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JOHN T. HODGEX. 
 
ONE HUNDRED YEARS 
 
 -OF- 
 
 Medicine and Surgery 
 
 IN MISSOURI 
 
 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 OF THE CAREERS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE STATE OF MISSOURI 
 
 AND SKETCHES OF SOME OF ITS NOTABLE 
 MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 ST. LOUIS STAR 
 
 1900 
 
Copyrig-ht, 1900, by 
 THE STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
 
 All Rights Reserved. 
 
LIST OF 
 CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS 
 
 The thanks of the publishers are due the following well-known members 
 of the profession for services rendered in the preparation of this volume: 
 
 T. M. ALLEN, Liberty. 
 F. J. LTJTZ. 
 LE GRAND ATWOOD. 
 KEATING BAUDUT. 
 C. L. CARTER. 
 
 F. GRISWOLD COMSTOCK. 
 WALTER B. DORSETT. 
 S. C. DELAP, Sedalia. 
 
 E. C. EVANS, Sedalia. 
 
 JACOB GEIGER, St. Joseph. 
 C. H. HUGHES. 
 
 E. H. GREGORY 
 
 J. D. GRIFFITH, Kansas City. 
 H. W. LOEB. 
 
 J. B. JOHNSON. 
 
 WILLIAM JOHNSTON. 
 E. W. SCHAUFFLER, Kansas City. 
 
 GEORGE E. M'NEIL, Sedalia. 
 I. N. LOVE. 
 
 WM. M. M'PHEETERS. 
 ALBERT MERRELL. 
 A. B. MILLER, Macon City. 
 
 A. E. NEUMEISTER, Kansas City. 
 JAMES C. NIDELET. 
 W. B. OUTTEN. 
 
 SIMON POLLAK. 
 
 WILLIAM PORTER. 
 JACOB FRIEDMAN. 
 
 M. C. STARKLOFF. 
 
 H. H. VINKE, St Charles. 
 H. M. WHELPLEY. 
 W. A. 'WILCOX. 
 
 WILLIS YOUNG. 
 I. N. RIDGE, Kansas City. 
 
 M. A. GOLDSTEIN, Editor. 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 In the production of this work; issued under the auspices of the St. 
 Louis Star, the publishers claim the honor of presenting the first compre- 
 hensive history of the origin, development and progress of the medical and 
 surgical sciences in the State of Missouri. With the united co-operation 
 of a carefully selected staff of contributors and the painstaking efforts of 
 the compilers, data, events and reminiscences have been collected and ar- 
 ranged with special regard to their chronological sequence, embracing the 
 development of these fields of science from their earliest periods in the his- 
 tory of this good State and tracing them through the nineteenth century to 
 the present day. 
 
 To include in one volume the many scattered facts relating to the 
 physicians of Missouri, biographical points of interest, landmarks of med- 
 ical institutions in the early days of Missouri's development, has involved 
 the exploration of untrodden ground. There have been no works of pred- 
 ecessors in this field of medical chronology to consult, and the editor and 
 publishers realized the difficulties of their task. 
 
 As a source of information we have drawn freely from the records of 
 the State, from the pages of the early newspapers and medical periodicals, 
 writings of illustrious physicians, now dead, and the reminiscences and rec- 
 ollections of some of our old and much esteemed living medical confreres. 
 
 We are cognizant of the many shortcomings which this first collection 
 of historical data of medical and surgical importance to the State of Mis- 
 souri must present, and we most respectfully ask the indulgence of the 
 reader. 
 
 Whatever credit may attach to this work is clue largely to the con- 
 scientious work and hearty co-operation of the selected staff of contributors, 
 a list of whom appears on another page. The publishers extend to these 
 gentlemen a grateful appreciation of their valued work. 
 
 To the generous criticism and the appreciation of the physicians and 
 surgeons of Missouri, and to the interested laity, we commend this work. 
 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Early History 9-28 
 
 Introduction— Autobiography of Dr. Antoine Francis SaugTain— Sketch 
 of the Life and Character of the late Bernard G. Farrar— List of 
 Physicians in Paxton's Directory — Second Epoch in the History 
 of the Profession in St. Louis — Miscellaneous Sketches. 
 
 CHAPTER IT. 
 The Old Guard 29-5* 
 
 (1) Reminiscences of Dr. J. B. Johnson — (2) Reminiscences of Dr. 
 Elisha H. Gregory— (3) Reminiscences of Dr. Simon Pollak— 
 (4) Reminiscences of Dr. William Johnson — (5) Reminiscences of 
 Dr. Charle9 L. Carter, Warrensburg — (6) Reminiscences of Dr. 
 Joseph Nash McDowell, by Dr. Le Grand Atwood — (7) Reminis- 
 cences of Dr. H. H. Vinke, St. Charles— Physicians' Fee Bill in 
 1829 — Charges for Medicine. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Dr. Beaumont's Experiments 55-62' 
 
 Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology 
 of Digestion, by William Beaumont, M. D. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The Cholera Epidemics 63-81 
 
 History of Epidemic Cholera in St. Louis in 1849. by Dr. William M. t 
 
 MoPheeters— Cholera Epidemic in St. Louis in 1866, by Robert 
 Moore, C. E.— Table of Cholera Mortality in St. Louis From 1849 
 to 1873. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 Yellow Fever in St. Louis in 1878 and 1879 82-84 
 
 Review of the Great Epidemics, by Dr. Walter B. Dorsett— Table 
 Showing Cases and Deaths of Contagious Diseases for Forty-nine 
 Tears. 
 
 CHAPTER AH. 
 The Last Half Century 85-1 01 
 
 Matters and Things Medical in General, a Brief Retrospect by Dr. 
 W. M. McPheeters— The Medical Profession of St. Louis from 1860 
 to 1900, by Dr. I. N. Love. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 In Western Missouri 102-110 
 
 Sketches of Well-Known Physicians and Surgeons — Medical Institu- 
 tions of Kansas City— Medical Notes From Pettis County, by Dr. 
 George H, McNeil, Sedalia. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED). 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Id the Civil War 111-126 
 
 Report of the Surgeon-Genera 1 , of the State— Roster of Missouri Army 
 Surgeons and Assistants During the Civil War, arranged by Dr. 
 William A. Wilcox. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 The Medical Association of the State of Missouri 127-132 
 
 History of the 'State Medical Association, by Dr. Frank J. Lutz — 
 Presidents of the Association Prom 1S50 to the Present Time — "List 
 of Medical Societies of the State. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Homeopathy and Eclecticism 133-144 
 
 Homeopathy in Missouri, by Dr. S. Griswold Comstock — Noted Prac- 
 titioners— (Missouri Institute of Homeopathy— The Eclectic School 
 of Medicine, by Dr. Edwin Younkin — Eclectic Medical Writers 
 of the State. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 State Board of Health 145-154 
 
 Statutes Creating the Board and Defining Its Powers — History of the 
 Board, by Dr. Albert Merrell— Organization of the Board since 
 1883. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 The St. Louis Board of Health 155-158 
 
 History of the St. Louis Board, by Dr. M. >C. Starkloff, Health Com- 
 missioner — Mortality Table Since 1850. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Hospitals of Missouri 159-175 
 
 Introduction— Brief Sketches of Leading State and Public Hospitals. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Medical Colleges of Missouri 176-197 
 
 Introduction— Sketches of Most Important Colleges^McDowell's 
 Prophetic Oration. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Medical Journals of the State 198-207 
 
 Brief Historical Review of the Medic al Press. 
 
 CHAPTER' XVI. 
 Biographical 208-360 
 
 Portraits and sketches of Physicians and Surgeons — Portraits of ex- 
 Presidents of the State Medical As sociation—THistorical Reference 
 to Individual Physicians and Surgeons Dead and Living. 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.* 
 
 The progress of Missouri in matters medical may truly be said to 
 have kept pace with her marvelous advance — financial, manufacturing and 
 commercial. Her two principal commercial centers, St. Louis and Kansas 
 City, present an array of medical ability and enterprise comparing well 
 with the seaboard States for professional talent, college equipment and 
 hospital provision. 
 
 The medical profession of Missouri, from its earliest history to the 
 present time, has been noted for high professional, moral and personal 
 character. 
 
 In St. Louis the McCalls, Merrys, McCabes, Perrys, Whites, Howes, 
 Maloneys, Trodeaus and Holmeses were medical men of mark in the long 
 lime ago. During that memorable decade in the history of St. Louis, from 
 1840 to 1850, when the then young city was attracting world-wide at- 
 tention as the coming commercial center of the valley of the Mississippi and 
 •of the great and growing West; the decade of the great lire; of the laying 
 of the first rail of the great transcontinental railway to the Pacific; of the 
 founding of the first medical journal west of the Mississippi, when her 
 medical schools first began to attract attention, a galaxy of intellectual 
 stars appeared in her medical firmament. 
 
 The urbane and polished Farrar, senior and junior; the cultivated 
 Linton and McPheeters, who founded the St. Louis Medical and Surgical 
 Journal; Pailen, the eloquent; Prather, Rayburn, Alleyne, the amiable; 
 John B. Johnson and Fourgeau; the talented, and accomplished Pope; the 
 gifted and eccentric McDowell, founders of the respective schools which 
 subsequently bore their names; the gifted Beaumont, then an army sur- 
 geon, who gave to the world the most advanced knowledge at that time on 
 the physiology of digestion; the senior Farrar 5 s talented pupil, Merideth 
 Martin; B. J. Waiters, the physiologist who attained a cosmopolitan fame; 
 Smith, fresh from a chair in Jefferson Medical College, who went from St. 
 Louis to the Southland and introduced the refrigerative methods in the 
 treatment of yellow fever; Lawton, Xewman, Tiffin, Oliphant, Carr Lane, 
 McMurray, Montgomery, S. G. Moses, George Johnson and J. J. Clark. 
 George Johnson, William McPheeters, J. J. Clark, Charles A. Pope and 
 John B. Johnson founded the first free public dispensary west of the 
 Mississippi, while Lemoine, John B. and George Johnson and J. J. Clark 
 founded St. Luke's Hospital for the medical profession. 
 
 In 1845 came Simon Pollak, at this writing the oldest physician liv- 
 ing in St. Louis. Pollak founded the first eye clinic, in connection with 
 the Mullanphy Hospital; and set on foot the project, and was early ^nd 
 long a director of the Missouri State Institution for the Blind. 
 
 This epoch also gave us Drs. John S. Moore, Algernon Barnes, Thomas 
 McMartin, A. M. Litton, the chemist; and towards its close, or a little 
 later, Charles W. Stevens, Wm. Johnston, John T. Hodgen, whose swinging 
 fracture splint has found favor with the world's greatest surgeons; B. F. 
 
 *Oharles Hamilton Hughes. 
 
8 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Shumard of the Missouri Medical College, who later became State Geol- 
 ogist of Texas; Boisliniere, the accomplished accoucher; Papin, the amiable 
 and resourceful gynecologist; and those combative geniuses of the scalpel, 
 Adam Hammer and Louis Bauer. Hodgen had a worthy successor in his 
 nephew and pupil, H. H. Mudd, who died recently in the midst of a glo- 
 rious professional career. 
 
 Among the living links that bind the present professional history of 
 St. Louis with its remoter and memorable past as one of medical learn- 
 ing and skill are: John B. Johnson, William Johnson, E. S. Lemoine, Thos. 
 E. Eumbold, the first specialist in diseases of the nose, throat and ear in 
 the West; Simon Pollak, the colleague of Pope, and Elisha H. Gregory, 
 the latter's pupil and successor in the Chair of Surgery; William M. Me* 
 Pheeters, A. S. Barnes and Thomas O'Reilly. Upon their comely visages 
 age still "sits with decent grace"' and "worthily becomes their silver 
 locks/' They still abide with us, shining examples of probity of char- 
 acter, industry and professional devotion. 
 
 Another generation of medical men whose faithful works are speak- 
 ing for them follow closely after the preceding. Their names and deeds- 
 are recorded herein, while a generation is still following these, and they 
 are by their work speaking for themselves and for their profession, a 
 profession which is second to no calling in scientific, philanthropic and 
 courageous devotion to the welfare of mankind. Their names, too, have 
 in this volume the conspicuous places they deserve "for their attainments, 
 their heroism and their devotion. From the records of their character 
 and work "in humanity's cause," past and present, Missouri has full 
 warrant for the pride she takes in her physicians. 
 
 In her medical schools and colleges St. Louis simply shows the de- 
 velopment of modern times in becoming one of the great educational cen- 
 ters of the world. Like London, Edinburgh, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Xew 
 York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, !New Orleans, Louisville, Detroit,. 
 Minneapolis, St. Paul and Kansas City, the Missouri metropolis is not 
 only a central point of commanding importance in respect to trade and 
 finance, but her schools and colleges attract the attention of the civilized 
 world, and the student turns to her institutions of literary learning and 
 her medical colleges with the assurance of deriving the same light and train- 
 ing offered in any other educational center. 
 
 The old institutions — the St. Louis Medical and the Missouri Medi- 
 cal Colleges — now merged into the medical department of Washington 
 University; the younger institutions — Beaumont, Marion-Sims, the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons and Barnes Colleges — are vigorous and well 
 equipped. There are private offices and hospitals which also attract the 
 attention of scientific men. The attendance of students at all of them 
 is large ancb marks St. Louis as an important center of medical education. 
 
 What has been said in these remarks of St. Louis can truly be said, 
 relatively, of Kansas City and the State generally. Each section will be 
 given the treatment in justice due by able writers in the pages which 
 follow. * »>. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— EARLY HISTORY 
 
 As St. Louis was first settled by the French, it naturally follows 
 that its earliest physicians were men of that nationality. It is" recorded 
 in early histories that the first scientific practitioners who favored the 
 pioneer settlers with evidences of their skill were army surgeons who 
 were stationed at the military posts under the French and Spanish re- 
 gimes. In many instances these surgeons settled in the community and 
 identified themselves with its interests and life. As they were in most in- 
 stances gentlemen of superior education, they laid the foundation of a 
 standard medical practice and of a code of medical ethics, which has 
 since caused the profession in Missouri to occupy a responsible position 
 in the- world of medicine. 
 
 According to "Billon's Annals," the first of the French post sur- 
 geons to become a permanent resident was Dr. Andre Augtiste Conde, 
 who was stationed at Fort Chartres prior to its cession to England, and 
 crossed the river with a few soldiers brought here by Capt. St. Ange de 
 Belleviere. The date of arrival is given as October 20, 1765. 
 
 Jane 2, 1766, Dr. Conde received from Gov. St. Ange a concession 
 of two lots in the village, described as fronting on Second street, and 
 being the east half of the block south of the Catholic Church block. On 
 this ground he built for his residence a house of upright posts. He lived 
 in this house until his death, which occurred November 28, 1776. 
 
 Dr. Conde was a gentleman of fine educational attainments. He 
 wrote a beautiful hand. He had an extensive practice on both sides of 
 the river, being for a time alone in his profession at this point. He was 
 a prominent man in the village in his day. An inventory of his estate, 
 taken a few days after his death, included the names of 233 residents who 
 were indebted to the doctor for professional services. This list comprised 
 nearly all of the residents of both banks of the Mississippi in this lo- 
 cality and might have served for a directory of the two villages. 
 
 The second medical arrival was that of Dr. Jean Baptiste Yalleau, 
 a native of France, but a surgeon in the Spanish service. He was one of a 
 company under command of a Capt. Rios, which arrived from New Orleans- 
 late in the year 1767. He died November 21, 1768, having made his 
 will while on his death bed. This was the first will to be executed in St. 
 Louis. Agreeable to the terms of this will, Dr. Yallearfs executor sold 
 at public sale a village lot of 210 feet frontage oil Second street, from 
 Chestnut to Pine. The lot brought 251 livres, or about $50. Dr. ^ 7 alleau 
 died when a young man, surviving but one year after his advent in the 
 village. 
 
 Dr. Antoine Reynal appears to have been the third surgeon to prac- 
 tice in St. Louis, his residence and professional career dating from 1776. 
 He lived here for over twenty-three years, removing at the end of that 
 period to St. Charles, where he subsequently died. 
 
 The first post-mortem inquest in St. Louis was held by Dr. Bernard 
 Gibkins, who practiced here in 1779 and 1780. The inquest referred to 
 was held over the body of Domingo de Bargas, a young Spanish merchant, 
 who died suddenly on the night of July IS, 1779. After examining wit- 
 
10 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 nesses, Dr. Gibkins made his report: That De Bargas had died from apo- 
 plexy, superinduced by the excessive heal. Deceased was 38 years of age. 
 But little more is known of Dr. Gibkins than his connection with this 
 incident. 
 
 Dr. Clauvio Mercier. another native of France, became a resident of 
 St. Louis in 1784. He died here January 20, 1787. Dr. Philip Joachim 
 Gingembre came to this place in 1792. He lived for some time in a small 
 stone house located at the northwest corner of Olive and Second streets, 
 but subsequently went to France. It does not appear that either Mercier 
 or Gingembre practiced in St. Louis. 
 
 I)r. Antoine Francois Saugrain came to St. Louis from Gallipolis, 0., 
 in the year 1800. His life's history prior to his advent here is given in 
 Dr. Saugrain's autobiography, here inserted: 
 
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. ANTOINE FRANCOIS SAUGRAIN. 
 
 Born in the center of Paris, called "Isle de la Cite/' in February, 
 1763, his paternal ancestors were librarians for nearly two centuries. The 
 subject of this sketch was a chemist and mineralogist, and when a young 
 man (about 1784-5) he entered the service of the King of Spain to ex- 
 amine the mines and mineral productions of Xew Mexico. This service 
 completed, he returned to France, 1785. In 1786 he made a trip to 
 Mexico, returning to France in the same year. 
 
 In 1787 he came to the United States, accompanied by two Parisian 
 friends, M. Pique, a botanist, and M. Raguet. Young Saugrain carried a 
 letter of introduction to Dr. Franklin from M. le Yillard, an old friend 
 of the doctor's. The great American philosopher and patriot must have 
 been favorably impressed with M. Saugrain's appearance, for he indited 
 the following reply : 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, February IT. 1788. 
 To M. le Yillard: 
 
 My Dear Friend — I received your kind letter of June 23 by M. Saugrain, 
 and it is the last of yours that has come to my hands. I find M. Saugrain an- 
 swers well to the good character you gave him and shall with pleasure render 
 him any services in my power. He is now gone down the Ohio to reconnoiter 
 that country, etc.. etc. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 After remaining for a time in Philadelphia, he in the winter of 1787- 
 88, being then 24 vears of age, proceeded with his two French companions, 
 Messrs. Pique and Raguet, to Pittsburg. Early in the spring of 1788, hav- 
 ing been joined there by an American, a Mr. Pierce, the four left Pitts- 
 burg on a flat boat or a broad horn, then so-called, with their horses and 
 baggage, to descend to the falls of the Ohio, now Louisville. 
 
 "We got along well for some days, but on March 24, when opposite 
 the Big Miami River (near the present town of Lawrenceburg. Ind. — Ed.) 
 we were suddenly fired upon by a party of Indians hidden behind an old 
 flat boat that lav aground on the north shore. The first discharge wounded 
 M. Pique severely in the head, killed one of our horses and wounded an- 
 other, which in falling fell upon M. Saugrain's hand, crushing his fore- 
 finger. The Indians yelled to us to land, but hoping to escape them we 
 continued our course, pursued by the savages in their canoes. Seeing 
 that we must be overtaken we jumped overboard, hoping to reach the 
 Kentucky shore and escape to the woods. M. Pique, badly wounded, was 
 drowned in the attempt. M. Raguet, on reaching the shore, encountered 
 two Indians who were on the watch for us. and who soon dispatched and 
 scalped him. Mr. Pierce and myself escaped to land, but were pursued 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. li 
 
 and captured by the two Indians who had killed M. Raguet. They hound 
 our hands and started after our boat, which the others had taken. 
 
 "During the next night, while our captors were sound asleep, I con- 
 trived to loosen my hands and liberate my fellow prisoner. We stole 
 quietly away, keeping in the woods, down the river, in hopes of being over- 
 taken by a descending boat. After three days' terrible suffering, nearly 
 famished, feet bare and frost-bitten, my left hand disabled and bleeding 
 from a slight gunshot wound in the neck, we were, on the 27th, to our 
 great delight, overtaken by two boats. 
 
 "Some of their crews came ashore and carried us to the boats and did 
 all they could to relieve our sufferings. Two days later, in the evening 
 of the 29th, we landed at Louisville. 
 
 "On the following day 1 was taken across the river to the American 
 fort at Clarksville for better care. There I was cordially welcomed by Maj. 
 Willis and the officers of the garrison and placed in care of the post surgeon. 
 I remained there until May 11, by which time I was pretty well restored, 
 except my disabled finger and one of my feet, small portions of which had 
 been amputated, from the effects of the frost." 
 
 In the summer of 1788 Saugrain returned to Philadelphia and thence 
 to France, and remained in his native country during the eventful year 
 of 1789. In April of 1790 he again sailed for the United States on the 
 same vessel with a number of French emigrants, 'destined for the new 
 settlement of Gallipolis, in Gallia County. Ohio. They lauded at Alexan- 
 dria, on the Potomac, on the 6th of July, and came by Winchester, Va., and 
 Red Stone (Brownsville) to the Monongahela, and descended that river 
 and the Ohio to their destination, where they arrived in the fall. 
 
 Dr. Saugrain resided for six years in Gallipolis and Avas there mar- 
 ried in 1793. 
 
 Dr. Saugrain was a highly educated, polished gentleman and a suc- 
 cessful practitioner of the old school. He was one of the earliest advo- 
 cates of vaccination in this section, and in the summer of 1809 announced 
 in the Missouri Gazette that he had secured some of the vaccine matter, 
 or infection — the first genuine brought to St. Louis. He successfully com- 
 municated that inestimable preventive of smallpox to a number of the 
 inhabitants of St. Louis and adjacent villages, and further announced 
 that "he would, with much pleasure, on application, furnish physicians 
 and other intelligent persons residing beyond the limits of his accustomed 
 practice, with the vaccine infection." 
 
 Dr. Saugrain continued in the practice of his profession until his 
 death, which occurred in St. Louis May 19, 1820. 
 
 The first American born physician to establish himself permanently 
 west of the Mississippi River was Dr. Bernard Gaines Farrar, who has 
 been mentioned in medical annals as the "Father of the profession in St. 
 Louis." His life and deeds are best described in the following, which is 
 taken from an 1850 file of the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal: 
 
 SKETCH OP THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF THE LATE BERNARD G. FARRAR, M. D. 
 
 —By Charles A. Pope, M. D.— 
 Prepared at the Request Of, and Read Before, the St. Louis Medical Society. 
 
 Gentlemen — Your partiality has assigned me the task of giving to the 
 society a sketch of the life and character of the late Bernard G. Farrar, 
 
12 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 M. I)., the venerated first president of this body. I am sensible that the 
 choice resulted rather from my connection with the deceased than from 
 any peculiar fitness or ability on my part. Yon will, therefore, readily 
 excuse the regret that I express at the selection not having fallen on 
 some older member, who, to superior qualifications, could have boasted 
 the additional large or long friendship and professional intercourse with 
 the subject of our notice. 
 
 I shall, nevertheless, with your indulgence for the difficulties under 
 which I have labored, attempt", as far as possible, to do even slight justice 
 to the memory of our departed friend and brother, and to present before 
 you a portrait which T hope will not be altogether unrecognizable by many 
 here present. For the materials which have aided me in this sketch T 
 am indebted to my own recollections, as well as to the immediate family 
 and friends of the deceased, and to his few remaining professional friends, 
 who. like him, were among the medical pioneers of the West. Before, 
 however, entering on my subject, I may be allowed briefly to allude to 
 the intention of the present memoir. It is both right and proper, and 
 due alike to the dead and ourselves, that we should thus regard the worth 
 and virtues of our departed brethren. The dead are honored thereby 
 and the living may be profited. Besides, the life of him of whom we now 
 consider forms an important link in the medical history of this region, 
 and as such deserves more than a passing notice. If in aught that shall 
 be said any interesting facts be preserved, if any younger aspirant for 
 professional honor and success amongst us may be stimulated to emulate 
 the example here held forth, and by patient and persevering effort, directed 
 by honest purpose of head and heart, overcome the many obstacles that may 
 beset his early path and clog his future progress, my object will have 
 been attained. I will not confine myself to the merely professional ca- 
 reer of the deceased, for, having lived nearly half a century in St. Louis* 
 he was thus connected with its early village existence; and it will, therefore, 
 be excusable to speak of him as the citizen and as exercising that in- 
 fluence on the community which at so early a period an enlightened phy- 
 sician was likely to exert. 
 
 Dr. Bernard G-. Farrar was born in Goochland, Va., on the fourth day 
 of July, 1TS5. His father, Joseph B.oyal Farrar, extensively known and 
 beloved for his social and hospitable character, removed to Kentucky in 
 the fall of the same year, the doctor being then only a few weeks old. He 
 settled within a few miles of Lexington, where most of the doctor's youthful 
 days were passed. His father was four times married, as was his mother 
 also. As all of these unions were fruitful, there were seven different sets 
 of children united in the same family. This host of offspring caused 
 the patrimony of each child to be small. The doctor entered life with lim- 
 ited means. - His early education was entrusted to the supervision of one 
 Parson Stubbs, a well qualified and worthy man. At this period, as I 
 am informed by one who knew him well, the doctor was more distinguished 
 for his love of boyish and playful mischief than devotion to his studies. 
 His teacher was a very pious man, and in allusion to Barney's (as he was 
 familiarly designated) mischievous, but always laughable tricks, often 
 expressed his deep commiseration for his poor mother. He was sadly 
 afraid, he said, that Barney would one day or another be certainly hung. 
 This was a subject of much amusement in the school, at the good old 
 teacher's expense, it being obvious that he did not properly discriminate 
 between real wickedness of heart and the mere love of fun. 
 
BERNARD G. FARRAR. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 13 
 
 The death of his father took place in 179.6. From this period until 
 maturity he was sustained and guided by the unremitting vigilance and 
 counsel of his affectionate mother, whose memory he cherished most de- 
 voutly through life. He was now entered as a regular student in the lit- 
 erary department of Transylvania University, where he remained for three 
 years. In. the spring of 1800 lie commenced the study of medicine with 
 Dr. Selmon of Cincinnati, 0., with whom he continued a twelve month. 
 He was then placed under the tuition of Prof. Samuel Brown of Lexing- 
 ton, Ky., at that period the most eminent in the profession in the West. 
 He remained with him for three years, during which time he was an as- 
 siduous student. In 1804 he repaired to Philadelphia and attended a course 
 of medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania. By his previous 
 study and application he was well fitted to listen with profit to the teach- 
 ings of Bush and Physich, those fathers of American medicine and sur- 
 gery. After the close of the season he returned to Lexington, and at 
 the following commencement received a degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 from the medical department of Transylvania University. 
 
 Immediately on his graduation Dr. Farrar removed to Frankfort, 
 Ky., but a few miles from Lexington, where he formed a co-partnership 
 in practice with Dr. Scott, a gentleman who stood at the head of the pro- 
 fession in that place. Dr. Farrar did not long remain in Frankfort, 
 chiefly for the reason that it was so near his home, for the doctor was 
 one of those who thought that a prophet was without honor in his own 
 country, and that a physician, especially, was less likely to succeed among 
 his own family friends than amidst strangers. He used often to say 
 that the community should not know how a doctor was made. His views 
 on this point are further illustrated by an anecdote he was in the habit 
 of relating. Whilst still at Frankfort an old schoolmate met him ac- 
 cidentally on the street, and, being delighted to see him, gently touched 
 him on the shoulder and accosted him most familiarly with "How do you 
 do, Barney?" This was but little in accordance with the doctor's ideas 
 of professional respect and dignity, and so, seizing the gentleman by the 
 collar, and assuming a rather belligerent attitude, he said: "Sir, no Bar- 
 ney any longer. I am Dr. Farrar, if you please, and never shall you 
 or any one else call me otherwise." 
 
 Notwithstanding the influence of Dr. Scott in his behalf, his success 
 did not equal his expectations, for, like most young men, he was ambi- 
 tious, and deemed his thorough course of study and preparation deserving 
 of a more rapid and greater success. The place, he said, was too near 
 home, and all had known him as Barney Farrar and had he even lived 
 there until his death he would probably have been known as Barney still. 
 He therefore turned his thoughts to a distant home in the then far West 
 for a better theater in which to try his fortune. 
 
 Fortunately about this time he had heard much of the prosperity of 
 St. Louis and its peculiar advantages for a physician. On the earnest- 
 advice of Judge Colburn, one of the Territorial Judges for Missouri, a 
 brother-in-law of the doctor, he accordingly, in the fall of the year 1806, 
 embarked at Louisville on a keel boat, the only mode of water convey- 
 ance at that early period. The boat was propelled by the tardy process of 
 the time, called cordelling, and after a tedious voyage of many weeks, 
 rendered exciting by the variety of accidents, owing to the then great dif- 
 ficulties of navigation, he reached St. Louis. Pleased with the appearance 
 
14 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 of the place and its peculiar fitness for' one of his profession, he at once 
 determined to settle. 
 
 Although preceded by one or two of the profession, Dr. Farrar was the 
 first American physician who permanently established himself west of 
 the Mississippi. .From these circumstances, in conjunction with the high 
 character he afterwards sustained, he is justly entitled to the appellation 
 of "Father of the profession in St. Louis." This region of the country 
 was then called Upper Louisiana, and had but a short time before been pur- 
 chased from Xapoleon by Mr. Jefferson. "The doctor soon received such 
 flattering marks of encouragement from the French inhabitants of the 
 -village as to render certain his success, and, indeed, to betoken the high 
 degree of future prosperity and professional reputation. 
 
 He found on his arrival here no other established physician than Dr. 
 Antoine 'Saugrain, who had, some years before the change of govern- 
 ment, emigrated from Europe to Gallipolis, 0., then the Northwestern 
 Territory, from thence to St. Louis. Dr. Saugrain was educated in Paris 
 for the vocation of chemist, but subsequently turned his attention to the 
 healing art generally. He left behind him the reputation of a good phy- 
 sician and gentleman. His practice was principally on the vegetable sys- 
 tem, as he abhorred calomel and relied much on ptisanes. At all events 
 his treatment of the disease of the country differed materially from that 
 of Dr. Farrar. For such was the marked success of the latter that it struck 
 the attention of even the non-professional, and rapidly acquired for him an 
 extensive practice and the reputation for eminence in his profession. His 
 name soon reached beyond the narrow limits of the village, and he was 
 often sent for from hundreds of miles around. As a skillful physician his 
 fame continued to increase, not only from the force of his genius and 
 talents, but also from his kindness of manner and devoted attention 
 to his patients. Such, indeed, was the humanity of his heart that it was- 
 with difficulty he could witness the sufferings of his fellow creatures in 
 mind or bod} r , and yet in the hour of danger, when necessity called forth 
 his best energies in behalf of his patient, a firmer spirit never existed. He 
 excelled particularly in tact, and in his progress he is said seldom to have 
 failed. For boldness and decision of character and promptitude in action 
 when occasion required it, he was rarely equaled. 
 
 The doctor was once summoned to see a female who for some time 
 had been, sick of a fever, and was regarded as dead, both by her physician 
 and friends. Indeed, her shroud was being made, and the corpse had 
 been laid out when the doctor entered. The mirror and usual tests of 
 vitality were applied, but with only negative results. The idea now 
 struck the doctor to apply a redhot smoothing iron to the soles of her feet. 
 This Avas soon done, whereupon the woman stood erect and cried aloud. 
 The story js literally true. A gentleman who saw the patient laid out 
 — as he thought, a corpse — left a few minutes afterwards for Pittsburg, 
 and without any knowledge of her resurrection, met her on his return in 
 perfect health. He stated that the occurrence gave him greater terror 
 and astonishment than did the terrible convulsions of nature which he 
 experienced near Xew Madrid in 1811. whilst in a keel boat on the Miss- 
 issippi, whose tide was rolled tumultuously in a reverted direction for 
 many miles and the earth was rent in many places. From the circum- 
 stances above related, as well as his general reputation for professional 
 skill, he was supposed by people capable of raising the dead. 
 
 In the obstetric art he enjoyed a large practice and shone pre-eminent. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 15 
 
 From contemporary testimony it is doubted whether any man ever practiced 
 more dexterously and skillfully the various operations of turning and the 
 application of instruments. 
 
 I have said that Dr. Farrar was eminently successful in his general 
 practice, but as a surgeon also he claimed an enviable distinction. From 
 his own account he was always loath to use the knife except when the life of 
 the patient demanded it at his hands. Tlis reluctance to operate sprungj am 
 sure, from his unwillingness to witness or inflict pain on his fellowmen. 
 As an operator he was skillful and rapid, but when, as in the oblation 
 of different tumors, the dissection required care, he was extremely cau- 
 tious, using, as he was wont to tell me, more the handle than the point 
 of his scalpel. One of his first operations was the amputation of a thigh, 
 performed on a man by the name of Shannon, who, when a youth, ac- 
 companied Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific Ocean. In 
 1807 he undertook a second expedition under the auspices of the general 
 government to ascertain the sources of the Missouri River. At a point 
 1,800 miles up that river he was attacked by the Blackfeet Indians and 
 wounded by a ball in the knee. He was brought down to St. Louis and 
 successfully operated on by Dr. Farrar. In those times the case was 
 considered as an evidence of great skill, in view of the distance the pa- 
 tient had traveled and the low state to which his constitution had been 
 reduced by the accident. This same gentleman afterwards received an 
 education in Kentucky and became one of her best jurists. He was sub- 
 sequently elevated to the bench. Judge Shannon often said, and even 
 declared on his deathbed, that he owed both his life and his honors to 
 the skill of Dr. Farrar. 
 
 There was one operation to which I must make special reference — 
 a patient, a young man, affected with stone in the bladder, where the calcu- 
 lus had become fixed in its fundus, and could be easily felt in the rectum. 
 The doctor conceived and executed the recto-vesical section. This was 
 done several years previous to the same operation by Sansom, but the 
 latter, however, by publishing, has the universal acknowledgment of pri- 
 ority. It is unfortunate on all accounts that any neglect should have oc- 
 curred in this particularity, notwithstanding the recto-vesical operation is 
 now too very exceptionally resorted to. 
 
 During the war with Great Britain, in 1812-11, Dr. Farrar served 
 both as surgeon and soldier in defending Missouri from the Indian depre- 
 dations. His reputation had now increased to the extent of being known 
 and acknowledged abroad. In proof of this he was offered a chair in 
 his Alma Mater, the medical department of Transylvania University, then 
 the first and only school of medicine west of the Alleghenies. Xothing 
 could have been, more gratifying to his feelings, more calculated to excite 
 in his mind emotions of heartfelt pride and satisfaction, than the pro- 
 posed honor. He, however, declined the situation, preferring the more 
 substantial benefits of a lucrative, though laborious practice, to the uncer- 
 tain renown of professorship. From his own acknowledgment, I am 
 assured that his declination arose more from real modesty and his long sup- 
 posed incompetency than from any other cause. 
 
 As a man and citizen Dr. Farrar occupied in this community a high 
 position. Such was the popularity and confidence reposed in him that 
 he was elected a member of the first Legislature that was assembled under 
 the territorial form of government. He, however, continued as a repre- 
 sentative during; a single season only. His re-election was much desired 
 
IC ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and could easily have been effected, Imt tie perceived that it would with- 
 draw him too much from his profession, a theater he thought of more 
 useful action on his part towards the country. He ever afterwards re- 
 fused to engage in polities, assigning very properly as a reason that few 
 men arrive at eminence or great usefulness, except in a single pursuit, and 
 of all others the medical profession was jealous of exclusiveness and re- 
 quired a strict adherence to this maxim. In connection with his politics, 
 it may perhaps, without offense he stated that he was an unsv r erving 
 Whig through life. His political, as well as religious tenets, never con- 
 travened his personal friendships — he was alike the physician of all 
 parties and denominations. His. love of country, its constitution and the 
 memory of its early patriots, was ardent and enthusiastic. 
 
 In the discharge of his professional duties Dr. Farrar was both phy- 
 sician and friend. No company or amusement could make him neglect 
 his professional engagements, and he was ever ready at the call of the 
 poor. Indeed, with respect to remuneration for his services, it was in 
 most cases optional whether payment was made at all. The convenience 
 of all was the rule that governed him. Instances frequently occurred 
 where he had attended families for years whose views led them to remove 
 to a distance, when some friend would suggest with propriety the sending 
 of his bill. His answer was, Let them go; if they could do without him, 
 he could do without them. In other cases men would call to pay bills 
 when he would inquire what length of time he had attended them or 
 their families (for he never made regular charges in books), and generally 
 ended by saying that they must make the fee such as they were able to 
 bear or might think proper. He was always generous and disinterested, 
 nor can history produce an instance in which a life of such intense de- 
 votion in relieving the diseases incident to his fellowmen has been less re- 
 warded by pecuniary emolument. Tins utter want of selfishness and ex- 
 treme pecuniary carelessness formed, perhaps, one of the most distinctive 
 traits of his character. But Providence seems to have been mindful of the 
 doctor's care for suffering men. Some real estate in St. Louis and its 
 vicinity was secured to his family, which, by its increased value, enabled 
 him to spend his latter days with all the comforts around him which a 
 generous soul enjoys and dispenses to others and the means of gratifying 
 every rational desire of life. 
 
 Many anecdotes illustrative of the peculiarities of the doctor are 
 told by his old acquaintances, one or two of which I will relate. Having 
 occasion to visit Louisville, he went on horseback, and liberally supplied 
 himself with funds, all in the shape of silver half-dollars. This arrange- 
 ment, he supposed would prove convenient for change at the houses 
 where he might stop. The whole amount was pretty well distributed and 
 thrown carelessly loose in his great coat pockets. Off he started in his 
 usual trot upon his journey, and after traveling some thirty to forty 
 miles he halted to rest for the night, when, lo ! on looking for his treasure 
 he found to his surprise that it had all disappeared. 
 
 The holes in his pocket explained the mystery of its escape, thus be- 
 sprinkling the road from one end to the other, much to the satisfaction of 
 some Vide Poche teamster, who happened to follow him. The doctor 
 informed the landlord of his misfortune, told him who he was and re- 
 quested entertainment for the night on credit. The worthy farmer dis- 
 believed the whole story and called him an impostor and refused to af- 
 ford him lodging, saying, that although he had never seen, he had heard 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ^ 
 
 of old Dr. Farrar as long as he had lived there, and that the person before 
 him was entirely too young to be the same. JS T ow it happened from the 
 early and great baldness of the doctor that he was thought much older 
 than he really Avas, and on this account he was generally called old Dr. 
 Farrar. The doctor at once pulled off his hat, made the necessary ex~ 
 planations and was not only admitted to a quiet night's repose, but treated 
 with the best hospitalities of the landlord. 
 
 There once lived hard by the doctor's borne a man with no very 
 honest views of the rights of property, who, whenever there happened a 
 deficiency (which was no infrequent case) in his own supply of wood, was 
 accustomed to replenish his stock by an occasional stick, taken under cover 
 at night, from an ample store that lay piled up in the doctor's yard. 
 These petty depredations had been carried on for a considerable time, 
 a,nd not without the doctor's knowledge. But, although he knew full well 
 the thief, he had never caught him in the very act. To effect a certain de- 
 tection he caused a fine, fat looking and tempting back log to be heavily 
 charged with powder. It accomplished his purpose, for that very night, 
 on going out quite late, he found it to have disappeared. It was only then 
 that the possibly fearful consequences of what he had done came upon 
 him with the fullest force and brought him seriously to reflect, that al- 
 though the thief might meet his just reward, the wife and many little 
 children would also pay the penalty of his guilt. So, rushing hurriedly 
 to the house, he saw the very self -same back log upon the fire with the 
 inmates gathered in a family group around it. There was yet time — the 
 lire had not yet reached the powder. Telling all to save themselves for 
 their lives, he seized the burning stick and carried it safely from the house 
 before it had exploded. 
 
 From an early period of his youth Dr. Farrar Avas esteemed by his 
 companions for his love of truth, honor and justice, and he fearlessly 
 maintained among men tbose principles through life without meriting re- 
 proach. In his friendships he Avas Avarm, constant and true, ever slow to 
 give credence to the reputed errors of those he esteemed. Kind and 
 amiable, as well as open, frank, brave and undesigning in his feelings and 
 principles, it was painful to him to witness any deviation from propriety in 
 others. Least of all. would he forgive any dereliction in a physician. 
 He of all others, he thought, should be above suspicion and 
 reproach. What in other men he might overlook, in a physician he Avould 
 never forgive. 
 
 As a Christian he Avas mild and tolerant, believing that all intem- 
 perate discussions of its benevolent principles Avere uncalled for. He 
 was tAvice married. As a husband and father he Avas uniformly affection- 
 ate, kind and indulgent. In domestic life Avere centered his chief and 
 highest enjoyments, and no man felt or accorded to female worth a higher 
 estimate. The experience of a long life of observation as a professional 
 man of the sex called forth on all occasions his best feelings and sympa- 
 thies in their behalf. 
 
 There are tAVO circumstances in the life of Dr. Farrar as involving pro- 
 fessional considerations to which I will allude. In a duel in which he 
 figured, the doctor's ball struck his antagonist. The wound Avas attempted 
 to be closed, and from such injudicious practice the symptoms became 
 much aggravated. The patient was then advised to send, for Dr. Farrar. 
 This he did, and the doctor visited his enemy as he would have done 
 
18 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 any one else. He immediately laid open the tract of the wound, according 
 to the practice of the time. The pain ceased at once and the gentleman 
 rapidly recovered. The doctor and his patient were ever after true and 
 fast friends. 
 
 The other circumstance to which allusion has been made was a diffi- 
 culty which arose between the doctor and one of It is own profession. The 
 physician was in the habit, on all occasions, of speaking of Dr. Farrar 
 in the most disrespectful manner, and resorted to every low expedient to 
 prejudice and injure the doctor among his patients and friends. By 
 abusing Dr. Farrar he vainly hoped to advance himself, but as is inva- 
 riably the case, he only succeeded in injuring himself. For this reason 
 the doctor never once reviled, but bore his abuse with becoming silence. 
 His accuser wrongly interpreted the doctor's forbearance, and in conse- 
 quence grew more bold in his denunciation. 
 
 At last suspicions were raised concerning the doctor's honor and 
 courage. He could bear it no longer. On meeting his traducer he fell 
 upon him with a stick and inflicted upon him the most summary chas- 
 tisement. Unluckily, the man died in a month or two afterwards, and 
 his former friends attributed his death to the blows inflicted by Dr. Farrar. 
 There was not the least show of reason to sustain the charge, for he had 
 entirely recovered from the effects of his injuries, and died in conse- 
 quence of a pleurisy. 
 
 As a class, Dr. Farrar felt the liveliest interest in the medical faculty. 
 Their honor and the advancement of the science in knowledge and use- 
 fulness was to him a theme both of hope and joy. In the history of our 
 race he believed there were fewer aberrations from moral rectitude among 
 medical men than any other class of the community. Society, he said, 
 had a just right to expect this distinction, as the very nature of their 
 profession made physicians the confidential friends of every family. 
 
 Among his professional brethren Dr. Farrar was universally be- 
 loved and esteemed. He was a gentleman in the highest sense of the 
 term, and well deserved their respect and consideration. His acknowledged 
 professional skill, his goodness of heart, his polished urbanity, his high 
 sense of honor and noble generosity of nature endeared him to all. In 
 his intercourse with other professional gentlemen his conduct was marked 
 by the most scrupulous regard of the rights and feelings of others. His. 
 estimate of the character of the profession was indeed exalted. It con- 
 stituted the very essence of honor, dignity, benevolence and usefulness, and 
 in his own dealings he exalted a living exemplification of his views. He- 
 was in truth a very model of professional etiquette — not in its letter only, 
 but in its purest spirit. He went further than the mere acquirements 
 of the ethical code. He was always anxious, not merely to act honorably 
 to a professional brother, hut also to serve him if he could by advancing 
 his interests and increasing his claims to public estimation and confidence. 
 In the language of the lamented Lane, he was so constituted that it was 
 impossible for him to be guilty of dishonorable rivalry towards his fellow- 
 practitioners. He scorned the tricks of the profession and those wiio- 
 practiced them. To the junior members of the faculty he was particu- 
 larly kind and generous. They were at once made to feel that he was 
 one in whom they could wholly confide, and in consequence of his win- 
 ning kindness of heart and manner and the real interest he always man- 
 ifested in their success, he was almost regarded bv them as a father. It 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 19 
 
 is in this light that I love to contemplate the memory of the departed. 
 Search the wide world over and in all that was generous and nohle in his 
 conduct towards his 'brother practitioners, we shall not, perhaps, find a 
 brighter, more perfect model. It was my fortune to become acquainted 
 with Dr. Farrar only after he had long retired from the practice of the 
 profession. To those who had known him in his earlier, palmy days, he 
 appeared, I am told, but as the wreck of his former self. Still there re- 
 mained about him that which stamped him as a man of extraordinary 
 character. Many a pleasant hour have I spent in instructive conversation 
 with him, and heard him relate his early adventures and trials. In his 
 retirement he was often visited by his old French patients and their fam- 
 ilies, and he would frequently say that he felt towards them as his own 
 children. He. loved to expatiate on the growth and prosperity of St. Louis. 
 On his arrival he found it a village containing but a few hundred inhabi- 
 tants. Since then churches, colleges, halls of science, marts of busi- 
 ness, splendid mansions have risen almost by the power of magic, while 
 an hundred thousand human beings are enabled to dwell in comfort and 
 enjoy the blessings of civil, religious and political liberty. 
 
 Dr. Farrar fell a victim of the dreadful scourge that spared neither 
 the good nor the great, the bad nor the lowly, and which carried woe and 
 desolation to so many hearts during the awful visitation of our city in the 
 summer of 1849. He was attacked by cholera, but survived its onset, and 
 for ten days we supposed him rapidly convalescing. He walked about his 
 chamber and conversed with his friends with more than his usual gaiety 
 on the very afternoon precedirig his death. About 10 o'clock p. m. he 
 complained of feeling cold, and called his wife's attention to the circum- 
 stance. She became alarmed and summoned assistance. The fatal col- 
 lapse had only been extraordinarily deferred. In less than two hours Dr. 
 Farrar was no more. He died on the 1st day of July and within three 
 days of being 61 years of age. 
 
 Had his death occurred at any other time than during an unusually 
 fatal epidemic, when such extraordinary demands were made upon the 
 living, his demise would have called forth high funeral honors. But 
 what recked he of the pomp and pageantry of sorrow! He sleeps quietly 
 now in his grave, and may flowers bloom about it until the awakening an- 
 gePs trumpet shall on the resurrection morn call him to his reward in 
 Heaven. 
 
 But little remains to be added to the foregoing sketch. We note that 
 m January, 1812, Dr. Farrar was associated in the drug and medicine 
 business with Joseph Charless, Sr., of the Missouri Gazette. This part- 
 nership was dissolved May 10, in the same year. In August (1812) he 
 formed an association in business and practice with Dr. David B. Walker, 
 who had just come to St. Louis. Drs. Farrar and Walker subsequently 
 became brothers-in-law, their wives being daughters of Major Christy. 
 Their co-partnership continued until dissolved by the death of Dr. Walker, 
 Avhich occurred after a period of twelve years. * ***** rpj ie 
 anecdote of Dr. Farrar's loss of his Spanish coin while en route to Louis- 
 ville is told to- this day by the older physicians of the State with great 
 unction, the "pith" or "cream" of it laying in the fact that the doctor 
 was on his way to be married in Louisville to his second wife, who was Ann 
 Clark Thurston. 
 
 The files of the "Louisiana (later Missouri) Gazette" of this period 
 
20 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 furnish many interesting exhibits to the searcher for data of the pro- 
 fession in Missouri. "We give place to some examples: 
 
 DR. FARRAR 
 
 Will practice medicine and surgery in St. Louis. His office is in Mr. Robi- 
 doux's house, Second street. (May 16, 1809.) 
 
 VACCINATION. 
 
 Dr. Saugrain gives notice of the first vaccine matter brought to St. Louis. 
 Indigent persons vaccinated gratuitously. (May 26. 1809.) 
 
 DR. J. M. READ, 
 
 From Baltimore, is in the north end of Mad'e Dubreuil's house, next to Maj. 
 Penrose's. (December 21, 1S11.) 
 
 FARRAR & CHARLESS, 
 
 Apothecary shop, adjoining the printing office, have on hand genuine medi- 
 cines, and will receive in the spring an additional supply fresh from Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 DR. BERNARD G. FARRAR 
 
 Has opened a drug and medicine store in St. Louis. He has for sale a va- 
 riety of spices, paints and stationery. (June 27, 1812.) 
 
 DR. SIMPSON 
 
 "Will practice medicine and surgery in town and vicinity of St. Louis. Office 
 lately occupied by Fergus Morehead in Manuel Lisas' house. (June 25, 1812.) 
 
 B. G. FARRAR AND JOSEPH CHARLESS. 
 
 Dissolved their partnership in the drug business on the 10th day of May last 
 by mutual consent. (July 6, 1812.) 
 
 DRS. FARRAR AND WALKER 
 
 Have entered into a partnership for the practice of medicine, surgery and 
 midwifery. They have opened a drug and medicine store on Main street, 
 below Maj. Christv's tavern, adjoining Dugen's silversmith shop. (August 
 ?9, 1812.) 
 
 THE POSTOFFICE 
 Is removed to Dr. Simpson's drug store. (October 1, 1812.) 
 
 DR. SIMPSON 
 
 Has removed his drug store to the former stand of Farrar & Walker. (Au- 
 gust 28, 1813.) 
 
 DRS. FARRAR AND WALKER 
 
 Have removed their new medicine shoo to Main street, opposite Rene Paul's 
 new stone building. (September 26, 1815.) 
 
 DRS. ROBERT SIMPSON AND PRIOR QUARLES. 
 
 Have formed a connection in the drug and medicine business at the old stand 
 of Dr. Simpson. (October 1. 1815.) 
 
 DR. PRIOR QUARLES 
 
 Will practice medicine and surgery. His office is opposite Mr. Patrick Lee's, 
 Main street. (September 2, 1815.) 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 21 
 
 DR. ROBERT SIMPSON 
 
 Is hard run for cash to pay his debts, and will sell a number of notes and ac- 
 counts on reasonable terms, especially to those interested. (October 12, 1815.) 
 
 DR. ED S. GANTT 
 
 Offers his professional services to the citizens of St. Louis and vicinity at the 
 house lately occupied by Mad'e Lebeau, South Main street. (November 1, 
 1816.) 
 
 DR. ARTHUR NELSON'S 
 Professional Card. (April 24, 1818.) 
 
 DR. A. NELSON 
 Has lately purchased the drug business of Simpson & Quarles. (June 18, 1818.) 
 
 DR. RICHARD MASON, 
 From Philadelphia, in Bosseron's brick house. (February 2, 1820.) 
 
 In December, 1810, the Louisiana Gazette, alludes briefly to an affair 
 of honor that took place a few days before, but elves no particulars of it 
 nor the names of the parties. 
 
 Dr. Eobert Simpson, here at the time and familiar with the facts, 
 long afterwards gives this account of it: 
 
 :< The first duel on Blood)- Island was in 18J0, between Dr. Farrar 
 and James A. Graham. Farrar was the bearer of a challenge to Graham 
 (he does not say from whom); Graham declined to accept it, on the plea 
 that the challenger was not a gentleman. According to the estab- 
 lished code in such cases Farrar became the principal. Graham was se- 
 verelv wounded and went on crutches for about a year, and died while 
 on his way East." 
 
 Through the courtesy of the Missouri Historical Society the names 
 and addresses of nine physicians and one medical student residing in St. 
 Louis in 1821 are given here: 
 
 LIST OF PHYSICIANS IN PAXTON'S DIRECTORY OF ST. LOUIS— 1821. 
 
 Beck, Lewis C, s. e. cor. South A and Church. 
 
 Carter, Edward C, 32 Xorth Main. 
 
 *Farrar, B. G., 68 North Main, d. h. 8 Forth Church. 
 
 Fenn, Zeno^ 39 Xorth "Main, above Xorth A. 
 
 *Lane, William Carr, 98 South Main, d. h. 127 South Main. 
 
 Mason, Bichard, 37 Xorth Main, below B. 
 
 *Merry, Samuel, 98 South Main, n. w. cor. South D. 
 
 ^Walker, David Y., office 68 ^'orth Main, d. h. on the hill, opposite the 
 Bastian. 
 
 Williams, Joseph, Xorth B, above Main. 
 
 Pendleton, Joseph, student of medicine, s. w. cor. Third and South D. 
 
 The directory referred to in the Historical Society rooms is the only 
 one of that time known to be in existence. 
 
 Dr. Hamilton Bobinson, who vr&s born in Augusta County, Vir- 
 ginia. January 24, 1782, came to St. Louis very shortly after the transfer 
 
 *Farrar & Walker and Lane & Merry are also given as partnerships. 
 
22 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 of the Territory (Louisiana) to the United State-, and entered upon the 
 practice of his profession, in which he continued for years, at intervals, 
 
 but did not become a permanent resident. He died at Natchez. September 
 19, 1819. 
 
 Other early physicians of St. Louis wen- Dr. Win. Reynolds, who lived 
 in Cahokia. but practiced on the Missouri side of the river for some 
 years, dating from 1810; Dr. Wilkinson, who arrived here in 1811, and 
 Drs. Read, Walker. Simpson and Quarles. 
 
 Dr. Robert Simpson was born in Charles County. Man-laud, November 
 1, 1785. He studied medicine in Philadelphia. In 3809 he was ap- 
 pointed an assistant surgeon in the United States Army and ordered to 
 St. Louis. He accompanied the troops that established Fort Madison. 
 on the Upper Mississippi, in 1810, and remained there one year, re- 
 turning at the end of that period to St. Louis. In 1812 he opened a 
 drug .-tore, and in the same year was appointed postmaster of the town. 
 In 1823 he was appointed collector, and in 1826 was elected Sheriff of 
 St. Louis County, serving two terms in the latter-named office. 
 
 From 1840 to 184G inclusive Dr. Simpson filled the office of City 
 Comptroller. In private business life he was for many years cashier of 
 the Boatmen's Savings Bank. Dr. Simpson died May 2. 1873, in the 88th 
 year of his age. 
 
 Dr. David V. Walker came to St. Loins in August, 1612. formed a 
 partnership with Dr. B. G. Farrar in the practice of medicine, and con- 
 tinued in this connection until his death, which occurred April 16, 1824. 
 
 Dr. Prior Quarles came from Richmond County, Virginia, in Septem- 
 ber. 1815, being the fifth American to engage in the practice of medicine 
 in St. Louis. He died here in October. 1822. 
 
 Dr. Hermann Laidley Hoffman came from Xew York State, arriv- 
 ing here in the fall of 1819, opened a drug store and began the practice of 
 medicine. In the "50s he moved out "of the State, but returned to St. Louis 
 as a resident in 1874. He died November 5, 1878, at the age of 82. 
 
 Dr. Edward S. Gantt, a United States Army surgeon, practiced in 
 St. Louis for some year.- after the war of 1812-15. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Merry became a resident physician in 1820, and in May 
 of the following - year associated himself in the practice of his profession 
 with Dr. W. Carr Lane. In 1829 he was appointed by President Andrew 
 Jackson to the position of "Receiver of Public Moneys for the Land Dis- 
 trict of St. Louis," and continued in the office until the end of President 
 Tan Bureus term. He resided for some years in St. Louis County, and 
 subsequently removed to Muscatine. la., where he died at an advanced 
 age, about the close of the year 1864. 
 
 Dr. William Carr Lane, first Mayor of the city of St. Louis, and 
 elected nine times to that office, was born in Fayette County, Pa., Dec. 1, 
 1789. In 1802. when but 13 years old, he was sent to Jefferson Col- 
 lege, and remained in that institution two years. Later he spent a year 
 in the office of his elder brother, who was the prothonotary of Fayette 
 County. Here he acquired that familiarity with legal matters which 
 served him greatly in later years. When he attained majority he entered 
 Dickinson College. Carlisle, and graduated therefrom after a two years' 
 course, with high honors. 
 
 His father died in 1811, and his mother removed her family to 
 
WILLIAM CARR LANE. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 23 
 
 ;"Shelbyville, Ivy., in the fall of the same year. At about this time young- 
 Lane commenced the study of medicine under the direction of Dr. 
 Collins, then a noted physician of Louisville. In 1813 he was appointed 
 post surgeon at Port Harrison, sixty miles north of Yineennes, on the 
 Wabash Elver. He arrived there with the Kentucky Volunteers, under 
 the command of Col. Russell, TJ. S. A. 
 
 After the war he spent the winter of 1815-1G attending the medi- 
 cal course of the University in Philadelphia. Later in 1816 he ob- 
 tained an appointment in the regular army, and served three years as 
 post surgeon, being stationed'at Belief ontaine, on the Upper Mississippi. 
 
 Dr. Lane resigned from the service in May, 1819, and took up his 
 permanent residence in St. Louis in the same month. He was then in 
 his 30th year. 
 
 In April, 1823, after the incorporation of St. Louis, Dr. Lane was 
 ■■elected the first Mayor of the city, and was annually re-elected for six 
 •consecutive years. In 1829 he declined a re-election, as it interfered too 
 jnuch with his practice. But in 1838 and 1839 he was again induced to 
 .accept the office, and served these two years, making eight years in the 
 office of Mayor. 
 
 In 1852 President Fillmore appointed him Territorial Governor of 
 New Mexico, and he continued as such until the close of the Fillmore 
 •administration. At other periods of his career as a Missourian he was, 
 in chronological order, an aide-de-camp to Gov. McKair, Quartermaster- 
 General and a member of the House of Representatives. As a physician 
 he was well and favorably known throughout Missouri and the "West. Dr. 
 Oarr Lane had a cousin, Dr. Hardage Lane, who practiced in St. Louis for 
 more than a quarter of a century, and was a remarkably successful 
 physician of his time. 
 
 Dr. Clayton Tiffin, a brother of Edwin Tiffin, first Governor of 
 Ohio, settled in St. Louis after the war of 1812, in which he served as 
 nn army surgeon. He built up the largest practice of any physi- 
 cian of his da}', and became wealthy. 
 
 He left Missouri for the West in the '40s. He finally ended his 
 travels at Kew Orleans, and died there in 1856. 
 
 Dr. Tiffin had a reputation for considerable skill as a surgeon, and 
 is said to have performed the first Caesarian operation in the Mississippi 
 Valley. 
 
 Dr. Arthur Kelson's professional card appeared in the Gazette 
 of April 24, 1818. In June of that year he purchased the stock o'f drugs 
 and medicines of Simpson & Quarles, and continued the business until 
 February 19, 1819, when he associated himself in practice with Dr. Hoff- 
 man. 
 
 Dr. Paul Malo Gebert, a native of France, came to St. Louis in 1818, 
 iind commenced practice in the following year, attending chiefly the 
 French population. He died here Kovember 2u, 1826, aged 32 years. 
 
 DrfLewis C. Buck came to St. Louis in 1819 from Albany, K. Y., and 
 traveled about the State for a period of about two years in the interest of 
 a projected gaezetteer of Missouri and Illinois. He did not become a res- 
 ident. 
 
 Dr. Richard Mason was a resident of Philadelphia prior to tve time 
 of his arrival in St. Louis, February, 1820. His gentlemanly manner 
 
24 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 soon procured him an extensive practice, which, however, he did not 
 live long to enjoy. He died April 11, 1821, aged about forty years. Dr. 
 Mason was the first person to he interred in the Masonic burying ground, 
 purchased about that time and located on what is now St. Charles 
 street, Washington avenue, Tenth and Eleventh streets. At that period 
 this locality was far out in the country. 
 
 Dr. Nathaniel Atwood, who died here in March. I860, at the age of 
 64, was horn in Xewberryport, Mass., in November, 1796. He came to 
 St. Louis from Philadelphia in the winter of 1S19-20. Besides prac- 
 ticing his profession he was engaged in the' drug business in various lo- 
 cations. 
 
 Historical research reveals the noticeable fact that the earliest prac- 
 titioners of medicine in St. Louis were not only gentlemen of superior 
 professional attainments, but accomplished men of affairs, and not a 
 few of these achieved local distinction in public life. 
 
 We now come to the second epoch in the history of the profession in 
 St. Louis. A new generation appears in the field, and the number of 
 resident practitioners is much greater, to meet the demands of the rap- 
 idly increasing population. Advanced ideas in the practice of medicine 
 and surgery are the order of the day. Of the personnel of the new- 
 comers — we note that while of a necessit}', few or none of these physicians 
 were native Missourians, yet most of them were of American birth and 
 parentage. 
 
 Conspicuous among them were: Drs. Stephen W. Adreon, Edwin 
 Bathurst Smith, Meredith Martin, E. H. McCabe, Alexander Marshall, 
 Henry Van Studdiford, Josejm Nash McDowell, John S. Moore, Charles 
 
 A. Pope, S. G. Moses, John Laughton, J. B. Johnson, George Johnson, 
 J. J. Clark, Charles W. Stevens, Thomas Barbour, B. E. Edwards, William 
 McPheeters, William Johnston, Simon Pollak, Elisha H. Gregory. The 
 years 1840-45 brought a large influx of professional men, and these phy- 
 sicians made what may be called the "anti-war" medical history of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Dr. Meredith Martin, president of the St. Louis Medical Society in 
 the years 1840, 1842, 1845, commenced the study of medicine in Dr. 
 
 B. G. Farrar's office. He is said to have been the first student of medi- 
 cine west of the Mississippi. Dr. E. II. McCabe came to St. Louis in 183-5 
 and engaged in the practice of medicine, but he was compelled to retire 
 from active professional work on account of failing health. He died 
 June 4, 1855. 
 
 Many of the physicians of this period won more than local renown, 
 their labors reflecting credit upon their profession generally, as well as 
 themselves*. More extended sketches of the more prominent of these ap- 
 pear elsewhere in this work. 
 
 Dr. William Beaumont, who died in St. Louis April 25, 1853. in the 
 68th year of his age, attained a world-wide fame as a result of his observa- 
 tions and writings on gastric digestion. Alexis St. Martin, a Canadian 
 boatman, came to Dr. Beaumont for treatment of a gunshot wound in 
 the abdomen. The wound healed, leaving a fistulous opening. Through 
 this opening Dr. Beaumont was enabled to obtain samples of the gastric 
 juices and experiment thereon. The result of these observations and ex- 
 periments was a most valuable work to the profession. It was titled 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 25 
 
 "Physiology of Digestion and Experiments on Gastric Juice," and was 
 published to the world from Boston in 1834. 
 
 Dr. George Englemann achieved celebrity throughout this country 
 and Europe as a botanist. Drs. Adolphus Wislizenus and Benjamin F. 
 Sehumard won enviable distinction as scientists. 
 
 The first free medical dispensary west of the Mississippi was or- 
 ganized in 1842, with Dr. S. Gratz Moses as president. 
 
 Dr. Moses filled the office of Health Commissioner at the time Hon. 
 Luther M. Kennett was Mayor of St. Louis. He assisted in organizing 
 the sewer system of the city and many other important sanitary meas- 
 ures are placed to his credit. 
 
 Dr. Joseph X. McDowell and Dr. Charles A. Pope were the re- 
 spective founders of the Missouri Medical and the St. Louis Medical, the 
 pioneer medical colleges of Missouri. 
 
 * Joseph Nash McDowell Avas born in 1805. He died in St. Louis 
 in 1S68. He came here in 1810 from Cincinnati, where he had been 
 associated in medical college work with Drs. Drake, Gross and other 
 surgeons of national prominence. He was a man of great force of char- 
 acter, a iiuent and elocpaenc speaker, but, withal, as eccentric as he was 
 able. Many stories of his idiosyncrasies are still current among the older 
 of the profession in St. Louis. Some of them are told elsewhere in this 
 history. 
 
 Dr. McDowell's first work in St. Louis Avas the founding of what was 
 lat.er knoAVti as the Missouri Medical College. It was first the "Medical 
 Department of Kemper College" and familiarly called "McDowell's Col- 
 lege." At the outbreak of the Civil War he discovered an enthusiastic 
 preference for the Southern side of the dispute, which attracted the at- 
 tention of the Federal authorities to himself and caused his effects to be 
 confiscated and his college used as a military prison. Several of Dr. 
 McDowell's professional associates were arrested, but he escaped into the 
 Confederate lines and served as a surgeon and medical director in the 
 Confederate Army under different commands at various points. At the 
 close of the Avar he returned to St. Louis and practiced medicine there 
 until his death. The college Avas reorganized. Dr. MeDoAvell had great 
 ability as a physician and was a most skillful surgeon. 
 
 Charles Alexander Pope AA T as born in Huntsville, Ala., March 15, 1818. 
 His early education Avas had in his native toAvn. Later, but at a very 
 earlv age, he graduated from the University of Alabama. He took up 
 medicine and studied zealously under able tutorage, and attended the 
 lectures of the then celebrated Dr. Daniel Drake at the Cincinnati Med- 
 ical College. At the age of 21 he receiA'ed his doctor's degree from the 
 Universitv of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia.- He then went abroad and 
 spent two" years at Paris in. the special study of surgery, afterwards vis- 
 iting the great sc.hools of the Continent and Great Britain and Ireland. 
 He commenced the practice of his profession in St. Louis in the year 
 1842, and in 1843 became Professor of Anatomy in the medical department 
 of St. Louis University, transferring to the Chair of Surgery in 1847. 
 
 Dr. Pope married Caroline, daughter of Col. John O'Fallon, avIio 
 built for his son-in-laAv the handsome building which was occupied as 
 the "St. Louis Medical College." This college was often called Pope's 
 
 *A detailed sketch of Dr. McDowell is. given in a subsequent chapter.— Ed. 
 
26 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 College, to distinguish ir from the Missouri Medical or ••McDowell's." In 
 1854 Dr. Pope was elected president of the American Medical Association. 
 
 In 1865 Dr. Pope resigned all professional pursuits and interests and 
 spent several of the following years, accompanied by his family, in trav- 
 eling on the European Continent. He came to St. Louis on a visit in 
 - ' ! . and the whole city accorded him a splendid welcome. Shortly 
 after his return t<> Europe news came from Paris of his sudden. and un- 
 expected death in that city July 5. 1870. 
 
 Dr. Pope was an accomplished and high-toned gentleman, who re- 
 flected credit upon his profession. 
 
 Dr. Mo.-es L. Pallen, who came to St. Louis in 1842. was a suc- 
 cessful practitioner and a prominent contributor to the medical journals 
 of 'his day. Dr. M. L. Linton, a prominent physician of the period, was 
 a member of the Missouri State Convention called at the beginning of 
 the Civil War, and which formed a provisional government of the State. 
 Dr. Linton was a philosopher, poet and editor, as well as physician. In 
 1813 he founded the "St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal,"'' the first 
 publication of its kind to be published in Missouri. Dr. George Johnson 
 was a hard worker in his chosen profession, and rendered, valuable 
 services to the people of St. Louis, notwithstanding the fact that he him- 
 self was an invalid during the greater portion, of his career. 
 
 One of the results of the devolution of 1818 was a heavy immigration 
 of Germans to this country. Large numbers of these immigrants settled 
 in St. Louis, and many of vhem achieved distinction in various walks of 
 life. Some left a marked impress on the medical profession. One of 
 these, Dr. George Fischer, was for a number of years one of the most 
 prominent German physicians of the city. 
 
 Dr. John T. Hodgen, one of the most eminent surgeons of the Civil 
 War period, did much to enhance the reputation of the profession of 
 St. Louis. Other physicians well established in practice and popular 
 with the public prior to the Civil War were: Dr. P. S. Holmes, educator 
 .and medical writer: Dr. Charles Boi>leniere, Dr. F. Ernst Baumgarten, 
 Dr. Thomas Reillv. Dr. Edward Montgomery, Dr. T. L. Papin, Dr. 
 James C. Xidelet and Dr. dames N. Youngblood. 
 
 David S. Booth. St., was born in Philadelphia June 30, 1828. His 
 father, Dr. John J. Booth, wns born, educated and practiced medicine in 
 Philadelphia until 184.5, when he removed to Frederiektown. Mo . where 
 he continued to practice until his death. He rendered valuable service 
 during the cholera epidemic of 1849, having been called to Chester. 111., 
 to assist the local profession. 
 
 David S. Booth was attending High School when his father left Phil- 
 adelphia, and remained to finish his course. 
 
 After leaving school he was bound by his father as an apprentice to 
 the drug business for three years, his grandmother Booth and Dr. Hill, an 
 uncle, being his guardians. During the last year of his apprenticeship he 
 attended a partial course of lectures on anatomy, chemistry and materia 
 medica in place of those in the college of pharmacy. In '49 he cames West 
 and commenced the study of medicine under his father. He attended the 
 St. Louis Medical College in 1849-50. He taught school part of the time 
 for two years. When not teaching he pursued his studies under his father. 
 In 1851 he married Miss Cynthia Grounds. In 1852 he moved to Jas- 
 j>er County, taught school one term and commenced the practice of med- 
 icine; removed to Xewton County", and at the request of the citizens of 
 
G. GRATZ MOSES. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 27 
 
 McDonald County located at Enterprise, remaining there until the be- 
 ginning of the Civil War. 
 
 He attended the St. Louis Medical College in 1858 and 1859, and was 
 graduated M. D. in the spring of 1859. In 1861 he possessed considerable 
 property. The Confederate army then occupying Southwest Missouri, he 
 was told his services were needed and was requested to accompany that 
 division as a surgeon, which he did, knowing the result of a refusal. He 
 assisted in attending the wounded at and after the battle at Wilson's 
 Creek. After that he returned home, leaving at once on horseback at 
 night, he knowing the by-roads, keeping clear of the Confederate army. 
 He was compelled to leave his family behind. 
 
 On arriving at St. Louis in September he received such a cold re- 
 ception from a number of his old acquaintances on account of his loyalty 
 to the old flag that he went on to Philadelphia, He attended lectures 
 at the University of Pennsylvania until December, passed examination 
 and was commissioned as acting assistant surgeon of the Mississippi Ma- 
 rine Brigade. He served on the Monarch, Switzerland and for some 
 months had charge of the floating smallpox hospital. He was assigned to 
 duty as medical officer on the Queen of the West when it was ordered 
 to run by Vicksburg. The Queen passed Yicksburg on the morning of 
 February 2, 1863, and was captured in Eed Eiver on the evening of the 
 3 4th, opposite Fort Taylor, and was disabled by the guns of the fort, all 
 the officers excepting Dr. Booth escaping. A boat was sent back to take 
 Surgeon Booth to a prize boat, but he would not leave his post, as part 
 of the men on the boat were scalded and needed attention. In a short 
 time he was exchanged and sent to New Orleans, then to New York, thence 
 to the navy yard at Philadelphia. In August he was ordered to New York 
 to take charge of a train load of exchange prisoners to St. Louis, where 
 he resigned, and in December of 1863 accepted a position in the hos- 
 pital at Springfield. Shortly af terwards he got his family to Springfield, 
 Laving been separated from them over two years. In July, 1861, he re- 
 signed and located in Sparta, 111., where he remained in active practice un- 
 til September, 1889, when he removed to Belleville, 111. Dr. Booth was 
 an industrious student, an enthusiast in his profession. Although he paid 
 special attention to surgery, his studies were not confined to that 
 branch of the profession. He Avas a member and ex-president of the 
 Southern Illinois Medical Association, a member and ex-President of the 
 Illinois State Medical Society, a member of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion, the Mississippi Yalley Medical Association, the St. Louis Academy of 
 Medicine and other local societies and a member of the honorary board of 
 trustees of the Beaumont Hospital Medical College. Dr. Booth died Sept. 
 10, 1892, at Belleville, 111., leaving a widow, three daughters and one son, 
 Dr. David S. Booth of St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Barbour was a son of Philip C. Barbour, one of the 
 Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was a finely 
 educated man and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1830. 
 
 In 1842 he was elected Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 in the Medical Department of Kemper College. In 1846, when the col- 
 lege became the Medical Department of the State University, he was 
 elected to the Chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, 
 which he continued to occupy with distinguished ability till he died in 
 June. 1849, of Asiatic cholera. 
 
 The St. Louis Medical Society, an association of the physicians of the 
 
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 city for the advancement of mutual ^%^^^^^ 
 professional standard, was formed m 18o(, lh 3 assoc iation 
 
 Association had its inception m the St ^L »i s °5 ie J s in the ear i y part 
 was formed and had its inaugural meeting in St. bom. m j 
 
 of November, 1850. fl medical college in the 
 
 Prior to the Civil War there was tat » othe r meoaeai c g ^ 
 
 eity-the •■Humboldt.-' Tim institution had >** ™^™ othei . medica i 
 exist during the decade ot the war Si ce the u .a. •«« ; are iven 
 
 we very appropriately • gn. plae< fc the W™M P leader in the local 
 pen of a member of the Old bruartt ot m ' t d ree m 
 
 Uy, whose proiessiona career,™ ; h .to Kerne, i. ^ ^ S 
 
 itMlt A th n ;x rt ;»«r^ *• -™ "^ 
 
 remmisci 
 
J. B. JOHNSON, M. D., ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY 39 
 
 CHAPTER II.— THE OLD GUARD. 
 
 When I came here in 1340 I found a very agreeable and pleasant as- 
 sociation among the physicians here. There was quite a large number 
 of practitioners already on the ground, but, of course, many of those 
 whom I found here at that early year have since passed away. There 
 was Dr. Farrar, Dr. Hardage Lane, Dr. Carr Lane, Dr. Merry, Dr. Lawton, 
 Dr. Simmons, Dr. Campbell and others. All that I have mentioned were 
 prominent men here at that time. Dr. Carr Lane had been Mayor of the 
 city. I think he had been Mayor for some years before I came here. 
 Then there was Dr. Simpson. He had also been connected with the ad- 
 ministration of local affairs. There Avas also Dr. McCabe, a most excel- 
 lent man. He was a partner of Lane's. Another Was Dr. William 
 Beaumont. He was formerly in the army. Beaumont made a wonderful 
 discover}^ if it could be called such. A French-Canadian Indian had been 
 shot in the stomach, and his case finally came under the notice of Dr. 
 Beaumont. The wound had healed, leaving an opening, and through 
 this opening Beaumont was able to obtain, from time to time, samples 
 of the gastric juices, and by observation and experiment note their effect on 
 various foods, etc. Dr. Beaumont finally published the result of these ob- 
 servations in book form, and this publication rapidly gained for the St. 
 Louis physician world-wide fame. In fact there is scarcely a medical text- 
 book now in use on either side of the Atlantic which does not mention 
 Dr. Beaumont's discovery. Beaumont was at the time I speak of the 
 leading physician of the city. He was an excellent man and a learned 
 physician. Carr Lane was a very fine looking man. I think he had 
 been in the army. - He was one of the leading physicians here when I 
 came. Dr. Farrar was about retiring from professional work when I 
 arrived in the city. He was in poor health. He died of the cholera 
 in 1849. He left a large number of children and so did the Lanes. 
 Kemper College was in operation at that time. It was founded by the 
 friends of Bishop Kemper, and its first president, a man named Hudgens, 
 was afterwards an Episcopalian clergyman. In 1840 it was supposed to 
 be a prosperous college. When it was built it was thought to be a little 
 out of the way. About this time Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell became 
 a resident of St. Louis. He was an eminent surgeon. He was from 
 Kentucky — a very ambitious man — and he at once formed a connection 
 with Kemper College. He sought a charter and founded a school called 
 the Kemper Medical College, afterwards known as McDowell's College, and 
 becoming still later the Missouri Medical College. The college was built 
 "on the hill" at Eighth and Gratiot streets. After some three or four 
 years the Kemper Medical College was abandoned and the building sold 
 to Dr. McDowell, who then obtained a charter from the State Legislature 
 for a school to be called the Medical Department of the State University. 
 Afterward a charter was again obtained for the Missouri Medical College. 
 Dr. McDowell was a very singular man. He was continually seeking 
 
 *Reminiscences of Dr. J. B. Johnson. 
 
30 L'-\E HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 something that he could not attain. Pie was a talented man. and if he 
 could have added .to his talents the quality of adhesiveness he would 
 have succeeded in more things than he did. As I have said, his college 
 was "on the hill." In it he had quite an extensive anatomical museum. 
 Quite a joke is told on him in connection with this. One morning a bundle 
 (of clothing) was found in front of the college, and at this time there 
 was a woman (a German immigrant) who had disappeared very myste- 
 riously. So soon as the news spread over the town that this bundle had 
 been found and carried into the college a great many people "had their 
 suspicions."' The papers added to the excitement with sensational ar- 
 ticles, and later in the day of the finding of the bundle a large crowd of 
 people assembled themselves in front of the college and demanded that 
 they be allowed to enter the college and make a search. McDowell sent 
 word to me. requesting a conference at his home. His residence was 
 about 150 yards from the college. When I came I found him in a state 
 of great excitement. He explained matters to me and said: "Xow, I 
 have fixed that swivel (pointed towards the college), and I have two 
 bags of buckshot there, and I will blow up every Dutchman out there 
 if they dare attempt to enter my college. I have too much to lose to 
 have them go in there and destroy things, as they will." I advised Mc- 
 Dowell to reason with them: told him to send Henry, the janitor, out to 
 tell them that all the relatives of the missing woman could come into 
 the college, but not the mob. Henry vent out. and in a short time came 
 back with seven or eight of the woman's relatives, and what they did not 
 understand of our talk Henry interpreted, as they were all Germans. Dur- 
 ing the confab McDowell kept saying that he "would not have that mob 
 of Dutchmen tramping over his college," and if they attempted it he 
 would "blow them up/*' I told Henry to go over to the college with thes? 
 people, but gave him strict orders to keep all others out. In a little while 
 Henry came running back and said that he could not keep out the mob; 
 they had broken in and were all over the building, and he thought the 
 building was gone. McDowell was pacing up and down the room in a 
 fever of excitement. Suddenly he stopped, and with appropriate gesture 
 said, "I have it." Henry, I'll tell you what you do. You know wherf 
 that cinnamon bear is in the basement. You go down there and unchain 
 that bear and send him up the stairs.*' Henry did as he was told, and I 
 don't believe I ever laughed so much in my life as I did at those people 
 getting out of the college. I never saw such a sudden exodus of people 
 from a building. They jumped out of windows and e\ery other kind of 
 opening, as well as doors. There was no further searching of that build- 
 ing for missing persons. McDowell thought so well of that bear that he 
 allowed him to die a natural death, and hod the skin stuffed and mounted 
 and placed in the museum. 
 
 There was another incident of my acquaintance with this eccentric- 
 man, the story of which has been told and retold and handed down amonir 
 the local profession. One day I happened to be riding with him. We 
 were going toward Vide Pouehe, or Carondelet, as it is called now, and a 
 little farther down the road ahead of us we saw a woman come out to the 
 road, and, putting her arm up to her head, shade her eyes in our direc- 
 tion. McDowell grumblingiy said: '-'There is a woman that is going to 
 hail us and detain us over some trifle that it will take her an hour to 
 describe." I said : "Let us stop and see what she wants at any rate." Well, 
 sure enough, she hailed us, and McDowell stopped with "Now, what do 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 31 
 
 you want to-day?" The woman replied that she wanted him to come m 
 and look at "Susanne's baby." She believed the child was tongue-tied. 
 McDowell asked how old the child was, and the woman replied: "She is 
 ten days old." McDowell said: 'Tt is a female, is it? "Well. I will not 
 cut it. I never cut female tongues, as they learn to wag them early 
 enough anyway. The sex never needs that operation." 
 
 Some time afterwards McDowell told me a good story on an old 
 physician here. He said that he had gone to call on this old doctor 
 to get him to go and see a patient of his and hold a consultation on 
 the case. He was in the room waiting for the doctor, when presently he 
 came in. He was in his shirt sleeves and had a dinner plate in his hand 
 and was stirring something on it with a case knife. This doctor was a 
 great user of tobacco, and Dr. McDowell noticed that he was chewing. 
 Presently he saw him spit in the plate and then resume the stirring. This 
 aroused his visitors curiosity, and he asked what he was doing. The old 
 fellow replied : "Oh, I am just making some pills for a lady across 
 the street, and as there isn't any water handy 1 just do this way (furnish- 
 ing an illustration). Oh, this tobacco spit is medicinal." 
 
 Dr. Carr Lane, as I have said, was a man of very fine personal pres- 
 ence, and he was very prompt and efheient in his professional work. He 
 was from Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dr. Beaumont was a man much beloved by his friends, but he was 
 a little deaf, which interfered with his practice, but people -who liked him 
 employed his services just the same. 
 
 Cholera became epidemic in St. Louis in 1849, and it was something 
 frightful. The first we had came from Xew Orleans, we thought. I do 
 not recollect the part of the city in which it first appeared. Of course, 
 it was most severe in the more densely populated parts of the city. You 
 will always find such diseases more severe in thickly settled districts and 
 where there is filth. "Wherever the people are crowded together it is very 
 bad, and spreads from such points. This was my first experience with 
 cholera — the first cases to come under my observation. Prior to my ad- 
 vent as a Missourian I. had been house surgeon in a Boston hospital, and 
 had never seen anything but long, lingring sicknesses, and I can assure 
 you that it was something entirely new, a shocking sensation, to see them 
 dropping off every few hours. They would be sick only a short time after 
 rirst seizure. 
 
 But there was comedy as well as tragedy connected with it. The fol- 
 lowing happened on Wash street, which was densely populated: A mer- 
 chant who owned a very large liquor store in that section was one day 
 talking to me, when he asked if brandy was not an important item to 
 have about in cholera cases. I told him that it was, whereupon he said: 
 *'T have some passes here that I will give you, and if you happen to be 
 called in where there is cholera, and need, some brandy, you may fill 
 out one of these passes and I will accept it as an order for the liquor." I 
 took the passes and told him that I would use them whenever I had an 
 opportunity to do so. 1 was going to the north part of the town the 
 same day, and as I was driving along a man came running out into the 
 street and said he wanted me to come in and see his brother, whom he 
 thought was dying of cholera. I went in and found his brother in the 
 basement. The cot on which he lay was in the middle of the floor, and 
 several members of the family and some friends were standing and sitting 
 around the room. I went up to the cot. looked at the man and asked 
 
32 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 how long he had been sick. They said about two hours. I asked if 
 they had done anything, and they answered that a doctor had been 
 sent for, but nothing had yet been done for the patient. I saw that he 
 was in a pretty bad way, and knew that something must be done very soon 
 for him. I told them to take dry mustard and rub him with it. Then 
 I asked if they had any brandy in the house, and they said they did not 
 have any. J then filled, out one of those blanks, told them to go and get 
 the order filled and then to give a tablespoonful every fifteen minutes un- 
 til I returned. I expected to be gone about three-quarters of an hour. 
 When I started to go I told one of the sick man's brothers that I wanted 
 him to see that those directions were carried cut, and he said he would. 
 When we got outside of the door this brother said to me: "Well, doctor, 
 what do you think of his chances?" I replied that I did not think the 
 man would be alive in a half hour from that time. I was not gone more 
 than the time I expected to be, and when I came back and went into the 
 basement I saw that it was all over for one cholera victim. There was a 
 white sheet thrown over him and I knew that he was gone. I said to his 
 brother: "Well, I see that he is gone. How long ago did he die?". He 
 replied, about fifteen minutes ago. [ then asked him how much of the 
 brandy he had given him, and the man answered: "We did not give him 
 a drop. We found that it was pretty good liquor, and I thought it not wise 
 to waste it on a dying man, so we drank it ourselves."' 
 
 The first, case of cholera in '49 appeared m February, and along in 
 April and May it became very severe. Then we had an interruption. We 
 had a great fire and there was tremendous destruction to property, and 
 this seemed to hold the epidemic in check for awhile, but in a short time 
 afterwards it again broke out and seemed to ravage the whole city. We 
 had very warm weather then, and, of course, the disease flourished more 
 on that account. As the winter came on the disease seemed to lessen its 
 grip, but it came back again the next year, and did not die out entirely until 
 toward the close of 1850. It appeared again in '65 and "66, and I thought 
 for awhile we were going to have another siege of it, I lost my son then. 
 He was only 8 years old when he fell a victim to the disease. Such dis- 
 eases are induced by carelessness in diet and by filth. 
 
 T have heard, or rather seen by the newspapers, that smallpox was 
 prevalent in some parts of the State this season. I noticed something from 
 Springfield that they have had a great many cases there. In October 
 (1899) the schools closed for two weeks on account of it, and the school 
 children had to be vaccinated. It was also prevalent in Kansas City. I 
 suppose it comes from the army. Such contagious diseases usually fol- 
 low up an army. Home-coming troops from Cuba and other Darts of 
 our newly acquired possessions have scattered the germs of disease all 
 over the country. When the cholera was here in '35 Gen. Scott came 
 here with a detachment of troops from Xew York, and the cholera fol- 
 lowed the trail of his soldiers. Wherever an army goes they generally 
 carry disease with them, especially if they have come from the seat of 
 an epidemic. 
 
 At the time I came here there was a disease prevalent, called con- 
 gestive fever. It used to occur every year. It was a malarial fever, but 
 very intense. Cases of this congestive fever almost always proved very 
 serious. 
 
 Medical "isms" are no more prevalent in Missouri than in other 
 States, I believe. I think that perhaps they are more in evidence in 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 33 
 
 Chicago and Illinois than in St. Louis and Missouri. Osteopathy, spir- 
 itualism, animal magnetism, etc., all tend towards quackery, and that 
 brings me to an amusing incident of my professional career in St. Louis. 
 This happened many years ago. There was a man here who had been 
 advertising very extensively a patent medicine, a liniment for sprains. 
 bruises, etc. A great many people had tried it, and he had gotten testi- 
 monials from a number of them, stating that they had been healed of 
 '•this or that," of years' standing. Well, one day I had just come home, 
 .and had sent my horse to the barn, when a youth came along in a great 
 hurry, and told me that -'the old man'' 7 had been hurt by a fall, and that 
 he wanted me to go to him immediately, as he was suffering intense pain. 
 I recalled my horse and we started for the place. As we neared the house 
 I could hear the old man groaning. He seemed to be in great agony. 
 When I went into the house he was lying on the floor moaning and roll- 
 ing about. On catching sight of me, he said: "Oh, doctor, do something 
 quick, for I am dying." I told him that he was not in any immediate 
 danger, as people who are dying had not the use of their body and voice 
 that he had. I saw that it was the old liniment doctor. So I thought now, 
 old fellow, is the time for me to get back at you. I found that he had 
 a very bad leg sprain — in fact, at first I thought there was a rupture of 
 the ligaments. Upon examining him I found that he was not hurt any- 
 where else. So, writing out a prescription, I handed it to a little girl 
 avIio was standing in the room, saying: "Xow, you go and get this filled 
 .and use it according to directions.'"' I had written for his own liniment. 
 I then put on my hat and had started out. when the old man called me 
 back and said: '"Look here, no fooling now; what do you mean by this? 
 You have written for my own liniment. Aren't you going to do any- 
 thing more for me?" I told him that I was not; that he had been ad- 
 . vertising that wonderful sprain medicine for over a year, and that he had 
 many testimonials from people around the country, stating that they 
 had been healed of this and that trouble, and that now I was going to 
 ,try it on him, and if it worked a cure I would sign a testimonial myself 
 to the effect that his liniment was all right. He never spoke to me again 
 after that, although we met many times on the street. 
 
 I had another case of this kind. It was that of a man who had been 
 advertising a tonic, something that would build up the system and give 
 renewed vigor, etc. The proprietor came to me one day and complained 
 of a trouble that he had with his stomach. I served him the same way, 
 and he likewise never spoke to me again. That is the way I like to get 
 back at those "cure-all" fellows. 
 
 In the early days of my practice in Missouri we doctors had fre- 
 quent calls to make professional visits in Illinois and out in Missouri. 
 I frequently went as far as Iowa, but, of course, these calls ceased later, 
 as the country round about was built up and settled. A physician's 
 chances are better if he confines his practice to the locality where he 
 lives. In the early '40s there were a great many physicians here, con- 
 sidering the size of the town, and there was a still greater influx later in 
 that decade. At the time I speak of I think there were some 95 practi- 
 tioners here, and they were all regulars — at least those that I knew 
 were. They were from different parts of the country. As in all newly- 
 settled localities men came and went, seeking places favorable to their 
 business or profession. 
 
 I came here from Massachusetts. I had my medical training at 
 
34 ON E HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Cambridge and at a medical college in Boston. There were no railroads in 
 this part of the country at that time. In fact, the only piece of railroad 
 I traveled over while en route to Missouri was a line extending from Phil- 
 adelphia to a station known as Relay House. From there 1 took the stage 
 to Wheeling, thence by steamer to Louisville, changing to another steam- 
 er at that point, which brought me to St. Louis. I was ten days in 
 coming. That was thought a very quick trip at the time. There were 
 a great many sandbars in the river then, and they had to throw the lead- 
 all the way. 
 
 By the way, that chair you are sitting in once belonged to Martin 
 Van Buren, a President of the United States. When I was on my way 
 out here I planned to buy some furniture in Xew York, as I knew I 
 could get it much cheaper there than 1 could possibly in St. Louis. I en- 
 tered the first furniture store I came to in Xew York, and as I went 
 in there was a gentleman seated in a chair by the door. I noticed that 
 it was a very nice chair. It was the time when those revolving chairs 
 first came into use, and this was one of them. The chair struck me as a 
 grand piece of furniture, and I said to the proprietor of the store: "I 
 like that chair very much; wonder if I could get one like it?" The gen- 
 tleman who was sitting in the chair got up and said: '"You can buy this, 
 one if you wish to." The gentleman's face was familiar, but I could not 
 just place him. I sat down in the chair, remarked that it pleased me, 
 and asked the gentleman how much it was worth. He said $15. I pur- 
 chased it and have had it ever since, 1840. The gentleman was ex-Presi- 
 dent Van Buren. The chair had been made for him, but it was made 
 too small and he could not use it. 
 
 I do not remember the date of Dickens' visit to St. Louis, but I do re- 
 member that I was delegated as one of the reception committee on that 
 pccasion. And I also remember a very good story in connection with 
 Dickens' visit. A part of the great novelist's entertainment here consisted 
 of a ride to what was then known as Looking Glass Prairie, on the farther 
 edge of which was a little inn. They were to start after breakfast, taking 
 carriages. One of the members of the committee was to get out, upon 
 arrival at the inn, and make arrangements for Dickens arid the party. 
 This committeeman was of a very nervous temperament, and to have a 
 duty of this kind excited him very much. While Mr. Committeeman was 
 giving orders to the landlord and the other carriages were arriving, an old 
 man, a worthless sort of a fellow, as well as a toper, came upon the 
 steps of the inn and began talking in a loud tone. Mr. Committeeman 
 cautioned him to be quiet, as a party of distinguished gentlemen was ar- 
 riving. But the old man wouldn't "quiet.*' Mr. Committeeman, in his 
 excitement forgetting Dickens' name, said: "It's Boz is coming. (Dickens 
 was just th^n alighting from his carriage.) The old toper shouted:. 
 "Who's Boz? Damn Boz!'' Tableau. Oar little- committeeman was 
 so wrought up over the incident that another member of the committee 
 had to be assigned to his duties. A reception was tendered Mr. Dickens at 
 the Planters' Hotel. The parlors of the old hotel were very small, and 
 so as to accommodate all and avoid a rush the committee issued tickets. 
 Dickens was standing in the parlor, surrounded by friends and citizens,, 
 when of a sudden a man came rushing up the stairway. A committeeman 
 in charge of the door told the man that he could go no further just 
 then, but must await his turn. Attempting to still further explain. Mr. 
 Man-in-a-hurry interrupted with: "Don't tell me I can't go in. I bought 
 
• MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 35 
 
 my ticket, paid 50 cents for it. There it is (holding it high ahove his 
 head) and I am going to see him." But after further reasoning he finally 
 decided to wait awhile. He seemed to think it was some kind of a side- 
 show. 
 
 I remember that I was also on the reception committee appointed to 
 receive ex-President Van Buren, who toured the country after retiring 
 from office. He was received at the Planters' Hotel after a great parade 
 in his honor. A Judge Bowman was to make the welcoming speech from 
 the steps of the hotel. A brother lawyer was to stand near him and 
 prompt the Judge if he omitted anything of importance in his speech. 
 The parade arrived at the hotel, and Mr. Van Buren stood up in his car- 
 riage to listen to the speech of welcome. It was a very hot day; the sun 
 was just scorching, and one of the committeemen stood up in the car- 
 riage and held an umbrella over the ex-President. Judge Bowman had 
 ■'waxed eloquent" and was about to bring his speech to a fitting close, 
 when his prompter pulled at the skirt of his coat and whispered: "Touch 
 him up on the retiracy." Whereupon the Judge drew himself up and, 
 dwelling with the emphasis then peculiar to the West, in the pronuncia- 
 tion of the affirmative, said: "Yes, sir; yes, sir! And after having fid- 
 filled the duties of the Chief Magistrate of this nation so acceptably, 
 sir, you retired with the unanimous approbation of yoirr fellow country- 
 men." I had often heard of the great control which Van Buren had over 
 his facial muscles, and I watched closely to see what effect, if any, this 
 bull of the Judge's would have. But not a muscle moved, not a nerve 
 twitched. Mr. Van Buren retained completely his suave, polite, well- 
 mannered expression which he had carried all through the ceremony. 
 
 Lafayette, Webster and other notables also visited St. Louis. Web- 
 ster's address to the teachers and the boys of the Jesuit school was a 
 beautiful one. At that time St. Louis was the largest town in the Miss- 
 issippi Valley, as it is now. 
 
 In 1844 I visited my old home in Massachusetts, and when I returned I 
 came by the lakes. When Ave came to the point where Chicago is now 
 situated, I thought it one of the most uninviting places I had ever seen. 
 I wondered that the steamers stopped there. When I first came to St. 
 Louis it seemed to me simply terrible to drink the river water — in fact, it 
 was some time before I could get used to it. I would often say that if I 
 ever got back home the first thing I would do would be to go out to the old 
 well and get a fresh drink of that fine old water. Well, I went back, and 
 that Avas about the first thing I did do. But I Avas disappointed. It did 
 not taste as it did before I took up my residence in the West. When I 
 was used to it I had never noticed its peculiarly brackish taste, but now, 
 after drinking the river Avater, it Avas very noticeable. I took just one 
 drink from that old well, and during the remainder of my visit carefully 
 avoided it, Oh, Iioav good the water did taste Avhen I got back to St. 
 Louis ! Yes, I think running water is the best. 
 
 I remember Dr. Joseph Clark and Dr. Frank Knox. Clark was a 
 fine man. He died in 1869. And there Avas a Dr. Johnson, at one time 
 a partner of Beaumont's. He died in '63 or '64. Knox was three or 
 four years older than I. He went from here to California. 
 
 I have been here in Missouri sixty years — two generations. I think 
 we understand the way of proper living better than we did years ago. 
 People are getting more temperate in their habits. Still, there is a great 
 deal of intemperance, both in eating and drinking. 
 
3G ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF • 
 
 I remember when I was a lad it was quite a eommo 1 occurrence if a 
 jinan was passing his house at about 11 o'clock in the morning to go in 
 and have a drink, inviting any friend that might be with him. Four 
 o'clock was also a fashionable hour for a home toddy. 
 
 1 was talking to a man the other day. and I asked him about an old 
 man by the name of Jack Crow, who used to go around sawing wood and 
 doing odd jobs. He was a well-known character hereabouts and was 
 known to always have his bottle of liquor. The boys of the town took 
 great delight in hiding it from him whenever a chance offered. Crow was 
 an old miser. I am told that when lie died he had four barrels of New 
 England rum in his cellar, and it was disposed of at $4 per gallon. It 
 takes pretty old rum -to sell for that. Crow lived to be 90 years old, and 
 it was said that he drank a pint of New England rum every clay, adding a 
 fresh barrel to his cellar whenever one of the old ones became empty. 
 I do not know that there is any particular point made in this story, either 
 for or against the use of liquor. 
 
 Although I still see some of my friends in a professional way at my 
 office, I may be considered as retiring from active practice. I have 
 ceased visiting patients, either by night or day. ISTot that I do not feel 
 able to make my rounds as of old, but I feel that it is time for me to 
 help make way for the younger generation of physicians who are anxious 
 to "make a name" for themselves and acquire a comfortable share of this 
 world's o-oods. 
 
 II.* 
 
 I am a native of Kentucky. I came here in the year 184-8. Among 
 the physicians who were here when I arrived were McDowell, Linton, Pope, 
 Johnson, McPheeters, Pollak, Boisleniere, Papin, Waters, Hodgen, E. F. 
 Smith and Allevne. These I remember well. 
 
 I was here during the first cholera epidemic. The City Hospital, 
 which was burned about that rime, was in charge of Dr. Banister. Its 
 location was the same that it had up to the time of the cyclone of '96. 
 The Sisters' Hospital — the Mullanphy Hospital— was in existence and 
 had been for a number of years. The city patients were accommodated 
 there until the time the City Hospital was built. The Mullanphy Hos- 
 pital was then used as the Insane Asylum also. 
 
 The cholera of '49 was more severe here than in other then so-called 
 Western cities. Late in the fall of '48 the first cases were brought to St. 
 Louis on the steamboats from the South, from New Orleans, I think. The 
 disease prevailed throughout the winter, not as an epidemic, but in spo- 
 radic form.' It had become distinctly epidemic before the great fire, which 
 occurred. I think, in May, 1849. I said epidemic. It was then prevailing 
 to an alarming extent. The fire seemed to hold the disease in abeyance 
 for a time, but it soon ravaged the city Avith redoubled intensity. The 
 cholera receded in the winter, but appeared again in '50 and '51, but it 
 was not nearly so bad in later years as in the frightful year of '49. Of 
 course there are a great many people who recovered, but it was a common 
 thing for victims to succumb within 24 hours of the first seizure. There 
 were" between 10,000 and 15,000 people of the city of St. Louis who had 
 
 *Reminiseences of Dr. Elisha H. Gregory. 
 
ELISHA H. GREGORY, M. D., ST. LOUIS, 
 Ex-President Missouri State Medical Association, 1883 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 37 
 
 the disease in more or less severe form. There were nearly 7,000 deaths 
 in a population assumed to he 60,000. All conditions favored the advent 
 of the disease. There was really nothing known about prevention. jSTo in- 
 telligent preventive effort was made, except in a domestic way. There 
 were bonfires and things lite that that were thought to help, but no in- 
 telligent effort. Xo boiling of the water. That idea never occurred to any 
 one then. I think that if the water had been boiled everywhere the 
 cholera would not have become epidemic. Certain kinds of food, which 
 were at that time assumed to be poisonous, were excluded from the diet. All 
 green vegetables, such as cucumbers, cabbages, etc., were considered 
 deadlv in cholera conditions. But I think there was nothing gained by the 
 restrictions placed on vegetable diet. If we had simply taken the pre- 
 cautions I have referred to in regard to the . drinking water the epi- 
 demic would have at once been checked or prevented. We drank the water 
 from outdoor hydrants. There were very few water pipes in the houses. 
 We had no filters, no piping for closets. There was no such thing as a 
 sewer in the city. The first ground broken for a sewer in St. Louis was 
 some time after the cholera had subsided. St. Louis was nothing but a 
 village at that time, and we bad only the public works appliances that 
 the smaller towns of the State have now. The first sewer was the Mill 
 Creek sewer. I think that must have been begun about 1850. 
 
 The city grew rapidly between 1850 and 1860. It grew until the 
 war commenced in '61, and then there was a stoppage to all progress for 
 at least five years. The Missouri State Medical Association ceased its 
 meetings for a number of years — I do not remember just how many. The 
 St. Louis Medical Society did not suspend, but, of course, when the po- 
 sition which St. Louis and Missouri occupied in the Civil War is considered, 
 of a necessity very little interest was shown in society work. 
 
 When f came here Drs. McDowell and Pope were the leading sur- 
 geons — they were really the only surgeons of any note. There were no 
 oculists here at that time. Physicians had not as yet taken up special- 
 ties. There was a doctor here by the name of Vansant, who treated the 
 eye in common with the practice of general medicine, but there was no 
 specialists in Missouri until for a number of years afterwards. Dr. Pollak 
 was <me of the first surgeons to come here of any scientific profession. At 
 a little later period came Dr. Dickinson, and still later Dr. Green. Both 
 of these latter named gentlemen made some pretensions as scientists. Dr. 
 Hodo-en was then a young surgeon. He had been appointed one of the 
 surgeons of the" Government hospital. This, the Marine Hospital, was 
 built after I came here. Dr. J. B. Johnson was one of the first surgeons 
 to be employed there. J. B. Johnson was nicknamed "Elegant Johnson/' 
 later called affectionately "■'Old Elegance" by medical students who sat 
 under his instructions. In contradistinction to Dr. George Johnson, who, 
 on account of small stature and other peculiarities, was dubbed "Monkey" 
 Johnson. However, Dr. George Johnson was a polished gentleman and a 
 brilliant, learned physician. Dr. Beaumont, a very distinguished citizen 
 and physician, was here at that time (the decade of 1850-60). He wrote 
 one of the best works on digestion, and it is still one of the best medical 
 works printed in the English language, or in fact any language. 
 
 There was no striking changes on the face of surgery until the time 
 of Pasteur in the '60s. Dr. Lister, a scientinc professor, first applied the 
 principles of Pasteur in surgery. Since the time of Lister the face of 
 surgery has been so changed that the early practitioner hardly recognizes 
 
38 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 it. There was a Dr. Waters, prominent in St. Louis, who attracted atten- 
 tion by an original thought in "physiology." Dr. Waters lived, before 
 coming here, in St. Charles, but after writing some extraordinary medical 
 articles which attracted considerable attention, he removed to St. Louis 
 and became a teacher in a St. Lonis medical college and acted in that ca- 
 pacity up to the time of the war. He died very young, just at the be- 
 ginning of a career of great promise, not long after the war. The num- 
 ber of physicians in St. Louis has only increased proportionately with the 
 population until within the last ten years. In the decade just passed I 
 think the increase has been disproportionate. When I came here there 
 were only two medical colleges, the Missouri and the medical department of 
 the St. Louis university. These colleges were perhaps better known re- 
 spectively as the McDowell and the Pope. 
 
 The Drs...Johnson — ^eorge and J. B. — were very intelligent men, who 
 had high standing in the Missouri profession. George Johnson was a re- 
 markably small man. Lie barely escaped being a dwarf. Missourians still 
 know Dr. John B. Johnson as a tall man, but of proportionate build, of 
 fine commanding presence. 
 
 Yes, the war very materially increased my practice and that of my 
 brother physicians, and this increase certainly applied to general surgical 
 practice. The Sisters' Hospital, Avhere T was the surgeon, was crowded 
 during the war. There were many medical as well as surgical cases. 
 
 My knowledge of Missouri physicians located outside of St. Louis is 
 limited to those who were educated in the college where I have officiated 
 and those with whom I have been brought in contact by consultation. I 
 first studied medicine in Boonville, Mo. Dr. Thomas and Dr. Hart were 
 the leading physicians there at that tune. A Dr. Eobinson was the lead- 
 ing physician in Springfield in those days. I have been in Carthage a 
 number of times. Dr. Matthews was a prominent physician there. He 
 is now practicing in Joplin. One of the earlier physicians of the locality I 
 have just mentioned was a Dr. Griffith, who attracted considerable at- 
 tention. Then there was a Dr. Duncan, father of the dermatologist of this 
 city, who Avas a leading physician in Carthage. There was in those days a 
 very eminent sur/geon by the name of Joseph Wood. He lived in a village 
 now included in Kansas City, and was a pioneer in surgery in Missouri. 
 Dr. Wood lived until ten or twelve years ago, being always a leading sur- 
 geon up to the time of his death. Kansas City did not exist in the days 
 1 am speaking of. There was a little place called West Point, which is 
 now included in Kansas City. Independence, now almost a suburb of 
 Kansas City, had an existence many years before the great city which now 
 overshadows it. Independence has a prominent place in early Missouri 
 history. It Avas then the only town of any consequence in its locality. Dr. 
 Hawkensmitli attracted considerable attention through this place. 
 
 There Avas no city of any consequence Avest of St. Louis. Strides of 
 progress in later years of the territory Avest of the Mississippi are typified 
 in the rise and progress of Chicago. The developments of the far West 
 have been quite as extraordinary as anything in the history of this country. 
 There Avas formerly no "California,'' only a Spanish settlement. JSTot 
 until '49 Avas there any awakening in California. 
 
 When I came to St. Louis the mail Avas carried to places Avest of this 
 point by what were known as "mail boys." They traveled horseback. I 
 recollect the first railroad built in this section. The first track that was 
 used reached from here to a little toAvn a few miles northwest. I cannot 
 
<$* 4»N 
 
 ./ 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 39 
 
 now recall the name of the place. Prior to the advent of this railroad peo- 
 ple hereabouts had never seen a locomotive. My father took the first 
 piano brought to Boonville. He purchased the instrument in St. Louis. 
 This was the first piano brought to that part of the State, and people 
 ■came from far and near to see the piano and hear my sister play upon it. 
 My sister taught music in Boonville in 1833. 
 
 Hannibal is a very old town and was considered old fifty years ago. 
 There Avas formerly a newspaper published at Hannibal, "which was probably 
 the most popular newspaper in the State at that time. Of course, all 
 Missourians, at least, know that Hannibal was "Mark Twain's" old home. 
 
 Fayette was a very prominent town in the early days. It was the seat 
 •of Howard County. They had a race track there that attracted general 
 attention. It attracted people from far and near. People from the far 
 West would bring their fine horses here for racing, etc. 
 
 The pride of raising fine blooded horses at that time was a great thing. 
 People living in Kentucky heard more of Fayette than they did of St. 
 Louis. In 1830 Fayette was a more prominent town than St. Louis, much 
 ■more than it is to-day. Howard is one of the best counties in Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Old Franklin was another prominent town, a much older place than 
 Boonville. It got its name of "Old" Franklin to distinguish it from a 
 new town started opposite Boonville and called "jSTew" Franklin. By 
 reason of one of those sudden changes in the erratic course of the Mis- 
 souri Eiver, Old Franklin disappeared from the face of the visible earth. 
 This was some time before 1810. I recollect that a railroad was projected, 
 to be built between Old Franklin and New Franklin. Lottery tickets 
 were sold for many years for the purpose of budding this railroad. But 
 it was never built. Sedalia was not then in existence. Georgetown was 
 the seat of Pettis County, and corresponded with the present Sedalia. 
 There was hardly any town west of Jefferson City until you got to 
 Boonville. 
 
 Bleeding was popular until 1850 — so popular that few people who had 
 a fever escaped a bleeding. It was practiced until long after 1850, but 
 was not so popular in the latter years. In those days men thought they 
 could cure a fever by medication. They had not learned the use of qui- 
 nine as it is used to-day. Quinine was used to prevent a fever, but not 
 to effect a cure. It was used in what was known as intermittent fever, 
 but for use in a continued fever they thought little of it. Calomel was 
 the main drug. Few sick people escaped a salivation. The doctors thought 
 they could cure a fever by the use of the lancet. They thought it acted 
 as a clamper to the fever. The lancet was used all over the country by 
 physicians and the intelligent laity, and nearlv every intelligent farmer 
 could extract teeth. 
 
 The first man in the State that I have any knowledge of to begin the 
 use of quinine as a cure for fever was Dr. Sappington, who lived in the 
 interior of the State at a place called Arrow Kock. Sappington was as- 
 sociated with Dr. Penn, and was a leading physician in Missouri many years 
 ago. He believed that quinine was a cure for intermittent and remittent 
 fever. I do not think there was any typhoid fever in Missouri until 1815. 
 Dr. Sappington came very early to believe that quinine could be used 
 to cure the fevers of that period. He was so popular a physician that 
 after he had retired from practice people would come to him and ask for 
 "some of that medicine he used to give in fevers." So great became the 
 
40 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 demand that he decided to make up a lot of this medicine, and later did 
 start men out, carrying it through the country, for sale to families. Its 
 composition Avas quinine and gum myrrh, scented with oil of sassafras. I 
 rememher that one time he bought $10,000 worth of quinine when it was 
 worth $5 an ounce. He made this up into "Sappington's Pills," as that 
 was the name he gave the fever medicine. Although quite a wealthy 
 man when he commenced these operations, he amassed a still farther large 
 fortune from the sale of his medicine. 1 have seen quinine sell for as 
 high as $10 an ounce, and prior to 1870 it sold for $5 an ounce. "Sap- 
 pington's Pills*' were sold all over the country. The directions for use in 
 fever cases were to give one pill every two hours, and the patient was 
 generally convalescent in eight days. When just young enough to take 
 an interest in talking, and incidentally tell all I knew, I one day met 
 Dr. Sappington and traveled with him in a stage coach for some distance. 
 I remember that I was especially loquacious, and "aired my views" as 
 usual, and that the doctor was a polite listener. When we parted he said 
 to me, in a kind, fatherly way: "When I meet you again you will have 
 changed your mind about many things." And so I did. I have never 
 forgotten that. Dr. Sappington was a man of extraordinarily strong 
 character. As my memory serves me he must have been living in Missouri 
 from at least 1820, and when I met him it was in "13. He was a very old 
 man then, and he had not been in active practice for ten years. He 
 had amassed a large fortune. The profession did not call him an "irreg- 
 ular" on account of the sale of his medicine, and I know that his inten- 
 tions were all right. But so many people came to him and applied for 
 a supply of the medicine that it occurred to him that it would be ad- 
 vantageous to them to manufacture a supply for family use. He did 
 this at first from a kindly fellow feeling. Physicians who knew him did 
 not look down on him. He wrote a book on "fevers." He was a Tennes- 
 seean by birth, and an intimate friend of Gen. Jackson, and visited him 
 when he was President of the United States. He was a man of fortune 
 before lie began the sale of his pills and was not "irregular" in the accept- 
 ed methods of the day. He Avas a strong believer in quinine as a medi- 
 cine for fevers, and I have no doubt it worked wonders. It is now known 
 that quinine is an antidote for that organism. 
 
 I think "la grippe" has always existed just as it is. and that it is 
 nothing but what is more commonly or better known as a bad cold, or 
 an influenza. I recollect that in 1810 we had what was called "Tyler Grip." 
 "La grippe" had been known and so called in Russia and France long be- 
 fore that time, and is believed to have started in Russia. ISTot until later 
 years did it become known as an agency involving other organs of the 
 body and the nervous system. I believe that the grip is to a certain 
 extent contagious. 1 do not think that atmospheric conditions produce the 
 disease, although they may be conducive. It can be carried by people, as is 
 the case in other contagious diseases. 
 
 I think the Missouri profession is quite equal to the profession of any 
 other State. The standard is kept fully as high. I think the promise 
 for the future in our young doctors is quite satisfactory. The St. Louis 
 profession is very harmonious. There is a perfect ethical sentiment 
 that binds the profession together. 
 
 Many new colleges have sprung up within the last fifteen years, but 
 there is reallv no demand for them. 
 
;Jff 
 
 ■ •; I 
 
 SIMON POLLAK, M. D., ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. _(.]_ 
 
 III. 
 
 I was, I believe, the first local practitioner to recognize the woman 
 physician in hospital work. I had planned for the recognition of women 
 physicians and was determined that so far as I could I would carry it 
 through. The hrst Avho came to my notice was Nancy Levell. She 
 came to St. Louis some time in the "60s, and maintained her profession 
 magnificently. Everybody liked her. She was eminently respectable. 
 She was a Philadelphia graduate, and came to Missouri shortly after she 
 left the college. I had then, as I have now, charge of the clinic at the 
 Mullanphy Hospital. I have been in that clinic for forty years. At that 
 time the clinic was held in the hospital at the corner of Fourth and 
 Spruce streets. Dr. Pope was then the leading physician of the city. I 
 brought my protege to the clinic. The other physicians did not like 
 my bringing her there, but I kept her, and she proved a valuable assist- 
 ant in a number of different ways. Afterwards she did remarkably well 
 for herself. I tried to get her into the St. Louis Medical Society, but did 
 not succeed. Later I succeeded in slipping in Dr. Mary McLean, who is a 
 graduate of Ann Arbor, Mich. Dr. McLean has become a brilliant practi- 
 tioner, and has done remarkably well. What is most peculiar 
 in her case is the fact that she has turned out to be more 
 a surgeon than a physician. Dr. McLean is the daughter of a Mis- 
 souri physician, and is a lady in the highest sense of the term. She is 
 a benevolent woman. Her father died last year, leaving her a handsome 
 estate, but she has turned it all over to the Bethesda, for the especial 
 care of aged people. The woman movement started about 1866. After 
 Dr. McLean's admission to the St. Louis Medical Society I proposed the 
 names of several other women physicians. They were all competent, but 
 none were admitted, so we have only one lady in our local medical so- 
 cicty. Her success is chiefly in surgery. She goes to every hospital 
 and reads mam" valuable papers before the society. 
 
 I was born in Europe and had my early and medical schooling in 
 Vienna. When I emigrated to this country 1 landed in Xew York on 
 the anniversary of America's Independence Day. Xot finding anything 
 to do to support myself, I went to Xew Orleans. I stayed there two 
 months and then made arrangements to go to Tennessee to a place on the 
 Cumberland Elver. That part of the country was then nothing but 
 swamps. I remained at the latter location two years, and then moved 
 four miles farther to a place called Sycamore Creek. Afterwards I: lived 
 in Xashville, Tenn., four years. Then I was prevailed upon by old Gen. 
 Taylor to go again to Louisiana,- it being represented to me that I could 
 do better there than I had in Xashville. Louisiana was then a very 
 prosperous State, inhabited mostly by Creoles. I gave all the monev I 
 had towards the purchase of a home for myself. The purchase price 
 was over $13,000. I took possession of my new home on the 1th day of 
 April, 1811. On the 5th day of July I had no home; not even the land, nor 
 a cent of money. All was gone. My place was a beautiful one, located 
 on the river. On the date I mentioned there was a tremendous crevasse 
 which swept my place away. All that I saved from my estate was a 
 horse. I staved around there a little while and then removed to Xew 
 
 ♦Reminiscences of Dr. Simon Pollak. 
 
42 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Orleans. The climate there did not suit me, and I took up my resi- 
 dence in St. Louis, arriving there' on the 14th of March, 1845. I have 
 marje my home in St. Louis ever since. I had but $40 when I landed 
 here, and knew no one but Dr. Pope. Dr. Pope and I became very inti- 
 mate friends and remained so until his death. From the date of my ar- 
 rival until August following I did dispensary work, but did not receive 
 a dollar for my labors, and all that time I did not pretend to go to a 
 boarding house, but lived on an occasional glass of milk and light lunch 
 -or something like that. I had made up my mind never to get into debt. 
 Mr. Yeatman, a well-known citizen, with whom I had become acquainted, 
 and who lived in Bellefontaiiie, insisted on my taking my Sunday dinner 
 with him. I can assure you that, living as I did during these months, 
 1 looked forward to and thoroughly enjoyed this weekly meal. Those 
 were very happy times for me, although I Avas taught a great many things 
 which I had not known before. On the 1st day of August I earned my first 
 cash fee, $10. Even then I could not spend any money for a square 
 meal, but was compelled, instead, to purchase a new pair of trousers. 
 After that I increased my practice rapidly and made money. 
 
 I was the first to introduce the clinic in St. Louis. 
 
 My practice kept on increasing up till 1860, when 1 determined to 
 take up a specialty. As a result of this determination I went to Europe 
 for study and spent twenty-two months there educating myself as an 
 eye and ear specialist. I would have remained longer but for the breaking 
 out of the Civil War. That brought me home, as I felt that my duty 
 was here. Although born under a monarchy, I had early read the his- 
 tory of the American people, and became attached to this country long 
 before my emigration. I was determined to have the political rights to 
 which I believe every man is born. In the days of my youth in the old 
 ■country a man was of no consequence unless he carried a title to his 
 name. I was an American from the time I heard America mentioned. 
 
 In 1850 I opened a school for the blind in St. Louis. I am still a 
 trustee, and my friend Mr. Yeatman is a member of the same board. 
 When Mr. Francis became Governor I gave up active connection with the 
 •school, stepping out to make room for a younger generation. The school 
 belongs to the State now. For the first three years of the school's ex- 
 istence it had to be maintained principally by private subscriptions, and 
 I had to move around pretty lively to keep it going. During Gov. Stewart's 
 administration it became a State institution — after the school had been 
 maintained by private subscriptions for three years. At first the State 
 gave us only $15,000 for five years, and that was given 'conditionally — the 
 condition being that I raise $10,000 by subscription. I raised the amount 
 in one week. I would not accept a subscription for less than $100. Sev- 
 eral subscribed $500. For five years we got along very nicely. 
 
 There lived at that time a Mr. Harper. He owned a handsome estate 
 at Broadway and Howard streets. On it was a house of ten or twelve 
 rooms. We had our blind school in a much smaller house, and I wanted 
 Mr. Harper's house for our school, but he asked such a high rent for it 
 that we could not see our way clear to lease it. But an idea occurred to 
 me. One day I invited him to go with me and visit our school. He de- 
 murred at first, but 1 finally prevailed upon him. We had some lovely girls 
 in the institution, and their singing was beautiful to hear. I watched Mr. 
 Flarper closely, and saw that he was much interested. Finally a Miss 
 "Taylor sung for us and then did some printing (with her raised letters) for 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 43 
 
 Mr. Harper. This touched him, and before he went away I saw him 
 wiping his eyes. 
 
 The next day, as - 1 was walking along the street, I heard some one 
 calling me, and on turning about saw Mr. Harper. He handed me a 
 little paper and informed me that I could have his house for the next 
 five years for the blind school rent free. 
 
 At that time we were using the '"'Boston type" for the instruction of 
 our blind pupils. They now use the "Brazil type/' Ours was the first blind 
 institution in the United States to use the ''Brazil." The State now sets 
 .aside $58,000 biennially for this school, but $29,000 a year is hardly 
 enough to cover our running expenses. We have many more teachers 
 now than formerly. I am not now connected with the institution in 
 any active official capacity. 
 
 It may be interesting to Missourians and the American public gen- 
 erally to know that it was in this school for the blind that Patti re- 
 ceived her first musical education. It came about in this way: Patti's 
 brotber-in-law, Maurice Strakosch, was giving concerts here at that time. 
 This was in '53 or ^54, and Patti was then 8 years old. Strakosch came 
 bere with Patti in jSTovember. He bad her with him to give little sketches 
 between his musical numbers. She was a very apt child in this w r ay, 
 -and her little performances gave Strakosch a chance for rest during the 
 progress of the concert. Little Patti was the best mimic I ever saw. But 
 while she had a very sweet voice at' this time, she did not know one 
 note from another. While Strakosch was here he and I became very 
 tion there. She answered, thanking me for reminding her, and promising 
 well acquainted. One day he told me that he had a great trouble with 
 Patti: she was so mischievous and restless. When he went away from the 
 hotel for a time he always had to lock her up in her room. This she re- 
 sented very much, and one clay when he locked her up she literally de- 
 stroyed everything in the room that she could get her hands on. She 
 .smashed chairs, tore clown pictures, upset tables, broke crockery and 
 cut the carpet into strips. She had a perfect mania for destruction. 
 When Strakosch returned and saw what she had done, he asked why 
 ■she had done it. She answered by asking him what he locked her up 
 for, asserting that he had no business to shut her up in a room. Strakosch 
 came to me for advice, and I suggested giving her something to do to 
 amuse her and employ her time. I suggested taking her to the school 
 for the blind and told him that the school was full of music, eight pianos 
 going all the time, and many pretty blind girls that I thought she would 
 ■enjoy seeing work. If she liked it she could spend each day of her stay 
 in St. Louis there. Strakosch acted on my suggestion and took her to 
 the school. Patti at once became attached to Miss Taylor, our beautiful 
 singer. For nearly nine weeks of this season the river was frozen so that 
 traffic was impossible, and Strakosch and his charge had to remain here, 
 as there was no other mode of travel open to them. During this time 
 Strakosch continued his concerts, and every day Patti went to the school 
 and spent the day there, and after taking supper with the blind girls 
 and the teachers, would go to the evening concert. Afterwards, when she 
 had begun her career as a singer, whenever she came to St. Louis, she in- 
 variably sent our blind children tickets for her concerts. However, our 
 pupils w r ere not satisfied with receiving the tickets; they wanted Patti to 
 visit them. So, on the occasion of one of her visits to this city I ad- 
 dressed a note to Patti, suggesting that she pay the blind school a visit, 
 
44 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 reminding her of the days when she had received her first musical instruc- 
 to visit the school, but unfortunately she had to leave almost immediately 
 on the New Orleans boat. However, I had secured what I was after, an 
 acknowledgment that she had received her first musical instruction in our 
 institution. 
 
 After my return from Europe I immediately became a member of 
 the United States Sanitary Commission, and for four years or more was 
 connected with it. It was my duty to visit the sick soldiers on the field 
 and also the Confederate prisoners. I had carte blanche from the author- 
 ities, and could use my own judgment in issuing orders for food, delica- 
 cies and other comforts. It was at this time, during the war, that I 
 started the first eye and ear clinic to be established west of the Mississippi 
 River. This clinic has since been, and is now, in very successful opera- 
 tion. 
 
 The first medical colleges were started before I came here. The Mc- 
 Dowell College was the first to start. Its real name was the Medical 
 Department of Kemper College, but Missourians knew it as the "Mc- 
 Dowell College/' Pope came here in the early '40s. He was a very hand- 
 some man, and bad received a line education in Europe. His debut here 
 was a marked one. He aspired to a position as instructor in the McDowell 
 College, which was already at that time in operation. After a year's resi- 
 dence in St. Louis Pope started a college of his own, the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the St. Louis University. It was kept up for several years, but 
 ras .1 verv -mall, insignificant affair. They were in a perpetual quarrel 
 with the McDowell faculty. Subsequently Pope married very wealthy, and 
 his father-in-law built for him a fine college building. Pope's establish- 
 ment in this building carried the name of the "St. Louis Medical College." 
 Dr. Pope afterwards went to Europe. When he returned he did not stay 
 long with us, but in '64 or '65 went back to Paris, and shortly afterward 
 committed suicide there. 
 
 It Avas about the time of my advent in St. Louis that Dr. Beaumont, 
 through his experiments on one Alexis St. Martin, who had been shot 
 in the stomach, made his wonderful analysis of the human stomach and 
 the gastric juices. Dr. Beaumont brought out some very interesting and 
 helpful points. He did a great deal of work along that line. He is well- 
 known as the first physician to make such physiological experiments. It 
 was the first attempt. The first experiment was made at Lake Champlain,. 
 about 1840. While Beaumont traveled about a great deal, he made St. 
 Louis his home. He was a thorough gentleman. 
 
