MASTER NEGA TIVE NO. 91-80189 MICROFILIVIED 1991 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK 44 as part of the Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATION.AJL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code -- concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: DE VRIES, WILLIAM LEVERING TITLE: EHOPOIIA: A RHETORICAL STUDY PL A CE : BALTIMORE DA TE : 1892 Reslricliuns on I'si- LOHJMIHA UNlVl'lvSirV LlBRARIliS PRESERVATION DRl'ARTMRNr BIU LIO CRAriilC MlCROl OHM 1 ARGIi 1 Oiieuial Maleiiai as I'ilmed - lixiiiiliiu Dxbiiauraijhic Ketuid (J O u ► v> 1^^ Deviies, William Levering .j 1865-1937- l-jiin|inihi. A rhrtui'ieal >Iial\- of the ivnos d!' riiar- a^'h-r 111 thf ni-alinn- nf l.x'sia- ... Baitiiii^»r'a -L \Iii!'j>hy 48 p 23^"*. Thesis (ph. d.)— Johns Hopkins university. Bibhography: p. i7i 1 !':i(i:jH 4^-34437 Library of Congress Master Negative # J ,. ■ FILM sizi-:; 3J:> />in^' -,7^ ■Il'CliNiCAL MiCROFOKM DATA RHDUCllON RATIO IMAGE PLACIIMHNT: lA -..iLW IB IIB DATE FILMIiD: ^ ^ ^...^jZ'SAA.ni INITIALS j/^:j, ^, FILMED BY: RliSl^ARCI I PUBLICATIONS, INC WOODBRIUGF, CT /// _XE Association for Information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 IL iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ml Inches 1 5 6 7 8 mmjiiiiiiiii liiiiliiiiliiiiliiii ¥h 9 10 n inliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiii IT I 1.0 I.I 1.25 IT I — y6 112 |63 iL. 36 ■^ 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 12 13 14 iiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiili 15 mm TTT MM MfiNUFflCTURED TO flllM STflNDflRDS BY APPLIED IMAGE, INC. "« t 4't"i?: '•.>'j^''i ETHOT X A hi/ ^ir , ,~i( 9S T^T\ V 1 .^/. Hr ^/,f■ bVA"*"^^ \ 1 (■\^- \\iTlS \jT\\\^^ ■it "CI. -' p^?^ >-hr ^ ■, -<^- - , k^.^ t Ao- 1 ,•; V ^' ( K 'I ^l:T „^. .^VC. -^' -A -_ ' ■" 1 <^ It ^1 II J ■ . t ( m /■^.! ' !l 'f ' Rx- ■Ar^' *» * it » t I. % : « . • «J 1* f-|' ■ t >« g»( NIH Ci t^ nil II |1 II fl tin I tV; -i^- .— , _ ',V; , '- 7 .•'■ '■• i u- N . - ■"■-*> ■r^^^^^-'^-^^-J^'^V. tr-' i .'-;:'' iiTORICAL STUDY OF THE TYPES ui UiiAR- ACTER !\ THE ORATIONS OF I.YSIAS By WILLIAM LEVERING DEVRIES, A. B. Fellow in Johns Hopkins University DISSERTATION ACCEPTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNI- VERSITY, FEBRUARY, 1892 r i M H E U H ^: M U R P H Y & C ,'S; ». 1*^ I f -> TO MY TEACHERS BASIL L. GILDEKSLEEVE, Ph. D. HENKY AUGUSTUS COIT, D. D. WILLIAM WAED CRANE. CO 148784 ifreiS^ \6yov ^vvajxis rvyxdvei ypvxo.yf^y'^c- otaa, rhv fxiWovra prjropiKbv ^(recrdai Plato, Phaedrus, 271 D. KpdrKTTOS yap 5^ ttolvtwv iytviro ^T^r6pa>v cpixTtv avOpunrcav KaroTrrevaai, koI rii vpocr-fiKOvra fKacrrots ciTro^ovvai, "rrdQ-q re koI i^drj Kot (pya. Dionysius Hal., de Lysia Judic, c. 7. CONTENTS. I. Ethopoiia: 1. Definition of Ethopoiia, 2. Ethos, 3. Distinction between to TrpcVov and rjdoTroua, 4. Relation of ivapyaa to rjOoTTOua, . - - - 5. Place of Ethopoiia in the Category of Figures, 6. Practical Value of Ethopoiia in Oratory, II. Lysias' Use of Ethopoiia : 1. Dionysius on the Ethopoiia of Lysias, . - - 2. Francken on the Ethopoiia of Lysias, 3. Influence of Ethopoiia on Lysias' Style, III. The Types of Character in the Orations of Lysias : A. Plan of this Study, B. The Study of the Types, 1. The Patriotic Man : Orations 7, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 31, 2. The Simple Man : Orations 1, 13, 32, and 7, 16, 19, 21, 3. The Clever Man : Orations 10, 24, 30, 4. The Man of Low Birth : Orations 13, 23, 30, and 1, 24, 5. The Immoral Man: Orations 1, 3, 4, 6. The Young Man: Orations 18, and 16, 19, 7. The Women of Lysias : Orations 1, 32, Page. 9 9 11 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 18 18 29 34 42 42 44 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY. The authorities and editions chiefly used in preparing this dissertation are the following. General Works. 1. Aristotle. Rhetoric. Edition of Cope and Sandys. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1877. 2. Blass, Fr. Die Attische Beredsamkeit. Vol. I. Ed. 2. Teubner, Leipsic, 1887. This volume is the one quoted, — according to the pages of edi- tion 2. 3. Dionysii Halicarnassensis Operum Volumen Quintum. Curavit I. I. Reiske. Leipsic, 1775. Ars Rhetorica; De Lysia Judicium; De Isaeo Judicium. 4. Emesti, J. C. T. Lexicon Technologiae Graecorum Rhetoricae. Leipsic, 1795. 5. Jebb, R. C. The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Jsaeos. 2 vols. J^ondon, 1876. Vol. J. is that quoted in this dissertation. 6. Spengel, L. Rhetores Graeci. 3 vols. Leipsic, Teubner, 1853-6. 7. Volkmann, R. Die Rhetorik der Griechen u. Romer. Ed. 2. Leipsic, 1885. 8. Walz, C. Rhetores Graeci. 9 vols. Stuttgart, Tubingen, London, Paris, 1832-6. Special Works on Lysla^s. 1. Berbig, F. Genus Tenue Dicendi in Lysiae Orationibus. Ciistrin, 1871. 2. Francken, C. M. Commentationes Lysiacae. Utrecht, 1865. 3. Frohberger, H. Ausgewiihlte Reden des Lysias. Jn 3 parts. Part J., ed. 2 revised by Gustav Gebauer. Leipsic, 1868-80. The text of this edi- tion when available has been used with rare exceptions. 4. Morawski, Dr. von. Bemerkungen zu den Attischen Rednern, in Zeitschrift fiir die Oesterreichischen Gymnasien, Vol. 30. 403, 1879. 5. Rauchenstein, R. Ausgewiihlte Reden des Lysias. Revised by Fuhr. Berlin, 1883. 6. Scheibe, C. Lysiae Orationes. Ed. 2. Teubner, J^eipsic, 1882. This edition has been used for statistics. Ethopoiia. Definition of Ethopoiia. Ethopoiia is dramatic delineation of character, especially as dis- played in speeches written for court by a logographer, who has studied and depicted in the thought, language and synthesis ' of the oration, the personality of the client who deliyers the speech. It differs from irpoawTToiroda, or personification, in that the latter is the feigned speech of an absent party, or of an inanimate object treated as a person.^ The Archidamus of Isocrates is an example of TTpoacDTToiToua. elScoXoiroda, on the other hand, is dramatic representation of the dead, as an example of which Aeschines, in Ctesiphontem, § 153, may be cited. Or, following Aphthonius,^ we may define 7)6o7Toua as the portrayal of the character of a known and Hying being, elBcoXoiroUa as the dramatic representation of a known but dead person, and Trpoo-wTroTroua as the personification of a person or object entirely fictitious and non-existent. Such are the distinctions made by the later rhetoricians, but Trpoa-coitoiToua and rjOoTroda appear to haye been fully synonymous in earlier times. fiifMr]a-i<^, I^atin imitatio, figuratio, expressio, is another word often used as synonymous with 7)6o7roua, but it is a more comprehensiye term. The later rhetoricians haye mentioned this subject frequently in their yarious works, and Ernesti, in his Lexicon Technologiae, has giyen a yery good resume of their yiews, under the w^ords 'qOoiroda, ?}^09, fjLi/jLrjai<;, kt\. Ethos. The nature of ethos is discussed in cap. 11.2 ff. of the treatise en- titled Ars Ehetorica in the corpus of Dionysius of Halicarnassus.