on the feed, or change any valve , nor open the safety-valve ,
but charge the furnace full of the finest coal at hand, so as to completely
deaden the fire, leave the fire door open and close the damper partially.
Keep everything in this condition till the boiler cools off, occasionally
sprinkling water on the fire, if necessary , to keep it deadened. After the
boiler has cooled down, refill the water to the proper height, examine
to ascertain if the pump is out of order, or from what cause the water
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
105
has fallen too low in the boiler, clear out the furnace, recharge with
kindling, and prepare everything for again lighting fires.
12. The gauge-cocks must be kept in good order at all times, and
while the machine is in operation, or steam raising for work, they must
be frequently tried. They must be kept open, and answer properly
whenever tried. The glass gauge must not be wholly depended upon.
The glass gauge must be frequently u blown outf to see that all the
passages and valves are clear.
13. The safety-valve must be kept in good working order at all times,
and be frequently examined while the machine is in operation.
The safety-valve must be taken apart once a month , to see that it is
in good order and clean, and that it works freely.
14. Regular and continuous pumping is essential to the economical con-
sumption of fuel, which can be easily done by giving a little attention,
and by partially closing the cock in the pipe which supplies the pump,
but no pipe between the pump and the boiler should be closed at all. A few
trials will enable the keeper to determine the proper point at which the
supply-cock should be closed, which point, when satisfactorily ascer-
tained, must be marked , to serve as a guide afterwards.
The keeper must not rely upon the fact that the valve is open which
supplies the water to the pump, but must frequently examine the glass-
gauge and try the gauge-cocks, as, although the supply- valve to the
pump is open, the pump may cease working, and the fact not be dis-
covered till the water is too low in the boiler.
15. The furnace door should be kept closed as much as possible, go v-
erning the fire mainly by the damper in the chimney.
16. While firing, and during work, keep the ash-pit door open, but
close it when work ceases.
17. The furnace doors of tubular boilers must not be opened wide
for “cooling down.” The sudden admission of cold air will contract
the tubes too suddenly, and fracture them, causing leaks ; but they
may be partially opened to aid in cooling down the boiler.
18. The space below the grate bars in the ash pit must be kept free
from ashes and cinders ; should they be allowed to come in contact
with the grate bars, they would soon melt. When the engine is at
work, the ash pit must be cleaned out at least as often as once a day.
19. The boiler and flues should be brushed clean daily if possible,
and although no positive rule can be laid down for periodical cleaning,
it must not be forgotten that they are never to be foul. After 30 or 36
hours’ firing (and oftener if the draught is found to be sluggish) the
necessity for brushing out the flues, to remove ashes and soot, will be
apparent.
20. When the engine is stopped, clean the boiler and flues, and put
everything in order at once for starting the signal again.
21. In case there should be at any time a difference in the indications
of the steam-pressure gauge and the safety-valve, lose no time in ascer-
taining the cause, and apply the proper remedy to the defective instru-
ment at once. *
22. As the water used in the boilers may be of a different quality at
different stations, special attention should be given to it. When the
water used holds salts in solution , or mud , or sediment in suspension , more
frequent blowing off will be necessary than if the water is pure and
entirely free from those impurities. Care and good judgment are re-
quired in the management of boilers under these circumstances; but.
106
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
above all, it is necessary to be very careful to prevent the deposit of
mud, lime, salt, or other solid matter in the bottom of the boiler, inas-
much as such deposits endanger both life and property. Deposits of
mud will be readily seen by its accumulation about the gauge-cocks,
and by the u spatter ” from the cocks being foul.
The u water blow” should be opened once in twelve hours, if but for
a moment, simply to start the sediment, and longer if the water u blows
foul,” taking care, however, to shut the valve or cock before the water
is too low in the boiler.
Do not leave the blow-cock for an instant, while open , but be sure to
shut before leaving it.
23. In case sea water is necessarily used continuously, frequent, but
light blowing off, should be resorted to, in preference to occasional
exhaustive blowing off, as the latter course necessarily prevents uni-
formity of work by the engine.
If sea water is used, blow off, for a short time, every two hours, and
as often as the boiler is cooled down and opportunity offers. Open the
boiler and examine the tubes to see if there has been any scale or
deposit made upon them; if so, the amount of water blown off has not
been sufficient and must be increased.
“ STEAM-BOILER INCRUSTATION.
u Water is rendered hard by the presence of earthy salts, such as car-
bonate of lime and magnesia, and these are kept in solution by the aid
of the free carbonic-acid gas which the water contains. By boiling, the
gas is expelled and the salts precipitated, when they appear as a crust
on the bottom and sides of the vessel, as may be seen in any old tea-
kettle where hard water has been habitually used. Dr. J. G. Rogers,
in an important paper read at the recent meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, after enumerating the
various substances which in boiler waters contribute toward the forma-
tion of this crust, gives us some valuable practical information con-
cerning the effect of the crusts upon the boilers, and how their formation
may be prevented. Both dissolved and suspended matters are thrown
down by boiling and evaporation, and slowly accumulate as a whitish,
tough, porcelain-like layer, which may attain an unlimited thickness.
The evil effects of this formation are due to the fact that it is a poor
conductor of heat. Its conducting power, compared to that of iron, is
as one to thirty-seven and a half. This known, it is readily appreciated
that more fuel is required to heat water through scale and iron than
through iron alone. It has been demonstrated that a scale one-
sixteentli of an inch thick requires the extra expenditure of fifteen per
cent, more fuel. As the scale thickens the ratio increases ; thus, when
it is one-fourtli inch thick sixty per cent, more fuel is required ; at one-
half inch, one hundred and fifty per cent., and so on. To raise steam
to a working pressure of ninety pounds, the water must be heated to 320
degrees Fahrenheit. This may be done through a one-fourth-inch iron
shell by heating the external surface to about 325 degrees Fahrenheit.
u If a one-half -inch scale intervenes, the boiler must be heated to 700
degrees Fahrenheit, almost a low red heat. The higher the temperature
at which iron is kept the more rapidly it oxidizes ; and at any tempera-
ture above 600 degrees it soon becomes granular and brittle from car-
bonization orconversion into the state of cast iron. Weakness of boiler
107
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
thus produced predisposes to sudden explosions, and makes expensive
repairs necessary. To prevent the formation of scale, the author recom-
mends the use of tannate of soda. This is put into the boiler at regu-
lar intervals in amounts proportioned to the hardness of the water. It
quickly dissolves, and, without foaming or injury to the boiler, effect-
ively accomplishes the desired result. In the reaction which takes
place the tannic acid leaves the soda and combines with the lime of the
carbonates to form tannate of lime. This is precipitated as a light
flocculent, amorphous substance, which does not subside, but eventually
finds its way to the mud receiver, in the comparatively still water of
which it is deposited as a mushy sediment that may be readily blown
oft' as often as required. The sulphate of lime is decomposed by the
carbonate of soda of the hist reaction, soluble sulphate of soda and
carbonate of lime being formed. The latter is converted into tannate
of lime by fresh portions of the tannate of soda. The presence of the
alkali prevents all action of the acid on the iron. Extensive practical
trial of this method has demonstrated its utility in all kinds of boilers,
and its perfect efficacy, safety, economy, ease of application, and general
adaptability will commend it for general use.”
FIRING.
21. In tiring with anthracite coal , the bed of fuel should be as thin as
can be carried , so that there are no boles for cold air to pass through
the fuel; as a rule, the smaller the coal, the thinner the tire. With
bituminous coal, the tire must be thicker , to avoid air boles through it;
also, if the bituminous coal is “binding” coal, that is, runs or binds
together, it must be occasionally broken or lightened up, with the
“ slice barf to keep the fire open. A well-constructed steam-boiler is
fitted to do its work best when consuming a, certain fixed quantity of fuel,
(coal or wood.) Above or below this point there must be more or less
waste, and there is as much above it as below it.
HAULING FIRES.
25. Haul all fire always before blowing down , and be careful to see
that no fire is left under the boiler when blowing down is commenced.
Keep the furnace and ash-pit doors closed, to prevent too sudden cool-
ing of the boiler and the consequent fracture by too sudden contrac-
tion of the tubes.
TO START THE ENGINE.
20. See that the cylinder waste-cock is open , and all the water in the
cylinder from condensed steam is removed before starting the engine.
As soon as the engine becomes warm, attend to the pump and see that
it works well, to prevent any detention on account of a want of a proper
quantity of feed water.
TO STOP THE ENGINE.
27. When there is no longer necessity for working the engine, open the
drip-cock of the steam-cylinder (and in cold weather open also the cocks
108
LIGHT-HO USE ESTABLISHM ENT.
in the pipes) to allow all the water to run out of them, to prevent dam-
age by freezing.
THE SYREN STEAM FOG-SIGNAL. — (SEE DRAWINGS.)
Description of the apparatus.
Figure 1 is a top view.
Figure 2 is a front view.
STEAM BOILER, FIGS. 1 AND 2.
1, Gauge-cocks.
2, Water-gauge.
3, Safety-valve.
4, Man-hole.
5, Heater.
6, Feed and connection pipes between the heater and the boiler.
THE SYREN.
7, Cylindrical chamber, provided with steam ports (8) and passages
(9.)
This chamber is held in its seat by the flange (10,) and is provided
with a sleeve which lias a screw thread at its ends, and is packed by
means of a nut (12) and a stuffing box (13.)
Through chamber (7) passes the shaft (14,) upon one end of which
the syren (15) is screwed and held in place by a lock nut.
On the other end of the shaft is placed a pulley, (16,) which is rigid,
and motion is imparted to it by the fly-wheel of the engine. The col-
lars (17) keep the shaft in position. After loosing the collars (17) the
syren is regulated (that is to say, the same is brought as near as possi- *
ble to the surface of the chamber, but not so near as to impede the
movement of the syren) by means of the set screw of collar (18,) which
is rigidly, secured to the shaft. The syren shaft runs through both
bearings (19,) and through chamber (7,) as above described.
The bearings (19) are provided with lubricators tilled partially with
cotton, which, after being pressed tightly against the shaft, are saturated
with oil. Two additional oil cups are provided for the shaft on the
casing of the syren. The person in attendance upon the syren must
take special care to see that the shaft is always well supplied with oil.
In the shell of chamber (7) is a valve which opens and closes the
steam ports (8.) That valve is provided at its lower end with teeth which
come into gear with the wheel (21.) This wheel is on shaft (22,) and
motion is imparted to it by the lever (23) and the pitman rod (24,) which
extends to the engine. Lever (25) is raised by means of a weight, and
thereby the valve is closed. A flange is provided (10) with a ball-shaped
collar, which permits the downward movement of the trumpet (27,)
and furnishes a steam-tight connection with it.
THE ENGINE.
A pulley (28) is on the fly-wheel shaft. The motion is transmitted
from this pulley, (29,) which is placed on the same shaft with a worm, (30.)
This worm imparts motion to the worm-wheel (31) to which is secured
I
109
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
a carrier, (32.) This carrier (32) pulls the pitman rod (24) downwards,
and causes the opening of the valve (20) whenever it comes in contact
with a roller (33) placed at the lower end of the pitman rod (24,)
steam-valve (34,) governor (35,) pet-cock (36.) The pet-cock must be
opened on starting the engine, and must remain open until there is no
water in the cylinder. It must also be opened when the engine is
stopped.
reed-pump, (37.)
Air-cock, (38.)
The air-cock must be opened whenever the pump is not required to
feed. For the purpose of accelerating the suction of the pump, after
it has been idle for sometime, the air-cock (38) and the water-cock (39)
are to be opened and water introduced into the pump through the lat-
ter until it reaches the air-cock (38.) Then both cocks must be closed
i n stantai leously.
A section valve, (40.)
•Discharge valve, (41.)
Air-vessel, (42.)
Safety-valve, (43,) by which the bursting of the feed-pipe is prevented,
in case the stop-cock (44) should be closed. The stop-cock (44) should
always be open, and may only be closed in case it should become neces-
sary to inspect the pump -valve while the pump is in operation, or the
boiler water is blown off. The blow-off cock (46) is always closed except
when it is necessary to blow off. The cock (67) stops the feed-pipe
from the hand-pumps, and is opened when the boiler is to be fed by the
latter.
Different parts of tin* apparatus are marked with numbers, on
the drawing, of which no mention has been made in this description.
They are merely numbered to prevent mistakes in case new ones should
be required to replace old ones.
28. The pressure of steam having reached twenty pounds, the engine
and syren may be put into operation and continued.
The steam pressure should be maintained uniformly as nearly as pos-
sible at seventy pounds, and never, if it can be avoided, to exceed
eighty pounds.
In case of disarrangement of the valve-gear inside of the stand-pipe
of the syren, take off the hand-hole plates, and see that the defects are
remedied; that everything is secure inside, and that the keys and pins
are in place.
DIRECTIONS FOR OPERATING THE ERRICSON CALORIC ENGINE AND
DAE OLL’S FOG-TRUMPET.