 Beaumont once performed an operation on an indigent woman, a 
 beggar, for what is now known as appendicitis. She had an abscess of 
 the stomach, and, unfortunately it clung to one of the intestines, which 
 made it a very dangerous operation. But she lived through it. At about 
 this time Dr. Beaumont had some trouble with another prominent physi- 
 cian here named White. Dr. White proceeded to avenge himself on Beau- 
 mont for some fancied injury by prevailing on this poor woman to sue 
 Dr. Beaumont for malpractice. It is important to know that this was 
 the first suit for malpractice to be brought in America. The profession 
 immediately divided into two parties — one led by White and the other 
 by Beaumont. Upon my arrival I had gotten a little room which I 
 called my office. Very shortly after I had established myself in this room 
 Dr. White called upon me. He introduced himself as a brother physician 
 who was come merelv to bid me welcome to St. Louis, but I bad my sus- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 45 
 
 pieions, thinking it rather strange that he should take pains to call 
 upon me before I had gotten fairly settled in my new quarters. In a 
 casual way (affected) he asked me if I would like to see a very interesting- 
 ease. Gaining my assent, he took me to see this woman, and asked me 
 to give an opinion in the matter. I could see that there was something 
 besides a mere personal expression that he wanted, so I did not express 
 myself. The next day another physician, a friend of Beaumont's, called 
 upon me. and we went through the same performance. I afterwards 
 learned that every newly-arrived physician had to go through the same 
 experience. That suit was going on for three vears, and I believe that 
 a final decision has never been rendered. For those three years the life 
 of a St. Louis physician was not a particularly agreeable one. 
 
 I recollect when the Missouri State Medical Association was formed. 
 It was a much younger society than the St. Louis Medical Society. I 
 think the American Medical Association was formed about "19, and that 
 our Dr. Pope was afterwards president of it. Gregory was elected in 1881. 
 Hodgen was elected at the Richmond meeting. Hodgen gained his repu- 
 tation during the war. He was appointed surgeon of the hospital at 
 Fifth and Chestnut and had charge of this hospital during the whole time 
 of the war. He was also in his time Professor of Physiology in the Mis- 
 souri Medical College. The Humboldt Medical College was started prior 
 to the war. It was founded by Anton Hammer, who was one of the most 
 eminent physicians we have ever had in this city. But like most geniuses, 
 he had a failing. His was to turn himself into a fiend incarnate when 
 crossed in any' matter, and he always had a "chip on his shoulder.'"' Xoth- 
 mg suited him better than a fight. He was full of ambition, and if 
 he could not find a man capable of filling a chair in his college he would 
 take the work himself. At one time he was filling three chairs. He 
 never used a text book in his college work. When the war broke out 
 Hammer went into the army as a surgeon., A little while after the close 
 of the war he went to Europe and there died. When Hammer came here 
 he could not speak a word of English. He had lectured in Berlin and 
 in other places in Europe and was just as well known abroad as he was 
 here. The Humboldt College was a little school, but what there was of it 
 was good. 
 
 Another prominent man we had here, and who died but a short 
 time since, was Louis Bauer. He was the founder of the College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons. Dr. Bauer was an able surgeon and a brilliant 
 man, but his personal character was such that few people could get along 
 with him. 
 
 When I came to St. Louis there was only one hospital here. It was 
 called the Charity Hospital and was founded by Philanthropist Mullanphy. 
 in 1829. Mr. Mullanphy was a very benevolent man. He gave a lot, locat- 
 ed at Fourth anil Spruce streets, to the sisters, and they built a hospital 
 on it. As the city grew this location became untenable owing to the 
 noise made by the steamboats, and that incident to the daily business 
 traffic. So the sisters decided to sell and build ehewhere. Fourth street 
 was at that time looked upon as the coming business street of the city, 
 and the sisters received an offer of $300,000 for their site, but one of the 
 administrators of the Mullanphy estate decided that under the .terms 
 of the becpiest the sisters had no right to sell the property. Subsequently 
 the character of Fourth street changed considerably, and the property 
 located thereon depreciated in value rapidly. When the sisters finally 
 
46 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 obtained permission to sell the property they were only able to realize 
 $75,000. In the meantime they had begun the building of another hos- 
 pital which cost them $250,000. This case is a pretty good illustration of 
 a quibbling lawyer's '•'penny wise, pound foolish'' policy. Our City Hospital 
 proper was not opened until along in the late '40s. (I refer to the one 
 that was destroyed by the cyclone in 1896.) Since then we have had 
 several good hospitals established, which have done good work. I think 
 it would be better if we conld have the hospitals out in the open coun- 
 try, at the same time near the city, where the air is so much better. A 
 great many architects do not understand how to properly build a hos- 
 pital. Every hospital should be waterproof throughout, should have no 
 wooden floors and no carpets, curtains or other decorative hangings. There 
 should not be a corner in the interior building. All such places should be 
 rounded, as that affords better convenience for cleanliness. All the pre- 
 cautions I have mentioned tend to eliminate any possibility of the lodg- 
 ment of disease germs on the premises. 
 
 IV.* 
 
 I was born on the 19th day of August, 1811, in Oldham County, Ken- 
 tucky. There were no public schools in that part of the country in those 
 days. Children Avere sent to private schools kept by tutors. After read- 
 ing medicine for some time 1 took courses in the Transylvania University 
 in 1836-37 and in Louisville University in 1837-38. The Transylvania 
 University is not now in existence, but at the time I speak of was one 
 of the best and most favorably known educational institutions in the 
 country. It was located at Lexington, Ivy. 
 
 I began the practice of medicine in Floyd sburg, near my Old home 
 in Oldham County, in 1838, and continued there until 1844, when I 
 removed to Xicholasville, Jassamine County. 
 
 I came to St. Louis in 1850, landing here on the 4th day of April. 
 
 There were two colleges operating here then — the St. Louis Medical 
 and the Missouri Medical. 
 
 I have always kept my ofliee in or near the center of the city and 
 have been engaged in general practice. 
 
 In the early '50s Drs Beaumont and Linton were medical writers 
 of this section, as well as leading physicians. Drs. Jos. 1ST. McDowell 
 and Charles A. Pope were the leading surgeons. Then there was Dr. En- 
 glemann, a learned man and a first-rate fellow. There were others, of 
 course, some deserving and some not deserving mention. 
 
 I have been a member of the Missouri State Medical Association ever 
 since that society was organized. 
 
 In the early days before the war there Avere comparatively few physi- 
 cians out in the State, and as a consequence there Avere frequent 
 calls for the services of St. Louis practitioners. I was frequently called 
 to Cape Girardeau, Fulton, Mexico and other points. The stage coach 
 and "horseback" were the only modes of travel, and as the country was 
 thinly settled, traveling Avas anything but a luxury. 
 
 There Avas a great influx of physicians from other sections of the 
 
 ♦Reminiscences of Dr. William Johnston. 
 
WILLIAM JOHNSTON. ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 47 
 
 country in the decade preceding my advent. They came principally from 
 North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Ohio. 
 
 The City Hospital, then the only institution of its character open to 
 the public, was located at the corner of Fourth and Spruce streets. What 
 is now known as the Female Hospital originated in a movement to restrict 
 the social evil. This was along in the early 70s, when Joseph Brown 
 was Mayor. Under this law district physicians made regular visits and the 
 destitute were sent to this hospital. The law has since then been repealed 
 and now no such stigma attaches to the hospital. 
 
 I recollect an amusing incident of my early professional career in 
 Kentucky. It devolved upon me to amputate a man's leg. Amputations 
 were notable events in professional circles in those days, and this was my 
 first job in that line. However, the operation was a success, and I took 
 nlv patient to Cincinnati, where we were to get an artificial limb for him, 
 I recollect that I donned my best clothes for the journey, while my patient 
 wore jeans and homespun jacket. Notwithstanding this I was greatly 
 mortified en route, and at Cincinnati, to learn that it was my patient 
 and not his physician who Was the center of attraction wherever we went. 
 It was a lesson for a young physician with a slight attack of "swellhead,"' 
 which has ever since been remembered. 
 
 Yes, I still practice a little, in cases where patients come to my office. 
 
 V.* 
 
 The writer matriculated and became a first-course student in the St- 
 Louis Medical College on the 14th day of October, 1857. At that time 
 Dr. Charles A. Pope Avas Professor of Surgery and Dr. M. L. Linton was 
 Professor of Pathology and Practice. Among other able teachers in the 
 school at that time were Drs. J. B. Johnson, W. M. McPheeters, J. H. 
 Waters, C. W. Stephens and M. M. Fallen. 
 
 Of the first two mentioned it is eminently true that each in his sphere- 
 shed unfading luster upon our profession throughout this State and na- 
 tion, and much is due to them for the high standing of the profession 
 in Missouri to-day. 
 
 Pope was noted as a ready and correct diagnostician, a rapid and 
 skillful operator and a fluent and cogent speaker, rarely ever repeating. 
 To illustrate his readiness of diagnosis, a patient came to consult him 
 about a tumor the size of a lien's egg, situated about the inferior border' 
 of the scapula. He found Dr. Pope at the Sisters' Hospital conducting a 
 clinic. He had never seen the patient before, but examined about a 
 minute and asked several students what it was. They guessed various 
 things. He then asked Dr. Gregory, the Demonstrator of Anatomy, who- 
 hesitated. Then Pope said: Observe the doughy feel, tight skin over 
 tumor and enlarged auxiliary glands. It is sarcoma. 
 
 Linton was of the Abe Lincoln type of men in his brain and phvsicpie,- 
 but not jocund. It was as easy for him to reason correctly on any ab- 
 struse subject as for a duck to swim. Truth, kindness and justice were 
 as characteristic of him as intellectuality and professional attainments, 
 so that he was in the true sense oreat. He brought from his native- 
 
 *Reminiscences of Dr. Charles L. Carter of Warrensbiirg. 
 
48 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 home in Kentucky his favorite horse, which had served him long and well, 
 and when the horse was too old to do duty the doctor did not sell him 
 into unkind hands as mosl men wrongfully do, but put him in comfortable 
 
 quarters and had mush made for him until he died from old age. 
 
 THEN AX! ) NOW. — The medical profession advances onward and up- 
 ward certainly but slowly. Medical science does not advance along in 
 a rush as the laity and many doctors suppose it does. The practice of 
 medicine and surgery is not as changeable as the stock markets, nor is 
 every change an improvement. More learned men and industrious in- 
 vestigators are studying the healing art than are engaged in any other 
 profession, but we deal with myriads of abstruse questions, hence real 
 progress is necessarily slow. Some diseases, such as pulmonary tubereulo- 
 - - md membranous croup, are as fatal as they were a century ago, but 
 most all along the line some improvement has been made in the last 
 half century. 
 
 About forty-five years ago Dr. J. X. McDowell of St. Louis claimed 
 that he had successfully extirpated the parotid gland. The statement 
 was doubted by many doctors then, but it would not baffle credence now. 
 Then in amputations the silk ligature was left protruding from the wound. 
 Xow it is cut off near the knot, and now a sutre of iron-dyed silk is left 
 in the eve with impunity. Then cancers were not extirpated. Xow they 
 are, with hut few recurrences after early operations. 
 
 Then nothing was known of baccilli. Xow this knowledge has vastly 
 improved the practice of both medicine and surgery. Though in some in- 
 stances the findings of "bug hunters" are not to be relied upon, yet in 
 many forms of diseases much practical knowledge has been derived, and 
 in all cases cleanliness is being more strictly observed. Their but little 
 knowledge of the activity of contagion and infection had been attained. 
 Even cholera was considered non-contagious. Xow cholera, typhoid, con- 
 sumption and the malignant form of dvsentery are known to be communi- 
 cable, and the list will grow larger as our knowledge increases. 
 
 Then typhoid fever was treated by persistent and often heroic dosage, 
 with, little regard for cleanliness. Xow the well-informed physician re- 
 strains bowels, gives nourishment, fosters the strength by the use of 
 stimulants and tonics, aids the emunctories, applies warm (not cold) water 
 baths. In short, holds up the patient with one hand and cleanses with 
 the other, so that the disease runs a shorter, milder and safer course. 
 
 Then phlebotomy and ptyalism were the remedies par excellence for 
 most all diseases. Xow. to the credit of the profession and the well-being 
 of patients, they are scarcely known in therapeutics. The proper use of the 
 currette in sub-involution of the womb with endoinetritris, and for re- 
 moval of retained membranes, is a marked improvement over the past, 
 but if not properly used should not be used at all. 
 
 Xear the middle of this century a doctor in Boston successfully ex- 
 tirpated the uterus, and thus became a hero in all nations. Xow the 
 operation has been done many times in various parts of this State. 
 
 We have just grounds for pride in the advancement of medical science 
 in instances too numerous to mention here, but we should proceed cau- 
 tiously, remembering that every theory is not true, every change is not 
 progress^ nor everything new necessarily better than the old. An old 
 truth is better than a new fallacy. Truth is a jewel ; progress the shib- 
 boleth. 
 
JOSEPH NASH M'DOWELL. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 49 
 
 VI. 
 
 REMINISCENCES OF DR. JOSEPH NASH M'DOWELL.* 
 
 Joseph Xash McDowell was of Virginian extraction, a relative of a 
 former Governor of that State. He was born in Lexington. Ky. He mar- 
 ried Amanda Virginia Drake, sister of Dr. David Drake, prominent as an 
 author and in connection with the history of the Mississippi Valley, pro- 
 fessionally and otherwise. Dr. McDowell came to St. Louis in the spring 
 of 1840, and at once put into execution his plans, previously formed, for 
 the founding of a medical college in that city. His labors resulted in the 
 opening of a medical school in the fall of the year of his arrival, the 
 school being known as the Medical Department of Kemper College, an 
 Episcopalian educational institution of considerable fame at that time. 
 
 McDowell's first college building stood at the corner of Xinth and 
 Cerre streets. In 1847 he commenced the erection of a new medical col- 
 lege building near the corner of Eighth and Gratiot streets, to be known 
 as the Missouri Medical College (more familiarly known as McDowell's 
 College), and for a time in its early history the Medical Department of 
 the Missouri State Lniversitv. At the location last mentioned this in- 
 stitution nourished until 1861, when the Civil War broke out. It is a 
 matter of history well-known to Missourians that the war between the 
 States placed Missouri in a most unsettled condition during its progress. 
 Business was at a standstill, institutions were broken up and society divided. 
 McDowell had been an ardent Whig, but prior to the war became an active 
 Democratic partisan, and at the outbreak of hostilities ca^t his political 
 fortunes with the South. He took with him to the Confederacy six can- 
 non, 750 muskets and other munitions of war in large quantities. A num- 
 ber of his students and professional associates accompanied McDowell 
 when he left St. Louis. He remained within the Confederate lines during 
 the entire period of the contest between the Xorth and South, and was 
 a.t one time sent as an emissary of the Confederate Government to Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 At the end of the strife McDowell returned to St. Louis and reinaugu- 
 rated his medical school in the name of the Missouri Medical College, in 
 which it continued until recently, when it became, in common with the 
 St. Louis Medical College, an integral part of the medical department of 
 Washington University. 
 
 McDowell was. a man of massive intellect, characterized by deep 
 thought. He was eccentric to a point approximating insanity. Of him 
 Henry Clay once said that his was the greatest mind on earth but for 
 its eccentricities. 
 
 He held an enviable reputation, not only as a teacher of anatomy and 
 surgery, but as an able lecturer on scientific and other kindred subjects. 
 In discoursing upon any topic publicly lie was never at a loss for anything 
 to say. For years he was the leading surgeon of the Mississippi Valley, 
 having a tremendous practice m every direction from St. Louis. 
 
 McDowell had three sons to succeed him in the medical profession- 
 Isaac Drake, John J. and Charles Nash McDowell. They all practiced in 
 St.- Louis, but none of them attained middle age. John J. McDowell was 
 for several vears Professor of Anatomv in the St. Louis Medical College. 
 
 »Dr. LeGrand At wood, St. Louis. 
 
50 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Joseph Nash .McDowell was a nephew of the illustrious Ephraim Mc- 
 Dowell of Kentucky, who gained world-wide fame as an author of medical 
 works and as The first surgeon known to have performed the operation 
 of ovariotomy. This operation, while a common one in the present day, 
 was in that time an unheard-of one. Indeed, this first operation by 
 Ephraim McDowell, while a successful one, was the cause of as much 
 unfavorable as favorable comment among the profession all over the 
 world. 
 
 Anecdotes of Dr. McDowell and his eccentricities could be told at 
 sufficient length to fill a good-sized volume. Upon political subjects and 
 all popular topics of the day, he was always an extremist. He talked and 
 made speeches in every campaign, addressing the people from the court- 
 house steps and improvised rostrums at the markets and in other parts- 
 of the city. Dry goods boxes frequently served for a platform to stand 
 upon. 
 
 He could make a splendid temperance speech, although himself a 
 free partaker of alcoholic beverages. The best speech I ever heard him 
 deliver was at Alton, 111., one Fourth of July. An immense concovtrse 
 of people was gathered there in attendance upon Independence Day ex- 
 ercises. McDowell was seen in the crowd and calls were made for him to 
 address the crowd until he acquiesced and mounted the speaker's platform. 
 After some general remarks appropriate to the occasion he launched itpon 
 an address upon temperance, and for two hours was closely listened to. 
 He discoursed at length upon the evil effects of alcohol, both in a moral 
 and physical sense, dwelling particularly upon the effects of alcohol on 
 the physical body. He showed its effect upon the stomach and traced it 
 from there to every organ of the human system, and all the time he was 
 speaking he was refreshing himself from a glass of brandy. 
 
 One of McDowell's peculiarities was, notwithstanding his own pre- 
 ponderance of intellect, his intense .jealousy of any of his professional 
 brethren who happened to find favor with the community. Particularly 
 was this so in the college. It is very likely that this was the cause of 
 the withdrawal of Dr. Pope from the faculty of McDowell College and the 
 establishment of the St. Louis Medical College. 
 
 Other St. Louis practitioners of note with whom I have been more or 
 less intimately associated were Dr. John S. Moore, Dr. Charles W. 
 Stevens, Dr. Kennard, Dr. Hammer and other professional men of their 
 day. Dr. John S. Moore came to St. Louis in 1S40 from Pulaski, Tenn. r 
 with his preceptor, Joseph Xash McDowell, who had induced him to join 
 in the founding of the first medical college to be established west of the 
 Mississippi River. Dr. Moore delivered the first medical lecture to med- 
 ical students west of the Mississippi. Dr. Moore continued as medical 
 educator until about the year 1S85. He was the leading practitioner in 
 St. Louis for many years, doing by far the largest and most extensive fam- 
 ily practice of any physician in the city. 
 
 VII.* 
 
 St. Charles County is situated in the eastern portion of the State^ 
 bounded to a considerable extent by the Mississippi and Missouri Eivers ? 
 
 *Reminiscences of Dr. H. H. Vinke, St. Charles, Mo. 
 
ffll 1 
 
 :i--x. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH HOSPITAL. ST. CHARLES. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 51 
 
 has about 25,000 inhabitants and is generally and favorably known for its 
 healthfulness and salubrionsness. Though it is true that the "epidemics of 
 health" are much more prevalent than those of disease, we do not escape 
 the latter altogether., and the diseases which physicians are most fre- 
 quently called upon to treat are malaria, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancer, 
 typhoid fever, gastro-intestinal disturbances, etc., and in order to limit 
 the amount of devastation of these dreadful assailants of health and life, 
 St. Charles County possesses forty able and skillful followers of i^esculap- 
 ius, and in all truthfulness it may be added that very few counties in the 
 State have a eomjdement of more excellent and genial physicians than St. 
 Charles County is favored with. Of these forty practitioners, thirty-seven 
 are regular physicians and three are homeopaths, of whom the latter aiL 
 practice in the city of St. Charles. 
 
 Inasmuch as this is a history of things medical, it may not be 
 out of place to allude here briefly to the "old guard" of the medical pro- 
 fession of St. Charles County, prominent among whom were the following : 
 Dr. Calhoon, Dr. Watson, Dr. Charles Quarles, Dr. Bevitt, Dr. Irish, Dr. 
 Musehany, Dr. Sidney Ensor, Dr. 0. C. Johnson, Dr. W. J. McElhiney, 
 Dr. Gissi, Dr. Martin, Dr. Sam 0. Overall, Dr. B. W. Eogers, Dr. Schoe- 
 neich, Dr. Harris, Dr. John A. Talley, Dr. W. C. Williams, Dr. Seitz, Dr. 
 Behrens, Dr. Brovince, Dr. Merty, Dr. J. B. McElhiney, Dr. Charles John- 
 son, Dr. Gustave Wieland, Dr. M. D. Carter, Dr. II. C. Lindsay, Dr. Harry 
 McElhiney, Dr. G. Gossow, Dr. D. W. Ferguson, Dr. George B. Johnson, 
 Dr. C. L. Gerling, Dr. Jasper W. Castlio and Dr. A. Morgner. Most of 
 these were stricken down while still engaged in the active practice of med- 
 icine, a few retired when well advanced in years to enjoy a few years of 
 deserved rest; only the five last mentioned survive. These men were not 
 great in the sense that military men are great, whose usefulness to so- 
 ciety seemingly is commensurate with the number of fellowmen they de- 
 stroy, the amount of suffering they inflict and the amount of devastation 
 they cause, but they were useful in their own simple way; they relieved 
 pain, restored health and prolonged life whenever feasible, and when they 
 retired from their field of usefulness they could do so knowing that their 
 lives had been Avell spent. Their many kind and noble deeds were not 
 heralded to the world with demonstrative trumpetr} r , but they were appre- 
 ciated by their grateful patients, and this conviction for the modest old 
 country doctor was ample reward for much laborious work, sleepless nights 
 and long and cold trips over almost impassable roads. 
 
 In 1887 thirteen physicians of St. Charles County met at Wentz- 
 ville, Mo., and organized the St. Charles County Medical Society, which 
 has been in existence ever since, and of which nearly every regular physi- 
 cian in the county is a member now. This is as it should be, for a 
 physician in active practice who does not read medical journals and who 
 does not take active part in the proceedings of medical societies — in a word, 
 a physician who does not keep in touch with the marvelous progress med- 
 icine is making — is an extremely dangerous member of a community. The 
 following persons Avere present at the first meeting of the society, and as- 
 sisted in its organization : Dr. John A. Tally of Wentzville, Mo. ; Dr. John 
 E. Bruere of St. Charles, Mo.; Dr. C. M. Johnson of St. Charles, Mo.; 
 Dr. J. G. Edwards of OTallon, Mo.; Dr. R. B. Lewis of Flint Hill, Mo.; Dr. 
 J. T. Evans of Wentzville, Mo.; Dr. J. L. Martin of Hamburg, Mo.; Dr. J. 
 H. Stumberg of St. Charles, Mo.; Dr. J. E. Mudd of St. Charles, Mo.; Dr. 
 H. H. Vinke of St. Charles, Mo. The first three physicians were honored 
 
52 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 in being Twice chosen president of the society. Dr. J. A. Talley, the first 
 president of the society, and one of its most brilliant members, has since 
 departed. During these years Drs. H. H. Yinke. Omar Morgner, J. T. 
 Evans and John A. Dyer acted in the capacity of secretary of the so- 
 ciety. 
 
 Many of the papers read before this society form important con- 
 tributions to the science of medicine and have been given wide publication 
 in international clinics. But aside from its scientific features the meet- 
 ings of this society have had the tendency to engender the very kindest of 
 fellow-feeling among its members, and professional jealousies have been 
 almost completely eradicated in consequence. 
 
 The city of St. Charles has a very efficient Board of Health, composed 
 of the Mayor. City Clerk, a Councilman from each ward and the City Physi- 
 cian as consulting physician. Dr. John E. Bruere is at present the City 
 Physician and has been for many years. The City Physician is paid about 
 $100 a vear and receives extra pay for services rendered at the time of an 
 epidemic. Dr. J. B. Mudd of St. Charles is County Physician, a position 
 he has held for more than ten years. The County Physician receives a 
 salary of about $200 a vear. 
 
 PHYSICIANS' FEE BILL.* 
 
 (Adopted November 23. 1829.) 
 
 The following fee bill, found among the papers of Dr. William 
 Carr Lane, was kindly loaned to the author by Dr. Lane's grandson, Dr. 
 William C. Glasgow of St. Louis: 
 
 At a meeting of the medical faculty of the city of St. Louis, held 
 at the City Hah on the 23d day of November, 1829, the following 
 regulations for fees were unanimously entered into: 
 
 Charge — 
 
 no. 1— For the first visit in the city $ 1 00 
 
 No. 2 — For two or more visits to regular patients, per day .... 2 00 
 
 Xo. 3 — For a whole day's medical attention 10 00 
 
 No. 1 — For a night visit (expressly) after 9 o'clock 2 00 
 
 Xo. 5 — For a whole night's medical attention 10 00 
 
 Xo. — For application or dressing vesicatories 50 
 
 Xo. T — For any other simple -dressing 50 
 
 Xo. S — For visit in the country, per mile 1 00 
 
 Xo. 9 — For" consultation 5 00 
 
 Xo. 10 — For writing a prescription 1 00 
 
 Xo. 1 1 — For verbal prescription or advice 1 00 
 
 Xo. 12— For treating sypbiJis 20 00 
 
 Xo. 1 3 — For treating gonorrhea 10 00 
 
 Xo. 11— For natural labors, from $8.00 to 20 00 
 
 Xo. 15— For preternatural, difficult, etc., labors $30.00 to 10 00 
 
 Xo. 3 6 — For amputating fingers, toes and other small members . . 10 00 
 
 No. IT — For amputating arm, leg or thigh 50 00 
 
 Xo. 18 — For reducing luxation of the lower jaw 5 00 
 
 *From Scharf's St. Louis City and County Directory. 
 
No. 
 
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 No. 
 
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 No. 
 
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 No. 
 
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 37 
 
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 No. 
 
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 No. 
 
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 MEDICINE AND SURGERY. • 53 
 
 For reducing luxation of the wrist 5 00 
 
 For reducing luxation of the elbow joint 25 00 
 
 For reducing luxation of the shoulder joint 20 00 
 
 For reducing luxation of the ankle 20 00 
 
 For reducing luxation of the knee 20 00 
 
 •For reducing luxation of the hip 50 00 
 
 For reducing a simple fracture of the arm or leg 25 00 
 
 For reducing a simple fracture of the thigh 40 00 
 
 -For reducing a simple fracture of the clavicle 20 00 
 
 For reducing a simple fracture of the patella 20 00 
 
 -For operating with trephine 50 00 
 
 -For elevating the skull when the trephine is not used, 
 
 $5.00 to 70 00 
 
 -For introducing catheter 5 00 
 
 For vaccinating, under three persons, each 2 00 
 
 -For vaccinating, over three persons, each 1 00 
 
 -For extracting tooth 1 00 
 
 —For cupping 1 00 
 
 — For bleeding 1 00 
 
 — For opening abscess . . ' From $1.00 to 2 00 
 
 — For visit on the opposite side of the Mississippi Eiver .... 3 00 
 
 — For giving an injection 1 00 
 
 — For every visit, per day, more than two 50 
 
 — For amputating corpus or torsiis 60 00 
 
 — For amputating the breast 50 00 
 
 — For extracting cataract 50 00 
 
 — For couching cataract 50 00 
 
 — For removing polypus from uterus $30.00 to 70 00 
 
 — For removing polypus from naves $10.00 to 20 00 
 
 — For extirpating testicle 30 00 
 
 — For operating for fistula in ano $30.00 to 50 00 
 
 —For aneurism $10.00 to 20 00 
 
 — For the operation of tracheotomy ■ . . . 25 00 
 
 — For the operation for paraphimosis 5 00 
 
 — For the operation for phimosis 5 00 
 
 — For the operation for hare-lip . " 25 00 
 
 — For the operation for strangulated hernia 60 00 
 
 — For reducing strangulated hernia by taxis 10 00 
 
 — For operating for hydrocele From $20.00 to 50 00 
 
 —For operating for lithotomy From $100.00 to 200 00 
 
 — For applying a roller to the leg or arm 1 00 
 
 — For introducing seton. or caustic, or pea issue 1 00 
 
 CHARGES FOE MEDICINES. 
 Charge — 
 
 No. 1 — For a simple dose of medicine $ 25 
 
 No. 2 — For a compound cathartic or emetic 50 
 
 No. 3 — For all tinctures, per ounce 50 
 
 No. 4 — For syrups, mixtures and compositions, per ounce 50 
 
 No. 5 — For bark (common) flowers and bitters, per ounce 50 
 
54 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 No. 6 — For diaphoretic and other powders, per dozen 1 00 
 
 No. 7 — For Pills, quinine, per dozen 1 00 
 
 NTo. 8 — For pills, opii. per dozen 50 
 
 No. 9 — For pills, common, per dozen 50 
 
 No. 10 — For quinine solution (eight grains to the ounce) per ounce. 50 
 
 No. 11 — For blistering plasters From 25 cents to 3 00 
 
 No. 12 — For strengthening plasters From 50 cents to 1 00 
 
 No. 13 — For common ointment, per ounce 25 
 
 No. 14 — For compound ointment,, more costly, per ounce 50 
 
 It was also unanimously 
 
 Eesolved (first). That in attending by the year the following charges 
 be adopted : 
 
 For attending one person $20 00 
 
 For attending two persons 25 00 
 
 For attending three persons 30 00 
 
 For attending four or five persons 40 00 
 
 All over five to ten, for each 5 00 
 
 All over ten, for each 3 00 
 
 Eesolved (secondly), That every practicing physician in the city of St. 
 Louis annex his signature to the above hill of prices. 
 
 We whose names are hereunto subscribed bind ourselves to observe 
 the above regulations, under the penalty of being denounced as unworthy 
 members of the medical faculty: 
 
 Signed by Breton, D. M. M. ; A. Moran, Docteur; B. Graham, Horace 
 Gaither, Samuel Merry, C. Tiffin, G. Brun, Cornelius Campbell, Stephen 
 W. Pioszett, John Woolfolk, Harciage Lane, by Samuel Merry; G. W. Call, 
 W. M. Millington. 
 
WILLIAM BEAUMONT. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 55 
 
 CHAPTER III,— DR. BEAUMONT'S EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 If we were to single out the one shining example of Missouri's genius 
 in the medical profession, and the scientific data which have reflected 
 the greatest credit to our State at home and abroad, we would point with 
 pride to the original observations and remarkable experiments of Dr. 
 William Beaumont in the case of his patient, Alexis St. Martin, and 
 pertaining to the physiology of digestion. As these remarkable results 
 should be familiar to every one interested in the medical history of Mis- 
 souri and in the progress of science, we take pleasure in reproducing a 
 description of these details from the graphic pen of Dr. Beaumont. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE GASTRIC JUICE AND THE 
 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION. 
 
 By William Beaumont, M. D., ©urgeon in the U. S. Army. 
 
 The present age is prolific of works on physiology, therefore in of- 
 fering to the public another book relative to an important branch of this 
 science it will, perhaps, be necessary to assign my motives. 
 
 They are, first, a wish to comply with the repeated and urgent solici- 
 tations of many medical men who have become partially acquainted with 
 the facts and observations it is my intention to detail; men in whose judg- 
 ment I place confidence and who have expressed their conviction of the 
 -deep importance of the experiments, the results of which I mean here- 
 with to submit to the public; secondly (and it is that which mainly in- 
 fluences me), my own firm conviction that medical science will be for- 
 warded by the publication. 
 
 I am fully aware of the importance of the subject which these ex- 
 periments are intended to illustrate, as well in a pathological as in a physio- 
 logical point of view; and I am, therefore, willing to risk the censure 
 or neglect of critics if I may be permitted to cast my mite into the treas- 
 ury of knowledge, and to be the means, either directly or indirectly, of 
 subserving the cause of truth and ameliorating the conditions of suffering 
 humanity. 
 
 I make no claim to originality in my opinions, as it respects the ex- 
 istence and operation of the gastric juice. My experiments confirm the 
 doctrines (with some modifications) taught by Spallanzini, and many of 
 the most enlightened physiological writers. They are experiments made 
 in the true spirit of inquiry, suggested by the very extraordinary case 
 which gave me an opportunity of making them. I had no particular 
 hypothesis to support; and I have, therefore, honestly recorded the re- 
 sult of each experiment exactly as it occurred. 
 
 The reader will perceive some slight seeming discrepancies which he 
 may find it difficult to reconcile, but he will recollect that the human ma- 
 chine is endowed with a vitality which modifies its movements in different 
 states of the s} r stem and probably produces some diversity of effects from 
 the same causes. 
 
 I had opportunities for the examination of the interior of the stom- 
 
5G ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 ach, and its secretions, which has never before been so fully offered to any 
 one. This most important organ, its secretions and its operations, have 
 been submitted to my observation in a very extraordinary manner, in a 
 state of perfect health, and for years in succession. I have availed my- 
 self of the opportunity afforded by a concurrence of circumstances which 
 probably can never occur again, with a zeal and perseverance proceeding 
 from motives which my conscience approves; and I now submit the result 
 of my experiments to an enlightened public, who, I doubt not, will duly 
 appreciate the truths discovered and the confirmation of opinions which 
 before rested on conjecture. 
 
 1 submit a body of facts which cannot be invalidated. My opinions 
 may be doubted, denied or approved, according as they conflict or agree 
 with the opinions of each individual who may read them; but their worth 
 will be best determined by the foundations on which they rest — the incon- 
 trovertible facts. 
 
 i avail myself of this opportunity to make my grateful acknowledg- 
 ments to Dr. Joseph Lovell, Surgeon-General of the "United States Army 
 (to whom I am under obligations for personal kindness and official exer- 
 tions in affording facilities for prosecuting- the experiments); to Profs. 
 Silliman, Knight, Ives and Hubbard of Yale College, Dunglison of the 
 Alrginia University and Sewall, Jones, Henderson and Hall of Columbian 
 College, for their unsolicited friendship; for the interest which they have 
 taken in the experiments and for the generous encouragement which they 
 have given to the proposed publication. To Dr. Samuel Beaumont of 
 Plattsburgh, X. Y., I am particularly indebted for the assistance which 
 he has rendered me in arranging and preparing my notes for the press. 
 
 The experiments which follow were commenced in 1825, and have 
 been continued, with various interruptions, to the present time (1833). 
 The opportunity for making them was afforded to me in the following 
 way : 
 
 Whilst stationed at Miehillimackinac, Michigan Territoiy, in 1822, 
 in the military service of the United States, the following case of surgery 
 came under my care and treatment: 
 
 Alexis St. Martin, who is the subject of these experiments, was a 
 Canadian of French descent, at the above-mentioned time about 18 years- 
 of age, of good constitution, robust and healthy. He had been engaged 
 in the service of the American Fur Company as a voyager, and was ac- 
 cidentally wounded by the discbarge of a musket on the 6th of June, 1822. 
 
 The charge, consisting of powder and duck shot, was received in 
 the left side of the vouch, he being at a distance of not more than one 
 yard from the muzzle of the gun. The contents entered posteriorly, and 
 in an oblique direction, forward and inward, literally blowing off integu- 
 ments and muscles of the size of a man's hand, fracturing and carrying 
 away the anterior half of the sixth rib, fracturing the fifth, lacerating the 
 lower portion of the left lobe of the lungs, the diaphragm, and perforat- 
 ing the stomach. 
 
 The whole mass of materials forced from the musket, together with 
 fragments of clothing and pieces of fractured ribs, were driven into the 
 muscles and cavity of the chest. 
 
 I saw him in twenty-five or thirty minutes after the accident oc- 
 curred, and on examination found a portion of the lung as large as a 
 turkey's egg protruding through the external wound, lacerated and burnt; 
 and immediately below this, another protrusion, which, on further exam- 
 
MEDICINE AXD SURGERY. 57 
 
 ination, proved to be a portion of the stomach, lacerated through all its 
 coats, and pouring out the food he had taken for his breakfast through 
 an orifice large enough to admit the forefinger. 
 
 In attempting to return the protruded portion of the lung I was pre- 
 vented by a sharp point of the fractured rib, over which it had caught by 
 its membranes; but by raising it with my finger and clipping off the point 
 of the rib, I was able to return it into its proper cavity, though it could 
 not be retained there on account of the incessant efforts to cough. 
 
 The projecting portion of the stomach was nearly as large as that 
 of the lung. It passed through the lacerated diaphragm and external 
 wound, mingling the food with the bloody mucus blown from the lungs. 
 
 After cleansing the wound from the charge and other extraneous 
 matter, and replacing the stomach and lungs as far as practicable, I ap- 
 plied the carbonated fermenting poultice and kept the surrounding parts 
 constantly wet with a lotion of muriate of ammonia and vinegar, and gave 
 internally the aq. acetam. with camphor, in liberal quantities. 
 
 Under this treatment a strong reaction took place in about twenty- 
 four hours, accompanied with high arterial excitement, fever and marked 
 symptoms of inflammation of the lining membranes of the chest and ab- 
 domen, great difficulty of breathing and distressing "cough. 
 
 He was bled to the amount of eighteen or twenty ounces, and took 
 a cathartic. The bleeding reduced the arterial action and gave relief. 
 The cathartic had no effect, as it escaped from the stomach through the 
 wound. 
 
 On the 5th day a partial sloughing of the integuments and muscles 
 took place. Some of the protruded portions of the lung and lacerated 
 parts of the stomach also sloughed, and left a perforation into the stomach, 
 plainly to be seen, large enough to admit the whole length of my fore- 
 finger into its cavity; and also a passage into the chest, half as large as my 
 fist, exposing to view a pare of the lung and permitting the free escape 
 of air and bloody mucus at every respiration. 
 
 A violent fever continued for ten days, running into a typhoid type, 
 and the wound became very foetid. 
 
 On the eleventh day a more extensive sloughing took place, the febrile 
 symptoms subsided and the whole surface of the wound assumed a healthy 
 and granulating appearance. 
 
 For seventeen days all that entered his stomach by the esophagus 
 soon passed out through the wound; and the only way of sustaining him 
 was by no means of nutritious injections per anus, until compresses and ad- 
 hesive straps could be applied so as to retain his food. During this period 
 no alvine evacuations could be obtained, although cathartic injections 
 were given and various other means were adopted to promote them. 
 
 In a few days after firm dressings were applied and the contents of the 
 stomach retained, the bowels became gradually excited, and, with the aid 
 of cathartic injections, a very hard, black, foetid stool was procured, fol- 
 lowed by several similar ones; after which the bowels became quite reg- 
 ular and continued so. 
 
 The cataplasms were continued until the sloughing was completed 
 and the granulating process fully established, and were afterwards occasion- 
 ally resorted to, when the wound became ill-conditioned. The aq. acetam. 
 with camphor was also continued for several weeks in proportion to the 
 febrile symptoms and the foetid condition of the wound. 
 
 No sickness nor unusual irritation of the stomach, not even the 
 
58 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 slightest nausea, was manifest during the whole time; and after the fourth 
 week the appetite became good, digestion regular, the alvine evacua- 
 tions natural and all the functions of the system perfect and healthy. 
 
 By the adhesion of the sides of the protruded portions of the stom- 
 ach to the pleura costalis and the external wound, a free exit was afforded 
 to the contents of that organ, and effusion into the abdominal cavity was 
 thereby prevented. 
 
 Cicatrization and contraction of the external wound commenced on 
 the fifth week: the stomach became more firmly attached to the pleura 
 and intercostals by its external coats, but showed not the least disposi- 
 tion to close its orifice: this (the orifice) terminated as if by a natural 
 boundary, and left the perforation resembling, in all but a sphincter, the 
 natural anus, with a slight prolapsus. 
 
 Whenever the wound was dressed the contents of the stomach would 
 flow out, in proportion to the quantity recently taken. If the stomach 
 happened to be emptv. or nearly so, a partial inversion would take place, 
 unless prevented by the application of the finger. Frequentlv in conse- 
 quence of the derangement of the dressing, the inverted part would be 
 found of the size of a heirs egg. Xo difficulty, however, was experienced 
 in reducing it by gentle pressure with the finger or a sponge wet with cold 
 water, neither of which produced the least pain. 
 
 In the seventh week, exfoliation of the ribs and a separation of their 
 cartilaginous ends began to take place. 
 
 The sixth rib was denuded of its periosteum for about two inches 
 from the fractured part, so that I was obliged to amputate it about 
 three or four inches from its articulation with the rib. This I accom- 
 plished by dissecting back the muscles, securing the intercostal artery, 
 and sawing off the bone with a very tine, narrow saw, made for the 
 purpose, introduced between the ribs, without injury to the neighboring 
 parts. Healthy granulations soon appeared and formed soundly over the 
 amputated end. About half the inferior edge of the fifth rib exfoliated 
 and separated from its cartilage. 
 
 After the removal of these pieces of bone I attempted to contract 
 the wound and close the perforation of the stomach by gradually drawing 
 the edges together with adhesive straps laid on in a radiated form. 
 
 The circumference of the external wound was at least twelve inches 
 and the orifice in the stomach nearly in the center, two inches below the 
 left nipple, on a line drawn from this to the point of the left ilium. 
 
 To retain his food and drink I kept a compress and tent of lint, fit- 
 ted to the shape and size of the perforation, and confined there by ad- 
 hesive straps. 
 
 After trying ail the means in my power for eight or ten months to 
 close the orifice by exciting adhesive inflammation in the lips of the wound, 
 without the least appearance of success, I gave it up as impracticable in 
 any other way than that of incising and bringing them together by 
 sutures, an operation to which the patient would not submit. 
 
 By the sloughing of the injured portion of the lung a cavity was 
 left as large as a common-sized teacup, from which continued a copious 
 discharge of pus for three month-, when it became filled with healthy 
 granulations, firmly adhering to the pleura and soundly cicatrized over 
 that part of the wound. 
 
 Four months after the injury was received an abscess formed about 
 two inches below the wound, nearly over the cartilaginous ends of the 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 59 
 
 first and second ribs, very painful and extremely sore, producing violent 
 .symptomatic fever. On the application of an emollient poultice it 
 pointed externally. It was then laid open to the extent of three inches, 
 and several shot and pieces of wad extracted, after which a gum-elastic 
 bougie could be introduced three or four inches in the longitudinal di- 
 rection of the ribs, towards the spine. Great pain and soreness ex- 
 tended from the opening of the abscess, along the track of the cartilagin- 
 ous ends of the false ribs, to the spine, with a copious discharge from the 
 -sinus. 
 
 In five or six clays there came away a cartilage one inch in length. 
 In six or seven days more another, an inch and a half long; and in 
 about the same length of time a third, two inches long, were discharged. 
 And they continued to come away every five or six days until five were 
 discharged from the same opening, the last three inches in length. They 
 were all entire and evidently separated from the false ribs. 
 
 The discharge, pain and irritation during the four or five weeks 
 these cartilages were working out greatly reduced the strength of the 
 patient, produced a general febrile habit and stopped the healing pro- 
 cess of the original wound. 
 
 Directly after the discharge of the last cartilage inflammation com- 
 menced over the lower end of the sternum, which, by the usual applica- 
 tions terminated in a few days in a large abscess, and from which, by lay- 
 ing it open two inches, I extracted another cartilage three inches in 
 length. The inflammation then abated, and in a day or two another piece 
 came away and the discharge subsided. 
 
 To support the patient under all these debilitating circumstances, 
 I administered wine, with diluted muriatic acid and thirty or forty drops 
 of the tincture of assafoetida three times a day, which appeared to pro- 
 duce the desired effect, and very much improved the condition of the 
 wound. 
 
 On the 3d of January, 1823, I extracted another cartilage from 
 the opening over the sternum an inch and a half long; and on the fourth 
 another, two inches and a half in length, an inch broad at one end and 
 narrowing to less than half an inch at the other. This must have been the 
 ensiform cartilage of the sternum. After this the sinus closed and there 
 was no return of inflammation. 
 
 From the month of April, 1823, at which time he had so far recov- 
 ered as to be able to walk about and do light work, enjoying his usual 
 good appetite and digestion, he continued with me, rapidly regaining ln.s 
 health and strength. 
 
 By the 6th of June, 1823, one year from the time of the accident, 
 the injured parts were all sound and firmly cicatrized with the exception 
 of the aperture in the stomach and side." This continued much in the 
 same situation as it was six weeks after the wound was received. The 
 perforation was about two and a half inches in circumference, and the food 
 and drink constantly exuded, unless prevented by a tent, compress and 
 bandage. 
 
 From this time he continued gradually to improve in health and 
 strength, and the newly formed integuments over the wound became 
 firmer and firmer. At the point where the lacerated edges of the muscular 
 coat of the stomach and intercostal muscles met and united with the 
 cutis vera the cuticle of the external surface and the mucous membrane 
 of the stomach approached each other very nearly. They did not unite, 
 
60 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 like those of the lips, nose, etc., but left an intermediate marginal space 
 of appreciable breadth, completely surrounding the aperture. This space 
 is about a line wide, and the cutis and nervous papillae are unprotected, 
 as sensible and irritable as a blistered surface abraded of the cuticle. 
 This condition of the aperture still continues and constitutes the prin- 
 cipal and almost only cause of pain or distress experienced from the con- 
 tinuance of the aperture, the introduction of instruments, etc., in the 
 experiments or the exudation of fluids from the gastric cavity. 
 
 Frequent dressings with soft compresses and bandages were necessarily 
 applied to relieve his suffering and retain his food and drinks until the 
 winter of 1823-4 At this time a small fold or doitbling of the coats of the 
 stomach appeared, forming at the snperior margin of the orifice, slight- 
 ly protruding, and increasing till it filled the aperture, so as to super- 
 sede the necessity for the compress and bandage for retaining the con- 
 tent- of the stomach. This valvular formation adapted itself to the 
 accidental orifice, so as completely to prevent the efflux of 'the gastric 
 contents when the stomach was full, but was easily depressed with the 
 finger. 
 
 In the spring of 1821 he had perfectly recovered his natural health 
 and strength: the aperture remained and the surrounding wound was 
 firmly cicatrized to its edges. 
 
 In the month of May, 1825, I commenced my first series of gastric 
 experiments with him at Fort Mackinac, Michigan Territory. In the 
 month of June following I was ordered to Fort Niagara, X. Y.. where, 
 taking the man with me, I continued my experiments until August. 
 Part of these experiments were published in 1826, in the 29th number of 
 the Philadelphia Medical Recorder, conducted by Dr. Samuel Calhoun. 
 About this time (August, 1825,) I took St. Martin with me to Burlington, 
 Vt., and from -hence to Piattsburgh, X. Y. From the latter place he 
 returned to Canada, his native place, without obtaining my consent. 
 
 Being una hie to ascertain the place of his resort, I gave him up 
 as a lost subject for physiological experiments and returned to my post 
 at the West again. I did not, however, remit my efforts to obtain infor- 
 mation of his place of residence and condition. 
 
 He remained in Canada four years, during which period he married 
 and became the father of two children; worked hard to support his 
 family, and enjoyed robust health and strength. In 1825, as he has 
 informed me, he engaged with the Hudson Bay Fur Company as a voy- 
 ager to the Indian country. He went out in 1827 and returned in 1828, 
 and subsequently labored hard to support his family until 1829. 
 
 Accidentally learning about this time where he was, and that he en- 
 joyed perfect health, 1 made arrangements with the agents of the Ameri- 
 can Fur Company, who annually visit Canada for the purpose of pro- 
 curing voyagers, to find and engage him for my service if practicable. 
 After considerable difficulty and at great expense to me they succeeded 
 in engaging him and transported him from Lower Canada with his wife 
 and two children to me at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Upper Miss- 
 issippi, a distance of nearly 2,000 miles, in August, 1829. His stomach 
 and side were in a similar condition as when he left me in 1S25. The 
 aperture was open and his health good. 
 
 He now entered my service, and I commenced another series of experi- 
 ments on the stomach and gastric fluids, and continued them, interrupt- 
 edlv, until March, 1831. During this time, in the intervals of experiment- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 61 
 
 ing all the duties of a common servant, chopping wood, carrying burdens, 
 etc., with little or no suffering or inconvenience from his wound. He 
 labored constantly, became the father of more children, and enjoyed as 
 good health and as much vigor as men in general. He subsisted on crude 
 food in abundant quantities, except when on prescribed diet for particular 
 experimental purposes and under special observance. 
 
 In the spring of 1831 circumstances made it expedient for him to 
 return with his family from Prairie du Chien to Lower Canada again. I 
 relinquished his engagements to me for the time on a promise that he 
 would return when required and gave him an outfit for himself, wife and 
 children. They started in an open canoe, via the Mississippi, passing by 
 St. Louis, Mo.; ascended the Ohio Eiver, then crossed the State of Ohio 
 to the lakes and descended the Erie, Ontario and the Eiver St. Lawrence 
 to Montreal, where they arrived in June. He remained in Canada with 
 his family until October, 1832, in good health and at hard labor. He was 
 in the midst of the cholera epidemic at the time it prevailed and passed 
 through Canada, and withstood its ravages with impunity, while hun- 
 dreds around him fell sacrifices to its fatal influence. 
 
 In November, 1832, he again engaged himself to me for twelve 
 months for the express purpose of submitting to another series of experi- 
 ments. He joined me at Plattsburg, N. Y., and traveled with me to 
 the city of Washington, where, with the facilities afforded by the head 
 of the medical department, the experiments were continued upon him 
 from November, 1832, to March, 1833. 
 
 During the whole of these periods, from the spring of 1824 to the 
 present time, he has enjoyed general good health, and perhaps suffered 
 much less predisposition to disease than is common to men of his age and 
 circumstances in life. He has been active, athletic and vigorous, exercis- 
 ing, eating and drinking like other healthy and active people. For the 
 last four months he has been unusually plethoric and robust, though con- 
 stantly subjected to a continued series of experiments on the interior of 
 the stomach, allowing to be introduced or taken out at the aperture dif- 
 ferent kinds of food, drinks, elastic catheters, thermometer tubes, gastric 
 juice, chyme, etc., almost daily and sometimes hourly. 
 
 Such have been this man's condition and circumstances for several 
 years past, and he now enjoys the most perfect health and constitutional 
 soundness, with every function of the system in full force and vigor. 
 
 Mode of Extracting the Gastric Juice. — The usual method of extract- 
 ing the gastric juice for experiment is by placing the subject on his right 
 side, depressing the valve within the aperture, introducing a gum-elastic 
 tube of the size of a large quill, five or six inches into the stomach, and 
 then turning him on the left side until the orifice becomes dependent. 
 In health, and when free from food, the stomach is usually entirely empty 
 and contracted upon itself. On introducing the tube the fluid soon begins 
 to flow, first by drops, then in an interrupted and sometimes in a short, 
 continuous stream. Moving the tube about, up and down, or backwards 
 and forwards, increases the discharge. The quantity ol fluid ordinarily 
 obtained is from four drachms to one and a half or two ounces, varying 
 with the circumstances and condition of the stomach. Its extraction is 
 generally attended by that peculiar sensation at the pit of the stomach, 
 termed sinking, with some degree of faintness, which renders it neces- 
 sary to stop the operation. The usual time of extracting the juice is 
 
62 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 early in the morning, before lie has eaten, when the stomach is empty 
 and clean. 
 
 On laying him horizontally on his back, pressing the hand upon the 
 hepatic region, agitating a little and at the same time turning him to 
 the left side, bright yellow bile appears to flow freely through the pylorus 
 and passes out through the tube. Sometimes it is found mixed with the 
 gastric juice without this operation. This is, however, seldom the case, 
 unless it has been excited by some other cause. 
 
 The chymous fluids are easily taken out by depressing the valve 
 within the aperture, laying the hand over the lower part of the stomach, 
 shaking a little and pressing upwards. In this manner any quantity 
 necessary for examination and experiment can be obtained. 
 
 Valve. — The valve mentioned above is formed by a slightly inverted 
 portion of the inner coats of the stomach, fitted exactly to fill the 
 aperture. Its principal and most external attachment is at the upper 
 and posterior edge of the opening. Its free portion hangs pendulous and 
 fills the aperture when the stomach is full, and plays up and down simul- 
 taneously with the respiratory muscles when empty. 
 
 On pressing down the valve when the stomach is full the contents 
 flow out copiously. When the stomach is nearly empty and quiescent the 
 interior of the cavity may be examined to the depth of five or six inches 
 if kept distended by artificial means, and the food and drinks may be seen 
 entering it if swallowed at this time, through the ring of the esophagus. 
 The perforation through the walls of the stomach is about three inches 
 to the left of the cardia, near the left superior termination of the great 
 curvature. When entirely empty the stomach contracts upon itself and 
 sometimes forces the valve through the orifice, together with an addi- 
 tional portion of the mucous membrane, which becomes completely in- 
 vested and forms a tumor as large as a hen's egg. After lying on the left- 
 side and sleeping a few hours a still larger portion protrudes and spreads 
 out over the external integuments, five or six inches in circumference,. 
 fairly exhibiting the natural rugae, villous membrane and mucous coat, 
 lining the gastric cavity. This appearance is almost invariably exhib- 
 ited in the morning before rising from his bed. 
 
 Plattsburgh, 1833. 
 
WILLIAM M. M I'HEEXERS, M. D., ST. LOUTS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 53 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— THE CHOLERA EPIDEMICS. 
 
 HISTORY OF EPIDEHIC CHOLERA IN ST. LOUIS IN 1849.* 
 
 In this article I propose giving a report of the late fearful visitation 
 of cholera in St. Louis, so far as it came under my own observation, as the 
 published records of the city sIioav, and as I have been able to gather 
 from other authentic sources. Having no new views to present as to the 
 nature, cause or treatment of cholera, I shall endeavor to confine myself 
 as closely as possible to facts, together with a statement of such general 
 conclusions as these facts seem to warrant. During the year I had charge 
 of the St. Louis Hospital — under the care of the Sisters of Charity — which 
 for a long time was the sole, and throughout the epidemic, the principal 
 depot for the reception of cholera patients. My opportunities, therefore, 
 for observing the disease were not surpassed by airy other individual. 
 
 As early as the months of October, November and December, 1818,. 
 it was obvious to all that there was an unusual predisposition throughout 
 our entire population to diarrhea and bowel affections of all kinds. In 
 the hospital, so great was this tendency, that the administration of cathar- 
 tic medicines had to be entirely suspended; for, when given in any dis- 
 ease, troublesome and even unmanageable diarrheas were the invariable 
 results. The attention of the clinical class, who accompanied me in my 
 visits during the fall and winter was frequently directed to this pecu- 
 liarity, and it was stated that as coming events cast their shadows before 
 them, it must be regarded as the inevitable precursor of cholera. 
 
 Early in December, 1848, the disease made its appearance in New Or- 
 leans, where it soon became epidemic, and prevailed to an alarming ex- 
 tent. By means of the numerous steamboats plying between this port 
 and New Orleans, and in the absence of all quarantine regulations, cases 
 of cholera were frequently, towards the latter part of December, brought 
 to this city from New Orleans and admitted into the St. Louis Hospital. 
 Some of these cases proved fatal, and in this way deaths from cholera ap- 
 pear in the weekly reports at that period. 
 
 On the 5th day of Januar}', 1819, the first case of cholera originating 
 in St. Louis occurred. The patient, a stout, healtlry laboring man, who 
 had four months previous to this time returned from New Mexico, and 
 since which he had been employed in the upper part of the town, where 
 he had no connection whatever with any one affected with cholera. On 
 the day of his attack, January 5, at dinner, he ate heartily of sour kraut, 
 while laboring under a slight diarrhea, and in a few clays after was taken 
 with vomiting, cramps and" frequent discharges from the bowels. Four 
 o'clock the same afternoon he was taken to the hospital, and in a short 
 time afterwards I saw him. Found him in the following condition : Vom- 
 iting freely, with frequent and copious discharges from the bowels; -at 
 first of slight bilious character, but it soon became pure "rice water:" 
 cramps in the stomach and lower extremities and tongue cold; skin of a 
 blue color and very much corrugated; urinary secretions suspended; eyes 
 sunken and surrounded by a livid hue. As the public mind at this time 
 
 *By Dr. William M. McPheeters, St. Louis. 
 
64 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 was greatly excited on the subject of cholera,, I invited several professional 
 brethren in whom I had confidence to see the patient with me. all of whom 
 concurred in the opinion thai it was a veil marked case of cholera. From 
 the beginning the treatment instituted was of the most vigorous char- 
 acter, and was kept up with great assiduity, notwithstanding which the 
 patient sank rapidly into a state of complete collapse and died the follow- 
 ing morning about 2 o'clock. 
 
 I have been thus minute in describing this case, as it goes to show 
 that from the very commencement the disease showed a most malignant 
 character, and that at this early period the unknown morbid agent giving 
 rise to cholera already existed m the atmosphere,, and only required an 
 exciting cause, such as sauer kraut in this instance afforded, to develop 
 it in all its violence, and this, too, at a time when the weather was cold, 
 and the streets and alleys completely frozen, and when there was an ab- 
 sence of those local causes of disease which usually exist so abundantly in 
 our midst. 
 
 The next case of local origin occurred two days after, on the 7th of 
 January: patient an Irish boatman, but out of employment at that season 
 of the year. This man also had a slight diarrhea for several days prior to 
 his attack, and was guilty of imprudence in diet. On entering the hos- 
 pital he presented all the characteristics of cholera, though not in so ag- 
 gravated a form as in the last case. This patient recovered. Xo other 
 cases are known to have originated here until the 17th, when a stout, 
 middle-aged laborer was brought into the hospital, in a few hours after 
 he was taken, in a state of collapse, and died the same night. From 
 the first his symptoms were of the most violent kind. This case, unlike 
 the last two, was not preceded by diarrhea, nor could it be traced to anv 
 imprudence in diet. 
 
 The next ease was on the 18th; patient a laborer of good habits, but 
 had suffered with diarrhea for a week. Entered the hospital in an ad- 
 vanced stage and died on the 20th. Previous to death his evacuation be- 
 came decidedly fecal and bilious. The fifth case of local origin occurred 
 on the 20th in the person of a female, who resided in the same house with 
 the patient last named (on St. Charles street, between Third and Fourth), 
 in which house several other cases subsequently occurred. She had diar- 
 rhea ten days previous to attack, for which she was treated and recov- 
 ered; was seized with great violence, and in eight hours after admission 
 into the hospital and twelve hours after the first attack, she died. 
 
 The sixth case originating here occurred on the 21st and the sev- 
 enth on the 28th. The two last cases were of a milder character than the 
 others and both recovered. Towards the latter part of January cases 
 occasionally presented themselves in various parts of the city besides 
 those enum'erated as having been sent to the hospital, but they were not 
 numerous. 
 
 During the whole month of January 33 death. s are reported as hav- 
 ing taken place from cholera in the city and five from cholera morbus. 
 Two-thirds of these at least were imported from Xew Orleans, while only 
 the remaining one-third were of local origin. The real number of deaths 
 from cholera in January, 1819, may, therefore, be stated at 38. Of these, 
 eight occurred at St. Louis Hospital, two at the Hospital for Invalids and 
 two at the City Hospital. The remainder were from the city at large and 
 from the different steamboats. The whole number of deaths from all dis- 
 eases in Januarv was 276. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Q5 
 
 During the first week in February four deaths are reported from 
 cholera, all of whom died in St. Louis Hospital, and were from different 
 steamboats. The second week in February there were eleven deaths from 
 cholera; three or four of these were of local origin and the remainder 
 were brought up from New Orleans and died in different hospitals. Dur- 
 ing the third week there were only four deaths from cholera, all of which 
 were imported, and from the 19th to the 2 (5th not a single death occurred 
 from cholera. Throughout the whole month of February there were only 
 twenty deaths from cholera, being eighteen less than in January. The 
 whole number of deaths from all diseases during the month was 241. 
 
 The first week in March there were three deaths from cholera, the 
 second week ten, the third week twenty-seven and the fourth week twenty- 
 eight. The total number of deaths from cholera in March was 68, and 
 from all diseases 291. This exhibits a decided increase from the month 
 of January and February, and, although many cases were imported, the 
 number originating here was vastly augmented. 
 
 For the first week in April there were 18 deaths of cholera; second 
 week, 17; third week, 25: fourth week, 27, and fifth week, 41, making in 
 all for the month 131 deaths from cholera and 156 from all diseases, 
 From the beginning of April the number of imported cases began to de- 
 crease and those of local origin to multiply. Towards the latter part of 
 the month the disease broke out with great violence among the inhabitants 
 of the Orphans' Home, situated on Fourth street, between Poplar and 
 €erre, and in a few days swept off the matron of the establishment and 
 many of the unfortunate inmates of the asylum. So fatal was the dis- 
 ease among the children that it was thought best to remove those remain- 
 ing and temporarily to suspend the operations of the institution. 
 
 At this period apprehension became very great. With the approach 
 of warm weather the disease was seen greatly to increase, and all seemed 
 now convinced that a summer of unparalleled mortality awaited our pop- 
 ulation. 
 
 The first week in May showed a fearful increase in the progress of 
 the disease, there being 78 deaths from cholera, with a total from all dis- 
 eases of 135. Still the mortality was principally confined to the lower 
 classes and the unacclimated emigrants coming among us in great numbers. 
 This state of things, however, did not continue long, for the very next week 
 revealed the astonishing result of 193 deaths of cholera and 273 from all 
 diseases. The panic at this time among all classes of our citizens was at 
 its height ; not even afterwards, when the daily mortality reached 145, was 
 it ever greater. At this juncture (May 17) the great fire occurred, and for 
 two weeks immediately following it there was a perceptible decrease in the 
 number of deaths. From 193 for the week preceding the fire it was reduced 
 to 128 the first, 118 the second thereafter. Those circumstances, which 
 were probably only a coincidence or one of those variations which frecptent- 
 ly occur during prevalence of an epidemic, was attributed to the influence 
 of the fire in purifying the atmosphere, and it was confidently believed by 
 many that the disease would thenceforth decline. The sequel shows how 
 little foundation there really was for this opinion. By making a powerful 
 impression on the minds of the people, and for a time diverting their atten- 
 tion from the all-absorbing subject of cholera, the great fire may have in- 
 fluenced the disease in temporarily suspending one of the chief exciting 
 causes, to-wit: fear, but in no other way that I can perceive. The sum- 
 
6(5 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ming up of the month of May shows an aggregate of 786 deaths; of these 
 517 were of cholera, showing an increase of 386. 
 
 The first week in June there were 74 deaths of cholera and in all 144. 
 During the second week 139 of cholera and "383 in all. At this period the 
 increase in the mortality was so great that it now became necessary, in or- 
 der to convey a just idea of the progress of the epidemic, to give the daily 
 as well as the weekly mortality. 
 
 From the details already given and particularly from those which 
 are to follow, it will be seen that the number of deaths from other diseases- 
 besides cholera is unusually great. This greatly increased mortality at- 
 tributed to other diseases is unquestionably owing to the all-pervading 
 cholera influence. During the months of June and July, and to some ex- 
 tent throughout the epidemic, such was the almost irresistible tendency to> 
 death that slight ailments, which under ordinary circumstances- 
 and during other seasons would, have yielded readily to treatment, now be- 
 came serious in their character and not infrequently ran on rapidly to a. 
 fatal termination. Besides, in the weekly reports of deaths during the 
 year, 432 were returned as occurring from unknown diseases. Nine-tenths of 
 these, it is fair to presume, died from cholera, and were buried without reg- 
 ular certificates front physicians, and consequently were reported by the 
 sextons as unknown. It is manifest, therefore, that this enormous mor- 
 tality (4046) from diseases other than cholera is in a very great measure tc* 
 be attributed to the baneful influence of the epidemic. The following 
 table exhibit the daily mortality from June 12 to July 30 inclusive: 
 
 Deaths from Cholera. Other Diseases. TotaL 
 
 Tuesday, June 12, there were 47 12 59 
 
 Wednesday, June 13, there were. .. . 65 IS 83 
 
 Thursday, June 14, there were 58 10 68 
 
 Friday, June 15, there were .62 12 74 
 
 Saturday, June 16, there were 61 13 74 
 
 Sunday, June 17. there were 69 16 85 
 
 Monday, June 18, there were ..... 64 15 79 
 
 Making an aggregate for the week of -126 cholera, 96 from other diseases 
 and 522 in all. 
 
 Tuesday, June 19, there were . ... 74 16 90 
 
 Wednesday, June 20, there were . . . 67 35 102 
 
 Thursday, June 21, there were .... 85 10 95 
 
 Friday, June 22. there were 95 25 120 
 
 Saturday, June 23, there were 98 27 125 
 
 Sunday, June 24, there were 118 21 139 
 
 Monday, 'June 25, there were 99 28 127 
 
 Being for the week 636 from cholera, 162 from othe diseases, in all 798. 
 We here see a rapid increase within the last two weeks, from 47 to US 
 deaths a day from cholera. 
 
 Tuesday, June 26, there were 94 20 114 
 
 Wednesday, June 27, there were. . . .115 25 140 
 
 Thursday, June 28, there were 123 32 155 
 
 Friday, June 29, there were 119 43 162 
 
 Saturday, June 30, there were S3 39 122 
 
 Sunday, July 1, there were 100 25 125 
 
 Monday, Julv 2, there were 105 28 133 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. (J? 
 
 This week presents the largest aggregate mortality during the whole year, 
 there being 739 deaths from cholera and 212 from other diseases, in all 
 951, though the most fatal days yet remain to be mentioned. 
 
 Tuesday, July ,3, there were 103 28 131 
 
 Wednesday, July 4, there were . . . 108 29 139 
 
 Thursday, July 5, there were 98 28 121 
 
 Friday, July 6, there were .... 81 27 108 
 
 Saturday, July 7, there were 89 34 123 
 
 Sunday/ July 8, there were SO 27 107 
 
 Monday, July 9, there were 101 24 125 
 
 Making 654 deaths fom cholera during the week and 197 from other dis- 
 eases, in all 851. 
 
 Tuesday, July 10, there were 145 39 184 
 
 Wednesday, July 11, there were 124 33 157 
 
 Thursday, July 'l2, there were 105 31 134 
 
 Friday, July 13, there were 87 13 100 
 
 Saturday, July 14, there were 39 42 131 
 
 Sunday, July 15, there were 58 34 92 
 
 Monday, July 16, there were 61 27 88 
 
 Tuesday and Wednesday of this week were the most terrible days of the 
 whole year. On the previous Saturday and Sunday there were heavy 
 rains; on Monday the sun came out with great power, and the number 
 of interments on Monday were the fearful consequences of the combined 
 heat and moisture. Monday and Monday night, July 9, will be long re- 
 membered by the citizens of St. Louis. But having once reached its height, 
 the disease began rapidly to decline. The whole number of deaths from 
 cholera during the week was 669 and from other diseases 219, in all 888. 
 
 Tuesday, July 17, there were 61 23 84 
 
 Wednesday, July 18, there were ... 50 34 84 
 
 Thurscknr, July 19. there were .... 36 -30 66 
 
 Friday, July 20, there were 37 29 Q6- 
 
 Saturday, July 21, there were 33 20 53 
 
 Sunday, July 22, there were 21 13 34 
 
 Monday, July 23, there were 31 22 53 
 
 Total from cholera for the week, 269, and from other diseases, 171, in all 
 440. This exhibits a manifest improvement. 
 
 Tuesday, July 24, there were 19 16 35 
 
 Wednesday, July 25, there were ... 22 26 48 
 
 Thursday, Julv 26, there were 14 15 29 
 
 Friday, July 27, there were 10 16 26 
 
 Saturday, July 28, there Avere 11 15 26 
 
 Sunday, July 29, there Avere 9 18 29 
 
 Monday, July 30, there Avere 15 25 40 
 
 Total from cholera for the Aveek, 100; from other diseases, 131; in all, 231. 
 On Tuesday, July 31, only three deaths occurred from cholera, and the 
 Board of Health therefore pronounced that the disease was no longer an 
 epidemic. For the remainder of the year I shall only give the weekly re- 
 ports, which are as follows : 
 
68 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Cholera. Other Diseases. All. 
 
 For the week ending Aug. 6 there were. .43 109 152 
 
 For the week ending Aug. 13 there were. .12 105 117 
 For the week ending Aug. 20 there were. . 4 90 94 
 
 For the week ending Aug. 27 there were. . 3 70 73 
 
 For the week ending Sept. 3 there were. .4 G7 71 
 
 For the week ending Sept. 10 there were. . 2 (>4 66 
 
 For the week ending Sept. 17 there were. . 1 87 88 
 
 For She week ending Sept. 24 there were. . 6 74 80 
 
 For the week ending Oct. 1 there were. . 3 74 77 
 
 For the week ending Oct. 8 there were. . 69 69 
 
 For the week ending Oct. 15 there were. . 2 61 63 
 
 For the week ending Oct. 22 there were. .0 44 44 
 
 For the week ending Oct. 29 there were. . 57 57 
 
 For the week ending Nov. 5 there were. . 1 52 53 
 
 For the week ending Nov. 12 there were. . 44 4-1 
 
 For the week ending Nov. 19 there were. . 53 53 
 
 For the week ending Nov. 26 there were. . 1 38 39 
 
 For the week ending Dec. 3 there were. . 2 45 47 
 
 For the week ending Dec. 10 there were. . 1 41 42 
 
 For the week ending Dec. 17 there were. .2 44 46 
 
 For the week ending Dec. 24 there were. . 31 31 
 
 For the week ending Dec. 31 there were. . 36 36 
 
 From the data here furnished, which has heen carefully revised, it 
 appears that the whole number of deaths from cholera during "the year was 
 4,557; from other diseases, 4,046, making in all S,608. As frightful as this 
 array of figures may seem, they do not tell the whole story, as it is well- 
 known that scores and even hundreds were taken to the country and across 
 the river or otherwise secretly buried without having been reported to the 
 Eegister. 
 
 At the commencement of the epidemic our city contained a popula- 
 tion of near 70,000, but this number was reduced to about 50,000 by July, 
 so that the greatest mortality occurred at a time when the number of in- 
 habitants was greatly diminished. The following table exhibits the whole 
 number of deaths from all diseases during each month of the year of 1849. 
 The number from cholera and also the proportion of children of 5 years 
 and under: 
 Whole Number of Persons in 
 
 January 276 From cholera.. 38 5 years and under.. 97 
 
 February 241 From cholera.. 20 5 years and under.. 91 
 
 March ..<.... 294 From cholera.. 68 5 years and under.. 93 
 
 April 456 From cholera.. 131 5 years and under.. 146 
 
 May 786 From cholera.. 517 5 years and under.. 158 
 
 June 2440 From cholera. .1799 5 years and under. .512 
 
 July 2668 From cholera. .1895 5 years and under. .675 
 
 August 436 From cholera.. 62 5 years and under. .208 
 
 September ... 305 From cholera.. 13 5 years and under.. 125 
 
 October 310 From cholera.. 5 5 years and under.. 125 
 
 November.... 189 From cholera.. 2 5 years and under.. 81 
 
 December .... 202 From cholera.. 5 5 years and under.. 62 
 
 • 8603 
 
 4557 
 
 217; 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 69 
 
 The infantile mortality as exhibited by the above table,, while it is 
 frightfully great (2,173), yet as compared with the whole number of 
 deaths, is smaller than usual, being less than one-fourth of the whole 
 number. Yet of these 2,173 deaths among children, only 526 are reported 
 as having taken place from cholera, from which fact it appears that while 
 no age, sex or condition is exempt from the ravages of ths ruthless dis- 
 ease, it at least showed some respect to the tender age of infancy. 
 
 The rapid disappearance of the disease after it had once reached its 
 acme (July 10 and 11) is as remarkable as the gradual manner in which it 
 came on. Yet, notwithstanding the warning given by this gradual ap- 
 proach, and the length of time thus afforded for placing the city in order 
 for its reception by a thorough cleansing and by removing every source of 
 disease as well as by establishing and maintaining a vigorous health police 
 and preparing suitable hospitals for the reception of the indigent sick, 
 there was manifested an almost reckless apathy on the part of our author- 
 ities. The city was never in a more filthy condition, and yet inadequate 
 steps were taken towards cleansing it until at length public indignation 
 was aroused to such a pitch by the cruel inaction of the authorities that 
 mass meetings were assembled and the people in their sovereign capacity 
 demanded of them — in language not to be mistaken — either to do their 
 duty or at once resign. But so afraid were they of taking responsibility on 
 themselves or of spending the people's money for the people's good, when 
 they themselves demanded it at their hands, that they ingloriously shrunk 
 from the crisis and conferred all the power and authority, which by law 
 was vested in them, and which they only should have exercised, upon an 
 irresponsible "committee of health" composed of private citizens, who 
 patriotically stepped forward and did what the city authorities long be- 
 fore should have done. Too much praise cannot be awarded to the "com- 
 mittee of health" for the prompt and efficient manner in which they dis- 
 charged the duties assigned them. They commenced their operations 
 about the 28th of June, held daily meetings, and by systematic and vigor- 
 ous action did all in their power to stay the arm of the destroyer. Tempo- 
 rary hospitals were established in each ward, physicians employed and all 
 the appliances of comfort secured for the accommodation of the poor. The 
 city was also cleansed as thoroughly as possible; bonfires were nightly built 
 in almost every street and the whole city repeatedly fumigated with tar and 
 sulphur and other hygienic measures adopted. 
 
 I am not disposed to attribute the rapid decline of the cholera to 
 the action of the "committee of health"' nor to any other cause, save only 
 the withdrawal of the peculiar unknown atmospheric poison which has 
 always given rise to it. Yet it is undoubtedly true in those parts of the 
 city which were damp and filthy and in which the greatest number of per- 
 sons were crowded together, the disease prevailed to the most deadly ex- 
 tent. This of itself is sufficient to show the importance of paying strict 
 attention to hygienic regulations. 
 
 As to the bonfires and fumigations, if they did any good at all it was 
 only by diverting the minds of the people. 
 
 Among the causes tending greatly to swell the number of deaths is 
 to be mentioned the large number of emigrants who were constantly pour- 
 ing in upon us by the boatload, while our own permanent population were 
 leaving as fast as they could I have no means of ascertaining the num- 
 ber who arrived during the whole season, but some idea may be formed from 
 a single fact, that on the 28th of June 350 foreigners landed on our wharf 
 
70 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 from a single steamer, the New Uncle Sain. These poor creatures, re- 
 cently off shipboard, debilitated by the long sea voyage, and in the most 
 favorable condition for contracting disease, were landed in an atmosphere 
 reeking with the deadly influence of cholera, and as a matter of course were 
 swept off by scores and by hundreds. Instead of victimizing the rest of the 
 community they were themselves the victims. Towards the latter part of 
 June a quarantine was established by which a check was put to the rapid 
 influx of emigrants. The decline of the cholera soon after induced many 
 to believe that they were mainly indebted to the quarantine for its dis- 
 appearance. There can be no doubt of the fact that had the quarantine 
 been established sooner many lives would have been saved by keeping out 
 victims already predisposed to the disease, but it is as unreasonable to sup- 
 pose that the cholera was kept up solely by the influx of foreigners as it 
 was originally brought by them or that the establishing of a quarantine 
 was the cause of its decline. As has already been stated, the disease ran 
 its course and finally ceased, not for want of material on which to act, 
 but from the subsidence of the epidemic tendency to it. 
 
 The question then arises. What good, if any, is to be accomplished by 
 a quarantine during cholera or at any other lime? The answer to this 
 question has already been partially anticipated by showing that it prevents 
 persons previously disposed to this or any other disease from exposing 
 themselves to the prevailing epidemic influence, and in so far only as the 
 multiplication of diseases during the existence of an epidemic tends — as 
 it may reasonably be supposed to do — to augment the atmospheric causes, 
 can it be said to affect the diseases. But the establishing of the quarantine 
 during the late "visitation of cholera unquestionably did good indirectly in 
 another way — by quieting the apprehension of our citizens and inducing 
 the feeling of security in a firm belief on their part that the chief source 
 of the disease had been removed. 
 
 Circumstanced, as St. Louis is, being the point at which thousands 
 of foreigners from all parts of Europe annually collect for distribution 
 throughout this widely extended fertile valley, it cannot be denied that 
 a permanent quarantine at this point could be attended with the happiest 
 results, especially for the emigrants themselves. Here, by remaining a few 
 days and undergoing the process of cleansing, they would be better able to 
 bear the sudden change of climate and be less liable subsequently to ty- 
 phoid fever and other diseases arising from long confinement on shipboard. 
 But such an establishment would be attended with no inconsiderable ex- 
 pense, as in order to render it useful for these purposes, large and well ven- 
 tilated buildings would have to be erected and all the appliances for health 
 and comfort sustained. 
 
 By reference to the daily mortality it will be seen that there is usually 
 an increased number of interments on Monday. This is owing to the ex- 
 cess on the previous Sunday. It strikes one as strange that in the midst 
 of pestilence, in which the hand of Providence was so manifest, men 
 gave full rein to their passions and indulged in unwonted dissipation. 
 Instances are known in which individuals, not having the fear of God be- 
 fore their eyes, went out on Sabbath excursions, defying the cholera, and 
 engaging in all manner of excesses, who would suddenly be taken with 
 the disease and in a few hours hurried into eternity. It is also true that 
 there was an unusually large quantity of alcoholic liquors drunk by all 
 classes of our citizens from the erroneous belief in its prophylactic powers, 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 71 
 
 and the records show an increased number of deaths from mania a potu 
 during the prevalence of the epidemic. 
 
 As the cholera began to disappear dysenteric affections became very 
 prevalent. These were often troublesome and not infrequently fatal. The 
 chief peculiarity which was presented was the very great prostration of 
 •strength attending them, but in other respects they did not differ from 
 ordinary dysenteries of this climate. I am inclined to attribute this dysen- 
 teric tendency to the too rigid adherence to an exclusively animal diet, 
 which almost every one followed throughout the whole summer. And this 
 view is strengthened by the fact that the disease rapidly disappeared as 
 •soon as a proper admixture of vegetable food was taken. 
 
 After the abatement of cholera and the succeeding dysentery our city 
 ■exhibited an. unusual state of health, and during the months of October, 
 ISTovember and December the weekly reports of mortality were unusually 
 small and will compare favorably with those of any other State. Like the 
 calm which follows a tornado, as it has swept from the forest, carrying de- 
 struction in its path, when once the storm of disease had subsided the at- 
 mosphere seemed to be purified by its fury and rendered fitter for respira- 
 tion. 
 
 From the commencement of cholera in St. Louis to its termination 
 there were certain localities in which the disease raged with peculiar 
 violence. These points seemed to act as foci from whence the disease ra- 
 diated to other points, and the facts connected with them formed an in- 
 teresting subject of inquiry, especially as they were regarded by those who 
 advocated the doctrine of contagion as having an important bearing on 
 that subject. The first of these infected localities which attracted public 
 attention was a house situated near the corner of Seventh and St. Charles 
 streets and occupied by several Irish families; some inhabited the damp 
 basement and others the upper apartments. As early as the middle of 
 January a case of cholera originating on the mer was taken to this house 
 and died. Soon after the disease broke out among other inmates. Some 
 six or seven died in the course of ten days or two Aveeks, after which the 
 house was abandoned. The character and habits of those persons were 
 such as to render them fit subjects for cholera or any other disease. Thus, 
 with the predisposing cause already existing in the atmosphere, super- 
 added to the bad habit of living, it is possible that the fear occasioned by 
 the introduction of the isolated case among them may have acted as the 
 determining cause of the disease in others. 
 
 The next of these ill-fated locations which at a later period became 
 celebrated for its mortality was on the northwest side of Green street, be- 
 tween Sixth and Seventh, in a row of small two-story frame buildings. 
 This row was densely inhabited, mostly by Irish. Here the disease pre- 
 vailed violently. Scarce a family escaped without one or more deaths, and 
 some were almost entirely swept off. The peculiarity about the situation of 
 these houses is that they are built near the ground and with lots so ex- 
 ceedingly shallow as to bring the outhouses within a few feet of the back 
 •doors. 
 
 Still later in the season the disease prevailed with fearful violence 
 on the north side of St. Charles street, between Eighth and Ninth streets, 
 in a row of small two-story frame and brick houses, numerously occupied by 
 mechanics and laborers, whose condition was somewhat better than those on 
 Green street. Nearly the entire population of this block was swept off, 
 192 deaths occurring in the row. The street opposite had never been 
 
72 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 paved; the situation was damp; the cellars were filled with water and the 
 premises otherwise filthy. 
 
 What is called Vinegar Hill, situated between Fourteenth and Fif- 
 teenth and Christy avenue and Morgan street, was also another of these 
 fatal localities. The inhabitants here were mostly Irish. 
 
 The neighborhood of Biddie and O'Fallon and Eighth street, as well 
 as Biddie and Tenth, may also be included among the infected districts. 
 Here the disease reached an unmitigated violence, sweeping off hundreds. 
 During the months of June and July, having frequently gone into those 
 neighborhoods to sec a single case, T was detained for hours, going from 
 house to house, prescribing as rapidly as possible. The population of these 
 neighborhoods were almost entirely composed of Germans and Irish, who 
 have herded together in large numbers. ISTear by also were large ponds of 
 stagnant water, some of which covered 20 to 30 acres of ground. 
 
 But by far the most fatal locality was that known as Shepard's Grave- 
 yard (so called from the number of deaths which occurred there), being 
 in the southwest part of the city and embracing three squares, the former 
 bed of Chouteau Pond. 
 
 The situation of this place was low and damp and filthy and teemed 
 with a population of the poorest of the poor and most destitute character. 
 Here, as might naturally be expected, the cholera raged with unmitigated 
 violence and carried off its scores and hundreds. I am informed by Hr. 
 Alleyne, who had charge of that district during the epidemic, that very 
 many cases occurred without the slightest premonitory diarrhea and ter- 
 minated in an unusually short time. 
 
 Besides the points above enumerated, there were several other locali- 
 ties in different parts of the city in which the disease was more fatal than 
 usual, among which may be mentioned the districts on St. George street 
 and Bremen. As a general fact it may be stated that the cholera pre- 
 vailed most in those parts of the city in which there were the largest num- 
 ber of persons herded together, where the streets were unpaved and where 
 there was the greatest amount of filth and moisture. As a proof of this it 
 is worthy of remark that there were comparatively few cases in that part 
 of the city which was well paved, well built and inhabited by the better class 
 of persons — for example, from Sixth street east to the river. But while 
 no class of persons could claim exemption, and while some of our best 
 and most useful citizens fell victims to the disease, it fell most heavily 
 on the poorer class from their exposed condition, and especially on our for- 
 eign population. It is perhaps not too much to say that at least seven- 
 tenths of the entire mortality occurred among the Germans and Irish. 
 
 The question of the contagiousness or the non-contagiousness of chol- 
 era has for a long time divided the medical profession, and it is one of those 
 questions which perhaps never can be definitely settled, as facts upon 
 which different individuals formed their opinions, are, it must be ad- 
 mitted, somewhat contradictory. Without intending to enter upon a discus- 
 sion of this subject, I shall merely state the principal facts connected with 
 the spread of the disease in the St. Louis Hospital so far as they bear upon 
 this point. Prior to the late epidemic I knew nothing of cholera from 
 my own personal observation, but from what I had read in reference to it 
 I regarded the subject of contagion as an open question, and therefore de- 
 termined to examine it impartially in reference to this particularly. The 
 result of my observation has been to convince me that while the disease 
 is strictly epidemic in its nature, yet under some circumstances and to a 
 
ST. MART'S HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 73 
 
 limited extent it may also become moderately contagious. My observation 
 also proves that those persons, professional as well as non-professional, 
 who regarded the disease as contagions, were more guarded in their inter- 
 course with cholera patients, and suffered far more from fear of the dis- 
 ease than those who viewed it merely as an epidemic affection, and insofar 
 as fear acts as an exciting cause, were rendered more susceptible to it than 
 they would otherwise have been. Tiros many instances of what I shall 
 denominate mental contagion occurred. For example, when a case origi- 
 nated in a family the panic often became so great that the other inmates 
 of the house would yield so much to the depressing influence of fear as to 
 render them less capable of resisting the prevailing atmospheric tendency 
 of the disease; and that every additional case thus caused would act with 
 redoubled force. In this way much of the so-called contagion of cholera 
 may be accounted for. 
 
 From the beginning of January to the close of the epidemic there was- 
 a constant influx of cholera patients in all stages of the disease in the St. 
 Louis Hospital, requiring the constant attention day and night of nurses 
 and assistants, both male and female, yet in not a single instance did any 
 one of them suffer from the disease. On the famale side of the house, and 
 to some extent on the male side, numerous patients laboring under other 
 diseases were placed in the same wards with cholera cases, but, as it is be- 
 lieved, without any injury to their health. 
 
 The whole number of inmates in the institution, including the Sisters 
 of Charity, male and female nurses, orphan children and disabled and in- 
 digent persons having no home— but exclusive of the patients properly so- 
 called — were 86 in all. Of these only five died of cholera during the whole 
 season. Two of them were Sisters of Charity, neither of whom, however,, 
 was engaged in nursing, the one being exempt from duty on account of age 
 and infirmity, but who occasionally visited the wards for the purpose of ad- 
 ministering consolations of religion to the dying, while the other was en- 
 gaged as precutrix of the establishment, and had no connection whatever 
 with the wards. The remaining three were healthy female children from 
 4 to 12 years of age, all residing in the female ward, common to cholera 
 and other diseases. In addition to the above, a female recovering from ty- 
 phoid fever was taken with cholera and died. Besides those no other in- 
 mate of the hospital suffered with the epidemic. In common with the rest 
 of the community they occasionally had diarrheas which yielded with great- 
 er or less readiness to the ordinary remedies. 
 
 TREATMENT. — On this subject I can only give the result of my own 
 experience in and out of the hospital, which experience, while it does not 
 enable me to suggest any plan of treatment which promises more than or- 
 dinary success, has at least taught me how little reliance is to be placed 
 in the "thousand and one" vaunted remedies which are constantly heralded 
 forth, both by the medical and secular press, as specifics for cholera, nearly 
 all of which were fairly tried and proved to be entirely worthless. Further, 
 that those physicians who boast most loudly of their extraordinary success 
 in the treatment of cholera have either seen no malignant cholera at all or 
 else they are guilty of the most willful misrepresentation. 
 
 That, although no skeptic as to the powers of medicine, my expe- 
 rience in the treatment of cholera has taught me how impotent is our art 
 when the disease is malignant — that the result of medication depends vastly 
 more on the character of the case than on the nature of the treatment, 
 and that while mild cases will yield to opposite plans of treatment, nineteen- 
 
74 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 twentieths of all the worst eases will die in spite of all the doctors and all 
 the medicine in the universe. But while I fast believe, I am far from 
 thinking- that all plans of treatment are equally successful in one case or 
 unsuccessful in the other, or that even the most malignant cases should be 
 abandoned without an effort to save them. My invariable rule was to aban- 
 don no case as hopeless until death had rendered it absolutely so, and in 
 pursuance of this course some of the very worst cases recovered. 
 
 The precursory diarrhea generally yielded readily to the ordinary 
 mercurial astringent and opiate plan of treatment, but while this was the 
 case they could not be neglected for a moment, without an imminent risk 
 of the life of the patient. 
 
 One of the first remedies I employed in work was rendered by Dr. 
 -Cartwright and subsequently indorsed by a physician in this city in an ar- 
 ticle published in the daily newspaper — consisting of twenty grains of 
 •calomel, twenty grains of capsicum and ten grains of camphor. This com- 
 pound, instead of arresting the disease, Avas found to be positively prejudi- 
 cial, the capsicum in many instances increasing the gastritis, and it was 
 therefore abandoned as worse than useless. 
 
 From the known action of large doses of quinine in congestive fever, 
 in producing a prompt and powerful impression on the nervous system, 
 1 had hoped to derive benefit from its use in cholera. I therefore em- 
 ployed it in large and small doses (from two to twenty grains) alone and in 
 combination, in repeated instances, without any good effect. 
 
 Opium and the preparations of morphine, in doses varying from two 
 to ten of the former and from a quarter to two grains of the latter, were 
 iilso tried, alone and in combination, but with no effect more than the 
 quinine. Indeed, in some instances, troublesome symptoms seemed to be 
 the consequence. 
 
 Calomel, which is regarded by many as the sheet anchor in the treat- 
 ment of cholera, was faithfully tried in hundreds of cases, in doses vary- 
 ing from two to sixty grains, frequently repeated, as well as numerous com- 
 binations. T am not prepared to say that no benefit was derived from its 
 use, but certainly it did not meet my expectations. 
 
 ISTot a few instances occurred in Avhich the discharges from the bowels 
 assumed a decidedly bilious character, and some in which even ptyalism was 
 induced, and yet the patients died, though the occurrence of ptyalism was 
 generally regarded as a favorable sign. I, however, continued to use cal- 
 omel throughout the epidemic, but in greatly diminished quantities. 
 
 BLOOD LETTING.— -No remedies employed by me during the cholera 
 seemed at first to produce such decided and favorable results as the lancet. 
 In some six or eight instances, in which the collapse was almost complete, 
 •and in which all the symptoms of advanced cholera were present, the pa- 
 tients seemed rescued from the jaws of death by free blood letting. In 
 these cases the blood at first came cl^r bv drop, and was of a dark mo- 
 lasses color, 'out gradually began to fiKi >- ■ ultimately to flow freely, at the 
 same time assuming a brighter hue. Simultaneously with these changes 
 respiration became more frequent and less labored, and the pulse seemed to 
 increase or, from not being perceptible at all, became manifest. As the dis- 
 ease progressed, however, the same favorable results did not attend the use 
 of the lancet, and it finally fell into disuse, not that I did not believe that 
 there were many cases in which it might have done good, but because my 
 zeal in the use of the remedy flagged, owing to repeated failures, and from 
 the very great demand there was for every moment of my time/ In every 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 75 
 
 instance in which bleeding was tried other remedies were simultaneously 
 
 •employed. 
 
 Dry cups to the spine and cut cups to the abdomen were also freely 
 used, and the latter with good results, the former not. The warm hath, 
 the cold douse were also severely tried, mustard plasters, frictions with 
 capsicum, dry mustard and salt, hot bricks, blankets wrung in hot water, 
 etc., etc.. were extensively tried, but with no effect. In one instance a pa- 
 tient was brought into the hospital, the soles of whose feet were burnt to 
 a crisp by the application of .hot bricks, yet without producing reaction. 
 In another case plasters were allowed to remain until the death of the par- 
 ty from gangrene ensued. So thoroughly was I persuaded of the in- 
 ■effieacy of external applications that in the hospital they were almost whol- 
 ly abandoned, and my efforts to bring on reaction were directed to the cen- 
 ter of circulation rather than to the extremities. Indeed, it seems to me 
 as unreasonable to expect to excite animal heat by applying remedies to the 
 extremities, when neither the heart nor the lungs are doino- their functions 
 properly, as it would be to think of increasing the temperature of an apart- 
 ment by tampering with the flues vhen the furnace where the heat is 
 generated is out of order. In private practice I continued to use the fric- 
 tion and external applications because it was gratifying to friends to be 
 employed in doing everything in their power to prevent a fatal termination 
 of the disease. 
 
 Chloroform by inhalation and taken internally was also tried, the for- 
 mer to relieve cramps, the latter as a diffusible stimulant. In both these 
 respects it answered a good purpose. It is worthy of remark, however, 
 that in the worst cases there were no cramps at all. or they were so incon- 
 siderable as not to recpiire treatment. According to my experience cramps 
 were by no means a troublesome symptom, and I ultimately regarded them 
 as a favorable omen. In perhaps a majority of fatal cases the vomiting, 
 diarrhea and cramps would all disappear hours prior to death and the pa- 
 tient would sink into a state of collapse in which he would die, with appa- 
 rently less physical suffering than almost any disease with which I am ac- 
 quainted. 
 
 Besides the remedies above enumerated, many others were tried which 
 it is unnecessary to mention. I shall therefore close this subject with a 
 brief detail of the plan of treatment which I found most beneficial. TVhen 
 called to a case in the early staa'e of the disease, in which there was 
 vomiting, an emetic of salt and mustard mixed and dissolved in warm wa- 
 ter was invariably given. This would generally arouse the vomiting, after 
 which a single dose of twenty grains of dry calomel was placed on the 
 back of the ton°ue and washed down with a small quantity of water. This 
 was followed every fifteen minutes, half hour or hour, according to the cir- 
 cumstances, with a powder consisting of musk, calomel and tannin, each 
 five grains, and camphor, four grains. Injections of acetate of lead and 
 laudanum or a strong infusion of nut galls, after each operation of the 
 bowels and a large blister over the abdomen. If the tendency was to sink 
 I also gave in addition to the above ten grains of carbonate of ammonia, 
 in solution, every fifteen minutes or half hour, according to circumstances. 
 
 Brandy was extensively tried as a stimulant, but without any favorable 
 result. 
 
 The remedies on which I mainly relied were the salt and mustard 
 emetic, the musk powders, the solution of carbonate of ammonia, the as- 
 tringent injections and blisters on the abdomen. 
 
7G ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 In numerous instance? patients who seemed to recover from the im- 
 mediate effects of cholera subsequently died of consecutive fever, which 
 was usually typhoid in its character, and in which the brain was involved 
 to a greater or less extent. There are many points connected with the 
 treatment, as well as the pathology of the disease; which might be en- 
 larged upon, but my object is not to write a treatise on cholera, but simply 
 a record of its progress in St. Louis. 1 have not even thought it neces- 
 sary to give a minute description of the disease, as it so closely resembled 
 the numerous descriptions already published as to render this unneces- 
 sary. 
 
 The following statement of the weather during the reign of cholera 
 has been kindly furnished by Dr. G-eorge Englemann of this city, who, for a 
 number of years past, has kept a regular account of the barometrical and 
 thermometrical changes, as well as of the quantity of rain which falls. 
 It will be found of interest when viewed in reference to the epidemic, from 
 which it will be seen that there was nothing peculiar in the state of weather 
 to account for the unusual severity of the disease, but that on the con- 
 trary the weather, as compared with ordinary seasons, was rather favorable 
 than otherwise to health. 
 
 REPORT OF THE WEATHER.— During the period of May, June 
 and July, while the cholera raged in St. Louis, the meteorological phe- 
 nomena gave no evidence of any unusual state of the atmosphere. The 
 weather was as usual with us in that season, which is emphatically our 
 "rainy season." The rai:is, accompanied by thunderstorms, set in some- 
 times with the beginning of May, sometimes about the end of the month, 
 and last until the middle or the end of June or the first week of July. June 
 is always our rainy month, with sultry weather and frequent thunderstorms 
 and prevailing easterly and southeasterly winds, and occasionally storms 
 from the west, which are generally of short duration. 
 
 The weather in May, 1849, was rather fairer and a little cooler than 
 usual : in July it was more cloudy and rainy and much cooler than it gen- 
 eral ly is at that time; in June, however, it was the same as we almost al- 
 ways experience in this month. 
 
 The quantity of rain for May, only 2.71 inches, fell in five days, while 
 the average of the twelve preceding years gives 4.90 inches, which descended 
 in about nine days. 
 
 In June thirteen rainy days averaged 6.16 inches of water, which cor- 
 responded very well with the average, 6.66 in eleven days. 
 
 In July 9.40 inches of rain poured down in twelve days, while the av- 
 erage is only 3.65 inches in seven days. 
 
 The atmospheric pressure was the same as common at this season, 
 rather steady, not variable, but mostly below the average of the year. 
 
 The mean temperature of May, 64-7, was below the average, which is 
 66-3. That of June, 74-5, was equal to the average for this month, and 
 that of July, 75-1, was much under the average of sixteen years (78-4). 
 
 In nine out of the preceding years the thermometer rose higher during 
 the month of May than in that month in 1849 ; in nine years again in 
 the same period it rose higher in June than in the corresponding month 
 of 1849; in all the sixteen vears it was warmer in July than in that month 
 in 1849. 
 
 It is worth remarking, however, that the lowest temperature in those 
 three months never Avas so low as it was almost always in the corresponding 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. , 77 
 
 months of the sixteen preceding years; so that the changes were never 
 so great as they usually are at that season. As usual easterly and south- 
 easterly winds prevailed during the period in question. The uncommon 
 quantity of rain in July, together with the unusual low temperature of 
 that month, corresponds with the rapid decrease of epidemics; so much 
 so that should I feel inclined to ascribe any influence over this mysterious 
 disease to the weather I could not help coming to the conclusion that the 
 weather during the prevalence of the disease was remarkable and almost 
 providentially favorable and that probably had the season been Avarm, as 
 we frequently have it, the cholera would have raged even more violently 
 and fatal than it did. 
 
 That the epidemic cholera would be almost fatal during the month 
 of June was expected by every physician who bore in mind that in that 
 month more than in any other of the twelve, dysentery and sporadic chol- 
 era make their appearance among us. 
 
 I proceed now to give a condensed view of the atmospheric phenomena 
 during the thirteen weeks in which the cholera prevailed. As, according 
 to the reports of our city authorities, the week begins with Tuesday, I have 
 been obliged to follow the same arrangement. 
 
 May 1 to 7 — Weather favorable, often cloudy; rain only once, 1.78, 
 with thunder: barometer high, gradually falling; extremes of temperature, 
 39 degrees (on the 1st) and 88.5 degrees (on the 3d) ; the mean temperature, 
 65.5 degrees; prevailing winds, south and east. Number of deaths from 
 cholera, 78. 
 
 May 8 to 11 — Weather favorable; rain twice, 0.62, without thunder; 
 barometer on the whole falling; extremes of temperature, 52 degrees (on 
 the 10th), and 8.10 (on the 11th); mean temperature, 66.3 degrees; prevail- 
 ing winds, northeast and some west. Number of deaths from cholera, 193. 
 
 May 15 to 21 — Weather for several, days very fair; otherwise variable; 
 rain twice, only 0.31, without thunderstorms; barometer rising, then fall- 
 ing again; extremes of temperature, 58 degrees (on the 18th), and 82 de- 
 grees (on the 21st); mean temperature, 65.5 degrees; prevailing winds, 
 northeast with some southeast. Number of deaths from cholera, 128. 
 
 May 22 to 28 — Weather partly fair, otherwise variable; no rain or 
 thunderstorms; barometer little higher than the week before; extremes 
 of temperature, 50 degrees (on the 27th), 75 degrees (on the 22d); mean 
 temperature, 61.5 degrees; prevailing winds, west with little east and north- 
 east. Number of deaths from cholera, 118. 
 
 May 29 to June 4 — Weather partly fair with a few variable days; only 
 slight rain, 0.08, with thunder; barometer still rising, afterwards slightly 
 falling; extremes of temperature, 51 degrees (on May 29), and 88 degrees 
 (June 3); mean temperature, 70.7 degrees; prevailing winds, southwest 
 and some southeast. Number of deaths from cholera, 71. 
 
 June 5 to 11 — Weather rainy and stormy, with little fair weather; 
 rains heavy, 3.48, on three days, with six thunderstorms; temperature low, 
 with a slight rise towards the end of the week; extremes of temperature, 
 73 degrees; prevailing winds, east and southeast, with little southwest and 
 northwest. Number of deaths from cholera, 139. 
 
 June 12 to 18 — Weather variable, very fair in the latter part of the 
 week; rain only on one day, with two thunderstorms, 0.89; temperature 
 constantly rising; extremes of temperature, 60 degrees (on the 16th), and 
 89 degrees (on the 18th); mean temperature, 73.4 degrees; prevailing winds, 
 west at first and then easterly. Number of deaths from cholera, 426. 
 
73 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 June 19 to 25 — Weather at first fair and then variable and on four con- 
 secutive days rain}-, 1.43, with four thunderstorms; temperature high at 
 first, then slightly falling; extremes of temperature, 67 degrees and 94 
 degrees (both on the 19th) ; mean temperature, 7S.5 degrees ; prevailing 
 winds, east and northwest. Number of deaths from cholera, G36. 
 
 June 26 to July 2 — Weather very variable, often cloudy, fair only for 
 a few hours; rainy on three days, 0.58, with five thunderstorms; tempera- 
 ture somewhat lower or rather constant; extremes of temperature, 60 de- 
 grees and 87.8 degrees; prevailing winds, southeast, with some northwest. 
 Number of deaths from cholera, 739. 
 
 July 3 to 9 — Weather variable, with a few fair days; rainy on four 
 days. 5.52, with four thunderstorms; barometer about the same as last 
 week or a little higher; extremes of temperature, 65 degrees (on the 4th) 7 
 and 86 degrees (on the 9th); mean temperature, 75 degrees; prevailing 
 winds, east and southeast. Number of deaths from cholera, 654. 
 
 July 10 to 16 — Weather mostly fair, with rain on three days, 1.83, and 
 two thunderstorms; barometer rising considerably; extremes of tempera- 
 ture, 62 degrees (on the 15th), and 90 degrees (on the 10th and 11th) ; mean 
 temperature, 78.4 degrees; prevailing winds, east, south and west. Num- 
 ber of deaths from cholera, 669. 
 
 July 17 to 23 — Weather even fairer than in the week before; rain only 
 one day, 0.21, with a thunderstorm; barometer slightly but gradually fall- 
 ing; extremes of temperature, 63 degrees (on the 17th), and 88 degrees- 
 (on the 19th); mean temperature, 78.8 degrees; prevailing winds, at first 
 southeast and then north and northeast and northwest. Number of deaths 
 from cholera, 269. 
 
 July 24 to 30 — Weather variable, more cloudy again; rain on four 
 days, 1.81, and one thunderstorm; barometer falling, then rising again; 
 extremes of temperature, 65 degrees (on the 30th), and 88 degrees (on the 
 29th); mean temperature, 71.1 degrees; prevailing winds, west and south, 
 with some east wind. Number of deaths from cholera, 100. 
 
 The following exhibits the number of cholera cases admitted into 
 three of the hospitals, with the number of deaths: 
 
 Whole number of cholera cases admitted into the St. Louis Hospital. .1,330 
 
 Died 510 
 
 Discharged 820 
 
 Cases admitted into the City Hospital from 3 [ay to September in- 
 clusive 57 
 
 Discharged 27 
 
 Owing, to the location of this hospital, being a mile and a half from 
 the city, it was not used to any considerable extent as a receptacle for 
 cholera patients. 
 
 Between the 2d and 20th of July there were admitted into the First 
 
 Ward Hospital, all cholera 82 
 
 Died of this number 21 
 
 During this period several of the nurses and attendants employed in 
 attending to the sick were attacked with cholera — one of whom died — 
 making the whole number of cholera cases 87 and 22 deaths. This was 
 one of the temporary hospitals established by the "committee of health," 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ij 9. 
 
 and it was therefore only in operation a short time, being under the med- 
 ical charge of Dr. Wilson. 
 
 I cannot close this article without, paying a merited tribute to the 
 citizens of St. Louis generally for the humane and gallant manner in 
 which they bore themselves throughout the epidemic. Notwithstanding 
 the misrepresentations which were circulated abroad; there was no un- 
 usual panic, no flinching from duty whatever. At a time when hired at- 
 tendants could not be had associations of young gentlemen were formed for 
 the express purpose of nursing the sick. And the Sisters of Charity, with 
 characteristic kindness, were ever ready to volunteer their services, and, 
 wherever the arrows of death fell thickest and fastest, there they were to 
 be found amid the sick and dying, regardless of their own personal safety 
 and comfort, and through the administrations of the gospel to every 
 denomination, nobly did their duty, and by their untiring zeal, ministering 
 to the spiritual wants of the people, proved how sincerely devoted they 
 were to their whole work in which they were engaged. Several of them,, 
 whose memories will not soon be forgotten, sacrificed their lives in the 
 work. As to the physicians, although they were unable to stay the arm. 
 of the destroyer, they were unwearied in their attention to the sick and 
 ever ready to sacrifice themselves for the good of others. The melancholy 
 record of deaths among them sufficiently proves how devoted they were- 
 in the cause of humanitv. 
 
 CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN ST. LOUIS IN 1866.* 
 
 No better history of the epidemic of cholera of f866 can be written 
 than that by Eobert Moore, a civil engineer of St. Louis. Mr. Moore was-' 
 for a long time City Sewer Commissioner, and has given the study of epi- 
 demics considerable attention, particularly those epidemics which are in- 
 fluenced by sewage. 
 
 ''The precise route by which, cholera reached the city of St. Louis 
 in 1866 is not altogether certain, but it probably came by rail from New 
 York, and not> as heretofore, by way of the Mississippi Biver. Its first 
 appearance was in the week ending August 3, during which there were 
 five deaths from this cause. But there had been good reason to expect if 
 for many months. During the autumn of 1865 the Governor of the 
 State, Thomas H. Fletcher, had called the attention of Mayor Thomas 
 to the probable coming of cholera during the ensuing year, and suggested 
 the propriety of preparing for it. The Mayor heartily indorsed this 
 suggestion and endeavored to get the City Council to take the necessary 
 measures. But his appeal met with no response. In the spring of the- 
 following year his efforts to this end were renewed, but with no better 
 result. The Council steadily refused to do anything. The cholera was 
 not here, and it was argued that any measures of preparation for it 
 would frighten strangers and injure business, so that, when it finally 
 appeared, the city was wholly unprepared to fight it. There was, it is 
 true, a so-called Board of Health, which, as in 1849, consisted of a 
 committee of the Council and a health officer, but they had neither the 
 authority nor the money, even if they had the knowledge necessary to 
 stamp out a pestilence. 
 
 "The disease, therefore, spread with great rapidity. During the sec- 
 
 *By Robert Moore, C. E., St. Louis, 
 
80 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ond week of its presence it caused 120 deaths. For the third week the 
 number rose to 754, and in the fourth week, ending August 24, it reached 
 991. or an average of 142 per day. 
 
 "By this time the need of some vigorous and concerted measures 
 to fight the enemy had become so great that volunteers had once more 
 to come to the rescue. This time, however, the organization took the 
 form of a committee of citizens in each ward. who. acting in concert 
 with the Mayor, visited from house to house, furnishing nurses and 
 medicine^ to those who needed them. During the next week after the 
 work began the mortality fell to about half that of the previous week, 
 and steadily declined thereafter, until, for the week ending October 30, 
 the number of deaths were only thirty, and a month later the disease 
 had wholly disappeared. 
 
 "The total number of deaths due to the epidemic this year was 
 3,527, although Dr. McClelland report on cholera in the United Stated 
 in 1ST3 sives the number of deaths from this cause in St. Louis in I860 
 as 8,500 — a statement which has been frequently copied and generally 
 accepted by the newspapers. It so happens, however, that we have 
 two independent enumerations to guide us in this matter — one made by 
 the Board of Health, the other made after the epidemic was over by 
 the city assessors, as the result of a house to house inquiry. The total 
 of the latter enumeration falls short of the former, but when we add to 
 it the death- in the City Hospital, as given by the books of that institu- 
 tion, we get exactly the same number, 3,527, as given by the Board 
 of Health, so that the correctness of this figure may he considered as 
 fully established. The rate of mortality which it represents is 17.3-10 pe: 
 thousand of population. 
 
 "'The location of the deaths in this year, as given by the assessors' 
 reports, with the approximate mortality per thousand for each block, 
 is shown on a map which accompanies this paper.* I will not attempt 
 any discussion of the facts revealed by this map any further than to say 
 that it shows in a very striking manner the close relation between cholera 
 and filth. Those parts of the city where the people and their habitations 
 were clean, and where no veils were used for drinking water, escaped al- 
 most entirely, and the whole force of the epidemic was spent upon those 
 parts where the houses and the people were unclean and well water wa- 
 in most frequent use. Whilst 'Kerry Patch/ and "Trench Town* show on 
 the map in deep black. Stoddard's Addition is almost blank. The man 
 whose food and drink were free from filth would seem to have been 
 as safe in St. Louis in the midst of the epidemic as if he had been 
 a thousand miles away. 
 
 CHOLERA SINCE 1866. 
 
 ■"In June of the next year. 186?, cholera appeared once more and 
 threatened again to sweep the city. But this time a real Board of Health, 
 with adequate powers and with Dr. John T. Hodgen at its head, had 
 been organized. It is. therefore, no surprise that in spite of its earlier 
 start, the cholera in 1867 caused but 684 deaths, or less than one-fifth of 
 the number of the previous year. 
 
 *For lack of space this map is omit:ed here. Readers desiring to consult it wi'.l 
 find it in "A Sanitary Survey of St. Douis," edited by Dr. George Homan.— Ed. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 81 
 
 "In 1Sv3, when cholera appeared again, it was hardly recognized as 
 such, and the victims, as counted by Dr." McClellan, from reports of local 
 physicians, numbered only 392. 
 
 APPENDED TABLE, SHOWING MORTALITY OF CHOLERA IN ST. LOUIS. 
 
 Month. 1849. 
 
 January 36 
 
 February 21 
 
 March 7g 
 
 April 125 
 
 May 554 
 
 June 1,746 
 
 July 1,6S9 
 
 August 415 
 
 September 18 
 
 October 3 
 
 November 3 
 
 December .3 
 
 Totals 4,317 
 
 Population 63,471 
 
 Rate per 1,000 68.1 
 
 1850. 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 80 
 174 
 45S 
 59 
 16 
 21 
 
 883 
 77,860 
 11.34 
 
 1851. 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 505 
 
 233 
 
 37 
 
 9 
 
 845 
 
 83.715 
 
 10.10 
 
 1852. 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 230 
 
 274 
 
 98 
 
 41 
 
 53 
 
 31 
 
 21 
 
 1854. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 91 
 
 190 
 
 479 
 
 53S 
 
 136 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 1866 
 
 2 
 2,388 
 
 1,082 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 1867 
 
 1873 
 
 103 
 
 321 
 225 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 802 1,534 3,527 684 392 
 
 90,111 104,060 204,327 212,360 267,620 
 
 8.91 14.75 17.26 3.22 1.47 
 
 Eemarks. — The figures of population of 18-19 and 1866 are from enu- 
 merations made by the city authorities- those for 1850 are from the United 
 States census. For other years the population is computed by compound 
 interest formula, assuming the annual rate of increase from one census 
 to another to be constant. While a great many more deaths per thousand 
 inhabitants occurred in 1849, still in 1866 the month of August shows a to- 
 tal of 2,388, or 642 more than in June, 1849, the latter month being gen- 
 erally considered the most fatal from cholera St. Louis has ever known. 
 
 6 
 
OXE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 CHAPTEE V.— YELLOW FEVEE LY ST. LOUIS IX 1878 AND 181 
 
 During the summer of L878, as is well-known, yellow fever raged in. 
 the principal cities of the South to an alarming extent. 
 
 The exodus was 30 great that many of the smaller towns were a! 
 depopulated. Those that did not succumb to the disease and were finan- 
 cially able to leave new to Norther cities by rail or by the steamboats ply- 
 ing upon the Mississippi. 
 
 But for the prompt action of Air. C. W. Francis, then Health Com- 
 missioner of St. Louis, .there is no doubt that St. Louis, situated as it is,, 
 being - ssible, both by rail and water, would have suffered very ma- 
 
 terially. He promptly opened Quarantine Hospital as soon as the first 
 case was discovered in the city, placing Dr. Henry C. Davis, then assistant 
 physician at the Female Hospital, in charge as superintendent. This 
 was about the middle of July. 
 
 In about twenty days after this the work of caring for the sick at 
 this institution had grown so that Mr. Francis asked for volunteers from 
 the corps of young physicians then stationed at the City Hospital to 
 assist Dr. Davis. Dr. F. T. Outley, Dr. Jacob Friedman and the writer 
 responded to this call. We found this noble young physician overwhelmed 
 with work. Not only did he have the sick and dying to care for, but the 
 stopping of boats at all hours of the day and night, the discrimination of 
 the disease in the sick in the palatial cabins, as well as those on deck, and 
 their isolation from healthy individuals, and their removal to the hospital 
 wards, to say nothing of the worry connected with the holding of b - 
 often to the disgust of the captains in pharg . 
 
 These manifold duties slowly but surely undermined his iron consti- 
 tution, and he, too, succumbed to the disease, and died on October 15, 
 after a seven days" illness. Thus ended the life of one of the many martyrs 
 to a noble profession. As soon as it was known to the employes of this 
 institution that Dr. Davis was dead the greater number immediately left 
 for the city, and those that were left in charge had from that time on 
 till the 'closure of the hospital to contend with poor and inexperienced help, 
 many staying not longer than two or three days after being appointed. 
 
 The first positive case of yellow fever in this city was in the person 
 of William P. O'Bannon, who arrived from New Orleans on July 11, 1878. 
 He was a citizen of St. Louis and had gone with his uncle in June a- - - 
 ond clerk on board the steamer Commonwealth. He died on the 19th of 
 July. 1878. t 
 
 The next case was Capt. Nelson, a man 68 years of age. His case de- 
 veloped about August 10. 
 
 The first patient (Julian Loewe) admitted to Quarantine Hospitai 
 came from Memphis on the railroad on August IS. The first patient 
 taken off a steamboat coming from the South was James Payton, taken 
 from the steamer Colorado. 
 
 There were received at the hospital between August 18 and October 
 22, 127 patients: about 88 of these had yellow fever. The other eases 
 
 *By Dr. Walter B. Dorsetu St. Louis. :;: 
 
 **Author's note:— For valuable information in the preparation of this article I 
 am indebted to Mr. C. TV. Francis, form erly Health Commissioner of SL. Louis. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 83 
 
 were classed as intermittent fever. Thirty-seven of the yellow fever pa- 
 tients died. 
 
 In addition to the above there were 35 cases of persons coming from 
 other cities to St. Louis between July 8 and September 25, who were sup- 
 posed to have had yellow fever; J 9 of these people died. Among these 
 35 was William P. O'Bannon, mentioned above. None of these cases were 
 at Quarantine. 
 
 In addition to the number of cases and deaths at Quarantine there 
 were about 10 bodies taken off boats during the summer, they having 
 died on the boatig, and were buried at Quarantine Cemetery. 
 
 During the season of 1878 there were IS citizens of St. Louis who 
 contracted the yellow fever; 10 of these persons died. Five of these per- 
 sons who died were employes of the Health Department, among them Dr. 
 Henry C. Davis, spoken of above. 
 
 The treatment of yellow fever patients at Quarantine Hospital was 
 mostly directed towards alleviating symptoms as they presented them- 
 selves. Quinine proved of no value as a prophylactic agent. When the 
 temperature arose to what was considered a dangerous degree, quinine 
 seemed to have some power in depressing it. Cases of this kind, however, 
 were exceptionable for the reason that the drug was rejected by vomiting 
 as soon as taken. One case was treated for a time with inhalation of 
 super-oxygenated air. The inhalation of the mixture of oxygen with 
 atmospheric air has a decided soothing effect upon the patient, but nothing 
 more, perhaps than was to be expected, as oxygen has a well-known 
 anesthetic power when inhaled in large quantities. The case upon which 
 this test was made was a severe one. The patient died. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION AND SUMMARY OF ALU CASES OF YELLOW FEVER 
 OCCURRING IN ST. LOUIS AND ITS VICINITY IN 1878. 
 
 Recov- 
 ered. Died. Total. 
 
 Cases of yellow fever treated in the city of St. Louis in persons 
 
 coming from points where the disease was prevalent 16 19 35 
 
 Cases of yellow fever treated at Quarantine, from all sources 59 38 97 
 
 Cases of yellow fever arising by contagion in St. Louis and suburbs, 
 
 not treated at Quarantine 4 3 7 
 
 Cases of yellow fever arising by contagion in St. Louis and suburbs, 
 
 treated at Quarantine 3 8 11 
 
 Cases of yellow fever, or closely simulating that disease — where con- 
 tagion could net be demonstrated— occurring in St. Louis and 
 suburbs, not treated at Quarantine 1 11 12 
 
 Cases of yellow fever, or closely simulating that disease— where con- 
 tagion could not be demonstrated— occurring in St. Louis and 
 suburbs, treated at Quarantine 1 1 
 
 Cases of yellow fever treated in St. Louis, its suburbs and at 
 
 Quarantine in the year 1878 80 71 151 
 
 Cases of yellow fever treated in St. Louis, etc., and at Quarantine, 
 
 in persons from cities where the disease prevailed (exotic cases) 72 48 120 
 
 Cases of yellow fever arising in St. Louis and suburbs, in residents, 
 
 or persons who had not been to the South (indigenous cases) — 8 23 31 
 
 The number of deaths by yellow fever, imported and of domestic 
 origin, occurring properly in the city of St. Louis and its suburbs, was 
 thirty-three; of these fourteen were indigenous cases and nineteen from 
 abroad. Thirty-eight deaths are also recorded at Quarantine, making a 
 grand total of " seventy-one deaths by yellow fever of domestic and ex- 
 traneous origin conjointly. 
 
 The number of deaths by yellow fever of domestic origin was twenty- 
 three out of thirty-one cases, of which nine deaths occurred at Quarantine, 
 the patients having been removed thither, and fourteen in St. Louis and its 
 suburbs. 
 
84 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 During the summer of 1879 there were forty-nine persons received 
 at Quarantine supposed to be suffering from yellow fever, of whom thirty- 
 five proved to have yellow fever; of these thirty-five four died. 
 
 This is in refutation of the idea that yellow fever cannot be contracted 
 in this latitude, and is proof that it only requires the ind action of the 
 fever germ into our midst. 
 
 Literature, although scant on this subject, tells us that it has been 
 contracted even as far north as Chicago, Avlien the temperature and 
 humidity of the atmosphere were favorable to the dissemination of the 
 germ. This should teach the authorities of municipalities the value of 
 strict quarantine regulations during the prevalence of this disease in 
 Southern cities. 
 
 Since the acquisition of Cuba and Porto Eico to our country much 
 good work has been done towards sanitation in the cities of these two 
 islands, notably in Havana, as evidenced by the report of the New Or- 
 leans Commission recently appointed for the investigation of this matter. 
 When this plague spot has once been thoroughly renovated little fear can 
 be entertained for the spread of this dread disease to any alarming extent 
 in this country. Like the Asiatic cholera, it will become only a matter of 
 past histor};'. Still, sanitation in all that it means in large cities, and 
 the enforcement of strict quarantine regulations, should ever be uppermost 
 in the minds of those into whose hands the country at large intrusts its 
 lives. 
 
 Nothing can be more dreadful than an epidemic of yellow fever, unless 
 it be Asiatic cholera. 
 
 The sights as witnessed by the writer while attending to his daily du- 
 ties of taking off the boats these people who were fleeing for their lives is an 
 experience never to be forgotten. Wives that had buried their husbands, 
 and in many instances several children: husbands that had lost their wives 
 and all their children; orphaned children in charge of Sisters of Charity, 
 and in many instances total strangers, fleeing, they did not know where, 
 but escaping from what they felt assured was certain death. It certainly 
 was distressing in the extreme. 
 
THBLE SHOWING 
 
 Cases and Deaths of Contagious Diseases 
 
 Tor the Past Porty-Nine Years, 
 
 Ending March 31st. 1899. 
 
 for this publication by Dr. Walter B. Dorsett.) 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 •g£- 
 
 Dipbthe- 
 
 c™„ 
 
 Scarlet- 
 Pever. 
 
 Typhoid- 
 
 Cerebro 
 
 Spinal 
 
 Measles. 
 
 Consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Cholera. 
 
 - , - % - 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 fl 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
 I 
 
 Q 
 
 U 
 
 P 
 
 U 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 (5 
 
 
 89 
 
 II 
 502 
 
 378! 
 
 i: 
 
 7 
 7 
 39 
 22 
 4 
 28 
 10 
 159 
 16 
 2 
 
 2 
 11 
 101 
 63 
 111 
 27 
 IE 
 
 240 
 375 
 9 
 IT.;' 
 837 
 447 
 603 
 9( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 ■:i> 
 227 
 157 
 222 
 179 
 ill 
 I'.T 
 
 191 
 151 
 101 
 11C 
 
 22C 
 304 
 
 194 
 
 
 
 
 
 1051 | 865 
 
 174 1 820 
 
 220 1 696 
 
 33o| 10 
 
 3531 1351 
 368 534 
 323] 5 
 
 4.210 
 4,388 
 4,714 
 3,832 
 6,440 
 5,231 
 3,602 
 4,065 
 4,231 
 4,765 
 4,978 
 4,170 
 5,236 
 5,951 
 6.893 
 6,157 
 9,099 
 6,538 
 5,193 
 5,884 
 6,670 
 6,265 
 8,047 
 8,551 
 6,506 
 7,532 
 6,019 
 5,660 
 6,002 
 6.167 
 6,636 
 8,410 
 7.845 
 8,177 
 7.887 
 7,490 
 8,268 
 9,155 
 9.015 
 8,004 
 8,409 
 9.530 
 10,225 
 10,303 
 8,710 
 9,425 
 9,897 
 9,251 
 9.699 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94,442 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 144,188 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 414 
 324 
 324 
 328 
 461 
 
 -!.,s 
 in i 
 
 f,.i: 
 1.7 1 
 ID 
 59! 
 568 
 Tf.l 
 
 
 
 13 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 4 
 3002 
 684 
 
 I 
 3 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 131 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 71 
 68 
 76 
 61 
 56 
 164 
 
 16! 
 161 
 
 li: 
 L57 
 385 
 653 
 42E 
 372 
 sy 
 
 95: 
 
 2fr 
 214 
 23 
 243 
 19i 
 
 r.-jf 
 209 
 192 
 
 li'. 
 
 26; 
 
 :i: 
 
 114 
 150 
 
 :;■• 
 
 21f 
 
 :"::;. 
 16 
 
 61 
 
 51 
 !iL 
 79 
 61 
 78 
 63 
 72 
 15". 
 
 1.! 
 
 85 
 
 i;: 
 
 6! 
 
 Hi: 
 134 
 
 :>>. 
 109 
 1« 
 1SS 
 167 
 
 71 
 
 IK 
 
 i:'~ 
 i::i 
 
 ii. 
 
 513 
 611 
 
 133€ 
 
 948 
 lie 
 731 
 586 
 
 ass 
 
 827 
 
 580 
 
 27 
 28 
 55 
 263 
 68 
 4< 
 
 ll 
 JM 
 124 
 40 
 36 
 39 
 47 
 108 
 34( 
 349 
 161 
 164 
 149 
 48 
 30 
 
 r.'i 
 
 9-1 
 109 
 153 
 55 
 26 
 
 6 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 350 
 427 
 
 ■Kill 
 ::ii-J! 
 iM 
 
 392 
 281 
 464 
 
 !'■•'. 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 S 
 112 
 32 
 39 
 67 
 36 
 61 
 70 
 55 
 
 3! 
 25 
 55 
 27 
 64 
 
 35 
 54 
 
 6 
 40 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 7 
 
 26 
 7 
 
 44 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 202 
 269 
 
 131 
 131 
 103 
 
 74 
 
 133 
 19J 
 
 168 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 
 if, 
 79 
 178 
 34 
 
 "eo 
 
 30 
 28 
 122 
 
 j:ir 
 66 
 
 3] 
 24 
 32 
 33 
 33 
 7 
 10 
 16 
 
 25 
 20 
 17 
 
 81 
 
 230 
 52 
 
 ..... 
 471 
 
 406 
 1686 
 
 *:\ 
 617 
 
 314, 829 
 318,794 
 
 323,759 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T-'l 
 
 .;» 
 
 730 
 781 
 781 
 
 87C 
 
 845 
 888 
 
 :nr. 
 
