Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Gift of Sfymour B. Durst Old York Liijr ary Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/newyorkmetropoliOOspra_0 11 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. FATHER KNICKERBOCKER. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. ITS NOTED BUSINESS AND PROEESSIONAL MEN. PART I. HISTORICAL-ILLUSTRATED. COPYRIGH I KD, 1891. THE NEW YORK RECORDER. 1893. IV NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. HHNRY HUDSON. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. V PREFACE. NEW YORK, the Metropolis of the world of the future, the Metropolis of free America of the past, incomparable and cosmopolitan in its characteristics, of all cities is the one most worthy of study, not merely on its own account, but for the future of mankind, and especially that of self -governed people. No history will ever do justice to this phenomenon among all human settlements. No forecast can adequately describe what its expansion will be. . It is one of the purposes of this work to outline by description, and to pietorially represent, the institutions that have marked the development of the chief city of the Western Hemisphere, and which indicate its hereafter. But men, more than the institutions they create or maintain, make a city, and it is necessary, in order to understand New York, to speak of the distinguished individualities that have marked the eras in its progress, and also of those now surviving who are shaping the destinies of the world's future greatest city. Their work will sixrvive them, and this is particularly true of the leading merchants, manufacturers, financiers, and men of literature and of art who labor for posterity without heed of current record of what they do. Nati;re marked out New York for a Metropolis When Manhattan Island was acquired from the Indians, the New World took position in competition with the Old World. When the time came for North American colonies to sever their relations with the British Crown, the possession of New York was the great prize of the contest. When the British troops evacuated New York, the struggle between the monarchy of England and the young Republic of the West was definitely ended, and, appropriately to the c(j]onial and revolutionary history of the imion of States, it was in New York, the chief American city, that (ieorge W^ashington was inaugurated as first President. Certain to be the greatest commercial city of the world, as already it is by far the greatest in the Western Hemisphere, New York is now the largest manufacturing centre on the American side of the Atlantic. Were its municipal area extended so as to cover its intertwined interests, as is that of London and that of Paris, it would be the largest of all the world's cities in the valvie of products of its industries, as well as in its population. The history of New York may be divided into four eras, as determ'iied by the material development and growth of the city: First, there was the old town below Wall Street, with small suburbs above the limited lines of the original " New Amsterdam." Then came the extension to Houston vStreet. Then, in 1817, occurred the planning of upper New York by a commission of eminent men, which, strangely enough, included no resident of the city as it at that time existed. After that followed the era of development of the northern city, with the foundation of Central Park and the formation of the Park Department, with authority to lay out the new parts of the Metropolis, destined to be its most beautiful sections. That is the era in which we are still living, with a city extending from the Battery, at the head of New York Bay, to the Bronx River, on the dividing line from Westchester County, with a population of nearly two millions, and with room for more than threefold that number. There is another era in sight — not in the dim distance, but close at hand — when the American Metropolis will be naturally consolidated with its offshoots, as London has been, and when the " Greater New York " will be at once, by the mere taking to itself of what has sprung from it and belongs to it in the current of daily life, incomparably the most important of the world's municipalities. The great city is not merely metropolitan, but cosmopolitan in characteristics, history, and development that interest students of human progress and civilization. Early in its career it became the focus for the energies of many nations. Now not even in London and Paris are there to be foimd so many illustrations of the habits and characteristics of different peoples as in New York. The picture of New York, as it lives to-day, is chiefly drawn in biographical .sketches of professional and business men whose careers tell how and why the city continues to grow in wealth and general pro.sperity. Their portraits show what manner of men they are who have achieved great results already, and upon whose effort, as well as example, the future welfare of the city must depend. While this work does not pretend to be a history of New York in the more extended meaning of the word, it furnishes a retrospective view of its past, a full portrait of its present, and that glimpse into its future to which the lives of many of its most eminent citizens serve as sign posts. That the men whose biographical sketches are given are fairly representative of the city's progress, socially, commercially and politically, is beyond question. Not a few of them belonged to the generation which laid the foundations of the city's supremacy, all are part of its present life, and many of its future hope. The sketches of these men will be of service to the historian of the future, on whom will devolve the more ambitious task of giving to the world a work commensurate with the more majestic city now looming in the distance — the Greater New York. HISTORY. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. New York, the Metropolis of the Western Hemisjjhere, is the third greatest city in the world. It takes rank immediately after Paris, and when the movement now going on for its consolidation with Brooklyn and other cities and towns adjacent has taken legislative shai)e, and the Greater New York has become an accomplished fact, it will be the second city in the world, with London only as its superior in wealth, population and status generally. It is therefore reasonable to assume that before the end of another decade the consolidated New York will contain within its limits upwards of 3,000,000 souls. I>ut even this will not satisfy the legitimate ambition of New York, or indeed of the United States, of which it is the commercial capital. It must be the great city, with no rival, and there are those who predict — statists and political economists among them — that long before the close of the next century New York will be the great cosmopolitan city of the globe, with a population of 10,000,000; in other words, it will be unique in authentic history. There is nothing in the past which forbids .such an assumption regarding the future when it is considered that a hundred years ago this city had a population of only 55,000. Of course it cannot be expected that this rate of what we may almost term arithmetical progression will go on, or that the close of the next century will show a like increase, for if it should the estimate of 10,000,000 would be far exceeded. Nevertheless, taking into account the genesis and progress of the world's great cities, and that New York has not yet outgrown even its Knickerbocker stage, a population of ten millions in 1993 is by no means an exaggerated approximation. The geographical situation of New York, through which the wonderful resources of the country must flow, warrant the prophecy that it will become the co.smopolitan, the imiversal city, and in growing as she does she is merely fulfilling her manifest destiny. New York City is situated on New York Bay, at the junction of the North and East Rivers. Its latitude at the City Hall is 40° 42' 43", and its longitude west of Greenwich 74° o' 3'. It is eighteen miles distant from the ocean in a straight line. It is 205 miles from Washington, the national Capital, and 145 from Albany, the capital of the State of New York. The territory of the city comprises all of Manhattan Island, so much of Westchester Count)^ as lies between the city of Yonkers, the Bronx, Harlem and East Rivers, Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the North River, and takes in Blackwell's, Ward's, Randall's, Governor's, Ellis and Liberty Islands. The total area of the city is 41)4 square miles, its length from north to south 16 miles, and its greatest width 4^4 miles. The singular topography of New York has resulted in an extraordinary density of population, rising as high as 200,000 to the square mile in the old part of the city, and the problem of street transportation has become a serious one. This problem has been partially solved by the Elevated Railroad 'system and now the city is calling for a still more extended and better system. Meanwhile, as the population increases in a greater ratio than transport facilities, the condition of things is favoring the development of many adjacent towns, while hundreds of thousands of people, chiefly heads of families, who do business on Manhattan Island, avail themselves of the East River bridge and the various ferries to make their homes in Brooklyn, Jersey City and many other places away from the clamor and high rents of Gotham. "Manhattan" was the original name of New York, a word signifying in the Indian language of the Mohicans, Chippewas and other tribes, an island, or a small island. The first European visitor to Manhattan was Verrazano, a Florentine in the French service, who sailed from Brittany as a Corsair in the "Dauphine. " The " Dauphine " cruised about the coast and in New York Bay, and sent boats up to Manhattan (Menatan), where the natives received them kindly. But the first discoverer of New York was really Henry Hudson, an Eng- lish navigator in the service of the Dutch East India Company, who entered the harbor in 1609 in his small craft the " Halve-Maen. " Hudson ascended the river to which he has given a name and sailed as far as Albany, in the hope that he was about to discover a northwest passage to the Indies, but he soon found out his error and, returning to Europe, reported the progress he had made. The next visitor to Manhattan was Adrien Black, a Hollander, who came in 161 1 and again in 1613, this time with Captain Hendrik Chris- tiaensen. They brought with them a number of veterans as settlers in the " Tiger " and " Fortune," with a cargo of merchandise for trading purposes, and erected a redoubt containing four small houses on the site of the present No. 39 Broadway. The venture proving successful, other settlers were added j-ear after year to the little colony, the merchants who bore the original expense of the enterprise organizing themselves into the " United New Netherlands Company," and subsequently procuring from the States-General of Holland a charter granting them a monopoly of the trade, which was chiefly in furs, between the 40th and 45th parallels, north latitude. This was known as the CENTRAL PARK— THE PILGRIM. Dutch West India Company. The favorable reports from the Colony which viii NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. reached Europe intensely interested the English Puritans residing in Holland, then looking around for a region in which they might settle and have free scope for the exercise of their political and religious tenets, and a committee acting in their behalf requested permission to settle in the new province. The States-General, however, did not give them any encouragement. Holland was at that time the colonial and naval rival of England, and its Government looked to North America as an acquisition of the very greatest importance, both from a colonial and commercial point of view. Hence they gave the Dutch West India Company a charter conferring upon them exclusive rights over the New Netherlands for twenty years, the company agreeing to ». return to colonize the province within a reasonable time. In accordance with this agreement, they sent hither, in 1624, thirty families, composed chiefly of French Huguenots. By 1626 the colony had increased to over 200 persons, and in that year Peter Minuit, the Director-General, purchased Manhattan Island from the savages for sixt)' guilders, or about twenty-four dollars of our present money. Henceforth emigrants came pouring in, encouraged by the company, which furnished cheap transpcSrtation, gave free grants of land and established universal religious toleration. In 1633 Wouter Van Twiller succeeded Minuit as Director-General, erected a church and schoolhouse, imported negro slaves and called the growing village New Amsterdam. At this time bears, wolves, deer and panthers frequented the dense forest covering the island of Manhattan, and it is not improbable that at one time or another some enterprising panther may have carried off one of the New Netherland settlers' fat sheep from the site of the present Equitable building. It may be a little disappointing to learn that Jean Vigne, the VIEW CORNER EXCHANGE PLACE AND BROAD STREET 1690.— SITE OF THE PRESENT MILLS RUILDING. first white child ever l)orn on the island (1614) left no descendant, although the first "New York girl," Sarah Rapaelje (1625), possibly did. Sarah was styled the "first born Christian daughter" in the colony." The Dutch authorities, recognizing what an honor this Avas, granted the girl a large tract of land at the Wallabout. She married in 1647. Meantime the colony prospered to such an extent that in the fiscal year 1629-30 goods to the value of 130,000 guilders were sent to Holland, showing a decided balance of trade in favor of the colony, and in 1631 the ship "New Netherlands," 800 tons and carrying 30 guns, was built. Van Twiller, who succeeded Minuit in 1633, brought with him from Holland 100 Dutch soldiers, whom he placed in garrison at Fort Amsterdam, and a still more pleasing sign of civilization, in the i)ersons of Dominie l*>verardus Bogardus and Adam Roelandsen, a professional schoolmaster. Van Twiller was covetous and looked after his own interests with much anxiety, but he was also shrewd and conducted the affairs of the colony successfully. He erected a brewery, and the settlers enjoyed themselves immensely drinking the beer he had brewed for them out of huge pewter tankards they had brought with them from the Netherlands. William Kieft, who succeeded Van Twiller, ruled fnmi 163S to 1647. He built a distillery and a stone tavern near Cocntics vSlip, and erected the St. Nicholas church in Fort Amsterdam. He was exceedingly avaricious, and by his arbitrary and arrogant manner retarded the progress of the settlement. Nevertheless the colony in his time was augmented by hundreds of settlers, and, were it not for the reign of disorder fostered by the avaricious Kieft, New Amsterdam would have become exceedingly prosperous, even at that early stage of its existence. His exorbitant system of NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. ix taxation so anoered the Burohcrs that they rose in revolt and established the Patroon system, whieh elosely resembled an oligarehy. Kieft's Indian policy, under whieh the natives were slauj^htered without reason or mercy, caused trade and commerce to dwindle almost to nothing-, and reduced the colony to a pitiaVjle condition. In 1636 appears the first real estate transaction, when the property now owned by Trinity Church, consisting of sixty-two acres, was conveyed to Roelof Jans by Van Twiller. It runs along the North River between Fulton and Christopher Streets, and reaches as far as Broadway near Fulton. Jans' heirs sold this property to Governor Lovelace and it was incorporated with the King's Farm. The King's Farm was presented to Trinity Church by Queen Anne in 1703, and is now of immense value, as no part of it may be .sold, nor a longer lease given of any of it for a period exceeding ninety-nine years. In 1638, Long Island was connected with new Amsterdam by ferry, arjd the Burghers and Patroons, in the intervals of slaughtering more or less harmless and unarmed Indians, began to fight among themselves for pelf and power. The States- General on learning of this condition of things curtailed the privileges of the company, and Petrus Stuyvesant, a stern soldier and narrow minded bigot, but a vigorous ruler, was sent out as Director-General. Washington Irving has made this last Dutch Ruler of the Colony immortal in his " Knickerbocker History of New York." Stuyvesant dominated the Burghers, Patroons and Colonists generally, and even ignored the States-General, in the interest of his masters, the company. He kept the aspiring Van Rensselaers, Van der Doncks and Schuylers down with a strong hand, persecuted Baptists, Quakers and other dissenters, and went tearing around through the colony with his wooden leg banded with silver, in a manner that was at once grotesque and awe inspiring. His arrival dates from 1647, and in 1653 we find this veteran girding the town with ditches, palisades, block houses and a wall running from the East to the North River. The State House ANCIENT VIEW CHATHAM SyUAKE. A, Catiemuts Hill; B, Tlie Fresh Water; C, The Fresh Water Bridge; D, The .Jews' Buryinp Ground ; E. Rutgei's Farm House: F. The Bowery Road; G, Ferry Road (present Pearl Street); H. Road to the City; I, Road ttta trimmings, and is considered one of the handsomest buildings in the city. Joining the Postal Telegraph Cable Company's building is the building of the Home Life Insurance Company, and it is purely early Ittihan Renaissance in its architec- ture. Then comes the conspicuously red office of the United States Life. At the comer of Chambers Street is the new home of the National Shoe and Leather Bank, also a grand specimen of modem architecture. Crossing Broadway once more, the objects of interest architecturally are the City Hall, the municipal offices and Law Courts and the City Hall Park, one of the lower lungs of the city. Proceeding onward there is the great Stewart Building, at the northeast comer of Chambers Street, an immense pile of marble and iron. N£IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. XXXIX ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL. xl NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Then comes another new and lofty edifice in the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association, at the northwest comer of Duane Street. It is fourteen stcjries high and a most massive and imposing- building-. On the opposite side of the street is an old friend in the handsome home of the New York Life Insurance Company, a fine marble edifice, as solid as the corporation that owns it. Still moving northward, the traveller arrives at the Ninth National Bank ; the great Rouss Building, a splendid monument of one man's pluck, push and perseverance ; the solid Metropolitan Hotel and old Niblo's Garden, originally kept by the Lelands. Then on the west side is the massive stone and granite enclosure for machinery called the Power House of the New York Cable Company, and at the corner of Bleecker Street is the handsome and ornate office of the Manhattan Savings Institution. Proceeding onward, the newly constructed and arranged Broadway Central Hotel is arrived at, and then one of the landmarks of the great thoroughfare, in A. T. Stewart's -great iron drygoods store, occupying an entire block. Lower Broadway ends just here, and it is ornamentally and gracefully concluded by the beautiful, decorated Gothic erection of Grace Church, with its absolutely perfect spire and pretty groups of buildings, built through the benevolence of Miss Catharine L. Wolfe and the Hon. Levi P. Morton. Opposite is the well known caravansary, the St. Denis Hotel ; and then the old and favored Star Theatre, made bright by the genius of Lester Wallack, brings the rover to Union Square which is surrovmded by large buildings and handsome stores. At the northwest corner of Fourteenth Street is the handsome Lincoln Office Building, and on the opposite side of the square the Hotel Dam and Union .Square Hotel. Then the historic and world-famed Tiffany's, with its millions upon millions' worth of precious stones and ornamental bric-a-brac. The new emporium for pianos of Decker Brothers towers above the surrounding buildings, and on the opposite corner is the conspicuously handsome and solid Century Building, from whence the well known Coititry Magazine is edited and published. Proceeding now through the more fashionable bi;siness portion of Broadwa}', the great stores of Arnold & Constable and J. W. Sloane loom up grandly, almost obliterating the more modest but solid Aberdeen and Continental Hotels. Three blocks more and Madison Square is reached, the most beautiful, popular, and ornate breathing place of this city. At the southeast corner of Broadway and Twenty-third Street is the Bartholdi Hotel, and a few doors eastward is the magnificent white marble home of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Com- pany, one of the most expen.sive and conspicuous buildings in the city. Another great pile of brick and terra cotta is the Madison Square Garden, the largest amusement building in America, architecturally magnificent, yet simple in construction, and erected at a cost of about ^3,000,000. Crossing ^ladison Square there comes a list of hotels, all of them known all over the world — the Fifth Avenue, Albemarle, Hoffman House, St. James, Delmonico's, the Victoria, the Sturtevant and Gilsey House. There is the vast Gilsey building, which is the only building in the world with two theatres under the one roof; these are the Fifth Avenue and Herrmann's Theatres. Then a batch of amusement palaces is dotted on each side of the way. Palmer's, Daly's, the Bijou, and the Standard a little way tip. Still moving upward, there are the comfortable Grand Hotel and the .stately Imperial, and at the angle of Broadway and Sixth Avenue is the L^nion Dime Savings Bank, conspicuous for its white facade and illuminated clock. At the opposite angle, where Sixth Avenue intersects Broadway, is an important factor in the ornament- ation of Upper Broadway in the new Herald Building, which is as beautiful as it is unique. It does not soar to the skies, but is only two stories high, and is exclusivelj' for the use of one of America's great journals. Moving on, another batch of hotels and theatres strikes the eye of the passer by. There are the hand- some hostelries, the Marlborough, the Normandie, the Oriental, the Gedney House, the Vendome, the Metro- pole, the St. Cloud, and the Barrett House, and the new and pretty playhouses, including the fire-scarred Metropolitan Opera House, Abbey's new Theatre, the Casino, the Empire, and the Broadway Theatre. Above Forty-second Street nothing of importance is to be seen until the park is reached, and the Gladstone at Fifty- ninth Street ends the long list of big and handsome buildings on New York's greatest thoroughfare. All around Central Park and along the fine Boulevard, which is really an extension of Broadway, are a number of fine specimens of Gotham's latest fad, the flat and apartment hou.ses. These monumental structures tower their lofty heads above everything else, and some of them arc as splendid and lavish in their appoint- ments as they are expensive and alarming in the rentals asked. Every day adds to these enormous residential palaces, and to give a full list would be impossible in these limited pages. The most important and splendid of them, however, are the Dakota, at Central Park West and Seventy-second vStreet, built in the style of a French chateau; the Navarro Flats, at Fifty-ninth Street and Seventli Avenue, which cost $7,000,000 to erect, and comprise in one great group of handsome homes, the Madrid, the (iranada, the Lisbon, the Cordova, the Barcelona, the Valencia, the Salamanca, and the Tolosa. Scattered along Upper Broadway and the West Side of the Park are tlie Strathmore, Windsor, Rutland, Albany, Pocantico, Osborne, Grenoble, Wyoming, and Van Colaer; the Beresford, San Remo, La Grange, Endicott and Rutledge in Central Park West, and the splendid Nevada, high up on the Boulevard. ^Mention must be made of the high class establi.shments on Madison Avenue, known as the Earlscourt, St. Catharine, St. Honore, Hoffman Arms, and Santa Marguerita; on Columbus Avenue are the Brockholst and Cireylock ; on Fifth Avenue the Hamilton and the Knickerbocker; and in the central part of the city the Gramercy Park, Anglesea, Chel.sea, Florence, Westmoreland, Douglas, Beeclnvood, etc.. and last, but not least in size or beauty, the bachelor ajjartment houses Croisie, Benedict and Alpine. The Tenement Houses, which tell of tiie dark side of New York City, are dotted on nearly all the streets below Fourteenth Street. They hang on to the edges of both rivers, east and west, and reach up as far as Fifty- ninth Street. In these cheaply constructed buildings, the squalor and mi.sery inseparable to a great city are hidden, and in some sections the tenants are packed together at the rate of many thousands to the square. Having taken the explorer through princii)al business and amusement thoroughfares of the city, and ten- derly guided him over the abodes of poverty and vice, it will be well to return once more to all that is bright and pleasing. Fifth Avenue, the splendid residence .street of the city, the abode of the aristocrat and the mil- xlii NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. lionaire, is pre-eminently the finest avenue in the country ; it rivals Broadway in big hotels, and it far outvies it in clubs, churches, and the residences of wealth and luxury. Fifth Avenue extends from Washington Square for four miles northward. Taking its public buildings and beginning at the Park, there are the splendid Metro- politan Museum of Art, containing a magnificent collection of paintings, statues, and ancient relics loaned and presented by prominent and wealthy citizens, the Lenox Library, St. Luke's Hospital, the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, and lower down Chickering Hall. The most recently erected structures are the Judge Build- ing, Methodist Book Concern, and the Mohawk Building. The private residences and millionaires' palaces are unsurpassed by any other avenue in the world. Among them are Robert L. Stuart's mansion, the splendid homes of Henry O. Havemeyer, William Rocke- feller, Chauncey M. Depew, Russell Sage, Ogden Goelet, Henry M. Flagler, Darius (). Mills, R. F. Cutting, Robert Goelet. and the C. P. Huntington mansion. The Stevens house, owned and occupied by ex-Secretary of the Navy William C. Whitney, and the series of splendid edifices occupied by Cornelius Vanderbilt. William K. Vanderbilt, Mrs. William H. Vanderbilt, William D. Sloane, and ^Irs. Elliott F. Shepard. The avenue is the principal resort of the clubs, among them being the Progress, at Sixty-third Street: the Metropolitan and the New, at Fifty-eighth Street ; the Democratic, near Fiftieth Street ; the Republican, at Fortieth ; the Union League and the Delta Kappa Epsilon, at Thirty-ninth Street; the St. Nicholas, at Thirty-sixth Street; the New < Ki:.:iN.\i. ( I U RT. York, at Thirty-fiftli Street; the Manhattan, at Thirty-fourth Street, the late A. T. Stewart's residence : the Knickerbocker, at Thirty-second Street; the Calumet, at Twenty-ninth Street; the Reform, at Twenty-seventh Street; the Sorosis, near Twenty-fifth Street, and the Lotus and L^nion, at Twenty-first Street. Among the other important clubs in the city are the Century, 7 West Forty-third Street; the University, Madison Avenue and Twenty-sixth vStreet ; the Colonial, Seventy-second Street and Boulevard ; the Harmonic, 45 West Forty-second wStreet; the Grolier, 29 East Thirty-second Street ; the Players', Gramercy Park, and the Press Club. Nassau vStreet. But it is in magnificent and luxurious hotels that Fifth Avenue is especially favored, big millionaires vying with each other in their efforts to erect the loftiest and most splendid buildings. At the Plaza is. per- haps, the mo.st perfect, and certainly the newest, in W. W. Astor's beautiful structure, the New Netherland. erected at a cost of $3,000,000. On the opposite corner of Fifty-ninth Street is the Savoy, another palace of steel and limestone, built by Judge Dugro, at a cost of over §2,000.000. The " Plaza " is at the Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue entrance of Central Park. It contains 400 rooms, and is owned by the New York Life Insurance Company. The Langham is at Fifty-second Street; the Buckingham, at Fiftieth vStreet; the Windsor, at Forty-sixth Street; the Sherwood, at Forty-fourth Street; the Hamilton and Bristol, at Forty-second Street; the St. Marc at Thirty-ninth Street. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. xliii L)Bbhk\ A l uR^ — lHNTRAL park. xliv NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. At Thirty-third Street is another splendid palace in the Waldorf, built by William Waldorf Astor, on the site of the old Astor mansion. It contains over 500 rooms and is said to be the'finest hotel in the world for com- fort and appointments. The Cambrido^e is also at Thirty-third vStreet; the Holland, at Thirtieth Street; the Vic- toria, at Twenty-seventh Street; the Brunswick, at Twenty-fifth Street, and Delmonico's oppo.site. Crossing Madison Square, the rover comes to the Glenham, at Twenty-second Street; the Logerot. at Twentieth Street; the. Lenox, at Twelfth Street, the Berkeley, at Ninth Street, and the popular old fashioned Brevoort House, at Clinton Place. ' Fifth Avenue is a thorout^hfare of magnificent churches, which arc considered as numerous and as splen- did as in any other street in the world. Mrst comes the fine Jewish Temple Bethel, at Seventv-sixth Street; then the splendid Gothic structure, the Fifth Avenue Pre.s-byterian, at Fiftv-sixth Street, w-hose pastor is the popular Dr. John Hall; St. Thtmias (Episcopal), at Fifty-third Street. 'The magnificent Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Patrick, occupying a whole block between Fiftieth and Fifty-first Streets, one of the finest ecclesiastical buildings in the country. Then comes the Collegiate Reformed, at Forty-fifth Street; the Heav- enly Rest (Episcopal), near Forty-fifth Street; the Divine Paternity (Universalist), at Fortv-fifth Street; the Jewish Temple limanuel, at Forty-third Street; the Brick Presbyterian, at Thirtv-seventh Street ; the Collegiate Reformed, at Twenty-ninth Street, the First Presbyterian, at Twelfth Street, and the Church of the Ascension (Episcopal), at Tenth vStreet. Madison Avenue from an architectural and residential point of view cannot be pa.ssed over without a few words. It contains many fine mansions, the handsomest being those of Charles F. Clark and John King, at .Ml-: IK' M.l I s N Ml M.l M cJi A K I' I 1. N 1 l< A 1 . I'AKK. Sixty-ninth Street; Whilelaw Reids beautiful Florentine palace ; and the picturcstjuc Tiffany house. The churches are also numerous, the finest being vSt. James (Protestant Episcopal), at Seventy-first Street ; All Souls' (Episcopal), at Sixty-sixth Street ; Madison Avenue (J^Iethodist Episcoi)al), at Sixtieth Street ; St. Bartholomew's, at Forty-fourth Street ; the Church of the Holy Trinity, at Forty-second wStreet ; the Church of the Incarnation, at Thirty-fifth Street ; Madison Avenue Baptist Church, at Thirty-first Street, and the Madison Square Presby- terian Church, at Twenty-fourth Street. The popular Church of the Transfiguration, known as "The Little Church around the Corner," nestles ([uietly and modestly on Twenty-ninth vStreet, between Fifth and Madison Avenues. Among the other ])n)niin(.iU arcliitcctural adornments of the Metropolis scattered over the Northern and Eastern part of the city arc, the magnificent Cathedral of St. John the Divine (Protestant E])iscopal). now in course of erection, which will cost, when finished, over §6,000,000. It will be the highest building in the world next to the Eiffel Tower, and the noblest fane in America. It is splendidly situated on Morningside Park, between i loth and 1 13th Streets. Then tliere are Mount St. Vincent Academy, at Riverdale ; the Convent of the Sacred Heart, St. Nicholas Avenue and 1.30th Street ; New York Cancer Hospital, Central Park West and io6th Street ; the Grant Monument, now being erected at Riverside Park ; the Columbia College buildings, at River- dale ; the Carnegie Music Hall, at Fifty-seventh Street ; the Normal College, at Lexington Avenue and Sixty- ninth Street; the American Fine Arts Building, on Fifty-eighth Street; the American Museum of Natural History, at Seventy-seventh Street, and the Union Theological Seminary, on Park Avenue. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. \\-.\\ ^oKK lloSl'llAL. xlvi NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Working downtown the explorer of the architectural beauties will find the College of the Citv of New York, at Lexington Avenue and Twenty-third Street ; the Academy of Design, also on Twenty-third Street ; the Masonic Hall, on Twenty-third Street; the Jefferson Market Court House, on Sixth Avenue.' Then crossing to the Bowery, there are the dear old Cooper Union, the Astor Library Building, the Tombs and the new Crimrnal Court House adjoining. With a jump to Nassau, the great office buildings loom up again, and there are the great iron and brick piles known as the Vanderbilt, the Mutual Life Insurance Building and the Clearing House; on Wall Street, are the Sub-Treasury, the Assay Office and the Custom House, also some magnificent office buildings, including the Schermerhorn, the Astor, the Manhattan Company and Merchants' National Bank, the 1 U ASHI.\GTO.\ .ARCH. Bank of America, the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company, the Central Trust Company, the Gallatin P>ank P>uilding and Drcxel's. On Broad Street, the Mills, the Edison, the Morris and the Stock Exchange. The la.st but certainly not the least important in the list of big buildings are collected along Newspaper (or Park^ Row and Printing House Square, at the north end of Nassau wStreet. There will be found the magni- ficent working abodes of the World, the Sun, the Tribune, the Times and the Press, and the fine office buildings, the Morse, the Potter and Temple Court. The New York Recorder has a sub.stantial eight story building on Spruce Street. On the West side mention should be made of the great Havemeyer Building on Cortlandt Street, the IMetropolitan Telephone and Tclegrajih Building, the Coal and Iron ICxchange, and the Offices of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. xlvii ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES AND STATUARY. /CONSIDERING its age, Gotham is well favored in Statuary, Fountains, Memorial Arches, and Oljelisks. The heads of the City Government have wisely followed the French models in their selections of objects to please the public eye, and vary the monotony of dwelling houses and factories. As a rule the statues are artistic, and they represent not only local celebrities, but' the great men of the world, and the variety of nationalities represented amply proves the cosmopolitan character of the city. The collection, taken as a whole, reflects credit on the designers and compares favorably with any other city in the world for its age and size. There are in all about sixty statues, of sculpture, two obelisks and a every park or square, most important and creation which greets floats up the bay is cent monument to Enlightening the situated on Bedloe's bor. The figure is page xxi of this work, tery the first statue John Ericsson, finely Scott Hartley ; the and three inches in J. Q. A. Ward's colossal ington, at the entrance Wall St., on the actual took the oath of office the United States in way is the earliest art in the city. It is of Governor Peter timber leg and austere ler arrives at Printing Benjamin Franklin is and Horace Greeley smiles down upon the the Tribune Building. City Hall Park is Nathan Hale, presented Sons of the Revolution, building are Gutenberg ing the march uptown Astor Place, where the Congressman Samuel arm over the populace. Miss Louisa Lawson. Washington Square, morial arches forms Avenue. It is the erected in 1889 to nial of the inauguration President of the United designed by Stanford THE OBELISK-CENTRAI. PARK. bu.sts and ideal works triumphal arches, two handsome fountain in To begin with, the best known artistic e \- e r y visitor who Bartholdi's magnifi- f reedom , "Liberty W o r 1 d," sjjlendidly Island, New York Har- fully described on Landing at the Bat- is a bronze effigy of modelled by Julian figure is eight feet height. Next comes bronze statue of Wash- of the Sub-Treasury on site where Washington as first President of 1789. At 165 Broad- example of statuary the wooden image Stuyvesant, with his mien. Then the travel- Mouse vSquare, where in heroic size in bronze, seated in an arm chair thousands passing Crossing to the iMcMonnie's statue of to the City by the ( )n the Slants Zcitioig and Franklin. Continu- thc traveller arrives at letter carrier's,friend, S. Cox, lifts his right 'I'his is the work of Xext in order comes where one of the me- ihe entrance to Fifth W'ash ington Arch, (.elebratc the centen- i)f AVashington as first States. The arch was White and is of white marble. It is considered the handsomest structure of its kind in the country. It was completed in 1892 and cost $128,000. Washington Square is also adorned with heroic representations in bronze of Garibaldi and Alexander L. Holley. On reaching Union Square the wanderer has a feast of art, patriotism and beauty before him. There is a pretty fountain and a handsome drinking fountain surmounted by a woman and two children. At the junction of Fourth Avenue and Fourteenth Street is the finest of the Washington .statues, depicting "the Father of his Country" on horseback. It is of heroic size and was finely sculptured l)y Henry K. Browne. Immediately opposite is a bronze figure of Lafayette, beautifully executed by Bartholdi and presented by the French residents of New York. At the Broadway angle of the square is a fine representation of the martyr President Lincoln. It is surrounded by a low curb of granite, on which are chiselled his famous Gettysburg words, " With malice toward none, with charity for all." Then Madison Square is arrived at and another galaxy of art delights the eye of the visitor. First and foremost is the handsome granite obelisk to perpetuate the memory^ of General NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. I Worth; it is finely adorned with bronze ornaments and was erected b}' the eit}^ in 1857. Opposite is the finest example of American scnlptm'c art in the country. It is the Farraa- bility is most salient. There is no lawyer living who ever saw Judge Beach lose his remarkable repose of manner, or who ever saw him disturbed, or ' rattled,' as the vernacular has it, by the most involved or incomprehen- sible argument." The Judge is a tall man, who looks much younger than his age. After leaving court he walks all the way uptown, to the Union or Manhattan Club, of both of which he is a member, ajjjjcaring as cool as if he had not finished many hours of hard work. JOSEPH E. JANVRIN, M.D. Jo.seph K. Janvrin, M.I)., one of New \'ork's distinguished physicians, was born in Kxetcr, New Ham|)shirc, on January 13, 1839. His parents were Joseph Adams Janvrin and I-ydia Colcord Janvrin. He is a graduate of I'hilli])s' At a- demy, Exeter. Soon after leaving college he began the study of Medi( ine at Kxeter, but on the breaking out of the war joined the Army as Assistant Surgeon, and was in the field from June, 1.S61, until August, 1863, part of the time attached to the .\riny of the Potoma( , and tlie re-<, marie. Clarendon, St. Denis, and many others in the city, as well as hotels and churches all over the country. He designed St. Ann's Church in Brooklyn, and the Y. M. C. A. Building in New York City. The last and one of the most sjilendid works of this great architect is All Saints' Roman Catholic Church, Madison Avenue and 129th Street. This edifice, so full of grace and what ai)i)ears s])iritual beauty, is a combination of the Italian and Gothic styles, and is jjronounced by compe- tent critics to be one of the finest churches, from an artistic view, this country has ever seen. It is said that, after St. Patrick's Cathedral, Mr. Renwick is prouder of Grace Church, the Corcoran Art Gallery, and the Smithsonian Institution than any other of his conce])tions. .Mr. Renwick has been a member of the .\merii an Insti- tute of Architects from its foundation, as well as a practising member of its New York Chajiter. He has many assistants, all of whom have been trained in his office. His present partners are |. Lawrence ,\spinwall and W. W. Renwick. HORACE SEE. Horac"e See, one of .America's famous engineers, was born in Philailelphia, on juU 16, 1835. He is the son of R. Calhoun See. the well-known silk imi)orter of that city, and was educated in the F^piscopal .Academy and the .\cad- emy of H. D. Gregory. .\t the age of seventeen, he was ap|)renticed to I. P. Morris, proprietor of the Port Richmond Iron Works of Philadelphia, s])ending two years in their machine shops, and two more in their draughting rooms, after whi( li he secured an engagement w ith the .Messrs. NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. HORACE SEE. Neafle & Levy, shipbuilders of Philadelphia, first as chief • draughtsman, and subsequently as Superintending Engineer. Mr. See was fortunate in entering upon his career during the period when shipbuilding was in a state of transition, and wood was slowly but surely giving place to iron, and wind as a propeller was ceding its way to steam. He was no con- vert to the new system ; he was educated in it. and was soon recognized as one of the most progressive of the new school of American engineers. He was possessed of ideas, too, which he had no ditificulty in carrying out, as it became e\ i- dent to Messrs. Neatle tlv: Levy that their new Superintendent was as safe as he was original. It was during his connec tion with them that the Saxon and the Norman of the Winsor Line, the Liberty of the Havana Line, the Pontiac of the United States Navy, and other vessels afterwards used as transports during the war, as well as the Nuevitas, the Oriental, and others, were constructed. Mr. See next engaged himself with the National Iron Armor and Shipbuilding Company, of Camden, first as Assistant, and afterward as Superintendent, and supervised the building of the LT. S. Monitor Koko and the steam- ships Pioneer and Sheridan. This was in 1866, and two years later Mr. See, always enlarging his field of opera- tions, connected himself successively with George W. Snyder, of Pottsville, Pa., and Messrs. Cramp & Sons, the celel)rated Philadelphia shijjbuilders. Here he was in his element, and found ample scope for his inventive genius. He was chief draughtsman for the Cramps. In 1878 he was made Superintending Engineer for the firm, and in this capacity the construction of the m.achinery in the shops and its erection in the vessels came under his supervision, in addition to the original conception and design of the work. During his connection with the Cramps, he built machinery of every conceivable kind for a modern vessel, from the smallest steam launch up to the great L'nited States Cruiser Philadelphia, as the subjoined list will show : Yachts Atlantn, Corsair, Stranger, and Peerless ; Steam- ships Chalmette, El Mar, El Monte and class, of the Morgan Line ; Queen, of the Pacific Steamshij) Com]jany ; Mariposa and Alameda, Sandwich Island Line ; the Tacoma, San Pedro, and San PaI)lo, of the Central R. R. Co.; the H. F. Dimock, Herman Winter, and H. M. Whitney, Metropolitan Line ; the Caracas, X'alencia, Philadel|)hia, and Venezuela, of the Red I) Line; the Mascotte and Olivette, of ihe Plant Line ; the Cherokee, Seminole, and Iroquois, Clyde's Line, New York ; the Monmouth, of the N. J. C. R. R. Co., and also the U. S. N. cruisers Philadelphia and Newark ; gun- boats Yorktown, ('oncord, and Bennington; dynamite cruiser \'esuvius ; and cruiser Philadelphia. Among the many improvements introduced by Mr. See are the fitting up of the crank shaft and the emjiloyment of the triple ex])ansion engine. He also took the ground that the steam jacket was not a necessity in an engine with a moderate revolution speed, and this idea has been endorsed generally by the profe.'^sion. He introduced many changes in the U. S. Navy Cruiser Baltimore, all attended with happy results. In fine, he has so identified himself with shipbuilding in the L^nited States, that to-day it would be impossible to write an accurate history of that industry without giving jjroniinence to him, his inventions, his im- l)rovements, and his achievements generally. He holds ])atents for such inventions as the improvements in the triple expansion and quadru])le ex])ansion engines, an ejector for discharging by a jet of water ashes from the fireroom of a vessel, a filter for extracting under pressure grease from the feed water of a surface condensing engine, with many others. In an editorial entitled the " Vesuvius and its Builders," the P liiladelphia Irujuirer, of January 4, 1889, said, and its opinion was endorsed all over the United States : " If the engineer who designed, and the head of the firm that built, the Vesuvius had been subjects of one of the great European powers, they would probably be knighted, or receive some other substantial proof of favor, in recognition of their magnificent genius." While this is no doubt true, it is highly probable that neither Mr. Cramp, who built, nor Mr. See, who designed the Vesuvius would give three straws for the honor of knighthood. That they have, as American citizens, done much towards the renaissance of an American Navy, surely will be an honor they can transmit to their children. Mr. See has an honorable record apart from his profession. He was a member of the "Oiay Reserves," and of the Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Militia, during the Rebel- lion, was Adjutant of the Twentieth Regiment, during the July riots of 1S77, and was Captain of Company K, First Regiment, N. G. P. In 1879, he married Ruth Ross, daughter of William Ross Maffet, of Wilkes-Barre, an eminent civil engineer, prominently connected with the Wyoming Valley im])rovements. Mr. Maffet was a great-grandson of General William Ros.s, who bore so distinguished a part in the early history of the Valley. Mr. See, until (juite recently, held the position of Engi- neer in the Board of the Pneumatic Dynamite (iun Company, which controls the patent of Captain Zalinski, U. S. A. He is Past President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Fellow of the American Society for the Advance- ment of Science, Member of the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania, Associaie Member of the U.S. Naval Insti- tute, Member of the Penn Club, of the Engineers' Club and American Yacht Club of New York, Institution of Naval Architects, England, American Society of Civil Engineers, and American Institute of Mining Engineers. He resigned his position with the Cramps' in August. 1889, and is now located in this city as Consulting Engineer of the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Docks Company. lo NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. He is also Su|)erintending Engineer of the Morgan Line, and Consulting Engineer for various other companies. 'I'he See family is of French origin in common with the Naudains, Bayards, and others, who settled in Delaware after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes The Sees located in St. George's Hundred of that State. Mr. See's mother was Margaietta Eber, daughter of Hilyard, origin- ally of Burlington County, N. J., who built Fort Jay in this harl)or, and the Original Fort on the Pea Patch in the Delaware River. At the latter point he sank the first artesian well in this country. Eber Hilyard's ancestors were members of the Society of Friends who came from England with William Penn. CHARLES L. BUCKINGHAM. The State of Ohio, besides being the mother of Presi- dents, is accustomed to send many of her brightest young men to the great cities, East and West, North and South, to make fame and fortune for themselves, and to do her honor, and they generally succeed. Who has not heard of the Ohio Society of New York, for instance, which has among its members many of the city's most distinguished lawyers, physicians, bankers, and men of affairs, and com- pete with the foremost of those to the manor born ? Promi- nent among sudi Ohio men, who have come to the front in CHARLKS I.. HUCKINCHAM. the Metro|)olis, is Charles L. lUickingham, the well know n jjatent and corporation lawyer. Mr. Ihickingham was born in Berlin Heights, Ohio, in 1852, and was educated at the University of Michigan as a Civil Engineer, graduating with honors in the class of 1875. He subse(|uently entered the Columbia Law I'niversity, at Washington, !).(!., from which institution he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and immediately began active pra( lice, devoting his attention to the laws as applied to patents and ( orjioralion matters, two deijartnunts of the legal field in which he has since gained distinction. No little of his success is attributable to his thorough scientific training in civil engineering, and his rejjutation as an engineer is only secondary to that he holds in legal circles. .Among the valuable contributions published in Sctibners Afamazini', during 1889 and 1890, was a series of articles treating upon thecjuestion of electricity, and those ai)i)earing under this gentleman's signature received much favorable comment in and out of scientific circles, being classed with the- views of such eminent men as President Morton, of Stevens Institute, and Professor Brackett, of Princeton College. Mr. Puckingham's clientele includes many of the leading electrical corporations of this country, and his practice is confined exclusively to the Federal Courts, where his name is respected by both the Bench and Bar. Among the recent patent suits in which he has figured as lead- ing counsel were the following : The American District Telegrai)h, the Schuyler Electric Light (of Conn ), the Dela- ware and Atlantic Telegrajih and Tele()hone, the Western Union, the Gold and Stock, the American Speaking Tele- jjhone, the Edison and the Thomson-Houston Electric Light companies, and the Magnetic Ore Separator Co. Aside from his K gal duties, he is a student of scientific sub- jet ts. and has done much to encourage others in this con- nection, being an active member of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, American Academy of Political and Social Science, and the .American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He likewise belongs to many of the prominent social clubs, among which are the Union and Metropolitan of Washington, and the Electric and Uni- versity Clubs and the Ohio Society of New York. Mr. Buckingham's political views are of the progressive free trade or low tariff Republican type. His political expres- sions command attention wherever exjjressed. EDWARD H. KENDALL. Edward H. Kendall was born in Boston, Mass., and was educated in the Latin School in that city. He traveled in Europe in 1858-9 and studied languages, art and archi- tecture under sjiecial tutorshi]). He designed the original F^quitable Building, the Seaman's Savings Bank, the Wash- ington Building, and the Methodist Book Concern, all in the City of New York. He was elected President of the New York Chajjter of the American Institute of .Architects in 1884, and held the office during the five succeeding years. He was elected President of the Institute in 1891 and re-elected in 1892. J. EDWARD SIMMONS. .Mthough every one entertains ideas of his own as to what constitutes greatness and leading citizenship, the ])r()babilities are, if a hundred intelligent Gothamites were asked who, in their opinion, were the six most prominent men of New York City, that, while each would advance a different list, the name of I. ICdward Simmons would be mentioned in all of them. And, in fact, it could not be otherwise, for, without at all seeking such distinction, it happens that Mr. Simmons has during the past (juarter of a century occupied a foremost place in the life of the city, whether as a banker, a President of the Board of Education, President of the Stock Exchange, or as a man of affairs generally. Hence a history like "New York, the Metro- polis " would not be com])lete without a sketch, however brief, of so eminent a cit'zen. Mr. Simmons was born in Troy, N. N'., in 1841, of parents who claimed distinguished American ancestry. His great-grandfather, who came from Holland, settled in this State in the early i)art of the last century, and (Uie of hi> mother's grandl'athers fought on the right side in the NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. II war of the Revolution. He — Mr. Simmons — received an elementary education, first in the old Troy Academy, and subsequently in a Sandlake boarding-school, where he was prepared for a college course. Entering Williams College in 1858, he graduated in the class of 1862, and at once began the study of law in the Albany Law School. He received the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1863, was called to the bar the same year, and practised in Troy until 1867, when he came to this city, and engaged in business as a banker and broker. Retiring because of ill health in 1872, Mr. Simmons went to Florida to recuperate, but resumed his business on Wall Street in 1874. The character for ability, integrity, and honorable methods he established for himself in the ten years following forms one of the brightest chapters in the history of the Stock Exchange, and resulted in his being elected its President on June 2, 1884. For some time previous to this the Exchange had been in a state of chaos. The recently elected President had become disqualified on account of the susjjension of his firm, and Republic, and enunciated on many national |)latforms since the days of Jefferson. He has rendered very material assistance to his party in Presidential and other important contests. When the Democrats took office in 1885, for the first time in a quarter of a century, the late Samuel Tilden, and other leaders of the l)arty, sought, altogether without consulting him, to have Mr. Simmons appointed to the (^ollectorshij) of the Port of New York. He refused, how- ever, to press his claims to a post which cnrried large patronage and emoluments, and so the matter dropped. The position he could and did accept, because there is no salary attached to it, but is looked upon as a great honor, was that of President of the Board of Education, to v.'hich he was elected in 1886, after his return from Europe. He was appointed Commissioner of the Board in 1881, and served as its President for nine years. It was while travel- ing on the European continent that the business men of New York unanimously pressed the nomination for Mayor of Mr. Simmons. J. EDWARD SIMMONS. from this and other grave causes the financial system of the country had received a shock which might lead to disastrous results. In this crisis the character of the man in the chair of the Exchange was a matter of vital importance, and all eyes were turned instinctively, and almost simultaneously, in the direction of J. Edward Simmons. He was elected by an unprecedentedly large vote, confidence was restored, and next year he was unanimously re-elected for a second term. He declined a third nomination, in the same spirit and for almost the same unselfish reasons that have prompted him more than once to decline the nomination for Mayor of New York City, when such nomination was all but equivalent to election. And sjjeaking of the Mayoralty reminds us of the fact that .\lr Simmons is a Democrat, not a Tammany Hall Demo- crat or a County Democracy Democrat, or a local jjartisan in any way, but one of broad mind, who belie\ es in the Demo- cracy made precious and valuable by the founders of the He proved an ideal President of the Board of Educa- tion, and during his incumbency wrought many beneficent changes, and expanded and extended the Public School system. It was mainly through his ])ersonal influence that, in 1888, the Legislature passed a bill conferring collegiate rank and powers upon the New York Normal College. He also labored hard and successfully in the development of the College of N ew York, an institution in which he has always taken the keenest interest. In January, 1888, he succeeded Mr. O. D. Baldwin as President of the Fourth National Bank. Mr. Simmons did not own a dollar's worth of stock in the bank, was not personally aciiuainted with a single member of the Board of Directors, and yet, such is the force and value of a high reputation, he was unanimously called to preside over the destinies of one of the country's leading monetary institu- tions, having gross deposits of upwards of $30,000,000. Mr. Simmons has made a brilliant bank president, and under 12 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. his direction the Fourth National IJank has gained in prestige. It is not long ago since he was appointed Receiver of the American Loan and 'I'rust Com])any of New York, and his management of this important affair has given satisfaction to all parties concerned, and, if possible, added to his ability as a financier. Mr. Simmons has obtained high rank and station in the Masonic order, which he joined in 1864. He was in 1883 chosen Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York State, and he is a member of the Jerusalem, No. 8, Royal Arch Masons, also of Coeur de Lion Commandery, No. 23, Knights Templar. His elevation to the 33d, the highest degree in the craft, took place in September, 1885, and m June, 1888, the University of Norwich, Yermont, confeired upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He is a member of the Manhattan, Lawyers', Players', Metropolitan, and University Clubs, and of the St. Nicholas and New England Societies, also of St. Thomas' Episcopal Church. It is needless to state here that Mr. Simmons is a polished and elocjuent sj)eaker. His summer residence is known as the " Stag's Head," located near Lake George. Such is an altogether too brief sketch of one of New York's most illustrious citizens, with a national reputation for high character and ability. WILLIAM WOOD. Few people are aware of the vast, the almost incredible amount of money invested in the fire insurance business in this country. According to official returns, sixteen billion dollars ($16,000,000,000) on fire insurance were in force last wii.i.i.x;., \\()uilding needs no eulogy : it stands as a monument to his genius, while the N. Y. Times building, by no means de- signed for architectural display, has solved a difficult ])rob- lem. The Times, though st.inding within a stone's throw of the gr at public edifices, and surrounded by imposing sky scraping structures, is remarkable as containing not a single daik room, and it was the architect's cunning that devised this solution of a difticulty that had hitherto i)uz- zled and baffled many wise men Mr. Post was born in New \ ()rk Cilv, on December 15, 1837. He was educated in Churchill's .Military School at Sing Sing, and graduated in civil engineering in the class of 1858 from the New York University. Immediately after leaving the University, he entered the .Architectural Se hool presided over by Richard M. Hunt, a man well-known as having turned out some of the most eminent architects in the United States. In Mr. Post's class, for instance, and among his contemporaries in this school, were William R. Ware,' the present distinguished Professor of Columbia College, Henry \"an Brunt, now of Kansas City, Frank Furness, Philadeli)hia's leading architect, and the e(iually famous Charles I ). Ganibrill, all young men destined to achieve a national reputation Mr. Post and .Mr. Ganibrill left the school together and formed a business partnershii). This was in 1861, when the NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. tocsin of war was sounding througli the land, and Mr. I'ost was one of many other young men of high social standing and bright professional prospects who responded to the martial appeal. He went to the front as Captain in the Twenty-second New York Regiment, and was ])romoted successfully to the rank of Major, Lieut. -Colonel, and Colo- nel. He was ])resent at the disastrous battle of Fredericks- burg, and was during the action an aide on the staff of General Burnside. commanding the Army of the Potomac. After the war he resumed his ])rofessional career, and met with instant recognition and brilliant success. Step by step he climbed up, until now, after thirty years of success- ful endeavor, he stands on the very top rung of the ladder. During those years he has erected .so many buildings of the first-class, of almost every conceivable order of architecture, that the naming of them would recpiire more of the space in this work than we can afford. Among his achievements of late years have been the Equitable Building, already men- tioned, which is said to have cost thirteen millions in con- struction, the New York Hospital, the Times Building, the World Building, the Mill's Building, Williamsburg, L. I. Savings Bank, and the Long Island Historical Society Build- ing, of Brooklyn, the Produce and Cotton Exchanges, Chickering Hall, the Prudential Insurance Company's Building, Newark, the Havemeyer Building on Cortlandt Street, C. P. Huntington's Fifth Avenue residence, etc. Mr. Post was married in 1X63 to Miss Alice M., daughter of William W. Stone, a prominent merchant of New York and Boston. W. P. STYMUS. Chief among the decorative furniture manufacturers of this city is W. Pierre Stymus, of the celebrated firm of Pottier, Stymus & Co., Lexington Avenue. Mr. Stymus has _the heart and the intellect of a true artist, and, apart from the money there is in it, he loves the profession for its own sake. He was born in this city, on April 6, 1830, and comes of an old Dutch family that settled in Westchester County. They took an active part in the war of the Revolution, also in the war of 1812-14, always, of course, on the American side. Young Stymus was educated in the public schools, and graduated from Old Fourteen. When sixteen years of age, he entered the decorative establishment of Rochefort & Skarren, 623 Broadway, and there began the study of decorative art, and mastered it so thoroughly that, while still a young man, he took high rank in the profession. He is to-day pre-eminent in the trade. In order to confirm the truth of this statement, it is only necessary to enter a few Fifth Avenue palaces and judge for one's self. In fact, to him, more than to any other living American, must be given the credit of bringing decorative art in this city to its present high plane. While traveling in Europe, he has taken pains to study the noble emanations from the Renaissance period in Rome and other Italian cities. He was in Paris during the Third Empire, when Baron Haussmann was effecting such splendid improvements, and making of the French Capital the most beautiful city in the world, and watched those improvements with a view to extending his own knowledge. Mr. Stymus was married on January 6, 1855, by the Reverend Dr. Sawver, in the old Universalist Church, in Orchard Street. He was a member of the Old Ninth Regiment, in which he served as engineer on the staff of Col. Wilcox, with the grade of Captain, and was com- missioned by Governor Fenton. WILLIAM POPE ST. JOHN. William Pojje St. John, the well known banker, was born in Mobile, Ala., February 19, 1849. He is the son of New- ton St. John, banker, of the firm of St. John, Powers & Co., of Mobile, for twenty-live yearsagents in the South for Messrs. Baring Brothers & Co., of London, and ranking A i from 1832 to 1861. His great-great-grandfather, Benjamin St. John, was one of twenty-five i)ersons who purchased the Township of Ridgefield, Fairfield County, Connecticut, September 30, 1708. Mr. St. John's mother was a daughter of Alexander Pope, of Delaware, and Dorothy liibb, of Georgia, the latter, a sister of Thomas liibb, the first Gov- ernor of Alabama, after whose family Hibb County, Georgia, was named One of his paternal ancestors was oiie of the two brothers St. John mentioned in ' Trumbull's Connecti- cut "(1654). Young St. John began his education in Mobile, con- tinued it in Europe, and on his return passed one year at Andover, Mass. His first business employment was in a banking house on Wall Street, New York. In the same city he subsequently filled clerkships in several distinctly different kinds of business, and always with houses ])romi- nent in their line, having under his control and manage- 1 \VM. P. ST. JOHN. ment, during a period of four years, the sales, prices, and credits for the leading firm of sugar refiners in the United States. His yearly sales were said to exceed the sum of fifty million dollars. In January, 1H81, he was elected cashier of the Mercantile National Bank, of New York City, and two years later was made its president, a position he still holds. During his incumbency of this office the Mercantile National Bank deposits have increased in the ten years from an average of three and a half millions to more than eleven millions of dollars, while more than one million dollars have been accumulated of the earnings after constant payments of semi-annual dividends, and the market price of the capital stock has advanced from eighty-five cents to two dollars and a quarter on the dollar. Mr. St. John is also a director in other banks and a trustee in several financial organizations. He has been a member of the Executive Committee of the 14 JVEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. American Bankers' Association, and of the Finance Com- mittee of the New York Chamber of Commerce. Mr. St. John has been a frequent and valued contributor to financial newspapers, magazines and other literary publications, and has published important original pamphlets on economic topics. He has been conspicuous among bankers for his earnestness in urging the historic basis for the argument in behalf of the ecjually free and unlimited coinage of gold and silver in the United States, disputing as unhistoric the an- tagonistic statements of Senator Sherman and others. He has been called the ".Apostle of Free Coinage for Silver." Williams College has conferred upon him the recognition of the honorary degree of M.A. WILLIAM J. LARDNER. Deputy Attorney-General William J. Lardner, who enjoys distinction as one of the most successful of the younger members of the bar of the Metropolis, was born in the 1 8th Ward of this city on Oct. 22, 1858. He received his preparatoiy education in the public schools and then in St. Francis Xavier College. It was his intention to enter the Priesthood, but circumstances at home comjjelled him to re lin(iuish that purpose. Before reaching the age of nineteen, he graduated with honors from the Law School of the Uni versity of New York, and studied law in the office of the vv. J. i,ardnp;r. late L)u Flessis M. Helm, and at the remarkably early age of twenty-one was admitted to the New York bar. He im- mediately l)egan the jjractice of law and showed marked ability and thorough ajjtitude for his profession. Through the death of his father he was thrown upon his own resources at a very early age, but with rare pluck and energy he sur- mounted all obstacles that stood in the way of securing an education and chose the profession of law as the field for his future career. Mr. I.ardneris a self made man, and owes his advancement to his inlellectual attainments. i'liidugh- out his busy life he has been the support of his widowed mother, and has acted a father's part to his brothers and sisters. He i^ deputy Attorney-General of New York State, hav- ing been appointed in 1887 by Attorney-General Tabor, the » law ])artner of Lieutenant-Governor Sheehan. Mr. Lardner performed the difficult duties of his ])osition with such ability that he was rea])pointed for a second term by the same gentleman. He was the youngest lawyer ever appointed to that position. In 1891 the present Attnmey-Gentral S. W. Rosendale, further endorsed Deputy Lardner's adminis- tration by recpiesting him to remain for a third term. During those years he has come in contact with the most learned members of the Bench and Bar, and has won many high encomiums from judges and representative lawyers. He has been associated, in many cases, with such men as Frederick R. Coudert, George Bliss, E. P. Wheeler and the late Algernon S. Sullivan. Mr. Lardner devotes his atten- • tion exclusively to civil practice, making a specialty of ecpiity and surrogate cases, his clientele including many notable persons. For the past eight years he has been counsel tor the Archbishop of New York, and for many years has acted in a smiilar ca])acity for most all the pastors and Catholic institutions of the city, also the Rt. Rev. Chas. E. McDonnell, of Brooklyn. He is the senior member of Lardner iS: McAdam, his partner being Thos. McAdam, eldest son of Judge McAdam of the Superior Court. Mr. Lardner is a member of the State and City Bar .Association, the Manhattan and Lawyers' Clubs, and also of Tammany Hall. On May 10, 1887, he married Miss .Agnes C. O'Brien, the daughter of Jas. A. O'Brien, deceased, a former merchant of this city, and has a family of three bright children. JOHN A. McCALL. In the biograpiiy of the business men of New York, no one more ])rominent can be named among those who have achieved success in life and the highest position attainable in the line of work which he adopted, than Mr. McCall, President of the New York Life Insurance Company. Mr. McCall was born in the year 1S49, in the city of Albany, N. Y. His father, John McCall, Sr., who was a i)roniinent citi- zen of .Albany and died there in 1887, lived in that city for half a century in the esteem of the peojile, who on various occasions elected him to important offices. The younger Mr. McCall, subject of this sketch, was educated in the .Albany Academy and graduated from the Commercial Col- lege in that city in 1868. His career has been remarkable, and the wisdom of the management of the New York Life Insurance Comjjany in selecting him as President has not only had the hearty a])proval of the stockholders, l)ut has received the commendation of the i)ublic and all interested in the management of life insurance. No one in the State ranks more highly as a safe and conscientious ex- pert in life insurance matters. His success in life has been achieved without adventitious aids, and solely by his indus- try and immense application to the work for which he has a genius. Starting in life as a clerk in an .Albany assorting house, he became a bookkeeper in the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co.'s General Agency for New York at .Albany. This was the first association with the insurance business for which he has ever since disjjlayed ])eculiar apti- tude. .After this he was interested in the real estate and insurance business in .Albany, until he was offered a clerk- shij) in the Insurance Department, of which the Hon. Geo. W. Miller was then the head, and served in the actuarial branch from March. 1870, until Mr. Miller's resignation in Mav, 1872, when he was |)laced in charge of the statistical work of 1I1C dci)artinenl reports by the acting superintend- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 15 JOHN A. McCALL. i6 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. ent, Hon. Geo. B. Church. Mr. McCall's s])lendid work was followed by rapid promotion, and in the fall of 1872 he was appointed examiner of companies by the Hon. (). W. Chapman, on whose resignation in 1876 the deputy super- intendent, William Smyth of Oswego, becoming acting superintendent, at once made Mr. McCall his deputy, and it is a matter worthy of notice that he remained in this responsible position through the administration of the Re- publican Superintendents John F. Smyth and Charles G. Fairman. It was while in this jjosition that the e.\posure of gross frauds and irregularity in life and fire insurance com- panies, which attracted universal attention, was made, and it was his success in unravelling those frauds and exposing them to the public that also attracted the attention of the greatest and best insurance managers of the country. His reports showing up the shortcomings of companies were everywhere received with the highest praise. Under his investigation frauds were laid low and the iniquity of man- agers brought to ])ublic contempt. Many fire insurance companies and eighteen life insurance companies in New York and fifteen in other States were closed by the strong hand of the law, and prevented by his reports and recom- mendations from the issuance of policies. This result, too, was achieved in the face of opposition from political and capitalistic pressure before _which many another man would have quailed and given up the fight. But not satisfied with the mere exposure of the companies which had grown fat on the credulity of the public, he followed the officers of the same to the extent of the law, and as a result two high officials were tried and sentenced to State's prison for five years, and another to one year's imprisonment in the ])enitentiary. The effect of this action has had a wholesome influence. In January, 1883, Mr. McCall was appointed by (iovernor Cleveland, at the request of the managers of the large and well-conducted insurance companies, head of the Insurance Department of the State. During his administration of the office no policyholder suffered a loss by the failure of any company in the State. His certificate of examination was honored in every State of the Union. He abolished the fee system for making examinations, and permitted no fees to be collected from com])anies of the State on any account. Yet, during his administration there was paid into the State Treasury ^76,000 from the legal income of the office in excess of the expenditures of the Department. Governor Hill, coming into the Executive chair, tendered Mr. McCall a reappointment as Suj^erintendent of Insurance, which he declined, having accepted the Comptrollership of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. As in all other positions, so in this, he gained in reputation for ability and integrity. The New York Life has entered upon a new career of ])ros- perity, and under his businesslike administration will continue to gr(;w in i)0])ular fa\ or. From every section of this countr)', as well as from abroad, ail ex|)ressions of opinion have been highly favorable to Mr. McCall's appointment to the Presi- dency of the New York Life. -And now let it be slated that the business of the New York Life is world wide, and its ])oli( ics are held in every country and every clime. I )uring the single year of Mr. McCall's administration the new business exceed- ed by twenty millions that of any other year in the Company's history, the total new policies amounting to i?*! 73,000,000. Mr. McCall's ideas of management have been heartily endorsed by the Board of Trustees, and all the old officials and agents have adopted with singular unanimity the Pres- ident's views as to the course the Comjjany sliould i)ursue. With an official certificate of investigation and surjjlus from the State Insuranc e Department, such as is possessed by no other com])any, the New York Life, under Mr. McCall's dire( tion, must thrive and profit. J. VAN VECHTEN OLCOTT. J. Van Vechten Olcott, one of the talented and success- ful members of the Bar of the Metro])olis, was born in this city on May 17th, i85'>, and is sjjrung from good old Colo- nial and Knickerbocker ancestry. The first of the Olcott* family in America came to this country early in the seven- teenth century, and was one of the original founders of the city of Hartford, Conn. John N. Olcott, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Connecticut, came to New York City in childhood, and for years was engaged in business as a commission merchant. He married Miss Euphemia H. Knox, daughter of the Rev. Dr. John Knox, pastor of the Collegiate Dutch Reformed Church of this city. The wife of Rev. John Knox was Miss Euphemia Mason, daughter of Rev. John M. Mason, who was the son of Rev. John Mason, cha])lain of West Point during Washington's time, and an enthusiastic Revolutionist. J. Van Vechten Olcott received his preliminary education in the i)ublic schools and .1. V.\N VKCHTEN OLCOTT. the New York Ciollege. entered Columbia Law School, and was graduated in the class of 1877. Upon attaining his ma- jority he was admitted to the bar, and at once entered the . law office of Messrs. .\nderson & Man, where he after- ward became managing clerk. On November ist, 1881, he resigned his ])osition in order to establish the firm of Liv- ingston & Olcott, his i)artner being Robert .\. Livingston, % who was Assemblyman from Putnam County, this State, in 1882 and 1885. The firm was dissolved on January ist, 1889. and Mr. Olcott continued ])raclice unassociated until May, 1 89 1, when the present well-known firm of Messrs. Olcott \- Olcott was founded, the other member of which is his brother, William M. K. Olcott. Mr. Olcott has devoted his attention entirely to civil practice, and makes a specialty of real estate and surrogate matters in which departments of the law he is recogni/ed as one of the most tiioroughly versed and practically experienced counsels at the bar. His NEW YORK, THE M ETKOPOLIS. 17 clienlclc is of the most desirable character and inc hides many prominent real estate men, large estates and mercan- tile concerns, while his practice extends from the city and State to the Federal Courts. Mr. Olcott not only enjoys the respect and esteem of the Bench and Bar, but is ciiually i^opular outside of professional circles, being a well known clubman and holding membership in the Union l eague, Republican, .\li)ha Delta Phi, Church and Colonial Clubs, of the last of which he is the Secre- tary. He belongs to the Sons of the American Revolu- tion, as well as the City and State Bar Associations. In 1882 Mr. Olcott was married to Miss Laura J. Hoffman, daughter of Rev. Dr. Chas. F. Hoffman, the eminent Epis- copal divine, and resides in 33 West Seventy-second Street. While a hard-working and enthusiastic Republican, Mr. Olcott has never sought or desired political honors, prefer- ring his more lucrative professional career. He is President of the Bridgeport Land and Improvement Company, one of the examining counsel of the Lawyers' Title Insurance Com- pany, and is interested in other important enterprises. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. Ceorge Brinton McClellan, only son of the illustrious American General of that name, was born in Germany on November 23, 1865, while his ])arents were on a visit to Europe. He is of Scottish extraction and descended from the McC'lellans of Kircudbright. Through his mother Colonel McClellan is grandson of Major General Randolph B. Marcy, who was Inspector-General of the C S. .'Vrmy and Chief-of Staff to its Commander in Chief, General George Brinton McClellan, during the campaign that culminated in the great Union victory of .Xnlietam. Mrs. McC'lellan was a noted Washington belle before and during the war, and survives her husband. She is grand- niece of the celebrated statesman William L. Marcy, and is of Irish extraction. The record of Colonel McClellan's father is part of the history of the United States. As above stated he was descended from a branch of the McClellans that came to this country from Scotland in the middle of the seventeenth century. The famous General was born in Philadelphia, and was the son of Dr. George McClellan of that city. President of the Jefferson Medical College and its founder. His grandfather was James McClellan of Woodstock, Connecticut, and his great-grandfather, (ieneral Samuel McClellan of the Continental Army, who was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General at the close of the war. The subject of this sketch was educated in Princeton and was graduated from that college in the class of 1886 Upon the death of his father, the year previous, it was found that his estate did not come up to the expectations of his friends, and young George realized that his ' future would have to depend upon his exertions. He entered the field of journalism for a career, and was through his own seeking engaged on the staff of the Mornino; Journal, from which he transferred his services to the N. Y. World as Assistant City Editor, which was good for a young man of twenty-three. While on the World he rendered material aid to the Democratic party in the camj)aign of 1888. We next find him in the responsible i)osition of Assistant Financial Editor of the Herald. In 1889 he was appointed Treasurer of the Brooklyn Bridge, and while faithfully performing the duties of the office he entered himself as a student in the Columbia College Law School, ank, of the City of New \'ork," and one of the country's ablest financiers. Even a brief sketch of his career will afford a glance at some of the most delicate financial situations which the business interests of the nation have encountered, and will reveal the wise and strong hand with which he guided these interests through dangerous straits, and thus earned the gratitude of the country. Henry White ('annon was born in Delhi. Delaware County, State of New York, on the 27th of September, 1850. This county, so sterile in an agricultural sense, has been i)rolific of great men, and it is singular that Jay Gould's first bow before the public was as the author of a " History of Delaware County." Mr. Gould himself was a native of Delaware County. Henry White Cannon attended private schools and completed his education in the Delaware Literary Institute. His earliest business experience was in the First National Bank of I )elhi, of which he became teller before he was twenty years old. In 1870, feeling that finance wns his forte, and seeing his native horizen too small, he went West and obtained a position in the Second National Bank of St. Paul, Minn. The year following (1871) we find him in Stillwater, Minn., organizing the Lumbermen's National Bank to such purpose and on so intelligent and solid a base that it serenely stood the financial storm of 1873 (the Black F'riday panic), which swept away so many similar and older institutions. The bank was rema-rkable at this i)eriod for paying all demands u])on it in currency. We cannot afford even mere mention in this volume for all Mr. Cannon's achievements in Minnesota. His reputation by 1884 had become national, and in that year at the earnest solicitat'on of the Congressional delegation from Minnesota and the leading banks of New York and Chicago he was ap])ointed Com])troller of the Currency to succeed the Hon. John Jay Knox, a man of extraordinary ability. Mr. Cannon was hardly installed in office when the crisis of 1884 began and svve])t over the country. Weakness, defalcations and gross dishonesty were found in the most unexpected quarters at this time and it was Mr. Cannon's duty to grapple with the evil. The task was beset with obstacles. He ajipointed all the receivers, employed an extra staff of bank examiners and by his timely and skillful mastery of a most difficult situation restored confidence and saved many institutions from financial wreck. During this crisis he appeared bdore a Committee composed with others of Senators Sherman, Morrill, Bayard, Beck, and Aldrich, and gave such evidence as tended to allay anxiety. He counselled no unnecessary publicity as to the state of the New York hanks and their relations to the Clearing House, stated that it was not politic to resort to the extraordinary measure contemplated by Congress, that the banks were daily increasing their cash reserve, and finally that legislation would do more harm than good. The Committee took his advice and finance righted itself. In 1885 another problem involving much work and dis- crimination pre.sented itself to Comptroller Cannon for solution. The charters of 800 banks expired and before they could be renewed it was necessary to have a thorough examination of their accounts by experts and advised that charters be refused them unless such accounts were found satisfactory. In his subsequetit report to the President he offered suggestions on the state of the bank and monetary affairs, generally, which were adopted and their adojjtion was of incalculable service lo the country. Though Mr. Cannon is a Republican and was a])pointed by a Rejiublican administration the advent to power of President Cleveland (lid not affect him. as Comijtroller Cannon was too useful an oftici il. Mr. Cleveland invited him to remain until the end of the six year term. As, however, the financial jiolicy he advocated was not carried out by Secretary Manning, he resigned in 1886 and returned to active life and accepted MoiropobBn hiilishmg aEngravinj Co HiJhtslovm.N J NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 19 the Vice-Presidency of the National liunls of the Rcimljiic in New York City, of which his friend and predecessor in office — John Jay Knox — was tlie President. Soon after he acce|)ted the Presidency of the Chase National Hank, a position he now holds. Mayor Grant appointed him an Aqueduct Commissioner, and the appointment was met with universal approval, for Mr. Cannon is very popular in New York. He is also a member of the Clearing House Executive Committee and in January, 1891, was made by President Harrison a member of the Assay Commission. He is member of the Union League Club, the Century Club, .Sons of the Revolution, the New Kngland Society, Royal Statistical Society, be- longs to the Kane Masonic Lodge, and is conne ted with many social, Benevolent, Scien- tific and Art Associations. The latest service rendered his country by Mr. Cannon has been in connection with the International Monetary Con- ference, convened on Novem- ber 23, 1892, in Brussels. It was, in fact, mainly on the suggestion of Mr. Cannon that many of the negotiations with foreign governments, pre- liminary to the Conference, were conducted. His appoint- ment by President Harrison as one of the American Com- missioners was endorsed by the press of the United States, regardless of party, and many of the European papers con- tained complimentary refer- ences to his ability. That he has done credit to his country and to the states- man who appointed him, and answered the expectations of his friends and admirers while in contact with some of the keenest financial intellects of Europe, is now a matter of current history. EDWARD B. HARPER. The gigantic forward strides taken by the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association of New York within a comparatively recent period are among the industrial phenomena of the age. Without going into de- tails, for which we cannot find space, it may be stated that the system perfected by the company has brought insur- ance within reach of every one. Before this system was introduced, it was really only the comparatively wealthy who could insure their lives without straining their resources and running the risk of lapse and forfeiture ; now, under the system presented by the Mutual Reserve, the man who does day labor with his hands is in a position to secure his family from want in case of death, which comes to all, and comes like a thief in the night, unexpected. The subjoined figures will give some idea of the strides taken. In 1882 the business of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association was $10,000 a day, the membership f,ooo, and one mortuary assessment jjroduced only about $4,000. .