29. The engine and engine-room must be kept clean and free from
dirt in all its parts, and the engine in condition to have the tire lighted
at a moment’s notice. To do this the furnace must have been cleaned
after last using, and fresh kindling placed upon the grate, ready to be
lighted when needed.
30. During the time of firing up, let the crank of the engine point
towards the furnace door.
31. Keep the fuel upon the grate at a uniform height, and never
allow it to touch above the linings.
32. The ash-pit, under the grate, must be kept free from ashes and
other dirt.
33. Ashes and dirt collected in the jacket around the cylinder should
110
LIGHT-HO U SE EST A BLISHMENT.
be cleaned out once each week ; this can be done through the narrow
door or loose plate under the ash-pit.
34. The starting’ is effected by working the fly-wheel about half round
by the starting bar. Watch closely after lighting the fire, and start
as soon as the engine will work. The time when it will work can be
determined only by attempts to start it. If not started at the proper
time, and too much delay takes place, the heater will be destroyed.
35. The engine is stopped by opening the exhaust valve on the top
of the cylinder; keep this valve open until the engine is at rest, and
open the furnace door before stopping.
30. While at rest, the furnace door must be kept open, and the wheel
turned so as to bring the piston fall out ; if this is not done, as directed,
the heater will be destroyed.
37. The cylinder is best greased with a swab dipped in melted tallow.
38. The journals, and all joints and bearings , must be oiled with good
clean oil.
39. Never put oil upon the stem of the exhaust valve.
40. By the damper, combustion may be checked or increased, and the
power of the engine governed thereby.
41. A thorough examination, both internal and external , must be made
at intervals of two months, so that a correct knowledge of the condi-
tion of the motor may be had.
42. When new leather packing is needed for the piston, cut a ring of
good stout calfskin, one-half inch larger in diameter than the bore of
the cylinder ; this must be attached to the piston in the same man-
ner as the old one was, with the flesh side of the leather turned out-
ward, towards the cylinder. In case the piston is too large, when the
packing is new, and cannot readily be put in the cylinder, make a very
light fire in the cylinder , so that it may be expanded ; but use great care,.
and do not get it so hot as to burn the leather.
43. The stuffing-box through which the piston-rod works, should be
screwed moderately tight only. Lamp wick, or any other elastic material,
will answer for packing.
daboll’s trumpet.
44. The reed or tongue is the most delicate part of the trumpet. The
trumpet needs only to be kept clean and free ; any fracture which may
occur from excessive vibration may be repaired with hard solder by the
visiting mechanic.
The tongue or reed should be fitted so as to get a satisfactory tone — if too
fat, make the point thinner; if too sharp, make the back end thinner.
By trial, the best results can be soon obtained. Also, try different, reeds
at different pressures ; and use that pressure which gives the best tone
with each particular reed.
45. Duplicate reeds will be furnished at all times when needed by
application to the proper authorities, and the station should never be
without two or more in store.
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEFERS.
Ill
SUPPLEMENTAL.
DIRECTIONS FOR MANAGING STEAM FOG-SIGNALS IN THE ELEVENTH
LIGHT-HOUSE DISTRICT.
First. The signal being for the first time ready for use, fill the tank
by hand, and prepare the fires in the furnace for starting.
Second. See that the u blow-off cock ” is shut, and then upon the first
indication of thick weather open all the cocks in the pipes leading from
the tank to the boiler, and when the level of the water in the boiler
reaches the lower cock, and not until then, close these cocks, start the
fire and get up steam as rapidly as possible, using the steam jet when-
ever necessary to force the draft.
Third. When the pressure reaches sixty (60) pounds, start the engine f
pump the tank full ; run the pressure up to ninety (90) pounds as quickly
as it can be done.
Fourth. While the thick weather lasts keep the steam pressure uni-
formly between eighty (80) and one hundred (100) pounds, preferably
about ninety (90) pounds; the water in the boiler between the lower
cock and the one next above ; pumping the water supply from the well
whenever possible, and only pumping from the reserve supply in the
tank when absolutely necessary.
Fifth. When the weather clears up, see that the tank is full, then
draw the fire ; let the engine run until the pressure in the boiler is re-
duced to between fifteen (.15) and twenty (20) pounds ; then open the
blow-off cock and empty the boiler, and when this is accomplished close
the blow-off cock.
Sixth. Thoroughly clean the furnace ; prepare a new fire for lighting ;
start a fire in the heater, and keep the water in the tank warm and
ready for use in filling the boiler when it is desired to again start the
signal.
The operation of the heater will, by evaporation, cause some loss of
water from the tank. This loss must be supplied by hand, and the
tank kept full.
Seventh. When it is desired to again start the signal, fill the boiler as
before, from the tank, then start the fire in the furnace and proceed as
already prescribed .
Eighth. Always keep the bright parts of the engine and apparatus
clean and the whole machine in perfect order. Immediately report to
the Engineer or Inspector of the district any defects, in order that they
may be promptly remedied.
Ninth. Great care must be exercised to avoid the effect of freezing
weather. Fire must be constantly kept in the heater ; all the pump
u pet-cocks ” must be kept open. If the weather is very severe it will
be well to keep low steam (say five to ten pounds) on the main boiler,
keeping the temperature in the engine-house, if possible, sufficiently
high that a thermometer at the floor will not fall to the freezing point.
Tenth. When the apparatus is to be laid up for the winter, be sure
that the water is all out of the pipes ; leave all cocks open ; take off
the pump-doors and the check- valve cap ; empty the tank.
Precautions which must be observed.
The cocks between the boiler and tank must be closed before the fire
is started.
112
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
Water must be kept in sight at the lower gauge-cock during all the
time steam is on the boiler, and it ought not to appear at the next cock
above.
Whenever the apparatus is in operation a keeper must be in the
engine-house, in charge, and awake. It will not answer to leave the
machinery alone for a single moment. If it should be necessary for the
keeper immediately in charge to quit the engine-house, some compe-
tent person must temporarily relieve him.
DIRECTIONS FOR OPERATING AND KEEPING IN ORDER STEVENS’S FOG-
BELL STRIKING APPARATUS.
. 1. Keep the machine clean and free from dirt and rust in all its parts-
This can only be done by constant care and attention, in wiping with
waste or cloths which are slightly saturated with oil ; care must be
taken not to use so much oil that passing particles of dirt will adhere
to the surface.
2. Care must always be taken to keep the machine as dry as possi-
ble, by stopping closely the opening in the side of the room or ceiling
through which the connection between the hammer and the machine
passes, so as to prevent rain or spray from passing in and wetting the
machinery.
3. Before starting the engine be sure that the machinery and the ham-
mer are well oiled in all bearings and points of contact where friction exists
by one surface moving upon another , with some pure lubricating oil.
Upon the clock-work, which regulates the intervals between strokes,
a fine oil , such as is used upon clocks, would be preferable. Avoid
putting on too much oil, for by that means the machinery and sur-
roundings will become filthy, and catch and retain all flying particles
which come in contact with it ; yet be sure that enough oil is always
on, so that the parts may not run dry and cut. Never leave this machine
alone while running. Some competent person must be in constant
attendance upon it, to rectify any irregularity and prevent accidents
which might .occur.
4. Always remove the winding crank as soon as the machine is wound up ,
and see that no obstruction is in the way of the weight, whereby it
might be prevented from acting equally at all times upon the machine.
5. Be sure that' the hammer, and the rod connecting it with the
machine, does not come in contact with any of its surroundings during
the operation of striking.
6. If any part or parts of the machine are to be removed for cleaning
or repairs, be sure always to run down or support the driving weigh t of the
machine. Never disconnect any part of the machine until this weight
is secured, so that it will not operate it.
7. Never let the wire rope which supports the weight which actuates
the machine rub or chafe against any surrounding parts.
8. In case the clock-work has not enough power to throw off the fall-
ing lever or cam which liberates the striking weight, move the brass
weight which actuates the clock-work further from the centre, and to-
wards the end of the lever. This will increase the power , and, moving the
weight toward the centre will diminish the power.
9. If the falling lever operated by the pins falls , but does not have
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
113
tlie power to liberate the striking levers, the power may be increased
by moving the brass weight toward the outer end of the lever , and if the
weight is too great move the weight toward the centre or fulcrum of
the lever.
10. Before making any alterations in the machine, it would be well
to examine it thoroughly and see if the difficulty does not arise from
some cause independent of the machinery.
11. Do not use any more weight to drive the machine than will
give a good sharp blow, or give the best result in tone and loudest
sound from the bell struck.
The sections of the weight furnished weigh one hundred pounds each,
except the section which lias the hook attached, which is heavier.
Three hundred pounds will strike a sharp blow, and four hundred
pounds a very hard blow ; proportion the weight and blow to the bell
struck.
DIRECTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF “ANDERSON’S” HAND FOG-
SIGNAL.
1. This instrument should be kept clean in all its parts.
3. Avoid bruising or indenting the cylinders.
Should such accident occur, introduce a round piece of smooth wood,
as large in diameter as the cylinder will admit, and with a small, round,
hard stick rub and press the indented part until restored to its origi-
nal form as near as possible. Avoid drawing the metal, which would
permanently injure the instrument.
3. As long as the instrument gives good tone, do not meddle with the
tongue or reed in any other way than to wipe and keep it clean. Ob-
serve when the instrument is in good order the position of the reed rela-
tive to the reed-seat, then, should accident occur to the reed, put it in
the same relative position as it was originally, aigl try the tone of the in-
strument. This need only be done when no duplicate reeds are in store.
When duplicates are at hand, replace the injured one with a new one,
and preserve the injured one that it may be repaired.
3. The packing upon the lower end. of the piston cylinder can be re-
newed when worn with lamp wick or other similar material, which
material should be filled with clean tallow when applied to the piston.
4. Use great care to keep sand and all similar substances out of the
instrument.
DESCRIPTION OF CUSTER’S FOG-BELL STRIKING MACHINE, WITH PAUSE.
Designed to strike a bell of 380 pounds weight, a blow of the hammer
at intervals of ten seconds (1.0 7 ) for four successive blows, and then
pause for thirty seconds, (30",) then four blows again, and so on — a
hammer of 20 pounds weight. The hammer arm is 20 inches in length,
and raises the hammer 0 inches at each blow. It has a retaining power,
and is wound up by half a man’s strength, applied to an ordinary
crank key. The motive weight is hung directly on the winding cylin-
der, and is composed of 18 cast-iron disks, each one 16 inches in diame-
ter and 2.1 inches thick, weighing about 120 pounds — 2,160 pounds for
all of them. If the weight is found to be too heavy, one or more of the
disks can very readily be taken off.
114
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
Tlie length of the fall for the motive weight must he regulated accord-
ing to circumstances. 25 feet of chain is furnished with each machine.
The weight will fall about 40 inches per hour while the machinery is in
full operation.
Description of and directions for setting up and, running Custer’s Fog-bell
Striking Machine , with a Pause.
The floor upon which the machine is to stand should be firm, so
as not to spring when the motive weight is attached.
There must be room around the machine to allow ample space for
cleaning and oiling it. • *
The works must be clean when they are set up.
The plate with the figures stamped on the boxes must be set up on
the floor, and the pillars put in on the side on which the centre punch-
marks are, at the top. of the corner holes, so that the centre punch-
marks on the pillars will agree with the same marks on the plates.
Put in the back keys loosely, and brace the plate plumb at the top.
Put in the second wheel, (Figure 2 to 2,) then put in the first wheel,
(Figure 1 to 1,) and put a block under the wheel (in front) to keep the
weight off of the back journal.
Then put in the third, fourth, and fifth wheels, fan and liammer-drop
(7,) as marked, and let them hang on their journals.
Then put on the front plate. Be careful to enter the pillars and jour-
nals so as not to bend them. Put in all the keys, and key all up tight.
Place the machine on the floor so that the chain will have room to move
over and fill the cylinder as it is wound up.
Then put on shaft (4) the pause pinion ; put on the pause wheel and
screw its pin up firmly. Put in the pause shaft from the back, so that
the brass wheel and washer will come outside of the front plate, and
pin it up tightly. Then put up the hammer so that the ball will be
held l inch above the* sounding ring of the bell, and spring and strike
the bell when the hammer falls.
The two angle-irons furnish e.d are not to be used unless it cannot be
avoided.
Put on the motive weights and wind up the machine ; unpin the pause
wheel and set it so that the pause segment will begin to move to the
pause pinion just after the fall of the hammer, and so that it will pass
the pause pinion before the next fall of the hammer.
The pendulum can be regulated by moving the ball up or down on
the rod. The pin on which the pendulum works must be screwed fast
to the plate to prevent its jarring loose.
The fan can be taken out and cleaned and oiled at any time when the
weight is down, but it must not be taken- out when the machine is wound
up. The pause shaft can be taken out and cleaned by taking off the
brass wheel.