 655 
 
 869 
 v.2 
 ..vl 
 875 
 
 |...H. 
 
 1026 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 104 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 361,466 
 
 
 41 
 233 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1661 . 
 
 1251 
 
 1241 
 
 1161 
 1331, . , 
 
 137) 
 
 1721 
 
 5141 37 
 1711 55 
 1721 28 
 1001 27 
 118 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35M 
 296 
 
 1 1 " 
 liKir 
 691 
 95 
 721 
 5": 
 987 
 3191 
 
 1441 
 
 mi 
 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 SO 
 
 i( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ■:.-. 
 n 
 
 ] 
 
 3f 
 
 ■1 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l.v«is-:i:i 
 
 99 
 
 143 
 
 li.TT 
 
 
 
 640.000 
 
 •Organization of the first 
 •** Population taken from 
 
 Board of Health. 
 
 United States, cens 
 
 •* Antitoxin In Reneral use 
 i each 10 years. Intermediate : 
 of cases of Typhoid Fever a> 
 
 i. || No record. 
 
 ■ approximate. 
 
 as a great many physicians c 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. gg 
 
 CHAP r i'ER VI.- -THE LAST HALF CENTTFBY. 
 
 MATTERS AND THINGS MEDICAL IN GENERAL-A BRIEF RETROSPECT 
 OF HALF A CENTURY.* 
 
 From the above title it will be seen that I have given myself ample 
 scope to say whatever occurs to me, without reference to logical sequence. 
 Not, however, ''Like orient pearls at random strung/"' but rather "the ran- 
 dom strung, minus the orieut pearl.** 
 
 I do not agree with the late Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes in his famous 
 declaration. "If all the medicines in the world were cast into the sea it 
 would be all the better for mankind and all the worse for the fishes/"' But, 
 if instead of all, he had said nine-tenths of all the medicine in the world 1 
 would be disposed to say amen. We have too many medicines and far too 
 much of it is daily prescribed and daily swallowed without being pre- 
 scribed for the good of those who swallow it. But the fact is, the vast 
 majority of mankind, and especially of womankind, are firm believers 
 in the efficacy of medicine, and hence they like to be dosed. If the doctor 
 refuses to give it to them they will take it in spite of him. It is not at 
 all to be wondered at, therefore, that there should be a disposition on the 
 part of the profession to gratify them in this regard. But I venture the 
 assertion that the older the physician grows and the wider the range of 
 his experience becomes the less medicine he will give and the more reliance 
 he will be disposed to place in the vis medicatrix naturae. The young doc- 
 tor is the special patron of the apothecarv and the hope of the drug 
 manufacturer. 
 
 Dr. Holmes, to whom allusion has been made — whose recent death 
 saddened men of letters of more than one continent, and who so ad- 
 mirably united in his own person the poet, the philosopher and the physi- 
 cian — with all his accomplishments, was very much of an agnostic in med- 
 icine, but his leaning in that direction tended more to rational conservatism 
 than to the belittling of his own profession. Indeed, I am persuaded that 
 a moderate amount of scepticism in medicine is highly desirable — enough 
 at least to insure reflection and to prevent the too-ready adoption of new 
 and untried theories. Credulity in medicine, not less than in religion, is 
 the fruitful source of error — all the miserable brood of isms and pathys 
 which have disgraced the profession and cursed the world are its legiti- 
 mate offspring. We should learn to avoid the two extremes, blind credul- 
 ity, which believes everything, and stolid agnosticism, which believes noth- 
 ing, and adopt the true philosophy, "prove all things, and hold fast that 
 which is good." 
 
 I have recently celebrated the 53d anniversary of my arrival in St. 
 Louis, then a flourishing town of 20,000 inhabitants, and already beginning 
 to attract national attention. Since then busy time has brought many 
 and important changes. Indeed, I may say that nothing now remains just 
 as I then saw it, even the Mississippi Biver has undergone vast changes in 
 its relative importance. Then it was the highway of travel and the sole 
 channel of commerce; now it is of but secondary importance in these re- 
 
 *By Dr. "W. M. M.cPheeters, St. Louis. Read before the tit. Louis Medical So- 
 ciety, December 15, 1594. 
 
86 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 gards, having given place, in large part, to more rapid transit by rail. The 
 old Planters' House, just then completed, having served its day and gen- 
 eration, has given place to a new and more magnificent structure. But 
 these physical changes — great as they are — are so obvious that they need 
 not be enumerated. I will therefore restrict myself to matters and things 
 medical. 
 
 Of all those whom I found practicing medicine here on my arrival, 
 but a solitary one now remains: the others have all passed into the other 
 world. Of the one remaining — then, as now, he was a fine specimen of the 
 genus homo, as well as the genus medico. Of course, I allude to Dr. J. B. 
 Johnson, who preceded me hut a few months, but whom I found always 
 actively engaged in laying the foundation of his subsequent deserved suc- 
 cess. A few months later brought, first Dr. Moses and then Dr. Pope, 
 both of whom became prominent, one as a practitioner of medicine, the 
 other as a surgeon of national renown. The former still lives in dignified 
 retirement, the other came to a tragic death in a foreign city, beloved 
 and regretted bv all. 
 
 In the fall of 184.1 I found the St. Louis Medical Society in full and 
 vigorous operation, having been chartered bv the Legislature in 1837, hold- 
 ing meetings monthly from May to November and semi-monthly the rest 
 of the year. In 1842 it contained a membership of about fifty. The 
 meetings were proportionately as well attended then as they are now, 
 while the papers read and the discussions had were of no inferior character. 
 There was also manifested a commendable esprit du corps and a strict ad- 
 herence to professional etiquette. Indeed, St. Louis at that time con- 
 tained physicians of recognized ability and reputation. Dr. Englemann, 
 distinguished as a botanist and general scientist; Dr. Wislizenus, for his 
 careful and accurate meteorological observations, and Dr. Beaumont, re- 
 nowned for his physiological researches and his experiments on digestion, 
 afforded by the rare opportunity he had of looking into the interior of the 
 stomach 'of Alexander St. Martin, and noting its normal workings. Be- 
 sides these there Avere a number of other intelligent, educated physicians, 
 such as Drs. Lane, McCabe, Moore, Eeyburn, Sykes, Adreon, Prather, Mere- 
 dith Martin and others. These men were all skillful and successful prac- 
 titioners, and let me say that the pneumonia they had to treat yielded as 
 readilv to the lancet, and the rheumatisms they encountered to the col- 
 chicum and nitrate of potash treatment, as do the same diseases now to 
 modern antipyretics. I mention these facts that the younger members of 
 the profession may know what kind of men their predecessors were — that 
 they were abreast of the times in which they lived. 
 
 Specialism, as it exists at the present day. with its advantages and 
 evils (greatly beneficial when kept within certain bounds, otherwise not), 
 was not in vogue at that time. The nearest approach that came to it 
 was in the case of a certain Kentuckian, who undertook somewhat of a 
 monopoly in this line. One morning he hoisted his sign, which read, "Dr. 
 Price, Phvsician, Surgeon, Aurist, Oculist and Accoucher," but die soon 
 broke down under the weight of his undertaking and left for parts un- 
 known. 
 
 In November, 1840, prior to my arrival, the celebrated Dr. Joseph 1ST. 
 McDowell, assisted by his friend and colleague. Dr. John S. Moore, estab- 
 lished the first medical college west of the Mississippi Eiver, as the Medi- 
 cal Department of Kemper College, but popularly known as the McDowell 
 College, which started out with 31 matriculants. Fresh from the Univer- 
 
JOHN S. MOORE. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 37 
 
 sity of Pennsylvania and the wards of the Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia, 
 I had the pleasure of occasionally listening to the second course of lectures 
 in this pioneer institution. This was the day of small beginnings in the 
 •way of medical teaching in St. Louis; but as "tall oaks from little 
 acorns grow," so this parent college, after undergoing various evolutions 
 and changes, both in name and organization, stands to-day as one of the 
 heading medical institutions in the West, the Missouri Medical College. 
 All honor to its original founder, as well as to those who have so ably 
 ■and successfully broadened and deepened the foundation which he laid. 
 Two years later the eminent surgeon, Dr. Charles A. Pope, assisted by 
 D#\ Litton and others, established a second medical college, as the Medical 
 College of the St. Louis University, which in its turn has undergone like 
 •changes, and is now known and honored as the St. Louis Medical College 
 or the Medical Department of the Washington University. To it belongs 
 the credit of having been the first Western medical college to adopt the 
 ihree years- graded course of study, a distinction of which it may well be 
 proud. 
 
 At the risk of antagonizing some whose friendship I value and whose 
 motives I respect, I venture the opinion that it would have been well for 
 the profession and for the cause of medical education if the establishment 
 of medical colleges had ceased with the two already mentioned: for, how- 
 ever, it may be to the interest of those whose ambition it is to become 
 professors, I fail to see how the profession at large is benefited, or the cause 
 of medical education is advanced by the multiplication of medical schools — 
 higher medical education, I mean, not the mere granting of degrees. 
 
 The St. Louis Mullanphy Hospital of the Sisters of Charity was the 
 only hospital here when I arrived. This institution was founded in 1828, 
 and the original building erected on a lot situated on the corner of Fourth 
 and Spruce streets, donated by John Mullanphy. In it the city's sick 
 were cared for, attended by a physician appointed by the city and paid for 
 per capita. The City Hospital was not completed for occupation until 
 1846, when a building 131 feet long and 50 feet wide was erected on the 
 present site at a cost of $17,000, and with a capacity for accommodating 
 ninety patients. Drs. John S. Moore and M. M. Pallen, health officers, 
 appointed by Mayor Bernard G. Pratt, were charged with the duty of re- 
 moving the city's sick from the St. Louis Hospital and of inaugurating 
 the new institution. Dr. David 0. Glascock was appointed first resident 
 physician at a salary of $200 a year, including board and lodging. The 
 original building ^-as almost completely destroyed by fire in 1856. All 
 the sick were safely removed save one, an insane Italian, who rushed back 
 into the flames after having been taken out. In 1857 the hospital, greatly 
 enlarged, was rebuilt at a cost of $62,000, constituting the front portion of 
 the present building. 
 
 As early as 1842, for the double purpose of aiding the sick and bene- 
 fiting its founders, Drs. Moses, Pope, J. B. Johnson, George Johnson, J. 
 Clark and the Avriter associated themselves together and established the 
 first public dispensary. At first this institution, which was well patronized 
 from the start, was sustained by private contributions, mainly through 
 the kindly efforts of Madame Gausche, but subsequently obtained a small 
 animal appropriation from the city, and was kept up for a number of years, 
 and until the work of gratuitous attendance upon the poor by means of 
 free public dispensaries was taken up by the medical colleges and other 
 interested parties. It is worthy of remark that, although fifty-two years 
 
88 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 have elapsed, three out of the six physicians associated in this dispensary 
 still survive. 
 
 As yet St. Louis had no medical journal, but this want, if want it was r 
 was supplied by Dr. Linton, who, in April, 1843, started the St. Louis 
 Medical and Surgical Journal, a monthly publication, and the first of its 
 kind west of the Mississippi, with which, before the termination of the 
 second year, I became connected as associate and managing editor, and so 
 continued until its suspension on account of the war. in 1862. And here 
 let me say of Dr. Linton, that, both by his writing and by his teaching, he 
 has impressed his genius upon the profession of this city and surrounding 
 country, as no other man has done. He was both a logician and a medical 
 philosopher. 
 
 About ibis time the profession was strengthened by the advent of 
 Dr. M. M. Pallen, who soon became popular, both as a practitioner and 
 as a teacher, and later on, in 1S45, by that of Dr. S. Pollak, who still re- 
 mains, a bright connecting link between the profession past and pres- 
 ent. Of him I will say, as he is not present, that this society never had 
 a more faithful, useful or honored member than he. 
 
 The year 1849 is memorable in the history of St. Louis and in the 
 annals of the medical profession — first, because of the great fire which oc- 
 curred in May and which destroyed so large a part of the business por- 
 tion of the city, but chiefly on account of the terrible epidemic of cholera 
 which prevailed throughout the whole of that year, but with peculiar se- 
 verity from May to August. Few modern communities have been so se- 
 verely scourged as was this devoted city during that memorable period. 
 With an estimated population of 70,000, at least one-fourth of whom took 
 refuge in flight at the approach of the disease, the mortality for the year 
 was 8,108. mainly from cholera. During the months of June and July 
 alone there were 5,108 deaths. It was like going into a continuous battle 
 for sixty days and coming out each day with a loss of nearly 100 killed. 
 As is always the case the medical profession stood manfully to their post 
 during all these dark days, encountering the dangers of contagion and 
 risking their own lives in their efforts to save others. Xor was this done 
 without severe loss on their part and the sacrifice of many valuable lives. 
 Had these devoted physicians fallen in battle amid the clash of contending 
 armies, they would have been esteemed heroes — their valor would have been 
 heralded to the world and they would have been accorded military hon- 
 ors at their burial. And yet these brave doctors were as really and truly 
 heroes and as much entitled to fame as the proudest warrior that ever fell 
 on the battlefield. Such, however, is the estimate the world places on 
 bravery when exhibited under different but no less trying circumstances. 
 
 During the year of the cholera, as well as the decade immediately pre- 
 ceding it, St. Louis accjuired the reputation for general unhealthiness ancl 
 excessive bills of mortality — especially infantile mortality — which it has 
 not yet outlived and which still clings to it. It cannot be denied that at 
 that time there was some ground for this unenviable notoriety. Then the 
 sanitary condition of the city was anything but good. We had no under- 
 ground sewers, only surface drainage. The growth of the city was so rapid 
 that the streets were only partially and imperfectly paved, the alleys were 
 filthy and in and around the city were numerous sinkholes or small pools 
 filled with stagnant water. Besides, at that period St. Louis was made 
 the objective point where hundreds and thousands of all conditioned Eu- 
 ropean emigrants gathered to be distributed throughout the entire Miss- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 39 
 
 issippi Valley. Some idea as to the extent to which this cause operated 
 may be had when it is stated that on June 28, 1849, 350 foreigners were 
 landed on the wharf from a single steamboat, the "New Uncle Sam," nor 
 was this an unusual occurrence. These unfortunate emigrants, recently 
 off shipboard, debilitated by the long sea voyage and in the worst possible 
 sanitary condition, arrived during the pestilence of a fierce epidemic, and 
 finding fresh meat and green vegetables — to which the} r were unaccus- 
 tomed — abundant and cheap, they indulged to their hearts' content, and 
 in too many instances paid the penalty with their lives. Is it any wonder 
 that under such circumstances our bills of mortality should have been 
 so excessive? But, fortunately, all these causes have long since ceased to 
 operate, and to-day St. Louis claims, and justly claims, to be one of the 
 healthiest cities in the land, and it is high time that this claim is generally 
 recognized. 
 
 In the springs of 1848-49 respectively there graduated two young 
 physicians. The one in the Missouri and the other in the St. Louis Med- 
 ical College, one hailing from Illinois, the other from Missouri, but both 
 locating in this city. They soon became prominent, first as anatomists and 
 then as surgeons. Both filled with marked ability prominent professorial 
 chairs. Both presided over this society. Both were honored, by being 
 elected president of the National Medical Association and both were re- 
 warded by large and lucrative practices. Here, however, the analogy 
 ceases. One was suddenly cut off in the midst of his usefulness — at the 
 very noontide of his success — profoundly regretted by all. The other still 
 lives, the honored Professor of Surgery in the St. Louis Medical College. 
 You all know to whom allusion is made — Drs. Hodgen and Gregory. To- 
 ward the close of the "40s there also graduated from the medical colleges 
 of this city a number of young men, all of whom have become prominent, 
 all of whom have been honored by this society, and all of whom still con- 
 tinue to adorn the profession. Among these may be mentioned Drs. Al- 
 leyne, Maughs, Atwood, Elsworth Smith and Papin. 
 
 As a matter of some interest I wish to place on record a brief his- 
 tory of the formation of the Missouri State Medical Association. In 1850 
 I attended the American Medical Association, held in Cincinnati. At 
 that meeting, although so near, Missouri was poorly represented; not a 
 delegate, as I remember, outside of St. Louis, and but few from the city. 
 Then we had no State organization and few, if an} 7 , medical societies save 
 one in this city. The poor showing which Missouri made in comparison 
 with other "Western States was a source of mortification to those of us 
 who were present. On returning from the meeting, and in order to wipe 
 out this reproach, I introduced into this society the following preamble 
 and resolution, which was unanimously adopted: 
 
 ''Whereas, In the opinion of this society, the time has arrived when 
 it is both expedient and desirable to unite the medical profession of the 
 State of Missouri for the purpose of mutual protection and improvement^ 
 therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That a committee be appointed to address the regular mem- 
 bers of the medical profession throughout the State, inviting them to meet 
 in general convention in the city of St. Louis on Monday, the 4th clay of 
 November next, for the purpose of forming a State medical association, 
 with auxiliary societies in each town and county in the State." 
 
 In accordance with this resolution a committee consisting of Drs. W. 
 W- McPheeters, John B. Johnson, S. Gratz Moses, George Englemann and 
 
•90 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 George Perm, prepared a circular and sent it to every member of the reg- 
 ular profession in the State whose address could he obtained, inviting and 
 urging them to he present at the proposed convention. The result was 
 that on November 4, 1850, a large number of physicians from all parts of 
 the State assembled in this city, and, after due deliberation, formed a State 
 association, adopted a constitution and by-laws, elected officers and urged 
 the formation of auxiliary societies throughout the State. Dr. Thomas of 
 Boonville was first president and' Dr. Alleyne of this city secretary. This 
 association continued to meet annually and did efficient work, as will be 
 seen from its published transactions, until the breaking out of the Civil 
 War in 1861, when it was temporarily suspended, as, indeed, was every- 
 thing else civil until the close of the war in 1865, when it was reorganized 
 into the present State Medical Society. 
 
 Prior to 1857 the office of Coroner of this city was filled by a non- 
 medical man. At a political convention held that year I had the pleas- 
 ure of placing in nomination as the first medical Coroner, our venerable 
 and honored ex-president, Dr. L. Charles Boisliniere, who was triumphantly 
 elected by the people the following November. Since this time this im- 
 portant office has been accorded to the medical profession, to whom it 
 rightfully belongs. 
 
 But enough of what you may regard as ancient history. Xo attempt 
 has been made to give a complete record of medical events or of medical 
 men during the past half century. Had this been my design there are 
 many worthy names omitted which would certainly have been entitled to 
 honorable mention. Xor has it come within the scope of this paper even 
 so much as to allude to the many distinguished physicians who have come 
 into deserved prominence in later years, as I have confined myself strictly 
 to ante-bellum times. 
 
 The past is certainly not without its lessons of instruction; but when 
 we compare the present state of medical knowledge with what it was 
 fifty years ago the change is found to be wonderful, along certain lines 
 marvelous. With these changes you are all familiar. I will, therefore, not 
 weary you with their recital. But think for a' moment of the heaven-born 
 immunity from pain afforded by anesthesia; the certainty in diagnosis and 
 prognosis brought about by the microscope and by physiological chemistrj^; 
 the inestimable blessing conferred on general surgery and on obstetrics 
 by antiseptics, which, by simply excluding dirt and insisting on absolute 
 cleanliness, has shut off the cause of inflammation and almost completely 
 removed the danger of pyemia and septicemia. Consider the revolution — - 
 or rather the new creation — wrought in gynecology as the result of Ameri- 
 •can genius and the revelations made by abdominal surgery. Fifty years 
 ago it was considered almost certain death to cut into the abdominal cavity; 
 now the danger has been so minimized that it has become an operation of 
 daily occurrence and of comparative safety. My attention was recently di- 
 rected to this subject by reading the report of a case published in the 
 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal for 1845, just fifty years ago. Dur- 
 ing that year the Hon. Hugh S. Lagure of South Carolina, then Attorney- 
 General of the United States, while on a visit to Boston, was taken with 
 symptoms of bowel obstruction, for which he was attended by two of Bos- 
 ton's most distinguished surgeons. The difficulty was readily recognized, 
 and all the known medical remedies were applied, but to no avail. Death 
 followed, and on post-mortem examination the colon was found to be 
 doubly twisted with mesentery as an axis. An operation seems never to have 
 
■ ■■ 
 
 
 LOUIS CHARLES BOISLINIERE. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 9 J. 
 
 been thought of — indeed, Dr. Bigelow, in commenting on the case, says: 
 ''Intestinal strangulation, Ave have reason to believe, is a fatal disease, ex- 
 cept in rare instances in which spontaneous restoration of the parts may, 
 under favorable circumstances, take place." The resources of art, he says, 
 are unavailing, unless lyy resort to a dangerous and unjustifiable operation. 
 And four years later, in 1847', Yelpeau pronounced ovariotomy to be a cruel 
 and barbarous operation. And yet, who does not know that the valuable 
 life of this distinguished statesman might, in all human probability, have 
 been saved by a simple laparotomy. But, sad to relate, this comparative 
 humanity which has been so frequently demonstrated, has been made the 
 occasion for the unnecessary and reckless cutting into the abdominal 
 •cavity, as though the danger, instead of being so greatly diminished, Avas 
 wholly removed. To such a disastrous extent has this abuse been carried 
 that conservative surgery has been compelled to assert itself sharply. With- 
 out pursuing this subject further, but in view of all that has been accom- 
 plished in the recent past, who will undertake to limit the possibilities 
 of the future or say what seeming impossibilities may not yet be accom- 
 plished ? 
 
 Lest, however, in our "self -congratulation," we should be exalted above 
 measure, Ave have only to consider Avhat yet remains to be done; for, not- 
 withstanding the discovery of the bacillus tuberculosis and the high hopes 
 excited by "tuberculin,''' consumption still continues to be a reproach to the 
 profession, and AA'here once thoroughly established is as little amenable to 
 treatment and as certainly fatal hoav as it eA'er has been. Scarlet fever 
 and diphtheria will invade the nursery and rob our households of the 
 brightest and most cherished jeAvels. (What is to be the outcome of the 
 "anti-diphtheritic seropathy" yet remains to be seen. Let us hope and 
 pray, however, that it may prove as efficacious in mitigating the virulence 
 of diphtheria as Avas vaccination in the case of smallpox.) We have 
 no sure cure for rheumatism, no successful treatment for typhoid fever, 
 nor for Bright's disease, nor for a score of other diseases not necessary co 
 mention. It is obvious, therefore, that whilst progress has been steady 
 and rapid, the goal of professional desire has not yet been reached, and 
 that there are still in reserve for the future scientific discoverer laurels as 
 bright and as fadeless as those which adorn the brow of a Lister, a Koch 
 or a Sims. 
 
 I have alluded to the personnel of the profession of fifty years ago; let 
 me, in conclusion, say a Avorcl of the profession of to-day. and make men- 
 tion of the fact that St. Louis has a doctorate of which any city might 
 justly be proud. Especially is this true of its junior members, and surely 
 there neA'er was so auspicious a time for entering the ranks of medicine as 
 now. The young man is to be congratulated who comes in at this golden 
 juncture, provided he is prepared by a thorough preliminary and profes- 
 sional training, to make the most of his opportunities. In him there is a 
 future bright and alluring; Avhilst he avIio is lacking in these essential pre- 
 requisites is only to be pitied. 
 
 Be assured, Gentlemen, the cause of medical education in this country 
 will continue to advance until the present three-years' course of study will 
 have given place to one of at least five years' duration, with corresponding- 
 educational requirement. 
 
92 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 THE MEDICAL PROFESSION OF ST. LOUIS FROn 1860 TO 1900.* 
 
 I would not have the title of this article lead one to interpret the 
 thought that the writer, of his own knowledge, was able to give the his- 
 tory of the medical profession of St. Louis for forty years, as 'the impres- 
 sion might he produced that he was one of the antiquities; as a matter of 
 fact he is but a few years beyond forty. All of the points regarding the 
 profession prior to 1S65 were received from others, but I am confident 
 that they are authentic. It was my pleasure and profit, about 1864, to 
 become a member of the family of the late Dr. John T. Hodgen of St. 
 Louis, who for many years was the leader of the profession of the Miss- 
 issippi Valley in the realm of medicine and surgery and medical educa- 
 tion. Though but a small boy coming from the country, conditions had 
 been such as to make me probably more than usually thoughtful and ob- 
 serving for my age. Dr. Hodgen, my benefactor, friend, relative, was more 
 — he was my patron saint. I had in the beginning quietly determined in 
 my own mind that I would study medicine, and if possible do so when I 
 had sufficiently advanced in general knowledge under his tutelage. In 
 consequence, from the beginning of my association with him, it was my 
 pleasure to spend all the time possible, when- not in school or engaged in 
 other duties, as his companion in his drives, and serving, as he fre- 
 quently remarked, as an animated hitching post on the outside while he 
 was engaged with his duties with his patients. 
 
 The hospitals of St. Louis, the medical college of which he was dean 
 and the medical society in which he, together with the leading men of the 
 city at that time were active workers, were constant sources of interest 
 and entertainment to me. I early engaged in keeping his professional 
 books and his books as dean of the college. This daily constant associa- 
 tion with him and his labors threw me a great deal during all these years 
 with the active workers of the medical profession of St. Louis and the 
 surrounding country. 
 
 The War of the Eebellion, while of great advantage to the city of 
 Chicago, was a terrible blow to the city of St. Louis. St. Louis was 
 the leading city of that which had been a slave State, and for a consid- 
 erable part of the early years of the war was a focus of excitement. The 
 city was split from center to circumference by passion and prejudice. 
 The medical profession, like all other interests, was divided, many of its 
 members going into the medical department of the Confederate Army 
 or of the Union, as their feelings should prompt. Many of the Southern 
 sympathizing physicians, either from indiscreet remarks or excessive feel- 
 ing upon the part of the Federal authorities, were banished, and as a 
 result forced into Confederate service. The medical colleges were closed. 
 The Missouri Medical College, that which had been known as the Mc- 
 Dowell College, then located on Eighth and Gratiot streets, was confis- 
 cated (it being the personal property of Dr. McDowell, and he being a 
 violent secessionist). The St. Louis Medical College was interrupted in 
 its work but a short time, its faculty being mostly composed of loyal 
 men. 
 
 Dr. Hodgen, in his service in the Department of Anatomy and Surgery 
 in the college work, equipped himself superbly for duties which confronted 
 him at the beginning of the war. He was an intimate personal friend of 
 
 *Dr I. N. Love, St. Louis. 
 
CHARLES A. POPE. 
 Ex-Presidenr Missouri State Medical Association, 1855. 
 
MEDICINE AXD SURGERY. 93 
 
 President Lincoln and the two private secretaries of the latter. Mr. John 
 Gr. Xieholay and Mr. John Hay (the present Secretary of State in President 
 McKinlev's Cabinet) were fellow townsmen of Ms and personal friends. 
 This influence, together with that of the leading loyal men of St. Louis, 
 Gov. Gamble, then Governor of the State, Mr. James E. Yeatman and oth- 
 ers, enabled Dr. Hodgen to take front rank in the surgical work of the 
 Bebellion. 
 
 The location of St. Lonis made it an objective point for many mili- 
 tary hospitals providing for the wounded sick up and clown the Mississippi 
 Eiver. In addition Dr. Hodgen was Surgeon-General of the Western 
 Sanitary Commission, an organization which developed early in the war, 
 with headquarters at St. Louis, and which collected and disbursed millions 
 of dollars in the inters! s and to the comfort of the suffering soldiers of the 
 Union Army. 
 
 Dr. E. II. Gregory, before locating in St. Louis before the war, had 
 been engaged in practice in the country districts of Missouri. He was a 
 graduate of the St. Louis Medical College, and even before the "60s was 
 a loyal and faithful surgical adjunct of Dr. Charles A. Pope, the leading 
 surgeon of St. Louis, Professor of Surgery in the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege and dean of the same. Dr. Gregory served as assistant and later 
 as Demonstrator of Anatomy for a number of years and later as adjunct to 
 the Chair of Surgery to Dr. Pope at the Mullanphy Hospital, then located 
 at Fourth and Spruce streets. 
 
 These long and faithful years 01 service to science, to the dreary 
 details of anatomy and to the slavish duties in the wards of the hospitals 
 and the dissecting rooms resulted in Dr. Gregory becoming the natural 
 successor to Dr. Pope as Professor of Surgery.- though Dr. Hodgen suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Pope as dean of the college. 
 
 Pope and McDowell, in the earlier da vs. were the two great rival 
 surgeons, with their loyal satellites, directly antagonistic to each other. 
 Both were strong men, and yet as different from each other as oil from 
 water. Dr. Pope was learned, cultured, gentle, genial, gentlemanly al- 
 wavs. sensitive as a woman, high-minded, noble and an aristocrat by 
 birth, association and marriage. He had married into one of the oldest 
 and best families in St. Louis, the OTallons. and the enormous wealth 
 which came to him enabled liini to take a first place, not only in the 
 profession, but in the social world as well, and he was equipped and en- 
 dowed to shine in both. Dr. McDowell, his rival in the realm of surgery, 
 was almost his opposite, a rough diamond, a strong man, strong in his 
 hereditv, strong in his equipment, lacking much of the culture and re- 
 finement of Dr. Pope, possessed though of much more force and originality. 
 In these later days many of his qualities which gave him a place in the 
 front rank as a pioneer surgeon, would to-day in the minds of prudes oc- 
 casion his prompt retirement as a buffoon or a boor: but it is probable, 
 considering the primitive conditions that were about him, that he was the 
 man for the hour in representing those interests, those elements which 
 were across the line from the influences which Dr. Pope could command. It 
 is also probable that Dr. McDowell accommodated himself to the^ emer- 
 gence as he interpreted it. I am sure that he had the brightness of intel- 
 lect to have met the necessities of the situation had he been born fifty years 
 later. 
 
 Dr. Pope, backed by the great wealth and social prestige of the 0*1 al- 
 Ion family, with a magnificent medical college building and museum as 
 
94 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 his own persona] property, was surely in a position of great professional 
 power, and he enjoyed this power to the fullest and wielded it entirely 
 in the interests of science and humanity. After many years of pre-emi- 
 nence and absolute leadership he was urged and influenced to abdicate by 
 family persuasion. His family were socially ambitious and took no pride 
 in his great professional success, a success which absorbed him to the ex- 
 clusion of all social pleasures. He finally yielded to the pressure and re- 
 tired when in the zenith of his fame, joining his family in Paris, France, 
 which was to be his permanent home. Within a year the mental depres- 
 sion pronouncedly manifest in letters to his friend Hodgen in St. Louis, 
 produced by the feeling that he, having deserted his noble life work, 
 was on the shelf, so to speak, of little service to any one, resulted in a 
 moment of temporary insanity in his suicide by his cutting his throat. A 
 sad ending, indeed, to a great life. 
 
 But Dr. Pope just before had returned to Paris from a short trip 
 to St. Louis, where he had full opportunity to see how fully his place 
 was being filled by Hodgen and Gregory, how slightly essential he was 
 after all to those whom he had served, how soon we are forgot, as dear 
 old Eip Van Winkle put it truly. He realized the truth of the thought: 
 "For so much pride that Ave take in it, what is glory? The noise of a 
 concert of men, blind if they be, moreover, deaf."' 
 
 Dr. Hodgen was a liberal contributor to the literature of his pro- 
 fession almost from the beginning of his career. As teacher and pro- 
 fessor of physiology, he was most lucid and instructive to his class. 
 He had the rare faculty of put ting the same proposition in at least half 
 a dozen different ways, so that every member of his class could grasp his 
 thoughts, no matter how slow he was of comprehension. T remember dur- 
 ing these years seeing most interesting articles from him, contributed to 
 Column's Rural World (on vegetable physiology), a farmer's paper, which 
 was then and is now edited by the Hon. Norman J. Gorman, who was a 
 member of the Cabinet of President Cleveland, being the first Secretary 
 of Agriculture. 
 
 Dr. Hodgen had the mechanical ingenuity which enabled him to be 
 a most successful surgeon from the artistic standpoint, and this added to 
 his studiousness. wonderful working power, superb judgment and calm 
 helpful personality made him the ideal surgeon. He devised numerous 
 surgical procedures and instruments, the most important of which was the 
 Hodgen suspension splint, the same being a modification and improvement 
 of the Nathan E. Smith splint. During the several years. that Dr. Hodgen 
 taught and practiced surgery his numerous pupils, wdio are now scattered 
 all over America, were carefully taught the application of this splint and 
 have uniformly been enthusiastic users of the same. It was most 
 agreeable to me when abroad to find that the Hodgen splint was in gen- 
 eral use and much appreciated in the hospitals of London and other for- 
 eign cities. 
 
 Among the last of Dr. Hodgen's contributions to the interests of his 
 profession was a paper, written by request for the North American Eeview 
 (being one of the four leading surgeons of America selected to discuss 
 the question), upon the surgical management of the case of President 
 Garfield. This paper was a thoughtful, generous presentment of the dis- 
 cussion of the President's case along the lines of conservative surgery. As' 
 we look back Ave realize to the fullest that had President Garfield, with his 
 crushing gunshot spinal cord injury, or Dr. Hodgen a little later, with his 
 
THOMAS KENNARD. 
 
MEDICINE AXD SURGERY. 
 
 U-> 
 
 fatally ruptured gall bladder, been under the care of the profession five 
 years later — yes, two years later — their lives would probably both have 
 been saved. 
 
 Dr. John S. Moore, for many years dean of the old Missouri Medical 
 College (McDowell), practiced medicine in St. Louis veil onto forty years. 
 He was born and bred a Southerner and had ail the courtly manners of 
 the typical Southern gentleman. Dr. Moore was Professor of the Theorv 
 and Practice of Medicine and was an able, helpful teacher. He had a 
 large practice and was greatly beloved by his patients. 
 
 Dr. Charles W. Stevens was one of the original cbarter members ot 
 the faculty of the old St. Louis Medical College.' associated for years with 
 Drs. Pope- Gregory, Linton and others. He was connected with some of 
 the oldest families in St. Louis, possessed of wealth, which made him in- 
 dependent and gentle, amiable and modest almost to the point of timidity. 
 He was Professor of Anatomy, and this dry subject was only made en- 
 dura We by the kindly, genial personality of Dr. Stevens. Indeed, he was. 
 a kind and gentle character, beloved by all. He was the intimate personal 
 friend of all his associates. For many years he was superintendent of the 
 County Insane Asylum. Whatever duties he assumed he performed con- 
 scientiously. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Kennard was almost in a general way the opposite of 
 Dr. Stevens. He was red-headed, bluff, frank, abrupt and frequently rnis- 
 understood, but conscientious and straight as a die. He was greatlv re- 
 spected by his fellows ami a wonderfully well-informed man. though in 
 consequence of his tendency toward stepping upon others" toes he never 
 did much practicing, though whoever had him for a physician had an effi- 
 cient, honorable, faithful and helpful one. Dr. Kennard was almost an. 
 authority upon many subjects, but more particularly upon materia lnediea. 
 Among other features of Dr. Kennard which were so pronounced as to be 
 a characteristic, was that his handwriting was so perfect as to look almost 
 like copper plate. One who ever saw a prescription written by Dr. Ken- 
 nard could never forget it. I remember on several occasions to have dis- 
 cussed this talent of his. ami to have suggested to him that the majority 
 of physicians could not afford to write as clean cut and clear a hand as 
 he did, as they would make manifest their errors in prescription writing. 
 He agreed with me that the obscure writing of doctors was oftentimes more 
 for the purpose of covering the errors of the genitive ease in their latin 
 forms than to obscure the ingredients going to make up the prescription 
 for their patients. 
 
 Among the leaders of the profession of St. Louis in the early "60s was 
 Dr. M. L. Linton, who was born in Kelson County, Kentucky, in 1S08. Dr. 
 Linton, like Dr. Hodgen and Dr. Gregory, was a product of Old Ken- 
 tucky. He early determined that he would be a physician, graduating 
 later at the Transylvania College, Lexington. Ky. Dr. Linton for a 
 time practiced in Kentucky, and having met Dr. Charles A. Pope of St, 
 Louis while abroad, was later appointed to the Chair of Theory and Prac- 
 tice in the Medical Department of the St. Louis University. Dr. Linton 
 was a constant student, not only of medicine, but of the allied sciences 
 and general literature. He became a very learned man. He was no 
 mean poet, and was competent to hold his own in any discussion upon al- 
 most anv subject. He wrote a work, entitled "Outlines of Pathology.'" r 
 which would be a credit to any man. He established the St. Louis Med- 
 ical Journal in 1S43, the first medical journal west of the Mississippi Eiver, 
 
f)Q ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and this he edited with great ability, possessing the entire confidence of 
 the profession. Dr. MePheeters was associated with him in the editorial 
 charge of this journal. 
 
 As an evidence of Dr. Linton's literary skill and firm belief in nat- 
 ure's ability to wrestle successfully with most diseases, I quote a few 
 lines from his "Outlines of Pathology:" "A masterly inactivity, so far 
 as the administration of drugs is concerned, is often the best evidence 
 of medical skill. To know when not to act is as precious a piece of 
 knowledge as to know when and how to act. Indeed, a knowledge of one 
 is a knowledge of the other. The physician is the minister and not the 
 tyrant of nature — that he may aid her when her actions are too feeble — 
 that he may repress her ardor and that he may change her direction. 
 What physician pretends that he can directly cure a case of typhoid fever? 
 and yet all admit that the physician can do something — can be of some 
 service. Yea. of great service. Everybody that think- and observes 
 knows that the human system is so beneficently constructed that it can 
 act as its own doctor in many, we may say the majority, of cases. Every 
 physician knows the majority of cases, say of typhoid fever, will pass 
 through all their stages safely and terminate in health without the doc- 
 tor's aid. This does not prove that a physician might not have been 
 serviceable. It only proves that nature can cure disease, or. what means 
 precisely the same thins-, that diseases get well themselves. But every one 
 knows also that in many cases of depression, the system cannot rise to 
 reaction without aid which the physician can employ, and here he becomes 
 a support of nature." 
 
 Illustrating, too. that Dr. Linton believed, even in those early days 
 before we knew anything of bacteriology, before Pasteur. Koch. Behrmg 
 and other front rank workers in germ discoveries had been dreamed of, 
 that disease might originate from microbic cause, he wrote: "May not the 
 cancer cell and" tubercle be due to a parasite of animal or vegetable 
 
 oriain ?" , 
 
 '" Says Mrs. Annie Linton Sawyer regarding the death of her father: 
 
 My father died the first day of June, 1S72, in the 65th year of his life ,at his 
 lovelv home, Mamesa (his gift to my mother in remembrance of her f^f™*,* 
 and goodness to him), near the retreat of Ms cherished friends the sons of Do|oki 
 His warm friend. Dr. E. H. Gregory, and his apprcvea son-m-law Dr. Amos sa^ 
 ver. received hi? last breath and lovingly closed the gentle, ^arejes that looked 
 for the last time on earth, but I believe are looking now on his field of labor ana 
 loved ones from his father's mansion. i n v,nr=i and 
 
 He fondlv hoped his gifted young son would carry on his io^ed labors, ana 
 had brother Ben lived, doubtless the mantle of my distinguished father would 
 have fallen on his shoulders, but God walled that he should soon follow. 
 
 As the little group of his own stood around him, Dr. Gregory said: inere lies 
 the purest man I ever knew. He proved to be the pearl of virtues. 
 
 On the 5th of Ju«e we laid him away in the beautiful Calvary to sleep m tne 
 shadow of the cross until the sounding of the judgment trumpet, with an assur- 
 ance on which hand o( his Savior he would arise. 
 
 Dr. John Lawton, a very striking picture, an old bachelor, who must 
 have been 65 or TO years of age when the war was at its height, practiced 
 in St. Louis in a quiet way. He was a typical representative of the physi- 
 cian of the old school. He was more than 6 feet tall, always walked with 
 a cane and was the personification of dignity. He had no thought of his 
 profession as a money-making calling. He worked . earnestly and con- 
 sistently. He died in the early ; ?'0s. 
 
 Dr. William Dickinson, an 'ex-president of the St. Louis Medical So- 
 ciety, was the leading oculist of St. Louis between 1860 and 1870. As 
 time 'passed his brilliant wife, who had been his life's companion, died, 
 

 JKsk 
 
 JmSBm 
 
 
 
 PROF, II. L. LIXTOX. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY- 97' 
 
 and the doctor never after seemed possessed of the same enthusiasm and 
 ambition in his work. He died about 1890, having lived very quietly 
 during the last ten or fifteen years of his life. 
 
 Dr. John Waters, one of the medical college teachers and leading 
 debaters in the St. Louis Medical Society from I860 to 1870, was recog- 
 nized as a leading thinker and writer. It is to be regretted that his life 
 had not been prolonged, as he would surely have taken a high place in the 
 annals of the medical profession of America. 
 
 Dr. E. S. Eraser from 1860 to 1880 was one of St. Louis' best "all 
 round"" physicians; enjoyed an enormous practice, which he left to his 
 talented son. Dr. Sam H. Frazer. 
 
 Dr. Moses M. Pallen, the leading practitioner and teacher in obstetrics in 
 St. Louis for thirty years, was a strong man viewed from every stand- 
 point. 
 
 Whether in the sickroom, the college amphitheater or the hall of the 
 medical society he was equally forceful, helpful, graceful, successful. 
 But few physicians had a more loyal following, and the same may be said 
 of his successor. Dr. L. Ch. Boisliniere, who endeared himself to patients 
 and colleagues by his uniformly generous conduct. He was essentially 
 the young doctor's friend and nothing ever seemed to give him greater 
 pleasure than an opportunity for doing them a kindness. In this con- 
 nection the personality of Dr. T. L. Papin should appear, as he worked 
 in the same department, both as physician and teacher. He belonged to 
 one of the oldest and best families here, and in all his relations he ever 
 gave evidence of the genial, kindly, cultured gentleman. 
 
 Dr. William L. Barrett, born and bred in St. Louis, enjoyed from 
 1869 to about 1885 a very large and most lucrative practice in the depart- 
 ment of gynecology. He had been a special pupil under the great Dr. 
 Emmett in the Woman's Hospital of Xew York, and with his strong 
 social and family connections in St. Lords was soon able to secure first 
 place. He taught in his special department in the St. Louis Medicai 
 College for many years and was a most able and successful teacher. 
 His brother, Mr. Arthur B. Barrett, was Mayor of St. Louis in 1875. 
 
 Dr. Barrett was not only an able, intellectual, successful physician, 
 but was possessed of a heart as gentle and tender as a woman's, a soul 
 simple, sincere, serene, happiest when serving others. He died in the 
 harness a martyr to duty in the prime of life. Would that he had been 
 more selfish. He demonstrated clearly the thought that the good and 
 the best die all too soon. 
 
 Comparatively speaking, the scientific spirit in St. Louis in the early 
 days, and even before the '"60s, was stronger, so far as expression in medi- 
 cal society work was concerned, than to-day. The St. Louis Medical 
 Society met in various places, one of the last during its migratory period 
 being the hall at Sixth and St. Charles streets. Later it made perma- 
 nent arrangements with the Board of Education to convene regularly in 
 their hall, which for many years was in the Polytechnic Building at 
 Seventh and Chestnut streets, but for the past ten years has been at Ninth 
 and Locust. 
 
 All are familiar with the fact that Dr. William Beaumont, in the 
 earlier davs before the war, he being an army surgeon located at this 
 point, Had under his observation as a patient, one Alexis St. Martin, 
 a victim of gunshot wound in the stomach., which resulted in a fistulous 
 opening. Efsewhere in this volume a complete history of this case is 
 
98 °NE HUNDRED YEARS OP 
 
 given more in detail. Suffice it to say here that Dr. Beaumont, through, 
 the careful study of this case, persistent watching of the digestion of 
 food;, keeping a record of his observations, contributed more definitely to 
 the real knowledge of stomachic digestion than any one who preceded 
 him. 
 
 t fancy that the remoteness of St. Louis from the Eastern centers of 
 civilization had stimulated the local profession here to a greater zeal 
 and enthusiasm along scientific lines than might otherwise have occurred, 
 and besides the profession was made up of strong men — men who were 
 experienced and well educated before coming here. Furthermore, it will 
 be remembered that St. Louis was practically a Southern city — a city 
 located in a slave State — indeed, a city that had had slave markets in. 
 her midst. These conditions favored the fact of the profession being 
 composed largely of educated gentlemen, the same as the profession 
 throughout the various parts of the South. In other words, the line of de- 
 markation was so definitely drawn by the blighting hand of slavery be- 
 tween the cultured and the uncultured, that the profession was largely 
 made up of cultivated gentlemen, and this fact had much to do in main- 
 taining high ideals and the proper esprit du corps. 
 
 The meetings of the St. Louis Medical Society were uniformly well 
 attended. Indeed, the number in attendance was even larger than it is 
 to-day, and all of the best men of the town were there racling papers and 
 engaging actively in the debates. As a boy in my teens I have many 
 !imes and oft been present at these discussions and had my youthful 
 blood warmed and my medical ambitions aroused by the splendid manifes- 
 tations of scientific zeal. The debates between Pallen, Linton, Pope, 
 J. B. Johnson, William Johnston, Lemoine, Gregory, Kennard, Boisliniere,. 
 John S. Moore, McPhecters, Hodgen, Waters, Hammer and two score or 
 more strong men and true, were of a character to arouse the appreciation 
 of any lover of science, and hot times they used to have, too. They 
 handled each other during these debates without gloves, yet always as 
 gentlemen. Tenderfeet had no place there. When a man presented a 
 paper or a thought he had to fight for it, and I have seen these argu- 
 mentative gladiators bring their text books to the society by the dozens to 
 present their cptotations therefrom and the evidence in black and white 
 to sustain them in their positions. 
 
 There were times when the hot Southern blood of some members tem- 
 porarily took possession of their judgment, and things were said and done 
 that were regretted, but the true gentleman's apology was always promptly 
 forthcoming. 
 
 1 recall among these events one which was of special seriousness. The 
 gentle, sensitive Dr. S. T. Xewman read a paper before the society which 
 was most carefully prepared, as were all of his papers, the product of 
 much study and profound thought. It Avas followed by one in opposi- 
 tion by Dr. G. M. B. Maughs, the eccentric, brainy, heroic worker and 
 teacher in ^vnecology, who came here at the close of the war, having at 
 one time previously been Mayor of Kansas City. Dr. Maughs was always 
 robust and pronounced in his positions, but not always gentle and choice 
 in his selection of phrases. In his reply on the criticisms of Dr. New- 
 man's paper he was terrific, and viewed even at this distance it seems 
 that he was almost brutal. Dr. Newman was wounded almost beyond the 
 point of endurance, and it was feared by many friends that serious 
 trouble would result. Special committees were appointed to adjust the 
 
*!V 
 
 ADAM HAMMER. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 99 
 
 differences, but this was never very successfully accomplished. A sort 
 of armed neutrality was maintained. Had not Dr. Newman heen pos- 
 sessed of the gentle, tender, Christian character that he was, the result 
 would have heen far different. 
 
 Dr. Adam Hammer was a very learned man. a typical representative 
 of the severe German scientific spirit, thoroughly wrapped up in path- 
 ology and the studies related to his life work. He was prohahly one of 
 the ahles pathologists and theoretical surgeons that St. Louis ever pos- 
 sessed. He was positive, dogmatic, almost dictatorial in the announce- 
 ment of his views at time, and this naturally often led to friction. One 
 of the most serious quarrels that was ever known in the profession of St. 
 Louis and the St. Louis Medical Society was that between Dr. Hammer and 
 Dr. A. P. Lankford, who came to St. Louis about 1869 or 1870. Brilliant, 
 brainy and a born surgeon, Dr. Lankford had been a special pupil of 
 the elder Gross, and with such opportunities, possessed of great profes- 
 sional enthusiasm and great intellectual attainments, he was superbly 
 ecpiipped for his work. He was offered and accepted the Chair of Sur- 
 gery in the same college with Dr. Hammer. Dr. Lankford had many 
 charms, was more than 6 feet tall, built like an Apollo, with a person- 
 ality gentle, persuasive, magnetic, rarely equaled, a ready memory, grace- 
 ful address and wonderful versatility and power of expression, which all 
 endeared him to his students. These qualities, this American dash 
 whicb he possessed, naturally was not agreeable to the C-erman peculiari- 
 ties of Dr. Hammer. The antagonisms which were early aroused finally 
 resulted in a break, culminating in the St. Louis Medical Society having a 
 trial against Dr.. Hammer for alleged unprofessional conduct, resulting 
 in his condemnation and expulsion. By the way, this case became cele- 
 brated when Dr. Hammer appealed to the courts for justice, and the 
 latter granted him an injunction against the St. Louis Medical Society, 
 on the ground that they had no authority to delegate three members of 
 the society to try a recalcitrant member, and that the society should 
 have tried him in an open session of the society and given him completer 
 opportunities for defense, suggesting that a committee of such limited 
 numbers might easily be prejudiced. This decision of the court gave 
 the St. Louis Medical Society a case of "fright/' impressing them with 
 the thought that they had no authority to remove offending members. 
 
 It is interesting to recall that in some of the scenes and even de- 
 bates in these earlier days personal blows were given and taken, and on 
 rare occasions pistols were drawn. 
 
 During the years to which I have referred the medical society 
 rested under a disadvantage, so far as the public was concerned, of hav- 
 ing the proceedings published freely in the secular press, and not al- 
 ways to its advantage from the standpoint of dignity and decorum. One 
 of the brilliant newspaper men of the early days took special pleasure 
 in attending the society meetings, and, as is often the case, he lost sight 
 of the scientific features in his appreciation of the friction and undigni- 
 fied incidents. I refer to Mr. Phil Ferguson, wdio was more familiarly 
 known as "Jenks." He had a keen sense of humor, and he took particular 
 pleasure in manifesting it in his reports of the St. Louis Medical So- 
 ciety proceedings. There can be no question that this spirit of levity, 
 which prevailed in the reports in the daily press of the St. Louis Medi- 
 cal Society proceedings was the occasion, along about 1878, of Dr. John 
 
100 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 T. Hodgen introducing a resolution providing for executive sessions and 
 the retirement of the daily press reporters. This law prevailed for a 
 year Or two and then went into a state of "innocuous desuetude." Four 
 or five years ago it was again brought into force. There can be no ques- 
 tion that the best scientific good of local medical societies is best sub- 
 served by such rules. 
 
 The relations of the St. Louis Medical Society with the American 
 Medical Association have been intimate almost from the beginning. At 
 the seventh annual meeting of this national association, which was held 
 in St. Louis in May, lSoi, Dr. Charles A. Pope was elected president, 
 Dr. E. S. Lemoine having been secretary of the association in 1853. Dr. 
 Lemoine is still with us in St. Louis, actively engaged in practice, and, 
 though 70 years of age, is seemingly good for one or two more decades of 
 work. He has been, and is, one of our strongest and best men and an 
 ideal family physician. He is now one of the seven members of the "Old 
 Guard Medical" of St. Louis, along with Dr. J. B. Johnson, Dr. Simon 
 Poilak, Dr. E. H. Gregory, Dr. Thomas OTteilly, Dr. William Johnston 
 and Dr. William M. McPheeters. 
 
 The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation was also held in St. Louis in May, 1873, under the presidency of 
 Dr. Thomas M. Logan of California, who was born in Charleston, S. C. 
 The thirty-seventh annual meeting was held in St. Louis in May, 1886, 
 under the presidency of Dr. William Brodie of Detroit, Mich., and at 
 the close of this meeting our much-appreciated and eminent Dr. E. H. 
 Gregory was elected president, this being the third time that the honor 
 of the presidency had fallen to St. Louis. The first time, as previously 
 stated, it fell to Dr. Charles A. Pope, and at the annual meeting held in 
 Xew York Chvv in June, 1880, the honor was given to oar noble, gentle, 
 generous, much beloved and eminent Dr. John T. Hodgen, who was 
 born at Hodgenville, Ky., January 27, 1S26, and died in St. Louis April 
 28, 1882. 
 
 St. Louis has furnished hardly as many writers and contributors to 
 the literature of the profession as other cities of the same size, and cer- 
 tainly not as many as she should have done, and more particularly in 
 these later years, but what has been done has been well done. Drs. H. H. 
 Mudd, E. H. Gregory, T. F. Prewitt, G. Baumgarten, John Green, W. C. 
 Glasgow, Ptobert Barclay, H. N. Spencer, A. J. Steele, John Bryson, Thos. 
 F. Eumbold, J. K. Bauduy, JST. B. Carson, William Porter, A. H. Meis- 
 enbach, A. C. Bernavs, T. C. Witherspoon, H. Tuholske, Joseph Grindon, 
 M. H. Post, H. W. Loeb, John Young Brown, Y. H. Bond, C. H. Hughes, 
 W. A. Hardaway and-Ohmann-Dumesnil all have been more or less lib- 
 eral contributors to the medical journals of the country. Their work is 
 all of a high order of merit. Drs. Mudd, Baumgarten, Glasgow, John 
 Green and Hardaway furnished important articles for several cyclopedias 
 and systems of medicine which have been published in recent years. Dr. 
 Hardaway has contributed very definitely to the accepted knowledge in 
 dermatology. Dr. J. K. Bauduy has held high rank as a neurologist, and 
 has written a most valuable volume upon the subject. Dr. Thomas Bum- 
 bold* in the earlier clays, wrote a special work on the diseases of the nose 
 and throat, which contained much of original matter. Indeed, Dr. Bum- 
 bold was probably the pioneer in this department of the work in the 
 United States. Dr. A. C. Bernavs certainly deserves credit for having per- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 101 
 
 formed some of the most serious and dangerous operations in abdominal 
 surgery, being the first in some instances and among the first in many 
 to perform these operations in America, promptly publishing his results. 
 
 Dr. H. H. Mudd has ranked as a careful, conscientious, conservative 
 surgeon, holding probably the first place in, St. Louis for the ten or 
 fifteen years prior to his recent death, having had the advantage of the 
 personal association with Dr. Hodgen as a partner for fifteen years be- 
 fore the latter's death. Dr. Charles Hamilton Hughes, the eminent neu- 
 rologist, has for years edited and published the Clinist and Neurologist, 
 contributing liberally to the permanent literature of his specialt} r , and 
 reflecting credit upon our city. 
 
 Dr. Louis Bauer, who for many years practiced orthopedic surgery 
 in St. Louis, coming here after the war from Brooklyn, founded the St. 
 Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons, serving as its dean almost to 
 the last, dying a few years ago, more than SO years old. He was the 
 pioneer of orthopedic surgery in America. He wrote a most valuable 
 work on the subject, and was one of the most original and skillful sur- 
 geons along these lines in the country. He was possessed of great scien- 
 tific ability and marked mechanical, ingenuity. 
 
 Dr. John Green and Dr. C. C. Michel have both ranked high in the 
 realm of opthalmology and contributed definitely to the permanent 
 knowledge of the profession. 
 
 There can be no doubt that there is much difference between the pro- 
 fession of St. Louis now and that of twenty, twenty-five and thirty years 
 ago. The city has more than doubled ; the profession has probably quad- 
 rupled. In those earlier clays we all knew each other; we were closer 
 together all the time, and at frequent intervals got very close together. 
 The conditions accompanying metropolitanism have enlarged the pro- 
 fession and scattered it to a marked degree. The rapid growth of St. 
 Louis, its prominence as a safe commercial center and its substantial 
 character has attracted physicians from all over the country, and the 
 profession is not the intimate, closely related family that it was in the 
 earlier days. 
 
 The recent consolidation of the two oldest medical colleges of St. 
 Louis, the St. Louis Medical College and the Missouri Medical College, to 
 form the Medical Department of Washington University, can but be for 
 the general good of the profession and the interests of higher medical 
 education. Nearly all the States now require from licentiates to practice 
 not only a diploma, but an examination before a proper State Board of 
 Examiners, and we are safe in feeling that even more glorious days are 
 before us as a profession than those we have passed. 
 
102 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OP 
 
 CHAPTER VII— IN WESTERN MISSOURI. 
 
 The advance of the physician and surgeon in Western Missouri has 
 kept pace with the advance of all other professions and trades. There 
 was a time in the early clays when the West was a wilderness that the 
 doctor rode horseback through the forests with his medicines and his in- 
 struments in his saddlebags. His word was law with his patients. But 
 he was a man of honor and seldom betrayed his trust. If he knew less 
 of the practice of medicine than he does now, he was at least as faithful 
 and as respected as he has ever been. Medicine and surgery have made 
 wonderful advances since his early days before the war. But the esteem in 
 which he was held had no room for growth. It is a high honor to say 
 that the best doctors of to-day have kept that integrity and uprightness 
 for which they were so highly regarded in the past. 
 
 Methods and the men have changed. The methods have advanced 
 wonderfully and so have the men. The courtly old doctor of the past has 
 given way to the inquiring, aggressive, industrious, modern young prac- 
 titioner of the present, with a world of old traditions to help him in his 
 honorable career. 
 
 Kansas City was a village in the forests when the first missionaries 
 came to save souls and mend broken bodies more than half a century 
 ago. For the first physicians were the French missionary priests, who 
 worked among the Indians. After them came the regular physicians. 
 Life was hard and stern in those days to the professional man, but he 
 had a duty to perform which nerved him and helped him to endure. 
 
 The best remembered of the pioneer doctors of Western Missouri 
 was Dr. Joseph W. Wood. He was a famous surgeon in his time, not 
 only in this State., but in the United States. His reputation at one time 
 was national, and Eastern medical colleges tried vainly to induce him to 
 join their faculties. Dr. Wood went to Kansas City long before the war. 
 He died about 1S93. His specialty was the operation on the stomach and 
 bladder. He was the originator of an operation to remove a stone from 
 the bladder without cutting the abdomen. In female operations he clipped 
 the cincture off the urethra and dilated the urethra without cutting the 
 walls of the abdomen. He was one of the few surgeons in the world in 
 his time who could perform the operation with success. 
 
 Dr. Wood came to Missouri from Kentucky. He was a student of 
 the famous Dr. Dudley *of Transylvania University, and was graduated 
 from the university in the class of 1836. He went to Liberty, Mo., near 
 Kansas City, and practiced there many years, but removed to Kansas 
 City before the war. He would never take the time to teach medicine. All 
 his time was occupied with his practice. He was in demand not alone in 
 Kansas City, but his services were called for all over the Western coun- 
 try. Once he went to New Mexico to cut off a man's feet. He was a pow- 
 erful man physically. He Avas positive in his opinions and would not 
 tolerate contradiction or dispute about his theories. He was proud of 
 his work and had an unconquerable love for his profession. He died 
 of operation on his leg, which withered in his old age. 
 
 Dr. G-. M. B. Maughs was the war Mayor of Kansas City. He is still 
 living now, near Fulton, Mo., in retirement. Dr. Maughs was considered 
 
A. B. SLOAN. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 203 
 
 a great obstetrician in his rime. He located in Kansas City before the 
 war. He was an old line Whig before there was a Republican party. He 
 had not been long in Kansas City before he became interested in poli- 
 tics, and in 1860, just at the opening of the Civil War, he was elected 
 Mayor on the Democratic ticket. The following year, 1861, he left 
 Kansas City and went to St. Louis, where he made a big success as a doctor 
 •of women" s diseases. He made a fortune in St. Louis' and retired a good 
 •many years ago to Fulton, where lie still lives. He is remembered in 
 Kansas City as a tall, slender man, high-tempered and ready to fight on 
 -small provocation. 
 
 The doctors of to-day in Western Missouri are not the doctors who 
 practiced medicine in the "60s. Xearly all the older physicians are dead 
 or rerired. In Kansas- City probably the two oldest physicians that are 
 still practicing are Dr. D. E. Porter and Dr. E. W. Sehauffler. These 
 two physicians, after a residence in Kansas City of over thirty years, are 
 as busy as ever with their patients and their medicines. Both of these 
 men have interesting things to say about the practice of medicine in the 
 early days, when Kansas City was a village. 
 
 "I came to Kansas City in 1868,''" said Dr. Sehauffler, "and I've prac- 
 ticed medicine ever since in the city that was a village then. Dr. D. R. 
 Porter was here two years before me. We were both young men in the 
 profession and soon became good friends. 
 
 "When I came to Kansas City there wasn't a hospital in the place, 
 not even a private hospital. The younger doctors saw the necessity of 
 such an institution, but the older ones — the mqssbacks — fought the idea 
 vigorouslv. The young doctors started a boom for a city hospital. I 
 was one of them. Three or four of us got together in 1869 and had 
 some lawyers draw up a bill to vote funds for a city hospital. I forget 
 liow much we wanted. A special election was called to decide this matter 
 wdiether the bonds should be voted. Then we young doctors went hard to 
 work to persuade men to vote the bonds. The older doctors and the other 
 mossbacks fought us hard and steadily. At 5 o'clock the vote seemed 
 overwhelmingly against us. Made desperate by this, we young doctors 
 started out to bring in voters. We rode about town arguing, pleading 
 and begging with men to vote for the hospital. We would ride up to a 
 group of working men at work on a building and call out to them: "Do 
 you want a free city hospital in this town — a hospital that wont cost 
 you a cent ? Then go to the polls right away and vote for it.'* We per- 
 suaded the bosses to let the men off the job to vote for us. The result 
 of our hard work was that the mossbacks were beaten and the town got 
 Its first hospital. 
 
 "The principal credit for this work is due to Dr. A. B. Taylor, who 
 lias long been dead. In Dr. Taylor's mind the idea was first born to have 
 a oily hospital in Kansas City. He lived long enough to see his idea 
 carried out."' 
 
 This was the first hospital in the western part of Missouri. In Kan- 
 sas City now there are four large private hospitals — St. Joseph's, the Ger- 
 man, the Scarritt and the Lniversity — besides two railroad hospitals — the 
 Missouri Pacific and the Memphis. 
 
 In the early days in Kansas City the doctors did not ride in bug- 
 gies. They straddled horses and carried their medicines and their instru- 
 ments in saddle bags. Buggies were useless, because where the doctors 
 had to o-o there were no roads and the trees grew close on each side of the 
 
104 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 cow paths. Often the doctors would have to dismount and climb on hands 
 and knees up the sides of the steep and rocky bluffs. When they got to 
 their destination they threw their horse's rein over the fence post and 
 walked into the house in cowhide boots. 
 
 There were no specialists in those days. Every doctor was a gen- 
 eral practitioner. The Kansas City doctors practiced as much in the sur- 
 rounding country as in the town. Xow the line between the country and 
 the city doctor is plainly drawn. 
 
 Dr. D. Ii. Porter went to Kansas City after a course of medicine at 
 the Bellevue Hospital Medical College thirty-four years ago, when there 
 was not a railroad in the town. He found four or five physicians prac- 
 ticing in a town of 4,000 inhabitants. Business was good and all the 
 doctors prospered. "The physicians were all of them honorable men in 
 those early days," says Dr. Porter. "Commercialism had not yet affected 
 the profession of medicine in the "West. There were no 'divine' healers or 
 Christian Scientists; there were no quacks. Malaria and pneumonia were 
 very common in the town, but the physicians knew how to treat those 
 diseases. I believe they had better results then than they have now. 
 Drugs were purer, I believe. They seemed to act better. There were 
 four drug stores in the town, and each store had its own prescription 
 clerk, who carefully compounded every prescription. They were kept 
 busy, too — as busy as the doctors. Xo such thing as a proprietary medi- 
 cine was known in the town. Druggists were genuine pharmacists then 
 and doctors were gentlemen. The doctor was a man of such honor and 
 respeetabilitv that he took his place beside the clergyman. He was as 
 necessary to a man about to make his will as the lawyer. 
 
 "In 1866 the cholera broke out. It came from emigrants from St. 
 Louis who landed at the river levee August 12, 1866. These emi- 
 grants were cpiartered in the south part of town at the city's expense. 
 Most of them died. The first case in the city was that of a Miss Kelly, 
 who kept a boarding house for Irishmen. I treated her.' She got well. 
 The epidemic spread and killed 117 men, women and children. During 
 cholera times it was like Sunday all the week around in the town. There 
 was no business, there were few people on the streets. The sale of green 
 vegetables was prohibited. Every effort was made to stop the epidemic. 
 The last case was late in Kovember. Since then there have been a few 
 sporadic cases of cholera in Kansas Cit} r , but never an epidemic." 
 
 Dr. Porter still practices medicine. He was one of the charter mem- 
 bers of the Kansas City Medical College. He is still treasurer of the 
 institution. In spite of his age he is still strong, active and unusually 
 vigorous. 
 
 Dr. I. W. Bidge has been retired twenty years, but the old settlers 
 now and then induce him to make a professional call. He is wealthy and 
 has no more need to visit patients. Dr. Bidge is probably the first of the 
 physicians now alive Avho came to Kansas City. He arrived, a boy, not 
 yet 22, June, 1818. He was a graduate of the Transylvania University 
 of Kentucky, but had previously studied medicine under Dr. I. S. Warren 
 of Lafayette County, Missouri. Here is Dr. Ridge's story in his own 
 words : 
 
 "There Avere a few men practicing medicine when I got here in '48. 
 All of these were men whose medical knowledge was got from reading 
 books without the supervision of any regular physician. There was old Dr. 
 Larkens. He was a Baptist preacher, a sort of missionary. Then there 
 
T. B. THRUSH. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 105 
 
 was old Dr. Huttons, who knew more about botany than he did about 
 medicine. But he practiced, notwithstanding. There was Dr. Bracl- 
 shaw, who had taken a course of lectures in Virginia, and Dr. J. D. Hand, 
 who had had the same training. Both these men left for California the 
 following year when the cholera broke out. 
 
 "Indeed, nearly every one who was able left Kansas City in 1849 to 
 escape the pestilence. But almost 400 remained, and half of these died 
 of the plague. I was left, the only regular physician in this cholera in- 
 fested town. I lasted six months, waiting on the sick, and then I, too, 
 caught the cholera. I'll never forget my feelings as I lay ill alone in 
 my house. 1 had constantly the sensation that ice water was trickling 
 in little streams along my skin. I sent 110 miles Avest into Kansas for 
 a physician. When my messenger got on my horse and started out I 
 felt sure I would never see him again. Day after clay passed, and I still 
 lived. At last my messenger returned with a doctor. He was Dr. Charles 
 Robinson, who afterwards became Governor of Kansas. Eobinson stayed 
 two days and two nights with me and left me at last to die. He said to 
 me: 'Maybe the medicine will take hold on } r ou. If it does, } r ou'll live. 
 But if it doesn't, you'll die.' It took hold and I lived. Robinson went 
 to California. I met him a quarter of a century afterwards and we em- 
 braced one another in tears. 
 
 "In those early days I often rode 150 miles to see a patient. I had 
 a practice in some of the remotest parts of the State. In 1866 the sec- 
 ond plague of cholera struck the town. I was then city physician. The 
 second plague was not so bad as the first, but hundreds died of it and the 
 doctors had a hard time of it. I remember I once found five men lying 
 dead in one boarding house on the levee." 
 
 Of the older physicians few were better known than Dr. Simeon S. 
 Todd, who died October 19 last. Dr. Todd was 73 years old. He was the 
 first city physician and the first president of the Board of Health in Kan- 
 sas City. He was known to every old physician here. In his more active 
 days he was a noted practitioner. He Avas one of the founders of the 
 Kansas City Medical College and was elected a fellow of the Society 
 of Science, Letters and Arts of London. For several years he had re- 
 tired from the general practice of medicine, but he continued a special 
 practice up to the time of his death. 
 
 Dr. Todd was born in Vevay, Ind., in 1826. He received a good edu- 
 cation in Greek, Latin and French, and at 19 began the study of medi- 
 cine under Dr. William Davidson of Madison, Lid. Dr. Davidson was 
 a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Before he 
 had finished his medical course, however, the Mexican War broke out, and 
 Simeon Todd caught the war fever. In 1847 he left his tutor and went 
 to Rushville, Ind., where he enlisted in the Fifth Regiment of the Illinois 
 Volunteer Cavalry. He was stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and put 
 in charge of thirty convalescents there. He went next to Kew Orleans, 
 and in July, 1848, he joined his regiment on the Rio Grande. In No- 
 vember he was mustered, out of service. 
 
 After the Avar he resumed his study of medicine in the Indiana 
 Medical College^ La Porte, Ind., and was graduated in 1S49. He moved to 
 Lawrenceburg, Ky., where he was married in 1850 to Judith Ann Ridgway. 
 
 But Dr. Todd eaught the gold fever that year, just as he had caught 
 the war fever, and he Avent to California on the first impulse. It was a 
 lucky move for him. He practiced medicine and mined at the same time 
 
106 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 for two year? hi the mining towns of Puma Comity. California. He used 
 to tell the old physicians here he could have been rich if he wanted to, 
 but he didn't want to. In order to get rid of some of his wealth he 
 said he sank a hole a thousand feet deep in a mountain side, though 
 there was little chance of striking ore. He had one very good mine, 
 though, and one day as he sat panning gold out of the gravel near the 
 stream he saw a very pretty girl come down the bed of the creek. She 
 was Lotta Crabtree. who afterwards became an actress of considerable 
 celebrity. It was the custom of the miners of those days whenever a 
 woman came to the mines to let her put her hand in the "pay gravel*' and 
 take out as much gravel and gold as she could get in one handful. So 
 Dr. Todd gallantly held out his pan and Lotta took a great handful and 
 got a good amount of gold out of it. 
 
 Dr. Todd moved soon to San Francisco and continued to practice 
 there until the Civil War. He was appointed then a surgeon in the 
 army, but was not with the troop in action. He was stationed at the Pre- 
 sidio of San Francisco and afterwards had charge of the hospital at Drum 
 Barracks, near Wilmington, Cal. 
 
 Dr. Todd's wife died during the war, and he determined to change 
 his residence. On the way to California in 1850 he had passed through 
 Kansas City, then a small town on the river bluffs. He was so much im- 
 pressed with the tilace, though, that he remembered it in all his years 
 of residence in California. Kansas City, he often said, would be a big 
 place some day. So, after his wife's death, he determined to come 
 here, build up a practice and make Kansas City his home. 
 
 He came here in September, 1865. The next year Asiatic cholera 
 broke out in the little town and 128 persons in the population of 5,000 
 died. Dr. Todd was appointed city physician and president of the Board 
 of Health. The next year he was married to Mrs. Thirza F. Dean, widow 
 of Dr. "William H. Dean. He established the Kansas City College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons in 1869. The college at first had its quarters 
 in his office at the northwest corner ol Eighth and Main streets, which 
 he occupied for twenty years. Later it moved and became the Kansas 
 City Medical College. Dr. Todd was presiding officer of the college for 
 thirteen years. 
 
 A book on obstetrics won him a fellowship in the Society of Science, 
 Letters and Arts in London in 188?. He was also a member of the Kan- 
 sas City Medical Society, the American Medical Association, the Missouri 
 State Medical Association and the Kansas State Medical Society. 
 
 Dr. Todd's second wife died several years ago, and he married Miss 
 I'. W. Williams. His two former wives were Quakers, but Miss Williams 
 was not. Dr. Todd was one of the charter members of Dr. J. E. "Roberts' 
 church. The Church of This World, and was one of its principal sup- 
 porters. 
 
 Dr. Todd left a very valuable library of classical books. He had 
 spent hundreds of dollar- gathering material for a history of his family. 
 He was of Scotch-Irish descent and had traced his family back to the sev- 
 enth century. The family history was in manuscript, almost finished, 
 when he died. 
 
 Dr. T. B. Lester, father of Dr. Charles Lester, the present County Cor- 
 oner, was a famous character in his day. Fie was a prominent general prac- 
 titioner, besides being something of a politician. He was born in 1821 in 
 Virginia : went to Illinois in 1835 and studied medicine later under Dr. M. 
 
UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, KANSAS CITY. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY, 1Q7 
 
 W. Hall of Salem, 111. He was in the Mexican War as surgeon in Company I, 
 First Illinois Infantry. He was in charge of the general hospital at Santa 
 Fe, X. M.., in 1847, and held it till the close of the war. In 1851 he went 
 to Kansas City, where he remained the rest of his life. He taught the 
 principles and practice of medicine in the Kansas City Medical College. 
 In 187"? he was president of the faculty. In 1870 he was president of the 
 Medical Association of Missouri. He contributed many articles to med- 
 ical journals and was widely known as a writer on medical subjects in 
 other papers. Dr. Lester served the city as Alderman in 1857-8 and as 
 .member of the Board of Education in 1867-70. He died February 21, 
 1888, aged 61. 
 
 The homeopathic school in Kansas City has had a remarkable growth. 
 One of its pioneers Avas Dr. Peter Baker, who died eight or nine years 
 ago. He located in Kansas City about the time of the Civil War and be- 
 came a big man in his profession. His daughter was married to Willard 
 E. Winner, the capitalist, who built the Winner bridge. Dr. Baker was 
 not a writer, but he had a very large practice. 
 
 Dr. William D. Foster, bomeopathist, located in Kansas City in 1875. 
 He was a partner of Dr. W. H. Jennev. Both Dr. Foster and Dr. Jenney 
 are well-known homeopathists. 
 
 The best-known homeopathist in Kansas City, perhaps in the State, 
 is Dr. Moses T. Bunnels. He was secretary of the State Homeopathic 
 Society when it had twenty-five members, and he built its membership to 
 200. He was elected president of the society in 1890. He was elected 
 honorary member of the Homeopathic Society in Kansas City in 1886. 
 In 1896 he was president of the Missouri Valley Homeopathic Medical So- 
 ciety. Dr. Bunnels is an extensive writer on homeopathic medical treat- 
 ment. His paper on Health and Study, read before the Missouri Insti- 
 tute of Homeopathy in St. Louis in 1890, was copied in papers all over 
 the country. Another paper on The Influence of Diet and Habits on the 
 Liver, printed in the Clinical Beporter, St. Louis, caused much comment. 
 Dr. Bunnels has been in Kansas City since 1885 and has a large prac- 
 tice. 
 
 Kansas City has seven medical colleges, including the three schools — 
 regular, homeopathic and eclectic. One of these colleges is for women's 
 instruction exclusively. 
 
 The Kansas City Medical College is the oldest of these. Its present 
 officers are: Dr. E. W. Schauffler, president; Dr. Franklin E. Murphy, sec- 
 retary. This college was founded in 1869 and the first class was graduated 
 in 1870. Its founders were six of the pioneer physicians of Kansas 
 City, Dr. D. B. Porter, Dr. E. W. Schauffler, Dr. Simeon S. Todd, Dr. A. 
 B. Taylor, Dr. F. Cooley, Dr. T. J. Eaton. Of these men Dr. Todd and 
 Dr. Taylor are dead; Dr. Cooley left the profession and Dr. Eaton is now 
 living in California. It was organized under the name, The College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Kansas City. The name was changed to the 
 Kansas City Medical College in 1881. The course of medicine was recently 
 extended from three years to four years. 
 
 The University Medical College, the second oldest in the city, was 
 organized in 1881 as the University of Kansas City Medical Department. 
 It was reorganized in 1888 as the L T niversity Medical College. The first 
 class was graduated in 1882. It contained seven members. Eight were 
 graduated the next year and fourteen the following year. This college has 
 
10S ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 grown steadily. This year probably 130 will graduate. The average 
 daily attendance at the school is more than 300~ Dr. Charles T. Wain- 
 wright is dean of the school and holds the Chair of Clinical Medicine and 
 Physical Diagnosis. Dr. John Punton, secretary of the school, lectures 
 on nervous and rectal diseases. Dr. Punton is an expert on insanity. Dr. 
 Samuel C. James, treasurer, teaches the principles and practice of medi- 
 cine. 
 
 J. X. Jackson, now dead, was the first president of the college. Dr. 
 J. M. Allen succeeded him; then came Dr. Wainwright. But Dr. Wain- 
 wright resigned to become dean of the school, and Dr. Logan is now 
 president. The college building is of brick, four stories high, with a 
 large amphitheater, lecture rooms, chemical laboratories and all the ap- 
 pliances of a well-equipped medical college. 
 
 In connection with the University Medical College is the "University 
 Hospital, recently remodeled. Its name until last year was All Saints' 
 Hospital. 
 
 One of the more recent medical colleges is the Medico-Chirurgical 
 College, which was organized March 14, 1897. Dr. C. Lester Hall is its 
 president and Dr. G. 0. Coffin — now city physician and president of the 
 Board of Health — is its dean. It was reorganized in 1898. Its first class 
 was graduated in 1898. The Medico-Chirurgical School has made rapid 
 progress since it was organized and has a large attendance. 
 
 Kansas City has one women's college. It is called the Women's Med- 
 ical College and was organized five years ago. There women are taught 
 thoroughly, first, the principles of medicine, and secondly, the special 
 branches that will make them best fitted to treat women's diseases. Dr. 
 F. B. Tiffany, the noted specialist, is dean of the school. C. A. Dannaker, 
 one of the older physicians, is secretary. 
 
 A homeopathic school exists in Kansas City. It is the Kansas City 
 Homeopathic Medical College. Dr. L. G. Van Acoyoc is its registrar. It 
 has existed since 1888, and has been remarkably prosperous. Many 
 homeopathic physicians have been graduated in its twelve years of ex- 
 istence who now have comfortable practices. 
 
 The Kansas City University College of Homeopathic Medicine and 
 Surgery was organized in 1896. Its first class was graduated in 1897. Dr. 
 W. H. Jenney is the clean of the school. 
 
 Two medical publications exist in Kansas City. They are the 
 Kansas City Medical Record, published by Dr. A. L. Fulton, and the Kan- 
 sas City Medical Index-Lancet, edited by Dr. John Punton. The Index- 
 Lancet is a consolidation of the Kansas City Medical Index and the paper 
 called Langdale's Lancet. It has a large circulation, not only among local 
 physicians, but all over the State of Missouri. 
 
 St. Joseph has two medical schools, the Ensworth Medical College 
 and the Central Medical College, both regular schools. The Ensworth 
 School was organized in 188? as the St. Joseph Medical College by a union 
 of the St. Joseph Hospital Medical College and the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. It was reorganized in 1888 as the Ensworth Medical 
 College. ~ Thomas H. Doyle is the president and Hiram A. Christopher 
 the secretary. 
 
 The Central Medical College was organized in 1894, Dr. T. E. Potter 
 is its secretarv. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 109 
 
 MEDICAL NOTES FROM PETTIS COUNTY.* 
 
 The following record has been obtained mostly from Dr. John W. 
 Trader, who several years ago wrote a necrological report of physicians 
 of Pettis Count}', Missouri. Dr. Trader relied mainly upon information 
 furnished by old settlers, and especially upon that furnished by the late 
 Maj. William. Gentry, who was familiar and personally acquainted with all 
 these families. 
 
 These reports are necessarily brief, as nothing is attempted beyond an 
 effort to preserve the history of those persons who, in many instances, were 
 important factors in the first settlement of our county and the medical 
 history of the century. 
 
 Dr. Christian E. Bidstrap, a native of Denmark, settled near George- 
 town, Pettis Co., Mo., in the year 1S33, on a farm; practiced medicine 
 some six or eight 3 r ears; died near Clifton, at the home of his brother. 
 
 Dr. Moses A. Ferris was a surgeon in the volunteer forces from Ken- 
 tucky in the war of 1812; removed from Georgetown, Ky., and settled 
 in Pettis County, near Longwood, in the year 1833, on what was then 
 known as the Baker farm. The doctor was a representative man; in addi- 
 tion to practicing medicine he preached to the early settlers and married 
 the young folks, he being what was then known as a Beformed preacher. 
 
 The doctor practiced medicine ten or twelve years in this vicinity, 
 and died suddenly while out hunting, of what was supposed to have been 
 apoplexy. 
 
 Dr. William J. Westfield settled in Georgetown in 1834, coming from 
 Kentucky. He was what was generally known by the early settlers as 
 a "root and yarb doctor.'*'" He cultivated his own medical plants and had 
 quite a garden of herbs, from which he obtained his medical supplies. 
 He left no family in the county and no evidence of when or where he 
 died. 
 
 Dr. WiJkins Watkins was born in Virginia in the year 1809 and 
 settled in Pettis County, Missouri, in the year 1838. He represented this 
 county in the Legislature in the year 1845 or "46, and was Eegistrar of 
 Lands at one time at Clinton, Mo. He moved to Salem, Ore., in 1863, 
 and returned to Sedalia, Mo., in 1867, where he died December 6, 1872. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Evans was born in Yfashington City, D. C, October 
 27, 1805; educated at Columbia College, D. C, graduating in both literary 
 and medical departments. He came to Missouri in 1832, 
 and moved to Pettis County in 1840, and located on a farm 
 on the eastern border of the county. Here he lived and practiced 
 medicine until he sold his farm and located in the town of Smithton in 
 the year 1872, where he resided until his death, which occurred September 
 10, 1874. Dr. Evans was no ordinary man. Deeply imbued with the 
 greatness of his calling, he never, by word or deed, lowered the standard 
 of his profession. His reputation extended over Cooper, Saline, Pettis, 
 Morgan and Benton Counties, and for thirty-odd years he served the 
 people with a fidelity that vail not soon be forgotten. He never held a 
 public office. Two of his sons, Drs. E. C. and W. H. Evans, are leading 
 physicians of Sedalia, Mo. 
 
 Dr. Edward Spedden settled in Georgetown, Mo., in the year 1841: 
 
 *By Dr. George B. McNeil, Sedalia. 
 
110 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 was born and reared on the eastern shore of Maryland; died in George- 
 town about the year 1S56. He was a physician of more than ordinary ac- 
 quirements: was charitable to the poor and modest and retiring in his 
 deportment. 
 
 Dr. William Turley was born in Cooper County, and settled in Pettis 
 * !ounty in 1854. He raised a company and was mustered into the Seventh 
 Cavalry, M. S. M., Col. J. P. Phillips commanding, in the year 1862. The 
 doctor accidentally shot himself fatally while dismounting his horse soon 
 afterwards. 
 
 Dr. Benjamin Franklin Hughes was born in Cooper County. Mo., near 
 Pilot Grove. November 20, 1830; graduated at the Missouri Medical College 
 (McDowell's) in the year 1855, at which time he came to Pettis County 
 and engaged' in practice. At the breaking out of the Civil War he was 
 commissioned surgeon in the Federal Army, which post he filled until 
 elected as a delegate from this district to the convention to form what is 
 known as the Drake Constitution of Missouri. After the close of the 
 war he resumed medical practice in Sedalia, Mo., where he died August 26 r 
 1879, and is buried in the Georgetown Cemetery. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Johnson Montgomery was born in Danville, Boyle County, 
 Kentucky, August 9, 1812; moved to Pettis County, Missouri, in the 
 year 1858, and settled near Longwood; afterward moved to Georgetown. 
 In 1861 he was appointed surgeon of the Seventh Cavalry, M. S. M., and 
 in 1865 assumed the duties of medical director, Central District of Mis- 
 souri, until the close of the war. The same year he settled in Sedalia, 
 and resumed the practice of his profession. Dr. Montgomery was an ex- 
 traordinary man. Endowed with a line mind by nature, he had by in- 
 dustry and an indomitable will overcome all obstacles and towered as a 
 nestor among the members of his profession; was granted an addendum 
 degree from the Starling Medical College in 1855, and a like honor was 
 conferred upon him by the St. Louis Medical Society in 1858. He filled 
 many places of honor and trust. He died in Sedalia, Mo., May 17, 1877, 
 and was buried in the Sedalia Cemetery with church and masonic honors. 
 

 liiiiiilWIIlftir 
 
 
 LOUIS T. PIM. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ill 
 
 CHAPTER V]II.— IN THE CIVIL WAR* 
 
 In writing up a history of the medical officers who served in various 
 Missouri regiments during the war of 1861 to 1865 it is impossible at 
 this lafe dte to do more than classify them, giving date of rank and mus- 
 ter in and what became of them: their trials aud sacrifices, their successflu 
 endeavors to succor the wounded on the field of battle, their own per- 
 sonal dangers are fresh, no doubt, in the memory of those living and 
 a lost story to those who have passed beyond the portals of the grace. 
 "Peace to their ashes" and may the good they have done live after "them 
 and bear good fruit for posterity. Out of 391 surgeons and assistant sur- 
 geons who served a greater or lesser time, six died in service, fifteen 
 were discharged, commissions revoked or vacated, one disappeared and was 
 classified as a deserter. This is by no means a bad showing. How many 
 returned home broken in health, some of whom to soon die, the records 
 do not show. 
 
 To Dr. Philip Weigel was given the position of Surgeon-General of 
 Missouri, to organize the medical department and put it in efficient order. 
 He -erved but four months and resigned. The position was then ten- 
 dered Dr. John T. Hodgen, a man energetic, untiring and an excellent 
 organizer. He soon brought order out of chaos, and by a system of exami- 
 nations for commissions and re-examinations for promotion gave the State 
 an excellent medical staff, dropping those who proved unfit. His report 
 is annexed. 
 
 FROM 1863 REPORT. 
 
 Headquarters of the State of Missouri, 
 
 Surgeon-General's Office, 
 St. Louis, Mo., December 31, 1863. 
 
 Hon. Hamilton R. Gamble, Governor of the State of Missouri: 
 
 Sir — I have the honor herewith to transmit my annual report for 
 th : year now eded. I am, sir, Aery respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN T. HODGEX, 
 Surgeon-General of the State of Missouri. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion, in the spring of 1861, the 
 affairs of the Medical Department of the State of Missouri were in a 
 chaotic condition, a thorough organization of the medical department of 
 the militia never having been effected. 
 
 Although the office of Surgeon-General was one, the existence of 
 which in connection with the military organization of the State had 
 been recognized, the duties of the office had not been clearly defined; for 
 in peaceful times there appeared little necessity for the maintenance of a 
 complete military organization of the State. 
 
 'When, therefore, the necessity of a thorough military organization 
 did arise, the medical department, like every other, found nothing but 
 the crude materials out of which to form that important adjuvnt to the 
 
 *Arranged by Dr. William A. Wilcox, St. Louis. 
 
112 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 well-being of a military organization. Two important steps were taken 
 by the Chief Executive officer of the State to effect the organization of 
 the medical department — the appointment of a Surgeon-G-eneral and the 
 organization of a medical hoard. 
 
 On the 3d day of January. 1862. Dr. Philip VTeigel was commissioned 
 Surgeon-General of the State of Missouri, and entered immediately upon 
 the discharge of the duties of the office, and continued until the 10th da}* 
 of May of the same year, when he resigned. 
 
 On the 1st day of September. 1862. I received a commission as Sur- 
 geon-General of the State, since which time I have continued to discharge 
 the duties of that office. 
 
 On the first day of February, 1862, the following order was issued, 
 calling into existence a medical board: 
 
 Headquarters State of Missouri, 
 Adjutant-General's Office, 
 ■St. Louis, February 1, 1862. 
 (Special Order No. 14.) 
 
 A medical board, to consist of John T. Hodgen. XL D., Brigade Surgeon (of 
 which board John T. Hodgen will act as president), will convene at St. Louis on , 
 Tuesday, the 4th inst., or as soon thereafter as practicable, for the examination 
 of candidates for appointment as surgeons of the State troops. 
 Bv order of the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 WILLIAM D. WOOD, 
 
 A. Adjutant-General. 
 
 On the 12th day of August, 1862, Brigade-Surgeon S. H. Melcher, hav- 
 ing been ordered to duty with his brigade, then at Springfield, Mo., his 
 connection with the medical board ceased, and on the 12th day of February, 
 1863, Dr. Thomas McMartin was appointed to fill the vacancy. 
 
 Dr. McMartin having resigned and Dr. John T. Hodgen having been 
 ordered to duty at Vicksburg, the following special order was issued: 
 
 Headquarters State of Missouri, 
 Adfiutant-General's Office, 
 St. Louis, May 28, 1S63. 
 (Special Order No. 102.) 
 
 Dr. R. H. Paddock is hereby appointed, pro. temp., a member of the Board 
 of Medical Examiners, instituted by special order No. 14, current series, from 
 these headquarters, and will perform the duties in the absence of Surgeon-Gen- 
 eral John T. Hodgen, President. 
 
 By order of the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 ALEXANDER DOWRY, 
 Captain and A. A. Adjutant-General. 
 
 Since the organization of the board 281 gentlemen have been exam- 
 ined for the position of Surgeon and Assistant Surgeon of the Missouri Vol- 
 unteers, and 49 have been commissioned Brigade Surgeons, Surgeons and 
 Assistant Surgeons of the Missouri State Militia. 
 
 The total number of surgeons and assistant surgeons commissioned 
 for regiments of Missouri volunteers is 176. The total number of brig- 
 ade surgeons, surgeons and assistant surgeons commissioned for the Mis- 
 souri State Militia and Missouri Volunteers, amounting to 288, 150 are 
 all that have been examined. 
 
 Most of those commissioned without examination were in the service 
 before the Medical Board organized. 
 
 In some instances since the organization of the board surgeons and 
 assistant surgeons have been appointed on the recommendations of reg- 
 imental officers with the approval of the medical directors, brigade, di- 
 vision and corps commanders, and then onlv when regiments were in 
 
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 Given James C. Nidelet, surgeon in the Confederate Army, June 26, 1865. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 113 
 
 the field, a distance from the place of meeting of the Medical Board, and 
 when the exigencies of the service renclerd it impossible to allow the 
 applicant to visit St. Louis for the purpose of being examined. Some 
 months since I addressed a communication to Col. R. C. Wood, Assistant 
 Surgeon-General, IT. S. A., informing him of the fact that a number of 
 surgeons and assistant surgeons serving with the Missouri Volunteers in 
 the field had not been examined, and requested that the proper steps be 
 taken to have them examined. I have reason to believe that the necessary 
 orders Avere issued from the Assistant Surgeon-Gneral's office, but think 
 it probable that, owing to the changes recently occurring in the location of 
 armies of the Tennessee and the Cumberland, these orders have not been 
 fully carricl out, but I still hope they will be, as it is discreditable to the 
 State and unjust to the many excellent surgeons and assistant surgeons 
 — who have been subjected to this test — that others should be commissioned 
 without examination, though I am glad to say I have no reason to doubt 
 the qualifications of any one surgeon or assistant surgeon now in the 
 ■service. Many I know who have not been subjected to an examination 
 are excellent surgeons and assistant surgeons, and have done efficient 
 service since their connection with the army. Surgeons and assistant 
 •surgeons of the enrolled Missouri Militia, I regret to say, have not been 
 examined, but this seemed unavoidable, since many of the regiments are 
 in remote parts of the State, and especially since these officers are not en- 
 titled to pay, except during active sen-ice, and the term of active service, 
 in most instances, has been very short. 
 
 During the past summer and fail I have visited Memphis, Helena, 
 Vicksburg and Little "Rock and have made diligent inquiry of medical di- 
 rectors and medical inspectors and others, and from their report and 
 from my own observation I am confident our medical staff will compare 
 favorably with that of other States; and this is particularly flattering 
 when we remember that, as Missouri Volunteers, Missouri State Militia 
 and Missouri Enrolled Militia, nearly the whole population of the State 
 liable to military duty, has been embodied in one military organization or 
 another, thus making a much larger draft upon our physicians than has 
 been necessary in any other State. 
 
 I would most respectfully recommend the Medical Department of the 
 Enrolled Missouri Militia be thoroughly organized. I am, sir, very re- 
 spectfully, vour obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN T. HODGEN. 
 Surgeon-General of the State of Missouri. 
 
 FROM 1864 REPORT. 
 
 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Headquarters State of Missouri, 
 
 Surgeon-General's Office, 
 St. Louis, December 31, 1861. 
 
 To His Excellency, W. P. Hall, Governor of the State of Missouri : 
 
 Sir — I herewith transmit my report for the year now ended, and 
 in so doing I can but congratulate those in authority, in considering the 
 many difficulties with which the State Governor has had to contend, on the 
 ■character and efficiency of the officers belonging to the Medical Depart- 
 
114 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ment. I feel that the Missouri soldiers owe much to the efficient Medical 
 Board for protecting then, against pretenders, who, through political 
 favoritism, might have gained position in the medical staff to the prejudice- 
 of the service. This hoard lias not recorded anything hut professional 
 qualifications in the selection of medical men, and the Surgeon-General 
 has not at any time recommended for appointment or promotion any not 
 declared competent by the hoard of the State, or some other reliable board, 
 appointed by medical directors in the field. 
 
 The surgeons and assistant surgeons of the Enrolled Militia have not 
 been subjected to examination, as they should have been, had it been 
 possible, under the pressing circumstances that attended their call to- 
 the field, and often incompetent persons have beeu commissioned. This 
 is to be regretted, but it is hoped that if in the future the militia 
 should be called out that these surgeons and assistant surgeons will be 
 required to be examined before they are again put on duty. 
 
 The necessity for employing good assistant surgeons for the attend- 
 ance of detachments -with which there could be no commissioned medical 
 officer, has led to tire employment of incompetent persons, in many in- 
 stances whose duties have been discharged in very irregular, and in some 
 eases, unsatisfactory manner. Frequently medical supplies have been ob- 
 tained in a very irregular way, sometimes making it impossible that those 
 furnishing supplies could be paid hi a regular way; yet a commission of 
 regular claims has, so far as possible, I believe, allowed claims that were 
 just and yet irregular. These and other irregularities have occurred^ 
 but it is hoped, as officers in the service are more fully acquainted with 
 their duties, they will not occur again. I am, sir. verv respectfully, 
 
 JOHN T. HODGEN, 
 Surgeon-General of the State of Missouri. 
 
e?#* 
 
 (fcnfekrale plates sf %mxm t 
 
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 X 
 
 FORM OF OATH., CONFEDERATE ARMY. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 127 
 
 CHAPTER IX.— THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE STATE OF 
 
 MISSOURI.* 
 
 The Medical Association of the State of Missouri, which has entered 
 upon the fiftieth year of its existence, was organized in April, 1850. In 
 1837 the physicians of St. Louis obtained the charter from the Legisla- 
 ture, which conferred upon them the power to establish and maintain a 
 State medical society. The privileges of the charter were sufficiently 
 broad to secure an organization which would embrace in its membership the 
 medical profession of the State. The society, however, remained local in 
 its membership and influence. 
 
 During their attendance at a meeting of the American Medical As- 
 sociation which was held at Cincinnati, the delegates from the Missouri 
 Medical Society learned to their discomfort that associations embracing 
 the medical profession existed in the various States, Arkansas excepted, 
 but not in Missouri. Upon their return to St. Louis they submitted to 
 the local society a set of resolutions, according to which the time had 
 arrived "for an efficient and permanent union of the medical profession 
 of the State of Missouri, for the purposes of mutual improvement and 
 protection." 
 
 To carry out the purposes of this resolution a committee, consisting of 
 Drs. William IT. McPheeters, John I>. Johnson, S. G-ratz Moses, George 
 Engl em ami and George Perm, issued the following circular to the medical 
 profession : 
 
 " 'Whereas, In the opinion of the societ}', the time has arrived when 
 it is both expedient and desirable to unite the medical profession of the 
 State of Missouri for the purpose of mutual improvement and protection; 
 be it, therefore, 
 
 " 'Resolved. That a committee be appointed to address the regular 
 members of the medical profession throughout the State, inviting them, 
 to meet in general convention in the city of St. Louis on Monday, the 
 4th day of November next, for the purpose of forming a State medical 
 association with auxiliary societies in each town or county in the State.' 
 
 "The undersigned, the committee appointed to carry out this resolu- 
 tion, presuming that the objects for holding the proposed convention 
 must be apparent to every one, take this method of addressing you on 
 the subject and of soliciting your co-operation. 
 
 "The medical profession in Missouri has been for too long a time in- 
 different to the many and great advantages to be derived from an effi- 
 cient State organization, and whilst in other sections of our country, un- 
 der the influence of such societies, the happiest results have been attained 
 towards elevating the standard of the medical profession by the united 
 and cordial action of all its members, we, on the contrary, have been 
 content to stand still, and have, consequently, accomplished but little in 
 the important work of medical reform, notwithstanding we live in an 
 age and in the midst of a community in which the inevitable law of 
 progress is stamped on every one around. 
 
 "The committee have, therefore, caused this circular letter to be ad- 
 
 *By Dr. Frank J. Lutz, St. Louis. 
 
128 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 dressed to the profession throughout the State, calling upon them to hold 
 town, county or district meetings, and to appoint delegates to the pro- 
 posed convention, and when no such meetings can be held they hope that 
 you will consider yourself a delegate. to the same and will use your ex- 
 ertions to extend the invitation to those whom they may not be able to 
 reach, and in otherwise promoting the desirable and contemplated and 
 foregoing preamble and resolution. 
 
 ••The committee have not thought proper to limit the number of dele- 
 gates each town, county or district may appoint, but have extended the 
 invitation to eveiyr regular practitioner of medicine in Missouri, and they 
 hope, by these meetings, to insure a full representation from all parts of 
 the State." 
 
 The first meeting of the profession was held in the city of St. Louis 
 in November, 1849. Dr. W. G-. Thomas of Boonyille was chosen presi- 
 dent and Dr. J. S. B. Alleyne, secretary. When the delegates adjourned 
 it was to meet at Boonyille on the 21st of April, 1850. When it con- 
 vened Dr. Thomas deliyered an address, in which, according to the re- 
 porter of the meeting, he set forth with force and ability the objects 
 for which the association was formed and the means necessar}^ to effect 
 the objects. The address was listened to with marked interest by a large 
 audience <:-omposed of citizens, as well as members of the association. Dr. 
 William II. McPheeters of St. Louis, who had been the prime rnoyer 
 in the organization of the association, was made the president. At this 
 meeting a report was made on the status of obstetric knowledge and dis- 
 eases of women and children, by Dr. D. M. Davidson of Cole County and on 
 surgery, by Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell of St. Louis. Dr. M. L. Linton 
 read the report on medicine and Dr. John Laughton on medical education. 
 A report on Indigenous Botany and the Domestic Adulteration of Drugs 
 was made by Dr. Wright of Warren County. All of these reports were 
 discussed and referred to the committee of publication. 
 
 The number of delegates in attendance, though not as large as was 
 anticipated, was, nevertheless, highly respectable and represented different 
 parts of the State. 
 
 In November, 1851, the first volume of transactions was published 
 and ready for distribution. 
 
 St. Louis was the next place in which the association met, in 1852. 
 It was convened cm the 19th of April and continued in session for three 
 days. The president, Dr. MePheeters, delivered the annual address on 
 the subject of Medical Reform and the Feasibility of Bringing It About by 
 the Combined Action of the National and State Association Without an 
 Appeal to Legislative Enactments. At this second meeting certain al- 
 terations and amendments to the fundamental law of the association 
 were proposed. Heretofore the members consisted of delegates from per- 
 manently organized medical societies, permanent members and members 
 by invitation. It was now proposed to have delegates from the several 
 medical schools in the State and all hospitals with fifty beds. Permanent 
 members were to be placed on the same footing with delegates from county 
 societies by conferring upon them all the rights and privileges enjoyed 
 by the delegates. It was also proposed to abolish all the standing commit- 
 tees except those on publication and arrangements and to substitute in 
 their room an arrangement by which the nominating committee shall an- 
 nually select subjects for special reports and that the same committee 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 129 
 
 nominate suitable persons as chairmen, each of whom may choose addi- 
 tional members to constitute a special committee to report on the subject 
 assigned them. The treasury of the association was to consist of a tax 
 of not more than $3 to be levied upon each member. 
 
 Most of these amendments were adopted at the third meeting, which 
 was held in the Fourth Street Methodist Church in St. Louis on the 19th 
 of April, 1853. Dr. J. B. Johnson of St. Louis was elected president and 
 delivered an eloquent and interesting address on the subject of Medical Ed- 
 ucation. 
 
 Lexington entertained the association in 1854. at which meeting Dr. 
 J. P. Vaughn of Glasgow, Mo., presided. In 1855 St. Louis was the meet- 
 ing place and Dr. J. B. Alexander of Lexington presided. ' Lexington 
 again entertained the association in 1856 under the presidency of Dr. 
 Charles A. Pope of St. Louis. The two next meetings were held in St. 
 Joseph, but no record of the presiding officers is obtainable, nor is there 
 a preserved record to which I have access of the meeting held in St. Louis 
 in 1858. 
 
 An editorial in the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, January 
 and February, 1861, laments the fact that no medical society exists in 
 the city of St. Louis or in the State of Missouri, for interest had ceased 
 in the affairs of the State Medical Association for several years prior 
 to and during the Civil War. The physicians of the State were actively 
 engaged with the armies and after the cessation of hostilities it required 
 several years before the reorganization of the State Association was ac- 
 complished. In 1867 we find that it met under the presidencv of Dr. 
 G. A. Williams of Boonville in the city of St. Louis. Li 1868, 1869, 1870, 
 1871, under the presidency of Drs. W. B. "Morris of Bridgeton, Charles F. 
 Clayton of Palis County, T. B. Lester of Kansas City and J. E. Tefft of 
 Springfield, successful and Avell attended meetings were held in the same 
 city. In 1872 a new departure was had in the association meeting away 
 from St. Louis, at St. Joseph, when Dr. E. Montgomery of St. Louis 
 was chosen president. In 1878 Moberly was the meeting place, and Dr. 
 S. S. Todd of Kansas City presided. In 1874 Sedalia entertained the 
 association and Dr. W. 0. Torrey of Hannibal was the presiding officer. 
 Jefferson City was the next meeting place, in 1875, and Dr. John T. 
 Hodgen of St. Louis the president. At the St. Louis meeting in 1876 Dr. 
 J. W. Trader of Sedalia was chairman, and in 1877 the meeting was held 
 at Kansas City, and Dr. F. M. Johnson of Platte City presided. 
 
 Sweet Springs was the meeting place in 1878, and Dr. E. TV. Schauffler 
 of Kansas City presided. In 1879, under the presidency of G. M. B. 
 Maughs of St. Louis, the association was convened at Columbia, Mo., and 
 in 1880 at Carthage, and Dr. J. M. Allen of Liberty, Mo., was made 
 the president. In 1881 the society enjoyed the hospitalities of Mexico, 
 Mo., and Dr. Willis P. King, then of Sedalia, was chosen the president. 
 In 1882 the society convened at Hannibal, and Dr. A. E. Gore of Paris 
 was selected to preside over its deliberations, and at the Jefferson City 
 meeting in 1883 Dr. E. H. Gregory of St. Louis was made the president. 
 In 1884 it came together at Sedalia, and Dr. H. H. Middlekamp of War- 
 rent on was the presiding officer. In 1885 the association met at St. Jo- 
 seph and selected Dr. G. C. Catlett for president. St. Louis was the 
 next meeting place, in 1886, and Dr. J. W. Jackson of Kansas City was 
 made the presiding officer, and in 1887 the association met at Macon, Mo., 
 
 9 
 
130 °NE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and Dr. Frank J. Lutz was chosen president. In 3 888 Kansas City once- 
 more harbored the society, which elected Dr. A. W. McAlester of Co- 
 lumbia, Mo., president. 
 
 Springfield was the meeting place in 1889, and Dr. L. I. Matthews of 
 • larthage was chosen president. In 1800 and 1801, under the presidency 
 of Drs. A. B. Sloan of Kansas City and T. F. Prewitt, respectively, the 
 association met at Excelsior Springs. In 1892, at Pertle Springs, where 
 Dr. A. E. Miller of- Macon City was chosen president. And when the 
 society again met in Sedalia in 1803 Dr. W. II. Evans of that city was 
 elected to the chair, and Dr. J. M. Richmond of St. Joseph was president 
 in 1894, when Lebanon was the meeting place. 
 
 At Sedalia. Mo., Dr. C. Lester Hall was made president in 1895,. 
 and Dr. John H. Duncan of St. Louis presided over the St. Louis meet- 
 ing in 1896. Dr. Jacob Geiger of St. Joseph was president in Kansas 
 City in 1897, and at Sedalia Dr. George R. Highsmith of Carrolltown was- 
 the presiding officer. The last meeting was held in the city of Mexico,. 
 under the presidency of Dr. Walter B. Dorsett of St. Louis. 
 
 In its efforts to accomplish the purposes for which the association 
 was established and to bring within its sphere of influence all the physi- 
 cians of the State, the association soon found that a wise policy dic- 
 tated a migration annually to different sections of the State — a policy 
 which has been fruitful in good results. Many changes have occurred in. 
 the course of years in the membership of the association. At first it was a 
 delegate body, the delegates being chosen regardless of the membrship 
 of the societies whom they represented. Then permanent membership was 
 established; having once been elected a delegate, the physician so hon- 
 ored retained his membership in the association so long as he continued: 
 to contribute the annual dues. 
 
 At a later period permanent membership was abolished and the es- 
 sential requirement for membership consisted in being a member in good 
 standing in the city, county or district society in which the applicant re- 
 sided. 
 
 The influence which the State Medical Association has exerted upon 
 the medical profession of the State has been far-reaching and important. 
 It has been no mean factor in the elevation of professional learning, in the- 
 enactment of laws regulating the practice of medicine and in the estab- 
 lishment of local medical societies. At the present time it is in a most 
 prosperous and nourishing condition, and under the presidency of Dr. L T . 
 S. Wright of Fayette, Mo., it promises to still further increase its sphere 
 of usefulness and influence. 
 
 Following is a list of Presidents of the State Association from its 
 inception to the present time: 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 131 
 
 PRESIDENTS MISSOURI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 Year. Name. city 
 
 1S50-*W. G. Thomas, M. D _ Boonviile 
 
 1851— W. H. McPheeter.s, M. D t . st L^g 
 
 1852— J. B. Johnson, M. D a(f T 
 
 • • bt. IjOUIS 
 
 18o3-*J. P. Vaughn, M. D Glasgow 
 
 1854 — -M. B. Alexander 
 
 1855— *C. A. Pope 
 
 1856 — No records. 
 1857 — No records. 
 1858 — No records. 
 
 The gap between 1858 to 1867 occurred during the Civil War. 
 
 1S67— *G. A. Williams, M. D 
 
 1868— *W. B. Morris, M. D \\[ 
 
 1869— *Charles P. Clayton, M. D 
 
 1S70— *T. B. Lestear, M. D ' 
 
 1871— J. E. Tefft, M. D 
 
 1S72— *E. Montgomery, M. D 
 
 1£73-*S, S. Todd, M. D '.' ZZZZZZ'ZZZZ'. Kansas City 
 
 1874 _*w. O. Torrey, M. D Hannibal 
 
 1875-*John T. Hodgen, M. D 9t _ Louis 
 
 1S76 _j. W . Trader> M . D __ seaai . a 
 
 1S77-*P. M. Johnson, M. D platt aty 
 
 1S7S-E. W. Schauffler, M. D Kansas City 
 
 1S79-G. M. IB. Maughs, M. D . &. Louis 
 
 1880— J. M. Allen, M. D 
 
 1881— Willis P. King, M. D.. 
 
 1882— A. E. Gore, M. D 
 
 1883— E. H. Gregory, M. D 
 
 1SS4-*H. H. Middelkamp, M. D .'.'.".' ""[ Z" ZZZ'Z" ...l'. Warrenton 
 
 1885— *G. C. Catlett, M. D 
 
 1886— *J. W. Jackson, M. D _ _. 
 
 1S87— Frank J. Lutz, M. D 
 
 .Lexington 
 . St. Louis 
 
 Boonville 
 
 . — Bridgeton 
 .Ralls County 
 ..Kansas City 
 — Springfield 
 — St. Louis 
 
 — Liberty 
 
 Sedalia 
 
 Paris 
 
 .St. Louis 
 
 ..St. Joseph 
 
 ■ • Kansas City 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 1888-A. W. McAlester, M. D ,_ Columbia 
 
 1889— L. J. Mathews, M. D 
 
 1890— *A. B. Sloan, M. D _ 
 
 1S91-T. F. Prewitt, M. D [[ 
 
 1892— A. B. Miller, M. D 
 
 1893— W. H. Evans, M. D 
 
 1S94— J. M. Richmond, M. D 
 
 1895— C. Lester Hall, M. D 
 
 1896— J. H. Duncan, M. D 
 
 1897— Jacob Geiger, M. D 
 
 1898— George R. Highsmith, M. D 
 
 1899— Walter B. Dorsett 
 
 1900— U. S. Wright 
 
 Carthage 
 
 .Kansas City 
 
 — St. Louis 
 ..Macon City 
 
 Sedalia 
 
 . . . St. Joseph 
 .Kansas City 
 
 — St. Louis 
 ...St. Joseph 
 
 — Carrollton 
 
 — St. Louis 
 Fayette 
 
 ♦Deceased. 
 
132 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
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MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 133 
 
 CHAPTEE X.— HOMEOPATHY AND ECLECTICISM. 
 
 HOHEOPATHY.* 
 
 In the late decades of the eighteenth century Samuel Hahnemann, a 
 man remarkable for his native acumen and great literary and scientific re- 
 search, conceived and promulgated the system of medical practice known 
 as homeopathy, his course of investigation and conclusion being effects and 
 observations first and theories or conclusions afterward. Some years later, 
 when Hahnemann came to Paris to practice his profession, Guizot, then a 
 Minister of Public Instruction, on being urged to forbid Hahnemann from 
 practicing, said: "Hahnemann is a scholar of great merit. Science must 
 be free to all. If homeopathy is a chimera or system without any in- 
 ternal substance, it will fall by itself, but if it is an advance, it will spread 
 even despite our repressive measures." 
 
 It gained a foothold in the United States, in Xew York City, through 
 Dr. Hans Gram, a native of Sweden, who in 1825 published a pamphlet 
 translation of Hahnemann's '"'Spirit of Homeopathy."' Its first represen- 
 tative in Missouri, so far as is known, was Dr. John T. Temple, who came 
 here in 1841. 
 
 Homeopathy has no necessity to arise in Missouri or elsewhere in 
 weakling cry for mercy or redress. A strong and earnest appeal to the lib- 
 eral and enlightened citizenship of the State she does make, in the name 
 of her physicians, and her patronage, for the impartial recognition by the 
 State of her well-founded claims to proper representation in public insti- 
 tutions. With the people at large free and unbiased in their preferences, 
 we have only cause for congratulation. Onr patronage is large and su- 
 perior: it is no idle boast to say that homeopathy in Missouri, as elsewhere, 
 has a patronage far above the average in culture and intelligence — statis- 
 tics proving this — and, moreover, that over one-third of the taxes are paid 
 by homeopaths. 
 
 During these years some homeopathic institutions have been perma- 
 nent] v established; others have had only temporary existence. Growth in 
 this line, however, has been positive, if not rapid or uniform. That we 
 have our pioneer institutions — the Medical College and the Good Samari- 
 tan Hospital, in the later days our expanding work in the Children's Free 
 Hospital, Blind Girls' Home and our college clinic and dispensary, besides 
 various other centers of work, more or less perfectly organized. The 
 history of these institutions, and of homeopathy, will necessarily be closely 
 interwoven with that of the men who have been the leading minds in the 
 medical fraternity of the past years, and who have been instrumental in 
 all that has been accomplished, with occasional aid from some broad- 
 minded, public-spirited man, able and willing to assist a cause weak but 
 worthy. Such a man was the late Hon. Montgomery Blair. It was 
 largely through his assistance that a charter was obtained in 1857 for the 
 Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, located in St. Louis. Judge 
 Blair afterward removed to Washington, and there, as Postmaster-Gen- 
 eral, was a member of Lincoln's Cabinet. 
 
 ♦Prepared by Dr. T. Griswold Comstock, St. Louis. 
 
134 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Temple and Other Pioneers. — To Dr. John T. Temple coming to St. 
 Louis in 1844 is accorded the honor, as has been stated, of first introducing 
 homeopathy in Missouri. He was a native of Virginia, a pupil of the cel- 
 ebrated Dr. George McClelland of Philadelphia, and a graduate of the 
 University of Maryland. After practicing for a time in Washington, he 
 in 1833 removed to Chicago, where he adopted the homeopathic practice, 
 and came to St. Louis in 1844. Here he enjoyed an extensive practice, 
 and his clientele was among the first and most influential of our citizens. 
 Shortly after Dr. Temple arrived in St. Louis one of the professors of the 
 St. Louis Medical College made an attack upon homeopathy through the 
 medium of the public press. Dr. Temple made a forcible and exhaustive 
 reply, but such was the state of hostility to the new practice that neither 
 of the two medical journals nor any of the city papers could be induced to 
 give it publication. Dr. Temple, however, immediately published it in 
 pamphlet form for gratuitous circulation, and his statements and argu- 
 ments found great favor with the public, gaining many friends for the 
 new system among the lay people of the city. In 1848 he established the 
 "Southwestern Homeopathic Journal," which was the first journal of the 
 kind published west of the Mississippi. In 1849 he met with marked suc- 
 cess in the management of epidemic cholera, as did also Drs. Spalding, 
 Stenestel, Vail and Granger, who had located in St. Louis in 1846-7. Dr. 
 Temple later occupied the Chair of Professor of Practice in the Homeopath- 
 ic Medical College of Missouri. A man of erudition and of genial dispo- 
 sition, he worked and labored most successfully for his loved profession, 
 and when called hence he had already seen it established upon a firm 
 -basis in the city of his adoption. During these last years a number of 
 physicians had come and gone in the city. Among those who remained, 
 and by their skill and energy helped to bring the new school forward into 
 deserved repute, were Drs. Vastine, D. E. Luyties, B. M. Peterson and 
 others. Dr. Vastine, a physician of education and ability, had come to St. 
 Louis in 1848 from Pennsylvania, and for many years honored the profes- 
 sion by a successful career until his death. He was succeeded by his son, 
 Dr. Charles Vastine, who practiced for twenty years, and who has now re- 
 tired on account of ill health. Another of the names is the late Dr. D. E. 
 Luyties, already founder of Luyties' Pharmacy, who was for thirty years 
 honorably associated with the history of homeopathy in this city. After 
 giving over the pharmacy to his brother. H. C. Cr. Luyties, he devoted him- 
 self to the practice of his profession, and acquired a iarge clientele, which 
 at his death he left to his son, Dr. C. J. Luyties, an able practitioner and 
 member of the faculty of the Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri. 
 In 1856 to 1857 there came to St. Louis Dr. Henry Eberz, a Polish exile, 
 possessing titles of honor. Before leaving his native country he was Pro- 
 fessor of Pathology in the Boyal University of Cracow. While professor 
 in an old school university, be had embraced the principles of Hahnemann, 
 and came to St. Louis with letters of recommendation to the first citizens 
 of our city. He accpiired a lucrative practice, although remaining here 
 less than three years. He introduced as his successor, Dr. E. A. Fellerer, 
 a German, ana an accomplished physician, who practiced here some ten 
 years, gained a large clientele, and is Avell remembered by many of our 
 first citizens. About the year of 1857 Eev. Louis E. Nollau founded the 
 Good Samaritan Hospital. He was a man of "good words and good 
 works," and through his personal efforts the present building was erected. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 135 
 
 Pastor Nollau died greatly lamented in 1869. Dr. E. A. Fellerer was in 
 1857 the first physician of the hospital, and in 1858 Dr. T. G. Comstock 
 became also an associate medical attendant. Subsequently Drs. Helmuth, 
 FL C. Franklin, D. E. Luyties, G-. S. Walker and others were added to the 
 staff, Dr. Comstock being primarius of the medical for thirty years. 
 
 The hospital is still in a flourishing condition, and the managers in- 
 tend to enlarge and improve it, so as to conform to the advances of the 
 latest modern hospitals. Its medical staff is well selected — Drs. F. W. 
 Grundmann, C. J. Luyties, G. A. Mellies, W. J. Harris, C. H. Eyermann, 
 J. A. Campbell and others being attending physicians. 
 
 By the time its first decade had passed homeopathy had won for itself 
 .a position in the estimation of many intelligent and fair-minded citizens 
 of every position and station in life, and with its faithful and able repre- 
 sentatives in the profession the time seemed ripe for the formation of a 
 medical college. In 1857, therefore, through the efforts of Drs. J. T. Tem- 
 ple, B. M. Peterson, J. C. Morgan, now of Philadelphia, and others, assist- 
 ed greatly, as we have seen, by Hon. Montgomery Blair, a charter was 
 procured from the State Legislature for the Homeopathic Medical College 
 of Missouri. Soon after the incorporation of the infant college homeop- 
 athy was further enriched by the coming to St. Louis of two able homeo- 
 pathic physicians, Drs. Helmuth and Franklin, and the transfer to homeo- 
 pathic ranks from the old school of Dr. G. S. Walker, all of whom were des- 
 tined to make themselves felt in the State and country. 
 
 Dr. G. S. AValkcr, who had been practicing in St. Louis since 1852, 
 was recognized as a physician of ability, a man of scientific tastes and of 
 honest and decided opinions. He was a native of Pennsylvania, received 
 his medical education at Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and commenced 
 practice in Pittsburg in 1849. After spending three years in California 
 he located in St. Louis. He became a member of the St. Louis Medical 
 Society, but for a number of years he spent considerable time investigat- 
 ing the claims of homeopathy. In 1860 he saw fit to change his practice en- 
 tirely from allopathy to homeopathy. For this reason he was tried by the St. 
 Louis Medical Society for his heresy, and was expelled from it by his former 
 friends and associates. This, like other attacks prompted by ignorance 
 and prejudice, especially when directed at a man of Dr. Walker's reputa- 
 tion for honesty and intelligence, could only serve to make him better 
 known and lead to a more general understanding of homeopathic prin- 
 ciples and practice. The controversy seems to have excited general pub- 
 lic interest outside as well as in medical circles. In all the various con- 
 troversies into which Dr. Walker was called with his former colleagues 
 he had the advantage of the gentlemanky and liberal, as well as the keen 
 .and scholarly, spirit in which he justified his course and brought to public 
 attention the weaknesses of the old and the advantages of the new sys- 
 tem. In 1861 Dr. Walker entered the Union army as surgeon of a regi- 
 ment of Missouri volunteers. Returning to the city in 1863 he again de- 
 voted himself to private practice, and was an influential factor in the 
 medical life of the two succeeding decades. In 1888 he again went to 
 •California, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Los 
 Angeles in 1895. 
 
 Dr. E. C. Franklin, who came to St. Louis as a homeopath about the 
 time of Dr. Walker's trial, had gone through a similar experience, having 
 himself previously passed from the old school to the homeopathic prac- 
 
136 ox E HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 tice. A man of very decided views and impulsive spirit, he had in earlier 
 years hotly contested in personal disputations the innovation of homeop- 
 athy upon old school methods, but added observations and final personal 
 experience convinced his judgment in spite of his personal prejudice, and 
 at the time of his coming to St. Louis, in 1857, he had been practicing 
 homeopathy for several years at Dubuque, la. Previously he had been 
 spending some time in Panama, where he had contracted a stubborn form of 
 fever and was compelled to leave. Returning to Yew York, he had, after 
 Trying effectually all the usual medical treatment, been promptly cured 
 by homeopathic remedies. Finally, convinced of the efficacy of the treat- 
 ment, he adopted its principles and entered with enthusiasm upon its prac- 
 tice. Dr. Franklin was a descendant cf the family of Benjamin Franklin, 
 He was a pupil of Prof. Valentine Mott, and graduated in medicine from 
 the University of Xew York in 1846. lie was a skilled surgeon, and the 
 author of '•Franklins Surgery." His varied experience, added to his nat- 
 ural energy and ability, gave him a place of usefulness and influence in 
 the profession and in the work of the college just started. Decided and 
 aggressive in his views and strong in his prejudices, Dr. Franklin was a 
 "good hater,*' and never shunned a controversy with friend or foe. He 
 was repeatedly engaged in disputes with those of opposing medical views, 
 through those early years, one of which, carried on through the press with 
 Prof. M. L. Linton of the St. Louis Medical College (allopathic), under 
 the title of "Medical Science and Common Sense," excited much public 
 interest. The breaking out of the Avar in 1861 interrupted the promising 
 development of homeopathy at this period, affecting it in common with 
 all other public interests. Many physicians entered the arrtry, among them 
 Dr. Franklin, as surgeon of a regiment of Missouri Volunteers. On leav- 
 ing the army he returned to St. Louis and accepted the Chair of Surgery 
 in the Homeopathic College. He remained for many years identified with 
 the interests of the profession here, filling with honor, among other posi- 
 tions of prominence, those of president and vice-president of the "Western 
 Academy of Homeopathy and of the American Institute of Homeopathy. 
 Several calls to other cities had been declined, but in 1876 he went to fill 
 the Chair of Surgery in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Early 
 in the '80s he returned to St. Louis and remained in active practice till 
 his death in 1885. He was a firm friend of Gen. Frank P. Blair, and 
 his medical attendant in his last illness. 
 
 Another of the physicians who came to St. Louis about the time of 
 the formation of the college, and whom St. Louis will always be proud to- 
 number among her citizens and professional men, was William Todd Hel- 
 niuth, a young man who, at the age of 25, had won for himself a reputa- 
 tion fast becoming national. Born and educated in Philadelphia, he grad- 
 uated at the age of 20 at the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsyl- 
 vania. He earl}" developed a fondness for surgery, and in 1855 he pub- 
 lished his work, entitled, "Surgery and Its Adaptation to Homeopathic 
 Practice." On coming to St. Louis Dr. Hemruth entered with character- 
 istic energy and zeal into all the public and professional interests of the 
 time. He was a member of the first faculty of the new college, filling the 
 Chair of Anatomy and afterward that, of Surgery; surgeon to the Good 
 Samaritan Hospital; represented St. Louis at the meeting of the American 
 Institute in^lSCG at Yew York, where he delivered the annual address, the 
 following year becoming its President, at the same time being associated 
 in a literary way with the homeopathic journals and the publication of 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 137 . 
 
 monographs and other literary work, laboring in all these with enthusiasm, 
 and at once carrying on a large and increasing practice with a snccess that 
 constantly extended his already brilliant reputation. In 1864 he went 
 to Europe to further his surgical observation and experiences. On his re- 
 turn, differences having arisen as. to the management of the college, he, 
 with Dr. Comstock, Dr. D. E. Luytics and others, organized a new col- 
 lege, called the "St. Louis College of Homeopathic Physicians and Sur- 
 geons," which, however, was shortlived, and after two sessions was amal- 
 gamated with the Homeopathic College of Missouri. In 1870 Dr. Helmuth 
 accepted a call to the Chair of Surgery in the Homeopathic Medical Col- 
 lege of Xew York City, where 'he still remains as dean of the college and 
 an honored citizen. 
 
 Dr. T. G-riswold Comstock was a pioneer of the homeopathic school 
 in St. Louis. A lineal descendant of the "Mayflower' stock, he came here, 
 a young man, with ancestry of repute in medical and other literature, and 
 studied medicine under Dr. J. V. Prather, one of the founders of the St. 
 Louis Medical College, in which he took his first degree of "Doctor of 
 Medicine.'' His independence of mind had already led him to consider 
 the merits of the new practice, and soon after his graduation he began a 
 thorough investigation of the subject, under the special direction of Dr. 
 J. T. Temple as his preceptor, which resulted in his adopting the homeo- 
 pathic views. Going to Philadelphia in 1853, he became a student of the 
 Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania; where he graduated, after 
 which, returning to St. Louis, he entered, successfully into practice. After 
 a short time he went abroad to visit the hospitals of Europe, and finally 
 matriculated in- the University of Vienna, where he took the examination 
 in the German language, and was honored with the degree of "Master in 
 Obstetrics." Eeturning to this country he again commenced practice in 
 St. Louis in 1858. He soon became engaged in college and hospital work, 
 and his name has ever since been closely connected with the history and 
 progress of homeopathy in St. Louis and the "West. 
 