\t present the membership is over 75,000, and is constjntly swelling, and the business done represents §200,000 a day. The company has now a reserve fund of $3,500,000, against none in 1882, a total insurance business of nearly $25o,ooo,ooo,while a single assessment producingonly $4,000 in 1882 now produces the enormous return of over $525,000. The report for 1892, furnished by the company to the New York State Sui)erintendent of Insurance, shows that the as- sociation has already paid to the widows and orphans and other beneficiaries of its deceased members more than $15,000,000, and is now jiay- ing to them nearly $3,000 000 yearly, while its new annual l)usiness foots up more than $50,000,000. Science shows that there is no cause without an effect, and no effect without a cause. The cause of the foregoing colossal effect is Edward Bascomb Harper, one of those men of creative genius who ap])ear in the world from time to time to remedy the evils wrought by the genius of warriors who kill, burn and destroy. It is (juite jjossible that in accom|)lishing this great work Mr. Harper was merely actuated by his own and the company's interests, but if he was at the same time render- ing humanity a service, why so much the better. Mr. Harper was born in the i ^^^S town of Leipsic, near Dover, J ^^^K Kent County, Delaware, on M ^^^m September 14, 1842, and is de- T scended from a good old Eng- lish familv. An ancestor of his was Lord Mayor of Lon- don in 1561, and many of his progenitors figured honorably in seventeenth and eighteenth century annals. At the age of thirteen he found himself an orphan, and entered the store of John W. Cullen in his native town as clerk. Thus he was obliged to earn his own living at an age when other boys are at school. From the very be- ginning he displayed a capacity for business and an iron will. His great ambition was a com- mercial college course, and in order to obtain it he practised such rigid economy that at the age of twenty he had saved money enough to satisfy his ambition. In the college his success was marvellous. He devoured everything, so to speak, and graduated from it at the head of his class, taking with him the good wishes and admiration of its professors. .Vfter leaving college, he was fortunate in obtaining a minor clerkship in a Philadelphia banking house. Here, as in the commercial institution, he rapidly mastered the details of the business and was promoted step by step until he be- came its chief manager. Arrived at a station that would satisfy the ambition of most young men of his age, Mr. 20 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Harper retired from the management of the bank and l)e- camc a student of the insurance business. That he studied to some purpose, his life since then goes to show. It was in 1868 he retired from the banking house, and the year following we find him Western Manager of the Common- wealth Life Insurance Company of New York City. Here as elsewhere success followed in his tracks and promotion was rapid. He doubled the company's business, was ap- ])ointed General Superintendent, and when the Common- wealth retired from the field, after consolidating business with the National, the closing of all outstanding business was entrusted to Mr. Harper. In 1875, after having estab- lished for liimself a national reputation, he assumed the New York management of the John Hancock Company of Boston. It was here he first tried what is now known as the " Prudential Plan," and thus became one of the founders of a system of life insurance in America which, as now ad- mitted by all, has conferred incalculable benefits on the frugal, industrious laboring classes of the country, and has l)rought ])eace to the minds of thousands of wives and mothers who heretofore had been asking themselves the melancholy question, ■' What will become of us when the head of our family dies?" Disposing of his interests in the John Hancock Com- pany in 1880, Mr. Harper assumed tb.e I'residency and full control of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association in 1881, and by a succession of bold strokes collected the scat- tered and disorganized assessment associations into one homogeneous whole ; in a word, he inaugurated a nevv sys- tem in life insurance. But he did not accomplish this with- out fierce resistance. The old system rose in arms against the innovation. But it was of no avail ; the revolution swept on, with the results already mentioned, and to-day Mr. K. B. Harper's name is a household word in America. It must be borne in mind that although the changes wrought by this one master mind appear sudden and dazzling, they are really the result of long and painful study. Personally Mr. Harper is a fine-looking man of young middle age, with bright eyes, a pleasant smile and well cut features. The lower part of his face indicates great strength of will. He is polished in his manners, suave in conversa- tion, is a member of many high social clubs, organizations, charities, etc., and commands the respe' t and esteem of thousands of friends. WALTER S. HARRISON. There is no profession follows the law of evolution more closely than that of an architect or builder. In a city where nothing in the way of elegant architecture or a fine class of buildings, is called for, mediocrity will answer all purposes ; but in New York, where the era of magnificent public buildings and grand private mansions has begun, architects and builders of talent and ability are recpiired. If. in the future, something novel and e.vtraord nary in this line is demanded, the law of evolution will supply it, but mean- time the present can take care of itself while we have such builders and contractors among us as W. S. Harrison, the man who constructed the Aldrich Court Building on Broad- way. Mr. Harrison was born in the Island of Cuernsey in the year 1S45. Early in life he was connected with the National Guard of this State, and while serving in it as both private and commissioned officer saw some very arduous service indeed. He joined the Thirty-second Regiment as private in 187c, and took an active part in the suppression of what is called the " Orange riots." Mr. Harrison was always partial to service as a mounted man, and in 1S72 his and)ition was satisfied by !)eing transferred to the Washing- ton (irey Trooj), where he displayed such soldierly ability that he was promoted to a first lieutenanc y. He was doing duty where the officers of the troop organized a Gattling bat- tery of artillery. Lieutenant Harrison was second in com- mnnd of the battery, and when, two years later. Captain Baker resigned, he assumed command, and brought the battery to a degree of almost absolute perfection as regards di^cijiline and general usefulness. By this time his business called imperatively for his personal supervision, and Lieutenant Harrison left his command with regret, though tendered the rank of captain. He still entertains a kindly feeling for his "old comrades, and is as fond of riding a horse as ever. His increasing business, however, means a peremptory order to give up the military idea. He is at the head of ihe firm doing busin ss as builders and contractors under the style of ^\^ S. Harrison Co., successors to Masterson i\; Harrison. He has erected a large number of buildings in New York, many of them very expensive and with just claims to great magnitude and a high order of architectural beauty. The Aldrich Court Building has been already mentioned, and among the many others claiming attention as being out of the com- mon run, the construction of which has been personally supervised, are the handsome private residences of Ex- Governor Hoadley, of Ohio, the Hon. Edward Mitchell and J. Hampden Robb. These buildings alone, because of their beauty and finish, would be sufficient to establish Mr. Harrison's re])utation ; but there are besides, the (Columbia Building, the Haight Building, Cohnfield Building, the Staten Island Flour Mills, the large and solid stores on 545, 600 and 602 Broadway, the Trinity Corporation store- houses and warehouses on the corner of Vestry and (Greenwich streets, the Morris Building on Broad Street, and St. Stephen's College at Annandale. The Aldrich Court Building was to be erected within a year, according to contract, but a strike occurred while it was in progress, and the impression went abroad that Mr. H irrison would not succeed in finishing it within the jjrescribed term. But they did not reckon upon the great energy of the man. He h.anded it over to the proprietors within the year, much to the surprise even of his friends. Another difficultv almots as great presented itself in connection with the Columbia Building, 29 Broadway. Before completing the structure, the tedious operation of "needling the adjoining buildings " WIS thought to be necessary, but Mr. Harrison overcame this obstacle to a speedy fulfillment of his contract by sinking coffer dams below the foundations of the adjoining l)uildings From this it will be seen that he is a man of resources. Mr. Harrison has the reputation of being a firm friend, a man of his word, with a kind heart, capable of doing generous acts and saying nothing about them. He is a member of the Mechanics and Traders' Exchange also the Mason Builders' .Vssociation. NORTON P. OTIS. The Hon. Norton V. Otis, ex- Mayor of Yonkers, ex- .\sseml)lyman, president of Otis Bros. I'v' Co., who i)laced American elevators in the famous Eiffel Tower, was born in I Ialifax,Windham County. Vermont, on the 1 8th day of March, 1840. His career is a good illustration of the aggressive .\merican character, which does not acknowledge impossi- bilities and encounters obstacles only to surmount them. He attended school in Halifax, Vt.; Albany, N. Y.; Hud- son City, N. J., and graduated from Di-strict School No. 2 in Yonkers. In his eighteenth vear he entered his father's elevator factory, and when the elder Mr. Otis tlied in 1861, he. with his brother Charles, assumed control of the business, which business, owing to th • financial depression attending the lowering cloud of Civil War. on the death of Mr. Otis, was almost paraly/ed and certainly very heavily encum- bered. The two i)rothers. full of hojie and courage, made NEW YORK, rUJi M KTROI'OLIS. 21 an attempt to revive it and succeeded, though at first very slowly. They began with the small ca])ital of $2,000, their personal savings. But though their cai)ital was small, their capacity for work was large and their industry unremitting. They devoted all their energy to the designing and manu- facturing of elevator machinery. In 1862 the trade of the country began to revive and the Ot s Brothers felt a little of the effect. The first two orders they received amounted to the magnificent sum of $70. The principal objeot of the firm this time, as indeed it has been always, was to insure safety in their elevators, and they took out a number of patents with that purpose in view and introduced many val- uable devices which after awhile commenced to tell in e\erywhere, but a number of special orders have been e.\- ecuted, prominent among which is the elevator in the Washington Monument, and the three largest in the world, built for the North Hudson County Railroad in Weehaw- ken, N. J., each of which carries 135 i)erscns up the heights at the rate of 200 feet per minute. Another of the company's great elevators is the Otis Elevating Railroad in the Catskill Mountains, which carries passengers up 7, coo feet of an incline to the top in ten minutes, thus saving a stage jour- ney of four hours. Of course the greatest achievement of all was the jjlacing of elevators in the Eiffel Tower at Paris, which made the name of Otis almost as famous and popular as the sky-scraj)ing building itself. their favor. In 1862 they did a business of $15,000, which has since then gone on increasing until to-day it is away u|) in the millions. Like his brother, as already stated, Mr. Norton P. Otis invested his all in the enterprise, and during the ten years between 1861 and 187 i a large part of his time was spent visiting the chief cities and towns in the United States introducing the Otis elevators. When the company was incorporated in 1867 he was elected treasurer and was therefore obliged to stay at home more, but that did not mean a cessation of hard work by any means. On the retiri-ment of his brother Charles in 1890 he was elected president of the company, which position he now holds. The Otis elevators have been placed in large buildings And thus has human energy and skill directed by genius wrought out of a. capital of §2 000 such- vast results. Thirty-seven years ago, when the elder Mr. Otis founded the elevator factory, it was a small affair indeed ; now the buildings in Yonkers cover many acres. Six hundred men are employed there and in erecting elevators in other parts of the country. In the spring of 1880 the Republican party nominated Mr. Otis for Mayor of Yonkers and he was elected by a handsome major ty. His administration was so successful and so Ijencficial to the interests of the people at large as to gain him the approbation, not only of his own party, but the confidence and esteem of the men who had opposed him at the [)olls. The fire department was reorganized during 22 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. his term, the entire ])lan of scliool management changed for the better, as conceded by all parties, and other improve- ments effected, although at the same time the city's debt was largely reduced. In the Fall of 1883 he was nom- inated for the Assembly, and again elected by a good majority, notwithstanding that the district is overwhelmingly Democratic. He made an excellent record in the Assembly. He is a member of many social and benevolent organiza- tions, and it is doubtful if any citizen of Yonkers is more respected. He was married in 1877 to Miss Lizzie A. Fahs, of York, Pa., a most estimable and accomplished lady, and has six children living, namely, Charles Edwin, Sidney, Arthur Houghton, Norton P., Jr., Katherine Lois, and Ruth Adelaide. The Otis family is one of the oldest in the country and traces its American origin to John Otis, who with his children came from Hingham, in Norfolk, England, in 1635. He is mentioned in the records of Hingham, Mass., as being a landholder there in 1668, and it was doubtless he who bestowed the old Norfolk name to the locality he settled in the new country. From this John Otis have descended many well-known American soldiers, patriots and statesmen, among them James Otis of Revolutionary fame ; his nephew, Harrison Oiay Otis, one of Boston's most prominent and well-remembered mayors ; Stephen Otis, member of the \'ermont Legislative Assembly, and Elisha Otis, founder of the Otis elevators, father of the subject of this sketch. OLIVER W. BARNES. Oliver W. Barnes, one of the well-known engineers of this country, is a resident of New York, and was born near Hartford, Conn., on May 15, 1823. His father's family came from Marlboro, Mass., and were residents of that town a hundred years before the Revolution. In 1825 they moved to Philadelphia, where Mr. Barnes was brought up and attended school until 1846, when he was sent to Europe to complete his education as an engineer. Returning the year following, he was appointed Assistant Engineer on the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He soon became Principal Assistant Engineer, and in charge of the field parties made the final location of the bold lines that have distinguished that division as the first engineering work on this continent at the time, and completed their con- struction. In 185.^ he was appointed C'liief Engineer of the Pitts- burg and Connellsville Railroad, and in 1858 comi)leted the last eighty-four miles of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chi- cago Railroad, which brought that line into Chicago. He then came to New York and built the Dutchess and Colum- bia Railroad. In 1870 he took charge of the New York City Underground Railroad, saved the charter of the com- pany l)y commencing the work in time to prevent a forfeit ure, and advanced the money from his own funds for that purpose The charter is now the only one in existence un('er which an underground railroad can be built; in 1891 he sul)mitted the plans for its construction to the Rapid 'i'ransit Commission ; if they should be adojited they would solve the ])rol>lem of rapid transit. From this time out Mr. Barnes was connected one way or another with most of the great enter])rises of the day. In 1878 he designed and carried out a bold and original plan of crossing a deep and wide valley in the .Alleghany Mountains l)y an iron and steel viaduct, 'i'he structure is calUd the Kinzua viaduct; its height above the stream is 301 feet, and its length 2,050 feet. In 1S85 he was a])|)()inted one of the Commissioners of the new Croton .Vtpieduc t and Chairman of the Construction Com- mittee. 'I'his position he held until 1888, when the ex- igencies of ])oliti( s rendered a change necessary. In 1887 he was ajjpointed Chief Engineer of the New York and Long Island Railroad Company, and directed the construc- tion of a tunnel from the west side of the city under Forty- second street and the East River so as to connect the New \'ork Central with the Long Island Railroad in Long Island City. Mr. Barnes is now the President and Chief Engineer of the Connecting Railroad Company. He is about to build a railway and viaduct line from a point on the Port Morris branch of the Harlem Railroad, in the 23d Ward of New A'ork City, southwardly to the east side of P.rooklyn. The railroad will cross the East River at Hell (kite on a canti- lever bridge of 800 feet span; the length of the new railroad will be but seven miles and will connect the whole railroad system of the L'nited States with the 800,000 population of Brooklyn. JAMES C. SPENCER. Hon. James C. Spencer, ex-Judge of the Silpreine Court, was born in Franklin County, of this State. Although con- nected with one of the best and oldest families in the country, he was, at an early age, through adverse circum- stances, thrown upon his own resources and acipiired his education and legal training, altogether, through his personal exertions and inherent force of character. He was called to the bar of his native county in 1850, but in 1854 removed lA.MKS C. M'KN( i;k. to Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence County, where, with Judge William C. Brown, he form d the firm of Brown & Spencer. In Ogdensburg, Mr. Spencer manifested so much ability that in 1857 he was ai)i)ointed l'nited States District .At- torney for the Northern District of New York. But Mr. Spencer, conscious of his ability, was aml)itious of a wider field for itsdis|)lay and came to New York, where his reputa- tion and talents placed him at once in the front rank of a |)r()fessi()n which at that particular time was full of brilliant NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. advocates, among them Charles O'Conor, James C. Carter, James T. Brady, Roscoe Conkling, and many others of national celebrity. In 1867 he entered into partnership with Charles A. Rapallo and other lawyers under the firm name of Rapallo & Spencer. It was one of the most famous legal firms in the city and handled famous cases, amongst others the Erie case, made familiar to the public tiirough the press and rechauffe'd upon the death of Jay Gould in December last. The firm was dissolved on the elevation of Mr. Rapallo to the bench of the Court of Appeals and Mr. Spencer to the Superior Court of New York. During its existence Rapallo t\: Spencer were counsel for or against great railroad comi)anies and steamship lines, and Judge Spencer will be always connected in men's memories with the Erie Railroad, for which, when it passed into the hands of a receiver, he was ap])ointed referee. In June, 1883, he was appointed member of the Commission for budding the new aqueduct, and served with distinction as President thereof. He is at present the attorney and counsel for the State Insurance Department, in Real Estate titles. Mr. Spencer's father, the late Judge James Spencer, also a native of Franklin County, was one of its earliest settlers. When a young man he distinguished himself in the w-ar (1812-14) against England, and fought in the battle of Plattsburg. He was a close personal friend of Silas Wright, and with that eminent statesman took part in the long and successful struggle to secure and |)erpetuate Democratic ascendency in the State. The Spencers settled originally in Connecticut, the first of them in this country being William, who arrived in Cambridge, Mass., before or early in 163 1. He finally settled in Hartford, Conn. From him the subject of the sketch is descended in an unbroken line through six generations, as shown by the records of the State of Con- necticut. LOUIS ETTLINGER. Some idea of the advances made by lithography in New York may be formed from the statement that when a quarter of a century ago Schumacher & Ettlinger began business in that line on Murray street with two handpresses upon which they turned out five hundred .sheets per day, while at the time of consolidation with the American Lithographic Company, the same firm had twenty-two steam presses running which threw off 100 000 sheets per day. Mr. Schumacher has retired from business, and the head of the firm controlling the immense lithographic works on Bleecker street and on Mott street is Mr. Louis Ettlinger. Mr. Ettlinger was born in Carlsruhe, Germany, in July, 1845, so that he is still comparatively a young man in the very prime of life. He was educated in a private college, after leaving which he entered a mercantile house as clerk. In 1866 he came to this country to try his fortune, and set- tling down in New York met his countryman Mr. Schumacher, with whom he started a business that has yielded such large results. Mr. Schumacher w-as a lithographer by trade, Mr. Ettlinger an excellent business manager, and between them they commenced in the modest fashion referred to in Murray street. From there, when their trade grew too large for the premises, the firm removed to Nos. 13 and 15 on the same street, and ultimately to Bleecker and Mott, where they have a building of their own erected by them- selves. This building is absolutely fireproof. This firm was the first in the United States to introduce what is known as the Stipple System, which gives such splendid results, and to which, apart from its own energy, skill and perseverance, it owes much of its great success. He is known in the city as a man of irreproachable character whose credit stands high in the commercial world. CHARLES ELIOT MITCHELL. The Hon. Charles Eliot Mitchell, ex-Commissioner of Patents and lawyer, was born in Bristol, Connecticut, in 1837, of old Colonial ancestry. He was j)repared for college in Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Mass., and graduated from Brown University in 1861, and from the Albany Law- School in 1863. He was admitted to the bar and practised law in New Britain with success. He was the first city attorney of New Britain. As a specialty, he selected the I)atent branch of the law, which brought him into the United States Courts a good deal. He was elected to the General Assembly of Connecticut in 1880, and as Chairman of the House Committee on Corporations redraughted the Joint Stock Laws of the State in conjunction with John R. Buck, who was Senate Chairman of the same Committee. He was also elected to the General Assembly of 1881, serving upon the Judiciary Committee, after which he withdrew from politics. CHARLES ELIOT MITCHELL. Finding in New York a wider field for his abilities, he came here and was admitted to membership in the Bar Association. In 1889, at the earnest solicitation of many Patent lawyers, he accepted the office of Com- missioner of Patents, which was tendered him by Presi- dent Harrison. Mr. Mitchell's administration of the office was highly successful and demonstrated his eminent fitness for the position. In 1891 he resigned in order to resume the {)ractice of his chosen profession and devote his entire attention to his large clientage. At the great Patent Centennial of 1891, Mr. Mitchell delivered an address on the " Birth and Growth of the American Patent System," which received much favorable comment, other well-known speakers on the occasion being Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Hon. Samuel Blatchford of the U. S. Supreme Court, and Senators Daniel of Virgi,nia, and Piatt of Connecticut. Mr. Mitchell is a gentleman who would make his mark in any line or profession, owing to his versatile talents, while as to 24 NEW YOJiA\ THE METROEOLIS. his character and standing in the community tliere are no two opinions. Mr. Mitchell has been engaged in many important and prominent jjatent litigations during his twenty years' praciice in the U. S. Courts, and as a patent lawyer he has few equals. ROBERT C. ALEXANDER. Robert Carter Alexander was born thirty-four years ago at West Charlton, Saratoga County, New York, of Scotch parentage. He worked on his father's farm till seventeen years of age. In 1876 he entered Union College and was graduated in 1880 in the classical ( ourse at the head of his class. He took one of the prizes at the Sophomore Prize Speaking Contest, and at graduation took the first Blatch- ford oratorical prize and the Ingham essay i)rize. He was also first on the list of Phi Beta Kapjja members elected from the class. He was elected president of the class in 1880 in the Senior year, and held the office till 1890, when he declined a unanimous re-election. At the decennial reunion of !iis class in June, 1890, he was jiresented by his ROBERT C. ALRXANDKR. classmates with a gold watch and chain carrying a unicjue pendant in massive gold, re|)resenting the Chinese idol which stands on the college camjjus. After graduation Mr. Alexander attended the law depart- ment of Union University at Albany and was graduated in 1881 with the degree of LL.H., being admitted to the Bar the same yea -. 'I"wo years later Union gave him the degree of Master of .Arts. Shortly after he entered the hnv office of Lucius and 1). C. Robinson, at I'-lmira, N. Y., becoming, a year later, managing clerk of the firm. In 1884 he came to New York and engaged in the ])ractice of his ])rofession. Previous to 1888 he had become the personal counsel to Col. Klliott F. She|)ard, and on the i)urchase by the latter of the New N'ork Afail atui /•'..\f>rcss became the attorney for that newsi)a|tcr and one of the directors and the Secre- tary of the Mai/ and Express Publishing Company. He was subsetiuently elected Treasurer of the company, and in addition to his connection w itli the Mail and Express Z'a counsel and official is a frequent contributor to its editorial columns. After the death of Col. Shepard in March, 1893, he was made financial manager of the Mail and Express. Mr. Alexander has made a special study of the law of corporations and has organized corporations in several different States. He recently organized the International Boiler Company, of New York, and the Stirling Manufac- turing Company, of Illinois, and was for a time a director and the attorney for both. He is a director and Presi- dent of the Fifth Avenue Transportation Company, of New- York. He also organized the Adirondack League Club, a sporting association owning iio,coo acres of forest lands in the Adirondacks, and is a trustee and the Secretary of the club. Mr. Alexander is a life member of the New- York State Bar Association, a member of the Association of the Bar of the City of New- York, and of the Law yers' Ckd). He is a Director and President of the Club Publishing Company; Treasurer of the New York Express Co.; Director of the Burgess dun Co. of Buffalo, and the Justin Projectile Co. .oi New Jersey; and a director of the Associated Banking and Trust Co. of Portland, Oregan. He w-as one of the Committee of 100 in charge of the Judiciary Centennial in February, 1889, and the Secretary of the Reception and Entertainment Committee on that occasion. Mr. Alexander exhibited his ability as an organ- izer when he brought together the graduates of Union College resident in New York City, in the form of an Alumni Association. He was for three years Secretary of the Association, until he declined a re- election. At the Com- mencement of L'uion College in 1890 he was chosen by the Board of Trustees of Union College a life member of the Board, succeeding the late Judge Yan Vorst. Be- sides the Lawyers' Club and the Adirondack League, Mr. Alexander is a member of the University Club, the Press Club, University .\thletic. Oval Country, Lake George Yacht (where he has a summer residence), the Colonial and the Patria clubs, American Canoe .Association, Riverside Wheelmen, American Geographical Society and St An- drew's Society. In politics he is a Republican ROBERT A. VAN WYCK. Judge Robert \. \'an Wyck, of the City Court of New- York, is one of the younger generation of jurists, w ho has won great respect from members of the profession both as a man and as a judge. His keen perception and the in- stinctive faculty he has of sifting the grain of an argument from the chaff of verbiage, with which it is too often accompanied, excite universal admiration, while his untiring zeal in his work, and the care and thought he devotes to an opinion, lead law-yers to submit their causes to his hands with confidence and with the knowledge that there will be fair i>l:iy. Judge Van Wyck's elevation to the Bench was but the just reward of the earnestness and energy with which he accjuired his legal education and forced iiis way to the front in i)ractice. This is a recognized fact among those who have tried cases before him. Judge \'an Wyck was born in the old Van Wyck man- sion, in Lexington .Avenue, this city, forty-three years ago. His tasle lor the law mav be, in a measure, inherited from his father, the late William \'an Wyck, who was a distinguished lawyer, and a consjjicuous man of affairs in New A'ork sixtv vears ago. From his father he ;ilso in- herited his Demociatic politics for William \'an Wy<'k was, until his death, i)rominent in the (ouncils of the Democratic partv, being in his early inanhood an admirer antl ton- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 25 fidential friend of Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. Judge Van \\ yck was not alone in his heritage, for Judge Augustus Van VVyck, his brother, also adhered to the family tradition in the choice of his profession, and has received recognition in his elevation to the Bench in Brooklyn. The subject of this sketch is a descendant on the paternal side in the seventh generation frc^ii Cornelius Barents Van Wyck, who came to New Netherlands in 1650 from the town of Wyck, Holland, and marr-ied in 1660, at I'latbush, Kings County, New York, Ann, daughter of Rev. Johannes Theodorus Polhemus, the first Dutch Reformed Minister in that county. All the American Van VVycks are descendants of this couple. Though it is not a very numerous family, yet many of them have been prominent and conspicuous in the profes- sions and in the public service as judges, legislators, con- gressmen, senators and soldiers in all the wars of our country, including that for American Independence. The Van Wycks of Holland are an aristocratic family, and con- tinue to use the same coat of arms as that brought here by the American Van Wycks upward of two centuries ago. They are connected by intermarriage with all the old notable families throughout this State, viz., Van Rensselaer, Van ('ortlandt, Beekman, Gardiner, Van Vechten, Living- ston, Hamilton, Seymour, and others. Judge Van Wyck is a worthy representative of this distinguished family. He is a lawyer of the highest ability as well as an efficient judge, and the excellence of his decisions is best evidenced by the fact that over 90 per cent, of his opinions, written in General Term, are to be found in the law reports which are published for the guidance of the Bench and Bar. He is a member of the Holland Society, which is the true home of the Knickerbockers, being composed of only the descendants of Hollanders, settling in America prior to 1675, over one hundred years before the Declaration of American Independence, and also of the St. Nicholas, the Manhattan, the Democratic, and other leading clubs of New York. CHARLES A. TRUAX. Charles A. Truax, Judge of the Superior Court, was born in Durhamville, Oneida Co., State of New York, on the 31st of October, 1846, so that he is now in his forty-seventh year. He looks much younger, however, and one of the (juestions put to him by his friends is, " Judge, how long are you going to remain looking thirty-five?" To which the invariable answer is, "Just as long as I can." Like the majority of our successful public men. Judge Truax is a farmer's son, and to the physical development given by his early life in the country may be attributed his fine constitution and capacity for hard work and the close study that characterizes hmi in city life. He received a common school education in his native town, and was afterwards graduated from Hamilton College in the class of 1867, from which Alma Mater, always watchful of its distinguished sons, he obtained thedegreeof A.M. in 1875 and that of LL.l). in 1890. Ajjnrt from his judicial duties, Judge Truax is a student and always has been. He was admitted to the bar in 1868, and the year following began to practise in an office of his own. He handled many cases of more than local prominence and did a solid law business. In 1880 he was elected Judge of the Superior Court, one of the highest gifts at the disposal of his fellow citizens. He is among the most highly esteemed of judges, and on the bench, though firm and dignified, is always conciliatory. .\ friend of his who also occupies an exalted judicial position said of him recently: " Judge Truax is remarkable for three cjualities seldom found in the same man, namely, a deep knowledge of good law, good literature, and good living." He is descended from the Dutch Knickerbockers, and is a member of the St. Nicholas and Holland Clubs. He belongs also to the Harlem Club, the Harlem Democratic Club, as well as the Manhat- tan, which implies that when off the bench he is a Democrat in politics. Though elected to be Superior Court Judge, he has since been assigned to the Supreme Court, and the assign- ment or i)romotion was a com])liment to his legal ability and judicial accpiirements. EDWARD S. RENWICK. Edward S. Renwick, the well-known expert in patent causes, was born in this city, January 3, 1823, and is a son of James Renwick, LL.l)., late jjrofessor of Columbia Col- lege. Mr. Renwick was educated as a civil and mechanical engineer, and began his career in the iron manufacture", which lie relinquished owing to the unfavorable tariff of 1846. In April, 1849, he established himself as a solicitor of patents and expert in patent causes at Washington, D. C, being associated with Peter H. Watson under the firm name of Watson & Renwick. His partner afterwards became Assistant Secretary of War under President Lincoln. Mr. Renwick returned to New York in 1855, and has since so successfully conducted his practice that he is recognized as EDWARD S. RENWICK one of tlie most representative men in his profession. His reputation as a skilled and practical expert engineer extends throughout the professional and scientific circles of both continents, while his record as a successful solicitor and ex- pert in patent causes is unsurpassed. Mr. Renwick enjoys the liigh distinction of having been engaged as an expert in a greater number of important patent causes than any man now living. On May 13, 1851, he, associated with Peter H. Watson, took out the first patent for the Self-Binding Reaper, and on December 6, 1853, a second patent was taken out by them covering imi)rovements wyow the same machine. At that day and date ])ublic enterprise was not (juick enough to grasp the merits of such a machine, and 26 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. for twenty years longer the farmer went on sweating and groaning in the old laborious and narrow-niintled style. Twenty years after the granting of the Watson & Renwick patents, self-binding reaping machines came into use, and all machines of this order of to-day embody in a modi- fied form the inventions patented in 185 1 and 1853. Among the "other many important and useful inventions of Mr. Renwick were incubators, brooders and i 1 provements on steam engines and furnaces. Probably, the most noteworthy engineering achievement of this gentleman consisted in re- pairing the steamsliip (ireat Eastern, in which work he was assisted by his brother, H. B. Renwick, a well-known me- chanical engineer and exjjert. Mr. Renwick was married to Miss Alice Brevoort in 1862, and has a family of two sons and one daughter. I^dward B., the elder son, is a member of the firm of Pirsson & Renwick, while Wm. W., the younger son, is junior partner in the firm of Renwick, As- pinwall & Renwick, one of the most highly celebrated firms of architects in this country, of which house James Ren- wick, his uncle, and a brother to the subject of this sketch, is the head. F^dward S. Renwick's career has not only been one of success, but has been marked by unsullied honor and strict integrity. J. M. SCHLEY, M.D. As one having a profound knowledge of medicine and a splendid practice. Dr. J M. Schley takes high rank in the profession in this city of New York. He is a close student, his life is a continuous study, and he shows good fruit as a result. J. M. SCHLEY, M.D, Dr. Schley was born in Savannah, (la., on April i. 1852. His father, also a physician, was a pu])il of the late Dr. Gray, one of the best known hom(i;oi)athic ])hysicians in New York. U]) to the l)reaking out of the war. Dr. Schley attended the jjublic schools of his native city, but was then sent abroad to study. He visited England ami attended Dr. Steele'.s celebrated school in the Isle of Man for one year. From the Isle of Man he went to France and spent eighteen months in the Lycee in Paris, after which he com- pleted his classical studies in Saxe-Weimar, Germany. He graduated at Saxe-Weimar after a three years' course, and returned to this country to study medicine. He received his diploma in Savannah and started for Europe once more to obtain practical knowledge of the profession in the hospitals of Vienna. He began practice for himself in Savannah in 1873, ^^^^^ u])on the death of his father, some months later, removed to Is'ew York and made it his home and the scene of his professional labors ever since. In October, 1874, he married .Miss Margaret T., daughter of Henry V. Spaulding, and has four children. Dr. Schley is recognized as one of the best medical writers in the country, and among his contributions to med- ical literature may l)e mentioned the subjoined : " Organic Heart Di.sease as a Preventive of Phthisis Pulmonum." " The Danger New York City is Constantly Exposed to by the Importation of Unrecognized Cases of Leprosy (with case)." " A Case of Myxodema." "A Case of Hydatids of the Liver, Spleen and Kidney, Repeated Evacuation, Laparotomy and Recovery." CHARLES NEWHALL TAINTOR. Charles Newhall Taintor, police justice and man of affairs generally, was born in Pomfret, Conn., in November, 1840. When quite young he removed with his father's family to Colchester in the same State, where he attended school at Bacon Academy. In 1859 he left Colchester and was for two years associated with Robert P. Smith, of Phila- delphia, in selling French's ma]j and gazetter of the State of New York. Subsequently he was connected with the ])ublication and sale of the large and valuable AVashington map of the L^nited States. In 1861 Mr. Taintor entered Yale, and graduated with honors from that university, the Alma Mater of so many renowned Americans of to-day. Immediately after leaving college he engaged for a few months with the New York State Tem])erance League, in aiding that organization in the enforcement of the excise laws in Livingston County. In 1866 he formed a co-partnership with his brother in the ])ul)lication of the Washington map of the United States, and the year following came to New York and with his brother, Joseph L. Taintor, began the publication of books under the firm name of Taintor Brothers. In 1870 they be- gan to publish school books, and have continued in the l)usiness uj) to the present time, changing the firm name, however, to Taintor Brothers & Company. Their publica- tions have reached a sale of more than a million copies a year. In May, 18S8, the co-partnership was changed into a corporation and Mr. Taintor was elected its president, which i)Osition he holds to-day. In NLay, 1881, Governor Cornell ajipointed him a mem- i)er of the New \'ork State Boarvl of Emigration. .Although there was neither salary nor emolument attached to the position, Mr. Taintor gave his time and labor to it as freely and conscientiously as if there were, and when it is con- sidered that during his term of ofhce, from 1881 to 1889, emigration at this port had reached an extraordinary vol- ume, in fact had attained the largest proportions in its history, it may be assumed the place was one involving great labor and intelligence. In those eight years three millions of emigrants entered the gates of New York. In 1 888 he was elected President of the Board of Emigr tion Commissioners, which position he resigned in May, 1889. to accept the office of Police Justice, tendered him by Mayor Grant. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 27 Justice Taintor is a Republican, and lias on various occasions represented his party in County, State and Na- tional Conventions. He was delegate at Chicago when Mr. Blaine was nominated in 1884 and again in 1888 when Mr. Harrison was nominated. In 1888 he was nominated to Congress for the Seventh J3istrict, and though defeated by Edward J. Dunphy, received an astonishing vote for a Re- pul)lican, the largest ever polled in that district, in fact. He is a director of the Riverside Bank, and was one of the organizers and is now a director of the Astor Place Bank. He is a member of the University, the Union League and the Republican Clubs, and is President of the West Side Republican Club, which is a growing and influential political organization. He is a prominent member of the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, of which the late Dr. Crosby was pastor, and is a trustee of the Grant Monument Asso- ciation. JOHN BOGGS GARRISON, M.D. Dr. John Boggs Garrison, M.D., one of New York's leading homoeopathic physicians who have made a specialty of laryngology, was born in Somerset Co., N. J., on January 8, 1849. His father, Peter Sutphin Garrison, who is still living at the good old age of seventy-six, is a prosperous farmer in that section of the country. Young Garrison received his earlier education in the pul)lic schools of his native place, and completed his classical studies in Hojjwell Seminary, receiving a diploma on graduating. Owing to his delicate health and the hope that open air agricultural pursuits would benefit him physically, it was at first decided to make a farmer of the young graduate. With that object in view he was entered in the American Veterinary College, there to study the best means of improving stock from a scientific standpoint. While studying veterinary surgery young (iarrison imbibed a taste for general medicine and soon entered the Homa^opathic Medical College of this city. He graduated in 1882 and at once began to practise. Imme- diately after entering the field of practical medicine he was appointed to the dispensary department of the New York Homreopathic Medical College, and served on both the surgical clinic and general medical clinic, with the additional duties of attending outside patients. The year following he ojiened an office on East Seventy-second street. His practice established, Dr. Garrison married Miss Emma J. Hill, daughter of the Reverend Levi Hill, of Kingston, New- York, who has the distinction of being the inventor of the process of printing pictures in their natural colors. From this union sprang three children, of whom only one, Hilda (aged 5) survives. Dr. Garrison removed to his present location on East Seventieth street five years ago, where he is popular and has a splendid practice. He has been active in all charitable works connected with his Alma Mater. At present he holds the position of visiting physician in the Ward Island Hospital. He is assistant surgeon of the department of laryngology at the Ophthalmic Hospital, Corresponding Secretary of the Alumni Association of the Homoeopathic Medical College, Secretary and Treasurer of the N. Y. Homoeopathic Paedological Society, President of the Meissen Club, also the Medical Social Club. His practice is a general family one with a special leaning toward laryngology. CHARLES W. DAYTON. Charles Willoughby Dayton, who has from his youth been a prominent Deuiocrat, has recently come forward into the front rank of party leaders and the ])lace is cheer- fully accorded him because of eminent ability and loyal party services. He was born on October 3, 1846, and comes of good old .\merican stock, Revolutionary and Ante-Revolutionary. His grandfather, Charles Willoughby Dayton, a native of Stratford, (!onn., subsequently a leading New York mer- chant, married a daughter of Francis Child, a gentleman of Huguenot extraction, and their son, Abraham Child Day- ton, father of the subject of this sketch, was born in New York City and educated in Europe. He was the author of ■' Last Days of Knickerbocker Life in New York," and was nienil)er of New York Stock Exchange. His wife was a daughter of David Tomlinson, M.D., and Cornelia Adams, both of C'onnecticut. Dr. Tomlinson was a man of dis- tinction in his profession ; was a member of the New York Legislature, and his wife was grand-daughter of < n ARI,l'.> U . DAVTON. Andrew Adams. Colonel in the Continental Army, Speaker of Congress in 1779-80 and later on Chief Justice of the State of Connecticut. Mr. Dayton entered the College of the City of New York, attended the Columbia College Law School, and was called to the bar. He has since been practising continu- ously and with success. His office is in the Drexel l^uilding. In 1874 Mr. Dayton married Laura A. Newman, daughter of John B. Newman, M.D., and has three children. Attlieageof eighteen he took the stump for General (ieorge 15. McClellan. He was member of the Assembly in 1881 during the famous balloting scenes for Senators in the place of Messrs. Conkling and Piatt. In 1882 he organized the Harlem Democratic Club, was secretary of the Citizens' Reform movement that gave Allen Campbell 78,000 votes for mayor after a short preparatory camjiaign of ten days, and in 1881-2-3 was delegate to Democratic State Conventions, and again in 1892. In 1884 he was member and secretary of the Electoral College that elected Mr. Cleveland, and in 1888 de- livered a speech in Burlington, Iowa, on campaign issues which was printed by the National Democratic Committee as a campaign document. 28 NEW YORK, /■///•; M RTROPOLIS. Mr. Dayton is member of City and State l^ar Associa- tions, Harlem J^emocratic Club, Sagamore, Manhattan and Players' Clubs and the Sons of the Revolution. He resides at No. 13 Mount Morris Park, West. VINCENT M. WILCOX. Very few New Yorkers can show a brighter record than Colonel Vincent Meigs Wilcox, whether as regards a military or civic career, or both combined. He was born in Madi- son, New Haven County, Ct., on October 17, 1828, and belongs to one of the oldest families in New England. The annals of Bury St. Edmonds in the county of Sulfoik, England, show the Wilco.x family to have flourished in Britain even before the Norman Conciuest. William Wil- cox, a lineal descendant of the renowned Sir John Wilcox, settled in Stratford, Ct., as early as 1639, and is recorded in the history of the ])eriod as a rejjresentative in the General Court of Hartford The Colonel's maternal grandmother was Miss Mary Field Meigs, sister of Dr. David Field and daughter of Timothy Field, a distinguished V. M. WILCOX. officer in tlu: Revolutionary war, ancestor of tlie present cf'lebrated family of that name, which includes Cyrus W. and David Dudley Field. Young Wilcox was edu( atcd in Lee's Academy in his native place, and after leaving it taught school for three year.--. He subsecpienlly became a merchant and actjuired considerable i)rominence in local affairs. In i860 he went to Scranton, Pa., and was conducting an extensive mercantile business in that city when the war broke out and the North was called to arms. Mr. Wilcox, who had received a military training in the Connecticut Militia under (leneral Hardee, responded at once, and organizing a company, nmong the young men of hi.; actpiaintance chiefly, many of wliom as officers were attached to the i32d Pennsylvania Regiment, went to the front immediately as Lieutenant Colonel of that organization, which has so splendid a war record in the history of the war by Cenerals McClellan and Palfrey. I'he deeds of Colonel Wilcox and what he did for the Union in his generation are recorded in that widely cir- culated work " Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania." He dis- tinguished himself highly in the terrible battle of Antietam and when Colonel Oakford fell mortally wounded Colonel Wilcox assumed command and was promoted to a full Colonelcy, the ])romotion to count from the date of that memorable fight and great LInion victory. As a bright military career was about to open for Colonel Wilcox he was stricken down by sickness and, before he had re- covered again, offered himself for service. But the Exam- ining Surgeon refused a man wrecked from months of l)hysical suffering, and much against his will Colonel Wil- cox retired from active service. In November, 1862, Colonel Albright of his regiment, writing to him, said : " You are known to be a brave, capable and efficient officer, beloved by all, and you can do nothing to make you more so." After this Colonel Wilcox came to New York, and when his health ])ermitted accepted a resjjonsible jjosition from E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., doing an extensive business r.s importers and manufacturers of photographers' supjjlies. In 1870, Colonel Wilcox was admitted as partner and when it was formed into a corporation was made Secretary, N ice-President and President, successively, of this great and famous house, the greatest of the kind in the world. Colonel Wilcox is a man of s])lendid i)hysi(iue and a very flne speaker. Many of the eloquent addresses delivered to his old regiment have been ])ublished. He is an Elder in the Phiili|)s Presbyterian Church on Madison Avenue, and one of the ^^xecutive Committee of the Presbyterian Union. He is Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and member of the Lafayette Post, Ci. A. R. In 1855 he married Miss Catherine Millicent Webb, daughter of Dr. Reynold Webb. Dr. Reynold Webb Wilcox, well known as a ])hysician and lecturer, is one of their children ; the other died in infancy. His first wife died in i860 and Colonel Wilcox married Miss Martha F. Dowd, who died in 1873, leaving no children. In 1875 he married his present wife. Miss Elizabeth Bogart Wells, by whom he had one child, Francis Wells Wilcox. CHARLES MILNE, M.D. Charles Milne, M.D., was born of Scottish parents, on April I, T843, i" Wellington County, Ontario, Canada, and like many other leading members of the jjrofession in this city is the son of a farmer. His father died a few months before the doctor was born, leaving a widow in frail health and several children ; she died two years later, and the children, of whom Charles was the youngest, were dis- tributed among their relatives, and Charles fell to an aunt. At the age of twenty-one when his moral obligations to his aunt had been fulfilled, young Milne went to Omaha, Nebraska, to seek his fortune, but not finding it he drifted to St. Paul, Minn., where he secured a ])osition in one of the leading drug stores of that city, and while in this cai)acity became acquainted with Dr. Stewart, then Mayor of St. Paul, who advisid him to study medicine. This, under ordinary conditions would be rather singular advice, but Dr. Stewart knew what was in the young man. He ( ame to New York in 187 1 and attended lectures in the medical d partment of the New York University, earning a living ni'-anwhile a> clerk in a drug store. The year follow- ing his graduation he was appointed warden of ard one of the assistant phvsicians in the Hospital for the Rui)tured and Cri])ple(l, whii h he held until the Sjjring of 1874, when he engaged in the general jjrai tice which he has continued NEW YORK, T///-: METROPOLIS. 29 ever since with brilliant results. His office is at the corner of Lexington avenue and Forty-fifth street, one of the most desirable parts of New York, and he has an extensive practice in this city and suburbs. Dr. Milne was married in 1874 to Miss Harriett E. Miller, of Coojjerstown, N. V. This lady is grand-daughter of the John Miller who, conjointly with the father of Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, owned the section afterwards called Cooperstown. Physically, Dr. Milne is a splendid looking man, while as for his intellectual (jualities they have raised him from the almost friendless orphan of a Canadian farmer to be one of New York's foremost physicians. He has no specialty, but his lines are obstetrics and the diseases of women and children. He is a prominent Free- mason, is trustee of the Mediro-I.egal Society of New York, member of the Academy of Medicine, and also of all the principal medical societies of this city. WILLIAM F. MOORE. William F. Moore, Judge of the Third Judicial District Court, is one of the ablest men appointed to the Bench in this city of New York for many years. He has been elected, too, as well as appointed to the position, which goes to show that while popular with his fellow citizens he is also esteemed by those in high places who have the appointing power vested in them temporarily, which is something that cannot be said of many w ho occupy similar places of trust. Judge Moore was born in Newburg, Orange Countv, and is now thirty-seven years of age. He was educated in the public schools and graduated from the Newburg Academy, an institution in which many men now prominent in public life received their education. He came to New York like most young men of ambition and in 1876 began the study of law in the office of Fullerton, Knox &: Crosby, a legal firm which held high rank among the lawyers of the Me- tropolis. He soon displayed such ajjplication and ability as to attract the notice of his principals and was placed in charge of an import mt department. He was called to the bar in 1880, and three years later was admitted to member- ship in the firm as a recognition of his capacity and success in court practice. Since that time he has associated with Ex-Judge Fullerton in many important cases, among them the famous trials of Huddensiek, Jake Sharp and Sheriff Flack, in which he manifested marked ability. When George B. Deane, Jr., died two years ago Judge Moore was appointed by Governor Hill to fill the unexpired term, altogether without his solicitalion and although he was in no sense of the word an active politician. This was in June, 1890, and in the fall of 1891 he was nominated for the same office and elected by a majority of 1,700, which was all the more remarkable seeing that Judge Dean had won by a majority of 5,400 in 1885 on the opposition ticket. His present term will not expire until 1894. Judge Moore is eminently fitted for the position he oc- cujjies. He is a sound lawyer and is gifted with the quali- ties of patience, diligence and clear perception when dealing with complicated cases. Though upholding the dignity of the bench in a manner that keeps interlopers at a respectful distance he is known as the most genial and kind hearted of men, with a pleasant word for all. He is a member of the Iroquois Club LOUIS WINDMULLER. Louis Windmiiller, merchant and reformer, was born in Westphalin, and educated in a college in Miinster founded by the Emi)eror Charlemagne. In 1853 he emigrated to New York, where he has since lived ancl carried on business as a successful merchant, at first alone, but since 1865 in copartnership with Alfred Roelker. The business of the firm consists of importing and exporting on commission. But it is as an organizer of successful institutions, finan- cial and otherwise, that Mr. Windmiiller is more jjopularly known. He has assisted in founding the Title Guaran- tee and Trust Company, the (ierman-American Insurance Company, the Hide and Leather National Bank and the Bond and Mortgage Guarantee Company. He is director in some of those comi)anies. He is one of the founders of the Reform Club, of which he was elected Treasurer in January, 1887, and has been instrumental in securing for the club the comfortable home which it now occui)ies, there- by contributing largely to its success and permanency. Mr. Windmiiller is one of those reformers who are not content merely with the name; his acti\e efforts, es))erialb in the I.( )11S WINDMiJLLER. cause of sound currency and tariff reform, have been made known to the public from time to time through the press. His life is an active one, for apart from his business proper he is always doing something which he thinks of benefit to the community or the country at large. He is Chairman of the Committee of the Chamber of Commerce on Internal Trade and Improvements, a life member of the New York Histor- ical Society, treasurer of a fund for the erection of a monu- ment to the great German [)oet Goethe, and of the (German Historical Society. Mr. Windmiiller was also Chairman of the Committee on Arrangements of the German portion of the Centennial celebration of George Washington, and has contributed some articles of value on the subject to a work published by Clarence H- Bowen, in which he describes the memorable event- In i888 he arranged a collection of paintings for the German Hospital Fair, by which over one hundred thousand dollars were cleared for this charity. Mr. Windmiiller is happily married and the father of three children. He is a member of the Merchants', German, 3° NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Lotos, Reform, Insurance, Athletic and other chibs, and on the whole about one of the busiest men in New York, and one of the hardest workers and most prominent citizens. Mr. Windmiiller is more than a dilettante in literature, having contributed to the Forutn papers on the subject in which he takes a special interest. He has a fine library and art collection of his own. He is well known in Europe, particularly in Germany. Artists coming from there to New York are sure of a kindly reception from him. From Mr. Windmiiller they receive advice and sympathy, and when necessary something more tangible in the shape of material assistance. As an illustration of his influence it may be stated that he obtained a portrait of the present Em])eror of Germany painted by the Diisseldorf artist, Julius Gurtz, for tile (German Club of New York City. He took an active city about the beginning of the century, and died here in 1875, universally respected. The first American Andrews was William, who was one of John Davenport's companions in the settlement of New Haven in 1629. He built the first church in that colony. Loring Andrews is still kindly remembered as one of the merchants of the old school, whose sterling qualities made him influential, and have left impressions which will long work for good in the com- munity. The elder Mr. Andrews' fortune was made in the " Swamp," in the leather trade. His son Constant was educated primarily in the Columbia College Grammar School, then in College Place ; and at about sixteen years of age went abroad to complete his studies in Germany. At the outbreak of our civil war, two years later, he was recalled to this city ; and very shortly CONSTANT A. ANDREWS. part in the last political campaign in behalf of Grover Cleveland, and was one of the founders of the German- American Cleveland Union. CONSTANT A. ANDREWS. Constant A. .\ndrews, one of New York's leading citizens, was born in Hnrclay street, when that now busy commercial thoroughfare was considered the residential centre of the city. He is essentially a New Yorker, and an enthusiastic worker for whatever advances the well-being of his native city. His father, I.oring .Andrews, a name well known, belonged to that early group of merchants who laid the found.uion of the city's commercial sn])rem:icy. He .was bom in (Greene County, N. V., in 1799, came to this thereafter in connection with the late Col. Frank K. Howe, the well-known scale manufacturer, and associates, estab- lished a hospital on the corner of John street and Broad- way, for the care of sick and wounded Union soldiers. Al- though young, Mr. Andrews manifested much enthusiasm in this humane cause, and rendered such efficient aid that he was soon elected to a responsible position in the manage- ment of the institution. To those who do not remember the exciting incidents of the war, a narrative of the personal sacrifices made by the good men and women of this city in those anxious days would read like a romance. The care of the sick and wounded soldiers sent back from the "front," and jjassing through this hos])ital, was voluntarily assumed by its association of ladies and gentlemen ; and there is no NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. brigliter record in the history of philanthropy than tlie un- written story of the self-sacrificing personal services ren- dered by these volunteers. Later on, during one of those trying jieriods of our struggle when through reverses of arms the sick and wounded of several battles had accumulated so rapidly on the field as to overtax the resources of the army medical staff, and the cry for volunteers to go to the front came from Washington, Dr. Post and Mr. Andrews at once' zeal- ously offered their services and were detailed to join the troops at White House, on the Pamunky River. It would not be surprising if after all this medical service and expe- rience Mr. Andrews' tastes and talents siiould lead him to take up seriously the study of medicine ; but his career had been marked out for him, and at the close of the war we find him hard at work in his father's store learning the leather trade. For ten years he assisted his father in the management of his large commercial and real estate inter- ests, and then, with his brother William, succeeded to the business, mainly with a view to closing it up. He retired from the leather business in 1879, and spent a few years abroad visiting the hospitals and attending lec- tures at the Sorbonne, and then returned to New York, where he opened a private banking office in the United Bank p]uilding. His career since has justified the early promise of a useful life ; for a reference to our Charitable Boards reveals that the societies with which Mr. Andrews is now actively co operating, are those institutions which the present generation of New Yorkers has most to be thankful for. The New York City Mission and Tract Society, as well as the Charity Organization Society, look to him not only as their Treasurer, but value him as an active laborer in their respective fields ; for his service with the former began as early as 1859, and he has been identified with the latter from its very beginning. He was one of the first members of the Manhattan Club, and charter member and first treasurer of the Reform Club of this city, but Mr. Andrews' habits being essentially domestic, he is never seen indulging in the social i)ri\ ileges of club life. When the United States Savings Bank was organized several years ago, Mr. Andrews was elected its President, and under his conservative management the institution has steadily prospered. As one of the prominent members of the Chamber of Commerce, his wide range of business experience and tried conservatism calls him to frecjuent service on standing and special committees. Without ostentation he pursues his steady course of loyalty to high ideals, and justly merits the place he has won in the confidence and esteem of the community. EDWARD HOGAN. Police Justice Edward Hogan was born in Barclay street, opposite old St. Peter's Church, on November 6, 1834. He was educated in Grammar School No. 29, and he resided in the First Ward, where he took an active part with the Democratic Party until he moved from there in 1882. Mr. Hogan is a member of the New York Bar, and is the oldest and one of the most respected of the Police Magistrates. In 1865 Mr. Hogan married Katharine, second daughter of Thomas Byrne, Esq., of the First Ward. They have seven children living. In 1857 Capt. Isaiah Rynders, United States Marshal for the Southern District of New York, appointed Mr. Hogan a Deputy Marshal, which position he held for about a year. He then engaged in the forwarding passenger busi- ness, having agencies throughout the Western country. In 1863 Mr. Hogan was nominated by Tammany and Mozart Halls for Police Justice in the First Judicial Dis- trict, and was elected. President Eldridge, of the Erie Railroad, in 1868, tendered Mr. Hogan the Emigrant .Vgency for that company, which he accepted and continued with the corporation until 1870 when he resigned. Subsequently he renewed his connection with the Erie Railroad, and con- tinued with that company for over five years, during the ad- ministration of Hon. Hugh J. Jewett. In 1869 he was a candidate for the second time for the office of Police Justice in the First Judicial District. He was renominated by Tammany Hall. The Republicans met in Convention and adopted resolutions endorsing him, and he was elected by acclamation. In 1873, Mr. Hogan, with all the Police Justices elected in 1869, was legislated out of office, and refused the appointment tendered him by Mayor Havemeyer, in whom sik h jiower was vested. EDWARD HOG.'VN. In 1874 Mr. Hogan was an independent candidate for C^ongress in the Fifth Congressional District, the stronghold of Democracy, against Edwin R. Meade, the Tammany candidate. After a most exciting canvass, Mr. Meade was declared elected by about 100 votes, and in 1877 he de- feated Joseph Shannon, the Anti-Tammany candidate, by over 10,000 majority for Senator in the Fourth District. He was in 1879 elected Senator for the new Fifth District, but was defeated by 300 votes in 1881. On May 22, 1889, Mayor Hugh J. Grant appointed Mr. Hogan Police Justice for a terin of ten years. On the Bench he is kind and lenient and just, an untiring worker, and conscientious in the discharge of his duties. GEORGE GOSMAN DE WITT. Mr. George Gosman De Witt, Secretary of the St. Nicholas Society, head of the well-known law firm of De Witt, Lockman & De Witt, and one of New York's distin- guished lawyers, was born in Callicoon, Sullivan County, of this State, on April 9, 1845. He comes of an old Knickerbocker family, one of the oldest in New York in 32 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. fact, which even in tlie Mother Country, Holland, held a historical position. The first of the family to arrive in this country was Tjerck Claessen l)e Witt, who settled in New Amsterdam in 1656, and next year moved to Wiltwyck, now Kingston, New York. Since then this State and City of New Yqrk have never been without members of the family figuring prominently in social or political life. From the founder of the American branch of the family Mr. George Gosman I)e Witt is lineally descended in the seventh genera- tion. His grandfather, Peter l)e Witt was in his time a prominent lawyer, and founder of the well-known legal firm of which the subject of this sketch is a member. He practised law in New York from 1804 to 185 1, and intro- duced the practice of giving his clients an " Abstract of Title," now so generally followed. Mr. l)e Witt was prepared for college in Columbia Gram- mar School, graduated from Columbia College in the class of 1867 with the degree of A.B., taking the degree of A.M. in 1870, and of LL.B. fr mi the Law School in 1869. He GEO. G. De WITT. was called to the bar in 1H69, and entered the office of his uncles, C. J. & E. De Witt, who succeeded their father when he died in 1851. Edward DeWitt died in 1872, and the firm was reorganized under the title of De W itt, Lockman Kip, the members being Cornelius J. De Witt, George G. De Witt, Jacob K. Lockman, John T. Lockman and George Goelet Kij). In 1878 Cornelius J. De Witt died, and in 1874 Mr. Kip retired from practice, whereu|)on another reorganization took place, the new firm becoming George G. De Witt, Jacob K. Lockman, John T. Lockman and William (i. l)e Witt, brother of George. Mr. De Witt's ])ractice is confined to equity cases, trusts, real estate and the administration of estates and wills. He has been counsel in many important legal contests of this nature, and among others the Hammersley, Strecker, Roosevelt, Welton and Marx cases. Apart from his law j)ra< tice Mr. De \\'itt takes an active interest in jiublic affairs and is one of the city's representa- tive men. lie is Vice-President of the Columbia Alumni Association, one of the committee on Athletic Grounds, and was its Grand Marshal at the installation of President Low. He is member of the LTnion, L'nion League. St. Nicholas, Metropolitan, City, Tuxedo, and South Side Clubs, Governor of the IJnion Club, also of the New York Hosjjital, member of the Bar Association. Secretary of the St. Nicholas Society, Trustee of the Holland Society, also for the Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ch'i'dren and Animals, and of the Real Estate Loan and Trust Com- ])any and Eagle Insurance Company and Lawyer's Surety Company. WAUHOPE LYNN. It is no exaggeration to say of Wauhope Lynn, successor to the late Peter Mitchell as Judge of the First District Court, that he is a man of talent. It is possible, too, that before his career is closed he may be called a man of genius. But be this as it may, his history is beyond all question as remarkable as it is interesting and instructive. Twenty years ago Mr. Lynn was a mechanic, ten years ago he was a Docket Clerk in one of the civic departments, to-day he is a Judge on the bench, while to-morrow — well, who knows what to-morrow may bring forth ? He was born in Ballymena, County Antrim, Ireland, the same section of the Green Isle that produced the Sheridans, and many other famous men whose records are to be found in America's most glorious annals. judge Lynn was born on December 14, 1856. His father had been in the United for years, but went back to the old land in 1846. Mr. Lynn made money in America, but lost it in Ireland, and returned to New York in 1867. He settled in the Eighth Ward, where young Wauhope grew u]), and was far more remarkable for play and pranks than for love of lessons. At the age of twelve he went out to earn his bread and help his mother. He obtained employ- ment as a maker of philosophical and surgical instruments, and at nineteen was jiromoted to the position of foreman. In the interval young Lynn had lots of time to grieve over lost opportunities and to regret with all his heart that he had not attended school more. He was a member of the Alexander Literary Society of the Eighth Ward, where his elocjuence surprised all who came in contact with him. " \\ hat a jiity it is that Lynn is not educated," was an ex- pression he was often obliged to hear. Conscious of his native talents he resolved to make up for lost time and edu- cate himself. He attended the oratory class in the Cooper Union, and in 1880 delivered the Washington birthday cele- bration, for which he was complimented by the venerable Peter Cooper himself. After this achievement he was at once elected President of the class, which, by the way, con- tained such celebrities as Judge Fitzgerald, County Clerk Scullv, Michael J. Mul(]ueen, Civil Justice Steckler and John W. Goff, the last named holding opinions and possess- ing a streak of genius not unlike his own. Goff, like Lynn, was born in Ireland, entertained an intense love for her, rendered imi)ortant services to Parnell and his cause, be- came Assistant District .Attorney and is a born orator. About this time Lynn was studying hard for the bar in the New York University Law School. He had thrown the surgical instruments behind him, but the (]uestion was how he coul l maintain himself during the years of his training. He graduated from the law school with honor and the degree of LL.B. At this time a three years' clerkship before or after the course was required before the asjiirant was al- lowed to i)ractise, but this Lynn did not have, and so, with his usual activity and firm resolve, he posted to .Albany and induced the Legislature to i)ass an act doing away with such a restriction. Behold him now, a full tledged lawyer. 'IMie career of Judge Lynn since then is well known. He bec ame one of the orators of the County Democracy, but NEW YORK, Till-: M ETRO POLI S. 33 on the decline of that organization, like thousands of others, joined Tammany Hall. Here he found a friend and ad- mirer in Richard Croker. He had often heard Lynn in the debating club, and projjhesied great things of him. Mr. Croker was largely instrumental in obtaming for him his position in the District Attorney's office. When Mr. Croker asked District Attorney Delancey NicoU to take him into his office, that gentleman demurred and said he had never heard of him before. He gave him a chance, however, at $3,500 salary, after three months promoted him to one of his chief assistants at $7,500, and told Mr. Croker the first time he met him that his protege was the ablest man he had. On the whole, it will be universally admitted that in the elevation of Judge Lynn to the bench no mistake has been made. He is qualified for the place, eminently so, and is a brilliant man. REYNOLD WEBB WILCOX, M.D. Reyr.old W. \\'ilcox, M.A., M.D., LL.D., was born in Connecticut on March 29, 1856. His father, Vincent Weiss Wilcox, president of the E. & H. T. Anthony Co., served in the Civil War as Colonel of the i32d Pennsylvania Regiment, and is a Companion of the New York Com- mandery of the Loyal Legion, Comrade of ]-afayetie Post, G. A. R., and an elder of the Presbyterian Church. The Doctor was educated in Yale, whence he was graduated as B.A. in 1878; he received the degree of iSLA., in 1881. from Hobart College, subsequently in the same year that of M.D. from Harvard University, and in 1892 was honored with the degree of LL.D. by Maryville College. After spending some time in Boston as house physician in several of its hospitals, he travelled in Europe and visited the hospitals of Vienna, Edinburgh, Heidelberg and Paris, and returning home was appointed house surgeon to the Woman's Hos])ital in New York. In 1884 he was made clinical assistant in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School, and two years later instructor, followed in 1889 by an appointment to the Professorship of Clinical Medicine, which position he still holds. Dr. Wilcox is member of the Clinical Society, Harvard Medical Society, Lenox Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, and Fellow of the American Academy of Medi- cine. He is also membt-r of the New York Society of Sons of the Revolution, of the General Society of the War of 1812, a Companion of the New York Comma dery. Military Order of the Loyal Legion, a member of the Sons of Veter- ans, of which organization he is the Surgeon-General. He is also a member of the Manhattan Club, and the Committee on Organization of Tammany Hall. He is an eloquent speaker and has delivered many addresses before various societies and medical organizations. Dr. Wilcox is also assistant visiting physician to the Bellevue Hospital, lecturer at the Post-Graduate Training School for nurses, and attending ])hysician to the Demilt Dispensary. He is a voluminous writer and is very often quoted as an authority on medical subjects. During the last ten years he has published eighty different ])apers, in which he has popularized such drugs as apomorphine, naphthaline, hydrastis, cocillana and cactus, besides present- ing careful studies of allied subjects. As therapeutic editor of the American founial of the Medical Sciences he has obtained wide celebrity. He has edited Dr. Hale White's "Materia Medica and Therapeutics," a book of six hundred pages, which has been adopted as the text-book in many of the leading medical schools ot this country. CLARENCE W. MEADE. Police Justice Clarem e W. Meade was born in New ^'ork City on November 27, 1841. Like many others of our public men, including even thc'se who have achieved literary distinction, he was educated in the juiblic schools. In 1857, being then sixteen years old, young Meade went into the drygoods business, but on the breaking out of the war, seeing a prospect of making money, he went down and joined the Produce Exchange, opening an office as broker. After the war this business, which had been overdone, shrank to something like its original jjroportions, and Mr. Meade retired from the Exchange, of which he is still, how- ever, a member. He is of an energetic disposition, and being a born New Yorker it goes without saying that he cultivated a taste for politics. He is a Republican and from the time he cast his first ballot, which was in 1863, he took a hand in ward and civic contests. His abilities soon brought him to the surface and from 1866 until 1890, when he was apijointed to his present position, he was one of the recognized leaders of the Thirteenth Assembly District. He was appointed As-istant A])])raiser by President Johnson in 1866, and Post CLARENCE W. .MEADE. Warden by Governor Cornell in 1880, which latter place he held until made Police Justice by Mayor Hugh J. Grant. His appointment by Mayor Grant was a tribute to his ability appreciated by his friends, for while having, as a rule, to adapt himself to party exigencies in the selection of a Democrat to the bench it is only reasonable to assume that in the appointment of a Republican he may enjoy the lux- ury of being governed solely by a strict sense of public duty. Justice Meade's family is not unknown in New York City. His father, Abraham B. Meade, was appointed Ap- praiser by (ieneral Jackson and filled that responsible position for many years. Previous to this he was a member of the wholesale firm of King & Meade, of whom A. T. Stewart bought his first stock of drygoods when embarking in business in this city. Ajjart from his public life and duties Judge Meade is a popular man. He is genial and witty and makes a point NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 34 of adapting himself to circumstances. He is a member of the Republican and other clubs, social and political, and he lives in the block on 'I'wenty-second street on which he was born. JOHN B. SNOOK. Mr. John B. Snook may be considered the Nestor of New York Architects. He certainly is the oldest ])ractising member of the profession in this city, and with his three sons and his son-in-law, who are in ])artnership with him, controls one of the largest architectun^l firms in the country. Mr. Snook was born in England on July i6, 1815, and was brought to this country by his parents in 1817. He was educated and taught the trade of carpenter in New- York. From carpentering to building the transition is easy and natural, and he was engaged in the latter business until in 1842. Having studied architecture while pursuing his business aS a builder he became desirous of following it as a profession and entered the office of Mr. Joseph Trench, at No. 12 Chambers street, with whom two years later he entered into partnership. Were Mr. Snook that way dis- JOHN H. SNOOK. posed he could in 1892 have celebrated the golden jubilee of that interesting old office on Chambers street, for he has never left it since he entered it in 1842. Not only that, but he still uses the same desk he took with him when i.e moved in and it is pretty safe to assume will use it to the end. Mr. Snook erected among his other great works the Stewart Building, Niblo's (iarden 'I'heatre, the Metropolitan Theatre, the old St. Nicholas, the Metropolitan and the Metropolis Hotels, the Hoffman House, Commodore Yan- derbilt's residence, W. H. \'anderl)ilt's two mansions, ihe residences of his daughters, the (irand Central Depot, St. John's I'ark i'^eiyht l)e])Ot, All Angels' Church, the ])resent Brooklyn Tabernac le, and many of New York and adjacent cities' most famous ornate edifices, private and i)ub]ic-. He married in this city on October 25, 1836, Miss Maria A. AVeekes. the daughter of Captain Seaman Weekes, and has had eleven children, nine of whom are living and all married excepting one. The three sons in ])artnership with him are James H., Samuel B. and Edward T. Snook. The » son-in-law is John W. Boylston. ANDREW J. WHITE. Police Justice Andrew J. White was born in New York City, in June, 1846, and was educated in the public schools and the De La Salle Institute, .\fter leaving school he joined his father, Patrick White, in business and remained with him till he died. In 187c, with his brother Thomas F., he began business as a manufacturer of fertilizers under the name of " P. White's Sons." They conduct the business now with jjrofit. In 1872, when John Kelly reorganized Tammany Hall, purging it of the Tweed element, Mr. White with some young friends formed an association in the Second .Assembly District, and he became active in politics for the first time. He rendered material service to his party from that year up to 1881, without taking office, though often asked to do so. In 1881 he was appointed Police Justice, and was soon after exjjelled from Tammany Hall by John Kelly for refusing to act against his conscientious convic- tions. Among others who were disciplined at the same time was Ex-Fire Commissioner Purroy, and the recalcitrants at once organized a new and rather formidable party known as "Little Tammany." This society remained in existence three years, and in 1884 was merged in the County Democ- racy, of which William R. Grace was the head and Judge White one of the ablest lieutenants. He was member of the Executive Committee of the County Democracy until 1888, when he resigned. In 1885 he opi)osed Hugh J. (irant for the office of Sheriff, but though he polled a large vote he was defeated. In i88iy he with many other leaders left the County Democracy altogether and joined Tammany Hall, of whose General Committee he was elected member representing the Twenty-third .Assembly District. He is on the General Committee at present, and has been a member of the Tammany Society (Columbian Order) since 1873. Owing to his splendid record on the bench, he was in 1892 appointed by Mayor Grant, his old opponent, to a fur- ther term of ten years. Judge White is a member of the Stuyvesant, Catholic, the Manhattan and other prominent clubs, and is President of the Sagamore. Nevertheless, he is not essentially a c lub man, being as he is domestic in his nature and firmly held by home family ties. He is a most energetic man, and on the bench cle.irs off a calendar of from seventy-five to a hundred with astonish- ing rajjidity. His long experience, knowledge of the common law and keen insight into human nature enable him to do this and at the same time render strict justice. JOSIAH C. CADY. Josiah Cleveland Cady, one of New York's leading archi- tects, was born in Providence, R. L, in 1838, and is the son of Josiah Cady of Killingly, Conn, .\fter a preparatory course in Bird's Collegiate Institute he entered 'Trinity Col- lege and became a member of the class of i860 In 1880 his .Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of M..A. in recognition of his achievements in the profession of archi- tecture. While at college he belonged to the Parthenon Literary Society and the fraternity of Delta Psi. It was afterwards Mr. Cady's pride and privilege to design the beautiful home of that society at Trinity, and it is now a monument to his taste and artistic skill. In fac t, he is a designer of College buildings and their branches and con- nections, as the following amongst many other collegiate NEW YORK, THE AfETIWPOlJS. 