All the journals and teeth of the wheels must be kept clean and well oiled.
The best quality sperm oil should be used for lubricating in \varm
weather, and clock oil in cold weather. The clock oil should only be used
on the fan and fifth wheel.
DESCRIPTION OF CUSTER’S FOG-BELL STRIKING MACHINE, WITHOUT
PAUSE.
Designed to strike a bell of 500 pounds weight, a blow' of the hammer
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
115
every ten seconds (10 v ) continuously — a hammer of about 25 pounds
weight.
The hammer arm is 20 inches in length, and raises the hammer about 7
inches each blow. It has a retaining power, and is raised up by one-half a
man’s power, applied to an ordinary crank-key. The motive weight is
hung directly on the winding cylinder, and is composed of 20 cast-iron
disks, 16 inches in diameter and 2J inches thick, weighing about 120
pounds each, 2,400 pounds. If the weight is found to be too heavy,
one or more of the disks can readily be taken off.
The length of fall for the motive weight must be regulated according
to circumstances.
The weight will fall rfbout 4 feet per hour while the machine is in
full operation.
25 feet of chain is furnished with the machine.
Description and directions for setting up and running Fog-bell Striking
Machine , without a Pause , by J. D. Custer , maker.
The works must be cleaned off before setting up.
The large wheel must be bolted on the cylinder as the centre punch
indicates.
Put up the plate which has the figure marks on the bosses near the
holes, and put in the four pillars as they are marked by centre-punch
marks near the tops of the corner holes, so that the marks on the pil-
lars correspond with the marks on the plates, and put in the keys loosely.
Brace up the top of the plate to keep it plumb.
Put in the second wheel, Figure 2 to 2. Then put in the first wheel,
1 to 1, place a block under the wheel in front to keep it level.
Then put in the third, fourth, and fifth wheels and fan, and hammer
shaft No. 7.
Then put on the front plate. Be careful to enter the pillars and jour-
nals so as not to strain or bend the back journals, and then key all up
tightly.
Place the machine in position, so that the chain will wind up and fill
the cylinder one thickness, (about 12 rounds,) and give room for the
weight to descend without rubbing.
Place the hammer seat in position, and bolt it fast, so that the ball
of the hammer will strike the sounding ring of the bell; the spring of
the hammer arm will keep the hammer about a 1 inch off the bell.
The two angle-irons are to be used only when it cannot be avoided.
The connecting wire from the clevis on the hammer-drop No. 7 to
the clevis on the hammer-arm must be put on so as to allow the
hammer to strike the bell freely, if the wire is too slack it will not
raise the hammer high enough, and some of the power will be lost.
The fan No. 6 can be set in to make the machine run faster, and out
to make it run slower.
Placing the connecting wire to make it lift the hammer higher will
make the machine strike slower.
If the wire is set to lift the hammer too high the machine will stop.
Best quality sperm oil should be used for lubricating the works in
warm weather, but in cold weather clock oil should be used, as it does
not gum or chill. The clock oil should not be used in warm weather,
as it dries and forms a red rust or powder, and injures the journals.
It should only be used on the fan and fifth wheel.
116
LIGHT-HO U SE ESTA B EISIIM ENT.
The journals and teeth must be kept clean and well oiled, to prevent
friction and rust.
The fan can be taken out, only when the motive weight is down , to clean,
by taking out the screw and brass bushing in the front plate. The
other parts can be cleaned off and oiled without taking them apart.
[Form.]
FOG-SIGNAL REPORT.’
Report for the month of , 187-. Steam Fog-signal at -
Note.— The coal recovered in hauling fire to be separated from ashes and cinders and deducted
from the consumption for the day, and to be used in firing on the succeeding day of boiler’s use.
Whenever the boiler is blown off and cleaned, it is to be noted in the report. Any repairs or adjust-
ments made are also to be noted.
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
117
PAINTING IN THE LIGHT HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
INSTRUCTIONS, &c.
LXXXIY. — INTERIOR OF LIGHT-IIOUSE LANTERNS.
1. Tlie whole interior of light-house lanterns (dome, astragals, venti-
lators, smoke conductor, &c.,) is to be painted white, and must be kept
clean, free from soot and grease, and the white paint renewed as often
as necessary.
2. The paint may be kept clean and free from soot and grease by
occasional scrubbing and washing with clear, soft hot water and soap,
followed by clean water. If from bad ventilation, neglect, or from any
other cause, the interior of the dome, the astragals, &c., have become
very dirty, and the soot and grease cannot be removed by scrubbing
with hot water and soap, then the lye of wood ashes (oak or hickory)
will remove it. In case lye cannot be had, then it may be washed with
strong lime water, which will answer nearly as well as strong lye. Lye
is not, however, to be used in cleaffing wood work for painting or re-
painting.
a . — EXTERIOR OF LIGHT-HOUSE LANTERNS, ETC.
1. The exterior of light-liouse lanterns, balustrades, railings, venti-
lators, cowl, &c., are (except in special cases) to be either black or red.
The whole of the exterior of the lantern is to be kept the color fixed
for the dome, cowl, &c. Refined coal tar will be used for all iron work,
except that painted white or red.
I ). — TO PREPARE FOR PAINTING.
1. Paint will not adhere to and dry upon wood or metal which is not
perfectly clean and entirely free from soot and grease.
2. Soot must be removed by brushes and cloths or towels, and by
washing with hot soft water and soap.
3. Oil and other grease on wood work must be removed by the use of
spirits of turpentine and a worn or other stiff brush, rubbing the part
vigorously until the stains are removed. When the above means have
been resorted to without entire success, mix a thin whitewash ; strain it,
and give the parts to be painted a coat of it with a paint brush. When
this whitewash becomes thoroughly dry, take a clean brush and with
it remove all the whitewash, and the parts thus treated will be in proper
condition for receiving the paint.
4. Iron, brass, copper, &e., must be cleaned so as to present a smooth
surface. All blistered and cracked paint, and all rust on iron, must be
carefully removed and the parts smoothed before putting on the paint.
(See receipt for preparing caustic potash lye.)
118
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
C . — TO PREPARE PAINT FOB INSIDE WORK.
0 ♦
1. Take the necessary quantity of paint from the keg and mix spirits
of turpentine with it until it is of the consistency of cream ; then put
in patent drying or Japan varnish, in the proportion of one gill for each
gallon of paint, and mix the paint, turpentine, and drying well together;
the paint will then be ready for immediate use. When the paint in
the paint bucket becomes thicker than cream, it must be thinned by
adding small quantities of spirits of turpentine, and it may be neces-
sary to add also a very small quantity of boiled linseed oil at the same
time, to increase its drying qualities.
2. Black paint for inside work will be greatly improved by mixing it
with spirits of turpentine and copal or coach m aker’s varnish. The
varnish will give the paint, when dry, a gloss.
3. Black paint for inside work may be prepared with dry lampblack,
mixed with copal or coachmaker’s varnish, and tjien thinned to the con-
sistency of cream with spirits of turpentine. One pound of fine lamp-
black will require about half a gallon of varnish to prepare it to recei ve
the spirits of turpentine.
4. Xo oil is to be mixed with paint which has been ground in oil in
preparing paint for inside work.
5. Red lead is put up dry. Quantities required for immediate use
’only are to be mixed. If not used immediately after being mixed, it
becomes hard and unfit for any use.
d . — PAINT FOR OUTSIDE WORK.
1. Paints for outside work are to be mixed with boiled linseed oil and
the necessary quantity of patent drying or Japan varnish.
2. Black paint for outside work may be mixed with boiled linseed oil
and copal or coachmaker’s varnish.
3. Xo spirits of turpentine is to be used in mixing paints for outside
work.
4. Iron work which has been neglected and rusty should be thoroughly
cleaned by scraping and polishing, and then primed with one or two
coats of red lead, before the paint of the required color is put on.
5. Raw linseed oil is, as a general* rule, only used for priming new
wood work.
e . — TO MAKE LEAD COLOR, GREY, ETC.
1. Add lampblack (or black paint, ground in oil) in small quantities
to white paint, ground in oil, until the desired shade of lead color is
obtained ; then, if for inside work, thin it to the consistency of cream
with spirits of turpentine and the patent drying or Japan varnish; if
for outside work, use boiled oil for thinning, in place of the turpentine.
/• — YELLOW PAINT STRAW COLOR, BUFF, ETC.
1. For yellow paint, chrome yellow and yellow ochre are in general
use.
2. For straw color or buff: to chrome yellow or yellow ochre add, in
small quantities at a time, white paint (ground in oil) until the desired
shade is obtained, to which a small quantity of Venetian red may be
added to soften the yellow gloss.
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
119
3. For brick color, mix yellow paint, red lead, and a small quantity
of white paint. „ 1 1 .
4. Oak-wood color may be made with three-fourths of white paint
and one-fourth of umber and yellow ochre. The proportions of umber
and yellow ochre will be determined by the desired tint.
5. Portland-stone color is made with umber, yellow, and white paint.
6. In mixing- all paints, it must be remembered that the quantity of
drying is to be in the same proportion, and that for inside work, or
work not exposed to the weather, spirits of turpentine is to be used for
thinning, and for outside work exposed to the weather oil is to be used
without turpentine.
<). — DRYINGS.
1. Patent drying, paste,
2. Japan varnish, liquid.
3. Litharge, in powder.
4. When litharge is used as a drier, it must be reduced to a hue
powder ; then, by means of a little oil, made into a paste, and finally
mixed thoroughly with the paint before using it.
Jl . — PAINT BRUSHES, PENCILS, ETC.
1. Paint brushes are round and flat, and of different sizes. Round
brushes vary from one to two and a half inches in diameter. .
2. The large paint brushes are used for putting on priming and in
painting over large surfaces which require considerable quantities of
color.
3. The smaller brushes are used for parts to which the larger brushes,
from their size, cannot be applied. .
4. Flat brushes are used for sashes, for varnishing, and for painting
in lines or narrow spaces.
5. When the bristles of a brush get loose, drive a few thin wedges
of wood inside of the binding twine or thread, which will render the
whole fast again.
6. A different brush should be .used for each color.
7. Brushes which have been used must not be left to dry with the
paint in them. They should be put into a paint pot, or old paint keg,
with sufficient water to come within half an inch of the binding of the
brush. Care must be taken not to have too much water in the paint
pot or keg, for if the binding of the brush is lett in the water it will
soon rot, and the brush will be useless. When short of brushes, they
may be washed in oil or spirits of turpentine, and finally with soap and
water, so as to render them fit for use in any color. The oil and spirits
of turpentine used in washing brushes will do for mixing paint of the
same color of the paint washed from the brushes.
i . — CARE OF PAINTS, ETC.
1. White paint, ground in oil, will be put up in kegs.
2. Black paint, ground in oil, will be put up in kegs.
3. Lampblack will be put up in papers, and must be kept dry.
4. Boiled linseed oil will be kept in tin cans.
5. Spirits of turpentine will be kept in tin cans.
120
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
6. Red lead will be delivered dry, and must be kept in kegs or tin
and in a dry place.
7. Dry paints ot all descriptions will be put up in the best manner
and must be kept in a dry place.
8. Dryings, varnish, &c., will be kept in bottles or tins.
9. W hen a part of the paint is taken from a keg (ground in oil) the
residue is to be covered with water to the depth of one or two inches
at least, and then the head of the keg is to be put in tightly. The paint
must not be left to dry, nor exposed to the air or weather.
10. Paints, oil, spirits of turpentine', &c., must be kept under cover
arid in a dry place.
11. Putty will be put up and kept in bladders. It must be kept under
cover, and not exposed either to the sun or weather.
12. Putty, when too hard for use, may be softened by mashing and
rolling m the hands, aided by the addition of a little linseed oil.
13. To make putty: to four-fifths of pulverized Spanish whiting add
one-fifth linseed oil, and work it into a paste.
j - — HINTS TO GUIDE IN PUTTING ON PAINT.
1. In painting, durability is to be the first consideration.
2. The parts to be painted must be clean, smooth, and free from
gi ease. All holes, cracks, nail-heads, &c., must be filled in with putty.
It the wood is new, the first coat should be put on thin, to serve as a
pruning. If new iron, then a thin coat or two of red paint should be
put on as a priming.
3. A second coat of paint is never to be put on until the previous one
is thoroughly dry and hard, which will never be the case whilst the least
stickiness is felt on applying the hand to it.
1. Each coating ot paint should be of the same thickness throughout,
otherwise the work, when done, will have an unfinished and slovenly
appearance.
5. Paint put on too thin, after priming, will crack in drying ; if put
on too thick, it will blister, wrinkle, and peel off.
6. In using the brush, where there is sufficient space, long strokes
should be employed to extend the color in a smooth and uniform man-
ner j where the space is contracted or rough, the paint should be laid
on m dabs, for the purpose of getting it into the recesses and places
where the surface is unequal.