 XOTED PBACTITIOXEES.— St. Louis has from the first been espe- 
 ciallv rich in its surgical talent. Few of the cities of the country have 
 been able to boast of an equal number of surgeons of eminence. Some 
 time before Dr. Helmuth left, Dr. Scott P. Parsons had come to St. Louis, 
 a young practitioner, and had already attracted attention as a brilliant and 
 successful lecturer and demonstrator of anatomy and surgery, a repu- 
 tation which rapidly increased as he entered upon the practice of sur- 
 gery as a specialty. Dr. Parsons practically began his professional career 
 in St. Louis. Born In Maine, he had graduated in medicine at an early 
 age from the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. Going abroad, he 
 availed himself of the opportunity for medical study in Europe, spending 
 a year in London, where he saw and heard the eminent English surgeon, 
 Sir William Ferguson. Eeturning to America he settled in St. Louis, and 
 at once became active in dispensary and college work, holding the Chair 
 of Anatomy and afterward for many years that of Surgery. Through 
 the past twenty-five years homeopathy in the college and city has had an 
 able and strong supporter in Dr. Parsons, a representative to whom it can 
 refer with pride and confidence. As a surgeon, he works rapidly, with 
 a steadiness and assurance that is never disturbed. An opportunity for wit- 
 nessing his operations has long been a privilege sought and valued by the 
 profession. He is still in active practice, but his impaired health prevents 
 his now engaging in special college work. His son, Dr. Scott E. Parsons, 
 
136 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 has recently graduated from our St. Louis College, arid is following his 
 fathers specialty. 
 
 W. B Morgan, A. 11. . M. I)., came to St. Louis from Wisconsin in 1876, 
 attended the Homeopathic Medical College here, graduating in 1878. Soon 
 after his graduation he became connected with his Alma Mater, holding 
 the Chair of Anatomy for ten year-, until he took that of Surgery, which 
 he still holds. Aide and faithful in professional work, and giving freely 
 of his time and service-, he has always been identified with the interests of 
 the profession, and has repeatedly served as president of the local medical 
 society and once as president of the Missouri Institute of Homeopathy. 
 
 Another who has made a reputation in gynecological surgery and 
 practice is William C. Eichardson, and the Homeopathic Medical College 
 in St. Louis is proud to number him among her graduates. He took his 
 degree in 1868, and since that time has been constant in his interests and 
 efforts on her behalf, and to him, perhans, more than to any other one, she 
 owes her present name and rank as an institution. At the time of a crisis 
 in her history he will be remembered as coming to her rescue, and by his 
 influence and activity doing much to secure for her friends and supporters. 
 At an early age he enlisted in the cavalry service of the Union army, re- 
 maining there until the close of the war. when he came to St. Louis and 
 made it his home. After his graduation he entered immediately upon pro- 
 fessional work here, which rapidly increased to a large practice. In 1872 
 he published his work on obstetrics. He has constantly filled positions 
 in the college faculty, and at present, besides his professorship, holds the 
 office of dean. Well-known in city affairs, he is a member of various or- 
 ganizations, and is now upon his second term as Public Administrator of 
 the city. Dr. Comstock is proud to say that Dr. Eichardson commenced 
 the study of medicine in his office. 
 
 Tn 1S69, at the Homeopathic College of Missouri, graduated a young 
 man destined to become one of the leading specialists of the country. Dr. 
 James A. Campbell, a son of the late Dr. Campbell, a native of Wisconsin, 
 came to St. Louis as a mere lad. He graduated in medicine, the valedicto- 
 rian of his class. lie at first hesitated as to what special branch of 
 medical work to adopt, but soon his interests were turned into an absorbing 
 channel, and in the spring of 1873 he went abroad for the special study 
 of the eye and ear, remaining till the fall of 1874 and devoting his time 
 to the large eye and ear hospitals and specialties at the University of 
 Vienna and later in London. Since his return Dr. Campbell has de- 
 voted himself to the enthusiastic and exclusive pursuits of his chosen spe- 
 cialty, in which he now stands at the head. Dr. Campbell has given with 
 great generosity of his time and skill to the institutions; has held the 
 Chair of Opthalmology and Otology in the college for nearly twenty-five 
 years, serving for the same period on the medical staff of the Good Sa- 
 maritan Hospital, and gives his services in a like capacity to the Girls' 
 Industrial Home and the St. Louis Children's Free Hospital. He is a 
 hard worker in his profession, in the interests of which he has found time 
 to take additional trips abroad, on one of which, besides visiting the hos- 
 pitals of Europe, he served as delegate from the American Institute of 
 Homeopathy to the National Medical Association of France and England. 
 
 Dr. J. Martine Kershaw is another aide physician for whom St. Louis 
 is indebted to our own college, where he graduated about 1869. He has 
 marked ability, indomitable energy and industry, and has a first-class pro- 
 fessional position. To his practice he has added occasional literary work, 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 13') 
 
 contributing to the "Medical Journal'*" and publishing various mono- 
 graphs, and is at present editor of the "Clinical Reporter." 
 
 Dr. C. H. Goodman, a physician of prominence, was a pupil of Dr. 
 Hehnuth and a graduate of Hahnemann's Medical College of Philadelphia, 
 also a graduate of Yale and a man of literary tastes and habits. He is a 
 college worker (having occupied the Chair of Theory and Practice in the 
 Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri for several years), one of the 
 physicians of the Children's Hospital and secretary of it- medical staff 
 In the prime of life, with the promise of a long and successful future, he 
 enjoys a large practice among the best people of the community. 
 
 Among others who have long honored the new school practice we may 
 mention Dr. Charles H. Ghmdelaeh, who, after a long and successful prac- 
 tice, still remains and enjoys a special representation in the treatment of 
 children's diseases. His son, W. J. Gundelach, is associated with his fath- 
 er, and is one of the professors of the Homeopathic Medical College of 
 Missouri. In the necrological report of the transactions of the American 
 Institute of Homeopathv for lSb-5. which met in St. Louis that year, is 
 found the record of one who for the preceding decade had made St. Louis 
 his home, and who died the preceding December. Philo Gr. Valentine. A. 
 M.. M. D., a graduate of Ann Arbor University and surgeon in the Con- 
 federate army, came to St. Louis from Tennessee, and until a short time 
 before his death had been well-known in the medical fraternity. For many 
 vear« he served as professor and registrar of the Homeopathic Medical 
 College of Missouri. He was founder and editor of the "St. Louis Clinical 
 Review"'" and also a member of the State Board of Health, where he ac- 
 quitted himself with honor, having been appointed by Gov. Crittenden. 
 Dr. William Collison is another whose labors have been completed. He 
 came to the practice of the "new mode"'" from Illinois about 1880. By 
 the help of a strong magnetic personality, with education and experience, 
 he at once succeeded in business and wielded a large professional influence, 
 but was cut off suddenly by an obstinate surgical disease. He died greatly 
 lamented. He was succeeded in practice by his nephew, Dr. W. John Har- 
 ris, a graduate of our St. Louis college, who remains in practice, an enter- 
 prising professional man, and a member of the present faculty of the 
 college. 
 
 Another physician for many years actively engaged in college and other 
 professional work in St. Louis was Dr. John Conzelman, who also left a 
 successor and valuable representative of homeopathy in St. Louis in his 
 son, T. W. Conzelman. Dr. W. A. Edmunds, whose name for the past- 
 twenty years has been familiar in the city practice and college work, is no 
 longer identified with the profession here, as he has recently retired 
 Irom practice, and is living in his native State of Kentucky. He has been 
 a contributor to medical literature through various journals and by a 
 public work on "'Diseases of Children,*'* and at the time of leaving St. 
 Louis was associate editor of the "'Clinical Reporter"'" and Professor of 
 Obstetrics in the college. Dr. J. C. Cummings came to St. Louis with an 
 extensive hospital and armv experience as a Confederate surgeon, gained 
 during the Civil AVar, and has been a faithful and intelligent practitioner, 
 both in private practice and hospital and college work, being especially 
 effective in his work as a hygienist and clinical professor among the physi- 
 cians in the St. Louis Children's Free Hospital. 
 
 Dr. Gr. B. Morrell has been a prominent factor in matters medical, and 
 was a professor in the Homeopathic Medical College, but an illness in his 
 
140 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 family drew him away from St. Louis for a long time. Recently lie has 
 returned, and now resides with his amiable daughter. The doctor is again 
 in active practice with a good clientele. Dr. R. A. Phclan has in years 
 past given valuable assistance in public professional work, and still con- 
 tinues in active practice. 
 
 Dr. A. H. Schott, an able physician and accurate prescribe!*, besides 
 carrying on an increasing practice, has long served the college as Professor 
 of Theory and Practice. Dr. W. L. Reed, originally an allopath, came 
 to St. Louis about 1889, and has identified himself with college work and 
 served ably as Professor of Materia Mediea, and is now enjoying a large 
 private practice. Of the younger men, Dr. W. J. Burleigh has already ren- 
 dered valuable service to the college and hospital work of the city, and 
 promises a strong future. 
 
 Our college has graduated many men valuable to the profession. Of 
 those not mentioned who have settled in St. Louis, Drs. G-. S. Schuricht and 
 Franklin T. Knox have practiced here for two or more decades, and among 
 more recent graduates who are giving freely of time and services to the 
 medical institutions are Drs. L. C. McElwee, now registrar of the col- 
 lege; J. D. Foulon and F. W. Grundmann, while others are in St. Louis 
 and scattered over the country whose names the city and State are proud 
 to recall. 
 
 Excellent service in the woman's department of the college clinic and 
 other professional work has been rendered by the leading physicians of the 
 profession, among whom are Drs. F. W. and M. IT. Sargent, L. G-. G-utherz, 
 H. Tyler Wilcox,^" A. D. Chapman and E. 0. Condon. 
 
 PRESENT CONDITION.— In the early days of St. Louis homeopathy, 
 and until the elder Dr. Luyties opened his pharmacy, medicine could only 
 be procured from a German book store, kept by a Mr. TVesselhoeft, on 
 Fourth street. Mr. Wesselhoeft had used homeopathic medicines in Ger- 
 many, having, it is said, been treated by Hahnemann himself, and was a 
 school enthusiast. We have now the well equipped pharmacies of Munson, 
 Zwartz and Luyties, which have done much for professional and personal 
 convenience. 
 
 As time advances the status of homeopathy has greatly changed. A 
 creditable advance has been inaugurated during the past year in Missouri 
 in the recent transfer of one of the State lunatic asylums — that at Fulton 
 — to the homeopathic control. As a result attacks have been bitter and 
 severe upon our Chief Executive, Gov. Stephens, through whose 
 action rights of representation were recognized in this instance in spite of 
 contrary precedent, and these attacks are still continued in threats and 
 in more or less covert plans for the reversal of the action. It is to be 
 hoped that the light of the coming twentieth century is even now too bril- 
 liant to longer allow, in this country at least, a system of monopoly of 
 privilege in the interest of a section — not to say a sect — of the people and 
 the injustice of what has been virtually a practice of "taxation without 
 representation." Statistics of homeopathic practice in insane asylums 
 in other States have shown gratifying results as comjjared with allopathic 
 methods, and already at Fulton the new control indicates marked improve- 
 ment in several important particulars and a condition of affairs there 
 which is full of promise. 
 
 The first school consecrated to the healing art was at Salerno, in Italy, 
 about A. D. S16 ; the period of '"darkness in Europe." It was regarded as 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 141 
 
 authority for 900 years, and was visited by crowds of patients, among them 
 crowned heads and others of the most eminent rank from distant countries. 
 It ceased to exist in the first years of this century, in 1S11. What a con- 
 trast between the medical ideas of that day and the advanced hygiene and 
 medical science of the present time ! 
 
 In medicine, as in all else, effects respond to causes, and the prolonga- 
 tion of human life of more 1han 30 per cent in the past 100 years has re- 
 sulted mainly from the great progress made in the healing art. 
 
 THE MISSOURI INSTITUTE OF HOMEOPATHY. 
 
 The convention of Homeopathic physicians which met in Sedalia, 
 Mo., on May 10, 1876, was called to order by Dr. D. T. Abell of Sedalia. 
 The meeting was for the purpose of organizing a society of Homeopaths 
 in the State of Missouri. 
 
 The temporary officers elected were*. President, Dr. H. T. Cooper, 
 Clinton, Mo.; secretary, Dr. W. H. Jenny, Kansas City, Mo., and a com- 
 mittee composed of Drs. E. C. Franklin, St. Louis; Philo G. Valentine, 
 St. Louis, and W. S. Hedges, Warrensburg, who were instructed to draft 
 a constitution and code of- by-laws. 
 
 The constitution and by-laws presented by this committee were 
 adopted, and under their provisions the Missouri State Homeopathic In- 
 stitute elected its first officers as follows: 
 
 President — Dr. John T. Temple, St. Louis. 
 Vice-President — Dr. D. T. Miles, St. Louis. 
 General Secretary — Dr. W. H. Jenny, Kansas City. 
 Provisional Secretary — Dr. D. T. Abell, Sedalia. 
 Treasurer — Dr. W. S. Hedges, Warrensburg. 
 
 Board of Censors — Drs. E. C. Franklin, St. Louis: W. H. Jenny, Kan- 
 sas City; H. T. Cooper, Clinton. 
 
 In addition to these officers, those who became members at the time 
 of organization were : 
 
 Dr. S. B. Parsons, St. Louis. Dr. A. Uhlemeyer, St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. S. H. Anderson, Kansas City. Dr. Geo. S. Walker, St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. J. Hausam, Concordia. Dr. Peter Baker, Kansas City. 
 
 Dr. S. G. Merrill, Moberly. Dr. J. Hicox, St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. Philo G. Valentine, St. Louis. Dr. A. S. Everett, Denver, Colo. 
 
 Dr. J. P. Bahrenburg, Eed Bud, 111. Dr. J. C. Pennington, Logan, Kan. 
 
 Dr. J. L. Whitne} T , Lincoln, Xeb. 
 
 These twenty original members started the institute upon such a firm 
 foundation that at present it numbers more than 300 active members, be- 
 sides 40 honorary members, the, latter being Homeopathic physicians living 
 in other States, who, by their professional labors and attainments, have 
 merited the distinction. 
 
 Meetings are held annually, alternately in St. Louis and Kansas City, 
 and are attended by large numbers of physicians from all over the United 
 States. 
 
 Among the names of deceased members who achieved especial end- 
 
142 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 nence during their lives as Homeopathic practitioners are those of George 
 S. Walker, M. D., formerly of St. Louis, well-known as a gynecologist; 
 E. C. Franklin. M. D., of St. Louis, one of the pioneer surgeons of" the 
 West in the Homeopathic ranks; D. E. Luyties, M. D. ; A. Uhlemeyer, M. 
 D.; P. G. Valentine, M. D.; Peter Baker, M. D.; J. T. Temple, M. 
 W. A. Edmonds, M. D.; J. C. Cummings, M D., and many ethers. 
 
 Among those at present in active membership are men whose names 
 are familiar in every medical center in the United States and some whose 
 reputations have become international. 
 
 The name of this body was changed in 1890 to its present style, the 
 Missouri Institute of Homeopathy. 
 
 Officers for 1890-1900: 
 
 President — L. G. Van Scoyoc, M. D., Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 General Secretary — Willis Young, M. D., St. Louis. 
 
 Treasurer — Scott Parsons, Jr., M. D., St. Louis. 
 
 Alec-President— A. H. Schott, M. D., St. Louis. 
 
 Provisional Secretary — H. M. Fryor, M. D., Kansas City. 
 
 Necrologist — AY. H. Westover. St. Joseph. 
 
 Board of Censors — James A. Campbell, M. D., St. Louis; J. Martine 
 Kershaw, M. D., St. Louis; Wm. C. Richardson, M. D., St. Louis; Edward 
 Francis Brady, M. D., St. Louis. 
 
 THE ECLECTIC SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.* 
 
 The Eclectic Practice of Medicine, originally called the Eeform Prac- 
 tice, first took its rise in the city of New York in or about the year 1827. 
 Dr. Wooster Beach, who received his medical degree in the medical de- 
 partment of the University of New York, and had placed himself under 
 circumstances for observing the deleterious and destructive effects of 
 mercury, conceived that suffering humanity called for a reformation in 
 medical science. In that day bleeding the patient and the administra- 
 tion of calomel to the extent of salivation was the common practice, and 
 he concluded that there must be a more rational plan of cure. Amidst 
 great persecution he boldly advocated that medicine should be given in 
 disease that would act in harmony with nature's effort to cure and not 
 with an antagonism to this law of nature. 
 
 Dr. Beach soon gained great reputation in the successful methods 
 he had adopted, and the sick crowded upon him for treatment until he 
 was forced to erect an edifice for their care. In this infirmary he treated, 
 by the aid of his assistants, over 2,100 patients during the first year. 
 
 In 1829 Dr. Beach opened up a school for teaching his methods, and 
 named this institution "The New York Medical Academy." From the 
 adherents of this school another college was soon established at Worth- 
 ington, O., which became the medical department of Worthington Col- 
 lege. At first this effort met with bitter opposition, but the progress 
 was still onward. At the end of ten or twelve years this school was 
 discontinued, or, in its stead, the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincin- 
 nati was organized in 1815, which has maintained a successful existence 
 from that day to the present, and bears the name of being the "mother 
 
 •Prepared by Dr. Edwin Tounkin, St. Louis. 
 
PROF. BOOSTER BEACH, 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 143 
 
 school/' because from its graduates other colleges have been organized 
 in New York, Georgia, California, Nebraska, Iowa, Indiana and Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 The distinctive features of the Eclectic School of Medicine are to use 
 remedies that will aid nature in the removal of disease; to select reme- 
 dies from all sources that have proven by test and experience to act as 
 curative in certain pathological states: to encourage and foster a rigid 
 and scientific investigation of the specific action of drugs, and to use 
 the specific medicines as far as this science has proven the direct or spe- 
 cific action in the pathological conditions. 
 
 In 1870 J. E. Callaway, M. E>., now residing in Chillicothe. Mo., a 
 graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, issued a call for 
 an organization of the "eclectics" of Missouri, and in June of that year 
 a meeting was held in Chillicothc in response to the call. There were 
 present Dr. J. E. Callaway, Dr. William Gates of Greentop, Dr. Avery of 
 Kirksville, Dr. Josiah Gates of La Plata, Dr. S. Y. Stoller of Hamilton, 
 Dr. Weaver of Chillicothe, Dr. Goodsen of Cambria, Dr. J. P. Dice of 
 Coloma, Dr. Chaffe of Breekenridge, Dr. J. A. Munk of Chillicothe and a 
 number of others whose names cannot be recalled. Dr. J. E. Callaway 
 Avas chosen as the first president of the society and was re-elected at the 
 next annual meeting. This societ} r , the Eclectic Medical Society of the 
 State of Missouri, has held its sessions annually ever since, and is in a 
 prosperous condition. The membership of Eclectics in the State is now 
 estimated at about 700. 
 
 In 1873 the American Medical College of St. Louis was organized. 
 The charter members were Jacob S. Merrell, a well-known local druggist;. 
 George C. Pitzer, M. D.; John W. Thrailkill. M. D. ; P. D. Yost, 
 M. D., and Albert Merrell, M. D. Dr. Thrailkill was the first dean. Af- 
 ter two or three years he was succeeded by Dr. Pitzer, who held the posi- 
 tion for fifteen years, and he, resigning in 1887, the deanship was taken 
 by Edwin Younkin, M. D., who has filled this position from that time to 
 the present. Dr. Younkin became identified with the college in 1875 as 
 Professor of Surgery, and has lectured on that subject from four to six 
 times a week at every session since 1875. The American Medical College 
 has graduates in every State in the Union, and has always upheld the 
 standard of medical education. It is well equipped for teaching, has 
 about fifteen professors, is supplied with laboratories and clinics, has access 
 to the City Hospitals, and its students upon the matriculation lists num- 
 ber about 2,500. 
 
 The American Medical Journal is the organ of Eclectic medicine and 
 surgery of the State of Missouri, and is one of the leading journals of the 
 Eclectic School of Medicine. Its first volume was published in 1873. Dr. 
 John W. Thrailkill assumed the editorial work. In 1871 Dr. George C. 
 Pitzer took charge of the Journal and published it every month until 
 1887. Dr. Edwin Younkin then assumed control and issued it until Oc- 
 tober, 1898, at which time it passed into the hands of M. Hamlin. M. D,, 
 who is the editor-in-chief at the present time. This journal has been is- 
 sued regularly the first of every month without- a single failure. It has 
 always been a special advocate of progressive, liberal medicine; independ- 
 ent in all things, dogmatical in nothing; its aim has been to elevate the 
 standard of the medical profession— scientifically, socially and morally. 
 It allows the largest liberty to its correspondents; its ethics are based 
 primarily on the principles of the Golden Kule. Its contributors have been 
 
144 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 the best writers throughout the United States and some from foreign 
 countries. 
 
 ECLECTIC MEDICAL WRITERS OF THE STATE. 
 
 P. D. Yost, M. D. 
 J. T. McClanahan, M, D. 
 J. A. Munk, M. D. 
 J. E. Callaway, M. D. 
 S. V. Stoller, M. D. 
 George C. Pitzer, M. D. 
 E. Younkin, M. D. 
 E. L. Standlee, M. D. 
 M. M. Hamlin, M. D. 
 
 Albert Merrell, M. D. 
 A. W. Davidson, M. D. 
 H. D. Quigg, M. D. 
 F. A. Rew, M. D. 
 Gr. D. Walker, M. D. 
 William Biles, M. D. 
 H. H. Helbing, M. D. 
 John L. Ingram, M. D. 
 A. F. Stevens, M. D. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 145 
 
 CHAPTER XI.— STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.* 
 
 The statutes creating the State Board of Health, and defining its pow- 
 ers and duties, etc., are as follows (Rev. Stat., 1S89, Chap. 79): 
 
 Section 5417. Board Created. — The Governor, hy and with the ad- 
 vice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint seven persons, who shall con- 
 stitute a board, which shall he styled the "State Board of Health of 
 Missouri." The members so appointed shall hold their office for the 
 term of seven years; provided, however, that in the first appointments 
 under this act four such members shall hold their office for two years 
 and three members for four years. All vacancies occurring in the board 
 shall be filled by the Governor of the State, and when made when the 
 Senate is not in session, will be subject to confirmation at the next en- 
 suing session of the Senate. 
 
 Sec. 5418. Qualifications of. — At least five of said board shall be 
 physicians in good standing and of recognized professional and scientific 
 knowledge, and graduates of reputable medical schools, and they shall 
 have been residents of the State for at least five years next preceding 
 their appointment, provided, that in the appointments made there shall 
 ~be no discrimination made against the different systems of medicine that 
 are recognized as reputable by the laws of this State. 
 
 Sec. 5419. Its Powers and Duties. — The State Board of Health shall 
 have general supervision over the health and the sanitary interests of the 
 citizens of the State. It shall be their duty to recommend to the Gen- 
 eral Assembly of the State such laws as they may deem necessary to im- 
 prove and advance the sanitary condition of the State, to recommend to 
 the municipal authorities of any city or to the county courts of any 
 county the adoption of any rules that they may deem wise or expedient 
 ■for the protection and preservation of the health of the citizens thereof. 
 
 Sec. 5420. May Quarantine, when. — Whenever the State -Board of 
 Health shall be satisfied that any malignant, contagious or infectious dis- 
 ease exists in any city, district or part of the country to such an extent 
 as to endanger the lives of the inhabitants of any part of the State of 
 Missouri having direct communication with such infected city, district 
 or part of the country, said board shall have power, by a majority vote, 
 io establish quarantine regulations against such infected city or district 
 and may determine and regulate to what extent and hy whom any com-- 
 munication or business transaction with such infected, city or district 
 may be had, and establish such rules and regulations as may be deemed 
 necessary to prevent the introduction and spread of such disease, and 
 said board is hereby empowered to call upon any executive officer of the 
 State to enforce such rules and regulations, and it shall be the duty of 
 all public officers, sheriffs and constables and other executive officers 
 of the State to assist the State Board of Health to carry out the provis- 
 ions of this act. 
 
 Sec. 5421. Epidemics, Notice to be Given. — Whenever the State 
 Board of Health shall declare that any malignant, infectious or con("a- 
 
 *Prepared by Dr. Albert Merrell, St. Louis. 
 
 10 
 
I<i6 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 gious disease is epidemic in any portion of the country or the State of 
 Missouri, they shall immediately, or as soon thereafter as possible, give 
 notice to that effect to the citizens of the State, and also give public- 
 notice of the rules and regulations adopted by them for the enforcement 
 of quarantine in infected and other districts, and take such steps or adopt 
 such measures as they may deem necessary to prevent the introduction 
 of such disease. 
 
 Sec. 5-1-22. Penalty for Non-Compliance with Quarantine Regulations. 
 — Any person or persons failing, after notice, or refusing to comply 
 with the quarantine rules and regulations of the State of Missouri, as es- 
 tablished by the State Board of Health, or any person or persons re- 
 sisting by force the enforcement of the quarantine regulations of the 
 State of Missouri, established and approved as aforesaid, shall be deemed 
 guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined not 
 less than ten nor more than five hundred dollars for each offense. 
 
 Sec. 5423. Supervision of Registration of Births and Deaths. — The- 
 State Board of Health shall have a supervision of the registration of births 
 and deaths as hereinafter provided; they shall prescribe such forms and 
 recommend such legislation as shall be deemed necessary for a thorough 
 and complete registration of vital and mortuary statistics through the 
 State. The Secretary of the State Board of Health shall be the superin- 
 tendent of such registration. 
 
 See 5424. Physicians, etc., to Report Births and Deaths. — It shall 
 be the duty of all physicians, surgeons and accoucheurs in this State to 
 register their names, as provided by law, with the county clerk of the- 
 county wherein they reside, and said physicians, surgeons and accoucheurs 
 shall be required, under penalty of a fine of ten dollars, to be recovered 
 before any court of competent jurisdiction in this State, by indictment 
 or information in the name of the State, to report to the county clerk 
 within thirty days from date of their occurrence, all births or deaths 
 which may come under their supervision, with a certificate of the cause 
 of death and such co-relative facts as the State Board of Health may 
 require, in blank form hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sec. 5425. When no Physician Present Who to Make Report. — Where 
 any birth or death shall take place, no physician, surgeon or accoucheur 
 being in attendance, the same shall be reported to the county clerk 
 within thirty days from the date of the occurrence thereof, with supposed 
 cause of death, by the parent, or if there be no parent, by the nearest 
 of kin, not a minor, or if there be no kin, by the resident householder 
 where the death shall occur, under penalty as provided in the preceding 
 section of this act, and the county clerk shall record the said report 
 in proper form. 
 
 Sec. 5426. Coroner to Report Deaths, when. — The coroners of the- 
 several counties in this State shall be required to report to the county 
 clerk of the county wherein said coroners reside, all cases of death which 
 may come under their supervision, with the cause and mode of death, 
 as per form furnished, and under penalty as provided in section eight of 
 this act. 
 
 Sec. 5427. Board to Prepare Blanks. — It shall be the duty of the- 
 State Board of Health to prepare such printed forms of certificates of 
 births and deaths as they deem proper; said printed forms to be fur- 
 nished by the Secretary of the Board to the county clerks of the several' 
 
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 1-3 
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 72 
 
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 ML 
 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 147 
 
 counties in this State; and it shall he the duty of the said county clerks, 
 as aforesaid, to furnish said printed forms, as aforesaid, to such persons 
 as are herein required to make reports. 
 
 Sec. 5428. Duties of County Clerks. — The county clerks of the sev- 
 eral counties in this State shall he required to provide separate hooks for 
 the registration of the names and postofhce address of physicians, sur- 
 geons and accoucheurs residing in their respective counties, and for births 
 and deaths. The births and deaths so registered shall, after the 31st 
 day of December of each year, and within ten days thereafter, he tran- 
 scribed in alphabetical order in a permanent record book to be kept for 
 that purpose. And at the end of each year said county clerks shall make 
 or cause to be made a complete report of all such registrations as afore- 
 said, and forward the same lo the Secretary of the State Board of Health 
 for the current year, or a duly certified copy thereof. 
 
 Sec. 5429. Meetings of Board. — The meetings of the board shall 
 be in January and July of each year, and at such other times as the board 
 shall deem expedient. The meeting in January of each year shall be 
 held in the city of Jefferson, and four members shall constitute a quorum. 
 The} r shall choose from their number a president, vice-president and a 
 secretary, and they may adopt rules and by-laws for their government, sub- 
 ject to the provisions of this act. 
 
 Sec. 5430. Duties of Secretary — Compensation of Board. — The sec- 
 retary shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by. the board and 
 this act; he shall receive a salary which shall be fixed by the board; he 
 shall also receive his traveling and other expenses in the performance of 
 his official duties. The other members of the board shall receive no com- 
 pensation for their services, but their traveling and other expenses while 
 employed on the business of the board shall be paid. The president of 
 the board shall certify the amount to the secretary, and the traveling and 
 other expenses of members, and on presentation of his certificate the 
 Auditor of State shall draw his warrant on the State Treasurer for the 
 amount. 
 
 Sec. 5431. Board to Take Cognizance of Diseases Among Domestic 
 Animals. — The said Board of Health shall take cognizance of any fatal 
 diseases which may be prevalent amongst the domestic animals of the 
 State, and ascertain the nature and cause of such disease, and shall, 
 from time to time, publish the result of their investigations, with sug- 
 gestions for the proper treatment of such animals as may be affected, 
 and the remedy or remedies therefor. 
 
 Sec. 5432. Board to Organize, etc. — The State Board of Health shall 
 organize within thirty days after the appointment of the members there- 
 of. The president of the board shall have authority to administer oaths, 
 and the board to take testimony in all matters relating to their duties 
 and powers. In selecting places to hold their meetings they shall, as far 
 as is reasonable, accommodate the different sections of the State, and due 
 notice shall be published of their stated meetings. All certificates issued 
 by them shall be signed by at least five members of the board. 
 
 See. 5433. Annual Beport, Contents. — It shall be the duty of the 
 Board of Health to make an annual report, through their secretary or 
 otherwise, in writing, to the Governor of this State, on or before the 1st of 
 January of each year, and such report shall include so much of the pro- 
 ceedings of the board, and such information concerning vital and mortuary 
 
148 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 statistics, such knowledge respecting diseases and such instructions on 
 the subject of hygiene as may be thought useful by the board for dissemi- 
 nation among the people, with such suggestions as to legislative action as 
 the}* may deem necessary. 
 
 Sec. 5434. Rules of Board riot Binding, when. — jSTo rule or regula- 
 tion adopted by this board shall be legal or binding which shall be in 
 conflict with any law of the State, or any ordinance of any municipality 
 or town in the State. 
 
 Section 6871. Practitioners of Medicine, Qualifications of. — Every 
 person practicing medicine and surgery, in any of their departments, shall 
 possess the qualifications required by this act. If a graduate of medicine, 
 lie shall present his diploma to the State Board of Health for verification 
 .as to its genuineness. If the diploma is found to be genuine, and if the 
 person named therein be the person claiming and presenting the same, 
 the State Board of Health shall issue its certificate to that effect, signed 
 by at least four of the members thereof, and such diploma and certificate 
 shall be deemed conclusive as to the right of the lawful holder of the 
 same to practice medicine in this State. If not a graduate, the person 
 practicing medicine in this State shall present himself before said board 
 and submit himself to such examination as the said board shall require, 
 and if the examination be satisfactory to the examiners, the said board 
 shall issue its certificate in accordance with the facts, and the lawful 
 holder of such certificate shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges 
 herein mentioned. 
 
 Sec. 6872. Board of Health to Issue Certificates, when. — The State 
 Board of Health shall issue certificates to all who shall furnish satis- 
 factory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally char- 
 tered medical institutions in good standing, of whatever school or sys- 
 tem of medicine; they shall prepare two forms of certificates, one for per- 
 sons in possession of diplomas or licenses, the other for candidates exam- 
 ined by the board; they shall furnish to the county clerks of the several 
 counties a list of all persons receiving certificates ; provided, that nothing 
 in this act shall authorize the Board oL' Health to make any discrimination 
 against the holders of genuine licenses or diplomas under any school or 
 system of medicine. 
 
 Sec. 6873. Verification of Diplomas. — Said Board of Health shall 
 examine diplomas as to their genuineness, and if the diplomas shall be 
 found genuine as represented, the Secretary of the State Board of Health 
 shall receive a fee of one dollar from each graduate or licentiate, and no 
 further charge shall be made to such applicant; but if it be found to 
 be fraudulent, or not lawfully owned by the possessor, the board shall 
 be entitled to charge and collect twenty dollars of the applicant present- 
 ing such diploma; the verification of the diploma shall consist in the affi- 
 davit of the holder and applicant, that he is the lawful possessor of the 
 same, and that he is the. person therein named; such affidavit may be 
 taken before any person authorized to administer oaths, and the same 
 shall be attested under the hand and official seal of such officer, if he 
 have a seal. Graduates may present iheir diplomas and affidavits as pro- 
 vided in this act, by letter or by proxy, and the State Board of Health 
 shall issue a certificate as though the owner of the diploma was present. 
 
 Sec. 6874. Examinations Made by Board. — All examinations of per- 
 sons not graduates or licentiates shall be made directly by the board, 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 149 
 
 and the certificates given by the board shall authorize the possessor to 
 practice medicine and surgery in the State of Missouri. 
 
 See. 6875, Certificates to be Eecorded With County Clerk. — Every 
 person holding a certificate from the State Board of Health shall have 
 it recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county in which 
 he resides, and the record shall be indorsed thereon; any person removing 
 to another county to practice medicine and surgery shall procure an in- 
 dorsement to that effect on the certificate from the clerk of the county 
 courts and shall have the certificate recorded in the office of the clerk of 
 the county to which he removes, and the holder of the certificate shall 
 pay to said clerk of said county the usual fees for making the record. 
 
 Sec. 6876. Clerk to Keep List of Certificates; etc. — The county clerk 
 shall keep, in a book provided for the purpose, a complete list of the cer- 
 tificates recorded by him, with the date of the issue. If the certificate be 
 based on a diploma or license, he shall record the name of the medical 
 institution conferring it, and the date when conferred. The register of 
 the county clerk shall be open to public inspection during business hours. 
 Sec. 0877. Examinations Made in Writing. — Examinations may be 
 made, in whole or in part, in writing, and shall be of an elementary and 
 practical character, but sufficiently strict to test the qualifications of 
 the candidate as a practitioner. 
 
 Sec. 6878. Certificates — When Revoked. — The State Board of Health 
 may refuse certificates to individuals guilty of unprofessional or dishon- 
 orable conduct, and they may revoke certificates for like causes, after 
 giving the accused on opportunity to be heard in his defense before the 
 board. 
 
 Sec. 6879. Who Regarded as Practicing Medicine. — Any person shall 
 be regarded as practicing medicine Avithin the meaning of this act who 
 shall profess, publicly, to be a physician, and to prescribe for the sick, or 
 who shall append to his name the letters "M. D." but nothing in this 
 act shall be construed to prohibit students from prescribing under the 
 supervision of a preceptor or to prohibit gratuitous services in cases of 
 emergency, and this act shall not apply to commissioned surgeons of 
 the United States army, na T .y and marine hospital service. 
 
 Sec. 6880. Itinerant Venders of Drugs, etc., to Pay License. — Any 
 itinerant vender of any drug, nostrum, ointment or appliance of any 
 kind, intended for the treatment of disease or injury, or who shall, by 
 writing or printing or any other method, publicly profess to cure or treat 
 diseases, injuries or deformities by any drug, nostrum, manipulation 
 or other expedient, shall pay to the State a license of one hundred dol- 
 lars per month, to be collected as provided for by law, as all other licenses 
 are now collected, and any person violating the provisions of this section 
 shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, 
 shall be punished by a fine not to exceed five hundred dollars ($500), or 
 by imprisonment in the county jail not to exceed six months, or by both 
 such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Sec. 6881. Penalty for Violating Provisions of This Article. — Any 
 person practicing medicine or surgery in this State without complying 
 with the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
 and be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars, nor more than 
 five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period 
 of not less than thirty days nor more than three hundred and sixty-five 
 
150 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 day?, or by "both such fine and imprisonment for each and every offense: 
 and any person filing or attempting to file as his own the diploma or 
 certificate of another, or a forged affidavit or identification, shall he 
 guilty of a felony, and, upon conviction thereof, shall he subject to such 
 fine and imprisonment as are made and provided by the statutes of this 
 State for the crime of forgery in the second degree, hut the penalties 
 shall not he enforced until a period of six months after the passage of 
 this hill: provided, that the provisions of this act shall not apply to 
 those that have been practicing medicine five years in this State. 
 
 Sec. 6882. Who to Perform Duties of County Clerk in St. Louis City. 
 — TThenever in this act it is provided that any duty or service shall he 
 performed by any county clerk, such duty and service in the city of St. 
 Louis shall he performed by the City Register or Health Commissioner of 
 the city of St. Louis, as if such officer was specially named to perform 
 these duties and services. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE BOARD. 
 
 The State Board of Health of Missouri was originally organized under 
 the provisions of an act providing for a State Board of Health, which 
 went, into effect July 1, 1883. 
 
 The following indicates the personnel and organization of the board 
 since the law became operative: 
 
 1883 TO 1884. 
 
 E. H. Gregory. M. D., President St. Louis 
 
 G. M. Cox M. J>., Vice-President Spring-field 
 
 J IC. Hearne. M. D., Secretary and Treasurer Hannibal 
 
 W. B. Conery. M. D St. Louis 
 
 H. F. Hereford. M. D Kansas City 
 
 G. T. Bartlett. M. D Poplar Bluff 
 
 P. D. Yost. M. D St. Louis 
 
 Died August, 1883, and succeeded by 
 Albert Merrell, M. D St. Louis 
 
 JULY 1SS5 TO JULY 1891. 
 
 Mr. William Gentry. President Sedalia 
 
 Albert Merrell. M. D., Vice-President St. Louis 
 
 George Hornan, M. D., Secretary .....St. Louis 
 
 j. D. Griffith. M. D.. Treasurer Kansas City 
 
 G. M. Cox. M. D - Springfield 
 
 Dr. Cox died January 7, 1*89, and was succeeded by 
 
 G. A. Goben, M. D Mrksvi e 
 
 Mr J B ^rather Man ville 
 
 ' Mr Prather died February 23, 1891, and was succeeded July, 1891, by 
 
 W. G. Hali. %L D St. Joseph 
 
 Mr. John P. Harmon ••-• VV'-Jiii"-^ 
 
 Mr William Gentry died May 22, 1S90, and was succeeded July, 1891. by 
 R. C. Atkinson, M. D st - Louis 
 
 JULY', 1891, TO JAXUARY, 1893. 
 J. D. Griffith, M. D.. President Kansas City- 
 Albert Merrell, M. D., Vice-President »t douis 
 
 R. C. Atkinson, M. D., Secretary «■ ££ 
 
 Mr. John P. Harmon, Treasurer "•-™ ia ™ 
 
 r'^Se^^ D ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::l^S; 
 
 George Homan, M. D St. Lou-s 
 
 JAXUARY, 189S, TO JAXUARY, 1894. 
 
 J. D. Griffith, M. D., President Kan l^i SlnL 
 
 G. A. Goben, M. D., Vice-President Ki rKi sv e 
 
 R. C. Atkinson. M. D., Secretary ^t Tosenh 
 
 William G. Hall. ML D.. Treasurer >»t J °sepn 
 
 Albert Merrell, M. D TTofden 
 
 Mr. John P. Harmon «V Touls 
 
 George Homan, M. D St. Louis 
 
 In December, 1893, Willis P. King, M. D., Kansas City, was elected Secretary 
 to fill vacancy caused by expiration of term of R. C. Atkinson, M. D., and Dr. A. 
 TV McAlester elected Vice-President, vi&e Dr. Goben. M. D., whose term had ex- 
 pired. 
 
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MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 151 
 
 _ T lm. 
 
 P. J. Lutz, M. D., President a* t oni=; 
 
 A. W. McAlester. M. D., Vice-President rdh^rnhia 
 
 Willis P. King, M D., Secretary W Kansas 7<itv 
 
 Albert Merrell, M D " \ \[\ \[ \ | \ \ |; J" "^g^uis 
 
 T. H. Hudson, M. D K»an=;a=: C«4> 
 
 ? a £ ^ a & ^ £ ::.:::::::::::::::::::: JSR Tti2& 
 
 J. D. Griffith, M. D , ....Kansas City 
 
 E. J. Lutz, M. D.. President g+ t oniq 
 
 Albert Merrell, M. D.. Vice-President «t Lou's 
 
 T l l\f a/t T f \ nS ; M - ,P- -Secretary V.V.V.V;. V.'.V. Kansas CUy 
 
 A. W McAlester M. T> ■ Columbia 
 
 Paul Paqum. M D st . Louis 
 
 T. H. Hudson, M. I> Kfonsas City 
 
 E. S. Garner g t j osep h 
 
 Dr. Merrell resigned in May, 1895, to accept position on St. Louis Board of 
 
 Health and was succeeded by 
 
 E 1 . L. -Standlee, M. D St . Louis 
 
 1896. 
 
 F. J. Lutz M. D., President st Louis 
 
 T. H. Hudson, M. D., Vice-President Kansas City 
 
 Willis P. King-, M. D., Secretary Kansas City 
 
 A. W. McAlester. M. D Columbia 
 
 E. L. Standlee, M. D ,g t . Louis 
 
 Paul Paquin. M. D St. Louis 
 
 E. S. Garner, M. D St. Joseph 
 
 1897. 
 
 P. J. Lutz, M. D., President St. Louis 
 
 E. L. Standlee, M. D., Vice-President St. Louis 
 
 Paul Paquin, M. D., Secretary St Louis 
 
 A. W. McAlester, M. D Columbia 
 
 T. H. Hudson, M. D Kansas City 
 
 Willis P. King, M. D- Kansas City 
 
 E. S. Garner, M. D ©t. Joseph 
 
 1S98. 
 
 E. Lee Standlee, M. D., President St. Louis 
 
 O. A Williams, M. D., Vice-President Versailles 
 
 Paul Paquin, M. D., Secretary St. Louis 
 
 Samuel C. James, M. D Kansas Citv 
 
 J. T. McCianahan, M. D Boonville 
 
 L. C. McElwee M. D St. Louis 
 
 E. S. Garner, M. D ..St. Joseph 
 
 1899. 
 
 O. A. Williams. M. D., President Versailles 
 
 L. C. McElwee, M. D., Vice-President St. Louis 
 
 . E Lee Standlee, M. D., Secretary St. Louis 
 
 Samuel C. James, M. D Kansas City 
 
 J. T. McCianahan. M. D Boonville 
 
 E. S. Garner, M. D St. Joseph 
 
 (Died latter part of l'S99.) 
 Paul Paquin, M. D St. Louis 
 
 1900. 
 
 C. B. Elkiivs, M. D., President Ozark 
 
 J. T. McCianahan, M. D., Vice-President Boonville 
 
 L. C. McElwee, M. D., Secretary St. Louis 
 
 Samuel C. James, M. D Kansas City 
 
 E. Lee Standlee, M. D St. Louis 
 
 S. C. Martin, Jr., M. D St. Louis 
 
 O. A. Williams, M. D Versailles 
 
 The State Board of Health is charged with the enforcement of the 
 provisions of the statutes which relate both to matters of public health 
 and to the registration of physicians, surgeons and accouchers practicing 
 within the State. The conditions of registration, as interpreted by the 
 board, and its attempts to enforce the penalties for non-compliance with 
 the law. at first created much opposition to this feature of it. 
 
 This opposition was so brought to bear upon the Legislature as 
 to prejudice its members against the entire law and to cause them to 
 refuse needed financial support after the first appropriation was ex- 
 pended. By January, 1885, the work of the board was practically sus- 
 pended. Most of the reputable medical men and many prominent citizens 
 of the State recognized, however, that the real object of the law was to 
 
152 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ascertain and remove, if possible, all conditions tending to impair or 
 jeopardize the public health, and that the registration provided for therein 
 was a necessary preliminary and the proper regulation of medical prac- 
 tice; an important condition of success in attaining this, its paramount 
 object, They, therefore, urged Gov. Marmaduke to fill vacancies that 
 had occurred from resignation and expiration of time of service and 
 continue the existence of the board. This was complied with, and the 
 board reorganized in 1885. 
 
 Though without funds the board decided to make every effort to 
 carry on the work under the law as effectively as possible, and to this 
 end an executive committee was formed, constituted of the president, 
 vice-president and secretary, with authority to act in the intervals be- 
 tween meetings, and other committees were appointed to inquire into the 
 following subjects: 
 
 1. The prevailing diseases among live stock in Missouri, and the 
 condition and care of stock yards, cars, etc., at points of concentration 
 and distribution. 
 
 2. The influential factors in the causation of endemic, or local epi- 
 demic diseases. 
 
 3. The sources, quality, means of distribution, etc., of public water 
 supplies in Missouri. 
 
 4. The sanitary care of railway and river transportation lines, in- 
 cluding depots, landings, stations, wharf boats, round houses and pas- 
 senger and sleeping coaches. 
 
 5. Domestic and general sanitation in towns, villages and country 
 homes. 
 
 G. The condition of asylums, poorhouses, jails, workhouses and other 
 charitable or penal institutions with reference to the health of the in- 
 mates. 
 
 7. The hygienic care of the school population and of public school 
 buildings and premises. 
 
 The organization, throughout the State, of County and other local 
 boards of health was urged, and a plan was arranged for co-operation be- 
 tween the agricultural and veterinary departments of the State government 
 for the more effectual prevention and control of diseases among domestic 
 animals. 
 
 The board kept in touch with the best sanitary thought of the 
 country through its official relations with the jSTational Conference of 
 State Boards of Health and other public health bodies. Especial attention 
 has been directed by the board toward measures for the prevention and 
 control of cholera, smallpox, diphtheria, yellow fever, scarlet fever, etc., the 
 proper methods of disinfection and vaccination, innocuous transportation 
 and cremation of dead bodies, and the active co-operation and support of 
 the public press and the medical profession was sought in furtherance of 
 these ends. 
 
 For upwards of two years after reorganization the expenses of the 
 board in holding meetings for the transaction of necessary business was 
 defrayed out of the pockets of the members, and this expense account was 
 finally allowed by the Genera] Assembly in 1887, but no appropriation for 
 the support of the board nor for the salary of the secretary was made 
 until the session of 1889, and no compensation whatever was allowed by 
 the State for the services of the secretary for the three and one-half 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 153 
 
 years from July 2, 1885, to January 1, 1889, nor has any recognition of 
 the justice of this claim been shown since that time. 
 
 Tn 1888 an inquiry was made into the number of local health organi- 
 zations throughout the State, and the showing was so unfavorable that 
 the board decided to issue a call, for a conference of such local bodies 
 in the 'hope that a better organization in this respect might be secured. 
 The conference, the first of its kind in Missouri, convened in St. Louis 
 December 4, 1888, with nineteen delegates representing thirteen public 
 health bodies or organizations. 
 
 The conference, an account of which was published, was a success, 
 but subsequent attempts to hold similar meetings were failures. 
 
 A pioneer move was made in another direction also, this effort hav- 
 ing in view the ascertainment of facts in relation to the dependent and 
 poorhouse or poor farm population of the State, the statistics of which 
 will be found hi the report of the board for 1883, which show a deplor- 
 able condition of this unhappy class of fellow beings. 
 
 Throughout its existence questions of public health have been recog- 
 nized by the board as of dominant importance, and it has conducted in- 
 quiries along the lines indicated and has promulgated through papers 
 of prominent sanitariums and of its members, published in its pro- 
 ceedings and otherwise, important information on the subjects named. 
 Throughout its history it has promptly responded to applications for 
 help in suppressing local outbreaks of smallpox in many localities in the 
 State, preparing and circulating instructions and giving personal advice 
 and assistance through its secretary, bearing whatever part of the ex- 
 penses has been justified by the meager financial support granted to it. Its 
 efficiency in this direction would be much greater with more funds. This 
 deficiency and the fact that on public health matters its powers are 
 mainly advisory, have limited its work in a large degree to the ques- 
 tions of registration and the promotion of advanced standards and in- 
 struction in schools for medical education. 
 
 Persistent but fruitless efforts have been made to induce the Legis- 
 lature to provide laws supplementary to the present ones, correcting their 
 manifest defects, appropriating funds for the purpose of rendering them 
 efficient. The lack of local health organizations through which co-opera- 
 tion in the control of local outbreaks of communicable disease can be 
 more efficient, has been especially felt. In the matter of vital statistics 
 the State is in a deplorable condition, owing to the lack of local health 
 organizations and to the fact that the provision formerly in the law 
 requiring monthly reports of births and deaths has been repealed. 
 
 In 1894 the board, in its report to the Governor, urged the passage 
 of an act creating a bureau of vital statistics at the capital, its purpose 
 being as follows: 
 
 To collect, arrange for reference and publish, from time to time, such 
 public records and statistical information as shall be useful to states- 
 men, political economists and sanitarians, in the investigation of the life 
 history of people or the science of society and government, or as may be em- 
 ployed as evidence in legal disputes, involving questions of heritage, legit- 
 imacy or illegitimac} r , right of suffrage, because of age or maturity, loss 
 of identity after prolonged absence, or in establishing the identity of one 
 claiming protection of the government. Also such disease and mortu- 
 arv records as indicate the nature, distribution and causes of disease 
 
154 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and death, or whose required records sen e to detect or prevent crime. 
 Such records to include a complete registration, to be made through 
 each county, of marriages, divorces, births and deaths. This recom- 
 mendation, with many others, seeking to improve the present laws on the 
 subject, has thus far been ignored. 
 
 Attention was called by the board to the pollution of water courses 
 which are the sources of public water supply. Early in its history and in 
 1893 the board made an effort to instigate national legislation on this 
 subject, which took the form repeatedly brought to the attention of Con- 
 gress in a bill introduced by Mr. Bartholdt of this State. 
 
 Incidental to the enforcement of the law relating to the practice of 
 medicine in the State several important opinions have been rendered by 
 the Attorney-General, which, with decisions rendered by the courts, in 
 cases tried under its provisions, have cleared up obscure points in the 
 law and indicated its deficiencies, which it is hoped will be corrected 
 in future legislation on this subject. 
 
'mssm 
 
 
 'm. i 
 .. A * 
 
 IPlliillliiiS 
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 :._J 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 155 
 
 CHAPTER XII.— ST. LOUIS BOARD OF HEALTH.* 
 
 The first Health Officer of the eify was Dr. Cornelius Campbell, who 
 held the position from 1832 to 1837. He was succeeded by C. J. Car- 
 penter, who held the position for two wears. Then followed J. 1ST. Mc- 
 Dowell, John W. Prather, John S. Moore, J. N. McDowell, M. M. Pallon. 
 In 1815 Moore was again Health Commissioner, and in 1816, M. M. Pallon 
 and Joseph Hall. 
 
 From 1816 to 1855 there are no records showing who was connected 
 with the Health Department. From 1855 to 1866 the Health Department 
 was managed by a committee of one member of the City Council from 
 each ward of the city. 
 
 In 1S66 the Legislature passed an act creating a Board of Health, de- 
 fining its authority and extending its powers much beyond those given to 
 former boards. 
 
 The first regular organized Board of Health created under an act 
 passed by the General Assembly of Missouri was organized in 1867, and 
 was composed of the following persons: 
 
 J. S. Thomas, Mayor and ex-olticio, president; Dr. J. T. Hodgen, 
 acting president: Dr. E. F. Smith, Dr. Joseph Heitzig, Joseph S. Pease, 
 Constantine Maguire and Dr. R. H. O'Brien, clerk. 
 
 Subsequently different boards were composed of the Mayor, two physi- 
 cians appointed by the Mayor, a member from the Police Board and a 
 member elected from the Council. 
 
 In 1876 the Scheme and Charter was adopted, and there was a reor- 
 ganization of the Health Department in 1877. Under the provisions of 
 the new charter the board was composed of the Mayor, the presiding offi- 
 cer of the Council, a member from the Police Board, two physicians se- 
 lected by the Mayor, and the Health Commissioner, the latter, under the 
 charter being the executive officer of the Health Department. 
 
 The first board under the Scheme and charter was composed of the 
 following persons : 
 
 Henry Overstolz, Mayor: Charles W. Francis, Health Commissioner; 
 Dr. Henry Marthens, Dr." Joseph Spiegelhalter, John H. Lightner, Presi- 
 dent of the Council, and John G. Priest, member from the Police Board; 
 Dr. Edward Gamison was clerk. 
 
 The present Board of Health is composed of the following persons: 
 
 Henry Ziegenhein, Mayor; Dr. Max G. Starkloff, Health Commissioner; 
 Dr. Albert Merrell, Dr. Henry N". Chapman, Mr. Tony Stnever from the 
 Police Deoartment and E. F. W. Meier, President of the Council. 
 
 Up to 1877 the Board of Health had control of the City Hospital, 
 Quarantine Hospital, Female Hospital and City Dispensary. After the 
 adoption of the "Scheme and Charter these institutions, with the addition 
 of the Poorhouse, Insane Asylum and Morgue, were placed nnder the con- 
 trol and management of the Health Commissioner. Subsequently, at the 
 request of the Health Commissioner, the Municipal Assembly passed an 
 ordinance transferring the control of the Morgue to the Coroner. 
 
 The principal events in the history of the Health Department of 
 St. Louis are as follows: 
 
 -&•> 
 
 *By Dr. M. C. Starkloff, Health Commissioner. 
 
156 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 In 1845 the City Council passed an ordinance directing the appoint- 
 ment of a committee of five to select a building site and cause plans 
 to be made for a City Hospital. The committee selected a tract of 
 ground in the cit} T commons at the head of Soulard street and west of 
 St. Ange avenue. In August of that year contracts were made for the 
 building of the hospital. The original plans for the hospital were made 
 by Thomas Walsh. 
 
 The first officers appointed for the hospital on August 13, 1846, were 
 as follows: 
 
 David 0. Glasscock, resident physician; Col. 11. AYyman, steward; 
 Drs. B. Bush Mitchell, J. B. Johnson, Charles A. Pope and Thomas 
 Barfor, attending physicians, and Drs. William Beaumont, John S. Moore, 
 Thomas Bayborn and J. X. McDowell, consulting physicians. 
 
 In 1848 the following gentlemen were appointed managers of the hos- 
 pital ; 
 
 Isaac H. Sturgeon, Richard Blennerhassett, Joseph H. White, Thomas 
 Harscul, Charles Bobb and Henry C. Lynch. 
 
 On May 1-5, 1S5C, the hospital was totally destroyed by fire. 
 
 In 1819 there was a terrible epidemic of cholera. There is no record 
 showing the number of deaths from that disease during that year. 
 
 In 1850 the first records were started, recording the number of deaths 
 in the city_ The records of 1850 show the following deaths: 
 
 From smallpox 7 
 
 From typhoid fever 125 
 
 From consumption 195 
 
 From cholera 865 
 
 Total deaths from all causes : 4,210 
 
 The population of the city at that time was 77,860. 
 
 In 1866 there were 3,002 deaths from cholera out of a total death 
 rate of 9,099. From 1873 to the present time, a period of twenty-seven 
 years, there has not been a single death from cbolera in this city. 
 
 In 1872 ihere was an epidemic of smallpox, the number of deaths 
 from that disease in that year being 1,591. 
 
 In 1873 there were 837 death from smallpox 
 
 In 1874 there were 117 deaths from smallpox 
 
 In 1875 there were 603 deaths from smallpox 
 
 In the year ending 1900 there was but one death from smallpox; that 
 person died at Quarantine. 
 
 In 1877 the Health Department commenced the general vaccination 
 of school children and there were 5,665 persons vaccinated during that 
 year. In 1881 there were 68,562. persons vaccinated: in 1894, 75,195 per- 
 sons vaccinated, and during the past year there were 50,000 persons 
 vaccinated. 
 
 The largest number of deaths from cerebro-spinal fever that ever 
 occurred in one year was in 1872, the year of the smallpox epidemic, when 
 454 persons died of this disease. 
 
 In 1872 the Legislature of the State passed an act creating the social 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 157 
 
 evil law, which act was repealed in 1874. The repealing act of '74 trans- 
 ferred the present Female Hospital (which had been bought and built 
 by fees collected under the social evil law) to the city of St. Louis with 
 the proviso that it should be always maintained as a hospital and home 
 for wards of the city. 
 
 In 187S there Avas an epidemic of yellow fever all through the South- 
 ern States adjacent to the Mississippi Valley. The plague came to the 
 gates of St. Louis, but did not enter. A few deaths occurred in the city, 
 but the largest number of deaths (about 50) took place at Quarantine, 
 and with the exception of some eight or nine Health Department em- 
 ployes, were nil persons who had come from the South. 
 
 In 1886 occurred the greatest epidemic of diphtheria. There were 
 3,504 cases, with 889 deaths. The next severe outbreak of diphtheria 
 was in 1895, when there were 3,196 cases and 526 deaths. 
 
 In 1896 the Health Department commenced the use of anti-toxin and 
 its free distribution to the citizens. 
 
 In 1899 there were 1,972 cases of diphtheria and 232 deaths. Dur- 
 ing the past four years the most important matters transpiring in the 
 Health Department are as follows : 
 
 The passage of a law by which all minor nuisances were removed 
 from the jurisdiction of the Board of Health to the Health Commissioner, 
 giving the power to order their immediate abatement. 
 
 The passage of an ordinance regulating the management of dairies. 
 This ordinance has enabled the Health Department to keep a close super- 
 vision of the dairies, and while their present condition is far from being 
 what it should be, still there is a very great improvement in every respect 
 in their management and much more attention is given to their sani- 
 tation. 
 
 In June, 1896, the tuberculin test was applied for the first time in this 
 city, it being made by order of the Health Commissioner, on a herd of 
 cows belonging to the city of St. Louis and kept at the Poorhouse. The 
 test was applied, to twenty-nine cows and showed that twenty-two of 
 them were afflicted with tuberculosis, but, there being no law compelling 
 the owners of cows to submit them to the tuberculin test, the Health 
 Department has not succeeded in having the test generally made. Lat- 
 terly, however, the Health Department has offered to those who wish to 
 make the test that if they will do so. and if the test shows that their 
 cows are free from tuberculosis, the Health Commissioner will issue to them 
 a certificate to that effect. 
 
 During the past year one of the greatest and most important changes 
 made in the Health Department was in the mode of disinfection of houses. 
 After many experiments and trials of various apparatuses, the Health 
 Department has decided that thorough fumigation and disinfection of 
 houses can be had by the use of formaldehyde gas, and a simple apparatus 
 designed by the Health Commissioner has been found to give perfect 
 results, and. the old method of disinfection by sulphur has been almost 
 entirely abandoned. 
 
 While the Municipal Assembly has declined passing an ordinance 
 placing tuberculosis in the list of contagious diseases, the Health Depart- 
 ment has done everything in its power in the way of preventive measures. 
 Pamphlets and papers relating to different diseases have been distributed 
 among the citizens. All have been urged to have houses disinfected in 
 
158 ONE; kuxdred years of 
 
 which patients suffering with tuberculosis have resided, and physicians 
 have been urged to make use of the bacteriological department of the 
 Health Department to assist them in determining the presence of con- 
 sumption in all cases where they have any doubt. 
 
 During the past year the Health Department has been making bac- 
 teriological and chemical examinations to precisely determine the condi- 
 tions and character of the water used by our citizens. 
 
 The sanitary division of the Health Department has been organized 
 in such a manner, as far as the means given it will allow, to keep a con- 
 stant supervision over the sanitary condition of the city. 
 
 The Dispensary branch of the Health Department has been enlarged 
 and placed on a very efficient basis. 
 
 An exhaustive examination has been made into the symptoms of cere- 
 brospinal fever. Carefully prepared interrogatories were sent to every 
 physician known to be treating a case, and from these reports an interest- 
 ing and valuable compilation and summary was made of the disease as it 
 appeared in St. Louis in the past two years. 
 
 To-day the Health Department is caring for 650 patients at the City 
 Hospital. 260 at the Female Hospital, 634 insane at the Insane Asylum, 
 S80 insane at the Poorhouse and 718 paupers at the Poorhouse, 11 cases 
 at the Smallpox Hospital, and are daily treating 100 persons at the dispen- 
 saries. 
 
 The following table is evidence what organized and intelligent sani- 
 tation has assisted in doing for the city of St. Louis: 
 
 Death rate per 1.000 for fiscal years ending — 
 
 April, 1850 56.9 
 
 April, 1860 31.1 
 
 April, 1870 21.4 
 
 April, 1880 18.9 
 
 April, 1890 18:2 
 
 April. 1900 14. 7 
 
IT. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 159. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— HOSPITALS OF MISSOURI. 
 
 There are more hospitals in Missouri than in Africa and more hos- 
 pital beds in the Valley of the Mississippi than in all Asia. A hundred 
 years ago the hospital in the minds of the people was a synonym for suf- 
 fering, for experiment and extreme necessity. To go to the hospital 
 was equivalent to going through the valley and shadow of death. After 
 the Civil War the hospital idea grew rapidly. With the advent of anti- 
 septics came the certainty of better surgical results, and it was soon 
 demonstrated that the best antiseptic precautions could only be obtained 
 in properly constituted hospitals. In medicine, too, it was found that 
 certain diseases, such as fevers and various forms of nervous condi- 
 tions, could be better cared for in a sanitarium. Soon the hospital was 
 seen, not only in the larger cities, but in smaller towns and valleys. It 
 took hold of public affection and confidence, as have the church and the 
 schoolhouse. 
 
 Large beneficent orders build ed hospitals, railroads adopted them 
 and private individuals founded them, until now the wealthy invalid turns 
 to the well-fitted private sanitarium as to a Mecca, and the employe 
 gives regularly from his earnings to assure himself of hospital care if 
 sick or injured. 
 
 In no State of the Union has this hospital idea grown more rapidly 
 than in Missouri. Not only does the State provide for a large number 
 of asylums and hospitals, but the general government, through its ma- 
 rine hospital service, has added largely to the beneficial work of the State 
 in the care given to large numbers of men engaged in the river traffic 
 and in the supervision it exercises in matters of quarantine during 
 threatened epidemics. 
 
 The railroad system of hospitals is also a product of the last few de- 
 cades, and is not only a protection, but a necessity, both to the thou- 
 sands of employes and to the companies themselves. The burden of 
 the employes is light, but the benefit to them is inestimable, while the 
 corporations are protected against fraud and the results of ignorance and 
 neglect. 
 
 The private hospital and sanitarium has taken hold of public senti- 
 ment in this State very thoroughly. Many of the large religious or- 
 ders are exclusively occupied in building and maintaining hospitals for 
 the poor and sick. Hundreds of noble women in Missouri are giving 
 their lives freely and joyfully to the service. They are gladly supported 
 in this work by the business man, who, through them, is enabled to 
 effectively reach the deserving poor and sick. 
 
 Special hospitals are also being marked a feature of institutional 
 work. "Homes for Incurables/' "Children's Hospitals" and "Memorial 
 Homes" for the aged are favorite objects of interest and support in our 
 State. Missouri has the first special sanitarium for consumptives in the 
 Mississippi Valley. There are several ophthalmic hospitals in our large 
 cities and other institutions of special departments of medicine and sur- 
 gery are building. 
 
 It is a matter, then, of great satisfaction to the physician, as well 
 
160 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 as to the lait)-, to note the rapid growth of this great part of humani- 
 tarianism in our State. We append a brief sketch of some of the better 
 known institutions. In Missouri there are over 100 catalogued hospitals 
 and sanitariums in the official directory of 1898, of which nearly 40 are 
 in St. Lotus. During the last three years this number has beei> greatly 
 increased. 
 
 "We regret that lack of space requires a great condensation of data fur- 
 nished by many of our institutions, also that a number of our most efficient 
 hospitals have been unable to acquaint us with such historical facts as 
 we could have wished. To all of our hospitals and sanitariums, however, 
 whether herein catalogued or not, we join with all good and true citizens 
 of our great State in wishing "God Speed.'' 
 
 AGNEW HOSPITAL, KANSAS CITY, MO.— This hospital is the 
 outgrowth of a "Training School for Nurses," undertaken in 1891 by 
 Dr. C. A. Dannaker, at the suggestion and with the support of the Jackson 
 County Medical Society. It was named in honor of Dr. Hayes Agnew 
 of Philadelphia, a former teacher of the founder's, in the University of 
 Pennsylvania. The hospital proper was established in 1897, and its 
 present capacity is twenty-five beds. During the year 1898 82 cases 
 were cared for, of which 8 were maternity cases; 118 patients were treated 
 in 1899, including 15 cases of maternity. No deaths have ever occurred 
 in the hospital's maternity wards. The institution has an ambulance 
 service and an intelligent corps of nurses. 
 
 THE ALEXIAS BEOTHEBS' HOSPITAL at Broadway and Osage 
 street is one of the best known institutions in St. Louis. It is for men 
 only and conducted entirely by the Alexian Brothers. It was founded in 
 1869, and from a small beginning has grown to its present magnificent 
 proportions. The last addition cost $75,000, and the entire valuation is 
 not less than a quarter of a million. 
 
 One hundred and thirty sick men can be cared for at once, and the 
 record for the year runs into the thousands. The interior of the hospital 
 is essentially neat and clean. The sanitary appointments are modern 
 and complete. There are a large number of luxuriant private rooms, 
 but the main part of tire building is made up of big, airy wards, with 
 from five to twenty beds in each. The order of the Alexian Brothers dates 
 from the twelfth century, when the black plague broke out in Europe. It 
 is a nursing order, and all the attention, watching, housekeeping and care- 
 taking of every kind is done by the members of the order. The Brothers 
 have no individual rights, but are a community. Idleness is not allowed, 
 and work of every kind is done. The kitchen, laundry, librar} r , dis- 
 pensary and office are each in charge of a brother with one or more as- 
 sistants. The institution is kept up by donations and subscriptions and 
 by the revenue from those patients who can afford to pay small sums. 
 
 The medical and surgical staff consists of : Dr. F. J. Lutz, surgeon-in- 
 chief, and Drs. Friedman,' Hennerich, Hochdoerfer, Muetze, Allen, Breuer 
 and Boss. 
 
ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS. (MAIN HALL.) 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ]_g| 
 
 CENTUKY HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS— Established early in 1900, 
 ihe closing vear of the century. This hospital is part of the Barnes Medical 
 College, which it adjoins. The building, not yet completed, will he six 
 stories and a basement, with accommodations for 150 patients and a 
 well-equipped operating room. There is a board of directors, thirteen 
 in number, of which W. H. MeClain is president and J. H. Deems, sec- 
 retary. 
 
 CITY HOSPITAL. SEDALIA, was organized September, 1891. At 
 first the efforts of the ladies Avho were interested were directed to the 
 securing of a suitable building for an emergency hospital. Their suc- 
 cess led to the formation of a permanent fund for a more complete ecpiip- 
 ment. In 1894 the splendid piece of property now occupied was bought 
 for $4,000. It is three-fourths of a mile from the business center of 
 Sedalia, and the main building contains ten rooms. The hospital is sup- 
 ported by various organizations and by assistance from the city and county. 
 The average number of patients during 1899 was about 8 daily. Physi- 
 cian-. T. W. Furgeson and E. F. Gresham: superintendent, E. Calvert. 
 
 EY. DEACONESS HOME . AND HOSPITAL OF ST. LOUIS, 
 corner of Belle and Sarah, is in a quiet residence part of the city. 
 The order of deaconesses, began in Germany by Pastor Theodore Fried- 
 man of Kaiseewerth on the Ehine, has grown until now there are more 
 than 30,000 of the order in Germany and 300 in this country. The 
 deaconess takes no vows for life, but promises obedient, faithful and will- 
 ing service so long as she remains in the order. They are provided with 
 clothing and a home as long as they are members. 
 
 The Home was organized in 1899 by the pastors and members of 
 the German Ev. Church. The first deaconess in St. Louis was ATrs. Kath- 
 erine Haaek, who. with her daughter and several other young women, 
 nursed 2?3 patients in three years. The present building, with recent 
 additions which have added greatly to its effectiveness, has rooms for 
 25 private patients and as many ward patients, while it can accommodate 
 25 deaconesses with a home. Patients are admitted irrespective of creed, 
 and the sisters also go out as nurses to private homes. The institution is 
 self-sustaining. Care is taken to provide the best possible for the needs 
 of the patients and all the money received is spent in the work. Patients 
 are at liberty to choose their own phvsicians. The income for 1899 was 
 §12,508.30; the value of the institution is $30,000. The staff is Dr. A. F. 
 Bock, president; Dr. J. Campbell Smith, secretary, and Drs. Herman, Dor- 
 sett, Lemen, Shoemaker, Brandt. Tveber, Eavold and Koehler. 
 
 GERMAN HOSPITAL, KANSAS CITY, was started January 17, 
 
 j 886, by a call of the German Society. Sixty-nine members organized by 
 the election of officers, and on September, 1886, a hospital site with 
 building was purchased at Twenty-third and Holmes street for $1,000. 
 The hospital contained twenty-three beds, but was soon found to be 
 too small. More money was subscribed, and the late William Gebhard 
 
 ii 
 
],;•_) ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 lefl $8,000 to the association. New buildings wore added and there are 
 now accommodations for 100 patients. The directory and- officers serve 
 gratuitously and the members of the staff care for all poor patients 
 free of charge. 
 
 The oflicers are Dr. W. L. Luseher, president: Dr. J. Bruehl, sec- 
 retary, and the staff is Drs. Bruehl, Coffin, Frick, Lester, Wainwright, 
 Wolf, Beattie, Block, Fulton, Halley, Luseher, Yon Quast, Fryer and 
 Tiffauv. with a lame consulting staff. 
 
 GOOD SAMARl CAN HOSPITAL, ST. LOUTS, was started in a very 
 primitive way in 1856 by Rev. Nollan. A three-story building was erected 
 ai .Jefferson and O'Fallon. During the Civil War the Government took 
 possession, where the founders again took up the work of caring for 
 the side and especially sick emigrants and those with chronic diseases. 
 
 The original board of trustees consisted of twelve, of whom all are 
 dead bur one, Francis Hackemeycr, the superintendent of the Protestant 
 Orphans' Home,, another institution founded by Rev. Nollan and sit- 
 uated on the St. Charles Rock road. The building is kept in thorough 
 repair and a cozy chapel has been added, where services are held every 
 Sunday afternoon by different city pastors. 
 
 The president of the board is Henry Wetback; superintendent, Le- 
 moine Keeppe, and the attending staff: Drs. A. L, Bovce, W. J. Burleigh, 
 E. F. Brady, T. F. Blanke, T. G. Comstock, J. A. Campbell, W. T. 
 Conzelmann. C. FT. Eyermann, C. H. Goodman. D. M. Gibson, L. S. Lut- 
 ton, W. B. Morgan, Charles Mellies, George Mellies, W. C. Richardson 
 and (). G. Gibson. 
 
 GRAND AVENUE FREE DISPENSARY, ST. LOUIS.— The Grand 
 Avenue Dispensary was organized in 1800 with a view to furnishing clinical 
 material for the Marion-Sims College of Medicine. The institution is open 
 for all patients who are unable to employ a doctor, and attention is en- 
 tirely Tree. Upwards of 100 patients per clay take advantage of the 
 opportunity thereby afforded. The staff is as follows: Drs. Y. Ii. Bond, 
 Jacob Geiger, T. ('. Witherspoon, Carl Barck, J. R. Lemen, Flugo Summa, 
 G. 0. Crandall, B. H. Hypes, H. W. Loeb, R. C. Atkinson, C. G. Chad- 
 dock, !!. II. Born, H. M. Starkloff, M. F. Engman, Bransford Lewis. 
 
 HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL OF KANSAS CITY.— The Homeo- 
 pathic Hospital and Training School of Kansas City was incorporated Jan- 
 ii r\ 16, 1000. The hospital was founded in September of 1809, by Mrs. 
 \Y. E. Dockson. It is equipped with modern improvements, has ten 
 - and a corps of trained nurses. The operating room is fitted up 
 with aseptic furniture and every facility for surgical uses. The hospital 
 is located in the center of the city, easy of access for all physicians. It 
 is managed as a non-sectarian institution, and has the support of twenty- 
 six phvsicians. 
 
MARTHA PARSONS HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 263 
 
 . JEFFERSON HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS, is a connection of the St. 
 Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons. It was opened in 1898, and 
 its capacity has been tested almost constantly since. The present ca- 
 pacity is forty beds, but it is expected that as many more will be added 
 during 1900, this enlargement being made necessary by the increasing 
 demands upon the institution from physicians in the surrounding coun- 
 try. The management credits the hospital's popularity to the careful 
 personal attention given patients by the superintending physicians and 
 matron. Dr. Waldo Briggs is the superintendent. 
 
 KANSAS CITY HOSPITAL was established in 1870. It is under 
 the direct supervision of the City Physician and contains 175 beds. 
 Fully 100 more could be utilized and this recommendation has been made 
 to the City Council. Two wards were added during the year 1897, and 
 a new and modern clinic room was built with a seating capacity of 200. 
 There were admitted to the hospital in 1899 over 2,000 patients, and 
 the death rate from all causes was only a little over 10 per cent. 
 
 The dispensary service of the hospital department is very efficient, 
 and the average cared for is about 25,000 patients. To the Avork of this 
 division is largely due the good health and low mortality rate of the city. 
 The superintendent is Dr. G. O. Coffin. 
 
 MARTHA PARSONS FREE HOSPITAL FOP CHILDREN was 
 
 started April 18, 1884. It was incorporated in June under the name of 
 the Augusta Free Hospital and a lot secured at Channing and School 
 streets, and the building completed in October, 1886. The hospital, with 
 capacity for twenty children, was formally opened in December, and one 
 year later was free of debt. The object of the hospital is to care for 
 sick indigent Cbildren, to advance the medical science of children's dis- 
 eases and to diffuse a knowledge of the best care of children in health 
 and disease. The hospital is supported by voluntary contributions. 
 
 In 1890 Mrs. Charles Parsons donated $15,000, and the name was 
 changed to The Martha Parsons Free Hospital for Children. In 1891 
 additional rooms were built, one isolated room furnished for the care of 
 contagious diseases. The capacity now is for 30 children. Two beds 
 are endowed. The growth of the institution has been satisfactory from 
 the beginning. All of the departments are effectively represented; the 
 operating room is well equipped and an "out clinic" is to be conducted 
 by competent physicians. The importance and effectiveness of the newer 
 portions of the building erected for contagious diseases has been shown 
 in several instances where scarlet fever and measles have been among 
 the children. By prompt isolation the extension of the disease was 
 promptly stopped. 
 
 President, Mrs. -lames Green; secretary, Mrs. Theo. I. Meir; staff, 
 Drs. Baucluy, Lemoine, Johnson, Robinson, Prewitt, Fry, F. A. Glasgow, 
 Tuttle, Moore, Carson, Tupper, Tuholske, W. C. Glasgow, Luder, Spencer, 
 Hardaway, Michel, Gamble and Steele. 
 
164: ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 MISSOURI PACIFIC HOSPITAL.— The first railroad hospital was 
 established in 1875 on the Central Pacific road, and the Missouri Pacific 
 Railway established its hospital department in 1879, Dr. J. W. Jackson be- 
 ing the first chief surgeon. The hospital department of the Iron Mountain 
 Railway was undertaken in J 884:. Dr. W. B. Outten was appointed chief 
 surgeon of the hospital, then located in Carondelet. In 1885 the Wabash 
 Railroad and the Missouri Pacific were consolidated, and Dr. Jackson 
 had charge of the hospitals on both roads. In 1885 Dr. Jackson was 
 appointed chief surgeon of the Wabash and Dr. Outten of the consolidated 
 roads, embracing the St. Louis & Iron Mountain, the Texas Pacific, Kansas 
 & Texas and the I. & G. X. Railways, with hospitals at Sedalia, Mar- 
 shall and Palestine. Tex. 
 
 Many of the prominent railway systems of the West were founded 
 upon the plans of the Missouri Pacific and Wabash departments, and 
 many of the chief surgeons had their training in the departments of 
 these hospitals. 
 
 To-day Missouri stands first in the list of States having railway hos- 
 pitals. Among these may be mentioned the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis, 
 Iron Mountain & Southern, the Wabash, the St. Louis & Santa Fe, the 
 Kansas City. Springfield & Memphis, the Gulf Line and several minor 
 lines. The Missouri Pacific department treats annually 30.000 patients, 
 —the M.. K. & T. over 10,000, the Kansas City, Ft. Scott eV Gulf, 8,000, 
 and other roads about 10,000, making a grand total of about 60,000 
 treated each year in the various railway departments of the States. In 
 Missouri there are nearly 1,000 local surgeons, and many of these have 
 been very prominent in the proceedings of the International Railway 
 Association. These hospitals have a complete staff of surgeons, physicians 
 and specialists^ that of the Missouri Pacific department alone numbering 
 257. Its principal hospitals are in St. Louis and Kansas City, with nu- 
 merous emergency hospitals at different points. 
 
 The San Francisco road has an elegant building in Springfield, the 
 Wabash at Moberly, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas at Sedalia and the 
 K. C. Ft. Scott & Memphis and the Gulf Lines at Kansas City. 
 
 THE MISSOURI BAPTIST SANITARIUM is beautifully located a^ 
 the corner of Taylor avenue and the Suburban Railroad. It was founded 
 by the late Frank Ely. Esq.. and other members of the Third Baptist 
 Church in St. Louis, and the first patient admitted September. 1887 In 
 July, 1890. the property was purchased outright for 820.500. The State 
 Baptist Association appointed a board to raise 880.000. and in August, 
 1891, a new building was begun, containing 75 private rooms and three 
 large ward rooms. The operating room is especially fine. 
 
 The training school in connection with the Sanitarium is largely at- 
 tended, and comprises a two years 5 course in all the departments of nursing. 
 
 The Woman's Board of Charity, organized by the ladies interested! 
 in this work, is very helpful, and work freely and willingly to raise funds 
 for extending the effectiveness of the institution among the worthy sick 
 poor. The Sanitarium is a pleasant home, and with the physical ad- 
 vantages are also many religious opportunities. Prayer meeting and services 
 are regularly held and a regular system of visitation kept up by the Board 
 of Charitv. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY- 165 
 
 The officers are: A. D. Brown, president; Silas B. Jones, secretary; 
 Dr. A. B. Wilkes, superintendent, and Dr. Tupper, chief of staff. 
 
 MOUNT ST. BOSE HOSPITAL— The St. Louis Sanitarium for 
 Throat and Chest Diseases is beautifully situated on Carondelet Heights, 
 at the southern limit of the city. It was begun in 1899 by the Sisters 
 of St. Mary, whose large experience and self-sacrifice in beneficent work 
 in a number of cities at once commended them to the confidence of the 
 public in this new enterprise. 
 
 To the modern buildings already erected they have added an in- 
 firmary of 50 rooms on the cottage plan, and the plans are such as to per- 
 mit additions from time to time. Patients have the option of rooms in 
 the infirmary or rooms in the private building, where the rates are 
 necessarily higher. All the buildings, however, are germ proof iand 
 have the same care and sanitary fittings. By modern methods and strict 
 observance of rules for disinfection of bedding, the sputum, etc., all danger 
 ©f infection is prevented. 
 
 The open air treatment is used and for this pavilions have been sup- 
 plied with rest chairs and couches. The Sanitarium being located south 
 of the city, beyond the maufaetories, the air is always free from dust and 
 smoke. Booms for rarified and medicated air are used in appropriate 
 cases. 
 
 The hypothesis that the Missouri climate is a large factor in the 
 prevention of lung disease, is opposed by the fact that the official health 
 reports of last year give this State a death rate from tuberculosis of 
 only 1.3 per thousand, which is less than the average of all the States 
 and Territories of the United States. 
 
 Mount St. Bose is conducted by the Sisters of St, Mary; physician in 
 charge, Dr. William Porter; assistant physician, Dr. B. M. Boss; consult- 
 ants, Drs. Atiler, Steer, Newhoff, Outten, Bryson, Boach and Close. 
 
 PIUS HOSPITAL, ST. ANTHONY'S HOSPITAL AND ST. 
 FBANCTS. — The first two of these hospitals are in St. Louis and the 
 third is at Cape Girardeau. They are conducted by the Sisters of St. 
 Francis, who came to St. Louis from Germany in 1877, and. were incor- 
 porated January 23, 1878, under the name of the Franciscan Sisters. 
 
 The hospital at Cape Girardeau has about 50 beds and has no staff, any 
 physician being free to send and treat his patients. 
 
 In 1879 the Sisters secured a lot at Fourteenth and O'Fallon streets 
 in St. Louis and built a hospital, which was ready for patients in 1880. 
 It contains 100 beds. There is no staff. 
 
 Needing more room, the Sisters in 1893 bought a handsome lot of 
 seven acres on Grand avenue and Chippewa street, and in 1898 began 
 to build St. Anthony's Hospital, a splendid building with 300 beds. This 
 is just completed. No staff is as yet appointed. The old building on 
 O'Fallon street will be used as a "woman's home." 
 
 PBOVIDENT HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS, was organized April, 1899, 
 when a few colored phvsicians met, appointed a board of managers, 
 
166 »NE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 formed themselves into a medical staff. and elected a consulting staff. 
 It has been supported by colored people. It has a school for nurses, who 
 take a two years'" course. The capacity is fifteen patients. President, 
 W. P. Curtis; secretary. G-. S. Jackson; physician in charge, Dr. S. P. 
 Stafford: attending staff, Drs. Jackson, Manistee, Crews, Scott, Curtis, 
 Jones and Fields. 
 
 POLYCLINIC HOSPITAL was founded in 1885 for the purpose of 
 clinical teaching in the Post-G-raduate School of Medicine. Some years 
 later the Post- Graduate School consolidated with the Missouri Medical 
 College, and the hospital passed into the hands of that school. In 1899 
 the Missouri Medical College and St. Louis Medical College united un- 
 der the name of Medical Department of Washington University, and 
 the Polyclinic Hospital now belongs to the new school. Its staff of 
 physicians is appointed from the faculty of the college. It has twenty 
 beds. Dr. William J. Say is the resident physician. 
 
 PEOPLE'S AUXILIARY HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS, is located at 3004 
 Chestnut street. It was dedicated April 2, 1900, and is a new venture for 
 colored people. Three well-known colored physicians are in charge with 
 a staff of well-known city surgeons and physicians. The hospital occupies 
 property for which $6,000 was paid. Already 81 patients have been 
 treated. Colored nurses arc in charge, and it is aided by a Woman's 
 Auxiliary Society. 
 
 Albert Burgess is president and J. M. Stokes, secretary. 
 
 QUAKANTINE AND SMALLPOX HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS.— This 
 hospital is a division of the St. Louis Health Department, located in St. 
 Louis County, south of Jefferson Barracks. The grounds were purchased 
 in 1854, and are completely isolated on high ground over the river. The 
 patients who die in Quarantine must be buried in adjacent cemeteries, 
 and there are at present nearly 18,000, but many of these were from 
 other city institutions. 
 
 The building has a capacity of 100 beds, which number can be in- 
 creased at short notice. The wards being built on the pavilion plan, sep- 
 aration and isolation of cases is made easy. Nurses and physicians are 
 employed as needed, and the superintendent has constant charge. A post- 
 office is located here under Quarantine supervision. 
 
 ST. ANNS WIDOWS'" HOME, LYING-IN HOSPITAL AND 
 FOUNDLING ASYLUM was opened at Eleventh and Marion streets in 
 1853 by four Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul and dedicated by 
 Archbishop Kenrick. The first day they received fourteen infants and 
 the same day a lot was given them by Mrs. Biddle at Tenth and O'Fallon, 
 where a house was built in 1858. The institution was incorporated in 1869 
 and consolidated with the Maternity Hospital. 
 
 The Home has received 13,000 infants, 4,000 patients and over 
 

 -~v 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I67 
 
 200 old ladies. The Mullanphy-Biddle bequests pay one-fourth of the 
 ■expenses and the rest is made up by donations, legacies, etc. The city 
 pays for the children taken there by the police — about fifty each year 
 since 1886. 
 
 A fine home is now building on Union and Page avenues, to cost $200,- 
 000. The main building will have a frontage of 265 feet, a central chapel 
 wing and east and west wings, extending back 170 feet. The extensive 
 grounds will be improved and add no little to the beauty of the home 
 of ore of the best charities of St. Louis. 
 
 ST. CHARLES COUYTY ASYLUM was built in 1819 on a fine loca- 
 tion near St. Charles. It has a large two-story brick: building. A new 
 wing was added in 1882. There are twenty rooms. The average is about 
 fifty inmates, most of whom are demented. The superintendent is I. W. 
 Buenzie. 
 
 ST. JOLLY'S HOSPITAL in St. Louis was started in 1856 by a little 
 band of six sisters from the Convent of St. Mary's in Yew York, in an- 
 swer to a call from Key. Fr. Damon for a community which would de- 
 vote its attention to the working girls, the poor and to hospital work. 
 For several years they engaged in this, greatly aided by the Jesuit 
 Fathers. 
 
 At first they located at Tenth and Morgan streets, but in 1861 moved 
 to Twenty-second and Morgan to a larger property donated by the late 
 Archbishop Kenriek. In 1871 the school which had been carried on 
 was changed into a female infirmary and afterwards developed into a gen- 
 eral hospitl. The faculty of the Missouri Medical College had charge of 
 the patients. 
 
 Tn 1891 St. John's Hospital was removed to Twenty-third and Lo- 
 cust streets and a wing for dispensary and clinic added to the very 
 commodious building already secured. The old St. John's was reserved 
 for invalid females and a home for young girls. 
 
 St. John's is unique, in that it is the first in the city to provide medical 
 services for the poor and a free dispensary. It is a true home, in which 
 all the suffering sick are equally considered and cared for by the Little 
 Sisters of Mercy. Any physician is welcome to bring patients to the 
 wards or rooms and. treat them. 
 
 The staff is Drs. Prewitt, Gietz, Steer, Brooks, Brokaw, Temm, Fry, 
 Hage, Todd, Wilson, Keith, Zahorsky and Lippe. 
 
 ST. JOEY'S HOSPITAL, SPRIYGFIELD, is located on the south- 
 west corner of Washington avenue and Chestnut street; was established 
 in the year 1891. It is conducted by the Sisters of Mercy and is a branch 
 from the old St. John's in St. Louis, occupying a two-story building, con- 
 taining six private rooms and two wards 
 
 The hospital has completed its eighth year.. Being non-sectarian, 
 there is no distinction in admitting patients as to creed or nationality. 
 The number of patients yearly has been from 90 to 200, reaching the 
 highest number in 1899. While deprived of all the modern improve- 
 
16S ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ments now in vogue in many hospitals, many notable and critical opera- 
 tions have been performed in this institution with marked success, to 
 the great credit of the physicians of Springfield. Any physician can send 
 bis patients to St. John's and attend them there, either in the rooms or 
 wards. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH'S SANITAEITJM— St. Joseph's Sanitarium was first 
 opened for patients June 8, 1899. It is located in "one of the most 
 delightful spots in or around St. Louis.*'* The institution was founded 
 by Rev. S. J. Orf, who died in January, 1900. Since the death of its 
 founder the Sanitarium has passed into the hands of the Sisters of Char- 
 ity of the Incarnate Word. The staff is composed of Drs. Outten, Ball, 
 Fleming. Hall, Murphy, Bernays, Lamphere, Dumesnil, Powell, Eggers, 
 Heinrichs and Bowe. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, KANSAS CITY.— This hospital was- 
 founded by the Si-ters of St. Joseph of Carondelet in 1875. The rapidly 
 increasing demand for more hospital room has induced the Sisters to 
 recently erect a large addition. Beside- more wards and private rooms, 
 the new building contains a private operating room, a free dispensary 
 and an amphitheater. In undertaking this extensive work the Sisters 
 feel confident of the continuation of the hearty appreciation shown in 
 the past by the many friends of the institution. The hospital is in one 
 of the most beautiful, healthful and quiet parts of the city, and is a com- 
 modious three-story brick building, provided with all modern sanitary im- 
 provements, containing about 100 beds. It has three operating rooms 
 and a full equipment of skilled nurses. A resident physician gives as- 
 sistance in the absence of the attending physician. A complete X-ray 
 plant was donated to the hospital by Dr. J. D. Griffith. 
 
 The rooms are bright, airy, neatly furnished, well heated and thor- 
 oughly ventilated. The laundry, boiler and engine rooms are outside of 
 the main building. Admission is refused to none, except cases of a 
 chronic character, contagious diseases and insanity. Patients of all re- 
 ligious denominations are admitted. A large per cent of the patients 
 are charity. 
 
 Tlie staff: consists of about thirty of the best known physicians and 
 surgeons of Kansas City. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL. ST. CHARLES. MO.— In the year 1885 
 Francis Schulte willed a house and some land in St. Charles for hospital 
 purposes, and the Sisters of St. Mary took charge on November 4, 1885. 
 A- tiie house was very small, the Sisters for several years devoted most 
 of their time to private nursing. The location was not suitable, so the 
 Sisters purchased an extensive piece of ground on Third and Clay streets, 
 and at once began, in 1890, the building of a new hospital. The neces- 
 sary funds were seenred partly through the sale of the old place and 
 partly through the liberality of the citizens of St. Charles. In June, 
 1891, the hospital was finished, and in August it Avas dedicated. 
 
 St. Joseph's Hospital has accommodations for about 30 patients. 
 From 1887 to the close of 1899, 1,29*2 patients were cared for. The fol- 
 
ST. LOUIS CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 16 c) 
 
 lowing physicians and surgeons are connected with the hospital: Drs. 
 Geret, Morgner, Mucld, Bruere, Johnson, Gossow and Stumberg. 
 
 ST. LOUIS BAPTIST HOSPITAL.— The St. Lonis Baptist Hospital, 
 organized and incorporated in 1893, is complete and modern in equip- 
 ment. It is a general hospital and receives ail classes of patients, except 
 those suffering with contagions diseases. The rooms are large, well ven- 
 tilated and supplied with modern conveniences. More than half of the 
 patients received are surgical cases. The operating room was carefully 
 constructed with reference to heat, light, ventilation and asepsis. 
 
 In 1899 the board of directors put in apparatus and chemicals for a 
 bacteriological and pathological laboratory. The laboratory is for the 
 benefit, not only of the medical staff of the hospital, but for all physi- 
 cians who care to avail themselves of its advantages. The hospital has 
 fifty beds and a new building will be added in the near future. It has 
 a training school for nurses and a woman's board of charity, which has 
 control of this department. It is located on Garrison and Franklin av- 
 enues. D. A. Jamison is president: Thomas Burgess, secretary, and 
 C. C. Morris, superintendent. 
 
 ST. LOUIS CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL.— In November, 1899, a few 
 ladies met at the house of Mrs. F. P. Blair to consider starting a hos- 
 pital for poor sick children. Mrs. Blair was chosen president of the or- 
 ganization, a small house was rented on Franklin avenue, near Twenty- 
 ninth, and the first patients received in February, 1880. Soon the prop- 
 erty was bought, but, proving too small, the present site, 400 South Jef- 
 ferson avenue, was bought and the building furnished in 1885 at a cost of 
 $21,000. In 1899 a number of new wards were added at an expense of 
 $17,562 for a lot adjoining the former one and the new additions. Manjr 
 jDrominent citizens aided by money and counsel, and the work grew and 
 prospered. 
 
 Injrecent years the resources have been taxed to the utmost; no debts 
 are allowed, and the endowment fund grows slowly. 
 
 The staff consists of Drs. Goodman, Luyties, Burleigh, Morrill, Corn- 
 stock, Gundelach, Parsons, Campbell and Block. 
 
 THE ST. LOUIS CITY HOSPITAL, temporary buildings at Sev- 
 enteenth and Pine streets, is supported by appropriations from the city, 
 and is under the care of the Board of Health. The old hospital in the 
 southern part of the city was wrecked by the great cyclone of 1896, and the 
 selection of a new, permanent site is yet in the future. 
 
 The present building is overcrowded, the average number of cases 
 from April, 1897, being above 500. There is probably no institution in 
 the country that with so many drawbacks in the Avay of the old buildings 
 and limited revenue does more actual good and cares for more cases of 
 absolute need. The roll of superintendents and assistants include many 
 of our brightest and most successful physicians and surgeons. Dr. H. L. 
 Nietert is superintendent and Dr. F. P. Amyx, assistant superintendent. 
 
170 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ST. LOUIS FEMALE HOSPITAL is on Arsenal street between Sub- 
 lette and Jannarv avenues. It was opened October 1, 1872, as the House 
 of Industry, devoted to the treatment of women, who were admitted on 
 certificates of examining physicians, under the social evil registration 
 law. In 1874 the Legislature repealed the social evil act and passed a 
 law directing that a hospital be purchased and built out of the funds 
 collected under the social evil law. To carry out the provisions of the 
 above act the City Council passed an ordinance to authorize the establish- 
 ment of a City Hospital for Females, and provided that this hospital 
 should be known and designated as the St. Louis Female Hospital and 
 Industrial Home. This institution is now known as the Female Hospital, 
 and has been a general hospital for the treatment of women, but has 
 not been an ••industrial home.'* There is a capacity for about 250 pa- 
 tients. The cost yearly for maintaining the hospital is about $60,000. 
 
 In connection with the main hospital building there was built during 
 the years 1896-97 a two-story brick building for the accommodation of 
 obstetrical cases. 
 
 Female Hospital staff: Dr. Xelson J. Hawiev. superintendent: Dr. Free 
 J. Taussig, assistant superintendent. 
 
 ST. LOFTS MULLANPHY HOSPITAL was established in 1829 by 
 four Sisters of Charity from Maryland, and located at Fourth and Spruce 
 streets. In 1832 a tvro-storv building was erected, another in 1835 and 
 a third in 1838. The hospital stall' was self -supporting. A large wing 
 was built in 1810. The hospital was wonderfully preserved in the memor- 
 able fire of 13-1-9 by a slight change of the wind, which seemed almost a 
 miracle. This hospital did large work during the Civil War, and in 1872 
 was removed to its present handsome site on Montgomery street. The 
 institution has changed steadily, improvements being constantly made in 
 accord with the best sanitary science and modern skill. The surgical 
 compliances and conveniences are especially tine. The hospital is not en- 
 dowed, lint has a strong hold upon the public appreciation. Patients are 
 admitted without regard to creed, and outside physicians and surgeons 
 have the benefit of the perfected system and wider experiences of the 
 hospital attaches. 
 
 The Sisters of Charity have full control, and their work is held in 
 high esteem. The staff consists of Drs. Gregory, Carson, La Barge, Bryson, 
 Amos, Glasgow, McCabe, Senseney, Caldwell, Bliss, Grinden, Bavold, Pollak 
 and Alt. 
 
 ST. LOUIS PROTESTANT HOSPITAL was established in 1888, and 
 is located at 1011 Xorth Eighteenth street. It has forty beds and is 
 under the care of the different Protestant churches of the city, although 
 the work is non-sectarian and undenominational. The Ladies Auxiliary 
 Board has done much to support this worthy institution. There is a 
 "free bed"'* fund and a well-conducted nurses^ training school. Xew build- 
 ings are greatly needed by the Protestant Hospital, and its friends hope 
 to see it better conditioned before long as to site and equipment. The 
 staff consists of Drs. J. B. Johnson, Laidley, Tupper. Moore, King, Hughes, 
 Porter. Post and Shapleigh. 
 
ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL, CHILLICOTHE. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 171 
 
 ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS, was first located on Ohio 
 street, and the first patient received April, 1866. Afterwards it was re- 
 moved to Elm and Sixth streets, in 1870, and to Tenth and St. Charles 
 in 1875. In 1873 the Sisterhood of the Good Shepherd from Baltimore 
 took charge, and the next year Dr. J. T. Hodgen was made surgeon-in- 
 <?hief. On June 26, 1881, the cornerstone of the present hospital was 
 laid at Nineteenth and Washington avenue by Bishop Robertson. The 
 land and a handsome contribution was given by the late Henry Shaw. 
 The structure cost $13,000, to which has since been added a handsome 
 chapel at a cost of $11,000, the gift of Mrs. J. Lindell in memory of 
 her grandson, Jesse Lindell January, a former trustee of the hospital. 
 In February, 1889, the Sisterhood of the Good Shepherd withdrew from 
 the care of the hospital. 
 
 There have been honored names connected with St. Luke's, now held 
 in memory. Among these, lit. Rev. Bishop Robertson, Very Rev. Mont- 
 gomery Schuyler. Henry Shaw, Esq., Drs. Hodgen. Barrett, Gill, Alleyne, 
 Mucld and the devoted Sisters Oden and Louisa. The officers and staff are: 
 William H. Thompson, president; S. S. Hutchins, secretary: Dr. H. G. 
 Mucld. chief of staff, and Drs. Baumgarten, Ewing. Fischel, Green, 
 Grinden. Hall, Lemoine, Post, Shapleigh. Tuttle and Valle. 
 
 ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL, CH1LLICOTHE, MO.— At the solicita- 
 tion of the Franciscan Fathers, the Sisters of St. Mary of St. Louis 
 founded a branch house at Chiilicothe, Mo., on the 2d of July, 1888. A 
 beautiful piece of ground with a large private dwelling house upon it had 
 been secured. In 1892 the debt was licpudated, which had been contracted 
 upon the purchase ot the property, and the dwelling was enlarged by a 
 spacious addition. At present St. Mary's Hospital has accommodations 
 for about 35 patients. Since the foundation of the hospital to the close 
 of the year 1899, 901 patients have been nursed there. 
 
 The following physicians and surgeons are connected with the hos- 
 pital: Drs. Minor, Simpson, Jr., Simpson, Stevens, Cherrington, Tracy 
 and Barnev. 
 
 THE SOABRITT HOSPITAL, KANSAS CITY, is a part of the 
 Scarritt Bible and Training School for Missionaries and other Christian 
 workers, with the addition of a nurses'" training department. It is the 
 property of the Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of the M. E. Church 
 South. * It was opened September 21, 1892. It has twenty beds. Twelve 
 nurses are in training, and there is an alumnae of 29. Each nurse must 
 be a member of some Evangelical Church. 
 
 As the hospital must be self-supporting, the charity work is lim- 
 ited, but each nurse must serve for seven weeks as nurse in the city under 
 the direction of the City Missionary or some physician. 
 
 The staff consists of seventeen physicians, and the hospital is well 
 furnished. The location is corner of Harris and Askew avenues. Mrs. 
 M. L. Gibson is principal and Mrs. S. I. Moffat, superintendent. 
 
 ST. LOUIS INSANE ASYLUM was founded in 1868, with accom- 
 modations for about 250 patients. It was at first a county institution, 
 
172 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 but in 1876. when the city of St. Louis was separated from the county, 
 it became a municipal institution. It is located on one of the highest 
 points about St. Louis, is a substantial five-story brick building with 
 grounds covering an area of 29 acres. It contains at present 656 patients 
 and employs 90 attendants. The normal growth of the municipality, 
 bringing an increase of the number of insane and incurables, necessi- 
 tated an annex to the neighboring Poorhouse, which has now 840 
 chronic insane. 
 
 Dr. E. E. Eunge is the superintendent of the St. Louis Insane Asylum. 
 
 STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM NO. 1, FULTON, MO., is the oldest 
 institution of its kind in the State, and for many years the only one 
 It is now the second in size, containing nearly 900 patients. It is cen- 
 trally located, but draws principally from the eastern half of the State, 
 exclusive of St. Louis. It was established in 1847, and the commissioners 
 in charge were chosen by the General Assemblv. It was opened August, 
 1851, with Dr. T. E. H. Smith as the first superintendent. Dr. C. H. 
 Hughes was superintendent for a few years in interim. Dr. Smith was a 
 model officer. The office of superintendent was after his death sue-' 
 cessively filled by Drs. Lodes, Atwood. Wilson and Warden, each in turn 
 introducing improvements that the growing institution demanded. 
 
 In 1897, when Gov. Stephens came into office he placed the Fulton 
 Asylum in the hands of a homeopathic board of managers, who elected 
 Dr. J. T. Coombs superintendent. Daring his administration many im- 
 provements were introduced in the sanitary conditions of the buildings 
 and grounds, and the financial management was such that no support 
 Avas asked from the State, it having become self-sustaining. The death 
 rate is very low and the percentage of cures reported high. 
 
 On April 10, 1900, Dr. W. L. Ray was elected superintendent, Dr. 
 Coombs having resigned. The other officers of the institution are Drs. 
 Theilmann, Eeily and Tincher; Mr. W. M. Adeock is secretary. 
 
 The institution is in a prosperous condition and a new wing is in 
 course of construction, which, when completed, will accommodate 150 
 additional patients, and other important improvements are being made. 
 
 STATE INSANE ASYLUM NO. 2 is located one mile east of St. 
 Joseph, and is supported by appropriations made by the General Assembly. 
 Dr. Catlett was the first superintendent, and the institution was opened 
 March, 1871. In f8?9 the building was burned without the loss of a 
 single patient, but immediately rebuilt, and in 1881 an appropriation of 
 $98,000 was made for additional improvements. In 1891 $15,000 more 
 was appropriated, and in 1899 another $15,000. The open door system at 
 nights is provided, and most of the patients have as free access to the 
 halls and toilet rooms as they have during the day. The patients ap- 
 preciate the privilege and liberty thus given. Employment to patients is 
 given in the various industrial departments. Dr. C. E. Woodson is the 
 superintendent. 
 
 STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM NO. 3.— The Thirty-third General As- 
 sembly appropriated for this asylum $200,000, and the next General As- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 173 
 
 sembly an added appropriation of $149,000. It is located at Nevada, 
 Mo., and was opened in October, 1887. The main building consists of a 
 central structure, four stories high, and three wings on either side, three 
 stories high, with capacity for about 800 patients. Total number of 
 patients treated to January 1, 1900, was 2,802. The total number dis- 
 charged and restored, was 1,156. 
 
 The asylum now contains T10 patients. It is almost self-sustaining 
 (using only about $5,000 from its appropriation for support over and 
 above its earnings) from receipts from counties, guardians and stewards' 
 sales. The superintendent is Dr. J. F. Robinson. 
 
 UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL at St. Louis was opened 
 and occupied August 1, 1855, by marine patients who were transferred 
 from the city and charity hospitals. The staff consisted of Dr. J. X. Mc- 
 Dowell and Dr. Wm. M. McPheeters. The hospital is located upon 17 
 acres of land at the corner of Marine and Miami avenues. The hospital 
 is a substantial building of three stories. 
 
 During the Civil Mar the premises were converted into and occupied 
 as a military hospital, and a large number of sick and wounded soldiers 
 were treated in the main building. An executive building was completed 
 in 1882. The first floor was occupied by the surgeon's office, dispensary 
 and steward's office and operating room. The old main building is now 
 unsanitary, and lias been at times infected. It is to be hoped that the 
 Government will see the necessity for the erection of new and sanitary hos- 
 pital quarters. Temporary wards have been built and better results ob- 
 tained than in the hospital proper. This hospital is one of the most im- 
 portant in the department, and should be well supported by the general 
 Government. A temporary space is immediately available for any number 
 of patients, but there is a great demand for a more compact construction 
 of a permanent hospital building. A dispensary office relief was installed 
 in 1875. The results of operations of this hospital from 185 T to the 
 present show a high degree of efficiency. The present superintendent is 
 Dr. Wm. G. Stimpson. 
 
 UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL. KANSAS CITY.— The University Hos- 
 pital started about 1880, under the mime of All Saints', by Drs. Tiffany. 
 Buxton, Sawyer, Campbell, Rev. Gardine of St. Marv's Church. T. B. 
 Bullene and others. The collecting of funds was done by Miss Fitzgerald, 
 afterwards known as Sister Isabell. The management of the hospital was 
 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church for some years. In 189S 
 the property was leased by the University Medical College of Kansas 
 City, when the name was changed to the University Hospital. In 1899 
 the University Medical College bought the property and made many re- 
 pairs, putting the building in a good sanitary condition. They plan a 
 large addition of 60 or 70 more rooms, to cost from $-10,000 to' $50,000, 
 to be erected during the summer of 1900. The hospital is under the man- 
 agement of Dr. FJavel B. Tiffany, Miss Helena Roe as superintendent, two 
 internes and a dozen nurses. Besides the pay rooms there are some free 
 beds, a ward and dispensaries and clinical rooms for charity patients of the 
 University Medical College. 
 
174 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, KANSAS CITY.— 
 The Women and Children's Hospital and its training school for nurses 
 received its charter June 19, 1897. Its first home was located at Fif- 
 teenth and Cleveland, in the building formerly occupied by the Maternity 
 Hospital. The hospital takes as patients only women and children. It 
 is strictly a self-supporting institution, except so far as assistance is asked 
 for the maintenance of its free beds for crippled children. Any physician 
 in good standing is invited to bring and treat patients in the wards or 
 private rooms. The regular hospital staff gives medical and surgical at- 
 tention to those who come in as hospital or charity cases, but has noth- 
 ing whatever to do with private patients under the care of other physi- 
 cians. 
 
 Hospital staff: Drs. Smith, Cobe, Pearse, Hughes, Chambliss, Foster, 
 Mitchell, Hethering, Van Seoval, Neumeister, Green, Wilson, Richardson, 
 Euz, Dibble, Johnson, Delap, Graham and Weston. 
 
 LUTHERAN HOSPITAL, ST. LOUIS,— On December 1, 1858, a 
 meeting was called by the members of the First German Ev. Lutheran 
 congregation to consider establishing a hospital, and Rev. I. F. Bunger was 
 chosen president of the meeting. As a result of this meeting two rooms 
 were donated by Mr. Ed Bertram on Carondelet avenue and Emmett 
 street. These soon proved insufficient and more rooms were obtained in 
 the same building. 
 
 The Lutheran Hospital was now established under the direction of an 
 executive committee, and did noble work, but the work needed more. room. 
 A larger building was purchased on Seventh street, near Sidney, and an 
 addition of four rooms was built in 1870. December 1, 1881, the hospital 
 was moved to corner Potomac and Ohio avenue, to a building containing 
 fifteen rooms. In 1800 it was increased to its present capacity by the 
 addition of twelve rooms. The location of the hospital is a very desirable 
 one, in the southern part of the city, and easily reached by three lines 
 of street cars. A number of rooms have been handsomely furnished by the 
 ladies of several of the Lutheran churches. 
 
 During the past year (1899) there were admitted 860 patients and 
 there were 197 operations. In connection with the hospital there has 
 been established a training school for nurses, under the tutelage of the 
 superintendent, Miss L. Krauss, and the hospital staff. 
 
 The Hospital Association is now contemplating the erection of a 
 $30,000 addition, for which the plans have already been drawn up. 
 Work will. probably begin before fall. 
 
 The officers of the institution are : President, William Seheutz ; secre- 
 tary Theo. Lange; medical and surgical staff, Dr. Harniseh, chief, and Drs. 
 Sapper, Schulz, Amerland and Bernays. 
 
 ST. MARY'S INFIRMARY, ST. LOUIS.— The sole occupation, of 
 the Sisters of St. Mary was nursing the sick at their homes until, being 
 encouraged by their friends, in February, 1877, they purchased a fine piece 
 of property at Fifteenth and Papin streets from Felix Costa, Esq., for- 
 merly occupied by Hon. Carl Schurz. Here they opened a hospital May 
 21, 1877. During the first year 60 patients were treated, 36 being charity 
 patients. This same ratio has been maintained. In 1896. out of a total 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 175 
 
 number of 1,310, 785 patients were "Our Dear Lord's." Additions of 
 ground were demanded and made until the hospital lot had a frontage 
 of 255 feet. 
 
 In 1887 a live-story building 80 feet front and 40 deep was begun 
 and completed in 1889. The first j r ear after 338 patients were admitted,. 
 and the following year 506, of whom 250 were charity cases. More room 
 was needed, and in 1895 a new wing was added. The previous year 1,025 
 patients had been cared for, 711 being charity. The great cyclone of '96 
 damaged the new wing, but it was ready for use in September, and the 
 hospital had accommodations for 150 patients. 
 
 The Sisters have conducted a free clinic from 1878 to 1895, during 
 which period 29,608 outdoor patients were cared for. The clinic was dis- 
 continued because it interfered with the hospital work and because other 
 clinics were able to do this work. In 1899 there were 1,605 patients in 
 the hospital, one-half of whom Avere charity. Since the beginning in 1877, 
 13,569 patients were cared for, 7,436 being cbarity cases. These figures 
 show what a grand work the Sisters are doing. For themselves they re- 
 quire only what is needed for the maintenance of the order and the nec- 
 essaries of life. 
 
 The President is Rev. Mother Seraphia, Superior of the order. The 
 staff is Dr. W. A. McCandlass, surgeon-in-chief, and Drs. Neuhoff, Bre- 
 bach, Eoulet, Hickerson, Max Barclay, Henderson and Tiedemann. 
 
176 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 CHAPTER XIV.— MEDICAL COLLEGES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Among the many factors which have added to the reputation and 
 influence of Missouri as a medical center, due consideration must he given 
 to our medical colleges. For over half a century St. Louis has "been recog- 
 nized as one of the centers of medical education. Peculiarly adapted by 
 its central location, its clinical resources and hospitals and its host of 
 enterprising and ambitious physicians, this State, and particular!} Si. 
 Louis, has been the annual home of hundreds of medical students. 
 
 Actuated by the desire to further the interests of the medical pro- 
 fession and to open up a field for the mam' worthy and competent young 
 men of the Central West, the first medical college west of the Mississippi 
 was founded in the city of St. Louis in the year 1840. The promoter of 
 this institution was a man far-famed throughout the land as one of the 
 medical geniuses of his day, Dr. Joseph iSTash McDowell, and the college 
 which Avas organized at that time was named after him. The McDowell 
 Medical College Hater it was called the Missouri Medical College), and now, 
 fused with the St. Louis Medical College, it is recognized as the Medical 
 Department of the Washington University. 
 
 In 1811 the board and faculty of the St. Louis University, even then 
 one of the most thriving institutions of this State, enacted the constitu- 
 tion of a medical department, by which the present St. Louis Medical 
 College first saw the light of day. The management of the college for many 
 years was in the hands of that brilliant surgeon. Dr. Charles A. Pope. 
 Side by side the McDowell and Pope colleges labored in the interest of 
 medical education and in the instruction of worthy young men, to many 
 of whose hands the medical and sanitary interests of our good State are 
 entrusted at the present time. 
 
 At the time of the origin of these early institutions medical edu- 
 cation of this country was practically in its infancy. The modern drift 
 of teaching tends towards adding- a more systematic course of instruction, 
 with more time and opportunity granted the student to become profi- 
 cient in the various branches in the science of medicine. 
 
 With the growth of the State and the increased influx of medical stu- 
 dents our medical fraternities have shown their enterprise in the estab- 
 lishment of a number of medical colleges, each of which is given special 
 consideration in the following pages : 
 
 THE MISSOURI MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The history of medical education in Missouri dates from the organ- 
 ization of the Medical Department of Kemper College in 1810. It was 
 during the winter of 1839 and 1.840 that Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell and 
 Dr. John S. Moore conceived the laudable idea and matured the well-laid 
 plans for the establishment of the first medical college west of the Miss- 
 issippi River. 
 
 These two prominent physicians and influential citizens of St. Louis 
 obtained the charter, formed the faculty, laid out the course and opened 
 the first session in Xovemher, 1810. Lectures were held in a building at 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1 77 . 
 
 the corner of Ninth and Cerre streets. The structure afterwards he- 
 came the Wainwright Brewery malt house. 
 
 The popularity of the college and the success of the enterprise is 
 •evidenced by the class of thirty-seven students which was matriculated. 
 The faculty consisted of the following: 
 
 Dr. J. K McDowell, Dr. J. S. Moore, Dr. Prout, Dr. J. W. Hall, Dr. 
 E. F. Barrett, Dr. John de Wolfe. 
 
 Dr. Wolfe was Professor of Chemistry. He was a resident of Vermont, 
 but came to St. Louis each winter and conducted his college work as long 
 as he remained a member of the faculty. 
 
 The condition not only of the medical profession, but commercial in- 
 terests as well, is forcibly set forth in the address which Joseph Nash Mc- 
 Dowell, Professor of Surgery and Surgical Anatomy and clean of the fac- 
 ulty, delivered in 1840 at the laying of the corner stone of the edifice of 
 the Medical Department of Kemper College. It manifests the keen inter- 
 est which public-spirited men took in the future of the Mississippi Valley. 
 Many of the prophecies then made have been realized. The address reads 
 as follows : 
 
 M' DO WEILL'S PROPHETIC ORATION. 
 
 Long-, we hope, will this day be remembered by the city of St. Louis. And 
 should our success equal our anticipation, long will the memory of those who have 
 participated in the enterprise of laying the corner stone of the first edifice here 
 dedicated to medicine be gratefully cherished in the bosoms of millions of man- 
 kind, who are to figure on the stage we now occupy. 
 
 We have placed but a pebble in the edifice of medicine which is to be reared 
 at this spot. A view of what has transpired in the profession and the history of 
 the world can but rivet conviction upon us that our destiny will be great if we 
 but employ the advantages which nature has given us, and which so urgently claim 
 our attention. In the history of the human family there is nothing more remark- 
 able than this prominent fact — that in the progress of civilization and the advance- 
 ment of science and the arts, mankind have accomplished ifar more than had been 
 anticipated, and the strides of improvement are not within the calculation of any 
 one, but we have fallen far short, even in our most ardent fancy of what, in after 
 time, is demonstrated by facts that cannot be denied. 
 
 When we cast an eye in retrospect we are astonished to see mankind so igno- 
 rant of what was immediately in advance of them, of the discoveries which have 
 effected such vast and important revolutions, not only in nations and empires, but 
 which spread their power and influence to the remotest part of our globe, and have 
 risen on the benighted world like the sun, to illumine even the greatest obscurity 
 and open up the day^of intelligence contrasted with our previous condition. 
 
 Let us look to a ifew facts in the history of our own particular branch of the hu- 
 man family, the eld Scythian stock: Near 2,500 years have elapsed since our an- 
 cestors crossed from Asia, the Thracian Bosphorus, and penetrated the forests of 
 Europe, and with a regular unceasing tread they have traveled onward, and 
 swept over and inundated every nation and people which opposed a barrier 
 to their progress. They appear not to have been an ordinary wave of popula- 
 tion, which has succeeded another, and lashed itself against the shore of de- 
 struction to die away and be gone forever, but, like the swell of the ocean, 
 the flood of people is ever pressed forward, until every nation beside is seen 
 to flee to the mountains as a hiding place, a refuge from their power. 
 
 A critical examination of the languages and conditions of the people of Europe 
 and the ancestry of our own people show most clearly that a part of the second 
 great (inundation of population in Europe has spread its power in this country, 
 and the same people are now here and coming who hold in their hands at this 
 moment the destinies of the whole world. That wave of population is now with 
 us, and while we but just see and feel the swell, the ocean billow is behind. The 
 vast population which is coming from Europe and from the eastern and northern 
 portions of our continent, and pressing to the south and west, has but com- 
 menced to flow in upon us. Like the lightning and the wind in the storm we, as 
 pioneers, have been driven forward to hew out and prepare the way, while the 
 heavy rain and flood of population is to follow. And in a view of the future we as 
 little dream of what is to succeed, o>f the power and influence that is to congre- 
 gate here and around us, as our fathers did when they stood on the banks of our 
 mighty river and supposed its giant waters would only be disturbed by the floating 
 barge of the Indian canoe. 
 
 We live in an age that is peculiarly active in enterprise, and we are more 
 likely to make improvements than the past, yet we are not prepared to believe 
 this to be true, nor can we calculate what in our age is to be developed, but if we 
 advance only in an equal ratio with the past, what will be our destiny in the next 
 fifty years in point of population, and what must be our extent of improvements? 
 We should be looking, as all nature indicates, steadily for change. The past justi- 
 fies the conclusion that but just ahead is something which is to be developed; 
 some new discovery, some new change of policy, some new increase of power 
 
 12 
 
178 OXE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 that will give us additional force, increase our momentum and mark our onward 
 inarch with additional glory. 
 
 But a few years have elapsed since our fathers made their appearance in this- 
 beautiful valley — the richest and by nature the most bountiful on the face 
 of the globe. Then it was the abode of the prowling beast of the forest, and 
 the wild and untutored Indian. What do we now pee? The advance of science, the 
 improvement of machinery, the increase of intelligence and the spread of the 
 knowledge has congregated here its millions, and millions are yet to come, 
 and on the eve of coming, who have but as yesterday heard of our delightful 
 abode, of our benign and wholesome laws, and our independence, our glorious 
 liberty — yea. the liberty of conscience, the richest boon of Heaven. Here thou- 
 sands are daily welcomed to the bosom of a country, the asylum of the oppressed, 
 and in a land where the face of the whole people frowns with indignation on the> 
 oppressor. The day is coming when millions on millions will congregate in this, 
 our mighty valley." and concentrate their influence on this, our infant city. That 
 this vast and yet sparsely populate? country is to be the great bread-growing 
 portion of our continent there cannot he a doubt, and as the soil is cultivated and 
 commerce increases, so will cities rise, and when the land ceases to be productive 
 they must decline. Asia was the birthplace most unquestionably of the Caucasian 
 varieties of the human family, the stock from which we came, a,nd that portion 
 of the continent in which they commenced their career, now, although aban- 
 doned, gives the strongest manifestations of the facts just asserted. There are 
 now the moldering ruins of stupendous cities which were once the abode of 
 millions in Asia, and which once stood encircled by a rich and finely cultivated 
 soil, but as time and cultivation destroyed its fertility the people emigrated, until 
 naught is seen but the sandy waste encircling the deserted cits*, whose splendid 
 columns lie scattered and broken, the abode now only of the lonely night bird or 
 the beast of prey. Had the soil remained the descendants of the people who reared 
 those splendid structures wouid now be there. 
 
 But these are facts which should encourage us and cheer us onward. We have 
 a soil whose depth and fertility, with proper culture, can never perish, and the 
 vast population which is nere to assemble will here remain to the remotest gen- 
 erations. These are facts which should rouse us to deeds of renown, which will 
 make our memory imperishable, and every energy should be employed to transmit 
 to posterity, as the tide increases, that which will impart the greatest blessing 
 to mankind. 
 
 We owe our efforts to the future for what the past has conferred on us, and as 
 we travel on, following in the history of our race, wherever these great duties 
 have not been performed, man by uegrees has become degraded. 
 
 Referring back to our own hislory as a people, as the wave of population 
 rolled on in Europe, and its tide of power rose, carrying on its bosom the wreck 
 of nations and of empires and their literature and science, the benighted mass 
 was penetrated with the rays of intelligence, which shot from the nations which 
 their rude power had crushed and for a time extinguished. And in the dawn of 
 learning and intelligence we behold institutions rising, as the glorious sun on the 
 agitated ocean, which has been preceded by the night of darkness and despair. 
 
 When the literature of the Greek and the Roman was buried by the avalanche 
 of our Gothic a~hd German ancestors— the old Scythian family— the leaven of 
 science which was then introduced was the reformation of the world. Silently 
 for more than a thousand years it was at work before its power was strongly 
 manifested. But as age after age rolled on, each improving the other, and the 
 last the most cultivated, a few bright spots were seen shining with greater 
 splendor, and thither the more intelligent congregated to enjoy the light of 
 science: a few ciear fountains of knowledge burst forth and those who thirsted 
 came to drink and be inspired. 
 
 Thus the efforts for the spread of knowledge increased until modern Eu- 
 rope is animated at every point with institutions, the ornaments of the age and the 
 pride and boast of their people. The amelioration of the condition, the ad- 
 vancement and nappiness of mankind, appears to have been the elevation of the 
 human family. Our own country, contrasted with the rest of mankind in point 
 of intelligence. Is the most striking monument of the fact. .Literature, science 
 and the arts and the efforts for the elevation of the condition of man have ever 
 gone hand in hand. But as mankind advanced in the discoveries in physical 
 science, the science of medicine, or its collateral sciences, seems to have been 
 the harbinger in the great wcrk. This fact was most prominent in our early his- 
 tory during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries, especially after the de- 
 struction in the East of the Asiatic or the Saracenic sohool of medicine. In the 
 twelfth century there was a period of almost total darkness, during which tin- 
 whole world lay involved In the deepest gloom, ignorance and superstition— a 
 oeriod in which there was scarce an object to attract the lover of science, and 
 scarce a fact can be recorded but these of violence and blood, and all the de- 
 partments of learning shared a fate which is too degrading to relate, while the 
 bright and green spots in the waste were shrouded with a pall. But the struggle 
 of light and darkness that had so long been contested ceased and the light 
 dawned upon the world, which is destined to increase in brightness until we are 
 perfected in knowledge, or man has approximated as near as his nature will al- 
 low, the wisdom of his Maker. The dawn of science, however, was with the 
 development of the science of medicine and its collateral sciences. 
 
 At Padua and Salernum in Italy and Leyden in Holland in the early period of 
 European medicine, science among our ancestors appears to have had its first great 
 impulse, and some of the brightest luminaries of the profession have risen, and 
 as we travel onward we find Scotland, England, Ireland, France and our own 
 country have been its most successful cultivators. But wherever, for the time, 
 medicine has nourished, there we have ever had clustering some of the richest 
 gems of literature and the arts. But wherever medicine nas been most success- 
 
ORIGINAL MISSOURI MEDICAL COLLEGE, ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 179 
 
 fully cultivated, where great institutions have risen, it has ever been by the 
 that lofty genius which has towered over the rest has disappeared, whenever 
 energy of those who are engaged in the cultivation of science, and whenever 
 that energy which has characterized every grand improvement, every great 
 achievement among men, has been lost, the seat of science has been trans- 
 ferred. Some point more auspicious for talent, whose views are broader and 
 more comprehensive, more elevated and better adapted to the genius and neces- 
 sities of the profession or which has manifested more industry or greater fa- 
 cilities have been most successful in the race, and no nation or peop:e has 
 ever been successful in building great institutions of learning who have not with 
 energy encouraged the talent, the native talent of their country, and whose vigor 
 in the prosecution of the work has not been equal to the power and intellect they 
 would employ — 
 
 "For the sluggard's brow the laurel never grows, 
 Renown is not the child of indolent repose." 
 