35 institutions which his firm have carried out bear testimony : Peabody Museum, North Sheffield Hall, Dwight Hall, Chittenden Memorial Library, Berzelius Hall, Hall of the Sheffield School, while at Williams College there are Morgan Hall and the Laseli (Jymnasium, at Trinity College Jarvis Hall of Science, Epsilon Chajjter House for Delta Psi, and at Wesleyan University a building for scien- tific purposes. Of other buildings which he designed the most noted are the New York City Metropolitan Opera House, Museum of Natural History, Central Park, new buildings connected with the Pn^sbyterian Hospital, Gal- latin National Bank, the I.oomis Laboratory, Protestant Half Orphan Asylum, Young Women's Christian Association Building, Brooklyn, Hartford Public Library, St. Andrew's Church, Seventy-sixth street. New York City, New York Avenue Church in Brooklyn, the Manjuand Memorial Church at Hampton, Va. Mr. (]ady is a member of the Century, AUiine, University and (^uill Clubs, and is connected with the American Science Association, State Charities Aid Association, trustee of the Skin and Cancer Hospital, the Deniilt Dispensary and New York City Mission. DAVID McADAM. Hon. David McAdam, Judge of the Superior Court, was born in this city in 1838 of Scotch parents. His father was a native of Glasgow, a tailor by trade, who, coming to New York in 1836, soon established himself uptown as a success- ful merchant tailor. David was educated in the common schools, entered a law office as an office boy in 1849 and commenced the study of the law. In 1855 '^"^ became managing clerk for F. F. Marbury, was admitted to the bar in 1859. He started business for himself in i860, and being intelligent and industrious, achieved a fair measure of success from the start. He took a hand in Democraiic municipal politics while still quite young, and though not known for what President Cleveland terms "pernicious activity," his party services were so well appreciated, that in 1873 he was nominated for Justice of the Marine Court and elected by a handsome majoriiy. He was re-elected in 1879 and again in 1885, having previously (1883) been elected Chief Justice of the Court by his Associates. It was mainly through his efforts that the jurisdiction of the court was enlarged, and the name changed to its present one (City Court). In 1890 he was elected Judge of the Superior Court. As a judge, it is universally conceded that he has been faithful, intelligent, u!)right, and an ornament to the bench. Judge McAdam is a high legal authority on certain branches of law, and four books he has written are recognized by the legal profession as standard works. These works are " Landlord and Tenant," " Marine Court Prac- tice," " The Stillwell Act," and " Terms of Court." He is besides author of several important legislative enact- ments : First, The act which prevents landlords dispossess- ing monthly tenants in the City of New York without giving five days' previous notice of their intention to pursue the summary remedy (Laws of 1882, ch. 303). This has proved so beneficial in its effects that it has been extended to other cities and adopted in several Slates. Second, The code provision authorizing courts to discharge debtors detained in civil process who were unable to endure the imprison- ment. Third, The code provision authorizing courts to grant new trials in cases in which the complaint waswTong- fuUy dismissed at the trial — all of which have proved serviceable to the public and the legal profession. Judge McAdam is an eloquent speaker and lecturer, and is always ready to help a good cause on the platform. Among the best known of his lectures are " George Wash- ington," " Lincoln and Grant," " Robert Burns," " Lawyers," "Wise and Otherwise," and " Legal Chestnuts." HENRY WOODWARD SACKETT. The well-known New York lawyer, Henry Woodward Sackett, was born in Enfield, N. Y., in 1853, and comes of Revolutionary stock. His paternal great-grandfather. Major liuell Sackett, one of the .\merican officers in command of the detachment on duty at the execution of Major .\ndre, was a member of an old Rhode Island family, and on his mother's side his great-grandfather was Sir Benjamin Wood- ward, a west of England gentleman and well known naturalist of his time. His father. Dr. Solon P. Sackett, was a physician of Ithaca who married Lovedy K. Woodward, and of this marriage the subject of our sketch was born. Mr. Sackett was fitted for college by a preparatory course in the celebrated Ithaca Academy, and graduated from Cornell University in the class of 1875 with the degree of A.B. He was for two terms president of the college's lead- ing literary .society, was class essayist at graduation, attained the highest rank in mathematics and won a Phi Beta Ka])pa HENRY WOODW.VRD .S.\CKETT. key. After leaving college he studied law and meanwhile taught Greek and Latin in the Monticello Military Academy. He came to New York ini876 to continue his studies at the Columbia Law School, but soon found that the sittings of the courts in this city afforded an opportunity for a more advantageous study of the law than any law school. He began writing for the JVezo York Tribune reports of special cases adjudicated in the Supreme Court of Appeals and United States courts, and continued this method of supplementing his law studies until he was admitted to the bar in 1879. He had in the meantime been a law clerk in the office of the late Cornelius .\. Runkle, who was for many years the counsel for The 1 ribune. Soon afterward he became associated in business with Mr. Runkle, and when the latter died in 1888, Mr. Sackett succeeded him as attorney for The Tribune and has since been its regular counsel. For seven or eight years he has written the legal editorials which have appeared in that paper, remarkable for 36 ,V£//' YOJiK, THE METROPOLIS. their point and clear reasoning. As a lawyer Mr. Sackett has been very successful, and the firm of which he is the head — Sackett & Bennett — does an extensive business, chiefly for estates, corporations and syndicates. He has tried nearly all the libel suits against The Tribune during the last seven yeajs and in no single instance has a larger judgment tlian six cents been collected against that newspaper. Mr. Sackett was married in 1866 to Miss Lizzie Titus, daughter of the late Edmund Titus, of Brooklyn, and has a summer residence at Riverdale-on-the Hudson. He is a member of the University Club, the City Club, the County C'lub. the New York Bar Association, Troop A, the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, pnd many other social and scien- tific organizations. FRANK T. FITZGERALD. Frank 'J". Fitzgerald, Associate Surrogate, was born in New York City in May, 1857. He was educated at the public schools, at St. Francis Xavier College, the famous Jesuit seat of learning, at St. Mary's College, Niagara Falls, and at the Columbia College Law School. From the latter institution he graduated in 1878, and in that year he was admitted to the bar. While pursuing his legal studies Mr. Fitzgerald was in the law office of Smith M. Weed and some of his methods in profession 1 and public affairs may be traced to that master in law and politics. Mr. Fitzgerald l-KANK T. 1"1TZ(;i:RAI.I). was for many years a member i.f the law firm of Mapes, Kelly iV Fitzgerald. Prom early youth Mr. Fitzgerald took a lively interest in political affairs, and he became (juickly prominent in movements designed to ameliorate the condition of the laboring masses. In 18S8 he was elected to Congress to rejiresent the Sixth Congressional District, which then con- sisted of the First, Fifth and Ninth .Vssembly Districts, including, the largest settled i)orti()n of the t ity with its greatest financial institutions, and a constituencv tvi)ical of the combination of the old and characteristically American element in the Ninth District with more recent accessions to New York's population in the First and Fifth. In 1889 Mr. Fitzgerald was elected Register of the County as the Tammany Democratic nominee. He was ^ regarded ?.s distinctively the young men's candidate," rep- resenting the youthful and more vigorous element in Tam- many Hall, and his popularity was demonstrated by the very large vote cast for him. Representative Fitzgerald thereupon resigned and assumed the duties of Register on January ist, 1890. In the early prime of life, with a record frej from the suspicion of a stain, of high standing i>rofes- sionally as well as politically, Frank T. Fitzgerald is one of the men to whom New York has a right to look for a brilliant future. In the session of the Legislature before the last an act was passed creating an additional Surrogate for the city of New York, and in the fall election of 1892 Mr. Fitzgerald, having been nominated by his party, was elected by an overwhelming majority for the post. That he is qualified for it has been already made manifest, and there is no doubt that he will win the same meed of ap])lause for ability and conscientious jierformance of duties that he earned for the carrying out of his duties as Register of New York City. Indeed, considering all th ngs, he may without a breach of truih be said to have been New York's greatest Register. JOHN B. McELFATRICK. John B. McElfatrick was born in Harrisburg, Pa., in 1827, ' and received the rudiments of his education in the i)ublic S( hools. He studied engineering and railroad building in Philadelphia, and in 1851 started into business in his native city. Since then Mr. McElfatrick has built more than a hundred theatres in various parts of the United States, many of them models of modern architectural beauty and all of them solid and substantial. In fact he makes of theatre building a specialty. He removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1853, and then to Fort \\'ayne, Chicago, Louisville and St. Louis in succession. He has offices in St. Louis and New York, his son W illiam H. McElfatrick being in charge of the New York office. He o])ened a branch of his great and ever growing business in St. Louis in 1878 and placed it under the direction of his son John M.. who has since died. William H. McElfatrick was admitted to partnership in 1883 and since 1876, when John M. was admitted, the firm has been known by the title of J. B. McElfatrick & Sons, architects and builders. Need- less to state this firm has not confined itself to theatres exclusively, as the subjoined list of the princii>al of its works goes to show: Bank of Harlem, New York City; Broadway Theatre, Harlem Opera House, Standard 'I'heatre, Bijou, Herrmann's, Star, Columbus, all of New York ; Am])hion Academy and Park Theatre, Brooklyn ; National Theatre. Washington. D. C; Court Stpiare Theatre, Springfield. Mass.; Opera House, Detroit, Mich.; Opera House. Madi- son, Wis ; (iranil Theatre, Kansas City, Mo.; 'Theatre Yen- dome, Nashville, Tenn ; Cirand Opera House and Memphis Theatre, Memphis. Tenn.; Metrojiolitan Opera House, St. Paul, Minn.; 'Tremont 'Theatre, Boston; Park, Bijou, Ger- man Opera and National 'Theatres, Philadel])hia; Duipiesne, Grand Opera and Bijou in Pittsburg, Opera House and People's Theatre in Chicago, Grand ( )pera, Robinson's Opera and Havclin's, Cincinnati ; McAuley's Opera House, Ma- sonic Temple 'Theatre and Harris' Theatre in Louisville, Olympic. " The Hagan," Grand 0|)era, Po]ies, Standard, Music Hall in St. Louis, and many others all over the ( ountry. Mr. McElfatrick'^ father, Edward, was an eminent archi- tect in his time. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 37 CHARLES DEADY, M.D. Charles Deady, M.D., Q. et A. Cliir., was born in New- York City on August 27, 1850, and received his primary education in the public schools of New York and Brooklyn. Having gone successfully through the grammar grades and passed through the High School, he began the study of med- icine in the New York HomcEopathic Medical College in 1873 and graduated after a three years" course. vSoon after entering on the practice of his profession he was appointed visiting physician to the Homoeopathic College Dispensary, which ])osition he held for two years. Desiring to take up ophthalmology as a specialty he entered the College of the New York Ophthnlmic Hospital and graduating from there in 1878 was at once made assistant surgeon of the institu- tion. Two years later he was appointed house surgeon and in 1880 received the degree of Q. et A. Chir. Since then he has been among the foremost in advancing the interests of the profession and especially the college with which he is so closely and so honorably connected. In 1882 Dr. Deady was elected Secretary of the Homoeo- pathic Medical Society of the County of New York, and in 1892 occupied the position of its Vice-President. He also served as Secretary-Treasurer of the American Homoeopathic Ophthalmological and Otological Association. In 1884 he was appointed surgeon to the New York Oph- thalmic Hospital and subsequently a governing surgeon and executive officer of the board in rapid succession. He is now Dean of the Faculty of the New York Ophthalmic Hospital and is Professor of Ophthalmology in the College of the New York Ophthalmic Hospital ; also Treasurer of the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of New York and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Alumni Association of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College. .Among Dr. Deady's writings are many contributions to the different medical journals, but more especially to the fouriial of Op/ii/ial/>ni/oo y^ Otology and Laryngology, of which he has been chief editor since the death of its founder, (ieorge S. Norton, M.D. He has at times been Chairman of the Bureau of Ophthalmologv, of the State Society, the County Society and the American Institute of Homoeopathy. During the first four years of his professional career Dr. Deady was a general ])ractitioner, but on March ist, 1880, he resigned his family practice and since that time has confined himself exclusively to the treatment of diseases of the eye and ear. In 1873 he married Corinne Louise Hop- per, daughter of Henry G. Hopper, of Hackensack, N. J., by whom he has had four children, two of wliom, a son and a daughter, are living. T. J, OAKLEY RHINELANDER. T. J. Oakley Rhinelander, lawyer, real estate manager and man of affairs generally, was born in this city in May, 1858. He belongs to one of those American families who have since the earliest Colonial times been prominent in the history of the city, State and country at large. On the mother's side he is descended from the Crugers, a name eciually illustrious in the annals of this State, and if ances- try is of advantage in a democratic country such as this, can lay claim to place in the front rank. Through his father, William Rhinelander, he is descended in a direct line from Philip Jacob Rhinelander, who came to America in 1685 immediately after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and settled at first in New Rochelle, but after awhile came to New York (then New Amsterdam), where the family has since resided and, generation after generation, taken a leading part in the social and i)olitical life of the city. His mother is lineally descended from John Cruger, who settled in this city in 1696. John Cruger married Miss Cuyler, of .Mbany, whose grandfather, Jean Schepmoes, came out as early as 1038 John Cruger was Mayor of New York in 1739, and was annually reappointed till 1744, when he died in office. He held other iinportant offices and his son Henry Cruger was for fourteen years a member of the Provincial Assembly, for many years a member of His Majesty's Council and also Chamberlain of the City of New York. His son, another Henry, was Mayor of Bristol, England, in T781, and from his place in Parliament in the reign of (ieorge HI. was the only member of that body who had the courage and the audacity to proclaim that the Ameri- can colonies had the right to be free. Henry Van Schaick, the historian, mentions it as a significant fact that for one hun- dred and twenty years the Crugers held the most important offices in the State, which fact is indeed patent to the most superficial student, who finds the history of the times bris- tling with statesmen of that name. Mr. Rhinelander's title to membershi]) in the Society of T. J. <). RiliNKL.VNDER. the Colonial Wars comes to him from the Crugers. also through Hendrik Cuyler, who was Captain and Major of the Albany Troop, that fought in the French and Indian cam- paigns, and his claim to membership in the Sons of the Revolution is based on the part taken by his third great- grandfather on the maternal side, Jesse Oakley, who raised and equipped his own company and fought in many battles of the war. The famous Judge Oakley was also a grand- father of Mr. Rhinelander. The subject of this sketch graduated as A. B. from the Columbia Ac:idemic Department, and in 1880 took the degree of LL B. from the same institution, after which he was called to the bar, but subsequently devoted all his business time to the management of the Rhinelander estate. He takes, like his ancestors, a prominent i)art in the social life of New York as well as in all movements towards progress, for he is pronounced in his Americanism. He is, and has been for years, a member of the Seventh Regiment, 38 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. belongs to the Sons of the Revolution, St. Nicliolas Society, is Deputy Governor of the Society of the Colonial Wars, Governor of the Seventh Veteran Club. Vice-President of the Seventh Regiment Veteran League, President of the Delta Phi College Club, and member of the Metro])olitan, Union, County and City clubs. COLLIS P. HUNTINGTON. Mr. Collis P. Huntington has long been one of the most prominent figures in the railroad world, as he has, also, in \\'all street affairs — ])rominent in the former because of the vastness of the interests in which he is engaged, and in the latter by reason of his great wealth and the ]iower that he Congress of the Act of 1862, which authorized the con- struction of the Union and Central Pacific roads, and Mr. Huntington's efforts in behalf of the latter corporation are events too well known to need more than jjassing mention. The engineering feats which surmounted the difficulties pre- sented were all but superhuman, while the raising of capital during the war, even for semi-public enterprises, was far from being an easy task. Nevertheless, in October, 1864, the Central Pacific road was organized. Practically, from that time until the ])resent Mr. Huntington has been at the helm, as the general manager of the projjerty and the master-spirit of tile financial policy, and all through the i)ul)lic controversy over tlie question of the ultimate payment of the debt of the corporation to the Government he has evinced a degree wields. Mr. Huntington is a well preserved man of about seventy years of age, and is as full of vigor as he ever was, possessing an elasticity of step and a ruddiness of color that might well be envied by many a younger man. For many years Collis P. Huntington was known to Wall street only because of his connection with the ("entral Pacific Railroad, of which he was the chief promoter and most active builder. When early in the sixties the necessity of a trans- continental line of railroad, not only as tending to the de- veloi)ment of the country, but as furnishing a means for the possii)le future transportation of troo|)s, was beginning to be recognized by the Government, Mr. Huntington was quick to recognize the opportunity before him. I he |)assage by of fairness and care for the interests of the stockholders which does him credit. Mr. Huntington's interests in the Central Pacific, how- ever, were long ago subordinated to other and greater enter- prises. The story of the building of the Southern Pacific from San Francisco to New Orleans and his great construc- tion race across I'e.xas witli the Texas Pacific — of which Tom Scott was the ])resident and dominant sjiirit — and his measuring of swords with the latter before the Congressional Committee, is too long to be retold in a sketch of this nature; but it includes many interesting episoiles illustrating the mental characteristics of the former in a contest where in- tellectual vigor, fertility of resource and proni]nness and NEW YORK, THE M ETROPOLIS. 39 decisiveness of action carried the day. The ultimate ])rac- tical consolidation of the vast railroad interests west of the Mississippi — comprising the Central Pacific, the line from San Francisco to Portland, Oregon, the various railroad sys- tems through southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Louisiana — and the Morgan line of steamships from New Orleans to New York into one great parent organization called the Southern Pacific Company, was the direct outcome of his own financial policy, and resulted in the marvellous achievement of a line of transportation from Portland, Oregon, to New York City under the control and management of one ownership. The Southern Pacific Com- pany to-day operates a total trackage of over eight thousand miles and steamship lines from New Orleans to New and San Francisco to Yokohama. Mr. Huntington and his associates also own railroads in Mexico and Guatemala- Besides these vast and complex interests, Mr. Huntington, as an individual, controlled at one time the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, the Kentucky Central, the Newport News and Mississippi Valley Co. (which included the Elizabeth- town, Lexington and Big Sandy and the Chesapeake, Ohio, and Southwestern railroads in Kentucky and Tennessee), and the Louisville, New Orleans and Texas from Memphis to New Orleans ; thus practically forming an uninterrupted railroad line from Portland, Oregon, to deep water at Hampton Roads, Va. Mr. Huntington, moreover, is a large owner in the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. and the Old Dominion Steamship Co., and is a director in the Western Union Telegraph and many other companies in which he is financially interested. His organization of the Old Dominion Land Co., which bought the land and started a city at Newport News, Va. — an enter- prise in which the late A. A. Low was largely interested, and which he lived long enough to see develop into an industrial and manufacturing interest that has made Newport News one of the principal seaports on the Atlantic coast — is too well known to need further mention. But the latest achievement of Mr. Huntington's genius is the great shipyard at Newport News, where, almost alone in the financial responsibility involved, he has built up a great industrial enterprise which employs fifteen hundred to two thousand men, and has already turned out merchant steam- ships of large tonnage, whose unusual records on their trial trips have excited newspaper comment. All these undertakings attest the marvellous business genius of the man upon whom his fifty-six years of unre- mitting labor and " days' works " have told so lightly ; but this brief record would not be complete unless some allusion were made to his philanthropic spirit, which has expressed itself in the most useful ways. While his benefactions are many, to a man whose mind is constituted like Mr. Hunting- ton's the truest kindness to a beneficiary is in giving him employment by which he can earn money rather than in giving him the money itself. The celebrated Industrial Works at Hampton, Va., where students of Negro and Lidian parentage receive the benefits of an education of the hand as well as the head, are an example of this ; while the Huntington Library and Reading Room in his own town of Westchester, N. Y., which he has recently given to the town, with an endowment of one hundred thousand dollars, is an- other illustration of his practical philanthropy in a similar direction. L. DUNCAN BULKLEY, M.D. Although the life of a physician, no matter how success- ful, is a hard one, and the more successful the harder — it is a noticeable fact that sons are more prone to follow their fathers in that profession than in any other. This is, perhaps, because it is a fascinating study and is looked upon as the most noble profession, as capable of doing the most good to humanity. L. Duncan Bulkley, A.M., M.D., is a case in point. He is one of New York's most successful ])h)sicians and is the foremost dermatologist in the United States. His father before him, 13r. Henry D. Bulkley, was a jjhysician and a prominent one of his time. He died in 187 2, and the New York Medical Journal of the time says of him : '' The death of Dr. Bulkley occurred on the 4lh of Jan- uary, 1872. For nearly half a century he has been identified with the medical profession of this city and might be considered as one of the links which connected the physi- cians of old New York with those now living among us." The elder Dr. Bulkley was a distinguished man. He was a graduate of Yale, an extensive traveller in Eurojie in the ac()uisition of professional knowledge, lecturer of a high order, editor of the New York Medical Times, President of the New York .Academy of Medicine, and also of the Medical L. D. BULKLEY. Society of the County of New York, and in fact he was connected in one shape or another with all that was honor- able and progressive in an honorable profession. He was the first lecturer on dermatology in the country. His son is, for his age, no less distinguished. He was born in this city on January 12, 1845, and graduated from Yale in the class of 1866. Three years later — 1869 — he received the degree of M.D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons and of A.M. from his Alma Mater. After leaving the College of Physicians and Surgeons he was for some time house physician in the New York Hospital, and subsequently traveled in Europe and studied dermatology in London, Paris and Vienna. In 1870 Dr. liulkley was awarded the Stevens Triennial Prize of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, for an essay on " Thermometry in Disease," and the Alvarenga prize by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, in 1891, for an essay on " Syphilis Insontium." He is well known as the trans- lator of Neumann's " Handbook of Skin Diseases," editor of the "Archives of Dermatology," author of a treatise on 40 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS eczema, a manual of diseases of the skin, a treatise on acne, and numerous other articles in medical journals and encyclop.'edias. One of the achievements of Ur. Bulkley's life is the originating of the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, of which he is attending physician. He is likewise attend- ing physician for skin and venereal diseases in the New York Hospital, consulting dermatologist of the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, of the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled, professor of dermatology and syphilis in the Post-Graduate Medical School, meml)er of the American Academy of Medicine, American Dermatological Associa tion, and of the Union League, Quill, and Patria c:iul)s. He was married on May 28, 1872, to Miss Kate La Rue Mellick, and is a member of the Brick Presbyterian Church. HENRY MELVILLE. Henry Melville, of the bar of New York City, the eldest son of Josiah H. and Nancy (Nesmith) Melville, was born in Nelson, N. H.. August 25. 1858. Preparing himself for college largely by his own unaided efforts, he entered Dart- mouth at the age of sixteen and was graduated with honors in 1879. After spending two years as the head of a High School in Massachusetts he entered the Law School of Harvard University, from which he received the degrees of A M. and LL.B. cum laude, in 1884, at the same time being HENRY MEI.VIM.K. appointed by the faculty to represent the Law Sc hool at the University Commencement. His oration, on the subject of " National Regulation of Interstate Commerce," received much commendation. Coming to New York, he spent a year in the office of James C;. Carter and was admitted to the bar in 1885 Soon after he formed i)usiness relations with New York's late distinguished Senator, Roscoe Conkling. which continued until the death of the latter. Death has also dissolved his subsetpient firm of Dougherty, Melville & Sweetser in the taking away of the Silver Tongued Daniel Dougherty. Mr. Melville devotes his attention to a general civil practice in the higher courts, making a si)ecialty of cor])oration, patent and trademark causes, in connection with which he has figured in prominent and important litigations. He finds » time, however, for an active jiarticipation in politics — having been secretary of the Republican Club for a number of years — and for many social matters. Among the other organizations in which he takes a special interest are the Association of the Bar, Harvard Club, New England Society, Seventh Regiment and Sons of the Revolution. In the Roster of the last it ai)ijears that no less than eight of his ancestors fought for American Independence. His career thus far has been a success and augurs well for the future. AUGUST SCHMID. Among the pioneer brewers of this country there is no name more distinguished than August Schmid, not only because of his success in business, but because of his in- trinsic merits as a citizen, a man of culture and of high character generally. Mr. Schmid was born in St. Gallen, or St. Gall, in one of the German cantons of Switzerland. His father, Joseph Schmid, owned a large, old-established brewery in St. Gall, and was therefore able to give his son a good education. At an early age the boy was sent to the Benedictine College, where the basis for a classical training was laid, with the view to a university course. Me.intime the great European revolution of 1848 broke out, and the Swiss brewer, being a man of prominence, hold- ing at the same time o|)inions in sympathy with those essay- ing the overthrow of despotism, many political refugees froiii various lands claimed the hospitality of his home on their way to America. Several, also, bad been in America, visited the Schmid mansion, and ex]>atiating on the wide field that existed in the New World for brains and capital, Mr. Schmid himself concluded to come to this country, which he did accordingly ( 1835 ), after disposing of his interests in Switzerland. Arriving m New York, he looked around for an opening, and deciding that the West i)resented the best o])por- tunities, he went to Rock Island, 111., and buying out one of the oldest and most extensive brewers in that section started into business. At that time the (ierman element in the West was comparatively feeble, and the ingredients com- posing it did not hold a high status. Mr. Schmid, a man of culture and education, did much toward raising the standard, and soon became a leader of much influence and po])ularity in the Western States. Meanwhile August, his son, was sent to New York to resunie an educational course where it had been interrupted on account of the deixirture from Germany, and was en- tered at the famous academy of Dr. Dulon, of which Gen- eral Lranz Sigel was one of the professors. Dr. Dulon was a gentleman of the old school, and under his tuition young Schmid obtained a thorough classical training, completed subsecpiently in the colleges. When, therefore, he left New York to associate himself in business with his father he was well equipped in an educational sense, and in the Rock Island brewery gained that practical knowledge which en- abled him later on to achieve such distinguished success in business and such eminence as a citizen. But in order to keep pace with the times and find out what were the latest scientific improvements in the trade, he |)aid a visit to the Fatherland, inspected the famous breweries of Munich and Yienna, and then entered the tuiiversity to obtain scientific training. Mr. Schmid thoroughly enjoyed his student life, anil ever after looked back u|)on it with i)leasure as being mellow with joyous reminiscences. During Mr. Schmid's absence in Europe his father sold out his interest in the Rock Island brewery, and coming to New York entered YORK, THE METROPOLI. 42 JV£JV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. into partnership with Emanuel IJornhcimer in purchasing the Lion Brewery, on Ninth Avenue and One Hundred and Eighth Street, even at that time (1866) considered one of the leading breweries in the United States. In 1867 August Schmid returned from Germany and at once -took practical hold of the enterprise. His ideas were aggressive, his intelligence keen and his foresight marvel- lous. He worked for the future, and every one knows the result, namely, a i)henomenal success. His manufacture of Pilsner beer was the result of these ideas. He madealarge fortune within a comparatively short time, but with him money was a secondary consideration, merely. The event of his life was his marriage to a charming young woman, his social equal, handsome, refined and educated, with whom he lived the happiest years of his life. He had three cliildren, and when one of them, August, the eldest, his only boy, died in 1886 at the age of eleven, he received a shock from which he never recovered. Mr. Schmid was a fine- looking man physically, full of gayety and exuberance of sjjirits, but after this calamity the strong man drooped and continued to droop, and never rallied. He grew weaker until he died on June 4, i88g, to the intense sorrow of his family and friends. He was a man of fine character, and lield a high social position. He gave of his means left and right to what and whom he deemed deserving, and was a philanthropist in tile highest sen.se of the word. Though a man of devour- ing energy, he was never too busy to do good, and it is known of him that he was a genuine friend of both the Ger- man Society and the German Hospital. Had he lived a bright future lay before him. His widow, Mrs. Josephine Schmid, is as remarkable in her way as he was in his. She took up the reins where, in the prime of his manhood he left them down, and is follow- ing the same lines, and as his successor in the brewery interest has developed into a clever business woman. -Apart from that, she follows the bent of an intellectual mind and the domestic circle, and in society is the model of what a true lady should be. JAMES ARMSTRONG BLANCHARD. James .Armstrong Blanchard, lawyer, the senior member of the well-known law firm of Blanchard, Gay X: Phelps and ihe younge-t child of Philip Blanchard and Catharine Drummond, was born in Jefferson County, New York, forty seven years ago. His ancestral lines on the side of his father run back to the Huguenots, and to the Scotch on the side of his mother. When he was nine years of age his parents moved to Fond du I.ac County, Wisconsin, and settled on a farm. Here the boy battled with hoe and scythe in summer and attended the district school in winter. At the age of fifteen he lost his father and was thrown u])on his own resources. For a year or two he worked his mother's farm and all he made was given to him. 'I he war was in progress and like thousands of brave and patriotic bo) s he enlisted. He joined tlie Second Regiment of Wi.sconsin Cavalry and served to the close of the war. On his return home the farm had been sold and his career as a farmer was at an end. I-ike every boy of spirit he had some blind gropings of ambition and felt the need of education. He entered Ri])on College, intending to remain a year and then to engage in business with his brothers, but was induced by his mother and teachers to remain longer. He i)repared for college, pursued the classical course and graduated from that institution in 1871. During his stay at college he taught some to meet his expenses and for two years edited the college magazine. We next find him in New \wV at the I, aw School of -Columbia (College, from whi< ii he graduated in 187 5 and was at once admitted to the bar. From that time to the present his career has been marked by success. Mr. Blanchard's political activities for some years have been numerous, varied and constant. He has been active in the regular organization as well as the club work of his party. He represents at the present time the famous Twenty-first -Assembly District (probably the wealthiest Assembly dis- trict in the country) on the Executive Committee of the Republican (bounty Committee, and brings to his duties a rare energy and high order of intelligence. He is President of the Republican Club of the city of New York, which club is well known throughout the United States. It was this club that organized the National Convention of Republican clubs. Mr. Blanchard was one of the five members of the club who in the spring of 1887 were appointed a committee for the purpose and who brought about the convention, which was held at ("bickering Hall, New York, in Decem- ber of that year, composed of 1,500 delegates representing more than a thousand clubs from twenty-eight States in the .1 \MKS A. lU ANC HARD. linion. This convention rijjened into the Republican League of the United States. Mr. lilanchard was Us Vice- President for the State of New A'ork in 1888 and 1889, and since that time he has been its Executive Member for this Slate and is at iireseiu Cliairnian of its Sub-l%\ecutive Com- mittee. He is a member of the Bar Association, Lafayette Post G. -A. R., the Union League Club and various other organ- izations. He is possessed of artistic and literary tastes, and apart from the profit derived from a large legal practice he is fond of the study of law as a science. He has a fine lii)rary in which, ahhough legal works predominate, is to be found a valuable miscellaneous collection as well. Mr. Blanchard was married about twelve years ago. His wife, Sallie Medbery, was born and educated in Massachusetts. She is descended from the earliest settlers of New England and is a lineal descendant of Roger Williams. They have one child, a boy of nine, and reside at No. 3 East Seventy- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 43 seventh Street, this city, in a house overlooking the park, bat could Mr. Blanchard follow his own tastes he would prefer to live in a quiet country home surrounded by his books and his friends. FRANCIS H. KIMBALL. Francis H. Kimball was born in the village of Kcnne- bunk, Maine, on September 23, 1845. He was educated in the public schools and entered the ofifice of his broth-er-in- law in Haverhill, Mass., at an early age to learn the trade of building. Soon after the war broke out, however, he en- listed in the Navy, and after serving his term entered the office of Louis P. Rogers, a prominent architect of Boston who was soon after associateti with Gridley J. F. Bryant. The experience he gained in the office of those two men was of inestimable value to him and he progressed very rapidly, so rapidly that after si.xteen months he was sent to Hartford, Conn., to superintend the construction of the Charter Oak Life Insurance buildings, both immense granite edifices, and Connecticut Mutual. After the termination of his engagement with this firm he was employed by James G. Batterson, of Hartford, who was extensively engaged in building operations, to prepare competitive drawings for the new capitol proposed to be built in Hartford. The purchase of the Trinity College property for the capitol led the college to locate a little out of the city, and the college authorities engaged William Burges, a celebrated British architect, to prepare plans for a group of buildings. Mr. Kimball was deputed to go to Lon- don and familiarize himself with the details, and after nearly a year spent in Mr. Burges' office for this purpose he returned to Hartford and exercised personal supervision over the con- struction of the college buildings. His engagement with the TrinityCollege authorities as a-sociate architect lasted three years. In 1879 he was called to Nevv York to rebuild the Madi- son Square Theatre on Twenty-fourth street, and associated himself with Thomas Wisedell, who died in 1884. Among other buildings he erected while in partnership with Mr. Wisedell were the Casino, Harrigan & Hart's Theatre, and while alone after that gentleman's death, the Emmanuel Baptist Church in Brooklyn, the Catholic Apostolic Church on Fifty-seventh street, the Corbin Building, corner of John street and Broadway, the remodeling of Austin Corbin's residence on Fifth avenue, Fifth Avenue Theatre, Har- rigan's New Theatre, the Montauk Club, Brooklyn, and many elegant private residences in Nevv York and other cities. He is now associated with Mr. G. K. Thompson in the erection of the highest office building in the world for the Manhattan Life Insurance Company. Mr. Kimball was married in Hartford, Conn., to Miss Jennie C. Witherell, a native of Falmouth, Mass. He is a member of the Players' Club and a Mason. JOHN SABINE SMITH. John Sabine Smith, the well-known lawyer and Repub- lican politician, was born on Ajiril 2, 1842, in Randolph, Vt. His father was John Spooner Smith, a physician who practised in that town for fifty years. Dr. Smith was the son of Samuel Smith and grandson of the Captain Steele Smith who is recorded in the Vermont State annals as hav- ing been the first settler of the town of Windsor. John Smith's mother was Caroline Sabine, daughter of the Rev. James Sabine, an Episcopal clergyman who came to this country from England in the early part of the present cen- tury. Hence the middle family name of Sabine. His maternal grandmother was a daughter of Mr. John Danford, a well-known Phiglish barri^ter of his time. Mr. Smith, subject of this sketch, was educated in Orange County Grammar School and was entered at Trinity College, Hartford, when sixteen years old. He graduated at the head of the class in 1863 and immediately began teaching school in Troy, N. Y. Like many other young men Mr. Smith got i.ito debt for his education and college expenses generally, but of this debt he licpiidated every dol- lar from his earnings as a teacher and then began the study of law with a light heart. He pursued his legal studies under George Gould, ex-Judge of the Supreme Court, in Troy, and was called to the bar in Poughkeepsie in May. 1868. Coming to New York in 1869 he entered the law office of W. E. Curtis, afterward Chief Justice of the Superior Court, and has ever since been engaged in the suc- cessful practice of the law in this city. Among his clients are several well-known capitalists. Mr. Smith has always been a staunch Republican. He was the Chairman of the Sub-FLxecutive Committee of the Re])ublican League and had charge of their work during the Presidential contest resulting in the election of General Harrison. He is now the President of the Republican Club of the City of New York. In the late campaign (1892) he JOHN SABINE SMITH. was the Chairman of the Caini)aign Committee of Fifty of that club. He was the Republican candidate for Surrogate in New York City the same year, and received the highest vote of any candidate, national, state or local, on the ticket. Mr. Smith is now the President of the Republican County Committee of the City and County of Nevv York. He is a member of the Universiiy Club, the Lawyers' Club, the Church (Episcopal) Club, the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Treasurer of the East Side House, President of the New York Association of the Alumni of Trinity College, President of the Board of Trustees of the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, is in fact a club man essentially, and a hard worker in many organizations, social and political. MARTIN B. BROWN. To the serious student there is no more interesting read- ing than the history of the growth and develoi)ment of the printing press. If he has imagination he can easily picture 44 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. to himself the shade of Benjamin Franklin gazing from the stars at the tremendous power and energy of the printing presses of to-day in com|jarison with their puny efforts in his own time. Nor would the comparison be con- fined to newspaper presses of the great dailies. It would naturally extend to the immense dis])arity in the ordinary printing establishment of to-day and a hundred years ago. Let us take, for instance, the mammoth establishment of Martin B. Brown on Park Place, as it is engaged turning out the millions of ballots necessary for the New York City election in a Presidential year, the City Record, which is the official pul)lication of New York City, and in fine news- papers, pamphlets, literary matter of all kinds, until the brain almost reels in their contemplation. But that is not all, for in other departments the printing and binding of ledgers and mercantile books of every description for various of energy, ])erseverance and native ability he arrived at the stage where we find him at jiresent in the midst of a bril- liantly successful career. In the intervals of his business Mr. Brown has taken time to attend to public affairs in which he has always manifested a keen interest, but though a very popular man in the city he has with a single exception never accepted office. When it was found necessary in Governor Fenton's time to organize t!ie fire de])artment in a manner commen- surate with the growth of the <:ity, tliat statesman appre- ciating his organizing powers a|)pointed him fire commis- sioner. How well he did his w ork the annals of the city go to show. For many years he has done the greater jjartof the city's printing as well as the manufacturing of the ledgers and other account books for the public offices and departments. M \ KTIN corporations are going on and hundreds of hands are kept busy. The mere sujierintending of such an establishment requires a high order of executive ability. It is true that Mr. Brown's printing house is one of the largest and best ecpiipijed in the world and is therefore hardly a fair test of even the average metropolitan establishment, but, jjerhajjs, for that very reason it goes to show what an enormous advance has been made in the art since Benjamin Franklin turned a hand i)ress to bring out his small newspaper. Martin 15. Brown was born in Ireland, but having been l)rought to this country at the age of seven his earliest recol- lections are of the United States, its free institutions and the broad, field it presents for the ambitious and enter- prising. Leaving school at the age of thirteen he aj)plied himself to the printing trade and step by step by sheer force 1!. liK( >\\ N. He has printed the City Rccoi il since its ince|)tion, and the eleven millions of ballots recpiired at elections are printed and tlistributed under his direction. He does the work well and if remarkable for one (piality more than another it is reliability. He has three establishments, and notwithstand- ing the apparent diversity in the various branches of his business everything moves smoothly, and we may add, scientifically, under his skillful management. Notwithstanding the magnitude of his business Mr. Brown finils time to engage in other enteri)rises. He is largely interested in the ice manufacturing industry at Far R()( kaway. the only ice concern of that nature on Long Island. He is vice-president of the Nineteenth \\ ard Bank, also of the Excelsior Steam Power Co., a member of the Manhattan, Press, Catholic and Sagamore Clubs : the Home NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 45 Club, Democratic ("lub, Tammany Society, Arion Society, Liederkranz and many other organizations. He was married in 1873 to Miss Tillie Burke, daughter of Edward Burke, of the First Ward, and has a daughter seventeen years of age. Mr. Brown being of middle age has a still more useful career before him. Personally, he is genial, affable, cour- teous and possesses all the attributes which render him so deservedly popular among his fellow citizens. CHARLES H. HASWELL. Charles H. Haswell, the eminent civil, marine and con- sulting engineer, was born in this city in 1809, and is now the oldest member of his profession in harness in the United States. He is distinguished in all the branches of a profes- sion requiring education and ability, and in his time has been connected with great works in this and other cities since he began his professional career in 1828. In that year he entered the employ of James P. Allaire, of New York, manufacturer of steam engines, and in 1836 entered the United States Navy as the Chief Engineer, and in 1843 was commissioned Engineer-in-Chief. During his service in the navy he designed and constructed the first steam launch, the " Sweetheart." On her first trip in the East River she was saluted by the steamboats and assemblages of people on the piers ; also by ten war vessels. After retiring from the navy(i85i)he built five merchant steamers, constructed the crib bulkhead on Hart's Island, half a mile in length, laid out the surveys for the Produce Exchange, New Jersey Central building and many other important M'orks, including Field's Wells' Standard Oil. He has in one way or the other, during the past forty years,- been connected with the growth of New York City in a professional sense, and as conceded by all, has done his work faithfully, accurately and intelligently. His record, of which he may justly be proud, has given him a national reputation, and, as the dean of engineers in this country, is looked up to with respect and esteem. He dedicates most of his time and talent at present to city surveying, and as consulting engineer is often called into activity. Mr. Haswell also gives much of his attention to designs and specifications of steamers, engines and boilers, the superintendence of construction and setting of boilers for elevators, steam heating apparatus, rock and earth work, rapacity of floors and stores, and many other things con- nected with his profession. In 1853 Emperor Nicholas pre- sented him with a diamond ring for some professional service. Mr. Haswell was Trustee of the Brooklyn Bridge, is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Civil Engineers' Society of New York, Boston and Phil- adelphia, of the Institute of Civil Engineers and Naval Architecture of Great Britain, the Meteorological and the Microscopical Societies, and many kindred organizations. JOSEPH WILD. In the summer of 1891 an air of bustle pervaded the Oriental Hotel on Manhattan Beach. Guests kept arriving rapidly, waiters hurried hither and thither, and it was apparent to even the most superficial observer that some- thing unusual was going on. In fact it was a golden wed- ding that was being celebrated, and the celebrants were Mr. Joseph Wild, the well-known manufacturer, and his wife, Eliza Julia, he had married half a century before. Since then (1841) Mr. and Mrs. Wild have sailed down the stream of time, calmly and smoothly, enjoying uninterrupted pros- perity, meeting with few reverses, doing good everywhere they could. Hence it is small wonder that they looked much younger than they were, or that follvs wondered how Mr. Wild could be celebrating his golden wedding, though as a matter of fact he was in his seventy-ninth year. Mr. Wild came to this city from Halifax, Yorkshire, Eng- land, in 1852, and was employed as agent for the big carpet house of Crossley tS: Sons, with whom he remained until 1865, when he started in business for himself instead of returning to England as he originally intended- He asso- ciated Mr. John Cartledge with him in business and that gentleman is still a partner. They began by importing carpets and connected with the carjjet industry and have now three factories in operation in which they manufacture for themselves, one in .\storia, one in Brooklyn, and a third on Staten Island. They purchase all kinds of skins, includ- ing goats, sheep, leopards and tigers, and in the Brooklyn factory they do preparing and dyeing. In 1872 the firm purchased the English patent right for the manufacture of linoleum and estal)lished works on Staten Island, covering 200 acres, for the business, with a quarter of a mile of water front. In this factory are sixteen steam engines and a very large number of hancls are employed, as they arc the only makers of inlaid or tile linol'^nm in the country. .4 \ JOSEPH WILD. The firm have also a factory in British India where cocoa- nut matting is made, and they import extensively from China, Japan. Persia and the Orient generally. The career of the house has been one of steady prosperity not stayed by the panic year of 1857, the war, or the disastrous year of 1873 which overthrew so many apparently solid commercial con- cerns. The secret of this success lies largely in the intelli- gence, ]jerseverance and high character of Mr. Wild and his partner. Mr. U'ild lives in Bay Ridge, overlooking New York Bay, to which pleasure grounds of fourteen acres are attached. He allows himself more leisure now than when he was build- ing up his magnificent business, and devotes a good deal of it as well as his money to church and charitable works. In- deed, Mr. Wild is a j^hilmthropist in the highest sense of the word. He is deacon in Dr. Hull's Baptist Church on Fourth avenue and Fifteentli street, Brooklyn ; takes a keen in- terest in home and foreign missions and has been mainly 46 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. instrumental in building the West End Baptist ("hun h, also the Old Toadies' Home. In fine Mr. Joseph Wild is a man of whom two great cities are justly proud as well they may be, representing as he does the best elements of both. LUDWIG NISSEN. Ik'forc the World's Fair Committee of the New York Leg- islature in Albany in the spring of 1892, together with dele- gations from the Chamber of Commerce, the New ^'ork Board of Trade, the various mercantile exchanges and rep- resentatives of all important trades and industries of the State, appeared a delegation of three representing the differ- ent branches of the jewelry trade, asking that the State appropriation for exhibits be increased. The members com])osing this delegation were Charles L. Tiffany, a name familiar wherever diamonds are worn, Joseph Fahys, hardly less celebrated in his line and Ludwig Nissen. Mr. Nissen was chairman of the delegation. He is a man of s])lendi(l physique, aristocratic features and gentlemanly bearing. People began inquiring at once who the gentleman was, and were informed that he was Fudwig Nissen, Treasurer of the New York Jewellers' Association, a position that in itself commands instant respect. And when, in his cai)acity of chairman, he began to advance rea.sons why the World's Fair grant should be increased, he riveted the closest atten- tion by his modest and graceful delivery. Not only that, but his reasoning was so clear, his diction so elegant and his logic so convincing, it was, in fact, so fine an effort, that the New York Tribune correspondent telegrajihed the speech to New York, verbatim, which is an honor only accorded to the unusual utterances of extraordinary men. And, as a matter of fact, Mr. Nissen is an extraordi- nary man with an extraordinary history, as the readers of his biographical sketch in this volume will acknowledge, .^nd it is also instructive as showing the glorious possibilities of this country to those possessing cap;icity, energy and the resolve to ignore such a word as failure in their vocabulary. Ludwig Nissen was born in Husum, Schleswig-Holstein, on December 2, 1855. He came of distinguished family, and was connected by blood with the famous Danish states- man, George Nicholaus von Nissen. On the maternal side he traces his descent from the old I'olish nobility. His mother was a direct descendant of Count von Dawartzky, who, for having taken an active part in the Polish revolution toward the close of the eighteenth centur)', was exiled and his estates confiscated by the Russian government. Mr. Nissen was educated in the public schools of his native town, and was at an early age appointed to a position in the Im|)erial District Court of Schleswig-Holstein. The redtape of offices chafed his spirit, and he grew discon- tented. He had the consciousness of jjosscssing abilities for the accomplishment of greater things than handling official documents. Above all he desired to engage in mer- cantile ])ursuits, and to do so in the United States, where the possibilities were boundless. .Against this idea his father set his face, but the son persisting, he said to him at length : "Well, you can go to America ; you can be a merchant if fortune favors you ; but consider, here you have a good situation, while there you will be absolutely friendless, per- haps jjenniless." 'I'his was not encouraging, but l.udwig accepted the alternative and landed here in New \'ork on September 11, 1 87 2, with the magnificent sum of $2.50 in his pocket and the Western Hemisphere all in front of him. Mr. Nissen, Sr., doubtless thought that his son, disgusted with the pros- ])ect before him in .America, would at once write for money to take him home, but he evidently was ignorant of the real character of liis son and his dauntless resolution. As may be supjjosed, it did not take long to spend $2.50, even with the most grinding economy, and the young sprig of European nobility had to scan the want columns of the metropolitan pajiers for a chance to do something by which to earn a living. One day he was fortunate enough to pro- cure a place as barber's assistant through the columns of the Staats Zeifung. To be sure it w-as not exactly what he wanted or in the direct line of his mercantile ambition, but, as, the Spaniards say, "When you cannot get what you like, you must like what you can get," and so Ludwig Nissen, the elegant of Husum, installed himself as barber's assistant on Madison Street, New York City. His duties in this role were more numerous than aristocratic, among them being stove-polishing, boot-blacking and dusting the coats of his employer's customers. But he did those things well, for he does everything well, and after four months' servitude re- signed for the ])urpose of taking a ])osition as dishwasher in a hotel on Dey Street. Here he gained the favor of his em- ])loyer, and was promoted successively to waiter, book- keeper and cashier. This was doing well, but as his central idea was mercantile he w'as not satisfied, and so he procured a situation in a factory where he hoped to gain knowledge of details and become a manufacturer himself. After a short time the factory became insolvent, and Mr. Nissen, too i)roud to go back to the hotel, went in as assistant to a butcher, and later, ha\ ing saved some money, engaged in the business himself. Here he met a streak of bad luck and failed of success, but ])aid his creditors in full and left the store with a capital of 58 cents to begin the world afresh with. In other words he was poorer by nearly $2 than when he landed in New York. This would be discouraging, only that Mr. Nissen was barely twenty-one, and had a fine jjhysical system surcharged with hope, ambition and a strong resolution to climb to the top. His small business ventures had enabled him to show that he ])ossesscd integrity and character, and hence he made many influential friends, one of whom placed at his disposal ^^500 with which to purchase a half interest in a restaurant. After a while his partner left for Europe on family affairs, and buying out his interest Mr. Nissen became sole proprietor. He was doing well in this venture when he was induced to go into partnershiji in the wholesale wine business by a smooth tongued man who made great {)romises. After an experience of eight months he discovered that his partner was everything but what he represented himself to be, found his ca])ital of S5.000 gone and himself $1,000 in debt. Thus for the third time he found himself with nothing but an exuberant fiow of sjjirits, which all the misfortunes in the world could not deprive him of, and the all-pervading idea of becoming a great mer- chant. The opportunity jjresented itself sooner than he ex- pected, though, of course, he knew it had to come. In May, 1881, he entered into i)artnership with a Mr. Schilling in the diamond .setting and jewelry business under the firm name of Schilling &: Nissen. Here he was in his element. He was a merchant. He worked day and night, mastered such details and displayed such ability as salesman, |)urchaser and business manager that in the nature of things the firm name was transposed to Ludwig Nissen & Co. Five years later he bought his old partner out and admitted a new one, the firm name remaining the same. He fought step by stc]) against capital and fierce competition, overcame every difficulty, surmounted every obstacle, became im- mensely popular with the trade, built u|) his business to one of the first in his line, until finally, as already implied, he was elected Treasurer of one of the most conservative cor- ]iorations in the world. He is a Director of the Sherman Bank in New York, and various other business corporations. After having read this too brief sketch, who will say there is no romance in trade? For the re^t, Mr. Nissen takes a keen interest in jjublic NEW YORK, THE METRO J'OL/S. 47 48 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. affairs. He is a member of the Liederkranz, the (ierman Society, the (lerman Hosi)ital, lielongs to the high social clubs — one the famous Hanover Club of Brooklyn, in which city, where he lives, he is as popular as he is in New York, where he does business. He is also a member of the Ger- manic of Brooklyn. Ten years ago he married a German- American lady, but has no children. Mr. Nissen is still a young man with, in probability, a brilliant career before him — a career which his talents entitle him to, undoubtedly. S. A. BROWN. \\'hen a business house has been in existence more than three-(|uarters of a century in this new world with its rapid changes and mutations it may without exaggeration be set down as an old landmark. Such is the wholesale and retail drug store of S. A. Brown, 28 and 30 Fulton street, which was founded in 1806, and is therefore, so to speak, in its third generation. The philosophical saying that the "fittest survive" has no truer meaning than when applied to old commission houses which have stood the shocks of financial disaster tiiat destroyed others deemed solid until the test came and laid their jtride in the dust. Through foreign and S. .\. likOWN. domestic wars, through financial jjanics, which includes Black Friday, through all kinds of revolution this ancient house has stood and nourished and planted its roots more firmly in the ground, until to-day it is known all over the country and receives orders even iKmi Mexico and the South .American Republics. Dr. S. A. Brown its proprietor, was born in I'liilacK Ijiliia in 1847 and served an apprcnti( eship of four years witli I,. J. R. Augey, one of the oldest drug houses of that city. He graduated in Pharmacy in 1867 and in Medic ine in 1875. He entered the present establishment in 1867, and as- sumed the pro|)rietorshi]) in 1881, succeeding Hiram Nott and Iv .Armstrong, and |)nr(hasing tlie patent 'rights of the former. i Ik- fame of the house has lost nothing in the hands of Dr. Brown, but has on the contrary increased. In this store a comprehensive stock of drugs, chemicals, toilet articles and everything that should be in- cluded in an establishment of the kind is carried. Medical chests for ships and families are furnished, and orders, small as well as large, receive proinpt attention, and are filled at the lowest inarket rates. A specialty is made of chamois skins, carriage sponges, etc., which as well as the other supplies in the store are the best procurable for money. Of Dr. Brown and his business a late edition of the A'ew York Historical Review says : " Dr. Brown's is essentially a representative establish- ment, and the large trade it controls is but the legitimate result of the energy, skill and approved methods of its proprietor, than whom there is no inore highly esteemed gentleman in general business and social circles." The estate, of which he is the sole proprietor, has lately taken the premises from 226 to 230 Fulton street for manufac- turing ])hysicians' supplies and specialties under the name of the " Sabron Medicine Comjjany." In 1875 Dr. Brown married the daughter of Colonel J. Lentz of Philadeljihia. CYRUS EDSON, M.D. Among all the distinguished men whose names appear in these sketches there is none more brilliant than Cyrus Kdson, M.D., Chief of the New York Board of Health. He is a man of marked ability and of versatile talents who has been tried in many positions and been successful in all. This success of his may be set down to two causes — one natural genius, the other untiring investigation, which latter, of course, means hard work. Dr. Edson was born in Albany, N. Y., and was the eldest of seven children. He comes of a family of good old English stock and can trace his descent on one side from Deacon Samuel Edson, who came to this country in 1635 and settled in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, and on the other from Roger Williarns, the famous founder of Rhode Island. He came to New A'ork in 1866, and began his studies in the Albany Academy. At the age of thirteen he was sent to the military boarding school at Tlirogg's Neck and was subseipiently entered at the Columbia College for a thorough classical education. At the age of fifteen his father sent him to Europe, over which he travelled extensively as well as in this country on his return from abroad, observing every- thing the while from a medical student's standpoint, and visiting famous hosj)itals in the great cities for i)urposes of study. Re-entering Columbia College he was soon noted for his progress in scholarly attainments and his faculty for absorbing ideas as well as for his proficiency in athletics. He was one of the successful crew that, after defeating its Amer- ican competitors, was sent by the Alumni of Columbia Col- lege to Europe to measure itself against the crews of Oxford and Cambridge, from whom it ( arried off the visitors' cup. .\fter leaving Columbia young Edson entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Here he waselected Grand Marshal of the graduating ceremonies by his fellow students, a time- honored custom which entitles the most pojjidar man to lead his class to graduation. He left this institution with honors and .soon after began |)ractice as an ambulance sur- geon in the Chambers Street Hosi)ital. In fanuarv. 1882, Dr. Edson was apjjointed on the med- ic ai staff of the Health Department as assistant inspector and his duties were connectetl with the sujjpression of the small-pox epidemic of that year. Here his services were found so valuable and so highly a]>])reciated by the author- ities that he was jjlaced on the permanent staff of the Health Department and promoted successively to the ditterent grades until he reached the high jiosition he now holds as Medical Commissioner of the Board. In the dilTerent posi- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 49 tions In- lias lu'ld lie lias achicN t-d distinction and rendered valuable services to the puljjic. Under his supervision e])i- demics have been stam])ed out with a rapidity and an intel- ligence rarely ecpudled, and his mastering of the ty])hus fever epidemic of 1892 has made him famous all over tlic world. He has also done much toward the suppression of food adulteration, the selling of bad drugs ancl ])oisonous confectionery and would have accomjilished imuc had he fuller powers. He has written many articles on hygiene and other im- portant subjects for the No'th Aiiiericaii Rez-uw, and con- sidering the hard work imposed upon him and the limited time ai his disposal, may be considered a prolific writer. Among the many positions of trust he holds may be men- tioned those of Surgeon, with the rank of Colonel, in the New York State Militia, visiting ]ihysician to the Charity Hos])ital, Secretary of the Committee on Hygiene. He is member also of many medical societies. He is President of the Board of Pharmacy and has held the latter office for three successive terms. His first wife was Miss Virginia Churchill Page, grand- niece of the Fifth Duke of Marlborough, by whom he has five children. She died in July, 1891, and Dr. Edson mar- ried again in May, 1892. His second wife was Mrs. Mary E. Quick, nee Van Velsor. The appointment of Dr. Edson to be Health Commis- sioner of the city of New York in this crisis has been hailed with delight by all citizens, in the first place, for no one is more deserving and better (jualified, and in the second place, for the purely selfish reason that he above all others is better fitted to fight the cholera, whose advent is so dreaded and expected. HUDSON CAMPBELL. Hudson Campbell, one of New York's most eminent Public Accountants, was born in Hudson City, N. J., on December 15, 1857, of Scotch parents, and since the outset of his career has been engaged in many prominent positions in the line of his profession. He was employed by the famous Manpiis de Mores in St. Paul, Minn , who was then running a large ranch out West for the supply of fresh beef, to take charge of the accounts of the corporation of which De Mores was the head. He was with the Marquis for two years, after which he came to New York, where from time to time he has been employed by many prominent corpora- tions to audit their accounts. He is looked upon as a very clever accountant, and not only that but is always prompt in fulfilling his numerous engagements, and reliable because of his high character and acknowledged integrity. He has much experience in winding u]) the business of mercantile firms and corporate bodies, and for a thorough investigation of the most intricate books and clear deductions he has no superior in New York City. His first business connec- tion — at the early age of fourteen — was with Wotherspoon & Co., one of the oldest grain and export houses in the city of New York. He stayed with Wotherspoon & Co. seven years, after which he went as accountant into the banking and brokerage business. Mr. Campbell is an expert all-round accountant, but his specialty is in the building and loan business, to which he gives the deepest study and attention. Since his settlement in New York the business of Mr. Campbell has so increased that he has been obliged to em- ploy several assistants, all of whom have their own specialties and are reliable and trustworthy. WILLIAM G. PECKHAM. The saying that it takes all sorts of people to make up a world is quite true, and it is also true that in one man are often combined the characteristics, we had almost said the indi\ idualities, of man)' persons. 'I'here is. for instance William C. Peckham, the well-known New York lawyer, who besides lieing eminently successful in his profession has ])ul)lished more than one volume of poems, has been instrumental in reforming and ]nirifying jjolitics, and has erected the charming little building known as " University Inn " on Chapel Hill, North Carolina, for the convenience of college men. It is seldom that a good poet makes a good lawyer, and rarer still that the combination, when it exists at all, makes a practical business man. Mr. Peckhain has broken this general rule in many places, for besides being a jioet, a lawyer, a reformer and college philanthropist, in his way, he is essentially a inan of affairs and he does everything well. Mr. Peckham was born in Newport, R. I., on February 7, 1849, and graduated from Harvard College in the class of 1867, when at the age of eighteen. Since then Harvard has not, and would not, graduate a man under twenty. He was what mav be termed a bright and aggressive student. He was first editor of the WILLIAM G. PFXKH.VM. Jlarvard Colle^^iaii, and of its successor, the Harvard Advo- cate, which is still the literary newspaper of the college. Some of the editors of college papers it was, Mr. Peckham notice- able among them, who eft'ected elective instead of compul sory attendance at chapel. Mr. Peckham also studied in Heidelberg, Germany, and won specialists' certificates in the years '68 and '69. He received the degree of LL.B. from the University Law School and was called to the bar in 1870. Previous to this he studied law in the offices of Joseph H. Choate and William Maxwell Evarts. .\s a lawyer Mr. Peckham will long be remembered in con- nection with the robbery of the Northampton National Bank, which was looted of $2,000,000. It was the greatest robbery on record. Mr. Peckham, in behalf of the bank, brought suit against various stock brokers and others who had received some of the stolen securities, and also defended suits brought against the bank in the same matter. Many of the suits were carried to the Court of Appeals in Albany and the Supreme Court in Washington, and he was 5° NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 51 invariably sucressful. He has been retained in all the suits against the New York Elevated Railroad, and, in fact, his forte is railroad litigation, though he, with his partner, Mr. Tyler, engages in general civil litigation. Mr. Peckhanf is independent in politics. He has been for six years a colleague of George W. Curtis and Carl Schurz on the com- mittee that managed the independent part of the Cleveland campaign of 1884, and was Chairman of the New Jersey Mugwumps in the same year. Notwithstanding the'man's busy life he has found time to indulge in sports of which he is fond, and is a crack shot and excellent fisherman. He is member of the Lawyers' Club, Bar Association, Reform Club, Common wealth Club and Newjersey Historical Society. GRAEME MONROE HAMMOND, M.D. Tliis is an epoch in the medical history of the country when specialists are taking the front place in the profession. Dotted here and there we find among the most successful physicians and surgeons those who have made a special study of one particular branch and, as a consetpience, are recognized as leaders in the grand army of medical men. Such a position is occupied by the subject of this sketch, G. M. Hammond, M.D. The working son of a famous sire, he has successfully taken up the burden laid down by that distinguished surgeon and soldier, William A. Hammond, Surgeon General of the United States Army. Born in the City of Philadelphia on February i, 1858, he was brought to New York when six years old, since which time he has made this City his home. His early education was completed in the School of Mines and Columbia College, and his professional education was begun and finished in the Medical Department of the New York University. He graduated in 1880 and soon after became assistant in the department of nervous diseases, in the New York Post- Graduate Medical School, at the same time acting as physician to St. Elizabeth Hospital. In 1882 he was made lecturel" on nervous diseases, two years later associate professor, and in 1889 was elected full professor to the chair of nervous diseases in the Post-Graduate School, which position he still holds. In 1891 he was elected chairman of the neurological section of the Academy of Medicine. He, also, is secretary and treasurer of the .\merican Neurological Association, treas-urer of the New York Neurological Society, member of the County Medical Society, the State Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine, the Society of Medical Jurisprudence and the Physicians' Aid Society. In conjunction with his father he edited a work on diseases of the nervous system (ninth edition, 1891), a text-book read in every civilized country in the Morld. Dr. Hammond is married to Miss Louisa Ellsworth, daughter of Edward Ellsworth of New York. He has four children. JOHN W. QUINCY. .\mong the old hardware houses of New York is that of John W. Quincy cS: Co. Mr. Quincy, one of the founders of the establishment and head of the house for nearly half a century, died in 1883, but in this, as in other solid business concerns, though partners come and go and the personnel of the firm changes, it often happens, in fact the rule is be- ginning to obtain, that the narte under which it flourished and became commercially popular is allowed to remain. It is an old establishment founded more than half a century ago. Its first name was Davenport & Quincy, then Davenport, Quincy & Co., subsequently Quincy &: Davenport, finally, as at jjresent, John W. Quincy .S: Co. Mr. Quincy, who was head of the firm almost from its foundation until his death, witnessed many changes. John W. Quincy was a native of Portland, Me., but spent the early years of his life in Boston and attended the English High School of that city. He ob- tained his knowledge of the hardware business in the store of Homer & Co., a large and highly respected Boston firm, and came to New York in 1835, after which he spent a year with R. Hyslop & Son and one year and a half with G. Gascoigne. He entered into partnership with John A. Davenport in 1837. The house at first engaged exclusively in the hard- ware trade, but after awhile branched into the metal busi- ness. Mr. Quincy was looked upon as an exceptionally clever man by the trade. He possessed great abilities and kept a keen eye over the markets of the world, their capaci- ties and their recpiirements. He had been very active in works of ch;irity and philanthropy and was a public-spirited citizen besides. A few years before he died the style of John W. Quincy & Co. was assumed, the present members of the firm being J. E. Thompson and A. Digby l)0nnell. Mr. Thompson was born in Rhode Island and belongs to one of the old families of that State. His great-grand- father, the Rev. Charles Thom])son, was the first valedictorian of the Brown Universitv, and his grandfather a celebrated JOHN \v. yriNcv. physician of Rhode Island. On his mother's side he is descended from old Quaker stock. He came to New York in i860 and entered the well-known hardware firm of Tufts & Colley. When the war broke out Mr. Thompson entered the house of Quincy & Co. as clerk, but by his ability, energy and integrity was promoted from step to step until he was ultimately admitted to partnership. He has always resided in New York and is a member of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, also member of the Metal Exchange and the Fulton Lunch Club. The other member of the firm, Anning Digby Bonnell, was born in New Brunswick, Canada, in 1842. His grandfather, whose sympathies were with (ireat Britain in the Revolutionary struggle, belonged to a New York family, but sought refuge in Halifax, N. S., after the war and became a large shipowner. His son, Anning's father, owned a coun- try store in New Brunswick, in which the gentleman who is now one of the firm of John W. Quincy & Co. worked as a clerk when a boy, but came to New York in 1864 and ob- tained a place as bookkeeper in the house of George Savory &: Co., then engaged in the South .\merican trade. He A^FJV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. became one of ihc partners (jt lluil firm in iiogra])hical Encyclop;edia of New Jersey, and also in the Biograi)hical History of Westchester County, N. Y. His father was John Barron, a man of high character in Middlesex Co., and his paternal grandfather was Joseph Barron, in his time President of the Woodbridge and Phila- delphia Turniiike, which used to be the line of transfer taken to Philadeljjhia and Washington before the advent of railroads. He was also a farmer, a merchant, and had a tannery in connection with his general business. One of his maternal grandfathers was Colonel Richard Conner of Staten Island, also a farmer and merchant. \ great-tun Ic of his, I'^llis Barron, was in 1776 Captain of the l'"irst Mid- dlesex Colonial Infantry. There can, therefore, be no (piestion regarding Dr. Barron's Revolutionary ancestry. ]n 1 86 1 he graduated from the College of Physicians of the same family, uncle of the subject of this sketch, who was famous for his i)id)lic spirit and his contributions to the sanitary fund of the national army during the war, was Thomas Barron, director of the Louisiana branch of the U.S. Bank, a sketch of whom ai)pears in W. Woodford Clayton's " History of Union and Middlesex C'ounties of New Jersey." After the war Dr. Barron travelled extensively abroad. From ICurope he went to the Orient, and satisfied his s])irit ot adventure by a tri]) of seven hundred miles uj) the River Nile. On his return to .America he embarked in bu.siness, and what a bright, energetic and successful man he has been thousands of business men in this city are cheerfully willing to admit. He bears the same reputation for integ- rity and high character generally as his father. John Bar- ron, did, which is .saying a good deal. He is President of the Kentu( ky Coal, Iron and Development Company ; Presi- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. . 53 dent of tlic L. C Ranch anil Cattle Company ; President of the Gila Farm Company ; and i'resident of the Carpenter Steel Com])any. He was at one time Vice-Commodore of the Atlantic Yacht Club ; Rear-Commodore of the Seawan- haka Corinthian Yacht Club ; Rear-Commodore of the New York Yacht Club, and is at present Vice-Commodore of the Hudson River Ice Yacht Club. His country place is at Tarrytown-on Hudson, where he spends the greater-part of the summer. JOHN B. WEBER. Col. lohn 15. W eber was Ixirn in liuffalo. New A'ork, September 21, 1842. He received a good education in the public schools of that city and when not quite nineteen years old enlisted in the People's Ellsworth Regiment, known as ■' The Avengers," which was composed of men represent- ing each ward and town in N. Y. State, young Weber representing the Seventh Ward of Buffalo. When the or- ganization was completed he was made Corporal and subse- quently Sergeant and then Sergeant-Major. After the siege of Yorktown he was commissioned 2d Lieutenant, and during the seven days' fight before Richmond had command of his company. Shortly after this he resigned to accept the Adjutancy of the ii6th N. Y., under his old Colonel, Chapin. At Baton Rouge, La , Col. C'hapin was made brigade commander and Adj. Weber became Assistant Adjutant-General, in which position he remained until Chapin was killed at Port Hudson, when he organized a colored regiment, and on Sept. 19th, 1863, became Colonel of the 89th U. S. Col. Infantry. Young Weber in two years had, therefore, passed through every grade of pro- motion and was a Colonel in the United States Army before he was twenty-one years of age. We may search the records of the Civil War in vain for a more brilliant rec rd. Alter the war Col. Weber was a commission merchant in Buffalo and for some years a wholesale grocer. In 1870 he ran for Sheriff in Buffalo and was defeated by Grover Cleveland by fewer than 300 votes. In 1871 he was ap jjointcd deputy postmaster. In 1873 he again . ran for Sheriff and was elected by 2,000 majority over Mr. Wilbur. Col. Weber served two terms in Congress from 1885 to 1889, representing the 33d district, and making a veiy fine record. In 1888 he was delegate to the Republican Con- vention and in April, 1890, appointed by President Harrison Commissioner of Emigration. In the summer of 1890 he was made Chairman of the Special Committee of Investigation oil Emigration, which visited Europe in American interests. Col. Weber is a man who has a host of friends, ])articu- larly in the G. A. R. He is always courteous and suave, and his record is one of which he may justly be })roud. He was married in Buffalo in 1864 to Miss Elizabeth J. Farthing, and during his term of office was a resident of PJrooklyn. He holds his citizenship, however, in Erie Co., owning a fine farm at West Seneca, which he calls " Home." On the advent to power of his old opponent — Grover Cleveland — Colonel Weber resigned his position as Com- missioner of Emigration. RASTUS SENECA RANSOM. Raslus Seneca Ransom, Surrogate of New York, was born in Mount Holly, Peoria Co., 111., on March 31, 1839. He is of New England ancestry. His grandfather, Robert Ransom, was a native of Vermont, and his grandmother, Lucy (Stacy) Ransom, of New Salem, Mass. His father, Reuben Harris Ransom was born in Hamilton County, N. Y., to which place he returned from Illinois soon after the birtli of Rastus. Owing to domestic bereavements Rastus was thrown upon his own resources at the tender age of eleven, but like many other boys who fill j)ages in American history he struggled bravely against the tide, educated himself in a great measure, taught school at seventeen, went to Wis- consin and stayed three years with an uncle, returned to New York at the age of twenty, completed his education in an academy and began the study of law in the office of Judge Theodore North, in Elmira. He was not long at his studies wiien the bugle blast calling for men to defend the L^nion was heard all over the land, and Rastus S. Ransom responded. As lieutenant in the 50th N. Y. Volunteers he served in the Peninsular Campaign, where he took fever and was ordered home. Then he resumed his law studies and in 1863 was called lo the bar. In 1867 he was ai)pointed attorney for the city of Elmira and held the office for two full terms. He removed to New York in 1870 and soon after became managing clerk for Chester A. Arthur, afterward President of the United States. When Mr. Arthur was appointed Collector of the Port, the law firm of Arthur, Pheljis & Knevals was established with Ransom as junior member. On the elevation of Mr. Arthur to the Presidency the firm was known as Knevals & R.^STUS SENECA RANSOM. Ransom. In 1885, Mr. Ransom, a Democrat save in his ])ersonal support of Arthur, was nominated for Su]jerior Court judge by Tammany. He was once more nominated by Tammany in 1887, this time for Surrogate and elected by a plurality of nearly 50,000. He has been Surrogate ever since and it is admitted on all sides that a more efficient one never sat on the bench in this city. His reputation stands high and his character for integrity and capacity has never been questioned. In fact Mr. Ransom is an ideal Surrogate. He was for a short time connected with the National Guard as Adjutant of the iioth Regiment, joined the (i. A. R. in 1868, and is now a member of Lafayette Post. Is also connected with the Loyal Legion, member of the Masonic organization, of the New England Society, and the ^Manhattan Club. He has been twice mnrried, first to Sarah Elizabeth Morgan, who died in 1883, and second to Miss Carol Bowne F^dwards, daughter of the late Charles Henry P^dwards of Brooklyn, one of the founders of the N. Y. Life Insurance Company. 