* ^ This word is used in the sense in which it is employed by the Greek rhetori- cians, ?. e., as referring to the structure of the period and of the sentence. « Of. Longinus, ap. Walz, IX. 543. » Q. Walz, I. 101. * It must not be overlooked that in his rhetorical works Dionysius is not an origi- nal authority ; he gathers together the views and results of a long line of professed 9 10 Elhopolia, The statements there made may be summed up as follows : There are two classes of ethos, the universal and the particular. The sphere of the former is philosophy ; of the latter, oratory. In the first case^ it impels to virtue and deters from evil, while in the case of oratory i it is the means by which the speech is adapted to the speaker, the hearers, the opponent, the subject, and other circumstances. This I oratorical ethos involves six points, the race, family, age, principles, lot, and pursuits of the person. Furthermore, the race may be sub- divided, for the ethos w^ill vary according as the subject is Greek or foreigner, or again, as he is Athenian, B(eotian, or Spartan, or Scyth- laii, Celt, or Egyptian. The foreigner will speak differently from the Greek, and among the Greeks the Athenian will not speak like the Spartan. Again, in the matter of family it is important to what race or tribe the father and mother belong. Age is the third point, for vouny these and similar means an effect was produced upon the jurymen that was well-nigh irresistible. But very deli- cately the work had to be done. A touch too little, and the jury ' To what extent an Athenian could dwell upon his own meritorious actions is shown, e. (jr., in Or. 10, \ 13, 15-17. CJ. also pp. 19, 20, 22, 25, of this dissertation. failed to catch the meaning of this " speech-artist ^' ; a touch too much, and the case was lost. The Greek mind was very quick, and with true artistic feeling preferred a suggestion to complete and perhaps revolting detail. Realizing this the logographer handled his tool, ethopoiia, with very great delicacy, and often gives only the faintest suggestion of a line, where a vulgar realist of modern times would draw a mark thick and long. It may be on account of this adumbration of the character that some thick-witted critics have failed to detect the ethopoiia where delicate analysis shows it plainly to exist, and it will be one of the objects of this disserta- tion to show this fact in several cases. There was yet another good reason making for the use of etho- poiia. It was the necessity of concealing the hand of the logographer by giving each speech individual traits, as the professional speech- wTiter was not in good odor in Athens in those days, and to make use of his art was hardly creditable, although customary.^ To handle this keen-edged and even dangerous tool properly and effectively required a subtle mind, and such a mind we find in that keen-sighted Greek orator who is justly famous for his perception and portrayal of character, Lysias. In this quality he excels alO others,^ and it is a feature of a piece with his other characteristics; 3 yet we must not deny the other orators the praise that is their due. Isaeus holds the 23lace after Lysias, and some of his character paint- ing is admirable. M. Leon Moy, in his Plaidoyers d^Isee, has de- voted considerable space to a description of some of the characters in the orations of Isaeus, and his remarks are well worth reading. But Dionysius, in his tract on Isaeus, in drawing a comparison be- tween Lysias and the later orator, shows that the former, excelling the latter in simplicity, and less apparently artistic, surpassed him also in ethopoiia. The rhythmic, periodic, and artistic style of Demos- thenes was not the natural home of ethos, but we find it often in the private speeches not ineffectively used, notably in the Conori, which is almost Lysianic in its ethic coloring. And in the De Corona^ that golden mean in Greek style, ethos is admirably employed, especially at the opening and close, where it would be most effective. Hyper- 1 Cf. Plato, Phacdrus, 257 C, D ; Euthyd. 289 D, E. * Cf. Dion. H. de Lys. lud. c. 7. 14 Ethopoiia, Francken on the Ethopoiia of Lysias, 15 tiat>. ai^u luade skillful use of ethopoiia, aud it is not lacking in the (thr intr.r^ 1,iit T.ysias is ahyays facile princeps. Lysias' Use of Ethopoiia. Dlonysius on the Ethopoiia of Lysias. tii Lysias' use of ethopoiia Dionysius, De Lysia ludicium, c. 7 if., says in substance : " Lysias proved himself the superior of all the . I! tors in percei)tion of human nature, and in assigning to each indi- \ idual his aphinpriate emotions, characteristics, and actions. And therefore 1 accord to him the highest praise for his talent and skill ill f]ie employment of ethopoiia, as I can find no character in his works poorly delineated or lifeless. Excelling in the treatment of those features in whicli ethopoiia appears, namely, in tliought, lan- guage and synthesis, he not only gives the speakers sentiments proper Mn<1 useful and moderate, so that their speeches seem to be portraits of their characters, but also places in their moutlis appropriate lan- guage, iii r^Lyle simple, clear, literal, and popular. For lofty, strange, mvl studied terms ill befit true character painting. Furthermore his method of synthesis is plain and sim])le, for he recognized that tht nan: I a 1 home of ethos is not in the periodic or rythmic style, but iv rfj StaXeXv/jLei^T] Xe^ec. In every respect Lysias' synthesis is pleas- ing and persuasive, and it is so natural and easy, without any ap- jH nance of striving after effect or of art, that I should not be siii pi i-ed if many laymen — yes, and even scholars themselves not a hw— thought that the result is reached without study and without the use of rhetorical methods." In c. 19 Dionvsius mentions the three artistic means of persuasion ; ^ they are a man's actions and ethos, togeth( i w itli the use of pathos. " Of ethos," says Dionysius in ffffY't. " Lv<^in>^ made most skillful use, for frequently by refer- rii, ! - f hi- . lit ni- past life and actions, to his character and habits, he j ' ! 1 ; i vs him as worthy of confidence and respect. When liis life aiioid- liu oppn )itunity for this method of treatment, Lysias himself mila- ni> =11' ]i a <'haracter for his client that he is deemed entirely ! a I \ .! ! hy. I or he represents his conduct as polite, aud graceful, 1 Cf. Arist. Rhet. I. 2. 2 ff. rfl i and modest, and makes him use language befitting such conduct. liis client is always cli=irL--:.Ld at injustice, aii^l is always endeavor- ing to act with justice. Every detail that will serve these ends the orator does not fail to introduce.'^ Such is the opinion of the Greek critic on Lysias' use of ethopoiia. Francken on the Ethopoiia of Lysias, A* Francken however in his Commentationes Lysiacae, fails to catch the full meaning of the Greek. For he is of the opinion that Diony- sius means by the ethopoiia of Lysias the giving to all the characters alike a certain simplicity calculated to win favor, and not the indi- vidual portraiture of the traits of each person. But the words of Dionysius, c. 8 : ov yap ^iavoovjjbevov^ /jlovov inroTiOeTai ')(^pT](TTa Kol €7ri6LKrj Kol fxerpia tov<; Xeyovraf;, Mcrre euKovaf; elvac Sok€lv TMV i]6cl>v tov(; X6yov<;, aXXa koX ttjv Xe^iV dTToSlSayac toI<^ yOeacv olKelav, fj 7r6(j)VK€v avra eavrcov Kpartara SrjXovcrOaL — these words themselves do they not prove the contrary ? And the passage from the Ars Rhetorica, which I have already fully quoted,^ is yet more conclusive. Furthermore, Francken is refuted out of his own mouth when he says,^ following Dionysius : Lysias -' - - pro diversis aetatihus, studiis, reliquisque, quibus homines inter se differunt, variat orationem. T\ ^V ^fuller, Rauchenstein, Blass, Perrot, and Jebb plainly disagree with Francken, though ]Muller states what is the case, that the general tone was that of the average man. Finally the actual facts disprove this thesis of Francken's. For in the speakers of Or. 10, 24, 31, where is that simplicity that he claims Lysias gave to all his characters alike ? And are there not manv marked individual traits and noteworthv contrasts of char- acter? As examples, compare the characters of the humbly born Eupliiletus of Or. 1, with all his moral dignity, and of the high born defendant of Or. 3, who, despite his birth, can rise to no such moral heights. Compare the patriotic Mantitheus of Or. 16, or Aristophanes of Or. 19, with the political " trimmer" of Or. 25, or Philon of Or. 31. What a difference between the affected Cripple ip. 9, 10. Comment. Lys. p. 1. 