7. Sash brushes and pencils should not be dipped into the paint pots,
but a small quantity of the paint should be placed upon a clean board,
a piece ot tin, or glass, to serve as a palette ; the brush or pencil can
then be worked into the paint, and fine lines drawn with it; but if
dipped into the paint pot, the exterior of the brush only will be covered
with paint, with which it will not be possible to do nice work.
Ji. — WHITEWASH.
1. The following recipe for whitewashing has been found by experience
to answer on wood, brick, and stone, nearly as well as oil paint, and is
much cheaper :
2. Slake half a bushel of un slaked lime with boiling water, keeping it
covered during the process. Strain it and add a peck of salt, dissolved
in warm water ; three pounds of ground rice put in boiling water, and
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
121
boiled to a thin paste ; half a pound of powdered Spanish whiting, and
a pound of clear glue, dissolved in warm water ; mix these well together,
and let the mixture stand for several days. Keep the wash thus pre-
pared in a kettle or portable furnace, and when used put it on as hot
as possible, with painters’ or whitewash brushes.
l. — RECIPE FOR CEMENT-WASHING LIGHT-HOUSE TOWERS ON THE OUT-
SIDE.
1. Take of fresh Rosendale cement three parts, clean sand one part,
and mix them thoroughly with fresh water. This will give a grey or
granite color, dark or light, according to the color of the cement. If
a brick color is desired, add enough Venetian red to the mixture to pro-
duce that color. The cement, sand, and coloring matter must be mixed
together. If white is desired, the walls, when new, should receive two
coats of cement- wash, and then whitewash. After the work has received
the first coat, a single coat every three or four years will be sufficient.
2. It is best to thoroughly dampen the wall with clean fresh water,
and follow immediately after with the cement- wash. This course will
prevent the bricks from absorbing the water from the wash too quickly,
and will give time for the cement to set. Care must be taken to keep
all the ingredients of the cement-wash well stirred during the applica-
tion of it.
3. The mixture must be made as thick as it will admit of to be con-
veniently put ou with a whitewash brush.
a
m. — DR. M. F. BONZANO’S RECIPE FOR PREPARING CAUSTIC POTASH
LYE FOR REMOVING OIL PAINT FROM IRON.
1. Dissolve two pounds (2 pounds) of potash in a bucket of water ; add
about one and a half pound (If pound) of slaked lime, and stir it well.
2. With a mop apply this mixture to the paint, and after a few minutes
it may be easily removed by scraping.
3. As rapidly as the old paint is scraped off rinse the iron with fresh
water, and dry it. This will leave the iron clean and bright.
71 . — GREEN PAINT, BLACK PAINT, COAL TAR, AND IRON WORK.
1. Hereafter no green paint will be issued to light-keepers, and black
paint or lampblack will be issued only when it is required to mix with
white paint to make lead color.
2. Refined coal tar will be issued for use on all iron-work which is
not necessarily to be of another color, and no black paint is to be used
where coal tar will answer in color as a substitute.
3. It has been observed that, in some cases, the green japanned
pedestals of light-house illuminating apparatus have been given an
unsightly and dirty appearance by the rude application of the green
paint furnished to light-keepers, when the original beautiful green
color, if it had been let alone, would have lasted many years, with the
ordinary daily cleaning and wiping.
122
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
0. — LIGHT-HOUSE INSPECTORS AND ENGINEERS.
Light-house keepers, light- vessel keepers, and masters of tenders and
supply- vessels will give their attention to the foregoing hints on the
subject of mixing paints, cleaning the work, putting on the paint, and
taking care of the materials and implements.
DIRECTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING LIGHTNING-RODS.
Republished from Essays on Meteorology , by Professor Joseph Henry,
( Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,) for the use of the United States
Ligh t- house Estab lishm ent.
1st. The rod should consist of round iron, of not less than three-
fourths of an inch in diameter. A larger size is preferable to a smaller
one. (Ordinary gas-pipe may be employed.) Iron is preferred, because
it can be readily procured, is cheap, a sufficiently good conductor, and,
when of the size mentioned, cannot be melted by a discharge from the
clouds. Other forms of rod, such as flat or twisted, will conduct the
lightning, and in most cases answer sufficiently well. They tend, how-
ever, to give off lateral sparks from, the sharp edges at the moment of
the passage of the electricity through them, which might, in some cases,
set fire to very combustible materials.
2d. It should be, through its whole length, in perfect metallic con-
tinuity ; as many pieces should be joined together by welding as prac-
ticable, and, when other joinings are unavoidable, they should be made
by screwing the parts firmly together . by coupling ferule, care being
taken' to make the upper connection of the latter with the rod water-
tight by cement, solder, or paint.
3d. To secure it from rust, the rod should be covered with a coating
of black paint.
4th. It. should be terminated above with a single point, the cone of
which should not be too acute, and to preserve it from the weather, as
well as to prevent its being melted, should be encased with platinum,
formed by soldering a plate of this metal, not less than a twentieth of
an inch in thickness, into ike form of a hollow cone. Points of this
kind can be purchased of almost any mathematical instrument maker.
Usually the cone of platinum, for convenience, is first attached to a
brass socket, which is secured on the top of the rod, and to this plan
there is no objection. The platinum casing, however, is frequently
made so thin, and the cone so slender, in order to sa ve metal, that the
point is melted by a powerful discharge.
5th. The shorter and more direct the rod is in its course to the earth
the better. Acute angles, made by bending the rod, and projecting
points along its course, should be avoided.
6th. It should be fastened to the house by iron eyes, and may be insu-
lated by cylinders of glass. We do not think the latter, however, of
much importance, since they soon become wet by water, and, in case
of a heavy discharge, are burst asunder.
7th. The rod should be connected with the earth in the most perfect
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
123
manner possible ; and in cities nothing' is better for this purpose than
to unite it in good metallic contact with the gas-mains or large water-
pipes in the streets : and, indeed, such a connection is absolutely neces-
sary, if gas or water-pipes are within the house. Electricity, by what
is called induction, acts at a distance on the perpendicular gas-pipes
within a house, rendering them so highly negative, the cloud being-
positive, as to attract the electricity from a lightning-rod imperfectly
connected with the earth, or even from the air through the roof.
Damage to buildings on this account is of constant occurrence. The
above connection can be made by soldering to the end of the rod a
strip of copper, which, after being wrapped several times around the
pipe, is permanently attached to it. Where a connection with the
ground cannot be formed in the way mentioned, the rod should termi-
nate, if possible, in a well, always containing water ; and, where this
arrangement is not practicable, it should terminate in a plate ot iron
or some other metal buried in the moist ground. It should, before it
descends to the earth, be bent, so as to pass off nearly at right angles
to the side of the house, and be buried in a trench, surrounded with
powdered charcoal.
8th . The rod should be placed, in preference, on the west side of the
house, in this latitude, and especially on the chimney from which a cur-
rent of heated air ascends during the summer season.
9th. In case of a small house, a single rod may suffice, provided its
point be sufficiently high above the roof ; the rule being observed, that
its elevation should be at least half of the distance to which its pro-
tection is expected to extend. It is safer, however, particularly in
modern houses, in which a large amount of iron enters into the con-
struction, to make the distance between two rods less than this rule
would indicate, rather than more. Indeed, we see no objection to an
indefinite multiplication of rods to a house, provided they are all prop-
erly connected with the ground and with each other. A building
entirely enclosed, as it were, in a case of iron rods so connected with
the earth, would be safe from the direct action of the lightning.
10th. When a house is covered by. a metallic roof, the latter should
be united, in good metallic connection, with the lightning-rods ; and in
this case the perpendicular pipes conveying the water from the gutters
at the eaves may be made to act the part of rods, by soldering strips
of copper to the metal roof and pipes above, and connecting them with
the earth by plates of metal united by similar strips of copper to their
lower ends, or, better, with the gas or water-pipes of the city. In this
case, however, the chimneys would be unprotected, and copper light-
ning-rods, soldered to the roof and rising a few feet above the chim-
neys, would suffice to receive the discharge. We say soldered to the
roof, because, if the contact was not very perfect, a greater intensity of
action would take place at this point, and the metal might be burnt
through by the discharge, particularly if it were thin.
lltli. As a general rule, large masses of metal within the building,
particularly those which have perpendicular elevation, ought to be
connected with the rod. The main portion of the great building
erected for the World’s Exhibition at Paris was entirely surrounded
by a rod of iron, from which rose at intervals a series of lightning con-
ductors, the whole system being connected with the earth by means oi
four wells, one at each corner of the edifice.
The foregoing rules may serve as general guides for the erection of
124
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
lightning-rods on ordinary buildings, but for the protection of a large
complex structure, consisting of several parts, a special survey should
be made, and the best form of protection devised which the peculiar
circumstances of the case will admit.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board , December , 1871.
LXXXV. — CIRCULARS CONCERNING THE LIGHT-KEEPERS.
HOSPITAL DUES.
Treasury Department, December 12, 1855.
Sir: Your letter of the lltli instant, relative to the exaction of hos-
pital dues from the crews of light- vessels, has been received.
In reply I have to say, that seamen serving on board light- vessels are
not considered within the purview of the acts for the relief of sick and
disabled seamen, and are exempt from the tax. A medicine chest, should
be provided on board light- vessels, but' no other provision can be made
whilst they remain so employed.
This opinion is founded upon the fact that their employment is not of
the roving character contemplated by the act, and that whilst employed
and receiving wages adequate to their support, they are not proper sub-
jects of relief.
I am, very respectfully,
JAMES GUTHRIE,
Secretary of the Treasury.
Com’r T. A. Jenkins, U. S. X.,
Secretary Light-house Board.
EXPENDITURE RETURNS.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board , Washington City.
Ordered: 1. That the attention of the inspectors be called to the neg-
ligent and irregular manner in which many of the liglit-keepers keep
their expenditure books and make up their quarterly returns of expen-
ditures of oil and other supplies.
2. That the inspectors be instructed to have the daily expenditure
returns of the light-keepers carefully examined as they are received
from the keepers, and, when found to be correct, entered in the office
book, before transmission to Light-house Board, and report all cases to
this Board in which there is evidence of negligence in keeping the
accounts of expenditures, or of any attempt to keep them by computa-
tion of time, or of quantities of oil expended.
3. That the most rigid accountability must be exacted of all persons
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
125
employed on light-liouse service for all public property intrusted to
their care, and any failure to account satisfactorily for oil or other pub-
lic property is to be promptly reported.
By order of the Light house Board :
W. B. SHUBRICK,
Chairman.
Thornton A. Jenkins,
W. B. Franklin,
Secretaries.
OIL BUTTS.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board , June 0 , 1854.
Sir : Hereafter, when oil butts are authorized to be procured for
light-houses and light-vessels in your district, you will please have
them constructed of the best quality xxx tin, soldered inside and out-
side , with bands soldered over the circular seams, with a cavity formed
by a double rim to hold oil for the lid to fit in, # so as to make the butt
as nearly air-tight as possible, and the braces soldered on the bottoms
for strengthening them.
Each butt must be thoroughly tested with boiling water before being
received or sent to a light-house.
There will be two sizes of oil butts used in the liglit-houses, viz : 100
gallons and 50 gallons, of the shapes, dimensions, &c., of the models
and drawings furnished for your office.
There will be an air-cock and a cock for drawing off oil for each butt,
and two keys for every light-station. With the view to uniformity,
the cocks will be furnished by this office whenever authority is given
for furnishing oil butts.
By order :
Very respectfully,
THORNTON A. JENKINS, Secretary.
, Light-house Inspector, District .
CC XXX. — RAIN WATER AT LIGHT-IIOUSE STATIONS.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board , Washington City.
Water contaminated with chloride of lead from salt spray resting on
the leads* of light-houses, &e., whence rain water is collected, is pecu-
liar in this, that it does not lose the poisoning substance either by
boiling or by exposure to the air.
To purify this water, and render it perfectly fit for all culinary and
domestic purposes, it will only be necessary to put some powdered
chalk or whiting into each cistern in which such rain water is collected,
and to stir it up well, occasionally, after rain has fallen.
* Light-keepers must not fail to keep the cavity formed by the double rim at the
top of the oil butt filled with the refuse oil, so that when the lid of the butt is on,
and the air-cock closed, the butt will he air-tight.
■I
126
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
LANTERN CURTAINS AND LENS COVERS.
Treasury Department,
Office Liglit-house Board, Washington City, I). C.
Eacli liglit-liouse lantern must be provided with two sets of white
curtains, properly fitted for easy placing and removal.
The curtain's must be removed after sunset, and put up before sun-
rise, daily. The lens-must never be left exposed to the rays of the sun
by the omission of the light keeper to place either its cover over it or
to have the curtains put up.
Each lens apparatus will be provided with two fine white linen
covers. They must be made of material that is free from all roughness ,
and he made according to the prescribed pattern.
Liglit-keepers are required to have these lantern curtains and lens
covers kept clean, and the set of curtains and lens covers not in use
must be kept washed, ironed, and ready to take the place of those in
use when required.