54 J^EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. GEORGE WILSON. The business people of New York who have not at one time or another been brought into personal relations with Mr. George Wilson, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, are comparatively speaking very few, while those who have and went away with any but the most favorable im])ressions are still fewer. Mr. Wilson was born in New York City on the seventh of January, 1839, of New England parentage. His father, Jothani \\ ilson, was a native of New London, Conn. His grandfather fought in the war of 1812-14, and one of his great-grandfathers, a soldier of the Revolution, was killed at the disastrous battle of Monmouth while fighting for American independence. He received the ordinary public school education, but being naturally bright, and making the most of his opportunities, he was, at the age of nineteen, able to take the position of Assistant Secretary to the Chajiiber of Commerce. This was thirty-five years ago, when the Chamber of Commerce had not GEORGE WILSON. attained to anything like its present magnificent ]iro))ortions or its standing as one of the leading commercial corporations in the world. Neither had its affairs ])cen crystallized into their present routine smoothness and perfect discipline, and, as a matter of fact, Assistant Secretary is rather a vague way of defining Mr. Wilson's position, which was really that of a man of all work. But as the Chamber grew he grew with it, and manifesting the powcs of concentration and organization that he did, the (piestionof his being Secretary was only a (piestion of time. In 1868 he was elected to that office. Mr. Wilson is remarkable fc^r the manner in whii h he directs all his energies upon one thing, and also for his ])rofound knowledge of the commercial statistics not only of New \'ork City but of the United States. He married, in 1863, Miss Mary 15. .Vnierman, niec e of the great showman. He is a very accessible man, and is (piite pojjular, especially with the nfcws])a]ier fraternity, for whom he is alw avs willing to go out of his way to furnish information. GEORGE W. BOSKOWITZ, M.D. Ceorge W. Boskowitz, M.I)., Dean of the Eclectic Med- ical College of New York, and a well-known eclectic physician, was born in New York City on October 8, 1856. His father, Herman Boskowitz, born in Austria, arrived in this country in 1848. and as a physician of the homoeopathic school practised in Brooklyn, where he was much respected for upwards of twenty yea is. Dr. Boskowitz, subject of tiiis sketch, was graduated from the Eclectic Medical College of New York in 1877, and has practised in this city with success since that time He is looked upon by the ])rofes-ion as a clever surgeon, whose operations are generally attended with success, while as Dean of the Eclectic College he has displayed much ex- ecutive ability. Dr. Boskowitz served two terms as Presi- dent of the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of New York, he is ex President of the Eclectic Medical Society of the City and County of New York, Consulting Physician to the Eclectic Free Dispensary, and Consulting Surgeon of the Woodstock Hospital, honorary member of the Yermont Eclectic Medical Society, member of the National Eclectic Medical Association, member of the Charity Organization Society, ex-President of the Regent State Board of Medical Examiners to represent the Eclectic School of Medicine. He is also Trustee of the Eclectic Medical College of the City of New York, is recognized as a writer < f the School of Medicine to which he belongs, and is editor of the Eclectic A'erinc. Dr. Boskowitz is a member of the Darcy Lodge, F. &: A. M., and was its Master three years ; also the Olympic Lodge, I. O. O F.. Grace Lodge, K. of H , Cremation Society^ and many other organizations. He was married on April 10, 1891, in this city, by Felix Adler. to Lena B. Toms, daughter of Captain Toms, of Stamford. Conn. CORNELIUS N. BLISS. Cornelius N. Bliss, political leader, prominent merchant and man of affairs, is one of New York's foremost citizens and has been such for a cpinrter of a century. He was born in Fall River, Mass., and comes of American ancestry, which dates back to the year 1635. His father was from Rehoboth, in the same State, and died while Cornelius was an infant. Mrs. Bliss, after some years of widowhood, married Edward S. Keep of Fall River, and removed to New Orleans in 1840 with her husband, leaving her boy at school in the former city until he was fourteen, when he joined his moiher and completed his education in New Orleans, and entered his step father's counting house as clerk. After a year in this ])Osition he went to Boston and entered the house of James M. Beebe ressing machinery. The success ot this so encouraged Mr. De La Vergne that he tried it elsewhere and NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 57 succeeded in securing contracts for refrigerating plants from several large brewers in Brooklyn, Newark, N. J., and Philadelphia, and in 1880 he organized the De I>a Vergne & Mixer Refrigerating Company, which after the with- drawal of Mr. Mixer was called by its present name of the De La Vergne Refrigerating Machine Company. The popularity of his machine was the means of introducing them amongst the breweries all over the country, and in 1888 the company ]iurchased a large tract of land at the foot of 138th Street (Port Morris), upon which their present extensive works were erected, employing from 600 to 800 men, not including the number of men engaged throughout the country in the erection and placing of the machines, which would bring the pay-roll up to 1,000. It is due to Mr. De La Vergne's patience and persistence that the business of his company has assumed the pro- portions of to-day. Good judgment regarding the require- ments, the desire to give satisfaction to its customers, has made the De La Vergne Comjjany the largest of its character in the United States. At all times ready to settle a dispute by yielding, and even doing more than he would have been obliged to under his contracts, has made for Mr. De La Vergne many friends, and this in addition to the above named has made it possil)le for him to build up an enterprise and make the reinitation for his machines which they have at present. Mr. De La Vergne was married in 1865 in Duanesburgh, N. Y., to Catherine A. Van Aernam, whose grandfather came from Dutch stock and was born at Altamont, Albany County, N. Y. Mrs. De La Vergne's mother descends from a French family of the name of Le Grange. Mr De La Vergne has three children, two daughters and one son, who are not yet grown up. Outside of his position as President of the De l a Vergne Refrigerating Machine Company, he is also Presi- dent of the Arizona Cattle Company, the De La Vergne Bottle and Seal Company, the White Cloud Copper Minmg Company, and the Macon Oil and Ice Company, and is a Director of the Hudson River Bridge Company, President of the New York Driving Club, and member of the Arion, Liederkranz, Terrace Bowling Club, the Engineers' Club, and also of the German J'echnischer Verein. He is a Director in the N. Y. Hygeia Ice Company, and the Union Railway Co., of New York City. JOHN J. FREEDMAN. The Hon. John J. h'reedman was born in 1835, Nu- remberg, (Germany, and arrived in this city at the age of sixteen. He was admitted to the Bar of New York in May, i860, and in the following year to practise in the United States Courts. Very soon thereafter he enjoyed a large and lucrative business, especially among the Germans of this city, who looked up to him as one of their representa- tive men. In January, 1869, at the age of thirty-three years, he was appointed by Governor John T. Hoffman a Judge of the Superior Court, and at the election in the Fall of the same year he was elected for the term of six years from January i, 1870. At the end of that term, in 1875, he was renominated by Tammany Hall, but was defeated, with the entire Tammany Hall ticket, in consequence of a com- bination which was entered into between the Republican organization and all the Democratic forces opi)osed to Tammany Hall. In the suinmer of 1876, when Claudius L. Monell, the Chief Justice of the Court, died, all the Democrats, and even some independent organizations, united upon Judge Freedman as his successor, and in this way he was again elected by a majority exceeding 50,000. This time he was elected for fourteen years. He was also appointed by Governor Tilden to serve in the place of Judge Monell during the remainder of the year 1875. He was considered so excellent a Judge that. In 1890, the Peo])le's Municipal League insisted upon his renomina- tion without distinction of party, and he was thereafter renominated by the County Democracy, the Republican party, and by 'i'ammany Hall, and at the general election held in the month of November of that year was re-elected without opposition for another full term of fourteen years, receiving a total of 206,128 votes. CHARLES McDowell, m.d. Charles McDowell. M.D, was born in New York City, September 30, 1857. Although classed as one of the younger physicians of this city, few have made more rapid strides towards success than Dr McDowell. His father, Joseph T. McDowell, is a prominent merchant, and gave his son all the advantages of a good education, both in New York and also at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. The younger McDowell was of a studious nature, and early in life decided upon medicine as his profession, and, looking over the field, he quickly decided upon homcKopathy as being the proper branch, entering the New York Homoeo- pathic Medical College, where he took the three years' course, and graduated in 1878. Immediately upon gradu- ating, he was appointed as Resident Physician to the Homtjeopathic Hospital at Ward's Island, which ))osilion ]ie occupied for about one year. He was then ai)pointed to the Hahnemann Hospital of this city, but wishing to gain the invaluable experience which can only be obtained in the hos]jitals of Europe he went abroad and sjient eighteen months in the different hospitals of Leipsic, Vienna and Paris. Returning home in 1882, he went into private ])rac- tice, which he has labored at continuously ever since, gath- ering about him an appreciative clientele as well as many professional friends. He is at present member of the Faculty of the New York Homoeopathic College and Hos- pital, holding the position of Professor of Physiology, and is also Visiting Physician to the Ward's Island Homoeopathic Hospital. He is an active member of the American Insti- tute of Homoeopathy, New York State Homoeopathic County Society, the New York Medical Club and the Alumni Asso- ciation of his Alma Mater. Dr. McDowell is married to Harriett J., daughter of William G. Cox, of Malvern, Pa., and has his home and otifices at 116 West Thirteenth Street, this city. GEORGE M. CURTIS. Hon. George M. Curtis, a lawyer of national and, we may say, of international reputation, was born in the State of Ivlassachusetts in 1843. On the father's side he is de- scended from the well-known Irish family of that name and one of his ancestors distinguished himself as a renowned fighter in the British Navy. On the maternal side he has both Scottish and Italian blood in his veins. One of his maternal jirogenitors married a Corsican lady of the name of Paoli. His eloquence is, however, of Irish transmission and it is doubtful if either Burke or Sheridan ever spoke in more glowing language. On the outbreak of the war he joined the Third Massachusetts Rifles, then com- manded by Colonel, subsequently General, Charles Devens, and upon his discharge from the army entered the law office of Hon. John W. Ashmead. He was called to the bar of New York in 1864. Since then his career has been one of brilliant and almost iminterrupted successes. He served in the New York State Legislature from 1863 to 1865, served one year as Assistant Corporation Attorney and in the fall of 1867 was elected Judge of the Marine Court for the full term of six years. Upon the expiration of his term he resumed his legal practice and ever afterwards refused all the jtolitical nominations offered him, whether State, Judicial or Congressional. He has 58 N-EIV YORK', THE METROPOLIS. been engaged in more celohrated cases in various States of the Union than, perhaps, any other living lawyer. A few of those cases were the Friedman will case. New York, 1874; the Eonden will case, New York, 1876; Common- wealth V. Buford, Kentucky, 1879 ; the Leslie will case, 1880 -; Rhinelander lunacy case. New York, 1884 ; Com- monwealth V. Riddle, Pittsburg, 1885 ; the Helmbold insanity case, Philadelphia and elsewhere; John Anderson will case. New York, 1887 ; Atlas Steamship case. New York, 1887 ; Coffin lunacy case, New York, 1888, and the Lane will case. New York, 1890, and last, but not least, the memorable Hayes forgery case in February of the year 1893. He ap])eared in forty-six murder cases, and except- ing Charles McFIvaine, convicted of the murder of Clrocer Luca in Hrooklyn, not one of his clients ever suffered capital punishment. Although defeated in the famous case in which the children of Frank Leslie, the publisher, con- tested their father's will made in favor of Mrs. Frank Leslie, Gi:()K(;i': .m. ci ktis. the litterateur, now |)ublisher of the well-known magazine, on the ground of insanity. Judge Curtis won imjjerishable laurels l)y his style of argument and wonderful elocpience. Hut a stiil more famous case was that of the C'ommonwealth of Kentucky against Huford for the murder of Chief Justice I'-lliott, of the Court of .\ppeais, right in the '' Temjjle of [ustice," as Judge Curtis ex])ressed it. Huford was a bril- liant man of high social standing and Judge Curtis pleaded insanity in his case. Buford was sent to a lunatic asylum, where he died of paresis, thus justifying the argument of his counsel. The case, which was the most celebrated ever tried in Kentucky, created a profound sensation throughout the country, and the escape from the gallows of Huford so added to Judge Curtis' fame that a race horse was named after him, as in the instance of Proctor Knott. With (irover Cleveland, Francis Lynde Stetson, ( Charles i )onahue and other famous men he was engaged in tlie Louisiana Slate Lottery contest, and was one of tlie counsel in the Jeannette incpiiry, in which he pie.ided the case of Jerome C. Collins and vin(li( ate(l his mem- ory in a burst of eloquence that had Irish fire in it. In fine, Judge Curtis is one of America's greatest law- yers and most brilliant orators. Judge Curtis is a mem- l)er of the G. .A. R. and of the New York Jockey Club. Mr. Curtis' son, George M. Curtis, Jr., a sizar of Yale, inherits his father's talent for eloquence and many of his fine traits of character. General Hancock pronounced him the brightest young man he had ever met. LOCKE W. WINCHESTER. Colonel Locke W. \\ inchester is one of the best known men in New York. He is also one of the most esteemed, and deservedly so. He is one of those who have done things in his time, and though now in his seventh decade, as vice-president and general manager of the National ?2xpress Company, that is to say its executive head, practically, is still doing things in no small way, seeing that the company he controls handles such an enormous amount of property every year. Colonel Winchester was born in Woodstock, \'ermont, in 1824, and at the age of eighteen entered the employ of Mr. Harnden as clerk. Mr. Harnden was the real originator of a business which since his time has expanded to such enormous proportion'^, and Colonel Winchester may be de- scribed as his legitimate successor. On May 6, 1892, he celebrated his golden jubilee in the business, and a man more adapted to it, whether by intuition or training, or both, cannot easily be found. Mr. Harnden died in 1844 and in renard to this event ("olonel Winchester tells an interesting anecdote : " III those days," he says, "we could not go to the bank and borrow a hundred dollars. Our property was insignifi- cant and our business unimportant. We lost a trunk on one occasion which we claimed to have put on the boat that ('ommodore Yanderbilt was then running and we went to him for satisfaction. But we were young and he wasn'i and we got none. We didn't then take a receipt for every bk'ssed thing we handled as we d3 now, and we couldn't produce any proof beyond a bare assertion that we hatl de- livered the tiunk on the boat. I remember theCommodore saying, ' Had Mr. Harnden been alive that trunk would not have been lost, for Mr. Harnden was a very smart man — one of the smartest I ever knew.' " Since then the express business has i)rogressed and the l')ss of a trunk to a company that does such an immense trade would not now create as much consternation as it did then. Young Winchester possessed sagacity and foresight. He saw the business was about to grow and he threw all his energies into it in order to hasten things. The volume of immigration that set in soon after Mr. Harnden's death helped it along famously and in a few years he saw himself on the wave of prosperity. When the war broke out he belonged to the Seventh Regiment and went to the front with it on the two occasions when it was called for active service. He was ajipointed ()uartermaster and acting Commissary, ])ositions for which by training he was eminently fitteil. He extricated the Seventh from a big load of debt while in the field and in other ways rendered himself useful to that Regiment. Ex- igencies of business compelled Colonel Winchester to retire from active service in 1863. The war had given it an im- petus and he found his |)resence in New York an absolute necessity, .\fter the war he took an active interest in organizing the Yeteran Association, and ever since has identified himself with its affairs. He was for years its commanding officer. Colonel Winchester is a Republic aii in ]H)liti( s and a leading member of the Union League Club. He is presi- dent ot the Seventh Regiment \'eteran Club, which recently erected a splendid club house on I'ifty-eightii street and Fifth NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 59 avenue. When he joined this fine organization he willidrew from the New York, the Jockey and other clubs of wliich he had been a meml)er, even from the famous Restigouche Sahiion Club, of which he was one of the orginators and for three years president. This was a sacrifice, for the ('olonel is an enthusiastic fisherman and spends part of the summer fishing and shooting in and around Lake Champlain. Ot late years while exercising as keen a general supervjsion of the affairs of the National Express Company as ever, he has left the details in younger hands and enjoyed something like a rest for an active brain like his. He is a director in the .'\merican Surety Company, the Whiting Silver Manufacturing Company, the Marshall Con- solidated Coal Company, the Citizens' Savings Bank and is President of the Adirondack Express Company. BRADFORD LEE GILBERT. Bradford Lee Gilbert, the New York architect, was born in Watertown, this State, on March 24, 1853. He under- went a preparatory cour.se for Yale, but changed his mind and came to New York in 1871 to studv architecture, entering the office of J. Cleveland Cady for that purpose and remaining with him about five years. Li 1876 he was appointed architect to the New York, Lake Erie &: Western Railroad Companies, and while in this position designed and constructed many important works in the Northern and Northwestern States, chiefly connected with railroads. Mere mention of the buildings he has planned and erected for railroad companies would fill a newspaper column. He erected for the World's Fair traffic in Chicago, recently, the largest station railroad in this country, for the Illinois Central and other roads interested. This building cost $1,600,000. Another specialty of his is the designing of great office buildings, for which he has obtained the thanks of thousands of professional men in New York, having given them, instead of the miserable little attics and garrets of the last generation, the spacious and elegant offices of the present. Li planning the Tower Building, wherein his own office is situated, Mr. Gilbert had only a frontage of twenty-one feet six inches. He suggested and obtained special per- mission for carrying out the idea of a series of combina- tions of light cast iron and steel fire-proof columns at stated intervals, having transverse and longitudinal girders and beams of steel, thus making a complete framework of steel and iron, the panels being filled in with curtain walls, or left for light. The Tower Building is the only fifteen story structure, one hundred and sixty-eight feet in height, with masonry walls eight and twelve inches thick, which is be- lieved to have been erected, the floor space added by this method renting for over $10,000 a year. This system of con- struction, economizing space as it does, has been copied every- where. Among other prominent buildings designed by Mr. Gilbert are the Riding Club of Fifth Avenue, New York, the Carteret Club, Jersey City Heights, the Peninsular Club of (irand Rapids, Mich., the Southside Sportsmen's Club at Oakdale, the Newberry Memorial Chapel in Detroit and also the Jefl'erson Avenue Presbyterian Church in the same city. Mr. Gilbert is an active, tireless and careful worker, is known all over the country as a great architect and is member of many social and scientific clubs. CORNELIUS VAN COTT. The Hon. Cornelius Van Cott was born in New York City, on February 12, 1838. He was the son of Richard and Caroline (Case) Van Cott, who were descendants of old Revolutionary stock. He was educated in New York City and from an early age has been identified with and active in public interest. He learned the trade of carriage maker, but when (piite a young man obtained a jiosition in the insurance business, showing from the start a great ai)litude for it. His worth and integrity were soon recognized and he was elected Vice-President of the ^^tna Insurance Company. He was a member of the old Volunteer Fire Depailment. and after the overthrow of the Tweed Ring was appointed a member of the Board of F'ire Commissioners, serving from 1873 to 1875, and again from 1879 to 1885, a greater |iart of the time as President of the Board. During his administration the dei)artment improved wonderfully. Among the changes introduced by him were the imjirove- ments in the system of fire escapes on big buildings, the ordinance requiring large retail stores and theatres to make proper |)rovisions for exit in case of fire, and the alterations in the fire boat " William Havemeyer," which greatly increased its efficiency. He was the first man when in the Fire Department to call official attention to the danger of the electric wires on telegraph poles, as they had destroyed a number of fire alarms and set fire to many buildings. Mr. Van Cott has always been a Republican in politics, and for over ten years has been one of the most energetic 4' CORNELIUS VAN COTT. members of the Republican State Committee. In 1887 he was nominated for State Senator and was elected by a plu- rality of over 4,800 in the 8th District, which in 1886 had given 1,500 plurality for the Democratic ticket. As a Sen- ator he introduced bills looking to the adoption of uniform divorce laws by all the States ; giving power to raid opium joints ; providing for a reform in the method of granting degrees of Doctor of Medicine, and for the repeal of the absurd law prohibiting Art Auction sales at night. He resigned his seat when appointed Postmaster of New York City, by President Harrison, May, 1889. On entering upon his duties as Postmaster, he at once perceived that the cleri- cal force was totally inadequate to the needs of the office, and almost his first official act was to obtain an increase in the allowance for clerk hire. Since then he has secured the enlargement of the facilities at one station, the establishment of a new one and the imjiroving of the twenty other sub- stations. Mr Van Cott is President of the Lincoln Club and also of the West Side Savings Bank, of which institu- tion he was one of the organizers. To his position at the 6o head of the largest and iiiomI inijiortanl post oftice in the country lie brought the sound judgment, energy and sterling honesty which markeil his entire business and jjolitical career, and made a record of which New York citizens and the present administration are justly proud. He is also Presi- dent of 'the Great Eastern Casualty ^: Indemnity Co. CALVIN FROST. Calvin Frost, who enjoys distinction as one of the oldest ])ractising lawyers of the New York bar, was born in the town of Somers, Westchester County, N. Y., on January 21, 1823. He entered Yale College, from which institution he graduated in the class of 1842. Heat once entered the law- office of J. Henry Ferris, who had then just commenced practising, in Peekskill, on the Hudson. Mr. Ferris pos- sessed one of the finest legal minds this State has ever ])ro duced, and under his able tuition Mr. Frost made raj)id progress in the study of law. In May, 1845, '""^ ^'^'^^ admitted to the bar and became a partner of his instructor. Messrs. Ferris tV Frost continued in active practice until 1857, when, u])on the death of Mr. Ferris, Mr. Fiost con-'ucted his professional duties unassociated, and practised in Peek- ( AI.VIX I ROST. skill uninterruptedly till 1888, when he removed to this city, where he had long before become well known in legal circles. Mr. Frost devotes his attention to a general practice, and has gained success in his jjrofession. During his nearly fifty years' ])racti( ehe hascomein contact both jirofessionally and socially, with the brightest lawyers in the city and .Slate.* •Asked for reference to some of the important cases in wliieli he had been engaged, he declined, sayiiij^ that he was greatly impressed by an answer which Charles O'Conor. whom lie regarded as the greatest advocate in tho country, gave him when he suggested to that gentleman that the members of the V)ar expected him to .leave behind him some sketch of liis legal career : " I know of nothing in a lawyer's life that is of interest to any one, except his clients and himself." Mr. Frost has always taken an active interest in politics and is an enthusiastic Democrat, having figured prominently as a s|)eaker in every Presidential campaign since reaching his majority. He has never sought or desired i>olitical honors in the way of office or position, yet he has frecjuently been a delegate to the State conventions, and was sent as such to the National Democratic Convention held at Baltimore, Md., in 1872. He also served in 1890 in a conspicuous manner on the Constitutional Commission for revising the Judiciary Article of tiie Constitution. He was married in 1845 to Miss Mary A. Hait, of Peekskill, and has two sons. Colonel Clarence H. P'rost, a practicing lawyer of Peekskill, and Elihu H. Frost, who is associated with his father. Mr. Calvin Frost is a member of the Lawyers' Club and the City Bar Association, and formerly belonged to the State Bar Association. Owing to Mr. Frost's reticence in furnishing the requested data, this sketch is prevented from l)eing one of the most interesting in the book, and the.se few lines, while accurate, hardly do the subject the justice he is entitled to. DAVID WEBSTER, M.D. David Webster, M.D., was born on July 16, 1842, in Cambridge, Kings County, Nova Scotia, and is descended in a direct line from John Webster, Covernorof Connecticut in Colonial times. His mother was Hejjhzibah Pearson, first cousin to Sir Charles Tupper, Lord High Commis- sioner of Canada. Young David was raised on a farm, and in a distriil where the facilities for education were limited. Nex ertheless, he was naturally studious, and so educated himself during his non-working hours that he obtained a license to teach, and carried away with him a first- class diploma from the Normal School. He taught school six years in various places, and in 1868 obtained the de- gree of M.D. from Bellevue Hosjiital Medical College, New York City. After a small practice for a year or so he l)ecame House Surgeon of the Brooklyn Eye and Kcir Hos- pital, and in 1871 was appointed House Surgeon of the .Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, this city, a jjosition he lield until 1873, when he became assistant to thelate Dr. Coi- nelius Rea .\gnew. Since then he has widened the field of his usefulness and is now a very successful physician. He is Professor of 0|)hthalinology in the New \ ork Poly- clinic, also in Dartmouth Medical College, Hanover, N. H.; one of the surgeons to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hos- l)ital. New York ; Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, the Hackensack Hositiial, the Paterson Eye and Ear Infirmary, the House of Merc v, member of the New York County .Medical Society and of the New York Ophthalmological Society, of both of which he has been ])resident. He is member also of the .American ( )phthahnological and Otological Societies, New \ork. Academy of Medicine, New York, Neurological Society, Union League Club, Manhattan .\tliletii L lub and of the New York Historical Society. JOHN J. RYAN. I<>lin J. Ryan, looked upon as New York's handsomest Poll! e Justice, was born in this city on January 21, 1854. He was sent to the ])ul)lic schools, and what early edu- cation he received was obtained there. LMifortunately, he lost his mother while still very young. Three years after the death of his mother his father died, leaving behind him six children, of whom John was the eldest. The boy was not fifteen when this sad event took place, and he found himself the heail of the family with its implied conditions. ;\11 hope of education was now aban- doned, and when Ryan had to go to work in order to sujjport his little brothers and sisters. He bravely assumed the responsibilitv, and obtaining employnu-nt in the furnishing NEW YORK, TIJl': METROPOLIS. 6i store of F. H. lialdwin, remained with him seven years, working hard and keeping the little family together. While this was simply a duty, it was something more — it was heroism, and of very few in this city can such a story of unselfish devotion be recorded. Educating himself in I'aine's Business College and otherwise as best he could, judge Ryan entered business as an undertaker, and then because of his populaiity and power of attracting votes he was forced into jjolitics, and in 1885', half against his will, was nominated for Alderman and, all against his will, elected. He served a year and that was enough for him. He was glad to resume his legitimate business and once more made money at it, but finally surrendered it into the hands of his brother when api)ointed to his present posi- tion of Police Justice in 1890. On the bench he is painfully conscientious and leans to the side of mercy when he can do so without straining justice. Judge Ryan is a member of the Manhattan Club, the Fourth Assembly District Jefferson Club, the Narragansett Club, the Sagamore Club and has been member of the Tam- many Society the past six years. J. W. GLEITSMANN, M. D. Joseph ^\'illiam ( "ileitsmann, M. D., one of New York's leading physicians, was born in Bamberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany. His father was also a physician and held many prominent ])ositions in the service of the German Government. He was physician-in chief of the Bamberg City Hospital when he died. Dr. Gleitsmann, Junior, tlie subject of this sketch, graduated with honors in Wiirzburg in 1865, and was almost immediately ap- point d Assistant Physician in the Bamberg City Hospital, which he left after seven months' service to take part as a volunteer Surgeon in the Austro-Prussian War, which began in June, 1866. After the war he spent two summers in Vienna studying the branches of laryngology and rhiuology as a specialist, and in 1870 joined the army once more on the outbreak of the war between France and Germany. In the fall of 187 1 he came to the United States and settled in Baltimore. Four years later he estalilished a sanitarium for the treatment of phthisis in Asheville, N. C, and in 1881 came to New York, where he settled down to permanent and very successful practice. Soon after his arrival he was appointed member of the German Dispensary and was elected first surgeon of the throat and ear department when, in 1884, the new dis- pensary building was opened on Second Avenue, a position he holds at the present day. In the fall of 1883 he became Assistant to the Chair of Laryngology in the New York Polyclinic, and Professor in the same department in Mav, 1887. Dr. Gleitsmann is one of the most learned medical writers of the day and his essays ])ublished in many of the leading medical journals are read with interest and respect. Among his most extensively read and most freipiently quoted contributions are : "Altitude and climate in the treatment of pulmonary phthisis ; " " Nature and durability of ])ulmonary phthisis ; " "Statistics of mortality from pulmonary phthisis in the I'niied States and Europe ; " " Western North Carolina as a health resort ; " "Contributions to the treatment of pulmonarv phthisis ; " " Annual Rejjort of the Throat Dei)artment of the German Dispensary, w'th remarks on the treaiment of laryngeal phthisis." In fine, it ma/ be stated that Dr. Gleitsmann is an authority on the treatment of phthisis, having few superiors in that department of medical science in this country. ALEXANDER PHCENIX KETCHUM. Colonel Alexander P. Ketchum was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 11, 1839. He is, both through his father and mother, connected with illustrious New York ancestry. His father's parents, John Jauncey Ketchum and Susanna jauncey, were cousins, and through them he traces his lineage in America to Guleyn Vigne, whose daughter Rachael married Cornelius Van 'I'ienhoven. Sarah Van Tienhoven, their daughter, became the wife of John Jauncey, the father of John Jauncey Ketchum. Colonel Ketchum's mother, Elizabeth Phoenix, was the daughter of the Rev- erend Alexander Phccnix and Patty Ingraham, and thus he is connected with the Ingraham family of which the late Judge Daniel Phoenix Ingraham was the head, while his great-grandfather on his mother's side was Daniel Phoenix, first City Treasurer of the city of New York after the organ- ization of the United States under the Constitution of 1789. This Daniel Phcenix delivered the address of welcome to President Washington on the occasion of his inauguration. ALEXANDER P. KETCHUM. Colonel Ketchum's father, Edgar, was born in this city in 181 1 and died here in 1882. Alexander's parents were on visit to New Haven when he was born and returned to New York a few months after, so that the fact of his having been born in another State was an accident. He graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1858 after a distinguished scholastic career, during which he won ])rizes in natural history, drawing and mathe- matics, with a prize for declamation in his senior year. In 1861 he received the degree of M.A. from the college and graduated from the Albany Law School with the degree of LL.B. When the war of the Rebellion broke out Colonel Ketchum volunteered his ser- vices and was assigned to a place on the staff of General Rufus Saxton, Military Governor of South Carolina. In 1865 he was transferred to the staff of General O. O. Howard. He resigned from the army in r867 and two years later was appointed Assessor by President Grant, and, 62 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. successively, Collector of Internal Revenue and (1874) General Appraiser of the i)ort of New York in the Customs Department. He was promoted once more in 1883 by President Arthur, this time receiving the post of Chief Appraiser of the port of New York, which office he held until after the advent to power of the Democratic party. After leaving the public service Colonel Ketchum devoted himself exclusively to the practice of his profession (he was called to the bar in i860), in which he is very successful. His practice is chiefly in the I'nited States Courts and is connected with internal revenue and customs litigation, in which he is an ex])ert. His address delivered at West Point Military Academy on the occasion of the (iarlield memorial services is con- sidered a fine piece of oratory. He is active in affairs of the Y. M. C. A. and it has been through his efforts that the N. Y. Collegiate Institute on Lenox Avenue has been called into existence. He is member of the Republican Club of New York, the Harlem Republican Club, ^lilitary Order of the Loyal Legion, Bar Association, the New York, Atlantic. Larchmont, Nev/ Rochelle, Riverside and Rhode Island Yacht Clubs, and has been President of the Presbyterian Social Union. He is now President of the City College Club. OSWALD OTTENDORFER. Oswald Ottendorfer is one of a trinody of distinguished German-Americans, of which l'"ranz Sigel and Carl Schurz are the other two. One is a soldier, another a statesman and the third a journalist. All there took an active ])art in what we term the Eurojjean Revolution of 1848-9, which having failed, it seemed only natural they should come to the United States, where their genius would have free scope and they could enunciate ideas deemed treason in Austria and Germany. Of the three Mr. Ottendorfer has had undoubtedly most to do in moulding public opinion in this country and jjossesses by far the most influence, not only with his own national element, but with Americans generally. He was born P^ebruary 28, 1826, in Zwittau, County of Mehren, Austria, and educated in the University of \'ienna. He was sent to Prague to study law. While engaged in his studies the revolution broke out and young Ottendorfer, twenty years old and glowing with patriotic fire, took to the barricades in Vienna like many other youths who after- wards became famous. The revolution was sujjpressed with Russian assistance after oceans of blood had been shed and Ottendorfer fled to Leii)sic, and thence to Dresden, Saxon\, where he once more fought behind barricades. This young man was evidently in earnest. Feeling homesick he re- turned to Vienna in 1850, but the passions of civil war not yet having subsided, and his life being in real danger, he took the advice of his friends and came to America. Like many others of liis ( lass and nation Mr. Otten- dorfer found himself in New York friendless, penniless and without a knowledge of the English language. Classics were of no use to him in this new country and he found it hard — often imi)Ossil)le — to procure the necessaries of life. His first regular wage-earning work was in a factory in which all his co-laborers were Irish, and he had a hard time of it with them. Still he was a young man of si)irit and held his own. In after life, when ( limbing the ladder of fame and fortune, he used to take jiride in showing the "horns," relics of blisters in those days, on his hands, and speak of his career in the factory. When he got home from work at night, instead of resting himself, he studied English, realizing he could do nothing without it, not even good laboring work. After many ups and downs in a small way chance gave him a clerkship in the Slants Zeitun,^:, where by industry, good writing and integrity he was promoted step by step until he became its chief editor. It may be stated here, incidentally, that when Mr. Ottendorfer assumed control the circulation was 5,000; it struggled against a host of competitors. It has now a circulation of 60,000, wields potent influence, has a magnificent building of its own, and is the greatest German newspaper in the country, perhai)s in the world. It possesses reflex action on German o])inion»in Europe In 1859 Mr. Ottendorfer married the widow of his late employer, Mrs. JacobUhl, a woman who had a personalitv all her own. She was, in fact, a great woman, a woman of noble nature, of big heart, enlarged ideas, and it is no derogation from Oswald Ottendorfer's abilities to say that she aided him very materially in the management of ihfu great paper. When she died (1884) Carl Schurz delivered a eulogium upon her as glowing, and at the same time as truth- ful, as ever was delivered upon a woman, and as elo(]uent withal. She was a proper help meet for such a man and during their quarter of a century of married life the pair conferred mutual happiness each on the other. Mr. Schurz seems to have known them intimately. He was naturally a close personal friend of Mr. Ottendorfer, and rumor has it that he had much to do with inducing him to assist in elect- ing Mr. Cleveland in 1884. But we are drifting. Mr. Schurz for the first time showed the world what a magnificent woman Mrs. Ottendorfer had been " It was not blind luck," said Mr. Schurz, in effect, " that governed this noble lady ; neither was she born with a sil- ver spoon in her mouth. She possessed shrewdness, com- mon sense, keen vision into the future, a big heart, sympathy with struggling humanity. When the Staais Zeitung was not as great a paper as it is now, when she was a widow struggling for her.self and family, she invariably refused to sell the pa])er, for she saw in it great future possibilities. And when the time of prosperity came she did not accumu- late money for its own sake, but for the good it might do. She spent more than half a million dollars in ])hilanthropic endeavor. The money was not spent in reckless charity. It was judiciously exjiended. She added a woman's pavilion to the German Hosjjital, she built a new dispensary, she paid the debts of the German Hospital in Newark, erected schools, seminaries and educational establishments. Her works were not concluded when she died, but they were con- tinued and finished by her devoted widower, Oswald Otten- dorfer." The only office Mr. Ottendorfer e\ er held was thnt of Alderman, and he refused the stipend of §4,000 attaching to that position for one year. He became Alderman because he wished to be in a position to express himself regarding civic affairs and how they were managed. He has refused nomination for Mayor more than once on the ground that the state of his health would not ])ermit him to discharge the duties of the office. In 1880 his health gave way and he traveled in Euro])e to recover it. He received an ova- tion in Germany. Before leaving for Europe the Stants /.eitini;^ was converted into a joint stock company, the con- trolling interest remaining in him and his family. Mr. Ottendorfer is a close i)ersonal friend of Ex President Grover Cleveland. Mr. Clevel.ind has said in ])ublic that he looked upon Mr.Ottendorfer as a father. Mr. Ottendorfer is nothing if not a reformer, audit is Mr. Cleveland's reform views that have attracted him. He hates knavery of every kind and fights against political chicanery and Tammany methods in local government to-day as bitterly as, when a member of the famous Committee of Seventy, he fought against Tweed and his methods in 1872. On the whole, Mr. Oswald Ottendorfer is a great man and eminently a great journalist and public-spirited citi/en. FREDERICK A. RINGLER. Frederick .\. Ringler, President of the George Ringler Hrewing Company, but far better known as the foremost electrotyper and i)hoto-engraver in .\merica. is a man of great versatility, of consuming energy, and though born in Ger- NEW YORK, THE METROPOr.IS. 63 many, possesses the aggressive character that seems peculiar tions. In 1884 Mr. Ringler perfected the process of zinc to the typical American. He was born in 1852, in I^'riedwald, etc hing, to enable the daily papers to pul^lish illustrations, a small village in the Grand Duchy of Hesse Cassel, where Through this channel the public is treated to pictures of cur- he attended the high school until he was fourteen years of rent life three hours after the events calling for them have age, when he came to this country to see his brother George. transpired. By the process of electrotyping, Mr. Ringler After a short time young Frederick was sent West, where he has furnished the plates to print such popular works as the completed his education and graduated from a Chicago col- " American Dictionary of Printing and Book Making," lege with honors. While in Chicago he learned the electro- " Naval History of the United States," General Logan's typing and stereotyping business, and studied the glavtino- " (ireat Conspiracy," and illustrated works of Dickens, plastic process. After the great fire of 1871, Mr. Ringler Burns, Shakespeare, Moore, Byron, Dante's "Inferno," returned to New York, where in 1872 he purchased an Tennyson, C'oleridge's "Ancient Mariner," "Sword and interest in the electrotyping establishment of Hurst & Cimeter," "The Ante-Nicene Fathers," "Pilgrim's Pro- Crum. Though a very young man Mr. Ringler mani- gress," " The History of Free Masonry," etc. Indeed most of fested not only a profound knowledge of the business, the pictures in the illustrated books of a high literary class but also an inventive talent, which is almost everything in are taken from plates supplied by his establishment, as, for a branch of industry where it is necessary to be all the time instance, " Meisterwerke der Deutschen Kunst," " Meister- improving to keep abreast of scientific discovery. In werke der Italienischen Kunst," " Die Frauen in der Franzo- FREDERICK A. RINGLER. 1878 he purchased the interest of Hurst ramwell, Judge of the Court of Appeals, England, was a prominent cotton merchant of this city. He went abroad with his parents in 1868 and remained in Germany to complete his education in engineering. He studied at the Polytechnic schools of Dresden and Aachen, and graduated in 1874 as a civil engineer at the latter school. In order to get a practical as well as theoretical knowledge of his profession, he worked during the summer vacations as a paid assistant on railway surveys, and soon after gradu- ating was appointed an assistant engineer on railway location and construction work in Saxony, Germany. He was subsequently engaged in making a report for an English syndicate on a jjrojected railway enterprise in Germany. He entered considerably into the social life of Germany, studied languages and music, and travelled extensively in Europe. He returned home in 1877, after spending eight years abroad and engaged in mining engineering in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania, and for a time was mining engineer of Coxe Brothers, Gowan colliery. In 1880 he went to West Virginia, as constructing engineer and superintendent in building the large coal and coke works at Stone Cliff, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, also in making mining sur- veys in Ohio for the New York and Ohio Iron and Steel C!om|)any. In 1881 he went to Buffalo, N. Y., as the General Manager and Engineer of the Steam Cable Towing Com- pany, in reorganizing and extending the system of steam cable towage on the entire length of the Erie Canal, thereby abolishing horses. After an extensive trial, he reported to the company that the only solution of canal transportation in competition with the railways was the ship canal. In 1883 he returned to Virginia to investigate and rejiort u])on the newly GEORGE W. BRAMWELL. developed coal fields of the Flat Top region, and subsequently practised as a consulting engineer, with offices at Roanoke, Virginia. The following year he accepted the position as the Engineer of Maintenance of Way on the Shenandoah Valley Railway, Virginia. Returning to New York in 1886, he estal)li.shed him elf in this city as a consulting engineer, and in 1890 formed the Hydraulic Contracting Company, engineers and contractors for Water Works and Water Supijly, of which he was the President and Treasurer. In 1886 Mr. Bramwell married Miss Moffat, daughter of the late Dr. Moffat of this city. He is a member of the Union and other clubs, a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia ; the Ameri- can Water Works Association, and the Engineers' Club of this city, of which he is a Trustee and a zealous worker in the promotion of social intercourse amongst the members of the engineering i)rofessions, for which purpose the club was organized. 68 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. WILLIAM HENRY WEBB. William Henry Webb, the famous shipbuilder and founder of Webb's Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, was born in New York City on the 19th of June, 1816, of New Enghmd and Huguenot parentage. His family is among the oldest in the country, and at least one represent- ative of it in every generation has occupied a prominent position in some sphere or another. I'he first of the American Webbs was Richard, who having been made a freeman of Cambridge, Mass., in 1632, accomjianied Governor Haynes and Rev. Mr. Hooker to Hartford, Conn., and was one of the Grand Jury in that settlement in 1643. Richard represented the town of Stamford in the Connecti- cut General Court in 1667. Benjamin Webb, great grand- son of Richard, was engaged in the fierce struggle for supremacy between the French and English and was at the taking of (Quebec by General Wolfe in 1759. So was his son Colonel Charles Webb, who distinguished himself so greatly in the War for Independence. His voice was raised elo(|uently for war in the Connecticut Legislature and he was in command of the Nineteenth Regiment at the battle of Long Island. Colonel Webb distinguished himself at the battle of White Plains also, and at the battle of White Marsh (1777), where his regiment bore the brunt of the Hessian attack and lost eighty in killed, besides a large number in wounded. His son, another Charles, was also engaged in the war as I-ieutenant and subsequently as Adjutant, and was killed on a gunboat in the Sound. He, Colonel Charles Webb, in conjunction with six other gentle- men, gave his note for ^500 to i)ay the expense of a mission to Crown Point in 1775 of which mission he had been jilaced in charge l)y the Continental Congress. Isaac Webb, one of the Colonel's sons, was born on July 28, 1766, and Isaac Webb, his grandson, son of Wilsey Webb, was born in 1794 and died in 1840. Isaac was a great ship- builder in his time, and in his young days, while apprenticed to the famous Henry Eckford, worked on many of the Lake ves.sels that in the war of 1812, under Mcl)onough and other American commanders, did so much damage to the British. In 1819-20 he built the steamer Fulton for .\Ir. Eckford, designed to run between New York and Havana, and later on became Mr. Eckford's jjartner. He built many of those first packet ships which raised the country's reputation for shij)l)uilding to so high a pitch. WiUiam Hinry Webl). sul)ject of this sketch, lineally descended from the original Richard Webb, of Stamford, of which city the Webbs were the founders, is son of the shipbuilder Isaac who, as already stated, died in 1840. His parents did not intend that he should be a shipbuilder, but nature, or perhajjs the law of heredity, decreed other- wise. In the Columbia College Grammar School in which he was educated, he was noted for proficiency in geometry and algebra, and in fact it was evident he was a born mathematician. As a boy he loved to play round his father's shipyard and before folks could very will realize it he had constructed a small skifl' with his own hands. This was at the age of twelve during vacation ; before fifteen he had built other boats, among them a small |)ad(lle boat. Dis- suaded by his father, discouraged by his teachers, he per- sisted in the study of marine architecture and while still an apprentice he began the building of five vessels under sub- contract in conjunction with an older fellow apprentice named Townsend. Of this number were the packet ship '"Oxford" of the Black Call Line, the Havre packet ship "Duchess d'Orleans " and the Liverpool ])acket ship "New York." He was. then only twenty-three years old and being naturally delicate the strain on his constitution brought about by hard and almost unremitting work com- ])elleos- ton lirigade and Salem Bands. During his connection with the Salem Band, he originated the famous Fourth of July concerts on Boston Common, afterwards adopted by the Boston City Government as a regular feature of the Inde- pendence Day celebrations. He also gave a series of pro- menade concerts in Boston Music Hall, the phenomenal success of which was the first recognition conceded the military band as a legitimate factor of indoor concert music. In 1858 he returned to Boston and founded the organization famous thereafter as Gilmore's Band. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he attached this band to the Twenty- fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, and later he was entrusted by Governor Andrews with the reorganization of the State military bands. Upon his arrival with his own band in New Orleans, General Banks created him Bandmaster- (ieneral. In Lafayette Scpiare, at the inauguration of Governor Hahn, ten thousand school children, the great majority of them belonging to Confederate families, rose at the signal of Mr. Gilmore's baton, and to the accomi)ani- ment of six hundred instruments, the combined battel ies of thirty-six guns, and the united fire of three regiments of infantry, sang " The Star-Spangled Banner," "America," "The Union l''orever," and other Union airs, whose har- monizing echoes rang throughout the length and breadth of .America. In recognition of this p(jliti< al as well as musical triumph, one hundred prominent citizens of New Orleans gave Mr. Gilmore a com])limentary dinner at the St. Charles Hotel, presenting him with a silver goblet appro|)riatel\ inscribed and tilled to the brim with gold coin. To this public tribute Governor Hahn added a personal letter to President Linc oln, mentioning Mr. (}ilmore as one who had done ^^reat good to l/it" cause of the Union by his faithful and patriotic services," " a musician of the highest ability," and " a true gentleman." In June, 1867, Mr. Gilmore conceived the idea of cele- brating the accession of national ])eace by a gigantic musical festival. This project was universally discouraged as chimerical, but on June 15, 1869, he stepped upon the stage of the Boston Coliseum, and in the |)resence of an audience of 50,000 persons, lifted his baton over an orches- tra of 1,000 and a chorus of 10,000, whose first note, accompanied hy the booming of cannons fired by electricity, and the simultaneous ringing of all the bells in the city, proclaimed the opening of the greatest popular musical festival then on record. Mr. Gilmore s next idea was an International Peace Jubilee, which should not only repre- sent home talent by an orchestra of 2,000 and a chorus of 20,000, but also piesent to the American public the military bands of all nations, from whose respective governments the services of the bands were solicited for Mr. Gilmore in a pe sonal letter from U. S. Grant, then President of the United States. A coliseum with a seating capacity of 100,000 was erected at a cost of §500,000, and on the 17th of June, 1872, the International Peace Jubilee was inaugu- rated. The bands of the Grenadier Guards from London, of theGuarde Republicaine from Paris, of the Kaiser Franz Regiment from Berlin, and a band from Dublin, Ireland ; Johann Strauss, the waltz king, and Franz Abt, the German song writer, were among the foreign attractions. The jubilee continued for eighteen days, and at its close Mr. Gilmore was presented l)y the citizens of Boston with two gold medals and the sum of §50,000. In 1873 he accejjted an offer from the Twenty-second Regiment of New York to become its bandmaster. He reorganized this band, and gave 6co concerts in Madison Square Garden, which, under the name of Gilmore s Gar- den, became the most i)oi)ular resort in Ne.v York. On the 150th night of this successful season he was given a benefit, and presented, in the i)resenc-e of an audience numbering 10.000 persons, with a magnificent gold and diamond medal. On the Fourth of July, 1876, he gave a mammoth national concert in Indejjendence Scjuare, Philadelphia, followed by sixty concerts in the main Exposition Building of the Centennial Exhibition. In 1878 he took his band to Europe, making a successful tour of Great Biitain, France. Belgium, Holland and (lermany, and received in addition to many other honors a medal from the French Government. His fourteen Manhattan Beach seasons were also eminently successful, as was his cpiadricentennial concert given before 30,000 peoj^le in New York City Hall Scjuare on December 31, 1891. On Saturday. September 24th, 1 892, during the initiatory engagement of the Columbian Tour of Gilmore's One Hun- dred, at the St. Louis Exi)osition, Mr. (iilmore died from heart failure, after one day's illness. In death he was paid both military and civic honors. His wife and his only child a daughter, sur\ ive him. Professionally P. S. Gil- more was a unicpie and striking figure — original, independ- ent, unconventional, daring distinctively a musical pioneer as well as a musical teacher. He lifted the military hand to a lofty niche in the Temple of Music-, and poi)ularized the cla.ssics lor the education of the people. Personally he was a man of rare magnetism, social, generous to a fault, and a general favorite. Among his b-.'st known coini)ositions. words and music-, were: " The Voice of the I)e])arting Soul or Death's at the Door;" National Anthem. "Columbia." His song. "Good News from Home," " rit ten during the war, attained a world-wide popularity. ■'When [ohniiy Comes .Marching Home Again," the words NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. PATKICK S. GILMORE. 78 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. of which he wrote under the nom de plume of Louis Lam- bert, was very popular during the war and long after it closed. His politics as an Irishman were for home rule, and a concert given by him in response to Ireland's appeal netted lor the Parnell Parliamentary Fund the sum of $6,000. In religion he was a practical Catholic. PatricTc Sarsfield Gilmore was a fine character, a man of versatile genius. He received diamonds and gold batons and medals in recognition of his achievements, but the proudest laurels laid upon his grave were the tears of the peojjle — the whole American people — the masses. WILLIAM STEINWAY. Any history of New York City that may be written, how- ever condensed, that does not contain reference to William Steinway, and what he did in his generation, cannot be considered complete. Apart altogether from the fact that he is the world's greatest piano manufacturer, Mr. Steinway stands to-day with such men as Oswald Ottendorfer and Carl Schurz in the front rank of German- American citizens. His connection with this city is of the very closest nature In civic movements recjuiring strong characters to direct them William Steinway has been always called in, and a bio- graphical sketch of the man would furnish the broad outlines for a current history of the Greater New York.- In his own business he has manifested genius with a dash of philanthropy in it, and his personality has stam])ed itself on almost everything with which it has come in contact. Mr. Steinway was born on March 5th, 1836, in the village of Seesen, situated in the Hartz Mountains, a region sacred to romance, ])eopied as it is, or. alas, was, with gnomes, fairies and other little folks more or less uncanny, whose doings have long been the delight and terror of the children all over the world. He is the fourth son of Henry Engel- hard Steinway, founder of the house of Steinway & Sons, and received an elementary education in the schools of his native town. He was subsecjuently sent to the well-known Jacobsohn Institute, where he developed linguistic talents and was found at the age of fourteen to be able to sjieak fluently the P>nglish and French hinguagi's as well as Ger- man. He also manifested an excellent memory, and what may be considered an extraordinary love of music. While still a boy, in fact, he played the most difficult pieces on the ])iano and was in every respect considered a lad of capacity with jjrobably a brilliant future. In 1850 the Steinway family were brought to this coun- try on the great wave of I'eutonic emi^'ration that then began to flovv, and William was sent to learn ])iano making with the firm of Nunns & Co., located on Walker Street. Here he worked unceasingly and with great intelligence and energy until in 1853, when his father decided to start in business for himself, and so estalilished a jiiano factory in a modest way in a back building on Varick Street, New York. This auspicious event took place on March 5th of the year mentioned, which happened to be William's seventeenth birthday, and here the head of the house and family began work, with his three sons, ('harles. Henry and William, car rying on the business, such as it was, under the style of Steinway & Sons. All four were bright and hopeful, and with the skill and industry they possessed, and the loyalty to one another that actuated them, success smiled upon them from the first. It could hardly be otheiwise. After less than a year larger premises were fotmd necessary and young William Steinway found himself working in the same sho|) in which he had learned his trade. .And here occurs an episode which strongly illustrates the fine character of this same William Steinway. The firm of William Nunns \- Co. had meantime become bankru))t and owed him ^5300 in wages. It is hardly necessary to say that he never asked for it. Not only that, but as the whirligig of time made one to rise and the other to fall, Mr. Steinway saw to it that his former employer should never want for anything from the day of his failure until his death, which took place in 1864 in the old man's eightieth year. This is only one of the many good acts performed by William Steinway. .■\s this is not a history of the piano trade, but a short biographical sketch, we shall only say that the success of the Steinways was phenomenal, and that William, with his executive ability and clear business foresight, was unani- mously .accorded control of its finances. He was the soul of the concern. All worked in harmony under his manage- ment, and many years had not rolled over when the Steinway piano had obtained a world-wide celebrity. Wil- liam was mainly instrumental in bringing about this unprecedented state of affairs. His eyes were like those of Argus and his steady hands held the reins. Some idea may be formed of the man's achievements when it is stated that the Steinway Piano Works in Astoria occupy twelve acres and that 650 hands are employed in them. The works in New York, which take in a whole block, situated between Park and Lexington Avenues and Fifty-second and Fifty- third Streets, emjjloy 650 hands also. They turn out sixty pianos ])er week. Steinway Hall, another branch of their industry, occupies eight city lots in the most fashionable part of the city, speaking in a business sense, on Fourteenth Street running through to Fifteenth Street near Union Square, and takes in the warerooms, central office and the famous Steinway Concert Hall, which had a seating capacity for 2,400, but it is now devoted to business purposes Then there is the Steinway Hall on lower Seymour Street, Lon- don, w'hich is the English headquarters. There is a branch in Hamburg. Germany, in which the Steinway business of the European continent is done. .As stated in the introduction to the sketch, Mr. Stein- way is one of the prominent figures of the metropolis, but although as jjatrictic an American as breathes, he has a warm corner in his heart for the Fatherland. He naturally takes a keen interest, too, in his (ierman-American fellow citizens, and a leading part in their affairs. He is President of the Liederkranz Society, and is himself a fine singer with a beautiful voice, which has been heard with pleasure by thousands in concert solos during the i)ast third of a cen- tury. He is not a politician, but from this it does not fol- low that he does not take a hand in public affairs. Indeed, he has been forced to the front in many a municijjal crisis. He was one of the Committee of Seventy that crushed the infamous Boss Tweed and his gang, and it was through his love of reform and good government that he dis])layed such activity in electing Abram Hewitt to the Mayoralty in 1886. He took part in the great Cooper Union meeting that nom- inated Mr. Hewitt, and as its Chairman showed that he was fully capable of controlling a crowd of 5.000 people. After an appropriate address he called for a vote, and was responded to by a tremendous "aye." It was not unani- mous, however, for about a dozen Socialists in the hall made themselves cons])icuous by rising and shouting "no." This led to great u|)roar, and as many ladies were i)resent Mr. Steinway did not like the confusion that followed. But he was ecpial to the occasion, for after commanding silence with a wave of his hand, he said in his rich, sonorous voice. " The motion is carried by a vote that is nearly unanimous ; the minority, ladies and gentlemen, is very small, as you perceive ; in fact, it represents as nearly as possible the minority that will opjjose Mr. Hewitt at the polls next Tuesday." The apjjlause was deafening, and the " minor- ity " collapsed utterly. He was also in February, 188S, unanimously elected the representative of the State of New York on the National Democratic ('ommittee, but was finally com])elled to resign through the exigencies of an ever increasing business. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 8o NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Nevertheless, to-day, there is no man's counsel more eagerly sought by the Democratic chiefs of the city and State than William Steinvvay's. Few citizens wield more potent political influence than he. During President Cleveland's administration he refused the offer of United States Sub-Treasurer in New York and in 1889 the nomina- tion for Secretary of State when such nomination meant election. Under like conditions he has more than once refused the Democratic nomination for Mayor of New York City He did accejjt the Chairmanship of the Rapid Tran- sit Commission from Mayor Grant, and performed its duties in a manner that called forth the unanimous eulogies of the press. He took a very active ])art in organizing the World's Fair Committee, and it was not his fault that it went to Chicago instead of New York. He gave his check for ij!5o,ooo to the guarantee fund ; and speaking of money it may be mentioned that he had much to do in raising the handsome sum of $118,500 for the German Hospital by its fair in 1889. He also presided at the great mass meeting of German-.-\merican citizens in favor of Grover Cleveland and Tariff Refotm at Cooper Institute, October 27, 1892. and his speech on tariff reform was reported and com- mented upon by the entire ])ress all over the United States. He has managed successfully to devote one of his ideas in the building of the village Steinway in Long Island City, inhabited chiefly by the employes of the Astoria factory. In Steinway he has, through Steinway & Sons, constructed a school with a capacity for 800 ])U])ils, pays its teachers a good salary, constructed public swimming baths, laid out a park, established a free circulating library and a free kin- dergarten ; in a word, has made of it a model village wherein people can live rationally with country air and city comforts. William Steinway is no mere money grubber. He has an open hand and his check is always at the com- mand of a deserving object, charity or institution. He nlso had the great honor conferred u])on him, on invitation, to be received in audience by their Majesties the Emjieror and Empress of (iermany, at the Marble Palais, at Potsdam, Germany, September rr, 1892. Personally he is of medium height, with an honest open German countenance, well-cut features, fine mouth, large brown eyes through which his soul is visible, massive head above broad shoulders. He is the type of an athlete. He grasps a situation with the intuition of genius and in a few words says a good deal. He is a fine swimmer, and at Coney Island, in 1858, saved his brother Henry from drowning, by nerve, skill and presence of mind. He is also a ready speaker in both English and (ierman. and an excellent presiding ofificer. His domestic life is a hap])y one. He was married twice ; the first wife died and left him two children, (ieorge and Paul. By his second wife, the daughter of Richard Ranft, he has two sons and one daughter. He lives on Gramercy Park, in a house which contains as much hap- piness as that of any man in New York, rich or poor. That he has not forgotten the Fatherland and that he has not been forgotten there is apparent from the fact that in the Christmas of 1888 the freedom of his native town was conferred upon him in return for the many benefactions bestowed by him upon that city, its schools and its poor. JOHN POMEROY TOWNSEND. John Pomeroy 'i'ownsend was born at Middlt bury, Vt., in 1832. His direct ancestor, Thomas Townscnd. settled in Lynn, Mass., in 1637, having emigrated from England when the great exodus of the persecuted Puritans had set in. I'or five generations the descendants of the emigrant lived in the neighborhood of Hoston. 'i"he sixth in descent, John Townsend wa.s born in New Hampshire, to whii h State his father had removed. He was a prominent ( itizen of Salis- bury, a member of the State Legislature, Postmaster, Select- man, Town Clerk and Register of Deeds for Merrimac County. His son, John Baker Townsend, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born at Salisbury, and having married Miss Eliza C. .Mvord in Yermont, removed to Troy, N. Y., in the year 1835. The subject of this sketch came to New York City in 1850, where he has since resided. He at first engaged in the stave business, which he continued for thirty-two years, exporting and selling for export that commodity. In 1885 Mr. Townsend became President of the Maritime Exchange, which office he held until 1888, when pressure of business comi)i'lled him to resign. He was the Treasurer of the New York Produce Exchange in 1887, and is, and has been, the First Vice-President of the Bowery Savings Bank since 1883. He is also a member of the Chamber of Commerce, and is director and trustee in railroads and benevolent and chari- table institutions. In 1853, Mr. 'I'ownsend married Miss Elizabeth .\., daughter of the late Nehemiah Baldwin of New York, formerly of Pennsylvania, who was descended from Joseph Baldwin, who emigrated from England and settled in Milford. Conn., in 1835. Their children are Mary E. (married Alfred L.White) Charles John, and John Henry. Mr. Townsend has devoted much of his time and en- ergy to the consideration of the topics which interest the phil- anthropist and benefactor He labors to better the con- dition of the plain people and to unfortunate ones he has freely given for the mere love of doing good. With a frank and open nature, Mr. Townsend combines a cheerful and benev- olent disi)osirion. He has a rapid, pleasant way of doing business, and a manner unobtrusive and at the same time em- phatic. In ([uite a different class of work we find him a])pear- ing as a Trustee of the University of Rochester, >s'. Y.; Recording Secretary of the New York Society for the Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled ; a foreign associate and honorary President of the Society of the Universal Scientific Congress of Provident Institutions of Paris, France. Despite his multifarious business engagements, Mr. Townsend finds time to contribute many valuable ])apers to the press, on topics of which he is thoroughly the master, such as ■' Savings Banks ; " " Postal Savings Banks ; " " The Silver Question," etc., etc. He is the author of the article on " Savings Banks" in the Cyclopaedia of Political History and Political Economy of the United States (Chicago, 1881). In 1875, and again in 1888, hecomjjiled and edited a history of the Bowery Savings Bank, which is one of the oldest and is the strongest financial institutions of the kind in America, if not in the world. Mr. Townsend is the author of standard pajiers on " American *arney, Vice-President ; Jos. M". l>rown, Second Vice-President ; Fred L. Eldridge, Sec- retary ; J. Henry Townsend, Assistant Secretary. The board of directors is a body of exce])t I on ally strong capitalists, financiers and business men, among whom are : [osejjh S. Auerbach, Harry B. Hollins, Jacob Hays, Chas. T. Barney, A. Foster Higgins, Robert G. Remsen, Henry ^\'. T. Mali, Andrew H. Sands, James H. Hreslin, (len. George J. Magee, I. Townsend Burden, John S. Tilney, Hon. E. V. Loew, Henry F. Dimock, John P. Townsend, Chas. F. Wat- son, David H. King, Jr., Frederick G. Bourne, Robert Maclay, C. Lawrence Perkins, Edward Wood, Wm. H. Beadleston, Alfred L. White, Charles R. Flint. Its increas- ing l)usiness will soon demand more extensive office accom- modations, which it will no doubt soon secure in some advantageously located building which the company now has under consideration. CHARLES T. WILLS. Charles T. Wills was l)orn on Dec. 13, 1851, in New York City, of Quaker parents, his ancestors having settled in Pennsylvania years ago, coming to this country with \\'illiam Penn anrl settling on the Rancocas River. The old charter for 8,000 acres of land still remains in the family. His father, Chalkley J., was a builder of some jjrominence, and when Charles T. was six years of age his family moved to Princeton, N. J., w here his father owned a veiy large tract of ground. He was educated in the West 'I'own boarding-.school, about the oldest Quaker institution in Pennsylvania. When 18 years of age he returned to New Vork City and was api)renticed to Mr. John T. Con- over to learn bricklaying, and i)rogressed so rapidly that, while he was still an ai)])rentice, he was made a foreman and had charge of some very im|)ortant work. This position he filled for several years, and then he went into business with Mr. Geo. Sinclair, under the firm name of Sinclair & Wills. .\fter five years of partnership the firm was dissolved, and he has since carried on the business alone. He has erected some of the largest and most prominent buildings in this city, such as the American Bank Note lUiilding, Huyler's candy factory; Montauk Club House, I'rooklyn ; New Jersey Central R. R. Co.'s depot, Jersey City; N. J. C. R. R. Co.'s building, Liberty and West streets ; Stamford Presbyterian Church ; Rutgers Riverside Church, the Judson Memorial Church, the Gorham Build- ing, the Yosemite, the Pierce Building, the Stagery for Col. Shejjard, All .Angels' Church, St. .Andrew's Methodist Chun h, the Brooklyn Tabernacle, the Mail and ICxpress Huilding, the United Charities I5uilding, 22(1 street and 4th avenue, and the X'anderbill Huilding, Beekman street, now in course of construction, and many others. In 1886 (during the big nine-hour strike of bricklayers), he was one of the most active builders in organizing the Mason Builders' Association. He was elected Secretary of the .Association and has held that position ever since. He is a member of many of the leading social clubs, such as the Man- hattan and Colonial ; he is a life member of the New York .\thletic Club, and belongs to the New York Riding Club. J. HOMER HILDRETH. J. Homer Hildreth, a successful New York lawyer, was born in Lawrence, Mass., November 25, 1847, and comes of old New England and Revolutionary stock. His father — Jairus C. Hildreth — was a well known and highly respected citizen of that Commonwealth, and his mother — Emeline (Watson) Hildreth — was granddaughter of one of the heroes of Bunker Hill. Mr. Hildreth underwent a ])reparat()ry course in the Wesleyan .Academy of Wilbraham, Mass., after which he came to New York from Sjjringfield, his residence, and studied for the bar in the Columbia College Law School, under the late Hon. Theodore W. Dwight. He gradu- ated in the class of 1869 with the degree of B.L., and was at once admitted to the bar. .Among his classmates were such 1 noMI-.R UlLDKHTll. men as Judges Ingraham and Duffy, Francis Lynde Stet- son, .Aqueduct Commissioner Scott, and many others who have since risen to i)rominence in various walks of life. After being admitted to the bar, Mr. Hildreth became active in his profession and gradually gained status at civil law, making a specialty of commercial and real estate liti- gation, for which branches he is thoroughly eipiipped. He has obtained a deserved reputation ft)r energy, ])romptness, a mastery of details, and, above all, for untpies'.ioned integrity, (jualities that achieve success at the bar or else- where. The hackneyed saying. " his word is as good as his bond," ai>plies ))eculiarly to .\lr Hildreth. and is understood by the humblest Sheriff's oMicer as well as the Chief Justice JVEll^ YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 83 on the Ueiich. Mr. Hiklreth is a strong Republican, hut, nevertheless, such is his high character that he has many times been appointed referee, receiver or assignee by Judges opposed to him in politics, and has invariably given satis- faction. In the memorable year of 1882, through party exigencies and altogether against his inclinations, he ac- cepted the nomination for Assemblyman from the 24th District, New York City, but in common with Judge Folger and the whole Republican ticket v/as overwhelmed, in the tidal wave that })laced Grover Cleveland in the Guberna- torial chair by a majority of 192,000. His success in the profession has naturally drawn him into club life, and he is well known as an active and popular member of the Repub- lican Club of the City of New York ; he is also a member of the State Bar Association. He has filled responsible offices in Crescent Lodge, 402, F. & A. M., and in Harlem Lodge, 201, I. O. O. F., of which he is still a member in good standing. He is likewise a charter member of the Dwight Alumni Association of the City of New York ; and officially connected with several Insurance orders throughout the country. HENRY HOLBROOK CURTIS, Ph.B,, M.D. Henry Holbrook Curtis, M.D., one of New York's lead- ing physicians, was born in this city in 1856. His father was the late Wm. E. Curtis, Judge of the Superior Court, who, as one of the historic Committee of Seventy, was in- strumental in breaking up the Tweed Ring. Dr. Curtis was prepared for college at the Cheshire, Conn., Military Academy. Afterwards he went to the Shefheld Scientific School of Yale College, receiving his degree with the class of 1877. After a year in the office of Dr. Francis Bacon he went to Vienna for a year and after- wards to the Medical School of Paris for si.x months. Re- turning in 1879 he com])Ieted his lectures in the Yale Medical School and received his medical diploma. While abroad Dr. Curtis made women's diseases a spe- cialty, but after returning his taste inclined more to throat diseases, which branch he studied under Professors Schroet- ter and Catti. He began the practice of his profession in this city in 1880, dedicating himself chiefly to diseases of the ihroat, ears and nose. In 1887 he visited London and was introduced by the celebrated Dr. Morell Mackenzie to the elite of the jjrofession in the British capital. Dr. Lennox- Browne, of the Central London Throat Hospital, invited Dr. Curtis at this time to operate in his clinic, to which he con- sented and ]jerformed sixteen operations. In a paper read subsecpiently before the British Laryngological and Rhino- logical Association, Dr. Lennox-Browne credited the great interest awakened in diseases of the nose in London to the brilliant demonst; ation of Dr. Curtis in 1887. He is con- sulting laryngologist to the St. John's Riverside and Bayonne City Hospitals. WILLIAM DOMINICK GARRISON. ^Villiam Dominick Garrison was born in tiarrison on the Hudson, on September 10, 1838, and was of Knickerbocker ancestry. The first of the family in this country, about the year 1660, came from Wagennin in the Netherlands, bringing with him a certificate of character, of which subjoined is a true copy : "We l)urgomasters, schehens and Councillors of the City of Wagennin, declare by these presents that there a]:)peared before us Hendrick Glissen and Jordiz Sparers, citizens of this city, at the request of Gerret Gerretsen and Anna Her- manse, his wife, as to their life and conversation, and that they have always been considered and esteemed as pious and honest people, and that no complaint of any evil or dis- orderly conduct has ever reached their ears ; on the con- trary they have always led quiet, pious and honest lives, as it becomes quiet and honest |)ersr)ns. They especially tes- tify that they govern their faniil\' well and bring up their children in the fear of God and in all modesty and respect- ability. "As the above named persons have resolved to remove and proceed to New Netherlands in order to find a greater convenience, they give this attestation on their knowledge of them, having known them intimately and having been in continual intercourse with them f(jr muny years, living in the same neighborhood. "In testimony of the truth we, burgomaster of the city, have caused the great seal of the city to be imi)rinted on this paper. " Done at Wagennin, 27 November, 1660, by the same J. Aguklin." The above named (ierret Gerretson, to whom the honest burgomasters of Wagennin gave such a good character nearly three hundred years ago, settled on Staten island, and from him William Dominick Garrison traced his descent in a direct line as follows : Gerret 's son, also a Gerret Ger- retson, was born about 1680 on Staten Island, his son Johannes on Staten Island in 17 18, Johannes' son, Harry, in New York City in 1760, and the last named son John Garri- son, father of William D.,was born in Garrison, N. Y. (then called Highlands or Phillipstown) in 1796. It is an honor- able pedigree and one of which any gentleman might be proud. For more than a third of a century Mr. Garrison had been an active hotel man. He had been manager of the Grand Union for nearly twenty years. He was a mem- ber of the Old Guard, veteran of the Seventh Regiment, President of the New York State Hotel Men's Association, member of the Sons of the Revolution, a prominent mem- 84 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. her of the Masonic Fraternity, in whicli he luid obtained the Thirty-third Degree and was member of the Sui)reme Coun- cil for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America. Mr. Garrison died on December 2, 1892, at the age of fifiy-four. EDWARD T. H. TAMSEN, Among our most eminent (ierman American citizens of New York is undoubtedly E. T. H. 'I'amsen, linguist, edu- cator, merchant, l)anker and man of affairs generally. Mr. Tamsen was born in Haml)urg, Cjermany, on February 25, status. He has also a banking establishment here, with a branch in Hamburg. It will be seen from the abo\ethat Mr. Tamsen's advance in the field of commerce has been i)henomenally rajjid, but then he is a remarkably bright man, with an all-devouring energy. His status as a public man kept pace with his private career, and before he had been many years in the country we find Mr. Tamsen taking an active interest in the affairs of the city of his adoption. He has taken a decided hand in politics, and though a Democrat he is bitterly opposed to the methods of Tammany Hall, and has 1S49, and, speaking socially, is of gooti family. He received a sound education, and, according to the Oerman fashion, was articled as clerk to a wholesale ])ul)lishing house on leaving college, in a short time becoming its correspondent, a position he was qualified for, owing to his knowledge of Knglish, French and Sjjanish. Having served the legal term in the Prussian Army, and being, therefore, free to leave the country, he did so. and arrived in New Vork in ivas continued by Mr Scribner individually. In 1876, the firm of Sanford & Robinson was di.ssolved upon the election of t'has. F. Sanford to the Superior Court IJeuch, and K. Randolph Robinson, his partner, invited Mr. Scribner to become associated with him. 'I'his offer was acce])ted and the firm name became Robinson i\: Scribner. In 1S82, Osborn P>. liright was admitted to partnership and the business was continued until May ist, 1 890, under liie firm of Robinson, Scribner of tlic I'ort of New N'ork in Sc])tcinlier, 1.S91, met with the unqualified approbation of his party. His work while in this was done quietly and well. His modesty is certainly excejjlional. He was never heard s|)eaking of his services or of himself in any way, being apparently indifferent to the ordinary laudation so sweet to the ear of many less prominent politicians. His ab.'