16 Efhopolia, The Flan of this Study, 17 of in. _ i and the simple defendant of Or. 7 !^ And indeed Or. 1 n1nnn disproves this thesis, as there is a noticeable difference in the }Mt traits of the injured husband, and the rakish, craven Eratos- thenes ; the deceitfld, unfaithful wife, and her serv'de maid. There is also a striking contrast of yet a different group of characters in O]' 1 9. All of which goes to prove that Francken is entirely wrong. The Influence of Ethopoiia upon Lysias' Style, Lysias' distinctive style throughout his private speeches is due, I think, entirely to his desire of winning favor for his client. Per- haps the most effectual means of securing this object was attributing the appii.priate thoughts and words to each speaker, and therefore TO irpeiTov becomes of prinu^ ini})ortancc as the ultimate origin of the distinctive^ characteristics of this orator. Xow, as we have seen, ethopoiia is linked in closest union witli to irpeTrov, a.nd hence to it i- dno in larg-e measure the Lvsianic stvle. His ])ure Attic, after the Ibrm prevailing at his time, was ai)propriate to a plain Athenian citizen. The rhetorical fi^rures are onlv used s])arinulv, for they are iu keeping with fine writing alone, which ill becomes the humble or inexperienced speaker. Fine and foreign words too, are avoided for the same reason, which would also militate against a periodic style. Clear, neat, and terse expression was also calculated to win fnvor. whih' as for the relation of ivdpyeta to ethopoiia, that has already Ix'cu discussed. As regards the grace, or %ap£9, of I^ysias, it cannot be said that he applied it to his speeches witli the conscious desire to persuade, for it vvas a part of the orator's very nature, the ('(nily illustmtes these state- ni (its. We liiu I. in tact, go into other *de})artments of classical lib iciiuiv ii we would find resemblances to the characters in the ornfnr^ to ! ! nicr.^ to Plato,^ and to tragedy, especially to the law \-r!'- !)...•! , hjuripides. The Study of the Types In Lysias. The Patriotic Man, Til '|']irn-tn- lias given us an amusing description of the char- acter ol'tiic Hi ni *' petty ambition {fiiKpo(f)i\oTi/xLa), tliat contrasts 'U of !i tlur ambition portrayed in the orations of Lysias. W if hit ThL.-^e ticii^hi iii .serving their country well; they are (f)i\6Ti/jL0L* ]);itr* .tl<\ n iiuif "iir orator has depicted again an«l nijain in his ,.ji, 1)1^ ^ .,j ,,,1,. icssly with good effect upon an Athenian jury. Foremost • nn n- these patriotic men is Mantitheus, the speaker of < h . i(*, iiii in;bk.^t of all the men we know through Lysias. Am- liti iL -ii'l! as he and others in these orations display, Aristotle* h\\- u~ ! a mark of a noble character, not of a rash or boastful, a- -in ni mK in commentators would have it.^ Mannth !i^. n voting Athenian about thirty years of age,^ came of ail !i\ N \ i I's dissertation on Plato's Gorgias. *The good sense prevails in Lysias. ^ Cf. p. 20 of this dissertation. * Bhet. II. 15. ' Cf. Blass, 518. |l| "# 4 r The Patriotic Man, 19 to office, his confirmation by the senate Mvas opposed on the ground that he had shown hostility to the democracy, by serving as a knight under the Thirty, and also on the ground that he was morally un- worthy. ,\^ the first charge was readily disproved, he devoted the larger portion of his defence to a review of his actions as a man, a citizen, and a soldier. Straightforwardness is the keynote of Man- titheus' character, whose patriotism, his chief spring of action, appears in his devotion to his various duties as a citizen. For at home he ^vas a kind and generous brother,^ and in jniblic affairs he was ever a friend of the democracy,^ and entirely unlike other young men who passed their time in gambling, drinking, and other evil ways.^ He was liberal to needy citizens,^ and no one ever brought suit against him for any cause.^ Zealous in the performance of all his ordinary military duties, he also volunteered in deeds of risk not required of him," and was never found hanging back, but was with the fore- most in an attack, and witli the hindermost in a retreat.^ In every- thing, in short, he was above fear and above reproach. Straightforwardness, as the special note of Mantitheus' character, demands more detailed study. It appears in the frank and direct expression of his thought and meaning, in his simple and unadorned language, and in the brief form of the speech, together with an un- pretentious method of synthesis. A direct narration of facts in a simple way is a mark of his straightforwardness, which, however, appears more especially in his readiness to advert to his own merits' of which he is fully conscious, as every true man must be. Illus- trations of these characteristics are noticeable throughout. At the outset he displays confidence that he will win, in his somewhat humor- ous expression of thanks to his accusers, especially in the expression m §2 €fiauT(L Tnarevco, the usual formula being Trio-reva^ rw SifcaUp, or, Tw TrpdyfMari.^ Compare with this passage his entire disregard of the usual supplication to the judges in the epilogue, and his slight reference to the scrutiny in § 3, 8. Xoteworthy is his detailed recountal of his own merits, reviewed in the preceding paragraph. But especially interesting is his calm and assured way ' For questions here involved cf. Frohb., Einl. z. Bedef Mant. 'HO. 3,^4_9, ,gjj ' ^f 10, 12. 7 ^^ 13^ 15 13^ j7 8 ^ jg • Cf. Frohb., ad loc. §14. r 20 Ethoj)oiia, The Patriotic Man. 21 of meetiiig iiiv taunt that he was too young to speak as he had in pii! li • matters, §20, 21. "I fancy I was rather more ambitious tlini! 1 -^ii ill have been, but then my ancestors have always been siaiL-iiitu, and al-. i knew that yon, to tell the truth, have little o]^iiiinn of men that take no part in public aifairs." A man that (lit! things out of the ordinary run could not but incur malicious dislike, and iliat such existed in this case is indicated i)y the ex- pressions used in >^ 1 toI^ dSUcoi; hia^efiXri^evoL^y § 2 et rt? Trpo? /x6 TV^^(iv€i dijSco^ htaKeiixevoi;, §3 irapa rijv Bo^av kt€., §11 irepl 6/jLOv XoyoTTOtovprai; koI ylrevSpfievovi;. Cf. § 18 if. He IS, however, plainly inditferent to slander and gossip — it cannot affect him — but tliere is occasionally an irony entirely devoid of malice or bitterness, and this is but another evidence of his self-confidence, for he would not dare to direct his shafts against others, if he thought his own position open to assault. The expression evi]Oe<^, " good- natured,'^ in § is an euphemism ironically used for " silly." The periphrasis rov ae/ivov ^reipicoi; in § lo is an ironical reference to Thrasvbulus. A quiet irony is ai)parcnt in § IG : " Everybody was alarmed — as was natural, for it icas hard when barely rescuetl from one danoer to be oblio^wl to incur another almost immediatelv." In § 18, if we accept Ilamaker's clever conjecture o? KOfin for roXfia, we have a case of slight irony : " That a man