THORNTON A. JENKINS,
Secretary of the Light-house Board.
ROD LAMPS.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board, Washington City.
Light-house keepers will be careful to use the u Rod ” or u Student’s 77>
lamp in their lenses, whenever it becomes necessary for them to remove
or shift their lamps during the night, so that their lights will not be
totally extinguished during the time occupied in putting in a new lamp.
This duty must not be neglected under any circumstances.
Light-keepers must keep their Rod lamp in the lantern at night, with
the burner or centre of the wick properly adjusted to the focus of the
lens, so that as soon as the lamp is removed the Rod lamp may be
placed, which will give a light sufficiently brilliant to prevent ship-
wreck near the light-station.
Light-keepers who are not provided with u Rod lamps,’ 7 will report
the fact to the Liglit-house Inspector of the district.
to light-house keepers.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board, Washington, Nov., 1861.
1. No pains have been spared to provide the light-houses and light-
vessels of the United States with every article of fixture and of sup-
ply necessary to enable light-keepers to perform efficiently all the duties
required of them by the printed instructions and directions for keep-
ing bright and steady lights, and in keeping their lanterns, light-rooms,
towers, and dwellings clean and neat.
2. Unless the illuminating apparatus, lamps, and lantern -glass of a
*
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
127
light-house are kept clean and in good condition, a good light cannot
be produced, and mariners will complain.
3. The instructions require that the interior of the dome of the lan-
tern shall be kept painted white and perfectly free from soot. The
interior frame of the lantern must also be kept clean and painted white.
4. The glass of the lantern must be washed as often as necessary to
keep it clean and free from stains of every kind. Linen towels only are
to be used in wiping the glass of the lens and the plate- glass of the lan-
tern, as the finest cotton when rubbed against glass will scratch it.
5. The curtains of the lantern must be put up, or the lens cover
must be put on (particularly in clear weather) before sunrise, and one
or the other must protect the lamp in the lens by shutting out the sun’s
rays in this way during the whole day. It will be best, as a general
rule, to put up the curtains before sunrise.
(). After extinguishing the light in the morning, the lens, before the
operation of cleaning it is commenced, should be dusted with a leather
brush to remove any dust which may have accumulated upon it, and
which, if left upon it while it is cleaned with rouge and spirits of wine,,
will scratch and injure it.
7. As soon as the lens is thoroughly cleaned the cover should be
carefully put on it, and so closed at top and bottom as to exclude all
dust which might rise up in cleaning the interior ot the lantern, &c.
8. The light-keepers and their assistants are provided with linen
aprons to put on over their clothes while engaged in the lanterns,
cleaning them and the illuminating apparatus. These aprons will be
delivered to the principal keepers, who alone will be responsible tor
them. The assistants will retain possession of these for their use
while at the light-stations, but when they leave they must turn them
over to the principal keeper.
9. Each keeper and assistant will keep his own apron clean, by wash-
ing it as often as may be necessary.
10. These aprons are designed — •
First. To protect the lens from being scratched or otherwise injured
by brass buttons or coarse woolens and other coarse articles of the
keepers’ clothing coming in contact with it during the operation ot
cleaning.
Second. To protect the keepers’ clothes while performing the clean-
ing duties in the lantern, &c.
11. Coarse linen or tow cleaning cloths are furnished to light-keepers
to enable them to wipe up easily the dirty water that may accumulate
on the lantern floor, and to keep the lantern floor clean by dampening
it so as to wipe up all dust without injury to the apparatus. Also, to
clean the tower stairs, &c. These cloths are to be kept (dean, and when
not in use hung up to dry, and are not to be used for private purposes,
but exclusively for the lanterns, towers, and store-rooms.
12. The boxes provided for keeping whiting, rouge powder, &e., and
the tin pans for mixing whiting and rouge, and all the other implements
and tools, are to be carefully looked after. They are to be kept in a
dry place, and frequently examined to see that they are in good order.
13. None of the tin boxes or other fixtures are to be taken from the
light-stations. The master of the supply-vessel will fill them, without-
removing them, when he delivers oil and other annual supplies.
14. When files or other articles of iron or steel require to be protected
against dampness, they must be carefully cleaned and a thin coating
of tallow put on them.
128
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
15. Too much attention cannot be given by light-keepers to the clock-
work of their mechanical lamps, and, in revolving lights, to the revolv-
ing machinery.
16. For mixing and putting on paints, and for purifying water under
certain circumstances, see the instructions on these subjects, and also
all placards, as well as the book of printed instructions and directions,
hereinbefore given for your guidance.
17. Ko light-keeper can perform his duty properly who does not under-
stand clearly the instructions and directions which are furnished to
guide him in their performance.
18. A liglit-keeper will find a list in this book of the blank-books and
blanks necessary to enable him to keep his accounts of daily expendi-
ture and to make all his returns ; all of which he will receive (through
the light-house inspector of the district) by the supply-vessels when
annual supplies are delivered by them, or by other means.
19. Light-keepers will be careful to see that all articles called for by
the receipts are actually landed from the supply- vessels, and all articles
to be put in fixed places of deposit alu so to be delivered. Oil must be
measured and put in the butts, and the casks returned to the vessels ;
and all small articles must be put into the properly-marked or labeled
tin boxes, &c.
THORKTOK a. jekkiks,
Secretary of the Light-house Board.
MECHANICAL SKILL OF KEEPERS.
Treasury Department,
Office of the Light-house Board ,
Washington , December 17, 1867.
Sir : I have the honor, by direction of this board, respectfully to
recommend that instructions be issued to those superintendents of
lights having charge of light-stations at which first-class fog-signals
are now, or may hereafter be, established, to select and nominate, if
necessary, as keepers of those stations, persons having the necessary
mechanical skill.
Such qualification is deemed requisite for the reason that these fog-
signals ot the first class are worked by steam or hot-air engines, and,
for safe, economical, and efficient service, need the care and attention
of persons competent to manage such apparatus.
Very respectfully,
W. B. SHU BRIC K, Chairman.
Hon. H. McCulloch,
Secretary of the Treasury.
CCXXXVI. — INSTRUCTIONS AUTHORIZED.
Treasury Department, December 18, 1867.
Sir : You are hereby authorized to issue such instructions to super-
intendents of lights having charge of stations where fog-signals are or
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
129
may be established, as are recommended in your letter of the 17th
instant.
I am, very respectfully,
H. MCCULLOCH,
Secretary of the Treasury.
Rear-Admiral W. B. Shijbrick, U. S. N.,
Chairman Liglit-liouse Board.
STORM-PANES OF GLASS FOR LIGHT-HOUSE LANTERNS.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board ,
Washington , L). C., September , 1858.
1. All light-houses occupying points on the coast and in the bays and
sounds frequented at certain seasons of the year by wild fowl will be
provided, by direction of the Liglit-liouse Board, upon reports of engi-
neers and inspectors on light-house duty, with the requisite number and
sizes of storm-panes of lantern glass, to be fitted according to the
directions of the Light house Board, to enable light-house keepers to
replace promptly at night any glass that may be broken.
2. These storm-panes of glass will be put on edge , very carefully, in
a box of the proper dimensions, and the panes or plates of glass sepa-
rately packed within its own apartment, to prevent breakage.
3. This box must be kept by the light-house keeper in a safe place,
near the lantern or trimming-room of the tower. The box containing
large plate-glass must never be laid upon its side , nor must it be removed.,
unless absolutely necessary to do so, but be kept stationary in one place,
if possible.
4. The necessary “ fixtures ” for securing u storm-panes ” in the
place of broken ones will be provided, and the engineer officer or inspec-
tor who may be charged with fitting them will explain to the light-
keeper the use of the implements, and the manner of putting in the
glass.
5. In performing this duty, the keeper will require the aid of all the
assistant light-keepers ; and in the event of there being no assistant
light-keepers allowed to the light-station, then the keeper must call in
the aid of his wife, or some other member of his family, to hold the
plate of glass in its place against the force of the wind, while he applies
the fastenings to the frame of the lantern to secure it in its position.
THORNTON A. JENKINS,
Secretary of the Light-house Board.
visitors.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board ,
Washington City , Nov. 15, 1809.
Visitors will be courteously and politely received, and admitted into
the tower and lantern when it will not interfere with the proper exhi-
bition of the light; but the principle light-keeper is responsible for any
l h 9
130
LIGHT- HO USE ESTABLISHMENT.
injury or defacement to the buildings, light-room, lamps, reflectors, refrac-
tors, glazing of the lantern, and to any other property belonging to the
light-station under his charge, unless he can identify parties who may
have done injury, so as to make them, accountable for it.
It is therefore requested that persons who visit this light-station will
be careful not to handle or touch the illuminating apparatus, scratch or
deface the plate-glass of the lantern, cut the wood- work, or write upon
the window glass or painted or whitewashed parts of the buildings, or
do any other injury to the premises.
By order of the Light-house Board.
FOG-SIGNALS ON BOARD UNITED STATES LIGHT-VESSELS.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board,
Washington, October 5, 1858.
'Notice is hereby given that on and after the 1st day of January, 1859,
vessels approaching or passing light- vessels of the United States in
foggy or thick weather, will be warned of their proximity by the alter-
nate ringing of a bell and sounding of a fog-horn on board of the light-
vessel, at intervals not exceeding fi ve minutes.
GENERAL ORDERS,' &c.
1. The curtains provided for hanging inside of the lantern glass of
light-houses and light-vessels are not to be used for any other purpose,
or In any other place whatever. The spare sets of curtains must be
kept clean and in readiness for taking the place of those in daily use
when they become soiled, and under no circumstances are they to be
used in the keeper’s dwelling.
2. The linen towels which are required to be furnished to light-
keepers for wiping oft' and keeping the glass and silver-plated parts of
the illuminating apparatus, and the plate glass of the lanterns clean,
are not to be applied to any domestic or other private or personal pur-
pose whatever ; nor are they to be used upon the glass of the apparatus,
plate-glass of the lanterns, or upon the silvered parts of the reflectors
when greasy or soiled from use or accident, and especially when greasy,
or hard and stiff from the accumulation of sand, dust, or dirt upon
them, while wet or damp.
3. The buff, chamois, or other soft skins, furnished under the regu-
lations of the Light-house Board, for cleaning the lenses and reflectors,
are to be carefully kept, at all times, (when not actually in use in clean-
ing the illuminating apparatus,) in the service box, and the cover
tightly shut down to prevent their injury from dust, sand, or dirt, and
especially when they are damp. Buff skins after being wet are rough
and harsh to the touch, and are no longer lit for use in cleaning glass
or silver plate, and if applied to the illuminating apparatus, or plate-
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
131
glass of the lantern, after having reached that state, they will scratch
or roughen, and greatly injure it. It is, therefore, strictly forbidden to
use buff or chamois shins which have been wet or damp, or to which
dust, sand, or dirt has attached while damp, for cleaning lenses, reflect-
ors, or glass. Buff skins which are no longer lit for use in cleaning
the glass of the lenses, the silver-plated parts, or the plate-glass of the
lanterns, may be used in cleaning the metal work of the apparatus and
utensils. Spare buff skins must be kept carefully wrapped up in paper
upon which there is no printing or writing, or in clean towels or cotton
cloths, and stowed away in dry closets or lockers.
4. The tin boxes containing the rouge powder and Spanish whiting
are to be kept tightly closed and in a dry place on a shelf in a closet
or locker.
5. The turpentine soap, required to be furnished to light-keepers, is
not to be used by them or their families, or by any one else, for domesic
or other private purposes, but it is to be used exclusively for washing the
lens and other apparatus covers , lantern curtains , towels, and cleaning rags ,
and the metal and paint-work of the apparatus and lanterns. Soap must
not be used for cleaning the glass of the apparatus or lanterns, inas-
much as the- grease in it, unless washed off immediately after being-
used with strong lye or spirits of wine, will leave greasy stains upon it
and greatly injure it.
6. Neither the glass of the lens apparatus, the plate-glass of lanterns,
nor the silvered parts of the reflectors, is to be cleaned with cotton
cloths, cotton rags, or other material of which cotton is a component
part, under any circumstances, inasmuch as even the finest carded cot-
ton wool, will, when rubbed upon glass or polished silver, leave scratches,
which, in the case of light-liouse illuminating apparatus, cause serious
injury to its properties of refraction and reflexion.
7. Covers for lens apparatus are required, by the orders and regula-
tions of the Light-house Board, to be made of fine white linen which is
entirely free from knots and all other matter which , coming in contact with
the glass of the lens, would scratch it, and no other kind is allowed to be
used. In any case in which this regulation has been disregarded, the
light-keeper will report it to the Light-house Inspector, who will see
that proper linen covers are provided and used. Light-house Inspectors
will, when making inspections of the lights, give their particular atten-
tion to this subject.