^olute honesty and integrity were never (piestioned, and he possessed the con- fidence of the merchants of the city to the very fullest extent, no matter what political creeds. ALFRED ZUCKER. .Alfred Z.ucker, the architect, was born January 23, 1852, in Freiburg, Silesia, where his father, Julius Zucker, an engineer of note, still resides. After finishing his college education, Mr. Zucker acquired his architectural training in the ])olytechnic schools of Hanover, .Xix-la-Chapelle, and the for the \'i(ksburg and Meridian Railroad. In i87(; his designs for the Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi, offered in competition with others, were adopted, and the trustees authorized by the Legislature commissioned the young architect to carry out his j)lans and have the building com])leted under his superintendence, at Starkville, Miss. This college is at present one of the most flourishing institutions of that character in the South. (Governor J. M. Stone, in his message to the Legislature in January, 1880, commended Mr. Zucker for the able and faithful i)erformance of the work intrusted to him. He was subsecjuently appointed architect in charge of the State buildings. As such he made a very enviable record. His designs marked the beginning of a new and decidedly cred- itable era in the architecture of public buildings of that State. Among others, the East Mississippi State Insane Asylum at Meridian, the Deaf Mutes' Institute at Jackson, ALFRKD ZrCKIiK. Berlin Academy. Upon graduating he was detailed as assistant superintendent to the architect in charge of the construction of the government railroad depot at Hanover, during the years of 1872 and 1873. He came to America in the latter year and at once was engaged by A. B. Mullet, then the supervising architect of the Treasury Department in Washington, D. C. Mr. Zucker remained in the super- vising architect's office until 1874, when he was transferred to the Board of Public Works of the District of Columbia, and placed in charge of the engineer's office to the auditing department during the Congressional investigation into the Capitol improvements under Gov. Alexander Shepard. In 1876 he went to Galveston, Texas, where he associated him- self with John Moser, and together they designed and constructed the Galveston Cotton Exchange building. He opened a branch office in Vicksburg, Miss., not long there- after, and was subsequently apjjointed consulting architect the court-houses at Meridian and Corinth were designed by Mr. Zucker. In December, 1882, he went to Europe with his family to regain his health, which began to fail in consequence of his incessant activity. After an extensive tour of observation and study he returned to America in August, 1883. On coming to New York he associated himself in business with the late Henry Fernbach, who died in November of the same year. Mr. Zucker has continued his practice in New York ever since and stands to-day in the front rank of our leading architects. Of the many monuments to his genius we count the Progress Club, cor- ner Fifth Avenue and 63d Street, one of the show^ places of New York. He also designed and erected the Rouss Build- ing, the Cossitt Building on lower Broadway, the Hotel Majestic, the Geraldine, the Decker Building on Union Stjuare, and the ])alatial residences of lulward Lauterbach and Leopold Weissman. He was married in 1880 to Miss 88 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Jean N. Brooke, of an old Southern family prominently identified with tiie history of Mississipin. They have one child, a charming daughter. Alfred Zuckcr is numbered among the best known rep- resentative Germans of New York. He is a member of the Liederkranz Society, the Progress Club, and is actively in- terested in many other organizations, social and benevolent. ROBERT SEAMAN. Mr. Robert Seaman, the well known manufacturer, was born in the village of Catskill, this State, and educated in the public schools there. His father, Williams Seaman, a native of Jericho, L. 1., was descended from old English Quaker stock that settled in that section in the seventeenth century. It is even to this day a Quaker settlement and Mr. Seaman possesses all the characteristics of a denomina- tion famous for its good citizenship, law abiding qualities and virtues almost jjeculiar to themselves, among them being caution, economy and Christian charity. He came to this city in 1843, being then a lad of eighteen and was at once employed as clerk by Charles F. Park, of the firm of Park, Smith Bruce, wholesale grocers on West Street. After a year the firm was dissolved, Smith and Bruce retired and ROBERT SEAM.\N. the new firm of Park i!v Seaman was established, the subject of our sketch being the junior i)artner. He was evidently progressing, 'i'his was in 1845, from which time the house advanced and was prosperous until 1866, when Mr. Park died, and business was carried on by Robert Seaman alone until 1870, when he took in several of his clerks as partners and the firm continued as Robert Seaman &: Co., until 1885. This year Mr. Seaman withdrew from active interest in the concern, though still retaining a sjjecial interest. In 1869, while still in the grocery business he formed a partnershij) with H. W. Shei)pard for the manufacture of milk can sto< k, and vessels of that kind, for the transjjortation of milk, by rail as well as from farm houses to the cheese fac tory. They started at 5 i 1 )ey Street and the business grew to such' volume that they established a factory of their own in Greenpoint, L. I. Mr. Shei)pard's health being delicate from the start the management rested largely with Mr. Seaman, and on the retirement of that gentleman a few years ago, his death soon following, Mr. Seaman assumed entire control and full l)roprietorship in what is looked upon as a very large and constantly growing manufacturing industry. Though he has now been living and doing business in New York City for nearly half a century, he has never forgotten his native vil- lage of Catskill, but has visited the old homestead every Saturday during the summer months, returning to the city on Monday, as well as any short vacation he could steal from his business. Mr. Seaman is the oldest director of the Merchants' Exchange liank, and is also director of the Irving Savings Bank. WILLIAM M. K. OLCOTT. Among the rising lawyers of this city is William M. K. Olcott, member of the firm of Olcott &: Olcott. Of the Olcotts there are four brothers in this city, all young men of fine physique and of intellectual attainments, and all of whom have succeeded in business to a marked degree. William M. K. Olcott, subject of this sketch, was born in this city on August 27, 1862, educated in the famous Gram- mar School No. 35, was graduated in 1881 from the College of the City of New York with classic honors, then from Columbia College Law School, and was admitted to the bar with special honorable mention, by Presiding Justice Noah Davis, in October, 1883. He practised law alone until May I, 1891, when, with his brother, J. Van Vechten, he formed the firm of Olcott & Olcott. The Olcotts are of English and Dutch stock. John N., their father, was an old New York merchant, who in later years retired from i)usiness and who died in 1887 at an advanced age. He was born in New York City and traced his descent to the Con- neciicut Olcotts of 1630, who were among the first settlers of tliat district. Their mother was a daughter of the Reverend John Knox, for many years senior pastor of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church, in this city. Regarding the legal c.ireer of Wm. M. K. Olcott much can be said in very few words. It has been one of progressive prosperity. The firm do no criminal business, and their practice is confined chiefly to real estate matters and general litigation in the State Courts. They are counsel for a number of corpora- tions and estates, notable among the latter being the Hoff- m in estate, which is valued at many millions. Though attached to his profession Mr. Olcott finds time to con- tribute now and th<'n to general literature. In his college days, and even for some time after, he reported for the New York Jlerald, and since then has written many articles for the N'orth American Rtvieic and other periodicals. He is also interested in politics. He joined the Republican Club in 1884, and was its secretary from 1885 to 1889, since which he has been member of its executive committee. He is a director and the Secretary of the Lawyers' En- gineering and Surveying Company, examining counsel of the Lawyers Title Insurance Company, director of the Bridge- port Land and Improvement Company (a very success- ful corporation), member of the Hudson River Yacht Club, of the Al|)ha Delta Phi Society, the Phi Beta Kajipa. and many other organizations, social, collegiate and political. He was married in December, 1888, to Miss Jessie Ikddwin, daughter of Mr. J. H. Baldwin of New York. FREDERICK J. LEVISEUR, M D. Frederick J. Leviseur was born in Cassel, Germany, on January 25, i860. His father, Dr. S. Leviseur, well known in educational circles as a professor of languages, is still living and is in his eighty-fourth year. His mother, Helene Mosenlhal, was a sister of the Poet Mosenthal, author of NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 89 " Leah the forsaken " and other famous dramas. Young Leviseur began his studies in Cassel, and while there was for a time schoolmate of the present Emperor of Germany. After leaving Cassel he resumed his studies in Bonn and subsequently in Strasbourg, where he served half a year as a volunteer in the army. From Strasbourg he went to Gottingen, where he graduated in 1884, thence to Perlin and served a second mill ary term as volunteer physician. From Berlin Dr. Leviseur, always on search after profes- sional knowledge, proceeded to Vienna and there decided on taking up the study of skin diseases under Professor Kaposi. After spending one year under the instructions of this famous physician he visited the hospitals of Paris, where he continued his studies under the equally celebrated Dr. Resnier. From Paris he went to London and Edinburgh, and finally, after having seen much of the world and learned many of its languages, arrived in this country in August, 1886, and dedicated himself to the treatment of skin diseases exclu- sively. Soon after his advent to this country he was appointed dermatologist to the Randall Island Hospital. Dr. Leviseur is member of the Academy of Medicine, of the County Medical Society, German Medical Society, Metro- l)olitan Medical Society, the Manhattan Medical Society, and the German Liederkranz. He is a frequent contributor to the Medical Record and a paper of his entitled " Electro- lysis in the Treatment of Skin Diseases" has attracted much attention. In the New York J/e'^Z/V^z/ he published an article on "The Prophylaxis of Ringworm of the Scalp and Favus," in which he gave his experience collected while treating, in consultation with Dr. S. Baruch, a large epidemic of these diseases at the N. Y. Juvenile Asylum. In Dr. Fordyce's Journal of Ctitan ous and Geniio-Urinai y Diseases his name appears occasionally over an article of dermatological interest. In the beginning of his career in this country he was assistant to Dr. Bulkley, Dr. Jackson and Dr. Fox. Afterwards he became first assistant in the outdoor department for skin and venereal diseases in the New York Hospital. I'his department was at the time under the care of Prof. R. Taylor, the eminent specialist, who. Dr. Leviseur is proud to say, was his teacher and his friend. JOHN J. TUCKER, John J. Tucker, the successful builder, was born in Shrewsbury, N. J., on February 26, 1828. He was edu- cated in the public schools of New York City, and forty- five years ago became connected with his uncle, Joseph Tucker, in the building and contract line. Upon the death of his uncle in 1852 John J., then quite a young man, succeeded him, and by his ability and character soon ex- tended his lines. He it was that erected the magnificent Tiffany chateau and Villard houses on Madison Avenue, the Lenox Library, the Stevens, Whitney, Cook, Hoyt, Fogg, Downing, Gerry, Sherman and other private mansions on Fifth Avenue. Mr. Tucker was the President of the Na- tional Association of ISuilders for 1890-91, and is President of the Building Trades Club. He is a member of the com- mittee on uniform contract of the National Association, a trustee of the Mechanics' and Traders' Exchange, a mem- ber of the executive, finance and other committees of that body, and has been president of the Mason Builders' Asso- ciation since its organization. He is also a director in the New York Orphan Asylum, a member of the finance com- mittee of the U. S. Life Insurance Co., Vice-President American Employees Liability Insurance Co., an ex-diiector of the Seventh \Vard Bank, and ex-president of the (General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, an institution in which he is greatly interested. He is one of the oldest trus- tees of the Bank for Savings in Bleecker Street, and has held that position for nearly a (juarter of a century. He is chair- man of the Committee on P.onds and Mortgages for that in- stitution, and has devoted much time and attention to fur- thering its interest generally. Mayor Hewitt appointed him an Aqueduct Commissioner in y\ugust, 1888, and in that ofifice he has manifested an ability and courage commanding the adiniration and respect of his confreres in that great en- terprise. Mr. Tucker was married in Belleville, N. J , on A])iil 17, 1856, to Miss Mary A. Si)ear, a daughter of one of the oldest families in New Jersey. His two sons, Edwin and Walter, are associated with him in l)usiness, and display many of the characteristics of their distinguished father. RANDOLPH GUGGENHEIMER. Randolph Guggenheimer, Commissioner of Education, was born at Lynchburg, Va., in 1848, and came to this city in his boyhood. He received his preparatory education in public and private schools, was graduated from the Law School of the University of New York, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He immediately began active pra tice and soon won distinction through his ability and intellectual attainments. Mr. Guggenheimer devoted his attention to a general civil practice, making a specialty of real estate and corporation matters, and now enjoys a wide and influ- ential clientele. Among the many important matters RANDOLPH GUGGENHEIMER. negotiated by his firm was the purchase of the American breweries and other industries for the English syndicate, which transaction involved over sixiy millions of dollars. In 1885 Mr. Guggenheimer admitted to partnership his two brothers, Messrs. Isaac and Samuel Untermeyer, two mem- bers of the bar who have contributed much toward the prominence of the firm. In 1888 Mayor Grace appointed Mr. Guggenheimer member of the Board of Education, and in his capacity of Commissioner he introduced many reforms, amongst others the retention of the German and French languages in the schools ; also changing the admis- sion age of children from five to six years. Another 90 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. measure of his regulated the daily sessions at 9 to 12 a.m. and I to 3 P.M. Mayor Cirant's reappointment of this gentleman to the same position was a deserving mark of recognition for the efficient and comprehensive manner in which he performed the duties pertaining to the office for six years, and the selection was received with general public approbation. Mr. Guggenheimer was married in 1876 to Miss Eliza Katzenherg, and has a family of one daughter and two sons, aged fifteen, fourteen and twelve respectively. His wife's father, Julius Katzenberg, was formerly a mem- ber of the Board of Education, and is a gentleman favor- ably known throughout educational circles. HENRY NEWMAN. Henry Newman, the well known New York merchant, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany. He began his liusi- from 87 Chambers street and 69 Reade street to the corner of Hroadway and Leonard street, then to 391 Broadwav, finally to the present magnificent structure, 628 and 630 Broadway, erected by Mr. Newman in 1882, and known as the " New York Mercantile Exchange." This building takes in a frontage of fifty feet on Broadway, running back to Crosby street, and covering an area of 80,000 squ;ire feet. It is an eight story building, the four lower floors being occupied by the firm of Henry Newman ^- Co. A fine feature of the structure is its lightsomeness. There is not a dark corner or crevice in it- Besides window light, it is lighted by a handsome ventilating skylight fifty feet square placed in the centre of the building, extending from the roof to the basement. The immense stock always kept uj) to date comprises every material used by merchant tailors and dressmakers, from a piece of silesia to the most HENRY NEWM.VN. ness career as a mere youth, in 1850, with the old and solid firm of Bernheimer Brothers, then located on W illiam street, and from tlie first manifested such industry, |)erseverance and fidelity that his promotion was rapid. As he advanced he developed such extraordinary business capacity that in 1863 he was admitted to partnership, and the name of the firm for which he had worked as a boy w;is ( hanged to Bernheimer iV Nev.man. About this time also he married the daughter of his partner and began a domestic life full of unalloyed hapi)iness for both, as well as for the fruit of the auspicious union. The business i)artnershii) was dissolved in 1872, leaving Mr. Newman head of a house which has since grown to be one of the greatest in its line in the United States. The firm moved according to the exigencies of its ever-growing trade brilliant satin, and from " Italian cloth " to the finest serge, rich velvets from Lyons and Crefeld, serges of every con- ceivable variety, and, in fact, the complete assortment of goods foreign and domestic that one of the best equii)|)ed houses in the country can turn out. The trademark of the concern is O A'. As an illustration of the colossal manner in which Mr. Newman does business, it may be stated that at one time he bought the entire stock of the well known house of Hoyt, Sprague iV Co., consisting of four hundred and fifty cases, or one million one hundred and thirteen thousand seven hundred and fifty yards of Italian cloth, at a cost, in round numbers, of S.i75 000. This is business in the aggregate, but in details Mr. Newman is eOHN W. VROOMAN. The Hon. John W. Vrooman, the prominent Republican and man of affairs, like so many men who have become famous and successful, was raised on a farm, and in order to acquire the education that was to equip him for the battle of life, had to surmount extraordinary difficulties. Neverthe- less the Vroomans are among the best families of the State, and though his father was too poor to send him to college he could boast of good descent. John W. was born in the town of German Flats, Herkimer County, N. Y., on March 28, 1844. The Vroomans came over with the first Dutch settlers from Holland, and settling in the fiercely contested 98 A' £11' YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Mohawk Valley, furnished their share of achievements to its bloodstained annals. At the burning of Schenectady, on February 9, 1690, by the Indians, the records show that Bartholemus Vrooman was " kild and burnt, and Barent ye Sonne of Adam Vrooman was taken prisoner and carried to Canada." John W. Vrooman traces his pedigree back to Count Egmont, the famous Flemish General, whose execu- tion by the Spaniards in 1568 led up to the revolt that annihilated Spanish power in the Netherlands. His (Vroo- man's) grandmother was a Casler, and closely related to the brave General Herkimer and other leading families of the Mohawk Valley. What early education he obtained was snatched from adverse circumstances in the intervals of farm labor, but the indomitable spirit of the lad triumphed over all difficuhies, and we find h m teaching as well as studying in the district schools, in order to arrive at the means for a higher education. At the age of eighteen he entered Judge Ezra Graves' office, in Herkimer, as law student, teaching school meanwhile, but when the war broke out (he was then nineteeri) he joined the volunteer Navy of the United States, and he with it he ran 15,000 votes ahead of his ticket. He was Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1892. In a pecuniary sense, the Democratic flood tide which temporarily swamped the Republican jjarty was a benefit to Mr. Vrooman, for it gave him more time to dedicate 10 his private affairs. Before this, however, he was elected Treas- urer of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association of New Vork,'and (Chairman of its Executive Committee (1890). This important position was entirely un ought by him and was a tribute to his ability and integrity which he accepted. Although Mr. Vrooman lives in Herkimer County, his busi- ness and social relations are all in New Vork City, where he is well known and highly respected. He is a Trustee of the Holland Society, and of the New York State Volunteer Fire- men's Home, a member of the Republican Club, the Lotos Club, the Farragut Naval Veteran Association, the Aaron Helmer Post, G. A. R., of Herkimer, and honorary member of the Brooklyn Montauk Club. He is an earnest member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and takes much interest in Sunday-school and V. M. C. A. matters. He is also a JOHN \V. VROOM.AN. and served on board the " Vanderbili " until 1864, when that steamer joined the Norih Atlantic blockading squadron and he as one of her crew took part in the two battles of Fort Fisher. After the war he was honorably discharged, and resuming his law studies, was called to the bar (in 1866) and began taking an active i)art in Re])ul)lican politics. In November, 1S67, he marriecl Anna Ford, of .Mohawk, and in the year following was apj)ointed Chief Clerk to the Surro- gate of Herkimer County, a position he'hekl for ten years, until (1876) he was appointed Deputy Clerk of the Assembly. In 1877 he was Chairman of the Herkimer County delega- tion to the Rochester Convention, and was elected member of the Rei)ublican State Committee, and in 1878 was elected Clerk to the Senate, which post he occujjied with honor until 1878, having been re-elected five consecutive terms. He declined to stand as candidate for the sixth term, where- ui)on the State Senate presented him with a set of resolutions of which any American citizen might be proud. In Sep- tember, i89i,he was nominated for Lieutenant Govemorof the State of New York, and althoughhis |)arty was defeated Mason of high standing and Member of the Iroquois Chajjler, No. 236. Royal Arch Masons, at Ilion, N. Y., of the Utica Commandery, No. 3, Knights Templar, in Utica. WARNER VAN NORDEN. Mr. Warner \'an Norden, President of the Bank of North America, with a national reputation as a financier, was born in this city on July 2. 1841. In his veins flows the blood of the oldest Dutch and Huguenot families in the State. His ancestors on both sides of the house came over when this country was young. The names of their descend- ants since then are written on almost every i)age of New York's early history, while in later times they have taken liroinment positions in both its social and commercial life. On the Huguenot or maternal side Mr. Van Norden conies from .Abraham de la Noy and Jean Monsiner de la Montagnie, French noblemen, who. as their names indicate, held social rank in their native country ere Louis XIV. revoked the Edict of Nantes, which sent the cream of his subjects to find the religious toleration abroad denied NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 99 them at home. Montagnie served under Stuyvesant as Governor of Fort Orange (Albany) and at once became prominent in the affairs of New Amsterdam. The Van Nordens reached this country in 1640, and settled in Petrus Stuyvesant's City. One of the most celebrated progenitors of Mr. Van Norden, through his mother, was, however, the Rev.Dr. Everardus Bogardus,who began to preach in 16^3 in a church within the fort, near where the Battery is now situated. He is often referred to in the history of New Amsterdam, and represented as a man of unyielding principles and remarkable abilities. He was the first Dutch ''Dominie" and Presbyterian minister of New Amsterdam. And here it may be stated, incidentally, that Mr. Van Norden, his descendant, the subject of this sketch, is also an active Pres- byterian, and was for many years President of the Presby- terian Union of New York City. As descendant of this Dr. Bogardus he is one of the Aneke Jans heirs, who have been for years engaged in the famous suit for the ownership of the vast Trinity Church property, and it is also as his descendant, as well of the Van Nordens, that he is related by blood or marriage to such prominent Knickerbocker families as the Van Nests, the Roomes, Kips, Kiersteds, Waldrons and Vermilyes. He is great-grandson of Adriance Hoghland, who in his time owned all the land now occupied by Riverside Park, long known as the De Kay Farm. Mr. Van Norden, while a mere youth, was placed in charge of the New Orleans branch of a New York com- mercial house, and soon after went into business on his own account. He was a very steady young man, a Christian in the most practical sense, used neither liquor nor tobacco, was possessed of great force of character and executive ability, and he succeeded from the start. He was elected president of a bank in the Crescent City, and inducements were held out for him to remain, but seeing in the Metropolis wider scope for his talents he returned hither in 1876 and engaged in private banking, railroading and other financial enterprises. In January, 1891, he was elected President of thfe Bank of North America, one of the most solid institu- tions in the city and country. He is besides connected in a prominent way with many other monetary concerns, is director of the Home Insurance Company, the Holland Trust Company, the American Savings Bank, a Wisconsin banking house, the Mobile and Ohio Railroad Company, President of the South Yuba Water Company, is member of the Chamber of Commerce, Vice-President of the Holland Society and member of the Metropolitan and Lawyers* Clubs. As already stated, Mr. Van Norden is a practical Chris- tian who takes a keen and active interest in religious work. He is a trustee both of his Presbytery and Synod, and one of the foremost of ruling elders. He has frequently served in the Judicatories and is member of the Committee on Church Extension. He is likewise a member of the Board of For- eign Missions, a Director of the American Tract Society, of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and Trustee of Elmira College. Personally, Mr. Van Norden is a man of splendid phy- sique and fine constitution. He is a great traveller, a lover of art and literature, and, as may be seen by his home, which is adorned with paintings, sculptures and contains a hand- some library, is a man of cultivated tastes. Socially, he and his family move in the very highest circles. ALFRED TAYLOR. Among the successful lawyers of this city is Alfred Taylor, A.M., LL.B. He was born in Marlton, N. J., on September 1 1, 1848. and is descended from English ancestors of the early Colonial tim.es, belonging to the denomination of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. His father, Samuel Taylor, was in his day one of the most distinguished citi/ens of New Jersey, and served three terms as a member of the State Legislature. He was a strong Repul)lican in i)olitics. Alfred Taylor, after a training in common schools, at an early age, entered Bucknell University, located at Lewisl)urg, Pa. Hard ap|)lication kept him in the front rank. In the literary societies, as a graceful, convincing speaker, a strong, ready debater, a keen, pleasant wit, merciless in onslaught, yet generous and kind withal, he showed those qualities which have wrought for him the great success of his after life. He graduated with high honors, is a member of the Alumni Association and was two years its President. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University, and frequently orator before the Alumni at their commencement exercises and annual reunions. He is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and at the Biennial Convention of all the colleges at Washington, in 1890, he was elected its Vice- Grand Consul. After leaving the University (1866), he was principal of the public school in his native village, studying law meanwhile, and in 187 1 graduated from the Law Depart- ment of Columbia College, NewYork,with the degree of LL.B. ALFRED TAVLOR. Admitted to the bar the same year, Mr. Taylor at once entered on the practice of his profession, and by sheer force of ability pushed his way upward. In 1878 he was appointed counsel to the Bank Superintendent in this city, and in 1880 formed a copartnership with Mr. Frederick S. Parker, and the firm under the name of Taylor &: Parker, with offices at Broad and Wall Streets, do a large and ever increasing busi- ness, having among their clients many banks and great corporations, as well as private individuals, not only in New York, but in various parts of the country. He has been engaged in many important cases, not only in the highest courts of this State, but also in the Supreme Court of the United States, to which he was admitted topracticein 1883, and in the Courts of New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. He is well known as an organizer of successful financial enterprises, and in fact, though admittedly an able lawyer, he is a capable business man as well, as is fully illustrated by his career. He is also a polished orator, JVEll^ YORK, THE METROPOLIS. is a |)roininent Mason, and lo\ cs to trav el for relaxation from arduous labors. He has been in nearly every State of the Union, and sojourned in Europe, British America and Alaska. Mr. Taylor is a memLer of the Lotos Club, Union League Club, one of the General Committee of the Baptist Congress, and many other social and political organizations. A thorough student of the law, a graceful s])eaker, clear in analysis, forceful in argument, he has won high position at the bar. THEODORE P. HOWELL. Among wiiat may be termed the great firms of New V'ork is that of T. P. Howell & Co., the wholesale leather dealers, the largest firm of that character in the United States, ])erhaps in the world. Theodore Pike Howell, the founder of the house, was l)orn at Luccasunna Plains, Morris County, N. J., January 6, 1819. His father was Jacob Drake Howell, of the LTnited States Army, who died in 1826. The Howells, as indicated by the name, come from Welsh ancestry. The originator of the name was Ynyr Aj) Howell, a prince or chief of that j^rincipality, who flourished in the tvv'elfth century, and is mentioned in Welsh annals of the time (A. 1). 1 150) as Ynyr O'lal, from his possessions in the T. p. I :< i\\ 1:1.1.. territory of Vale. The first of the family to settle in this country was Kclward Howell, who owned 500 acres of land in Lyme, Conn., in 1609, but removed subsecpiently to I ,ong Island, and sellied on the "Connecticut Farms." Mr. Howell, subject of this sketch, was educated in the i)rivate academy of the Rev. Stephen R. Grover, of Caldwell, N. J., and after completing his education entered the em|)Ioy of Smith iV Wright, harnessmakcr.s, of Newark, N. J., and afterwards the establishment of his uncle, S. M. Howell, where he mastered the details of tanning and currying. His uncle took him into jjartnership in 1840, and the firm was known under the style of S. M. iV T. P. Howell. In 1846 their i)reniises were destroyed by fire, and immediately after they erected extensive buildings on five acres of land they had purchased outside the city. Soon after Mr. S. M. Howell died, and T. W. Dawson was received into the firm, which in 1855 was organized as a stock company, with T. P. Howell as President. Henceforth the trade of the firm grew to such an extent that they were compelled to erect their present immense works in Middletown, N. Y. Origin- ally a Whig, Mr. Howell joined the Rei)ublicans when that party was called into existence. He ran as the first Repub- lican candidate for Mayor of Newark in 1856, but with his party suffered defeat. Mr. Howell was physically a man of splendid presence, and morally of high character. Henry Clay Howell, his eldest son, and present head of the firm, was born in Newark on October 10, 1845. He was edu- cated in the Newark and Bloomfield academies, and entered his father's employ in i86i. In 1865 he was admitted to partnership, and assumed charge of the New York sales department. When the elder Mr. Howell died, in 1878, Henry Clay Howell, with his brother Samuel C, took charge, and established agencies in every important indus- trial centre in the world. Samuel C. Howell has charge of the manufacturing department, and spares no pains to uphold the standard of the house, and to improve ui)on it when i)ossible by the employment of the most skilful hands and the introduction of the most improved machinery money can buy. NORMAN L. MUNRO. With the New York Ledger and New York Weekly enjoying a ]jrosperous existence as serial story papers and an immense circulation the man was rash who would enter the lists to compete with them for public favor, even were he a millionaire capable of advertising as extensively as he jileased and paying the highest i)rices in the market to the l)est authors. What, then, shall we say of a ])oor man, a young man, without friends or backers, entering the lists ? .\nd yet there was such an audacious individual and h-s name is Norman L. Munro, and what is more he succeeded and his Family Story -Taper and other ])ublications are now known all over the civilized world. Surely such a man as that deserves space in this history of celebrities. Norman I,. Munro was born in 1843, in the small town of Millbiook, Pictou C'ounty, Nova Scotia. Like many others wl;o have achieved fame and fortune in New York he comes of sturdy farmer's stock. Arrived in this city at the age of twenty- live he possessed little besides a sjjlendid constitution, indomitable energy, a good character and untiring ])erseve- rance. But these were enough. His first em|)loyment was obtained in a publishing house in a very subor- dinate capacity, but he ke))t his bright brains working and his eyes open and learned the details of the business thoroughly. He saw his employer growing rich day by day, and resolving that he too should be a publi.sher he saved what he could from a small salary as the cai)ital to begin business on. Keeping his ultimate object in view, but saying nothing about it to even his friends, lest they might laugh at him, he worked unceasingly, storing his mind with the practical details of every dejjart- ment for future use. By rigid economy and the strictest self denial he saved a sum of money which a|)])eared in his eyes, at tlie time, a sufficient capital to start on, but which to-day would probably not ])ay the cost of the postage stamps he uses for a single mail. .\t length the time came when he informed his emjjloyer he could serve him no longer, as he was about to start out on his "own hook" in the ])ub- lishing business. And so Norman L, Munro went out of his employer's office, walked downtown to the dingy, narrow, cramped building. No. 169 \\'illiam Street, and there launched the /uvnily Story Paper. But the dingy building was not the worst of it. The times were out of joint. It was in September, 1873, when Wall Street was in NEW YORK, THE METROrOLIS. lOl a panic and the Stock Exchange a howling bedlam, when men got up in the morning millionaires and went to bed the same night paupers. It was on the very day when the crisis reached its climax that the first number of the New York Family Story Paper was given to the public. The big and prosperous weeklies already in existence either sneered at the venture or treated it with silent contempt, one of them terming it " an insignificant rural sheet." But Mr. Munro was not troubled about this. He sent out his paper on its merit, and the people, who are the supreme judges of merit, took to it and it increased in circulation, at first slowly, then more rapidly, all the time cutting into its rivals, until now it prints 400,000 copies a week to supply an ever in- creasing demand, and has added several other weeklies in lighter vein to the great and original Family Story J'afifr. The difficulties that he had to surmount, the obstacles he had to overcome were very great. His growing business obliged him to leave William Street, and occupy 28 and 30 Beekman Street, where he was burned out in February, 1876. We can easily picture Mr. Munro, just as he had turned the corner on the road to prosperity,gazing at his costly manu- script and his plant go up in smoke. It was in this emer- gency that he really showed the materials of which he was made. The editions of his various ])ubiications were ready for distribution by the news companies when the fire broke out and destroyed them. Within an hour after Mr. Munro's arrival on the scene he made up his mind what to do, and giving sharp, decisive orders to his employes standing around him, the labor of replacing the consumed editions was in full operation, and the New York Family Story Paper and his other publications appeared on the stands on time. He moved into 74 Beekman Street after the fire, but that building becoming inadequate Mr. Munro erected the pres- ent magnificent structure on Vandewater Street, which is a fit home for one of the greatest publishing houses in the country. His own office is on the ground floor, where he is accessible to all, unlike many publishers who care not to come in personal contact with authois, artists and people generally who have business in such a concern. In March, 1893, the upper part of the new building was gutted by fire and much damage done, but this time, while some incon\ en- ience was caused, Mr. Munro looked upon the destruction with comparative equanimity, feeling the security that re- sources all but limitless bestow, and though his loss was greater than in 1876 it was merely a trifle under the new and prosperous conditions surrounding him. A man who spends ^T,ooo a day in advertising can afford to look calmly on a fire that destroys only $100,000 worth of his property. And speaking about advertising he does more of it and spends more money in it than, perhaps, any other publisher in the world. Thus in one year (1885) he printed and gave away to each one of the Family Story Paper subscribers 15,600,000 novels, or one for each copy of the year. Nor are the stories thus presented mere productions of the moment. Among those given away are translations of the best works of the younger Dumas, Octave Feuillet and other great authors. And again, every new story in the Family Story Paper is advertised by an eight page sample copy, a facsimile of the paper itself. Mil- lions of such papers are constantly distributed in every city, town and Canada, by a staff of employes kept on the road for that purpose. Mr. Munro himself is a splendid looking man, of fiiie physique, of good intellectual features, tall, com- manding, one who looks like the master of men — ultimately, a man full of energy and resolution. He lives on Fifty- seventh Street, near Fifth Avenue, in a magnificent mansion, he is the owner of the famous yacht " Norwood," built for himself according to his instructions, and he enjoys the wealth and distinction that fortune always bestows on a man of his genius. ROBERT L. DARRAGH. Robert Darragh, the ]>oiHilar and successful builder, was born in New York City, May 26, 1825. He was edu- cated in the ])ul)lic schools of the city, and learned his trade as mason with his father, William Darragh, who was also a well-known builder of his day, and was foreman in the construction of the Spring Garden Water Works when only twenty years of age. In March, 1S48, he entered into jjartnershi]) with Mr. Abram A. Andruss, and the firm of Andruss & Darragh flourished as builders and contractors for seventeen years, when the ]>artnership was dissolved, and Mr. Darragh continued business on his own account. For forty-five years, without any inlerru|jtion, Mr. Darragh has ])ursued his calling. He has always been successful, and a mere catalogue of the very large number of fine buildings he has erected would take up a considerable portion of this work. He has made money, too ; but he is not rich, and he never failed. He has always superintended his own work and taken great pains to budd honestly and well ; and nil over the Metropolis substantial monuments to ROHER T -L. DARR.AGH. his faithful and perfect work will stand for many, many years. For a long time he held a monopoly of Broadway, no other builder obtaining a contract of any note on that street. Mr. Darragh was also the pioneer of high build- ings. His ambition was to go higher than any other com- jjetitor, and when any one succeeded in e(pialling his work he at once sought and obtained a contract for a stdl higher edifice, and he stands the peer to-day in this respect. Among his great works may be mentioned the Tribune Building, the" World Building, the Standard Oil Building, the Telephone Buildings, the United Bank Building, the Boreel Building, Liverpool, London e^' Globe Insurance Building, Female Department House of Refuge, the New York Central Grain Elevators, the Evening Post Building, the Greenwich Savings Hank, the interior of the Stock Ex- change, the Rossmore Hotel, and the great Waldorf Hotel, just comi)leted That he is still active in the work may be judged by the fact that he has just recently commenced the erection of a magnificent "sky scrajier" for the Corn I02 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS Exchange Bank, at the corner of William and Reaver streets ; the very large factory building for the Hoe Press Co., in Columbia street; the "sky scraper'' for the Home Life Insurance Co , on Broadway ; and several other buildings. Mr. Darragh is the oldest builder in active employment in New Vgrk, and his record during the past forty-five years is without a blemish. His work is substantial, and his popularity with all who know him is at the highest attainable point. He is a member of the Builders' Cir.b.but of no other club organization. LEWIS MAY. Among the best known and most highly esteemed citi- zens of New YoTk there are few whose record is more cred- itable than that of Mr. Lewis May. For the i)ast quarter of a century he has been actively engaged in many enter- prises connected with the best interests of the city. He has been prominently engaged in the real estate business and connected with the management of a large number of chari- been solicited to accept public office, but has always de- clined. Among his co-religionists he has a record second to none. He has been chief director and president of that magnificent synagogue, the Temple Emanu-EI, on Fifth Avenue, for the past twenty-nine years. There are few religious institutions whose good works, charitable deeds and liberality shine more conspicuously in practical life than those of the Temple Emanu-EI. In all of these the name of Lewis May is prominent. Of him the learned Dr. Cottl>eil, rabbi of the temple, fittingly said, "During my ministry here Mr. May has been uniformly courteous and considerate in his bearing. He never asked anything to which he was not fully entitled, nor ever refused to do any- thing he could be expected to do. As chief executive officer of this congregation he exercised his power with the utmost moderation. His ways were ways of pleasantness, and all his paths were peace. There has grown up a bond of personal friendship between us which is very precious to me, and which I am confident will last our lifetime." LEWIS MAY. ties. He was a director and treasurer of the Mount Sinai Hospital for nineteen years. He was one of tlie organizers of the Young Men's Hel)rew Association, and its first ])resi- dent. Mr. May was elected a trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company in 1873 and has occupied that position ever since. Referring to his connection with this great financial institution, Mr. Richard McCurdy, its President, says : " He is held in the highest esteem by all his friends, of whom I am glad to count myself one." Mr. May is a director in several railroad companies, has been treasurer of the Twentv-third Street Railroad Com- pany, treasurer of the Iron Steamboat Company, and a director in many other cor|)orations, from all of which he has since retired. As a financier he has had a successful career as head of the banking firm of May & King. He was the assignee f)f the estate of Halstend, Haines & Co., and that of the old banking house of John L Cisco's Sons. Mr. May has often Mr. May was born in the city of Worms, Germany, in 1823, and lost his i)arents when only six years old. He re- ceived his education in the ])ublic schools and in the higher seminary. Coming to this country in 1840, he first found employment as clerk in a country store in Pennsylvania, at a salary of $100 for the first year. He removed with the firm, with which he had become very popular, to Huntsville, Alabama, and received there $2,000 a year. He went into business for himself in 1845 at Shreveport, Louisiana, where he continued to ])rosper until 1850. He then went to Cali- fornia, where he formed a jjartnership and did a very pros- perous business in San Francisco and Portland, Oregon. He came to New York in 185 1 to attend to the buying for the California house. In 1857 he retired from the California business and engaged in the commercial and financial pur- suits in which he has made such an honorable name in this citv. His life has been a model well worthy of imitation by the voung business men of the present generation. Mr. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 103 May married, in 1853, the daughter of Cliarles King of this city. They had no children, but ado))ted three. His wife died in November, 1874. He remained a widower seven years and married again, in 1880, Miss Wolf, of this city, and is now blessed with five lovejy children. GEORGE P. ANDREWS. The Hon. George P. Andrews, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, a distinguished lawyer and upright Judge, was born in North Brighton, Maine, on September 29, 1835. Even when attending the common schools of his native town, he was noted as a very bright scholar, and soon after his entry into Yale College dis- tinguished himself both by his talents and untiring industry. He graduated from Yale in 1858 with the very high honor of being the class orator of the occasion, an honor conferred by the votes of his classmates, and resting upon merit and ability only. After leaving the university he studied law under the Hon. William Pitt Fessenden, then United States Senator, and subsequently Secretary to the Treasury. In 1859, he gravitated to New York, and in the spring of i860 was called to the bar. He was not long in this city when his talents were made manifest to all, and he was appointed Assistant United States District Attorney, and served in that capacity under Theodore Sedgwick, James L. Rosevelt, E. Delafield Smith and Daniel S. Dickenson. After the war he resigned and went in for private practice. The abilities he disjilayed as United States District Attorney had made him famous, and he had no difficulty in obtaining clients of the best class. In 1872 his old chief, Hon. E. Delafield Smith, was appointed Corporation Counsel for New York City, and he at once offered Mr. Andrews the place of As- sistant. It was accepted and he filled the office under Mr. Smith and Mr. Whitney, his successor. On the retirement of Mr. Whitney, Mr. Andrews was appointed Corporation Counsel by Mayor Grace. He showed himself an able, fearless, faithful and viligant public servant, and a reformer in the best sense of the word. The achievement which gained him most credit, and on which he naturally prides himself, was his compelling the National Bank, and the Corporations of the State to pay taxes. One of these cases was carried on appeal to the General Term of the Supreme Court, and another to the Court of Appeals, where they were prepared and argued by Corporation Counsel Andrews with care, consummate tact, legal acumen and rare eloquence. The result was a great victory to the city and a relief to the tax payers. The National and State Banks, by the judgment he obtained, were obliged to pay $3,000,000 in taxes to the city Treasury, and the amount received into the city Treasury ever since from this source has lessened the taxation and the assessed value of real estate. He was elected to the Supreme Court Bench in 1883, since which time his conduct has been that of an ideal judge. He is an unflinching Democrat in politics, but no whis])er of partiality has ever been heard about him or his decisions. WILLIAM J. McKENNA. William J. McKenna, ex-Clerk of the City and County of New York, was born near the village of Gortin, County Tyrone, Ireland, October 2, 1854. At the age of eight years he emigrated with his parents to Canada, settling in Belleville, Hastings County, where they resided for two years. In June, 1865, they removed to the City of New York, where Mr. McKenna has lived ever since. He was educated in the public schools, the College of the City of New York, and the Evening High School. On the 23d of July, 1868. he obtained a situation in the wholesale house of A. T. Stewart & Co., corner of Chambers street and Broadway, where he remained for fourteen years, advancing step by step, until he finally had charge of their ledger. On the retirement of that house from business, in 1882, Mr. McKenna obtained a situation as accountant in the office of H. B. Clartin & Co., the leading wholesale dry goods house in the United States. In the fall of 1886 he was elected by the Tammany Hall Democracy to represent the Sixth Assembly District of New York County in the lower branch of the State Legislature of 1887. He resigned from Claflin's on the night of December 31, 1886, to enter u|jon his legislative duties the next day. He served on the Insurance Committee, and took such an active and intel- ligent part in furthering good and opposing vicious legisla- tion, as to earn the encomium of his associates and of the press, regardless of political affiliations. When the Legis- lature adjourned, on May 26, 1887, he obtained a situation in the counting room of the dry goods house of Butler, Clapp, Wentz & (]o., Nos. 365 and 367 Broadway. In the following November he was re-elected to the State Legis- lature by an increased majority, and resigned his mercan- tile situation to serve in the Assembly of 1888. When the Legislature adjourned, on May 11 of that year, Mr. WILLI.AM. J. McKENNA. McKenna, on the recommendation of Hon. Richard Croker, the leader of the Tammany Hall organization, was ap- pointed to the position of cashier in the Internal Revenue Department of the United States Government. After serving in that capacity for eighteen months, he was trans- ferred to the position of Chief Searcher in the County Clerk's office. On the death of the late County Clerk, Edward F. Reilly, Mr. McKenna succeeded him as the Chairman of the Tammany Hall General Committee of the Sixth Assembly District, and so successful was he in con- ducting the campaign of 1890, that he was apj)ointed chief clerk to Hon. DeLancey Nicoll, when that gentleman entered upon his duties as District Attorney of New York County, on January i, 1891. On November 10, 1891, Mr. McKenna was agreeably surprised to find that, on the recommendation of the leaders of the Tammany Hall organization, he was appointed by Gov. David B. Hill, now United States Senator, to the office of Clerk of the lo4 J\r£lV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. City and County of New York, a position made vacant by the promotion of Hon. Leonard A. (liegerith to a place on the bench of the Court of C'ommon IMeas. His present position is that of Coroner, to which he was appointed by Governor Flower. GOUVERNEUR M. SMITH, M.D. Gouverneur M. Smith, M.D., was born in New York City, and is a physician almost by heredity. His father, Joseph Mather Smith, Nf.D., was born at New Rochelle, N. Y. Removing to New York City, he was for forty years Professor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and held many other public positions of honor and trust. He was eminent in his profession and for his l)ul)lic spirit, widely known as an author in the medical and scientific world and beloved for his estimable character. His grandfather. Dr. Matson Smith, was born in Lyme, Conn., belonging to an old New England family, and settling early in life at New Rochelle, was also distinguished as a physician, and active in promoting the religious welfare of the community. He married a daughter of Dr. Samuel Mather, of Lyme, an officer and also a surgeon in the army of the Revolution. GOUVERNEUR M. SMITH, M.D. Dr. Gouverneur M. Smith, the sul)ject of this sketch, on the maternal side is connected with such old New York families as the Lispenards, Rutgers and Marstons, being a great-great-grent-grandson of (Jolonel Leonard Lispenard, member of the first Colonial and first Provincial Congresses. He graduated from the New York University in the class of 1852, and received the degree of A.M. in 1855. While in college he was a member of the P^ucleian Society, and belongs to the Delta Phi and Phi Beta K.a|)]}a Fraternities. In [855 he graduated at the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons, New York, and in 1856 was ai)|)ointed |)hysi( ian to the Demilt Dispensary. In 1858 he was one of the delegates from the New York Academy of Medi( inc to the meeting of the American Medi- cal Association held at W ashington, and subsccjuently rejire- senled the' Academy in the Me(li( al Society of this State at Albany. During the Civil War he served gratuitously as a medical officer on board the U. S. Sanitary Commission Transport " Daniel Webster." In December, 1862, he was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., and served until the close of the war. In 1864 he was appointed execu- ^ tive officer in charge of the U. S. A. General Hosjjital, at which he was stationed, during the absence of the Surgeon, U. S. v., in command of the Post. His father died in 1866, and Dr. Smith was selected his successor as one of the attending physicians of the New York Hosjjital, and since 1879 he has been one of its consulting jjhysicians. He has also been one of the attending ])hysicians of Bellevue Hospital, and one of the attending and consulting ])hysicians of the Presbyterian Hospital. From 1875 to 1878 Dr. Smith was Yice-President of the New York Academy of Medicine, and since then, for about fifteen years, one of its Trustees. In 1887 and 1888 he was President of the New York Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. He has written many essays, which have been published in the Transactions of the N'. Y. Academy of Medicine, Medical Record, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, and elsewhere. Of these, his article, " Uses and Derangements of the (Glycogenic Function of the Liver," was reviewed in London as being " admirable and sugges- tive." His essay, " The Epidemics of the Century, and . the Lessons derived from them," was i)ronounced by the American Journal of Medical Philadelphia, to be a " scholarly production." His paper, " Wasted Sunbeams — Unused House-Tops," Medical Record, April 21, 1888, was quoted from and reprinted in various journals and very favorably and widely noticed. He has in a lighter vein written a number of poems, both of a serious and humorous nature, which have appeared in various periodicals. Among the more notable of his humorous verses may be mentioned " Santa Claus' Mistake," publi.shed in J/arper's Monthly, December, 1888 ; '' An International Congress of Microbes at Berlin," which ajjjjeared in ihtt Medical Record, January 10, 1891, and "Santa Claus and the Burglar," published in the Mail and Express, December 22, 1892. Dr. Smith is one of the Board of Managers of the " Society of the Sons of the Revolution," one of the incorporators and treasurer of the " Society of the War of i8i2,"one of the consulting physicians of the St. Nicholas Society, a member of the ("entury and Metropolitan Clubs, and the New York His- torical Society. He is also one of the managers of the New York Association for Imi)roving the Condition of the Poor, and of the New York Institution for the Blind. SPENCER TRASK. New York City has now for so long a period been recognized as the financial centre of the country at large, that more than ])assing interest attached to those houses which not only now occupy a ])rominent i)osition in the financial community, but which have been infiuential in its affairs for many years. This interest is natural, for it is a reasonable assumption that such houses have been no small factor in bringing the Metroi)olis to its present commanding financial ])osition. Among these old established houses is that of S])encer Trask & Co., having for now nearly a ipiarter of a century been successfully guided through the several commercial dei)ressions and many troublous periods that have occurred in that time, to a constantly increasing promi- nent e. The business was founded in 1869 by the senior member. Spencer Trask. In the spring of the following year, .April, 1870, he bet ame a member of the Sto< k Ex- change, when the firm name was Trask & Stone. Later it was changed to Trask vV Francis, and in 1881 the |)resent title was adopted. The asso< iale i)artners now are George Foster Peabody, William lilodget, Edwin M. liulkley. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 105 Charles J. Peabody, and E. P. Merritt (resident in Boston). Mr. C.J. Peal)ody is also a member of the Stock Ivxchange, so that with Mr. Trask's seat the firm has a doidjle repre- sentation in that influential body. The firm has commodious offices at 10 Wall Street, New York City, and at 20 Congress Street, Boston. It also has branch offices at Albany, N. Y., and at Providence, R. I. Private wire connections between each of these offices, as well as to correspondents in Phila- delphia and Chicago, give the firm exceptional facilities for the conduct of its l)usiness. 'J'he house makes a specialty of the negotiations of railroad, municipal, and other desirable bond issues, in addition to which it does a large domestic banking and general brokerage business. Spencer Trask was born in Brooklyn, in 1844. His early education was attained at the Polytechnic Institute of that city ; from thence he went to Princeton College, from which institution he gradu- ated in 1 866. He is now President of the Edison Electric lUuininating Co., of N. Y., and a Director in several important railroad corporations. He is also Chairman of Trustees of New York Teachers' College. His habits are domestic, and he takes great pride in his country home, Yaddo, situated about a mile from the village of Saratoga, on the avenue leading to Saratoga Lake. Here he has about 500 acres, in which there is a chain of small lakes. Winding in and out among these and the surrounding woods there are beautiful drives, which are open to the pubic and are freely made use of by Saratogians and the visitors to this fashion- able watering place. In the fall of 1891 the old house which had been extensively remodelled was burned. A new structure is now about completed, and is undoubtedly one of the finest country residences to be found anywhere. A few years since he gave to the Diocese of Albany a convale- scent home in Saratoga, buying and fitting up a place expressly for this ];urpose. The children are brought from hospitals and elsewhere, and some 100 or more are taken care of each summer. Mention is made of this simply to show that where the object appeals to his better judgment he gives with a liberal hand, though always trying to avoid publicity in such matters. WILLIAM H. SCOTT, M.D Among the men who l)y force of character as much as undoubted professional skill have fought their way into the front rank of New York's i)hysicians is Dr. William H. Scott. Dr. Scott was born in Berkshire county, Mass., and was educated in the schools of New England. Without wealth or influential friends and left to his own resources at an early age, he looked around him for an avocation and notwithstanding the numerous obstacles in his way deter- mined to be a physician. He received a classical training in the Berkshire County Medical College and graduated from that institution in 1862. He first practised his profes- sion in the country and his patients were chiefly sufferers from typhoid fever. An epidemic of that terrible disease was raging at the time in the neighborhood, and the rate of mortality in consequence was appalling. Experts were in doubt as to how the epidemic should be treated, and Dr. Scott, though doing all he could, and being intensely in sympathy with the sufferers, was baffled like others. He came to New York and after a course of lectures and stud- ies in the Homcropathic College he was still undecided as to how the epidemic should be met with successful results. Returning, he resolved to treat typhoid fever cases after the manner of the homoeopathic school, of which he had by this time become an enthusiastic exponent. The effect was wonderful. In a short time the percentage of deaths fell from eighty to ten per cent, and the scourge was soon stamped out altogether. Two years later Dr. Scott associ- ated himself with Dr. J. G. Baldwin, and since then has become a leading representative of tiie new school of medi- cine. For six or seven years he has been visiting jjhysician to the Ward's Island I lomcropathic Hosi)ital,he is a member * of the American Institute of I Iomremen, D. H. Watjen cS: Co, and the second daughter, Lida, is married to William M. Fleitmann, of Fleitmann & Co., New York. The sons are unmarried. The eldest, Arthur P. Heinze, is a well-known practising lawyer, Otto C. Heinze is his father's successor in business, and F. Augustus Heinze resides in Butte, Mont., where he is the manager of the large smelting works of the Montana Ore Purchasing Co. It may be stated incidentally that both Mr. Heinze's brothers occu])y leading positions in Germany. As may be seen in the "Encyclopedia of Science," the elder, Rudolph, is a professor of law in the celebrated Heidelberg L'niversity, while the younger, Max, is professor of philosophy in the equally celebrated Uni- versity of Leipsic. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. "3 114 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. JOHN J. GORMAN. John J. Gorman was born in New York City, on the stli of October, 1828. He was educated at Public School No. 3, in Hudson Street. A typical New Yorker and popular among his associates, at an early age he became identified with the Volunteer Fire Department, then the city's only protection against conflagration, and soon became promi- nent as one of its most daring and devoted members. On May 12th, 1859, Mr. Gorman was elected a Fire Commis- sioner, and on the expiration of his first term of office in 1863 he was unanimously re-elected. During the two years next following, he served as President of the Board. For nineteen years he continued Trustee of the Widows' and Orphans' Fund, and was finally elected President of that benevolent institution. In 1877 Mr. Gorman was api)ointed a Commissioner in the present fire department, and on August loth, 1 88 1, he was chosen President of the Board, which position he continued to fill to the entire satisfaction of the public, until his appointment as Police Justice on November 13, 1883. There is no citizen to whom greater. JOHN J. GORMAN. if equal, credit is due for the perfection of our fire service in the discipline of the uniformed force in de])artniental management and in perfection of apparatus, "'(hice a fire- man always a fireman," is often said of the old time fire volunteers who did such noble work for the protection of life and property, impelled only by a spirit of bravery and devotion to the public welfare. Even now Sheriff (iorman takes the same keen and critical interest in the fire service as when he was actively connected with it as " fire laddie," Chief Commissioner and Departmental Head. In business life Mr. Gorman was long an indefatigable and successful worker. During many years he was extensively engaged in the manufacture of metallic ])ackages, a business at which he accumulated a comfortable fortune. His investments in real estate have grown from small beginnings to great dimensions, and he has reaped large gains by anticipating the march of the city's growth and avoiding merely s|)e( u- lative ventures. John J. Gorman bei ame interested in l)oliti( al affairs as soon as he attained his majority. Always a Democrat he spared no honorable effort to ])romote his party's success. When Samuel J. Tilden entered upon the reorganization of Tammany Hall, Mr. (iorman was one of his most active lieutenants, in co-operation with such men as Charles O'Conor, August Belmont, John Kelly, Abram S. ^ Hewitt, and Augustus Schell. For many years he was Treasurer of the General Committee of Tammany. In the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, he has been a Sachem since 1877, and he is now Father of the Council, ?. presiding offit:er of the Board of Sachems. From 1883 to 1 89 1 Police Justice (iorman was regarded universally as a model magistrate. Patient in hearing cases, he was i>rompt in his decisions, and the thought of influencing his magis- terial action by political or personal favor never entered into the mind of any one. In November, 1890, he was elected Sheriff of the County of New York, as a nominee of the Tammany Democracy. This great office was nevermore systematically organized or more satisfactorily conducted. With the success of Sheriff Gorman in business and official life, the absolute sim|)licity and rectitude of his private career have much to do. He is a model citizen in all his relations to household, church and political, financial and benevolent institutions. Abstemious in habit, regular in hours of rest as well as of duty, always cool but incessantly active, he enjoys, in the maturity of his ])owers, health and strength that younger men envy. As a Mason the career of John J. Gorman is truly illustrous. Joining the Order in Hope Lodge, 244, on January, 1854, he passed through various grades of Masonic honor, and became Master of the Lodge in 1858. Exalted to the Royal Arch, November 20, 1857, knighted in Morton Commandery in the following year, High Priest of Hope Chapter in 1870, he received the 33d degree in the Ancient and Accejjted Rite in 1881, and was chosen Sovereign Grand Commander of that Rite in 1887, and still holds that office. With the Masonic Fair of 1865. and similar undertakings, including the erection of the Masonic rem]jle, he was identified as a leading spirit. As a member of the Masonic Court of Appeals and as Trustee of the Hall and Asylum, he has made a brilliant record. On June the 5th, 1889, he was elected Grand Treasurer of the (irand Lodge, by acclamation, and he has since been annually re- elected to that most responsible trust. To enumerate and describe Sheriff Gorman's Masonic services would require a volume. They are such as might be expected of a man whose life of devotion to duty is so full of deserved honor. THADDEUS J. KEANE, M.D. Thaddeus J. Keane, M.D., one of New York's prominent physicians, was born in the County Kerry, Ireland, in 1S59. His father, John Keane, was a gentleman farmer, and the old family homestead, which is still in existence, is occu- l)ied by the doctor's brother. From his sixth to his six- teenth year he attended the Irish national schools in the Old Country and the public schools of this city. He was brought to this country in 1875, where he continued his studies at St. Francis Xavier's College, West Sixteenth Street, New York City, and subsecjuently at St. Ignatius' College in Chicago, in which city he remained until his nineteenth year. He received his medical training partly in the Rush College, Chicago, and later in the University Medical College, of New York, from which he graduated in 1883. Immediately upon graduating he received an ap- pointment, gained through a competitive examination, to the St. \'incent's Hospital, which position he held for eighteen months. For a short time he was visiting sur- geon to St. Elizabeth's Hos])ital, and is at present visiting surgeon to St. Joseph's Home for the Aged. He is a member of the New \'ork County Medical Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Society, Young Men's Roman Cath- olic Benevolent .Association, the Catholic Club and the NEW YORK, TBI': METROPOLIS. "5 Tammany Clencral Committee of tlie Seventh District. Dr. Keane married in May, 1882, Miss Rose McManiis, daughter of Thomas McManus, of this city, and has four children. JOHN RUSZITS. The man who made, or caused to be made, the first seal skin garment ever manufactured in this country died on Oct. 18, 1890, the acknowledged father of the fur trade in the United States. He was born in Baja, Hungary, in 1816, and his parents being poor he had to begin work at an early age as a furrier's ajjprentice. But he was always ambitious, for he always felt the consciousness of possessing ability, and so, when only twelve years of age he started out for the great city of London to make his fortune, as thousands had started before him. In the British Metropolis he expe- rienced the most grinding poverty. It was some time before he managed to procure work, and meantime, having brought but a small allowance of money with him, he found it very work. At this stage he remembered that lie had a letter of introduction to a Mr. Randall who had lived in London and went to him for advice. "The best you can do," said Mr. Randall, " seeing you are not accpiainted with the way in which business is transacted here in New York, is to obtain a position in some fur house for a year or two before start- ing out for yourself." Mr. Ruszits said it was then too late as he had rented a loft, whereupon Mr. Randall asked him in what way he intended doing business, and was an- swered on a cash basis. "You are away behind the age," said his friend ; " you must work on the credit system, a cash basis will never do." But cash it was, and Mr. Ruszits did succeed and prospered and grew wealthy, as all New York knows, and died with a rejjutation for hon- esty, integrity and fair dealing that any man might be proud of. He struck the keynote of his own character when, at a meeting of furriers held in 1887, he said : " I have had a great many struggles, a great many ups and downs, but with will power and the assistance of the Almighty Creator JOHN Rl'SZITS. easy to economize, and often in after-times, when he was rich enough to purchase a cattle ranch without missing the money, he was prone to dwell on the fact that at this period of his life in London he was often six weeks without tast- ing meat. After a while he secured work, struggling along until he was thirty-five years of age without meeting with much success. He had mastered the details of the fur trade, however, and that in the most thorough manner, and succeeded in sa>ing $2,000 from his earnings. At this time, partly to improve his fortunes, but chiefly to recuper- ate his health by a change of climate, Mr. Ruszits came to New York and put up in the Franklin House. Next morn- ing he put on his Sunday clothes and went looking for work. Going down Maiden Lane he found some lofts to rent and he took thein, paying down $450. He also pur- chased fixtures and thus made a big hole in his savings. This was in August, 185 1, and getting some goods he brought from Europe with him out of bond he went to I achieved what I have achieved by labor, labor, always labor." He was a great worker, and in that and his bright intellect lay the secret of his success. ELBERT ELLERY ANDERSON. Elbert EUery Anderson, the Political Reformer, was born in this city on October 31, 1833. His father was Henry James Anderson, also born in New York, in 1799. He was a man of distinguished attainments in the classics and liter- ature, in the mastery of many languages and in the culture of the higher branches of mathematics. After traveling in Europe, Africa and Asia, from 1843 to 1848, Mr. Anderson returned to America, was graduated from Harvard College, and was called to the bar in T854. From that time to the present day, Mr. Anderson has prac- ticed his profession without interruption. He has had the management of many trusts, and still has, and has been con- spicuous in many causes cdebres. In 1868 he formed a part- ii6 NEiy YOJiK, TJIE AIKTROPOLIS. ncrsliip with Mr. Frederick H. Mun, son of the late Alon P. Man, and the firm of Anderson Man is one of the best known and respected in the city. During the last ten years he has been more particularly engaged in litigation against railroads and in reorganization i)lans. He conducted the liti- gation against Jay Gould, in the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company, for the recovery of interest due on income bond coupons, and the result of the suit was the payment in value of over two millions of dollars to the parties in interest. In the spring of 1862, Mr. Anderson, just after the re- treat of General Banks, in the Shenandoah Valley, went to the front as Major, in the N. Y. State Militia, was cajjtured by the Confederates, under Stonewall Jackson, paroled and returned to his home. In 1871, he engaged actively in the crusade against the Tweed Ring, subsecjuently joined the Tammany Hall organization, and was for fome years its chairman in the nth district. He withdrew from Tammany Hall in 1879, and soon after, with Abram S. Hewitt, Edward ELIiERT ELLERV ANDERSON. Coo])er and William C. Whitney, organized the County Democracy, of whose General Committee he was for several years the chairman. In this connection he helped materi- ally in the rout of Tammany Hall in 1884, and the election to the Mayoralty of William R. Grace over Hugh J. Grant. During the last few years Mr. Anderson has been an able advocate of tariff reform. His opposition to the tariff is based upon a deep conviction that it is unjust in princi|)le and that its effect is to enable favored classes to accumulate vast sums which they do not earn, and are taken from the scanty earnings of the masses. He has never held office, and though on many occasions he received the offer of nomina- tion to the Supreme (,'ourt Bench, he has always declined. He has served as School Trustee, Rajjid Transit Commis- sioner, and, respectively, of land taken for the Croton .Aique- duct and the Klevated Railroad. He was appointecl in 1887, by President Cleveland, a Commissioner to investigate the affairs of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Com- panies, and prepared the majority report of the Commission. The services rendered the Democratic jiarty in general, and President Cleveland in particular, by Mr. .\nderson in the late memorable campaign, are considered of inestima- ble value by Democratic leaders all over the country. He was President of the Reform Club, and Chairman of the » Tariff Reform Committee, and as such played an important l)art in the election. It was chiefly the action of the " Anti- Snappers" that prevented the nomination of Senator Hill, at the Chicago convention, and Mr. Anderson was one of their .organizers and directing s])ir.ts. He is an active man, and always has been, but it is doubtful if in all his career he worked half as hard as he did during the three months pre- ceding the last November election. It was not only that his tactics in bringing about the nomination of Grover Cleve- land were masterly, but he did more than any other man to educate the people all over on tariff reform. In fact Mr. Anderson's name is synonymous with reform. He is its apostle, and as such he will always be known. JULIUS BUNZL. If some bright literary man ever writes a history of the rise and fall of some of New York's leading commercial houses he will have furnished a remarkable and an interest- ing work to the public. Many of the houses began with large capital and have disappeared from the face of trade ; there is not a memory of them left, while others which commenced in the most inconceivably modest fashion have grown into large proportions and descend from sire to son. Though luck often plays a prominent ])art in commerce, it may be stated, as a general rule, that while capital without brains goes to the wall, brains when backed by persever- ance, integrity and method are bound to win. Happy, however, is the firm that have both brains and caj^ilal, and of such is J. Bunzl & Sons, the great tobacco dealers. The founders of the house had a history that is almost unique. Julius Bunzl, for that was his name, was born in Prague, Bohemia. A chemist by profession, he came to this country in 1848 with very little money in his pocket, but with an undaunted resolution. He was unable to find anything to do in his own line, and therefore looked around him for something else, thus illustrating the soundness of the Sjianish ])roverI) which says that if one cannot get what he likes, he must like what he gets. On the voyage out he made the acquaintance of some of his countrymen who were cigar makers, and meeting them in New \'ork one day a short time after he prevailed upon them to teach him the business, which they did, and by this means he eked out a scanty living for a while. A few months later he met Mr. Henry Dormitzer, also a native of Prague ; they clubbed the few dollars they had together and bought a small cigar store on Catharine street. 'That was the beginning of the firm of Bunzl Dormitzer, and now known as J. Bunzl c^- Sons, and esteemed all over the United States. In 1858 the ])artners moved to their present quarters and engaged in the wholesale tobacco trade, and in 1863 sold out half a dozen cigar stores they owned in various parts of the city. Prom that day to this the business of the house has increased and branches have been thrown out until to day it may be considered an American institution. In January, 1884, Mr. Dormitzer retired from the firm with a large fortune, and on July 4, 1887, Mr. Bunzl died, lea\ing his three sons as executors of his estate and heirs to his immense business. The firm buys and packs tobacco in the States of New York, Ohio, Pennsvlvania, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Indiana, \'ermont, New Hamj)- shire and New Jersey, and has warehouses in Lancaster, Maytown and Wrightville, Pa.; Kdgerton and Stoughton, Wis ; Miamisburg, Ohio ; Geimantown. Ohio ; Baldwins- ville, N. v.; Big Flats, N. Y.; Hartford and New Milford, Conn.; South Deerfield, Mass., and Putney, Vt. 'The NEW YORK, THE METJiOJ'OLIS. 117 ii8 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. present firm consists of Mr. Bunzl's sons — Victor, Giistav and Ernest. They were all born in the United States, and received a liberal education in American Colleges. Victor graduated from New Vork College in June, 1877 ; Gustav went through a course in the School of Mines in Columbia College ; Ernest has also the New York College for an Alma Mater. All three are married and the three ladies are natives of New York City. Victor was married on Novem- ber 25, 1890, to Miss Pauline Bookman ; Gustav, on December 17, 1891, to Miss Harriet Kaufman, and Ernest, on November 7, 1888, to Miss Elizabeth C. (ioble. Their mother, Mrs. Julius Bunzl, widow of the founder of the house, is a lady well known for her unostentatious charities. In her good deeds she does not disc riminate, but serves all creeds and nationalities alike, and the same may be said of the younger ladies, who are also well known in high social circles. The store on Water street is one of the oldest in the city. CHARLES F. HOLM. Charles F. Holm, who has an office in the Pulitzer Build- ing, is a hard worker and may be set down as one of New York's most prosperous lawyers. An idea of his business may be gleaned from the statement that he has six assistants constantly emjjloyed, three of them in the profession. Among his clients are such by establishment as the Consumers' Brewing Company of New York, limited. Pain's Protec- tive Company of New York and London, the Butchers' Stock Trust, Koscher Meat and Sausage Company, Eagle Dis- CII.AKLKS r. HOl.M. tillery, MeyerCage Manufacturing Company, and Quintuple Iron Company. He also acts as counsel for the Lawyers' Title Insurance Company of New York. Mr. Holm was born in this city in 1862, and received the rudiments of his education in the public schools. He was sent to Euro])e to complete his studies, and spent seven years in the Ger- man University of Rostock. He graduated from Columbia College and received the degree of LL.B. Mr. Holm is a member of Herman Lodge, and has attained the thirty- second degree in Masonry. ANDREW J. CAMPBELL. Andrew J. Camijbell, one of New York's prominent builders, was born in Newark, N. J., on July 5, 1828. At the age of five he went to live with his grandfather, William Campbell, a farmer near Hackensack, N. J., whose father . served three years in the Federal army of the American Revolution. From ten to fourteen the boy did a man's work on the farm, attending the village school, a mile and a half distant, during the winter months. He came to New York in 1842, being then thirteen years old, and aj)prenticed himself to a builder. At eighteen he began work as a journeyman, and at twenty-two started in business for him- self. In 1856 he was elected Councilman for the Nmth Ward, and was appointed Deputy Tax Commissioner in 1857, which position he held until 1864, when he was appointed Clerk of the Third District Civil Court. In 1870 he was appointed Su|)erintendent of Repairs and Supplies in the Department of Public Works, and was in the fall of 1875 elected member of the Assembly, where he reaped honors and made both friends and enemies by his straight- forward conduct. In 1865 Mr. Campbell, in partnership with W. H. Van Tassel, established his present business of Architectural Iron Works in a small way, and by industry, perseverance and sterling integrity has extended it until it has assumed its large proportions of to-day. The West Side Architectural Iron Works now occupy ten full building lots, from 550 to 560 on the south side and from 553 to 557 on the north side of West Thirty-third Street, all covered with appropriate buildings. Mr. Campbell was President of " The Chelsea " six years and has now resigned. He had the care of that property as special trustee the last five years and made it famous as a family hotel, all the while attending to his own business, and by judicious manage- ment raised it from the brink of failure to its present value, estimated at 81,300,000. He is still a member of the Board of Trustees in charge of the property. In politics he is a Republican and a strong advocate of protection, and though sixty-four years old is in the full vigor of life. JOHN AIKMAN STEWART. John .-\ikman Stewart, President of the United States Trust Com])any, and formerly .Assistant Treasurer of the United States at New York, was born in P'ulton Street, New York, August 22, 1822. His father emigrated from Scotland when (juite young and settled in New York, where for many years he was one of the Assessors for the Twelfth and Sixteenth wards, and subsetpiently Receiver of Taxes. He married June 11, 1817, Mary Aikman, also of Scotch descent, by whom he had six children. The subject of our sketch received his preliminary education in Public School No. 15 in East Twenty-seventh .Street, from whence he en- tered Columbia College and graduated in 1840, after com- pleting the literary and scientific course of instruction in iliat institution. In 1842, being then in his twentieth year, he was ap|)ointed Clerk of the Board of Education, and continued in that position until 1850, when he became .Actual y of the United States Life Insurance Company, which position he resigned in 1853 to accept the office cf Secretary of the United States Trust Company of New \ ork, then just chartered by th^ State Legislature, mainly through the efforts of Mr. Stewart. He continued in the discharge of the duties of that jiosition until pressingly in- vited by President Lincoln and the Hon. Wm. Pitt Pessen- den. Secretary of the Treasury, to become .Assistant Treasurer of the United States at New York in June, 1864. Mr. Stewart had previously declined the office when ten- dered to him by Secretary Chase, but now that the rebellion was at its height, pu])lic confidence wavering, the national credit jeopardized and the Union in i)eril, he, at much i)er- sonal sacrifice, accepted the office. He continued in the Nnw YOBK, THE METROPOLIS. discharge of its then onerous and always exacting and responsible duties with great acceptance to the National Oovernnient until the close of the war, when, u])on the resignation of Mr. Joseph Lawrence, President of the United States Trust Com])any, Mr. Stewart was unani- mously elected to succeed him, and resigned the Assistant Treasurership. For more than a quarter of a century, Mr. Stewart has continued to discharge the duties pertaining to that responsible office most ac(e])tably to the Bojird of Trustees and jjrofitably to the stockholders. Under his management the comijany has developed into the largest trust comj^any on the American Continent, having by far the greatest amount of assets. It is in the front rank of all American fiduciary institutions. Its capital of $2,000,000, surplus of |!S,ooo,ooo, deposits of $40,000,000 and gross assets of !