wears his hair long like the knights is no cause for liating him." ^ This frank self-consciousness of worth is never marked with boastfidness or undue boldness, althouirh Mantitlieus is bolder than anv other character in Lvsias. His behavior is the outcome of the natural pride of a brave man in duty well done. Far different is he therefore, from the miie,'^ f//orio,sust\\i\t the words of Dobree would lead us tt) expect." His character is indeed decidedly different in equality from that of the hero of l^lautus' famous play, for Pyrgo- ]^olynir'os was a vulgar, braggart soldier, with all the vices of a man risen from the ranks, w4iile Mantitliens was the lionorable Athenian Li( nil iMM!! r(;j(»icing in time of war to serve his country in her armies, in univ ui peace in her senate or assembly. One was a low born mercenary, the other the high bred ]>atriot. There are in this char- •( P. 521, m ; ■ knights of Aristophanes' play. But if Mantitheus, Athenian of the highest type though he was, had been as like Alcibiades as the German critic finds him, would he not be know^n to us otherwise than through the superscription of a private oration of Lysias? Alcibiades himself, and his son, are the objects of the charges brought in Or. 14 and 15, but the attack is so virulent and cast in such rhe- torical language that delicate ethos and grace are banished. In harmony with the thought, the language of this speech is quite simple and unadorned. Several expressions occur that are a little removed from common parlance ; can we be surprised at them in the mouth of JNIantitheus, a man of high breeding and cultured associations? Among these note in § 11 XoyoTrotovvra^;, in § 15 the half-ironical irepcov dvaSvo/jiivcov, and in the same section rrj^ rffjueri- pa^ (f)v\r}^ hvaTvj(^riad(Tr]^, and cf. the animated expressions in § 1 5-1 7. The rhetorical figures of thouglit are absent, the ornamental figures are rare and of the most connnon kind. Instances are epanaphora TToWov^ fiev - - 7ro\Xoi/9 ^e, § 8 ; a/xa fiev - - a/xa Si, § 21 ; si/iiec- doche in use of plural of abstracts, e. g., irepl kv^ov<; rj 7r6Tov<; rf €T€pa(; TotavTa<; dKoXaaias Tvy')(avovaL Ta<=i Starpiffdi; TTOiovfievoL, §11. There are too a few pairs, e. c/.^ p^pT/o-roi;? 6vTa<; Kal irpoOvfjLov^;, § 14, Trpdrreiv Kal Xeyeiv, § 21. In invention and construction this speech is brief and direct, and its synthesis is thoroughly simple. Hiatus is avoided, the average being 1 case in 14.8 Teubner lines against a general average of 1 in 7 lines in the forensic speeches of Lysias. This enabled the speaker in his delivery to be rapid and smooth, and it was proba- bly this effect that was desired, as it would contribute to his earnest straightforwardness.^ In periodic structure great simplicity is evinced in the free and easy sentences, which exhibit periodic combination in but 3 cases in a total of 24 rhythmically arranged periods.^ In the narrative, which prevails in this speech, there is the usual historical period, now with terse brevity and again with massed effect.^ The order of words in the sentence is natural and emphatic, and therefore not ornamental. Of antithesis and balance there is no more use than w^e should expect in Greek, and the homoi- oteleuta, in § 6 eveiatv elaiv, and in § 18 aKoirelv fjnaelv, ^ Other influences, unconnected with ethos, may have been at work however. * Cf. I 1,"2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12-15, 17-21 ; and see Berbig, p. xii. » Cf. I 14. oo Ethopoiia, setiii lo be luiiuientiuual. We may, perhaps, recognize some orna- moTitntion in § 13 in the closing of two balanced clanses with the synonyms vo/il^ovrai; and ))yov/jL6vov<;, and the opening sentence of § 19 has a gnomic form. A good citizen like .Mantithens is the speaker of Or. 17. Volun- tarily he surrenders to the state a large pro})ortion of what is due to him, § 6, and displays, especially in the latter part of the speech, a disinterestedness that makes it impossible to deny him the trifle he asks for. His character, as exhibited in his speech, is not only patriotic, but also simple and direct. This is shown by the brevity ; !i i proem, narrative, argument and epilogue are reduced to their smallest limits, the points at issue being dismisscxl with a few short statements and with such expressions as pa^iox? €vpi]a€iv, § 1 ; paScov elSevat {yvMuai), § 4, 7 ; evyvcoarov, § 4 bis? The narrative is direct, in finite verbs, e. g. § 2. The language is simple and un- adorned by figures or rare words, except evyvcoarov. That round- ing is apparent in the syntliesis which is required for succinctness an. I . .npactness, but the sentences are free and running, and hiatus is not avoided, as there is but 1 case in each 2.5 lines. More like Alantitheus, though, is the speaker of Or. 21, for he shares with liim a conscious pride, as well as patriotism and a certain simplicity. Far beyond tlie demands of the laws lias he performed a citizen's duties, spc nding large sums upon the state,- though limiting his private expenditures, and bravely has he staked his life for his country, without indulging in regrets for wife and children at home. For is not death and bereavement better than the disgrace of being saved like a coward ? ^ I'roudly thus he recounts his meritorious actions, ]ioInting his statements witli suitable maxims, and showing in :t]] that above all he prizes honor, and that he deserves well of his country, in return for his benefactions and services, which, it should Lt iiuuil, he does noi disdain to point out to his judges.* Yet, al- thcnvjh n i^rominent and wealthy citizen, he does not display any forwardness like Mantitheus, and he sets up no superior claims for Iii- political insight like the speaker of « h. 20, but only bases his ckiiiaiiii.^ upon duty well done. His pride in the performance of his duties is apparent tlierefbre in in's statements ; and the form in ^ Cf. Blass, 618, note 2. ^ ^ 23 f. ' i 16 f. *§5, 6, 11, 15, 16. The Patriotic Man. 23 which his fmnk thought is expressed is simple and direct. The language, which is plain on the whole, gives a hint that we should look to. There are 6 cases of the figura etyniologica, while in Or. 16 it occurs not at all. This is 1 case in each 1.2 pages, although the Lysianic norm is 1 case in each 2.5 pages.^ Now this figure is a mark of common, vulgar speech ; is it therefore too fanciful to infer that Lysias, with his delicate pencilling, is delineating a rich plebeian, and one too like the veoirXovrot, fonder of effect than the aristocratic, yet simple Mantitheus ? For take into consideration the conscious pride before mentioned, and notice a rather ornate sen- tence structure, with antitheses not infrecpiently pointed with homoio- teleuta, e.g, § 16 toar ISia fiev rcov ^ovrcovy (^et^oyitat, hi]iJiocria he \6CTovpya)v rjhofiai. Cf, also § 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 his^ and especially § 17, 18, 19 bis, 24. Note too the ejxinaphora, § 8 iroo-a, rj iroaa, 7] iroaa, § 18 o)?, t) &)?, § 25 avd^ia fiev, avd^ta Se. It might also be observed that there is another mark of popular speech, in addition to Jig. ctym., in the failure to avoid the repetition of dvr]\(oaa in § 1-5. In one form or another there are 9 cases of this word, and 5 of eVt/cT^cra, iu 25 lines. The recurrence, to be sure, is more or less inevitable. Patriots of a different stamp we meet in Or. 19. The father has served his country nobly ov (^tXor^yLtta? eveica, dWa TeKfjui^piov TToiov/jbevof;, /crej^ (fyiXoTL/jLLa here meaning " ambition.'' Like the speaker of Or. 21, he spent more money on the State than on his family, and was unfailing and constant in all his duties as a citizen,^ helping friends and needy Athenians,^ but without attracting public attention to his good deeds, and winning honor for himself and the state by his successes in the Nemean and Isthmian games.