 'So soon as America was sufficiently colonized to justify the project of a 
 school of medicine that would educate our sons without a tour to Europe, the 
 lamp of medical science was trimmed in our city of brotherly love and some of 
 the brightest lights have risen that have adorned the annals of the human race 
 —lights that have not only illuminated their own country, but have shed their 
 effulgence on the world. The name of Rush, Shippen, Barton and Wister are 
 written on the brightest scroll of medicine, and succeeding them the same im- 
 mortality will halo those of Jackson, Chapman, MeLellar.d and others, who are 
 still active on the stage. And as the tide of nations rolled on and the billow broke 
 over our mountains and descended into our valley, soon we see an institution ' 
 planted in the wilderness. It was thought then by some premature, but its suc- 
 cess has been unparalleled and its growth vigorous and onward, and some of the 
 brightest ornaments of medicine have risen and adorned and still shed lustre 
 on her halls. 
 
 It is the genius and energy of the people and the teachers of the place which 
 is consecrated and dedicated to the profession, and when that spirit departs the 
 sceptre is forever transferred. 
 
 The halls that were ones filled are deserted, and the place that once echoed 
 with the eloquence of the teacher is the abode of the owl and the bat; the same 
 climate may exist, the same sun may shine and all nature stand as of old, yet 
 the spirit that has brought forth such prodigies has departed and the sun of their 
 glory has set forever, the bright spots of their former existence are sullied by 
 the ignominy of their descendants. 
 
 When the great Boerhaave departed and his associates were scattered the en- 
 thusiasm in the cultivation of medical science departed also, and the school of 
 Leyden, which was the center of medical education for the whole world, dwindled 
 into nothing. The halls of Leyden now echo with emptiness. Again the light broke 
 forth, and Scotland, rising' triumphant, assumed control. No man could be well 
 educated in medicine who had not visited Edinburgh. But when the great 'Cullen 
 and elder Monroe left the stage and were succeeded by those who were less tal- 
 ented and enterprising, less vigor of intellect manifested by the teachers and less 
 encouragement from the people, the sceptre departed from the hand of the Scot. 
 
 So it has been alternately with England and Ireland, when a Cheselden, a 
 Hunter, a 'Cooper, a Bell, a Lawrence and an Abernathy lectured, and the ardor 
 and enthusiasm of medicine was there, and great minds were employed and re- 
 spected, England was not inferior to the race. And Dublin was ever crowded 
 when Collis was yigorous and on "the stage. 
 
 Again we look" forth, and in our time the light which France has kindled il- 
 luminates the world, anu congregating thousands crowd to Paris, now the seat 
 of medical learning for the whole world. Why is this? Because she has caught 
 the Are of enthusiasm as it burned on the altar and kindled it in the hearts of 
 her people, and the Frenchman's bosom, in the cultivation of medical science, 
 glows with a living flame. Here within a few years have arisen many, very 
 many, of the rarest and most gifted geniuses of the age, whose ardor in science 
 has imparted even youthful vigor to old age, and whose fire of ambition has only 
 been chilled by the damps of the grave. 'Whose heart, that has felt the first throb 
 for glorious distinction, does not warm in his bosom at the very name of Cuiver, 
 of Bishat, Broysais, Louis Andrall and a hundred others, whose fame is co- 
 extensive with the civilized world and around whose names will linger a halo that 
 can never die. 
 
 This it is that has given France her superiority, and this it is that will give 
 any institution superiority, no matter where located, whether iri the city oif Eu- 
 rope, or iri the East, or in this cur wilderness of the West. It is the superior ge- 
 nius and energy of mind which has effected anything — the determination and per- 
 severance of a people who have said they will succeed, though millions should 
 oppose. A single example will suffice: While Athens, Sparta and their sister re- 
 publics rose in splendor, and their military prowess spread terror over the earth, 
 who was it that dreamed of the mighty achievements of the little Macedon? Yet 
 Macedon conquered the world. A Philip and an Alexander came, both alike the 
 personification of energy and action itself. And, though unequal in numbers, 
 ever superior in the strife, although surrounded by millions, victory ever perched 
 upon their banner. 'We can make no calculations for the effective operations of 
 mind, nor set bounds to its achievements. It is that spirit which sits upon the 
 world with a magic spell— it is the electricity which guides and directs the tempest- 
 wheels and steers the storms of mankind, prostrating all that oppose and crushing 
 to the dust everyhing which offers resistance. When mind of action is employed' 
 . the world will soon perceive it by its effects, for, while some are waiting for the 
 period of prematurity to pass, mind acts and presses onward with an assurance 
 
ISO ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 of success. What must have been the consciousness of superiority which swelled 
 the bosom of the heroic Alexander when he swam the Granicus at the head of his 
 victorious army and made Persia's millions bow to His Majesty? 
 
 But we should ever be mindful that whatever has been achieved has not been 
 by genius alone. Unaided, unfostered, it is like to die with the blight and mildew 
 of neglect: the most promising buds are too often blighted by the cold and un- 
 relenting winter of disappointment. It is not so much the men or the insti- 
 tutions which act in their elevation as the genius and energy which gives birth to 
 them. Great men in every age and nation have risen in times of turbulence and 
 passion and are carried onward and upward by the whirlwind, who would have 
 fallen without a trait of character worthy of notice, without a deed worthy to be 
 recorded, had not the force of circumstances made them what they were. A peo- 
 ple whcC are debased and corrupted will generate by their own feelings and pas- 
 sions men of like mold, and those who are developed among them, and those who 
 assume the control among them, wear the image ef those who put them in power, 
 the impress of the age that gave them birth. 
 
 The Augustine age of Rome gave birth to men great in eloquence and learning, 
 while a Nero and a Caligula were but the emblems of a people sunk "in the abyss 
 of degradation, so low that their own passions, propensities and follies brought 
 upon them the curses which they so richly deserved. Thrown into existence at a 
 period when the whole world was in motion and France was reeling with fanatical 
 intoxication, drunkenness and debauchery. Bonaparte became her master and 
 spread his power over Europe, a power which never could have been achieved had 
 not the circumstances demanded. Napoleon by nature was constituted for the 
 great general, but he could not have been the leader of the veterans of our Revolu- 
 tion nor could he have acted as the chief magistrate of our people. It was vice, 
 anarchy, infuriated passion and misrule which made Bonaparte the Emperor, while 
 predominant virtue and an honest love of liberty developed the character of our 
 immortal Washington. Had Napoleon lived in America he would have been de- 
 spised for his tyranny: while Washington, if in France, would have been the victim 
 of his virtue, and would have fallen by the bloody guillotine, a martyr of liberty, 
 and been buried in the ruins of his country. And as it is with civil governments, so 
 has it ever been with institutions of learning. It is the people that must give tone 
 — they must sustain and encourage institutions of learning or they perish as the 
 plant in the arid soil. 
 
 In the history of the world every people and city have their records, and it is 
 natural for us to dwell with rapture and delight on the departed glory of men 
 and feel a deep regret for those who have been led by blind passion to ruin and 
 degradation. Even the earth itself has. its records. The antiquarian in his re- 
 searches finds en the mountain's top the fossil, which tells that once the ocean 
 was there, and revolution has changed its position and he determines the changes 
 that have been and marks the periods of their durations. He digs up and brings 
 to light cities which have been buried, and determines their advance in science, 
 the cultivation of the oeople, and by their sculptured columns, their splendid stat- 
 uary and paintinss. fTie"ir works of art. what was their former grandeur and 
 greatness. The historian records the deeds of vice and virtue of successive ages, 
 and we view them as monuments either of their glory or disgrace. But the 
 smoldering columns and the ruined architecture of the old world only show the 
 alternate elevation or depression of the races. At one time Attica produced the 
 accomplished orator, the profound philosopher or the lovely poet, but it was the 
 tasfe and genius of the age which gave them birth. Again we behold Attica the 
 abode of the man o? ignorance and passion: and in vain do we seek, in lovely Attica, 
 for the eloquence of a Demosthenes, or the philosophy of a Plato, or the dulcet 
 strains of the harp of Homer. The spirit which developed the mighty powers of 
 Greece has departed. >Jo longer are delightful groves the abode of literature and 
 science; no longer her clear fountains sparkle with the waters of inspiration. But 
 she is the abode of the sullen, unlettered Musselman. Should not sach records, 
 such recollections, rouse us to deeds of honor? Some future inquirer may ask for 
 our history — perhaps disinter our ruins. — and open up, for aught we know, our 
 city, which has been buried by one of nature's dire catastrophes. What, then, will 
 we manifest in our history? What splendid temple dedicated to science would 
 manifest our former patronage of learning? Where would be the deeds recorded 
 of those who would live renowned in story? Where the bright scroll that would 
 transmit to future generations the mind of St. Eouis that is to live immortal? 
 
 Here we have privileges which, if cultivated, would make us rich in all that 
 is great, and equal in magnificence all that the world hitherto could boast. If, in- 
 stead of devoting ourselves so much to the enjoyment of ostentation and the grat- 
 ification of appetite, our efforts be directed to incline the rising generation to the 
 cultivation of mTnd and tae improvement of morals, our country would not only 
 shine in the future history of mankind, but we would contribute largely to the 
 great end of human existence and add with a bounteous hand to human happi- 
 ness. 
 
 Our country is filling up as with the swell of the deep, and demands it of us, 
 and if we do not exert all energies and summon every collateral circumstance 
 to our aid, the mass of uneducated mind which is flowing upon us will obscure 
 that which has already been achieved and greatly retard our future progress. 
 
 We hold the man as a traitor to his country and recreant to the high trust 
 transmitted to him and sealed by the blood of his fathers who would refuse to 
 (extend a fostering hand to any and every effort that has for its aim the educa- 
 tion of any pari; or portion of our country. And in founding a school of medicine 
 in our city we feel assured that we shall be sustained by the good wishes of our 
 people, and as far as our country's circumstances will allow, receive their earnest 
 encouragement. Why should we not have a school of medicine in St. Louis? It 
 will not only bring to our city large sums of money and enhance greatly our in- 
 terest in a pecuniary point of view, but it will add to our common stock of knowl- 
 
is&QURi Medical CJollegeu gt». fLomM* 
 
 0**T4«T tllttMRY 85sS* 
 
 ANNOUNCEMENT FOB THE REOPESfSG OF THIS INSTITUTION AFTER ITS SOSPESSiGS 
 OORiNG TBI WAR. 
 
 .JOS. X. XcBOWStX, M. B-. 
 JOTIX 8. SKSOBR. M, B„ - 
 
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 W. St M(-r*H-£FrSSS, 51: 1>„ 
 
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 fl8AlU.ES O. €£TRTMA> T . M. !>.. 
 CHARLES C. PrSXfXQ. St !>., 
 •TAMSS C. KSDRtRT, St IX, 
 
 PiOU'tffj, 
 
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 Pff'-t r- *f n-t- n-i J*r&< i M 1 
 
 - Pn-*>-.-'jf of fe -'eta}, 33*-cnpfi*e j«4 8s«p«iS Anatomy. 
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 m a faium-. Am trsm t&c>it*tt?&t<f teft-micd and ' pJed ' u/> anew. 
 
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 >OS. H- MoBOWBLL, M. B-, .Beast, 
 
 FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT OF MISSOURI MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 181 
 
 edge, warm up and excite our citizens and give an impulse to learning in all its 
 departments. This surely cannot be a prejudice, but an advantage that could not 
 otherwise be obtained. 
 
 The facilities of access to St. Louis are equal, if not superior, to any inland 
 city on the globe; and for a school of medicine and surgery no point on the con- 
 tinent is superior. Here we combine the dreary North with the Sunny South, with 
 all their varied ills, for the examination of the pupil. We are in the center of the 
 mass of population of the great Southwest, and those who wish to be educated 
 well can as readily obtain their learning here as elsewhere. Shall we decline the 
 contest and leave the palm to« other cities? But it is not the spirit of those who 
 have embarked in the enterprise— it is not the spirit of the sons of the Mississippi 
 Valley. When that energy which has brought forth the schools in the eastern 
 portion of our valley has ceased to operate, if we have but an equal amount of 
 talent, they cannot contend against so many important advantages' which St. 
 Louis has bv nature. 
 
 Besides, the history of medical schools is but the history of change in this 
 country. The history of every grand achievement is but the history of mind 
 that has been fostered by a people who glorified in being great, and whose aim 
 was the good of the human family. It is said by some, however, to be prema- 
 ture; but if it be premature to build up a school of medicine here, then it is equally 
 so that we should have made this our home, and premature that we should edu- 
 cate our children at all. There may be some difficulty, some toil in the achieve- 
 ment, but we should remember that the greenest laurel grows on the moun- 
 tain's brow, and should St. Louis come forth with energy in the work, she will 
 wear the emblem of greatness in proportion to her toil. She will rear here monu- 
 ments of glory which will stand on the banks of our river, if not in massive piles, 
 to conflict with the elements. She will be remembered as the mother of sons 
 whose renown has covered the earth, and will last when the pyramids of Egypt 
 shall have been swept from their bases by time and the triumphant statue shall 
 have moldered into ruins. What change of policy or revolutions in nations could 
 have affected the names of Hippocrates, Galen and Celsus of the Ancients? . 
 Nothing. Still they are admired for their towering genius, and the people that 
 gave them birth for the fostering hand that developed them. They have floated 
 down to us, on the wrecks of nations and empires, as a casket of preciousi jew- 
 els, whose brilliancy could never be effaced and time could not corrode. What 
 revolution can destroy the transcendent distinction of Cuivier and Bishat? 
 France, in all her glory, may be swept from the face of the earth, her language 
 be destroyed and her records perish, still these great names will live standing on a 
 mountain, amid the nations, and their luster increase with the increase of years, 
 as long as man is civilized or the earth is inhabited. 
 
 Shall our rich and almost boundless territory go unexplored, except by men 
 from distant lands, or shall we educate our sons for the task? Shall our beautiful 
 prairies waste their sweets in a desert air or forever go untrodden by our edu- 
 cated children? Shall our mineral resources, the richest on the globe, go unex- 
 plored and left to sleep on in silence, undisturbed by the energies of our people? 
 There are just around us, as all nature and experience testifies, truthsi of vast im- 
 portance which remain undiscovered, truths which have never risen on the hori- 
 zon of the human understanding; there are regions of truth through which as yet 
 no path has led, bright spots which have not been perceived by the eagle eye of 
 science; truths of greater magnitude than those with which we are familiar, and 
 will hand down the names of those who discover them to the nations, written 
 in the brightest and most enduring characters. These were the opinions of New- 
 ton and La Place, who have unfolded so much that was hidden and reflected so 
 much honor on human nature. Let us then encourage our sons, and as their tastes 
 or (inclinations lead them, lend them our fostering care. Let us bid them go 
 search here in all the wilderness of nature's meadows, with their shrubs and flow- 
 ers, and test by knowledge the fruit of their researches. Already the glorious 
 work has begun in the academy of natural sciences by the energy of some of our 
 physicians, and it will be prosecuted. Let us search faithfully and with care— per- 
 haps some plant may grow, some balsam trickle, some gum exude, unheeded in the 
 solitude, which will afford relief to maladies as yet beyond the reach of the profes- 
 sion. Go test the millions of springs on the mountain' side and on the plain; on 
 the meandering borders of our endless rivers; perhaps some rivulet or stream, in 
 silence since the world began, has wasted on the unconscious earth its precious 
 waters, the preserver of health and the catholicon of life, which would prolong 
 our existence and which was so ardently sought for by the early cultivators of 
 science. Let us bid them go search in our mountains for treasures which have 
 slept in secret since" the morn of creation — perhaps some mineral may be discovered, 
 some medicine be employed that will stay the unsparing hand of the plague and 
 the pestilence an8 pour the balm of health in the hectic bosom. 
 
 Who would be the sluggard? And who would not embark on an enterprise from 
 which so h?tie is to be ieared and so much is to be gained? Those who shrink 
 from the undertaking will linger on the shore with regret, while those who have 
 ventured will reap a reward that will last as long as time, and ever-blooming flow- 
 ers will be strewed upon their graves as long as cur bountiful soil yields its sup- 
 port to the gathering nations that will crowd upon it or our mighty river rolls 
 to the ocean. Here we will leave monuments to signalize us as a people, and p. ace 
 St. Louis high on the scroll of fame; and when the steamers of the ocean shall 
 crowd our wharves and our infant city swell to be the London of America and mil- 
 lions of human beings shall stand where we do now, they will admire and applaud 
 our efforts in the wilderness. The roses which we have planted in the bosom of the 
 West will bud afresh in every future generation. The balm which takes root 
 here will be gathered by every age to heal the nations that follow uaj and St. 
 Louis will be the Gilead of our beautiful valley. 
 
 But to advance the great interest of any people or institution, however, there 
 
182 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 should be a steady', persevering co-operation in work: and while a great work is in 
 suspense each man should assiduously labor in his department, and the people 
 should give him that support which will soothe him in his toil. And. although the 
 whole world beside should frown and rival institutions raise a tempest which 
 will terrify, still the ship will be staid amid the storms which agitate the oceau 
 of mankind around us. But should we embark, as if we anticipated no danger, as 
 on a pleasure voyage on an unruffled sea, and expect to quit the ship and make 
 the shore when the first groan of distant thunder is heard, or the old sailor fore- 
 tells the storm, and allow fright and consternation to sit on every countenance, 
 all will be lost. And when the storm is on us and the wind is splitting our sails 
 and sweeping overboard our masts, and no order, no system, no command pre- 
 vails, and every one is deserting to fiy to another part of the vessel, the helms- 
 man quits his station to go aloft or the old tar who hrows the lead claims a 
 nigher privilege and all is confusion and dismay, we are lost, and lost forever. We 
 will be but sport for the tossing billow and .food for the hungry sharks that prowl 
 around to feed upon cur mangled carcasses. 
 
 Our motto must be — peace, aad to otir posts. People, trustees and professors, 
 each to your respective duties, and the- wind of persecution may howl a hurricane 
 and the lightning of malice may fall upon us. but if our good ship be tight and 
 free, our gallant mast may be bent but not broken. And like the proud eagle 
 soaring aloft, she will ride the billow to its cop of foam and glory in the strength 
 that overcomes the storm. 
 
 The first commencement exercises were held in the Baptist Church 
 February 23, 1841. The inaugural address was delivered by the president 
 of Kemper College, the Rev. S. A. Crane. It was entitled, "Inculcating 
 the Truths of Christianity in Order to Insure the Advancement of 
 Science.*' After the address Mr. C. C. Carrell read a poem written by a 
 St. Louis young lady. Then came the presentation of diplomas by the 
 president and an address by Dr. .T. X. McDowell. 
 
 The second session opened in the fall of 1811 with two changes in 
 the faculty. Drs. Prout and Hall resigned their chairs for the purpose 
 of assisting in organizing The St. Louis Medical College, which was es- 
 tablished as the Medical Department of the St. Louis University. The 
 vacancies thus occurring were filled by the election of Drs. Thomas Bar- 
 bour of Virginia and William Can Lane ol St. Louis. 
 
 The second annual commencement exercises were held at Concert 
 Hall. Saturday evening, February 26, 184'2. The following is the list of 
 graduates: 
 
 J. M. Perry. St. Louis. E. Hildreth. St. Louis. 
 
 John Edgar, Iowa. Chas. W. Stevens, St. Louis. 
 
 A. H. Illinski, Illinois. Samuel Thompson. Illinois. 
 
 Douglass Stevens, Missouri. Beriah Graham, Missouri. 
 
 John Morrison, Tennessee. George Tewman. Missouri. 
 J. D. Belt. St. Louis. 
 
 The honorary degree was conferred upon Dr. Israel McGready of 
 Missouri. 
 
 In 1846 Kemper College went out of existence and the place became 
 the St. Louis Poorhouse. The medical department continued, however, 
 and joined the Missouri State University. 
 
 In 1857 the institution severed its connection with the State Univer- 
 sity and was chartered as the Missouri Medical College. 
 
 The annual commencement exercises for 1861 were fraught with 
 unusual interest. They were held at the Mercantile Library Hall, Feb- 
 ruary 28. The valedictory on behalf of the faculty was delivered by Pror. 
 Paddock. The dean conferred the degree upon 26 graduates. After the 
 exercises Dean Joseph X. McDowell held the audience and addressed the 
 class. In the course of his earnest remarks he said that in the contin- 
 gencv of a war between the two sections of the United States he would 
 
/~) \y^c Krp 
 
 qS 1 ^ ( X^^^7^^ 
 
 
 -^f* 
 
 fat???* ♦ "^%^*y^«^tr, Ci^ei>t^^ 
 
 PAC-SIMILE LETTER OF JOS. N. McDOWELL. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 183 
 
 leave St. Louis and act as surgeon in the Confederacy. In view of such 
 a possibility he pronounced a benediction upon the college, its faculty, grad- 
 uates and friends in general. 
 
 After the commencement of the war a few weeks hence the military 
 .authorities took possession of the building and converted it into what was 
 knovn as the Gratiot Street Prison. It was used for this purpose until 
 the close of the war. This was the quaint octagon stone building erected 
 .at Eighth and Gratiot streets in 1847. During its construction Dr. Mc- 
 Dowell had caused a foundation to be laid in the center for a large column, 
 which was to reach tc the roof. Under this niches were to be prepared 
 for the reception of copper vases containing the bodies of himself and 
 members of the faculty. The idea, however, was never carried out. 
 
 After Dr. McDowell left for the South and the faculty was dispos- 
 sessed of their college home, a small remnant of the teachers reorgan- 
 ized and procured temporary quarters on Fifth street, between Chestnut 
 .and Pine streets. The classes, however, were small. 
 
 In 1865 Dr. McDowell returned to St. Louis and soon reorganized 
 the faculty. Thus the twenty-sixth annual session opened in the fall 
 of 1866. The tflass numbered more than 100, and the college diploma 
 was conferred upon thirty-three graduates. The annual circular of the 
 Missouri Medical College for 1867-68, in referring to the first class after 
 the war, says: "This class would have been much larger but for the ap- 
 prehension of pupils arriving in the city that the faculty would be pre- 
 vented from teaching by the application of the test oath of loyalty re- 
 quired by the Missouri Legislature. But that has been set aside by the 
 Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court of Mis- 
 souri, appointed by Gov. Fletcher himself, from which there can be no 
 appeal." 
 
 The college continued to prosper and advance its course of instruc- 
 tion in keeping with progress of the times. In 1873 property was pur- 
 chased on the northeast corner of Twenty-second street and Lucas av- 
 enue. Here a very fine building was erected and connected with the St. 
 John's Hospital. 
 
 During the spring of 1890 the St. Louis Post-Graduate School of 
 IMedicine was incorporated into the Missouri Medical College. This 
 union brought into the faculty Drs. George J. Engelmann, W. C. Glas- 
 gow, H. X. Spencer and A. J. Steele. The St. Louis Polyclinic building 
 •on Jefferson and Lucas avenues was also added to the teaching facilities. 
 
 In 1893 the college erected a new home on Jefferson avenue, adjoining 
 "the Polyclinic building, and abandoned the one on Twenty-seconcT and 
 Lucas avenue. 
 
 The following is a complete list of those who served as members of 
 •the faculty of the Missouri Medical College from its organization in 1840 
 to and including the session of 1898-99: 
 
 Joseph Xash McDowell, G. F. Prout, J. W. Hall, W. Carr Lane, 
 :S. Gratz Moses, John De Wolf, Eichard Barrett, John S. Moore, Thomas 
 Barbour, J. B. Johnson, J. B. Moore, Edward H. Leffingwell, Charles W. 
 Stevens, James McDowell, Abner Hopton, John T. Hogin, John Barnes, 
 B. T. Cavanauoli, Pavton Spence, E. Demming, Drake McDowell, J P. 
 Allen, E. S. Frazer, W. S. McPheeters, J. H. Walters, Charles 0. Curtman, 
 B. F. Shumard, Paul F. Eve, G. M. B. Maughs, P. Gervais Robinson, 
 James E. Drake. E. S. Anderson, A. Hammer, E. E. Clarke, G. W. Hall, 
 A. P. Lankforcl. J. E. Bauduv, Charles Michel, T. L. Papin, Edward 
 
184 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Montgomery, H. Tuholske, Otto A. Wall, C. A. Todd. T. P. Kingsley, T. 
 F. Prewitt. P. V. Schenck, Ludwig Bremer, G. A. Moses, W. A. Hard- 
 away, Justin Steer, H. X. Spencer, Geo. J. Engleinann. Wm. C. Glasgow, 
 H. M. Whelplev. A. .1. Steele, W. Hutson Ford, A. V. L. Brokaw, E. W. 
 Saunders, Seldon P. Spencer, Francis Hemm. 
 
 Toward the close of the scholastic year of 1898-99 the respective 
 faculties of the Missouri Medical College and the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege took certain preliminary steps looking to the union of these two 
 institutions. With this end in view both faculties resigned, and in due 
 course combined to form the Medical Department of the Washington 
 TJniversity. 
 
 THE ST. LOUIS MEDICAL COLLLQE. 
 
 On October IS, 1841, the board and faculty of St. Louis University 
 enacted the constitution of a medical department and created the institu- 
 tion later known as the St. Louis Medical College. 
 
 It was organized October b, .181?. James H. Lucas was its Jir'st 
 president. Col. John O'Fallon and the Rev. Wm. Greenleaf Eliot com- 
 prised the faculty appointed b}~ the university. 
 
 The original faculty consisted of Drs. Josephus Wells Hall, Hiram Au- 
 gustus Prout, James Vance Prather, Daniel Brainard of Chicago, 111., and 
 Moses Lewis Linton of Springfield, Ky. 
 
 This faculty began the instruction in medicine in a small house on 
 Washington avenue owned by the dean. Dr. Prather. They delivered a 
 course of lectures in the winter 1842-43, and conferred the degree Oi 
 Doctor of Medicine on the first graduating class of six. The resignation 
 of Drs. Prout and Brainard was filled by Dr. Abram Litton of Nash- 
 ville, Tenn.: Dr. Joseph Grandville Norwood of Madison, la., and Di. 
 Charles Alexander Pope and in the following year by Dr. Moses Montrose 
 Fallen. The faculty was reorganized and separate chairs were charged 
 with the teaching of chemistry and anatomy — two "branches in which this 
 school soon became pre-eminent. About this time Dr. Prather erected a 
 small college building on the same lot on Washington avenue. 
 
 During the next few years numerous changes took place. Drs. Hall, 
 Norwood and Prather resigned and Drs. Henry M. Bullitt of Louisville, 
 Ivy.; James Blake of London, England; Thomas Eayburn, Kobert Simp- 
 son Holmes, William M. McPheeters, David Prince of Springfield, 111.,, 
 and Willis Greene Edwards at various times filled chairs in the faculty 
 over which Dr. Linton and Dr. Pope presided as dean. 
 
 The school soon outgrew its modest quarters, and in 1849 entered a 
 new house erected by Col. John O'Fallon on the northwest corner of Sev- 
 enth and Mvrtle. The new college building was one of the conspicuous edi- 
 fices of the city at that time. The now prosperous school at this time,, 
 impelled chiefly by reasons growing out of the so-called Know- 
 .X<> thing movement in politics, was induced to sever its con- 
 nection with the St. Louis University. The school was in- 
 corporated and assumed the name of the St. Louis Medi- 
 cal College, under a charter granted by the Legislature of the State Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1855. The renown of its dean had already added the by-name- 
 of "Pope's College." The faculty consisted of Drs. Linton, Litton, Pope^ 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 135 
 
 Fallen. Holmes, McPheeters, Charles Whittlesey Stevens and John Bates 
 Johnson. 
 
 Other changes about this time brought to the college Dr. John Henry 
 Watters, Dr. Ellsworth F. Smith and Dr. E. H. Gregory. The childhood 
 of the school may be said to have ended and prosperity marked the new- 
 charter and the new name. 
 
 While the War of the Eebellion did not interfere with the regular 
 college work or its prosperity, it led to a number of changes in the faculty, 
 among which we find the name of John Thompson Hodgen, who, on Sep- 
 tember 15, 1862, was called to the Chair of Physiology and in 1864 was 
 made dean of the college, and held the same until 1882. In 1866 the 
 college allied to itself the Missouri Dental College, which in 1892 became 
 the Dental Department of Washington University. On April 9, 1891, the 
 St. Louis Medical College accepted the offer of alliance with the Wash- 
 ington University as her medical department, because it would serve as 
 a guaranty to the profession and to the public of thorough work. 
 
 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL DEPARTflENT. 
 
 (The St. Louis and Missouri Medical College.) 
 
 Early in the year 1899 the respective faculties of the St. Louis Medi- 
 cal College and the Missouri Medical College took preliminary steps look- 
 ing to the union of these two institutions. With this end in view both 
 faculties resigned, and in due course combined to form the Medical De- 
 partment of Washington University. 
 
 The Missouri Medical College was founded in 1810, and with the ex^ 
 ception of the vears of the Civil War had given continuous instruction up 
 to the time of this consolidation. 
 
 The St. Louis Medical College was founded in 1842, and has just 
 completed its 58th consecutive annual course. Under an ordinance 
 enacted in. 1891 it was created the Medical Faculty of the Washington 
 University, and has continued in that relation up to the present year. 
 
 This union of the oldest and most representative of the medical col- 
 leges of the West was undertaken and successfully consummated solely in 
 behalf of a broader and more thorough training. 
 
 As will be seen, there has been a considerable increase in the size 
 and effectiveness of the teaching force. The university has at its disposal 
 two new and finely equipped college buildings, and the facilities for clin- 
 ical work have been greatly increased. 
 
 The graded course of study now established has been elaborated and 
 extended as experience has dictated and always in the direction of higher 
 standards and broader teaching. Xow that four years of attendance prior 
 to graduation have been adopted and required from all candidates, it has 
 become possible to introduce new features in the plan of instruction, by 
 which the student will gain greater leisure for his work and more lib- 
 erty in the selection of his studies. 
 
 A distinctive feature 01 the Medical Department of the Washington 
 University is the requirement of and full provision for extended laboratory 
 work by every student in all the fundamental subjects of medical study. 
 The extent and scope of the required practical work in anatomy and in 
 chemistry have been greatly enlarged, and full laboratory courses are 
 
186 >NE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 given in histology, in medical chemistry, in pathological anatomy and 
 in bacteriology. The actual making of post-mortem examinations by the 
 student himself is a feature of the instruction. In general, the method of 
 teaching pursued in this institution is, so far as practicable, that of direct 
 personal instruction of each student. In addition to the usual methods 
 of lectures, didactic and clinical, there are recitations from the text- 
 books and clinical conferences, in which the student examines the patient 
 and. submits a written report of his diagnosis for criticism and discus- 
 sion. 
 
 The Medical Department of Washington University has at its absolute 
 disposal two large and recently constructed buildings. These are the 
 edifices formerly occupied by the St. Louis and the Missouri Medical Col- 
 leges. The St. Louis Medical College building, situated on Locust street, 
 between Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, is a spacious and elegant 
 structure, and was erected in 180? for the conjoint use of the medical 
 and dental departments of the university. In addition to the space de- 
 voted to administrative purposes, it contains five lecture halls, three 
 chemical laboratories, two laboratories of physiology, practical anatomy 
 rooms, a laboratory of microscopy, a complete bacteriological laboratory, 
 two dental laboratories and a fully organized clinical department. The 
 various laboratory departments are fully equipped with the latest instru- 
 ments of precision and with apparatus adapted both for demonstration 
 and for original research. 
 
 The Missouri Medical College building, erected in 1895, is directly 
 connected with the Polyclinic Hospital and Dispensaries, so that the lect- 
 ure halls, laboratories, clinic and hospital rooms are all under one roof. 
 The building is amplv provided with well-equipped histological, physio- 
 logical, chemical, pathological and bacteriological and surgical amphi- 
 theaters, lecture halls, general waiting apartments and special clinic rooms. 
 
 The faculty is as follows: 
 
 AVinfield S. Chaplin, LL.D. W. A. Hardawav. M. D., LL.D. 
 
 Elisha H. Gregory, M. D.. LL.D. 11. X. Spencer. A. M.. M. D., LL.D. 
 
 G. Baum^arten, M. D., Dean. W. C. Glasgow. A. B.. M. D. 
 
 II. Tuhofske. M. D. Hcnrv Schwarz, M. D. 
 
 T. F. Prewitt. M. D. Paul Y. Tupper. M. D. 
 
 W. E. Fischei. M. D. E. VV. Saunders. M. D. 
 
 Robert Luedekino-. M. D. X. B. Carson. M. D. 
 
 John P. Bryson, M. D. J. B. Shapleigh. M. D. 
 
 Justin Steer. M. D. Sidney P. Buds:ett. M. D. 
 
 THE ST. LOUIS COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
 
 This institution was organized in 1878 — just twenty-two years ago — 
 by the late "Dr. Louis Bauer and others," as the certificate of incorpora- 
 tion reads, and has constantly maintained a high rank as an educational 
 institution, its diplomas being recognized in every State in the Union 
 having a law regulating the practice of medicine. 
 
 For some years after its organization it was located at the corner of 
 Eleventh and Xorth Market streets, but ten years ago the large building 
 at the southwest corner of Jefferson avenue and Gamble street was erected 
 for its accommodation, and it has since occupied these commodious quar- 
 ters. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 187 
 
 This building was planned from bottom to top for the sole purpose 
 of conducting a medical college, and was fitted with every convenience 
 which years of experience had shown to be necessary to facilitate instruc- 
 tion in this important science. 
 
 As the requirements of an advanced standard of medical education 
 have developed since its opening the college has added to its equipment 
 until it is not surpassed by any school in the West to-day, offering the 
 student all the advantages which are available in any country in the 
 acquisition of a medical education. 
 
 In these days the foundation of a medical education is a good, prac- 
 tical, liberal, general education, and the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons has been constant in its demand for a high educational standard 
 for its matriculates, a condition warranted by the standing of the school 
 throughout the country and fully justified by the reputation of its grad- 
 uates. 
 
 Following is the faculty : 
 
 Waldo Briggs, M. D., Dean. r . W. J. Miller, M. D. 
 
 jElliott E. Furney, M. D., Treasurer. Budolph Buhman, M. D. 
 
 James Moores Ball, M. D. , W. W. Essick, M. D. 
 
 R, M. Kin?, A. M., M. D. Otho F. Ball, M. D. 
 
 W. A. Hall, M. D. [ U. S. Boone, Ph. G., M. D. 
 
 George H. Thompson, M. D. K. C. Spain, M. D. 
 
 C. W. Lillie, M. D., Secretary. G. W. Haverstick, M. D. 
 
 Edward B. Kinder, A. M., M. D. Edw. IT. Eyermann, Ph. G., M. D. 
 
 Julius C. Hainer, M. S., M. D., Henrv Kruse, Ph. G., M. D. 
 
 LL. B. J. Heles, M. D. 
 
 Wm. Standing, M. D. F. L. Deck, M. D.. 
 
 John W. Adams, M. D. H. P. Mack, M. D. 
 
 Arthur E. Mink, M. D. Jules M. Bradv, M. D. 
 
 M. J. Epstein, M. D. E. E. Wilson, M. D. 
 
 Otto Sutter, M. D. E. C. Eenaud, M. D. 
 
 Oscar F. Baerens, M. D. W. J. Miller, 
 
 J. L. Wiggins, M. D. Charles Lewis. 
 
 Heinrich Stern, Ph. D., M. D. B. J.Simpson. 
 A. Fulton, M. D. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF HISSOURI, COLUMBIA. 
 
 The Medical Department of the University of the State of Missouri 
 was organized in 1873 at Columbia, Mo., as an integral part of the edu- 
 cational system of Missouri. In 1846 till 1856 there existed in St. Louis 
 a medical department with only a nominal connection with the university 
 electing a faculty, suspended by board, and when this department was 
 organized in Columbia it was done on the plan that prevailed at the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia. The leading feature was a full session of nine 
 months. The student was advanced upon examination alone. The first 
 years of its existence there were but few professors and but few students. 
 It had a hard struggle for existence — practically no money to operate on. 
 It had but two laboratories at that time — chemistry and physics. This 
 continued till 1892, when it received some money for equipment. The 
 standard for admission was raised each year, and a graded course of three 
 years, nine months each year. 
 
188 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 The year of 1900 now finds preliminary requirement two years in an 
 articulated high school; a graded course, four years of nine months each, 
 and (1) anatomical laboratory equipped to teach anatomy by modern 
 methods; (2), a histological laboratory; (3), pathological laboratory; (4), 
 bacteriological laboratory; (5), physiological laboratory; (6), embryolog- 
 ical laboratory; (7), chemical laboratory; (8), one for physics. 
 
 It had given it a new hospital (this year 1900), by Hon. William L. 
 Parker of Columbia, Mo., and bears his name. The capacity of this hos- 
 pital is 100 beds. This is now made a State hospital. 
 
 THE MARION-SIMS COLLEGE OF MEDICINE. 
 
 The Marion-Sims College of Medicine was founded in 1890, and 137 
 students were enrolled the first session, which began October 1 of that 
 year. At that time the college occupied the four-story building, 60x90, 
 just constructed at the corner of Grand avenue and Caroline street. Two 
 years later the faculty built the hospital, 45x54, adjoining the college 
 building, with a capacity of 40 beds. Two years later an additional pur- 
 chase of ground was made, increasing the college possessions to almost an 
 acre. A short time after this the college purchased two additional lots, 
 and during the present session (1900) a further purchase of a lot was 
 made, so that now the college owns one and one-half acres of desirable 
 property on the corner of Grand avenue and Caroline street. In October, 
 1899, the college authorities completed the building for the dental de- 
 partment, which was established in 1894. The college has been wonder- 
 fully successful both in its medical and dental departments. It now oc- 
 cupies a high rank among the medical and dental colleges of this country. 
 In the ten years of its existence 596 physicians have been graduated from 
 the medical department and 50 from the dental department. As now 
 constituted the faculty comprises the following: 
 
 Young Hance Bond, A. M., M. D., 
 
 Dean. 
 Jacob Geiger, M. D., LL.D. 
 Carl Barck, A. M., M. D. 
 Josephus Bobert Lemen, M. D. 
 Hugo Summa, A. M., M. D. 
 Benjamin McKenclree Hypes, A. M., 
 
 M. D, Vice-Dean. 
 Hanau Wolf Loeb, A. M., M. D., 
 
 Secretary, 
 Bobert Chilton Atkinson, M. D. 
 Charles Gilbert Chaddock, M. D. 
 Thomas Casey Witherspoon, M. D. 
 George Clinton Crandall, B.S., M.D. 
 Hermann Hyacinthe Born, M. D., 
 
 Treasurer. 
 Hugo Maximillian Starkloff, M. D. 
 Leo Bichard August Suppan, B. S. 
 Edwin Sauter, M. D. 
 Henry Clay Fairbrother, M. D. 
 Martin Feeny Engman, M. D. 
 
 Jesse Shire Myer, A. B., M. D. 
 Eben Bichards, A. B., LL.B. 
 Bransford Lewis, M. D. 
 Willard Bartlett, A. M., M. D. 
 A. N. Curtis, M. D. 
 ^Nicholas Clinton Shanahan, M. D. 
 Malvern Bryan Clopton, M. D. 
 William Otto Winter, M. D. 
 Bobert Fleming Amyx, M. D. 
 John Douglass, A. B., LL.B. 
 Frederick S. Harberle, M. D. 
 Hudson Talbott, M. D. 
 Lloyd Simpson, M. D. 
 Bobert Boy Keeble, M. D. 
 Hubert Beedle, M. D. 
 William Davis Black, M. D. 
 Claude Lester Armstrong, M. D. 
 Edgar Pearl Ward, M. D. 
 Le Boy White Beardsley, M. D. 
 Clarence Edward Walker, M. D. 
 Prank Joseph Vockel Krebs, M. D. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 189 
 
 Phreeborn Grundy Pa ugh, M. D. Haryey Svdney Smith, M. D. 
 
 William Tell Hirschi, M. D. Louis Kassieur, M. D. 
 
 Will Rininger, M. D. Louis Andrew Brandenburger, M.D. 
 
 Harlow James Phelps, B. S., M. D. Duncan Scott Werth, M. D. 
 
 Max Washington Myer, A. B., M. D. Charles Howard Longstreth, M. D. 
 
 Clarence Loeb, A. M., M. D. Erasmus McGinnis, M. D. 
 
 Carl Jesse Koontz, M. D. Henry Schuyler Oyler. 
 
 BARNES MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The Barnes Medical College was organized June 7, 1892, by Dr. Pinck- 
 ney French, Dr. A. M. Carpenter and Dr. C. H. Hughes of St. Louis. A 
 charter was granted June 21. Just fourteen clays later a site was selected, 
 ground purchased and building erected on the northeast corner Twenty- 
 seyenth and Chestnut streets. The building was a handsome five-story 
 and basement structure, containing two large lecture halls, biologic, path- 
 ologic and bacteriologic laboratories and all modern conveniences and im- 
 provements known at that date. It was built to accommodate 400 stu- 
 dents. 
 
 This college was conducted from the start on business principles by 
 a board of trustees, and the first year registered 256 students. From 
 the beginning its growth was steady, and increased each year until in 
 1895 there were 350 students in attendance. After three years this build- 
 ing was found to be too small, and the board again selected the site, pur- 
 chased ground at Thirtieth and Chestnut, and erected the six-story and 
 basement building it now occupies. The building is 104x120 feet, and is 
 the largest and best equipped building of its kind in the country. It is 
 safe to say that in the construction of the entire building there is nothing 
 more to be desired. 
 
 The anatomic laboratory coyers a floor space of 90x102 feet (the 
 largest in the world), Avith tables at which 400 students can conveniently 
 work at the same time. The other laboratories are large, well lighted and 
 ventilated, and every modern conyenience has been proyided for the in- 
 struction and comfort of the student. 
 
 The Barnes was the first school in the West to establish the four- 
 year course, systematically arranged. 
 
 The college is governed and managed by a board of trustees, on the 
 same lines as universities, and this method his proved satisfactory, as the 
 growth of the school will testify. Last year 600 students were registered 
 and 202 graduated, this being the largest class ever graduated west of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 When the Barnes Medical College was organized in 1892 St. Louis 
 was the ninth city in the Lnited States, and also ranked ninth as a 
 medical center. At this writing (1900) St. Louis is the fifth city in the 
 United States and the Barnes Medical College ranks as the fifth medical 
 college in the United States. 
 
 The board of trustees deemed it eminently appropriate to aid in com- 
 memorating the name and in perpetuating the memory of one whose 
 munificent generosity, unparalleled in the history of Western philanthropy, 
 made it possible for St. Louis to possess, in the near future, one of the 
 greatest hospitals of this great country, and place the profession of medi- 
 
190 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 cine under a lasting debt of gratitude. As an integral part of the medi- 
 cal profession, the faculty, as well as the trustees, would foster that 
 philanthropy which builds abodes for the sick and provides for their 
 care and treatment. Thus this institution was given the name of Mr. Rob- 
 ert A. Barnes, deceased, whose recent devise of a million dollars was 
 made for the perpetual alleviation of afflicted humanity. 
 Following is the Honorary Board of Trustees: 
 
 Rev. John Matthews, D. D. 
 Rev. J. D. Hammond, D. D. 
 Gov. Lon. V. Stephens. 
 Rev. S. J. Mccols, D. D. 
 Judge W. F. CowgiU. 
 Horn R. L. Wilson. 
 Col. A. C. Avery. 
 Hon. Samuel Dodd. 
 Eon. W. E. Sehweppe. 
 Hon. F. G. Xiedringhaus. 
 Judge Thomas A. Sherwood. 
 Rev. J. H. Garrison, D. D. 
 
 Hon. Isaac M. Mason. 
 Rev. Alex. Proctor, D. D. 
 Hon! J. H. Alexander. 
 Rev. S. M. Martin. 
 Dr. E. S. Lemoine. 
 Col. S. E. O'Bannon. 
 Hon. R. W. Tureman. 
 Col. Thos. W. Crouch. 
 Hon. J. M. Proctor. 
 Maj. C. A. Connett. 
 Hon. Geo. A. Hughes. 
 S. K. Crawford, M. D. 
 
 The Board of Trustees,, is as follows : 
 
 John D. Yincil, D. D., President, 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 John C. "Wilkinson, Vice-Presi- 
 dent, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 George A. Baker, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 W. T. Anderson, Treasurer, St. 
 Louis, Mo. 
 
 J. B. Legg, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 John M. Marmaduke, Mexico, 
 Mo. 
 
 Appended is the present faculty 
 
 W. C. Lav. M. D. 
 
 C. H. Hughes, M. L\, President. 
 
 A. M. Carpenter, M. D., Vice-Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 A. R. Kieifer, M. D., Recording 
 Secretary. 
 
 Pinckney French, M. D., Corre- 
 sponding Secretary. 
 
 A. W. Fleming. M. D. 
 
 J. T. Jelks, M. D. 
 
 M. D. Jones. M. D. 
 
 C. M. Riley, M. D. 
 
 R. C. Blackmer, C. M.. M. D. 
 
 C. H. Hughes, M. D., St. Louis, 
 Mo. 
 
 A. M. Carpenter, M. D., St. Louis, 
 Mo. 
 
 A. R. Kieffer, M. D., St. Louis, 
 Mo. 
 
 John M. Wood, Esq., St. Louis, 
 Mo. 
 
 Pinckney French, M. D., Secreta- 
 ry. St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Chas. R. Oatiuan, M. D. 
 
 Edwin E. Meng, M. D. 
 
 Jas. H. Tanquarv, B. S., M. D. 
 
 G. M. Phillips, M. D. 
 
 John W. Vaughan, A. M., M. D. 
 
 S. C Martin, Sr, M. D. 
 
 C. H. Powell, A. M., M. D. 
 
 M. Dwight Jennings, M. D. 
 
 W. L. Dickerson, M. D. 
 
 F. L. Henderson, M. D. 
 
 J. Leland Boogher, B. S., M. D. 
 
 John 11. Duncan, A. M., M. D. 
 
 BEAUnONT HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The Beaumont Hospital Medical College, located at St. Louis, was 
 organized in 1886, and the name of "Beaumont" given it in honor of that 
 distinguished physician and surgeon. Dr. William Beaumont. 
 
 In the spring of 1900 the college closed its fourteenth session with 
 a graduating class of sixteen. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 191 
 
 Its students are drawn principally from the Western States, but it is 
 not an unusual thing to see them registered from all parts of the United 
 States. The building is of modern construction and contains three am- 
 phitheaters and three laboratories, a large, well-lighted and ventilated dis- 
 secting room, a museum and clinical rooms. The laboratories are equipped 
 with all modern apparatus. The college has under its control a number of 
 hospitals, in addition to its free dispensary and clinics. 
 
 Since its opening day the Beaumont College has had for its watch- 
 word, ••Advancement,"' and success has followed success from year to year, 
 through the untiring efforts of the faculty to reach the highest attain- 
 ments in college work and uphold the honor 6f the name adopted. 
 
 The faculty. 1899-1900, was: 
 
 W 
 
 J. 
 
 w 
 w 
 
 B. Outten. A. 
 C. MulhalL A. 
 
 A. MeCandless 
 
 G. Moore. M. 
 Adolf Alt, M. D. 
 Leonidas H. Laidlev. M. D. 
 Frank J. Lutz. A. M. M. D 
 J. B. Keber, A. It.. M. D. 
 Jacob Friedman. M. D. 
 Walter B. Dorsett, M. D. 
 J. B. Dale, M. D. 
 
 M., M. D. 
 
 Jo 
 
 M., M. D. 
 
 C. 
 
 A. M., M. D. 
 
 C. 
 
 D.j Tice-Dean. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Dean. 
 
 John T. Larew. M. D. 
 
 W. Schleiffarth, M. D. 
 
 Shattinger, M. D. 
 
 A. Goldstein, B. S.. M. D. 
 
 M. Xicholson. M. D. 
 Kemy J. StofM, M. D. 
 LeGrand Atwood, M. D. 
 Howard Carter, M. D. 
 Sidnev I. Schwab, M. D. 
 William Porter, A. M\. M. D. 
 John A. Harrison, A. M.. M. D. 
 
 CENTRAL HEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The Central Medical College of St. Joseph. Mo., was legally char- 
 tered under the statutes of the State of Missouri, the 31st day of May, 
 1891. Its first class was graduated March 1, 1895, this class having taken 
 its former courses in other medical colleges. It owns its own building, 
 located at Xinth and Felix streets, and is well equipped in every partic- 
 ular for teaching modern medicine and surgery, having well arranged 
 lecture rooms, laboratories and every convenience for the education of 
 young men and women in the science of medicine and surgerv. 
 
 Its incorporators were 0. B. Campbell, M. D. : T. F'. Potter, M. D.; 
 J. P. Chesnev. M. D. : G. L. Sherman. M. D.: G. C. Potter, m/d., and 
 J. B. Riley, M. D. 
 
 It has enjoyed a liberal patronage from the first of its existence, 
 and its directors and faculty are pleased to say "that each year its class 
 has gradually increased, so that it was larger than the preceding one/' 
 It will require four vears of didactic and clinical work before conferring 
 the degree of M. D. from this time on, the year ending March 1, 1900, be- 
 ing the last year it will graduate on the three-year basis. 
 
 The faculty is composed of the following well-known gentlemen: 
 
 O. B. Campbell. M. D. 
 
 T. E. Potter, M. D. 
 
 G. L. Sherman. M. D. 
 
 G. C. Potter, M. D. 
 
 S. F. Carpenter. M. D. 
 
 J. M. Bell. A. M.. M. D. 
 
 M. F. Wevmann, A. M.. M. D. 
 
 O. G. Gleaves. M. D. 
 
 W. F. Flam, M. D. 
 
 Hon. S. S. Brown. 
 
 J. F. Owens, M. D. 
 
 F. G. Thompson. M. D. 
 
 C. A. Tvo-art. M. D. 
 
 H. S. Kellev. FF.D. 
 
 S. D. Senor, M. D. 
 
 Wallace Deffenbauo-h. M. D. 
 
 L. J. Dandurant, A. B.. M. D. 
 
 Herbert Fee. M. D. 
 
 Hubbard Finlev. M. D. 
 
 C. A Breckenrido-e. M. D. 
 
192 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 The officers and directors of this institution are 0. B. Campbell, M. D., 
 president; T. E. Potter. M. D., secretary, and G. C. Potter, M. I)., treasurer, 
 and G-. L. Sherman, M. D. 
 
 UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE OF KANSAS CITY. 
 
 Established in 1881, the University Medical College has grown aston- 
 ishingly. The college draws on Missouri and the surrounding States, in 
 the main, in making up its list of students, although it is not infrequently 
 found that a young man has come all the way from Canada or some far 
 distant State to study under the skillful practitioners who constitute the 
 faculty. 
 
 The first graduating class consisted of seven members, and the ex- 
 ercises occurred in 1882, the second year in the existence of the college. 
 In 1883 there were eight graduates, and in 1884 diplomas were received 
 by fourteen students. Each year of life gave the college a larger grad- 
 uating class than it had the year before, until in 1898 the class num- 
 bered sixty-six. This year there are 130 members of the senior class, and 
 of this number nearly all will graduate. The average daily attendance 
 is more than 300. 
 
 Dr. James E. Logan is president of the college. Dr. Charles T. 
 Wainright is dean of the college and Professor of the Chair of Clinical 
 Medicine and Physical Diagnosis. Dr. John Punton is secretary, and 
 holds the Chair of Nervous and Rectal Diseases. Dr. Samuel C. James, 
 the treasurer, is Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine. 
 
 The first president of the college was the late Dr. J. W. Jackson. Dr. 
 J. M. Allen succeeded to the presidency upon Dr. Jackson's death. Dr. 
 Wainright was the next president, bin; was soon after elected dean, which 
 office had become of great importance. Dr. Logan was elected president 
 and holds the position at the present time. 
 
 Dr. C. W. Adams was the first dean of the college, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Dr. Wainright. While Dr. Wainright was president, Dr. S. G-. 
 Grant held the cleanship. Dr. L A. Berger, deceased, was the first sec- 
 retary and at his death Dr. Punton was elected secretar}*-, which position 
 he now holds. 
 
 The college building is a handsome four-story structure, convenient 
 and complete as a modern college edifice. It provides a large and airy 
 amphitheater, two lecture halls, large and well furnished chemical lab- 
 oratories, well lighted and well ventilated dissecting rooms, museum, pro- 
 fessors' rooms, reception room and convenient apartments for the college 
 dispensary. With the most modern equipments, the facilities for teach- 
 ing are greatly amplified and the comforts and attractions for students 
 correspondingly increased. 
 
 Recognizing the importance of laboratory work in modern scientific 
 education, a most prominent part has been assigned it in the course from 
 the beginning! The histological, pathological, bacteriological, physiologi- 
 cal, chemical and anatomical laboratories, each under the charge of one 
 eminently qualified by training and experience in his department, have 
 been fully equipped with all the most. modern appliances of this coun- 
 try and the old, and neither expense nor time has been spared to make 
 this course thoroughly abreast with the best. 
 
 The clinical opportunities of this school are of special importance, 
 and it is very doubtful if they can be surpassed by any medical school 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 19 3 
 
 in the country. This fact has already become well known throughout 
 the West and Southwest, and has had more to do with the rapid growth 
 of the University Medical College than has had almost any other in- 
 fluence. 
 
 In the clinical instruction the students in the University Medical 
 College have the benefit of nearly all the hospitals in Kansas City and Kan- 
 sas City, Kan. The excellent hospital known as the University Hospital 
 is owned and controlled entirely by the faculty of the University Medical 
 College. It is used as a benefit to the students in the college. The hos- 
 pital is complete and commodious in all its various departments. It was 
 refitted when the college took charge of it, with the best aseptic and 
 antiseptic appliances for the care and treatment of patients. With its 
 fine operating room and halls, its well ventilated wards and private rooms, 
 it offers to the student during the coarse the opportunity of witnessing 
 every operation in the range of surgery and gynecology, as well as the 
 treatment of the patieuts in all departments of the practice of medicine. 
 
 In addition to the hospital the college has a free dispensary, consist- 
 ing of a reception room, drug and consultation room, located in the col- 
 lege building: is open every day for the reception of patients. The dis- 
 pensary service is free to the poor. 
 
 Officers — James E. Logan, M. D., president ; C. F. Wainwright, M. D.^ 
 dean; John Punton, M. D., secretary; S. C. James, M. D., treasurer;. 
 Flavel B. Tiffany, member executive committee; S. G-. Gant, curator. 
 
 THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The Medico-Chirurgieal College was organized March 14, 1897, and 
 was known as the Kansas City (Kan.) College of Medicine and Surgery. It 
 was reorganized in 1898 and removed to Kansas City, Mo., and adopted the 
 name of Medico-Chirurgieal College. 
 
 The first year it had one graduate, the second year it had eight grad- 
 uates, the third year it had twenty graduates. 
 
 It is the aim of the faculty and board of trustees to make this school 
 the peer of any school in the land. Special attention is given to histology,, 
 pathology, bacteriology. There will be added to the faculty for the years. 
 1900 and 1901 several men especially fitted for the work. 
 
 The Medico-Chirurgieal School has made rapid progress since it was 
 first organized. The officers and faculty are: 
 
 C. Lester Hall, M. D., President. N. J. Pettijohn, M. D. 
 
 James Thompson, Vice-President. Stephen A. Dunham, M. D. 
 
 B. L. Eastman, Treasurer. - Julius Bruehl, M. D. 
 
 Blencoe E. Fryer, M. D. James Thompson, M. D. 
 
 W. F. Kuhn, A. M., M. D. C. A. Dannaker, M. D. 
 
 Geo. 0. Coffin, M. D., Dean. J. L. Harrington, M. D., Secretary 
 
 E. E. Lewis, A. M., M. D. John M. Lan^sdale, M. D. 
 
 J. A. Lane, M. D. Hon. E. B. Middlebrook, L. L B 
 
 James F. Wood, M. D. L. B. Sawyer, M. D, 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Stanley Yewhouse, M. D. 
 
 Ealph J. Brown, M. D. 
 
 Joseph S. Lichtenberg, M. D. 
 
 W. Eugene King, M. D. 
 
 Thos. H. Cunningham, D. D. S. 
 
 A. Morrison, M. D. 
 
 IT. D. McQuade, M. D. 
 
 J. E. Mount, M. D. 
 
 D. Y. Whitnev, Ph. G. 
 
 E. E. Hubbard, M. D. 
 R. B. Tate, M. D. 
 Howard Hill, M. D. 
 
 Geo. F. Berry, M. D. 
 A. W. Thomas, M. D. 
 James H. Manahan, M. D. 
 J. VV. Miller. M. D. 
 Park L. McDonald, M. D. 
 E. G. Taylor, M D. 
 John T. Mitchell, M. D. 
 Joseph S. Lurie, Ph. D. 
 J. W. Carter, M. D. 
 Howard Hill. M. D. 
 I). Walton Hall, M. D. 
 
 THE AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The American Medical College of St. Louis is a charter member of the 
 National Federation of Eclectic Medical Colleges, and has conformed 
 strictly to the rulings adopted by the confederation in its requirements 
 for advanced medical teaching. These have been in conformity with the 
 most advanced medical schools and Slate Boards of Health in the United 
 States, so that its diplomas are acceptable in any part of this country. 
 
 The college operated in a downtown building for ten years, but after 
 the streets were paved the noise and other inconveniences were such that a 
 move became necessary, whereupon the present building was erected by 
 the Board of Trustees and Faculty, and has been in use exclusively for 
 college purposes for more than ten years. 
 
 The college, in selecting its faculty from time to time, as additions 
 and changes became necessary, has j^referred its own graduates, some 
 of whom have proven eminent as teachers. 
 
 Dr. John L. Ingram of the class of '84 and Dr. E. Lee Standlee of 
 the class of '86 were elected to membership in the faculty in the fall of 
 1886, and have continued until the present time. Prof. Ingram as a 
 teacher of physiology is equal to the best. His lectures and demonstra- 
 tions are clear and decisive, and the subject matter is brought before the 
 student in a manner that is easily grasped and appropriated. Prof. 
 Standlee has for many years been classed among the best teachers of 
 anatomy. 
 
 The following compose the faculty: 
 
 Albert Merrell, M. D. 
 
 Edwin Younkin, M. D., Dean of 
 
 Faculty. 
 Geo. C. Pitzer, M. D. 
 E. Lee Standlee, M. D. 
 M. M. Hamlin, M. D. 
 William F. Francis, M. D. 
 Ira W. Hpshaw, M. D. 
 
 J. B, Barry, M. D. 
 John L. Ingram, M. D. 
 J. Moreau Blakemore, M. D. 
 Harry H. Helbing, M. D. 
 J. Harvev Moore, M. D. 
 F. A. Kraft, M. D. 
 John T. Sibley, M. D. 
 Hon. Wm. M. Kinsey. 
 
196 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ries. The time has arrived when additional room is necessary, and the ad- 
 dition will doubtless he made within the present year. 
 
 In order to secure the building no effort was made to secure dona- 
 tions or reliance placed on friendly contributions. Strictly business feat- 
 ures were recognized as more likely to result in the gradual and normal 
 growth of the college, as abundantly attested during the last eight years 
 of its history. The Homeopathic College Building "Company was organ- 
 ized, with S. C. Delap, M. D., as president, and A. E. Xeumeister, M. D., 
 as secretary, and stock to the amount of $4,000 was authorized. This 
 was subscribed and paid for by ten members of the faculty, and furnished 
 the necessary cash to purchase the lot and begin building operations. 
 
 The earnings of the college have sufficed to meet running expenses 
 and liquidate all debts. Xext year the college will inaugurate the rather 
 unusual policy for medical colleges of paying the instructors a salary. 
 As a result a fewer number will be employed as teachers and better service 
 will be secured. 
 
 During the first year fifteen students were matriculated and four 
 were graduated. Twenty-four were matriculated the second year and 
 seven graduated. The fourth year the course was extended from that of 
 two years to three, and thirty-four were matriculated and six were grad- 
 uated. The course of instruction has now been extended to four years, 
 and during the }*ear 1S99-1900 seventy-six have been matriculated and 
 ten graduated. 
 
 The list of graduates now number 118. Of this number thirty-three 
 are women, the college recognizing the principle of co-education from the 
 beginning. 
 
 As might have been expected, all was not uninterrupted progress and 
 harmony in the growth of the college. Those who were not invited to join 
 in the work at the outstart only became friends after a place of their own 
 choice had been made for them in the faculty. Others who entered later 
 were not always found adapted to the work or capable of working in 
 harmony with others. Under such circumstances the progress of the col- 
 lege, from its modest; beginning to its present substantial position, was 
 greater at times than others, but the fact that it has a serviceable and 
 commodious home of its own, free from debt, with a most respectable 
 alumni list and efficient faculty, indicate that the most has been made 
 of opportunities and that a useful and prosperous future is before it. 
 
 The college faculty is as follows: 
 
 A. E. Xeumeister, M. D., Dean. W A. Connell, Ph. D. 
 
 G. E. ApLynne, M. D., Begistrar. Carrie Allcutt, M. D. 
 
 Mark Edirerton, M. D., Financial Charles K. "Wiles, M. D. 
 
 Secretarv. Schuyler C. Elliott, M. D. 
 
 S. C. Delap, M. D. W. C. Allen, D. D. S. 
 
 H. M. Fryer, M. D., Secretary Board Charles Ott, M. D. 
 
 of Trustees. Andrew H. Starcke, M. D. 
 
 Wm. Davis Foster, M. D. E. E. Enz, M. D. 
 
 L. G-. A'an Scoyoc, M. D. J. C. Stewart, M. D. 
 
 E. B. Heath, M. D. J. E. Badley, M. D. 
 
 Solon T. Gilmore, A. B., EL. B. C. E, Putnam, M. D. 
 
 G. A. Dean, M. D. S. C. Delap, M. D. 
 
 Sam H. Anderson, M. D. John T. Boland, It. D. 
 
 Emilv S. Colt, M. D. E. L. Xorris, M. D. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 197 
 
 G. E. ApLynne, M. D. Sam H. Clothier, M. D. 
 
 R. V. Ditzler, M. D. L. C. Guggenheim, M. D. 
 
 J. H. Nolan, M. D. 
 
 Drs. Hems, Westover and Hall were the first Homeopathic physicians 
 of St. Joseph, all living and doing well. 
 
 In Kansas City the first ones in the order of their coming were Drs. 
 Feld, Joshua Thorne and Peter Baker. All are now dead. Up to 1888 
 the number was less than a score. At this date the Kansas City Homeo- 
 pathic Medical College was organized, and this institution gave an im- 
 petus to homeopathy that was before unknown, and the history of the 
 college is virtually the history of homeopathy in this city. There are sixty 
 homeopathic .physicians now in the city. 
 
 The Kansas City Homeopathic Hospital was organized in 1890 and 
 prospered for several years, but at the end of this period its effects were 
 soid for the debts, and it went out of existence. 
 
 Identified with this hospital were Drs. Canfield, Foster and Eunnels, 
 with various other members of the school. Unseemly as it may appear, 
 it was the occasion of much discord among the Homeopaths of the city 
 Several would-be leaders failed to attract a following, and the result was 
 disastrous to the cause. 
 
 At present there are three hospitals in the city devoted in whole or 
 in part to the interests of the homeopathic school — the Medical and Surgi- 
 cal Sanitarium at Eleventh and Forest, the Women's and Children's Hos- 
 pital at Eleventh and Troost and a new Homeopathic hospital at 402 
 Whittier place. 
 
 On several occasions a club has been organized, but it always lacked 
 sufficient cohesiveness to hold together for more than a very few months. 
 The only organization that has been maintained over a half dozen years 
 has been the Kansas City Homeopathic Medical College. 
 
198 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OP 
 
 CHAPTER XV.— MEDICAL JOURNALS OF THE STATE. 
 
 Since 1843, when the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal was 
 founded, many medical journals have heen launched in this State, and 
 while a few have succumbed to the varying winds of circumstance, most 
 still remain and flourish. 
 
 There are medical journals of all kinds and types — the weekly, the bi- 
 weekly, the monthly, the quarterly, the general journal, the special journal, 
 the college journal, the proprietary journal and the journal for publishers — 
 all are represented. In fact, it is currently admitted that there are more 
 medical journals published in this State than in any other in the union. 
 St. Louis alone contributes 22; Kansas City, 3, and St. Joseph, 2. While 
 necessarily some are of indifferent value from a standpoint of medical lit- 
 erature, quite a few are leaders of their class. This is particularly true of 
 the special journals published in St. Louis, which include the Annals of 
 Ophthalmology, Annals of Otology, Laryngology and Rhinology, Laryngo- 
 scope, American Journal of Ophthalmology and Alienist and Neurologist; 
 and what might seem strange at first sight, these journals have few proto- 
 types in this country. Thus there are only two other ophthalmological 
 journals of any standing published in this country (one in Chicago and one 
 in New York) and these have the same relative value as the St. Louis publi- 
 cations. The two nose and throat journals are the only ones of any pre- 
 tention published in this country. In England there is one of this type, 
 and, according to universal opinion, it is below the standard of the Laryn- 
 goscope and the Annals of Otology, Laryngology and Rhinology. The 
 Alienist and Neurologist is a good example of the three American journal 
 devoted exclusively to neurology and psychiatry. The single weekly and bi- 
 weekly and many of the monthlies have a position which seems far be- 
 yond the possibilities of a city so far from the original center of medical 
 education and advancement. However, when the improvements which 
 St. Louis and the State have made in these regards are taken into consid- 
 eration, the reasons are obvious and clear. AVhile no attempt has been 
 made to enter fully into the history of each individual journal, it is hoped 
 that expression of the leading points in the development of the various 
 publications here described may be of service in showing their influence 
 upon the medical profession of the State of Missouri. 
 
 THE ALIENIST AND NEUROLOGIST. 
 
 The Alienist and Neurologist, a "Journal of Neurology, Psychology, 
 Psychiatry and Neuriatry for the General Practitioner of Medicine/' was 
 founded in 1880 by Dr. Charles H. Hughes. The journal referred to is a 
 quarterly, averaging 250 pages, and has been eminently successful from 
 the beginning. There can be no doubt that Dr. Hughes, through the me- 
 dium of this journal, has reflected great credit upon St. Louis, as the home 
 of his journal, and has been of marked service to the profession. Dr. 
 Hughes, when a very young man in the later '60s, was fortunate in being 
 superintendent and resident physician of the State Insane Asylum at Ful- 
 
ABRAM LITTON. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 199 
 
 ton, Mo. He was the youngest man who had been placed in charge of such 
 an institution. This early education and experience developed in him a 
 marked taste and skill for the work. By his prominence and influence 
 Dr. Hughes has been able to secure contributions from the ablest men 
 in America and abroad for his periodical. These articles, together with 
 the splendid editorials that Dr. Hughes himself has furnished, have placed 
 the Alienist and Neurologist on a high plane. Dr.. Hughes is in the prime 
 of life, unusually young for his years, though very old in experience, and 
 there can be no question that with his splendid magazine he will serve the 
 interests of the profession and the mentally perturbed for years to come. 
 
 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY AND GENITO-URINARY DISEASES. 
 
 The American Journal of Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Diseases, a 
 bi-monthly journal, was first published in the month of April, 1897, Dr. 
 S. C. Martin, Sr., being its editor, with Dr. S. C. Martin, Jr., assistant edi- 
 tor in charge of the department of genito-urinary diseases. The import- 
 ance of these departments of medicine to the profession in general, and 
 the limited supply of literature on the subjects to which this journal is de- 
 voted, brought it rapidly before the medical profession and insured for it 
 a brilliant future. The reading matter, which is composed chiefly of orig- 
 inal articles from the pens of specialists in these departments and edito- 
 rials on practical subjects in this field of investigation, fills fifty pages of the 
 journal, while thirty pages are assigned to advertisers. It now enjoys a 
 wide circulation in the profession and is cordially received by all of its 
 readers. The editor of this journal holds the Chair of Dermatology and 
 Clinical Dermatology in the Barnes Medical College, and the assistant edi- 
 tor is a member of the State Board of Health of Missouri. 
 
 AHERICAN J< URNAL OF SURGERY AND GYNECOLOGY. 
 
 The American Journal of Surgery and Gynecology was established in 
 1887 at Kansas City by Dr. Emory Lanphear, then Professor of Orthopedic 
 Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the University Medical College. 
 
 In 1894 it was sold (on removal of Dr. Lanphear to St. Louis) to Dr. 
 Herman E. Pearse, Professor of Anatomy in the Kansas City Medical Col- 
 lege. One year later it was transferred to Dr. L. A. Schaeffer, who be- 
 came editor and publisher. 
 
 It was purchased in December, 1895, by the American Journal Pub- 
 lishing Company (Dr. George H. Thompson, president; E. Lanphear, sec- 
 retary; M. A. Lanphear, treasurer,) and removed to St. Louis, since which 
 time it has been edited by Emory Lanphear, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., for- 
 merly Professor of Operative Surgery in the Kansas City Medical College 
 and Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery in the St. Louis 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, under whose management it has be- 
 come one of the leading surgical journals of this country. 
 
 AHERICAN X-RAY JOURNAL. 
 
 The American X-Ray Journal was founded by Dr. Heber Robarts in 
 May of 1897, in St. Louis, Mo., and entered at the local postoffice in the 
 same month. 
 
200 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 The editor became interested in X-ray work in the February following 
 the discovery of the X-rays by Roentgen, which occurred in December of 
 '95, and as his work is almost exclusively devoted to the professional line of 
 diagnosis, the journal was founded for the distribution of our knowledge 
 of the advancement in X-ray work and its value in diagnosis and disease. 
 Actirig upon this judgment, the first number of The American X-Eay Jour- 
 nal appeared in May of '97. The specific purpose of this journal is de- 
 scribed on its title page: A Monthly Devoted to the Practical Application 
 of the Xew Science and to the Physical Improvement of Man. Sis issues 
 of the Journal appeared in the year of its advent, and it has since been 
 published regularly every month. 
 
 The increased demand for this new method of diagnosis has made the 
 general demand and circulation for the Journal. Its circulation is not 
 confined to the United States, but extends into all countries of this con- 
 tinent and all regions of the world where English is read. The Journal is 
 printed on coated paper and is illustrated with original X-ray pictures. It 
 was the first publication of its kind in the world. The first to follow was 
 "The Archives of the Roentgen Society;" the next two were journals pub- 
 lished in Paris and Berlin. The American X-Eay Journal is still the only 
 publication in America devoted specifically to X-ray work. 
 
 ANNALS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY. 
 
 This well-known journal of international reputation was founded in 
 1891 by James Pleasant Parker, who virtually gave up his life to assure its 
 success. In the earlier years the editor and proprietor denied himself to 
 all the pleasures and many of the necessities of life in order that the journal 
 might be kept up to its outlined standard. In 1896, just as success was 
 crowning his efforts, he succumbed to life's struggles and quietly closed 
 his eyes upon the scenes of his trials, with the knowledge that his work 
 was not in vain and that he had founded a monument for himself in the 
 journal which for the years to come would have the wortlry function of 
 distributing the literature of ophthalmology and laryngology. His brother 
 Mr. Jones H. Parker, succeeded him as publisher, and, by applying proper 
 business methods in the conduct of the journal, he has been able, Avith the 
 hearty co-operation of the editors, to increase its standard and usefulness. 
 In 1897 the journal was divided to accommodate the increasing necessities 
 of the special branches of medicine. Thus the Annals of Ophthalmology, 
 with Casey A. Wood of Chicago as editor, was established, and the Annals 
 of Otology, Larvngology and Rhinology, with T. Melville TIardie as editor. 
 
 Previous to this time Dr. C. II. May of Xew York acted as managing 
 editor. 
 
 Under the chief editorship of Dr. Wood of Chicago the journal con- 
 tinued to grow in influence and prosperity, and when in 1899 he found 
 it necessary to yield the chief position to Dr. H. Y. Wurdeman of Milwau- 
 kee, he knew that its continued success was assured. Dr. Wurdeman has 
 more than realized the dreams of the founder, and bids fair to carry the 
 journal far beyond the supposed limits of the medical possibilities of 
 America. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 201 
 
 THE ANNALS OF OTOLOGY, LARYNGOLOGY AND RHINOLOGY. 
 
 This journal is the outgrowth of the Annals of Ophthalmology and 
 Otology, founded in 1891 D}' James Pleasant Parker. 
 
 In 1897, when it was found necessary to divide the journal, Mr. Jones 
 H. Parker, who had hecome the publisher, secured a worthy editor-in-chief 
 in Dr. T. Melville Hardie of Chicago. He continued in this capacity until 
 1899, when he yielded the position to Dr. H. W. Loeh, who had occupied 
 a sub-editorship upon the journal for more than five years. 
 
 He brought to the journal a ripe experience, both in the details of 
 medical journalism and in his acquaintance and relation with the leading 
 nose, throat and ear specialists of this country. Under his editorial man- 
 agement the journal has greatly improved, and now occupies a position in 
 the foremost ranks of the otological and laryngological journals of the 
 world. In this particular work he has been greatly assisted by the associate 
 editors, Dr. T. Melville Hardie, Chicago: Dr. James T. Campbell, Chicago; 
 Dr. George Morganthau, Chicago; Dr. G. L. Eichards, Fall Eiver, Mass.; 
 Dr. J. L. Goodale, Boston; Dr. S. E. Allen, Cincinnati. 
 
 CLINICAL REPORTER. 
 
 This journal, which is the only homeopathic organ published in St. 
 Louis, was established by Dr. I. D. Foulon, who later sold it to the Schultz 
 Printing Company. They consolidated it with the St. Louis Journal of 
 Homeopathy, with Drs. Edmonds and Kershaw as editors. Dr. D. M. 
 Gibson subsequently became editor and still retains that position. 
 
 1NTER3TATE HEDICAL JOURNAL. 
 
 The Interstate Medical Journal of St. Louis is a publication having 
 a large circulation among the physicians of the Mississippi Yalley and 
 Southwest. It also circulates largely among the railway surgeons of the 
 country. Dr. Warren B, Outten, chief surgeon of the Missouri Pacific 
 Eailway Hospital system, is editor, assisted by Dr. E. B. H. Gradwohl, asso- 
 ciate editor, and Dr. Otho F. Ball, managing editor. 
 
 This publication was founded at Keokuk, la., in 1893, by Dr. James 
 Moores Ball, under the name of the Tri-State Medical Journal. One year 
 later it was removed to St. Louis, from which point it has continued to 
 the present time. In 1896 the Peoria Medical Eecord and in 1897 the Gen- 
 eral Practitioner were purchased and consolidated with the Tri-State Med- 
 ical Journal, but owing to the growth of the publication outside of the 
 tri-State combination (Iowa, Illinois and Missouri), the name was changed 
 -to the Interstate Medical Journal,. under which title it has continued to 
 exert an influence in its sphere of medical journalism. 
 
 The Interstate Medical Journal differs from others of its class in be- 
 ing profusely illustrated — in fact, it is more of a medical magazine 
 than a purely technical publication. 
 
 KANSAS CITY MEDICAL INDEX-LANCET. 
 
 The Kansas City Medical Index-Lancet was founded by Dr. F. F. 
 Dickman at Ft. Scott, Kan., in 1879 and 1880, and was called The Kansas 
 
202 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Medical Index. In 1883 we find associated with him Dr. W. C. Boteler, 
 with J. R. Cheaney as business editor. In August, 1882, Dr. Boteler re- 
 tired and the journal was then changed to The Kansas and Missouri Valley- 
 Medical Index. In November Dr. Cheaney retired, leaving the publication 
 under the sole editorship of Dr. Dickman. In 1885 the journal was moved 
 to Kansas City and called the Kansas City Medical Index, with an edito- 
 rial staff of Drs. F. F. Dickman, J. B. Browning, 1ST. A. Drake, J. W. Elston, 
 C. W. Adams. In September Drs. Emory Lanphear and J. W. Elston as- 
 sumed charge and edited the journal until January, 1887, when Dr. Elston 
 retired, Dr. Lanphear continuing as editor, naming the journal Lanphear's 
 Kansas City Medical Index. In 1894 the journal was transferred to Dr. 
 II. E. Pearse, who assumed control until March, 1899, when Dr. Punton, 
 who was then editor of the Kansas City Lancet, consolidated the two jour- 
 nals and called them the Kansas City Medical Index-Lancet, with J. 0. 
 McKjllip as business manager. 
 
 KANSAS CITY MEDICAL RECORD. 
 
 This journal, which is in point of years the oldest in Kansas City, was 
 acquired by the present management in 1894, and since that time has pros- 
 pered, with A. L. Fulton, M. D., as editor and proprietor. The Record has 
 always been favorably known for the high professional stand it has taken 
 on all subjects. 
 
 THE AMERICAN MEDICAL JOURNALIST. 
 
 This monthly, which is the only one in this country devoted to the 
 interests of medical editors and publishers and advertisers, was established 
 at St. Joseph in 1898 by Charles Wood Fassett, M. D. Its prosperity has 
 been continuous since the very first number appeared. 
 
 LARYNGOSCOPE. 
 
 Tn July, 1896, Dr. M. A. (xoldstein, in conjunction with Dr. F. M. 
 Eumbold, both of St. Louis, established The Laryngoscope, a 64-page 
 monthly journal, devoted to the consideration of Diseases of the Nose, 
 Throat and Ear. Apparently there was a fertile field for this journalistic 
 venture, as evidenced by the constantly increasing success of The Laryngo- 
 scope. 
 
 This journal occupies a special field of usefulness and influence in 
 laryngologic and otologic literature, and it is the only regular monthly 
 journal of its class published in America. . 
 
 Assisted by an efficient staff of associate editors and a large number 
 of collaborators, representing every prominent medical center in both hem- 
 ispheres, the Laryngoscope has become an influential factor in progressive 
 otology and laryngology, and is to-day recognized as an international 
 journal of record of the specialties which it represents. 
 
 In July, 1899, the interests of Dr. Eumbold were acquired by Dr. 
 Goldstein, who now continues the exclusive management of this journal. 
 
 The Laryngoscope is the official organ of several of the representative 
 societies devoted to laryngology and otology, and has received the indorse- 
 ment of nearly every prominent worker in these fields of medicine in Amer- 
 ica and England. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 203 
 
 THE MEDICAL BRIEF. 
 
 The Medical Brief dates its history from 1873, when medical journals 
 were not so numerous as now. The policy that should dominate a medical 
 journal was conceived by its founder and editor, J. J. Lawrence, A. M., 
 M. D., and to his efforts are due the grand consummation of his original 
 idea, which proved to be a correct one. Its popularity has so increased that 
 now the best medical talent in the world send their original communica- 
 tions to its columns, Thus making it superior to any text-book published. 
 These contributors hail from all sections of the world where the English 
 language is read. Its subscription list has kept pace with its wide pop- 
 ularity, until the list contains all countries in the civilized world. In the 
 United States its circulation is in excess of 30,000 copies each issue, while 
 its foreign circulation is enormous for an American journal. About 1883 
 Mr. W. H, Lehman assumed the business management of the Brief, and, 
 being a practical man, has, with the business acumen of the proprietor, 
 made it one of the best journalistic properties in the world. Its financial 
 standing is second to none. 
 
 HEDICAL FORTNIGHTLY. 
 
 The Fortnightly of St. Louis, which was established by Dr. Bransf ord 
 Lewis in 1891, appears on the 10th and 25th of each month. Succeeding 
 Dr. Lewis, the editorship passed to Dr. Frank Parsons Norbury, who has 
 since divided the position with Dr. Thomas A. Hopkins. The journal 
 numbers among its contributors many of the best writers of both Europe 
 and America. 
 
 MEDICAL HERALD. 
 
 The Medical Herald of St. Joseph, Mo., was established in January, 
 1882, Dr. Prank C. Hoyt being the first editor. He was succeeded by Dr. 
 H. W. Loeb, Dr. Jacob Geiger, Dr. Daniel Morton and Drs. Hiram Chris- 
 topher and W. J. Bell, who now conduct the editorial management. Chas. 
 Wood Passett, M. D., has been business manager since its establishment. 
 
 MEDICAL MIRROR. 
 
 The Medical Mirror of St. Louis, "a Monthly Keflector of the Medical 
 Profession and Its Progress," was founded in 1890 by Dr. I. 1ST. Love, and 
 has been owned and edited by him from the beginning. Dr. Love had been 
 a liberal contributor to the medical press of the country for ten or fifteen 
 years before; was associate editor for many years on the staff of the New 
 England Medical Monthly and other Eastern journals; in 1878 was asso- 
 ciate and business editor of the St. Louis Courier of Medicine, which was 
 a journal established by 100 of the leading medical men of the State of 
 Missouri, under the name of the Mississippi Valley Medical Journal As- 
 sociation. This latter journal ceased publication about 1885. Dr. Love 
 was also for several years editor of the Weekly Medical Eeview and presi- 
 dent of the Medical Press Association of St. Louis, which conducted the 
 editorial department of said journal. All of these experiences had made 
 Dr. Love well-known throughout the United States as a medical writer. 
 In 1889 he was elected, president of the American Medical Editors' Associa- 
 
204 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 tion at the meeting held in Newport, E. I. Learning that he was the first 
 president of said association who did not own and control a medical journal, 
 he determined to establish one, and the Medical Mirror was the result. As 
 announced in his prospectus, he did not establish the Medical Mirror to 
 "fill a long-felt want, but for the reason that he loved the medical pro- 
 fession and medical journalism, and was willing to indulge in the luxury 
 of the Medical Mirror as a medium of communication between the two." 
 Believing that it was necessary to strike out along new lines, with a view 
 to success in establishing the Mirror, he introduced for the first time the 
 artistic features, then becoming popular in literary magazines, into the 
 Mirror, presenting the portraits of leading workers and. writers of the 
 profession. He declared that he "would present not only science/but any- 
 thing and everything likely to be of interest to doctors; that he believed 
 the profession was interested in the personality of its members; that he 
 would not hesitate to be personal in the conduct of his journal, but never 
 unkindly so. He announced his policy to be of a character to make the 
 Medical Mirror interesting — to make it readable. Probably no medical 
 journal ever established in America had more prompt success from the 
 outstart; perhaps no one journal in iVmerica has had a better sustained suc- 
 cess and is better known than the Medical Mirror. 
 
 HEDICAL REVIEW. 
 
 The Medical L'eview enjoys the distinction of being the only weekly 
 medical publication in St. Louis and west of the Mississippi, and with a 
 single exception it is the only one south of Philadelphia. By virtue of 
 these conditions its influence in the Mississippi Valley and south of the 
 Ohio is not divided with any other journal. Its history begins twenty-six 
 years ago, when it was founded by Dr. E. C. Dudley, its first editor. For 
 two years it was published as a semi-monthly. The Medical Eeview As- 
 sociation then assumed charge of the publication until it passed into the 
 hands of J. H. Chambers & Co., who continued to publish the journal until 
 July 1, 1895, when 0. H. Dre}'er acquired it. In April, 1899, the journal 
 was purchased by Dr. H. W. Loeb, and it is in his possession at the pres- 
 ent time. Since Dr. Dudley assumed the editorial management the follow- 
 ing have been editors: Drs. Gamble, Lued eking, Wise, Primm, Porter, 
 Lewis, Dumesnil, Broome, Eiesmeyer and Loeb. The following comprises 
 the editorial staff: 
 
 Dr. H. W. Loeb, Drs. Willard Bartlett, Y. H. Bond, M. B. Clopton, 
 W. B. Dorsett, Carl Fisch, W. Freudenthal, A. Friedlander, E. B. H. Grad- 
 wohl, W. P. Loth, F. J. Lutz, H. N. Moyer, J. S. Myer, B. H. Portuondo, 
 S. I. Schwab, C. Shattinger. 
 
 THE NORTH AHERICAN JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSIS AND PRACTICE. 
 
 This publication entered the field of medical journalism January 1, 
 1898, with the following gentlemen as proprietors and editors: Dr. C. H. 
 Powell, Dr. J. G. Ehrhardt, Dr. A. E. Kieffer and Mr. Ben W. Lewis. 
 During the years 1898 and 1899 the Journal continued with the same 
 parties associated with it, but in December, 1899, Dr. C. H. Powell pur- 
 chased outright the interests of the others, and subsequently sold an in- 
 terest to Mr. John J. McLean and Mr. J. B. C. Lucas of this city. Com- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 205 
 
 menoing with the February issue for 1900 radical improvements were 
 made, making the North American Journal one of the handsomest publi- 
 cations edited in St. Louis. The Journal comprises 64 pages and cover. 
 
 ST. LOUIS CLINIQUE. 
 
 This journal was established in 1887 as the journal of the St. Louis 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. It continued under the college man- 
 agement until 1897, when it passed into the hands of the Clinique Pub- 
 lishing Company, the present proprietors. From 1895 to the beginning of 
 the Spanish-American War it was edited by T)r. Thomas Osmond Sum- 
 mers, whose tragic death last June surprised and shocked the profession. 
 When Dr. Summers entered the service of the Government in the spring 
 of 1898, Dr. C. W. Lillie, Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology of the St. 
 Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons, took editorial control, a position 
 which is still held by him. 
 
 The Clinique is an exponent of progressive medicine and medical 
 science, very popular with the profession and with advertisers. 
 
 The editorial office is in East St. Louis, 111., but the office of publica- 
 tion is at 620 North Fourth street, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 ST. LOUIS COURIER OF HEDICINE. 
 
 In order to place their scientific work and contributions to medical 
 literature properly before the medical prof ession -the Medical Journal and 
 Library Association of the Mississippi Valley, an organization composed 
 of a large number of the leading members of the profession in St. Louis 
 and throughout the State of Missouri founded the St. Louis Courier of 
 Medicine. The first number appeared in January, 1879. Those who, in 
 an editorial capacity, first moulded its character and shaped the course 
 of its existence were Drs. A. J. Steele, W. A. Hardaway and E. W. 
 Schauffler. To the broad foundation laid by them and to the high stand- 
 ard of excellence which characterized their handiwork was due the marked 
 success Avhich this publication attained. It attracted attention from its 
 initial issue and soon gained the enviable distinction of being recog- 
 nized as one of the leading medical publications in the United States, 
 a position it has since maintained. In 1880 Dr. E. M. Nelson succeeded 
 Dr. Steele as editor-in-chief of the Courier, aided by Drs. J. P. Bryson, 
 W. A. Hardaway and W. C. Glasgow as associate editors. Lnder their 
 editorship the reputation and popularity of the journal was widely ex- 
 tended and its high character in every way sustained. 
 
 In 1899 Dr. C. E. Dudley was chosen editor-in-chief, with Drs. Joseph 
 Grindon, Elsworth S. Smith and W. A. Shoemaker as associate editors. 
 Thev have carried on the work along the lines laid down by their prede- 
 cessors, and have maintained the standard that has always characterized it. 
 
 During the many years of its existence the medical profession, has 
 accorded to it their co-operation and support, and to this fact in a large 
 measure has been due its success. 
 
206 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 THE ST. LOUIS HEDICAL AND SURGICAL JOURNAL. 
 
 To write the history of the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal 
 would be to give a history of medical St. Louis. The Journal was the first 
 medical publication issued west of the Mississippi River. Its age places 
 it also in the front rank of medical journals which have survived a half- 
 centnry of existence. The ^Tew York Medical Journal was at one time 
 the oldest medical monthly in the United States, but some years ago be- 
 came a weekly, and this change left the St. Louis Medical and Surgical 
 Journal the oldest medical monthly, which position it holds to-day, and the 
 only evidence of age which it presents is that offered by the large number 
 of volumes which have been issued. 
 
 It was founded in 18d3 by Dr. M. L. Linton, the date of the initial 
 number being April. Dr. Linton was born in jSTelson County, Kentucky, 
 April 12, 1808. A farmer boy, with but limited advantages in the way of 
 securing an education, he evinced early a desire to study medicine, and 
 read what books he could find when he could snatch a few moments from 
 his arduous labor of felling trees. When he arrived at the age of man- 
 hood he studied medicine under Dr. I. H. Pohn, who also instructed him in 
 Latin and Greek. Ee entered Transylvania College, Lexington, Ky., where 
 he remained for two years. After getting married he went to Europe for 
 one year. Soon after he was invited to take the Chair of the Principles 
 and Practice of Medicine in the Medical Department of St. Louis Univer- 
 sity (later the St. Lonis Medical College), which position he occupied for 
 twenty-six years. Dr. Linton was devoted to his profession, made a good 
 editor and was a medical author of no mean importance or abilities. 
 
 In 1845, when Volume III. of the Journal began, Dr. William M. Mc- 
 Pheeters became assistant editor, and his numerous contributions in the 
 Journal may be easily recognized by his signature, McP. In May, 1845, 
 the Missouri Medical and Surgical Journal was founded, but it did not 
 last long, for we find that three years later it was absorbed by the Journal. 
 
 Dr. John S. Moore was editor of the absorbed Missouri Medical and 
 Surgical Journal, and was made an assistant editor of the Journal, which 
 position he held until 1861, the same year that Dr. McPheeters stepped 
 out, both of them acting as surgeons during the Civil War. Another as- 
 sistant editor was Dr. E. Deming, who assumed the position in 1854, and 
 died in 1855. Dr. Victor J. Fourgeaud was an associate editor with 
 Linton and McPheeters in 1845, but did not long retain the position. He 
 drifted out West, finally settled in San Francisco, and died there in 1875. 
 
 We find on the cover of the Journal for 1865 the name of Dr. J. E. 
 Allen in company with Drs. Linton, Moore and Johnston. Dr. Frank S. 
 White became an assistant editor in the same year, but further details are 
 not obtainable. In 1867 Drs. Linton and White continued as editors and 
 Dr. G-. Baumgarten became assistant editor. The next year Dr. White 
 retired and Dr. Baumgarten became associate editor with Dr. Linton. In 
 1872 Dr. William S. Edgar succeeded Drs. Linton and McPheeters as edi- 
 tor of the Journal, and he continued to act in that capacity until 1877, 
 having associated with him Dr. H. C. Gill. In 1877 Dr. Thomas F. Rum- 
 bold became editor and proprietor and infused new life into the Journal. 
 During that year he associated Dr. Hiram Christopher as assistant editor, 
 but he resigned upon his removal to St. Joseph In 1882 Dr. Rumbold 
 ceased editing the Journal and this position was assumed by Dr. Le Grand 
 Atwood, whoedited the Journal but for a short time. Dr. John B. Keber 
 
wiBssm 
 
 m 
 
 t|§l| 
 
 vmm 
 
 1S1 
 
 HENRY H. MUDD. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. -V,- 
 
 was assistant editor during 1883 3 and continued for some time. Dr. Frank 
 M. Eumbold being editor in 18S4 and tmtil Drs. Prank L. James and Oh- 
 ruann-Dumesnil became co-editors. Dr. F. M. Eumbold being business man- 
 ager. 
 
 In 159? Dr. Ohmann-DnmesniL the present editor and proprietor, ac- 
 quired the Journal. He has long been identified "with the publication, 
 having been a regular contributor since 1877. assistant editor in 1S30, 
 and editor since 1887. 
 
 The Journal is known throughout the civilized world. It circulates 
 in all the countries included in the International Postal Lnion, and has 
 been the pioneer in many of the latest medical discoveries. Its pages con- 
 stitute a veritable medical history of St. Louis, and in them may be 
 found the annals of medicine as it has been in the Mississippi Valley., as 
 well as a record of the achievements of the mejlical profession. 
 
 ST. LOU 5 .MEDICAL ERA. 
 
 The first number of the St. Louis Medical Era, a monthly journal,, 
 appeared in September, 1892, with Dr. S. C. Martin, Sr.. as editor: Dr. 
 Pinckney French, associate editor, and Dr. S. C. Martin, Jr., business 
 manager. The professional and other duties of Dr. French soon compelled 
 him to relinquish his duties in connection with the Journal, which were 
 immediately assumed by Dr. S. C. Martin, Jr., the position which he va- 
 cated being filled by Dr. Clarence Martin. 
 
 This journal is issued monthly and is devoted to medicine and surgery. 
 The aim of the management has been to keep a faithful record of the lat- 
 est discoveries and improvements in all the different departments of med- 
 icine and surgery, as well as to furnish the practitioner with the highest 
 standard of current literature on all practical subjects engaging the at- 
 tention of the medical profession. 
 
 it contains 68 pages, about 40 pages of which are devoted to reading 
 matter ami 28 to advertisements. 
 
 It now has subscribers in every hamlet in the land and is widely 
 kncttTL throughout the United States and many parts of Europe. It not 
 only keeps a record of every new development in medical science, but 
 separates the practical from the theoretical in all the progressive achieve- 
 ments of medical science. 
 
 STYLUS. 
 
 The Stylus^ founded in 1900. is a medical journal devoted to the hos- 
 pital and clinical interests of St. Louis, and giving each month a resume 
 of the best practical methods of treatment, both medical and surgical. The 
 members of the staff represent 1,500 hospital beds, and are active men 
 in private practice. The manager is Mr. C. E. Eiker; editor, Dr. William 
 Porter: assistant editor. Dr. E. If. Ross; editorial committee. Drs. F. J. 
 Xutz, J. T. Larew. TV. G. Moore, M. A. Goldstein, C. M. Nicholson. 
 
20S 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 CHAPTEK XVI.— BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Brief Sketches of Well-Known Practitioners, Past and Present. 
 
 OLXEY A. AMBEOSE. 
 
 Twenty-fi ye years ago in tlie little 
 city of Brookfleld, Mo., Olney A. 
 Ambrose was born. Within a few 
 months after his birth the family 
 removed to Stanberry, where young 
 Ambrose spent the early years of his 
 life. 
 
 His early education was obtained 
 in the public schools of Stanberry, 
 later attending Yorthwestern Yor- 
 mal School, from which he gradu- 
 ated, receiving the degree of A. M. 
 
 Having decided to study medicine, 
 he in 1895 entered the Barnes Medi- 
 cal College of St. Louis, taking the 
 visual three years' course. Graduat- 
 \g from that institution in 1898, he 
 
 at once entered upon active practice 
 in St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. Ambrose has devoted his en- 
 tire attention to general practice, 
 and by hard work and careful atten- 
 tion has met with more than ordi- 
 nary success. He has continued to 
 study since his graduation and has 
 made a special study of chemistry 
 and texicoiogy, on which subjects he 
 lectures in the Barnes Medical Col- 
 lege, occupying the position of as- 
 sistant to the professor of that 
 chair. 
 
 BOBERT FLEMING AMYX. 
 
 The assistant superintendent of 
 the St. Louis City Hospital is Dr. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 209 
 
 Eobert F. Amyx, the subject of this 
 sketch. He was born in Stockton, 
 CaL, on the 29th dav of March, 
 1866. 
 
 As a young man he received a 
 public school education in the 
 Stockton schools. After leaving 
 high school young Amyx received a 
 business education in San Francisco. 
 He was for a time a bookkeeper and 
 afterwards identified himself with 
 one of the largest dry goods houses 
 in Stockton. 
 
 In 1894 he decided to come East, 
 and in the fall of that year, carrying- 
 out a long cherished hope to study 
 medicine, entered the Marion-Sims 
 Medical College of St. Louis, from 
 which he graduated with high hon- 
 ors in the spring of 1897. 
 
 Through his ability to pass a 
 competitive examination he secured 
 an interneship in the City Hospital 
 during the same year, and he has 
 been connected with that institution 
 ever since. His complete mastery of 
 the routine of the hospital work and 
 his general good work there made 
 him assistant superintendent, which 
 position he now holds. 
 
 Dr. Amyx is regarded as a bril- 
 liant executive as well as physician 
 and surgeon. His record in the hos- 
 pital speaks for itself. 
 
 The doctor is an Odd Fellow and 
 a member of the St. Louis Micro- 
 scopical Society, the St. Louis Acad- 
 emy of Medical and Surgical Science 
 and the St. Louis City Hospital 
 Alumni Medical Society. 
 
 GUY ELMONT AP LYNNE. 
 
 Dr. Guy Elmont Ap Lynne whs 
 born in Mount Pleasant, la., thirty 
 years ago. He removed to Califor- 
 nia early in life, and was educated 
 first at Sturgiss Business College, 
 San Bernardino, and later graduated 
 from Chaffey College at Ontario^ 
 Cal. He began the study of medi- 
 cine in the Hahnemann Medical Col- 
 
 lege of Chicago, and afterward went 
 to Kansas City and graduated from 
 the Kansas Citv Homeopathic Med- 
 ical College in 1899. 
 
 Since his graduation Dr. ApLynne 
 has made a specialty of surgery and 
 the diseases of women, and has iden- 
 tified himself with the Kansas City 
 Homeopathic Medical College as 
 registrar of the college and Profes- 
 sor of the Chair of Physiology. 
 
 Dr. ApLynne has already estab- 
 lished himself as one of the most 
 successful of the young homeopathic 
 physicians and surgeons of Kansas 
 City. 
 
 LB GRAND ATWOOD. 
 
 One of the "wheel horses" of the 
 Missouri profession is Dr. Le Grand 
 Atwood, who was born at La 
 Grange, Tenn., in 1832. His parents 
 removed to St. Louis when he was 
 but 6 months old. Dr. Atwood's 
 father was a well-known business 
 man of St. Louis. For years he 
 conducted a wholesale drug business 
 in that city. Young Atwood was 
 
210 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 educated in the private schools, 
 more especially in that of Edward 
 Wyman, the foremost of the local 
 tutors of that time. At the age of 
 14 he commenced the study of med- 
 icine under his relative and pre- 
 ceptor, Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell. 
 Pie graduated from the medical de- 
 partment of the Missouri State Uni- 
 versity at the age of 18, in March, 
 1851, and commenced the practice 
 of his profession the same spring, 
 forming a husiness and professional 
 ■connection with Dr. Charles W. Ste- 
 vens, then a noted practitioner of 
 Missouri. 
 
 Soon afterward Dr. Atwood 
 changed his plans, and, crossing the 
 plains to California, entered upon 
 the practice of medicine in that sec- 
 tion of the country. He pursued 
 his professional work there with 
 avidity until 1855, when he returned 
 to Missouri and settled as a practi- 
 tioner at Marshall, Saline County. 
 Afterwards he returned to St. Louis. 
 
 At the outbreak of the war be- 
 tween the States, Dr. Atwood cast 
 
 his lot with the Confederacy, and 
 offered his services to the then exist- 
 ing government of Missouri. He 
 was appointed surgeon of the First 
 Missouri Eegiment of the State 
 Guard, under Col. Marmaduke, and 
 remained in that capacity until 
 some four months afterwards. Af- 
 ter the fall of Lexington, Mo., he 
 was taken prisoner by the Federal 
 forces in Lafa}rette County and held 
 on a charge of conspiracy againat 
 the Federal Government. It is prob- 
 able that this charge was brought 
 about by the doctor's activity as a 
 Southern sympathizer just prior to 
 the outbreak of hostilities. He 
 was offered his release on taking the 
 oath of allegiance or furnishing 
 bonds for future conduct toward the 
 Government, but, refusing, was kept 
 a prisoner of war for about eighteen 
 months at Booneville, Mo. When 
 his release finally came the circum- 
 stances were not favorable for his 
 re-entry into the Confederate ser- 
 vice. When war had ended, Dr. At- 
 wood returned to St. Louis, recom- 
 menced the practice of his profes- 
 sion there, and has continued so en- 
 gaged ever since. 
 
 He has been vice-president of the 
 Missouri State Medical Association 
 and president of the St. Louis Medi- 
 cal Society, and has always been 
 prominent in medical society circles 
 as a stanch upholder of the ethics 
 of the profession. 
 
 As an evidence of the interest 
 that Dr. Atwood has taken in the 
 past in medical educational matters, 
 it may be mentioned that he has 
 filled the chairs of medical institu- 
 tions of the State in the capacities 
 of Professor of Physiology, of Ther- 
 apeutics and Toxicology, of Mental 
 and Nervous Diseases and Psychia- 
 try. He was appointed in 1886 su- 
 perintendent of the St. Louis Insane 
 Asyhim, and remained chief of that 
 institution for the succeeding five 
 years. Subsequently he was elected 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 211 
 
 superintendent of State Asylum No. 
 1, retaining that position for a year. 
 
 Stalwart of build, Dr. Atwood is 
 far from being an old man in ap- 
 pearance and action, although he. 
 has known and been associated with 
 many Missouri physicians of note, 
 long since dead and passed out of 
 public, memory. His recollections 
 of early professional associations 
 would make a very interesting his- 
 tory in themselves for a Missouri- 
 an's perusal. 
 
 At this writing Dr. Atwood con- 
 tinues in very active professional 
 work. 
 
 HUGO A. AULEE. 
 
 One of the successful practition- 
 ers of South St. Louis is Dr. Hugo 
 A. Auler, who comes from a family 
 of physicians. His father, the late 
 Dr. Hugo Auler, was at one time 
 Coroner of St. Louis* and a man 
 quite prominent in the profession 
 during his lifetime. Dr. Laurence 
 Auler, the grandfather of Hugo A. 
 
 Auler, was, up to the time of his 
 death in 1853, also prominent in the 
 profession in St. Louis. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch is a native of St. 
 Louis, and was born September 27, 
 1867. 
 
 He received his preliminary edu- 
 cation in the public schools of 
 St. Louis, and when but 20 years 
 old graduated from the Jesuit Col- 
 lege at Prairie du Chien, Wis., re- 
 ceiving therefrom the degree of 
 Master of Arts. Later the same 
 college conferred upon Dr. Auler 
 a Ph. B. degree. In 1890 he grad- 
 uated from the St. Louis Medical 
 College. He immediately began the 
 practice of his chosen profession in 
 South St. Louis, and has been quite 
 successful from the start. He makes 
 a special study of the diseases of 
 women and children, and his prac- 
 tice is largely devoted to that spe- 
 cialty. 
 
 Dr. Auler has been appointed con- 
 sulting physician to the recently 
 projected Mount St. Eose Hospital 
 for Consumptives, the building now 
 being in progress. 
 
 WILLIAM BADGER. 
 
 William Badger was born in Me- 
 tropolis, 111., April 26, 1866. His 
 literary education was received in 
 the public schools of St. Louis, to 
 which city his parents had removed 
 when he was but 2 years old. 
 
 Some years after his graduation 
 from the St. Louis High School he 
 took up the study of medicine^ and 
 finally graduated from the Homeo- 
 pathic Medical College of Missouri 
 in the spring of 1894. He com- 
 menced practice at once, in St. 
 Louis, where he has remained ever 
 since. While engaged in a gen- 
 eral practice, Dr Badger handled 
 successfully a number of cases of 
 cancer, and may be considered ex- 
 pert in that line. 
 
212 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Without any intention of entering 
 the field as a specialist, as the result 
 of years of hard professional work, 
 Dr. Badger has built up a practice 
 that occupies his entire time and at- 
 tention. 
 
 OSCAE F. BAEBENS. 
 
 Dr. Oscar F. Baerens, while still a 
 young man, has made for himself 
 an enviable place in the ranks of his 
 chosen profession. He was born 
 and reared in St. Louis, where he 
 commenced his early education in 
 private schools,later entering Toens- 
 feldt's Educational Institution (a 
 noted school in the early '80s), from 
 which he graduated. In 1885 Dr. 
 Baerens attended the St. Louis Col- 
 lege of Pharmacy, taking a full 
 course, graduating in 1888, securing 
 the title Ph. G. 
 
 In the following year he entered 
 the Beaumont Hospital Medical Col- 
 lege of his native city, graduating 
 from that institution in 1892. He 
 immediately engaged in the practice 
 of medicine, locating in the State of 
 
 Illinois, remaining there one year. 
 Early in 1893 Dr. Baerens returned 
 to St. Louis, where he has continued 
 to practice ever since. 
 
 He has made a specialty of the 
 diseases of the ear, nose and throat, 
 and his successful work during the 
 past eight years, along those lines 
 have won for him the honor of being 
 chosen professor of those diseases in 
 the St. Louis College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. 
 
 Dr. Baerens is a member of sev- 
 eral medical societies, a number of 
 secret orders and has been actively 
 connected with several of the medi- 
 cal journals, contributing a number 
 
 of papers of interest to the medical 
 profession. 
 
 PEIESTLY A. BAIKBBIDGE. 
 
 Priestly A. Bainbridge, one of the 
 most prominent physicians of St. 
 Louis, was born in Bainbridge, 
 Williamson Co., 111., 59 years ago. 
 His early education was received in 
 the schools of Illinois. Later in 
 life he entered the St. Louis Medi- 
 cal College, graduating in 1864. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 213 
 
 He immediately entered the Unit- 
 ed States Army, taking the field as 
 assistant surgeon, having received 
 the appointment from AVillard P. 
 Hall. He served until the end of 
 the war, being honorably discharged 
 August 11, 1865. 
 
 Soon afterwards Dr. Bainbridge 
 located in St. Louis, engaging in an 
 active general practice, with which 
 he has been eminently successful 
 ever since. 
 
 The doctor is a member of sev- 
 eral medical societies and secret and 
 patriotic orders. 
 
 His long life in the profession 
 has been an honorable career, and he 
 has the esteem of his co-practition- 
 ers and patients. 
 
 ery American youth enjoys at this 
 period of civilization. 
 
 Early in life young Bansbach had 
 decided to devote his life to the 
 study of medicine. After finishing 
 his education in the public schools 
 he entered the Ensworth Medical 
 College of St. Joseph, taking' the us- 
 ual three years' course, and grad- 
 uated from that institution in 
 March, 1898. 
 
 Dr. Bansbach at once began prac- 
 tice in his native city as a general 
 practitioner, and, although a young 
 man, has rapidly risen to the front 
 ranks of his chosen profession by 
 beins; a close student, faithful and 
 
 
 B^^MilBiSil 
 
 P0M 
 
 
 untiring in his work as a physician, 
 has made him quite successful from 
 the start. 
 
 J. J. BANSBACH. 
 
 Joseph J. Bansbach was born in 
 St. Joseph, and lived there ever 
 since. His early education was ob- 
 tained in the public and high 
 schools of his native city, where he 
 received that thorough schooling ev- 
 
 ALCxEENON SIDNEY BAKNES. 
 
 Algernon Sidney Barnes, son of 
 John Barnes, M. D., and Caroline 
 Clark Barnes, both of Philadelphia, 
 was born in Mont Albin, Mississippi, 
 March 8, 1831. He came to Mis- 
 souri in 1841, and has since that 
 
214 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 time resided in St. Louis. He 
 attended a course of lectures in the 
 St. Louis Medical College, session 
 of 1849-50. Attended Ike medical 
 department oi the University of 
 Missouri, session of 1853-4 and 
 1854-5. and was graduated by that 
 institution in the spring of 1855, 
 has practiced medicine here since 
 that time, and is still practic- 
 ing. He was one of the early St. 
 Louisans to cross the plains in 1850 
 with an ox team, via Salt Lake City, 
 to the gold mines of Southern Cali- 
 fornia, returning in 1853 to take up 
 the study of medicine, as noted 
 above. 
 
 At the commencement of the 
 Civil War he entered the govern- 
 ment service in the capacity of sur- 
 geon, and served until the close of 
 the war, during that time acting 
 as surgeon in charge of several mili- 
 tary hospitals in St. Louis, as well 
 as attending officers and their fami- 
 lies, men on furlough and detached 
 service, and examining for the regu- 
 lar army. 
 
 Dr. Barnes also served as surgeon 
 
 in the State Militia, holding the 
 commission of Major on General A. 
 G. Edwards' staff. In 1879 he was 
 appointed to a professorship in the 
 St. Louis College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, and has since filled the 
 Chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
 Women and Infants. He was also 
 elected to the deanship of the above- 
 named institution, but later com- 
 pelled to resign on account of pro- 
 fessional duties. In 1890 he was 
 chosen dean in the college. 
 
 Dr. Barnes is a member of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society, of the Amer- 
 ican Medical Association, of the 
 Mississippi Valley Medical Associa- 
 tion, the Missouri State Medical So- 
 ciet} r , and is consulting physician' to 
 several State and city institutions. 
 
 Dr. Barnes is prominent in local 
 Masonic circles, a charter member 
 of Tuscan Lodge, and is also a char- 
 ter member of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 He was married April 26, 1859, to 
 Susan C. Bailey of Lancaster, Penn- 
 sylvania. Three children were born, 
 one of whom died in infancy. Al- 
 gernon Sidney Barnes, Jr., is a phy- 
 sician practicing in St. Louis. A 
 third son, Percival Clinton Barnes, 
 is a manufacturing chemist. As an 
 eminent physician, Dr. Barnes is 
 known throughout the length and 
 breadth of Missouri— and beyond its 
 borders. 
 
 JULES BARON". 
 
 Jules Baron is a native St. Louis- 
 sn, having been born there August 
 11th, 1859. He obtained a public 
 school education and entered the 
 Washington University after com- 
 pleting the course of the Laclede 
 School. He remained in the Wash- 
 ington University but two years, 
 quitting when in his sophomore 
 year to enter the St. Louis Medical 
 College. He received his M. D. 
 from that college in the spring of 
 1881. During the summer of 1881 
 Dr. Baron sailed for Europe, where 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY, 
 
 215 
 
 for the next three years and a half 
 he further pursued his study of 
 medicine in Paris, Tienna and Ber- 
 lin. 
 
 In 1884 Dr. Baron returned to 
 St. Louis and began the practice of 
 medicine. He located in South St. 
 Louis and has ever since been ac- 
 counted as one of the leading physi- 
 cians and surgeons of that section of 
 the city. 
 
 Dr. Baron is a member of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society, and he is also 
 prominent in the ranks of the 
 Knio-hts of Pythias of the city. 
 
 Dr. Bartlett has a large general 
 practice, but makes a specialty of 
 diseases of women. 
 
 He is accredited the leading phy- 
 sician of that division of the city 
 known as Yortk Springfield. For 
 nine years he has been the house 
 physician at St. John's Hospital in 
 Springfield, and was recently ap- 
 pointed consulting surgeon at the 
 Frisco Bailroad Hospital. He is 
 medical examiner for several old line 
 insurance companies. ITnder Cleve- 
 land's second administration he was 
 president of the local Pension Board, 
 and has served one term of two 
 years as. County Physician of 
 Greene Count}-. 
 
 Dr. Bartlett is at present a mem- 
 ber of the Springfield Board of 
 Health. 
 
 KEATING BAUDUY. 
 
 - The oldest son in each generation 
 of the Bauduy family for the last 
 four decades has been a physician, 
 Dr. Keating Bauduy, the subject of 
 this sketch, being the son of J. K. 
 Bauduv. M. D., LL. D.. the distin- 
 
 JAMES E. BARTLETT. 
 
 James Balph Bartlett was born in 
 Marshalltown, la., March 21, 1861. 
 In March, 1883, he graduated from 
 the University Medical College of 
 Yew York City, and in later years 
 took two post-graduate courses — in 
 
 1889, surgery and diseases of women 
 at Polyclinic, New York, and in 
 
 1890, diseases of women in Carl 
 Brown Clinic at Yienna. He com- 
 menced practice at his present loca- 
 tion in Springfield in 1893. 
 
 .■&:'. 
 
 m 
 
216 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 guished alienist and neurologist of 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Keating Bauduy was born in St. 
 Louis on New Year's Day of 1866. 
 He received his early education in 
 the schools of that city, attending 
 Washington University prior to the 
 establishment of Smith Academy, 
 afterwards graduating from the St. 
 Louis University. He spent two 
 years in the Jesuit College at St, 
 Mary's, Kan., and the Christian 
 Brothers' College of St. Louis, di- 
 viding the time equally between the 
 two. He then entered the Missouri 
 Medical College, and, after finishing 
 the course of study, graduated in 
 1S86 at the head of his class, re- 
 ceiving highest distinction. 
 
 He immediately entered upon the 
 active practice in which he has 
 been so successful. The doctor has 
 made a national reputation as an 
 army surgeon and also as a medical 
 expert in many prominent criminal 
 -trials. 
 
 Dr. Bauduy made his reputation 
 as an expert in famous trials early 
 in his career, and has been associ- 
 ated as a "medical expert" in nearly 
 all prominent medico-legal contests 
 in the past decade. , He arrayed the 
 medical evidence and drew up the 
 hypothetical case presented to the 
 jury in the Duestrow trial, which 
 was so much talked of during the 
 early 90's. • 
 
 At the breaking out of the Span- 
 ish-American War, Dr. Bauduy was 
 commissioned surgeon-in-chief, with 
 the rank of Major, and assigned to 
 the Sixth Missouri Volunteer Infan- 
 try by Gov. Stephens. 
 
 During the encampment of that 
 regiment at Jacksonville, Fla., Maj. 
 Bauduy was especially recommend- 
 ed and complimented in the report 
 of the Inspector-General to the Sur- 
 geon-General of the Armv at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, the report being that 
 the Sixth Missouri Volunteer Infan- 
 
 try had the best sanitary laws and 
 regulations of any regiment in the 
 Seventh Army Corps. The Sixth 
 Missouri held the record for health, 
 based upon the sanitary laws laid 
 down by Dr. Bauduy. Gen. Fitz- 
 hugh Lee, commanding the Seventh 
 Army Corps, also paid tribute to 
 Maj. Bauduy's efficiency. 
 
 As a surgeon in the army Dr. 
 Bauduy designed the "Geneva Cross 
 Field Hospital," but he won most of 
 his prestige as a surgeon by his fam- 
 ous "individual deposit cover," 
 which, as the composite fever chart 
 of the Seventh Army Corps will 
 show, brought about the termina- 
 tion of the typhoid fever epidemic 
 at Jacksonville. Maj. Bauduy saw 
 service in Havana Avith the Sixth 
 Begiment. After the regiment was 
 mustered out, Dr. Bauduy returned 
 to St. Louis fend resumed his private 
 practice. On December 9 last Gov. 
 Stephens commissioned him medi- 
 cal director, with the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel, of the First Brigade 
 of the National Guard of Missouri. 
 Dr. Bauduy is a medical writer of 
 some note. He was, for a time, as- 
 sociate editor of the St. Louis Cour- 
 ier of Medicine and the St. Louis 
 Clinique. 
 
 He is a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, and in 1897 was 
 its vice-president, being the young- 
 est man who ever held that office in 
 the societ} r . 
 
 The doctor, during his connection 
 with the St. Louis College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, where he held 
 the Chair of Nervous and Mental 
 Diseases, was consultant to the City 
 Hospital of St. Louis and the St. 
 Louis Insane Asylum. Later he 
 was assistant to the Chair of Psy- 
 chological Medicine and Nervous 
 Diseases at the Missouri Medical 
 College and chief of the neurologi- 
 cal clinic and on the staff of the St. 
 John's Hospital department of the 
 same college. 
 
EX-PRESIDENTS MISSOURI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 [n addftfon to others whose portraits are elsewhere given.) 
 
 £%!»&. 
 
 *#%f m^-jfi'-, 
 
 c 
 
 W. G. THOMAS, 1850. 
 
 I. P. VAUGHN, 1853. 
 
 J 
 
 <f 
 
 /r& *£ 
 
 J 
 
 J. B. ALEXANDER, 1854. 
 
 G. A. WILLIAMS, 1S67 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 ail 
 
 BENJAMIN G. BENSON. 
 
 Dr. Benjamin G. Benson is a na- 
 tive of the Mound City, having been 
 horn here June 6, 1867. After ob- 
 taining a preliminary education in 
 Smith Academy and the Educa- 
 tional Institute, both of St. Louis, 
 he entered the St. Louis College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, from 
 which he received his diploma and 
 M. D. degree in March, 1888. 
 
 That same } r ear Dr. Benson went 
 abroad, where, until 1890, he fur- 
 ther pursued his study of medicine 
 in the famous universities at Kiel 
 and Heidelberg, Germany. 
 
 Returning to this country in 
 1890, he located in the far "West, at 
 Green Eiver, Sweetwater Co., Wyo., 
 where he remained for the next two 
 years. During that time Dr. Ben- 
 eon was the surgeon for the Union 
 Pacific Eailroad Company. 
 
 In 1892 he came to his native 
 city, where he has been engaged in 
 general practice ever since. 
 
 HENRY W. BEWIG. 
 
 Henry W. Be wig was born in St. 
 Clair County, Illinois, on the 2d 
 day of -July, 1863. He received Ms 
 early education in the schools of his 
 native State, and at Central Wes- 
 leyan College of Missouri, and pre- 
 vious to his entrance to the St. 
 Louis Medical College, from which 
 he graduated in the spring of 1891. 
 he went through a thorough classi- 
 cal course of study. 
 
 After his graduation from what 
 is now the Medical Department of 
 the Washington University, Dr. Be- 
 wig became assistant at City Hos- 
 pital during '91 and '92, Finding 
 that the field there was not broad 
 enough to justify him in remaining, 
 he removed in 1893 to St. Louis, 
 where he has in the meantime built 
 up a large and lucrative private 
 practice. 
 
 The doctor is a clinician in the 
 Medical Department of the Wash- 
 ington University. He is also a 
 member of several prominent medi- 
 cal societies, and has contributed a 
 number of valuable monographs to 
 the professional press. 
 
 ISAAC H. BIED. 
 
 Isaac Henry Bird is by birth a 
 Canadian, born in the town of Gait, 
 May 6, 1851. He attended Cana- 
 dian and United States schools, and 
 in 1882 graduated from the Medical 
 College of Ohio. 
 
 He commenced the practice of 
 medicine in Cincinnati, Ohio, and 
 continued there until 1896, in which 
 year he became a resident of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Doctor Bird's professional career 
 in Ohio was a remarkably successful 
 one. He was connected with the 
 Cincinnati Hospital for two years; 
 was attached to the medical staff of 
 Longview Insane Asylum, a state 
 institution located in a suburb of 
 Cincinnati, for a period of two 
 
218 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 y ears, and served a two-j^ear term as 
 assistant health officer of Cincin- 
 nati. Dr. Bird's Ohio record has ob- 
 tained for him a ready welcome in 
 the Missouri metropolis. 
 
 Acting on the principle that one 
 is never too old to learn, Dr. Bird 
 took a second course of medical 
 study, this time in Barnes' Medical 
 College of his adopted city, finishing 
 in 1898. Dr. Bird has grown in 
 popular favor and is building up a 
 good general practice. 
 
 VILE AY PAPIN BLAIB. 
 
 Dr. Yilray Papin Blair, one of the 
 young men of the St. Louis prac- 
 titioners, is a native of that city in 
 all that the word implies. He was 
 born, reared, educated and has, since 
 his entrance into the medical frater- 
 nity, always practiced there. 
 
 It was on the 15th of June, 1871, 
 that Dr. Blair was born. After a 
 preliminary education in the public 
 and grammar schools of the Mis- 
 souri metropolis, he became a stu- 
 dent of medicine in the medical de- 
 
 partment of the Washington Uni- 
 versity. After completing the 
 course of study there he was grant- 
 ed a diploma and the Doctor of Med- 
 icine degree in 1892. 
 
 Dr. Blair at once began practicing 
 
 in St. Louis, and he has been quite 
 successful from the start. 
 
 AKMEKEUS F. BOCK. 
 
 A. P. Bock was born in Monroe 
 County, Illinois, in 1846, and re- 
 ceived his early education in the 
 public classical schools of that State. 
 
 When scarcely 20 years of age the 
 subject of this sketch went to Ger- 
 many, where he studied medicine in 
 the University of Wuerzburg, in the 
 province of Bavaria. He graduated 
 from that famous seat of learning 
 jn 1868, and after spending one year 
 jn touring the continent, Dr. Bock 
 returned to this country and located 
 jn St. Louis. He has been there 
 ever since, and in his thirty-one 
 years of practice has made for him- 
 self an honorable reputation as a 
 gentleman and physician. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 219 
 
 Dr. Bock has devoted his entire 
 attention to his general practice. 
 
 He is a member of several influen- 
 tial medical societies, both State 
 and local. 
 
 The doctor has contributed to 
 medical literature to a considerable 
 extent, both in the magazines and in 
 the societies, and his writings have 
 all been clear and forcible — a good 
 index of his character. 
 
 LOUIS CHARLES BOISLINIERE 
 
 Louis Charles Boisliniere, emi- 
 nent as physician, author and edu- 
 cator, was born September 2, 1816, 
 in the Island of Guadaloupe, one of 
 the West Indian possessions of 
 France. His father was the ownei 
 of a large iugar plantation on the 
 Island of Guadaloupe. His early 
 education was obtained under pri- 
 vate tutors in France, and later he 
 took his degree of Letters and Arts 
 at the University of France. He 
 studied law at the same institution, 
 receiving the degree and license that 
 entitled him to practice in the 
 French courts. 
 
 After graduating- he returned to 
 Guadaloupe, made an extended trip 
 through South America and, upon 
 his return to Guadaloupe, found the 
 island in such an unsettled condi- 
 tion that he decided to establish his 
 home in the United States. 
 
 In 1842 he arrived in New Or- 
 leans, soon afterwards going to Ken- 
 tucky, bearing letters of introduc- 
 tion to Henry Clay and other noted 
 persons of that State. He then en- 
 tered the Medical Department of 
 the University of Louisville, study- 
 ing under the preceptorship of such 
 noted, physicians and educators as 
 Drs. Gross, Flint and the elder Yan- 
 dell. He then went to St. Louis 
 and entered the St. Louis Medical 
 College, graduating in 1848, having 
 been advised to take this step by Dr. 
 Henry M. Bullitt. After graduat- 
 ing he at once entered upon the ac- 
 tive practice of medicine in St. 
 Louis, and rendered valuable service 
 to the public during the cholera epi- 
 demic of 1849. In 1858 he was 
 elected Coroner of St. Louis County. 
 He was the first physician to hold 
 this office in St. Louis County, and 
 was re-elected to the office in 1860. 
 He had special laws passed govern- 
 ing the office, which were declared 
 constitutional by the Supreme 
 Court of the State, and which, have 
 guided all subsequent Coroners in 
 the conduct of their affairs. The 
 position has, since his election, al- 
 ways been held by a physician. 
 
 While engaged in general prac- 
 tice, he gave special attention to ob- 
 stetrics and gynecology, and induced 
 the Sisters of Charity to open a ly- 
 ing-in hospital, which was conduct- 
 ed under the name of St. Ann's 
 Asylum, and was the first institu- 
 tion of its kind west of the Alle- 
 ghenies. 1 or more than twenty 
 years he was the attending obstetri- 
 cian. In 1870 he was appointed to 
 the Chair of Obstetrics, Gynecology 
 and Diseases of Children in the St. 
 
220 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Louis Medical College, and in con- 
 nection with this professorship con- 
 ducted a large gynecological clinic 
 at the Mullanphy Hospital. 
 
 He was president of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society in 1878-9, and was 
 for several terms president of the St. 
 Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological 
 Society. In 1879 the St. Louis Uni- 
 versity conferred upon him the de- 
 gree of Doctor of Laws and certain 
 scientific communications of which 
 he was the author, caused him 
 to be elected an honorary member 
 of the Anthropological Society of 
 Paris. 
 
 At a meeting of the American As- 
 sociation of Obstetricians and Gyne- 
 cologists, held in St. Louis, he de- 
 livered the address of welcome on 
 the part of St. Louis physicians, 
 and was elected to honorary fellow- 
 ship in that society. He contributed 
 many valuable papers to medical lit- 
 erature, and was the author of the 
 work entitled, "A Treatise Upon 
 Obstetric Accidents, Emergencies 
 and Operations/' which met with a 
 cordial reception from the medical 
 profession at large, and is used as a 
 text book by many medical colleges. 
 