$5o,ooo,ooo render it one of the most important moneyed cor])orations in the world. It has erected at Nos. 45 and 47 Wall Street one of the grandest and most elegant buildings of massive granite in the Romanesque style in this career be has never failed or even faltered in his obligations, has gained and retained the resi)ect of his fellow men and has l)een able to do something towards the im])rovement of their condition. He is prominently identified with many of our leading institutions, being a Director in the Merchants' National B:ink, the Bank of New Amsterdam, the Green- wich Savings Bank, the Equitable Life Assurance Society and the Liverj)ool and London and Globe Insurance Co. He is a Director of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, a Trustee of the John F. Slater P'und, and has been for many years an active Trustee of Princeton College. He is a member of the IJrick Presbyterian Church and one of its Hoard of Trustees. He belongs to the Union League Club and the Metropolitan Club. In early life Mr. Stewart was a Democrat in politics, but on the outbreak of the Civil War he became a warm supporter of President Lincoln's administration, and has ever since advocated and sustained the leading measures of the Republican party, though not an extreme high tariff man. In May, 1845, he married Miss JOHN A. country. The Board of 'I'rustees is a body which rejire- sents to the fullest extent the wealth and stability of the Metropolis. It comjjrises : Daniel D. Lord. Samuel Sloan, James Low, William Walter Pheljjs, 1). Willis James, John A. Stewart, Erastus Corning (Albany). John Harsen Rhoades, Anson Phelps Stokes, C'harles S. Smith, George Bliss, William Libbey, John Crosby Brown, Edward Cooper, W. Baj^ard Cutting, William Rockefeller, U'illiani Waldorf Astor, Alexander E. Orr ( Brooklyn), William H. Macy, Jr., William D. Sloane, (histav H. Schwab, Frank Lyman, George F. Victor, James Stillman. Mr. Stewart's business career has been no less remark- able for his activity than for its unvarying success, and his record for promptness, frankness and spotless integrity is unquestioned and widesi)read. His has been the success which always attends ])ersistent effort guided by tact and ability, but that of which he is prouder than of all other achievements is the fact that during all his distinguished .STEWART. Sarah Youle Johnson, of New York City, who died in 1886, by whom he had five children, two of whom are living. In 1890 he married Mary Olivia, daughter of Francis B. Capron, of Baltimore. CHARLES W. SCHUMANN. There are few men in New York City with a iiistory as in- teresting and replete with reminiscence as that of Charles W. Schumann, who is at once a jeweller, a poet, and, in a certain sense, an artist. His career would fill a good-sized volume. Mr. Schumann was born in a village near Waldorf, the birth place of John Jacob Astor, in the Duchy of Baden, Germany. At that time there was a law — trade law — that in order to obtain in future a license to carry on a business a young man had to be engaged in such business away from home for not less than three years. Mr. Schumann came to this country in 1845. After the Revolution of 184S his jiarents (his father having been born in Baden in 1772) came to New I20 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. York, and both his parents found their resting place in Greenwood Cemetery. C. Schumann's first business en- gagement in this city was with E. D. Eggert, manufacturer of marine chronometers, and one of the first to make and sell the marine chronometers then so well known, whose store was located on John and Pearl streets. After a few years with Mr. P^ggert he was with Mr. Samuel Hammond, the well-known dealer in fine watches, who for years fur- nished the city with the best time-keepers. Mr. Hammond carried on business in the old Merciiants' Exchange, the site of the present Custom House. In 1852 he sailed for California in the clipper ship Ino, which went around Cape Horn in a 116 days' voyage; across the Sierras Nevadas he engaged in the jewelry and watchmaking trade in Nevada City. It is also on record that the first Christ- mas tree ever seen in Nevada County, if not the first in to Mr. Schumann while in the far West, one in the moun- tains, the other in San Francisco, a third son in the East, and in 1886 he started two of his sons in business in this city as " Schumann's Sons," being one of the most extensive and splendidly equipped jewelry stores to be seen any- where, at home or abroad, conducted on the same principles ' as tho.se governing the senior house, making it a specialty of keeping the best. His reliability, and consequently his reputation for integrity in all his dealings stands the high- est, and to that he attributes his great success. He is wealthy and owns considerable parcels of real estate in various parts of the city, and he is a man of public spirit who knows how to distribute money judiciously. A third son is with his father at the old establishment. Mr. Schumann is still ])roud to be a member and Trustee of the Society of (Cal- ifornia Pioneers, residing now in this city. He and Hon. CH.\KI.F,S \V. SCHr.MANN. California, was raised by Mr. and Mrs. Schumann, and, as there were but few children in Nevada City, they had every one of them old enough to sit u]), at their house to enjoy the Christmas festivities. During his sojourning in Cal- ifornia Mr. Schumann formed a friendship and close social relationship with such distinguished men as Hon. Aaron A. Sargent, subsetpiently .American minister to Berlin ; Judge Nyles Searles, and the celebrated John k. Sutter. Mr. Schumann returned to New York in i the ac( iira( v of its examination, and takes all chances of defect of title, by insuring the same against defect from any cause, and will defend at its own expense all actions brought against the title. .\n owner or mortgagee of land who holds the NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 123 company's policy insuring the title can rest traiKpiil, andean reconvey his title or mortgage without delay. 'I'he value of this method of business can be readily seen, and trust com- panies as well as individual ])urchasers refer to this institution before completing investments. The company also loans money on bond and mortgage at current rates of interest, which feature of the business is of steady increase. The ofificers of the company are Andrew L. Soulard, President ; S. \\. Livings' on, Secretary ; William Wagner, Treasurer ; W. R. Thomi)son, (General Manager; diaries Unangst, Counsel ; Hon. Noah Davis, Advisory Counsel. The Directors are Ceorge W. Quintard, William Steinway, John Straiton, Jere Johnson, Jr., Felix Camjibell, Silas B. Dutcher, Geo. C. Claussen, John A. lieyer, R. Carman Combes, James Fellows, Charles Unangst, William Wagner, F. H. Living- ston, W'. R. Thompson, Jose])h F. lilaut, Andrew L. Soulard. JOHN M. CARRERE, JR. Mr. John M. Carrere, the senior partner in (lie architec- tural firm of Carrere & Hastings, was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on November 9, 1858. His father, a native of J5altimore, and of French descent, was exclusively engaged in business in Rio for thirty years ; his mother is of Scottish ancestry, connected with the distinguished Maxwell family. When fourteen years of age young Carrere was sent to Europe to be educated and trained to the profession of an architect. He spent four years at school in Switzer- land, and then went to Paris, where he remained six years. He took full advantage of those years in the French Capital, and, as a consequence, has to-day no superior and very few equals in America in the line of decorative archi- tecture. Mr. Carrere spent four years of his Parisian life in r Ecole des Beaux Arts, from which he graduated in 1882. On his arrival in Paris he had entered the studio of M. Ruprich Robert, Inspector General of Historical Monu- ments for the French Government, and studied under him for two years. Acting upon Mr. Robert's advice, he entered the studio of M. Laisue, remained with him two months, and was then transferred to the office of M. Leon Gimain. M. (iimain is a member of the French Institute, and all three of the professors mentioned are among the famous French architects of the present day. Coming to New York in 1882, master of a noble profession and speaking many languages, he entered the offices of McKim, Meads & White, with whom he remained three years, and then formed a partnership with Mr. Hastings, a fellow student of his in the School of Fine Arts in Paris. They began business in 57 Broadway, and soon after starting received an order to build the Ponce de Leon Hotel. This was a great enter- prise for such young men, but they were etpial to the occasion, and when it was com])leted their rejiutation was established. It is doubtful if ever before such an oppor- t inity was presented to such young architects or availed of to more brilliant advantage. The firm are the architects of the Mail and Express building on Broadway, among many other structures of prominence in the city. Mr. Carrere is a member of the American Institute of Architects and of the Players' Club. He married, six years ago. Miss Marion Dell, daughter of Colonel Charles L. Dell, of Houston, Texas, and resides in Richmond 'I'errace, New Brighton, Staten Island. JOHN HENRY FLAGG. John Henry Flagg, son of Gen Stephen P. and Lucinda (Brown) Flagg, was born at Wilmington, Windham County, Vt., in 1843. He was educated in the public schools of his native town, at the Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass., and by private tutor. His law studies were prosecuted at the Albany Law School and in the office of Flagg & Tyler, that firm being composed of (ien. Stephen P. Flagg, the father of the subject of this sketch, who himself was one of the leading lawyers of Vermont, and Hon. James M. Tyler, now one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Ver- mont. He was admitted to the Vermont bar in Windham County at the September term in 1864 and began practice at Wilmington, subsequently removing to Bennington, where he practiced for a period of four years. At the session of the Legislature of Vermont in 1864 he was elected ("lerk of the House of Representatives, being the youngest ])erson who ever held that office, and was unanimously re-elei ted for the succeeding four years. At the first session of the P"orty-first Congress, con- vening in 1869, he was appointed ])rinci])al clerk of the United States Senate, which office he held through succeed- ing Congresses until the spring of 1878, when he resigned. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1870, and on terminating his connection with the United States Senate resumed his law practice in Washington and New York, giving special attention to international ([ucstions arising under treaties between the JOHN 11. FLAGG. United States and foreign powers and kindred subjects. Mr. Flagg was jjrominent in formulating the earlier legisla- tion of Congress defining the relation of our Government to the Geneva Award fund, and subseipiently prosecuted to a successful termination a large number of claims arising under said treaty. Removing to New York in the year 1880, he has not only continued his ])ractice before the Federal courts and the departments at Washington, but has given much attention to corporate law, receiving a lucrative income therefrom, being steadily employed by various cor- porations prominent throughout the country. He is an accepted authority on the law of parliamentary procedure as well as international law, and has had important foreign as well as domestic clients in this latter branch of practice, to which so few lawyers seem to have given any special attention. He is a member of the Union Le.igue Club of New York City, the Metrojjolitan Club of Washington, a life member of the New England Society of New York, 124 and was one of the promoters of the lirookl) n Society of Vermonters, of which he is a pi eminent member and one of the Executive Committee. Mr. Flagg was married in June, 1889, to L. Peachy, daughter of Frank F. and Marion Jones, of Brooklyn, N. Y. PAUL PRYIBIL, Paul Pryibil, head of a wood-working machinery manu- facturing establishment situated at Nos. 512 to 524 West Forty-first Street, in the city of New York, was born in the German Duchy of Nassau, now belonging to the German Empire, and is one of our busy pioneers of progress and was a welcome immigrant to this country. His father was a schoolmaster and he received a fair education. From an early age, however, he showed great mechanical talent, and it was remarked that all his little savings went for tools. He was a ready customer of the peddlers who visited the villages selling saws, hammers, planes, chisels, farming im- plements, etc., and many were the queer and ingenious things he contrived for the gratification and amusement of his friends. He made sleighs, ladders, walking sticks and garden benches, repaired clocks, etc. His father, see- ing the bent of his mind, apprenticed him to a manufacturer of small machinery, and the boy very soon o])tained a knowledge of the business. As he was very ambitious, he determined to work in a larger shop and selected one of the better class, but farther away from home. In a short time he had so mastered the trade and gained the confidence and esteem of his employer to such an extent that he was appointed assistant foreman ; but this first promotion, while it greatly pleased and encouraged him, did not lessen his ardor. At that time, about 1855, all Europe was filled with wonderful tales of America and American progress in machinery. 'I'he California gold fever brought out a knowl- edge of the country and its resources, which now rivals the East in wealth and empire. Like many others, young Pryibil was filled with admiration for the new coun- try, and longed to share in the remarkable advancement that everybody was talking about. He accordingly con- cluded to emigrate, so, getting his little resources together, he took leave of his family and friends and set out for the New World. Arriving in New York, his start in life was certainly not auspicious. There were comparatively few Germans here at that time, and the chances of a young emigrant not able to .speak English were not encouraging, no matter what his abilities might be. He readily saw that the first and most important thing to do was to learn English in order to get along, and to do this he obtained work in a small machine shop, attended evening school and took private lessons. He went to larger shops outside of New York City, and losing no chance of improving his mind or acquiring a further mastery of his trade, he was soon looked upon as a skilled mechanic, and in the natural course of events he became ambitious to do something on his own account. He returned to New York and began work again in a down- town machine shop. Here he was occasionally called on to get up machines to order, as it was largely a jobbing busi- ness. On more than one occasion he distinguished himself by designing and building certain machines for producing articles that were imported. The manufacturers of these articles in many cases made small fortunes and imi)ortati()ns greatly declined or totally ceased. The esteem of the cus- tomers that he then earned was of value to him later. After starting a small business he found that i)eople for whom he had invented or imjjroved machinery were anxious to have him d(j more work for them. He made a few friends, but they were connected entirely with his business, for he was not, in the ordinary sense of the term, much given to Sociability. .As his customers increased in number, and it became evident that he had an excellent chance of building up a good business, he looked around for a part- ner, and made an alliance with Mr. John First, who was also a practical machinist. As both were diligent, earnest men they got along well together, and the business pros- pered. It was Mr. Pryibil's constant ambition that the firm should be something more than mere jobbing machinists. He sought something for which there was apt to be a steady demand, and resolved to make it so well that it would bring to them a good reputation, with all which that implies. The furniture business in New York City at that time was becoming an important industry, and to a very great extent it was in the hands of (Germans. There was not, however, a manufacturer of wood-working machinery in the city, all of the machines coming from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on most all of them room was left to make improvements. He took im- mediate adxantage of the opening, and began to build moulding machines and band saw machines, which gave fair results. The best band saw machines were imported from France, but they were by no means perfect, as the saw blades were constantly breaking. Mr. Pryibil made valuable improvements which prevented this breakage. He devised an automatic arrangement for regulating the tension on the saw blade, which placed his machine far in advance of any other, and this device, by the way, remains to this day the basis or fundamental principle for the purpose in all band saw machines. He decided not to depend solely on business in the immediate neighborhood, but rather to go out and enlarge his field of oijerations. He therefore made frecjuent trips to the West, and alwavs came back loaded with orders. At the Centennial Exposition, 1876, and other State exjiositions the firm made a remarkable display and carried off most of the highest awards in their class. This success gave them a national reputation, and benefited their business very materially. In 1878 the partnership was dissolved, Mr. First retiring. The firm then had thirty employes and rented a comparatively small shop. The growth of the business since tells its own story of Mr. Pryibil's subsecpient management. He now employs one hundred and fitty men, without the foundry employes, and his floor space has increased tenfold. Continual additions to his ecpiipment have made his facilities as complete as those of any manufacturer in his business. Many of the most useful of his api)liances are of his own invention, however, and the value of his improvements is attested by the fact that in several cases they have been adopted by builders of machinists' tools. Mr. Pryibil has ex])orted considerable machinery to Europe, and in some instances his goods have been j)ur chased by Eurojjean manufacturers with the express pur])ose of substituting ti.em for their own designs. In most all l)rincipal cities in this country his machines may be found in successful operation. While his business is to manu- facture machinery to order, he still maintains his interest in specialties, his favorites being wood-vvorking and brass- working machinery, and appliances for the transmission of power. He manufactures a very large variety of machines in his line — perhaps more than any other house in this country. He has made machinery for every branch of the piano industry, and lately brought out a machine for drill- ing the i)lates, which is exjjected to i)ractically revolution- ize the business. With this machine a boy can produce as much but better work as two skilled mechanics are able to do on the best machine now in use. Many others of his wood-working machines have increased the production and improved the cpiality of certain kinds of ornamental wood work to such an extent, that what was formerly within the reach of only those who were well able to jiay a high price can now be obtained by people of very moderate means. He NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 125 126 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. takes a lively interest in i)assing events and kee])s well informed on current progress in many branches, but the constant progress in modern machine-shop practice recjuires that he who would keep up with it must give to it his undivided attention, and Mr. Pryibil not only aims to move along with the procession, but to keep his place in the front ranks. What he loses in social circles he more than gains in popularity among the scientific and business classes, by whom the e.xtent and solid worth of his attainments are greatly ai)preciated. He is a frequent contributor to the mechanical jjapers. As he is only in his fifty-eighth year, and in possession of a rugged constitution, it would seem that there is still a great future before liim. ORLANDO P. DORMAN. There is no truer type of the deservedly successful New Englander than Orlando P. Dorman, President of the Gil- bert Manufacturing Company. Mr. Dorman's ancestors we-e of two famous New England families. His mother corporated in 1881, was organized for the purpose of intro ducing throughout the United .States and the world the 'i hree Leaf 'i'will dress linings. 'I'he concern, as its capital increased, introduced other articles, fancy dress linings and dress goods, among which the "Fast-Black Dress Goods'^ are perhajis the most famous. Before its sixth year, pur- suing Mr. Dorman's rule of giving to the jjublic goods which they did not have, but had really long needed, the corpora- tion, before its sixth year, ranked as the largest o|)erators in the business. It is now twelve years old and has a surplus of $475,000. Mr. Dorman's great experience as a salesman led him to personally undertake the introduction of his new- fabric. An anecdote of a transaction in West \'irginia illustrates at once his method and his success. .\ Wheeling merchant, to whom Mr. Dorman jjroposed to sell American goods instead of English standard articles, declared that it was impossible that there could be anything in the line as good as " Ferguson Cloth." Mr. Dorman gave the gentle- man five samples and asked him to pick the best. He OKI..\NUO p. DORMAN. was of the stock of the Doanes who came in the second vessel after the Mayflower, while the head of the Dorman family in America disembarked in Boston in 1636. Orlando P. Dorman was born in C'onnecticut in 1828. After receiv- ing an academic education, he began business at Chittentlen's store in Hartford, when nineteen years old. Mr. Hotchkiss at that time became ])roprietor of the establishment. Dor- man's position was that of office boy. He commenced at the foot of the commercial ladder, position he climbed up the ladder he was invited by William H. Lee in New York, which he accepted and became a partner in the firm of Lee, Case & Co. and WiIlian#Hj Lee & Co., and was the foreign buyer until he retired from the business. While on one of his semi-annual business tri])s, he conceived the idea of the " I'hree Leaf Twills," which in si)ite of the sad prophecies of even experienced business men proved a great success. The Gilbert Manufacturing Company, in- From this humble step by ste]) until to take a i)osition selected one, saying, "'i"hat's Ferguson." But it was not, and the goods of the famous English maker i)roved to be those the Wiieeling buyer picked out as the poorest of the lot. Tiiis incident and similar ones firmly establish the superiority of the new American product over all others, and in this way Mr. Dorman contributed in no small degree to the promotion of American manufacturing industry, independent of and superior to that of the Old World. Mr. O. P. Dorman has never held ])ublic office, finding no time to spare from ever-pressing business cares. He is noted for works of charity and benevolence. In 1873, he, Mrs. Dorman and a friend originated and donated about $2,000 to the enter- tainment given at the Academy of Music for the benefit of the Shei)herd's Fold, which Mrs. Vanderbilt pronounced the most successful of its kind ever given in New York. Many of his charities have been undertaken as an officer of the Church of the Heavenly Rest and the Church of the Holy Spirit. In 1850 Mr. Dorman married Miss Taylor, of Hartford, Con- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 127 necticiit. They kave t\v(i < hiltlren, a son and a daughter, the son, who graduated at St. Paul's School at the age of seventeen, being now in business for himself. His home is the mansion at Seventy-sixth Street and West End Avenue, one of the finest in that great residential locality, and there he enjoys the comfort and pleasure well merited by so busy and useful a life. FRANK K. STURGIS. Since 1824, when the office of President of the "New York Stock Exchange first became elective, there have been thirty-three incumbents, including Edward Lyde, the first, and Erank K. Sturgis, who holds the office at the present time. This position, though carrying with it no salary, is looked upon as a high honor and the crowning of a life of succe.ssful financial endeavor. The dutv of ing and ability as a banker and broker, Mr. Sturgis enjoys immense popularity on the street. He is a remarkably hand- some man, genial, accessible, and at all times ready to help, not only his fellow members, but newspapermen and seekers after information generally, and this no matter how busy he may be in his office. That Mr. Sturgis is a very busy man, too, goes without the saying, for his house does an international business and is one of the city's financial institutions. He is (needless to state) thoroughly conversant with the monetary affairs of the country, and has the his- tory of Wall Street, its jianics, crises and general history at his fingers' ends. Since his advent to meml)ership many l)eneficent revolutions have laken place, and he is one of those who have been instrumental in the introduction of the Clearing House, which has simplified business in so marvel- ous a manner and tended to the public security. He FRANK K. s 1 the President is to preside over the deliberations of 1,100 of the most astute financiers in the country, the majority of them wealthy, and all of them representing capital. To do this successfully, the President must possess tact, energy, character and ability. Mr. Sturgis was born in New York City in 1847. He re])resents the highest type of a New York financier, and during a (juarter of a century of active membership in the Exchange he has passed un- scathed and untarnished through its stormy scenes. His first experience in the world of finance was gained as a clerk in the banking house of Capron, Strong & Co., in which he became a partner. This firm was succeeded by that of Work, Strong & Co. He is still a partner in that concern, and has been since he entered the Stock Exchange as a member, on January 12, 1869. Apart from his stand- believes in the Stgck Exchange as an institution that is indispensable, and under all conditions must form a leading factor in the business of this great city. This gives Wall Street a long lease of life. Mr. Sturgis is connected with many clubs and societies, social, benevolent and political. EDWARD P. FOWLER, M D. Dr. Edward Payson Fowler, youngest child of Judge Horace and Mary Fowler, was born in the town of Conhoc- ton, Steuben Cotmty, New York, on the 30th of November, 1834. His grandfather, Eliphalet, entered the army for American Independence as a private soldier and left it with the rank of Major. The family is an old New Eng- land one, in which Dr. Fowler is the eighth lineal descend- ant of Wm. Fowler, who came from Lincoln, England, that 128 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. ancestral home since the twelfth century, and who landed in Massachusetts about the year 1830. After literary stud- ies Dr. Fowler entered the New York Medical College, from which he graduated, taking the first prize in 1855. In addition to his studies in and graduation from the " Old School " of medicine, Dr. Fowler studied the branch known jfs Homoeopathy, which served to convince him that "Schools" were really only fractions of a unit, and that "School" rancors should be forever wiped out and replaced by freedom of investigation and opinion and friendly rivalry. To this end he has given unstinted influence and energy, and he views with great satisfaction the successful nsult in his native State. The " New Code " of 1878 virtually gave freedom to all medical investigation and opinion — Medi- cine emerged from a body of creed into a body of science. Dr. Fowler, having rendered substantial assistance to this end, feels it more honor than any personal aggrandizement could be.. The Doctor is a member of various Medical Societies, amongst others the New York Academy of Medi- cine; the Medical Society of the County of New York; KDVVARU 1'. I'OWLKK, M.D. the New York Neurological Society, etc. He was one of the founders and at one time President of the New York Medico-Chirurgical Society. He served for many years on the staff of the Ward's Island and Hahnemann Hospi- tals, and was connected with various dispensaries. In 1887 he received from the I5oard of Regents of the State of New York an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Medicine, and was also appointed by it as Fxaniiner on Anatomy in the first Board of the New York State Medical E.xaminers for Con- ferring Medical Degrees. He has been a generous con- tributor to medical periodicals ; is the author of several medical works, and the translator of several French and (ierman medical works ; the first work of Charcot's i)ul)- lished in English was translated by iiim. In politics. Dr. Fowler, with a Whig inheritance, has been a life-long Re- publican, and is a member of the Union League Club of New York. He has been many times abroad, spent both in travel and study, and has, ])erha])s, as large a circle of acquaintance in I'Uirojje as in his own country, and his ex- perience in this wise has served to enhance his love and deep appreciation for and of his own native land. PETER J. LAURITZEN. Peter J. Lauritzen was born in Denmark and educated at the Academy and Polytechnic Institute at Copenhagen. He came to this country in May, 1869, and at once received an a])pointment in the office of the supervising architect of » the United States at Washington City. He remained there two years, during which time he worked on the New York and Boston post-offices and became familiar with the re- (piirements of the public buildings of his adopted country. He commenced jjractice for himself in Washington in 187 i, and in 1875 was appointed city architect. During his term of office he built most of the police and fire department buildings and several modern school-houses. Among the successes of his private practice in the Capitol City are the once celebrated mansion of ex-Attorney General Williams, the William Gait mansion, Admiral Stanley's residence, the Fire Insurance building and the Simpson building. From 1875 to 1883 when he removed to New York, Mr. Lauritzen was Consul at Washington for the Danish gov- ernment, and only resigned his position to enter a wider field. Recognizing the growing iinjjortance of fireproof construction he took charge of the Jackson Architectural Iron Works in .\'ew York and managed that extensive estal - lishment successfully for two years, during which period he executed a number of important contracts for structural iron work, among them being the Cohnfeld building, the Mercan- tile Exchange, the Eagle Insurance C'o.'s building and Smith, Gray Co 's iron front store in Broadway, Brooklyn. The successful completion of the latter building led to liis resumption of his practice, and he built the handsome man- sion of Mr. M. F. Smiih on Bedford avenue and the impos- ing and substantial edifice owned and i)artiy occupied by Smith, Gray Co., in Fulton street, Brooklyn, since burned down. Since then he planned and erected the Manhattan Athletic Club house on Madison avenue and Forty-fifth street, New York, and tlie Union League Club house. WILLIAM L. STRONG. ("olonel William L. Strong, President of the Central Na- tional Bank, and a man of wide reputation for financial ability, was born in Ohio, and came to New York, when cpiite a* young man. His first business connection in this city was with ihe drygoods house of L. O. Wilson ^: Com- pany, which like thousands of others throughout the country was wrecked in the financial panic of 1857. Remaining with the house while it was being wound up, Mr. Strong, in 1858. entered the drygoods commission house of Farnham, Dale &: Co., with which he continued until December 31, 1869. when the firm dissolved. January i, 1870, the subject of this sketch organized the firm of W. L. Strong & Co., and succeeded in the business ot the retiring firm. His business history henceforth is a record of continued prosperity. During all the financial storms that have swept the drygoods district since then, the firm has stood like a rock, gaining strength year by year, until to-day none has a higher standing in the commercial world, and no one a more honorable character than William L. Strong, its founder and chief. It is hardly necessary to state that it recjuires a good deal of intelligence, power of organization and executive ability of a high order to found and render permanent a great institution such as that of W. L. Strong & Co., but fortunately Mr. Strong possesses those attributes in an eminent degree and hence his success. He is more widely known, naturally, as President of the Ontral National Bank than in any other connection, his management of which is energetic and at the same time con- servative. It has a cajjital of $2,000,000, and according to its last financial rei)()rt shows suri)his funds and i)rofits bordering ujjon $000,000. Its line of deposits are over $9,000,000, NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. and its resources amount to a!)Out 2,000,000, in- (iuding a sum of $3,000,000 cash in hand. Personally Mr. Strong is a gentleman of fine appearance, dig- nified, urbane, courteous to all with whom he comes in contact, and with his family moved in New York's very highest social circles. He is a member of the Union League Club, and also of the Ohio Society as well as of many kin- dred associations, and is connected in a ])rominent manner with several financial institutions. He is a Republican in politics, but such a fair and impartial one as to have close, warm friends in ail the |)olitical iiarties, and is above every- thing else an American in feeling and sentiment And he carries his impartiality and honorable dealing outside of com- mercial circles and tlie world of finance, and outside of poli- tics, as the history of transactions in which he has on vari- ous occasions been called to arbitrate between labor and became a mcmijL-r i.t the firm of Morrison, I.autcrbach S])ingarn. Upon the death of Mr. Si)ingarn the partner- shij) was dissolved and subsequently the new one of Hoadly, Lauterbach & Johnson was organized. 'I'his firm, composed of the subject of this sketch, Ex-CIovernor Hoadly of Ohio and Edgar M. Johnson of Cincinnati, Wil- liam N. Cohen and Louis Adier, is one of the most success- ful in the < ity and has charge of many most important cases. Mr. l.auterbach is essentially a civil practice lawyer and railway litigation is his forte. He has proven as suc- cessful as a railroad organizer as a lawyer, having been instrumental in reorganizing the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and consolidating the Union and Prooklyn ele- vated roads of Brooklyn into one pros])erous concern, bring- ing order and harmony out of what hitherto had been chaos ami discord. A creation pure and simple of ED\V.\R1) LAUTEKISACH. capital may be brought in evidence, occasions in which he has accomplished the difficult task of giving satisfaction all round. In all such cases his arbitration, as understood before he undertook it, had to be considered final. In fine Mr. William L. Strung is of the timber that builds up great cities and gives reputation and stability to great institutions. EDWARD LAUTERBACH. Edward Lauterbach, one of the prominent corporation lawyers of New York, was born in this city on August 12, 1844. Educated in the College of the City of New York, he was graduated in the class of 1864 from this institution, with honors. He is now Vice-President of his Alma Mater and a member of its Phi Ikta Kappa Society. After leaving college he studied law in the office of Town- send, Dyelt & Morrison, was called to the bar, and in 1S64 his is the Consolidated Telegraph and Electric Sub- way Company, in which as president and counsel he has achieved many legal triumjjhs. He is also counsel for the Third .Vvenue Railroad Company, which he has converted from a horse-power to a cable road. He is director and attorney of the Pacific Mail Steamship Com- pany, in whose behalf he obtained a recognition by the Government of the beneficial effects obtained by the grant- ing of subsidies. He is also connected with, and is counsel for, the proposed elevated railroad in Philadelphia as well as many Southern railroad systems and transportation com- panies. Mr. Lauterbach has been the drafter of numerous general legislative acts, among them being the general law for regulating and governing the operations and liabilities of all the surface car lines throughout the State, by which former unequal laws were abolished. Another successful work NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. of his was the incorporation of the East River ]]ritlge Com- pany, which proposes to construct two more bridges trom Brooklyn to a single point in New York and |)roceed thence across the city by a connecting crossto« n elevated railway to the Hudson River. Among the other qualities besides rare intelligence and a faculty for hard work that have conduced to Mr. Lauterbach's success are oratorical gifts and fine conversa- tional ]K)wers, combined with a most sunny disposition and a never-failing desire to oblige. He has a beautiful, accomplished wife and four children, the eldest, Alfred, having lately taken the degree of K.A. in Columbia College and EL.]), in the New York Law School. JARED GROVER BALDWIN, M.D. Jared G. Baldwin, M.l)., was born in Montrose, Pa., in 1827, but came to New York with his father, Nehemiah, afterwards a well-known manufacturer, in 1836. The lad received as thorough an education as the jniblic schools could afford, and he graduated from the Mechanics' School on Broadway in 1841. His intention at first was to ado])t teaching as a vocation, and for a number of years he taught school in this city. Whilst doing so his readings upon medicine determined him to adopt that as his life work, and with this end in view he entered the medical departm.ent of the University of New York in 1850. After a three years' course he graduated in 1853, and immediately went into active practice, joining that celebrated and successful ])hysician, the late Dr. Alfred JARED GROVER BALDWIN, M.D. Freeman, one of the pioneer homoco])athists of New \'ork, and remaining with him ten years. Thus thoroughly e(piipi)ed by education and experience. Dr. Baldwin started out for himself. His history since then is part of the medical his- tory of New York. Devoting himself assiduously to the welfare of his patients, studying continuously the best and surest methods as laid down by Hahnemann and always (|uick to avail himself of every new discovery or development in mcdi( ine, he soon gathered about him a clientele that is fairly representative of the wealth and refinement of New York. Dr. Baldwin married in 1S54 Susan, the daughter of Jacol) (1. Theall, of this ( ity. i'hey have two sons (twins), Jared G., Jr., and Alfred I'reeman Baldwin. Dr. Baldwin is at present one of the censors of the New York Medical Col- lege and Hospital, a member of the American Institute of HonKx'opathy, also a member of the State and County Homieopathic societies, and one of the original members of the New York Medical Club. He has written a number o^ articles for the different medical journals and is still a close student. His ]jractice is one of the largest and best in the city. HENRY MAURER Was born in Hornbach, Rheinslalz, Germany, on March 19, 1830, and attended school until the age of thirteen, when he went to Paris, France, to learn the trade of cabinet- making with a relative. At the age of eighteen he came to New York, where, finding trade in his line dull, he obtained employment with his uncle, Balthasar Kreischer, a manu- facturer of fire bricks. It need not be inferred from this that he had anything like easy times. On the contrary, he worked very hard for sixty cents a day, but as hard work came natural to Henry Maurer he did not complain, but made himself a thorough master of all the details of the business. By sheer force of merit he was advanced to the position as foreman, a few years later a])pointed bookkee])er, and in 1856, the name of the concern having been changed to Bilthasar Kreischer and Nephew, Henry Maurer was taken in as partner. In 1858 Adam Weber, Mr. Kreischer's son-in-law, was admitted to partnership, and the firm name was changed to Kreischer tS: Co. In 1863 he sold his interest to the senior member of the firm, and with Adam Weber, who did likewise, started the Manhattan Fire Brick Works, in this city, under the firm name of Maurer & Weber. All this time ideas were germinating in Mr. Maurer's mind which, had they not taken practical shajje subsequently, might easily be considered Utopian by the Gradgrins. He had been looking around him for ex])ansion and improvement, and one fine day went to his partner and sold him his interest in the business. Next morning we find this man of ideas in i'erth Amboy, N. J. Adjacent to this town lay the Forbes Estate, a barren piece of land to the ordinary observer, but to the trained eye of Henry Maurer teeming with wealth. It possessed an excellent water front on Woodbridge Creek and the Kill von Kull, and was also in close proximity to both the New Jersey Central and Pennsylvania Railroads, which, without the railroad and water transport facilities, would have been worthless ; the Forbes Estate was a bed of the kind of clay Mr. Maurer wanted for the manufacture of fire brick and fireproofing building materials ; he ])ur- chased the estate, paying cash down, and then, untrammelled by partners or obsolete trade prejudices, he at once began to put this into practical shape. He introduced the newest and most perfect machinery, all of his own make and inven- tion, and made on the premises, worked ceaselessly, and before many years had rolled over possessed the proud consciousness of owning the largest manufactory of its kind in the United States. He was the first to turn out hollow brick, and still takes the lead in its manufacture, though he has many followers and imitators. He was also the first to engage in the manufacture of Clay Roofing tile, which has become a large department of his business, and which are fast superseding all other forms of roof covering, both on account of their durability and firejiroof qualities. His princi|)al business is the manufacture of fire brick, which are considered the best in the world ; clay gas retorts, which he sup])lies to the principal gas works of this country and are recommended as the very best by our most comjietent gas engineers, and of which he makes some 600 to 800 annually, of all sizes and forms; tiles and blocks for use in blast fur- naces, rolling mills, steel works, glass works, chemical works, brass and iron foundries ; and other articles made from fire brick matuial. .\s regards the |)r()ducts of his manufacture, he claims that ihey are beyond ( (jmijetition in quality, and NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 131 his claims arc generally allowed. Some idea of the volume as well as the growth of his business may be conceived when it is stated that in 1881 he turned out about 5,oco tons of fire brick, hollow brick, porous terra cotta, clay gas retorts, French roofing tiles and red or common building brick, and employing in their manufacture some 30 men. In 1891, only ten years later, over 50,000 tons of the same material was manufactured and 350 men employed, forty- two kilns used to burn it, and two engines of 200 horse power each engaged constantly to drive the heavy machinery, and his factories lighted throughout with electric light, the electricity being generated on the premises by a powerful dynamo. The leading architects of New York, Philadelphia, Boston and other great cities use Mr. Maurer's hollow brick, and among the prominent buildings in which they are a component part are the Produce Exchange, Metropolitan Opera House, Potter and Mills Buildings, Western Union, Equitable and Times Buildings, New Delmonico, Gallatin National Bank, and Isabella Home of this city, Dre.xel, Hazeltine, Betz and Keystone Buildings in Philadelphia, and numerous others throughout the United States. In I)rivate buildings in which the hollow brick were used are Cornelius Vanderbilt's house on Fifth Avenue, Henry Vil- lard's house on Madison Avenue, Whitelaw Reid's mansion in White Plains, etc. His products are exported to the most distant parts of the world, including China and South America. Previous to this time the place was a desolate wilderness. He first built factories, enlarged his works from time to time, and as a consequence imported labor, skilled and unskilled. The operatives had to live on the premises and in order to make them comfortable Mr. Maurer spent a great deal of money. He constructed good roads, sidewalks and sewers, laid drains in various places and filled in the salt meadows. He erected a large hotel, of which Captain (ieorge Loeser of New York was placed in charge, a large school house followed, then a church and a beautiful grove, ( The " P2xcelsior Grove"), followed in succession by a water tower of 24,000 gallons capacity, water mains for supplying the dwelling houses and for fire service ])urposes, and so on until gradually from a place with a frame house and two small kilns the beautiful village of Maurer has been envolved, with its Post Office, its music hall, its comfortable working- men's cottages, its electric lights, and in fact everything that the name of a prosperous New Jersey village implies. All this has been accomplished by the genius of one man in the short time of 15 years. And though a New Jersey village, Maurer, if it could be transjjorted by the Geni of Aladdin's lamp to the native Bavaria of its founder, would find itself completely at home. It is essentially German in every particular except the atmosphere, German is spoken on the streets, the German language is taught in the schools, German songs are sung in the music hall, German sermons are preached in the church. It is, in fact, an ideal village. Four years ago he organized a sick benefit association for his emi)loyes under the name of the " Kranken Unterstut- zungs-Yerein Excelsior," and which has in that time paid out over $53,500 in sick and death benefits, thus showing the kindly feeling which he ever entertains toward his em- ployes. It may be stated that Point Forbes, the original name of the place, was changed to Maurer by the people without at all consulting its owner, and is also a railroad station on the Long Branch division of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Personally Mr. Maurer is a prepossessing man, of easy manner and well cut features. He is of medium size and has a constitution that does not recognize hardship. He is to be seen every morning in his New York office, 420 East Twenty-third Street, and in the afternoon in Maurer, N. J., superintending his works, planning improvements, ever having an eye to his business and giving to each and every department his personal supervision. He takes a keen interest in public affairs and especially in education, and was for seven years school trustee in the Seventeenth Ward, New N'ork City. JAMES S. BARRON. The great establishment of James S. Barron & Co., having a reputation as one of the most extensive manu- facturers and exporters of wooden and willow ware as well as rope and cordage in the country, was founded Ajiril 13, 1849. It was originally established at the corner of Wash- ington and Fulton Streets, but in 1851 was removed to 250 Washington Street. In 1852, Mr. Dennis, the senior jjart- ner, Mr. Barron being the company, sold his interest in the concern to Edwin Wainright, and the com|)any became Wainright and liarron, so continuing until 1856, when Mr. Barron sold his interest to Mr. \\'ainright and entered as jjart- ncr the well-known house of A. I). Hopping \: Co., in which he had formerly been clerk. He remained as jjartner until t86o, when he disposed of his interest in the establishment and purchased the entire business and stock of Bradley Brothers, 280 Washington Street, and, taking in Frederick JAMES S. H.XKRON. Bradley as partner, did business until 1S64 under the firm name of Barron Bradley. In 1864 Mr. Barron bought out Mr. Bradley's interest, and the house assumed its i)resent name of James S. Barron \: Co., the "Co." being H. >I. Mod- drell. Mr. Moddrell died in i87oandMr. Barron tookWilliam H., his son, into the firm, where he has continued until the present day. He was in New Orleans in 1862 and witnessed the famous Red River operations. He observed that the expedition was accompanied by a combination of cotton speculators, and concluded they were the moving spirits of the expedition. He was also in New Orleans when Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore gave his first monster concert, at which 4,000 children took part and a hundred pieces of artillery were fired off to swell the anvil chorus. The concert was followed by a grand ball and bancpiet, at which Mr. Barron was present. In fact, Mr. Barron is mellow with reminis- cences of those times. In 1880 the establishment was moved 132 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS to 141 Chambers Street, which it now occii])ies, as well as 145, and No 2 Hudson Street ; and so from small begin- nings the business of the firm has grown and flourished, until at present it reaches from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000 yearly, trades in all States of the Union, and exports to Europe and the South American Republics. Mr. Barron was born in this city in 1825, and though having traveled in many lands — all over the world, in fact — has had his resi- dence always in New York. Mr. Barron is an ex-President of the Excelsior Savings Bank and was one of its incor- porators. He is member of the Chamber of Commerce, of the Board of Trade, and was one of the original starters of the Cheap Transportation Company, on which the present interstate commerce law is based. Messrs. Thurber and Claflin were co-laborers of Mr. Barron in this enterprise. In 1850 he was married to Anna Hopping, who bore him three sons, all of whom arc now associated in business with « him. 'i'hey have inherited their father's business acumen and energy, and bid fair to keep the high standing of the house both for integrity of character, business methods and selling the best goods. Mr. Barron, senior, is still in hand as their instructor and guide. HENRY CLEWS. No man in the world of finance both here and abroad is better or more favorably known than Henry Clews, the great banker and distinguished author. Mr. Clews comes from an old and highly resi)ectal)le English familv, and was born in Staffordshire. .Vt companying his father on a busi- ness trij) to this country when not yet fifteen years of age. young Clews was so fascinated by the eminently i)raclical spirit of ' the American people that he obtained his father's consent to enter mercantile life in the city of New York. Accordingly, a junior clerkship was procured for him in the well-known house of Wilson G. Hunt & Co., extensive importers of woollen goods, where he remained a number of years, rising to a position of responsibility. But his whole ambition was to become a banker. In 1859 the » opportunity came, and he entered Wall Street as a member of the firm of Stone, Clews & Mason. Later a change was made in the firm, and the style became Livetnson, Clews & Co. At the outbreak of the Civil War the newly- ■established house was already upon a firm basi.i and doing a good business. Mr. Clews had the most unbounded faith in the National (iovernment, and, as the sequel jjroved. had the courage of his convictions. Secretary of the Treasury S. V. Chase appointed him agent for the sale of the l)onds issued by the Government to meet the extraordinary ex- penses of the war. At the time these securities were put upon the market many business men regarded them as a very risky investment. Hut Mr. Clews did not for a moment falter in his confidence of the Eederal Govern- ment. He knew the treasury was empty, but he believed in the strength and recu|)erative ])ower of the loyal North, and he put every dollar of his means in the bonds and went largely into debt by borrowing. In 1884 Mr. Clews' firm subscribed to the national loan at the rate of from five to ten millions a day, and Secretary Chase said at this time. '■ Had it not been for Jay Cook and Henry Clews I could never have succeeded in placing the 5-20 loan." The late Duke of Marll)orough, on a recent visit to this country. ])aid Mr. Clews a handsome and well deserved tribute, when he said to a member of the press that he considered Mr. Clews "the brightest, smartest and (juickest man '' he had ever met. To Mr. Clews is due the credit for the origination of. and for putting vigorously into execution, the organization of the famous Committee of Seventy, NEIV YORK, THE xMETROPOLIS. '33 whicli drove the entire l?oss Tweed ring out of offn e to seek refuge as exiles in foreign lands. After the close of the war Mr. Clews directed his attention to the foundation of a distinctively hanking business, retaining, of course, his valuable commission business in Ciovernment bonds and stocks. The extensive revival of railroad interests which immediately followed the termination of hostilities opened a new field for investments, and Mr. Clews for years was the most extensive negotiator of railroad loans in this country or Europe. The present firm of Henry Clews i\: Co. was organized in 1877, the individual members pledging themselves never to take any speculative risks. This con- servative feature of the house, together with the large capital it possesses, cannot but inspire the confidence of the public. The business of the firm is, jjrobably, wider and more varied than that of any other banking house in the United States, or even in the world, employing, as it does, 125 clerks and having an immense clientage. Mr. Clews has always taken the profoundest interest in the politics of the country, especially during the war period, only, how- ever, for the purpose of effecting gocid government, and not from any desire to obtain ofifice. He has twice been tendered the Treasury ])ortfolio and twice the Republican nominations for Mayor of this city. Devotion to the inter- ests of his numerous clientage forced him to decline those honors. His views on public or business affairs as ex- pressed either verbally or by his powerful pen are broad and liberal and are based upon careful study. His book entitled " Twenty-eight Years in Wall Street " is possessed of great literary merit, and has been favorably and generally commented upon. Mr. Clews was for many years treasurer of the American Geographical Society, and of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals at the period when Henry Bergh, its founder, was its president ; was also one of the founders of the Union League Club and has long been a member of the Union Club, and connected with many other leading city institutions. Mr. Greeley, after his nomination, personally proposed to Mr. Clews to make him his Secretary of the Treasury if elected. This offer was declined by Mr. Clews on the ground that he had already commi ted him- self to the campaign for General Grant's re-election, which he labored so arduously to accom]jlish. By General Grant he was afterward offered the Collectorship of the Port of New York, which appointment was subsequently conferred upon General Arthur. Mr. Clews' career has been remaik- ably noteworthy. Many elements have contributed to his success, but it is not ditlficult to perceive that chief among them have been pluck, industry, perseverance and unswerv- ing integrity. Throughout his entire career his word has been as good as his bond. He has not been elated by pros- perity nor cast down by adversity. Good and ill fortune alike have found him with even mind, and in both his friends have clung to him with the utmost tenacity. His character and career are full of instruction to the youth of this country, who are growing up with so many apposite examples before them among the moneyed men of our large cities. PHILIP RHINELANDER. Phili]) Rhintlander, scion of the distinguished German family of that name, was born in Greenfield Hill, Connecti- cut, his father's country place. He belongs to a family fa- mous in the annals of the State which ranks with the first in social eminence in the country. The Rhinelanders were among the^first settlers in the State, Philip Jacob Rhine- lander having come to America in 1685, and settled at New Rochelle. After awhile, however, he came to New York (then New .\msterdam), since which time his descendants in every generation ha\e occupied leading jiositions in busi- ness and s<;( iai life. On his mother's side Philip Rhine- lander is descended from the Crugers, a name e(pially illus- trious in the annals of New York. Mr. Rhinelander, sub- ject of this sketch, joined the Seventh Regiment, N. (i. S. N. Y., when only eighteen years of age, and served in Com- pany K for seven years. He won the Recruiting diamond medal five years in succession, an achievement which, up to that time, was never surpassed by any member of the com- |)any. This handsome medal was given annually by Com- pany K for activity in recruiting, and as there was great rivalry between the members, it required ([uite an amount of labor to win it. Mr. Rhinelander married, when (piite young. Miss .Adelaide Kij), daughter of Dr. Isaac L. Kip, a descendant of that old and distinguished Dutch family from Henry Kype, who came from .Amsterdam, Holland, to New York in 1635. and whose family also held high positions in the State and City of New York, one of whom, Isaac Lewis Kip, Mrs. Philip Rhinelander's great-grandfather, was a law PHII.Il' RHINELANDER. partner of Judge Brockholdst Livingston, and was ap- pointed by Chancellor Livingston Register of the Court of Chancery, which responsible office he held under Chancel- lors Livingston, Lansing and Kent, this marriage thus uniting two of the oldest Knickerbocker families of New York. .After his marriage Mr. Rhinelander travelled ex- tensively in Europe, visiting the different countries and cities, during which time he made a very fine collection of ancient trophies, suits of old armor, pictures and various anticpiities. Philip Rhinelander and his brother, Oakley, are owners of the famous Castle of Schonberg, situated at Oberwesel on the Rhine, and it is here at the old chateau where they pass part of their summers while in Europe. Mr. Rhinelander is a member of the St. Nicholas Society, Sons of the Revolution, Society of the Colonial Wars, New York Historical Society and the New York Bi- ographical ami Geographical Society, the Union and Delta Phi Clubs. 1.35 JOHN JACOB ASTOR. John Jacob Astor, the cider, was born July 17, 1763, in the village of Waldorf, near Heidelberg, in the Grand Duchy of Baden. He was the youngest son of Johann Jacob Astor, a poor peasant, whose father had been in better circumstances. The first years of his life were passed in poverty and priva- tion, and at the age of sixteen he left his father's occupa- tion and joined an elder brother who had settled some years before in London, and who subsetiuently became the, head of the musical instrument warehouse of Astor & Broadwood. He set out on foot for the Rhine, and resting under a tree while still in sight of his native village, formed three resolves, to which he adhered through life — to be honest, to be industrious, and never to gamble. He worked his pas- sage down the Rhine on a timber raft, and on arriving in London received employment at his brother's factory. Here he remained three years, acquiring the English language mitting vigor, and at the end of ten years had diverted the most profitable markets from his competitors, and was at the head of a business branching to Albany, Buffalo, I'lattsburgh and Detroit. Finding that London was abetter market for furs than New York, he chartered a vessel, put his brother- in-law, William Whetten, a ship captain, in command, sold the cargo to great advantage, and returned with Astor & Hroadwood instruments, which from their excellence were held in high reputation. Taught by this experience, he bought ships and engaged in the lucrative China trade, sending vessels round the world on each cruise, carrying furs to England, English manufactures to Canton, and thence returning to New York with tea. His business in- creased immensely, but he superintended all parts of it i)er- sonally and gave attention to the minutest details. His let- ters of instruction to his agents were written with extraordi- nary comprehensiveness and accuracy. It was his maxim : ASTOR HorSIi. and putting by some scanty savings for the time when he should be able to realize the project upon which his thoughts were fixed, of removing to America, where he had a presentiment of attaining great riches. In his later perioritish North- west Company, bade Comcomly dismiss his braves, and hoisted the Union Jack almost before he could be sum- moned to surrender. In this remarkable enterprise Mr. Astor was actuated less by considerations of pecuniary profit than by the zest of a vast design which had gradually developed in his mind, and which aimed at the exploration and civilization of the Pacific coast through the medium of commerce and colonization. The magnitude of his finan- cial relations and the vigor and breadth of his self-trained intellect brought him into fretjuent correspondence upon the establishment and maintenance of Astoria, with the leading .-Xmerican statesmen of the time, but the govern- ment gave no further encouragement or protection than its acquiescence in projects which were evidently to be so greatly to its advantage. At the commencement of the present century Mr. Astor began investing the profits of commercial ven- tures in real estate upon Manhattan Island, whose immense future value he was one of the first to foresee. He bought meadows and farms in the track which the growth of the city would follow, trusting to time to multi- ply their worth. His rise to fortune was due to none of the curious windfalls and favoring chances which are pO|)idarly as.sociated with his early years ; the first half of his life was an arduous struggle, in which adversity and disapijointment only stimulated him to further self-improvement and to a broader and profounder study of the world. 'l"he practical cast of his character and the ijrincii)les of frugality and labor which his experience had instilled madeliim imjjatient of indolence and sham and mendicancy. But he knew the value of wise benefaction, and by his will established the library which bears his name, and which his son and grand- son have augmented till their united gift to the city repre- sents a million and a half of dollars. Mr. Astor was a self educated man, and his desire for useful information was a constant habit of the mind and marked every period of life. He delighted in the society of men of letters and accom- plishment. One of his most intimate friends, dating from the days of their service as Directors of the Bank of the United States, was Albert Gallatin, and his frequent com- panion, and one who at a later period lived with him for several years, was Washington Irving, 'i hrough business relations he was interested in the chief banking institutions of the city, and in 1834, when the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company was robbed by its cashier of its entire surplus, amounting to a (juarter of a million, Mr. Astor saved the company from an inevitable suspension, which in those days meant disgrace, by the gratuitous loan of an amount sufficient to meet its immediate needs. After his retirement from active business in 1822, he made several visits to Europe, residing on the continent in all nearly ten years. He acquired the French language, which he learned to speak and write fluently, was presented at Court of Charles the Tenth, and devoted parts of two winters to the galleries and museums of Italy. The summers abroad were passed at a villa he owned on the lake of (leneva, which he afterwards gave to his son-in-law, Vincent Rumpff, then Minister of the Hanseatic League at Paris. Mr. Astor's last years were s])ent in re])Ose and retirement, in the su])er- \ ision of landed interests and in the society of a small circle of men of attainment. His strongest trait was integrity; iiis |jrivate life was blameless ; his chief pleasure was in the sim|)le recreations of his country home ; by the force of his influence and example he helped to give character to the society of his time. In old age, surrounded by every lux- ury, and looking back across an eventful career, his thoughts revertetl to the home of his boyhood in the humble little village of Waldorf : and by his will he made provision for the establishment there of an asylum for the sick and infirm, which, since its creation in 1854, has alleviated suflering and stood as a memorial of tlie love its founder retained to the last for his German Fatherland. WILLIAM B. ASTOR. William H. Astor, son of John Jacob, and the Astor Library's most munificent ])atron after his father, was born on September 19, 1792. He was educated in the public schools of New York City until he was sixteen, when he was sent to the University of Gottingen, Germany, to complete his studies. He was in that university in 1812-13, and saw Napoleon marshalling his hosts for the invasion of Russia. He also witnessed the uprising of the German people upon learning of his reverses. In 1818 he married Margaret Rebecca, daughter of General John Armstrong, author of the " Newburg Letters," who was in his time U. S. Senator, Secretary of War and United States Minister to France. At the age of twenty-eight Mr. Astor entered his father's counting-house, in which at that time was conducted a mer- cantile business that encircled the globe. From 1820 to 1825 the commercial ventures were reduced and replaced, gradually, by simpler and less hazardous interests. At that ]jerioti what there was of New York fronted the Battery, and Mr. Astor lived there, si)ending the summer months with his family at his father's country seat, near Hell Gate. In those comparatively primitive days life was without the luxuries that wealth, travel, and leisure have now brought into fashion. It was amid the simple habits of the time that Mr. William B. stor's character was formed in abstemious, methodical, self-reliant ways. His youth was unspoiled by the world, and he knew little of either affectation or variety. For out-door exercise he devoted himself to riding on horse- back, and until the age of seventy-five used to walk many miles everyday in rain or shine. Those who knew him only in old age, a man of iron constitution and rugged health, could with difficulty have imagined him in early manhood fond of sport, an expert fencer, taking pleasure in dancing and the society of ladies. Regarding politics with aversion he held aloof from public affairs, but was kind and courtly in manner even to the humblest. Under his management the Astor estate was moulded into a precise and undeviating system. The Astors have never speculated. He never boasted of wealth or spoke about it ; his ruling passion was to faithfully discharge his various duties, and this he fol- lowed with a consistency that neither the weight of respon- sibility nor the burdens of age could alter. After his wife's death, which took place on February 15, 1872, he continued his devotion to business, but lived (juietly with his wife's nephew — Mr. John S. Ainslie — at his house. No. 372 Fifth .Vvenue, sjjending his leisure time reading French and English classic literature. He died on November 24, 1875. When Mr. Astor succeeded to his father's estate in 1848 he was already wealthy. He had been very successful in the fur trade, and was President of the American Fur Company. He had received $500,000 from an uncle and the title to the Astor House property from his father. To the Astor Library he gave $250,000 in cash and $200,000 in books, which, with other bequests, swelled his total donations to that institution to $550,000. He left five children, two NE]V YORK, THE METROPOLIS. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 139 sons, John Jacob and William, antl three daughters, I'.nuly, who married Samuel Ward and died (iiiite young, leaving a daughter, Mattie, who was at once adopted l)y her grand- father as his own daughter, and who married John Win- throp Chanler, Member of C^ongress from New York City ; Aiida, the second daughter, who married John Casey of England, and Laura, who married Franklin Delano of New York. JOHN JACOB ASTOR II. John Jacob Astor, the second of the name, was born in New York, June 10, 1822. His parents were William H. Astor, son of the founder of the family, and Margaret Re- becca, daughter and granddaughter of the Armstrongs of Revolutionary honor. After graduating from C"olumi)ia College he was sent to the University of (lottingen, where, thirty years earlier, his father had studied and formed friendships with the men who were destined to pre])are the mind of Cermany for national unity. When to this had been added the diploma of Harvard Law School and a year's practice with a law firm, he passed, at the age of sordid acfpiisition, but in recognition of the duly the heir owes to the ancestor to maintain and enhance the fortune from which all the honors and advantages and i)leasures of life are directly or indirectly derived. Mr. Astor's natural ([ualities were such as made him responsive to every such appeal. An intuitive love of justice, an honest devotion to the right, a severe satisfaction in the faithful discharge of duty, underlay all the additions of reading and travel and experience. His tastes were simple and with rijjer years the serious ])leasures of his youth continued to delight him. In the ])rime of life he i)0ssessed great vigor, and his favor- ite relaxations were a walk through the woods, or an after- noon in his rowboat, or a long ride on horseback. 'I'his zest for outdoor exercise developed a vivid appreciation of the beauties of rural scenery. He delighted in the blos- soming exjjansion of Spring and in the reveries that Sum- mer fields and fleeting clouds and lengthening shadows suggest ; the tints of Autumn and the sparkling vista of the river and the elotiuent silence of starlight nights spoke to him in a language he grew to understand and to love. Few rich men bear responsibility so wisely or walk twenty-five, to the office of the estate of John Jacob Astor. On the 9th of December, 1846, he mariied Charlotte Augusta C'libbes, whose father had removed from South Carolina at an early age. Their actjuaintance began as children, and was for both a first and lifelong and unwaver- ing attachment. To his wife he owed the example of her own high ideals and the habitual practice of a broad and generous symjjathy with all classes. Her influence sprang from the daily self sacrifice of her life, which was exemj)!!- fied when, after the first federal reverses of the Civil War, she accepted without murmur his determination to serve in the field in the cause of the nation. At the beginning of this century fortunes were easily made in New York, and in many cases were still more (juickly lost. A spendthrift or incompetent son wrecked in a year what the skill of a father had achieved in a lifetime. Hence the elder Astor early associated his son with him in the care of his property, interesting him in its management by a large share of reponsibility and instructing him in those wise principles by which it was to be preserved. And similarly the subject of this sketch was trained by his father, not for so far above the common temptations of wealth. Of a sin- gularly modest and unselfish character, he applied to the tasks and duties imposed by association with benevolent in- stitutions the thoughtful earnestness that men usually give only to their personal affairs. His greatest delight — after the services of the church — was in personally assisting the very poor and in the satisfaction of witnessing their instant relief. " Forasmuch," the Master says, " as ye have done it unto one of the least of these, ye have done it unto Me." Much of Mr. Astor's career was passed in ways withdrawn from general notice, and from his predisposition to retire- ment it might be inferred that he sought rather the associa- tion of familiar places than the companionship of men. The routine of methodical industry and fiduciary service was lightened by frequent visits to Europe, by the constant study of books, and by the social pleasures of a few cher- ished friendships. For forty years he served as a Trustee of the Astor Library, and witnessed its growth from the in- ception of its founder's design to its successive enlarge- ments by his father and by himself. Once only he felt tempted to enter the ])ul)lic service by an offer from I40 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 141 President Hayes, in December, 1879.0!" the mission to Eng- land, a position for which his practical judgment and knowledge of society (jualified him, but whic h an hab- itual modesty bade him decline. Of all his memories of a long and active life, the one to which he reverted with the greatest satisfaction was his service in the field in 1862 with the Army of the Potomac. The remembrance of the patriotic ardor of the troops, of their jubilant confidence in McClellan, of the privations of the bivouac, of the t?.\])o- sures and dangers of the seven days' battles, of the forlorn appearance and redoubtable (jualities of the enemy — all these and many more he cherished with an interest akin to the attachment with which his thoughts ever after followed the officers who iiad been his companions in those stirring and memorable scenes. Beyond the respect of the community WILLIAM WALDORF ASTOR. William Waldorf .Astor. the fourth in line, and at present head of the .\stor family, was born in New York, March 31, 1848. His i)arents were John Jacob Astor II. and Charlotte Augusta (libbes. His education was chiefly directed by tutors, and was com])leted at home by a professor of the (ierman University of Marburg. This early prefiaration was, however, the least imjiortant part of his training, its more valuable portion resulting from the companionship and influences of his home life. From his father he acipiired the example of integrity which has become synonymous with the name, and the conservative princi]>les and industrious ways that marked the earlier generations. From his mother he received an ideal conveyed in many varied lessons. To derive the iitntost ^ood from life. He entered the office at UNION Syi AkK. which the example of his pure and useful life commanded, his kindly words, his cordial and unassuming manner, his keen sense of humor, his ready facility of expression and his wide information attached to him a group of friends who knew him well and loved him. But chiefly his loss fell upon his son, to whom through long years of mutual confi- dence he gave the teachings and experiences of his life. In his c]uiet library, surrounded by the volumes which, as years passed and other friends were taken had become his favorite companions. Death — swift and almost pain- less — touched him; and on the 2 2d day of February, 1890, in the sixty-eighth year of his age, he left this world without regret, and with his last conscious thoughts fixed upon a better world to come. the age of twenty-three, earlier than either his father or grandfather, and was practically taught the duties of each clerical department. Feeling his want of legal information, a serious deficiency, he i)assed two years at Columbia Col- lege Law School, and, upon being admitted to the bar, served an a])prenticeihi]3 of one year with the firm of Lord, Day & Lord. His grandfather named him one of his Exe- cutors, and one of the 'I'rustees of a large portion of his property to be held in trust for his sons. L'pon John Jacob Astor's succeeding to the estate, he gave his son a power of attorney, putting him in his own place and giving him abso- lute authority over all his property. With the view of ac(piiring a broader knowledge of men and affairs than the routine of the office promised, Mr. Astor served three years in NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. WILLIAM ASTOR. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 143 the New York State l,ej;islaluie, wlicre he foiiiul a valual>le oi)porlunity for tlie study of human nature and ])ul)li(: business. Appointed by President Arthur to tlie Italian Mission, he resided for three winters in Rome, a ( ily with which early travel had already made him familiar. His official duties being inconsiderable, he busied himself with the examination of obscure passages in Italian niedi;vval annals. His stories, " Valentino" and " Sforza," are in part the result of these researches. Mr. Astor is a man of strong physi(iue, a great lover of nature and devoted to out-door exercise. He rides much on horseback, fences, and in his youth was a good boxer. He is industrious, tenacious of purpose and methodical in his ways. In 1878, he married Mary Dahlgren Paul, a Philadelphia beauty, by whom he has three children: Waldorf, born May 19, 1879; Pauline, born Septeml)er 24, 1S80, and John Jacob, born May 19, 1886. As residuary legatee Mr. Astnr rccentlv succeeded to generous disposition and kindness of heart. He was a stalwart friend, and was most beloved by those who were so fortunate as to gain his friendship. After leaving college he travelled extensively in luiroi^e and the Kast, and in 1853 married Miss Caroline Schermerhorn, daughter of the well- known Mr. A. Schermerhorn. Mrs. William Astor's mother was Miss Helen White, and her grandmother on the same side of the house was Miss Van Courtlandt, who married Mr. Henry White. The Schermerhorns came over from Holland in 1642, The family belonged to the Town of Schermerhorn, in the Low Countries, while now several streets in towns and cities of this State are named after them. They are, in fact, one of the oldest and most dis- tinguished families in America, and during the i)ast two centuries their names figure jjrominently in the jjolitical and social records of the city of New York. \\'illiani .\stor, tiu.ugh possessing tin- business faculties of the family. .MADlSdX siXAKi:. his father's property, in the management of which he has made but few changes, and these only with the purpose of simplifying the administration of the office, which he desig- nates the "Estate of John Jacob Astor,'" his great-grand- father. WILLIAM ASTOR. William Astor, grandson of the founder of the family, and son of W^ B. .\stor. was born on July 12, 1829, and educated in Columbia College, from which institution he graduated second in the class of '49. Though possessing literary tastes and a fondness for reading, he is better remembered by those of his classmates who survive as an athlete, a young man devoted to the out-of-door sjjorts that have distinguished most of the Astors, and for his open. devoted a good deal of his time to yachting, and always kept an excellent stud of horses. The " Nourmahal," now in jjossession of his son, John Jacob Astor, was built by him with the intention of making a voyage round the world in her, which intention his death prevented. In 1875 he went to Florida, and invested largely there, indeed he did more toward opening u]) that State than any of his contempo- raries He built a railroad from St. Augustine to Palatka, which section was then a wilderness, and erected some fine blocks in Jacksonville. For these services the State Govern- ment of Florida granted him 80,000 acres of land, which is now very valuable. He died in Paris, April 25th, 1892, leaving five children, the present John Jacob Astor, and four daughters, who are Mrs. James Van Allen, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. James Coleman Drayton, and Mrs. Orme Wilson. 144 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. NEIV YOA'K, TJIE METJWPOLIS. 145 JOHN JACOB ASTOR, (Of To-day.) John Jacol) Astor, scion of the distinguished American family of that name, was l)orn on July 13th, 1864, at Kern- cliff, in the to\vnshi|j of Rhineheck, the Astor country seat on the Hudson. He is the son of William .\stor, and through General Armstrong, who was Minister to France and U. S. Secretary of War, is fifth in descent from Robert Livingston, grandfather of the celebrated Chancellor Livingston. Robert Livingston was the possessor of a royal patent of "Livingston ALanor," a tra( t of land on the Hudson, which includes the present Dutchess and Columbia counties. Mr. Aster's mother is directly descended from the Schermerhorns, who came from a town of that name in Holland in 1642, and it is from such descent, as well as being ninth in descent from Jacobus Van Cort- landt, that he is entitled to membershij) in the Society of the Colonial Wars. He was educated in St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and graduated from Harvard College in the class of 1888, taking a scientific degree instead of the classical. Before going to Harvard Mr. Astor set out on a traveling tour altogether out of the beaten track. It was before the Northern Pacific Railroad was completed, and he enjoyed the pleasure of staging on tlic mountain spurs of Idaho and Montana, and shooting in the intervals. He went from Portland to San Francisco by steamer. He also traveled in Norway, whence he went to Turkey and (jreece and sojourned in Cuba, Mexico, Florida and other regions avoided by the ordinary traveler. While in Florida Mr. Astor probably inspected the railroad from St. Augustine to Palatka and the Tocoi Road, which had been constructed by his father, William Astor, also a fine block in Jackson- ville, in all of which the tourist was directly interested. While in 'I'urkey Mr. Astor, after proving to the satis- faction of all concerned that he did not visit the Sub- lime Porte with anything like warlike intent ; that he was emissary neither of England nor Russia, intent on organizing a court intrigue, was honored with a personal audience with the Sultan, Abdul Hamed, which is a favor rarely accorded to foreigners. In 1891, soon after returning from a])road, Mr. Astor was married in Philadel- phia to Miss Ava Willing, daughter of Edward S. and Alice B. Willing of that city. The marriage was the great social event of the year, and there was more written about it in the newspapers than had been, probably, of any other wedding of this country. Mrs. Astor's family is one of the most distinguished in the country. The Willings, even before their arrival in America, occu])ied high social status in England among the landed gentry, and after their arrival intermarried with colonial families of distinction. Among their colonial progenitors were many Presidents of Council of the Pennsylvania Commonwealth, and in after times foreign ministers and generals of the Revolutionary era. 'i"he first of the family in which American readers would be interested is Joseph Willing, of Hupjjentoss, Somersett, England, who died in 1678 ; the next, Joseph Will ng, of Gloucestershire, son of the former, who died in 1797 leaving a good estate brought to him by marriage with Ava Lowle. The next in descent is Thoinas Willing of Bristol, an emi- nent merchant who married a grand-daughter of General Harrison, and died in 1760. Charles Willing, son of the foregoing, came to America in 1728 and was Mayor of Philadelphia in 1747, and again in 1754, in whic h latter year he died. Thomas Willing and his son, last mentioned, established the business house afterwards known as Willing & Schwarick, Willing & Morris and Willing & Francis, successively. Thomas Willing, son of Charles, born in 1731, studied law, was Mayor of Philadelphia in 1763, and was subsequently Judge of the Supreme Court (1767 to 1777). He was the first President of the Bank of North .\mcrica,and also first President of the Bank of the United Slates, and it was he who designed the United States coat- of-arms. Thomas Willing died in 1827 at the advanced age of eighty-nine years. 