^ Dis- interested in money matters he saw that the marriages in his family were made only with a view to the merits of the suitors.^ Further- more he concerned himself with his own affairs alone,^ and was very different in his steady, old-fashioned ways, from the ambitious, ven- turesome Aristophanes of this same speech, who, like so many men ^In accordance with the count of E. R. Schulze, Be fig. etym. ap. Or. Attic, usu, in Commenlt. phill. in hon. Rihbeck, including only the genuine private orations. Cf. pp. 25, 32, 34, of this dissertation. « I 56. ' I 9, m, 57, 59, 62, 63. * § 18, 59. q. Or. 16 § 14. ? 63. \ 12-17. ^ § 18 Ttt kavrov vparreiv. Ethopoiia, The Patriotic Man. 25 11 those stirring times, was launching forth from tlie quiet shores oi A n J« i nil ^< Making glory for self and fatherland in all the regions I .r ! I ! \-\-~. -I'm \ . ; l;p.\ I ; M MT C 1 j rts adjacent.^ Poor yet, like his richer fatlier-in- )us, money was no motive with him, but ambition and iiL love of adventure. A devoted citizen he servetl the state in inv ways,^ as his father did before him. TT' Tice, we have in these two characters, as Professor Jebb j)oints out,^ the steady Atlieniin of the old type, and the adventurous patriot of the new SC11U(,)1. Tlir -nil, who makes the speech, is of the same type as his father, clinging steadfastly to the good old ways. This is shown in a very subtle wav by his adherence to the old fashioned re - - re, for Kai Kai. i lis youth — he is thirty years old^ — and consequent inex- perience, are emphasized throughout his speech, by a display of in xlesty, a lack of clear logic, and by occasional forci])le expres- sions. Modesty is apparent in his saying little of himself, in his ill i ixliaviin' in not answering his father back, in avoidance of public life,^ in his respectful and timid demeanor towards the judges,^ nniission of usual attacks on opponent, and in the use of modest formulae, and in repetition of the same formula, e. g,^ &>:umentation and invention are clever aiiJ effective.^ I'lain and unadorned as the language is, — suiting 1 q\ Blass, 530 f., 538. ^ ^ i8_23^ 29, 34-44. » Jebb, Attic Or. 175, 240. ^\ 13, 3 clauses united by ri used thrice; \ 18, 2 clauses. Cj. Jebb, 169, note. »^55. ' «/6id. 7^56. ^To evince m knowledge of popular wisdom betits a speaker who would dis- ci nni ali praciic 1 ;ind personal experience in such things. CJ. ^ 5, 53, 59, 61, an.! r.ht'^'^, 539, Nviili note 4. " Cj. VA-A<<. 53r>. note 3, 537, note 2. the modesty of the speaker — yet in pathetic passages it does not fail to show traces of that force that young men display under such circumstances, e. .g^. § 11, 34, 49, 53, 54. As an instance note espe- cially § 34, 54, TT/oo? Qeoiv 'OXvfjLTricov, forms of swearing being very uncommon in Lysias.^ To accord with the language and thought the synthesis is plain, with rare continuous rhythmic effects, with few antitheses and hornoioteleuta, with frequent hiatus.^ We have now learned that the father and son of this oration, though like Mantitheus and Aristophanes in pride in duty well done, are un- like them in their retiring dispositions, — a trait the son has carried to the point of extreme modesty. This same retiring disposition,^ coupled with pride in magnificent services to the state,^ is found again in the speaker of Or. 7. He displays a certain confidence in himself in that he is not afraid to come before the court and to allow it to treat him as it will, while his foes are cowards who did not have the courage to bring the charge against him in person, but suborned a miserable sycophant to take their place.^ He is not ^vithout a sense of humor, for he suggests that this sycopliant, Xicomachus, was prompted by patriotism,^ and even asks the court if it has not the same opinion.'' The speaker is a citizen of some wealth,^ but is probably of humble antecedents, or at least not a man of high culture. For note the 5 instances of figura eti/mologica, an average of 1 case in 1.6 pages, especially the 4 instances in 4 sections, § 38-41.^ The language too, iu harmony with the simple thought and his retiring disposition, is unadorned with rhetoric, and yet vigorous when vigor is called for; e.g.^1, 12. In § 1 indeed, the naive hyperbole is another characteristic, like the Jig, etym., of popular speech,^^ and the prolixity noted by Francken '' in § 5, 6-8, 11, 17, c/. § 12, 21, may well be considered as contributing to the same eifect.^^ Moreover, the technical language ^Cf. Rehdantz, DemoMh. Neun Philip. Reden, Index II. s. v. Schwiirformeln, and references there cited. * 1 case in 2.3 lines. ^ Or. 7, ? 1 vcrvxiav dyoyn, i. e., airpdyfxwv. * Cf. ^ 31, 41. 5 I 39, 40 ; cf. § 20. ^ § 20 d 5h rrjs 7r6\(oos €ueKa iVpaTTey. 7 § 38. ^ Cf. i 21, 31. » Cf pp. 23, 32, 34, of this dissertation. »o Cf Morawski, Zeits. f Oest. Gym. Vol. 30. 404. " Commentt. Lyss. 53, 54. But Blass, 595, ad fin., thinks this apparent prolixity essential to the evidence. " Cf. p. 32 f. F Oi: Ethopoiia, I The Patriotic Man. '11 about olives and olive stumps gives the individual color of a man 1 iually, in synthesis Or. 7 is perfectly iimoi:. \\ ifii these patriotic Athenians we may compare the senator of Or. '■){, ill iliLiL he comes forward against Philon only from a strict sense of i\\\^y~ nnd is n(^t prompter! by any personal reasons. Without adverting hi any way to his own character, as was fitting ill ;i 111; !i [jrosecuting a public suit, he betrays a severe though dis- passiuuate sense of justice.^ And in proof of this read his dissection f Plnl'ii's career, § 8 fT.; it is searching, but thoroughly fair, and supported by ample evidence. As becomes the importance of the case he speaks with force, and employs a full measure of senatorial ornnment and rhetoric, so that there is more of this than is usual i'l Lysias.^ But such language w^as demandcMl by the dignity of the body before wliom the spcMX'Ii was made, and the rank of the speaker, which required an approximation to the 76^09 crufi/3ou- XevTiKc.v. So it i< nii index of the character of the speaker, whom it 1 ]■ !)gs l)efore our eyes in all his senatorial stateliness. His force appears in the thought of such phrases as hia to fxr] rrjv iroXtv ktc. § (j, Liie liist sentence of § 14, and § 21, 22 ; and in the freipient use of t]i' rhetorical figures of thought in argument, e, g.y av^rjo-t^if {exac/geratio),^ elsewhere rarely used by I^ysias, in § 8 airaat toI<; aWui^-, § 34 Kaivd.^ The last instance is also a case of itidigmdioy as is §^11 oaoi ci^ioi iicrivJ In § lU Kalroi i7roir]aev dv, ? 2'^ '■ XT s 7roi7](T€iev, and § 28, we find tlic argument in form of the eondusio a minori ad maius,^ Further, note in § ll ovk uito \arj<; KTe, hj/perhole, § 8 ?;9 - - - fiejivr^fiaL, jwacmnnitio, § 20 o'la - - - 7Tan>]fjr,\ ajJosiopesiSf § 24 f., hypophora^ § 27 (ikovo) S'avrov Xeyeiv, procataivpsis. This formidable array of figures is a mark also of rni^u'OTi]^, \\ liich is further enhanced by tlie language. Observe the jHiipi liases, § 1 T/ji> irepl avrov Ka/clav, uncommon for r. avrov /c., ^ Francken, 5, designates him an agricola, on the basis of ^ 18, tovs y^irovas, L e., ^^ruri habitat^' ! He may also have in mind ^ 11, avrhs yewpyw. Not sufficient ivnitii, ii a rather a landed proprietor. * i^ -• 'Cy. ^^ 1,2,5,6. * Hence ^<.iut have adjudged the speech spurious. But cf. Blass, 485, Froh- litim t I'Anl. z. Or. 31, ^ 5. ^ ' ■ nil. . i. with note 22. ^ qj- Prohborger, ad he. 