 Dr. Boisliniere was noted for his 
 great learning and, notwithstanding 
 the exacting nature of his profes- 
 sional duties, he found time during 
 his life to keep up his classical and 
 literary studies, and was always ac- 
 tive in matters of public interest. 
 His kindly courtesy and the per- 
 sonal interest he took in each mem- 
 ber of the profession endeared him 
 to them all, and he was both be- 
 loved and honored by the general 
 public. 
 
 As an obstetrician he was ag- 
 gressive. He was the pioneer of the 
 obstetric forceps in the West, and 
 fought its battle against what 
 seemed insurmountable opposition 
 until the victory was complete, and 
 that great "prime mover of obste- 
 trics and conservator of infantile 
 
 life" is found in the obstetric bag of 
 every practitioner. 
 
 In the early days of this contro- 
 versy his greatest opponent was the 
 most famous obstetrician in the 
 city, who contended that delivery 
 at the superior strait by means of 
 the forceps was a physical impossi- 
 bility, but when its possibility was 
 demonstrated beyond a doubt, re- 
 treated with the statement, "It was 
 a most hazardous and altogether un- 
 warrantable proceeding." 
 
 Another stand taken by Dr. Boisli- 
 niere early in his medical career 
 was the ethical wrong and unscien- 
 tific proceeding of craniotomy upon 
 the living child. 
 
 In all his obstetric experience, 
 covering as it did some forty-five 
 years of active obstetric work, both 
 in private practice and hospital ser- 
 vice, not once was craniotomy upon 
 the living child resorted to. He de- 
 fended his position, against all com- 
 ers, ably assisted and encouraged by 
 his friend and colleague, Dr. T. L. 
 Papin of St. Louis. In 1890 he 
 published a pamphlet entitled, 
 "Craniotomy and Caesarean Sec- 
 tion," in which the ethical wrong 
 was clearly proven and the opera- 
 tion of craniotomy demonstrated to 
 be unsnrgical and scientifically in- 
 expedient and inhuman. 
 
 His lifelong battle against this 
 useless sacrifice of human life was 
 — owing to the advance of modern 
 surgery — crowned with success, and 
 he had the satisfaction of knowing 
 that the operation of craniotomy 
 was relegated to the past. 
 
 Dr. Boisliniere died in St. Louis, 
 January 13, 1896. His wife and 
 six children survived him, five 
 daughters and a son — Dr. L. C. 
 Boisliniere, Jr. Although he was 
 in his 80th year, he was active to 
 the last. Never having relinquished 
 his practice, he had the satisfaction 
 of dying in the harness. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 221 
 
 DAVID S. BOOTH. 
 
 Dr. David S. Booth comes of a 
 family* of physicians. His grand- 
 father was Dr. John J. Booth, who 
 removed from Philadelphia in 1847 
 to Fredericktown, Mo., where he 
 practiced medicine until his death. 
 
 Dr. Booth's father, Dr. David S. 
 Booth, Sr., began practice in the 
 early part of 1850 in Southwest 
 Missouri, where he remained until 
 the outbreak of the Civil War, when 
 he was appointed surgeon on the 
 Queen of the West, a gunboat of the 
 Western flotilla. 
 
 While the gunboats were attempt- 
 ing to run past Vicksburg, Dr. 
 Booth, pere, was taken prisoner by 
 the Confederates, but was soon re- 
 leased by exchange, and assigned to 
 the position of Snrgeon-in-Charge 
 of the General and Post Hospitals 
 at Springfield, Mo., which position 
 he held until the war was ended, 
 when he became a resident of Il- 
 linois. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was 
 born April 6, 1863, in Enterprise, 
 
 McDonald County, Missouri, but 
 when a year old removed with his 
 parents to Sparta, 111., where he re- 
 ceived his early education, graduat- 
 ing in the classical course from the 
 High School, after which he attend- 
 ed the Southern Illinois Normal 
 University. After studying medi- 
 cine with his father he entered the 
 St. Louis Medical College, and grad- 
 uated therefrom in 1886. The lat- 
 ter part of his medical course he 
 was a private pupil of the late Dr. 
 H. H. Mudd. Soon after receiving 
 his diploma he became assistant 
 house surgeon and pharmacist in 
 the Missouri Pacific Eailway Hos- 
 pital at Palestine, Tex., and a few 
 months later was transferred to the 
 railway con.pany's hospital in St. 
 Louis. In the latter part of 1897 
 he returned to Texas to take charge 
 of the Palestine Hospital. Resign- 
 ing in the spring of 1889, he located 
 in Webster Groves, a suburb of St. 
 Louis, but after three months re- 
 moved with his father to Belleville, 
 111. 
 
 In 1891 he accepted a position as 
 assistant to Dr. C. H. Hughes of St. 
 Louis, with whom he was associated 
 until January 1, 1899. During his 
 connection with Dr. Hughes he was 
 business manager and collaborator 
 of the "Alienist and Neurologist." 
 
 Dr. Booth has filled the position 
 of Clinical Instructor in Nervous 
 Diseases in Marion-Sims Medical 
 College, and later in the Barnes 
 Medical College. 
 
 He is consultant to the Missouri 
 Pacific Railway Hospital and to St. 
 Joseph's Sanitarium and examiner 
 for the Pacific Mutual Insurance 
 Company. He was recently appoint- 
 ed local surgeon to the St. Louis 
 Southwestern Eailway Company. 
 
 Dr. Booth was married in June, 
 1892, to Basmath Ariadne, a daugh- 
 ter of Dr. W. West of Belleville, 
 TIL 
 
222 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 WALDO BEIGGS. 
 
 Those who are acquainted with 
 the medical profession of St. Lonis 
 and the State, and who know the 
 merits and demerits of its indi- 
 vidual members, rank Dr. Waldo 
 Briggs, Dean of the Faculty of the 
 St. Louis College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, as one of the men most 
 prominent in the profession. Cer- 
 tain-it is, that his professional life 
 has won for him the regard and 
 esteem of his co-practitioners as 
 well as that of the laity. 
 
 Forty-fire years ago, at the town 
 cf Bowling Green, which is in the 
 heart of the famous blue grass re- 
 gion of Kentucky/Waldo Briggs was 
 born. He receired a special course of 
 studr which fitted him for entrance 
 in the Medical Department of the 
 Vanderbilt University, of jSTashville, 
 Tennessee. It was in 1877 that he 
 graduated from the college. 
 
 Soon afterwards Dr. Briggs came 
 to St. Louis, where erer since he has 
 followed the profession of his choice. 
 He has devoted most of his atten- 
 tion to surgery, and so good has 
 
 been his work along this line that 
 he is now accounted as one of the 
 foremost surgeons in this section of 
 the country. 
 
 Dr. Briggs, in addition to being 
 the dean of the faculty, is professor 
 of surgery in the St. Louis College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, with 
 which he has been connected for a 
 number of years past. He is con- 
 sulting surgeon in the St. Louis 
 City Hospital, the Female Hospital 
 of St. Louis and of the St. Andrew's 
 Hospital located in Murphysboro, 
 111. Dr. Briggs is also the chief 
 surgeon of the Jefferson Hospital of 
 St. Louis. These positions are held 
 by Dr. Briggs by virtue of good 
 work in surgery and his originality 
 in performing operations. 
 
 As the doctor is now just in the 
 prime of his life, it can be safely 
 asserted that he is destined to be 
 one of the most prominent surgeons 
 that St. Louis has ever produced. 
 
 EDWAED BBINKMAtt. 
 
 The St. Louis Medical College is 
 the institution in which Dr. Edward 
 Brinkman received that early pro- 
 fessional knowledge which has since 
 been of material advantage to him 
 and which he has enlarged until he 
 is now regarded as one of the most 
 thorough and scholarly of the phy- 
 sicians and surgeons of St. Louis. 
 
 The doctor was born in the town 
 of Edwardsville, in the State of Illi- 
 nois, on the 18th day of February, 
 1861. He was the recipient of an 
 early education in the public schools 
 of his early home that paved the 
 way for his future. 
 
 After his graduation from the St. 
 Louis Medical, March 6, 1885, Dr. 
 Brinkman returned to his native 
 State, where for the next three 
 years years he engaged in the gen- 
 eral practice of medicine. 
 
 In 1888 he came to St. Louis, 
 where he has since remained. He 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 223 
 
 has devoted most of his time to his 
 specialty of obstetrics and gyne- 
 cology. 
 
 Dr. Brinkman is a member of sev- 
 eral medical societies and occupies 
 a high place in the affections of his 
 patients and co-practitioners. 
 
 A. V. L. BEOKAW. 
 
 Born in the City Hospital, the 
 son of a physician, it is but natural 
 that his choice of profession was 
 influenced by the paternal bent, and 
 the surroundings. The father, 
 Doctor F. V. L. Brokaw, was Su- 
 perintendent and Surgeon in charge 
 at the St. Louis City Hospital at the 
 time of the birth of the subject of 
 this sketch. 
 
 Augustus Von Lieu Brokaw was 
 born ' on the 6th day of April, 
 1863. His early schooling was had 
 in the St. Louis public schools, and 
 followed by the training of Poly- 
 technic and High Schools. He 
 studied medicine, graduating with 
 class honors in March, 1885. 
 He then went abroad in pursuit of 
 further medical education, and 
 
 studied in the universities of Berlin 
 and Vienna; there he received a 
 special surgical training. Later, 
 he devoted a year to hospital work 
 in some of the notable institutions 
 of Europe. 
 
 Dr. Brokaw began the practice of 
 his profession in his native city in 
 1887, and has since then received 
 the appointment of surgeon to St. 
 John's Hospital and that of profes- 
 sor of anatomy and operative sur- 
 gery in the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege. When the "Missouri" was 
 merged in the medical department 
 of Washington University he be- 
 came Professor of Clinical Gynecol- 
 ogy. 
 
 Dr. Brokaw is also surgeon to the 
 City and Female Hospitals, chief 
 surgeon of the St. Louis Transit 
 Company and general consulting 
 surgeon to the St. Louis & San 
 Francisco E. E. He is a member 
 of the St. Louis Medical Societ}^ of 
 the Missouri State Medical, the 
 American Medical Association and 
 the Southern Surgical and Gyneco- 
 logical Association. In private 
 practice Dr. Brokaw has made a 
 specialty of surgery, and, although 
 not yet in lifers prime, he is favor- 
 ably known throughout the State 
 as an expert. 
 
 JOHN YOUNG BEOWN, JE. 
 
 Dr. John Young Brown claims his 
 birthplace in a State that has fur- 
 nished Missouri many of her best 
 citizens. He is a son of that other 
 John Young Brown so well known 
 as a one time Governor of Ken- 
 tucky and a prominent and hon- 
 ored citizen of that State. Another, 
 ancestor of Dr. Brown's was Archi- 
 bald Dixon, who succeeded Henry 
 Clay in the United States Senate 
 and was elected to various State of- 
 fices in his political career. 
 
 John Young Brown, Jr., was born 
 in Henderson, Ky., July 20, 1865. 
 
221 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 He received an elemental educa- 
 tion in the public schools of the 
 Commonwealth and finished his lit- 
 erary schooling at University School 
 of Petersburg, Ya. He read medi- 
 cine under Dr. Arch. Dixon at Hen- 
 derson. After a year of such pre- 
 liminary study he entered Bellevue 
 Hospital College and graduated 
 from that famous medical school in 
 1887. 
 
 He began the practice of his pro- 
 fession in his native town, and ac- 
 quired and maintained a highly suc- 
 cessful general practice during the 
 next five years. He then went East 
 to study and fit himself for special 
 work in gynecology and abdominal 
 surgery. He took a post-graduate 
 course at the Xew York Polyclinic, 
 and, altogether, spent the major 
 portion of five years in acquiring a 
 thorough knowledge of his chosen 
 specialties. At one time he was the 
 pupil of Dr. Joseph Price, renowned 
 as one of the world's greatest sur- 
 geons. 
 
 Dr. Brown came to Missouri tak- 
 ing up his residence in St. Louis 
 
 in February of 1896. He has be- 
 come a prominent resident, and has 
 been markedly successful profes- 
 sionally, especially so as an operator 
 in cases which come under the head 
 of his special studies. Dr. Brown 
 is a member of the St. Louis Medi- 
 cal Society and of the Missouri State 
 Medical Association. He is also a 
 member of the St. Louis Obstetri- 
 cal and Gynecological Society and a 
 Fellow of the American Association 
 of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 
 He is an honored ex-vice-president 
 of the Kentucky State Medical So- 
 ciety, and of the Mississippi Valley 
 Medical Association. 
 
 J. C. BKOWXLEE. 
 
 A well-known physician and sur- 
 geon of Kansas City is James C. 
 Brownlee, who comes of a family of 
 long residence in Pennsylvania. 
 Dr. Brownlee was born in West 
 Alexander, Washington Co., Penn., 
 the date being February 9, 1854. 
 
 He acquired an excellent literary 
 education in the institutions of his 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 225 
 
 'native State, and after a course of 
 reading preparatory, became a stu- 
 dent in Bellevue Hospital Medical 
 College in New York City. 
 
 After his graduation in 1880 lie 
 established himself in his birth^ 
 place and soon had a lucrative prac- 
 tice. 
 
 In 1885, attracted by the great 
 possibilities evidenced in the lise 
 and rapid growth of Kansas City, he 
 removed to that place, and has since 
 resided there, becoming a full- 
 fledged and enthusiastic Missourian. 
 
 Dr. Brownlee has been very suc- 
 cessful in Kansas City, both from 
 a professional and business stand- 
 point. He has a large general prac- 
 tice, but is best known as an expert 
 in surgical work. In the latter- 
 named branch he has performed 
 many very difficult operations with 
 complete success. 
 
 E. SHEPABD BEY AN. 
 
 Eichard Shepard Bryan is a na- 
 tive Missourian. He was born in 
 St. Louis, August 25, 1870. 
 
 After a preparatory course re- 
 ceived at Eacine, Wis., he attended 
 
 Smith Academy, preparing for a col- 
 lege education. He then entered 
 Princeton University, where he was 
 graduated with the class of 1893. 
 
 Having decided to follow the pro- 
 fession of medicine, he entered the 
 St. Louis Medical College Depart- 
 met of the Washington University, 
 taking a full course of studies, and 
 graduated from that institution in 
 1897, and immediately engaged 
 in the general practice of medicine 
 in his native city. 
 
 Dr. Bryan has charge of one of the 
 medical clinics of the O'Fallon Dis- 
 pensary, a department of the Medi- 
 cal Department of Washington Uni- 
 versity. He is a member of the 
 Alumni Association of the St. Louis 
 Medical College, a member of the 
 Princeton Club of St. Louis and of 
 the Washington University Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 JOHN P. BEYSON. 
 
 John Paul Bryson is of Southern 
 extraction. He was born in Macon, 
 Miss., April 16, 1846. His early ed- 
 ucation was acquired in the public 
 
226 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and private schools of his native 
 State. The outbreak of the war 
 between the States found our sub- 
 ject too young for military service, 
 but in 1863, when but 17 years old, 
 his partiality for the Southern 
 cause led him to enlist in the Con- 
 federate service. He was assigned 
 to the Seventh Kentucky Cavalry, 
 attached to Morgan's (afterward. 
 Duke's) brigade, and served to the 
 end of the war. 
 
 Returning to his home in Macon 
 in 1865, he commenced the study of, 
 medicine by a coarse of reading, 
 pursued under the direction of Dr. 
 S. V. D. Hill, then a well-known 
 Mississippi physician. In 1866 he 
 came to Missouri and matriculated 
 in the Humboldt Medical College of, 
 St. Louis. Graduating in 1868, he 
 determined to become a permanent 
 resident, and to that end com- 
 menced his professional career in St. 
 Louis. After serving for a year as 
 '& City Hospital interne, Dr. Bryson 
 began the building of a private 
 practice, which has since grown to 
 large proportions. His specialty is 
 surgery, principally that of the gen- 
 ito-urinary organs. 
 
 In 1882 he became a lecturer in 
 the St. Louis Medical College on 
 diseases of the genito-urinary or- 
 gans, and in 1886 became Professor 
 of Genito-Urinary Surgery, and is 
 now fdling that chair in the Medical 
 Department of Washington Univer- 
 sity, of which the old St. Louis Med- 
 ical has become a part. His con- 
 nection with the St. Louis Medical 
 'College antedates the period of his 
 lecturate by about ten years. 
 
 Dr. Bryson was a prominent mem- 
 ber of the Medico-Chirurgical So- 
 ciety of St. Louis, and is now a 
 member of the St. Louis Medical 
 Societ3 r , of the Missouri State Medi- 
 cal Association, of the American 
 Medical Association, of the Ameri- 
 can Association of Genito-Urinary 
 Surgeons and of the Southern Sur- 
 
 gical and Gynecological Society. He 
 is also a member of the St. Louis 
 City Hospital Alumni and surgeon 
 to St. Louis Mullanphy Hospital. 
 
 EDWIN CLARK BURNETT. 
 
 Edwin Clark Burnett was born at 
 Mansfield, 0., Jan. 19, 1854. Short- 
 ly after his birth the family re- 
 moved to Olney, 111., where the early 
 
 vp-irc; of hid tifp wprp =mpn + siHpnrl- 
 
 ing the public schools and receiving 
 the education offered the average 
 American youth. 
 
 In 1880 he went to St. Louis and 
 entered the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege, from which, after a three- 
 years' course of study, he graduated 
 in 1883, having been fitted for his 
 course of study there by a prepara- 
 tory work given him by a preceptor 
 under whom he studied for three 
 years previous to his entering the 
 St. Louis Medical College. 
 
 After graduating Dr. Burnett 
 practiced for one year at Olney, 111., 
 after which, in 1884, he located in 
 St. Louis, where he has continued 
 to practice ever since. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 227 
 
 He has made a specialty of geni- 
 to-urinary surgery. Dr. Burnett is 
 lecturer in the Medical Department 
 of the Washington University and 
 Chief of Clinic for Genito-Urinary 
 Diseases. 
 
 He is a member of the American 
 Association of Genito-Urinary Sur- 
 geons and also of the St. Louis Med- 
 ical Society. 
 
 I. H. CADWALLADEE. 
 
 Isaac Henry Cadwallader was born 
 in "Waynes ville, 0., August 29, 1850. 
 When he was but seven years old 
 his parents removed to Illinois, iu 
 
 which State, after short residences 
 at Canton and Havana, the family 
 settled in Lincoln. Here young 
 Cadwallader received the greater 
 part of his literary education, finish- 
 ing a course in Lincoln University, 
 an institution under Presbyterian 
 auspices, in 1868. 
 
 His father, who was a physician, 
 during his residence in Lincoln was 
 proprietor of a drug store, and the 
 subject of this sketch for several 
 
 years was a pharmaceutical clerk in 
 this store. As a result of such em- 
 ployment he gained much practical 
 knowledge of medicine, and supple- 
 mented that experience by a course 
 of reading along the same lines. His 
 maternal grandfather had been a 
 physician, as also were several other 
 members of his mother's family. So 
 it naturally followed that his choice 
 of a profession was easily deter- 
 mined. He finally matriculated at 
 Busk Medical College in Chicago, 
 and graduated therefrom in 1875. 
 
 On March 10, in the year of his 
 graduation, Dr. Cadwallader came 
 to Missouri, and, locating in St. 
 Louis, engaged at once in the prac- 
 tice of his profession, and has been 
 continuously so engaged ever since, 
 moving his office location only to 
 follow the natural "residence sec- 
 tion" changes incident to the 
 growtjh of an American city. 
 
 While engaged in general practice, 
 and not seeking to become a special- 
 ist, the specialty has come to him 
 in the shape of "diseases of women," 
 in which he has developed consid- 
 erable skill. As an instructor Dr. 
 Cadwallader was for three years 
 connected with the Woman's Medi- 
 cal College, lecturing on materia 
 medica and therapeutics. Lor the 
 past ten years he has been on the 
 active medical staff of the Missouri 
 Baptist Sanitarium, and a part of 
 his work there has been to lecture 
 before the nurses of that institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Dr. Cadwallader has a large cli- 
 entele in the State outside of the 
 city of St. Louis, and is a busy man. 
 He has always been a hard worker. 
 During the year of the typhoid fever 
 epidemic he contributed his full 
 share of professional work, handling 
 over 100 cases. 
 
 Dr. Cadwallader is a member of 
 the St. Louis Medical Society, and 
 always among the foremost to take 
 advantage of any discovery, inven- 
 
228 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OP 
 
 tion or other improvement in the 
 practice of the healing art. 
 
 WM. M. CAMPBELL. 
 
 William Muse Campbell, one of 
 the leading physicians and surgeons 
 of St. Joseph, Mo., was born in 
 Kobinson, Brown County, Kan., 
 March 17, 1873. 
 
 His father, the Eev. William G. 
 Campbell, was a minister of the M. 
 E. Church in Kansas, a member of 
 the Kansas Conference. He died in 
 1889. His mother's maiden name 
 was Elizabeth Muse and she was the 
 daughter of Joseph Muse, a resident 
 of Western Pennsylvania. Our sub- 
 ject was educated in the public 
 schools, and at the age of 17 he be- 
 gan the study and practice of medi- 
 cine, and graduated from the North- 
 western Medical College of St. Jo- 
 seph in 1893. He then engaged in 
 practice at Fairview, Kan., where he 
 remained two years and obtained a 
 large practice. He then left for 
 Philadelphia, Pa., where he attended 
 Jefferson Medical College, and while 
 there was elected to the Chair of 
 
 Physiology in Central Medical Col- 
 legp, St. Joseph. 
 
 He returned to St. Joseph, form- 
 ing a partnership with his uncle, 
 Dr. 0. B. Campbell. In 1897 Dr. 
 Campbell left St. Joseph on ac- 
 count of poor health and traveled 
 a couple of )^ears. Eeturning to St. 
 Joseph, he again took up the prac- 
 tice of his profession. His fame, 
 both as a physician and surgeon, is 
 widespread, and he is often called 
 in consultation and to perform dif- 
 ficult operations at distant points. 
 Dr. Campbell is a member of the 
 Masonic Order, Odd Fellows and a 
 number of other fraternal orders. 
 In his early struggles he received 
 every encouragement and sympathy 
 from his mother, a woman remark- 
 able for her energy and lofty ambi- 
 tion, for her nobility of purpose and 
 strength of character, and he natu- 
 rally feels proud when he sees in his 
 successful present the fruition of 
 her prophecies and his hopes. 
 
 L. CAPLAK 
 
 Dr. L. Caplan is one of the most 
 prominent of the ear, throat and 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 229 
 
 nose specialists of the city of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 He was born in Russia on the 15th 
 day of Hay, 1865, and received his 
 early education in that and other 
 European countries. 
 
 After taking the prescribed 
 course, of study in the University of 
 Vienna, from which he graduated in 
 1890, he further pursued the study 
 of medicine in various European 
 capitals. After the three years' ad- 
 ditional work in Europe, which he 
 devoted to a special study of dis- 
 eases of the ear, nose and throat, 
 Dr. Caplan came to America and lo- 
 cated in St. Louis. 
 
 The thorough education he had 
 received abroad placed him almost 
 immediately in the front rank of 
 the profession here. 
 
 He is a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society and the American 
 Medical Association, and from 1894 
 to 1898 was connected with the old 
 Missouri Medical College. 
 
 Dr .Caplan is also the aurist and 
 laryngologist of the Bethesda In- 
 stitute and the St. Vincent Orphan 
 Asvlum as well. 
 
 CHARLES L. CARTER. 
 
 Charles Leonidas Carter was born 
 in Dayton, Tenn., on the 1st day of 
 March 1832. He is the son of Wil- 
 liam and Ruth B. McFarland Carter. 
 The father was a Virginian. The 
 mother was born in Scotland, but 
 came with her parents to Abbeville, 
 S. C, when an infant. She was a 
 blood relation of the famous Cal- 
 houn family. "William Carter, fath- 
 er of the subject of this sketch, was 
 elected sheriff of Bradley County, 
 Tennessee, but died during his term 
 of office in the year 1836, when 
 Charles L. Carter was but 4 years 
 old. The father's estate, which was 
 ample, was squandered by bad man- 
 agement of the administrator, so 
 that the widowed mother of four 
 
 small children was left in strait- 
 ened circumstances. 
 
 At an early age Charles developed 
 a love for books, and became a de- 
 voted student. By teaching school 
 and other work he acquired the 
 means to obtain for himself a lib- 
 eral literary education. Medicine 
 had always been his goal, so he pre- 
 parer! himself by a course of scien- 
 tific reading and study for entrance 
 to the St. Louis Medical College, 
 from which institution he gradu- 
 
 ated in 1862. But he had some 
 years previously successfully passed 
 an informal examination on merit, 
 and had acquired a large and lucra- 
 tive practice. 
 
 In April, 1863, he was commis- 
 sioned Assistant Surgeon in the 
 Sixth Cavalry Regiment, M. S. M., 
 after he had declined a similar posi- 
 tion in the Twenty-first Missouri In- 
 fantry, having passed the examina- 
 tion with a marking 24 points above 
 the requirements of the service. Af- 
 ter about a year's service Dr. Carter 
 resigned on account of failiug 
 health. His health improving after 
 
230 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 a few months, lie passed the exami- 
 nation taken by applicants for reg- 
 ular army surgeonships and was as- 
 signed to the Clay General Hospital 
 in Louisville, Ky. From there he 
 was sent to Marietta, Ga.. and 
 placed in charge of the sick and 
 wounded officers of the Seventeenth 
 Army Corps, with the superintend- 
 ency of the corps hospital. His 
 health again failing, he resigned af- 
 ter the fall of Atlanta. 
 
 In 1866 he wrote a treatise on 
 "General Pathology/' which was 
 made a text book in several medical 
 schools, and is now in the second 
 edition, Dr. Carter is a concise and 
 cogent writer, and was formerly one 
 of the editors of the St. Louis 
 Medical Eecord. In 1867 he was 
 tendered the Chair of Materia Med- 
 ica and Therapeutics in the St. 
 Louis Medical College. 
 
 He was married to Virginia 
 Haynes at Holden, Mo., February 
 24, 1875. Two children are the re- 
 sult of the union. Socially, financial- 
 ly and professionally, Dr. Carter's 
 life has been a success. He is now 
 (1900) living in comfortable retire- 
 ment at Warrensburg, Mo. 
 
 GEOEGE CALMESE CATLETT. 
 
 George Calmese Catlett, M. D., 
 was born June 20, 1828, in Union 
 Co., Kentucky. He was associated 
 with the following medical asso- 
 ciations: Shreveport, La.; St. Jo- 
 seph, Mo.; the State Society of Mis- 
 souri, American Medical Associa- 
 tion and the Association of Asylum 
 Superintendents. Dr. Catlett was 
 a frequent contributor to medical 
 periodicals, these treatises being for 
 most part on nervous diseases. He 
 entered the Confederate Army, was 
 with Gen. Sterling Price in that of- 
 ficer's Missouri campaign, then he 
 became field surgeon with Gen. 
 Bragg until the fall of Vicksburg, 
 at which time he was appointed sur- 
 
 geon of hospitals and inspector and 
 medical purveyor for the Trans- 
 mississippi departments under Gen. 
 E. Kirby Smith. In 187-1 he was 
 elected superintendent of State 
 Lunatic Asylum No. 2 at St. Jo- 
 seph, Mo., in which position he re- 
 mained until his death, May 19, 
 1886. 
 
 During the greater part of his life 
 after attaining manhood he was a 
 zealous member of the order of Free 
 Masons. He belonged to the St. Jo- 
 seph Lodge, No. 78, A. F. and A. 
 M.; St. Joseph Eoyal Arch Chap- 
 ter, No. 14; St. Joseph Command- 
 ery, jSTo. 4, Knights Templar, and 
 Eminent Commander of Hugh de 
 Payne Commandery, No. 4, Knights 
 Templar, of St. Joseph. 
 
 Dr. Catlett married Miss Pamela 
 Culver, November 9, 1854, daughter 
 of Dr. Henry Culver, Prince George 
 County, Maryland. His family con- 
 sisted of three children — Corinne 
 Belle, Harry Middleton and George 
 Calmese, Jr. Dr. Catlett came to 
 Missouri when a boy, and with the 
 exception of his service in the army, 
 
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 231 
 
 be made St. Joseph his home, and 
 died at the State Lunatic Asylum. 
 No. 2, May 19, 1886, at that place, 
 and his body rests in a vault in beau- 
 tiful Mount Mora. 
 
 F. E. CHASE. 
 
 Frank E. Chase was born May 23, 
 1866, in Carbondale. 111. After 
 the usual early training to be had 
 under the American public school 
 system, he entered Chaddock Col- 
 lege, located at Quincy, 111. 
 
 When he had pursued a general 
 course of study for three years he 
 attended the medical department of 
 the same college, graduating in 
 March, 1890. The following year 
 he took a post-graduate course in 
 the American Medical College, 
 graduating in June, 1891, and after 
 some further preparation in bacte- 
 riological and microscopical work at 
 the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, commenced the practice of 
 medicine, establishing an office on 
 Clayton road in St. Louis in July, 
 1891. In January, 1895, he changed 
 
 his office to its present location on 
 Chouteau avenue. 
 
 Besides being engaged in general 
 practice, Dr. Chase is Medical Ex- 
 aminer for the Protective Home 
 Circle, A. 0. TJ. W. and Degree of 
 Honor. He is a thorough, conscien- 
 tious worker in his chosen profes- 
 sion, and possesses the physique and 
 temperament which enter largely 
 into the make-up of the successful 
 physician. 
 
 GEOKGE 0. COFFIK 
 
 Dr. George 0. Coffin, city physi- 
 cian of Kansas City, was born at 
 Danielsville, in Xorthampton Co., 
 Pennsjdvania, August 1, 1858. His 
 early education was received in the 
 public schools of his native State 
 and under private tutelage. He 
 early in life took up the study of 
 medicine, and commenced the prac- 
 tice of his profession in 1879, in 
 Marshall County, Kansas, where he 
 maintained himself successfully for 
 a number of years. 
 
 In 1886, attracted by opportuni- 
 
232 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ties offered to .ambitious profession- 
 al men in Kansas City, Dr. Coffin 
 took up his residence there, and 
 soon proved to his own satisfaction 
 and that of the community that 
 his removal to the city on the Kaw 
 had been a wise one. He served as 
 house surgeon in the City Hospital 
 during the 3 ears 1894 and 1895, and 
 in the latter year became city phy- 
 sician, which position he has filled 
 in a manner most acceptable to the 
 citizens of Kansas City. He re- 
 mains in tnat position at this writ- 
 ing (1900). 
 
 In medical educational matters in 
 Missouri Dr. Coffin has taken an 
 active interest. He is Professor of 
 Surgery in the Medieo-Chirurgical 
 College of Kansas City and Dean of 
 the faculty of that institution. 
 
 He is a 'member of the Jackson 
 County Academy of Medicine, of the 
 Missouri Medical Association and 
 of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion. Dr. Coffin practices surgery 
 especially. He is a graduate of the 
 Kansas City Medical College. 
 
 T. G. COMSTOCK. 
 
 T. Griswold Comstock was born 
 in Leroy, Genessee Countv, New 
 York, July 27, 1829, son of Lee and 
 Sarah Calkins Comstock, both na- 
 tives of Connecticut. His father 
 was a brother of Dr. John Lee Com- 
 stock, who Avas a surgeon in the TJ. 
 S. Army in the War of 1812, and au- 
 thor of "Comstock's Philosophy," 
 "Comstock's Chemistry," "Corn- 
 stock's Geology," and other text 
 books on mineralogy, physiology, 
 natural history and physical geog- 
 raphy. His mother was a daughter 
 of Dr. Daniel Calkins, an accom- 
 plished and celebrated physician of 
 that time in New London County, 
 Connecticut, and a descendant in 
 the sixth generation of one of the 
 Mayflower Puritans. 
 Youna; Comstock was reared and 
 
 had his academic education in his 
 native town. He later came West 
 to St. Louis, and soon after his arri- 
 val began the study of medicine un- 
 der Dr. J. V. Prather, one of the 
 founders of the St. Louis Medical 
 College. He attended a course of 
 lectures in that institution and re- 
 ceived his first doctor's degree there- 
 from. 
 
 Subsequently he took up homeop- 
 athy under i he direction of Dr. J. T. 
 Temple, finishing with a course in 
 the Homeopathic Medical College of 
 Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia. He 
 
 graduated there in 1854. He imme- 
 diately began to practice in St. 
 Louis, but in a short time went 
 abroad. 
 
 He visited prominent hospitals in 
 Europe, spending some time at the 
 clinics in I. mdon, Paris, Berlin and 
 Prague. From thence he went to 
 Vienna and matriculated at the 
 University of Vienna, where he 
 studied specially obstetrics and gy- 
 necology. He passed an examina- 
 tion in the German language before 
 the faculty of the university, and 
 
EX-PRESIDENTS MISSOURI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 (In addition to others whose portraits are elsewhere given.) 
 
 C. F. CLAYTON, 1869. 
 
 T. B. LESTER, 1870. 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 "* : W:^.?$0k 
 
 J. E. TEFFT, 1871. 
 
 E. MONTGOMERY, 1872. 
 
MEDICINE AXD SURGERY. 
 
 233 
 
 graduated as Master in Obstetrics 
 or Doctor in Midwifery. 
 
 Dr. Comstock resumed practice in 
 St. Louis in 1858, and took high 
 rank among ti~e local leaders in the 
 profession. He Has been conspicu- 
 ous in medical, educational and hos- 
 pital work, and is one of the repre- 
 sentative physicians of his school in 
 the YTest. He has been honored by 
 the St. Louis Lniversity with the 
 degree of Master of Arts and Doctor 
 of Philosophy, and has held the 
 Chair of Professor of Obstetrics in 
 the St. Louis College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons — later merged with 
 the Homeopathic College of Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 In 1862 he served a short time as 
 surgeon in the First Missouri Vol- 
 unteer Infantry. He was for twen- 
 ty years primarius physician on the 
 staff of Good Samaritan Hospital, 
 and is president of the medical staff 
 of the St. Louis Children's Hospital. 
 He is also one of the founders of 
 the Humane Society of Missouri. 
 
 While engaged in general prac- 
 tice, Dr. Comstock is authority on 
 obstetrical and gynecological sur- 
 gery. He is the possessor of one of 
 the hnest medical libraries owned 
 by any doctor in the TTest. 
 
 GEOKGE CL1XT0X CPAXDALL. 
 
 George Clinton Crandall was born 
 near Elgin, 111., 35 years ago. At 
 an early age his parents removed 
 to Michigan, and in that State be 
 received his early education, grad- 
 uating from the High School and 
 Scientific College, receiving the de- 
 gree of Bachelor of Science pre- 
 vious to his entrance into the Medi- 
 cal Department of the University of 
 Michigan. In 1890 he graduated 
 from the university, receiving the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine. He 
 was appointed on the medical staff 
 of the Northern Michigan Insane 
 Asylum shortly afterwards. He held 
 
 this position from 1890 to 1891 in- 
 clusive, resigning in the latter year 
 that he might go abroad, where, un- 
 til his return to America in 1895, 
 he further pursued his study of 
 medicine under the masters of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Upon his return to this country 
 [Jr. Urandall came to Missouri and 
 located in active general practice in 
 St. Louis, where he has ever since re- 
 mained. The doctor has made a 
 specialty of nervous and mental dis- 
 eases, and has divided his practice 
 
 between that specialty and his gen- 
 eral work. . The success he has had 
 with his specialty is indicative of the 
 growth of his practice, and his work 
 along that line has made him well- 
 known, both to the laity and the 
 profession. 
 
 Dr. Crandall is a member of the 
 American Medical Association, the 
 American Medico-Psychological As- 
 sociation, the St. Louis Medical So- 
 eietv and the St. Louis Microscopi- 
 cal Society. In the spring of 1899 
 Dr. Crandall was elected president 
 of the last-named societv. The 
 
231 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 doctor is also Professor of the Chair 
 of General Medicine in the Marion- 
 Sims College of Medicine of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 AKTHUB X. CUKTIS. 
 
 Dr. Arthur X. Curtis is one of the 
 most prominent of the younger 
 physicians of South St. Louis. He 
 has been practicing there for the 
 past seven years, and has always 
 Been regarded as a man of unusual 
 ability by those who know his ca- 
 pabilities. 
 
 Dr. Curtis was born near Boston, 
 at Brookfield, Mass., and his early 
 life was spent in that and other 
 Massachusetts towns, where he re- 
 ceived the education that fitted him 
 for entrance of the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the Columbia University 
 (the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons of Xew York City), from 
 which lie graduated in 1888. 
 
 His record as a student there won 
 for him an interneship in the Belle- 
 vue Hospital of Xew York City, 
 where he remained for the ensuing 
 year. 
 
 For the next four years Dr. Cur- 
 tis took post-graduate courses in 
 medicine in the colleges and hospi- 
 tals of Berlin and A'ienna. Eeturn- 
 ing to this country in 1893, he lo- 
 cated in St. Louis, where he still is. 
 
 His practice is a large one, and 
 he is enabled by his thorough knowl- 
 edge of medicine to readily grasp 
 the contingencies that mav arise in 
 it. 
 
 CHAELES OTTO CUETMAX. 
 
 Charles Otto Curtman was born 
 July 30. 1829, in Giessen, Germany, 
 the small city where Justus von Lie- 
 big established the first chemical 
 laboratory in the world. His father 
 was a prominent director in the 
 gymnasium, and young Otto had the 
 advantage of a thorough educator 
 in the teachings of his father. A 
 
 good foundation having thus been 
 laid at home and in the gymnasium 
 and realsclmle at Giessen and later 
 in Offenbach. Curtman commenced 
 the studies of chemistry at Giessen. 
 
 Having finished his university 
 studies, he went to Antwerp, Bel- 
 gium, and when but 20 years old 
 came to the United States, and land- 
 ed in Xew York in 1819, shortly 
 afterwards engaging in the drug 
 business in Xew Orleans. When 
 the Civil War broke out Curtman 
 first acted as army surgeon in a 
 Confederate Cavalry Regiment, but 
 at the request of Gen. Price estab- 
 lished laboratories at Arkadelphia, 
 Ark., and Tyler and Marshall, Tex., 
 producing on the one hand deadly 
 munitions of war and on the other 
 medicines for the sick and wounded 
 in the interests of the Confederate 
 .Army. At the close of the war 
 Curtman lived for a short time in 
 Memphis, but soon came to St. 
 Louis through the solicitation of 
 Dr. J. X. McDowell to co-operate in 
 the reorganization of the Missouri 
 Medical College. It was at this time 
 that he began studying medicine, 
 receiving the degree of M. D. in 
 the proper course of time. 
 
 Although he was most successful 
 as a practitioner, yet he never liked 
 the work and made known that he 
 would no longer practice, and raised 
 his fees to prevent people calling, 
 yet such was his personal magnet- 
 ism that many insisted on getting 
 his medical advice as long as he 
 lived. He was Professor of Chem- 
 istry in the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege and the St. Louis College of 
 Pharmacy. As a teacher he had no 
 equal, as many thousands of stu- 
 dents could testify. His early con- 
 tributions to literature are widely 
 scattered through medical, chemical 
 and pharmaceutical journals. 
 
 He died April 22, 1896, at his 
 home in St. Louis, mourned by 
 thousands of friends. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 235 
 
 H. C. DALTOK 
 
 Aberdeen, Miss., is the birthplace 
 of H. C. Dalton, now one of St. 
 Louis' most prominent physicians. 
 He was born May 7, 1847, and ob- 
 tained a liberal education at the 
 University of Alabama previous to 
 the Civil War. After the close of 
 the war Dr. Dalton came to Mis- 
 souri, and in St. Louis received his 
 medical education. 
 
 He graduated from the Missouri 
 Medical College in 1870, and be- 
 gan practice at once. 
 
 In 1872 he was appointed assist- 
 ant physician in the St. Louis City 
 Hospital, serving in that capacity 
 during the ensuing year. From 
 1886 to 1892 Dr. Dalton was super- 
 intendent of the City Hospital, 
 which position he filled with credit 
 to himself and the advancement of 
 the efficiency of the institution. 
 
 The doctor is a member of the 
 American Medical Association, the 
 Missouri State Medical Society, the 
 Mississippi Valley Medical Associa- 
 tion, the Tri-State Medical Society 
 and the St. Louis Medical Society. 
 
 CHARLES B. DE CROAT. 
 
 Charles B. De Groat was born in 
 New Orleans, La., February 10, 
 1857. He obtained his early edu- 
 cation in the public schools of his 
 nativ§ cit} r , after which he gradu- 
 ated from the Cheshire Military 
 College of Cheshire, Conn. He then 
 engaged in business, but gave that 
 up in 1892 to enter the Marion-Sims 
 Medical College of St. Louis, from 
 which he graduated three years la- 
 ter. 
 
 Soon after his graduation from 
 college, Dr. De Croat began practice 
 in Hannibal, Mo. Later he re- 
 moved to Kansas City, where he 
 was connected with the Kansas City 
 Hospital. In 1899 Dr. De Groat 
 went to St. Louis and located on 
 the South Side. 
 
 Dr. De Groat is connected with 
 the staff of the Rebekah Hospital, 
 and also serves in a like capacity in 
 the United States Marine Hospital. 
 He has made no specialt}^, preferr- 
 ing to v devote his entire attention 
 to his general practice. 
 
 ARMAKD DERIVAUX. 
 
 It was in the Province of Alsace, 
 that bone of contention between 
 France and Germany, and on the 
 19th clay of September, 1849, that 
 Armancl Derivaux was born. His 
 early life was spent in his native 
 country, and he served in the 
 French army in the war of 1870-71. 
 He received his degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine from the Paris (France) 
 University in 1876. 
 
 The following year Dr. Derivaux 
 settled in St. Louis, where he has 
 been ever since. He has built up 
 for himself in his twenty-three years 
 of practice a large clientele. He has 
 made a specialty of obstetrics, and 
 is President for the present year of 
 the St. Louis Obstetrics and Gyne- 
 cological Society. 
 
 Dr. Derivaux is quite proud of the 
 
236 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 fact that his grandfather helped to 
 free the Americans from the British 
 yoke when they were struggling col- 
 onies. Maj. Mathieu Derivaux, the 
 grandfather, was a surgeon in Eoch- 
 ambeau's Corps during the closing 
 battles of the War for Independ- 
 ence, when the French allies so 
 valiantly aided the colonists. He 
 witnessed and took a hand in the 
 dramatic finale at Yorktown, when 
 Cornwallis and his troops laid down 
 their guns and silently marched be- 
 tween the French and American ar- 
 mies — prisoners of war. 
 
 WILLIAM S. DEUTSCH. 
 
 Of the young men who have rapid- 
 ly pushed their way to the front 
 none are held in higher esteem, both 
 by the profession and laity, than 
 Dr. William S. Deutsch. 
 
 The doctor is of German descent, 
 and was born in St. Louis 29 years 
 ago. After a course of instruction 
 in the grammar and high schools 
 of his native city, young Deutsch, in 
 1889, entered the famous old Mis- 
 souri Medical College. 
 
 While there his conscientious ap- 
 plication to his work won for him 
 the well-deserved approbation of his 
 instructors. 
 
 Graduating in 1892, Dr. Deutsch 
 afterwards immediately began the 
 practice of medicine. He has made 
 a specialty of surgery, and his orig- 
 inal and clever work along this line 
 
 has pushed him into the front rank 
 of the surgeons of St. Louis. 
 
 CIIAELES H. DIXON. 
 
 Charles H. Dixon was born in 
 Paterson, N. J., on the 23d day of 
 August, 1856. He obtained a thor- 
 ough early and classical education 
 jn the schools of St. Louis, whither 
 his parents had removed when he 
 was still a boy. 
 
 After receiving bis preparatory 
 training he entered the Missouri 
 Medical College, graduating there- 
 from with the class of '78. 
 
 It was in 1881 that Dr. Dixon 
 commenced practicing in St. Louis, 
 where he has since remained. He 
 has devoted most of his attention to 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 237 
 
 surgery, and his successful work is 
 a matter of history. 
 
 Dr. Dixon is chief of surgical clin- 
 ics and clinical lecturer on surgery 
 in the Medical Department of Wash- 
 ington TTniversit} T and surgeon to 
 the Bethesda Hospital, a member of 
 the Association of Military Sur- 
 geons, a member of the prominent 
 medical societies, and has contrib- 
 uted considerable to the medical 
 literature of the day. 
 
 JOHX DOOLEY. 
 
 The subject of this sketch is by 
 birth an Englishman, born at 
 Burton-on-Trent, Eeb. 12, 1834. 
 His early education was acquired 
 in private schools of his native 
 country. He studied medicine un- 
 der able preceptors, and was a prac- 
 ticing physician when he came to 
 the United States in 1863. 
 
 After stopping for about sis 
 months in Illinois he proceeded to 
 Kansas, settling first in Shawnee 
 County. He "pioneered" in Kansas 
 until 1879, practicing in different 
 
 parts of the section in which he had 
 settled. In those clays the Western 
 country doctor thought nothing of 
 traveling twenty and thirty miles to 
 attend a single patient, and Dr. 
 Dooley's circuit was a large one. 
 
 He removed from Leavenworth, 
 where he last practiced in Kansas, 
 to Kansas City, and remained in the 
 latter location until 1887, when he 
 was compelled to give up his prac- 
 tice on account of an accident, by- 
 which the doctor became almost to- 
 tally blind. He went to Los An- 
 geles, Cal, and rested from his pro- 
 fessional labors for a period of two 
 years. Meanwhile he had regained 
 the use of his eyes through a skill- 
 ful operation. 
 
 In 1889 Dr. Dooley came to Mis- 
 souri and recommenced the practice 
 of medicine in St. Louis. While 
 engaging in general practice, his 
 specialty has been gjmecological sur- 
 gery. He is one of those called 
 "'natural born physicians," and has 
 been very successful throughout his 
 professional career. 
 
 He graduated from the Physio - 
 Eclectic Medical College of Cincin- 
 nati in 1876, and in 1890 finished 
 
238 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 a further course in the American 
 Eclectic Medical College of Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 WALTEE B. DOESETT. 
 
 The present president of the Mis- 
 souri State Medical Society is Dr. 
 Walter B. Dorsett, a man who, by 
 sheer force of energ3^ hacked by a 
 great deal of natural ability, has in 
 twenty-two years of practice risen 
 to the high position he now occupies 
 in the profession. 
 
 A native of St. Louis County, Dr. 
 Dorsett obtained his education in 
 the public schools, "Washington Uni- 
 versity and the St. Louis Medical 
 College. Before taking up the study 
 of medicine Dr. Dorsett engaged in 
 the commission business for a short 
 time. He began the study of med- 
 icine under Dr. Le Grand. Atwood 
 in 1875, and shortly afterwards 
 matriculated in the St. Louis Med- 
 ical College, graduating therefrom 
 with the class of '78. 
 
 The same year in which he grad- 
 uated as a physician Dr. Dorsett 
 
 was appointed as an interne in the 
 St. Louis City Hospital, which posi- 
 tion he held for the ensuing year. 
 From 1S79 to 1887 he was physician 
 at the St. Louis City Dispensary. 
 He resigned this latter position in 
 the spring of '87 to accept the su- 
 perintendency of the St. Louis Fe- 
 male Hospital, where he was for the 
 next five years. 
 
 In April, 1892, Dr. Dorsett re- 
 tired to devote his whole time to his 
 private practice, after having been 
 almost constantly in the service of 
 the city of St. Louis from the time 
 of his graduation, some fourteen 
 years. 
 
 Dr. Dorsett makes a specialty of 
 gynecology. He has been unusually 
 successful with this work, and his 
 practice is devoted almost exclusive- 
 ly to it. Along this line Dr. Dor- 
 sett has come into a national repu- 
 tation through his scholarly treat- 
 ises on the diseases of women. By 
 virtue of his success and the reputa- 
 tion he has acquired, Dr. Dorsett 
 was first made a member of the St. 
 Louis Obstetrical and Gynecological 
 Soeiet}r, and later of the American 
 Association of Obstetricians and 
 Gynecologists. He is now (1900) 
 the president of the former, and 
 was in 1898 elected vice-president of 
 the latter society. He is also a 
 member of the Southern Surgical 
 and Gynecological Society. 
 
 The doctor is an ex-president of 
 the St. Louis Medical Society and 
 a member of the American Medical 
 Association. 
 
 Ever since he became a member 
 of the Missouri State Medical As- 
 sociation Dr. Dorsett has been prom- 
 inently identified with the progres- 
 sive element of that society, and he 
 has always been one of its best 
 counselors. He is one of the most 
 popular men in the organization, 
 and at the meeting in 1899 was 
 chosen president for the ensuing 
 vear. He has made himself almost 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 239 
 
 indispensable to the association, 
 not only by his fine conception of 
 the code of ethics and his conscien- 
 tious insistence of its workings in 
 •every detail, but by his masterful 
 ■executive ability as well. 
 
 _ 
 
 '':' : ^;^ : :v : v^' ::: ^0 
 
 THOMAS H. DOYLE. 
 
 November 5, 1840, is the date 
 and Doylestown, Franklin Co., Pa., 
 the place of birth of Thos. H. Doyle, 
 now one of the most prominent 
 of the present generation of physi- 
 cians of St. Joseph, Mo. 
 
 He received from the schools of 
 his native State the education that 
 is the birthright of every American 
 youth. It was the University Med- 
 ical College of the city of New York 
 that gave to young Doyle his di- 
 ploma and degree of Doctor of Med- 
 icine, which he received in March of 
 1865, later on, in 1868-9, taking a 
 post-graduate course at Bellevue 
 Hospital Medical College of New 
 York. 
 
 For the following four years Dr. 
 Doyle practiced in the East, coming 
 West in 1869, when he located in 
 St. Joseph, then but a small town. 
 
 The growth of the town to the city 
 has been typical of that of Dr. 
 Doyle's professional career from the 
 humble practitioner to president of 
 the faculty of the Ensworth Medi- 
 cal College of St. Joseph. 
 
 Patient and earnest, striving af- 
 ter all that is best, has won for the 
 doctor high honors in his profession. 
 For some years past he has been 
 president of the faculty of the Ens- 
 worth College and Professor of the 
 Principles and Practice of Medicine 
 and Clinical Medicine. These are 
 but two of the many honors which 
 have been thrust upon him. 
 
 He is a man who not only com- 
 mands the respect of the students 
 with whom he comes in contact in 
 his official capacity at the college, 
 but from the profession at large, be- 
 cause of his indefatigable efforts in 
 its behalf. 
 
 Dr. Doyle was Health Officer of 
 St. Joseph from April, 1886, to 
 April, 1878, and Mayor of St. Jo- 
 seph from April, 1886, to April, 
 1888-, and was president of the 
 United States Pension Examiners' 
 Board of St. Joseph during both 
 terms of President Cleveland's ad- 
 ministration. He is a member of 
 the American Medical Association 
 and of the Missouri Valley Medical 
 Society and of the St. Joseph Medi- 
 cal Society. 
 
 F. B. DEESCHER. 
 
 Frederick B. Drescher was born 
 on Missouri soil, at St. Louis, Sept. 
 4, 1861. His literary education 
 was received in the public schools 
 and at Washington University at St. 
 Louis. Later he obtained employ- 
 ment as a drug clerk, serving about 
 three years in that capacity. He 
 became a student at the St. Louis 
 College of Pharmacv, and graduated 
 "Ph. G." in 1882, He then entered 
 the Missouri Medical College, grad- 
 uating therefrom in 1884. 
 
240 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 He commenced the practice of his 
 profession at Danville, 111., having 
 been appointed house surgeon to the 
 Wabash Eailroad Hospital. He re- 
 turned to his native city in May of 
 1 385, and has remained in St. Louis 
 ever since, engaged in general prac- 
 tice. 
 
 From Yovember, 1887, to De- 
 cember, 1890, Dr. Drescher served 
 on the medical staff of Alexian 
 Brothers'" Hospital as attending 
 physician. He is a member of the 
 St. Louis Medical Society and of the 
 Alumni Associations of the St. 
 Louis College of Pharmacy and the 
 Z\Iedieal Department of Washington 
 University. Dr. Drescher is a pop- 
 ular physician in South St. Louis, 
 where he has a large clientele. He 
 has been very successful. 
 
 CL1FTOY KOGEKS DUDLEY. 
 
 Clifton E. Dudley, recording sec- 
 retary of the St. Louis Medical 
 Society and editor of the St. Louis 
 Courier of Medicine, was born at 
 Palmvra, Mo., December 24, 1867. 
 
 He lived in that city until he was IS 
 years of age, -when he entered the 
 University of Virginia, from which 
 he graduated, with an academic de- 
 gree, in 1889. 
 
 He then entered the Bellevue 
 Hospital Medical College of Yew 
 York City, graduating two years 
 later. 
 
 This college conferred upon him 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine. 
 
 For the next 18 months Dr. Dud- 
 ley served as interne in the Charity 
 Hospital and in the Yew York Ma- 
 ternity Hospital of Yew York City. 
 He completed his term of service in 
 the fall of 1893, and came to St. 
 Louis, where he decided to locate, 
 in March, 1894. 
 
 Until recently Dr. Dudley has de- 
 voted his entire time to his large 
 general practice. Yow, however, he 
 has specialized in gynecology and is 
 givinsf most of his attention to that. 
 ' Dr7 Dudley is at present (1900) 
 instructor in obstetrics in the Beau- 
 mont Hospital Medical College of 
 St. Louis and a member of the staff 
 of the Missouri Baptist Sanitarium. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 241 
 
 The doctor is also a member of 
 trie St. Louis Obstetrical and Gyne- 
 cological Society and of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society, of which he 
 has twice been elected recording sec- 
 retary, and is now serving in that 
 capacity. 
 
 In addition to these numerous 
 duties, Dr. Dudley edits the St, 
 Louis Courier of Medicine, where 
 his thorough knowledge of medicine 
 and his literary ability have won 
 for him an honored place among the 
 medical writers of the present gen- 
 eration. 
 
 JOHX HAEEIS DOTCAK 
 
 The name of John Harris Duncan 
 is one of the best known to the 
 profession of the State of Missouri. 
 For twenty-five years, ever since he 
 began his practice, he has been 
 a prominent educator and a man 
 who has always connected himself 
 with whatever was for the advance- 
 ment of the profession and for its 
 best interests. 
 
 Dr. Duncan was born in the uni- 
 versity town of Columbia, Mo., on 
 the 16th day of August, 1852. His 
 father was Dr. William Henle Dun- 
 can of Virginia, and his mother was 
 Susan Woods Harris. He received 
 his early education in that town at 
 the Baptist College, now known as 
 the Stephens College. In 1865 
 young Duncan entered the academic 
 department of the State University 
 of Missouri, which is located in his 
 native town. After four years' 
 study there young Duncan en- 
 tered the William Jewell College 
 at Liberty. Missouri. Three years 
 later, in 1872, he graduated from 
 that college, receiving the degree of 
 Master of Arts. This was the first 
 A. M. degree granted by that col- 
 lege after the close of the war. 
 
 Deciding to enter the medical 
 profession young Duncan studied in 
 the Medical Department of the Mis- 
 
 souri State University, graduating 
 in 1874, and in the Bellevue Hospi- 
 tal Medical College of Xew York 
 City, where he received a diploma 
 the following year. 
 
 From 1875 until 1883 Dr. Duncan 
 attended to a large general prac- 
 tice in Columbia, Mo., lecturing on 
 physiology in the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the State University at the 
 same time. In that latter year he 
 went to Kansas City, where, for 
 the ensuing ten years, he practiced 
 
 and occupied the Chairs of Physiol- 
 ogy and Dermatology in the Univer- 
 sity Medical College of that city. 
 Ever since he located in Kansas 
 City Dr. Duncan has made a spe- 
 cialty of dermatology. 
 
 It was in June, 1893, that Dr. 
 Duncan removed from Kansas City 
 to St. Louis, where he has been ever 
 since. In 1896 he was elected 
 president of the Missouri State 
 Medical Association, which position 
 he held for the ensuing year. Dur- 
 ing the year of 1893-94 he was the 
 Professor of Plrysiology and Derma- 
 tology in the St. Louis College of 
 Phvsicians and Surgeons. He re- 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 signed that honor in 1894, announc- 
 ing at the same time his intention 
 to devote his entire time to his prac- 
 tice. However, in 1898, he was pre- 
 vailed upon to take the Chair of 
 Physiology in the Barnes Medical 
 College, which position he still 
 (1900) holds. 
 
 Dr. Duncan is a member of the 
 American Medical Association, the 
 Missouri Sttte Medical Association 
 and the St. Louis Medical Society, 
 and at the time he left Kansas City 
 for his larger field in St. Lonis he 
 was the president of the Academy 
 of Medicine in the former city. 
 
 ADDISON ELSTON. 
 
 Addison Elston was born on the 
 6th day of December, 1830, at Els- 
 ton Station, Cole County, Mo. As 
 a boy he received a public school 
 education, but further pursued his 
 studies along classical lines by him- 
 self. He was a hard student and a 
 thoroughly conscientious one, so 
 that it is his boast, on occasions, 
 that he learned more in his work 
 by himself than he could have ac- 
 quired by attending an academy or 
 college 
 
 Dr. Elston followed various pur- 
 suits until some time after the firing 
 on Ft. Sumter, when he entered the 
 St. Louis Medical College, from 
 which he graduated in 1864. He 
 was immediately appointed a sur- 
 geon in the United States Army. 
 After the close of the war he re- 
 turned to his boyhood home, where 
 he practiced until 1870, when he re- 
 moved to Jefferson City. He has 
 been there ever since, and has built 
 up for himself a reputation for hon- 
 esty of purpose, both with himself 
 and his patients. 
 
 EDWIN C. EVANS. 
 
 Edwin Chalmers Evans was born 
 in Washington, D. C, October 29, 
 1828. In 1832 the family moved to 
 
 Central Missouri, the subject of this 
 sketch being about three and one- 
 half years old. His early education 
 was received at private schools. The 
 first school attended by young Ev- 
 ans was in a log hut which he 
 helped to build, the nails used being 
 made by the village blacksmith and 
 the boards on the roof held in place 
 by poles laid upon them, one door 
 with wooden hinges and one window 
 
 containing a half-dozen 6x10 lights 
 of glass. 
 
 In 1854, after six years of study 
 and practice with his father, he 
 graduated from the St. Louis Med- 
 ical College. He took his adeun- 
 dum degree at Jefferson Medical 
 College, Philadelphia, in 1858. 
 Then in 1865-66 took a course at 
 Bellevue Medical College, New 
 York City, and a special course on 
 the eye and ear at the New York 
 Ophthalmic College, where he grad- 
 uated in 1866. 
 
 Dr. Evans began practice in Ot- 
 terville, Mo., on January 1, 1850. 
 He moved to Boonville in 1862, 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 243 
 
 where lie practiced until 1873, when 
 he located in Sedalia, where he has 
 continued ever since. While he has 
 given special attention to surgery 
 and ophthalmology, he has always 
 done a general practice, and his suc- 
 cess in his professional work has 
 gained him a reputation not only 
 throughout the State, but in many 
 of the adjoining States as well, hav- 
 ing made many of the most import- 
 and difficult operations, amongst 
 them two lithotomys, using instru- 
 ments made by a blacksmith, both 
 cases speedily recovering and with- 
 out a drop of pus, and a record of 
 100 per cent is to his credit in the 
 treatment of malignant diphtheria 
 by the use of anti-toxine. He was 
 the first physician to use chloroform 
 in Pettis County, which he did in 
 1849, while his father amputated 
 an arm. He also did the first mil- 
 itary surgery west of the Missis- 
 sippi, during the Civil War, at the 
 battle ground termed "Cold Camp 
 Massacre," in 1861. He has been 
 accorded the credit of having been 
 the first to suggest laparotomy for 
 the relief of obstruction of the bow- 
 els, which he did in his graduating 
 thesis at St. Louis Medical College 
 in 1854, which thesis was published 
 in the medical journals. Dr. Evans 
 has been in the harness oyer fifty 
 years, and duping all that time has 
 taken only four weeks' recreation, 
 always cheerfully responding to the 
 calls of the sick in all kinds of 
 weather, both day and night. 
 
 He has ever taken a deep interest 
 in charity work. He is a member 
 of a number of medical societies — 
 county, district, State and national 
 — and has read many papers of in- 
 terest before them, some of which 
 have been published. 
 
 FAYETTE C. EWING. 
 
 Born in La Fourche Parish, La.. 
 Dr. Fayette Clay Ewing, the subject 
 
 of this sketch, was educated in the 
 University of the South, Tennessee, 
 and the University of Mississippi. 
 Exhibiting a preference for the 
 science of medicine he entered the 
 Medical Department of Tulane Uni- 
 versity, New Orleans, and later con- 
 tinued his studies in the Jefferson 
 Medical College of Philadelphia. A 
 diploma was issued to him by that 
 institution in 1884, and in 1885 he 
 located himself for the practice of 
 
 his profession in Washington, D. C. 
 After four years of successful prac- 
 tice in the National Capital he 
 turned his face westward and took 
 up his residence in the growing me- 
 tropolis of Kansas City. Three 
 years later he determined to practice 
 a specialty and moved his family to 
 London, where the year 1893 was 
 passed in special study in the Lon- 
 don hospitals and attending the 
 London Post-Graduate School. An- 
 other year was spent in Vienna and 
 New York; then he resumed prac- 
 tice in St.. Louis, which offered the 
 inducement of a larger field for spe- 
 cial work. Dr. Ewing has prospered. 
 
211 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 making many professional and so- 
 cial friends for himself. Dr. Ewing 
 is a Fellow of the British Khino- 
 logical, Larvngological and Otologi- 
 cal Association, and with one not- 
 able exception is the only American 
 having that honor. He is identified 
 with many special and general med- 
 ical societies in America, and is ab- 
 stract editor of The Laryngoscope. 
 Dr. Ewing is a man of scholarly 
 tastes and varied reading, and his 
 medical writings have been largely 
 quoted. In study and practice he 
 is a specialist in diseases of the 
 note, throat and ear and consultant 
 in affections of these organs to a 
 number of the most prominent St. 
 Louis hospitals. 
 
 WILSON J. FEBGUSON. 
 
 Dr. Wilson J. Ferguson is a na- 
 tive Missourian, having been born at 
 the little town of Maud, in Nelson 
 County. 
 
 The year in which he attained his 
 majority, 1887, Dr. Ferguson grad- 
 uated from the Kansas City Medi- 
 cal College. During the ensuing 
 
 year he practiced in Peters County, 
 and then went to New York City, 
 where for the next two years he took 
 post graduate work in medicine, and 
 was house surgeon in the Polyclinic 
 Hospital. 
 
 In J 890 Dr. Ferguson returned to 
 Missouri and established himself as 
 a general practitioner in Sedalia. 
 His success there has been merited 
 and is attested to by his practice. 
 
 The doctor is tbe city physician of 
 Sedalia and secretary of the Board 
 of Health of that thriving city, as 
 welJ as a member of several medical 
 societies. 
 
 C. FISCH. 
 
 A native of Germany, Dr. C. Fisch 
 was reared and educated in every- 
 thing but medicine there. He was 
 born on the 17th day of August, 
 1859, and received his early educa- 
 tion in the public schools of his 
 Fatherland, later attending the uni- 
 versities of Strasburg, Wuerzburg 
 and Berlin. In 1885 he had the 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 245 
 
 degree of Doctor of Philosophy con- 
 ferred upon him. 
 
 Later in life, after his student 
 days in Germany were over. Dr. 
 Fisch eame to America, located in 
 St. Louis and, after three years of 
 work in the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege, srraduated with the M. D. de- 
 gree in 1894. 
 
 Dr. Fisch immediately began 
 practicing in St. Louis, and he lias 
 been uniformly successful from the 
 start. He is a constant student and 
 keeps in touch with the progression 
 of the profession. 
 
 A. W. FLEMING. 
 
 A member of the faculty of the 
 Barnes Medical College and a thor- 
 ough scholar in his writings £<nd 
 teaching, Dr. A. W. Fleming occu- 
 pies cpiite a prominent position in 
 the profession in St. Louis. 
 
 He was born in Corsica. Jeffer- 
 son Co., Pa., on the 22d of April, 
 1860, and in that town received the 
 major part of his boyhood educa- 
 tion. After obtaining in college a 
 classical knowledge which well fit- 
 
 ted him for medicine, he entered the 
 Missouri Medical College, from 
 which he Graduated with honors in 
 188T. 
 
 By reason of his high standing in 
 a competitive examination, Dr. 
 Fleming was soon afterwards ap- 
 pointed assistant physician in the 
 St. Louis City Hospital. After 
 three years of service in various city 
 institutions the doctor retired from 
 public to private practice. He has 
 made no specialty, devoting his en- 
 tire time to his general practice. 
 
 Dr. Fleming fills the chair of op- 
 erative surgery in the Barnes Medi- 
 cal College, and is accounted one of 
 the best men in the faculty by rea- 
 son of his bioad knowledge and abil- 
 ity to impart the same. 
 
 C. u. FOEEMAX. 
 
 Dr. C. 0. Foreman was born at 
 Charleston. W. Va., October 15, 
 1844. Chaileston was at thai time 
 in the Old Dominion, so that at the 
 breaking out of the Civil War young 
 Foreman cast his lot with the Con- 
 federacy. Although but IT years of 
 age, he was enlisted in the Twelfth 
 Virginia Cavalry, which served all 
 throuo-h the war under the command 
 of Gen. J. F. B. Stuart. In J 862 
 young Foreman was captured and 
 made prisoner of war until his ex- 
 change, about a year later. 
 
 After the close of the war Dr. 
 Foreman came to Missouri and lo- 
 cated in St. Louis. He began his 
 practice of medicine in 18? 0, under 
 a certificate from the faculty of the 
 Missouri Medical College, in which 
 school he had taken a one year's 
 course. Later he matriculated in 
 the same college and graduated in 
 1878. 
 
 1 hat year Dr. Foreman moved to 
 Warren County, where he has prac- 
 ticed ever since. In the early ; 80s 
 Dr. Foreman began his practice in 
 Warrenton, the county seat of the 
 county. 
 
246 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 The doctor has devoted all his 
 
 time to his general practice, at 
 
 ■which he lias been unusually suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 OTTO E. FORSTER. 
 
 Otto E. Forster is a native St. 
 Louisan, having been born in Mis- 
 souri's largest city on September 
 21, 1859. His father was born 
 in Bavaria and his mother early in 
 her life came to America from Swit- 
 zerland. 
 
 Dr. Forster's early education was 
 obtained in St. Louis, and he grad- 
 uated from the St. Louis Medical 
 College in 1881. For the following 
 five years Dr. Forster studied abroad 
 • — in the German universities of 
 Strasburg and Bonn and the Uni- 
 versity of Vienna. While abroad 
 Dr. Forster took a special course in 
 the diseases of the ear, nose and 
 throat. 
 
 Returning to this countr} r in 1886 
 he engaged in active practice in St. 
 Louis. From 1887 to 1890 Dr. For- 
 ster had charge of the ear, nose and 
 throat clinic of the Missouri Med- 
 
 ical College. Later he was a mem- 
 ber of the City Board of Health. 
 
 Dr. Forster has done considerable 
 writing, confining his attention to 
 treatises on the polyps of the nose, 
 the treatment of tuberculosis and 
 on Dr. Koch's lymph. 
 
 The doctor has earned for himself 
 a well-deserved rejratation as a phy- 
 sician, specialist, educator and wri- 
 ter. His ability is highly regarded 
 by his co-practitioners, and he is, 
 as a result, a member of several med- 
 ical societies. 
 
 CHARLES A. FRAXK. 
 
 Charles A. Frank was born^ raised, 
 educated and has always prac- 
 ticed medicine in St. Louis. He 
 was born June 16, 1858. He obtained 
 a thorough education in the public 
 schools of St. Louis. 
 
 Jn 1883 Dr. Frank began his 
 study of medicine, and three years 
 later graduated from the Missouri 
 Medical College. He immediately 
 entered into an active general prac- 
 tice that has been successful from 
 the start. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 247 
 
 In 1SSS Dr. Frank was appointed 
 post-mortem physician to the city of 
 St. Louis, which position he occu- 
 pied for the next four rears, in 
 which time the doctor made all the 
 post-mortem examinations at the 
 Morgue and city institutions. For 
 a time the doctor was the Professor 
 of the Chair of Bacteriology at the 
 St. Louis College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons. 
 
 During 1890 Dr. Frank spent- 
 some months in Europe, where he 
 made a special study of bacteriology 
 and microscopy under the famous 
 Prof. Koch in the University of 
 Berlin. 
 
 The doctor is a member of the 
 American Medical Association and 
 the St. Louis Medical Society. 
 
 JOHX AXDBEW FBEXCH. 
 
 John Andrew French was born in 
 Gentry ville. Gentry County, Mis- 
 souri, September 8, 1853. At the be- 
 ginning of the Civil War his father 
 enlisted in the Confederate Armv. 
 
 under Gen. Cal Price, his mother, 
 with seven children, removing to 
 Eandolph County, where the sub- 
 ject of this sketch received his early 
 education in the common schools, 
 afterwards preparing himself for the 
 study of medicine by serving several 
 years in the drug business. In 1878-9 
 he attended the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons at Keokuk, la., 
 and in 1879 attended the spring 
 term at the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege at St. Louis. In 1879 he en- 
 tered the Hospital Medical College 
 at St. Joseph, taking two courses, 
 and graduated from that institution 
 in 1880. 
 
 Dr. French at once began the 
 practice of Ms profession in St. Jo- 
 seph. In 1892 he took a post-grad- 
 uate course in the Polvelinic of Xew 
 York. 
 
 Dr. French has been prominently 
 identified with the Northwestern 
 Medical College, both in building 
 the college building and in filling 
 the Chair of Professor of Diseases 
 of Women and Clinical Surgery. He 
 was the founder of the St. Joseph 
 Private Hospital and Medical Train- 
 ing School for Nurses, and is sur- 
 geon to this institution. He also 
 founded and is editor of the St. Jo- 
 seph Medical Journal, a member of 
 the St. Joseph Medical Society, and 
 in 1893 he was elected one of the 
 executive counselors of the Xorth 
 Missouri Medical Association. Dr. 
 French served two terms as Health 
 Officer of St. Joseph, and in 1892 
 was appointed by Gov. Crittenden 
 as assistant surgeon of the National 
 Guard of Missouri, with rank of 
 captain. "While doing a general 
 practice, the doctor is favorably 
 known among the best gynecologists 
 of the West, to which he gives spe- 
 cial attention. 
 
 He is prominent in secret socie- 
 ties, being a member of the order 
 of Odd Fellows, the Bed Men and 
 several others. 
 
248 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 JACOB FRIEDMAN. 
 
 Jacob Friedman, one of the most 
 prominent of St. Louis physicians 
 and a member of the faculty of the 
 Beaumont Hospital Medical College, 
 was born in St. Louis 44 years 
 ago. He received his early ed- 
 ucation in the public schools, 
 graduating from the St. Louis 
 High School in 1873. The same 
 year he entered the collegiate de- 
 partment of the Washington Uni- 
 versity, graduating from that insti- 
 tution and receiving the degree of 
 
 was appointed interne in the Quar- 
 antine Hospital, where he served 
 during the yellow fever epidemic. 
 He quit the service of the city in 
 the fall of '78 to accept the position 
 of Demonstrator of Chemistry in 
 the St. Louis Medical College, and 
 some five years later was elected ad- 
 junct Professor of Chemistry in the 
 same college. This position he re- 
 signed in 1892 to accept the Chair 
 of Chemistry and Diseases of Chil- 
 dren in the Beaumont Hospital 
 Medical College. This professor- 
 ship Dr. Friedman held until two 
 years ago, when he was elected to 
 fill the Chair of Chemistry and Clin- 
 ical Medicine in the Beaumont Hos- 
 pital College. 
 
 In November, 1S9 9, Dr. Friedman 
 was appointed chief physician-in- 
 charge of the Medical Department 
 oi the Alexian Brothers' Hospital 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. Friedman in 18S6, and again 
 in 1894, went to Europe, where, in 
 the University of Vienna, he com- 
 pleted his medical education. 
 
 The doctor has devoted attention 
 privately to a general practice that 
 is both satisfactory and remunera- 
 tive, and he has as yet made no spe- 
 cialty. 
 
 chemist three years later. During 
 those three years Dr. Friedman 
 taught in the night schools that he 
 might be enabled to meet the ex- 
 penses he incurred as a result of his 
 entrance into the Washington Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 After his graduation from that 
 institution he matriculated in the 
 St. Louis Medical College, from 
 which he received his diploma in 
 1878. In March of the same year 
 Dr. Friedman was appointed an in- 
 terne in the City Hospital of St. 
 Louis, and later in the same year lie 
 
 FRANK R, FRY. 
 
 It is through the good work of 
 just such men as Dr. Frank R. Fry 
 that St. Louis has taken the position 
 she occupies m the medical world. 
 His researches in the specialty of 
 the diseases of the nervous system 
 have made for him a national repu- 
 tation as an authority upon neurol- 
 ogy- 
 
 Dr. Fry Avas born in Cincinnati, 
 0., 45 years ago. When he was 
 quite young his parents moved to 
 St. Lords, where he received an 
 education at Smith Academy pre- 
 paratory to his entrance of the Ohio 
 Wesleyan University of Delaware, 
 0., from which he graduated in 
 
*"STKS^-ISS5^s:S5, 
 
 ■ 
 
 l? l!l3s,; 
 
 < ■■ ;s; ■'.■■ :.-. ■ .;■.. .:'." ' ■ ■« ' '-■■■■■■■■ ■■ ■ 
 
 S. S. TODD, 1S73. 
 
 W. O. TORREY, 1874. 
 
 
 ii'ilSli 1 
 
 J- W. TRADER, 1876. 
 
 fn 
 
 ■'■Ms. 
 
 .. ■• :■. ::•'■, "" " . . ;■■ ' 
 
 IllSIIIif"" 
 
 F. M. JOHNSON, 1877. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 249 
 
 1877. Dr. Fry received his degree 
 of Doctor of Medicine from the old 
 St. Louis Medical College. After the 
 lapse of a year he was appointed 
 as an interne in the City Hospital 
 of St. Louis, in which capacity he 
 served for the ensuing year. At 
 the close of his term of service in 
 that institution he "began the prac- 
 tice of mechc-ine in St. Louis. 
 
 He early made a specialtv of dis- 
 eases of the nervous system, to 
 which he confines his practice. 
 
 He was appointed Lecturer on 
 Anatomy in the St. Louis Medical 
 College soon after his graduation, 
 and later took the Chair of Xeurol- 
 ogy in the same institution, which 
 lie held up to the time of the con- 
 solidation of tlie St. Louis and Mis- 
 souri Colleges and their affiliation 
 with Washington University as its 
 medical department. "When that 
 came about he accepted the Chair 
 of _\ervous Diseases in the new col- 
 lege. 
 
 Dr. Fry has contributed largely 
 to the medical literature of the 
 country on neurological subjects. 
 
 He is a member of the American 
 JSTeurological Association, the Mis- 
 souri State Association, the St. 
 Louis Medical Societv and the 
 Alumni Society of the City Hos- 
 pital. 
 
 P. P. FULKEBSOX. 
 
 Dr. P. P. Fulkerson is one of the 
 young men of St. Joseph, Mo., who 
 is rapidly pushing his wa}' to the 
 front ranks of the medical profes- 
 sion in the State. He received his 
 medical education in the Bellevue 
 Hospital Medical College, iSTew York 
 City, graduating therefrom m 
 March, 1896. He made a special 
 study of diseases of the eye, ear, 
 nose and throat, taking a special 
 course of study in the Xew York 
 Eye and Ear Infirmary, and has 
 followed that line of work since he 
 has been practicing. After his 
 graduation he went back to St. Jo- 
 seph, the city of his birth, to prac- 
 tice. He is one of the young men 
 who are using the newer methods 
 of treatment, and his work has been 
 
250 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 more than ordinarily successful as 
 a result. 
 
 Dr. Fulkerson was born in St. Jo- 
 seph, September 20, 1871, and ob- 
 tained the preliminary education 
 there which has to a certain extent 
 fitted him for his life's work. 
 
 BOBEBT M. FUNKHOUSEB. 
 
 Bobert Monroe Funkhouser was 
 born in St. Louis, December 10, 
 1849. His father was Eobert M. 
 Funkhouser. a well-known city mer- 
 
 chant and banker. His mother was 
 a Selmes, a descendant through the 
 maternal line of the Spencer and 
 Eussell families of England. An- 
 cestors of hers in America served 
 with distinction in the Bevolution- 
 ary and Civil wars. 
 
 The son's early educational train- 
 ing was had in the St. Louis public- 
 schools, and under the tutelage of 
 the late Bishop Dtinlap. He is a 
 graduate of the University of Vir- 
 ginia and in 1871 finished a course 
 in the Dartmouth College, of Han- 
 over, N. H. He next attended the 
 Columbia Law School of New York, 
 and graduated from that institution 
 
 in 1873 with the degree of Bachelor 
 of Laws. He was admitted to prac- 
 tice law at the bar of New York 
 State, and later of Missouri. 
 
 Soon after he took a course of 
 study in the Medical Department of 
 the University of NeAV York, grad- 
 uating in 1874. 
 
 He commenced the practice of 
 medicine in the city of New York, 
 but at the end of a year returned to 
 SI. Louis, where he at once became 
 identified with medical educational 
 work. His private practice in the 
 city of his birth soon grew to large 
 proportions. 
 
 He was for three years assistant 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy in Mis- 
 souri Medical College, and in 1876 
 helped to found Beaumont Hospital 
 Medical College of St. Louis, and 
 filled the Chair of Clinical Surgery 
 in the latter-named institution un- 
 til 1891. He has also been consult- 
 ing physician to the City and Fe- 
 male Hospitals. 
 
 Dr. Funkhouser is an active mem- 
 ber of the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation, the State Medical Associa- 
 tion, the St. Louis Medical Society 
 and. the Medico-Chirurgical Society 
 of St. Louis, and is president of the 
 St. Louis Medical Society and one 
 of the trustees of the St. Louis Med- 
 ical Library Association. 
 
 In social life he is prominent in 
 Masonic circles, and is a member 
 of the Legion of Honor, Eoyal 
 League and the Society of Sons of 
 the Eevolution. 
 
 Dr. Funkhouser has contributed 
 to medical literature various papers, 
 notably those the result of original 
 researches in physiology, psychol- 
 ogy and surgery. He has given 
 freely of his time and labor to nu- 
 merous charitable and beneficial in- 
 stitutions of the city and State. 
 
 His private practice is confined 
 principally to surgery and the dis- 
 eases of women, and in this field is 
 one of the most prominent of West- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 251 
 
 ern physicians. Dr. Funkhouser is 
 one of the most progressive of Mis- 
 souri practitioners, and it is safe to 
 assert that no physician in St. Louis 
 holds to a greater degree the confl-. 
 dence of his patients, friends and 
 the public in general. 
 
 EUGENE C. GEHRUNG. 
 
 Eugene Charles Gehrung was horn 
 June 10, 1810, in Alsace, then 
 a part of France. In 1870 he grad- 
 uated from the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons (original) of St. 
 Louis. He began practice in Den- 
 ver, Colo., in the same year, and in 
 1876 came to St. Louis, where he has 
 practiced ever since, and five years 
 ago moved his office and residence 
 to its present location on Westmin- 
 ster place and Yandeventer avenue. 
 
 Dr. Gehrung is widely known as 
 a specialist in gynecology and ob- 
 stetrics. 
 
 He is a FelloAv of the American 
 Gynecological Society, member of 
 the American Electro-Therapeutical 
 Society, member of the American 
 \ Medical Society, Fellow (represent- 
 ing the United States Government 
 
 in 1896) of the International Pe- 
 riodical Congress of Gynecologists 
 and Obstetricians, corresponding 
 member of the Obstetrical and Gy- 
 necological Society of Paris, France, 
 titular member of the Electro-The- 
 rapeutic Society of France, ex-Pres- 
 ident of the St. Louis Obstetrical 
 and Gynecological Society, ex-Pres- 
 ident of the South Side Dispensary. 
 He holds membership and honorary 
 membership in other societies. 
 
 JACOB GEIGEE. 
 
 Dr. Jacob Geiger, one of the most 
 prominent surgeons of the North- 
 western part of Missouri, medical 
 writer and educator of note, is a na- 
 tive of Germany, having been born 
 in Wuertemberg on the 25th day of 
 July, 18-J8. Ffis father was a prom- 
 inent and prosperous real estate 
 dealer in the city of Dr. Geiger's 
 birth, but be died three years after 
 the birth of Jacob. 
 . En the fall of 1856 young Geiger, 
 in company with his mother, set sail 
 from Havre for America, reaching 
 here after a lapse of 46 days. They 
 
252 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 joined the two older brothers of the 
 subject of this sketch, who were at 
 that time located in Champaign 
 County, Illinois. In the spring of 
 1858 the entire family removed to 
 Brown County, Kansas, where the 
 mother died the following fall. Ja- 
 cob then went to St. Joseph, where 
 he worked for a dairyman, two years 
 later removing to Illinois, where he 
 worked on a farm during the sum- 
 mer and attended the public 
 schools in the winter. After com- 
 pleting the course of study in the 
 district schools, young Geiger en- 
 tered Homer Seminary, from which 
 he graduated just about the time of 
 the close of the Civil War. .Return- 
 ing to St. Joseph, he clerked in his 
 brother's grocery store, attending at 
 the same time Bryant's Business 
 College, from which he graduated in 
 I860. 
 
 The following year found him 
 employed as a clerk in a pork pack- 
 ing establishment in St. Joseph. 
 While acting in that capacity he be-, 
 gan his study of medicine under the 
 preceptorship of Dr. Galen E. Bish- 
 op. In 1868 he clerked in a drug 
 store, that he might be enabled to 
 obtain enough money to pay his tui- 
 tion and expenses in the Medical 
 Department of the University of 
 Louisville, which college he entered 
 in 1870, and from which he grad- 
 uated some two years later. 
 
 Upon his graduation Dr. Geiger 
 returned to St. Joseph, where he 
 established himself in general prac- 
 tice. This he gave up in 1890, that 
 he might devote his entire attention 
 to surgery, which he had made a 
 specialty. 
 
 Dr. Geiger was the prime mover 
 in the organization and establish- 
 ment of the St. Joseph Hospital 
 Medical College, where he filled the 
 Chair of Anatomy. In 1883 Dr. 
 Geiger also organized, was made 
 dean of and appointed to fill the 
 Chair of Surgery in the St. Joseph 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 In 1889 those two colleges were con- 
 solidated and the name changed to 
 the Ensworth Medical College, in 
 honor of Samuel E. EnsAvorth, who 
 had liberally endowed the college. 
 Dr. Geiger is a life trustee of this 
 college. In 1890 Dr. Geiger Avas one 
 of the organizers of the Marion- 
 Sims College of Medicine of St. 
 Louis, where he delivered two lect- 
 ures a week on the Principles and 
 Practice of Surgery. 
 
 Dr. Geiger was one of the found- 
 ers of the Medical Herald, which 
 was first published in 1887. He is 
 still the ediior of the surgical, de- 
 partment of the journal. He re- 
 ceived the degree of LL. D. from 
 Park College in 1897. 
 
 The doctor is a member of the 
 American Medical Association, the 
 Mississippi Valley and Tri-State 
 Medical Societies, the Western Sur- 
 gical and G}aiecological Associa- 
 tion and the Association of the Sur- 
 geons of St. Joseph & Grand Island 
 Railroad Company; was president 
 of the Missouri State Medical As- 
 sociation in 1897, and is now (1900) 
 president of Missouri Valley Medi- 
 cal Society and the St. Joseph Med- 
 ical Society. 
 
 MARTIN L. GEROULD. 
 
 The town records of Meclfield, 
 Mass., show that in 1700 a Dr. Ger- 
 ould settled there and practiced 
 medicine. He was a French Hugue- 
 not, and is the first Gerould to settle 
 in this country. From that stock 
 came the Gerould s who fought for 
 Ainerican liberty in "the days that 
 tried men's souls." Such were the 
 ancestors of Martin L. Gerould, the 
 subject of this sketch. He was born 
 at Alstead. K. H., ten days after 
 the Fourth of July of 1841. His 
 father was the Rev. M. Gerould 
 and his mother, as well as his sire, 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 253 
 
 can find among her ancestors those 
 who fought with Washington. 
 
 Dr. Gerould received a public 
 school and academical education. He 
 commenced studying medicine just 
 before the beginning of the Eebel- 
 lion and attended lectures at Dart- 
 mouth Medical College. From April 
 until September, 1863, he served as 
 a medical cadet, United. States 
 Army, in the Columbia Hospital at 
 Washington, D. C. Dr. Gerould saw 
 active service as acting assistant 
 surgeon in the navy, serving in the 
 Mississippi Squadron from the time 
 he left the Columbian Hospital un- 
 til the close of the war. After re- 
 ceiving his discharge from the navy 
 he entered the Medical Department 
 of Harvard. University, from which 
 he graduated in 1866. Immediate- 
 ly after graduation Dr. Gerould 
 went to Webster Groves, Mo., and 
 commenced his practice. This he 
 gave up in 1879, when he went to 
 Arizona, where he engaged in cattle 
 ranching and mining for the next 
 five years. He then settled in Kirk- 
 wood, Mo., where he has been ever 
 
 since. In 1889 Dr. Gerould mar- 
 ried Miss Helen M. Bartlett of Au- 
 burn, N". Y. Dr. Gerould. has de- 
 voted all of his professional life to 
 general practice. 
 
 D. M. GIBSON. 
 
 David M. Gibson was born in Illi- 
 nois and had an elementary educa- 
 tion in the country schools and in 
 the High School at Sparta. He at- 
 tended the Homeopathic Medical 
 College of Missouri, and graduated 
 therefrom in March, 1890. Soon 
 after his graduation Dr. Gibson was 
 appointed resident physician to thfe 
 St. Louis Children's Hospital. He 
 remained in that capacity for the 
 four years that followed, 
 
 In 1894 he was made an assistant 
 to the chair of surgery in his alma 
 mater, and later received the ap- 
 pointment of professor of principles 
 and practice of surgery in the same 
 school. In 1899 he became junior 
 surgeon on the staff of the Good Sa- 
 maritan Hospital. 
 
 At this writing Dr. Gibson is the 
 
 :-:,: 
 
 mm. 
 
251 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 editor of the Clinical Keporter and 
 President of the Alumni Associa- 
 tion of the Homeopathic Medical 
 College of" Missouri. He is a mem- 
 her of the St. Louis Homeopathic 
 Society, of the Missouri Institute 
 of Homeopathy and the American 
 Institute of Homeopathy. He is 
 well and favorably known among his 
 professional brethren in Missouri. 
 
 MAX A. GOLDSTEIN. 
 
 Dr. Max A. Goldstein is a native 
 of St. Louis, and was born April 
 
 39, 18?0. His father, William Gold- 
 stein, for many years a prominent 
 wholesale merchant of St. Louis, 
 emigrated as a mere boy from 
 Northern Germany, and soon after 
 the Civil War settled in St. 
 Louis. His mother, Hulda Loew- 
 enthal, was the daughter of a Ger- 
 man rabbi, who came to the city of 
 New York with his family early in 
 the "60s. 
 
 The subject of this sketch re- 
 
 ceived his early school training at 
 Wyman's Institute of Alton, 111., 
 and the public schools of St. Louis, 
 graduating from the High School 
 in 1887, and then attended the 
 Washington University. 
 
 Two years later he was matricu- 
 lated as a student of the Missouri 
 Medical College and received the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine in the 
 spring of 1892. Entering by com- 
 petitive examinations, he served a 
 term of one year as house physician 
 to the City 'Hospital. In 1893 he 
 continued his studies abroad, spend- 
 ing two years in the universities 
 and clinics of Berlin, Strasburg, 
 Vienna and London in preparation 
 for special work in diseases of the 
 ear, nose and throat. 
 
 Upon his return he began the ac- 
 tive practice of otology and laryn- 
 gology. In the spring of 1895 he 
 was elected to the Chair of Otology 
 and Clinical Microscopy in the 
 Beaumont Hospital Medical Col- 
 lege. During the same year he 
 was married to Miss Leonore Wein- 
 er. In the past few years Dr. Gold- 
 stein has been active in the literary 
 work of his specialties, and in July, 
 1896, in conjunction with Dr. F. M. 
 Rumbold of St. Louis, he established 
 and began the publication of "The 
 Laryngoscope," a monthly medical 
 journal, devoted exclusively to the 
 diseases of the nose, throat and ear. 
 In July, 1898, he acquired Dr. Rum- 
 bold's interests, and has since man- 
 aged and edited this journal. At 
 present Dr. Goldstein is president 
 of the Western Opthalmologic and 
 Oto-Laryngologic Association; holds 
 membership m the various local, 
 State and national medical societies. 
 In addition to his private and clin- 
 ical practice, he is consulting au- 
 rist and laryLgologist to the Alexian 
 Brothers' Hospital, St. Mary's In- 
 firmary and aurist and laryngologist 
 to the Terminal Railroad Associa- 
 tion. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 ABNEE E. GOBE. 
 
 Abner E. Gore was born in Shep- 
 pardsville. Bullet Co., Ky., Oct. 12, 
 1823. His early education was com- 
 menced in the public school of his 
 native town. 
 
 In 1834 the family removed to 
 Missouri, settling in Monroe Coun- 
 ty, where he continued his educa- 
 tion in the public schools and later 
 attended the Boone Eame School in 
 Boone County, an institution noted 
 for its educational advantages in 
 those earlv da vs. 
 
 In 1843 and 1844 he attended 
 the Missouri College in Mason 
 County. In 1846 he entered the 
 Louisville University Medical Col- 
 lege, graduating from that institu- 
 tion in 1848. Eeturning to Missouri, 
 he located at Paris, and at once be- 
 gan the practice of medicine, where 
 he has continued ever since. 
 
 Dr. Gore has at this writing 
 (1900) resided and been in practice 
 over fifty-two years, and, although 
 past 77 years of age, still attends to 
 his regular practice. 
 
 In 1882 he was elected president 
 
 of the Missouri State Medical As- 
 sociation, of which he is a member, 
 as well as several other medical so- 
 cieties. 
 
 CHAELES W. GOWANS. 
 
 Charles YV. Gowans was born on 
 the 13th day of October, in the year 
 1ST 5, in the State of Yew York. He 
 sj3ent the first eight years of his 
 life in the city of Yew York, where 
 his early education was commenced 
 in the public schools. 
 
 In 1883 he removed to St. Clair 
 County, Illinois, where he continued 
 his studies in the public schools, 
 later entering the Marissa Academy, 
 from which he graduated in the 
 spring of 1895. 
 
 Preparatory to his entering upon 
 the study of medicine and surgery, 
 which he had decided to adopt as his 
 profession in life, he spent one year 
 at Monmouth College. 
 
 In the fall of 1896 young Gowans 
 entered the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege, and, after a three years'" course, 
 2'raduated from that institution in 
 
256 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Dr. Growans immediately com- 
 menced practice in St. Louis, giving 
 his full attention to the general 
 practice he is engaged in. 
 
 Dr. Gowans in 1899 served as in- 
 terne at the Missouri Baptist Sani- 
 tarium. He is physician to the St. 
 Joseph Orphans'" Home and is a 
 member of several medical societies. 
 
 — - — 
 
 JOHN M. GEANT. 
 
 John M. Grant was born January 
 11, 1864, at Williamsburg, Mo. 
 He received Ms early education in 
 the public schools of that little city, 
 and was fitted for entrance to the 
 Missouri Medical College, from 
 which he graduated in 1889, by a 
 classical preparatory education. 
 
 Dr. Grant practiced two years as 
 interne' at the City Hospital, St. 
 Louis, after receiving his diploma 
 from the Missouri Medical College. 
 
 Then he began private practice 
 in St. Louis, and has remained there 
 ever since. 
 
 His work has always been of the 
 best, and his large practice attests 
 to this. 
 
 He at once began private prac- 
 
 tice in the city of his adoption as 
 a general practitioner and has re- 
 mained there ever since. 
 
 Dr. Grant's close attention as a 
 student and the devotion of his en- 
 tire time to his practice has resulted 
 in a large and continually growing 
 practice. His work has always been 
 of the best and has placed him in 
 the front ranks of Missouri physi- 
 cians. 
 
 SPENCER GEAVES. 
 
 Spencer Graves, one of the promi- 
 nent physicians of St. Louis, and a 
 member of the faculty of the Beau- 
 mont Medical Hospital, was born in 
 Montgomery County, Kentucky, on 
 the 6th day of June, 1858. 
 
 He received his elementary educa- 
 tion in the public schools of his ear- 
 ly home and was prepared for his 
 entrance in the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons of New York 
 City by a thorough classical educa- 
 tion at Cornell Universit} r . He re- 
 ceived his degree of Doctor of Med- 
 icine from the New York College 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 257 
 
 of Physicians and Surgeons in 
 1883, and for the next two years 
 was house surgeon in the Charity 
 Hospital on BlackwelFs Island, 
 New York City. In 1886, Dr. 
 Graves' hospital term having ex- 
 pired, he came West, locating the 
 same year in St. Lonis, where he 
 has since remained. In the time 
 that has elapsed since, Dr. Graves 
 has built up a large general practice, 
 although he has devoted much of his 
 time to surgery, which is his spe- 
 cialty. 
 
 Xot only is Dr. Graves well- 
 known because of his ability as a 
 surgeon, but for his work as an ed- 
 ucator and medical writer. He oc- 
 cupies the Chair of Surgical Tech- 
 nique in the Beaumont Hospital 
 Medical College, and has contrib- 
 uted largely to the medical litera- 
 ture of the day. 
 
 E. H. GKEGOKY. 
 
 One of the most widely known 
 and highly respected members of 
 the profession in Missouri is the son 
 of Charles and Sophia Gregory, both 
 natives of Fredericksburg, Va., who 
 emigrated to Kentucky in 1820 and 
 in 1833 sdJled in Missouri, in 
 which State the subject of this 
 sketch, Elisha Hall Gregory, who 
 was born at Hopkinsville, Ky., in 
 1824, got his early education, and 
 studied medicine with Dr. F. W. C. 
 Thomas of Boonville, then a physi- 
 cian in high standing in that sec- 
 tion. 
 
 Young Gregory had some expe- 
 rience in practice in Morgan County 
 in 1844, and in 1848 took up his 
 residence in St. Louis, where there 
 was greater scope for his abilities. 
 
 He graduated from the Medical 
 Department of St. Louis University 
 in March, 1849. 
 
 At the very beginning Dr. Greg- 
 ory took first place in the ranks of 
 Missouri physicians, and as a citizen 
 of St. Louis, in which city he has 
 
 been a practitioner and teacher since 
 1849. Sterling, earnest, conscien- 
 tious qualities win places for men, 
 and, possessing these, he became 
 eminently successful as a doctor, 
 surgeon and teacher. 
 
 He carries the degree title of Lit 
 D., conferred upon him by St. Louis 
 University, and has been a member 
 of the St. Louis Board of Health, 
 president of the State Board of 
 Health and twice elected president 
 of the St. Louis Medical Society. He 
 was president of the State Medical 
 Association when, in 1886, he was 
 elected to the presidency of the 
 American Medical Association. 
 
 He is Professor of Surgery in the 
 Medical Department of Washington 
 University, a position which he has 
 occupied and rilled with much cred- 
 it, both to himself and the college, 
 for half a century, 
 
 Dr. Gregory was married April 
 15, 1S45, to Miss Joel Smallwood, 
 of a Maryland family, but a native 
 of Cooper County, Missouri. Twelve 
 children have been born to the cou- 
 ple, seven of whom are living. Dr. 
 Gregory is still engaged (1900) in 
 active general practice. 
 
 J. D. GRIFFITH. 
 
 One of the leading practitioners 
 of Missouri, and perhaps -the most 
 prominent in the profession of the 
 western part of the State, is Dr. J. 
 D. Griffith of Kansas City. He is 
 president of the Association of Mil- 
 itary Surgeons of the United States 
 and medical director of the First 
 Brigade, K G. M. His father was 
 Brig.-Gen. Bichard Griffith, a warm 
 and lifelong friend of Jefferson Da- 
 vis, his trusted companion in the 
 Mexican War, and, it is related, 
 commanded his regiment at Buena 
 Yista gallantly, leading the charge 
 that saved the day for the Ameri- 
 cans. Gen. Griffith was a West 
 Point man, an officer in the United 
 States Army before the war; but, 
 
258 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 believing with many others that his 
 State had first claim to his alle- 
 giance, cast his lot with the South- 
 ern Confederacy, and, like many an- 
 other gallant gentleman, gave his 
 life for the "Lost Cause." 
 
 Gen. Griffith was killed at Savage 
 Station. His eldest son, who was 
 in the Confederate Army also, was 
 killed at Shiloh. 
 
 Jefferson Davis Griffith, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, was horn in 
 Jackson, Miss., February 12, 1S50. 
 At the close of the war, in which 
 
 he lost his father and eldest brother, 
 young Griffith obtained employ- 
 ment in a drug store in Jackson, 
 preparatory to his taking up the 
 study of medicine. He began his 
 collegiate medical education in 
 1868 in Bellevue Hospital Medical 
 College, and finished in the Medical 
 Department of the University of 
 New York in 1871. He had pre- 
 viously, in 1870, entered Bellevue 
 Hospital as an interne, and was 
 afterward made house surgeon of 
 the third division of that celebrated 
 institution. 
 
 In January, jSTI, he came to Mis- 
 souri, and, settling in Kansas City, 
 entered into partnership with Dr. 
 John W. Elston, another young 
 physician, also a stranger in the 
 West. This partnership lasted until 
 1877, since which time Dr. Griffith 
 has practiced alone. In 1871 he 
 became a lecturer in the Kansas City 
 Medical College on Physiology. La- 
 ter he was made Demonstrator of 
 Anatomy and successively filled the 
 Chairs of Physiology, Anatomy and 
 the Principles and Practice of Sur- 
 gery, and was honored by being 
 elected dean of the college. 
 
 He gave up the general practice 
 of medicine in 1887, since confining 
 himself to office practice and sur- 
 gery. He is a firm advocate and be- 
 liever in medical societies, and is a 
 member of the following, in which 
 he is an active participant: Nation- 
 al Association of Eailroad Sur- 
 geons, American Orthopedic Asso- 
 ciation, American Association of 
 Gynecologists and Obstetricians, 
 American Medical Association, Con- 
 gress of Physicians and Surgeons, 
 Mississippi Valley Medical Associa- 
 tion, Missouri State Medical Asso- 
 ciation, American Public Health 
 Association, Kansas City District 
 Medical Association. Jackson Coun- 
 ty Medical Association and Bellevue 
 Hospital Alumni Association. He 
 is consulting' surgeon to several of 
 the hospitals of Kansas City. 
 
 Since the first few years of his 
 practice, Dr. Griffith has been a 
 busy man. with little time for culti- 
 vating social graces, although by 
 nature most genial, hearty and fond 
 of the society of his fellow-kind. 
 Loyalty to his profession and the 
 prosecution of its study in its ever- 
 unfolding and enlarging fields of 
 labor prohibits his devotion to so- 
 ciety. 
 
 Dr. Griffith has always possessed 
 a fondness for military affairs. Per- 
 haps the seeds were sown during the 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 259 
 
 last days of the Civil War that have 
 since developed into fruition, and, 
 being a physician, his attention was 
 naturally directed to the medical 
 department of military life. His 
 first connection with the National 
 Guard of his adopted State dates 
 from February, 1886. Since then 
 he has served successively as assist- 
 ant and first lieutenant of the First 
 Battalion, surgeon and major of the 
 Third Begiment, volunteer aide on 
 the staff of the First Brigade and 
 lieutenant-colonel and medical di- 
 rector of the First Brigade. 
 
 In March, 1889, he was commis- 
 sioned by Gov. D. B. Francis Sur- 
 geon-General of Missouri. He served 
 until the expiration of Gov. Fran- 
 cis' term of office, when he resigned 
 his commission. Dr. Griffith served 
 as surgeon in the volunteer army 
 during the Spanish-American War 
 with distinction. When the Mis- 
 souri volunteer regiments were mus- 
 tered out of the United States ser- 
 vice Dr. Griffith returned to Kansas 
 City, where he has since been en- 
 gaged in professional work. 
 
 E. A. GBIVEAIJD. 
 
 Emmanuel A. Griveaud was born 
 at Villeurbonne, in France, Janu- 
 ary 12, 1841. His parents emigrated 
 to America in 1849, first settling 
 in New Orleans. Young Grive- 
 aud's primary education was had in 
 his French home and in New Or- 
 leans. When he was 11 years old 
 the family removed to St. Louis, 
 and young Griveaud's education was 
 continued in the Christian Brothers' 
 College of that city. He also at- 
 tended a business college. 
 
 When the Civil War commenced, 
 in 1861, he enlisted as a private in 
 the Union Volunteer Army. He 
 served until the end of the struggle, 
 and was mustered out in 1865 with 
 the rank of First Lieutenant. 
 
 For the next few years our subject 
 
 was employed in business walks. He 
 finally decided to take up the study 
 of medicine, and so entered the St. 
 Louis College of Homeopathic Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons. He graduated 
 in 1871, and commenced practice in 
 St. Louis in the same year. In the 
 years 1872-3 he attended the St. 
 Louis Medical College. 
 
 In 1874 Dr. Griveaud spent some 
 months in Arkansas, with head- 
 quarters at Chicoto, studying and 
 
 gaining by observation practical 
 knowledge of swamp fevers. 
 
 At one time he gave particular at- 
 tention to cases of deformity, but 
 for the greater part of his profes- 
 sional career he has been engaged in 
 a general practice, which has in- 
 cluded considerable surgical work. 
 In 1873 he was assistant surgeon 
 of the United States Marine Hospi- 
 tal, St. Louis. From 1875 to 1877 
 he was physician to the Worthy Wo- 
 men's Home and physician to the 
 French Society de Bienfeven, also 
 Professor of National Philosophy, 
 Chemistry and Texicology in the 
 
260 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Homeopathic Medical College of 
 Missouri. 
 
 Dr. Griveaud is a member of the 
 American Institute of Homeopathy 
 and of local societies, and is well 
 and favorably known locally. 
 
 F. WILLIAM GKUNDMANN. 
 
 One of the distinguished physi- 
 cians of the school of homeopathy in 
 Missouri is Dr. F. William Grund- 
 mann, whose labors in the paths first 
 mapped out by Hahnemann entitle 
 him to a place in history. He was 
 
 lorn in Westphalia, Germany, Oc- 
 tober 16, 1858, and is the son of 
 William and Louise Grundmann. 
 His primary schooling was had in 
 lis native country. 
 
 When a youth, in company with 
 a brother, he emigrated to this 
 country, and in 1881 we find him in 
 St. Louis, attending night school in 
 order to perfect himself in the 
 study of the English language. 
 Later he took a business college 
 course, and from 1883' to 1886 he 
 attended the Central Wesleyan Col- 
 lege at Warrenton, Mo. 
 
 Having decided upon medicine as 
 bis future life work, he entered the 
 1 Lomeopathic Medical College of 
 Missouri, and graduated therefrom 
 with honors in 1888. While a stu- 
 dent at the Homeopathic College, 
 Dr. Grundmann had attended at 
 different times the Good Samaritan 
 Hospital, A^alley Park Sanitarium 
 and the Missouri Medical College of 
 St. Louis, where he became thor- 
 oughly grounded in the practical 
 part of his chosen profession. In 
 1891 he took a post-graduate course 
 at the St. Louis College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, and was grad- 
 uated in the same year. 
 
 From 1889 to 1892 Dr. Grund- 
 mann was jihysician to the Good Sa- 
 maritan Hospital, and in the last- 
 named year organized the present 
 medical staff, acting as its chief un- 
 til March, 1899. In 1893 he was 
 Lecturer on Anatomy and Histology 
 and since 1894 has occupied the 
 Chairs of Pathology and Bacteriol- 
 ogy in the Homeopathic Medical 
 College of Missouri. He is an act- 
 ive member of the St. Louis Society 
 of Homeopathic Physicians and 
 Surgeons, of the Missouri Institute 
 of Homeopathy and the American 
 Institute of Homeopathy. 
 
 Aside from his professional work, 
 Dr. Grundmann is a valued and es- 
 teemed citizen, always to be found 
 among the leaders in any movement 
 tending to improve and elevate and 
 make prosperous the city and State 
 of his adoption. 
 
 JOH?s T 0. GUHMAK 
 
 John 0. Guhman was born in St. 
 Louis, January 29, 1870. He is 
 the eldest son of Dr. Mcholas Guh- 
 man of honored memory. His lit- 
 erary education was received in the 
 public schools and at St. Louis Uni- 
 versity. Following the family bent 
 toward the profession of medicine, 
 he early prepared himself for study 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 261 
 
 the St. Louis University and Mound 
 City Commercial College. 
 
 After receiving his degree of Doc- 
 tor of Medicine he began the gen- 
 eral practice of medicine, to which 
 he has devoted himself ever since. 
 Dr. Culiman has always practiced in 
 St. Louis, and is a thorough St, 
 Louisan in every sense of the word. 
 He is one of the younger generation 
 of men in the profession who are 
 forging their way rapidly to the 
 front. His work speaks for itself 
 
 ". 
 
 in that science, and finally gradu- 
 ated from the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege in the spring of 1889. 
 
 Since then he has risen rapidly 
 in his profession, and at this writ- 
 ing bids fair to attain at least a 
 share of the prominence that his 
 father held in the community. 
 
 He is a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, and in the years 
 1890-91 was recording secretarv to 
 that body. 
 
 Since 1892 he has been physician- 
 in-charge at St. Vincent's Orphan 
 Asylum, a position that his father 
 held for eighteen years. His prac- 
 tice is principally in surgery. 
 
 MATTHEW GEOBGE GUHMAN. 
 
 Matthew G. Guhman is a native 
 of the metropolis of the Mississippi 
 Vallev. He Avas born on the last 
 day of June, 1872. 
 
 When but 19 years of age he grad- 
 uated with honors from the Old 
 Missouri Medical College. His ed- 
 ucation previous to his entrance of 
 
 the medical college was obtained in 
 
 M'Jk : $M 
 
 and stamps him as a physician who 
 will soon have won for himself an 
 enduring place in the profession. 
 
 NICHOLAS GUHMAN. 
 
 The Guhman family are well rep- 
 resented in the ranks of the medical 
 profession in Missouri. The pioneer 
 of the family in America was Nich- 
 olas Guhman. He was born in 
 Gleisweiler, in the Kingdom of Ba- 
 varia, Germany, September 22, 1833. 
 His was an old and distinguished 
 German family. His parents were 
 John Jacob and Margaret Guhman, 
 
262 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 the father being a prosperous wine 
 grower. Our subject received a lib- 
 eral education and prepared him- 
 self for the study and practice of 
 medicine in his native country. But 
 the troublous condition of affairs in 
 Germany at that period changed his 
 plans, and at the age of 19 he emi- 
 grated to this country, and settled 
 in St. Louis. ISTot having the means 
 to pursue his medical studies upon 
 arrival, he for several years em- 
 ployed himself in various business 
 vocations. 
 
 Finally, in 185 S, he matriculated 
 
 subsequent career as a physician in 
 the city of his adoption was a most 
 successful one. 
 
 For eighteen years he was physi- 
 cian-in-charge at St. Vincent's Ger- 
 man Orphan Asylum. He was also 
 connected in a professional capacity 
 with many charitable institutions, 
 and always gave liberally of his ser- 
 vices and means for such purposes. 
 He Avas vice-president of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society in 1888. From 
 1S69 to 1873 he was a member of 
 the City School Board of St. Louis, 
 and as such accomplished much for 
 the cause of public education. 
 
 Fie was married in 1856 to Hen- 
 rietta Ernstine Meisner. Seven 
 children were born of that union, 
 and two sons, John 0. and Matthew 
 G. Guhman, are now practicing phy- 
 sicians in St. Louis. 
 
 He continued in active practice 
 until 1893, when he died, Septem- 
 ber 22 of that year, after a most 
 useful life. His memory is hon- 
 ored in St. Louis, both in the capac- 
 ities of physician and citizen. 
 
 in the St. Louis Medical College, 
 and received bis diploma in 1861. 
 Immediately after his graduation 
 Dr. Guhman was appointed an as- 
 sistant surgeon in the United States 
 Army, and entered upon service in 
 the Union forces in the war between 
 the States. After the fall of Vicks- 
 burg he was assigned to hospital 
 duty at that point, and served there 
 continuously until the close of the 
 war, when he returned to St. Louis 
 and began the practice of his pro- 
 fession as a private citizen. His 
 
 EDWABD P. HALL. 
 
 Edward Peeks Hall is a young 
 physician and surgeon of St. Joseph, 
 whose brief professional career is 
 full of the promise of great achieve- 
 ments. He was born in St. Joseph, 
 and received a common and high 
 school education in that city. In 
 1897 he graduated from the Ens- 
 worth Medical College. 
 
 Immediately upon his graduation 
 he went to ISTew York, where for the 
 year folloAving he was clinical as- 
 sistant to Prof. R. C. Myles and 
 Prof. Francis J. Quinlan at the 
 Polyclinic. At the same time he 
 was taking a post-graduate course 
 of lectures at the Manhattan Eye 
 and Ear Infirmary. 
 
 Before engaging in active prac- 
 tice at St. Joseph, where he opened 
 Iris office in October, 1898, Dr. Hall 
 was an attendant at the dispensary 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 263 
 
 of the Medical Department of the 
 Northwestern University of Evans- 
 ton, 111. His thorough education 
 has well fitted Dr. Hall for his pro- 
 fessional work. 
 
 He makes a specialtv of diseases 
 of the eye, ear, throat and nose, 
 and is accounted one of the hest of 
 the 3 r oung practitioners in that line 
 of work. 
 
 has heen practicing since 1896, and 
 has done remarkably well, both 
 from the financial and professional 
 points of view. The doctor has 
 made no specialty of any special dis- 
 ease, but has followed the lines of a 
 general practitioner., and this alone 
 makes him a very busy man. 
 
 WILLIAM G. HALL. 
 
 "William G. Hall of St. Joseph is 
 one of the prominent homeopathic 
 physicians of the State. He is a 
 Pennsylvanian by birth, having been 
 born in that State's "Smoky City" 
 September 10, 1831. 
 
 He received his boyhood and clas- 
 sical education in the schools of 
 Pittsburg, later entering the Cleve- 
 land Homeopathic Medical College, 
 from which he graduated with the 
 class of '58. He began his practice 
 of medicine in Western Pennsylva- 
 nia, but shortly afterward located 
 at Chagrin Falls, 0., where he re- 
 mained for the next seven years^ in- 
 cluding his term of service as as- 
 sistant surgeon in the Tenth Ohio 
 Volunteer Cavalry. 
 
 W. ANTOIKE HALL. 
 
 W. Antoine Hall was born on the 
 3d day of October, 1869, in Clinton 
 County, Missouri, where, in the 
 public schools and on the farm, he 
 received a liberal early education. 
 
 After deciding to follow medi- 
 cine, young Hall went to St. Louis, 
 and, after three years of work there, 
 graduated from the Marion-Sims 
 College of Medicine in 1893. 
 
 Immediately thereafter he en- 
 gaged in general practice near his 
 early home. 
 
 In the three years he practiced 
 there Dr. Hall obtained a great deal 
 of practical knowledge, which has 
 proved valuable to him since he has 
 been located in St. Louis, where he 
 
264 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 In 1865 Dr. Hall removed to St. 
 Joseph, in which city he has since 
 practiced. The doctor has made a 
 specialty of gynecology and orificiai 
 surgery, and his practice along 
 those lines, coupled with his large 
 general practice, make him a very 
 busy man. 
 
 Dr. Hall is a member of the 
 American Institute of Homeopathy, 
 past president and member of the 
 American Association of Orificiai 
 Surgeons and the Missouri State 
 Institute of Homeopathy, a member 
 of the Kansas State Medical Socie- 
 ty and an honorary member of the 
 Nebraska State Medical Society. He 
 was at one time a member of the 
 Missouri State Board of Health. His 
 long professional career has been 
 full of good work done, and now, in 
 the autumn of life, he enjoys the 
 fruits of the harvest of the good 
 deeds he has sown: 
 
 GEOEGE HALLEY. 
 
 Among those who are best known 
 for merit in the profession, Dr. 
 George Halley of Kansas City 
 stands pre-eminent as a surgeon, 
 physician and a thorough gentle- 
 man. 
 
 He is a Canadian by birth and 
 education, having been born at Au- 
 rora, in the Province of Ontario, on 
 the 10th day of September, 1839. 
 His boyhood education was received 
 in the schools of his native town, 
 and in May, 1869, he graduated 
 from the medical department of 
 Victoria College in Toronto. 
 
 A }-ear later Dr. Halley decided 
 to come to "the States/*' and he lo- 
 cated in Kansas City. The growth 
 of the city on the Kaw is t}"pical 
 of Dr. Hallews rapid strides to the 
 front in the profession. He has al- 
 ways been identified with its pro- 
 gression, not only along profession- 
 al, but other lines. 
 
 Dr. Halley has made a specialty 
 of surgical work, and his practice is 
 
 devoted to that and consultation ex- 
 clusively. Along surgical lines he 
 has always been known as an orig- 
 inator, not an imitator, and the 
 work he has done speaks for itself. 
 The doctor is a prominent mem- 
 
 ber of the Missouri State Medical 
 Association, the American Medical 
 Association, the Jackson County 
 Medical Society and the American 
 Gynecological Society. 
 
 HEXET W. HAXPETEB. 
 
 Although but 28 years of age, Dr. 
 Henry W. Hanpeter's work in the 
 profession has been more than ordi- 
 narily good ; it has been meritorious. 
 It has been of such merit that it 
 has made him a member of the 
 editorial staff of the newly organ- 
 ized medical department of the 
 Washington University. 
 
 Dr. Hanpeter was born in St. 
 Eouis on the last day of May, 1872, 
 and received his preparatory educa- 
 tion in the public and grammar 
 schools of St. Louis. In the fall of 
 1891 he matriculated in the old Mis- 
 
EX=PRESIDENTS MISSOURI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 (In addition to others whose portraits are elsewhere given.) 
 
 E. W. SCHAl'FFLER, 1S7S. 
 
 G. M. B. MAUGHS, 187! 
 
 /||P 
 
 111 
 
 ^ift 
 
 iiiilP r 
 
 !.■':'■: -|- : l 
 
 
 \**mm??~.m 
 
 
 J. M. ALLAN. 1SS0. 
 
 TVILLIS P. KING. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 265 
 
 souri Medical College,, now affiliated 
 with the Washington University, 
 and, after the required three years' 
 course, graduated with honors in 
 the spring of 1894. 
 
 He immediately hegan the active 
 practice of medicine in the city of 
 his birth. Later he was made as- 
 sistant in the aural department of 
 the St. Louis Medical College, and 
 when that college and his Alma 
 Mater joined forces as the Medical 
 Department of the Washington Uni- 
 versity, Dr. Hanpeter was retained 
 as a member of the clinical staff. 
 
 JOSEPH HAEDY. 
 
 The subject of this sketch, Joseph 
 Hardv, is a native Missourian, born 
 in Ealls County, February 17, 1861. 
 
 After an educational foundation 
 laid in the public schools of his na- 
 tive State he prepared himself for 
 the study of medicine. He finally 
 became a student in St. Louis Med- 
 ical College and graduated there- 
 from in 1892. 
 
 His first professional work after 
 was as interne at the St. Louis Fe- 
 male Hospital, 1892-93. He also 
 
 served several months as physician 
 in the Poorhouse. This service 
 was followed by one of two years as 
 physician and superintendent of the 
 Quarantine Hospital. 
 
 Dr. Hardy began practice in his 
 present location in St. Louis in 
 May, 1895, and has since that date 
 
 devoted his whole attention to a 
 growing private practice. 
 
 JAMES L. HAKKIFGTOK 
 
 Cincinnati, 0., is the birthplace of 
 Dr. J. L. Harrington of Kansas City r 
 Mo., and he was ushered into the 
 world on the 30th day of August. 
 1837. In 1869 his parents removed 
 to Kansas City, where he obtained 
 the education which fitted Mm for 
 entrance into the University Medi- 
 cal College of his adopted city. Af- 
 ter the prescribed coarse of study he 
 graduated from that college in the 
 spring of 1889 with honors. After 
 graduation he was appointed as- 
 sistant city physician in Kansas 
 City, in which capacity he served 
 one vear. 
 
266 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 111 1890 he moved to New Mexico 
 and entered the practice of medicine 
 in that field as a country doctor. 
 He was acting coroner of Valencia 
 County four years. In 1892 he 
 married Miss Viola Greenwald of 
 Los Limas, Kew Mexico. After re- 
 maining there six years he returned 
 to his old home, Kansas City, Mo., 
 and made special effort in the line 
 of genito-urinary surgery and skin 
 diseases. 
 
 In 1897 he, together with several 
 prominent physicians and surgeons 
 of Kansas City, Mo., and Kansas ' 
 City, Kan., organized the College of 
 Medicine and Surgery of Kansas 
 City, Kan., and was elected secretary 
 of the hoard of trustees and fac- 
 ulty and Professor of Genito-ITrin- 
 ary and Skin Diseases. After two 
 years this college was moved to Kan- 
 sas City, Mo., and the name changed 
 to the Medico-Chirurgical College, 
 where he now holds the same posi- 
 tion and chair in faculty. 
 
 His works along the line of geni- 
 to-urinary diseases and dermatology 
 were original and commended him 
 
 to .the City Physician of Kansas 
 City, Mo., when the recent epidemic 
 of variola spread over the country, 
 and he was placed in charge of the 
 quarantine and St. George Hospital 
 of that city, where the mortality 
 rate of this dreaded disease was re- 
 duced to one-half of one per cent. 
 Dr. Harrington has been as success- 
 ful in his work as an educator as he 
 has been in his practice. 
 
 JOHX J. HAKPJS. 
 
 Buchanan County, Missouri, is the 
 birthplace of Dr. John J. Harris, 
 who is, although a man well along 
 in years, comparatively a newcomer 
 in the ranks of the profession. 
 
 As a youth Dr. Harris was edu- 
 cated in the public schools of his 
 native county, and later, in 1861, 
 graduated from the Kentuckv Mil- 
 itary Institute, receiving the degree 
 of Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 He immediately entered the Con- 
 federate Army, serving as drillmas- 
 ter in Gen. W. G. Slack's division 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 267 
 
 of Gen. Sterling Price's army. At 
 the battle of Pea Ridge the then 
 Capt. Harris was an aide-de-camp 
 to Gen. Slack. During the war Dr. 
 Harris had the misfortune of being 
 captured and was held as prisoner 
 of war in St. Louis for some three 
 months. 
 
 After the "unpleasantness" was 
 over Capt. Harris studied pharmacy, 
 which profession he followed untiL 
 1897. From pharmacist to doctor 
 of medicine is a natural evolution, 
 and it is not strange that Dr. Har- 
 ris should have studied medicine. 
 After taking the required course he 
 received his diploma from the 
 Barnes Medical College in 1897, and 
 immediately began practicing in St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Dr. Harris is an apostle of alka- 
 loidal therapy, external and internal 
 hydriatics, lacteal inunction, dairy 
 alimentation, sun-bathing and solar 
 sanitation. 
 
 W. JOHN" HARRIS. 
 
 In Shrewsbury, England, June 17, 
 1852, was born William John Har- 
 ris, now a well-known physician 
 of St. Louis. He was the son of 
 Thomas and Martha Rebecca Har- 
 ris. Young Harris' early educa- 
 tion was acquired in the schools of 
 his native country, finishing at tiie 
 City London College. 
 
 After coming to this country 
 and deciding to make it his home he 
 took up the study of medicine, and 
 graduated from the Homeopathic 
 College of Missouri in 1875, after 
 which he began the practice of his 
 profession at Carondelet (South St. 
 Louis.) In 1880 he visited the 
 large hospitals of London, England, 
 and in 1382 attended the first post- 
 graduate given at the Missouri Med- 
 ical College. Dr. Harris is a mem- 
 ber of the St. Louis Society of Ho- 
 meopathic Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, of the American Institute of 
 
 Homeopathy and of the Missouri 
 Institute of Homeopathy. He is 
 also Professor of Special Surgery 
 in the Homeopathic Medical College 
 of Missouri, and is the author of a 
 number of works on medical sub- 
 iects. 
 
 On September 26, 1878, Dr. Har- 
 ris was married to Jessie Fremont 
 Gibbs. 
 
 GEORGE W. HAYERSTICK. 
 
 George Walter Haverstick was 
 born in Philadelphia, Pa., January 
 8, 1869, and as a boy enjoyed the 
 usual educational advantages of 
 American youth. He graduated 
 at Cape Girardeau State Normal 
 School in 1890 and from the Beau- 
 mont Medical College of St. Louis 
 in 1895, and commenced practice in 
 that city in the same year. 
 
 In May. 1895, he moved his of- 
 fice to its present location. Dr. 
 Haverstick was for a period of two 
 years connected with the Alexian 
 Brothers' Hospital of St. Louis. He 
 has also been clinical lecturer of 
 
268 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 diseases of children in the College 
 of Plrysicians and Surgeons. Al- 
 though a comparatively young phy- 
 sician, he has already made for him- 
 self an enviable professional record, 
 and has a steadily groAving practice. 
 Dr. Haverstick's specialty is dis- 
 eases of children. 
 
 WILLIAM HAERISON HAYS. 
 
 Hannibal, Mo., is the birthplace 
 and has always been the home of 
 William H. Hays. He was born 
 there on the 29th day of April, 1875. 
 and received his early education in 
 that town. 
 
 After receiving a public school ed- 
 ucation there he began the study of 
 medicine under the preceptorship of 
 his father, who was a noted surgeon 
 of that section of the State. Later 
 he entered the Medical Department 
 of Washington University, gradu- 
 ating in April, 1898. Very soon af- 
 ter his graduation Dr. Hays located 
 in his native city, engaging in a 
 general practice of medicine, which 
 has since proven quite remunera- 
 tive. 
 
 At present Dr. Hays is the City 
 Physician of Hannibal, as well as 
 President of the Board of Health. 
 In the latter capacity Dr. Hays was 
 largely instrumental in improving 
 the sanitary conditions of Hannibal 
 by giving it what its citizens face- 
 tiously refer to as "a thorough 
 whitewashing." 
 
 In public life, as well as in his pri- 
 vate practice, Dr. Hays has always 
 thoroughly di_2rnosed each case that 
 
 came to his attention, and has then 
 shown what a good physician he is 
 by applying the proper remedies. 
 
 FEANK L. HEXDERSON. 
 
 Frank L. Henderson was born in 
 St. Louis, Mo., March 18, 1865. He 
 was educated at the University of 
 Missouri and the Missouri Medical 
 College, graduating from the latter 
 March 8, 1888. For over a year he 
 served as an acting assistant surgeon 
 in the regular army, and then went 
 to Europe for post-graduate instruc- 
 tion. Upon his return he entered 
 the service of the Great Northern 
 Railway as division surgeon, and 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 269 
 
 later joined the niedieal staff of the 
 C, B: & Q. Ky. 
 