'J'his distinguished man, of the fifth generation of the American Willings, although a jurist and a brilliant one, had an interest in the commercial house of Willing & Francis, from which, however, he withdrew in 1809. It was continued by his son, Thomas Wayne Willing, and his son-in-law, Thomas Willing Francis. Richard Will- ing, fourth son of the last named, from whom Mrs. Astor is directly descended, was born in 1775 and died in 1858. His son, Edward Ship))en Willing, who in r86o married Alice C. Barton, was her father. Alice Barton's ancestor. Coloney W. Barton, was member of the I'ritish Parliament in 1653, and from him she traces her lineage in unbroken succession through many generations down to the present day. The issue of the marriage is a son, William Vincent Astor, named in memory of his great-uncle. Since that event Mr. Astor has remained at home attending to his business and performing the duties of a husband, a father and a citizen. Perhaps the most distasteful duties im|)osed upon any citizens of any class but especially of Mr. Astor's, are those involved in jury trials ; but in January last (1893) he sat day after day, on a jury, on a protracted trial without complaint, though like many others he could, of course, have shirked the duty had he chosen to do so. His wife is a most charming young woman who enjoys nothing so much as accompanying her iuisband on his fishing and even shoot- ing expeditions. Indeed, Mrs. .Astor is, herself, by no means a l)ad shot, and many a duck each season succumbs to her skill and the precision of the fowling piece made especially for her use. Mr. Astor is also fond of yachting and it is his intention, when he can find the time, to make a voyage around the world in the steel yacht "Nourmahal," a vessel constructed by his father for that purpose. But Mr. Astor does not seem likely to find time, for he is a very busy man, and the management of his own estate is by no means a sinecure In addition thereto he owns one-half of the celebrated Astor Hou.se, which is held in common with his cousin. It is one f the pieces of property left by William B. Astor, which his grandsons hold undivided. He is one of the directors of the National Park Bank. Mercantile Trust Co., the Title Guarantee iS: Trust Co., and the Plaza 15ank, and is manager of the William Astor estate. Among the social organizations of which he is a member are the Society of Colonial Wars ; Knickerbocker, Union, Metro- politan and Tuxedo Clubs, the Patriarch Society, New York Yacht Club, Country, Racquet and Tennis and Riding ("lubs, and the Delta Phi Fraternity. The Astors are the leaders of society in America and have the entree into all the courts of Europe. JOHN JACOB ASTOR, Jr. One of the Astors of whom little has been heard was the second son of John Jacob, the American founder of the house, and this because of a melancholy accident which ha))pened him in his boyhood. He was born in New York, and up to the age of sixteen was one of the brightest, most active and studious youths in the city, a worthy representa- tive of the family, physically and intellectually. Young Astor was fond of outdoor exercises, especially riding on horseback, and while at his favorite recreation was one day thrown from his horse, sustaining such injuries that he never comi)letely recovered from their effects, though he lived to be sixty eight years of age. His brain was affected, and though not anything like insane, the bright intellect that distinguished him and gave such promise in early youth grew clouded, and toward middle age he became eccentric. Nevertheless the second of the Astors lived a ha])py and contented life, though his range of usefulness and energy was narrowed. His father provided for him handsomely, JVEir YORK, THE METROPOLIS. SiitoNu Son of J. J. ASTOR, Tmk Eli.e NEiy YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 147 and until tlic day of liis tlcath he resided in llic old Astor mansion, occui)ying a fidl block on l-'ourtcentli Street and Ninth Avenue, then far enough out in the country todeserve the name of a suburban residence. A fine garden was at- tached to the mansion, and here the second John Jacob Astor was often to be seen in semi-clerical costume, walking up and down with his hands behind his back, like a clergy- man composing a sermon. Mr. Astor, however, was not composing a sermon, but verses. In his student ddys he was fond of poetry and had composed and surreptitiously published, like many other youths of his age and class, scraps of poetry he delighted to see in print. That he re- tained at least a jiart of his inte lectuality is evident from the fact that up to the last he wrote ])oetry which news- papers and periodicals were glad to take, though often over a nom de plume. He also wrote many prose sketches, some of which are still preserved. graduate of Clolumbia, class of 1826, and married Catherine Livingston, daughter of the Hon. James Hooker, of Poiigh- keei)sie. The present Duchess of Marlborough is a Hamersley, and in marrying into one of the great English houses merely went back to the source from which she sprang. On .April 30, 1888, J. Hooker Hamersley married Margaret Willing Chisolm, daughter of William K. Chisolm and granddaughter of John Rogers. The Chisolms are an old South Carolina family, and the Rogers distinguished New Yorkers and large real estate owners. John Rogers' sister married William C. Rhinelander, and it is through this alliance that the Rhinelanders obtained the foun- dation of their fortune. Mr. J. Hooker Hamersley has two children, Catherine Livingston Hamersley and Louis Cordon Hamersley. He is a direct descendant of Robert Livingston, member and speaker of the New York Provincial Assembly from 1718 to 1725. This gentleman J. HOOKER HAMERSLEY. One of New York's distinguished men of the younger generation is J. Hooker Hamersley, lawyer, poet, and man of affairs generally. Mr. Hamersley belongs to one of New York's historic families. He was born in this city on January 26, 1844, and is lineally descended from Sir Hugh Hamersley, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1627. The first of the American Haniersleys was "William, an officer in the English navy, and grandson of Sir Hugh. William, after his arrival in this country, married Miss Van Brugh, belonging to a famous old Dutch family, was a vestryman of Trinity Church and was buried in its cemetery. Ham- ersley Street (now West Houston) was named after him. His grandson, Louis Carre, and great-grandson, John W., were prominent New York citizens of their time, and, in fact, the Hamersleys have been always i)rominently iden- tified with the best interests of the city. John W. was a was the founderof Livingston Manor. He is also a descen- dant of Henry Beekman, Patentee from Queen Anne of lands in Dutchess County, N. Y., a portion of which lands have never been out of the possession of the family, and are now owned by Mr. Hamersley. The patent for those lands is dated June 25, 1703. Mr. Hamersley is fifth in descent from Josejjh Reade, who was member of the Provincial Council of New York in 1764, and sixth in descent from Judge Thomas Gordon, son of Sir George Ciordon, one of His Majesty's Council of the Province of East Jersey, Deputy Secretary in 1692, Attorney- General in the same year, Provincial Treasurer from 1710 to 1719, and one of the lords proprietors of East Jersey, ^ir. Hamersley still has an interest in these lands. Through his mother's family he is connected with the Reades, Livingstons, Stuyvesants, Beekmans, Van Court- landts, de Peysters, and, in fine, with nearly all the dis- NEW YORK, TIIK M E TROPOLIS. tinguished families of the State. Mr. Haniersley is the son of John W., and, like his father, is a graduate of Columbia College. He was prepared for his collegiate course in Poughkeepsie, and entering Columbia graduated with honors in 1865 His college career was a distinguished •one. He was awarded an ovation at the commencement exercises in the Academy of Music in 1865. He received the degree of A.M., A.B., and subseiiuently of LL.B. from the Columbia I-aw School. He was called to the bar and ])ractised his profession for ten years, but withdrew to' take charge of his own and his father's large estates. .\lthough rather a busy man he takes some time to devote himself to politics, and in 1877 was elected delegate to the State convention held in Rochester by the Independent Fog Curtain," " Masconomo," and the " Midnight Sun." He is Director of the Knickerbocker Fire Insurance Co, one of the first institutions of that nature in America, and is member of the St. Nicholas Society, Society of Colonial Wars, University Club, Metropolitan and City Clubs, and other leading social, athletic and literary clubs of New York City, and of the New York Geographical Society. HENRY BISCHOFF. Among the youngest and perhaps the brightest of New York's judges is the Hon. Henry Bi.schoff, on the Ijench of the ("ourt of Common Pleas. He was born in New York City on August 16, 1852, and is the son of Henry Bischoff, the well-known banker. He was educated in the public Republicans. He was nominated later on for the Assembly by the Republicans of the Eleventh Disirict, but withdrew in favor of William Waldorf Astor, whom he aided materi ally in obtaining a handsome majority. Mr. Hamersley belongs to that class of American gentlemen who, while possessing wealth and social position, do not think them- selves too good to take off their coats and, entering the ])olitical arena, fight for the princi|)les they believe in. Of such are Perry Belmont. Theodore Roosevelt, I-ispenard Stewart, and of such also was the late Allen Thorndike Rice. It would be well were tl ere more of them in tliis city, and, in fact, their number is increasing. He is well known in literary circles as the author of such poems as " Yellow Roses," " The Countersign," " Ronzonkoma," schools primarily, after which he was sent to the .\cademy in Bloomfield, N. J., and subseipiently received instructions from a private tutor. Hegraduated in 187 1 from the Colum- bia Law School with the degree of I.L. B. and honorable mention in the IVpartment of Political Science. After study- ing in the law offices of J. H. .S: S. Riker for two years, he was admitted to the bar (1873), and at once associated himself as partner with Mr. F. Leary, with whom he remained until 1878, when he i)ractised alone. From the start his business was confined ex( lusively to civil cases, connected princi])ally witii real estate litigation and Surrogate Court affairs. He has never touched a i riminal case. In 1879 Mr. P>isclu)lf took a hand in politics on the Democratic side, and so distinguished himself as to attract the attention of the party leaders. He NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 149 was for seven months the city's attorney for the colleclion of ]iersonal taxes, which position he retained until 1889, when he was elected to his ])resent ])osition as Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. After leaving college he was with his father in the hanking business, and during the absence in Europe of the head of the house was in charge altogetlier. The practical experience gained there has been extremely useful to him both during his legal and judicial career, and it is remarked of him on the bench that he handles cases connected with banking and finance in a manner that shows his deep knowledge of what is before him for decision. Judge Bischoff has been chairman since ICS76 of the Four- teenth Assembly District Committee, is a member of the Democratic Club, of the Tammany Society, the Lieder- kranz, Arion and Beethoven and many other German societies, musical and otherwise. His family are [much still a young man ; his grandfather was born in that State, as was also his father, so that he can claim New Jersey descent of three generations. He received the rudiments of his education in the Cayuga Lake Academy, Aurora, N. Y., and in 1862, being then sixteen years of age, he entered into business with his father, in the Bushwick Glass Works, Williamsburg, and is now the sole projjrietor. His business office is at 83 Fulton Street, this city. When it is stated that he is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, of the Nevv York Produce Exchange, Consolidated Stock and Petroleum Exchange, the Board of Trade and Transporta- tion, President of the Sheldon Axle Comjiany, a Trustee of Wells College, Vice-President of St. John's Guild, besides being connected with other business and social organiza- tions, one IS tempted to encpiire how can he de\ote so much of his time to the political interests of the party, WILLIAM BROOKKIELD. devoted to music, and the Judge himself, while master of many instruments, excels on the piano. He is of German descent, and takes pride and pleasure in keeping himself an courant as to events in the Fatherland from day to day. He is also well ])osted in German literature, and speaks the lan- guage with grammatical accuracy and purity of accent. He was married in 1873 to Miss Annie Moshier, daughter of Fredeiick and Louise Moshier, of Connecticut, and has one daughter, Loula, born May 13, 1876. WILLIAM BROOKFIELD. Mr. William Brookfield, (Chairman ol the Republican State Committee, was born in Greenbank, N. J., on May 24th, 1844, so that he is now in the full vigor of his physical and intellectual powers. His great-grandfather was born in Norway, of Irish parents, but came to New Jersey while and yet, if you ask any intelligent Republican to name one of its hardest workers, he will surely mention that of William Brookfield among the first. Mr. Brookfield is a member of the L'uion League Club, a director of several financial cor- l^orations and is largely interested in Pennsyhania Iron Works. E. B. HINSDALE. E. B. Hinsdale, one of the ablest lawyers of the Metro- l^olitan bar, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., on December 4, 1831. His ancestors came to this country from England in 1632, and settled in New F.ngland, the father of the subject of this sketch removing to Western New York in 181 2. Mr. Hinsdale received a common school education, and then took a short academic course preparatory to entering u|>on the study of law. In 1856 he 150 New YORK, THE METROPOLIS. was admitted to the bar at Buffalo, and began the ])ractice of law immediately at Leroy, Genesee County, where he remained five years and became an active and prominent figure in politics. In the first Lincoln camjjaign he was selected Chairman of the Genesee County Republican Central Committee, and performed the duties of his position in an honorable and highly satisfactory manner. In 1861 he came to New York and at once established a firm footing as a lawyer of more than ordinary ability. In 1870 he organized the law firm of Hinsdale (.\: Sprague, which be- came celebrated. Mr. Hinsdale has taken a deep interest in the State and National camjjaigns, and established a reputation as a legal writer through his treatises entitled "Abolition of Taxes on Internal Revenue,'' which raised the cry of " free whiskey" in the Presidential fight of 1888. His work \yas endorsed and adopted by the Union League Club and became one of the most generally discussed subjects of the city. He is also the author of an excellent treatise on land transfer reform and has contributed many valuable E. 15. HINSDALE. works on other subjects to the literature of the laws. His opinion as to the ])o\ver of the city to issue bonds for new parks became a settled law by decision of the Court of Appeals, and secured the city many of those jjublic resorts. Vox the |)ast seven years he has been a member of the '■('ommittee on Political Reform," of the l^nion League Club, and, u])on the ap])ointment of Whitelaw Reid as Minister to France, he was elected to succeed him as Chair- man of the Committee, a position which he has since filled with much ability. His rejiort on the inadequacy of the existing naturalization laws to prevent such occurrences as the New Orleans Riot, brought about by the corrui)t power of State C!ourts, and his petition to Congress pointing out the evils and demanding proper remedies for the same, created wide and favorable comment throughout this country and luirope. The press on all sides copied it, and editorially endorsed the jjrinciples theiein enunc iated. Mr. Hinsdale devotes his attention to a general civil practice, and makes a specialty of corj)oration and railroad matters, in wiiich conne<:tion he has figured in many celebrated cases. He is a po])ular and well known member of the Union l-eague Club. He is Secretary and Counsel of the Long Island Railroad. ALFRED J. BAKER Alfred J. Baker, the well and favorably known attorney, was born in New York City, was privately tutored by the R(?v. Dr. Morris, First Principal of Trinity S( hool, N. Y., and graduated in 1874 from Columbia Law School. He at once began the practice of law and devoted his atten- tion to civil cases, paying special attention to insurance matters, in which he is regarded as an authority. His first legal victory in this connection was won in 1876 when he established the validity of a verbal contract in a case against the German American Insurance Co., where no policy was issued and no premium paid. Mr. Baker is not only regarded as a bright lawyer, but is a popular and prominent figure in municipal politics, being an active member of the Tammany Hall General Committee of the Twenty-third Assembly District, the Demo- cratic Club of Fifth Avenue, the Sagamore Club of Harlem, the D. B. Hill Club and the Massassoit Club. He is a faithful and hard worker and an excellent cam- ])aign speaker, and it is rumored that his party has political honors in store for him. Socially, he is much esteemed for his general manners, which have made him a popular member in the Dwight Alumni of Columbia College, Sagamore Lodge, No. 371, Masonic Order F. id Miif^azine and Ameiican Moii//i/v. (leorge H. Benjamin is a nephew of John Lathrop Motley, the famous historian. He was educated in Phillip's Andover Academy, Union College, and the Albany Medical College, from the last of which he graduated as an M.D. in the class of '73. He went to P.urope to further i)ursue the study of physics and chemistry, and received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Freiburg, (krmany, in 1884. He first located in Albany, and for four years practised as a physician. In 1880 he began to devote much time to scientific experiments and researches, and subsecjuently came to New York as the If ^-rnVr'fc- GEORGE H. MEXJA.MIN, assistant editor of Appleton's Cyclopaedia of .•\i)plied Mechanics. At this period he also gained distinction in the courts as an expert in chemical and mechanical cjut-s- tions. He was admitted to the I)ar in 18S4, and for the past ten years has fre(|uently been emjiloyed by the National or State (lovernm(fnt as expert in most of the im- portant litigations before the higher State and Federal Courts. He is a recognized authority in his specialties, electricity and metallurgy, and his oi)inions and services are in constant demand. He has an extensive foreign clientele and is the American representative of the Siemens, the largest engineering firm in the world, h s duties in this connection re(|uiring his annual presence in I'-urope. Mr. Benjamin was married in 1875 to a daughter of Hon.Cieorge I). Seymour, of ( )g(lensl)iirg. this State, and has a family of three daugiiteis His assiduous at'ention has been directed to businesfi and no time has been devoted to jiolitics. He is a prominent member of the Manhattan Club, and belongs to most of the scientific and engineering societies in America and Europe. He inherits from his father excellent literary taste, and has contributed to trade journals, magazines and newspapers many valuable articles upon scientific subjects and questions. OREN G. HUNT, M D. A remarkable ])hase in the medical history of the City of New York is the advanced position taken and maintained by the younger men in the medical profession. .An ex- am])le of this is noticed in the career of Oren d. Hunt, M.l). Born near Buffalo, N. Y., on a farm owned by his father ¥. B. Hunt, and still occupied by him, he early developed that strength of character and body which st')od him in such need while fighting success- fully the battle of life. His elementary education was obtained in a public school of his native place, he afterwards graduated from the high school, and the two years succeeding he spent in teaching, in the meanwhile he decided to adopt medicine as a profession, and while teaching began its study. He entered the New York Homoeopathic College in 1883 and graduated in 1886. Receiving honorable mention for his three years of college study he was immediately appointed to the jiosi- tion of physician and surgeon to the dispensary attached to his college. This position he resigned in 1888, however, to accej)! the clinic department of heart and lung diseases in the dispensary, at the same time acting as assistant to the chair of diseases of heart and lungs in the college, which office he holds at jjresent. He is also Assistant Surgeon to the Nose and Throat De])artment in the New York Ophthalmic Hospital. In 1888 Dr. Hunt was made executive officer of the dispensary attached to the New York Hom(Eoi)athic College. He is a member of the State and County Hom(to])athic Societies and is one of the censors of the latter. Secretary and Treasurer of the Medico Social Club and member of other organizations. He was as an expert in heart and lung diseases ai)pointed examiner for members of the Ancient Order of Foresters. Dr. Hunt has written a number of papers on these diseases as a specialist, and is devoting his attention especially to the diseases and abnormal conditions of the nose and throat ond heart and lungs. , MEREDITH L. JONES. Meredith L Jones, one of New York's eminent lawyers, was born in Carbondale, then in Luzerne, now Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, on April 30, 1840, and educated in the Presbyterial Institute, in the famous Wyoming ^'alley. In 1885, his father, the late Judge Lewis Jones, removed to Srranton, Pa., and there young Meredith studied law in his offif e, and made himself prominent in connection with literary association and Y. M. C. A. matters. When in i86r the Civil War broke out he busied himself in organ- izing a company for drilling and ])rei)aration for the service, out of which company of 70 men. 48 became commissioned ofticers in the army, and in 1862 he joined the 149th Penn- sylvania Regiment, Pa. Yols., as Second Lieutenant. Ac- companying his regiment to the front he was detailed as personal aide on the staff of General Abner Doubleday, commanding the third division of the P'irst Army Corjjs, Army of the Potomac. In this capacity, he served through the camjiaigns of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and it was on the latter sanguinary fiehl he brought up the first battery that o])ened fire on the first day and virtually began the battle. In the report of the battle made by General Doubleday, filed in Washington, he says: " Lieu- tenant Jones, .\. \. D. C, behaved with great ( oolness and braverv. On the third day. just before Pickett's famous charge, Lieut. Jones' horse was shot under him in several NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. i6i places, though he passed unscathed himself." In General Doubleday's history of the three days' fight, Scribner's series, he speaks in high terms of Lieut. Jones' gallantry and bravery. Lieut. Jones remained with the Third Division staff, under command of General Kenley, until the fall, when returning to join his regiment he was placed in command of a block house, and later on was assigned to the command of Co. B, 149th Regiment. Soon after this (October, 1863) Lieut. Jones was attacked with jyphoid pneumonia, which made of him such a wreck that, much to his regret, he was honorably discharged from the service with the rank of first Lieutenant. Soon after returning home he married a daughter of the late Wm. Minott Mitchell, and resumed his law studies in the office of his father and was admitted to the bar, after which he came to New York and met with marked success. He is prominent in Grand Army circles, and has been Junior and Senior Vice-Commander of Lafayette Post. He is also a promi- nent member of the Masonic order. He is member of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution, and also of the Colonial Club. On the father's side, Mr. Jones is de- scended from Benedicts, and on his mother's side from the distinguished Wharton family of England. WILLIAM WHEELER SMITH. William Wheeler Smith was born in New York on June 12, 1838. He received a private school education and then entered the office of Renwick, Auchmuty &: Sands, study- ing under the tuition of Mr. James Renwick from 1857 to 1861. He then went abroad and studied in London and Paris for two years. He began practice in New York in 1864. His first important work was the Collegiate Church, Forty-eighth St'eet and Fifth Avenue, and among his other works may be mentioned W. J. Sloane's building and the Manhattan and Merchants' Bank building, 40 and 42 Wall Street, which, besides being one of the best constructed edi- fices in the lower part of the city, was the first one con- taining the modern improvements erected in the money dis trict. He has planned and built a number of the fine man- sions on Fifth Avenue and other prominent streets. Mr. Smith was married in New York to Miss Catherine K. Brower, daughter of John J. Brower, hardware merchant of the city, and resides on Madison Avenue. He is thor- oughly American, and comes of an ancestry which dates back over 200 years in this country. His father was Mr. John L. Smith, of Orange County. T. F. ALLEN. M.D. Dr. Timothy Field Allen, LL.D., for the past eleven years Dean of the New York Homoeopathic College, was born in Westminster, Vt., on the 24th of April, 1837. His parents were the late Dr. David Allen and Eliza GravesAllen. He graduated at Amherst College in 1858, and took his Master's Degree in 1861. He studied medicine at the University of the City of New York, where he gradu- ated in 1861. In 1862 he entered the United States Army, was acting assistant surgeon, and was stationed at Point Lookout, under command of Surgeon Wagner, U. S. A. Returning to New York, he resumed the practice of medi- cine in partnership with the late Dr. Carroll Dunham, at 68 East Twelfth Street. At one time he occupied the chair of Chemistry in the New York Medical College for Women, later the chair of anatomy in the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, from which he was transferred to the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, which professorship he now holds. Feeling the need of a comprehensive collection of all that was known concerning the action of drugs upon healthy human beings, he commenced and rompletecl a com- pilation in ten large volumes, known as the "Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica." This was followed by an additional volume of about 1,200 jjages, which served as an index to this great work ; also by a " Handbook of Materia Medica and Therapeutics," of about 1,200 pages, by a " Primer of Materia Medica" (a small work) and by a new, revised edition of " Bonninghausen's Therapeutic Pocketbook." Soon after his election to the chair of anatomy, the Trustees of the New York Ophthalmic Hospital, desiring to place their institution under charge of homoeopathic physicians and surgeons, applied to Dr. Allen for assistance. His previous reputation as a surgeon and oculist was the cause of this preferment, and in association with the late Dr. Liebold, Homreopathic treatment was commenced in this institution. Dr. Allen has been largely instrumental in obtaining considerable sums of money for the Ophthalmic Hospital, for the erection of its new building, and has been closely identified with its work to the present time ; he is now one of the directors of the hospital, as well as consulting surgeon. A few years ago Mr Delano, after erecting, equip- ping and endowing the Laura Franklin Free Hosjjital for T. F. ALLEN, M.D. Children, applied to Dr. Allen to appoint a staff of homoeo- pathic physicians and surgeons. This hospital has for some years been successfully managed by this corps of physicians and surgeons, and most eminent services have been rendered to the cause of medical science by the results obtained under their treatment. It is safe to say that no results in this country or Europe have approached those obtained in this hospital, its mortality having been less than one-third that in similar institutions, under different treatment. Dr. Allen has been active not only in medicine and surgery, but in the natural sciences. He was one of the personal friends of the late Dr. John Torrey, of Columbia College, and one of the founders of the Torrey Botanical Club, of which he is at the present time First Vice-President. He is a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1885 he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Amherst College. l62 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. ORSON DESSAIX MUNN Was born in Monson, Hanii)den County, Mass. His ancestors were among the first settlers in tliat vicinity, and from them the township took its name. His father, who was a farmer in good circumstances, gave the boy the advan- tage of a complete course of schooling at the Monson Academy, an institution which then had a high reputation, attracting students from all sections of the United States. It was to this academy that Mr. Moses Y. Beach, then pro- prietor of the New York Sun, sent his son Alfred E., and here commenced between the two boys, more than fifty years ago, an acquaintance and friendshij) which was subsecjuently to develop into a business association of most remarka])ly enduring character. Orson 1). Munn was but sixteen years of age when, havingcomjjleted his school course, he obtained a situation as clerk in a bookstore at Springfield, about fifteen miles away from home, and the nearest city of con- siderable size, but the business was disctmtinued two years out for the paper suggested, at an early day. the establish- ment, as a co-ordinate branch of the business, of an agency for the securing of patents. It may be noted, also, that the Scientific American, although the leading publication of the firm and the oldest i)aper of its kind, is not the only journal published by Munn & Co. The Scientific American Supple- ment, commenced at the time of our Centennial Exposition, 1874, is also an illustrated weekly paper, containing a very wide variety of matter in the same range of topics, while the Architects and J^uilc/ers Edition, monthly, is a very hand- some magazine of architecture, and has a very large circulation throughout the country. A Spanish edition of the Scientific Ametican is also published monthly, and the firm are likewise i)ublishers, importers and dealers in all kinds of scientific books. Mr. Alunn has been a member of the Union and Union League Clubs for more than a quarter of a century. He possesses a valuable collection of choice paintings of his own selection, by the most celebrated ORSON DESS.\IX MUNN. later, and he returned to his native place, to work as sales- man and bookkeeper in a general country store. Here he remained three years. Hut by this time the field in which he had started seemed (juite too limited to satisfy his enter- prising and energetic disposition, and, when he was just twenty-one years of age, like a good many New England boys, he determined to remove to New York City, to find larger scope for his ambition. His old friend and school- mate suggested their joint jjurchase of the Scientific American, a paper founded by Rufus Porter, which had then been in existence about a )ear, and had a circulation of only 300 copies a week. 'I'he idea i)roved accejjtable, and accordingly, in 1847, the firm of Munn iS: Co., came into existence. The paper was unicpie in its character, there being no other pul)licalion of its kind, and it soon became an authority and ])ower, not only in .Xnierica, but through- out the world. 'I'he esjiecial field which had been marked modern artists. He has resided in the same house in this city for thirty-seven years, and for more than twenty years has possessed a handsome summer residence in Llewellyn Park, on Orange Mountain, New Jersey. Mr. Munn takes a great interest in his country ])lace and has expended large sums in beautifying it with rustic bridges, summer houses, a conservatory, and in the rear of his residence, up the side of the mountain, he has had constructed nine terraces, one rising above another, with a broad, rustic stairway, leading to an ornamental summer house located just under the to|) of the mountain ridge. On Orange Moimtain, a short distance from Llewellyn Park, Mr. Munn has a well stocked farm of 160 acres. It is no wonder that Mr. Munn should now remember those early days with no small degree of grati- fication, and what i.-^ very surprising and affords him the most gratification is that the two boys who commenced the publication of the Scientific American forty-seven years ago NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 163 under the firm name of Munn Co. rontinue the same relationshij), and both may be found at their desks daily, at 361 F>road\vay, attending to the routine of office duties, substantially as tliey did almost half a century ago. CHARLES MATTHIAS CLANCY. Charles Matthias Clancy, one of New York's most pnj)ular judges, was born in the County of Sligo, Ireland, on March 24, 1841, and as a very young emigrant came to this country in June of the same year, thus missing being a native born by a few months. He was educated in the jjublic schools until eleven years of age and then attended the French school on Canal Street, which afterwards became the now celebrated Manhattan College, and from which he gradu- ated in 1855 by passing through all the grades then exist- ing. After leaving college he went into the Custom House as a broker's clerk, and then with J. M. Ceballos, the sugar importer. He began the study of law in 1859, receiv- ing private instructions, but returned to the Custom House as a broker on his own account till 1866, when he was ap- pointed Superintendent of Incumbrances for the City of New York. All this time, because of his honorable busi- ness methods and his attractive personality, Mr. Clancy was gaining hosts of friends, and hence no one was sur- prised when in 1872 he was elected to the Board of Assist- ant Aldermen. In 1874 Judge Kivelen died and Mr. M. B. Field was appointed to fill the unexpired term as Judge of the Second District Civil Court. In the fall of the same year Mr. Clancy offered himself for election and defeated Dennis Burns by a large majority. He has held the jilace ever since.having been re-elected in 1875, 1881 and 1887, each time for the full term of six years. These re-elections attest his popularity in the district, as well as the fact that in his capacity of Civil Justice he has given entire satisfaction. Indeed, there is no more upright, able and conscientious judge on the New York bench, as his colleagues and the members of the bar, as well as the people, are ready to bear witness. Judge Clancy has been a School Trustee for many years in the Fourteenth Ward. He was appointed term after term, and only resigned when his other heavy duties — especially his law practice — intrrfered with what he con- sidered a proper discharge of those connected with his trusteeship. His resignation was accepted with extreme reluctance by those who knew how zealous and efficient he had been in the office. The achievement during his con- nection with the schools Judge Clancy has most reason to be proud is the consolidation of the four Holbrooke libraries into one, which is the admiration of the city. In May, 189T, while several members of Judge Clancy's family were ill he attended the funeral of the late Judge Peter Mitchell and contracted a heavy cold. On returning home he was stricken with paralysis and at one time it was thought he would die. His naturally strong constitution pulled him through, however, and he will live many years to render himself useful to his fellow citizens Mr. Clancy is a married man and the father of nine children, only two living, a son and a daughter. He is a member of the famous VVawayanda Club, and has always been con- nected with Tammany Hall, of which he is one of the Sachems. EMANUEL M. FRIEND, Few men at the New York bar are better or more widely known than Emanuel M. Friend, who occupies an inter- esting ])osition in the courts of civil and criminal jurispru- dence of the Metropolis. Mr. Friend is a New Yorker by birth, and is 38 years old, is of Hebrew origin, and comes of a distinguished line of ancestry. His i)rogenitors were learned exponents of the Talmud and the future lawyer was destined to be a theologian, but had no predilection of this character, and at an early age began the study of law His earliest training was received from his father, who is pro- ficient in the languages of Europe, after which he was sent to the j)ublic schools, where he distinguished himself and gave evidence of the acumen which now character- izes him in his profession. After his graduation from the ])ublic schools he travelled abroad, and on his return entered the law office of Delano C. Calvin, who was subse- quently Surrogate. Young Friend delved into the subtle pages of Hlackstone, Parsons, Creenleaf and Washburn, and availed himself of every opportunity for improvement He displayed singular aptitude as a student of the law, and while yet a mere lad in his preceptor's office was considered an authority on the Codes. At the age of nineteen he entered the Law Department of the University of the City of New York, and graduated two years afterwards. He was admitted to practice immediately after he finished his course at the university. It is said that, unlike many young attor- neys, Mr. Friend never wanted for clients. He had clients EMANUEL M. FRIEND. from the day of his admission to the bar. and they continued to increase until he found that he required a partner. About this time, Frederick B. House was a distinguished young member of the New York Legislature. Mr. Friend was brought in contact with the young legislator a good deal, and the result was the formation of the firm of Friend & House. Success followed the new firm from the start. They have appeared in a great number of important cases, and not infrequently their services are in demand in varous parts of the State. One of the firm's cases was the defence of Ameer Ben Ali, America's famous " Jack, the Ripper," which was an arduous one indeed, and stamped Friend & House as masters of the criminal law. Later they were engaged in the celebrated Sliney case, which was also a trial involving many legal complexities. Mr. Friend is a keen lawyer. He is a man of many exi)edients, and his skill in conducting a cause is consummate. He is ]iopular with the judges and no man more fully enjoys the confidence of the bench. He is 164 A^EIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. also a political mentor and his affiliations arc with the Democratic i^arty. He is a potent factor in the councils of the Six h Assembly 1 )istrict, and it is said that his i)arty will reward him with a justiceship. He is a bountiful citizen, belongs to scores of charitable organizations, is a prominent Mason, a pillar in the order of Odd Fellows, and a staunch Knight of Pythias. He is also a member of the Pavonia Yacht Club, the Jefferson Club and an alumnus of the University of the city of New York Mr. Friend is married and is the father of an interesting family. GEORGE CROUCH. The father of the trunk industry in Xew York is (leorge Crouch, and the factory on Forty-first Street with the three retail stores, doing business under the firm name of Crouch Fitzgerald, have arisen from the modest beginning he made 53 years ago. Mr. Crouch was born in P^ngland in 1818, and came to New York in 1834. After workingat his craft as a harness and trunk manufacturer for five years, he started in business for himself, and began by employing two or three hands. He employs 200 now. This was in 1839, at which time the demancl for trunks was very small. In the following year he opened a branch store at No. i Maiden Lane, which was so far uptown that ])eo])le laughed at him. But the young Englishman had faith in New York's future. The old hair trunk was then in vogue, but Mr. Crouch made an innovation and began manufacturing from wood with leather fixtures. The idea was to suit travelers, drum- mers esi)ecially, and in this he succeeded admirably, making his goods ])ortable, light and at the same time capable of resisting the assaults of the baggage fiends. He is a great inventor, and holds (piitc a large number of ])atents, many of which have been stolen from him. It was he who in- vented the shawl straj) and other aids to traveling with comfort too numerous for mention here. His "sample" trunk also shows inventive genius of a high order, so does the stru( k up corner cap of one piece of solid leather. In 1842 he took Mr. I' itzgerald into partnershi]). and they acted harmnniously together until 1879, when the latter died. It was Mr. Fitzgerald who gave the name "Saratoga" to one of Mr. Crouch's most famous inventions. Another invention Mr. Crouch takes much pride in is the ingenious receptacle ^ in the trunk for a lady's hat. Mr. Crouch's name is known all over the world and his products are considered the best of their kind. His retail stores are managed by his partners, W. S. (iilmore and his two sons, E. W. and J. (). Crouch, , resjjectively, while he himself sujjerintends the factory. Mr. Crouch, although arrived at a fine old age, is still physically strong and active, and as intellectually i)right as ever. In 1842 he married Miss Harriet E. Merrall, sister to William Y.. Merrall, of Acker, Merrall & Condit. GEORGE M. DILLOW, M.D. George M. Dillow, A.M., M.D., was born August 27th, 1847, and is the son of the late Joseph A. Dillow, of Clinton, N. Y. He prepared for college at ihe Clinton Liberal Institute, and entered Hamilton College in 1 862, from which he received his degree of A.H., accompanied by the first Underwood prize in analytical chemistry, in 1868. It was this college that made him an A.M. During the years 1868 to 1870, he taught the classics and na'ural sciences. In 1875 he was made an M.D. by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of this city, and one year later he served as Resident Physician at the Hahnem ann Hospital. He was ajjpointed Professor of Chemistry and Toxi( ology in the New York Medical College and Hos])ital for Women, and was for a period of five years Secretary of the Faculty, in 1880 he was appointed Assistant Surgeon, and in 1886 Surgeon to the Throat Department of the New York Ophthalmic Hos|)ital. For several years Dr. Dillow was one of the attending staff at the Hahnemann Hospital. In 1884 he was appointed Professor in the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, Department of Diseases of the Kidney. It was mainly through the direction of Dr. Dillow, who was called upon to reorganize Nort/i American Joiiiiialof Homa'opatliy \x\ 1885, as editor in chief, that that publica- tion has gained the weight, standing and influence which it exerts in the interest of homojoijathy in the medical world to-day. He is a member of the County Society, of which he w\as Vice-President in 1882-3, '^"^ President in 1884. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeo])athy, and Honorary Member of the Connecticut Homoeo])athic Society. In 1890 he was elected President of the New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society, and was largely instrumental in the passage of the law creating .State Boards of Examiners in Metlicine. He has written a number of pa])ers of value to the profession, the most imjjortant of which are : "A study of Glycosuria and Diabetes Mellitus as interpreted by Experimental Physiology;" " On the Diagnosis of the Primniy Causes of Glycosuria;" " The llrinary Indications of Ne- phritis;" "The Relative Values of Tests for Albumen," etc. JOHN M. CORNELL. John M. Cornell, the iron builder and manufacturer, was born in New York City, .August 27, 1846. He was ed- ucated in the New York private schools until he was fifteen years of age, when he commenced to learn his trade in his father's iron works. So attentive and efficient was he that his father made him a foreman at seventeen, and admitted him into ])artnership at twenty-one, the firm name becoming J. 1). J. M. Cornell, which for many years has had a world wide rei)utation Since the death of his father Mr. Cornell has conducted the vast business by himself, but re- tained the old style, and in order to get everything under his own per.sonal sii])ervision, has recently removed from Centre street to the new firejiroof otiit e building adjoining NEW YORK, rilE METROPOLIS. the works in 'I'wcnty-sixth street. He has made a dre]) study of the sul)ject of iron and steel construction, whicli nowadays forms the basis of most of our high buildings, and has arrived at a degree of perfection which seems im- possible to improve upon. He has been famous, also, as a rapid builder, always being far in advance of the mason ; so far ahead often that the building looks like a great iron cage for a considerable time. The new building for the 1)., L. & W. R. R. excited the wonder and admiration of all who passed it, so rapidly was it erected. Mr. Cornell doing the iron work in the short space of five weeks — the quickest construction yet attained. The great " World " building, the Times building, the Union Trust, the Famous Loan and Trust, the Bank of America, the Havemeyer building. Wal- dorf Hotel, the New Netherlands Hotel, the Mutual Life, the New York Life and Ecjuitable hisurance buildings, are all sami)les of perfect and yet very rapid iron construction work, superintended personally by Mr. John M. Cornell. He is a member of the Building Trades Club, but outside of that he is a builder and manufacturer of iron. He is a genial gentleman, a steadfast friend, a strict disciplinarian, but a respected and honored employer of men. WARREN A. CONOVER. Warren A. Conover was liorn in New York City, in April, 1848. He was educated in New York private schools and graduated at Mount Washington Collegiate Institute in 1862. He learned the trade of a mason in 1866, went into building operations as superintendent for his father, the well-known John 'J". Conover, with whom he remained until the latter's death in 1879, and then continued the business as his father's succ ssor. In 1880 his brother, Frank E. Conover, was admitted into partnership, and the firm have been known since then as W. A. ngland, with the view of entering business there, but returned to America within a year with an agency for a French fde company (1X73). The fde industry of Kearney & Foot, now so far reaching and so important, began like many others of a similar nature in a comparatively modest way. It was established in 1870 by Weiman & Kearney, in Paterson, N. J., and seven years later Mr. James 1). Foot, recognizing the superiority of the firm's products, arranged to disi)ose of them as agent. This he continued to do with advantage until 1881, when he ])urchased Mr. Wciman's interest, tlie firm became Kearney iV Foot, and .so remained until 1887, when it was incor])()rated with James I). Foot as President, James Kearney, Vice-President, and Sandford \). Foot as Secretary. He has ever since resided in New York. He is member of the New York Athletic Club and is veteran member of the Seventh Regiment. JAMES KEARNEY. James Kearney, Vice-President of the File Manufacturing Company of Kearney & Foot (Inc.), is essentially a self-made man, skillful, practical, second to none in the knowledge of his business. He began learning the trade of file making by hand as early as 1844, and started in business fur him- self in a small way in 1857 over in Newark, N. J. By sheer energy, integrity and force of character he has worked himself up to his present position. He lives in Paterson, N. J., and has charge of the works there. The original factory, started by Weiman tS: Kearney, turned out splendid work, but until Mr. Foot found buyers their products were limited. Mr. Foot at this time was agent for a French firm, as before stated, which sold largely in the American markets, but seeing the policy of pro- tection developing itself, and being a shrewd observer and keen business man, he realized that the day had come when the native file was to replace the foreign article in this country. Hence, although at the time he had a stock of the French files JAMES KKARNliV. worth $50,000 on hand, with offices in New York, he had no hesitation in accepting the new order of things. He knew, besides, that ihe Weiman & Kearney files, because of their excellence — they were the best made in the United States — had a fortune before them with judicious management. When Mr. Foot took the agency, the business was limited, but it kej)t on increasing until, when he became Mr. Kear- ney's partner, the firm emjjloyed seventy hands and turned out 300 dozen files a day. After forming the ])artnership a new imi)etus was given the business by additional capital and imi)roved machinery, until in 1887, when the act of incor])oration was obtained, the output per day rose to 500 dozen. More extensive works were also found necessary as the business progressed. The i)remises were enlarged until they now cover twenty- four city lots, 300 skilled hands are emi)loyed, the output has reached 1,500 dozen a day, and the files of the firm find their way into every market in the world. They are 1.67. universally conceded to be the best and have that reinitation everywhere. Sandtord I). Foot, the Secretary, was graduated from Amherst Agricultural College, and has been connected with the company during the past eight years. He has taken an active part in the development of the concern, not only in rendering faithful and valuable services on the premises, but in pushing its interests through the country as traveling salesman. BRUCE PRICE. Mr. Bruce Price, one of the best known of New York architects, was born in Cumberland, Maryland, December 12, 1845. He is the son of William Price, the distinguished lawyer of Maryland, and on his mother's side is a de- scendant of the Bruce family of Scotland, who, after having warmly espoused the cause of " The Pretender," came to America in 1745. It was his good fortune to become the sole student of Niernsee& Neilson, celebrated architects of Baltimore. Mr. Niernsee had been a student of both Klenzie and Schingle, and had " footed it " for three years all over Europe, while Mr. Neilson had passed all his early ytrars in Belgium, France and Italy. Both had been suc- cessful engineers before beginning the practice of archi- tecture, and both were thoroughly up in the kindred arts. Mr. Price was a careful observer and attentive listener and a close student of these gentlemen for about four years, and then travelled abroad himself. He commenced practice on his own account in Baltimore with Mr. Baldwin ; removed to Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1873, and was in practice there four years. In 1877 he came to New York. His first notable work was the immense hotel at Long Beach, which was esteemed an architectural marvel of what could be done for the summer accommodation of large numbers of people. More recently he has been the architect of the various buildings at Tuxedo Park, N. Y., the "Gates of Tuxedo," which is considered by able critics to be absolutely perfect and an enduring monument to his natural genius and artistic ability. Mr. Price is the designer of some of the handsomest parlor cars in the country, and the elegant steamer " New Brunswick " is also his work. He has also done considerable railroad work, notably the Grand Terminal building of the C. P. R. R., at Montreal, Canada. Several buildings of Yale are from his plans. Mr. Price was married in Wilkesbarre to Miss Josephine Lee, daughter of one of the original " coal barons," of Pennsylvania, and resides in New York. WM. H, KRAUSE, M.D. Wm. H. Krause, M.D., is one of those foreign born practitioners, who, in this city, are able to compete suc- cessfully in popularity with Gothamites who are to the manor born. He was born on June 19, 1841, in Rhine, Westpha- lia, Germany, and went thiough his scholastic training in Miinster and Berlin. As assistant surgeon he served his country in the Danish war of 1864, and again in the Austro- Prussian campaign of 1866. In 1871 he entered the New York Homoeopathic College and Hospital and graduated in 1873, after which he was appointed attending physician to the Bond Street Dispensary. He is a member of the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the County of New- York, the American Institute of Homoeopathy and the Alumni Association of the New York Homoeopathic College. PERCIVAL FARQUHAR. Hon. Percival Faniuhar was born in York, Pa., and received his early education at the York Collegiate Insti- tute, from which he went to Yale College and graduated therefrom in the class of 1884, receiving the degree of Ph.B. He then attended the Columbia Law School, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1886. He was made the President of the Columbus and Hocking Coal and Iron Co ,in May, 1887, and held that position for one year, when he resigned and entered actively into i)olitics, under the advice of the Hon. Calvin S. Brice, General Thomas, and others with whom he had been associated in the coal com- ])any. He joined the Seventh Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., in the spring of 1887, as a member of Company K, from which he was transferred in the fall of 1888 to accept a commission in the Second Battery of Artillery. He was soon promoted to the Second Lieutenancy, and is now the First Lieutenant of that battery. He stood for the Assem- bly in the fall of 1889, in the Third District, but was defeated, owing to a combination of the County Democracy and Republican parties against him, although he cut down the natural majority of the combined forces by fully 1,000 votes. On this showing of strength he was renominated the follow- ing year and was elected by 2,000 majority, and re elected in 1891 and 1892 by increased vote. In the session of 1891 he earned distinction for his work on the Committees on PERCIVAL FARyUHAK. Laws, on Banks, on Public Institutions and also on the Special Committee of Apportionment. In the session of 1892 he served on the Committees of Ways and Means and on Banks, and was Chairman of Military Affairs. He introduced and had charge of important legislation, includ- ing the New York City Inspection bill, the Personal Registration bill, Ballot Reform Amendments, Codification of Laws relating to the ballot. Revision of the Penal Code, all the Military legislation and other bills. Mr. Far- quhar is one of the members of the Board of Managers of A. B. Farquhar Co., limited, of York, Pa., the well known agricultural manufacturers, and is a member of the firm of A. B. Fartpihar & Co., of New York. He is the son of Arthur B. Farquhar, of York, Pa., President of the Pennsyl- vania Board of Managers of the World's Fair. Mr. Farquhai has been a member of the Tammany Society since 1888, and is a member of Calumet, Manhattan, Tuxedo, Lawyers' and Driving Clubs and of the Southern Society. i68 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLJS. JOHN DAVOL. John Davol, founder of tbe great Biooklyn Brass and Copper Company, was born in Warren, R. I., on Ajjril 8, i8i I, and died on June 30, 1878. He was a remarkable man in many respects, but above all for the versatile genius he possessed which enabled him, after thoroughly mastering; the details of one branch of business, to leave it forever and achieve eminently successful results in another. After receiving a common school education Mr. Davol entered his father's drygoods store in Warren, wherein he stayed until 1842, when seeing freer scope fur his abilities in New York he came here, and with a Mr. Post started the drygoods house of Davol :d Farm, a journal devoted to turf and field sports. Colonel Bruce was, and has been always, acknowledged as the best living authority upon pedigrees and genealogy of the thoroughbred horse. He is the author and compiler of the "American Stud Book," the recognized authority upon pedigrees in the world. He also published the " Horse Breeder's Guide and Hand Book" and the " The Thoroughbred Horse," both works upon the selection, breed- ing and origin of the thoroughbred horse. The "American Stud Book" has reached the sixth volume, and will be con- tinued. Colonel Bruce was regarded as an e.xpert judge of horses and selected all the horses owned and raced success- fully by the late M. H. Sanford, including Preakness, Monarchist, Brigand, Madame Dudley Minx, dam of Mon- itor, etc. He also selected as yearlings Harry Bassctt, Joe Daniels, Hubbard, Katie Pease, Madge, and Tyrant, and for Mr. Jas. R. Keene the grand race horse Foxhali, that won the Grand Prize of Paris, Cesarewitch and Cambridgeshire handicaps. WILLIAM H. HUME. Among the many distinguished architects of this city William H. Hume holds a foremost place. One of the busiest men in his profession, Mr. Hume is also one of the most popular. He is a member of the Seventh Regiment Veteran, Re])ublican, and Lotos Clubs ; he is connected with several religious and charitable organizations, and has been for many years a Director in the East River National Bank ; he is also a member of Kane Lodge, F. iV A. M. Mr. Hume is of Scotch ancestry and was born and educated in the city of New York ; he studied his profession in the office of one of the leading architects of the city. In 1857 he started in business for himself. When the war broke out Mr. Hume was an officer in the Seventh Regiment, and served in the campaigns of '61, '62 and '63; the latter year he was Adjutant of the Regiment. There are few archi- tects in the Metropolis who have had a more active and extended practice, his work embracing some of the finest jjublic and jirivate buildings in this city and else- where. The scope of this paper will allow only a summary of those best known: The New Netherland Hotel, the beautiful building just completed for Mr. \\'illiam Waldorf Astor. The handsome new structure for the Mutual Reserve P'und Life Association at the corner of Broadway and Duane street is another instance of Mr. Hume's work. Other buildings WILLIA.M II. KI;ME. within the city on which he is now engaged include the house for the Lotos Club, the Scotch Presbyterian Church and Lecture Hall on Central Park West, and a number of other stru( tures. The Hotel Normandie is another instance of Mr. Hume's work. Besides this, among the buildings best known designed by him are the Asylum ot St. Vincent de Paul, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, on Tenth Avenue, the large drygoods store of B. Altman & Co., and that of H. C. F. Koch & Co., the Emigrant Savings Bank, Cham- bers Street, the North River Savings Bank, and the Sherman Bank. Out of town are other prominent buildings erected from his designs. The Insane Asylum at Harrison, New York, and the beautiful Masonic Home at Utica, are among these. Such is a brief sketch of one of New York's repre- sentative architects, a man whose life has been spent in helping to build u]i and beautify the city ( f his birth, and whose work will remain as an enduring attest of his energy and professional ability. 174 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. THOMAS E. ROCHFORT. Mr. Thomas K. Roch'ort was born in New Haven, Connecticut. His parents were from County West Meath, Ireland, the old homestead at Rochfort Bridge being still owned by the Rochfort family. Mr. Rochtort was carefully and thoroughly educated, having graduated from Yale University in 1879, and subsequently from the Columbian Law School in Washington, 1). C. in 1882. When he was at Yale he was President of the University Foot Ball Club, and has ever since shown great interest in all College athletics. He was Principal of Fairfield Academy, Fairfield, Conn., and afterwards instructor of Latin in the High School in Washington, D. C. He at once entered upon the jiractice of the law in New \'ork City, taking an advanced and commanding stand in the profession from the start. Self-reliance, together with tact and a thorough knowledge of human nature, are prominent characteristics. Pluck, energy and thoroughness always are attributes of men who have learned to rely on themselves. ft. fMMiii nt^ t^tatt'i M n I ■» THOMAS E. ROCHFORT. The high opinion entertained of Mr. Rochfort's abilities by his fellow members of the New York Bar may be gathered, in ijart, from the fact that for the last four or five years he has been the Attorney and representative of the Code Com- mittee of the liar Association for N. Y. City, of which the Hon. James C. C'arter was Chairman and Hon. Pred. R. Coudert and e.x-Judge Noah Davis have been membeis. The vast imjjortance of the work of that Committee in oj)posing dangerous legislation is well understood, especially among lawyers. Mr. Rochfort's partner is Mr. William H. Stayton, formerly an officer in the United States Navy. The law firm of Rochfort & Stayton has a large and lucrative jjractice with various corporations, among which is the New York Recorder Com|)any ; and the firm's i)rac- tice extends also to the War and Navy Dejjartments at Washington, and to the Court of Claims. Such men as the subject of this artic le always come to the front in our country, and usually stay there. JOHN McCLAVE. Police Commissioner McClave was born in this city on September 11, 1839, and after graduating from the College of the City of New York in 1856, took up the lumber busi- ness, and to-day owns large lumber yards on Twenty- second street and the North River, in which a prosperous trade is done. Though not a politician in the strict sense of the word, Commissioner McClave has always taken a keen and intelligent interest in public affairs, and has been so |)opular with the i^eople that in 1878 he was, though not seeking the honor, elected Alderman on the Republican ticket in the Eighth Senatorial District He was re-elected in 1879, elected Alderman at large in 1880 and declined a nomination in 1881. In 1884 he was appointed to the i'olice Board by Mayor Edson, and his term having ex- pired on May i, 1890, he was appointed for a second t^rm by Mavor Cirant. This reappointment of a Repub- lican to such a responsible position by two Democratic Mayors in succession is a high tribute to the man, and as such it is ajjpreciated, though if any one asked Mayor Grant why he reappointed him he would probably reply, " Because I could not easily find any other man. Republican or Democratic, who could fill the place with so much good to the i)ublic ; because, in fact, he is a man of great business capacity, and, at the same time, like my- self, accessible to all, as the servant of the people should be." Indeed this is quite so ; not only is he acces- sible, but he has a touch of magnetism which makes hosts of friends for him and causes folks to say to him now and then, "Why don't you run for Mayor?" The same question was often asked of Chester A. Arthur when that gentleman was a private citizen of New York. And by the way it may be stated here that Commissioner McClave and Presiiient Arthur were very close personal friends. Com- missioner McClave, besides being a great worker, has system and method which facilitate his labors. He kee])s the ac- counts of the police force and pays the ])ensioners, and does so with so much accuracy and so admirably in every respect that the Commissioners of Accounts and ex])erts, whose at- tention have been called to his system, pronounce it most excellent. 'I'he same order and method are observable in his lumber yards and planing mills, where 200 men are em- !)loyed. Commissioner McClave comes of a family famous for i)rolificness and longevity. He is the youngest of thirteen children, was married at eighteen and a grand- father at thirty-nine. His wife was Charlotte Louisa Wood, of this city, and he is now the father of fourteen and the grandfather of fourteen children, which is doing well for a man still in the prime of life. Both his jiarents were born in this country, his father in 1798 and his mother (still living) in 1803. His ])aternal grandfather was a Scotch school-teacher in New York, and his mother's family, the Launes, were of French extraction, born in (Oyster Bay. The Launes kept a florist's establishment in Laune Lane (now Reade Street), a thoroughfare called after them. Commis- sioner McClave is one of the Directors of the Union Dime Savings Bank and also of the Southern Chemical Com])any. He is a member of the Colonial and the Re])ublican Clubs, and has lieen trustee of the Central Baptist Church for twentv-eight years. In concluding this too brief sketch it may be said that Commissioner McClave is noted for his alTal)ility, his directness and general bearing, which com- mand the confidence and respect of all who meet him. FRANK ALFRED BIGELOW, M D. Dr. Frank Alfretl Bigelow comes from a distinctly medical family, which includes an unbroken line of jjhysicians covering nearly a century of professional eminence. His paternal grandparent Dr. Leander B. Bigelow of Auburn, Cayuga Co., N. \ ., to whom the late Professor Frank NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 175 Hamilton publicly declared himself largely indebted for his earlier professional success, died during the cholera scourge of 1850, falling victim himself to the disease. His death created a hiatus in the medical world. Dr. Alfred J. Higelow (eldcs' son of Dr. Leander and father of Dr. Frank) received his degree from the University of Buffalo, N. Y., in 185 1. He was a classmate of Prof. Austin Flint, Jr. At an early date he was converted to the homoeopathic school of medicine and soon became prominent -in its councils. In 1867 he moved to the City of New York and ever .since has been actively identified with homoeopathy's best interests. Dr. Frank Alfred Bigelow was born at Mayville, Chautauqua Co., New York, May 6th, 1855. He received the highest prize honors from the public schools of New York City at the age of 14, completing his studies with an academic course. Devoting several years to travel he subsequently took up the study of electricity and his marked ability in this field soon gained him distinc- tion. He declined the position of Superintendent of Telegraphy twice tendered him by prominent corporations both in this State and Ohio. Entertaining higher as]jira- ticns, and withal probably following the natural bent of his earlier training, he applied his mind wholly to the study of medicine, graduating from New York Homoeopathic College and Hospital in 1886. P'rom that time to the present his professional advancement has been steady. He had already achieved considerable note in literary circles aside from contributions to Medical Journals, and has now in process of compilation a work entitled "A Simplified Handbook of Materia Medica, designed as a quick and ready reference for busy practitioners " He is on the medical staff of various insurance corporations, among which are The Life Maturity of Washington, D. C, the International Alliance, and a number of fraternal organizations. He is a prominent Odd Fellow and medical examiner for that Order. Dr. Bigelow's success in medicine is not surprising. He is one of the most indefatigable workers of his school; a quick and able exponent of its principles ; a ready and convincing speaker and deservedly popular. He married Miss Jessie Mae Towns, a relative on the maternal side of the Hon. Don. Piatt, in 1878. GEO. EDW. HARDING. George Edward Harding, a well known architect of this city, was born in Bath, Maine, in April, 1845. ^^'^^ educated and received preparatory training for College, and coming to New York went through a course in Columbia College School of Mines. On leaving Columbia he went to Europe for three years, studying architecture and engineer- ing in various countries, but more especially in England and France. Returning to New York in 1872, he went into partnership with Arthur Oilman, a prominent architect of that date, and remained with him until 1880, since when he practised his profession alone until 1889, when he took William Tyson Gooch as a partner, and the new firm carried on business under the style of George Edward Harding and Gooch. Mr. Gooch was born in England in 1855 and had studied with the most eminent architects in London, including Frederick William Porter, also the Government Architect of Paris. Mr. Gooch had been with C. C. Haight in New York since 1882 and was already favorably known in the profession. Mr. Harding's specialty is hotels, though, as a matter of course, he has planned and constructed all manner of build- ings, some of them very elegant and all of them displaying marks of high professional skill. Among the hotels of his creation are the Holland H' use and the Hotel Brunswick. He also erected the Postal Telegraph Building, and the famous decorations of the Hoffman House main floor are creations of his art. WILLIAM H. STAYTON. W^illiam H. Stayton, the junior member of the firm of Rochfort & Stayton, attorneys for the Recorder, took up the practice of law in New York after a service of over thirteen years in the navy. Mr. Stayton was born in Smyrna, Delaware, March 28, 1861. He attended the pub- lic schools in his native State, and in April, 1877, appeared before a board of examiners, who were, by a competitive examination, to select a candidate for appointment to the Naval Academy. There being but one congressional repre- sentative from Delaware, the examination was open to all boys in the State between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. He passed the best examination, was appointed to the Naval Academy, and began his course there in June, 1877, graduating in i88r. He then performed two years' service at sea on vessels of the North Atlantic squadron, and in 1883, with other members of his class, was ordered up for examination under the provisions of a law which had just gone into effect, and which provided that there should be WILLIAM H. STAYTON. retained in the navy only enough cadets from each class to fill the vacancies which had occurred during the preceding year. After this examination fifteen out of the more than one hundred members of the class were selected for reten- tion in the service, and Mr. Stayton, standing sufificiently high to exercise a choice of corps, selected the Marine Corps, and was appointed a Second Lieutenant on the ist of July, 1883. After a short period of duty in New York and" Washington, he was ordered to the "Hartford," the flagship of the Pacific station, and remained attached to her for three years, during which time he read law and paid special attention to the proceedings of court-martial. On the expiration of his cruise he was selected for duty as assistant to the Judge Advocate General of the Navy, and remained on that duty until April, 1890, when he was assigned to represent the government interests in the prose- cution of Commander McCalla, who had returned from a cruise in command of the " Enterprise," and who was sub- 176 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. sequently convicted ot" inllicting illegal and inhuman jnin- ishnients upon the men of that vessel. In this trial Mr. Stayton was opposed by Mr. Joseph H. Choate, who strongly advised his opponent to leave the service and take up the practice of law in New York. Mr. Stayton had meantime been pursuing a course of study at the Columbian University Law School in Washington and on the completion of the trial he returned to Washington, took his law examinations, and graduated at the head of his class. Mr. Stayton at once tendered his resignation, came to New York and s arted in the practii e of his new ])rofession, and a vear later, or in May, 1891, he entered into the coi)artnershii) with Mr. Roch- fort. He is a member of the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club, the Fencers' Club, and the Army and Navy Club. DAVID WELCH, Ex- Assistant District Attorney, a member of the firm of Welch & Daniels, was born in New York, May 7, 1858. His father was a pros|)erous merchant and died when his son was very young, leaving him a snug fortune. Young Welch was educated first at Manhattan College, then at the public schools, and thereafter at the College l^oint Military Academy. When quite young he entered the law ofifice of Messrs. Norwood &: Coggeshall, and by steady ajjplication and a quick intelligence, he soon became proficient in all the intricacies of the proft ssion. In January, 1891, when Mr. DeLancey Nicholl was made Dist ict Attorney, Mr. DAVID WKLCH. Welch was one of his first a])pointees as assistant. The young lawyer soon made a record for himself as a special pleader. He had special charge of extradition cases, habeas corpus cases and arguments of appeals in conjunc- tion with the late Assistant District Attorney J. McKen/.ie Sem|)le, and made a record in each that i)rior thereto had never been excelled. But it was in the collection of for- feited bail bonds that he achieved both re|)Ulation and glory. In a very short time he collected $22,000 for the Stale, more money collec ted in one year than any of his predecessors had collected in three years prior thereto. .Mr. Welch is highly esteemed for his upright and conscientious performance of his duties. In January, 1892, he resigned from public office, an 1 entered into partnership with Mr. (ieorge S. Daniels in 1887. After his retirement from office Mr. Welch devoted his energies to civil cases and the higher grade of criminal appeal cases. His causes ce'lebtes are the ajjpeal on the ca.se of William Fanning in 1892, when he obtained a commutation of sentence of death for a conviction of wife murder to imprisonment for life. He successfully argued the case of the People v. \\'halen, '\xv\o\\- ing the question of the liberation of two hundred convicts in State prison, who, iq)on constitutional grounds, were seeking for an earlier release. In this case he rejjresented the Attorney-General. He also succeeded in obtaining damages in the case of J/auser 7'. The North German Lloyd Sleamship Company on the cpiestion of the treatment of jjassengers on board ship and port. He has also been engaged in any number of other ini])ortant cases. Mr. Welch married Grace F. Lindenstein, of New York City, in November, 1892. He resides at No. 40 West 119th Street. He is highly esteemed in social circles and belongs to the Bar Association, the Harlem Law Library, the Saga- more Club and the Legion of Honor, and a member of other well known associations of this city. JAMES FITZGERALD. " It is not in mortals to command success," said Hamlet, "but we"ll do more, Horatio, we'll deserve it." Some folks both command and deserve success, and one of them is James Fitzgerald, Judge of the Court of Sessions, who, i)y fair dint of energy, aided by abilities of a high order, has risen to an important position on the bench of New York City, while still comparatively a young man. Judge Fitz- gerald was born in Ireland on October 28, 1851, and re- ceived the rudiments of his education in a Jesuit Seminary in that country. While still young in years he came to the United States with his parents and attended school in the De la Salle Institute, on Second Street. He also attended the ])ublic schools and subsecjuently the Coo])er Institute. He studied law in the Columbia College and graduated from there in the class of 1880. He was called to the bar after leav- ing college, but, like most young men of his profession in this city, soon took a hand in politics, and because of the re- markable abilities ne disp.layed, became immensf^y i)0]ndar in the Sixteenth .-Yssembly District. He began his political career as a County Democrat when that section of thejjarty swayed the political destinies ol the city, and has ever since, through changes and mutations, remained loyal to his first political affiliations. The County Democracy has declined, though it may rise again, but whether in defeat or victory, sunshine or shadow, James Fitzgerald has never abandoned the standard under which he originally achieved political success. He was elected to the Legislature in 1877 from the Sixteenth Asseml)ly District and served until 1878, when he was ai)])ointed to a position in the C!ouniy Clerk's officj by Hubert O. Thompson, then in the a.scendant as leader of the County Democracy. In 1881 he ran against the late (ieneral Spinola for State Senator in the Ninth District and defeated him by 2,500 majoritv. This victory over a strong man in a district essentially Tammanyite sur- prised the politicians and brought Mr. Fitzgerald j)romi- nently before the ])ublic. Rut this was not the last time he was to show Tammany Hall indications of his prowess on the field of i)arly strife. He served in the Senate of 1882-3, and in June, 1884, was ai)])ointed .Vssistant District Attor- ney on the death of John McKeon. When Judge Marline was elected District .Attorney Mr. Fitzgerald w as ai)i)oinled assistant, and when Colonel Fellows was elected to that office he offered Mr. Fitzgerald the jmsition of Chief .\s sistanl and it was accepted. In 1889 he gained the greatest NEW YOEK, THE METROPOLIS. trium])h in his brilliant local career in defeating Judge (lil- dersleeve for Judge of (leneral Sessions. Judge (lilder- sleeve was a leading member of the 'I'ammany faction, a very strong man personally, with a fine record and marked abilities. Mr. Fitzgerald, on the other hand, was connected with a falling faction, but nevertheless, bracing himself for the occasion, and throwing all his energy into the contest, he was elected by a large majority. Indeed he was the only anti-Tammany man elected that year and therefore en- titled all the more to congratulations on his success. No one can say he did not earn it well, or that he does not fill the high position with credit to himself and usefulness to the public. FRANK E. DOUGHTY. M.D. In the Brooklyn Eagle of June 7, 1891, appeared an interesting history of the Doughty family, the American branch of which is traced back as far as the beginning of the seventeenth century. From this family comes Francis E. Doughty, M.D., subject of this sketch, who was born in Troy, N. Y., on August 14, 1857, of Samuel G. and his wife Jane (Hart). Dr. Doughty has not lessened the lustre of an honored name. So far his life has been devoted to active work in his profession, part of it in private practice and part to medical work in various charitable institutions. After graduating with honors from the college Dr. Doughty in 1876 was appointed Professor of Anatomy in the New York Homoeopathic College, and only resigned after thirteen years of laborious active service. On the opening of the Ward's Island Honiceopathic Hospital he was appointed one of the attending surgeons, and filled the position for ten years. Since the opening of the Hahnemann Hospital of this city he has been one of the attending surgeons. For the past fifteen years he has been a surgeon at the Five Points House of Industry. He is also the consulting surgeon to the Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Children, attending surgeon to the Flower Hospital, a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, of the New York State Homoeopathic Society, and the New York County Medical Society, the New York Medical Club, and the Jahn Club. Dr. Doughty married in 1868 Hanna M., the daughter of N. W. Starr, of Yonkers, and has had three children, but one of whom is living. His practice is confined largely to diseases of the genito-urinary organs. ANTON SCHWARZ. Of late years brewing in this country has risen to the dignity of a science, and without it and a good deal of capital no one may hope to enter into the business with suc- cess. There is, in fact, now in existence in this city the United States Brewers' Academy, established for the expiess purpose of teaching young men how to brew on a scientific basis, which establishment was organized and is conducted by Mr. A. Schwarz, of 200 Worth Street. Attached to the institution is what is called a "scientific station," whose main object is to examine all cases of disturbances in brew- ing, to locate the cause and give speedy remedy, especially to make investigations of raw materials used in breweries, such as water, hops, barley, malt, rice, isinglass, pitch, var- nish, yeast and the products, lager beer, ales and porter, weiss beer, etc. For such purposes the station is furnished with a complete laboratory, in which the most difficult and complicated examinations may be made of all samples or ingredients submitted. This institution was incorporated in 1880, since which time its managers have made 17,000 examinations. 'I'he Academy has received more than 200 scholars to date, the great majority of whom to-day occupy prominent ])ositions in various breweries throughout the country. The Academy does not grant diplomas to any but those who have passed a rigid examination both in theory and practice. Among the branches of study are chemistry and chemical experiments in the miniature brewery and malt house, microscopical investigations, mechanical tech- nology, fermentation, mathematics, science of saccharo- meter and attenuation, etc. Mr. Schwarz, Director of the Academy, is jiublisher of the American Breiver, and Max Schwarz, his son, is the editor. He was born in Bohemia in 1839, and was educated in the Polytechnic Institute in Prague, and com|jleted his studies in a classical school in Vienna. Coming to this country in 1868 he became editor of the Anierican Brewer, which was started that year by Adol])h Meckert. In the year following Mr. Schwarz became sole ])roprietor of the paper. For three years he studied practical brewing under the celebrated Professor Balling, of Prague, and in 1880, as already stated, started ANTON SCHWARZ. the United States Brewers' Academy, which he conducts with the assistance of his son Max. He also started its first scientific station for the art of brewing in this country, of which all the prominent brewers of the country are members. Apart from his business, in which it is needless to say he dis- plays original ability, he is a delightful companion in social circles and universally popular. He resides with his famUy at 112 Berkeley Place, Brooklyn, which consists of a charm- ing wife and three sons, Max (who is manied), Gustav and Frederick, and one daughter, Paula, married to L. Herzog. Mr. Schwarz is an honorary member of the United States Brewers' Association, an honor never before conferred upon any one not actually engaged in the brewing business. PHILIP BISSINGER. Phili]) Bissinger, the well known New York diamond merchant, is about the most prominent illustration of what individual human energy is capable of achievingin a si)ecific way that can be presented to the readers of this biograi)hical work. For almost half a century he has been the leading champion for the rights of the German element in this city; has seen that its volume of emigration was properly directed, 178 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS nnd has l)een mainly instrumental in organizing banks for its financial, and building hosintals for its physical, necessi- ties. He was born June 2. 1827, near the town of Pforz- heim. Baden, Germany. His father, a farmer, descended from a line of farmers, though obliged to struggle hard and continuously for a living, managed nevertheless to give his six children, of whom Philip was the eldest, as good an edu- cation as the schools of their native town could afford, but when fourteen the lad, in accordance with German usage, was ap])renticed to Theodore Lenz & Co., engaged in the jewelry trade. The Revolution of 1848 played havoc with business in Germany, and Mr. Lenz decided to go to America in search of new markets. One day he invited Philip to dinner, and much to the youth's surprise, said he would have to take charge of the business until his return, whereat young Bissinger's surprise changed to astonish- ment. Mr. Lenz sailed away, and Philip conducted the business so successfully that he was appointed bookkeejjer on his principal's return. A year rolled over, and Phili]), I'HILII' BISSINGER. thinking he also would see a little life himself, obtained a position with the extensive jewelry house of \\'iiliam Kaemjjff iV C'o. He came to New York on December 16, 1849, and that very day unpacked his goods and went round in search of buyers. After four years of unremitting toil he established himself in business at No. 13 John Street, where he has attained a national reputation as a dealer in dia- monds. When the great stream of Cierman immigration began to flow westward, he saw that, if his thousands of countrymen settling down every year in this city were to have scojje for their commercial activity, it would be necessary they should have a bank of their own. In our day, when the Germans are so i)Otent a factor in our Na- tional life, this may seem a small affair, but, all the same, it took a long and bitter struggle to a( ( omi)lish it thirty or forty years ago. However, through the energy of Mr. Bis- singer a charter was obtained in 1859. The twenty-five original incorporators subsc ribed eac h $200, and the bank was started with a capital stock of $5,000. At the end of the first year it had 1,873 dei)ositors, with an aggregate of $259,954.87, which sur])assed the most sanguine expect- ations of its organizers. In 1864 Mr. Bissinger was elected President, and it then received a great impetus. He was well known and trusted; he infused his character- istic energy into every department; it doubled its business almost every year until 1890 the deposits amounted to ujjward of $30,000,000 ! It is the fourth largest institution of ihe kind in the United States. In 1861 the management ])urchased property on Fourteenth Street and Fourth Avenue, and in 1870 erected the present German S|)ar IJank build- ing u])on it. And so with the great German Society founded in 1784. Mr. Bissinger joined it in 1854, and concentrated all his energy in the direction of making it a success, and as usual he succeeded. Though often pressed to assume the office of President, it was not until 1865 that he con- sented. From the first he instituted important reforms. In 1868 he started a banking department in connection with it with a capital of $5,000, then went to Europe and estab- lished agencies there, with thirty banks in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. But, after all, his greatest achievements have been identified with German emigration. Through the Emigration (Commission he established in connection with the German Society a labor bureau ; 100,000 immigrants, finding themselves in a strange land, often penniless, were cared for and provided with employment. Finding that the Eurojjcan transportation lines were providing shameful accommodation for (ierman immigrants, Philijj Bissinger, flaming with righteous indignation, went to Hamburg, and there confronting the great Senator Slowman, had him cen- sured by King William (subsequently Kaiser), and a sweep- ing reform effected. The Emperor conferred Knighthood on Mr. Bissinger. Returning to America, he brought a still more i)owerful magnate to his knees in the person of Tom Scott, the Railway King of Pennsylvania. The line of railroad controlled by Mr. Scott did not, in Mr. B ssin- ger's opinion, treat the emigrants fairly. He stated boldly to the Board of Emigration Commissioners that the emi- grants were being cheated, which declaration brought Presi- dent Scott to Mr. Bissinger's office in a rage. Mr. Bissin- ger was cool, and reiterated his statement, whereupon Mr. Scott obtained a warrant from Judge Bernard for his arrest. Mr. Bissinger went to Judge Bernard, explained matters and the Judge cancelled the warrant. After this emigrants were well treated. It was in the same manner that he made the Commission- er of Charities and Correction aliate a claim of $60,000 they jiressed against the Emigration Board. They claimed $80,000 principal for what they alleged was a long outstanding debt, and $60,000 interest. Mr. Bissinger ])aid the princi- pal, but refused the interest. As usual he carried the day, and was universally eulogized for his action. He was one of the committee of seventy which crushed the Tweed Ring, and in 1884 presided over the meeting in Cooper LInion at which the resolutions were discussed censuring the govern- ment for giving the German element too much rei)Tesenta- tion on the Board of Emigration Commis.-^ioners. He went to .