'O- i^'i'i- «Q:Frohb. on §28. § 7 aiCLvhvvay^ top ^lov Sidjeiv, § 26 TrpovScoKe rrjv eXevOepiav, equivalent to fcaraSovXovv. Also in § 2 l^lav ex^pav ovSe/julav /jLeTairopevofievo^;, the last word, which does not occur elsewhere in classic Greek, seems to be used to produce fulness, instead of the more usual /z,eTep%o/xez^o]. Devoid of statesmanship or patriotism, lie is a party inan, hitter out of the fulness of his hatred/ and prosecuting the case in the most scathing terms. Hence, hold expressions,^ apM-ti'i'lies,^ sentences now in great streams,* and again, terse and curt like "npniosthenes'.* But yet more unlike the senator is Philon, his oi)poncnt. This Acliarnian^ is a selfish nobody that consults only his own interests, sacrificing family or state, as the case may be.^ hi iii.^ huuiicssness he has a counterpart in. Diogeiton of Or. 32, that Diogeiton who, in a few cruel words,^ turned loose to shift f ! themselves the bovs that were at once liis <2:randcliil(lren, his IK pliows niid his wards,^ having made away with the inheritance h n ill* 111 i»y I heir father, his brother,^^ and regarding all as of less value than money.' ^ But the most marked contrast with Mantitheus, the speaker of < >i Ul, aiiil the other patriots whose characters we have studied, is tho politician of Or. 25. He is a "trimmer," suiting his politics to his interests; '2 a practical "worker'' and no theorist.'^ He ' \hibits considerable confidence in his political wisdom, which has carried him along safely so far.'* His candor is certainly admir- nlile. His style is not vigorous, yet not without attempts at rhetoric,'^ and his thouglit is often cast in ample expressions'*^ pi'cg- naut with nothing, reminding us strongly of the "big talk", with ii^^thing behind it, of modern ward politicians. To such a character patriotism is entirely alien, and entirely unintelhVible as a motive for action. In these orations, 25, 26, 31, individual traits appear with far less prominence than in those l)efore treated. Tliis is due to the 1 Cf. I 3-5, 9, 23. See Jebb, 245. CJ. I 3 i-irKTvpovra ra Trpdy/j.aTa Kal SiaKKeirrovTa /ct6., ^ 4 aeiuvrja-roTepa, '^ 6 ievra, I 9 (Kw^-haavro, I 17 ^aaavov, ^. 21 fXKT o^-mxiav . Cf. also I 16, 21, and see Blass, 480, note 2. ^? 17. Ihere are in all 22 periodic sentences, with 4 of them in combined relation to each other. « Cf. I 16, and see Blass, 481, with note 2. ^ q^ Qj. 31 ^ 7 ff. « Q: Or. 32 § 9. «C/. §4,5, 12, 13. ^o " n7 ; cf I 25. ^2 qy. ^ 8, 10. ^* QT. ni ff. ^» E. g. I 18, parallelism. ^« Cf. ^ 5, 18, 34, and Blass, 516, with note 3. Cf I 7, 8. »^ Cf I 11 ff. ? public character of the cases, which made a display of ethos on the part of the speaker inappropriate. It would be yet more out of place in Or. 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, as the speakers in these are public prosecutors pleading the state's case. Ihe Simple Man, Patriotism we have seen to be one of the leading traits of Lysias' characters; no less frequent is simplicity, Avhich was as equally effectual as a means of persuasion, when it was delineated in men of humble position or inexperience. Eiq)hiletus, the injured husband of Or. 1, is the leading expo- nent of this trait, and he is, as Mr. Jebb ' says, " the subject of an indirect portrait in which homeliness is combined with the moral dignity of a citizen standing upon his rights." He was in very moderate circumstances, as appears from his own statement in § 4, from the simple appointments of his humble household,^ and from his apparent employment in some field labor.^ He had at this time one child, still a mere influit.'* Despite his low degree Eupliiletus rises to heights of which the high born defendant of Ov. 3 is incapable. And this moral elevation and dignity is shown in his actions throughout. It is especially apparent in his refusid to accept a money compensation for the wrong done him,^ and by his inflicting upon the offender the full penalty of the law. In the proem he distinctly states that there was no enmity between him and Eratosthenes except that due to the latter's seducing his wife, and that he had not killed him for money, nor for any other gain, except the revenge allowed by the law.^ He thinks that there is no way that he might not have used with all propriety to catch the man that had saluced his wife, but, nevertheless, he laid no ambush, but waited until he knew the man was in the house, and then looked for those that would help him to arrest the adulterer.^ Finally, in the simple and earnest words of his closino; sentence, he savs : " For now both my body, and my property, and all that is mine, is in danger, simply because I obeyed the city's laws." ^ These words, his simple, unsuspicious nature, a 1 P. 174. »§ 26, 29. f. 9. 3§ 11, 13. 7 g 37 ff. * H, 9, 12, 14. 8 §50. U) Ethopoiia, *!'• ! 1 1 I '> L! 1 !h f iifidonee in a favorable verdict, showing that he f. d Mil- - ! f< pfitation, — all are testiinuiiy to his moral In. . niv ill on this trait is the insinuation of his wife, in § 13, ti!.!! lit 111 Ik en rather free wiih the maid once when i iiis wife's conduct, as well as of any show of pas- ^<](m nr r^f YrvY i^rcat anger. Furthermore Fiiphiletus appears to h i\ M « n i ' ! I 111] onsiderate to his wife/ so that she had no just <;iji~ hu H 1 nhict, and he was thougiitfiil and hospitable with ill.- liiLiul.-. For remembering that his friend :Sostratus would get linm, tr„, ] ifr f n- h}< -n]>]>or, he asked him into his own house and -:nv ih:if ii- was satisfied. - The ii incly simplicity of Eupliilctus a})pears in his plain and «lir. I ih.ii -iit, in lii- >i!np]<' and uiiaffcct(Hl language reflecting the t' n. i ! ! i!;;! -jM'ech and in the unadorned svnthesis of the ora- ill/ ^ tin. \\ « \\\\\ >tudy this simpleness therefore, from these three in tiiuiigli; (itc <pniai and con- versational speech. This feature is evident tirst m tiie use of certain words and phrases. N i- il; : blowing: § 6 the flimiliar tone of the phrase /i?;Te \iav eir eKeivrj elvat on av OeXrj uutelv. Xiav is 1 Cf. Blass, 577, note 3. '§17. « I 21, 23 ff. '^23. 32 Ethopoiia, nav LXicpL ill Em i|'i]o. and the ratio of combined periods to the whole is 8:38 ; among these there are many loose periods and numerous SlkcoXoi} Balanced clauses and komoioteleuta are accordingly hardlv noticeable. Cases occur in § 6, 34, 48. Finally the order of words is natural and often em- phatic, althougli !!! llio proem and epilogue, the ornament pro]3er to the opening and close of a speech is to be found, as usual. The marks of a simj^le nature found in Euphiletus we have also mkAkxX in the speakers oi iJi. 7, 16, 19, 21. The same trait, united ^ Cj. Berbig, xii., with note. \ 34 Ethopoila. W'lii |KIIh :i!it i Viguiy i.> '..'i^.-t^t-i" \ able also in Dionysus, the plaintiff ,^r otlirr \vmt^ are kept in llie background, for the .,H,-.ii i- ..r ;! jMaiii^'n! -iKir:).'t*-r. But it i- ^^". "iMIkH presents ia...i p.. nil- -!' !.