 In 1893 Dr. Henderson took tip 
 diseases of the eve as a specialty, 
 and after preparation in Xew York 
 and abroad, located in St. Lonis. He 
 takes an active interest in all pro- 
 fessional affairs, having- been corre- 
 sponding secretary of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, and being now its 
 Vice-President. He is secretary of 
 the St. Louis Medical Library Asso- 
 ciation, and for the past five years 
 has been Professor of Ophthalmol- 
 ogy in the Barnes Medical College. 
 
 GEOKGE E. HIGHSMITH. 
 
 George B. Highsniith was born in 
 Savannah, G-a,, on the 4th day of 
 December, 1848. His early education 
 was obtained in the usual manner 
 followed in those da} r s, after which 
 he entered the Missouri Medical 
 College of St. Louis, graduating in 
 1875. He at once began practice, 
 locating at De Witt, Carroll County, 
 where he remained until 1882. He 
 then took a post-graduate course at 
 
 Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
 taking the degree of Doctor in Med- 
 icine; also special courses in surgery, 
 diseases of women and children, dis- 
 eases of the ear, nose and throat and 
 physical diagnosis. He removed to 
 Carrollton, Mo., in 1888, where he 
 now lives. 
 
 He was president of the Xorth 
 Missouri District Medical Society in 
 1894, the Surgical Society of the 
 Wabash Eailroad in 1898 and of the 
 Missouri State Medical Association 
 in 1899. 
 
 He is regarded as the special 
 champion of the country practition- 
 er, claiming that in many instances 
 physicians located at the crossroads 
 in the country are the peer of the 
 best men in the cities. He is not a 
 Toluminous writer, but his contribu- 
 tions are among the higher class, in 
 a literary and scientific sense. His 
 style is peculiarly his own. The 
 following are the titles of some of 
 his contributions to medical and 
 surgical literature: "That Sort of 
 Thing,'"' "A Single Dressing After 
 Amputations," "'Ligatures Cut 
 
270 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 Short/' "The Country Practitioner," 
 ''Gynecological Humbuggery," "The 
 General Practitioner/' "Dreams 
 That Came True/' "Does Missouri 
 Need a Home for Epileptics?" 
 
 He is also the author of the fol- 
 lowing addresses and lectures: 
 "Chips and Whetstones/' "Develop- 
 ment," "The Relation of the Medi- 
 cal Profession to Popular Educa- 
 tion," "Heredity and Crime," "Con- 
 tributions of the Medical Profession 
 to General Literature and Collateral 
 Sciences," "The Doctor in Litera- 
 ture." 
 
 don in that and other Illinois, 
 towns. 
 
 After obtaining a classical edu- 
 cation Dr. Holt was engaged in 
 business pursuits until 1895, when 
 he decided to take up medicine. He 
 accordingly matriculated in the 
 Barnes Medical College, from 
 which he graduated three years 
 later. 
 
 Though a young man, Dr. Holt's 
 good work has placed him in the 
 front ranks of the rising generation 
 of Missouri physicians. 
 
 HUREL PERRIE HTJEYETTE. 
 
 One of the rising young physicians 
 of Kansas City is Dr. H. P. Huey- 
 ette, a native of Paris, France. He 
 was born there March 7, 1867. Af- 
 ter receiving the education that the 
 French youths obtain, young Huey- 
 ette came to this country. He was 
 in turn newspaper man and lectu- 
 rer until 1894, when he entered the 
 Kansas City Medical College. He 
 graduated in 1899 and located in 
 Kansas City. 
 
 ELMER ELLSWORTH HOLT. 
 
 Dr. Elmer E. Holt is a graduate 
 of the Barnes Medical College, re- 
 ceiving his diploma on April 13, 
 •1898. He began practice the same 
 day, locating in St. Louis, where he 
 has since remained, devoting his en- 
 tire attention to a general practice, 
 which is both remunerative and 
 satisfactory to him. 
 
 The doctor was born in Salem, 
 111., on the 23d day of November, 
 1SG7, and received his early educa- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 271 
 
 His work has been devoted entire- 
 ly to diseases of the nervons system, 
 mind ps}^choses, digestive ills and to 
 general practice, at which he has 
 been unusually successful. This is 
 accredited to his untiring devotion 
 to study not only along the special 
 lines he has adopted, but to the gen- 
 eral study of medicine. This, with 
 careful, conscientious, practical 
 work, has steadily advanced him 
 from his graduating to the present 
 day, and has won him the esteem 
 of those older in the medical field. 
 
 CHAELES H. HUGHES. 
 
 Charles Hamilton Hughes is a na- 
 tive Missourian, born in St. Louis. 
 His ancestry in this country ante- 
 dates the Bevolutionary period, one 
 of his forefathers having served 
 with distinction in the struggle for 
 independence. 
 
 Dr. Hughes' parents came to St. 
 Louis from Ohio in 1836. When 
 the boy Hughes was 9 years old the 
 family removed to Bock Island, 111., 
 where his early schooling was con- 
 tinued at Dennison Academy. After 
 finishing the academic course he en- 
 tered Iowa College, then located at 
 Davenport, but now at Grinnell, Io. 
 
 In 1855 he began reading medi- 
 cine in Davenport, and in 1857 en- 
 tered the St. Louis Medical College, 
 from which institution he gradu- 
 ated March 3, 1859, and in the same 
 month began the practice of med- 
 icine. 
 
 In 1858 he was acting assistant 
 physician in the U. S. Marine Hos- 
 pital. Later he practiced in War- 
 ren Count}', Missouri. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War 
 Dr. Hughes was appointed an assist- 
 ant surgeon in one of the Missouri 
 volunteer regiments, and in 1862 
 was commissioned full surgeon, with 
 the rank of major. He served four 
 years, and during that time was in 
 charge of many hospitals and camps 
 in Missouri and the West. 
 
 In 1863, by order of Brigadier- 
 General Davidson, Dr. Hughes was 
 assigned the duty of vacating a dis- 
 reputable row of houses on Poplar 
 street, St. Louis, and converting 
 them into hospital wards for the 
 treatment of the decrepid, disabled 
 and sick, who flocked or were 
 brought into the city from among 
 the civilian population at the time 
 of the Confederate General Sterling 
 Price's invasion of Missouri. The 
 whole block was overhauled, reno- 
 
 vated and filled to overflowing with 
 the fleeing victims of fright before a 
 marching army, and gave a picture 
 of distress and misery and despair 
 pitiable to witness. 
 
 He was surgeon-in-chief of the 
 Hickory Street General Hospital 
 and McDowell's College Prison Hos- 
 pital, surgeon-in-chief of Schofield 
 Barracks, and was early connected 
 in a military medical capacity with 
 the United States Marine . General 
 Hospital at St. Louis after its con- 
 version into a Government military 
 hospital. He was chief military 
 surgeon of the Iron Mountain Pail- 
 
272 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Toad throughout 1863, having his 
 hospitals at Victoria, De Soto and 
 Pilot Knoh. He has heen on the 
 medical staff of most of the city, 
 public and corporate medical insti- 
 tutions, and though much engrossed 
 with his private, professional and 
 "business affairs, still retains active 
 connection with some of them. He 
 will be on the staff of the new Cen- 
 tenary Hospital, connected with 
 Barnes Medical College. 
 
 After the war he resumed practice 
 in private life, but in 1866 was 
 Again called into public service in 
 the capacity of medical superintend- 
 ent of the Missouri State Insane 
 Asylum at Fulton, continuing as 
 such until 1872. 
 
 His return to and permanent lo- 
 cation in his native city dates from 
 1872. 
 
 Dr. Hughes is President of Fac- 
 ulty and Professor of Mental and 
 ^Nervous Diseases of Barnes Medical 
 College. While not a specialist, he 
 is a practitioner whose practice is 
 now and. has been for the past 25 
 years, confined chiefly to affections 
 of the nervous system. 
 
 He contributes largely to the pe- 
 riodical publications of the country 
 which are devoted to the subjects of 
 which he has made a life study. 
 
 As a practitioner, author and edu- 
 cator, Dr. Hughes occupies a place 
 in the front rank of Missouri citi- 
 zenship. 
 
 GEORGE F. HULBERT. 
 
 The ancestors of George F. Hul- 
 bert came originally from the bor- 
 derland between Scotland and En- 
 gland. He was born in that part of 
 New York State commonly known 
 as the "Holland Purchase," on the 
 11th day of August, 1855. When 
 he was but a lad his parents remov- 
 ed to Hannibal, Mo., and later, in 
 1869, they moved once more, this 
 time to St. Louis, where his father 
 •engaged in mercantile pursuits. 
 
 Young Hulbert obtained a public 
 schooling in Hannibal and St. Louis 
 which fitted him for entrance into 
 the St. Louis Medical College, from 
 which he graduated, after diligently 
 pursuing the studies of its curricu- 
 lum. 
 
 Shortly after his graduation in 
 medicine Dr. Hulbert was made 
 
 surgeon-in-chief of the St. Louis 
 House of Refuge, which position he 
 held from 1880-81, In 1882 he was 
 appointed Superintendent of the Fe- 
 male Hospital of the same city, and 
 served in that capacity for the en- 
 suing five years. For a time he was 
 Professor of Gynecology in the St. 
 Louis College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, and afterward held the 
 Chair of the Principles and Practice 
 of Medicine at the Marion-Sims 
 Medical College. 
 
 During its existence Dr. Hulbert 
 had charge of the St. Louis Wo- 
 man's Hospital, being one of its 
 founders. 
 
 With his withdrawal from active 
 work at the latter institution to at- 
 tend to his constantly growing prac- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 273 
 
 tice, the Woman's Hospital lost 
 much of its prestige and was finally 
 closed altogether. 
 
 The doctor is a consulting .sur- 
 geon at the Missouri Pacific Kail- 
 way Hospital and the examining sur- 
 geon for the Fidelity Mutual Life 
 Insurance Company. 
 
 Dr. Hulhert is wont to say that 
 he obtained a great deal of his 
 knowledge of medicine and surgery 
 during his service at the United 
 States Marine Hospital under Dr. 
 Wyman, now the Surgeon-General 
 of the United States. 
 
 DANIEL L. HUMFREVILLE. 
 
 Watervilie, Kan., is the birthplace 
 -of Dr. Daniel L. Humfreville, one 
 of the younger physicians of St. Jo- 
 seph, who is rapidly gaining a well- 
 deserved reputation for himself. 
 Having been born December 19, 
 1874, Dr. Humfreville was not 22 
 years of age when he graduated 
 from the Rush Medical College of 
 Chicago in 1896. 
 
 After a few months of practice in 
 his native State Dr. Humfreville lo- 
 
 cated in St. Joseph. Up to the 
 present time Dr. Humfreville has 
 attended only to general practice, 
 hut is devoting what spare time he 
 can to a special study of diseases 
 of the stomach and intestinal tract, 
 which he ultimately expects to make 
 his specialty, by his devotion to his 
 chosen profession he has won the ad- 
 miration of the older members of 
 the profession. He is a close stu- 
 dent, not only of the special work he 
 has in mind, but of the general prac- 
 tice of medicine 'as well. 
 
 EDWIN E. HUNTER. 
 
 Edwin E. Hunter was born in 
 Auburn, N. Y., Aug. 29, 1864. Early 
 
 in life he came to Missouri, and on 
 March 17, 188 7, he graduated from 
 the St. Louis College of Pharmacy. 
 He practiced pharmacy for the next 
 twelve years, devoting, however, a 
 great deal of his time to analytical 
 chemistry. 
 
 After locating in St. Joseph Dr. 
 Hunter decided to study medicine. 
 He accordingly entered the Ens- 
 
 is 
 
or>- I 
 <. t-t 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 worth Medical College of St. Jo- 
 seph, from which he graduated 
 March 14, 1899. He almost imme- 
 diately began the practice of med- 
 icine in St. Joseph. 
 
 His work in analytical chemistry 
 won for him the position of lectu- 
 rer on chemistry in the Ensworth 
 Medical College. 
 
 All of Dr. Hunter's private prac- 
 tice has been general ir> its nature, 
 and he has built up for himself 
 quite a paying business. 
 
 BENJAMIN MUBEAY HYEES. 
 
 Although his parents were Virgin- 
 ians, Dr. B. M. Hypes, now one of 
 the most prominent physicians and 
 surgeons of St. Louis, was born 
 in Lebanon, St. Clair Co., 111., to 
 which place his parents had moved 
 shortly before his birth. It was on 
 the last day of July, 1816, that Dr. 
 Hypes was born. 
 
 He received a public school and 
 classical education in his native 
 town, graduating when but 19 years 
 of age from the McKendree College 
 there, with the degree of Bachelor 
 of Arts. Two years later he received 
 
 the Master, of Arts degree from the 
 same college. 
 
 He was for a time after his grad- 
 uation from the McKendree Col- 
 lege a professor in the Arcadia Sem- 
 inary at Arcadia, Mo. This posi- 
 tion he resigned to study medicine, 
 which he began at the Bush Med- 
 ical College of Chicago, 111. After 
 attending a course of lectures there 
 he matriculated in the St. Louis 
 Medical College, from which insti- 
 tution he graduated with honors in 
 the class of 1872. 
 
 Upon a competitive examination 
 in the same year Dr. Hypes was ap- 
 pointed as an assistant physician 
 in the St. Louis City Hospital, 
 where he remained until 1874. He 
 then resigned from the staff to en- 
 gage in active general practice. He 
 established himself in South St. 
 Louis, and has been there ever since, 
 building up in the meantime a lucra- 
 tive general practice. 
 
 Dr. H3 r pes was one of the found- 
 ers of the Marion-Sims Medical Col- 
 lege, and at present (1900) is the 
 Auce-dean of the faculty and Brof es- 
 sor of Obstetrics in that institution. 
 
 The doctor has been a benefactor 
 of McKendree College and a number 
 of charitable institutions. His worth 
 as a physician, gentleman, educator 
 and scholar has already been estab- 
 lished. 
 
 JOHN WESLEY JACKSON. 
 
 John Wesley Jackson was born in 
 Clark County, Maryland, Nov. 6, 
 1834. His early education was ob- 
 tained in the common schools of his 
 native State and was supplemented 
 by a course in the Charlestown Uni- 
 versity, West Virginia. He re- 
 moved to Eranklin County, Missou- 
 ri, in 1859, where he commenced the 
 study of medicine that year under 
 the preeeptorship of Drs. George 
 Johnson and J. T. Matthews. He 
 attended two courses of lectures at 
 the St. Louis Medical College from 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 275 
 
 1861tol863. He then began prac- 
 tice in Franklin County, and in the 
 spring of 1864 he entered the United 
 States Army as post surgeon at Co- 
 lumbia, Tenn. He served his coun- 
 try with credit and honor, and at the 
 close of the war located at St. Louis, 
 but returned to Franklin County in 
 1869, where he was married to the 
 daughter of Judge North of that 
 county. 
 
 About that time a disastrous rail- 
 road wreck occurred on the Missouri 
 Pacific, and many passengers were 
 killed and wounded. Dr. Jackson 
 was called to render aid to the in- 
 jured, and so well did he acquit 
 himself that he attracted the fa- 
 vorable attention of the officials of 
 that road, making him popular with 
 all classes of people. 
 
 He was already considered one of 
 the rising surgeons of the State, but 
 desiring still more light, he went to 
 New York, where he attended a 
 course of lectures at the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons in the win- 
 ter of 1873-74, graduating with 
 high honors. Returning to Mis- 
 souri, he was at once appointed 
 
 chief surgeon of the Missouri Pa- 
 cific. He inaugurated the first rail- 
 way hospital system east of the 
 Rocky Mountans; in 1879 he built 
 the first railway hospital at Wash- 
 ington, Mo., where he operated until 
 1881, when his jurisdiction was 
 again enlarged so as to embrace the 
 entire Gould system except the Iron 
 Mountain Railroad, and in 1884 the 
 Wabash system west of the Missis- 
 sippi River was placed under his 
 care. In February, 1885, he re- 
 signed the Missouri Pacific and took 
 charge of the whole Wabash system. 
 In 1880 he was elected to the Chair 
 of Surgery in the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the University of Kansas 
 City, and was its president in 1890. 
 In 1885 he located permanently in 
 Kansas City, where he remained un- 
 til his death, which occurred March 
 13, 1890, from blood-poisoning. 
 
 Dr. Jackson was a pioneer in rail- 
 way surgery, and was the father of 
 the railway hospital system in the 
 West. He was president of the Mis- 
 souri State Medical Association in 
 1886, arid was the first president of 
 the National Association of Rail- 
 way Surgeons at its organization in 
 Chicago in June, 1888. He held the 
 positions of president of Wabash 
 Surgical Association and first vice- 
 president of the American Medical 
 Association at his death. Dr. Jack- 
 son was one of nature's noble men, 
 whole-souled, open-hearted, genial, 
 generous, affable and kind-hearted; 
 the poor as well as the rich received 
 his best skill and attention. His 
 death was sad and pathetic; while 
 he saved a life by a skillful opera- 
 tion, he lost his own. 
 
 JNO. A. JAMES JAMES. 
 
 Jno. A. James James is a native 
 of Iowa, having been born in that 
 State in 1866. He received 
 his early education there, and 
 graduated from the Iowa State Col- 
 lege with the class of '86, receiving 
 
276 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 the degree of Bachelor of Science. 
 Shortly after that he came to St. 
 Louis and entered the Beaumont 
 Hospital Medical College, from 
 which he received his degree of Doc- 
 tor of Medicine in 1891. 
 
 For the next two years Dr. 
 James was associated with St. 
 Mary's Hospital, and later took a 
 course of study in the New York Eye 
 and Ear Infirmary and the Manhat- 
 tan Throat Hospital of New York 
 City. He made a study of the 
 diseases of the ear, throat and nose 
 while there, and has confined his 
 practice to that specialty since en- 
 gaging in private practice. 
 
 Dr James occupied the chair of 
 the diseases of the ear, throat and 
 nose in the St Louis College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons from 1895 
 to 1898, and he is now the consult- 
 ant on those diseases in the Missouri 
 Pacific and Iron Mountain Railway 
 Hospital. 
 
 CHARLES M. JOHNSON. 
 
 Dr. Charles M. Johnson of St. 
 Charles was horn in Virginia, and 
 
 came to Missouri when a mere child. 
 After attending public schools he 
 was a student at the St. Charles 
 College for two years. He studied 
 medicine at the university of Penn- 
 sylvania and was graduated from 
 that institution in 1850. He prac- 
 ticed medicine for a short time in 
 Warren ton and Troy. During the 
 war he was captain in the Confed- 
 erate service. Immediately after 
 the war was ended he located at St. 
 Charles, where he has ever since 
 been engaged in the practice of med- 
 icine. 
 
 Dr. Johnson has always attended 
 — and though 74 years of age is still 
 attending — a very large practice. 
 He goes to the rich and poor alike; 
 he believes that there is something 
 more in the practice of medicine 
 than the mere making of money, 
 and feels that the "consciousness of 
 deeds well done" affords pleasures 
 at least equal to those money can 
 purchase. To the young men in the 
 profession he has always been ex- 
 ceptionally kind and helpful. He 
 was twice elected president of the 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 277 
 
 St. Charles County Medical So- 
 ciety. 
 
 As an evidence of the high es- 
 teem in which he is held hy his col- 
 leagues, it may he mentioned that 
 recently, on the occasion of the cele- 
 bration of the 74th anniversary of 
 his birthday, all the regular physi- 
 cians of St. Charles met at his home 
 to extend congratulations. 
 
 E. HOEACE JOHNSON. 
 
 St. Louis. 1872. define the place 
 and year of birth of the subject of 
 this sketch. Dr. E. Horace Johnson. 
 
 After availing himself of the ad- 
 vantages offered to St. Louis youths 
 in the public school system of that 
 city, he entered the American Med- 
 ical College. 
 
 Graduating from this institution 
 in 1895, he in the same year com- 
 menced the practice of medicine in 
 Medoc, Jasper County, Mo. 
 
 Not satisfied with the medical 
 training already had, Dr. Johnson 
 returned to St. Louis and entered 
 Barnes Medical College, graduating 
 in 1897. 
 
 This time he did not look about 
 for a location, but recommenced 
 practice in the city of his birth and 
 boyhood, and if appearances and 
 common report are worthy of cre- 
 dence, Dr. Johnson has never re- 
 gretted his second location. He is 
 one of the rising young physicians of 
 St. Louis, and is a member of Medi- 
 co-Chirurgical Society and various 
 other medical organizations. 
 
 J. B. JOHNSON. 
 
 One of the old guard of St. Louis 
 is Dr. J. B. Johnson, who has been 
 a prominent physician and honored 
 citizen there for half a century. 
 
 Dr. Johnson's father, John John- 
 son, was a native of Norway, who 
 came to America in 1801, settled in 
 Massachusetts and married Harriet 
 Bates, daughter of Capt. Joseph 
 Bates, distinguished for military 
 service rendered his country in the 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 John Bates Johnson was born in 
 Fairhaven, Mass., April 26, 1817. 
 His early education was had at the 
 Friends Academy in New Bedford, 
 Mass. The death of his father and 
 his mother's delicate health re- 
 tarded the taking up of a collegiate 
 course for some time, but young 
 Johnson continued literary and clas- 
 sical studies at home until 1835, 
 when, in accordance with plans long 
 formed, he began reading medicine 
 in the office of Dr. Lyman Bartlett, 
 and a year later entered Berkshire 
 Medical College. He graduated 
 from that institution in 1810, and 
 subsequently was honored with the 
 medical degree conferred by Har- 
 vard. 
 
 The young doctor laid a further 
 foundation for later professional 
 success by serving a year in the Mas- 
 sachusetts General Hospital, where 
 he associated with the leading physi- 
 cians of Boston. 
 
 In 1811 Dr. Johnson came to St. 
 Louis and established himself in 
 
378 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 residence and the practice of his 
 profession. His ability was soon 
 recognized, and it was not long be- 
 fore he had an extensive and lucra- 
 tive practice. In 1846 he began his 
 career as a teacher and lecturer. He 
 was first chosen Adjunct Professor 
 of Clinical Medicine and Pathologi- 
 cal Anatomy in the Medical Depart- 
 ment of Kemper College, which af- 
 terward became the Missouri Medi- 
 cal College, and filled this position 
 until 185-1, when he was elected 
 professor in the St. Louis Medical 
 College, now a department of Wash- 
 ington University. 
 
 Dr. Johnson assisted in forming 
 the National Medical Association in 
 Philadelphia, 1847, and in 1850 was 
 elected one of its vice-presidents. 
 He was also one of the organizers 
 of the Missouri Medical Association, 
 and in the early '50s was its presi- 
 dent. During his career as a St. 
 Louis physician he has been prom- 
 inently identified with hospitals of 
 that city as a promoter and active 
 worker; and in the Civil War pe- 
 riod founded several military hospi- 
 tals and served on the United States 
 Sanitary Commission. He was 
 married in 1851 to Nancy, daughter 
 of James H. Lucas, a distinguished 
 citizen of St. Louis. Three sons 
 and eight daughters have been born 
 of that union. 
 
 WM. JOHNSTON. 
 
 One of the oldest physicians liv- 
 ing in St. Louis, both in point of 
 age and years of professional ser- 
 vice in that city, is William John- 
 ston, who was born in Jefferson 
 County. Kentucky, August 19, 1814. 
 His father was Pearson W. John- 
 ston, a Virginian. His mother was 
 a native of Pennsylvania. 
 
 His early education was received 
 at a county school, and in one of the 
 old-time private schools. 
 
 He began the study of medicine 
 at Floydsburg, Oldham County, Ky., 
 
 under Dr. Robert Miller. In 1836-7 
 he took a course in medicine at 
 Transylvania University at Lexing- 
 ton, Ky., and in 1838 received his 
 doctor's degree from the Medical 
 Department of the University of 
 Louisville. 
 
 He commenced j:>ractice at his old 
 home, and continued there until 
 1844, when he removed to Xicho- 
 lasville. As a Kentucky physician, 
 Dr. Johnston attained considerable 
 prominence, and he accumulated a 
 comfortable fortune, derived from a 
 lucrative practice. 
 
 In 1850 he came to Missouri and 
 located in St. Louis, in which city 
 he has been engaged in practice 
 ever since. He has been a member 
 of the St. Louis Medical Society 
 since 1851, has served as president 
 and vice-president of that body and 
 is one of the most honored physi- 
 cians which have been identified 
 with that organization. 
 
 Dr. Johnston is one of those quiet, 
 conscientious family physicians of 
 the old school, known everywhere 
 among his clientele as a valued 
 counselor and friend. 
 
 WILLIAM P. KEITH. 
 
 Dr. Wm. F. Keith, a well-known 
 young physician of the city, and 
 for several years connected with the 
 St. John's Hospital, was born at 
 Louisiana, Pike Countv, Missouri. 
 March 14, 1876. His' father and 
 grandfather were physicians before 
 him. His mother was a daughter 
 of Capt. George Bernard, a whole- 
 sale druggist and early river man of 
 St. Louis, whose boats had the first 
 government contract to carry mail 
 on the Upper Mississippi. 
 
 His maternal grandmother was a 
 Miss Jackson, a cousin of Gen. An- 
 drew Jackson, and his grandmother 
 on his father's side a cousin of the 
 author, Mark Twain (Samuel L. 
 Clemens). 
 
 The Keith familv came to Mis- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 279 
 
 tution, to which tie continued to de- 
 vote an hour each day. Dr. Keith 
 is largely a self-made man by choice, 
 beginning at the age of 14 to make 
 his own way. Dr. Keith is a mem- 
 ber of the St. Lonis Medical So- 
 ciet}*, the Washington University 
 Medical Alumni Society and the St. 
 Louis Physicians' Club. 
 
 He is surgeon for the Mercantile 
 Protective Association, oculist to 
 the American Mutual Aid Society 
 and examiner for the Modern Amer- 
 ican Fraternal Insurance Company. 
 
 souri from Virginia about the time 
 the territory was admitted as a 
 State to the Union, some members 
 of the family being government sur- 
 veyors. 
 
 The Bernard family settled in St. 
 Louis in the earfy '30s, originally 
 coming from Massachusetts. 
 
 Young Keith received his early 
 education at Louisiana, Mo. gradu- 
 ating from the High School in 1891. 
 He then began a clerical career, de- 
 voting his spare time to the study 
 of medicine under the directions of 
 his father. In 1894 he entered the 
 Missouri Medical College, from 
 which he graduated in 1897. Dur- 
 ing the college course he received 
 a highly valued prize and honorable 
 mention on two occasions for pro- 
 ficient work. 
 
 Immediately after graduating Dr. 
 Keith spent a year as an assistant 
 in the different clinics of the college 
 hospital. In 1897 he was appointed 
 in charge of the clinic for deformi- 
 ties and diseases of joints at St. 
 John's Hospital. This he held for 
 two years, when he identified him- 
 self with the eve clinic of that insti- 
 
 J. MAETIXE KERSHAW. 
 
 "He is a thorough St. Louisan," 
 said another prominent physician to 
 a representative of the Star,in speak- 
 ing of Dr. J. Martine Kershaw, one 
 of the leading homeopaths of Mis- 
 souri; "and he has ever allied him- 
 self with all that i» best for the 
 profession and the city." 
 
 The gentleman's assertion is 
 borne out by a study of Dr. Ker- 
 shaw's career. He was born in St, 
 Louis, his parents being James M. 
 
280 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and Margaret E. Kershaw. His 
 classical and professional educa- 
 tion was obtained in the Mound 
 City. After obtaining the thor- 
 ough early education offered by the 
 public schools of the city young Ker- 
 shaw began his medical training and 
 studies under the preceptorship of 
 that renowned surgeon, Prof. Jo- 
 seph E. McDowell, who was then in 
 charge of the famous old Missouri 
 Medical College. Later Prof. E. C. 
 Franklin became his tutor, and af- 
 ter a course of study with him 3 r oung 
 Kershaw entered the Homeopathic 
 College of Missouri, from which he 
 graduated in 1869. 
 
 From that time Dr. Kershaw has 
 devoted himself to . his profession. 
 He has made a specialty of diseases 
 of the throat, nose, ear and lungs, 
 at which he has made a great repu- 
 tation. 
 
 He has found time to contribute 
 liberally and learnedly to the med- 
 ical literature of the county, the 
 following brochures being from his 
 pen: Tonsilitis, The Curability of 
 Consumption, The Eelation of Na- 
 sal Catarrh to Sleeplesness, The 
 Medical and Surgical Treatment of 
 Catarrh of the Ear, Nose, Throat 
 and Eespiratory Apparatus; The 
 Medical and Surgical Treatment of 
 Abscess of the Brain, Due to Puru- 
 ulent Disease of the Middle Ear; 
 Foreign Bodies in the Ear; Asthma, 
 Its Relation to Diseases of the Nose; 
 Early Treatment of Diseases of the 
 Throat, Nose and Ear; Grave Brain 
 Diseases that Arise From Inflamma- 
 tion of the Middle Ear; Is the Ton- 
 sillitome the Best Means of Remov- 
 ing Enlarged Tonsils? Removal of 
 Adenoid Growths From the Throat, 
 The Treatment of Pneumonia, . 
 Chronic Purulent Otitis Media, 
 Symptoms of Abscess of the Brain, 
 Due to Inflammation of the Middle 
 Ear. 
 
 Dr. Kershaw is a member of the 
 American Institute of Homeopath} 7 , 
 
 the Western Academy of Homeopa- 
 thy and the Missouri Institute of 
 Homeopathy, as well as the St. 
 Louis Society of Homeopathic Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons. He has served 
 as president of the St. Louis Society 
 and the State Institute of Homeop- 
 athy. 
 
 Dr. Kershaw was for a time Pro- 
 fessor of the Chair of Diseases of 
 the Brain, Spine and Nervous Sys- 
 tem in the Homeopathic Medical 
 College of Missouri. 
 
 He is also the author of chapters 
 on diseases of the brain in Arndt's 
 "System of Medicine." 
 
 WM. F. KIER, 
 
 One of the leading physicians of 
 St. Louis is William F. Kier, who 
 
 was born in Leechburg, Pa., August 
 4, 1849. His father was a physi- 
 cian, and it was in his office in De- 
 troit, Mich., that young Kier first 
 studied medicine. 
 
 He received his education in the 
 public schools and at Richie College 
 at "West Newton, Pa., where he took 
 
EX-PRESIDENTS MISSOURI STATE .MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 (In addition to others whose portraits are elsewhere given.) 
 
 ;>, 
 
 
 
 
 I ..',,:! 
 
 A. W. HcALESTER, 1888. 
 
 L. I. MATTHEWS, 
 
 P"" 
 
 ■■■■!.■■■. 
 
 T. F. PEEWITT, 1891. 
 
 W. H. EVANS, 1893. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 281 
 
 a literary course, finishing in the 
 latter part of 1864. 
 
 He took the regular medical 
 course at the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege and graduated in the class of. 
 1871. He at once commenced prac- 
 tice in the city where he received 
 his diploma, and has continued ever 
 since, with an office in the same lo- 
 cation in the city, devoting his en- 
 tire attention to the care of a gen- 
 eral practice, which has grown to 
 large proportions. 
 
 He is a member of the local med- 
 ical society and of the American. 
 Without laying claim to a title as a 
 specialist, Dr. Kier has paid more 
 attention to gynecology than any 
 other branch of his profession. As 
 a physician, and socially, Dr. Kier 
 is well and favorably known in Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 GEOEGE A. KEEBS: 
 
 One of the young leaders in the 
 profession in • South St. Louis is 
 George A. Krebs, who was born in 
 the Missouri metropolis May 12, 
 1868. 
 
 His early schooling was had in 
 the public schools and other educa- 
 tional institutions of the city. Fol- 
 lowing the bent of his mind toward 
 medicine, after some preparatory 
 study under the tutelage of Prof. 
 W. B. Hazard, he matriculated at 
 the St. Louis College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. He graduated with 
 first honors in 1888, and commenced 
 practice, after being associated with 
 Dr. Bernays for several years, in his 
 present location in South St. Louis. 
 
 Here Dr. Krebs continued in pro- 
 fessional work until 1891, when, he 
 found himself able to satisfy a long 
 cherished ambition to take post- 
 graduate courses in European cen- 
 ters of medical education. He went 
 to Berlin and studied there and at 
 Heidelberg, supplementing his stud- 
 ies by observation tours, in which he 
 visited some of the leading hospi- 
 
 tals and colleges of the continent. 
 After spending nearly three years 
 abroad, Dr. Krebs returned to 
 America in 1893 and recommenced 
 practice at his old location, where 
 he has since remained. His partic- 
 ular study is physical diagnosis and 
 nervous diseases. 
 
 Among those who know him per- 
 sonally it is not necessary to recom- 
 mend Dr. Krebs as a gentleman ad- 
 mirably equipped, mentally and 
 physically, for his calling. He de- 
 votes his entire time to his clientele, 
 and such devotion is commanded by 
 a large and steadily growing prac- 
 tice. 
 
 WILLIAM J. KRESS. 
 
 William J. Kress was born in 
 Vancouver, Wash., Sept. 6, 1873. 
 
 He received a good literary edu- 
 cation and prepared himself for the 
 study of medicine. He became a 
 student in Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege, and, after finishing the regu- 
 
282 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 lar course, received his diploma from 
 that institution March 26, 1894. 
 
 After taking a post-graduate 
 course in the New York Polyclinic, 
 he located in Butte, Mont., and 
 opened an office and commenced the 
 practice of medicine in that town in 
 November, 1895. 
 
 He remained a resident of Butte 
 for three } r ears. At the end of that 
 time he removed to St. Louis, where 
 he entered the office of Dr. A. C. 
 Bernays, whom he assisted in pro- 
 fessional work until September, 
 1899, when he opened an office of 
 his own and engaged in general 
 practice. 
 
 Dr. Kress is a local surgeon for 
 the St. Louis & San Francisco Bail- 
 road Company, besides attending to 
 a promising private practice. 
 
 ALFRED W. LATIMEB. 
 
 Alfred TY\ Latimer is one of the 
 young men in the ranks of the pro- 
 fession of St. Louis who has already 
 ably demonstrated his worth as a 
 physician and a surgeon. 
 
 Born in Bock Island, Ind., he re- 
 served the education in the public 
 schools there that is the heritage of 
 all Indiana youths. 
 
 After obtaining a complete clas- 
 sical education, young Latimer en- 
 tered the Beaumont Hospital Medi- 
 cal College of St. Louis, graduating 
 in the spring of 1893. 
 
 Through his ability to very suc- 
 cessfully pass a rigid competitive ex- 
 amination, Dr. Latimer was ap- 
 pointed an interne in the City Hos- 
 pital of St. Louis, which position 
 he held for the ensuing year. The 
 following year found him serving as 
 an assistant physician in the Female 
 Hospital of St. Louis. He resigned 
 this position in the spring of 1895 
 to enter upon active general prac- 
 tice. He has devoted his entire at- 
 tention to general work, and, thanks 
 to the experience he gained in his 
 service with the city institutions, 
 and his thorough knowledge of med- 
 icine, Dr. Latimer, has built up a 
 large and well-paying practice. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 •283 
 
 JOHN C. LEBRECHT. 
 
 John C. Lebrecht. a native of St. 
 Louis, was born July 28. 1859. He 
 was educated in the common and 
 grammar schools of the city previous 
 to his entrance of St. Louis Uni- 
 versity, from which he graduated in 
 1879. Later in the same vear he 
 matriculated in the St. Louis Med- 
 ical College, and for the following 
 three years pursued the course of 
 study prescribed by that institution. 
 Soon after his graduation from the 
 medical college in 1882 he entered 
 upon the practice of his chosen pro- 
 fession, locating in South St. Louis, 
 where he has remained ever since. 
 
 Dr. Lebrecht has made a special- 
 ty of the diseases of women and 
 children from the start, and his 
 practice is largely of that class of 
 work. 
 
 Dr. Lebrecht is a member of three 
 medical societies, namely, the St. 
 Louis Medical Society, the ^Missis- 
 sippi Valley Medical Society and the 
 St. Louis Medical College Alumni 
 Society. He is also quite prominent 
 
 in secret societies. He is a Shriner 
 and a Knight Templar of the Ma- 
 sonic Order, ami is orominent in the 
 Knights of Pythias and the Ancient 
 Order of United "Workmen. Besides 
 these Dr. Lebrecht has identified 
 himself in times past with the St. 
 Louis Turnverein and several of the 
 large singing societies of his native 
 pity. 
 
 JOSEPH E. LEMEK 
 
 In the medical fraternity, as well 
 as among the laity. Dr. Joseph R. 
 Lemen is held in the highest es- 
 teem. His career in the profession 
 and his worth as a gentleman, phys- 
 ician and educator justify this opin- 
 ion . 
 
 Dr. Lemen was born in Madison 
 County, Illinois, June 5, 1853. His 
 family removed to St. Louis shortly 
 after his birth, and there, in the 
 Smith Academy and Washington 
 Eniversity, he received the education 
 preparatory for his medical train- 
 ing. 
 
 It was in 18T5 that Joseph E. 
 Lemen received his diploma and 
 
 7*-zpt:-; ,:rr 77^^'- '■ 
 
 ■ , • . ... ;.. 
 
 :, '■;;. 
 
284: 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine from 
 the famous old Missouri Medical 
 College, where he had attended lect- 
 ures and studied for some years pre- 
 vious to that time. 
 
 Two years of service in the St. 
 Louis City Hospital had its share 
 in titling Dr. Lemen for the large 
 private practice in medicine which 
 he now enjoys. Since he has heen 
 practicing Dr. Lemen has made a 
 specialty of diseases of the heart and 
 lungs, and his practice is largely 
 confined to them. 
 
 Dr. Lemen is Professor of the 
 Diseases of the Heart and Lungs in 
 the Marion-Sims Medical College of 
 St. Louis and a member of the 
 American Medical Association and 
 the Medical Society of the Alumni 
 of the St. Louis City Hospital. 
 
 While it may be tautology to say 
 that Dr. Lemen has risen rapidly 
 in the tAventy-five years of his prac- 
 tice, his success justifies the repeti- 
 tion. Those twenty-five years of 
 practice in St. Louis have done 
 much for Dr. Lemen, and he, in 
 turn, has clone much for the profes- 
 sion and the laity in that time. 
 
 P. I. LEOYABD. 
 
 A German by birth, and Ameri- 
 can by choice and education. That 
 may possiblv account for the success 
 of Dr. P. I. Leonard of St. Joseph, 
 Mo., who has, in his fourteen years 
 of practice, risen to the top rank of 
 the profession in that city. His 
 fame has extended throughout the 
 State as well, for he is acknowledged 
 as one of Missouri's foremost ocu- 
 lists and aurists. 
 
 Born in Hesper, in the Province 
 of Luxembourg, Germany, October 
 9, 1862, Dr. Leonard early came to 
 this country. He received a public- 
 school education in Yew York and 
 graduated from the Bellevue Hos- 
 pital Medical College of Yew York 
 City in 1885. One year afterwards 
 Dr. Leonard settled in St. Joseph, 
 
 where he has been practicing ever 
 since. 
 
 Dr. Leonard is the Professor of 
 Pathology, Otology and Bhinology 
 in the Ensworth Medical College of 
 St. Joseph. He is the examining 
 oculist and aurist of the Chicago, 
 
 Bock Island &: Pacific Eailroad and 
 expert to the United States Pension 
 Office in his adopted city. 
 
 Dr. Leonard is now (1900) pres- 
 ident of the St. Joseph Medical So- 
 ciety, a member of the Missouri 
 State Medical Society and the Amer- 
 ican Medical Association. 
 
 BBAYSEOBD LEWTS. 
 
 Dr. Bransford Lewis, a son of 
 Judge Edward A. Lewis, who for 
 twelve years was a member of the 
 Court of Appeals, was born in St. 
 C'liarles. Mo., in 1862. He obtained 
 his preliminary education in the 
 public schools and Smith Academy 
 in St. Louis, whither his parents 
 had moved shortly after his birth. 
 
 Before entering the old Missouri 
 Medical College, from which he 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 285 
 
 graduated with honors in 1884, 
 young Lewis was for two years a 
 student in the academic department 
 of the Washington University in St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Immediately upon his graduation 
 from the Missouri Medical College, 
 Dr. Lewis entered upon his profes- 
 sional career as an interne in the St. 
 Louis City Hospital. He was con- 
 nected with that institution for five 
 
 years, serving in turn as junior as- 
 sistant, senior assistant and assist- 
 ant superintendent. His conscien- 
 tious application to the routine of 
 his daily work won for him the ap- 
 probation of his elders in the pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Upon entering private practice, 
 Dr. Lewis made a specialty of geni- 
 to-urinary surgery, and was in 1889 
 made a lecturer on that branch of 
 surgery in the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege. He resigned from that po- 
 sition in 1894 to accept the same 
 professorship in the St. Louis Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons. In 
 1896 he resigned from the faculty 
 of that college to accept the profes- 
 
 sorship of genito-urinary surgery in 
 the Marion-Sims Medical College of 
 St. Louis, which chair he still occu- 
 pies. 
 
 Dr. Lewis was for a while the 
 genito-urinary surgeon of the Bap- 
 tist Sanitarium and the Baptist 
 Hospital, and now holds the same 
 position in the Missouri Pacific Bail- 
 way Hospital, St. Mary's Infirmary 
 and the Bebelrah Hospital, besides 
 being the consulting surgeon on 
 genito-urinary diseases in the City 
 Hospital of St. Louis. 
 
 In 1891 Dr. Lewis made a trip to 
 Europe and studied surgery in the 
 clinics and hospitals of Vienna, Par- 
 is and London. 
 
 Dr. Lewis organized the Medical 
 Society of the Alumni of the St. 
 Louis City Hospital, and has ever 
 since been active in that organiza- 
 tion. He was in 1899 the vice-pres- 
 ident of the St. Louis Medical So- 
 ciety, an honorary member of the 
 St. Charles County Medical So- 
 ciety, a member of the Mississippi 
 Valley Medical Societ}-, the South- 
 ern Illinois Medical Society and the 
 Missouri State Medical Association. 
 In addition to these honors, Dr. 
 Lewis was chLsen, in 1893, a mem- 
 ber of the American Association of 
 Genito-Urinary Surgeons, which is 
 composed of but fifty of the most 
 prominent genito-urinary surgeons 
 of the United States and Canada. 
 He was also for some time a mem- 
 ber of the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation, but he resigned from this 
 bod} r a little over a year ago. 
 
 Dr. Lewis' young shoulders bear 
 many honors, as can be seen from 
 the above, and the future has much 
 in store for him, judging from the 
 past. 
 
 GUSTAVE LIPPMAKNT. 
 
 Gustave Lippmann was born in 
 jSTeuwied, Germany, July 11, 1868. 
 He early displayed an inclination to- 
 wards the profession of medicine, 
 
286 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and studied to that end. 
 
 He graduated, from the University 
 of Bonn in 1892, and came to Amer- 
 ica and located in St. Louis in the 
 same year. 
 
 Dr. Lippmann is a specialist in 
 mteixa] medicine and diseases of 
 the eyes. He is a valued member 
 of the St. Louis Medical Society, of 
 the St. Louis Biological Society and 
 of the St. Louis Microscopical Soci- 
 
 ety. He has been for six years an as- 
 sistant ophthalmic surgeon in the 
 St. Louis Polyclinic Eye Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Dr. Lippmann is well liked by his 
 professional brethren for his schol- 
 arly and other qualities, and is so- 
 cially a popular figure in the city of 
 his adoption; a close student, un- 
 tiring in his efforts to gain further 
 knowledge along his particular line 
 of work, makes him quite a busy 
 man. 
 
 ABRAM LITTON. 
 
 Dr. Abram Litton, the subject of 
 this sketch, was born in Dublin, 
 
 Ireland, May 20, 1814, being the 
 youngest of nine children. When 
 a child two years of age his father 
 removed with his entire family ,to 
 the United States. He first settled 
 in Pittsburg, Pa., but, remaining 
 but a short time, ultimately moved 
 to Nashville, Tenn., which perma- 
 nently became his residence. Dr. 
 Litton received his early education 
 in small private schools of Nashville, 
 and in 1829 entered the junior class 
 of the University of Nashville, from 
 which institution he graduated in 
 1831, being then 17 years of age. 
 
 The next year we find him teach- 
 ing school at Paris and Jackson, 
 Tenn. In 1835 the doctor was elect- 
 ed to and accepted the Professorship 
 of Mathematics and Natural Philos- 
 ophy at the university from which 
 he graduated. This position he 
 held three years, and then instruct- 
 or in the branch of science, which 
 became his life study, namely chem- 
 istry. In order to perfect himself 
 in this study he visited Europe and 
 studied in London, then in Paris, 
 Avhere he remained six months ; then 
 to G-ussne, Germany, where he spent 
 six months with the first Liebig, 
 and worked under him in his lab- 
 oratory, next taking a six months' 
 course under Eosa at Berlin, and 
 finished his European studies with 
 Doller at Gothirgin. On his return 
 to Nashville he married Julia Alice 
 Manning, shortly afterwards ac- 
 cepting the position of Professor of 
 Chemistry at the St. Louis Medi- 
 cal College, and moved to St. Louis. 
 This position he held for an unin- 
 terrupted period of forty-nine years. 
 Aside from his work at the medical 
 college he taught one summer ses- 
 sion at the Columbia State Univer- 
 sity and became chemist to the 
 Belcher sugar refinery at St. Louis. 
 
 On the founding of "Washington 
 University in 1856 he became the 
 first Professor of Chemistry, and 
 held this chair until 1891. His first 
 year at the university he taught 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 !87 
 
 for little or nothing in the way of a 
 salary, even giving his time and 
 money in order to visit Eastern lab- 
 oratories for the purpose of super- 
 intending the building of a labora- 
 tory for St. Louis. 
 
 His summer vacations were spent 
 in work for two seasons with Rich- 
 ard Dale Owen, making a geological 
 survey of Mississippi. 
 
 During his early life it was his 
 ambition to become a physician, and 
 after graduating in medicine, wh?6h 
 he studied while teaching, he prac- 
 ticed for a short time. Not think- 
 ing himself fitted for the vocation, 
 he went back to his first love, chem- 
 istry, and the balance of his life has 
 been devoted to chemistry and other 
 sciences. 
 
 He again visited European insti- 
 tutions in 1871, returning with a 
 large supply of instruments and 
 books on his special subject. Dur- 
 ing his life he accumulated one of 
 the finest scientific libraries in the 
 State, which he gave to the State 
 "University in 1898. 
 
 Dr. Litton can point with pride to 
 the St. Louis High School. He 
 was first to suggest and use his in- 
 fluence as Superintendent of the 
 Public Schools, which position he 
 held for one term; thus the estab- 
 lishment of the High School in St. 
 Louis is credited to his endeavors 
 to advance the public school pupils. 
 Dr. Litton was twice married and 
 had three children — Joseph Nor- 
 wood Litton, who was a lawyer, and 
 filled a bright position in the St. 
 Louis bar; Charles Manning Litton, 
 a physician, and Alice W. Litton. Of 
 these, the daughter only is living. 
 Dr. Litton, although now in his 86th 
 year, retains his mental faculties, 
 and is still interested in his scien- 
 tific studies. One can still find him 
 busy with his microscopical and 
 spectroscopic investigations. He has 
 lived a life devoted to science, and 
 has always been a gentleman of the 
 old school. As a teacher he has 
 
 had no peers and few equals, as 
 thousands of his students can tes- 
 tify. As a man he has held honor 
 and duty above all else and has lived 
 a life accordingly. 
 
 HENRY LLOYD. 
 
 On March 6. 1866, and at Belle- 
 ville, 111., Henry Lloyd first saw the 
 light of day. He received a common 
 school and High School education 
 
 previous to his entrance of the St. 
 Louis College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, from which college he 
 graduated in March, 1890. He im- 
 mediately entered into the practice 
 of his profession in St. Louis, and 
 for two years Dr. Lloyd was the as- 
 sistant of Dr. A. A. Henske, Profes- 
 sor of Gynecology in the St. Louis 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 Dr. Lloyd, when in private practice, 
 makes a specialty of gynecology. 
 
 In June, 1895, Dr. Lloyd was ap- 
 pointed Chief Deputy Coroner by 
 Dr. W. J. Wait. He held this posi- 
 tion under Dr. Wait until Novem- 
 ber, 1898, when he was elected Cor- 
 oner to succeed that gentleman. 
 
288 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Almost immediately after his 
 election Dr. Lloyd entered upon a 
 vigorous crusade against the Chris- 
 tian Scientists, Faith Cure Healers 
 and the many others who are styled 
 charlatans by the reputable body of 
 the profession. In dealing with these 
 people Dr. Lloyd ha? shown a sin- 
 gleness of purpose that has won for 
 him the app robation of his brethren 
 in the profession and the public. 
 
 H. W. LOEB. 
 
 As a physician, educator and edi- 
 tor, Dr. Loeb is well known in Mis- 
 
 souri and adjoining States as a 
 thoroughly competent man in any 
 or all of these capacities. 
 
 Hanau Wolf Loeb was born in 
 Philadelphia, August 25, 1865. His 
 parents came to Missouri when he 
 was but a babe in arms. 
 
 His literary education was had 
 in the public schools and at the Mis- 
 souri State Universit} 7 , where in 
 1883 he received his "A. B." degree 
 and in 1SS6 his "A. M." Taking up 
 the study of medicine he was first 
 
 graduated from the St. Joseph Med- 
 ical College in 1887, and later from 
 the Medical Department of Colum- 
 bia University of New York in 1888. 
 
 Dr. Loeb began the practice of his 
 profession in St. Joseph, but in 1890 
 removed to St. Louis, where he has 
 remained in practice ever since. 
 
 He -is a specialist in nose and 
 throat diseases, and larvnsjologist to 
 the St. Louis City Hospital, Be- 
 bekah Hospital and Grand Avenue 
 Dispensary. As an educator he is 
 Professor of Diseases of the Nose 
 and Throat in the Marion-Sims Col- 
 lege o£ Medicine, also serving as 
 secretary of that institution. 
 
 In the journalistic field Dr. Loeb 
 is widely known as an able writer 
 along his special lines. He is editor 
 of the Medical Beview and of the 
 Annals of Otology, Laryngology and 
 Bhinology. 
 
 His belief in organizations for the 
 promotion of medical science is at- 
 tested in the appended list of medi- 
 cal societies of which he is a mem- 
 ber : The St. Louis Medical, East St. 
 Louis Medical, Missouri State Med- 
 ical, Illinois Medical, American 
 Medical, Mississippi Valley Medi- 
 cal, American Academy of Medi- 
 cine and the American Laryngolo- 
 gical, Bhinological and Otological 
 Society. 
 
 JAMES E. LOGAN". 
 
 The subject of this sketch was 
 born in Kentucky, Oct. 16, 1861, 
 where the first ten years of his life 
 were spent. In 1871 the family re- 
 moved from their Kentucky home 
 to Missouri, where they have since 
 remained. 
 
 He took his first course in medi- 
 cine at the Missouri State univer- 
 sity in 1S81-2. He then entered the 
 University Medical College of Kan- 
 sas Citv, graduating from that in- 
 stitution in 1SS3. The following 
 year he spent at the Bellevue Medi- 
 cal College of New York City, where 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 289 
 
 lie graduated with honor in the class 
 of 1884. 
 
 He returned to Kansas City and 
 established himself in business with 
 his father. Dr. YT. G-. Logan, with 
 whom he remained in general prac- 
 tice for two years. He then de- 
 voted himself to the special prac- 
 tice of laryngology, being the first 
 to establish himself in that special 
 work in that city. In 1885 he was 
 elected lecturer to the Chair of 
 Physiology in the University Medi- 
 cal College, under the professorship 
 of Dr. John H. Duncan, now of St. 
 Louis, Mo. Two years thereafter, 
 upon the resignation of Dr. Duncan, 
 he was given full charge of the 
 Chair of Physiology. 
 
 In 1886 he was elected Professor 
 of Laryngology in this institution. 
 He has been a member of the board 
 of trustees of this college since 
 1887, and has lent every effort to 
 the upbuilding of what is now one 
 of the best medical institutions in 
 the West. 
 
 In 1899 he was honored with the 
 
 presidency of his college, a position 
 he now enjoys. 
 
 Jl'HX S. LONG. 
 
 Dr. John S. Long was reared at 
 Yerona, Miss., passing through the 
 schools of that thriving little village 
 during his boyhood clays. He grad- 
 uated in 1879 in the classical de- 
 partment at the head of his class 
 from East Tennessee University. He 
 then taught school for some years to 
 enable him to complete his medical 
 education. He entered Xew York 
 Medical College, was elected presi- 
 dent of his class, graduating in the 
 spring of 1892. Early after grad- 
 uating he was elected hy competitive 
 examination to an interneship in the 
 Jersey City Hospital. This he re- 
 signed for a similar position in the 
 Methodist Episcopal Hospital, 
 Brooklyn, X. Y., where he served 
 respectively as ambulance surgeon, 
 house physician, then as house sur- 
 geon. He left New York for South- 
 east Nebraska, where he soon built 
 up a lucrative practice. Because of 
 
290 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 the drouths of '94 and '95 lie 
 moved to Joplin, Mo. He is a 
 member of the South Methodist 
 Church, local railroad surgeon for 
 the Kansas City & Memphis system, 
 enjoys an extensive practice and is 
 prominent in all things tending to- 
 wards the best interests of his 
 church and countrv. 
 
 I. N. LOVE. 
 
 Perhaps no Missouri physician is 
 better known within or without the 
 borders of the State than Dr. I. N. 
 Love. He was born at Barry, Pike 
 
 Co., 111., September 13, 1853. His 
 father was Isaac Newton Love, orig- 
 inally from Virginia; his mother, 
 Nancy January Porter, from Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Death claimed both of his parents 
 when he was quite a small boy, and 
 he became a member of the family of 
 his relative, the late Dr. John T. 
 Hodgen of St. Louis. His admira- 
 tion and love for the latter early 
 determined him to make his life 
 work that of a physician. 
 
 After proper preliminary training 
 under his relative, who was at that 
 time president of the St. Louis Med- 
 ical College, now the Medical De- 
 partment of Washington University, 
 he entered and graduated therefrom 
 in 1873. 
 
 After graduation he passed a suc- 
 cessful competitive examination foi 
 admission as assistant resident phy- 
 sician of the St. Louis City Hos- 
 pital, and took up his residence and 
 remained in the hospital in profes- 
 sional capacity for two years. 
 
 For a year thereafter he had his 
 office as special assistant with Dr. 
 Hodgen. Later he was appointed 
 city physician by Ma} r or James H. 
 Britton, but resigned the office at 
 the end of a year and entered pri- 
 vate practice. 
 
 He located in the rapidly growing 
 West End of the city and soon built 
 up a very lucrative practice. 
 
 In 1887 Dr. Love was elected 
 president of the Mississippi Valley 
 Medical Association, and served as 
 secretary of the section on diseases 
 of children in the Ninth Interna- 
 tional Medical Congress. In 1889 
 he was elected president of the sec- 
 tion on diseases of children in the 
 American Medical Association and 
 a member of the board of trustees 
 of this national body, and is still 
 serving in that capacity. At a 
 meeting held in Milwaukee in June, 
 1893, he was elected vice-president 
 of the association. 
 
 Dr. Love has for several ) r ears 
 been a teacher in the medical col- 
 lege circles of St. Louis. He was a 
 charter member of the faculty of the 
 Marion-Sims College of Medicine, 
 and has a national reputation as a 
 special worker in the field of dis- 
 eases of children. Another one of 
 his specialties is the department of 
 "internal medicine." 
 
 For a number of years he was an 
 associate editor on several medical 
 journals. He is the author of nu- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 291 
 
 merous monographs on medicine. In 
 1890 he established a medical .jour- 
 nal of his own, The Medical Mind, 
 which he still edits. In 1889 he was 
 elected president of the American 
 Medical Editors" Association, and 
 still holds that office (1900). 
 
 W. X. LOWKY. 
 
 W. X. Lowry is a Kentuckian by 
 birth, harms; been born in Ghent 
 on December 13th, 1859. He 
 received his boyhood education in 
 the public schools of his early home 
 and later prepared himself for en- 
 trance to the Kentucky School of 
 Medicine of Louisville, from which 
 he graduated in June, 1882, by a 
 thorough classical .education. 
 
 Dr. Lowrv, immediately after ob- 
 taining his degree of Doctor of Med- 
 icine, began the practice of medi- 
 cine in Ghent, but five years later 
 he removed to St. Louis, where he 
 has since been. 
 
 His practice has ever been gen- 
 eral in its nature, and he has been 
 eminentlv successful with it, espe- 
 cially in St. Louis. 
 
 The doctor is the lecturer on 
 
 Surgical Technique at the Barnes 
 Medical College of St. Louis. He 
 is also a member of several promi- 
 nent medical societies and a con- 
 tributor of some note to various 
 medical journals. 
 
 FRANK JOSEPH LTJTZ. 
 
 Dr. E. J. Lutz early in his career 
 made his impress upon the profes- 
 sion as a surgeon of more than ordi- 
 nary ability, and his success since 
 then has simply been additional tes- 
 timony in his behalf as one of the 
 most noted surgeons the city of St. 
 Louis has ever produced. Dr. Lutz 
 enjoys a national reputation be- 
 cause of his devotion to his work, 
 and he has ever been deemed one 
 of the best surgeons in the State of 
 Missouri. 
 
 In addition to his reputation as a 
 surgeon. Dr. Lutz won for himself, 
 while a member of the State Board 
 of Health from 1893 to 1897, the 
 heartiest approbation of his co-prac- 
 titioners and the laity as well, by his 
 unflagging efforts to raise the stand- 
 
292 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ard of the profession. This he did 
 by drawing up and having passed 
 through the Legislature a bill which 
 specified certain requirements from 
 all prospective physicians. 
 
 Dr. Lutz's career has been indis- 
 solubly associated with St. Louis and 
 Missouri. Born in the metropolis 
 of the State on May 24, 1855, he 
 received a public school and classical 
 education there, receiving from the 
 St. Louis University in 1873 the de- 
 gree of "Bachelor of Arts. That con- 
 stituted his preparatory work for 
 entrance of the St. Louis Medical 
 College, where he received his dip- 
 loma and degree of Doctor of Medi- 
 cine in 1876. He was immediately 
 appointed assistant surgeon to the 
 Alexian Brothers' Hospital of South 
 St. Louis, and he has ever since been 
 more or less prominently identified 
 with that institution. Indeed, its ef- 
 ficiency is laigely due to the interest 
 Dr. Lutz has taken in its welfare, 
 he having made several trips abroad 
 in order that he might be enabled 
 to introduce ail of the European in- 
 ' novations and conveniences in the 
 hospital. 
 
 During the four years that elapsed 
 from 1893 to 1897, Dr. Lutz served 
 as Surgeon-General of the Missouri 
 State Guard. 
 
 He is. at present (1900) Professor 
 of the. Chair of Principles and Prac- 
 tice of Medicine at the Beaumont 
 Medical College and dean of its fac- 
 ulty. 
 
 He is a member of several medi- 
 cal societies. In 1889 he was pres- 
 ident of the St. Louis Medical So- 
 ciety, in 1893 the president of the 
 Southwestern Association of Rail- 
 way Surgeons, in 1896 he served in 
 a like capacity in the National As- 
 sociation of Railway Surgeons and 
 the next year was president of the 
 United States Board of Pension Ex- 
 aminers at St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. Lutz is the chief surgeon of 
 the St. Louis & San Francisco Rail- 
 way Company. 
 
 HART WELL NELLIS LYON. 
 
 Dr. Hartwell N. Lyon was born in 
 Leavenworth, Kan., on the 19th 
 day of October, 1864. The educa- 
 tion received by him in his youth 
 and young manhood was with a view 
 to fitting himself for a course in 
 medicine, which profession young 
 Lyon early exhibited a desire to fol- 
 low. 
 
 After the required attendance on 
 lectures and the prescribed course 
 
 of study in the college, Hartwell N. 
 Lyon was graduated from the medi- 
 cal department of Columbia Uni- 
 versity (The College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons of New York City) in 
 1891. Eor the next three years Dr. 
 Lyon was abroad, where, in Euro- 
 pean capitals and colleges, he ear- 
 nestly pursued advanced medical 
 work. He returned to this country 
 in 1894 and entered upon a general 
 practice of medicine in St. Louis,, 
 where he has ever since remained. 
 
 Dr. Lyon is the chief of the Be- 
 thesda Clinic, and he has been the 
 assistant professor of the Chair of 
 Pediatrics in the Medical Depart- 
 
MEDICINE AXB SURGERY. 
 
 293 
 
 merit of the Washington University 
 of St. Louis ever since it was formed 
 by the consolidation of the St. Louis 
 ^and Missouri Medical Colleges. 
 
 E. H. McCULLEKS. 
 
 Eugene Herbert Meddlers is a 
 native of North Carolina, horn at 
 Clayton. November 13, 1863. As a 
 youth he enjoyed excellent educa- 
 tional advantages and graduated 
 with the degree of A. M. from Wake 
 Forest College of North Carolina. 
 
 In 1888 he graduated from Belle- 
 vue Hospital Medical College, and, 
 returning to his home in North 
 Carolina, commenced the practice 
 of bis profession. Dr. McC'ullers 
 was also a graduate in pharmacy, 
 and became a druggist at this time. 
 
 Later our subject took a course 
 in tbe New York Post-Graduate 
 Medical School, and in 1890 attend- 
 ed the New York Polyclinic. 
 
 Dr. MeCuUers became a resident 
 of St. Louis in 1893. In 1894 he 
 went to Stockholm. Sweden, and 
 studied "Mechanico-Therapeutics" 
 in paralysis, rheumatism, spinal 
 curvature and deformities — bv the 
 
 Zander Swedish Movement Cure by 
 mechanical means and Electricity 
 and Hydro-Therapy. His profes- 
 sional work in St. Louis has been 
 along those lines. 
 
 Dr. McCullers is a member of the 
 St. Louis Medical Society, of the 
 Missouri State Medical Association 
 and the American Medical Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 CALVIN DAVIS MeDONALD. 
 
 Dr. Calvin Davis McDonald was 
 born in York Count v. Pennsylvania, 
 January 23, 1835. 
 
 He received his early training in 
 a country school, attending only the 
 winter terms. Before he reached 
 his majority he became a country 
 school teacher in the woods of 
 Pennsylvania. Later he enterd the 
 office of Dr. Park Loring of Kenton, 
 0., and began the study of medicine 
 under his care. In 1862 he entered 
 Ann Arbor University and took a 
 classical course. The next fall he 
 enrolled in the Starling Medical Col- 
 lege, Columbus, 0.. where, March 1, 
 
294 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 1864, he graduated with high 
 honors. 
 
 Upon receiving his diploma, Dr. 
 McDonald settled in the little town 
 of Mt. Blanchard, 0., where he lived 
 several years until, in 1869, he 
 "brought his family to Carrollton, 
 Mo. Here he pursued his chosen 
 calling nearly two years, whereupon 
 he again moved, this time to Kansas 
 City, Mo. Soon Dr. McDonald built 
 up a large practice, and was until 
 his death, June 19, 1898, one of the 
 most prominent physicians in the 
 State. 
 
 Dr. McDonald was a general prac- 
 titioner, hut was considered especial- 
 ly skillful in the treatment of the 
 diseases of children. 
 
 Dr. McDonald's two sons, Chett 
 and Park Loring McDonald, have 
 followed in his footsteps, and to-day 
 are successful in the profession their 
 father follow ed so honorably. 
 
 Dr. McDonald held several polit- 
 ical offices and belonged to various 
 clubs, orders and societies. 
 
 CHETT McDONALD. 
 
 Dr. Chett McDonald was born in 
 Mt. Blanchard, Hancock County, 
 Ohio, December 22, 1864. Dr. Cal- 
 vin Davis McDonald, the father of 
 Chett McDonald, was one of the 
 most prominent physicians in Mis- 
 souri. Mary Shields McDonald, his 
 mother, was a woman of very lov- 
 able character, simple in her tastes, 
 generous in her judgments, tranquil 
 in temperament and perfectly en- 
 grossed with the interests of her 
 home. 
 
 Chett was educated in the public 
 schools of Kansas City. He did not 
 enter High School, but worked at 
 various avocations until he en- 
 rolled as a member of the Univer- 
 sity Medical College, from which in- 
 stitution he graduated in the class 
 of '91. 
 
 During the terms he attended 
 
 college Chett served as druggist in 
 the Health Department under his 
 father, who was then City Physi- 
 cian. Three days after he left col- 
 lege he was tendered the position of 
 Assistant City Physician by Dr. E. 
 E. Lewis, and upon the expiration of 
 his term of office he began the gen- 
 eral practice of medicine with his 
 father and brother, with whom he 
 was associated until his fathers- 
 death, when the partnership was dis- 
 solved by mutual consent, the broth- 
 ers continuing to occupy the original 
 suite of rooms. 
 
 July, 1897, Chett was appointed 
 by President McKinley a member of 
 the Board of Pension Examiners, 
 and upon organization of the board 
 he was elected secretary, which po- 
 sition he still holds. 
 
 Dr. Chett McDonald is a mem- 
 ber of several political clubs and 
 also belongs to organizations of oth- 
 er character. 
 
 April 5, 1899, Dr. Chett McDon- 
 ald was married to Miss Georgie 
 Warner Williams, "only daughter of 
 the late Marcus T. C. Williams, one 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 295 
 
 of the most distinguished members 
 of the Kansas City bar. Her moth- 
 er was a daughter of Col. William 
 A. Warner of Lexirrion, Ky., and 
 a granddaughter of Gen. Leslie 
 Combs of that same celebrated city. 
 Her paternal grandfather was Dr. 
 Charles Mansfield Williams, one of 
 the best-known physicians in the 
 State of Ohio. 
 
 paek l. Mcdonald. 
 
 Dr. Park L. McDonald was born 
 at Kenton, 0., on the i%h day 
 of July, 1862, and he recei\ ^d his 
 public school, clasical and mimical 
 education in Kansas City, whither 
 his parents had removed when Pa„ v 
 L. was quite young. 
 
 He commenced his study of med- 
 icine under the preceptorship of his 
 father, at one time a prominent phy- 
 sician and surgeon of Kansas City, 
 and later, in 188G, he entered the 
 University Medical College of Kan- 
 sas City. After receiving his di- 
 ploma, some three 3 r ears afterwards, 
 Dr. Park L. McDonald began the 
 practice of medicine in the office of 
 his father. Under that gentleman's 
 
 able instruction the young man 
 soon perfected himself in the prac- 
 tice as well as theory of medicine, 
 and after his father's death was ful- 
 ly fitted to step into the practice left 
 him as a heritage. 
 
 Dr. McDonald has always devoted 
 his time exclusively to the general 
 practice of medicine, and has en- 
 larged his father's practice consid- 
 erably by his skillful handling of 
 individual cases. 
 
 EDWARD J. McGRATH. 
 
 A native St. Louisan, Edward J". 
 McG-rath, received his public school, 
 classical and medical education in 
 that city, and he has, since his grad- 
 uation from the American Medical 
 College, practiced his profession in 
 that city. 
 
 After receiving a thorough 
 public schooling and the prepara- 
 tory classical education he entered 
 the American Medical College, from 
 which he graduated in the spring of 
 1896. 
 
 Dr. McGrath has devoted all of 
 
296 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 his attention to general practice, 
 and his large and constantly grow- 
 ing clientele speaks volumes for his 
 success in medicine. 
 
 The doctor is a member of sev- 
 eral of the prominent eclectic medi- 
 cal societies and a contributor of 
 some note to medical literature. 
 and take great interest in all mat- 
 ters pertaining to the advancement 
 of the medical profession at large 
 and naturally special interests in 
 the progress made by his particular 
 school of medicine. 
 
 JOSEPH AY. McKEE. 
 
 Born in Summerfield, 111., on 
 May 5, 1854, Joseph W. McKee re- 
 ceived a thorough preliminary edu- 
 cation before entering McKendree 
 College at Lebanon, III., from which 
 he Graduated in 1876, receiving the 
 degree of A. B. and A. M. In 1884 
 Dr. McKee graduated from the 
 Medical Department of Xorthwest 
 University at Evanston. 111. He lo- 
 cated in Kansas City soon after re- 
 ceiving his degree, and has been 
 there ever since. Dr. McKee, soon 
 after entering upon his professional 
 
 career, took up eye and ear work, 
 taking post-graduate course in New 
 York City, and has since become 
 one of the most prominent oculists 
 and aurists in Kansas City and the 
 State. He has been the oculist and 
 aurist to the Schoo] for the Educa- 
 tion of the Blind in Kansas City, 
 Kan., for the past few years. 
 
 Dr. McKee enjoys a private prac- 
 tice that is a large and remunerative 
 one. 
 
 WM. M. McPHEETEES. 
 
 Xo Missouri practitioner is more 
 widely known than William M. Mc- 
 Pheeters of St. Louis. He was the 
 son of Pew William McPheeters, 
 D. D., a Presbyterian clergyman of 
 much prominence in Xorth Carolina 
 in the early part of the century. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was 
 born in Raleigh, X. C, December 3, 
 1815. After fitting himself for a 
 collegiate course he attended the 
 University of Xorth Carolina, and 
 then began the study of medicine 
 under Prof. Hugh L. Hodge of Phil- 
 adelphia. Later he entered the 
 Medical Department of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania and graduated 
 there from in 1840. 
 
 His first professional experience 
 was as a hospital physician in Phila- 
 delphia. In 1841 he came to Mis- 
 souri, arriving in St. Louis October 
 15 of that year, and soon came into 
 prominence as a practitioner in the 
 citv of his adoption. 
 
 In 1848 Dr. McPheeters was 
 chosen Professor of Clinical Medi- 
 cin and Pathological Anatomy in 
 St. Louis Medical College and a year 
 later was appointed to the Chair of 
 Materia Medica, Therapeutics and 
 Clinical Medicine, holding this posi- 
 tion until 1861. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War 
 he cast his fortunes with the South, 
 and, resigning the position of sur- 
 geon to the United States Marine 
 Hospital, which he had filled since 
 
p. 
 
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 IIP 
 
 
 in 
 
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 C. LESTER HALL, 
 
 President Missouri State Medical As- 
 sociation, 1895. 
 
 T. L. PAPIN. 
 
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 DAVID S. BOOTH, SR. 
 
 GEORGE ENGELMAN. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 297 
 
 3856. became a surgeon in the Con- 
 federate Army. During the prog- 
 ress of the war he held many re- 
 sponsible positions in the military 
 service, notably that of medical di- 
 rector on the staff of Ma]. -Gen. 
 Sterling Price. 
 
 At the close of the struggle Dr. 
 McPheeters returned to St. Louis 
 and resumed practice. In 1866 he 
 was appointed Professor of Materia 
 Medica and Therapeutics in the Mis- 
 souri Medical College, and acted in 
 that capacity until 1874. when he 
 resigned to accept the medical di- 
 rectorship of the St. Louis Mutual 
 Life Insurance Company. 
 
 It is in the literary field that Dr. 
 McPheeters has particularly shone. 
 In 1815 he became co-editor with 
 Dr. M. L. Linton of the St. Louis 
 Medical and Surgical Journal, and 
 continued his connection with that 
 publication until 1661. In the ter- 
 rible cholera epidemic of 1819 he 
 served in the front rank of the brave 
 physicians who battled with the 
 dread scourge in Missouri. In 1850 
 he used the experiences and observa- 
 tions of the previous year as a nu- 
 cleus for a paper on "Epidemic 
 Cholera in St. Louis."* 
 
 Dr. McPheeters was one of the 
 organizers of the Missouri Medical 
 Association, and one of its earliest 
 presidents : was a member — and for 
 several years president — of the Ob- 
 stetrical and Gynecological Society 
 of St. Louis, and has been president 
 of the St. Louis Medical Society 
 and vice-president of the American 
 Medical Association. He is also an 
 honorarv member of several medical 
 societies of Arkansas. iNorth Caro- 
 lina and other States. 
 
 Dr. McPheeters has twice been 
 married. Six children were born of 
 the second union. He is of pro- 
 nounced Christian character, and 
 has been and is a most useful citi- 
 zen" of Missouri. 
 
 HUGH P. MACK. 
 
 Dr. Hneh P. Mack was born, 
 raised, educated and has always 
 practiced medicine in the city of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 He was born January 20, 1863, 
 and was a student in the public and 
 High Schools, entering the old St. 
 Louis College in the fall of 1881, 
 when but 18 years of age. 
 
 Three years later he graduated, 
 and immediately entered upon the 
 general practice at which he has 
 since been so successful. 
 
 Dr. Mack is the assistant to the 
 Chair of Obstetrics at St. Louis Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons. He 
 commands the respect of the men 
 and students with whom he comes 
 in daily contact, and his personality. 
 as well as his ability, have helped 
 him to build up his practice and 
 made it a large and lucrative one. 
 
S98 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 ALBLBT S. MAGKEY. 
 
 One of the oldest and most prom- 
 inent of the practicing plrysicians 
 and surgeons of Pike County is Dr. 
 Albert 8. Maekey, who resides in 
 the quaint old river town of Louis- 
 iana. The doctor is a native West 
 Virginian, having heen born in 
 Hancock County on the 21st day of 
 August 1844. 
 
 In the early "60s Dr. Maekey came 
 West, locating in Clark Count v. 
 Missouri. From '73 to '76 inclusive 
 Dr. Maekey attended lectures in the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 of Keokuk, la., and in the latter 
 year located near Oskaloosa, la., 
 and practiced medicine until fall of 
 1878, when he returned to Keokuk, 
 la., and attended another course of 
 lectures, graduating in the spring 
 of 1879. 
 
 He then changed his location, set- 
 tling in Louisiana, where he has 
 ever since been, building up in the 
 meantime an extensive and lucrative 
 practice and 'establishing himself 
 in the position he holds there in 
 
 the hearts and minds of his co-prac- 
 titioners and clientele. 
 
 Dr. Maekey is a member of the 
 United States Board of Examining 
 Surgeons, the Tri-State Medical So- 
 ciety and the Military Tract Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 His son is to follow in his foot- 
 steps, and is now preparing himself 
 at the St. Louis College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons. 
 
 HEINE MARKS. 
 
 Heine Marks was born December 
 
 S, 1859, at Lake Providence, in 
 Kast Carroll Parish, Louisiana. 
 
 He received an elementarv educa- 
 tion in the New Orleans (La.) and 
 Memphis (Tenn.) public schools. 
 
 He studied medicine and surgery 
 from 1875 to 1878, graduating from 
 the Cincinnati College of Medicine 
 and Surgery in the last-named year. 
 Shortly after receiving his diploma 
 he came to Missouri and commenced 
 the practice of his profession in St. 
 Louis, August, 1878. 
 
 He was a close student, and by 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 299 
 
 applying himself diligently to his 
 calling, rapidly won his way to a 
 good practice and the respect and 
 esteem of his medical brethren. He 
 became a member of the St. Lonis 
 Medical Society and was Vice-Pres- 
 ident of the same in 1893; was elect- 
 ed one of the board of managers of 
 the House of Refuge, serving for a 
 term of two years. He is a member 
 of the Missouri State Medical So- 
 ciety^ also of the American Medical 
 Association. In 1892 he was ap- 
 pointed superintendent and surgeon 
 of the St. Louis City Hospital, and 
 held that position several years, dis- 
 charging bis duties so efficiently as 
 to win from his professional breth- 
 ren special recognition and most fa- 
 vorable comment. Since leaving the 
 Hospital Dr. Marks has devoted all 
 of his time to his practice and pri- 
 vate interests. He makes a special- 
 ty of fcurgieal work. 
 
 SOLOMON C. MARTIN. 
 
 Solomon Claiborne Martin was 
 born in Claiborne County, Miss., 
 on the 26th day of October, 1837. 
 He was the recipient of that early 
 education that the youths of the 
 South obtained in those days, in- 
 cluding a thorough course of in- 
 struction in the University of Michi- 
 gan and two years of subsequent 
 study in Europe. In 1865 he grad- 
 uated from the Medical Department 
 of the Louisiana State University. 
 Before locating in St. Louis in 1872, 
 Dr. Martin laid the foundation for 
 the success he has since attained 
 here by practicing in his native- 
 State. 
 
 Dr. Martin, since he located here 
 28 years ago, has made rapid strides 
 in his chosen profession. He early 
 made a specialty of skin diseases, 
 and was so successful with this 
 branch of his practice that he was 
 appointed Professor of Dermatology 
 of the Barnes Medical College of St. 
 
 Louis, which position he still oc- 
 cupies. 
 
 Besides his professional work Dr. 
 Martin is a writer of ability. 
 
 He is the editor of three maga- 
 zines, namely, The St. Louis Medical 
 
 Era, The American Journal of Der- 
 matology and Genito-Urinary Dis- 
 eases, and The Climate.. 
 
 Dr. Martin devotes most of bis- 
 time to his speciaRw, and through 
 it has built up a large and lucrative 
 practice. 
 
 E. B. MAYEIELD. 
 
 Eli Burton Mayfield was born near 
 Patton, Bollinger County, Mis- 
 souri, Jutlusltj, 1861. He is the son 
 of Gr. AT. Mayfield and grandson of 
 Stephen Mayfield, a Revolutionary 
 soldier. 
 
 His early education was obtained 
 in the public schools, the Mayfield- 
 Smith Academy at Marble Hill and 
 the State Normal School at Cape 
 
300 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OP 
 
 Girardeau, Mo. He afterwards en- 
 gaged in teaching, both in his na- 
 tive and adjoining counties, and 
 was an educator of recognized abil- 
 ity. He then entered the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons of this 
 city, and received a diploma from 
 that institution March, 1886. After 
 graduating Dr. Mayfield engaged in 
 the practice of medicine in a sub- 
 urban town, where he soon had a 
 large and lucrative practice. 
 
 In 1893 he took a general post- 
 graduate course in New York City, 
 also a special course in surgery, 
 gynecology and diseases of the chest. 
 
 Dr. Mayfield returned to St. Louis 
 the same year and located at 4484 
 West Belle place, where be still re- 
 sides. He was appointed assistant 
 surgeon to the Missouri Baptist 
 Sanitarium, a position which he 
 held until the erection of the May- 
 field Sanitarium in 1896, when he 
 became assistant surgeon and house 
 physician to that institution. He 
 has also established a large and 
 growing private practice. 
 
 W. H. MAYFIELD. 
 
 The subject of this sketch is of 
 American ancestry, running back 
 to and antedating the revolutionary 
 period. His paternal grandfather, 
 Stephen Mayfield, served in the pa- 
 triot army through the entire seven 
 years of the struggle for independ- 
 ence. 
 
 William Henderson Mayfield, son 
 of George W. and Polly Cheek May- 
 field, was born in Patton, Mo., Jan- 
 uary 18, 1852. His early scholastic 
 training was had in the public 
 schools and at Carleton Institute 
 and at Fruitland Normal Institute. 
 At the age of 17 he was teaching 
 school, and continued his studies 
 while so engaged, thus fitting him- 
 self for a professional career by pro- 
 cess of self-education. 
 
 He began the study of medicine 
 at Sedgwickville, Mo., in 1874, un- 
 der Dr. H. J. Smith. Several years 
 later lie took a three-year course in 
 St. Louis Medical College, graduat- 
 ing in 1883. The bent of Student 
 Mayfield's mind was toward surgery, 
 and he fully developed his ambition 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 301 
 
 in that branch under the tutelage 
 of Dr. J. J. McDowell and Dr. John 
 T. Hodgen. Thus he began his pro- 
 fessional career admirably equipped 
 for operative surgery. 
 
 He began practice at Mayfield, 
 Mo v but at the end of a year moved 
 to St. Louis and established him- 
 self there, accepting the Chair of 
 Materia Medica, Therapeutics and 
 Diseases of Children in the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 
 In 1 884 Dr. Mayfield founded the 
 Missouri Baptist Sanitarium, and 
 was superintendent of that institu- 
 tion from the date of its opening 
 until the spring of 1896, when he 
 resigned to build and take the active 
 management of Mayiield Sanita- 
 rium, with which institution he has 
 since been connected in both profes- 
 sional and business capacities. 
 
 Dr. Mayfield is a member of the 
 St. Louis Medical Society and the 
 Mississippi Valley Medical Associa- 
 tion. He is an active member of 
 the American Medical Association. 
 He is a charter member of the Hos- 
 pital Saturday and Sunday Associa- 
 tion, and has much to do with char- 
 itable work. Mayfield- Smith Acad- 
 emy of Marble Hill, founded in 
 1878, is a line example of Dr. May- 
 iield's work as an educator. 
 
 HENRY H. MIDDELKAMP. 
 
 Warren County, Missouri, Janu- 
 ary 37, 1839, was the place and date 
 of the birth of Flenry Herman Mid- 
 delkamp, his parents being natives 
 of Germany. 
 
 He was educated in the public 
 schools of Missouri, later receivino- 
 private instruction and in 1891 re- 
 ceived the honorary degree of A. M. 
 from the Central. Wesleyan College 
 of Warrenton. He began to read 
 medicine at Warrenton in 1862 un- 
 der Dr. John E. Hutton, later en- 
 tering the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege, from which he graduated in 
 
 March, 1864, and in the same month 
 began to practice at Warrenton. He 
 later took a post-graduate course at 
 the St. Louis Medical College. 
 
 He was the founder of the Linton 
 District Medical Society, November 
 19, 1872, and was its president in 
 1874; was a member of the Mis- 
 souri State Medical Association, 
 president 1881-85; was also vice- 
 president of same for two years; 
 was a member of the American 
 Medical Association, of the Ninth 
 
 International Medical Congress, of 
 the Mississippi Valley Medical As- 
 sociation, of the St. Louis Medical 
 Society, of the Wabash Surgical As- 
 sociation, of the National Associa- 
 tion of Railway Surgeons, honorary 
 member of the St. Charles County 
 (Mo.) Medical Society and a member 
 of the Masonic fraternity. 
 
 Dr. Middelkamp was lecturer on 
 Surgery, Medical Department, Uni- 
 versity of Missouri, Columbia, 1876- 
 79, medical examiner for the depart- 
 ment, 1876-80, and curator of the 
 university, 1877-79. 
 
302 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 He was a member of the Board 
 of Health of Warrenton, 1892-94: 
 physician to the County Poor Farm. 
 1879-80; county superintendent of 
 public schools, 1870-72, and was sur- 
 geon to the Wabash Eaihvav from 
 1884 to the time of his death. Dr. 
 Middelkamp performed all the criti- 
 cal o])erations common to railway 
 surgery and devised special appa- 
 ratus for wounds and fractures. 
 
 An address Dr. Middelkamp deliv- 
 ered when he retired from the pres- 
 idency of the State Medical Asso- 
 ciation, entitled "A Higher Stand- 
 ard for Medical Education,"" and the 
 ideas there advanced have been 
 adopted by all colleges of any prom- 
 inence. This, with the following- 
 others, have been published: "Per- 
 sonal Qualifia.tions of the Surgeon,'' 
 "Immediate Amputations/' "Miss- 
 issippi Vallev Medical Association," 
 "The Ideal Physician,"" "Treatment 
 of Typhoid Fever"' (bathing), and 
 many other papers. 
 
 He died April 19, 1897, ar his 
 home in Warrenton, Mo. 
 
 ALBEE'I H. MEISEXBACH. 
 
 When he was but 3 years of age, 
 the parents of Albert H. Meisen- 
 bach, in 1855, moved from his birth- 
 place, St. Louis, to Mendota, 111., 
 where he received an early public 
 school and classical education, grad- 
 uating from the Wesleyan Seminary 
 of that town when but 17 years old. 
 
 Young Meisenbach one year later 
 began his study of medicine under 
 Dr. E. P. Cook, at that time one of 
 the most prominent physicians of 
 Xorthern Illinois. Later the sub- 
 ject of this sketch entered the. St: 
 Louis Medical College, now Medical 
 Department of Washington Univer- 
 sity, d'rom which he received his 
 diploma and degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine in 1876. 
 
 He won, immediately after his 
 graduation, through a competitive 
 
 examination, a position as assistant 
 physician in the Female Hospital of 
 St. Louis. Later he accepted a 
 similar appointment in the St. Louis 
 City Hospital. 
 
 One year later, in 1877, Dr. Meis- 
 enbach severed his connection with 
 that hospital in order that he might 
 start in active practice for himself. 
 He began his practice of medicine 
 in Mascoutah, 111. He returned to 
 St. Louis, where he has remained 
 
 ever since, with the exception of one 
 year which he spent abroad. While 
 in Europe Dr. Meisenbach studied in 
 the universities at Berlin, Vienna, 
 Paris and other noted medical edu- 
 cational centers. 
 
 Eeturnina: to St. Louis in 1890, 
 Dr. Meisenbach re-established him- 
 self in the practice which has since 
 proved so remunerative. 
 
 From 1890 to 1892 he was Profes- 
 sor of Anatomy and Clinical Sur- 
 gery in the Marion-Sims College of 
 Medicine, and since the latter date 
 has occupied the Chair of Special 
 and Clinical Surgery and Surgical 
 Pathology in the same college, until 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 303 
 
 lately lie severed his connection with 
 said institution. 
 
 Dr. Meiseniach is a member of 
 several medical societies, namely, 
 the St. Louis Medical Society, the 
 Medical Society of the Alumni of 
 the St. Louis City Hospital, the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley Medical Association 
 and the American Medical Associa- 
 tion. In all of them he has made 
 himself felt as a medical writer of 
 ability and a thoroughly conscien- 
 tious and capable physician, and 
 takes a. leading rank among the sur- 
 geons of the city. 
 
 C. A. MERIDITH. 
 
 Charles Arthur Meridith was born 
 on a farm in Pulaski, la., April 21, 
 1868. His early education com- 
 menced in the public school of his 
 native place, where he received the 
 usual "''district" schooling afforded 
 the American farmer boy. His ear- 
 ly life was spent on the farm, in as- 
 sisting his father, until he had 
 reached his 17th year. The educa- 
 tion received up to this time (about 
 three months each year) only created 
 in young Meridith a thirst for a 
 more thorough schooling. In 1885 
 he became a student in the Southern 
 Iowa Normal School at Bloomfield. 
 A recital of his struggle to maintain 
 himself and gain the education nec- 
 essary to give him a place in the 
 world of knowledge during these 
 years at the Normal School Teflects 
 credit upon . the subject of this 
 sketch. After graduating from the 
 above institution young Meridith 
 went West in search of wealth and 
 health, the last named the result of 
 overstudy, and after several years 
 spent in Montana he returned East 
 and renewed his earlier determina- 
 tion to study medicine by entering 
 the Marion-Sims College of Medi- 
 cine, St. Louis, taking a three years' 
 course, graduating from that insti- 
 iution in 1893. 
 
 Dr. Meridith at once began prac- 
 
 tice in St. Louis, where he has con- 
 tinued in general practice, and is re- 
 nowned as a very successful practi- 
 tioner of the younger generation. He 
 is a member of the St. Louis 1 Medi- 
 cal Societv. 
 
 ALBERT MERBELL. 
 
 Dr. Albert Merrell, who has been 
 a most useful citizen of Missouri, 
 both in public and private capacities, 
 was born in Cincinnati, 0., Feb- 
 ruary 18, 1843. His early education 
 
 was acquired in the city of his 
 birth. He attended the public 
 schools and graduated from the Cin- 
 cinnati High School in 1861, when 
 high schools were graded much 
 higher than they are now. 
 
 His further education was inter- 
 rupted by enlisting to take an active 
 part in the Civil War, then in prog- 
 ress. He became First Lieutenant 
 of Battery H, First Light Artillery, 
 Ohio Volunteers. At Cold Harbor, 
 Va., he received wounds which com- 
 pelled his resigning from the service 
 in October of 1864. 
 
304 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Returning to his home he began 
 the study of medicine while actively 
 engaged in business as a manufact- 
 uring chemist, in which he obtained 
 a wide experience. From 1865 to 
 1871 he had charge of the labora- 
 tories of William S. Merrell & Co. 
 (now William S. Merrell Chemical 
 Co.), Cincinnati, 0., the establish- 
 ment founded by his father. Later 
 he decided to enter actively into 
 medical practice, and, having re- 
 moved to St. Louis, he graduated 
 from the American Medical College 
 in 1875. Dr. Merrell, in addition to 
 a successful general practice cover- 
 ing twenty-five years, has done 
 much special work in medical and. 
 analytical chemistry: has lectured 
 for twenty years on chemistry and 
 obstetrics in his Alma Mater, and 
 has given special study to public 
 health questions. 
 
 He served twelve years on the 
 State Board of Health of Missouri, 
 and will have completed eight years' 
 service on the St. Louis Board of 
 Health, at the expiration of his pres- 
 ent term. 
 
 Dr. Merrell has made several con- 
 tributions to literature along the 
 lines of his experience. He is the 
 author of a 500-page work, entitled, 
 ••'A Digest of Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacy,"" and of many papers on 
 mineral and potable waters, public 
 health questions, etc. 
 
 A. B. MILLEE. 
 
 The professional reputation of Dr. 
 A. B. Miller is not confined to Ma- 
 con City, his home, nor yet to that 
 northern section of Missouri in 
 which he is best known, but extends 
 over the entire State. 
 
 Dr. Miller was born in Palmyra, 
 Mo., on the first day of February, 
 48 years ago. After receiving a 
 public and high school education in 
 his native town, young Miller en- 
 tered the Central College at Fay- 
 ette. Mo., which he left to enter the 
 
 Jefferson Medical College of Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. 
 
 Receiving his diploma and de- 
 gree from that institution in 1878, 
 Dr. Miller returned to Missouri, 
 where, in the same year, he began 
 the active practice of medicine in 
 Shelbyville. lour years later he 
 removed his office to Macon City, 
 where he has ever since been. 
 
 Dr. Miller earlv identified himself 
 
 with the progressive, earnest men 
 of the profession by his election to 
 membership in both the Missouri 
 Medical Association and American 
 Medical Association. He was chosen 
 president of the former society in 
 1892, serving in that capacity for 
 the ensuing year. He is also a mem- 
 ber of the Northern Missouri Medi- 
 cal Society and the Macon County 
 Medical and Surgical Society as- 
 well. 
 " In 1884 and for the next three 
 years, Dr. Miller lectured on gyne- 
 cology in the Medical Department of 
 the Missouri State University. For 
 some time past Dr. Miller has been 
 the local surgeon for the Hannibal 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 305 
 
 & St. Joseph Eailroad Company at 
 Maeon. 
 
 Dr. Miller is a scholarly gentle- 
 man, well versed in the literature of. 
 the profession and in the affairs of 
 the day. He takes a keen interest 
 in men and affairs, and has always 
 identified himself with whatever 
 was for advancement in his profes- 
 sion. 
 
 ISAAC K MILLEE. 
 
 Dr. Isaac 1ST. Miller was born near 
 Greenfield, Hancock County, Tnd., 
 September 18, 1857. His parents 
 were anions; the early settlers of that 
 then "far West" State. His fath- 
 er, Benjamin Miller, inherited the 
 sturdy characteristics of his German 
 ancestry, and loyalty was an innate 
 principle of his nature. He served 
 in the Mexican War under Taylor, 
 and when there was a call for volun- 
 teers in 1861 he was among the 
 first to respond. 
 
 His mother, whose maiden name 
 was Taylor, was a cousin of Presi- 
 dent Zachar}'' Taylor. In religion 
 she was a strict Quaker, having de- 
 scended from the William Penn 
 branch of the Quaker Church. The 
 simple truths she taught and the 
 noble life she lived made a deep im- 
 pression on the mind of her youth- 
 ful son. 
 
 In 1866, with his parents, Dr. 
 Miller, then 9 years old, emigrated 
 to Nodaway County, Missouri, and 
 for the following five years was on a 
 farm, attending the public school in 
 the winter months if there was noth- 
 ing else to do. WTien any work on 
 the farm could be found, school 
 must wait. As the mind of the 
 growing boy developed it was evi- 
 dent that he had ambitions beyond 
 farm life, and in 1871, at the age 
 of 14, he left home to make his own 
 way in the world. He began work 
 . in a drug store at Mound City, Mo., 
 receiving his board and clothes for 
 the first 3 r ear's wages. He soon be- 
 
 came a trusted prescriptionist, and 
 remained in the business for six 
 years, thus receiving a thorough 
 knowledge of the composition of 
 drugs and their chemical, physiolog- 
 ical and therapeutical action. When 
 he was 21 years old he began the 
 study of medicine with Dr. J. P. 
 Jackson, a prominent physician of 
 Kansas City, Mo., but at that time 
 of Mound City, and in 1879 he en- 
 tered the old school College of Phy- 
 
 sicians and Surgeons at Keokuk, la., 
 which then was the best school west 
 of Eew York City. 
 
 In February, 1882, Dr. Miller, 
 having received his degree, returned 
 to Mound City, where he successful- 
 ly engaged in general practice for 
 about nine years. Beviewing the 
 vast field of medical science, and be- 
 lieving that one man could not suc- 
 cessfully work it all, he decided to 
 prepare himserf for practice in spe- 
 cial lines, and took private instruc- 
 tion from such men as Prof. A. M. 
 Caroenter, Prof. J. J. K Angear, 
 H. T. Cleaver, M. D., and Dr. Jo- 
 seph M. Matthews. After locating 
 
 20 
 
306 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 in St. Joseph in 1890, Dr. Miller 
 made specialties of diseases of wo- 
 men, diseases of the rectum and 
 chronic and nervous diseases of both 
 sexes. After ten years of hard but 
 successful work we find him not 
 only one of the leading specialists ol 
 that city, but of the State, having py 
 his work and professional ethics 
 gained the respect of the general 
 regular practitioners, who now send 
 the doctor much special work. 
 
 Dr. Miller has kept in the front, 
 being a leader rather than a follow- 
 er, and much of his success in hi? 
 profession is due to his original in- 
 ventions, chief of which are his an- 
 chor rectal bougie and medicine ap- 
 plicator and the anchor rectal sup- 
 pository, the use of which by the 
 medical profession lessens bj* 90 per 
 cent the necessity for surgical ope- 
 rations in the treatment and cure 
 of all rectal diseases. 
 
 ARTHUR E. MINK. 
 
 Dr. Arthur E. Mink was born in 
 Lyons, X. Y., Dec. 25, 1863. At the 
 age of 7 his parents moved to Koch- 
 ester, and his earlier education was 
 received in the public schools of 
 that city. From 1879 his education 
 was pursued under the direction of 
 his father and private tutors. He 
 early developed a marked aptitude 
 for scientific studies and the ac- 
 quirement of foreign languages. He 
 became proficient in the principal 
 European languages, as well as 
 Greek and Latin, and was thorough- 
 ly trained in chemistry, physics and 
 biology in a laboratory which he had 
 equipped by his own exertions, aided 
 by his father. 
 
 In 1884 he matriculated in the 
 College of Medicine, University of 
 Syracuse, graduating from this in- 
 stitution in 1887. He then com- 
 menced practice in Rochester. In 
 1889 he moved to Hamlin, X. Y., 
 and there engaged in country prac- 
 
 tice until the beginning of 1891. 
 He then accepted a position as as- 
 sistant physician in the Manhattan 
 State Hospital for the Insane, and 
 later on was assistant physician to 
 the Long Island State Hospital for 
 the Insane. Resigning the latter po- 
 sition in 1893, he removed to St. 
 Louis in 1891 to practice as a spe- 
 cialist in mental and nervous dis- 
 
 eases. 
 Dr. 
 
 Mink was engaged by the 
 
 State as an expert witness in the 
 celebrated Duestrow case. His rep- 
 utation became widespread through 
 this case, and the jury that con- 
 victed Duestrow said tluTy paid most 
 attention to Dr. Mink's testimony. 
 
 The doctor has been and is fre- 
 quently called into consultation as 
 an expert in his branch of medicine. 
 He has been a liberal contributor to 
 the literature cf his profession, and 
 has been widely quoted as an aiu 
 thoritf. He has been for the last 
 five years Professor of Mental and 
 N>rvous Diseases in the St. Lotus 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 He is neurologist to the St. Louis 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 307 
 
 City Hospital and is a member of 
 the St. Louis Medical Society and 
 of the American Medico-Psychologi- 
 cal Association. 
 
 C. COLUMBUS MORRIS. 
 
 C. Cohmibus Morris, M. D., was 
 born in Putnam County, Indiana, 
 December 2 7, 1858, and is of English 
 descent. He attended the public 
 
 schools of his native State until 17 
 years of age, when he came to Mis- 
 souri, where he finished his educa- 
 tion in the Missouri State Univer- 
 sity. In June, 1881, he graduated 
 with the first honors of his class 
 .from this institution, receiving the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine. He 
 immediatelv entered upon the prac- 
 tice of his chosen profession in Ma- 
 rion County, Missouri, building up 
 in a few years a large and lucrative 
 practice. In 1889 he was elected to 
 the Professorship of Physiology in 
 Chaddoek College, Quincy, 111., 
 which position he filled for one year. 
 He then went East, taking a post- 
 graduate course in the Xew York 
 
 Polyclinic, making surgery and clin- 
 ical microscopy a specialty. 
 
 In 1891 he located in St. Louis, 
 and being well and favorably known, 
 soon accpiired a practice that in- 
 creased with great rapidity. In 1893 
 he assisted in the organization of the 
 St. Louis Baptist Hospital, and was 
 elected superintendent, which posi- 
 tion he still holds. The success of 
 this institution is largely due to his 
 careful and judicious administra- 
 tion. 
 
 From 1895 to 1898 he held the 
 Chair of Gynecology in the St. Louis 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 
 In 1897 he was elected surgeon-in- 
 chief of the St. Louis Baptist Hos- 
 pital, and he now devotes his time 
 almost exclusively to surgery. 
 
 He is a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society and honorary mem- 
 ber of the Adams County Medical 
 Society, Quincy, 111. 
 
 YVALTEB BROYVXIXO MORBIS. 
 
 AYalter Browning Morris was born 
 in Culpeper County, Virginia, Feb- 
 ruary 18, 1809. After receiving the 
 benefits of the common schools of 
 his native county he attended the 
 grammar school at Castle Mountain, 
 Madison County, Ta., qualifying 
 himself as a teacher. 
 
 When about 21 he went to Ohio 
 and settled near Steubenville. He 
 first engaged in teaching school,, 
 then entered into politics, represent- 
 ing his county in the Legislature 
 for four years, and was a member 
 of the Xational Constitutional Con- 
 vention called to revise the Consti- 
 tution of the United States, repre- 
 senting his district in the Xational 
 Democratic Convention at Balti- 
 more^ which nominated James K. 
 Polk for President. He then at- 
 tended the Cincinnati College, grad- 
 uating in law, taking the degree of 
 Bachelor of Laws, March 2, 1843. 
 After this he attended the Transyl- 
 vania University at Lexington, Ky., 
 where he graduated in medicine 
 March 7, 1811, such well-known 
 
30S 
 
 OXE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 names as those of Bishop H. B. 
 Bascom, Dr. B. W. Dudley. Dr. 
 Elisha Bartlett and Dr. W. H Rich- 
 ardson appearing on his medical dip- 
 loma. 
 
 Alter graduating in medicine he 
 returned to his native State and 
 removed with his family to Missouri 
 in 1845. where he devoted himself to 
 the practice of medicine. In 1852 
 he was elected to the State Senate 
 from St. Louis County and city, 
 which honorable post he held for 
 twelve successive years. He was 
 chosen Speaker of the Senate one 
 term and he was also three years in 
 the House. Dr. Morris was a man 
 of varied attainments. His library 
 showed him to he a student of no 
 circumscribed sphere, and in conver- 
 sation he revealed breadth and ex- 
 actness of information. As a par- 
 liamentarian he had few equals. As 
 a public speaker he was able to meas- 
 ure swords with the strongest of his 
 time. Dr. Morris was a patriot; he 
 loved his country, as was shown by 
 "his always taking a deep interest in 
 politics. 
 
 As a physician, however, he was 
 hest known and will be longest re- 
 membered, for in his profession he 
 especially excelled. The people trust- 
 ed him for his broad and deep 
 knowledge of medicine and for his 
 integrity. They loved him for his 
 untiring devotion to their welfare. 
 
 He was never too weary, the roads 
 were never too bad nor the nights 
 too dark for him to go and see the 
 liumblest and poorest. Money 
 seemed to have been entirely over- 
 shadowed by the higher motives of 
 henevoience. A more unselfish 
 physician was never known, and in 
 his honored profession many noble 
 examples are known. Dr. Morris 
 was never married. He lived in 
 Bridgeton and practiced there 42 
 years ; was a member of the Method- 
 ist Church and an earnest Christian. 
 He was taken to St. Louis for spe- 
 cial treatment and died in that city 
 
 November 29, 1887, at the age of 
 78. The only surviving member of 
 the family was a brother three years 
 his senior, living in Yirginia, but 
 the friends who loved him were 
 numberless. His name will long be 
 remembered and honored. He was 
 president of the Missouri State 
 Medical Association in 1S68. 
 
 HEXBY H. MUDD. 
 
 Henrv Hod sen Mudd was born at 
 Pittsfield, HI., April 27, 1811. Dr. 
 Mudd received his academic educa- 
 tion in the St. Louis public schools 
 and "Washington University of this 
 city. He studied medicine under his 
 uncle, John T. Hodgen, and at the 
 St. Louis Medical College, receiv- 
 ing his degree from the latter insti- 
 tution in 1866. 
 
 After graduating he devoted some 
 months at clinical work at the St. 
 Louis City Hospital. In 1867 he 
 was appointed acting Assistant Sur- 
 geon in Gen. Sherman's old regi- 
 ment, the Thirteenth United States 
 Infantry, and went to Montana with 
 this regiment. 
 
 Beturning to St. Lotus, he began 
 on January 1, 1869, the general 
 practice of medicine and surgery 
 with his uncle, Dr. Hodgen. Like 
 his uncle, however, Dr. Mudd's in- 
 clination was all for surgery, and he 
 soon confined himself exclusively to 
 that branch of the work. 
 
 Dr. Mudd was Prosector and 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy at the 
 St. Louis Medical College from 1872 
 to 1883. He was made Professor of 
 Anatomy in 1880, and in 1883 was 
 made both Professor of Anatomy 
 and Clinical Surgery at the institu- 
 tion, and continued in that capacity 
 until 1886. He was then made Pro- 
 fessor of Surgical Anatomy and 
 Clinical Surgery, remaining as such 
 until 1890. In that year he was 
 made dean of the college, and con- 
 tinued as Professor of Clinical Sur- 
 gery. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 309 
 
 Largely through his efforts the 
 consolidation was effected of the St. 
 Louis Medical College, which for 
 several years past had been the med- 
 ical branch of Washington Univer- 
 sity, and the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege, the two oldest schools of med- 
 icine in the city. They were com- 
 bined under the title of the Medical 
 Department of "Washington Lniver- 
 sity, and Dr. Mudd was made dean 
 of the new college and also Professor 
 of Clinical Surgery, which positions 
 he held at the time of his death. 
 
 As a surgeon he was one of the 
 best known men in America, and 
 was called into consultation in sur- 
 gical cases throughout the entire 
 West. 
 
 At the death of his uncle, Dr. 
 John T. Hodgen, Dr. Mudd succeeds 
 ed him as surgeon-in-chief of St. 
 Luke's Hospital, and held that posi- 
 tion continuously up to his death. 
 He was ex-president of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, and has contrib- 
 uted numerous articles to various 
 medical magazines. He was the 
 author of the articles on Hernia in 
 Wood's Eeference Hand Book of 
 Medical Sciences, and on Surgery 
 of Mouth and Tongue in Dennis' 
 System of Surgery, two standard 
 medical works, and these articles hy 
 Dr. Mudd are his most noted con- 
 tributions to medical literature. 
 
 Dr. Mudd was also a member of 
 the American Surgical Association, 
 a very exclusive organization of sur- 
 geons. 
 
 He died in St. Louis, Xovember 
 20, 1899, 
 
 E. BREXT MURPHY. 
 
 B. Brent Murphy is a native of 
 Missouri, having been born at Old 
 Mines, in AYashington County, Feb- 
 ruary 16, 1867. He is a son of 
 Judge William S. Murphy of St. 
 Louis County, and the late Dr. T. 
 L. Papin of St. Louis was his uncle 
 by marriage. 
 
 Dr. Murphy is a graduate of the 
 Christian Brothers' College of St. 
 Louis — June, 1881. 
 
 After debating with himself the 
 question of his future occupation in 
 life, he finally decided to follow the 
 profession of medicine, and pre- 
 pared himself to that end. 
 
 He took a course in medicine in 
 St. Louis Medical College, and on 
 March 11, 1889, received his di- 
 ploma from that institution. 
 
 After graduation he served one 
 year as assistant physician at St. 
 Louis Female Hospital. In May. 
 1890, he commenced private prac- 
 tice, with an office at his present lo- 
 cation on Manchester avenue. Dr. 
 Murphy is a member of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society, and was 
 elected to fill a vacancy caused b) r 
 the resignation of its corresponding 
 secretary in 1893, and was re-elect- 
 ed and served as corresponding sec- 
 retary in 1894. 
 
 He is one of St. Louis' successful 
 -phvsicians. 
 
310 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 E. J. NEVILLE. 
 
 Born of New England parents, 
 in the metropolis of that section 
 of the country, Dr. E. J. Neville ob- 
 tained the excellent public school 
 and classical education which all 
 New Englanders can obtain, espe- 
 cially if they are raised in Boston. 
 
 Later in life young Neville re- 
 moved to St. Louis, where he took 
 up the study of medicine, entering 
 the St. Louis Medical College, from 
 which he graduated in 1892. 
 
 For the two succeeding years Dr. 
 Neville further pursued his study of 
 medicine in the famous medical de- 
 partment of the University of Ber- 
 lin, having as instructors some of 
 the most noted savants of medicine 
 in Germany. 
 
 In 1894 he returned to America 
 and located himself in St. Louis, 
 where he entered upon an active 
 general practice of medicine. The 
 thorough knowledge he had of all 
 the branches of his chosen profes- 
 sion made him well fitted to take 
 care of the practice which has since 
 become quite large. 
 
 L. E. NEWMAN. 
 
 Louis E. Newman was born Sep- 
 tember 3, 1861, in South St. Louis 
 (then Carondelet). His early edu- 
 cation was obtained in private 
 schools. He afterwards entered 
 the St. Louis University, and 
 graduated therefrom in 1880, with 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 
 Later the same institution con- 
 ferred on him the M. A. degree. 
 Subsequently he studied medicine 
 under the preceptorship of the late 
 Dr. A. P. Lankford and attended 
 his first course of lectures at the 
 Missouri Medical College. He took 
 the regular course at the famous 
 Jefferson Medical College of Phila- 
 delphia, graduating in 1883. 
 
 To further qualify as a practition- 
 er, Dr. Newman spent the two 
 years following his graduation in 
 Europe aud continued his studies in 
 the medical educational centers of 
 the continent. 
 
 He returned to this country in 
 1885 and established himself in 
 practice in his native city. In 1891 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGER5T. 
 
 311 
 
 he moved his office to its present 
 location. 
 
 Although a comparatively young- 
 practitioner, Dr. Newman is recog- 
 nized by the profession and laity as- 
 a physician of superior education 
 and attainments. He is engaged in 
 general practice. 
 
 Homeopathy and of the Kansas 
 State Homeopathic Society. He is 
 president of the Hahnemannian 
 Medical Society of the Kansas City 
 Homeopathic Medical College and 
 dean of the college. 
 
 C. M. NICHOLSON. 
 
 Clarence M. Nicholson, physician, 
 was horn January 15, 1868, in 
 Kansas City, Mo., son of Judge E. P. 
 and Elizabeth (Griffin) Nicholson. 
 His paternal grandfather was Isaac 
 P. Nicholson, born in 1789, who, 
 after serving on the bench as cir- 
 cuit judge in Mississippi, was ele- 
 vated to the Supreme bench of that 
 State, and acquired enviable dis- 
 tinction as a jurist. His father 
 served in the 'Civil War in the rank 
 of Colonel, and later occupied the 
 circuit bench. 
 
 Dr. Nicholson obtained his acad- 
 emic education in Kansas City and 
 St. Louis, and began the study of 
 medicine at the Missouri Medical 
 College, where he graduated in the 
 class of 1891. 
 
 ANTON E. NEUMEISTER. 
 
 Anton E. Neumeister is a native 
 of Saxon-Germany, the date of his 
 birth being November 22, 1842. 
 
 In 1885 he graduated from the 
 Chicago Homeopathic College, but 
 had previously studied medicine 
 and commenced practice in 1878. In 
 1886 he located in Kansas City, and 
 at once commenced the practice of 
 medicine and surgery. I)r. Neu- 
 meister is a specialist in surgical gy- 
 necology, and is a professor of and 
 has held the chair of gynecology in 
 the Kansas City Homeopathic Med- 
 ical College since its organization in 
 1888. 
 
 He is a member of the American 
 Institute of Homeopathy; also of 
 the Missouri Institute of Homeop- 
 athy, Missouri A 7 alley Institute of 
 
312 
 
 ONE PIUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Immediately afterward he became 
 a teacher in that institution. While 
 he has engaged in general practice, 
 his strong predilection has been 
 toward surgery, and his practical 
 experience has been supplemented 
 in this field of medical science by 
 post-graduate courses of study in 
 New York and Philadelphia and at 
 the hospitals and clinics of London, 
 Paris, Vienna and Berlin. In 1893 
 he was appointed junior surgeon to 
 St. John's Hospital, in 1895 sur- 
 geon to the Emergency Hospital, in 
 1896 secretary of the State Ana- 
 tomical Board, in 1897 director of 
 the Beaumont Dispensary and at the 
 present time (1900) he occupies the 
 Chair of General Descriptive Anat- 
 omy and Clinical Surgery at the 
 Beaumont Hospital Medical College. 
 As indicated in the foregoing, Dr. 
 Nicholson, while engaged in general 
 practice, is best known as a surgeon. 
 He is a member of the American 
 Medical Association, the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, the Missouri State 
 Medical Association, and has made 
 many contributions to medical jour- 
 nals, and- is a department editor of 
 The Stylus, a medical periodical 
 published in St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. Nicholson married in June, 
 1899, Miss Clara Colman, daughter 
 of ex-Gov. Norman J. Colman, and 
 has one child, a son. 
 
 H. L. NIETEBT. 
 
 Dr. H. L. Metert, the present su- 
 perintendent of the St. Louis City 
 Hospital, is a native of Illinois, hav- 
 ing been born at Edwardsville, in 
 that State, February 22, 1866. 
 
 The doctor's early education was 
 received in the public and high 
 schools of his boyhood home, after 
 which he took a course of study in 
 Shurtleff College in Northern Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 In 1886 he came to Missouri, where 
 he entered the old St. Louis Med- 
 ical College, from which he grad- 
 
 uated with honors in the class of 
 '89. 
 
 Dr. Nietert, when abroad during 
 the summer of 18S9, further pur- 
 sued his study of medicine in the 
 universities of Heidelberg and Vien- 
 na. He remained one year in each 
 university, returning to this country 
 in 1892, 
 
 Coming to St. Louis he began the 
 general practice of medicine. He 
 was so successful with his private 
 practice that he was chosen super- 
 
 intendent of the City Hospital, 
 which position he accepted January 
 5, 1899. 
 
 Dr. Nietert is acknowledged to 
 be one of the best superintendents 
 the City Hospital ever had. He has 
 brought the efficiency of the staff 
 up to a high standard, and is at the 
 same time conducting the hospital 
 on a most economical basis. 
 
 The doctor is a member of the 
 St. Louis Medical Society and the 
 Medical Society of the Alumni of 
 the St. Louis City Hospital. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 313 
 
 THOMAS O'EEILLY. 
 
 Dr. O'Eeilly is of a very old Irish 
 family, which suffered in the 
 Cromwellian wars. Thomas O'Eeil- 
 ly was born in Virginia, County 
 Cavan, Ireland, February 11, 1827. 
 
 In his youth he evinced great 
 precocity by reading and translating 
 Latin literature. 
 
 Before the age of 13 he had begun 
 the study of medicine, and had 
 passed the examination of the court 
 of examiners of Apothecary's Hall 
 
 in Dublin. He then obtained a po- 
 sition in an apothecary shop, where 
 he gained a thorough and practical 
 knowledge of drugs. 
 
 After serving some time in this 
 capacity he became assistant to Dr. 
 John Francis Purcell of Carrick-on- 
 Suir, a celebrated Irish physician 
 of that day. 
 
 He later went with his patron to 
 Dublin, and there continued his 
 medical studies in the Meath Hospi- 
 tal, where he was made assistant and 
 afterward chief clinical clerk, under 
 the celebrated Dr. Stokes, also 
 serving Sir Pbilips Crampton, and 
 
 while in this service was a student in 
 the "Original School of Medicine." 
 His hospital work lasted four years, 
 and during this time occurred the 
 great famine in Ireland, which be- 
 gan in 1845. Destitution was ev- 
 erywhere, and the hospital became 
 a veritable charnel house. 
 
 At about this time the French 
 Government sent a commission of 
 medical men to Ireland to investi- 
 gate typhus and typhoid fever con- 
 ditions of the island and report re- 
 sults to the French Academy of 
 Medicine. Dr. O'Eeilly was appoint- 
 ed anatomist to this commission, 
 but its work was effectually stopped 
 by the sudden prostration of all the 
 members with the diseases they 
 were investigating. 
 
 At this period of his life, O'Eeil- 
 ly' s studies suffered an interruption, 
 while the subject of this sketch 
 took part in the revolutionary move- 
 ment of the Young Ireland party. 
 Later they were resumed, and after 
 a finishing course in the College of 
 Surgeons of London, graduated with 
 the doctor's degree in 1849. 
 
 Soon after he came to America 
 and commenced a tour westward in 
 a search for relatives. Arriving at 
 St. Louis he decided to locate there. 
 Since that time he has become one 
 of Missouri's most famous practi- 
 tioners. 
 
 At the beginning of the Civil War 
 Dr. O'Eeilly was visiting in his 
 native land, but he hurried home 
 and offered his services to the Fed- 
 eral Government. His proffer of 
 services was gladly accepted, and he 
 was employed on many important 
 missions. While loving and lending 
 aid to Ireland, Dr. O'Eeilly was 
 none the less an American patriot. 
 
 In the literary field he has made 
 many valuable contributions, which 
 have received publication in the 
 medical press of the State and na- 
 tion. Notable among those which 
 have attracted attention are: "Ben- 
 eficial Influence of Tobacco as an 
 
314 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Antidote for Strychnine Poisoning" 
 and "The Influence of Rest and Rec- 
 reation as a Cure for Nervous Pros- 
 tration."" 
 
 He has also received wide com- 
 mendation from his professional 
 brethren and the general public for 
 a paper on "Hygiene."' 
 
 Dr. O'Reilly's practice has long 
 been one of the largest in the West. 
 
 G. W. OVERALL. 
 
 The early life of Dr. G. W. Overall 
 was spent in Tennessee, his native 
 State. He was born at Murfrees- 
 boro on the last day of the year 
 1849. After completing a course 
 of studies at the Union University 
 lie entered Jefferson Medical College 
 of Philadelphia. He received his 
 diploma in 18 To and began practice 
 in the same year. For 20 years he 
 occupied a place in the front rank 
 of Memphis physicians, and for 
 seven years of that time held a 
 chair in one of the medical colleges 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 In 1898 he came to Missouri and 
 
 located in St. Louis about October 
 1 of that year. 
 
 In a short time he has made a 
 place for himself in the same rela- 
 tive position, professionally, that he 
 occupied in Tennessee. 
 
 Dr. Overall is a close student and 
 hard worker in his profession. He 
 is well-known particularl}' as the au- 
 thor of a work on "Practical Elec- 
 tricity in Medicine and Surgery." 
 and several other literary efforts are 
 the products of his pen. 
 
 Dr. Overall makes a specialty of 
 treating genito-urinary diseases by 
 electrolysis and cataphoresis, which 
 is attracting much attention in the 
 progress of medical science. 
 
 CHARLES 0. OZIAS. 
 
 Charles 0. Ozias, a leading physi- 
 cian and surgeon of TTarrensburg, 
 Mo., was born in Lewisburg. Preble 
 Co., 0., November 16, 1861. His 
 grandparents were pioneer settlers 
 of the Buckeye State. His father's 
 father was a native of France, and 
 spent some time in North Carolina 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 315 
 
 before settling in Ohio in the year 
 1805. His mother was the daugh- 
 ter of Dr. J. M. Pretzinger, a promi- 
 nent physician, who emigrated to 
 this country from Germany in 1836, 
 and settled in Eupheniia, 0., in 
 whose family were eight physicians, 
 and from them it is probable that 
 Dr. Ozias inherited the desire to 
 follow medicine. 
 
 In the spring of 1868 the Ozias 
 family moved to Missouri, and set- 
 tled near Centerview when the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was in his sev- 
 enth year. 
 
 Young Ozias received the usual 
 schooling which fell to the lot of 
 boys reared on the farm, and in 
 1880-1-2 he attended the State Xor- 
 mal School at Warrensburg, Mo. He 
 took up the study of medicine under 
 Dr. J. H. Kinyon, a prominent phy- 
 sician of Centerview, and later stud- 
 ied in the office of Dr. J. D. Grif- 
 fith of Kansas City, Mo. In March, 
 1892, he graduated from the Kan- 
 sas City Medical College, commenc- 
 ing the practice of medicine the 
 same year in connection with his 
 brother, Dr. X. J. Ozias, at Rose- 
 bury, Ore. He finally settled at 
 Warrensburg, near his old home. In 
 the spring of 1898 he spent some 
 time in Chicago taking a post-grad- 
 uate course at the Chicago Clinical 
 College. 
 
 Dr. Ozias enjoys a large general 
 practice in and around "Warrens- 
 burg. He makes a specialty of 
 treating cancer and rectal diseases. 
 He is a member of the American 
 Animal Therapy Association, man- 
 ager of the Roberts Lymph Insti- 
 tute and medical examiner of a 
 number of old line and fraternal in- 
 surance companies. He is also an 
 Odd Fellow and a member of sev- 
 eral other secret orders. 
 
 JOHN PIXCKXEY PARDEE. 
 
 John Pinckney Pardue, one of 
 the prominent physicians of the 
 
 West End. was born in Alabama, 
 and received his early education in 
 that State. August 20, 1851, is the 
 date of Dr. Pardue*s birth. After 
 receiving his education he en- 
 tered the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege, from which he graduated in 
 1880. He began the practice of 
 medicine in his Alabama home the 
 same year and was health officer 
 there when, a year later, he decided 
 to return to St. Louis to study in 
 
 the St. Louis College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. He received a de- 
 gree from that college in 1882 and 
 was shortly afterward called to fill 
 the Chair of Materia Medica and 
 Hygiene. His practice soon de- 
 manding all of his time, he resigned 
 his college work and has since been 
 engaged in general practice in St. 
 Louis. He has been quite successful 
 in his practice and stands well with 
 his co-practitioners. 
 
 J. G. PARRISH, SR. 
 
 J. G. Parrish comes from one of 
 the "first families"' of Virginia, 
 and he was born at Fredericksburg 
 
316 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 in that State in November, 1842. He 
 received his early education under 
 a tutor f T d ^ the famous White 
 Hall Seminary, from which he grad- 
 uated just previous to the breaking 
 out of the Civil War. 
 
 When the "rumors of war"' rent 
 the TTnion in 1861, Dr. Parrish, 
 then a } r oung man of 19 years y 
 elected to '"'go with his State," and 
 enlisted as a private in Company B 
 of the Ninth Virginia Cavalry. All 
 through the war he served as a 
 scout and guide to Gen. Eohert E. 
 Lee. 
 
 After the close of the war Dr. 
 Parrish returned to his early home 
 only to find that he, like the ma- 
 jority of his compatriots, had lost 
 everything. After casting about in 
 several business fields Dr. Parrish 
 came to Missouri and located in St. 
 Louis. By dint of hard work he 
 was enabled to make sufficient mon- 
 ey to enter the Missouri Medical 
 College, from which he graduated in 
 1872. He at once began practicing 
 in St. Louis, and has remained there 
 ever since. 
 
 Dr. Parrish makes a specialty of 
 the diseases of women and children. 
 
 REINHOLD PASSLER. 
 
 Reinhold Passler is a native of 
 Germany. He was born in Leip- 
 zig, April 21, I860, and his early ed- 
 ucation was received in the gymna- 
 sium there. At the age of 14 he 
 removed with the family to Dres- 
 den, where he finished the gymna- 
 sium course, and afterward attended 
 the Veterinary College for four 
 3 r ears. In 1882 he became a sur- 
 geon in the German army, and 
 served until 18S4. 
 
 In 1886 he emigrated to America, 
 and upon landing in this country 
 came at once to Missouri and took 
 up his residence in St. Louis. He 
 employed himself profitably for a 
 few years and then entered the Ma- 
 rion-Sims College of Medicine, from 
 which institution he graduated in 
 1892. 
 
 He began the practice of his pro- 
 fession at once in St. Louis, where 
 he has since remained, engaged in 
 
 c 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 317 
 
 general practice. Dr. Passler has a 
 numerous clientele, drawn from the 
 so-called German population. 
 
 CAEL PESOLD. 
 
 Carl Pesold was born February 
 1, 1858, in Eisfeld, Germany. 
 He obtained an excellent literary 
 education in the schools of his na- 
 tive country, his last schooling 
 there being an attendance at a 
 course of lectures in the University 
 at Gena. 
 
 Coming to this country at the age 
 of eighteen, he settled in St. Louis 
 and secured employment as a chem- 
 ist. La this capacity Dr. Pesold has 
 had nearly 20 years' experience. By 
 reason of this experience he entered 
 the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons much better equipped than 
 the average medical student. 
 
 Beceiving Ms doctor's degree in 
 1890, he commenced practice fit 
 once; his practice is general. 
 
 Doctor Pesold is a member of the 
 St. Louis Academy of Medical and 
 Surgical Sciences, and has been, 
 elected a vice-president of that body. 
 
 He is also a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, of the Tri-State 
 Medical Society and other profes- 
 sional bodies. 
 
 The doctor takes an active inter- 
 est in military matters. He was an 
 examining physician for Missouri 
 volunteers in the Spanish- American 
 war, and is the present Major Sur- 
 geon of the 1st Eegiment, X. G. M. 
 
 LOUIS T. PIM, JE. 
 
 Dr. Louis T. Pirn comes by his 
 medical predilections honestly 
 enough, for his father was one of 
 the best known of the physicians of 
 St. Louis a generation ago. The 
 younger Pirn was born in St. Louis 
 on the 20th day of January, 1872. 
 
 After a course of study in the 
 public schools of the city he en- 
 tered the St. Louis University, 
 from which he graduated in 1887. 
 He then entered Xotre Dame Uni- 
 versity at Xotre Dame, Ind., where 
 he remained for the next two years. 
 At the expiration of that time he 
 entered the old Missouri Medical 
 
318 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OP 
 
 College, from which he graduated 
 in 1892. 
 