8. Keepers’ aprons, made of suitable linen, are provided for all light-
keepers, to be worn while cleaning the apparatus, lighting and extin-
guishing the light, and generally when _ employed in the lantern, to
protect the apparatus from injury from contact of coarse clothing, metal
buttons, &c. Keepers must not disregard this order.
9. Tripoli powders, tripoli soap, and all other cleaning materials of a
similar kind, which might, through ignorance or otherwise, be im-
properly used upon illuminating apparatus and plate-glass of lanterns,
to their great injury, are strictly forbidden to be purchased , delivered to
light-keepers , or permitted to be used by them , and all articles of the sort
or description which may be found at any light-station, by any light-
house engineer, inspector, lampist, or master of a tender or "supply-
vessel, must be removed by them immediately, and all the facts in
regard to their introduction reported for the information and action of
the Light-house Board.
10. Regulator or Damper. — The object and use of the regulator or
damper (the proper management of which is indispensable to the pro-
132
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
duction of a clear, steady, and uniformly brilliant light from the light-
house lamps in use) does not appear to be well understood by many of
the light-keepers who have been interrogated in regard to them, although
the use is explained in the printed regulations. In all liglit-house lamps
the regulator or damper requires to be used intelligently, opening or
closing the tube by use of the hey, in lighting, and attending upon the
light so as to regulate the draught, as the glass chimney is adjusted to
the height of the flame and the wick is gradually raised to get the flame
up to its greatest attainable (normal) height, while free from jagged and
smoky points; but in those lamps having the oil cisterns placed above
the apparatus, (the Hydraulic, Franklin, and Float lamps, &c.,) this
regulator or damper, having the key regulating the disk (placed inside
the tube) above the oil cistern, answers the double purpose of regulating
the draught and also of retaining much of the heat from the flame) in that
part of the pipe or tube in the immediate vicinity of the oil, keeping it
even in very cold weather in a fit state for burning without the neces-
sity for resorting to heaters to accomplish that purpose. Most light-
keepers seem to think that the sole object of the regulator or damper
is to keep the oil fluid in cold weather; and, consequently, it has been
thrown aside in many instances during warm weather, and, as a rule,
some have not used it at all. Inspectors are instructed to interrogate
light-keepers particularly on this subject; see that the regulator or
damper (and a spare one in every instance) is provided and in good
order, and that the tube is long enough to read) well up in the dome of
the lantern, or into the “ cowl,” so that the smoke and gases from the
lamp may be carried off through the u cowl ” at the top of the lantern;
and lampists, when visiting lights to repair lamps, &c., will carry out
this instruction and report promptly any want of conformity to, or
departure from, these requirements, remedying at the time such defects
as may be in his power, especially with regard to the length of the
tube, its capacity for the easy introduction of the glass chimney into
the lower part of it, the easy working of the disk of the key, &c.
1 1. Glass Chimneys. — Glass chimneys have been found at some of the
liglit-stations which were not of the shape, length, or of the quality of
glass prescribed and required by the Light-house Board Begulations.
The drawings to be found in the Light-house Board portfolio, showing
the shape, size, length, &c., and the specimens furnished to the inspec-
tors of each light-house district as models and patterns, have not been
conformed to in some instances, and, so far, to the injury of the lights
at which these inferior chimneys have been used.
12. The ruby or red-glass chimneys, used for distinction in some of
the small lights, have been found (in nearly every instance where ex-
amined) to be far inferior in quality and color to wliat they should have
been. As the lightest, clearest, and best-made red or pink glass chim-
ney absorbs a large part of the white light over which it is placed, it is
the duty of inspectors to see that none are used but those which will,
while imparting the necessary red color to the light for distinction, are
not so thick and black, or dark, as unnecessarily to absorb the light
and impair its usefulness at times and in certain states of the atmos-
phere, when it is of the greatest importance to the mariner to see it at
certain distances, and outside of dangers. All chimneys for use in the
United States Light-house Establishment are required to be made ac-
cording to the patterns or models of those used in the French Light-
house Establishment; to be carefully inspected by experts before being
received or paid for, and by which inspection it is to be satisfactorily
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
133
seen that they are uniform in shape, length, and thickness 5 free from
striated or wavy appearances and other obvious defects which any
careful expert would not fail to detect; and that their bottoms are
ground to fit the holder; and, finally, it must be satisfactorily shown
that they have all passed carefully through the annealing process at the
'manufactory.
13. Inspectors are hereby instructed to carefully examine the glass
chimneys on hand when they visit light-stations, and to instruct the
lampists to do the same, and to have all of those which may be found
not suited to the light-house service, and not in strict conformity to the
regulations, removed, to be disposed of as unfit for use, as the board
may from time to time direct; and those of the quality and kind pre-
scribed by the regulations will, upon requisitions from the inspectors,
be ordered and sent from the manufactory after having been properly
inspected and accepted by an inspector or other competent and reliable-
person.
14. Light-keepers are required to put aside all articles of Supply, all
implements, tools, worn-out articles, &c., which are in excess or not
necessary for the proper management of their lights, and wdien the
tender or supply-vessel visits the light-station, to deliver them up and
take receipts for the same in duplicate, one copy for file and the other
to be sent to the light-house inspector of the district.
15. Masters of tenders will receive, receipt for, and deliver into
depot all surplus articles found at light-stations.
16. Masters ' f supply-vessels will be careful to see that all unneces-
sary articles are taken on board and delivered at the depot, receipting
for them to the keeper.
17. Delivery of Supplies . — The supplies are not to be left on the
beach or elsewhere than in the liglit-houses and on board of the light-
vessels. The oil will be put into the oil butts by the crew of the sup-
ply-vessels, and all casks, &c., taken back to the vessel. As the con-
tents of the two sizes of oil butts (100-gallon and the 50-gallon) are
uniform and fixed, they will be the kind for receiving and delivering
into, and thereby prevent the complaints of the quantity of oil deliv-
ered being less than that receipted for, as sometimes happens.
These orders are to be furnished to all light-keepers, masters of sup-
ply-vessels, light-house tenders and other employes, and officers on
liglit-house duty.
By order of the Light house Board :
W. B. SHUBBICK,
Rear-Admiral , U. S. Navy, Chairman.
Thornton A. Jenkins,
Rear-Admiral , XJ. 8.
George H. Elliot,
Maj. of Engineers, JJ. 8. A. j
Treasury Department,
Office Liglit-House Board,
Washington, D. G., September, 1871.
Navy. . $ ecre t ar i eS '
134
LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
GENERAL ORDER.
At a regular quarterly meeting of this board, held September 5, 1870,
it was —
Ordered , 1. That pressed or mould- glass lenses and lanterns, or lamps
fitted with solid (capillary) wicks, are not to be used in the Light house
Establishment at any station at which a light of greater power than a
hand-lantern, hoisted to a post or stake, is required ; but in all cases
where range, pier head, stake, or other lights, which ought to be seen
at a greater distance than one or one and a half miles the burner of the
lamp used must be an Argand, and fitted to a polished glass lens
(steamer’s French lens) of the proper arc ; or, if not available, a 21-
inch parabolic reflector, fitted with an Argand fountain lamp.
2. That range-line lights are to be both white or both red for the
same range line, so that both lights may be as nearly as possible of the
same power ; and at those light-stations, otherwise properly distin-
guished, at which there is but one range line of two lights, white will
be the distinction of both lights ; at ports or places or in neighbor-
hoods where there are several range lines, each marked by two lights,
the most prominent, or first seen, should be both white ; the next, or
middle, both red ; the next, both white, &c.
Fed should be used only when other or better means of distinction
are not available, as in cases where there are several sets of lights to
mark different range lines in the same vicinity, or where there are sev-
eral piers in the same port upon which lights are placed, rendering their
characteristic distinction, by color or otherwise, necessary.
When red chimneys or red shades are required to be used, to make
the distinction of red at any particular place, the apparatus and lamp
should be of greater power than it would be if the light were of its natu-
ral color.
The red chimneys, or red shades, (as the case may be,) must be of
the best quality of glass , and of pure color ; and under no circumstances
should the glass be thicker than white would be, or the color darker
than necessary to produce the required shade. Red lights should be
compared frequently with white ones while inspecting, and distances
noted at which each of the same order and under similar circumstances
can be seen.
At a regular quarterly meeting of this board, held September 5,
187 0, it was —
Ordered , That a general order be issued forbidding the issue and use,
in the light-house service, of Tripoli powder, Tripoli soap, and all other
W. B. SHU BRICK,
Rear-Admiral , U. S. Navy , Chairman .
Thornton A. Jenkins,
A fhvnwnl XJ , JSfCLVy j
Georg
Major of Engineers , U. S. Army , 3
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board , Washington , I). C.
GENERAL ORDER.
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
135
kindred articles which, in the hands of ignorant or careless keepers,
might seriously injure and impair the usefulness of the illuminating
apparatus.
W. B. SHUBBICK,
Rear-Admiral , U. 8. Navy , Chairman.
Thornton A. Jenkins,
Rear-Admiral , II. 8. Navy ,
George H. Elliot,
Major of Engineers , U. 8. A rmy,
Secretaries.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board , Washington , /). C.
GENERAL ORDER.
At a regular quarterly meeting of this board, held September 5,1870,
it was —
Ordered , That a general order be prepared and issued to light-house
inspectors defining, as much in detail as possible, the kinds and sizes
of boats for the different liglit-stations at which boats are allowed by
the regulations of the board, and at which they may be specially
authorized to provide them.
1. That no boat is to be furnished to any light-house or light-vessel
which is not specially suited to the official wants of the station, and
which (if for a light-house) one man may safely handle, in case there
is but one keeper, and two men may safely manage, if there is an
assistant keeper, in ordinary weather.
2. That the boats shall be well built and properly fitted, in a sub-
stantial and economical manner, without useless or unnecesarily expen-
sive outfits.
3. That no boat be allowed at any light-station which the keeper or
keepers (as the case may be) may not be able to easily keep out of
danger, by hauling or hoisting up when not in use.
4. That light-keepers who neglect their boats be required to pay the
cost of all repairs growing out of such neglect, and, in case the boats
are not indispensable appendages to the light- stations, that the keepers
be deprived of them if, after having been once admonished to take
better care of the public property, they fail to do so.
W. B. SHUBBICK,
Rear-Admiral , U. 8. Navy , Chairman.
Thornton A. Jenkins, j
Rear-Admiral , V. 8. Navy, 1
George S. Elliot, f
Major of Engineers , U. 8. Army ,
Secretaries.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board, Washington, I). C.
136 LIGHT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
Placard to be kept hung up at all light-stations where boats are furnished.
GENERAL ORDER,
. .
The attention of light-house inspectors, and of all light-keepers who
are provided with boats by the Light-house Board, is called to the ex-
tracts from the printed regulations and instructions which follow :
■
BOATS.
-
1. The boats allowed at special light-stations and on board of light-
vessels to enable the light-keepers to perform their public duties prop-
erly, and to procure provisions for their families, are not provided for
their mere personal benefit and convenience, or as an addition to or a
part of their compensation, but as a necessary appendage to the par-
ticular light-station to enable the keeper to communicate with points
' only to be reached by water ; and keepers who are furnished boats are
prohibited from using them for any other than the above-mentioned
purposes ; and especially are they prohibited from using, lending, or
hiring the boats thus placed under their charge for freighting or wreck-
ing goods, wares, or merchandise, or for fishing with seines, ferrying,
or for taking passengers for a pecuniary consideration.
2. As a general rule, boats will not be allowed to light-houses on the
mainland.
3. In the selection of boats for those light-stations coming within the
rule allowing them, special care is required to be taken to prevent
those not suited to the special public wants of the station, and the
character of the service, being furnished.
4/ Any keeper, in disregard of these requirements, who allows the boat
furnished to his station to be lost or injured by neglect, or improperly
used or injured by others, will be required to make good all damage at
his own cost and expense.
5. Inspectors are required to be careful not to furnish any boat when
authorized by the board that it is not suited in size and description
to the prescribed uses for the particular light-station. At stations
with but one keeper, the boat should be such as one man may safely
manage in ordinary weather; and at stations with two or more keep-
ers, boats should be such as one man may safely manage in ordinary
weather, and two men in bad weather.
6. The dimensions and descriptions of boats for light-vessels must
be determined with regard to the use to be made of them, the distance
the vessel lies from the nearest safe landing, the character of the
weather which maybe ordinarily encountered by them, and the number
of men available for their management. Large and expensive sail-
boats are forbidden to be furnished to either light- vessels or light-house
stations.
As a rule, for light-house stations, the boats should be light , to be pulled
with two or four short and light oars, and from fifteen to twenty feet
long, fitted with one mast and sail, such as one man, or at most two
men, could readily manage in any weather that a boat should be out in.
Keepers who neglect to ha ul up their boats out of the reach of surf when
not in use, and to otherwise properly care for and keep them in good
ll
DIRECTIONS TO LIGHT KEEPERS.