---inM:m<'e witii ^ >r. L There ;-■ the same variety of rhnnin. T~-, lin ^auie hi^iuciy, almost naive, siiupkiirss,^ the same <1 III d ur-iiptiMn of famih' affairs, as there is of tlio household ai ! iir:. isH in- n « ^ 1,^ and finally a similar use of the language of till ptupu ." A 1 !ig with his simplicity the speaker betrays a tender fprlinir ^'f r,ntrni]ilntn- tlie cruel behavior of Diogeiton towards his J i ' ' i ini -randciiildren, who were at the same time his wards. ih i uiiiss is enhanced at times by the suspense of long sus- lainul periods, e. g. § 2, 3, 18, by a somewhat tense periodic ,m.ii< imv ill ]>nrt^ of the argument, and by antitheses occasionally iiiiriwii'n 1 :.v paronomasia, e. g. § 22, rypdfji/jiaTa, ;)^p7;/iaT&)z^, and irv Iwmoiofekufa, e. g. § 19, 22, 25, 29. The synthesis and lan- 'jnage are however, plain and natural as a whole, though not Withm;! force. w, >\V iW'il i\ < > \\ i H >l ! I ! ! i' M I- n m iiifii •'! Uiipi'! rnnvPiiif^lit ^i' The Clever Man, •oach a character of different type, the clever man, n i[)U ui Ui. 24 is the chief exponent. He is of low ixceps a small shop near the market-])lace,^ much nttaii'onist claims, — and he does not deny it — by ip! 'I risaiacter. who were probably attracted by its t Ml. and i>v iIk dn>il and sarcastic wit of its owner. ^Note, i\'r iir laiice, the mention of the gods and their justice, I 1, 3, 4, 92, 97. 2 Cf. ^ 11, first sentence. ^ Cf. Or.l I (S ff, and Or. 32 § 4 ff. • \ ute, for ill Lance, old-fashioned re soUlarium, ?, 1, 22. Cf. Or. 1 g 17 ; the repe- {\\\:>n of hunnrdrpio^ in ^ 4, 5, c/. p. 32; the popular tone of riva irort v//uxV ^X'*^''? : .M:s !>i^' t i,, rlginal words repeated, in ^ 12. * ' /. ;. ii, IS, and the sympathy and indignation of the words, t)]v kavrov dvyarepa, Tfjirep ijv ahrcf ix6vi], 'i 4, "his own, liis only daughter." ^> Cj. § 1, 2, 10, 1 1. '' ^ 2 /XTjSeVa riisv HKXcjv dSevai. PXote the irony of the proem, cf. I 22, 23, 25, and the bitterness, c. g. of ^ 3, lu, i:i, -i. 9 1 19, 20. The Clever Man. 35 Poor he is and needy, for his father left him nothing,^ the support of his mother had devolved upon him, and his business brings but scant returns, so that he is obliged to depend on the pension that the state grants to all whose yearly income is less than three minae (about $50.00). Furthermore, he is well along in years,^ and of a weak bodily constitution, so that he is scarcely able to attend to the duties of his business,^ and has to borrow a horse for a journey of any length,'' and requires the support of two canes.^ The salient feature of the Cripple's character is cleverness, which made him appear sagacious, and tended to win the confidence of the audience in a man who could hardly lay claim to positive virtues meriting good-will. He is clever in his arguments, using them so as to turn attention away from the weak points of his case — for we cannot feel that he is altogether worthy or needy. He fortifies his statements with sarcastic remarks that counteract the damaging testimony of his accuser. His cleverness is also evident in a certain witty drollness of humor, that appears in unexpected turns of ex- pression, in a mock pathos, and in an affected imitation of the lan- guage and style of men of superior culture and position, with whom the Cripple had come into contact.^ This last fact is illustrated in a very subtle way, by the use of a somewhat ornamental and elevated style, that cannot but sound ridiculous in the mouth of a man of such humble position. In fact there is throughout a marked contrast of fine language and elevated form, with the trifling importance of the subject, and the insignificance of the interests at stake. The Cripple was probably one of those original characters that frequent the public places of a city, especially after the social upturning of a revolution,^ and was doubtlessly well known to the senators, who would not be likely to refuse a mere pittance of an obol a day, to a man who was on tlie wliole harmless, and afforded them amusement in their leisure hours. Lysias saw the humor of the situation, and wrote for his client the speech which has come down to us, and which is so uniipie in literature that modern, as well as ancient critics, would have it that it is not genuine. An opinion tliat Blass does not support. M6. ^^,,U. 3^.6. -^no. 5pi, • On the nature and value of cleverness in speaking, cf Aristotle's Rhet. III. 10. Cf. k 25. '» ob Eihopoiia, AYe shall now sec that in thought, language and synthesis^ this speech fulfils the conditions reciuired to produce cleverness and .aiva-i 1 and humor, to which, in this case, mock pathos and ,,,.^^.^,,^^,„t.^l i niguage contribute. Cleverness appears particularly in the argument, whose all-pervading note is sarcastic irony. § 1-3 are extremely caustic, closing with a rlu^torical question, whose effect is heightened by homoioteleitta, and by the use of the future indicative with el in the protasis, a fbrm of condition commonly employed in threatening or disagreeable relations. In § i) the allusion to an exchange of properties is the means of a trinmphaiiL proof that he is crippled financially, and its sarcastic humor is enhanced by the emphatic position of the words, and by the rhythmic flow of the clause that marks the climax : el yap iycb | KaraaraOeU \ xopvjo^ \ rpayMSol<; | .' Note also the sting involval in the hyperbole, aa(j)eaTaTa fiovo^i dvdpoo'TTcov. In § 12, by a clever redndio ad ahmrdum, the speaker proves the weakness of the argument that he is not crippled physically, and the references lu die two Athenian customs regarding heiresses and the archon- ^h\v m 5 13, 14, are full of sarcasm and humor. Note the em- phatic order of the words throughout the two sections, and the sting ,.i die hyj/erbole in § 13, tmv dirdvrwv dvOpcoircov. The attack on his eliaracter he cleverly rebuts by arguing, in § 15-18, that his accuser cannot possibly make such stiitements in earnest, but is i. Ming. In ^ 19, 20 we have the neatest piece of argumentation hi dh peech ; it is his means of parrying the insinuations as to the ,^^•^y.^rU^v of Ids shop. avfiirXoKij is the name of this form of argu- ment, whieli is recommended by the rhetoricians, who likewise pmise the figure, procatalepsi,^, which is to be found in § 24, 25. By a series of rhetorical cpiestions and tlieir answers, introduced by TrSrepov on and continued by aXV on in the (piestions, and by dW" ovB' in the answers, the cripple in a fi'w terse sentences effec- tnall li poses of all the arguments that he can imagine will be brougiiL against him. Another mark of the speaker's sarcastic cleverness is his repetition and parodying of the words of his oppriH nt, €. ^. § 5 T"r]V 6K T7/9 rex^'V'^ eviropiav, § 10 irepl rrj<; ^The full-toned form Karaffrad^is is safely read only here in Lysias. Cj\ Frohberger, ad he. It seems to have been employed in this place for rhythmic effect. Cy. Or. 21. 1, Karaards Krk. The Clever Man. 37 ■e/X7}9 i7r7riKr)<;, 179 ovto<; irokprjcre pvqaOr/vaL 7rpo<; vfjbd^, § 11 hid rrjv v^ptv, ft)9 OL/T09 (f)r]o-i'i^, § 18 irepl rrj<; ifjurj^ v/3pea)<;, § 24 dX)C ic admits a more exact division i' thought, language and synthesis. As for I hnfi-Iii , ! ii. re is a real wit that must have appeaknl to an xVthen- MMiuiice, in many of the allusions already mentioned under ^s. Note particularly § 9, 12, 13, 14. liumor is also ap- pnieut in the unexpected substitution of (j)66vov for yjroyov in § 1, Ih iMiv itoi, J, and 11 § 6 the play of thought is very amusing, as th i-e is a mock ]^athos contrasting with the insignificance of the subject The climax is reached at the end of the section with the words viro rf/ hvcrx^peardTr) rvxv^ ^^^ this personification of Tvxv u\ ihii use of vTTo heightens the pathos. Note also the change from the anticipatory form of condition in the protasis to the ideal in the :i}. l,<;<. Other examples of this mock pathos may be found in § 7 .in, 22. In § 4, 5 note the play upon hvva^ai, and tlie position of hvva^evoL^ before rather than after avOpwiroi^, where it naturally belongs. The contrast of serious thought and insignificant subject is brought out at the end of § 7, where the Cripple hints at danger lii.n ! 