 Immediately upon receiving his 
 diploma Dr. Pirn entered upon the 
 active practice of medicine, associat- 
 ing himself with Dr. A. V. L. Bro- 
 kaw of St. Louis. Four years later 
 Dr. Pirn opened an office for him- 
 self, and has built up in the interim 
 a large and lucrative practice. 
 
 Dr. Pirn has been connected with 
 the surgical clinics at the St. Louis 
 Polyclinic and the Missouri Medical 
 College; the ear, nose and throat 
 clinic at the St. Louis Polyclinic, 
 and the children's clinic of the Mis- 
 souri Medical College. He is now 
 connected with the St. John's Hos- 
 pital, and during the last few years 
 of the life of the old Missouri Med- 
 ical College was the assistant to the 
 Professor of Operative Surgery on 
 Cadaver. He is also assistant sur- 
 geon, with the rank of First Lieu- 
 tenant, to Battery A of the Mis- 
 souri State Guards. 
 
 Dr. Pirn is a member of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society and the 
 American Medical Association. His 
 work speaks for itself, and he occu- 
 pies the position in the ranks of 
 the present day profession that his 
 father held during his lifetime. 
 
 LOUIS T. PIM, SE. 
 
 Dr. Louis T. Pirn, Sr., was born 
 in West Chester, Pa., on the 9th 
 day of March, 1828. Shortly after 
 his birth his parents emigrated to 
 Louisiana and later to Missouri, 
 where he was reared and educated, 
 graduating from the Kemper Col- 
 lege in St. Louis in 1846. In the 
 meantime he had begun the study 
 of medicine under the preceptorship 
 of the famous Dr. Joseph N. Mc- 
 Dowell, and after being admitted to 
 practice, became associated with 
 him. 
 
 After studying under Dr. McDow- 
 ell, Dr. Pirn entered the old Mis- 
 souri Medical College, from which 
 
 he graduated with the class of '47. 
 He then went to Philadelphia, 
 where he took post-graduate work 
 in the Jefferson Medical College, 
 and when through there made a spe- 
 cial study of clinical surgery in the 
 hospitals of the large cities, both in 
 the East and the West. 
 
 After a term of service in United 
 States Marine Hospitals, Dr. Pirn 
 settled in St. Louis to begin a pri- 
 vate practice, which he gave up, 
 however, in order to accept an ap- 
 pointment from the President of 
 the United States as chief physician 
 to the Delaware and Shawnee In- 
 dians, who were quartered on a res- 
 ervation near Westport, Mo. 
 
 In 1850 he resumed practice in 
 St. Louis, only to give that up a few 
 years later in order to be with his 
 mother during her declining years 
 at her home in Southern Missouri. 
 After her death Dr. Pirn traveled 
 through this country and South 
 America, and in 1857 again located 
 in St. Louis. In 1858 he accepted 
 the assistant professorship of the 
 Chair of Surgery in the Missouri 
 Medical College, which position he 
 held until the outbreak of the Civil 
 War, when he joined the forces of 
 the Confederacy, serving as Brigade 
 Surgeon in the army under Gen. M. 
 D. Frost. He, with the rest of his 
 command, was captured in 1861 by 
 Federal troops, and confined to mil- 
 itary prison in St. Louis. He es- 
 caped, however, and was fortunate 
 enough to make his way South, 
 where he joined Gen. Albert Sidney 
 Johnston's army, in which he was 
 made Begimental Surgeon. Soon 
 afterwards he was appointed medi- 
 cal examiner on Gen. S. B. Buck- 
 ner's staff. While acting in this car 
 pacify Dr. Pirn established and had 
 charge of the Confederate army 
 hospital service. 
 
 After the war Dr. Pirn settled for 
 the third and last time in St. Louis, 
 and resumed his private practice. 
 He continued in active general prac- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 319 
 
 tiee until a few years before his 
 death, when he retired. 
 He died June 22, 1888. 
 
 SIMON POLLAK. 
 
 The oldest physician in St. Louis, 
 and in many respects the most 
 prominent, is Simon Pollak, who 
 was born at Prague, in Bohemian 
 Austria, April 14, 1814. 
 
 His early training and academic 
 education was had in Prague and 
 Vienna, his parents having removed 
 to the latter-named city when he 
 was quite young. 
 
 He adopted medicine as his pro- 
 fession and became a medical grad- 
 uate of the University of Vienna in 
 1835. Following his graduation he 
 was for thirteen months an interne 
 in the Vienna Hospital. Eighteen 
 months more were spent in touring 
 Europe, visiting hospitals of the dif- 
 ferent capitals and adding to his 
 store of medical knowledge. 
 
 As it had been one of his earliest 
 ambitions to become a citizen of the 
 greatest republic, he took the first 
 opportunity offered by his resources 
 and emigrated to this country, land- 
 ing in New York in 1837. • 
 
 After spending some time in the 
 nation's metropolis and becoming 
 discouraged by reason of financial 
 reverses met with there, he started 
 on a tour of the country with the 
 view of seeking a favorable location 
 for one of his professional attain- 
 ments. He first visited New Or- 
 leans, and from there journeyed up 
 the Mississippi until he reached 
 Tennessee, in which State he took 
 up professional work, at first under 
 the patronage of a planter whose ac- 
 quaintance he had made in New Or- 
 leans, but subsequently locating in 
 Nashville (1841), and remaining 
 there four years. 
 
 Again the spirit of travel came 
 upon him, and he returned down 
 the river and bought an estate in 
 Louisiana. He had been living there 
 
 but a few months when a crevasse 
 swept away his all. He then vis- 
 ited New Orleans, and while there 
 determined upon the step which has 
 resulted in his permanent residence 
 in St. Louis. 
 
 He became a Missourian in 1845, 
 and after a few months spent in 
 forming acquaintances and associa- 
 tions which soon evidenced their 
 value, the newcomer began to ac- 
 quire a practice which had the pleas- 
 ant attendant feature of a steadily 
 increasing income. It would take 
 up a considerable space in the av- 
 erage volume to tell in detail the 
 story of Dr. Pollak's life in St. 
 Louis, but a few of the notable por- 
 tions may be mentioned here. 
 
 In association with Drs. Pope, 
 McPheeters, J. B. Johnson, S. Gr. 
 Moses and Joseph Clark, he estab- 
 lished St. Louis' first private dis- 
 pensary. In 1850, in company with 
 James E. Yeatman, Hudson E. 
 Bridge, Joseph Charless, Eobert 
 Holmes and the Eev. Dr. Potts, he 
 founded what has since become a 
 State institution under the name of 
 the Missouri State School for the 
 Blind. For years Dr. Pollak was 
 its chief promoter and attending 
 physician, and he is still a trustee 
 (1900). 
 
 It was while engaged in this work 
 he began to study for special work 
 as an oculist and aurist, and to fur- 
 ther perfection in these studies he 
 in 1859 went abroad and spent 22 
 months in Europe. 
 
 Eeturning in 1861 he opened the 
 first eye and ear clinic to be estab- 
 lished west of the Mississippi. This 
 clinic is now held in Mullanphy 
 Hospital, and Dr. Pollak still de- 
 votes a portion of his time to ser- 
 vice in the clinic. Since its incep- 
 tion, upwards of 40,000 patients 
 have been treated in the clinic. Dr. 
 Pollak's services in this connection 
 are, and always have been, grat- 
 uitous. 
 
 During' the war Dr. Pollak served 
 
320 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 on the Sanitary Commission. He 
 was appointed a Government hos- 
 pital inspector, and so great was the 
 confidence placed in him by the 
 War Department that he had carte 
 blanche in the ordering of snch sup- 
 plies for the sick and wounded suf- 
 ferers as he deemed necessary for 
 their comfort. 
 
 Sixteen years of Dr. Pollak's life 
 in St. Louis were spent as a resident 
 in the Planters' Hotel, and during 
 that time his office was in the im- 
 mediate vicinity. Excepting some 
 professional work of a charitable 
 nature, Dr. Pollak has retired from 
 active practice, and is spending the 
 evening of a well-lived life and en- 
 joying a deserved rest in his com- 
 fortable home on North Grand av- 
 enue, St. Louis. He was early mar- 
 ried and has several adult children. 
 
 WILLIAM POPTEK. 
 
 March 18, 1852, was the date of 
 William Porter's birth, which oc- 
 curred at Beaver, Pa. Early in his 
 boyhood the family removed to El- 
 derton, Pa., where he received his 
 early education at Elderton Acade- 
 my, afterwards continuing his stud- 
 ies and graduating from the West- 
 minster "Literary College. Follow- 
 ing the bent of his inclination he in 
 1873 entered the Jefferson Medical 
 College, taking a two-years' course. 
 He spent several years in study m 
 Europe; Avas assistant to Sir Andrew 
 Clark at the London Hospital, and 
 for two vears assistant to Sir Mor- 
 rell - Mackenzie at the Golden 
 Square Throat and Chest Hospital 
 in London, afterwards taking a spe- 
 cial course in Berlin, Paris and 
 Vienna. Eeturning to America in 
 1878, Dr. Porter at once located in 
 St. Louis and began the practice of 
 medicine, making a specialty of 
 throat and chest diseases and phys- 
 ical diagnosis, and has built up a 
 Wge and profitable practice. Dr. 
 
 Porter is physician in charge of Mt. 
 St. Eose Throat and Chest Hospital, 
 clinician in physical diagnosis St. 
 Louis City Hospital, physician to 
 
 the Protestant Hospital, also at St. 
 Joseph's Hospital, and is a Fellow 
 of the American Laryngological As- 
 sociation. 
 
 THOMPSON E. POTTER. 
 
 Thompson E. Potter was born in 
 Clinton County, Missouri, Dec. 
 18, 1849. Shortly afterwards his par- 
 ents removed to De Kalb County, 
 Missouri, where, on a farm near the 
 little town of Maysville, his early 
 life was spent. He attended the 
 common schools until his 16th year, 
 when he entered McGee College, 
 which was at that time located near 
 Macon City, Mo. There he com- 
 pleted his literary course, and soon 
 after his graduation he began teach- 
 ing, at the same time commencing 
 the study of medicine under a pre- 
 ceptor. Overcoming many obsta- 
 cles, young Potter entered the Jef- 
 ferson Medical College of Philadel- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 321 
 
 phia in 1873. He took two winter 
 courses and one summer course in 
 ihat institution and graduated in 
 March, 1875, taking a $50 prize 
 offered for the best thesis on "De- 
 scriptive and Eelative Anatomy of 
 the Gravid Uterus.''" 
 
 Directly after graduating he re- 
 turned to Missouri, and located at 
 Cameron, where he remained for the 
 next eleven years. While there he 
 was called to the Chair of the Dis- 
 eases of the Xervous System in the 
 Northwestern Medical College of St. 
 Joseph, Mo. He occupied this posi- 
 tion until 1881:, when he resigned in 
 order that he might give his entire 
 attention to his large and constantly 
 growing practice. In 1882 Dr. Pot- 
 ter was appointed local surgeon to 
 the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 
 which position he held until he re- 
 signed some four years later. Upon 
 the creation of the Pension Exam- 
 ining Board for the Third Missouri 
 Congressional District, President 
 Arthur appointed him a member. 
 When he removed from Cameron to 
 St. Joseph in the year 1886 he re- 
 signed this position. 
 
 In 1894 he, with several other 
 gentlemen, organized the Central 
 Medical College of St. Joseph, and 
 in 1889 he started the Western Med- 
 ical and Surgical Reporter, of which 
 he has since been the editor. The 
 doctor is now the Professor of Sur- 
 gery in the Central Medical College, 
 and he is also one of the surgeons 
 to St. Joseph Hospital. 
 
 He has always been a member of 
 the prominent State and local medi- 
 cal organizations, and is widely 
 known through the professional 
 press, to which he has always been 
 a valued contributor. 
 
 C. II. POWELL. 
 
 Charles H. Powell is a native 
 born Missourian. He first saw the 
 light in Normandy, March 13, 1864. 
 
 After an elementary education re- 
 ceived from private tutors he en- 
 tered St. Louis University, was 
 graduated from that institution in 
 1881, and received the degree of A. 
 M. in 1886. He had already deter- 
 mined the profession he was to 
 
322 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 adopt, and in line with this deter- 
 mination became a student in the 
 St. Louis Medical College. He fin- 
 ished the medical course and Avas 
 handed his diploma in 1887, and 
 commenced the practice of medicine 
 in St. Louis the year following. 
 
 Dr. Powell served as interne to 
 the St. Louis Female Hospital short- 
 ly after his graduation in medicine. 
 After leaving the hospital he entered 
 upon active professional work. He 
 edits the North American Journal 
 of Diagnosis and Practice, fills the 
 Chair of Physical Diagnosis and 
 Clinical Medicine in Barnes Medical 
 College, which position he has oc- 
 cupied for eight years past; is al- 
 ternate physician to the St. Louis 
 City Hospital, obstetrician to St. 
 Joseph's Sanitarium, visiting physi- 
 cian to the Carmelite Convent and 
 to Convent of Oblate Sisters of 
 Providence and is clinician to 
 Barnes Medical College Dispensary. 
 
 As the result of many years of 
 , hard professional work Dr. Powell 
 has a large general practice. He 
 makes a special study of diseases of 
 the heart and lungs, although in 
 general practice. 
 
 JOHN PUNTON. 
 
 It was in the year 1856 and on the 
 12th day of July in the city of 
 London, England, that John Pun- 
 ton was born. He received his early 
 education in the public schools of 
 his native country. At the age of 
 16 he came to America and located 
 in Jacksonville, 111., in 1872, where 
 he was soon employed as druggist 
 to the Insane Asylum, and remained 
 there a number of years. It was 
 while filling this position that he 
 commenced the study of medicine. 
 After taking one course of study at 
 Ann Arbor, Mich., he decided to en- 
 ter the Miami Medical College of 
 Cincinnati, 0., where he continued 
 his studies, graduating with honors 
 
 in March, 1883. He at once began 
 practice in Lawrence, Kan., remain- 
 ing there one and a half years, dur- 
 ing which time he Avas appointed 
 city physician. He later received 
 an invitation from the State Board 
 of Charities of the State to take 
 charge of a new building in connec- 
 tion with the Insane Asylum. Ac- 
 cepting the offer, he removed to To- 
 peka, and remained there three 
 
 years. In 1888 Dr. Punton decided 
 upon Kansas City as his future 
 home, and during the tAA*elve years 
 he has ..been in Kansas City has 
 built up a large practice. For eight 
 years he limited his practice to ner- 
 vous and mental diseases. Since 
 graduating Dr. Punton has taken 
 special courses in both polyclinic 
 and post-graduate in the medical 
 schools of New York, and has made 
 two trips to Europe in pursuing his 
 studies, the entire year of 1892 be- 
 ing spent there. He is a member 
 of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion, American Neurological Associ- 
 ation, Mississippi Valley Medical 
 Association, Missouri State Medical 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 323 
 
 Association, Jackson County Medi- 
 cal Association. Kansas City Acade- 
 my of Medicine and the Kansas 
 State Medical Association, and is 
 an ex-vice-president of the Missouri 
 State Medical Association, ex-presi- 
 dent of Kansas City Academy of 
 Medicine and Professor of Nervous 
 and Mental Diseases of the Univer- 
 sity Medical College and editor of 
 the Medical Index-Lancet. 
 
 ONEY C. PAIXES. 
 
 The town of Emerson in Marion 
 Count}', Missouri, is the birthplace 
 of Dr. Oney C. Eaines, who is one of 
 the most promising young physi- 
 cians and surgeons of St. Louis. He 
 was born on the 13th of December. 
 1876, making him in his 24th year 
 at present. His boyhood schooling 
 was obtained in La Grange College, 
 La Grange, Mo., and in Poster's 
 Academy, St. Louis, until 1894, 
 when he matriculated in the St 
 Louis College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons. His talent was shown first 
 in that college, where his thorough 
 scholarship made him as popular 
 
 with his fellow-students as he was 
 with his instructors. 
 
 He graduated in March, 1897, and 
 was immediately appointed house 
 physician in the St. Louis Baptist 
 Hospital, where he had been an as- 
 sistant the two years preceding. Tht 
 same fall he was appointed Assist- 
 ant Demonstrator of Anatomy and 
 Assistant Demonstrator of Osteolo- 
 gy in his Alma Mater, and was also 
 appointed assistant superintendent 
 of the St. Louis Baptist Hospital. 
 In July. 1898, he bought half inter- 
 est in the St. Louis Hospital Asso- 
 ciation, now located at 3035 Bell 
 avenue, which is the largest institu- 
 tion of its kind in the West. 
 
 Dr. Raines is devoting his whole 
 time to surgery, and has one of the 
 finest operating rooms in the 
 Lnited States. 
 
 Dr. A. M. Paines, the father of 
 Dr. Paines. is also a physician of 
 high standing. He graduated at 
 the old McDowell College, now 
 known as the Missouri Medical, in 
 1860, at the age of 33. He imme- 
 diately took charge of the army hos- 
 pital at La Grange, Mo., and re- 
 mained there until the war closed, 
 when he removed to Emerson, Mo., 
 where he still practices. 
 
 Dr. Paines is of aristocratic par- 
 entage, being an offspring of the old 
 Paines and Johnson families, of Vir- 
 ginia and of the Van Cleve and Mo- 
 Pike families of Kentucky. He is 
 a relative of George "Washington, 
 his great grandmother and George 
 Washington being first cousins and 
 the most intimate friends. 
 
 His great grandfather on both his 
 father's and mothers paternal side 
 fought in the Revolution. 
 
 CHAPLES T. PEMME. 
 
 One of "The Old Guard" of St. 
 Louis deserving of especial mention 
 is Dr. Charles T. Pemme, who was 
 born in that city Dec. 17, 1849. 
 At the age of 13 years he engaged 
 
524 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 as clerk in an apothecary shop lo- 
 cated at 400 South Fourteenth 
 street, and on the second floor of 
 the same building is his first and 
 only office location. 
 
 The interval from 1862, the date 
 of his entrance as general utility 
 bo}- in the drug store, and his grad- 
 uation from the Missouri Medical 
 College in 1S77, is doubtless filled 
 with many interesting reminis- 
 cences of a time best remembered 
 for the "struggles and triumphs" of 
 the average young seeker after 
 knowledge of that period. 
 
 Dr. Rename, upon graduating, at 
 once located his office over the scene 
 <>f Ids early labors. 
 
 In IbSO he went to Germany and 
 took post-graduate courses at 
 S trass burg. 
 
 Although many of his early 
 neighbors and brother physicians 
 have removed to the more aristo- 
 cratic West End, Dr. Eemme still 
 maintains an office and consulting 
 rooms at the old location, having 
 a sentimental attachment for the 
 
 place which will be readily under- 
 stood by the reader. He enjoys a 
 large general practice in St. Louis, 
 not confined to any one locality. 
 
 JOHX M. RICHMOND. 
 
 In speaking of the life of Dr. 
 John M. Richmond of St. Joseph, it 
 is but just to him to repeat what 
 the Medical Mirror said of him in 
 one of its recent issues. It said: 
 "Dr. Richmond has been a practi- 
 tioner of medicine for more than 
 thirty years. * * * He is i 
 charming, cultivated gentleman of 
 the old school; the soul of honor 
 and with a keen pride in his pro- 
 fession."' 
 
 Thus it will be seen that Dr 
 Richmond is a prophet with honor 
 in his own and other localities. 
 
 The doctor is a Southerner by 
 birth and education. Born in Fair- 
 field, S. C, he received his early 
 education in that State and later en- 
 tered the Universitv of Xorth Car- 
 olina. eTaduatins: therefrom in 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 325 
 
 1858. He then took a course in the 
 medical department of the Univer- 
 sity of New York City, obtaining 
 its diploma in the spring of 1861. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Re- 
 bellion young Dr. Richmond en- 
 tered the field in the medical ser- 
 vice of the Confederacy and served 
 all through the Rebellion with their 
 armies. 
 
 Soon after the close of the war 
 Dr. Richmond went abroad, where 
 for the next few years he studied in 
 European countries. 
 
 On his return to this country he 
 located, in 1872, in St. Joseph, 
 where he has ever since been. Dr. 
 Richmond has always allied himself 
 with whatever was for the best in- 
 terests of the profession. He is a 
 contributor to many of the leading 
 medical journals of the country and 
 a man who a] ways has been an orig- 
 inal investigator in medical work. 
 
 In 1891 Dr. Richmond was elect- 
 ed president of the Missouri State 
 Medical Association, and served in 
 that capacity for the ensuing year 
 He is a member of several other 
 medical societies as well. 
 
 E. L. C. R1CHTER. 
 
 Edward L. C. Richter was born, 
 reared, educated and advanced to 
 citizenship in St. Louis, and he is 
 now practicing medicine in a part of 
 rhi cit}^ nr*-~ far from the scenes of 
 his boyhood. 
 
 He easly availed himself of pub- 
 lic school advantages, and further 
 pursued a course of studies which 
 prepared him for entry to Beau- 
 mont Hospital Medical College, in 
 which institution he finally matricu- 
 lated. 
 
 He graduated in the spring of 
 1897, at the age of 29 years, and at 
 once established himself in private 
 practice in his present location. 
 
 Later in the same year Dr. Rich- 
 ter was appointed plrysician to the 
 
 St. Louis House of Refuge, a posi- 
 tion which he still holds (1900). 
 
 While engaged in general prac- 
 tice and having no intention of en- 
 tering the field of specialties, Dr. 
 Richter. like many of his profes- 
 sional brethren, has his pet branch 
 of the science, of which he is a pro- 
 fessor. He makes a special study 
 and has shown considerable skill in 
 
 the treatment of diseases of chil- 
 dren. 
 
 As Dr. Richter is a thorough St. 
 Louisan, and a well-known figure 
 in social circles in South St. Louis, 
 he has had no trouble in already se- 
 curing the foundation of a practice 
 which shows every evidence of fut- 
 ure steady growth with attendant 
 prosperous features. 
 
 A. C. ROBIXSOX. 
 
 Although christened Anslem 
 Clark, the subject of this sketch is 
 best known to Missourians, particu- 
 larly in the east portion of the State, 
 as Dr. "Torn*' Robinson, "Tom" be- 
 ing a nickname received in child- 
 
326 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 hood and retained through life. Dr. 
 Robinson is the son of Rev. John 
 AA . Robinsou, a clergyman who was 
 formerly a prominent member of 
 the M. E. Conference of St. Louis. 
 He was born November 13, 1851, in 
 St. Cliarles, and received his pri- 
 mary schooling in a private school 
 in bis native town. Tbe family re- 
 mo ring- to St. Louis when our sub- 
 ject was 14 years old, his education 
 was continued in a German school 
 known as Gim bed's Institute. Here 
 he remained for a period of three 
 years and then became a student in 
 Washing-ton University. 
 
 He left tbe university when in his 
 sopbomore year and be/an tbe study 
 of medicine under Dr. Herman Tn- 
 holske. 
 
 Later he entered the Missouri 
 Medical College and graduated 
 therefrom in 1874. He at once ob- 
 tained employment at the City Dis- 
 pensarv, and remained there until 
 1881, filling all tbe positions in the 
 Dispensary during this neriod. 
 
 Dr. Robinson began his private 
 
 practice in 1881, and has been re- 
 markably successful in his subse- 
 quent professional career. He makes 
 a special study of the diseases of 
 women and children. He served 
 four years as a member of the St. 
 Louis Board of Health. He was 
 appointed by Mayor Xoonan and 
 served a part of his term under 
 Mayor Y\"albridge's administration. 
 He is a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, of the Missouri 
 State Medical Association and of the 
 American Medical Association. 
 
 Dr. Robinson is prominent in Ma- 
 sonic circles, being a Knight Tem- 
 plar and a Shriner. His immediate 
 family consists of wife and two 
 daughters, one married. 
 
 EDWARD C. RUXGE. 
 
 Edward C. Runge. superintendent 
 of the St. Louis Insane Asylum, was 
 born in the land of the "Great 
 White Czar," at St. Petersburg, 
 Sept. 7, 1856. He is of German 
 parentage. He acquired his early 
 education in St. Petersburg schools. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 327 
 
 He emigrated to America in 1883, 
 coming almost direct to the city of 
 St. Louis. There he obtained em- 
 ployment and later took up a course 
 of reading along medical lines, final- 
 ly matriculating at the St. Louis 
 Medical College, from which institu- 
 tion he graduated in 1891. He 
 commenced practice in the same 
 year in which he received his doc- 
 tor's degree in the city of his adop- 
 tion, and besides starting a private 
 practice, served as assistant physi- 
 cian to the St. Louis Female Hos- 
 pital. He was instructor in physiol- 
 ogy at the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege, 1892-95, and also acted as as- 
 sistant clinician in the clinic for ner- 
 vous diseases in the same institution 
 and during the same period. 
 
 On May 10, 1895, Dr. Eunge was 
 appointed to the superintendency of 
 the St. Louis Insane Asylum, and 
 holds that position at this writing 
 (1900). This in itself seems a suf- 
 ficient guarantee of the doctor's 
 abilities as a physician and qualities 
 as a gentleman to need further no- 
 tice here. 
 
 Dr. Eunge is a member of the 
 American Medico-Psychological As- 
 sociation and of the St. Louis Acad- 
 emy of Sciences. He is also a mem- 
 ber of the "Verein Deutscher 
 Aerzte." In the field of specialties 
 he is a neurologist and psychiatrist. 
 
 J. H. SAMPSON. 
 
 J. H. Sampson is a native of Mis- 
 souri. He was born in Buchanan 
 County on the 29th day of January, 
 1857. As a youth Dr. Sampson re- 
 ceived a thorough preliminary edu- 
 cation in the schools of the county 
 -of his birth. He decided when 
 hardly out of his "teens" to enter 
 the medical profession. After the 
 required course of study he received 
 the diploma of the Missouri Medi- 
 cal College of St. Louis on March 2, 
 1881. In April of the same year 
 young Dr. Sampson entered upon 
 
 the practice of medicine at New 
 Market, Mo., where he remained un- 
 til March, 1885. For the next 11 
 years Dr. Sampson pursued his work 
 in De Kalb, Mo., whither he had 
 gone after leaving New Market. 
 
 It was on February 19, 1896, that 
 Dr. Sampson opened his office in the 
 larger city of St. Joseph. His suc- 
 cess there was assured from the 
 start. With the experience he had 
 acquired from his fifteen years of 
 
 practice elsewhere, Dr. Sampson 
 made rapid strides in his adopted 
 city. He devoted his time to his 
 general practice and made a special- 
 ty of surgery. 
 
 Dr. Sampson's personality and 
 success won for him the Chair of 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 in the Ensworth Medical College of 
 St. Joseph, which professorship he 
 lias held with credit to himself and 
 the college from the start, 
 
 WILLIAM J. SAY. 
 
 William J. Say comes of New En- 
 gland stock. He was born in Boston 
 
328 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OE 
 
 in 1863. In his youth he gained 
 considerable knowledge of the world 
 and its ways through the medium of 
 globe-trotting. 
 
 In 1886 he came West, visiting 
 the large cities and points of inter- 
 est. Incidentally he took a course 
 of study in medicine in Cincinnati, 
 0., and in 1888 started on a Euro- 
 pean tour which lasted nearly a 
 year. A few years later he became 
 a resident of St. Louis, after grad- 
 uating from the Missouri Medical 
 College. He began the practice of 
 medicine in St. Louis in 1895, and 
 since that time has been resident 
 physician of the St. Louis Polyclinic 
 and Hospital, besides enjoying a 
 good general practice. Dr. Say is a 
 member of the St. Louis Medical So- 
 ciety and of the Alumni Association 
 of the Medical Department of Wash- 
 ington University. Dr. Say was mar- 
 ried November 5, 1895, in JSTew 
 York City, to a daughter of Capt. 
 W. B. Peirsol, a well-known railroad 
 man. Two children are a result of 
 the marriage. 
 
 WILLIAM F. SCHMID. 
 
 William F. Schmid was born in 
 the thriving little citv of Belleville, 
 III, on May 3, 1873. His father was 
 William Schmid, a native of Berlin, 
 Germany. His mother, Marv 
 (Hauft) Schmid, was born at Frank- 
 furt, Germany. Some time after 
 the birth of the subject of this 
 sketch the family moved to St. 
 Louis, and remained there until 
 1881. Again the parents, studying 
 the possibilities of the West, decided 
 to move to St. Joseph, young 
 Schmid then being 16^vears old and 
 had received his early education in 
 the public schools of St. Louis. 
 
 Immediately after the family's 
 settling in St. Joseph young Schmid 
 entered the public schools and fin- 
 ished that portion of his education. 
 Afterwards he studied medicine in 
 St. Louis. He later entered the 
 Ensworth Medical College of St. 
 Joseph, from which institution he 
 graduated in 1894. 
 
 As both physician and surgeon 
 he began the practice of his profes- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGEHY. 
 
 329 
 
 sion in St. Joseph, Jan. 15, 1896, 
 and on March 1, 1898, he formed 
 a partnership with Dr. J. W. Hed- 
 dens. Though only a young man, 
 Dr. Schmid has had many honors 
 thrust upon him. He is adjunct 
 professor in the Chair of Gynecology 
 and Operative Surgery and also 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy at Ens- 
 worth Medical College, and has a 
 rapidly growing general practice. 
 
 AUGUSTUS H. SCHOTT. 
 
 Augustus H. Schott was born in 
 Hanover, Germany, Jan. 29, 1850. 
 The following year his father re- 
 moved the family to America, going 
 first to Quebec and later to Musca- 
 tine, la. In 1854 the elder Schott 
 
 moved to St. Louis, and seven years 
 afterwards went to Alton, 111. 
 
 It was in the public schools of the 
 latter place that young Schott ob- 
 tained his early education, after 
 which he attended Shurtleff College 
 at Upper Alton until 1870. In 
 that year he began his study of 
 medicine in the office of Dr. Perrv 
 
 E. Johnson of Alton, and, after a 
 year's preparatory work under his 
 preceptorship, entered the Homeo- 
 pathic Medical College of Missouri. 
 He received his degree in medicine 
 from that college in the spring of 
 1873, and immediately began prac- 
 ticing in Alton, taking the practice 
 of Dr. Johnson. Dr. Schott re- 
 mained in Alton until 1881, when 
 he decided to locate in St. Louis, 
 which he did. From the outset of 
 his professional career there, the 
 doctor has been ouite successful. He 
 has built up a practice both large 
 and remunerative. 
 
 Soon after locating in St. Louis 
 Dr. Schott was chosen as a member 
 of the board of trustees of the Ho- 
 meopathic College of Medicine of 
 Missouri, and in 1883 was elected 
 Professor of the Chair of Paedology 
 in the same institution, which posi- 
 tion he held until 1889, when he was 
 assigned to the Chair of Theory and 
 Practice. Dr. Schott is one of the 
 most prominent of the homeopathic 
 physicians of St. Louis, and has 
 done much for the profession during 
 his career. In April of this year 
 (1900) he was elected president of 
 Missouri Institution of Homeopa- 
 thy. 
 
 ERNST SCHUCHARDT. 
 
 The subject of this sketch, Ernst 
 Schuchardt, is a native of Ger- 
 many, having been born in Prussia, 
 April 27, 1842, 
 
 He received the thorough early 
 schooling that the German youths 
 obtain, and at the age of 22 grad- 
 uated from the University of Goet- 
 tingen, receiving his degree of Doc- 
 tor of Medicine. 
 
 After three years of special study 
 in various colleges in his Fatherland, 
 Dr. Schuchardt in 1871 came to 
 America, and in the same year lo- 
 cated himself in St. Louis, where he 
 has practiced saedicine ever since. 
 
 Dr. Schuchardt has built up a 
 
330 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YE.\RS OF 
 
 large and lucrative practice, partial- 
 ly as a result of his thorough knowl- 
 edge of his specialty of female dis- 
 eases. His work along that special 
 line has been quite successful. 
 
 The doctor is a member of several 
 of the leading medical societies of 
 the city and the State. 
 
 EDGAR MOORE SEXSEYEY. 
 
 Dr. Edgar Moore Senseney was 
 born iu Winchester, Ya., Decem- 
 ber 29. 1855. Eive years later Dr. 
 Senseney 's parents removed to 
 Brunswick, Mo., where he received 
 his early education previous to the 
 course of study taken at Cen- 
 tral College at Fayette, Mo. Young 
 Senseney quit college when in his 
 senior year to engage in the live 
 stock business, in which he remained 
 until 1SS3. He then began his 
 study of medicine, and after a year's 
 preparatory work under a tutor, he 
 entered the old St. Louis Medical 
 Coll/e^e, from which he graduated in 
 1887." 
 
 After completing his course at the 
 St. Louis Medical, Dr. Sensenev 
 
 went abroad, where, in the Univer- 
 sity of Vienna, he made a special 
 study of diseases of the nose, throat 
 and chest. On his return to this 
 country a year later Dr. Sensenej 
 opened up an office in St. Louis, 
 making the diseases of the nose, 
 throat and chest his specialty. 
 
 Dr. Senseney was Professor of the 
 Chair of Therapeutics in the St. 
 Louis Medical College, and at the 
 inception of the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the \Yashington University 
 he was offered and accepted the 
 Chair of Diseases of the Xose, 
 Throat and Chest in that institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Dr. Senseney is the medical di- 
 rector of the St. Louis Mullanphy 
 
 Hospital. He is also a member of 
 the St. Louis Medical Societv. 
 
 ALFRED L. SHORTRIDGE. 
 
 Alfr.ec! L. Shortridge was born 
 in Scott County, Kentucky, June 2, 
 1813, where he received the educa- 
 tion common to the youth of that 
 early day. In 1833, when only 20 
 vears of age, he left his native home 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 331 
 
 and went to Callaway County, Mis- 
 souri. He made the trip from Cal- 
 laway County to Kentucky back and 
 forth several times to attend the 
 Transylvania University, where he 
 studied under the famous Dr. Dud- 
 le3 r , and from which institution he 
 graduated in 1836. He immediate- 
 ly returned to Missouri, locating in 
 Portland, later removing to Boon- 
 ville. 
 
 In 1850 he went to California, re- 
 turning later to Cooper County. He 
 was one of the founders of the old 
 Stephens Bank of Boonville, now 
 called the Central National Bank. 
 -In 1867 he moved to Kirkwood, Mo., 
 remaining there until 1877. While 
 in Kirkwood he was interested in a 
 number of business ventures. In 
 1899 he moved to Tipton, Mo., 
 where he died April 7, 1900, having 
 practiced medicine in Missouri for 
 fort}^ years. 
 
 HIBAM E. SILVEESTONE. 
 
 Hiram E. Silverstone is one of 
 the young physicians and surgeons 
 of St. Louis who has alreadv won 
 
 for himself the praise of his co- 
 practitioners. He was born in Bos- 
 ton, Mass., on April 9, 1875, but re- 
 ceived his education in St. Louis, 
 whither his parents had removed 
 when he was but a youth. 
 
 Dr. Silverstone is a graduate of 
 the Missouri Medical College and a 
 member of the class of '97. 
 
 He began practice immediately 
 upon his graduation, and devoted 
 his entire attention to general 
 work, because he felt that he could 
 not, in justice to himself, limit his 
 practice to any specialty. 
 
 The doctor is a member of several 
 medical societies, and has written 
 a number of able monographs for 
 various medical journals. 
 
 J. H. SIMON. 
 
 Dr. J. H. Simon is a graduate both 
 of the old St. Louis University and 
 the Missouri Medical College of St. 
 Louis, having received his diploma 
 from the former in 1887 and from 
 the latter three years later. 
 
 The doctor in 1890 began to prac- 
 tice in the Tower Grove district, 
 
332 
 
 OXE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 where he has been ever since, mo Ic- 
 ing a specialty of nervous and men- 
 tal diseases in addition to Ins large 
 general practice. 
 
 Dr. Simon is a native of St. Louis, 
 and was horn on the 5th day of De- 
 cember. 1868. 
 
 Previous to entering the medical 
 profession he received a liberal lit- 
 erary and classical education in St. 
 Louis, taking the degree of Bachelor 
 of Arts in '81 and Master of Arts 
 in '8S. 
 
 Dr. Simon, although compara- 
 tively a young man. lias, ever since 
 he has been practicing, been promi- 
 nent in the profession, and his past 
 record speaks well for what his fut- 
 ure will be. 
 
 BEBXAED S. SIMPSOX. 
 
 One of the most prominent of the 
 vounger surgeons of St. Louis is Dr. 
 Bernard S. Simpson, who was born 
 in Biga, Bussia. on June 5, 1873. 
 
 After having received his educa- 
 tional course at the gymnasium he 
 left his native country, owing to po- 
 litical complications. In 1893 he 
 settled in this city and graduated 
 from the St. Louis Medical College 
 in 1S9T. receiving the highest hon- 
 ors that school confers. 
 
 Soon after his 'graduation Dr. 
 Simpson successfully passed the 
 competitive examination and was 
 appointed junior interne in the St. 
 Louis City Hospital, from which 
 position he was promoted to the 
 senior interneship the same year, 
 which position he held for one year. 
 
 At the end of that time Dr. 
 Simpson retired from the service of 
 [he city to associate himself with 
 the noted surgeon, Dr. A. C. Ber- 
 navs, acting as that gentleman's 
 first assistant. 
 
 The doctor makes a specialty of 
 surgery, although a great deal of his 
 time is devoted to a large general 
 practice. 
 
 Dr. Simpson is the lecturer on 
 physical diagnosis at the St. Louis 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 and a member of several medical so- 
 cieties, and has written several pop- 
 ular treatises on suraferv. 
 
 A. B. SLOAX. 
 
 Dr. Alfred Baxter Sloan was born 
 in Cooper County, Missouri, Sep- 
 tember 24, 1827. He received hi'; 
 education in the common schools of 
 Missouri and at the classical schools 
 of Prof. William Van Doran of Lex- 
 ington, Rev. F. E. Allen of Inde- 
 pendence and Prof. A. W. Eidings 
 of Chapel Hill, Mo. He practiced 
 his profession in Bates and Jackson 
 Counties, Missouri. 
 
 In 1852 he settled at Harrison- 
 ville, Cass County, where he prac- 
 ticed until the spring of 1861. He 
 then went to the Pike's Peak gold 
 region in Colorado, hauling with ox 
 teams the machinery for a quartz 
 mill across the plains from Leaven- 
 worth, Kan., and in partnership 
 with his father-in-law, Tarlton Eail- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 333 
 
 ey of Cass County, set up a mill at 
 Idaho Springs. Colo. 
 
 He joined the Confederate Army 
 under Gen. Price, then at Spring- 
 field, Mo., in 1861, and was with 
 the army in Arkansas during the 
 spring and summer of 1862, but 
 came up into Missouri in 1862 with 
 Cols. Cockrell, Jackman, Coffee and 
 other Confederates and participated 
 in the battle of Lone Jack and in the 
 "Bebel Baid." He was commissioned 
 surgeon of Col. S. D. Jackman's 
 Sixteenth Missouri Begiment of In- 
 fantry in the fall of 1 862. 
 
 Over 300 of his men were down 
 with the measles at one time, and 
 the facilities for treatment were 
 very poor and inadequate. He was 
 present and cared for the wounded 
 at the battle of Prairie Grove, but 
 was compelled in the spring of 1863 
 to resign his commission on account 
 of ill-health. He again entered the 
 service after a long leave of absence. 
 He was with Marmaduke's Cavalry 
 Division in Arkansas after the bat- 
 tle of Helena, and after the fall of 
 Little Eock, the next autumn, he 
 was assigned to post duty at Wash- 
 ington, Ark., and was afterwards 
 stationed at various posts in Texas. 
 He surrendered in June, 1865, at 
 Shreveport, La., and returned to 
 his family in Johnson County, Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Dr. Sloan's ancestry can be read- 
 ily traced back to the early settle- 
 ment of America. His grandfather. 
 Alexander Sloan, played an import- 
 ant part in the early history of Xew 
 England, and was a patriot of the 
 Bevolution, He settled in the Penn- 
 sylvania colony and received titles 
 to tracts of land granted by William 
 Penn. Dr. Sloan's grandmother, 
 Margaret Ewing, was the daughter 
 •of Gen. William Davidson, who was 
 killed in the Eevolutionary War at 
 the battle of Catawba, N. C. Gen. 
 Davidson was leading the Continen- 
 tal forces against the passage of the 
 British forces under Lord Cornwal- 
 
 lis tbrough the Carolinas when he 
 was killed. The family of his grand- 
 mother were distinguished aristo- 
 crats of the South, and many mem- 
 bers of her family helped make the 
 early colonial history of the thirteen 
 original colonies 
 
 Dr. Sloan was the oldest physi- 
 cian in Kansas City and familiarly 
 known as the father of Kansas City 
 doctors, having practiced in Kansas 
 City from 1865 to 1891, when he re- 
 tired from active practice. 
 
 Dr. Sloans desire in early life 
 was to become a lawyer, but his 
 father insisted and almost compelled 
 him to study medicine, because he 
 Lad such excellent opportunities for 
 the study of that profession. He 
 first studied with Dr. Joseph 0. 
 Boggs of Independence, a brother 
 of Hon. L. W. Boggs, former Gov- 
 ernor of Missouri. Dr. Sloan occu- 
 pied some very important positions 
 in the medical profession. He was 
 for twelve years president of the 
 Kansas City Medical Society, and 
 was also one of its founders. He 
 was at one time vice-president and 
 treasurer of the Missouri Medical 
 Association. He was for six years 
 a member of the judicial council of 
 the American Medical Association 
 and a member of the International 
 Medical Congress which met in 
 Washington in 1887. 
 
 He died in Kansas City April 17, 
 1900. 
 
 ELSWOETH F. SMITH. 
 
 Elsworth Fayssoux Smith was 
 born in St. Louis, April 29, 1825. 
 He was the son of John B. and 
 Louisa (McDougal) Smith. 
 
 He received his early education 
 in the St. Louis schools and his 
 academic education at St. Charles 
 College and the St. Louis Univer- 
 sity, graduating from the classical 
 department of the last-named insti- 
 tution in the class of 1815. 
 
334 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 He then entered the St. Louis 
 Medical College and received his de- 
 gree of Doctor of Medicine in 1848. 
 Soon after graduating he entered 
 the City Hospital of St. Louis as 
 one of the first two internes at that 
 institution, Dr. John T. Hodgen 
 being the other. 
 
 From 1852 to 1851 he continued 
 his scientific studies in Paris, 
 France, and again, in 1861-5, spent 
 some time abroad, adding to his 
 professional attainments through 
 his intercourse with the most re- 
 nowned physicians of that day, and 
 the superior clinical advantages af- 
 forded by the French hospitals. He 
 soon became identified as an educa- 
 tor, and in 1851 was made Dem- 
 onstrator of Anatomy in the St. 
 Louis Medical College, and in 1868, 
 was appointed to the Chair of Phys- 
 iology in the same institution, and 
 two years later was made Professor 
 of Clinical Medicine and Pathologi- 
 cal Anatomy. After serving fifteen 
 years he tendered his resignation. 
 In recognition of valuable services 
 rendered his Alma Mater made him 
 emeritus professor, after his resig- 
 nation of the active duties. 
 
 As an educator he was no less dis- 
 tinguished than as a physician. He 
 was widely and favorably known 
 throughout Missouri and the ad- 
 joining States, as both educator and 
 consulting physician. The degree 
 of Doctor of Laws was conferred 
 upon him in recognition of his scliol- 
 arly attainments. 
 
 Dr. Smith enjoyed to the fullest 
 extent the confidence of the profes- 
 sion and the general public. He led 
 an active life, and filled many im- 
 portant positions, and rendered val- 
 uable service -to his native city. 
 During the Civil War he was acting 
 assistant surgeon in the United 
 States Army, in charge of the Mil- 
 itary Smallpox Hospital in St. 
 Louis. He also served as surgeon 
 to Eliot General Hospital. From 
 1866 to 1869 he was surgeon to 
 
 the United States Marine Hospital, 
 located in St. Louis. 
 
 He was the first health officer of 
 St. Louis, serving from 1857 to 
 1863, also a member of the first reg- 
 ular Board of Health and was the 
 third president of that board. His 
 high courage and devotion during 
 the epidemic of cholera and small- 
 pox called forth the highest praise 
 from his fellow-citizens. 
 
 His nature was philanthropic. 
 For many years he gave his services 
 free to the public and charitable in- 
 stitutions as a consulting physician. 
 
 1 
 
 ELSWOETH S. SMITH. 
 
 Elsworth Striker Smith is a native 
 Missourian, having been born in 
 St. Louis January 1, 1864. Hie 
 early schooling was had in the city 
 of his birth, commencing with the 
 public schools and ending with a 
 literary collegiate course. He chose 
 medicine as his profession and grad- 
 uated from St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege in 1887. In his career as a 
 physician he has been junior, senior 
 and first assistant physician in the 
 
MEDICINE AXD SURGERY. 
 
 335 
 
 St. Louis City Hospital (1887-1890) 
 and is now (1900) consulting physi- 
 cian to the hospital and to St. 
 Mary's Infirmary. He is also 
 Clinical Professor of Medicine in 
 the medical department of "Wash- 
 ington University. Since 1890 his 
 private practice has been attended 
 to front his Grand avenue office. 
 
 Dr. Smith is a specialist on Inter- 
 nal Medicine and Medical Diagno- 
 sis. 
 
 Thus early in life Dr. Smith is 
 firmly established in his native 
 State as a popular physician and a 
 gentleman of many social qualities. 
 
 He is a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society and of the Medical 
 Society of City Hospital Alumni and 
 American Medical Association. 
 
 J. HEBBEET SMITH. 
 
 Although a comparatively young 
 man, who has been in Kansas City 
 but four years, Dr. J. Herbert Smith 
 has risen in that short time to the 
 top rank of the profession. He was 
 born in Saline County, Missouri, 
 January 6, 1864. He entered the 
 
 Missouri Medical College of St. 
 Louis, from which he graduated 
 with honors in 1887, after receiving 
 a public school education in his na- 
 tive county. 
 
 Soon after receiving his diploma 
 Dr. Smith began the practice of 
 medicine at his home. Eor the 
 next nine years he practiced there. 
 Eealizing that a large city would 
 be a better field for his talents he 
 moved to Kansas City in 1896. 
 where he has been ever since. He 
 has devoted his time to his general 
 practice, and has built up for him- 
 self a handsome clientele during his 
 short stay in Kansas City. 
 
 Dr. Smith occupies the Chair of 
 Diseases of Women at the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons (medi- 
 cal department of the Kansas City 
 University) of Kansas City, Kan. 
 
 JAMES WALTEB SMITH. 
 
 Born in Johnson County, Missou- 
 ri, on the 1th day of September, 
 1860, James W. Smith received the 
 earlv education that falls to the lot 
 
336 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 of the bo}' who is bom and bred on 
 the farm. 
 
 After engaging in various pursuits 
 on attaining his majority, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, in 1887, entered 
 the Missouri Medical College, from 
 which he graduated three years 
 later. 
 
 He immediately engaged in prac- 
 tice in St. Louis and has since de- 
 voted the most of his professional 
 attention to surgery. His opera- 
 tions have been uniformly success- 
 ful, and much of his success is due 
 to his clever work with the sur- 
 geons knife. As an operator he is 
 careful, conservative and withal 
 rapid in his work, and these con- 
 scientious qualities have won a place 
 for him from the beginning of his 
 professional career as a successful 
 surgeon and has placed him in the 
 front ranks of Missouri physicians. 
 
 JAMES W. SMITH. 
 
 Ghent, Ky., is the birthplace of 
 Dr. James W. Smith, who is now 
 considered one of the most promi- 
 nent physicians of Pleasant Hill. 
 Mo. He was born on the 10th day 
 of August, 1851, and received his 
 early education in the schools of 
 his birthplace. When hardly 20 
 years of age he came to Missouri, 
 and in the Kansas City Medical Col- 
 lege he received his professional 
 training. 
 
 He graduated from that college 
 in the spring of 1S77, and imme- 
 diatelv thereafter beo-an to practice 
 in Pleasant Hill. 
 
 Dr. Smith has made no specialty. 
 preferring to attend to a general 
 practice, which is both large and 
 remunerative. He has affiliated 
 himself with several medical socie- 
 ties, and is a factor in their pro- 
 gression because of his devotion to 
 their interests and the welfare of 
 the profession. 
 
 P. M. SMITH. 
 
 R. M. Smith, a brother and asso- 
 ciate in practice with James W. 
 Smith, was born in Ghent, Ky.. 4<; 
 years ago. 
 
 He obtained a public school, clas- 
 sical and medical education in his 
 native State, graduating from the 
 Medical Department of the Univer- 
 sity of the University of Louisville 
 in 1885. 
 
 Soon after his graduation Dr. 
 Smith came to Missouri and asso- 
 ciated himself in practice with his 
 brother at Pleasant Hill. 
 
 Much of his elder brother's Suc- 
 re.-- has been due to the untiring 
 efforts of the subject of this sketch, 
 and his devotion to his brother's 
 clientele, as well as his own prac- 
 tice. 
 
 Dr. R. M. Smith is an able, con- 
 scientious physician, a man who is 
 well content to be a modest coun- 
 try practitioner. 
 
 0. E. SMITH. 
 
 Oric Eads Smith was born on a 
 farm near Kirkwood, St. Louis Co., 
 Missouri, December 4, 1865. His 
 early schooling was had in the local 
 schools. He attended the St. Louis 
 College of Pharmac}', graduating 
 from that institution in 1887, and 
 later, in 1890, he graduated from 
 Marion-Sims College and began the 
 practice of medicine at once, remov- 
 ing to his present location in Sep- 
 tember, 1896. 
 
 Dr. Smith, besides being engaged 
 in general practice, makes a special 
 studv of diseases of children. 
 
 As a surgeon, he is retained regu- 
 larly by several business establish- 
 ments employing a large number of 
 men, notably the St. Louis Dressed 
 Beef and Provision Company. 
 
 He is a young man of brilliant at- 
 tainments and well liked in his na- 
 tive citv by both profession and 
 laity. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 337 
 
 Dr. Smith's literary tastes have 
 .led him to acquire a tine library thus 
 early in life, and that, together 
 with the general appearance of his 
 offices, is a correct index of the 
 man and physician. He is spoken 
 of by brother professionals as a 
 "born physician." 
 
 E. LEE STANDLEE. 
 
 Dr. E. Lee Standlee is regarded as 
 one of the most prominent of the 
 eclectic physicians and surgeons of 
 the 'city of St. Louis. In the choice 
 of his profession Dr. Standlee was 
 probably influenced by the fact that 
 his father was a physician, he hav- 
 ing been at one time a surgeon in 
 the Confederate Army, afterwards 
 locating in Arkansas where he prac- 
 ticed more than. 25 years: then in 
 Texas for about 10 years, and in 
 1897 located in Oregon, where he 
 is now a practicing physician. 
 
 E. Lee Standlee was born at Cen- 
 ter Point, Ark., November 9, 1864. 
 He received an early education in 
 the schools of his native State, and 
 
 afterwards, when but 17 years of 
 age, was first assistant in and later 
 principal of the Amity High School. 
 
 While he was yet pursuing his 
 literary studies, Dr. Standlee began 
 the study of medicine with his fath- 
 er as preceptor, and afterwards at- 
 tended the American Medical Col- 
 lege, from which institution he grad- 
 uated in 1886. In the following 
 year young Standlee was chosen as 
 a member of the faculty of his 
 Alma Mater to succeed that famous 
 surgeon, Dr. George A. Eowe, who 
 occupied the Chair of Anatomy. He 
 has held this position ever since. 
 
 As Demonstrator of Clinical Sur- 
 gery, Dr. Standlee alternates at the 
 City Hospital of St. Louis, where he 
 has done some splendid work before 
 the classes of the American Medi- 
 cal College and others. 
 
 Gov. W. J. Stone in 1895 ap- 
 pointed Dr. Standlee as a member 
 of the State Board of Health, and 
 he has filled all of the offices in that 
 board during the ensuing time. Gov. 
 Stephens reappointed the doctor to 
 the Board of Health during the past 
 year, 1S99. The doctor is an ex- 
 
 '.'2 
 
538 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 president of the State Eclectic Med- 
 ical Association, is corresponding 
 secretary of the National Eclectic 
 Medical Association and a member 
 of several of the other prominent 
 medical societies. 
 
 Dr. Standlee devotes most of his 
 attention in private practice to sur- 
 gery, and in this specialty he has 
 been eminently successful. As a 
 diagnostician, his opinions are 
 sought in consultation and valued 
 much by the profession. As an op- 
 erator, he is careful, conservative, 
 neat and clean, and withal Yery 
 •rapid with his work. As a teacher 
 in his chosen branch he has long 
 been recognized as among the best. 
 He is clear, concise, forceful, thor- 
 oughly demonstrative and succeeds 
 in keeping his class fully interested 
 in the subject. As a man Dr. Stand- 
 lee is honored and respected by all 
 who know him. 
 
 JOSEPH SPIEGELHALTEE. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Spiegelhalter was born 
 August 6, 1834, in Oberndorf, 
 Znekar, Wurtemberg, Germany. In 
 1854, when the Crimean war threat- 
 ened to involve all Europe in a gen- 
 eral war, he emigrated to the United 
 States in order to escape military 
 service. Not being able to find any 
 suitable employment in Philadelphia 
 he went to Eeading, passed his ex- 
 amination as school teacher and 
 taught school in P>erks County dur- 
 ing the season 1854-5. Eeturning 
 to Philadelphia, he found employ- 
 ment in the drug store of Dr. W. P. 
 Vasey, where he used his spare time 
 and the doctor's library to study 
 medicine. Later he went West, 
 working as prescription clerk in Chi- 
 cago, St. Louis and New Orleans. 
 In 1858 he returned to St. Louis, 
 where he again worked as apothe- 
 cary, studying medicine at the same 
 time. When the war broke out all 
 of the .students and most of the pro- 
 fessors of the Humboldt Medical In- 
 
 stitute, where he had been studying, 
 enlisted in the army, some as sur- 
 geons, others as hospital stewards 
 or combatants. Dr. Spiegelhalter 
 was among the latter, and served 
 during the three months' service as 
 lieutenant of the Eifth Missouri In- 
 fantry. After he was mustered out 
 he resumed the study of medicine 
 and graduated in April, 1862. As 
 soon as he had his diploma Dr. Spie- 
 
 gelhalter went before the Military 
 Board 'of Medical Examiners, of 
 which Dr. J. T. Hodgen was presi- 
 dent, and passed his examination as 
 army surgeon. He was offered the 
 position as surgeon of the Thir- 
 teenth Missouri Infantry, but pre- 
 ferred to take the position as as- 
 sistant surgeon of the Twelfth Mis- 
 souri Infantry (Osterhaus' regi- 
 ment), the surgeon of which was his 
 friend and fellow-student of the 
 Humboldt Medical College. 
 
 He joined the regiment shortly 
 after the battle of Pea Eidge; was 
 at once detached to take charge of 
 some wounded men of the Seven- 
 teenth Missouri: escorted them to 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 339 
 
 Batesville, Ark., and was then or- 
 dered by Gen. Curtis to take charge 
 of one of the hospitals there. On 
 the march through the swamps to 
 Helena he was put in charge of the 
 hospital train of the Osterhaus di- 
 vision. Upon his arrival at Helena, 
 Ark., he was commanded to take 
 charge of the Seventeenth Missouri 
 Infantry, and later also of the Fifth 
 Missouri Cavalry, both being with- 
 out medical officers. Being the only 
 available assistant surgeon, he was 
 alternately commanded to take 
 charge of the different regiments of 
 the Osterhaus division whenever a 
 medical officer was needed, and to a 
 number of flying expeditions on land 
 and by boat. TThen the division was 
 sent up to Missouri in the fall of 
 1862 he was ordered to go with the 
 Seventeenth Missouri Infantry, and 
 as soon as the boat landed at Ste. 
 Genevieve there was an order for 
 him to take charge of the Fifty- 
 eighth Ohio Eegiment. During early 
 attacks on Vicksburg in the winter 
 1862-3 Dr. Spiegelhalter was taken 
 sick with inflammatory rheumatism 
 and was later sent to the officers' 
 hospital at Memphis, Tenn. From 
 there he returned in May in time to 
 participate in the advance upon 
 Vicksburg and the different engage- 
 ments and battles. During the at- 
 tack of May 22, in which his regi- 
 ment lost 120 men killed and 
 wounded, Dr. Spiegelhalter was the 
 only surgeon who followed the men 
 through the different enfilades upon 
 the battlefield, where he worked till 
 early next morning, dressing the 
 wounded. During the march to 
 Chattanooga he received the com- 
 mission as surgeon of his regiment, 
 the Twelfth Missouri Infantry. 
 
 He participated in the storming 
 of Lookout Mountain and the battle 
 of Missionary Eidge and Einggold, 
 where his command lost severely. 
 After the battle of Einggold Gen. 
 Osterhaus obtained an order from 
 Gen. Grant, authorizing Dr. Joseph 
 
 Spiegelhalter to seize any suitable 
 house in Chattanooga for a hospital 
 for the wounded officers of the Os- 
 terhaus division, as the field hospi- 
 tals in Chattanooga were over- 
 crowded and infested with hospital 
 gangrene. 
 
 During the Atlanta campaign Dr. 
 Spiegelhalter was appointed one of 
 the operating corps of the field hos- 
 pital, First Division, Fifteenth 
 Army Corps, with permission to re- 
 main with his regiment while the 
 same was under fire, and to report 
 for duty at the field hospital when 
 his command was not engaged. Dr. 
 Spiegelhalter always made it a point 
 to be with his boys while they were 
 under fire, ready to assist them, 
 and this was the reason of his great 
 popularity among bis comrades. He 
 was a bold and successful operator, 
 and the many bloody engagements 
 in which his command participated 
 gave him ample opportunity for sur- 
 gical operations. 
 
 After he was mustered out of the 
 service Dr. Spiegelhalter engaged in 
 the practice of his profession in St. 
 Louis. In 1865 he was appointed 
 Health Officer by Mayor Thomas. 
 The Board of Health then consisted 
 of five Councilmen and the Health 
 Officer as ex-officio member and ex- 
 ecutive officer. TThen cholera ap- 
 peared in European ports in the 
 winter of 1865 Dr. Spiegelhalter 
 warned the Board of Health of the 
 coming danger and insisted that 
 they should secure an appropriation 
 from the Council to prepare for the 
 coming epidemic. But his warning 
 was not heeded, and when the 
 scourge came it found the city total- 
 ly unprepared and without funds to 
 tight it. Through the efforts of 
 Hon. Erastus Wells a fund was 
 raised later and the cleaning of the 
 city commenced. Dr. Spiegelhalter 
 went to work to organize auxiliary 
 sanitary committees in the different 
 wards and got them to start an in- 
 spection from house to house. He 
 
340 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 also had a number of physicians ap- 
 pointed all over the city to give im- 
 mediate attendance to the poor and 
 to assist in the sanitary work of the 
 ward committees. The burden of 
 all this work, the abatement of nui- 
 sances, the removal of the poor 
 cholera patients to the hospital and 
 the disinfection of their homes, 
 rested upon Dr. Spiegelhalter, and 
 kept him busy day and night. The 
 first cases of cholera were reported 
 in the latter part of July, 1866, and 
 although the city was totally unpre- 
 pared for the epidemic and in a very 
 filthy condition, the effective work 
 done all over the city enabled the 
 • Board of Health to declare in their 
 meeting, September 13, 1866, that 
 cholera no longer existed in St. 
 Louis in an epidemic form. In 
 recognition of his efficient work for 
 the health of the city, Dr. Spiegel- 
 halter was nominated and elected 
 Coroner of St. Louis County in the 
 fall of 1866 and re-elected in 1868. 
 -After the expiration of his second 
 term as Coroner Dr. Spiegelhalter 
 went to Europe and devoted ten 
 months to medical study and re- 
 search in the universities of Trebin- 
 gen, Vienna and Wurzburg. Re- 
 turning to St. Louis in the fall of 
 1871, Dr. Spiegelhalter resumed 
 ihe practice of his profession. 
 
 In 1876 Dr. Spiegelhalter was 
 again called into public service, ■ 
 when Mayor Overstolz appointed 
 Mm medical member of the Board 
 •of Health. He was reappointed by 
 Mayor Overstolz in 1877 and 1879, 
 and by Mayor Ewing in 1883, serv- 
 ing in all eleven years in that im- 
 portant position. His knowledge of 
 sanitary science and his acquaint- 
 ance with the condition and needs 
 of the city in sanitary matters, 
 gained by his former experience as 
 health officer, were of great value 
 to the city during the term of his 
 service as a member of the Board 
 of Health. Dr. Spiegelhalter has 
 been in public service for twenty 
 
 years — three years in the army, two 
 years as Health Officer, four" years 
 as Coroner and eleven years as a 
 medical member of the Board of 
 Health. 
 
 He has been a member of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society since 1864; 
 is a member of the Society of Ger- 
 man Physicians, of the St. Louis 
 Microscopical Society, the Mississip- 
 pi Valley Medical Society, the St. 
 Louis Academy of Science, the 
 American Medical Association, the 
 American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science and the Amer- 
 ican Public Health Association; is 
 also one of the charter members of 
 the Missouri Crematory Associa- 
 tion, the St. Louis Swimming 
 School, the St. Louis Ethical So- 
 ciety and the Union Club. He is 
 a member of Frank P. Blair Post, 
 No. 1, 0. A. E., the Military Order 
 of the Loyal Legion, and the Society 
 of the Army of Tennessee, also of 
 the St. Louis Turnverein and the 
 Liederkranz. 
 
 FLOYD STEWART. 
 
 Thomaston, Ga., is the birthplace 
 of Dr. Floyd Stewart, now of St. 
 Louis, the date being October 20, 
 1873. He graduated from the St. 
 Louis Medical College in 1896, and 
 commenced practice in the same 
 year, choosing for his field the Char- 
 ity Hospital in New Orleans, La. In 
 this hospital Dr. Stewart did stood 
 work as chief of clinic in the der- 
 matological department. He also 
 carried the active title of Clinical 
 Assistant, Chair of Dermatology, in 
 the New Orleans Polyclinic. Al- 
 though a young man, Dr. Stewart 
 is already a war veteran. The call 
 for volunteers, following the out- 
 break of the Spanish-American 
 War, obtained a ready response 
 from the subject of this sketch. Dr. 
 Stewart was appointed surgeon and 
 commissioned Major in the Second 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 341 
 
 United States Volunteer Infantry, 
 and in these capacities served his 
 country until the end of the war 
 with considerable credit to himself. 
 Upon being mustered out of service, 
 Dr. Stewart located himself in St. 
 Louis in October, 1899. 
 
 He is a specialist in dermatology 
 and genito-urinary surgery. 
 
 EEMY J. STOFFEL. 
 
 Eemy J. Stoffel was born in Paris, 
 France, December 1, 1851, his fath- 
 er being a Swiss and his mother a 
 Frenchwoman. 
 
 His parents came to Ameri- 
 ca when their son was 5 years old, 
 leaving him in charge of a grand- 
 parent. Four years later young 
 Stoffel rejoined the family in Si. 
 Louis, where his father was by this 
 time well established in the carpet 
 and wall paper business on South 
 Biroadway. The greater part of 
 Dr. Stoffel's early education was ac- 
 quired in St. Louis schools. After 
 some time as a pupil in the public 
 schools of that city he attended 
 
 Rice's Commercial College. After 
 arriving at majority he took a course 
 in St. Vincent's College at Cape 
 Girardeau. 
 
 Finishing his college course, the 
 next three years were spent in 
 teaching. 
 
 He began the study of medicine 
 at Sparta, 111., under the direction 
 of Dr. David S. Booth, Sr., then a 
 prominent physician and surgeon in 
 Southern Illinois. Later he en- 
 tered the St. Louis Medical College, 
 and graduated from that institution 
 in March, 1880. Two clays after 
 Dr. Stoffel received his diploma he 
 established his office in its present 
 location in St. Louis and com- 
 menced practice. 
 
 As a physician he grew rapidly in 
 public favor and became well known. 
 In 1896 he was chosen Professor of 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 of Beaumont Hospital Medical Col- 
 lege and later held the Chair of 
 Diseases of Children in the same 
 college. 
 
 Dr. Stoffel is a member of the 
 national, State and local medical so- 
 cieties and is prominent in benevo- 
 lent circles. 
 
 He bears the reputation of a suc- 
 cessful educator and conscientious 
 and skillful physician. 
 
 LEON STRAUS. 
 
 Dr. Leon Straus, one of the lead- 
 ing physicians and surgeons of St. 
 Louis, was born and raised in the 
 State of Kentucky. He received his 
 early education there, and is a grad- 
 uate of the Kentucky State Univer- 
 sity of Lexington. 
 
 After his graduation there he 
 went to Louisville, Ky., where he 
 was educated in medicine in the 
 medical department of the Univer- 
 sity of Louisville. 
 
 Dr. Straus immediately entered 
 upon an active general practice of 
 medicine, which, after a few years, 
 
542 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 he gave up in order that he might 
 begin the study of diseases of the 
 rectum under Dr. Joseph Mathews 
 of Louisville, whose assistant Dr. 
 Straus was for a number of years. 
 
 The subject of this sketch then 
 went abroad, where he studied un- 
 der the masters of Europe, such men 
 as AHingham and Billroth being his 
 preceptors. 
 
 He returned to this country after 
 that course of study abroad, and in 
 1893 located in St. Louis, where he 
 has been ever since. 
 
 All of Dr. Straus' attention as a 
 practitioner is devoted to his spe- 
 cialty, but he finds time to actively 
 identify himself with various medi- 
 cal societies. His work along the 
 lines of his specialty has made him 
 a member of the British Gynecolog- 
 ical Society and the American Proc- 
 tologic Association. He is also a 
 member of the St. Louis Medical So- 
 ciety. 
 
 BELXO L. SULZBACHER. 
 
 Bruno L. Sulzbacher was born at 
 Las Yegas, in the Territory of Xew 
 
 Mexico. The railroad had then not 
 yet entered that country, and the 
 Spanish language virtually predom- 
 inated there. He received his ele- 
 mentary education in a Presbyterian 
 mission school, which shortly before 
 had been established. Thereafter 
 he entered the Jesuit College of that 
 place where he obtained a thorough 
 educational training. 
 
 Id 1887 he visited for one year 
 Swarthmore College in Pennsylva- 
 nia. He continued his collegiate 
 course in that State in Eugby Acad- 
 emy in Philadelphia until his grad- 
 uation. 
 
 His parents in the meantime hav- 
 ing removed to Kansas City, Mo., 
 he returned to the West and under- 
 took, for one semestra, a prelimi- 
 nary medical course in the State 
 Lmiversity of Kansas, in the city of 
 Lawrence. Thereafter he entered 
 the University Medical College at 
 Kansas City, from which institu- 
 tion he graduated in 1894, receiving 
 second prize in his class. During 
 the succeeding year he practiced his 
 profession in that city, his Alma 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 343 
 
 Mater honoring him with the post 
 of Assistant Demonstrator of Anat- 
 omy. 
 
 Becoming, however, convinced 
 that to obtain a higher and more 
 perfect education and experience, 
 other and wider fields had to he 
 sought, he crossed the ocean, and 
 during the years 1896 and 1897, 
 took several regular and post-grad- 
 uate courses in the universities of 
 Berlin, Goettingen and Vienna. 
 
 Beturning to Kansas City he re- 
 newed his practice, and during the 
 years 1898 and 1899 occupied the 
 Chair of Demonstrator of Pathology 
 and that of Professor of Histology 
 in his former college, the University 
 Medical— 1899-1900. 
 
 He has now a lucrative practice 
 and enjoys the regard, confidence 
 and friendship of those of his fel- 
 low colleagues who command the re- 
 spect of the community. 
 
 Dr. Sulzbacher is a member of the 
 Western Surgical and Gynecological 
 Association, the Aesculapian Society 
 f»nd of the Medical Association of 
 the Territory of Kew Mexico. He 
 was assistant surgeon of Battery B, 
 X. G. M., a thirty-second degree 
 Mason and a noble of the Mystic 
 Shrine. The doctor was a Demon- 
 strator of Clinical Gynecology from 
 1895 to 1898 and Professor of Path- 
 ology and Bacteriology in the Wo- 
 men's Medical College of Kansas 
 City from 1899 to 1900. 
 
 OTTO SUTTEE. . 
 
 Otto Sutter is of German descent. 
 His parents, John and Catherine 
 Sutter, came to this country at an 
 early age, and spent the greater por- 
 tion of their lives in St. Louis Coun- 
 ty, where Otto was born, January 
 24, 1863. 
 
 He attended the public schools at 
 the age of 5 years, and at 11 en- 
 tered the St. Louis grammar 
 schools. Later he served an ap- 
 prenticeship in the drug business, 
 
 and in 1884 graduated from the >>t. 
 Louis College of Pharmacy. In 
 the same year he became chief drug- 
 gist in the St. Louis City Hospital, 
 and a few months later bought a 
 located drug business, which he con- 
 ducted successfully until 1887. 
 
 Meanwhile he was reading medi- 
 cine and attending lectures at the 
 Missouri Medical College. He aft- 
 erwards attended Beaumont Hos- 
 pital Medical College and received 
 
 his degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 from that institution in 1892. 
 
 He commenced practicing in St. 
 Louis in the same year, and contin- 
 ued in private general practice until 
 June, 1895, when he was appointed 
 Superintendent of the City Hospi- 
 tal. He served in the latter-named 
 capacity until 1898, when he re- 
 signed to establish a private hos- 
 pital. 
 
 Dr. Sutter is a conscientious, pro- 
 gressive and capable physician, and 
 peculiarly well qualified for hospital 
 management. In practice his spe- 
 cialty is gynecology. 
 
544 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 HUDSON TALBOTT. 
 
 Feb. 10, 1874, is the date of the 
 birth of Hudson Talbott, now one of 
 the prominent men in the younger 
 generation of the physicians and 
 surgeons of St. Louis. He made 
 his bow upon life's stage in the lit- 
 tle town of Fairville. Saline Co., 
 Mo. 
 
 Desirinsr to follow the example of 
 his father". Dr. Edward M. Talbott, 
 to whose success he points with 
 much pride, also that of his brother, 
 Dr. Albert S. Talbott. he came to 
 St. Louis in the fall of ' 1895, and 
 matriculated in the Marion-Sims 
 College of Medicine, for which he 
 had been fitted by preliminary edu- 
 cation at Jiome and in the Missouri 
 State University. While in college 
 he won, by competitive examination 
 in the literary branches, a scholar- 
 ship offered by the facility. It was 
 on April 9, 1898, that he received the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine from 
 that college. 
 
 His conscientious application to 
 his studies, and his general good 
 work in the college, won for him 
 first place in his graduating class, 
 
 an 3 for which rank he received 
 fr^m the faculty a handsome gold 
 medal. With a large number of 
 competitors the doctor took the ex- 
 amination for interneship in the 
 City Hospital of St. Louis. He was 
 again successful, and served for one 
 year, then located at his present ad- 
 dress, 3148 Laclede avenue, St. 
 Louis, Mo., to do private practice, 
 in which he has been quite success- 
 ful. 
 
 One year after graduating Dr. 
 Talbott was given the Chair of Em- 
 bryology in the college from which 
 he graduated, and at the same time 
 made Assistant Demonstrator of 
 Anatomy. He is an active member 
 of the Medical Society of the St. 
 Louis City Hospital Alumni and of 
 the St. Louis Medical Society. 
 
 Dr. Talbott has won his way thus 
 far by dint of perseverance and 
 hard work, and his success seems 
 to make his future in the profession 
 assured. 
 
 J. H. TAXQEAKY. 
 James Hiram Tanquary is of En- 
 glish and Scotch parentage, and was 
 born m Belmont, 111., April 2, 1856. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 345 
 
 He had his early education in the 
 public schools of his native State 
 and at the Southern Illinois Nor- 
 mal School at Carbondale. Later 
 he graduated from the National 
 Normal University at Lebanon, 0., 
 which institution conferred upon 
 him the B. S. degree. He was a 
 teacher during five years of his 
 school life. 
 
 He took his medical course in the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 of Chicago, graduating in 1883. Ee- 
 turning to his boyhood home of Bel- 
 mont, he commenced his profession- 
 al work there and soon built up a 
 large and lucrative practice. 
 
 In 1892 Dr. Tanquary located in. 
 St. Louis, and has continued in 
 general practice and surgery in that 
 city up to the present time (1900). 
 
 He has held the Chair of Clinical 
 Surgery in Barnes Medical College, 
 and has done some very clever pro- 
 fessional work. 
 
 He is an active member of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society and is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity. 
 Dr. Tanquary is popular with the 
 profession and laity of his adopted 
 citv. 
 
 C. W. TAYLOE, JE. 
 
 Dr. C, W. Taylor, Jr., although a 
 native St. Louisan, received his boy- 
 hood education in the public schools 
 of Cincinnati. After graduating 
 from High School there young Tay- 
 lor entered the Pulte Medical Col- 
 lege of the same city, from which 
 he graduated in 1897. 
 
 Although he has been practicing 
 in St. Louis for but little over a 
 year, Dr. Taylor has already estab- 
 lished himself as one of the most 
 promising of the young homeopathic 
 physicians and surgeons of Missou- 
 ri's metropolis. 
 
 He has made a specialty of gyne- 
 cology and surgery, and his work 
 along' these lines bids fair to greatly 
 
 surpass the success he has had with 
 his general practice. 
 
 Dr. Taylor is lecturer on histol- 
 ogy at the Homeopathic Medical 
 
 College of Missouri, and is a mem- 
 ber of the American Institute of 
 Homeopathy, the Missouri State In- 
 stitute of Homeopathy and the St. 
 Louis Homeopathic Medical Society. 
 
 G. H. THOMPSON. 
 
 George Howard Thompson was 
 born Feb. 5, 1866. At the time 
 of his birth his parents were resi- 
 dents of Memphis, Tenn., but re- 
 moved to St. Louis when the boy 
 was about 5 years old. Young 
 Thompson attended the city public 
 schools and afterwards at the State 
 University, Columbia, Mo. Fol- 
 lowing the bent of his mind toward 
 the science of medicine, he entered 
 Missouri Medical College, and grad- 
 uated from that institution in 1888. 
 He then went to Yew York City and 
 graduated from Bellevue Hospital 
 Medical College in 1889. Subse- 
 
316 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 sons. He began the study of med- 
 icine in March, 1891, in the office of 
 Dr. W. B. Elter, the leading phy- 
 sician of Callaway County. Later 
 he entered the Homeopathic Medical 
 College of Missouri, from which in- 
 stitution he graduated in the spring 
 of 1895. 
 
 Soon after receiving his diploma 
 he located in Mexico, where he was 
 actively engaged in general practice 
 until early in the year 1900, when he 
 went to Chicago and took a post 
 graduate course in Hahnemann Col- 
 lege. April 10, 1900, Dr. Tincher 
 was appointed assistant physician to 
 the State Lunatic Asvlum at Ful- 
 
 quently he spent two and a half 
 years in hospitals in Germany. In 
 LS91 he returned to St. Louis, and 
 in November of that year com- 
 menced the practice of medicine. 
 
 Since 1891 he has been Professor 
 of Materia Medica in the St. Louis 
 College of Phvsicians and Surgeons. 
 He is a "Fellow of the St. Louis 
 Academy of Medical and Surgical 
 Sciences," a member of the Tri- 
 State Medical Society of Illinois, 
 Iowa and Missouri, and a member 
 of Bose Hill Lod^e. 550. A. F. and 
 A. M. 
 
 Dr. Thompson is the editor of 
 "The Eegular Medical Visitor.-'' 
 which he founded in January, 1900. 
 
 E. H. TIXCHER. 
 
 Dr. E. H. Tincher is one of Lhe 
 younger practitioners of Audrain 
 County who has risen rapidly since 
 he began the practice of his pro- 
 fession in Mexico, Mo. He was 
 born in Callaway County and re- 
 ceived the usual early schooling 
 which fell to the lot of farmers'" 
 
 ton, and as a consequence has re- 
 signed his private practice and re- 
 moved from Mexico to the location 
 of his public office. 
 
 HEBMAX TUHOLSKE. 
 
 Herman Tuholske was born in 
 Berlin. Prussia, March 27, 1848, 
 where he spent the early years of his 
 life, receiving the best classical edu- 
 cation that could be obtained at the 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 347 
 
 Berlin Gymnasium, and shortly after 
 his graduation came to the United 
 States and at once to St. Lonis. He 
 entered the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege and graduated in 1869. Some, 
 years later he went to Europe and 
 attended the post-graduate courses 
 of lectures in Vienna, Berlin, Lon- 
 don and Paris, returning to St. 
 Louis. Thoroughly equipped as 
 he was, lie began the practice of 
 medicine and surgery. 
 
 In 1870 Dr. Tuholske was elected 
 physician to the St. Louis City Dis- 
 pensary, and under his manage- 
 ment it was enlarged and an am- 
 bulance system organized. He was 
 also at one time in charge of the 
 Quarantine Hospital, and for sev- 
 eral years examining surgeon to the 
 police force and physician to the 
 jail. Resigning in 1875, he de- 
 voted himself to general practice, 
 which soon became a lucrative one. 
 In 1873 the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege elected him Professor and Dem- 
 onstrator of Anatomy, which he 
 held for ten years, and was then 
 elected Professor of Surgery. 
 
 In 1882, in conjunction with 
 Drs. Engelmann, Spencer, Glasgow, 
 Robinson, Hardaway, Michel and 
 Steele, he founded the St. Louis 
 Post-Graduate School of Medicine 
 and erected the Post-Gracluate Col- 
 lege building and hospital, the first 
 in this country. From that time 
 Dr. Tuholske devoted all his ener- 
 gies to the teaching and practice of 
 surgery, and it is in abdominal sur- 
 gery that he has been an ardent and 
 successful worker. 
 
 Dr. Tuholske is a member of the 
 American Medical Association, the 
 Southern Surgical and Gynecologi- 
 cal Society, the St. Louis Medical 
 Society, the St. Louis Medico-Chir- 
 urgical Society, the St. Louis Sur- 
 gical Society, honorary member of 
 Southwest Missouri State Medical 
 Association, member of the Interna- 
 tional Gjmecological Society and of 
 the Congress of German Surgery. 
 He was Professor of Anatomy, of 
 Surgical Pathology and Clinical 
 Surgery in the Missouri Medical Col- 
 lege, and occupies at present the 
 Chair of the Practice of Surgery 
 and Clinical Surgery in the Medical 
 Department of Washington Univer- 
 sity. He is consulting surgeon to 
 the St. Louis City and Female Hos- 
 pitals, and has been actively con- 
 nected, with the South Side Dispen- 
 sary, the Martha Parsons Free Hos- 
 pital for Children, the St. Louis 
 Surgical and Gynecological Hospi- 
 tal and surgeon to the First Regi- 
 ment of Missouri, with rank of Ma- 
 jor. He is the author of a number 
 of essays and papers, and is a fre- 
 quent contributor to medical jour- 
 nals and author of valuable articles 
 in some of the best known surgical 
 text books. 
 
 PAUL Y. TUPPER. 
 
 Paul Y. Tupper is a native of 
 the Empire State of the South, 
 having been born at Washington, 
 Ga., March 1, 1858. He obtained 
 
348 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 his boyhood education in that town, 
 later attending Eichmond College 
 of Eichmond, Va. 
 
 In 1878 he matriculated in the 
 Hospital College of Medicine at 
 Louisville, Ky., from which he grad- 
 uated in March, 1880. During the 
 following year he served as an in- 
 terne in the Louisville City Hospital 
 and the Forest Hill Lying-in Hos- 
 pital. 
 
 He resigned the latter position in 
 1S81 to come to Missouri. He lo- 
 cated in St. Louis, and has been 
 there ever since. 
 
 During the nineteen years of his 
 professional career in St. Louis, Dr. 
 Tupper has made for himself a place 
 in the ranks of the medical frater- 
 nity that is second to but few. 
 
 In addition to building up a pri- 
 vate practice Loth large and remu- 
 nerative, the doctor has been hon- 
 ored by many positions of trust and 
 special confidence in his ability. He 
 is surgeon to the Missouri Baptist 
 Sanitarium, the Protestant Hospi- 
 tal, the Martha Parsons Free Hos- 
 pital for Children, the St. Louis & 
 
 Suburban Street Eailway Company 
 and the Burlington Bailroad Corn- 
 pan v. 
 
 From 1887 to 1890 Dr. Tupper 
 was Instructor in Practical Anat- 
 omy at the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege, and for the next nine years 
 occupied the Chair of Descriptive 
 Anatomy in the same college. 
 
 Upon the consolidation of the St. 
 Louis and Missouri Medical Col- 
 leges and its affiliation with the 
 Wasington University, Dr. Tupper 
 was appointed Professor of Applied 
 Anatomy and Operative Surgery. 
 This chair he still fills. 
 
 The doctor is a member of all 
 the prominent medical societies. In 
 1896 he was chosen president of the 
 St. Louis Anatomical Board and 
 still holds the position. In 1897 
 he was elected president of the Mis- 
 souri State Anatomical Board, a po- 
 sition he now (1900) holds. Dr. 
 Tupper has ever been identified 
 with the progressive element of the 
 profession, where his originality of 
 thought and action has secured for 
 him the position he now maintains 
 in the profession. 
 
 LOUIS ALLAN TUENBULL. 
 
 Dr. Louis A. Turnbull made his 
 first appearance in the world on Es- 
 piranza Plantation in Issaquena 
 County, Mississippi, 36 years ago. 
 
 He received a thorough education 
 under a tutor, which thoroughly 
 fitted him for entrance of the Mis- 
 souri Medical College in 1885. Three 
 years later he graduated with hon- 
 ors from the college and immediate- 
 ly began practicing in St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. TurnbulPs attention has been 
 devoted entirely to his general prac- 
 tice, which has ever been a large and 
 lucrative one. With the profession 
 Dr. Turnbull is accounted as one of 
 its solid men — one who ever gives 
 his best efforts to the progress of 
 scientific matters. His patients have 
 the highest confidence in him, re- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 349 
 
 garding him as a thorough gentle- 
 man as well as clever practitioner. 
 
 THOMAS BENTON" THEUSH. 
 
 A very well-known physician of 
 Kansas City died February 11 last. 
 At the time of his death Dr. Thom- 
 as B. Thrush was house surgeon at 
 the Kansas City Hospital. 
 
 He was born in Zanesville, 0., in 
 1862. When he was 6 years old 
 his parents removed to Cameron, 
 Mo., and he was reared, schooled and 
 graduated in the study of his chosen 
 profession in this State. Prior to 
 his last illness he filled the Chair of, 
 Surgery in the Medico-Chirurgical 
 College. He was one of the best- 
 known physicians and considered 
 one of the best surgeons in Kansas 
 City. 
 
 Dr. Thrush was a Knight Tem- 
 plar, and prominent in the Masonic 
 fraternity, and his funeral was con- 
 ducted under Masonic auspices in 
 Kansas City, and at his old home 
 in Cameron, where the burial took 
 place. 
 
 As an evidence of the high es- 
 teem in which he was held in the 
 city of his residence we append an 
 editorial clipped from a Kansas 
 City paper on February 12, 1900: 
 
 DK. THBTTSH'S DEATH. 
 
 The many noble attributes 
 of Dr. Thomas Benton Thrush, 
 who died yesterday at the City 
 Hospital, make his loss an ir- 
 reparable one. In addition to 
 Dr. Thrush's ability as a phy- 
 sician, he was possessed of an 
 unusually tender heart. His 
 sympathy for the poor and 
 friendless, and especially for 
 children, fitted him pre-emi- 
 nently for the position which he 
 held. He was a self-made man, 
 but with consciousness of su- 
 periority. He was charitable 
 to a degree unknown to the 
 world. But above all, he was 
 
 the "children's friend/' and 
 that would be the most appro- 
 priate inscription for his tomb. 
 The City Hospital will be for- 
 tunate if it secures a successor 
 who can in a measure fill the 
 position of Dr. Thrush. 
 
 E. B. TYLEE. 
 
 Eobert Blake Tyler is of "Old 
 Dominion" stock. He was born at 
 Hague, in Westmoreland Co., Ya., 
 March 12, 1854. Men are of- 
 
 ten heard to prate of being self- 
 made, in the sense of having accum- 
 ulated wealth, but it is to the self- 
 educated man that the greater hon- 
 or is due. Dr. Tyler belongs in the 
 latter-named class, although at the 
 hither side of life's prime he finds 
 himself in the possession of a 
 competency sufficient to supply all 
 human necessaries and many luxu- 
 ries. 
 
 By dint of great personal effort 
 and many sacrifices especially hard 
 to 3^outh, young Tyler acquired a 
 good common school and academic 
 
350 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 education. He read medicine and 
 received practical instruction in the 
 science, under competent tutelage, 
 and at the age of 25 commenced 
 practice in New York State. 
 
 In 1879 he bethought himself of 
 Horace Greeley's advice, and moved 
 accordingly. He came to Missouri 
 and located in Joplin, the commer- 
 cial center of the State's great zinc 
 and lead ore mining district. In 
 1880 he graduated from the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons of 
 Joplin. Since then Dr. Tyler's 
 practice has steadily grown, and he 
 has prospered generally. He has 
 served three terms of two years 
 each as Mayor of Joplin— 1883-88 
 — and his personal popularity is 
 best attested in the fact that he 
 was the first Eepublican to be elect- 
 ed in that Democratic stronghold. 
 
 As a physician he is one of the 
 oldest in practice in Joplin. He de- 
 votes his entire time to a large gen- 
 eral practice, but gives particular 
 attention to obstetrics. As a citi- 
 zen, Dr. Tyler is widely and favor- 
 ably known in Jasper County and 
 throughout the mining belt of 
 Southwest Missouri and adjoining 
 section of Kansas. 
 
 JULES P. VALLE. 
 
 Jules Felix Yalle, son of Jules 
 and Isabella Sargent Yalle, was 
 born in St. Louis, Dec. 28, 1859. 
 He is a descendant of the original 
 French settlers of Missouri. His 
 great-grandfather was commandant 
 of the post of Ste. Genevieve under 
 both French and Spanish regimes. 
 His father was born at Ste. Gene- 
 vieve and was for years president 
 of the Iron Mountain Company and 
 of the Chouteau, Harrison & Yall& 
 Iron Company. He died in 1872. 
 
 Jules F. Yalle was educated in 
 the public schools and at Washing- 
 ton university. He also attended 
 the Virginia Military Institute. 
 
 Later he began the study of medi- 
 cine, and after graduating from 
 St, Louis Medical College in 1885, 
 continued to prepare himself by a 
 course of study and practice, cov- 
 ering a period of three years, in the 
 hospitals of this country and Eu- 
 rope. Thus when he settled down 
 to practice in his native city he was 
 splendidly equipped for his life 
 work. 
 
 Dr. Yalle is a member of the 
 
 medical staff of St. Luke's Hospital, 
 an instructor in obstetrics in St. 
 Louis Medical College and chief of 
 the obstetrical clinic of that college. 
 He is physician to the Missouri 
 School for the Blind and served of- 
 ficially four years as member of the 
 board of managers of that institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Dr. Yalle is a member of the 
 American Medical Association and 
 of the State and local medical so- 
 cieties, also of the St. Louis Ob- 
 stetrical and Gynecological Society 
 and of the St. Louis Hospital Alum- 
 ni. He was married in 1881 to Miss 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 351 
 
 Mary M., daughter of Judge Henry 
 A. Clover, of St. Louis. Although 
 still many years this side of the 
 prime of life's goal, Dr. Talle has 
 already achieved high rank in his 
 profession. 
 
 JOHN W. VATTGHAK 
 
 Born in St. Louis County, Mis- 
 souri, Dr. John YV. Yaughan has 
 lived nearly the whole span of his 
 very useful life in the Missouri me- 
 
 tropolis, and won whatever honors 
 he wears within a few miles of the 
 home of his "boyhood. 
 
 Having attended the public 
 schools he afterwards completed his 
 literary schooling at Central Col- 
 lege of Fayette, Mo., graduating 
 therefrom in 1880: 
 
 During two years succeeding his 
 graduation, and while studying 
 preparatory to his medical educa- 
 tion, he was principal of the for- 
 mal School at Lineville, la. 
 
 He received his diploma from the 
 St. Louis College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons in 1881. Shortly after- 
 
 wards he went to Europe and spent 
 a year at Yienna, where he took a 
 post-graduate course. Before re- 
 turning to America, Dr. Yaughan 
 toured the continent and wrote for 
 a St. Louis journal a series of arti- 
 cles of high literary merit, based on 
 the observations of his travels. 
 
 On his return to St. Louis he at 
 once began practice, and has con- 
 tinued in active professional work 
 ever since. 
 
 During five years of his profes- 
 sional career Dr. Yaughan was Pro- 
 fessor of Physio] ogy and Demonstra- 
 tor of Anatomy in the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons. From 
 1888 to 1890 he was secretary of the 
 Missouri State Board of Anatomy. 
 He fills the Chair of Professor of 
 Clinical and Orthopedic Surgery in 
 Barnes' Medical College, and is a 
 member of the American and In- 
 ternational Medical Societies. Close 
 application and hard work have 
 won for Dr. Yaughan, while yet a 
 comparatively young man, a place 
 among the foremost of the profes- 
 sion in Missouri. 
 
 WILLIAM HOOKEE YALL. 
 
 vVilliam Hooker Yail, M. D., was 
 born in South Manchester, Conn., on 
 the 1st day of September, 1865. As 
 a boy he was very bright and ex- 
 ceedingly fond of study, and he re- 
 ceived a thorough fundamental edu- 
 cation in the public schools of his 
 native town, completing his first 
 course of study later at Cheney's 
 High School there. His uncle, 
 James B. Olcutt, Horticulturist for 
 the State of Connecticut, and one of 
 the trustees of Storr's Agricultural 
 College, urged him to take the ex- 
 amination to enter that institution, 
 which he did, and was successful, 
 where he diligently studied for some 
 time. Four years later he took up 
 the profession of pedagogy in one of 
 the country villages of Connecticut, 
 
352 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 gradually rising to more prominent 
 and lucrative positions, owing to his 
 fine disciplinary and instructive abil- 
 ity, by reason of which he was of- 
 fered the position as Professor of 
 Chemistry, General History and 
 Physiology in the Duluth High 
 School of Duluth, Minn., where he 
 taught for some time, when he re- 
 signed to further pursue his medical 
 studies, which was the main object 
 in view. Just previous to his con- 
 nection with the Duluth High 
 School he entered the Connecticut 
 Literary Institution of Suffield, 
 Conn., where he prosecuted the 
 scientific course. 
 
 Dr. "William Hooker Vail's aim in 
 life from boyhood was to become 
 a physician and surgeon like his 
 father, Dr. E. J. Vail, who gradu- 
 ated in New York, and for about 
 half a century has been one of the 
 most prominent physicians and sur- 
 geons of that section of Connecticut. 
 From early boyhood Dr. William 
 Hooker Vail was earnestly interest- 
 ed in his father's profession, and 
 nearly all his spare time was spent 
 in his father's company and study, 
 
 four years of which were spent in 
 active practice with him. 
 
 During the progress of his medi- 
 cal studies he took a course in Belle- 
 vue Hospital, New York City. Dr. 
 Vail came to Missouri and entered 
 the St. Louis College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, where he pursued the 
 course of medicine for several years, 
 after which he entered upon an act- 
 ive practice of medicine in this city, 
 and has built up for himself a large 
 and lucrative clientele. 
 
 Dr. Vail is now house physician 
 for William Barr's Dry Goods Com- 
 pany, visiting surgeon to the May- 
 field Sanitarium, associate editor to 
 the St. Louis Hospital Bulletin and 
 is medical examiner for several life 
 insurance companies and benevolent 
 associations. 
 
 G. W. VOGT. 
 
 G. W. Vogt, one of the prominent 
 physicians and surgeons of North 
 St. Louis, was born in Germany on 
 the 20th of May, 1853. 
 
 Soon after his birth his parents 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 353 
 
 came to America and settled in St. 
 Louis, in the public schools of which 
 city young Vogt received that early 
 training which has since heen so 
 ■valuable to him. 
 
 A classical education fitted him 
 for entrance to the Missouri Medical 
 College, from which he graduated in 
 j 877. 
 
 Dr. Vogt immediately began the 
 practice of medicine in Xorth St. 
 Louis, and the large and lucrative 
 practice he now enjoys tells how 
 successful he has been. The doc- 
 tor is a member of several promi- 
 nent State and city medical socie- 
 ties, twenty-three years of hard 
 work as physician and surgeon is 
 placed to the credit of Dr. Vogt, 
 the careful, conscientious work per- 
 formed during that time has long 
 since placed him in the front ranks 
 of Missouri physicians. 
 
 E. J.- WASHINGTON. 
 
 Dr. E. J. "Washington is a native of 
 St. Louis, having been born there 
 on the 19th day of January, 1875 ; 
 
 He obtained his early education in 
 the public schools of the Mound 
 
 City previous to his entrance of the 
 Marion-Sims Medical College. He 
 graduated from Marion-Sims in the 
 spring of '96. 
 
 Soon after obtaining his degree 
 he was installed as an interne in the 
 St. Louis Female Hospital, which 
 position he held for the year that 
 ensued. 
 
 After Dr. Washington began his 
 general practice he turned his at- 
 tention to genito-urinary diseases, 
 which he now makes a specialty. 
 
 Dr. "Washington has been more 
 than ordinarily successful. He has 
 done remarkably well for one so 
 young in the actual practice of 
 medicine, being a close student, 
 untiring in his efforts to advance 
 his knowledge not only in genito- 
 urinary diseases, but in the general 
 practice of medicine as well, is rap- 
 idly placing Dr. Washington in the 
 advance guard of younger genera- 
 tions of rising Missouri physicians. 
 
 JOHX MAXWELL WATSOX. 
 
 Vienna. Scott County. Indiana, 
 was the birthplace of Dr. John M. 
 
 23 
 
?54 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TEARS OF 
 
 Watson, one of the more prominent 
 of the young physicians and sur- 
 geons of the city of St. Louis. 
 
 He was born on the 13th day of 
 May., 1873, and received his early 
 education in the public schools of 
 Scottsburgh, Ind., his boyhood 
 home, and later at the Medical De- 
 partment of the University of Louis- 
 ville, Ky. He is the son of Dr. 
 John M. Watson, a prominent phy- 
 sician of Scott County, Indiana. 
 
 Coming to St. Louis in the fall of 
 1896, young Watson entered the old 
 St. Louis Medical College, from 
 which he graduated in the spring of 
 1897. 
 
 One year later he began the gen- 
 eral practice of medicine in St. 
 Louis, and has remained there ever 
 since, rapidly advancing in his chos- 
 en profession and building up a 
 large practice. 
 
 J. H. WEINSBERG. 
 
 Julius H. Weinsberg was born 
 April 7, 1861, in Germany, where 
 he spent his bo} r hood days. His 
 
 early education was received in his 
 native country, noted for its educa- 
 tional advantages, it is not surpris- 
 ing that at the age of 17 young 
 Weinsberg was much further ad- 
 vanced in his studies than the aver- 
 age American youth is at that age. 
 
 In 1881, when in his seventeenth 
 vear, he decided to come to x\merica. 
 He at once, upon his arrival in this 
 country, settled in Missouri. He 
 soon obtained employment as a drug 
 clerk in St. Louis. Being deeply 
 interested in medicine soon caused 
 him to adopt it as his profession. 
 In 1888 he entered the Marion-Sims 
 College of Medicine, graduating 
 from that institution in 1891. 
 
 Dr. Weinsberg commenced prac- 
 tice in St. Louis in the same year 
 and has continued there ever since, 
 engaged in a general practice. 
 
 H. M. WHELPLEY. 
 
 The subject of this sketch has been 
 engaged in literary and editorial 
 work along medical science lines 
 since he was 16 years old. Henry M. 
 Whelpley was born in Battle Creek, 
 Mich., May 24, 1861, and his early 
 education was received in the ex- 
 cellent common and high schools of 
 his native State. Coming to Mis- 
 souri in his youth, he became a stu- 
 dent in the St. Louis College of 
 Pharmacy, and graduated therefrom 
 in 1883/ Since 1884 he has filled 
 the position of Professor of Micro- 
 scopy in this institution. In 1891 
 he graduated from the Missouri 
 Medical College, after the regular 
 course of study had been completed. 
 As a physician, Dr. Whelpley has 
 never engaged in active practice, his 
 literary Avork taking up all of his 
 time. From 1886 to 1890 he was a 
 lecturer in his Alma Mater on Mate- 
 ria Medica and Pharmacy, and in 
 1891 became Professor of Physiol- 
 ogy, Histology and Microscopy. This 
 latter position he held until the Mis- 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 351 
 
 souri Medical was merged in the 
 Medical Department of Washing- 
 ton University. During the same 
 years he was director of the bicolog- 
 ical laboratory and served as secre- 
 tary of the faculty. 
 
 He is a member of the St. Louis 
 Medical Society, of the Missouri 
 State Medical Association and of 
 the American Medical Association. 
 Also a member of the Eoyal Micro- 
 scopical Society of London, of 
 the American Microscopical Society 
 and of the St. Louis Microscopical 
 Society. He is at this writing edi- 
 tor and manager of "Meyer Broth- 
 ers' Druggist." 
 
 Dr. Whelpley is the author of 
 "Whelpley's Therapeutic Terms,"' 
 and of "Curtman's Chemical Lect- 
 ure Xotes." 
 
 A notable fact in connection with 
 Dr. Whelpley's choice of a profes- 
 sion is that he is the fourth "eldest 
 son" in the direct paternal line to 
 become a professor of medicine. 
 Several of his mother's male rela- 
 tives were also physicians. 
 
 ALLIE BANKS WILBURN. 
 
 On a farm in Audrain County, 
 Missouri, 14 miles southeast of Mex- 
 ico, on February 19, 1874, the 
 first gleam of light was given Allie 
 Banks Wilburn. Up to the age of 
 16 he received such schooling as & 
 lad generally receives engaged in 
 farm life. In 1890 he went to Mex- 
 ico and attended the public schools, 
 and in 1891 attended the Missouri 
 Military Academy, remaining there 
 until the fall of 1892, when he en- 
 tered the Missouri Dental College at 
 St. Louis, taking the usual course 
 of studies, and in 1895 entered the 
 Hospital College of Central Univer- 
 sity at Louisville, Ky., graduating 
 from this noted college of medicine 
 and dentistry as a dental surgeon. 
 In 1896 he passed the State Board 
 of medicine of Texas and began the, 
 practice of medicine in that State. 
 Returning to St. Louis in 1897 he 
 began the practice of dentistry, 
 which he followed successfully for 
 one year, when he entered the 
 Barnes Medical College of St. Louis 
 
356 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 and received his degree as a Doctor 
 of Medicine in 1900. 
 
 Dr. Wilburn, from the beginning 
 of his studies, gave special attention 
 to surgery and medicine. He is as- 
 sistant surgeon to the Chair of the 
 Surgical and Medical Dispensary of 
 the Barnes College. 
 
 WILLIAM A. WILCOX. 
 
 William A. Wilcox was born in 
 Boston, Mass., Nov. 18, 1838. He 
 
 came of old New England stock, 
 dating bis ancestors back to John 
 Wilcox, who emigrated from En- 
 gland in 1630 and settled in New- 
 ton. Mass., and with the church col- 
 ony founded Hartford, Conn., in 
 1635. His parents removed to St. 
 Louis in 1839, remaining there un- 
 til 1815. when they removed to 
 Richwood, Washington County. His 
 early education was obtained in the 
 district schools and the High School 
 at Arcadia, Mo., until 1854, then in 
 charge of the Rev. J. C. Berryman. 
 He then entered the St. Louis Med- 
 ical College, takino- the usual course 
 
 of studies, and graduated March 5, 
 1858, when only 19 years of age. 
 Soon after the breaking out of the 
 Civil War he returned to St. Louis, 
 was examined and appointed assist- 
 ant surgeon in First L T . S. R. C, 
 Missouri Volunteers, for three years' 
 service, April 22, 1862, going with 
 the detachment from Rolla, Mo., 
 in June, to Bates ville, Ark., guard- 
 ing wagon train of supplies and am- 
 munition for Gen. Curtis' army; 
 then to Helena, Ark., arriving in 
 July, remaining there in camp until 
 ordered to St. Louis to be mustered 
 out; was then offered position as 
 surgeon in the Thirty-second Mis- 
 souri Infantry, but was unable to 
 accept on account of illness; two 
 months later was commissioned as- 
 sistant surgeon, M. S. M., First In- 
 fantry, the regiment being on con- 
 tinuous guard duty, and wishing 
 to again see active service, he ap- 
 plied, and October 16, 1863, was 
 commissioned -surgeon of the Fourth 
 Missouri Cavalry Volunteers, and 
 joined his regiment at Union City, 
 Tenn., Col. George E. Waring, Jr., 
 being in command, remaining 
 there until January, 1864, doing 
 scout duty. Seven thousand caval- 
 ry was ordered to join Gen. Sher- 
 man, but when within 100 miles of 
 Gen. Sherman's army, Gen. Smith 
 ordered a retreat to Memphis. Again 
 resigning and returning to St. 
 Louis on account of sickness, he in 
 two months was again appointed 
 surgeon in charge of the post hos- 
 pital at Cape Girardeau, where he 
 served until May, 1865, when he 
 was commissioned surgeon in the 
 Fiftieth Missouri Infantry. 
 
 After the close of the war Dr. 
 Wilcox located at Independence, re- 
 maining there two years. He re- 
 moved to St. Louis in 1868, where 
 he has lived ever since. 
 
 Dr. Wilcox served several years 
 as Professor of Mental and Nervous 
 Diseases in the Missouri Homeo- 
 pathic Medical College. He was 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 357 
 
 married in 1863 in Boston while on 
 leave of absence. He has a daugh- 
 ter, Dr. Emma D. Wilcox, practicing 
 in New York City, and a son, Dr. 
 J. Hurry Wilcox, who served two 
 and a half years as assistant physi- 
 cian at the Fulton Insane Asylum, 
 dow practicing at Spokane, Wash. 
 Dr. Wilcox at this writing (1900) is 
 still in the harness, having prac- 
 ticed medicine for forty-three years, 
 five years of this time having served 
 as an armv surgeon. 
 
 At the expiration of that time 
 Dr. Witherspoon resigned from the 
 City Hospital staff and went to 
 Butte, Mont., where he engaged in 
 general practice until November, 
 1893. He then returned to St. 
 Louis, and has been there ever since. 
 He has been quite successful with 
 his work ever since the start. 
 
 The doctor is a member of sev- 
 eral medical societies and a hard 
 student as well as a painstaking and 
 careful physician. 
 
 THOMAS C. WITHERSPOON. 
 
 Natchez, Miss., is the birthplace of 
 Thomas C. Witherspoon, who was 
 born on the 25th day of May, 1868. 
 The early schooJing which so well 
 fitted him for his professional ca- 
 reer was obtained in the schools of 
 his native city. He afterwards 
 took a course in medicine in the 
 Missouri Medical College, graduat- 
 ing with the class of '89. 
 
 Dr. Witherspoon was appointed 
 in the same year an interne in the 
 St. Louis City Hospital, serving in 
 that capacity for the ensuing year. 
 
 HENRY L. WOLFXER. 
 
 Dr. Henry L. Wolfner was born 
 in Chicago, November 1, 1860. His 
 early education was received in the 
 public schools of Chicago and St. 
 Louis and in the High School at 
 Springfield, Hi. 
 
 Early in life he took up the study 
 sitv: oculist to Bethesda Home 
 the Missouri Medical College in 
 1881, several months before attain- 
 ing majoritv. He commenced the 
 practice of his profession in St. 
 Lou.is, where he has remained ever 
 since. 
 
358 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Dr. Wolfner's especial study in 
 the healing art since he received his 
 degree has been that of diseases of 
 the eve. In 1S92 he went abroad 
 and took post-graduate courses in 
 the leading European clinics. As an 
 oculist Dr. Wolfner has taken high 
 rank among his professional breth- 
 ren, and is popular with a large 
 clientele. He is clinical lecturer on 
 diseases of the eve in the Medical 
 Department of Washington Univer- 
 sity; oculist to Bethesda Home 
 and to the Episcopal Orphans' 
 Home, consulting ophthalmologist 
 to St. Vincent's Institution for the 
 Insane and consulting ophthalmolo- 
 gist to Passovant Hospital at Jack- 
 sonville. 111. 
 
 Dr. Wolfner is a member of the 
 St. Louis Medical Society, the St. 
 Louis Microscopical Society and oth- 
 er professional bodies. 
 
 W. H. WOODSON. 
 
 A relative of Silas H. Woodson, 
 one time Governor of the State, 
 grandson of ex-Congressman S. H. 
 Woodson of Jackson County, and 
 son of William H. Woodson, a veil- 
 known attorney of Clay County. Dr. 
 Woodson can easily lay claim to the 
 title of ■''Missourian." William Ham- 
 ilton Woodson was born at Liberty. 
 February 21, 1874. 
 
 He had an excellent early school- 
 ing and entered University Medical 
 College of Kansas City with a good 
 literary education. He graduated 
 in medicine in March, 1897, having 
 taken the classical course. He was 
 secretary of his graduation class. 
 
 He commenced practice at Kosh- 
 koning, in Oregon County, but in 
 1898 became house surgeon to the 
 German Hospital in Kansas City. In 
 the same vear he acted as assistant 
 to Dr. Flavel E. Tiffany, the eye 
 specialist of Kansas City. 
 
 In 1899 Dr. Woodson located in 
 Joplin, where he at once took a 
 high position in popular f a<vor. Since 
 
 becoming a resident of the city of 
 mineral wealth he has received so 
 much encouragement, both in a 
 professional and social way, that he 
 has decided to make his last location 
 permanent. Dr. Woodson is engaged 
 in general practice, but is quite ex- 
 pert in surgery. 
 
 U. S. WEIGHT. 
 
 Fayette, Mo., February 1, 1847, 
 was the place and date of birth of 
 Dr. U. S. Wright, whose father was 
 Leland Wright, a Virginian by birth 
 
 and a lawyer by profession. His 
 academic education was received at 
 Central College, Fayette. He then 
 entered the St. Louis Medical Col- 
 lege, graduating from that institu- 
 tion in 1871. 
 
 He at once began his professional 
 work in P'ayette, where for almost 
 thirty years he has continued in act- 
 ive practice. 
 
 In 1896 Dr. Wright took a post- 
 graduate course at the Eost-Grad- 
 uate Hospital College, Chicago, 111. 
 
 He is an ex-president of the Mo- 
 berly District Medical Society, and 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 359 
 
 for the second time is now president 
 of the Howard County Medical So- 
 ciety, vice-president of the North 
 Missouri Medical Society, a mem- 
 ber of the Washington University 
 Association and at this writing 
 (May, 1900,) has just been elected 
 President of the Missouri State 
 Medical Association. 
 
 fc 
 
 EDWIN YOUNKIN. 
 
 Dr. Edwin Younkin is the son of a 
 physician. He was horn in Somerset 
 Co.. Pa.. March 19, 1838. His early 
 education was acquired in the com- 
 mon schools of Pennsylvania and 
 Illinois, to which latter named 
 State his parents had removed when 
 the subject of this sketch was 12 
 years old. He attended Kewanee 
 (111.) Academy and later finished a 
 literary course in Abingdon Col- 
 lege. 
 
 He studied medicine in his fath- 
 er's office, and later, having re- 
 moved with the family to Iowa, be- 
 gan practice in that State at West 
 Liberty. 
 
 In 1866 he graduated from the Ec- 
 lectic Medical Institute of Cincin- 
 nati, and recommenced the practice 
 
 of his profession at Abingdon, his 
 former Illinois home, where he re- 
 mained for a number of years, re- 
 moving in 1873 to Leavenworth, 
 Kan. 
 
 Dr. Younkin settled in St. Louis 
 in 1875, and has remained in that 
 city ever since. He became a Mis- 
 sourian through his acceptance of 
 the Chair of Surgery in the Ameri- 
 can Medical College of St. Louis. 
 In 1887 he was elected clean of the 
 college, and at present writing 
 (1900) still fills these positions. He 
 is renowned as an expert surgeon, 
 having performed all the operations 
 known in surgical science. 
 
 Dr. Younkin is an ex-president of 
 the National Eclectic Medical Asso- 
 ciation and an honored member of 
 the State Eclectic Medical Society 
 of Missouri. He was married in 
 1861 to Matilda Hart of Rochester, 
 111., and has two daughters, both 
 married. Mrs. Younkin died in the 
 fall of 1899. 
 
 WALTER B. YOST. 
 
 Dr. Walter Burt Yost was born 
 
 among the mountains of West Vir- 
 
 -* ginia, at Mannington, in Marion 
 
!60 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 County, on Jan. 29, 1873. His 
 father, the late Dr. P. D. Yost, re- 
 moved to St. Louis the same year, 
 where he continued to live until his 
 deatli in 1883. After his father's 
 demise Dr. Yost went back to his 
 native State, where he attended a 
 military school until 1887. He then 
 went to Western Montana, and 
 spent two years on a cattle ranch, 
 leading the life of a cowboy. After 
 his return to West Virginia in 1889 
 he entered the university at Mor- 
 gantown, remaining two years. He 
 then determined to fit himself for 
 the medical profession, and, after 
 a few months' reading, entered the 
 Baltimore Medical College of Balti- 
 more, Md., from which he grad- 
 uated in 1894. Immediately after 
 
 he went to Xew York, where he 
 took post-graduate courses at the 
 Polyclinic and Bellevue Hospital 
 Medical Colleges. After completing 
 his studies in the metropolis, Dr. 
 Yost returned to his native State, 
 where he soon took high rank in his 
 profession, being appointed secre- 
 tary of the Board of Pension Ex- 
 aminers, president County Board of 
 Health and surgeon to the B. & 0. 
 B. E. and South Penn. Oil Co., be- 
 sides a lucrative private practice. In 
 1896 he retvirned to the home of 
 his boyhood — St. Louis — where he 
 engaged in a successful general 
 practice. In January, 1900, he re- 
 ceived the appointment of surgeon 
 to the St. Louis & Suburban Bail- 
 way Company. 
 
 J. H. MONAHAN, M. D., KANSAS 
 CITY. 
 
 J. W. ADAMS, M. D., ST. LOUIS. 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 3Q-± 
 
 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 St. Louis Insane Asylum Opp. 154 
 
 State Insane Asylum, No. 1, Fulton Opp. 148 
 
 State Insane Asylum, No. 2, St. Joseph Opp. 146 
 
 State Insane Asylum, No. 3, Nevada Opp. 150 
 
 St. Mary's Hospital, St. Louis Opp. 72 
 
 Female Hospital, St. Louis Opp. 156 
 
 St. Mary's Hospital, Chillicothe Opp. 171 
 
 St. Joseph Hospital, St. Charles Opp. 51 
 
 St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis Opp. 169 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis Opp. 159 
 
 University Hospital, Kansas City Opp. 107 
 
 St. Ann's Asylum, St. Louis Opp. 166 
 
 St. Louis Baptist Hospital, St. Louis Opp. 174 
 
 Martha Parsons Hospital, St. Louis Opp. 163 
 
 Alexian Brothers' Hospital, St. Louis ' Opp. 160 
 
 City Hospital, Sedalia Opp. 109 
 
 Deaconess Home Hospital, St. Louis Opp. 194 
 
 Missouri Baptist Sanitarium, St. Louis Opp. 164 
 
 First Missouri Medical College, 1840, St. Louis Opp. 176 
 
 Missouri Medical College, St. Louis Opp. 179 
 
 St. Louis Medical College, Original Building, St. Louis Opp. 184 
 
 Lecture Hall, St. Louis Medical College, St. Louis Opp. 186 
 
 McDowell's Letter Opp. 182 
 
 Army Surgeons' Commission Opp. 115 
 
 Army Surgeons' Parole Opp. 113 
 
 Army Surgeons' Form of Oath Opp. 126 
 
 Missouri Medical College Commencement Opp. 180 
 
362 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES AND PORTRAITS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Adams, J. W 360 
 
 Allan, J. M Opp. 264 
 
 Alexander, J. B Opp. 216 
 
 Ambrose, Olney A 208 
 
 Amyx, Robert Fleming- 208 
 
 ApLynne, Guy Elmont 209 
 
 Atwood, Le Grand 209 
 
 Auler, Hugo A 211 
 
 Badger, William 211 
 
 Baerens, Oscar F 212 
 
 Bainbridge, Priestly A 212 
 
 Bansbach, J. J 213 
 
 Barnes, Algernon S 213 
 
 Baron, Jules 214 
 
 Bartlett, James R 215 
 
 Bauduy, Keating 215 
 
 Beach, Prof. Wooster Opp. 142 
 
 Beaumont, William Opp. 55 
 
 Benson, Benjamin G 217 
 
 Bewig, Henry W 217 
 
 Bird, Isaac H 217 
 
 Blair, Vilray Papin 218 
 
 Bock, Armenius F 21S 
 
 Boisliniere, Louis Charles ..Opp. 90-219 
 
 Booth, David S., Sr Opp. 296 
 
 Booth, David S 221 
 
 Briggs, Waldo 222 
 
 Brinkman, Edward 222 
 
 Brokaw, A. V. L 223 
 
 Brown, John Young Jr 223 
 
 Brownlee, J. C 224 
 
 Bryan, R. Shepard 225 
 
 Bryson, John P 225 
 
 Burnett, Edwin Clark 226 
 
 Cadwallader, I. H 227 
 
 Campbell, William M 228 
 
 Caplan, L 22S 
 
 Carter, Charles L 229 
 
 Catlett, George Calmese 230 
 
 Chase, F. E 231 
 
 Clayton, C. F Opp. 232 
 
 Coffin, Georere 231 
 
 Comstock,- T. G 232 
 
 Crandall, George Clinton 233 
 
 Curtis, Arthur N 234 
 
 Curtmen, Charles Otto Opp. 38-234 
 
 Dalton, H. C 235 
 
 De Groat, Charles B 235 
 
 Derevaux, Armand 235 
 
 Deutsch, William S 236 
 
 Dixon, Charles H 236 
 
 Dooley , John 237 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Dorsett, Walter Blackburn 238 
 
 Doyle, Thomas H 239 
 
 Drescher, F. B 239 
 
 Dudley, Clifton Rogers 240 
 
 Duncan, John Harris 241 
 
 Elston, Addison 242 
 
 Engelman, George Opp. 296 
 
 Evans, Edwin G 242 
 
 Evans, W. H Opp. 280 
 
 Ewing, Fayette C 243 
 
 Farrar, Bernard G Opp. 12 
 
 Ferguson, Wilson J 244 
 
 Fisch, C 244 
 
 Fleming, A. W 245 
 
 Foreman, C. 245 
 
 Forster, Otto E 246 
 
 Frank, Charles A 246 
 
 French, John Andrew 247 
 
 Friedman, Jacob 248 
 
 Fry, Frank R 248 
 
 Fulkerson, P. P 249 
 
 Funkhouser, Robert M 250 
 
 Gehrung, E. C 251 
 
 Geiger, Jacob 251 
 
 Gerould, Martin L 252 
 
 Gibson, D. M 253 
 
 Goldstein, Max A 254 
 
 Gore, Abner E 255 
 
 Gowans, Charles W 255 
 
 Grant, John M 256 
 
 Graves, Spencer 256 
 
 Gregory, E. H Opp. 257 
 
 Griffith, J. D 257 
 
 Griveaud, E. A 259 
 
 Grundman, F. William 260 
 
 Guhman, John O 260 
 
 Gunman, Matthew George 261 
 
 Guhman, Nicholas 261 
 
 Hall, C. Lester Opp. 296 
 
 Hall, Edward P 262 
 
 Hall, W. Antoine 263 
 
 Hall, William G 263 
 
 Halley, George 264 
 
 Hammer, Adam Opp. 99 
 
 Hanpeter, Henry W 264 
 
 Hardy, Joseph 265 
 
 Harrington, James L 265 
 
 Harris, John J 266 
 
 Harris, W. John 267 
 
 Haverstick, George W 267 
 
 Hayes, William Harrison 268 
 
MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 
 
 363 
 
 Henderson, Frank L 268 
 
 Highsmith, George R 269 
 
 Hodgen, John T Frontispiece 
 
 Holt, Elmer Ellsworth 270 
 
 Hueyette, Hurel Perrie s 270 
 
 Hughes, Charles H 271 
 
 Hulbert, George Frederick 272 
 
 Humf reville, Daniel D . 273 
 
 Hunter, Edwin E '. 273 
 
 Hypes, Benjamin Murray 274 
 
 Jackson, John Wesley 274 
 
 James, Jno. A. James 275 
 
 Johnson, Charles M 276 
 
 Johnson, E. Horace 277 
 
 Johnson, F. M Opp. 248 
 
 Johnson, J. B Opp. 29-277 
 
 Johnston, "William Opp. 46-278 
 
 Keith, William F 279 
 
 Kennard, Thomas Opp. 95 
 
 Kershaw, J. Martine 279 
 
 Kier, William F 280 
 
 King, Willis P Opp. 261 
 
 Krebs, George A 281 
 
 Kress, William J 281 
 
 Dane, William Carr Opp. 22 
 
 Latimore, Alfred W 282 
 
 Debrecht, John C 283 
 
 Demen. Joseph R 283 
 
 Deonard, P. J 284 
 
 Dewis, Bransf ord 284 
 
 Dester, T. B Opp. 232 
 
 Dinton, M. D Opp. 96 
 
 Lippman, Gustave 285 
 
 Ditton, Abram Opp. 198-286 
 
 Dloyd, Henry 287 
 
 Doeb, H. W 288 
 
 Dogan, James E 288 
 
 Dong, John S 289 
 
 Dove, I. N 290 
 
 Dowery, W. N 291 
 
 Dutz, Frank Joseph 291 
 
 Dyon, H. N 292 
 
 McAlester, A. W Opp. 280 
 
 McCulbers, E. H 293 
 
 McDonald, Calvin Davis 293 
 
 McDonald, Chett 294 
 
 McDonald, Park D 295 
 
 McDowell, Joseph Nash Opp. 49 
 
 McGrath, Edward J 295 
 
 McKee, Joseph W 296 
 
 McPheeters, William M Opp. 63-296 
 
 Mack, Hugh P 277 
 
 Mackey, Albert S 29S 
 
 Manahan, J. H 360 
 
 Maughs, G. M. B Opp. 264 
 
 Marks, Heine 298 
 
 Martin, Solomon C 299 
 
 Matthews, D. I Opp. 280 
 
 Mayfleld, E. B 299 
 
 Mayfield, W. H 300 
 
 Middelkamp, Henry H 301 
 
 Miesenbach, Albert H 302 
 
 Meridith, C. A 303 
 
 Merrell, Albert 303 
 
 Miller, A. B 304 
 
 Miller, Isaac N 305 
 
 Mink, Arthur E 306 
 
 Montgomery, Ei Opp. 232 
 
 Moore, John S Opp. 86 
 
 Morris C. Columbus 307 
 
 Morris, Walter Browning 307 
 
 Moses, S. Gratz Opp. 26 
 
 Mudd, Henry H Opp. 206-30S 
 
 Murphy, R. Brent 309 
 
 Neville, E. J 310 
 
 Newman, D. E 310 
 
 Neumeister, Anton E 311 
 
 Nicholson, C. M 311 
 
 Nietert, H. D 312 
 
 O'Reilly, Thomas 313 
 
 Overall, G. W 314 
 
 Ozias, Charles O 314 
 
 Papin, T. D Opp. 296 
 
 Pardue, John Pinckney 315 
 
 Parrish, J. G. Sr 315 
 
 Passler, Reinhold 316 
 
 Pesold, Carl 317 
 
 Pim, Louis T. Jr 317 
 
 Pim, Louis T. Sr Opp. 111-318 
 
 Pollak, Simon Opp. 41-319 
 
 Pope, Charles A Opp. 93 
 
 Porter, William 320 
 
 Potter, Thomas E 320 
 
 Powell, C. H 321 
 
 Prewitt, T. F Opp. 280 
 
 Punton, John 322 
 
 Raine, Olney C 323 
 
 Remme, Charles 323 
 
 Richmond, John M 324 
 
 Richter, E. Z. C 325 
 
 Robinson, A. C 325 
 
 Runge, Edward C 326 
 
 Sampson. J. H 327 
 
 Say, William J 327 
 
 Schmid, William F 328 
 
 Schott, Augustus H 329 
 
 Schauffler, E. W Opp. 264 
 
 Schuchardt, Ernst 329 
 
 Senseney, Edgar Moore 330 
 
 Shortridge, Alfred D 330 
 
 Silverstone, Hiram Edward 331 
 
 Simon, J. H 331 
 
 Simpson, Barnard S 332 
 
 Sloan, A. B Opp. 102-332 
 
 Smith, Elsworth F 333 
 
 Smith, Elsworth S 334 
 
 Smith, J. Herbert 335 
 
 Smith, James Walter 335 
 
 Smith, James W 336 
 
 Smith, R. M 336 
 
 Smith, O. E ° 36 
 
 Standlee, E. Lee 337 
 
 Spie'gelhalter, Joseph 338 
 
 Stewart, Floyd 340 
 
 Stoffell, Remy J 341 
 
 Straus, Leon 34- 
 
 Sulzbacher , Bruno L «2 
 
 Sutter, Otto 343 
 
 Talbot, Hudson 344 
 
 Tanquary, J. H 344 
 
 Taylor, C. W. Jr 34o 
 
 Tefft, J. E Opp. 232 
 
 Thomas, W. G Opp. 216 
 
 Thompson, G. H 345 
 
 Tincher, E. H 346 
 
364 
 
 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 
 Todd, S. S Opp. 248 
 
 Trader, J. W Opp. 248 
 
 Torry, W. C Opp. 248 
 
 Tuholske, Herman 346 
 
 Tupper, Paul T 347 
 
 Turnbull. Louis Allan 348 
 
 Thrush, Thomas Benton Opp. 104-349 
 
 Tyler, R. B 349 
 
 Valle, Jules F 350 
 
 Vaughn. J. P Opp. 216 
 
 Vaughan, John W 351 
 
 Vail, William Hooker 351 
 
 Vogt, G. W 352 
 
 Washington, E. P 353 
 
 Watson, John Maxwell 353 
 
 Weinberg, J. H 354 
 
 Whelpley, H. M 354 
 
 Wilbourn, Allie Banks 355 
 
 Williams, G. A Opp. 216 
 
 Wilcox, William A 356 
 
 Witherspoon, Thomas C 357 
 
 Wolfner, Henry L 357 
 
 Woodson, W. H 358 
 
 Wright, U. S .• 358 
 
 Yonkin, Edwin 359 
 
 Yost, Walter B 359 
 
V\eAso\r^e- <xi\6, Oovvat-nr'^ 
 
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