137
order, will subject themselves to the penalty of having to pay tor all
repairs caused by such neglect, may be deprived of the use of a Govern-
ment boat, and also recommended for dismissal.
By order of the Liglit-liouse Board :
W. B. SHUBKICK,
Rear -Admiral , U. S. A., Chairman.
Thornton A. Jenkins,
Rear-Admiral , U. S. Navy,
George H. Elliot,
Major of Engineers , U. /S'. A.,
Secretaries.
Treasury Department,
Washington , I). C , Sept. 5, 1870.
GENERAL ORDER.
At a regular quarterly meeting of this board, held September 5,
1870, it was —
Ordered , That when lights are established on new sites, or at new
stations, the grounds, as far as may be practicable, shall be graded,
Cleared up, and suitably enclosed ; and that at old or existing light-
stations, when extensive repairs or renovations are to be made, or when
it may be practicable to send the necessary material or labor, the esti-
mates shall include the necessary cost of having the grounds properly
graded and cleared of old buildings, &c., as far as possible, and the
enclosures left in proper condition.
At light-stations having too great an extent or area of grounds for
proper enclosure at reasonable cost, and as a protection to the light-
house buildings, proper enclosure of a reasonable- quantity of land,
around the buildings only , should be estimated for. All enclosures must
be adapted to tlie particular localities, and be constructed of plain
materials, substantially put together.
The planting of shade trees and shrubbery, to serve as a protection
to the grounds and buildings, must receive proper attention from en-
gineers and inspectors, and their renewal or increase in number from
time to time be estimated for and reports submitted in regard to them.
Keepers are to be encouraged to cultivate such portion of the land
embraced in the light-house sites as may be adapted to profitable cul-
tivation ; but, whether they cultivate the land or not, they are to be
required to keep the grounds around and about the light houses in as
good condition as their character will allow.
Weeds, high grass, and undergrowth of every description, (except
such as are ornamental to the grounds,) not planted and cultivated as
a protection to them, are to be kept removed from around the light-
house buildings.
The special attention of inspectors and engineers is called to this
subject, and they are required to make special reports and submit spe-
cial estimates from time to time of proposed or recommended improve-
ments of light-liouse premises, with the view to the gradual enclosing
and improving of all liglit-stations 5 and those light-keepers who do
not employ the time not necessarily occupied by them for other duties
138
LIGIIT-HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT.
in keeping their buildings and grounds in proper order, and in improv-
ing the latter as far as they can do so, must be reported to the Light-
house Board.
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board , Washington , D. G.
Placard to he kept hung up in the sitting-room or main hall of the keeper 1 s
dwelling.
DWELLING, TOWER, GROUNDS, BOAT-SHEDS, BOATWAYS, AND ANY AND
ALL BUILDINGS AND PROPERTY AT LIGHT-HOUSE SITES.
Keepers are required to keep the grounds around the light-house
towers, dwellings, and other buildings in their charge, in neat and
proper order. Slovenliness will not be tolerated. In case the land is
adapted to cultivation, the keepers are expected to cultivate it, and it
enclosed to keep the enclosures in good order. The grounds about the
house and tower are to be kept free from shrubs, bushes, weeds, old
barrels, pieces of plank, boxes, &c., and the yard or immediate sur-
roundings of the buildings must be kept cleared of all such articles,
and in good order at all times. These duties are no less incumbent
upon the keepers than those prescribed for keeping the light burning,
apparatus clean, &c.
Those keepers who exhibit a proper zeal and industry, and who seem
to desire to put and keep their grounds in good order by attending to
their cultivation and enclosure, &c., will be aided as far as possible by
the Light house Board officers, in effecting necessary improvements
upon the premises, by planting shade trees, making walks, repairing
fences, &c., but those keepers who show no disposition to improve the
grounds, and keep them and the buildings in proper order, may expect
to be reported by light house engineer officers and light house inspectors
for neglect of duty.
By order of the Light-house Board:
Rear-Admiral , U. 8. Nary, Chairman.
1
W. B. SHUBRICK,
TT V Y/, /I
Thornton A. Jenkins,
Rear-Admiral , U. 8. Wavy,
George H. Elliot,
Alajor of Engineers , TJ. 8. A rmy , j
W. B. SHUBRICK,
Rear-Admiral , U. 8. Wavy, Chairman.
Thornton A. Jenkins,
Rear-Admiral , U. 8 .* N.
George H. Elliot,
1
J> Secretaries.
Major of Engineers, TJ. 8. A ., 3
Treasury Department,
Office Light-house Board ,
Washington City , September 5, 1870.
INDEX
INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS.
A.
Page.
Accountability of keepers 11
Absences of keepers .14, 18, 19, 20
Adjustments of chimneys . - 10
Alarm-bell 42
Aprons to be worn by the keepers 20
Apparatus, &c 10
Assistant keepers’ absence 18, 19
responsibility 11
neglect of duty • r . 11
duties 18
Assistants not exempt from watch 18
Assistance to light-house officers, &c 15
Attendance on lights at night 15
in stormy and thick weather 12, 17
on revolving machinery 11
Attention and care of fires and lights 12, 13
B.
Boats, care of. 20
C.
Care and attention of lights and fires 12
to examine tjbe rouge powder, whiting, &c , 14
Calling reliefs at night 18
Character of keepers to be good 13
Chimneys, adjustment of 1 10
Chimneys, how to use 11
Clean and dismount revolving machinery 13
Clean snow and ice from lantern and glass 17
glass chimneys, &c 13
Cleanliness of towers, &c 12
Cleaning materials 14
Courtesy of keepers to visitors, &c 13
Coal oil 12
D.
Daily attendance on revolving machinery 23
routine with two or more keepers 15
issue of oil 19
expenditure of oil, &c 19
Damage to be promptly repaired 13
Day signals and distinguishing marks 20
Damper and regulator 10
Double watches 18
Drinks, intoxicating, forbidden, &c 13
Duties, assistant keepers’ 18
neglect of * 18, 19
at stations with two or more towers 51
with two or more keepers 16
140
INDEX.
E.
Engineers and inspectoi’s to be assisted by the keepers
Evening and night service - - - -
Examine ronge powder carefully before using it
whiting carefully before using it
Excuse for neglect of duty to lights, no
Expenditure, daily, of oil, &c
Exemption from keeping regular watch, no
Extinguish lights
movable lights
F.
Fires and lights, care of
Flame, mean height of, at end of first hour
Fire, precautions against
Flame, mean height of, in full effect
Flames, height of -
Fog-signals
Fog-signal instructions - •
Fees not to be asked by keepers.
Page.
19
16
14
14
18
19
18
11,23
11
13
9
12, 13
10
9, 10
20
20
14
6 .
Glass chimneys, keep clean
chimneys, adjustment of the, &c
Good character, keepers to be of
Greasy rags not to be in lantern
Guard against tire
11
11
13
12
12, 13
H.
Heights of flames
How to trim the wicks
9,10
10, 32
I.
Ice, snow, &c., to be removed from lantern glass 17
Intoxicating drinks forbidden to be sold 13
Intoxicated persons, on the premises, not to be allowed 13
Issue of oil, daily 19
Instructions must be conformed to '21
will be furnished 21
Inspectors, engineers, &c., keepers to assist 15
J.
Journals, keepers’, to be kept
K.
12, 16
Keepers’ journals 11, 12
Keepers to remain in lantern until regularly relieved 18
Keepers’ responsibilities 11, 14, 16, 19
Keepers not exempt from keeping regular watches 15, 16, 18
not to employ substitutes. . ? - - - 20
who neglect their duties 18
with two or more at a light-station 16, 19
Keepers’ duties at stations with two or more towers 16
Keepers to be of good character 13
to assist inspectors, engineers, &c 15
and assistants not to be absent at the same time 19
to be courteous to visitors . . .«. 13
Keepers’ absences from their stations 13,18
Keepers to wear the aprons provided '. 20
sickness 18
to reside at stations 20
v
INDEX.
141
L.
Lamps to be lighted at sunset
extinguished at sunrise
Lampists -
Lantern, glass to be kept free from snow, ice, &c
Lantern, &c., ventilation of
greasy rags not to be in
to be kept free from snow and ice
keeper to remain in until regularly relieved
Lights, failure to exhibit -
Light-house Board, officers and members
Lighting lamps -
Light-keepers’ duties at stations with two or more towers
Light-keepers will not be excused for neglecting lights..
to remain in lantern until relieved
absences from their stations
to assist light-house officers, &c
and assistants- not to be absent ■
who neglect duties
Light-keepers’ journal
Light-keepers to be of good character
Light-keepers’ reliefs at night
regular watches to be kept
not to be excused from duty
not to leave stations -
to wear linen aprons provided
Lights at night, attendance on
to be attended to properly
movable, extinguish
and fires, care of
to be extinguished at sunrise
lighted at sunset
uncovered -
Linen aprons to be worn by keepers and assistants
Light-vessels
Page.
9
11
15
11
10
... . 12
17
18
18
3
9
16
18
18
14 , 18 , 19, 20
15
18
19
. . . 12, 36
11
... 16, 18
... 15, 18
... 18, 19
14
20
13
13
11
13
11
11
13
20
21
M.
Marks, distinguishing, and day-signal
Matches not to be used
Materials, cleaning
Mean height of flame in full effect
Movable machinery
lights, extinguish
20
12
14
10
11
11
N.
Neglect of duties, keepers’ - -
keepers to light and attend lights properly will not be excused —
Night attendance on lights
reliefs, calling
and evening service
to trim the wicks -
Notice in regard to distribution of book of Instructions and Directions
19
18
15
16
15, 16
10
21
O.
Official communications
Oil, daily expenditure of, &c
Oil-butts’ cocks
Oil, economy in the use of
issues for daily use
P.
Powder, rouge, to be carefully examined before being used
Precautions against fire
Preservation of the apparatus, &c
20
19
19
12, 19
19
14
12, 13
12
142
IXDEX.
R.
Pago.
Rags, greasy, not to be in lantern 12
Regulator and damper, use of 10
Reliefs, calling at night 16,18
Responsibility of principal keeper 19
assistant keepers 18
Returns - 12
Revolving machinery 11
Rouge powder to be carefully examined before being used 14
Routine, with two or more keepers, daily 15
Rations, light- vessels 56
Regulations 21
S.
Short supplies - - 14
Signals, day, and distinguishing marks 20
Snow, ice, &c., to he removed from lantern glass 17
Storerooms 19
Stormy and thick weather, attendance on lights in 12
Stations, with two or more towers, duties at 16
keepers 15, 16
Supplies, delivery of - 14
to he reported upon 14
running short - 14
Sunset, lights to be lighted at 11
T.
Table of contents 7
To Avers, duties of light-keepers at stations with two or more 16
Towers, &c., cleanliness of 12
Y.
Ventilation of the lantern, &c 10, 18
Visitors to be treated courteously 13
conform to regulations 13
W.
Watches, double .« 16, 18
no keeper or assistant keeper exempt from keeping regular 15
Whiting to be carefully examined before being used 14
Wicks, placing 60
trimming : 10
Wrecks to be reported 14
i
INDEX TO DIRECTIONS.
A.
Article.
Accidental defects and remedies for lamps lxxxii
Alarm-bell, (Carillon) : xxxix
Allowance of boats at light-stations lii
Annual attendance on revolving machinery xxxiv
supplies, instructions in regard to the delivery of Page 14
for light- vessels Page 14
Apparatus, covers for lens v
lamps and burners to clean ii, x
and lamp covers v
for small lights lvi
Argand-fountain lamps lvii
Arresting the play of the valve lxxxi
Attendance upon lenses, &c iii
harbor, river, pier, and other small lights, instructions to
guide iii, lv
on revolving machinery, weekly xxxiv
mechanical lamps . lxxxi
upon lens apparatus xxiv
on revolving machinery ' xxix
revolving machinery , xxxiv
lens apparatus iii
B.
Basket for tools
Beacon-lights
renewing the glass
night duties of keepers
Boats at light-stations
Bottle brushes
Books and stationery
Box for rouge
whiting
Brush, feather
Brushes
Buildings, cleanliness of the
Burners, renew and trim wicks in
Burners, lamp
Burner not supplied with oil
Burner, to place the
Burners of multiple wicks
Butts, oil
lxxviii
lviii
xliv
lxxiii
lii
> lxxviii
Ixxv
iii
xxvii
xl
lxvii
xiii, lxxx
i
C.
Calfskin for valve-leathers
Camels’-hair brushes
Can for oil
Carcel lamp
Carillon, (or alarm-bell) . . .
Chamois skins
Change the service lamp..
Chimneys, how to clean. . .
use
Circular, hospital fund not due from persons on board of light- vessels
about oil butts
Circular carriage, to clean the
to dismount the
Circulars to light-keepers
Hospital dues
Returns
Oil butts
Purifying water j .
lxxviii
lxxx
xxxix
lxxvii
xxi
xi
xxii
lXxxv
1
xxxii
xxxiii
lxxxv
ccxxx
144
INDEX.