1 IV ensue to the State if he is not treated justly. The same (jiicci i.> piudiKtd by the use of commonplaces, e. fj. in § 3, 10, 15- 18, Hid of serious conventional phrases, e. g. in § 21, and of ques- tion and answer in § 23-25. In § 25 very anuising it is to hear the poor and Infirm Cripple defending his iniml)le self from the charge — imaginary in his case — so often brought in those days against men of power and position, namely, that he had taken part in the cruel- ties of the tvrannous Thirty. But the acme of all this seriousness of expression, ihis mock pathos, this ornamental treatment of trivial nintters, is reached in § 26, almost at the close of the speech. For the Cripple states that his plea does not concern the financial inter- ests oi tlu' state — no, nor the administration of any public office, lui merely an obol, miserable pittance of a wretched Cri})ple ! 1 !! ! n tlii^ wit we have found none of the coarseness that some critics aiVcct to see. Thr language of the Cripple enhances the humor of the speech by ail itV ! hiess thai appears in w^ords unusual and odd, in a frequent use ot a sententious phraseology, and in an occasional use of orna- ni! liial j'lL liif'S. In treating this (juestion it must be borne in mind UKiL L\ -ia- pui\ A [Lie j_>ic s LiiL- Uiu introduction of any very strange , x|,r.^s Teubner. The construction of the sentence, wliich is on the \\liole simple and unconstrainwl, is often ornamental however, especially in the use of balanced antitheses. Antitheses are note- worthy in § 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27. I n ^ 15-18 there is a succession of antitheses long drawn out. Cf. § 8. 1 lie balance is particularly noticeable in § 2, 13. At the end of § 1est of women,^ and the most faithful wife in Athens.^ She does not seem, liowever, to have had much moral strength, for she appears to have given way easily to the blandishments of Eratosthenes.'* A woman of humble position, she was probably flattered by the attentions of sucli a polite man about town, and like so many weak and silly w^omen, she yielded to temptation. She appears also to have been devoid of nuich natural affection. Not to mention her willingness to bring dis- grace on husband and child, we have it recorded that she did not observe the conventional period of mourning for her brother.* And surelv no true mother would have had her helpless little baby fretted, pinched, perhaps, by the servant girl, in order that she might [)ursue her forbidden pleasures undisturbed.^ Cunning she was too, and fertile in resource. Her husl)aud she kept in the mn-{ piofoiuid and unsus})ecting ignorance of her guilt even after it had become public property ; ^ and, as we have seen, she cleverly pressed the baby's crying into service at an opportune moment, and had ready replies for inconvenient remarks. And thus with a few strokes Lysias drew a complete })icture of a weak, cunning woman. Tlie servant girl of this same speech, a maid of all work, wait- ing on the table,^ g^^^g to market,^ or tending the baby *^ as occa- sion Jtiiiuiided, is typical of her class in lier servility, and is ^ Sex not indicated. « g 7. » ^0. ^ I 15. Cf. Mnesilochus' account of the frailties of women, Ar. Thesmophor. 477 ff. 8 Cf. Frohb. on I IQ. » g 8, 16. ^^ ^ 11. The Women of Lysias. 47 remarkably accommodating to those that require her services. Eratosthenes readily makes use of her to gain access to her mis- tress, she takes care that the babv shall crv so as to conceal her mistress' escapades,* and if we are to take the words of her mistress in earnest in § 13, she seems to have been the occasion of some peccadillos on the part of Euphiletus himself \Yhen later he learned tliat she knew about his wife's conduct and threatened her with condign punishment unless she told him the whole truth, she w^as at first true to her mistress, and declared she knew nothing. But when Eratosthenes was mentioned she was entirelv overcome, and fell at Euphiletus' knees, obtained a pledge from him that she should not be punished, and told liini the whole story.^ From this time she was servilely obedient to her master, dreading what would befall her if she dared disobev. In accordance with his commands she kept the whole matter secret, and wlien Eratosthenes again came to the house, promptly informed her master. When he placed her in charge of the door while he went out for his neighbors, faith- fully she performed her duty, and did not give, as she might easily have done, warning to Eratosthenes so that he could escape.^ With this incident her connection with the story is ended. There is little to be said about the old hag, irpeo-^vn^ dv6 p cotton , sent by her mistress to disclose Eratosthenes' true character to Eu- pliiletus. She speaks briefly and to the point, and then leaves. She shows herself a good servant in that she shares her mistress' hatred for Eratosthenes, as becomes a faithful slave.^ The meretrix does not herself appear upon the scene, but is represented by her servant. Pier motives for undeceiving Euphiletus were not of the loftiest, but thev were most natural. The discarded mistress is angered at the desertion of her paramour to another and probably younger woman, and takes the most effective means within her reach for securing her revenge. Afler these unsavory characters glad are we to make the acquain- tance of the only other woman known to us through Lysias, the mother in Or. 32. In her devotion to her children the good woman overcomes her repugnance of appearing before the court of the * Cf. Frohb. on § 16. § 18-20. §23. I.Q Ethopoiia. men of her family/ and brings charges against her own father, that heartless Diogeiton.^ Though she speaks of her stepmother's chil- dren growing up in affluence while her own are in want, yet she shows no petty feeling.^ A\^omanly pathos * she displays, however, and in a most natural way, lielghtentKl by a few figures^ and pointed by references to the gods.^ In her language Lysias has taken care to give that staccato effect, that Bpcfivrrj^;, which is characteristic of woman's speech/ As marks of this, note the large preponderance of finite verbs in her speech,^ the asyndeton in § 16, the [jolysi/ndeton in § 17. Another mark of the speech of women, the conservators of old, familiar usages in language, is OeXco for ideXoo in § L3. Compare i)age o2 of this dissertation. It is pleasant to end ^vith the contemplation of the character of such a true woman a study that began with that noble Athenian, Mantitheus. * Cf. Frohb. on § 11. It was not considered proper for a woman to speak publicly before men. H7. «§ 12-17. ^ E.g. epanaphora in ^ 16, 17. ^ Cf. Prof. Gildersleeve in Amer. Jm. Phil. IX. 151. *E.g. ?16. '§13,17. 8 Ibid. 144. Y '/'' 'V-''- '» »■" '. -- 'Ti V - \ -t.::^ . -:^yY yfl'j^l^. h.. '■^ COI.UMB i UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES y > 01065 >. ^-^xK^e c /'h koii^" ' -V). -V'. 'O. t^ It \ I \i /.- 4-.^ ^7>v> -z_^--'^J^- •Av«' \ \ w< \ ;>-^ \f ■A < \ » - ^rC >^7,- '■/-=':^>' ..,^; \ .)'/. •> /^ '' 4(>l$"it^'' 'VK- ^- § 00 o /" ^^ '^j'.l'^ . -^6^ ^\ 5824 ^;" ^Vr: ^x <:\^i, >■»- n >_ >!,^ »'"?-4-J. m ^•tteni.^^. i(v^->' #s; L?*! #r K'X. cl. [ "^^ mi'} sv'mf- ■^ ^^W (