Circulars —
Lantern curtains
Bod lamps
Remarks upon duties
Fog-signal attendants
Storm -panes of glass
Visitors
Fog-siguals on board of light- vessels
General orders
Pressed-glass lenses
Tripoli soap and powder
floats
Boats
Grounds, &c., of light-stations.
Dwellings, towers, grounds, &c
Cisterns for oil ,
Clean the reservoir
and renew the oil
Cleanliness, tower and buildings
Clean glass chimneys
the mechanical lamp after two weeks’ service
apparatus, lamps, and burners
Cleaning the lamp
Cleanliness of towers
Cleaning mechanical lamps
the glass of the lanterns
materials
Clean the circular carriage of the movable machinery..
Clock machinery, lamps without
weight, raise the
Collecting hospital funds
Constant level or Argand fountain lamp
Condemned and useless articles
Consumption of oil
Consumption of oil in mechanical lamps
Copper and tin w T are
Covers for lenses
of lamp and apparatus
apparatus and lamps
Cover of service lamp
Covers for lens apparatus
Curtains for lanterns to be. put up
Article.
| lxxxv
V
> ccxxxvi
lx XX
iv, x
X
lxxv
xi
lxxxi
ii, x
i
vi
Ixxx
lvi
lxxvii
xxxii
lx, Ixxxii
viii
lxxxv
lvii, Ixxxii
li
lxi
xlix, lxxx
lxxviii
| v
xv
V
ix
D.
Daily attendance on revolving machinery xxxiv
cleaning of the glass of the lantern i, vi
morning duties )
routine with two or more keepers $
Damper and regulator, manage the xxiii, xxiv
Daily issues of oil xlvi
Deliciency of oil to burner, how proceed ■ xl
Derangement of mechanical lamps, and remedy..- lxxxi
Dripping-pan lxxviii
Dimensions of apparatus Ixxxii
Directions and instructions to keepers of light-vessels Ixxxii, liv
Dioptric and catadioptric panels, adjustment of lxxix
Directions and instructions for attendance upon harbor, river, pier, and
other small lights lv
Directions and instructions for the management of lens-lights’ apparatus. iii.lv
for the management of fog-signals Ixxxiii
Dismount the circular carriage xxxiii
and clean the revolving machinery xxxiv
mechanical lamps lxxxi
Double-wick Argand fountain lamps lx
Duties of keepers in the morning Ixxi
evening lxxii
at night ) . ...
Duty of keepers to be reported when neglected £ Jxxm
INDEX.
145
Article.
Duties with two or more keepers at a station i
routine of keepers of beacon -lights lxxi
evening - lxxii
night lxxii i
and responsibilities liv
Economy in the use of oil
Entire horizon, lamps to illuminate the
Evening and night service
routine, light-keepers’ duties
Expenditures, quantity of oil for
Exterior of lanterns
Extinguish the lamp
Extinguishing lights, manner of.
I
s
xlviii
lxvi
xvi
xlviii
lxxxiv
vii
F.
Feather brush
Feed-tube obstructed, what to do
Feeder, lamp
First hour after lighting and management .
Filter, oil
Fill the lamp-reservoir
mechanical lamp and reservoir 5
the reservoir and wind up the weight
Flame, mean height of, at end of first hour ?
in full effect $
height of, beacon-lights
Flow of oil, irregular in mechanical lamps
Fly, spare, of revolving machinery
Fog-bells, horns, &c., in light-vessels
Fog-signals, keepers of, at light-stations, directions '
steam syrens, trumpets, and whistles
syrens
Daboll’s trumpet and caloric engine
Stevens’s fog-bell machinery
Anderson’s hand
Custer’s fog-bell machinery
Fountain lamps, constant level or Argand
lamp, double- wick Argand
Franklin’s hydraulic lamp, for fourth, fifth, and sixth orders
French mechanical lamps
Funck’s hydraulic lamp
Focal indicator
lxxviii
lxxxi
lxxviii
xxv
lxxviii
i v
Ixxx
xxvi
lix
xl, lxxxi
xxxi
lix
lxxxiii
lvii
lx
lxxxii
lxxxi
lxxxii
lxxviii
G.
Glass chimneys, In.w to clean
Glass, plate, of lantern
for lantern
of the lanterns, cleaning the
renewing the
to remove oil spots from
renewing, in beacon-lights
storm-panes for light-house lanterns .
placing the plate
Glazing
nippers
Gauges, for oil
H.
Hair, camels’, brushes
Hammer, pliers, &e
Hand brushes . ...
L H 10
xi
| xlii
i, vi
xli v
v
lxxvi
xliii
xliv, lxxvi
xliv
; lxxviii
lxxviii
146
INDEX.
Article.
Harbor, river, pier, and other small lights; index to directions and instruc-
tions for attendance upon 6.
Heaters for lamps l xv ; Ixxvin
Height of dame in full effect . . XX X*
Horns, &c., light-vessels 1 a g e ^
Horizon, lamps to illuminate the entire K ’ VM
Hospital fund not due from persons on board of light-vessels
How to clean reservoir and renew the oil
renew the wicks .
trim the wicks -
use chimneys -
Hydraulic lamp - 1
Meade’s
Funck’s float
Hydraulic or valve lamps (
lamp, Franklin’s, for fourth, fifth, and sixth orders - - . |
or valve lamps, with double wicks, for fourth-order lenses j
lxvi
lxxxv
x
xii
xiv
xxii
lxxxii
I.
Illuminating apparatus and lamp covers - \
Illuminate the entire horizon, lamps to
Implements and tools lxxviii
Instructions and directions to keepers of light-vessels hv
Issues of oil, daily xlvn
Interior of lanterns xiv
Irregular flow of oil in mechanical lamps lxxxi
J.
Jack-screws for revolving machinery lxxviii
K. ♦
Keepers’ accountability ; x ^ x
daily routine of duties J
duties, evening routine * xxn
of light-vessels, instructions li\"
morning routine duties 1 * XX1
instructions and directions lxxxiy
fog-signals at light-stations lxxxui
Key of the revolving machinery - - - lxxvm
L.
Lantern curtains 1X
glass X .H
glass, storm-panes of the x *j a
plate-glass of x .
Lanterns, cleaning the glass of - - - b X*
light-house, storm-panes for, circular relating to xlm
interior of. x .X
Lamp, prepare a, for lighting xlyn
to extinguish - .. ^ X }X
to light the x vii’ lxvm
Lamps for small apparatus * v b
and burners used in French lights - lxxxi
Lamp, precautions to be observed in winding up the machinery Avhile burn-
ing lxxx
periodical changes of the service - xxxyi
pneumatic lxxxii
change the service- XX1
the carcel 1 lxxx
cleaning the - )
double- wick Argand fountain
cover of service xv
to manage during first hour after lighting XXA
stand s lxxviii
feeder >
INDEX.
147
Article.
Lamp, to place tlie service xxxv
machinery lxxx
Service xxxvi
heaters xli, lxxviii
Franklin’s, for fourth, fifth, and sixth orders )
Meade’s hydraulic Ixxxii
moderator, acting with weights )
and reservoir, till mechanical iv, xii
Lamps, clean mechanical, after two weeks’ service Ixxxii
cleaning mechanical lxxxi
attendance on mechanical . lxxxi
Argand fon utain ' 1 xvii
spare
covers of
Lamps ■
clock-work movement. . .
without clock machinery
fountain, Argand
Franklin hydraulic
Lepaute
moderator
Wagner
Meade’s hydraulic
Pneumatic
French mechanical
Funck’s hydraulic float .
xxxvii
v
Ixxix
xxix
Ixxxii
lxxxi
Ixxxii
lxxx
Ixxxii
lxxx
Ixxxii
lxxx
Ixxxii
spare xxxvii
the rod xxviii, lxxviii
Lamps Ixxix
to illuminate the entire horizon lxvi
management of the mechanical. . lxxxi
extinguish the vii
consumption of, in mechanical xlix, lxxx
with multiple wicks ’. xiii
derangement and remedy of mechanical lxxxi
Lens-apparatus covers v
of the smaller orders lv
attendance upon xxiv
optical parts of } . .
lights apparatus, directions and instructions for the management of.
covers v
Lepaute’s lamp lxxx
Level, the spirit lxxviii
of the oil of constant-level lamps Ixxxii
Lightning-rods xlvi
Light-house returns, circular relating to liii
Light the lamp. xvii
keepers, remarks addressed to Ixxxii
stations, fog-signals lxxxiii
the lamps xvii, Ixviii
keepers’ duties, morning routine lxxi
evening routine * lxxii
Lighting lantern, (lucerne) lxxviii
Lights, reflector beacons lv
beacon, renewing glass in xliv
extinguish the vii
Light- vessels ^
rations V liv
moorings J
bells, horns &c Page 20
hospital dues not from persons on board of, circular Ixxxv
Light-vessel keepers’ duties and responsibilities liv
light lamps at sunset No. 1
extinguish at sunrise 1
to keep lights brightly burning 2
backs of, reflectors, how to clean 11
bad weather, attendance 30, 31
A
148
INDEX.
Liglit-vessel ballast -
between decks, keep dry
boats -
buff-skins
business, other, forbidden
careful w'atching at night
crews, conduct of
indulgence of
decks
deck pumps —
deep-sea lead
draw -buckets
fire-buckets
instructions to be hung up
inventories
journal
keepers, when allowed to be absent
keep vessels off
lantern glass
lightning conductors
live on board
log-book
mate, when allowed to be absent
matches not allowed on board
moorings
muster-roll
Liglit-vessel keepers’ neglect of duty
official communications
oil butts or tanks
oil expenditures
passi ng vessels
penalty of disregarding regulations
reflectors
routine duties -
rouge and whiting
sober, to be
stores and supplies
vessel drags, what do
vessel to be kept dry
watch to be kept
watch to be set at night
wet clothes
wicks
wind sails
whiting and rouge
Linen towels
Linseed oil
List lens apparatus
of implements, tools, &c
articles for oil-room
Lucerne
Article.
No. 38
42
43
10
48
3
53
12
24
32
23
22
60
14
4, 13
49
52
5
29
56
13
50
21
34, 35, 36, 37
57
54
59
16
17, 18
20
61
7,8,9
...... 6
26
51
44,45,46,47
33
39, 42
27
28
41
19
40
26
lxxvii
xliv
Page 102
| lxxviii, lxxxii
lxxviii
M.
Machinery, revolving xxiv, xxviii, xxix
attendance on revolving xxix
dismount and clear revolving xxxiv
daily attendance on revolving xxxiv
annual attendance on revolving xxxiv
revolving, key of the lxxviii
Machinery, revolving, spare fly of xxxi
raising the w r eight of the revolving ix
precautions to be observed in winding up while the lamp is
, burniQ S I Ixxx
lamp $
lamps without the clock-work lxxxii
to put in motion xviii
weekly attendance on the revolving xxxiv
movement, verification of the revolving xxx
INDEX.
149
Article.
Management of lens-]ights apparatus, directions and instructions for tlie..
and cleanliness
of lamp during first hour after lighting
the regulator and damper
mechanical lamps
Meade’s hydraulic lamp
Measure and pump test for oil passing through burner
Mean height of flame in full effect
Mechanical lamps, attendance on *
consumption of oil in
lamp after two weeks’ service, clean the
lamps, cleaning the
derangement and remedy of
lamp, French
and reservoir, fill
Metallic reflectors •
Miscellaneous tools, &c -
Mixing paints
Moderator lamp acting with weights
lamps with springs
Morning routine, light-keepers’ duties
Morning duties, daily
Mould valve, for lamp leathers
Movement of the revolving machinery, verification > —
Movable machinery, to clean carriage of
Multiple- wick burners -
Ixxix
lxxv
xxv
xx iv
lxxxi
lxxxii
lxxx
xxvi
lxxxi
xlix, lxxx
lxxxii
| lxxxi
lxxx
iv
iii, xxiv
lxxviii
lxxxiv
| lxxxii
Ixxi
i
lxxviii
XXX
xxxii
xiii, lxxx
N.
Nippers, for glazing lxxviP
Night duties - lxiii
and evening service - xvi
duties of beacon-lights lx xiii
Notice to visitors ' Page 129
O.
Orders
Oil expenditure, daily
burner not supplied with
consumption
linseed
remove spots of, from glass
cisterns
filter
measure, and test of pumps of lamp
gauges
can
economy in the use of
issues for daily use
butts
consumption of
tank for watch-room
Optical parts of lens apparatus
Orders and dimensions of lens apparatus. . .
lxxxv
xlvii
xl
xlix
xliv
v
lxxx
} lxxviii
J
xlviii
xlvii
1
xlix, lxxx
lxxxii
> Ixxix
P.
Paints, mixing, &c
n. — Paint, black
i. — Paint, care of
m. — Caustic-potash lye, for removing old paint
l . — Cement wash
n. — Coal tar