-Mbany with a copy of the resolutions and had ihem can- celled. He was a Park Commissioner, and one of the incor- porators of the New York Eye and ICar Infirmary, and its Vice-President, and, in fact, Mr. Philij) Hissinger is entitled to a monument, not only from the German element, but from the citizens at large. Mr. Bissinger is a baclielor. CHARLES BROADWAY ROUSS. Every merchant in the I'nited States and thousands outside of it have heard of Charles Broadway Rouss, and yet how comparatively few there are who have read his extraordinary story. Nothing more maryellous than the NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 179 history of the man has ever ajjpeared in the pages of romance. He came to New Yori< in tlie ragged uniform of an ahiiost broken-hearted Confederate soldier who had been surrendered at Appomattox with four dollars in his pocket, while now he possesses an independent fortune. Apart from the great commercial success which he has achieved as a merchant, his original traits of character, the pathos and what may be termed the poetry of his life, the failure and the success of his remarkjble career, eminentlv fit him for a place in a work like " New York, the Metropolis." Charles Broadway Rouss was born in Woodsboro, Mary- Stonewall Jackson, and those who know him best bear witness that a more magnificent soldier or one more unselfishly loyal did not carry a musket during those four years of fierce strife that began at Fort Sumter and ended at Appomattox. After a year in the cornfield he came to New York to begin the world anew, not knowing what the future had in store for the war-worn soldier of a lost cause. But if he had only a few dollars in his pocket Charles Broadway Rouss had in his heart the grim resolve to suc- ceed. And here may be the proper place to observe that his capacity did not subject him to limitations as to a land, in 1836, but when a mere child was taken to live in Berkeley County, now in West Virginia, whence after some years he moved to Winchester, in the famous Shenandoah Valley. Here he lived and was prospering in a modest way as a merchant when the tocsin of war sounded throughout the land and men with hearts in their bosoms sprang to arms in defence of the cause they deemed right. Young Rouss did not hesitate as to his choice. He joined the Confederacy ; he belonged to the immortal Army of Northern \'irginia, of which Robert E. Lee was the com- mander-in-chief ; he fought under the immediate eye of calling. Any one who reads his Motithly Auction Journal will at once realize that journalism has lost in him a great editor, literature perhaps a great poet. Any one who has heard him speak when the mood was on him to throw out sparks of fire could have no difficulty in imagining that he could mould himself into an orator. But he had a young and growing family, he had some experience in the business, and it may be that it was necessity drove him into the dry- goods trade, as it was opportunity made of Oliver Wendell Holmes a physician, and of Henry Stedman a banker. However this may be, he did become a drygoods merchant. i8o JVEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. We are told how he began the battle of life, and the story is both interesting and instructive. He paid fifty cents a day rent and a like sum for maintenance, and grubbed and l)lodded pluckily along, the world hearing very little of him until in 1876 when it was incidentally informed that this ex-Confederate wanderer from Winchester had forty branches of his business in different cities of the Union. This piece of news was published in the daily papers of the time in connection with his failure in business. For he did undoubtedly fail for once and the failure taught him the lesson of his life. At this time his store was in Duane Street, and when a balance was struck he found himself $5 1,000 poorer then when he began business eleven years before. W^hy he failed was because he hud been doing business on the credit system. Henceforth he would change his base and work on a cash system. Every one knows the result, also that the first thing he did when fortune favored was to pay off his §50,000 indebtedness to the last farthing, principal and interest. From that time on everything he touched turned into gold, not, however, through blind chance or good luck, but a result of cool mathematical calculation, great energy, hard work and perseverance. He was obliged to enlarge his premises and being about it at all, he did the thing in princely style. His store on Broadway is the wonder of New York, not so much on account of its size as because of its stateliness and architec- tural beauty. It is noticeable that in the biographical sketches of famous architects we see in the daily paj)ers now and then all of them who in any way were connected with this building, composed of iron and brick, are proud enough of the fact to have it mentioned in cold type. It is twelve stories high, to which he is about to add two more, all of them from basement to attic covered with goods which are siiijjped to all parts of the United States and Canada as well as the Republics of North, South and Ontral America. A young man competent at figures calcu- lates that were those stories flattened out they would cover an area of five square acres. That is surely a mammoth store and yet it is too small for the business of Charles Broadway Rouss. He will soon have to enlarge. The man is literally a devourer of work. He labors sixteen hours a day on an average. He looks after his own corresj.'ondence, which is immense. In other great houses with no pretension to eejuality with his the correspondence is divided into branches with a man in charge of each, but Mr. Rouss scoffs at such an idea. Another task he has undertaken is the editing his Monthly Auction Trade Journal. Though this is meant chiefly as an advertising medium and has a circulation of 2.000,000 it contains a good deal of sound sense. Mr. Rouss writes phonetically. He does not believe in unnecessary letters. One of the banks he makes deposit in is the Ninth National, in whi( h his cash account is said to be the heaviest in the drygoods district. This is saying a good deal. In commencing this sketch it was not intended to speak so much of the business of Mr. Rouss as about his personality, but both are so connected that it is hard to dissociate them. In a])pearance he is a man that would not strike the superficial observer, but to the physiog- nomist he is a study, and his strong, well cut features reflect the indomitable spirit within. He is of medium height, of middle age, has grey hair and mustache and carries himself with (piiet dignity. Nevertheless, though so long in business and though almost anew generation has sprung up since he laid down his musket, something of the air militaire is bound to stick to him to the end. In fact, you strike one of the tenderest chords in his nature when you mention any- thing about the war. \\'hen his brilliant son that he loved more than he loved business and fortune — better than he loved life itself — was torn from his grasp by the hand of death, ■the New York millionaire, though prostrate with grief, did nt)l forget his brave comrades in arms, and it is on record that after returning from his son's funeral he sat down and wrote a check for $7,500, which he sent to \\ inchester " to build an iron fence about my neighbors" graves," as he put it in his own cpiict way. Indeed he is a man of strong domestic affections. He has never forgotten Winchester, which may be almost considered his native town. He supi)orts its institutions from here in New York just as liberally as if he stdl lived there. He subscribes to its fire department, its agricultural fairs, its institutions ; he keeps its newsjjapers religiously on file and reads them from column to column ; in fine, his spirit moves u|)on Win- chester and its quiet domesticity when released from the turmoil and bustle of the American metropolis. The ]jicture he takes most piide in has been painted by a Winchester artist — Mr. Bruce — and the subject is a portrait of his old and well beloved' Commander-in-chief, Robert K. Lee, whom he considers the greatest military genius this country has produced. After his son the person who holds the deepest affections of this singular man is Ex- (k)vernor W. F. Holliday, his closest friend and warmest admirer. The one armed ex-CHiief Magistrate of Virginia, and the metropolitan Merchant-Prince " illustrate two vastly variant types of character," says a New York corre- spondent of the Spirit of Jefferson., a paper published in Charlestown, West Virginia, "but both are essentially Southern. There is something of the same splendid self- reliance and magnificent nerve about them both, and these, after all, are the true genius of success." After what has been written concerning the domestic disposition of Mr. Rouss we can easily imagine the weight of the blow that struck him when, on April 15, 1891, his well beloved son died in the full tide of his young and beautiful manhood. It was the great calamity of his life, and though he did not succumb beneath it, though his iron will kept him outwardly calm and seemingly impenetrable to grief, his nearest friends noticed what a change the bereavement had wrought when all was over. For young Mr. Rouss was no ordinary man. He was his first born, he was thirty-one years of age, highly educated, liberally gifted by nature, and as regards business was after his father's own heart. He was, as he says himself in his ([uaint phonetic phraseology, his "rite hand man." Nor wasM". Rouss's grief always poured out for his own flesh and blood. He mourned almost as keenly for a departed faithful employe. Witness, for instance, this extract from a placard placed in a prominent place in his store, which is really a ])oetic monu- ment to a dear friend: "The fearless, tireless little veteran (Henry Opie) of 231 and 351 and 341 and 468, dating away back No. 373 in 1870, passed from time to eternity last night, at half-past ten. . . . Ah me! how bitter those terrible trials that tear friendship and affection to atoms with un- sparing and merciless severity. Poor, dear Opie ! He stood at his post as long as he was able to stand, with a courage and fidelity that would command adoration from ingratitude itself. Farewell, my brave, true Ojiie ! Often have 1 said, ' Come, 0|)ie, no rest for the weary I ' but it is all over now, and that impatient, i)ersisttnt, loyal bundle of devotion, fidelity and toil sleeps in i)erfect rest. If that deathless spark that works the mind survives dissolution, then he has greeted the deathless, chivalrous veterans that have droii])ed from the ranks in our march from 149 to 468 — Bob, t!lint, Peter, Omo, Frank, Lee. Yes, Opie, with a thousand un- availing regrets, with unspoken prayers and hopeless hoi)es, I bid you an affectionate farewell forever. — C. B. R." (The above numbers refer to the various locations of Mr. Rouss's store at different times.) Doubtless after a tour of his mammoth store nothing would give a better idea of Mr. Rouss's business than his Moiitlily Auction Journal. It contains forty-eight pages, and after three or four NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. i8i columns of editorial matter is dedicated to a jjricelist of his wares, than which a more miscellaneous collection cannot be found in any store in the world. The saying that you find in the place everything from a needle to an anchor is literally true M'ith the exception of the anchor. It is a magazine for the United States, and as a matter of fact, there is not a city, town or village in this big country that does not draw upon it for supplies. To return once more to his beloved Winchester, we copy resolutions passed by the Board of Managers of Mount Hebron Cemetery Company, dated May 29, 1891, as a close to this too brief sketch : " Governor Holliday " (says the iVinchester Times) " laid before the Board a communication he had received from Charles B. Rouss, Esq., making a donation to the Mount Hebron Cemetery Company of seven thousand five hundred dollars for the purpose of enclosing the grounds. It is unanimously ordered that the cordial the company's factories. He belongs to pure New Eng- land stock of English and Scotch ancestry, grafted upon American soil from early Colonial times. His great-grand- father was Joseph Page, of Rochester, N. H., his grand- father David C. Page, of Sandwich, same State, and his father John Ham Page, all farmers and descended from a long line of farmers. George himself worked on a farm until nineteen years of age, after which he received an educational training in Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa. He was in the War Dej)artment at Washington for three years. In 1866 he went to Zurich, Switzerland, at the suggestion of his brother, Chas. A. Page, then U. S. Consul at Zurich, and it was there that the company was organized with a legal domicile at Cham, Switzerland. Since then he has devoted all his energy to the great enterprise, and as General Manager of all departments, manufacturing, finan- cial and commercial, while acting as a member of the Board GEORGE HAM PAGE. thanks of the company be extended to Mr. Rouss for his magnificent gift. It is further ordered unanimously that the company do present to Mr. Rouss a lot in the cemetery, not occupied or hitherto assigned, of such area and site as he may desire." Mr. Rouss is not accustomed to publish his donations, but a friend who knows him well declares that he has within the past twenty years donated upwards of a quarter of a million dollars to j.urposes in which the veterans of the South as well as very many of the institu- tions of the North are interested. GEORGE HAM PAGE. George Ham Page, Chief Organizer of the great Ameri- can industry called, singularly enough, the " Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company," was born on May 16, 1836, in a log cabin at Dixon, I.ee County, State of Illinois, very near the spot on which at jjresent stands the largest of of Directors and Chief Executive, has been brilliantly suc- cessful. On being asked to assign a cause for his phenom- enal success, Mr. Page smiled and replied, "I attribute a measure of success to a trait of tenacity, mastering and sticking to one kind of business, constant firing at one tar- get, never scattering energy, steering clear of schemes plau- sibly presented by visionaries and phantom mongers." Mr. Page's greatest satisfaction is to be conscious that he has been instrumental in extending the business in a homeward direction to his native country, and, in fact, to his native town. He was appointed Vice-Consul to Zurich by Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State, and in 1875 he married a Swiss lady. Miss Adelheid Schwerzmann, of Zoug. He is a member of the Republican Club of the city of New York. At the World's Fair at Vienna, in 1875, he was awarded the " Medal of Progress" for introducing a new industry into Europe. l82 NEIV YORK', THE METROPOLIS. JOHN E. BRODSKY. Mr. John E. 15rodsky, the well-know n Republican leader of the old Eighth District, was born in New York City, May 20, 1855. He received his early education in the public schools and from private teachers, and then went to Colum- bia Law School, graduating from that institution in the class of 1876, receiving the degree LL.B. He was admit- ted to the bar in July, 1876, and entered at once on the active practice of law, in which he is still engaged, enjoying now an extensive clientage. For five years he was a member of the firm of Johnston, Tilton <^ Brodsky, but since the dis- solution of that copartnership in 1882, has practised on his own account, devoting himself ex( lusively to cases in the civil courts and real estate matters and litigations. Mr. Brodsky entered into politics in 1873, before reaching his majority, and labored with the late John J. O'Brien, soon becoming his reliable lieutenant and doing great service in the Republican cause in the Eighth District, overcoming the heavy Democratic majority there, and controlling the JOHN i:. iiK<)i)M-;\. district for years. He was a candidate for the Assembly in 1878 and defeated, but he made such a showing of strength and personal poi)ularily that he was renominated in 1879 and elected, and then re-elected in 1880, 1881 and again in 1890. In 1882 he declined the Assembly to accept the Senatorial nomination, but in the larger Democratic field he failed of election. In the Assembly he introduced and passed a number of imjjortant bills, and was especially strong in the session of 1890, and active in the Legislature regarding the consolidation of New York and Brooklyn, which bill he introduced, also regarding East River bridges, cable roads, botanical gardens and public improvements, although then a member of the minority in the legislative body. He i)rove(l himself a man of considerable ability, and was very effective in debate. In manner and appear- ance he is much the superior of the ty])ical politician. He has always been noted for his political shrewdness and fore- sight, and .he naturally succeeded the famous John J. .O'Brien upon the death of the latter. In iSSi in ihe con- test for the return of Hon. Roscoe Conkling and Hon. Thomas C. Piatt to the United States Senate, after their resignation, resulting from the antagonism of President CJarfield, Mr. Brodsky took sides with them, and was one of the famous twenty-nine who voted for Roscoe Conkling until the end of the balloting, which lasted for a period of about six weeks, Mr. Piatt having retired early in the struggle. He was the only one of the twenty-nine who was re-elected to the Legislature of the following year. He has always looked upon his action in that memorable jiolitical contest as one of the proudest of his life, believing Mr. Conkling to have been a "peer among peers." SAMUEL M. BIXBY. Among the many successful men who have come to the New World's commercial metropolis from time to time to participate in the struggle for fame and fortune. Samuel >L Bixby is, perhaps, the most extraordinary. His history, be- sides being unusually checkered, is instructive to the young and ambitious as showing what an iron will, steadfast deter- mination and an aggressive business character are cajia- ble of achieving over the most apparently insurmountable difficulties. Beginning with next to nothing, he has built a great factory and placed himself among the millionaires of the land, while retaining a character that any business mnn may be proud of. When the name "Bixby " is mentioned anywhere the word " Blacking " suggests itself irre- sistibly to the mind in connection with it. He is to America what Day (.\: Martin were to England and her colonies in their time, with the difference that, whereas Day ^: Martin are fading away and their names, like their blacking, are losing their lustre, Bixby has not yet reached his meridian, though his name is heard and his blacking i)urchased to-day in regions that in the comparatively ancient times of Day &: Martin were inha- bited by people who knew not the uses of boots and shoes. In fact, to confess ignorance of Bixby's " Three Bee " or his " Royal Polish" is to confess that one has not travelled, for his advertisement may be seen on the ribs of the highest mountains and on the rocks along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The methods employed to advertise articles of food, patent medicines, etc., do not often serve for advertising shoe blacking, and in order to traverse the comparatively unbeaten ])atn peculiar devices have had to be employed. Speaking of this matter Boots and Sho'S IViekly says : "The ingenious Mr. Bixby, of shoe blacking and dressing fame, has got out another novelty which forcibly reminds us that he is ' up to the times.' It consists of a neat nickelplated clock, on the dial of which is the familiar figure of the man having his boots blacked with Bixby's blacking. The inter- esting feature is the little bootblack, into whom the works of the clock seem to breathe life, and he j)olishes away at the gentleman's shoe with an earnestness and precision that is (juite amusing. It is reasonable to su])i)Ose that this boy will work for .\Ir. Bixby while his master sleeps." Another advertising scheme thai emanated from Mr. Bixby's fertile brain was the three-wheeled wagon which created a well remembered sensation in every city, town, vi lage and hamlet through which it passed. This wagon was a circus in itself. If any one would like to know what a great industry the manufacture of blacking really is, let him visit the mammoth establishment of S. .M. Bixby & Co., see the number of hands em])l()ved. and the complex machinery and vast amount of raw material in process t)f manufacture. It is a large, six-story structure, filled up with all the machinery and ajiiiliances necessary to the production of the finest and most pojjular blacking in the world. The company controlling this industry is incorporated, and the president is the orig- inal Mr. Bixby himself. Though the annual sale of the products now aggregates several hundred thou- I i83 sand dollars, and the Imsiness swims prosi)eronsly on toward the million point, it must not be supposed that the founder achieved this ilegree of success with- out great difficulty. On the contrary, the obstacles he had to surmount were so great that, as he now is free to con- fess, could he have foreseen them it is probable he would not have undertaken such an enterprise. Mr. Eixby was born in New Hampshire, May 27, 1833, and his father, who was a farmer, raised several sons, who, like the subject of our sketch, ha\'e all become successful in their chosen occupa- tions. He was married in 1861 to Mary E. 'I'raphagen, of Newburg, N. Y., but has no family. Mrs. Bixby is of Franco- German descent, but her i)arents were born in this country. While still a boy Mr. Bixby was employed as clerk in a store, and when not quite eighteen went into business .for himself. The man for whom he was clerking died, and young Mr. Bixby — who always won the esteem of those with whom he came in contact — was started in trade in the gentlemen's furnishing line by his deceased employer's creditors. This showed the high opinion that was entertained of the young man's capacity. In the midst of a marked success in the venture he was taken seriously ill, and by the advice of his physician went to C'hicago (1853), and remaining there until 1857 returned to New York and embarked in the shoe busi- ness in rather a modest way. It was here that the idea of making shoe blacking shaped itself in his mind. Perceiving the defects of the blackings then in the market, and with a full knowledge of what was wanted in a perfect blacking for leather, he pursued the idea diligently from the time he began to entertain it. His ambition was to produce an article that would be free from objectionable features and yet be always merchantable. The world knows how well he succeeded. Then began the invention of devices for mak- ing his discovery known to consumers. It was he who first put in practice the slipping of a box of blacking into a shoe while the purchase was being wrapped up. We may form some idea of the customer's surprise when, in putting on his shoe, he found his foot come in con- tact with a box of blacking. Nevertheless, this little manoeuvre did much toward the introduction of the blacking among consumers and shows Mr. Bixby's orig- inality in a striking light. In 1864 this trade in blacking having assumed large proportions, he sold out his shoe business and went into the manufacture of black- ing altogether. To this he devoted all his time, talent and the energy that has characterized him through life; and certainly he required ;ill these attributes to success in the uphill task he undertook. " On; thing," says the Aiiieiitan Analyst, is that he (Mr. Bixby) is constantly on the alert for any possible improvement of the goods without regard to expense." His untiring energy keeps him to the front in his especial line, and he may well be ])roud of the lilieral patronage he enjoys in his famous blackings for men's and women's shoes. FERDINAND LEVY. Hon. Ferdinand Levy, Register of New York, was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1844. He was educated in the public schools in an elementary way, and graduated with high honors from the University of that city in the class of i860, after which he looked around for a wider field for his abilities and naturally came to New York. The war break- ing out about this time, Mr Levy enlisted in the First In- dependent Battalion of N. Y. Volunteers, in which he was commissioned lieutenant by Governor Morgan, and subse- quently promoted to a cai)taincy by Governor Seymour. He made a good soldier and enjovs a record as such of which any man will be ])roud. He saw hard service, and ever afterwards his sympathies and warmest heart feelings have gone out to his comrades in arms. In Grand Army circles his presence has been felt and highly a])preciated, and his reputation as an officer therein is well-known to all comrades of the G. A. R. After the war Mr. Levy entered the land offices of Stevens tS: Ryment as managing clerk, and two years later was admitted to the bar and became a partner in the law firm of S. & F. Levy. He then entered the field of politics, for which he has a natural capacity, and in 1880 was elected Alderman-at-large, in which office he served two years and was then elected coroner for three years. His services as such were so able and his efforts so untiring that he was re-elected for three more successive terms of three years each. His work during those years cannot be overestimated and richly earned his promotion in the fall of 1892, when he was elected to the position he now holds, Register of the City and County of New York. Register Levy is a popular member of many societies, and a hard worker in all of them. He is a director of Hebrew Charities, of the Hebrew Sheltering Home, the Hebrew Lebanon Hospital, the Passover Relief Association, the FERDi.NAND LEW. Downtown Relief Association, the Hebrew Hospital, Isabella Home for the Aged and Infirm, member of the Ger- man Society, the Ladies' First .Vid Society, leading Hebrew and non-sectarian charitable institutions, County Cavan Association, French Benevolent Society, Past Commander Stein-Wehr Post, G. A. R., member of the Memorial Com- mittee, Past Master of Centennial Lodge, F. and A. M., member Nonpareil Lodge, K. of P., director of the Hun- garian Association, honorary member of the Aschenbrodel Verein, as well as member and director of various other organizations too numerous to mention in this neces.saiily brief sketch. He is accustomed to visit four or five of those associations in one night, so that although belonging to so many it by no means follows that he does not fulfill his obligations toward all. He is also a Forester and a mem- ber of the Royal .Arcanum, and he speaks at least half a dozen languages. It is said of Register Levy that he knows more peojile in this city and is personally known and 1 84 i^EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. appreciated by more jjersons than probably any other man, while his name is well-known throuj^hout this country and many parts of Europe. To the Register's office he has brought all the capacity for detail for which he became so famous as a coroner, and is always to be found at his desk during the busy hours of the day. J. HARPER BONNELL. J. Harper Bonnell, America's great inkmaker, head of the manufacturing company that bears his name, was born in 1850, and had for grandfather no less a person than John Harper, founder of the great publishing house of Harper Brothers. As this work would not be complete without some account of the New York ink industry, and as Mr. Bonnell has a racy style of his own, we cannot do any better than give the story in his exact words. He says: "As I look back to the year I was born in, I find pounds and of the other five hundred, as the same space is reipiired. If one compares the early publications in the shape of magazines or weeklies the character of them and their en- gravings is truly laughable. But the artists and photo-engrav- ers have set us a pace that we have with difficulty kept up with. How well this has been done the weeklies of the present testify. Photo-engraving is to-day filling the bill at such slight cost as compared with wood engraving that even the penny papers employ it. The bibliographer Henry Newton Stevens, in his work styled ' Who spoils our New English Ijooks,' says: First, the author ; second, the publisher ; third, the printer ; fourth, the reader; fifth, the compositor; si.xth, the pressman; seventh, the paper- maker ; eighth, the inkmaker ; ninth, the bookbinder ; and tenth and last, though not least, the consumer, who is to blame for putting up with it, although the inkmaker is a sinner of the first magnitude. I find Mr J. H.AKl'EK nONNKI.L. that makers of the highest grade of i)rinting inks were our English Cousins. To-day one has only to pick up a Harper or Leslie to see that as comjjared with us the English 'are not in it.' England comes to us to-day for our fine grades of ink, which compliment I highly appreciate, as my former jjartner was the agent here for English inks. Since then an English house, directly related to and connected with l'',ng]ish makers, have exjjorted our goods. In Sydney, .Australia, ihey secured the first prize over makers of all nations. Tiie cost of carriage to England about equalled that from New \'ork to I'hiladeiiihia, though frecjuently it is less to England. The lOnglisli makers retpiire the carbon black which is indigenous to this country, and have to i)ay about the same freight to get forty pounds of it as we ])ay to exjxirt five hundTed pounds of ink. A barrel of the one weighs forty Stevens to be perfectly correct and have sent many tons of ink to Merrie ]-",ngland since reading his work. I was early trained to think highly of the craft. I remember with pride and pleasure noting upon one occasion that my grand- father, the founder of Harper ^: Brothers, nodded to Commodore Vanderbilt, who said, ' How do you do. Uncle John?' Immediately after Uncle John made a gesture of much politeness to a ])edestrian, and ui)on my remarking that he bowed to the latter more resi)ei tfully than to Mr. Vanderbilt he replied: 'Yes, that is one of my comjjositors ; he will think more of it.' Upon one occasion Robert Honner asked me whether I gave anything to the |)ressmen, to which I re])lied, ' Yes, when I have to and can do it without injustice to the i)ublishcr.' As I remember, he did not approve of the giving, but did of admitting it, only requiring that it should not be done in his office, which I NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 185 agreed to, and he did not permit me to lose the trade, a loss that frequently occurred in other offices under similar conditions. Upon entering the delightful office of George W. Childs one day, he said, ' 1 have one fault found with your ink.' I expressed regret and asked what the fault was, whereupon he replied, ' You do not charge enough for it ! ' I knew he meant it and raised the price accordingly. Next express brought me an engraving of himself, which I have always prized in connection with a fault I have not since been accused of." J. J. SMITH. Mr. John Jewell Smith, the head of the firm of Baker, Smith (& Co., the well known steam heating manufacturers, was born in 1834, at Elizabeth, N.J. His father was Ogden Smith, a native of New Jersey, and his mother was a Miss only in the most jjrimitive way. In the year named a low pressure steam apparatus was invented by Mr. Stephen J. Gold, of New Haven, and it was partially successful, but it did not ventilate buildings, and was frail in construction. Mr. William C. Baker, who had been interested in Mr. Gold's invention, in i«/i'/i? is large and lucrative, and includes such promi- nent corporations as the United States Trust Company,which is the largest corporation of the kind in the world. He has fig- ured as leading counsel in some of the most important rail- road litigations before the higher courts, among them the foreclosure of the mortgage on the New York. West Shore and Buffalo Railroad, and in various phases of the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific reorganization. His legal career has been marked by thoroughly honorable j^rofessional methods, which, combined with his ability, have gained him the respect JV£IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. and esteem of both Bench and Bar. Mr. Sheldon is also popular in social and club circles, being a member of the J>a\vyers', University, Grulier, Aldine, Down 'J" own and Rac- quet Clubs. He takes some interest in politics, but his assidu- ous attention being directed to his profession, he has had no opportunity of distinguishing himself in politics otherwise than as a sjjeaker. ALVAH HALL, The founder of the house of Alvah Hall (S: Co., was born in New Hampshire in 1816, and after receiving a solid education came to New York nt the age of seventeen. His first em])loyment was obtained as clerk in a drug house, where he saved a little money. 'J'his he invested in real estate, which owing to a combination of favorable circumstances so increased in value that in a short time it realized a handsome increase. With this ca]>ital he entered into partnership with Mr. Byrd in tiie manufacture of umbrellas and parasols, and began the prosperous career that continued, as is well known, until his death in 1882. The house which is so intimately identified with his name received a fresh impetus on the entrance of .Albert C. Hail into i)artnership in 1869, and gradually increased its trade in volume, until to-day it is doing business in every State and territory in the Union. .Alvah Hail, apart from his business, was a leading man of his time, a staunch Rei)ub- lican, and not only a member but one of the founders of the Union League Clulv. At the age of twenty- one he married the daughter of Robert Petiigrew, a well-known contractor of the last generation and a man of influence in New York City. Mr. Hall, because of his high character and remarkal)le integrity and ability, might have legitimately aspired to any position in the gift of the people, but though his coun.sel was much sought after in public and semi-pul)lic affairs and he was extremely popular, he contented himself with his commercial business and the education of his children. Of him, to use a well- known phrase, it may be truly said that " his word was as good as his bond." He was one of the directors of the Ninth National Bank when he died. SOLON B. SMITH. Solon B. Smith, one of New A'ork's leading Republican chiefs and best known men generally, was born in this city, on April 4, 1852, and was educated in New York College. In fact, he is essentially a New Yorker, and is proud of the fact that he is typical of a class famous throughout the world as bright, aggressive, audacious. He develojjed a taste for politics while still (pute young, and in 1872 was elected to the Assembly from the Eighth District. Since then his name has ever been before the public, and he has always been to the front in fighting the battle of his party in a city which has an overwhelming Democratic majority. Nevertheless, though not as successful as he and his friends could wish in municipal campaigns, every one concedes that he has rendered his party yeoman's service in State and national ])olitics. In 1877 he was elected Secretary of the Republican County Committee, in which capacity he served until 1885, when he became Chairman of the Executive Committee. He was ap])ointed Police Justice in 1880 for a term of ten years and again in 1890, in l)oth instances by a Democratic Mayor, which goes to show 189 that no matter how distasteful Mr. Smith's politic s was to them the character and ability of the man entitled him to public recognition and reward. After observing Judge Smith's career on the bench the i)iiblic have come to realize that the appointment has been eminently a fitting one, for than he no one on the bench of this city is more respected, no one has a higher reputation for capacity, im])artiality and intelligence. In ai)pearance, Judge Smith is tall and thin, with a swinging gait in walking, and withal a gentlemanly and dignified ajipearance as becomes his position. He is a great worker and political manager and belongs to many clubs. MARY WOOLSEY NOXON. M.D. Dr. Mary Woolsey Noxon was born at Beekman, Dutchess County, New York, in 1853 Her parentage was English on both sides. Her paternal grandfather, Dr. Robert Grosvener Noxon, was a distinguished physician, who with the Livingstons, Beekmans and Van Kleeks owned most of the land on which Poughkeepsie and Beekman, Dutchess County, now stand. Dr. Robert Grosvener Noxon built the first stone house erected in Poughkeepsie, and it was a landmark, until quite recently, at the corner of Noxon and Market Streets. Her mother was a lineal de- scendant of Cardinal Woolsey and one of the most accom- plished and cultivated women of her time. Coming from such stock the elements were certainly there for the future remarkable success of the subject of this sketch. Her parents dying within a few months of each other, leaving her independent and free to follow her natural bent, she lost no time in entering college. She commenced in the Allopathic School, but after a )ear or two transferred her allegiance to the New School of Medicine as taught by Hahnemann She graduated in 1874 at the New York College and Hospital for Women and was valedictorian of her class. The following two years she spent in the hos- pitals of Vienna, fitting herself thoroughly for the po.sition she was to assume on her return to the States. Since then she has been in active practice in this city. Her time is more especially devoted to surgery and gynjEcology. Dr. Noxon is on the consulting staff of the New York Homoeo- pathic Sanitarium as well as the Hahnemann Hospital ; and is believed to be the only woman in the United .States who has been honored by an appointment as Consulting Surgeon to a State Medical Institution. She is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy and the State and County Homceopathic Medical Societies. In addition to the burden of her very large practice she is engaged in edit- ing a work which will soon be published on Gynecology. THOMAS A. McINTYRE. Mr. Thomas A. Mclntyre, of the firm of Mclnlyre & Wardwell, was born in the city of New York, 1855. His parents are also natives of this State, and, as his name in- dicates, his ancestry on his father's side is Scotch. After finishing his education, Mr. Mclntyre began business with the export house of Bingham Bros., and afterwards repre- sented the old firm of David Dows & Co., on the floor of the New York Produce Exchange. He had the very best opportunities for familiarizing himself with both branches of the business, viz , the receiving and the export trades, and he fitted himself in the various positions which he held, to occupy the position of head of what is now the largest grain receiving firm in New York. In 1879 he formed a copartnership with Mr. Henry L. Wardwell, who had been a fellow clerk in David Dows & Co.'s office, and started the well known firm of Mclntyre & Wardwell. Erom that time the business of the firm was surely and substantially in- creased, until it now stands confessedly at the head of the commission houses of the New York Produce Exchange. Most of the success of the firm is due to the |)ersonal char- acter of Mr. Mclntyre, owing to his great industry, quick and accurate judgment and his gift of executive ability of the highest order. His abilities as a financier have been demonstrated from time to time, and he has carried tlirough some very large deals with very great success. Mr. Mclntyre has held several offices in the New York Produce Jvxchange, having been its Secretary at the time of the opening of the new building. He has also served on the Grain, Arbitration and Clearing House Committees, and it is due to his persistence and sagacity that the Produce Kx- change Clearing House was established. Mr. Mclntyre has been from time to time offered the presidency of the Ex- change, but would never accept it on account of his press- ing engagements in his business. The firm has a New York Stock Exchange connection, and is represented on that Board through one of its junior partners. Mr. Mclntyre is a director in the Corn Exchange Bank, and is also vice- president and a director of the Hudson River Bank. Mr. i, _ THOMAS A. .McINTYRE. Mclntyre has conducted several most important reorgani- zations, his latest success being that of the Hecker-Jones- Jewell Milling Company, which is a combination of all the flour mills in New York City. These mills, which had been warring with one another for some time, were finally brought together by a plan submitted by Mr. Mclntyre, and yielded themselves to his sole direction, and almost dictation. The corporation formed was perhaps one of the most harmonious consolidations that has ever been arranged between competitors, and it is conceded that Mr. Mclntyre's magnetic personality was the competent in- strument by which this result was obtained. His masterly management and comprehensive mind in the direction of the business have established the fact that this combination wdl be one of the most profitable enterprises of recent years. This great success, with the others alluded to, have estab- lished the reputation of Mr. Mclntyre as one of the ablest of New York merchants and financiers. The organization of the three flour mills effected by Mr, Mclntyre is one of 190 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. the cleanest in its character ever formed, and at the same time from the very nature of its business is most stable, safe and profitable. The Hecker-Jones jewell Milling Company owns and operates five flour mills, situated in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, and on Staten Island, viz. : Hecker's mill, founded in 1843 ; Jones' mill, founded in 1836 : Jewell's mill, founded 1855 ; Kings County mill, founded 1868; Staten Island mill, founded 1889. Their daily average capacity is from 9,000 to 1 0,00c barrels. The capital of the company is five million dollars, divided into $3,000,000 |)referred stock and $2,000,000 common stock. MAX ERNST. Max Ernst, the well-known liroadway clothier, was born in Germany in 1859 and received a common school educa- tion in that country. Coming to this country with his parents in 1872, he procured employment in the clothing store of Mr. Alexander, of Market Street, Philadelphia. He saved uji a little money and went into the clothing the end of one year the firm dissolved, and Mr. Ernst formed a copartnership with Marcus Jerkowski, under the style of Jerkowski (it Ernst. The firm did a good business from the start, the first year's amounting to $175,000, and then, trade increasing, more commodious quarters were found necessary. They consec|uently removed to Broadway, where the second year's business amounted to $350,000 ; the third, $4-0,000 ; fourth, $440,000 ; fifth. $500,000, and the sixth. $620,000. At the end of the seventh year Mr. P>rnst bouglit his i)artner out at a very liberal figure. He paid him cent for cent cash on the book accounts, the same on the stock in hand, and $i8,cco for the good will, the understanding being thit the firm name of Jerkowski Ernst be retained. Doing the business ahjne Mr. Ernst sold $750,000 worth of goods in 1890 and in 1891 a round million's worth, which sum was very much exceeded in 1892, though a presidential year. In 1890 Mr. Ernst did business in his own name and gained the title of the '■ Napoleon of the Clothing Trade." The secret of his great success is that he is brighter, keener, more persevering M.\X KR.NST. business in Philadeli)hia, at the age of sixteen, in which he remained a few years, when he sold out and went West looking for a location. He finally settled in Canton, Ohio, but remained there only a short time, after which he went to Pittsburg, Pa., where he was employed by Kauffman Brothers as clerk. Here he remained for more than a year, gaining more experience than money, and then came to New York, but was for some time unable to procure employment, though conscious of his ability, and believing that a trial would hel]j him to promotion, he offered his services for nothing to a large wholesale clothing house in the city, will- ing to pay his own travelling expenses for a commission of five per cent, on his sales. His offer was accepted ; he travelled for the firm aforesaid, and after a few months they were glad to give him a good salary. After a short time he started in business for himself, and assoc iated himself in business with l'>rnst Jerkowski, the firm going under the title of Ernst Jerkowski iV Co., Max Ernst being the Co. At and energetic than his comi)etitors. In September and Oc- tober, 1 89 1, the market fell suddenly short in what is known as "Wood Brown Colors." made of home-sj)un materials. The demand for them by retail traders all over the country was so large that the sujiply fell short. Mr. Ernst, with the fore- sight that so distinguishes him, had ])urchased largely of these goods and had them manufactured, and from the sec- ond of October to the sixteenth of the same month ship])ed >'94,ooo worth of them to various parts of the country. An- other remarkable feature in his business o])erations is that he never carries goods over from one season to another, and ho never shows the same style twice. He has something new every season. It would be difficult to find to day in business circ les in New York, or for that matter elsewhere, a young man of Mr. l'>nst's age who, unaided and alone, by sheer force of brains and abiliiy, has risen in such a short time from absolutely nothing to wealth and eminence in commerce. Mr. Ernst was married to Alice Leopold, NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 191 daughter of Julius I-eopokl, a well known feather merchant of this city. Mrs. Ernst is a native of New York. He (Mr. Ernst) is a member of the famous Progress Club as well as many other social, benevolent and political organizations. He is liberal in his charities to public institutions, and a friend of art and literature. LYMAN G. AND JOSEPH BENJAMIN BLOOMINGDALE. L) man Ci. Hloomingdale, senior partner of the -firm of IMoomingdale Brothers, was born in New York City, Feb- ruary II, 1 84 1. His father was a native of Bavaria, Ger- many, and came to this country in 1837. Lyman G. was educated in the public schools, having attended the old Fitth Street School No. 15, where he made many acquaintances, with whom he stands in close relations of friendship to day. He finished his education in Smith's Collegiate Institute, Williamsburg, and soon after went to Leavenworth, Kansas, with his father, where he became identified with the life of LYMAN G. BLOOMINGDAI.E. that growing city, just emerging from chaos. The first independent venture of the young Gothamite was in a hoop- skirt store with a capital stock of $240 worth of goods and fixtures worth $47, all on credit. The business was suc- cessful from the start, although he was his own buyer, salesman, bookkeeper, office boy and porter. He advertisecl extensively, as he has always done when he could afford it, struck out a new and racy vein in that direction until through the newspapers, his store, although the smallest, was the best known in the city. He took in a partner after awhile and was getting along famously when the Rebel Gen- eral Price threatened the town with an army at his back, and Lyman G. Bloomingdale, who was First Sergeant in Com- pany A of the Kansas State Militia, was sent to the front with his regiment. Upon his return from the front he found his store and partner had removed to St. Joseph, Missouri. He sold his interest in the business to his partner at a loss and came to New York. Here may be the proper place to state that Mr. Bloomingdale was honorably discharged after the war and that he is now a member of W'infield Scott Hancock Post, No. 259, G. A. R. He is a director of the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, Vice-President of the Mutual Relief Association, and director of Blooming- dale Brothers' Employes' Mutual Aid Society and member of many charitable and educational societies and clubs. Mr. Lyman G. Bloomingdale, as is very well known, is a munificent patron of charities throughout the city, and altogether irrespective of creed, color or nationality. Joseph Benjamin Bloomingdale's — junior member of the firm of Bloomingdale Brothers, — career has been fully as eventful and adventuresome as that of his brother. He was born in this city on December 22. 1842, and educated, as was his brother primarily in the public schools, receiving a classical course in the Smith Collegiate Institute, in Williams- burg, N. Y. After leaving college he obtained a clerkship in a drygoods store on Canal Street, but being ambitious of JOSEPH BENJAMIN BLOOMINGDALE. striking out for himself, he went to California in i860 and was emjjloyed as salesman in a drygoods store in San Fran- cisco Not realizing the object of his ambition in that city he concluded to try his hand at mining, and with this object in view traveled and prospected through Nevada, Oregon. Idaho and Montana. This w-as rather a rough life for a New York boy. But after all New York is the place where a man has the biggest field, and people with brains and ambition come here from all parts. It is no wonder, therefore, that, having made a little money in mining, Mr. Joseph Bloomingdale should return to New V'ork. his birth- place, and join his father and brother Lyman in the hoop- skirt establishment. He is Vice-President of the Hebrew Technical Institute and also of the Lhiited States Savings Bank. He is a Free-Mason and is Past Master of Adel])hi Lodge, No. 23, F. & A M. Personally he is a man of magnificent physique, with handsome, well cut features and frank, open countenance. 192 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. WILLIAM CAMPBELL, William Campbell, of the firm of William Campbell & Co., manufacturers of wall-paper, was born near the great manufacturing city of Belfast, Ireland, in the year 1841. \\'hen about six years old his father died and the lad was soon after brought to New York by his mother. He received the ordinary school education, but very early in life, indeed, at the age of eight, he entered the wall-paper house of Jones & Smith, where he made himself as useful as his strength and years permitted. Hence, it may truly be said he was brought up in the business, with the most minute detail of which he made himself accpiainted long before he reached the age of manhood, taking in as much school learning in the intervals as he could. In 1867 he started in business for himself, and began by purchasing eight lots on Forty-first Street, west of Tenth Avenue. '1 he history of also of the Commercial Lloyds Insurance Company. Busy as his life has been he has taken the time to write sev- eral articles on the subject of wall-paper and its interests, the difficulties which have to be overcome in the trade, and also upon the trusts which have been organized in connec- tion with it from time to time. Mr. Campbell himself does not belong to any trust ; he prefers to preserve his business identity. He is married and has one child, a daughter. JOHN BELL McKEAN. John Bell McKean, Justice of the Seventh District Court, is a native of Belfast, Ireland. When a lad of twelve he shipped as apprentice with his uncle, who sailed a vessel of hi-iown, and after three years of voyaging touched at New York, where his brother induced him to give up sailing the seas and settle down in this country. He obtained a \VII.LI.\M CAMPBELL. the great establishment founded by William Camjibell is related in Part III. of this work. Suffice it to say that it is due to Mr. Cami)l)eirs untiring energy and ability that it is the foremost concern of its kind in Ameiica. He is an enthusiast in his business; apart from the profit to be derived from good work, he finds designing a labor of love, and is never so much in his element as when, with Mr. Beck, his chief artist, he is perfecting something beautiful and original in a line of business which he likes for its own sake. In fine, it may be said that Mr. Campbell, a self- made, self-educated man, has shown what can be achieved by untiring perseverance and energy, with a good deal of native talent, in connec tion with a business he began in a small way. His i)lace is ac knowledged to be the most thoroughly e<]uipi)cd establishment in the trade. Mr. Campbell is a director of the Home Bank of New York, place in a hardware store, in which he remained eight years, and then secured a clerkship in the Croton Water Depart- ment. After a year's service in this ])osition he was appointed clerk in Part I. of the Supreme Court, where he was noted for application to business and the e.xcellency of his work. While employed in the Supreme Court he had amjile opi)ortunities for seeing the practical workings of the law, and thought he could do no better than study for that profession, which he did successfully and was called to tiie bar. When a Police Court was opened in Harlem .Mr. McKean was ap])ointed clerk, and here again the facili- ties afforded him in the actpiisition of legal knowledge were so ami)le, and he availed himself of them to such an extent, that Ciovernor Hill, in 18.S9, appointed him to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Monell. In the year following he was elected lor the unexpired term of the NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 193 deceased Judge, and now fills the position of Justice in that Court with credit to himself and satisfaction to the public He has recently allied himself to Mr. Katzenmayer, the well known real estate man, as business partner. Judge McK-ean is a member of the Jefferson Club. He joined the Tammany Society some thirty-three years ago, and has for a period of thirty years acted either as Chairman or Secretary of the Tammany Hall General Committee of the Twenty-second Assembly District. Judge McKean's mother, who was before her marriage a Miss Bell, was a direct descen- dant of President Andrew Jackson. He is himself a rela- tive of the well known McKean family of Pennsylvania. CHARLES FORRESTER ROBERTS, M.D, Dr. C. V . Roberts was born in the city of New York, September 9, 1842. His ancestral line dates in this coun- try from 1758, from Holland and Scotland, and the family have always resided here. The Doctor was educated in the private schools of this city, and at the age of sixteen engaged in the wholesale drug business, where he remained until the breaking out of the war in 1861, when he shipped in our navy as apothecary, and was assigned to the store- ship Brandywine at Hampton Roads. When the hospital shi]) Hen Alorgan was filled out he was detailed for service on board. He remained there during the fight between the Merrimac and Monitor, and had charge of the wounded from those vessels attached to the fleet. He was next de- tailed on board the Seneca of the South Atlantic Squadron, acting on blockade duty. He also participated in the de- struction of the rebel steamer Nashville in the great Ogeechee River in Georgia, and at the second attack on Charleston, S. C. He graduated from Bellevue Hosj)itaI Medical College, New York, in 1867, and has practised his profession here ever since then. He was appointed Assist- ant Professor of Physiology in that institution and held the position for twenty years. He was appointed Sanitary Inspector in the Health Department, June 19, 1869, and was appointed Chief Inspector of the Division of Contagious Diseases, May, 1892, and was appointed Sanitary Superin- tendent in April, 1893 His services in the Health Department have been continuous for over twenty-four years. The Doctor is a prominent club man, and was for- merly Fleet Surgeon of the Larchmont Yacht Club and a member of the New York Athletic Club as well as the Democratic Club. The Doctor has never married. JOHN BAIN, Jr. John Bain, Jr., a young man of magnificent physique, popular in New York's military and journalistic circles, was born in this city on September 19, 1861 His father, a graduate of Edinburgh University, was a native of Scotland, but came to this country when a voung man and went into the printing business. Young Bain attended the public scliools of New York until he was nine years of age, when he went to Ottawa, Kansas, with his parents, where he completed his education in the high school. The elder Mr. Bain established a newspaper in his new home called the Ottawa Leader, on which piublication John worked from an early age and took in the crafts both of the journalist and compositor. Journalism in Kansas not answering the ex- pectations of Mr. Bain, the family returned to New York, where the subject of this sketch became connected with the Tobacco Leaf Publishing Company, and since has risen step by step until he has become its treasurer and general manager. The Company publishes everything pertaining to the tobacco trade, including the Tobacco Leaf. The paper was established in 1864 and about ten years later was incorporated and turned into a stock concern known as the Tobacco Leaf Publishing Company, with offices at 105 Maiden Lane. It is the oldest paper in the world devoted to the tobacco trade and is circulated in every country in the world where tobacco is used or grown, which means pretty near over the earth. Mr. Bain has been a member of Company D, Seventh Regiment, New York, for seven years, and is also a member of the Seventh Regiment Veteran Association and the Seventh Regiment Veteran Club. He is unmarried and therefore can take time to devote himself to the outdoor sj)orts of which he is so fond. He is, in fact, an athlete of no mean order. He lives at No. 263 Pacific Avenue, Jersey City. Along with his other good qualities Mr. Bain is a very good after dinner speaker, or for that matter at any time, and has quite a graceful delivery. CHARLES A. HESS. Charles A. Hess, one of New York's most prominent law- yers of the younger generation, was born in this city in 1858 and received an elementary education in the public schools. He graduated from the University Law School in May, 1878. His college career was exceptionally brilliant, and he was very popular not only because of his talents, but on account of his charming personality and courteous man- ners. He was President of his class and was also its vale- dictorian. In 1881 Mr. Hess was appointed U. S. Assistant District Attorney by Elihu Root, himself one of the greatest lawyers in America, and one who can appreciate talent in CHARLES A. HESS. Others. After filling the position with ability for fifteen months he resigned in order to attend to his private prac- tice, which had grown very large and lucrative. He is now- head of the well-known law firm of Hess, Townsend & McClelland. The Hess family is Republican by heredity, and after Charles had left college he was attracted to par- ticipation in active politics, rendering yeoman's service to his party in council and on the stump. He was nominated for Judge of one of the district courts by his party, in 1890, and, though defeated, polled a very heavy vote. The future is brilliant with promise from Mr. Hess. His principal practice is in the United States Courts. 194 NEIV YORK, TJ/E METROPOLIS. CORNELIUS VANnERBII.T. Bom May 27. 1704. Diod January 4, 1S77. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 195 CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. Chauncey Mitchell Uepew, orator, statesman, railroad president, man of affairs, was born in Peekskill, N. Y., on April 3, 1834. On his father's side he is descended from the Huguenots whom the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes sent into exile ; on his mother's, from that Sherman family which has furnished the United States with so many cele- brated men. Chauncey's mother, Martha Mitchell, a beautiful and accomi)lished woman, was grand-niece to the Roger Sherman who signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Her grandfather was the Rev. Josiah Sherman, her father Chauncey R. Mitchell, a lawyer famous for his elo- (pience. Mr. Depew's own father was Isaac Depew, of Peekskill, a gentleman of character and influence. In his veins, therefore, courses the fiery Celtic blood which makes orators, mingled with the more placid though deeper tide of the Anglo-Saxon Shermans, the combination giving us the delegate to the Republican State Convention. 'I'iiis was a flattering tribute to so young a man and rendered him for some time undecided as to whether he should ])ractise law in earnest or go into ])olitics. He took the stumj) for Lin- coln in i860 and rendered material service to his party. His eloquence, his wit and humor, the pathos he interjected into his speeches when necessary, were a revelation to the peo- ple and took them by storm. In 1861 he wrested the Third Westchester C'ounty District from the Democrats, and was sent to the Legislature, where he found fresh laurels await- ing him. He was re-elected in 1862 and made Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He was speaker pro tem. during part of the session, and at its close the business men of New York gave him a banquet. In 1862 Horatio Sey- mour was elected Governor of the State and the Republi- cans were alarmed. They looked around next year for an available man to recover the ground lost, selected Chauncey CHAUNCEY highest type of an American citizen. The Depews, with other Huguenots, settled in and around New Rochelle in 1685, nammg it after that French city their fathers had so heroically defended against the forces led by Cardinal Riche- lieu and Louis XIII. a generation before. The farm pur- chased by the Depews two hundred years ago has descended in direct succession to Chauncey with the old homestead, of which he is far prouder than of his splendid brownstone house in New York City. He graduated from Yale with honors in 1856. He is President of her Alumni Association, is a member of her "Skull and Crossbones " club, and in 1857 received from her the high honor of LL.D. The year of his graduation was marked by the formation of the Re- publican party, and young Depew, though educated a Democrat, cast his first vote for John C. Fremont. He was admitted to the bar in 1858 and was in the same year elected M. DEPEW, Depew, nominated him at the head of the ticket for Secre- tary of State. He justified their hopes and was elected by 30,000 majority. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, appointed him Minister to Japan, but after some four weeks of hesitation he fortunately decided to refuse. He deter- mined to practise law, for which he was so well equipped, and retired from active politics. He had won the friend- ship and admiration of Commodore Vanderbilt and his eldest son William H., which in 1866 assumed practical shai)e when he was appointed Attorney to the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, and again in 1869, when this company was incorporated with the New York Central and Hudson River R. R. Company — Commodore Vander- bilt at its head — when he was made Attorney of the new organization, and subsequently a member of its Board of Directors. In 1875 ^^'^^ made General Counsel for the 196 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. the entire Vamlc-rbilt system. He ran in 1 87 2 for Lieut. - Governor in a perfunctory way, merely allowing the use of his name on the (ireeley ticket, and was defeated, and two years later was elected Regent of the N. Y. State Uni- versity, also appointed one of the Commissioners to build the iiew Capitol at .Albany. In all these duties he dis- played his usual tact and supreme e.xecutive ability, and, it may be added, an impartiality which gained him new and firm frien.ls in all directions. It is well known that after Presi- dent Carfield's inauguration Roscoe Conkling, then senior Senator from New York, resigned his seat, owing to a dis- agreement between him and the President, Junior Senator Thomas C. Piatt, his colleague, also resigning. Both gen- tlemen stood for re-election in the hope that if returned to the Senate the test of popularity would have effect u])on Garfield and his friends. Mr. Depew's friends pressed him to enter the race for Mr. Piatt's seat. The struggle was fierce and bitter, but Mr. Depew led all competitors tar and away. On the nineteenth ballot, having a clear majority over all his competitors, had the traditions of the party been followed, he would have been nominated in joint cau- cus, but a few intriguers prevented this, and the battle raged day after day until the startling news came that (iuiteau had shot President (iarfield. Then Mr. Depew came for- ward and spoke those historic w'ords: " .\ great crime has l)lungecl the nation into sorrow, and in the midst of the ])rayers and the te;irs of the whole people, supplicating for the recovery and weeping over the wound of the Presitient, this partisan strife should cease." Mr. Depew withdrew immediately after this, and Warner Milier was elected Sen- ator to fill Mr. Piatt's unexpired term on the forty-eighth ballot. Mr. Depew left the field with honor, and his un- selfish conduct drew- upon him the praiseof the whole country. The time, however, came when Mr. Depew refused the Senatorship tendered him by the Republicans of all factions in the Legislature, forming as they did fully two-thirds of that body. He declined because he could not afford the time necessary to devote to so im])ortant a trust. This was in 1884. In 1884 William H. Vanderbilt retired from the Presidency of the New York Central and was succeeded by James H. Rutter. Mr. Depew was made Vice-President, and upon the death of Mr. Rutter in 1885 was elected Pres- ident of the greatest corporation in the world. Whether the fact that Mr. Depew held the position of President of the great Vanderbilt system prevented him from being President of the United States is what probably will never be known. .\ large number of intelligent people think it did. At all events he received ninety-eight votes in the Republican Convention held in Chicago in 1888. When Mr. Blaine resigned in 1892, President Harrison tendered the position of Secretary of State to .Mr. Depew, but for business reasons he was forced to decline. In 1892 he e.\- l)osed another side of his character to an admiring world in the shape of a ])olitical manager and an organizer. How he succeeded in having General Harrison renominated for the Presidency at Minneapolis is a matter of very recent history. That he shoived consummate judgment, masterly tactics, and j^rofound knowledge of men in his splendid fight against the magnetic man from Maine, whom he admired so much, is conceded by all. He has been seven times elected President of the Union League Club, and ten times elected President of the Yale Alumni .\ssociation. He is also First Vice-President of the St. Nicholas Society of New NOrk, President of the Sons of the .-Xmerican RevoIutif)n, mem ber of the Holland .Society of New York, the Huguenot Society of .America, the New York Chamber of Commerce director of the Union Trust Co of New York, the Western L'nion Telegra])h Co., Ivpiitable Life Insurance Co., and of St. Luke's .Hospital, and a trustee t)f ^'ale I'niversity. lie is also a Director of the Chic ago and Nortliwestern Railroad Co., the Michigan Central Railroad Co., the New York, Chicago and St. l.ouis Railroad Co., the Cleveland. Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad Co.. the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Co., the Bos- ton and Albany Railroad Co., the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., and New York and Harlem Railroad. Mr. De- pew was married to Miss Elise Hegeman, daughter of Wil- liam Hegeman. the well known druggist of New York, Nov. 9, 1 87 1. Mrs. Depew died in May, 1893, leaving one chdd, Chauncey M. Depew, Jr. It is difficult to say anything new of a man whose name is more familiar to the people to-day than that of any other contemporaiy American. There is scarcely an issue ef any daily paper published in the United States that does not contain something about him. His character may be summed up by stating that he is a man of versatile genius, of high character, a passionate lover of lib- erty, and strong hater of oppression in any form. JOHN D. TOWNSEND. Hon. John D. Townsend, one of the most prominent and jjopular of New York's lawyers, was born in this city in 1835. His father was a leading member of the bar. President of the New York Life and Trust Com])any and a man of wealth. The su])ject of this sketch entered Columbia College, but during the Sophomore year he w'ithdrew from his class, and for five years followed the sea Twice during that time he sailed around the world, and when but twenty years of age was second officer of one of the finest clippers which sailed out of New York. At the age of twenty-one he inherited a handsome property from his father, which he invested in a mercantile house, which shortly afterwards failed, leaving him with a wife and without means of support. Thus early in his career young Townsend had to work to support a family. Undaunted, he began diligently to study law. He entered the office of Spiague & Fillmore, of Buffalo, where he worked hard for three years, and then took a course of two years' reading in the Harvard Law School, and subse- (piently studied in the office of Henry A. Cram, in this city. .\Ir. To\vn.send was admitted to the bar at Poughkeepsie, May, 1859, and from that time until 1865 he resided in Astoria and practised his ])rofession, and as a Democrat became active in politics. He represented (Queens County in the Legislature in )86i, and was, in the same year, selected by (Governor Morgan as one of three gentlemen in Queens County to organize a regiment to go to the war. For more than thirty years Mr. i'ownsend has devoted himself suc- cessfully to the i)ractice of his profession in this city. He has been noted for his fearlessness and persistency, which was well illustrated in 1S69, when he championed the cause of two women who were imprisoned in the Tombs by Judge Cardozo. That contest resulted eventually in the over- throw of Judge Cardozo and the ring juclges, and gave origin to the Bar Association in New York City. Mr. Town- send has successfully tried many criminal cases, and out of forty-five indictments for murder that he defended but one was executed. He was one of the counsel for Edward S. Stokes, and he was retained by U'illiam M. Tweed in the last year of his life as his only counsel. He was retained by Sidney P. Nichols when he was removed from the officeof Police Commissioner by Mayor Cooper. The case went twice to the Court of .Appeals, and resulted in Mr. Nichols' reinstatement. Mr. Towmsind was selected by both the Democratic and Repul)lican members of the .Assembly Com- mittee on Crime in 1875 to be their ])rofessional ailvisor, and for a vear Mr. Townsend was entrusted almost exchi- s vely with the examination of the District .Attorney's office, the Police Department and other branches of the City Gov- ernment. That committee was appointed by the Legisla- ture to incpiire and rejjort the causes of the increase of crime in New ^'ork. .Among some of the results which 197 occurred were the removal of Commissioners Matscll and Disbecker and some of the ])olice captains. Latterly Mr. Townsend has devoted his ])ractice almost entirely to the civil courts, and as he grows in years he gains in jjopularity and wealth. ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT. Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt, a distinguished citizen of New York, was born in Cortlandt Street, on the 7th day of August, 1829. His family had lived in or near the city since the year 1648, and was of Dutch lineage on both sides to time of his grandfather, who married Miss Van Schaick. Upon the formation of the Holland Trust Company by the representatives of the old Dutch families, he was urged to accept the presidency, and remained at the head of that institution for several years. Mr. Roosevelt was educated Association and of tlu- Committee of Seventy. He has fre- ipiently been offered and declined imjjortant judicial posi- tions, both State and Federal, and the mayoralty of the City of New York. In spite of his absorbing duties, both public and private, he has devoted some time to literature, and is the author of a number of well accepted works more or less connected with the development of fish culture- Mr. Roose- velt was Treasurer of the National Democratic Committee, and under the first administration of President Cleveland was appointed United States Minister to the Netherlands, which mission he filled acceptably to the home government and that of Holland until the accession of the Republican party to power, when he returned to the active management of the Holland Trust Company. He is a member of most of the leading clubs of New York, and has been President of the Association for the Protection of Game for many 0' ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT. to the bar and practised his profession very successfully for upwards of twenty years, when his large financial interests and the claims of politics compelled him to turn over his extensive law practice to his son. He has, from time to time, been president of or director in many of the leading rail- road, insurance and financial institutions of the Metropolis, and has declined the position of Sub-Treasurer of the United States at the City of New York. He was elected to Congress in the year 1872 ; was appointed one of the Brook- lyn Bridge Commissioners, and materially assisted in bring- ing that great work to its com])letion. For many years he was at the head of the New York Fisheries Commission. Mr. Roosevelt has always taken an active part in reform politics in the City and State of New York, being a leading spirit in the organization of the War Democracy ; of the Citizens' years. In 1890 he was made President of the Holland So- ciety of the City of New York. Besides those named, Mr. Roosevelt has been prominently connected with the suc- cessful development of many other financial properties, and has important investments in many States of the Union. He was Treasurer of the National Democratic Committee (1892). HORACE PORTER. Ceneral Horace Porter is a distinguished soldier, a brilliant orator, an organizer, a writer of great power, and a man of affairs. He was born in Huntington, Pa., on August 15, 1837. His father, the Hon. David R. Porter, was a State Senator, and was elected Governor of Pennsyl- vania in 1839, and re-elected in 1844. He received an 198 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. elementary education in J^awrenceville, New Jersey, and was entered at the Scientific Department of Harvard Uni- versity in 1854. At this early ])eriod of his career, he was noted for a strong leaning toward a military life and the study of mechanics. When only twelve years of age he invented a water test, which was used in his father's exten- sive iron works in Reading, Harrisburg, and Lancaster, and had also a hand in many mechanical improvements. He entered West Point Academy in 1855, and graduated in 1860, as third in a class of forty-one. He was commis- sioned Second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Corps and served there as instructor in artillery fur three months. When the war of the Rebellion broke out, he was serving in the Department of the East, and was sent as bearer of despatches to the National Capital. \\\ October of 1861, he was assigned to an expedition under Sherman and Cjeneral Staff duly on the field, in which position he served during the advance on Tullahoma, Passage of the Elk River, of the Tennessee River, and the operations con- nected therewith. He was engaged in the desperate battle of Chickamauga (September ig and 20, 1863), and dis- tinguished himself brdliantly. He was serving on the staff of Oeneral 'i'homas at Chattanooga, when he first met Gen- eral Grant, with whom he was afterwards associated until the death of the famous Union Commander. When Grant came over from Vicksburg, Ca|)tain Porter accompanied him on his first reconnoissance. Cirant was greatly pleased with the young staff officer. When CJeneral Grant was ap- ])ointed Lieutenant General of all the Union forces in the field, he made Porter an aide de camp on his staff, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel (April 4, 1864). In this capa- city he served in the battle of the Wilderness. For gallant llOKAf'E Dupont, against Port Royal, and almost immediately i)ro- moled to a First 1-ieutenancy. From N()veml)er uj) to I)e< ember 15, he was employed at Hilton Head, and sub- se(|uently in erecting batteries in Sa\annah River, Ga., on 'I'ybee Island, for the reduction of Fort Pulaski, after the capture of which he was ])romoted Captain for meritorious conduct, and also i)resented by the Commanding General with a sword taken from, the enemy, on which were engraved his name and a suitable inscription. He was slightly wounded at Secessionville, S. C, June 16, 1862, and on July 2 of the same year was appointed Chief of Ordnance of tlie .Army of the Potomac, uncler General McClelian, with whom he remained until after the battle of Antietam, wlien he was transferred with a like position to the .Army of the Oliio, and sul)se(pient]y to the .Army of the ('umlierland, upon \\hi(h he received his a])])()intmi-nt as Captain of PORTER. and meritorious conduct in this battle, he was made Major in the regular army. He also fought in the series of battles round Spottsylvania Court House. He was gazet- ted Lieutenant Colonel in the regular army, in August, I art in the reorganization of that property in the interests of the Vanderbilts, remaining in its management until its absorp- tion into the Chesapeake & Ohio R. R. system in 1889. Mr. Cox is now President of the Carthage & Adirondack Railway Company, and is also an officer or director of sev- CHARLES KINNKV COX. business men's meeting. He is also -a member of the N. Y. Chaml)er of (Commerce, Trustee of St. Patrick's t^-ithtdral and one of the Trustees of the Roman Catholic Orjjhan .Asylum. CHARLES FINNEY COX. Charles Finney Cox was born on Staten Island, N. Y., in January, 1846. He isol New England and Dutch extrac- tion, his paternal ancestors having settled in New York in the early part of the last century, and his mother having been a Miss Kenyon, of the well known Connecticut family of that name, long residents in the vicinity of Norwich. His father was a successful builder of this city, who made a specialty of church erection, and here Mr. Cox has always resided, save during his attendance at Oberlin College, Ohio, of which institution he is an alumnus. He is the youngest brother of (ieneral J. D. Cox, ex-(iovernor of Ohio, and Secretary of Interior in (ieneral (Irant's first cabinet. Soon after leaving college, in 1867, Mr. Cox entered as clerk tiu' eral of tlie branc h lines of the Vanderbilt system. He is Vice-President of the Second Avenue (horse) Railroad. First Vice-President of the United States Savings Bank of New York, also Chairman of its Funding Committee, and President of the .American Safe Deposit Company, of 501 Fifth Avenue. Although of necessity much absorbed in the details of the vast interests committed to his charge Mr. Cox is a hard student and has found time for much imjiortant scientific research. He is well known as an authority on the microscope and is the possessor of one of the finest instruments in America. He was for two years President of the New York Microscopical Society, and is now Treasurer of the New Vork A' ademy of Sciences as well as the President of the Council of "The Scientific Alli- ance of New Vork," an association of the seven iirinci])al scientific societies of the city. He is also one of the corpo- rators of the Botanical (larden whicli is to be established in Ikonx Park, and Sec retary of its Finance Committee, of which Mr. J. I'ieri)C)nl Morgan is Ciiairman. He has writ- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 20I ten numerous articles on the microscope and other scien- tific subjects, and is the author of a book entitled " Proto- plasm and Life." As a musician Mr. Cox is an amateur of note, having for many years been an active member of the Mendelssohn Glee Club of this city, and at one time its Vice-President. He is an admirer and connoisseur of paint- ings, and is a life patron of the American Fine Arts Soci- ety, of which his nephew, Mr. Kenyon Cox, the well-known artist and writer, is a prominent member. Mr. Cox is a book collector and possesses a valuable library of rare and curious works, relating particularly to the early history of science. In addition to his pursuit as business man and man of letters, he is actively interested in benevolent move- ments, and is a jirominent member of the Charity Organ- ization Society, serving not only upon one of its District the [joet and essayist, was the most celebrated member. It is from this gentle critic that Mr. James derives the poetic side of his nature. His father is General Thomas L. James, for many years the model Postmaster of New York City, Postmaster-General of the United States under Garfield, and now President of the Lincoln National Bank of New York, sometimes called the Vanderbilt Bank, one of the most conservative and successful financial institutions of this or any other city. Receiving his early education in the best of all schools, the Public School system of New York, Mr. Charles F. James acquired that inclependence and self- reliance which come from contact in early life with the cos- mopolitan classes found in the public schools. T-^ndowed with a splendid physicpie, passionately fond of all athletic sports, easily holding his own in his classes, with his genial, CHARLES V. JA.MhS. Committees, but also in its Central Council and Executive Committee. Mr. Cox married in 1878 Helen, the daughter of Mr. Charles B. Middlebrook, of Bridgeport, Conn., and afterward of New York, by whom he has one daughter. Mr. Cox is a member of Dr. Parkhurst's Presbyterian Church, and of the L^ni()n League, Century and Grolier Clubs. CHARLES F. JAMES. Charles F. James, Ph.B., A.M., LL.B., President of the Franklin National Bank, lawyer, financier and man of affairs, was born in Hamilton, Madison County, N. Y., on July 12, 1856, and comes of old American stock. He is of Welsh and Scottish extraction. On the mother's side Mr. James traces his descent from the famous Ethan Allen, and also from a branch of the Lamb family, of which Charles Lamb, frank and open nature, he made friends readily, and retained them, and was the chosen companion of the best class of students. When the faculty of the College of the City of New York determined to send a crew to compete in the Intercollegiate Regatta on Saratoga Lake, Mr. James was unanimously selected by the faculiy and students as captain and stroke of the crew. Mr. James is a fine swimmer, having saved the lives of two persons, one of whom would not be now on Governor Flower's staff had he not been rescued from drowning, ninny years ago, by the subject of this sketch. His father, wishing him to take his degree from the same college from which he had received his, he left the College of the City of New York at the commencement of his Junior year, and, passing the examination at Madison University for the Senior Class, graduated with honors with 202 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. the class of '76, one year ahead of his old class. After leaving college his father sent him abroad, from which, after spending some time, he returned and entered Columbia College Law School. He was for a time a student in the law offices of Seaward, Blatchford, Griswold ^: Da Costa, from which firm he went to Steward L. Woodford, into the U. S. District Attorney's office. From such a beginning we may confidently look for a brilliant future, and watch with in- terest and ])rofit the career of such a man as Chas. F. James. DAVID BANKS. Perhaps one of the most jjopular, historically interesting and |)icturesque characters in New York City is David Banks, the well known law publisher of Nassau street. Mr. Banks comes of old Revolutionary stock. He was born in New York City sixty-six years ago. His father was David Banks, the founder of the firm of Banks &: Gould. His mother was Miss Harriet Breneck Lloyd, daughter of Paul B. Lloyd, of old Knickerbocker stock, and his great-uncle. and Chief Justice Nelson. Martin Van Buren was also a constant visitor, and " Old Hickory " himself always came here when in town. In this atmosphere of men that ' made history " Mr. Banks was reared, and he reveres the memo- ries of his youth, and emulates the manners of his father's distinguished friends. At one time the firm's name was Gould, Banks & (iould. David Banks, the grandfather, was intimate with Washington, with whom he crossed the Delaware, and fought all through the Revolution. This patriot's wife once saved (ieneral Washington from capture by the Hessians at Newark, N. J. But to return to the David Banks of to-day. Though so generally popular and taking great interest in jniblic affairs and the welfare of the city, Mr. Hanks, like his father, always refused publ c office, but he has filled many places of honor in connection with financial and social institutions. He is a member of the Governing Council of the City of New York, the chairman of its Building Committee, and a member of its Executive and Library Committees. He also belongs to the Sons of D.WID B.\NKS. the famous Sir Joseph Hanks, who was with Captain Cook when he was killed by the Sandwich Islanders. When only twenty he joined the law ])ublishing house which today bears his name and which is one of the historical landmarks of old New York. The house was established in 1X04, and while it is the oldest, it is one of the largest law publishing houses in America. The business was at first carried on where the ])resent Drexel building stands. In twenty-five years the building on Wall Street became too small for the in< rea:>ing business of the firm, and a move was made u]) to the present site of the Tribune building. The new build- ing was noted then for its immense si/e, and it was also noted for the famous men who used to meet there. Old Mr. I'anks was an uncomproinising "hardshell" Democrat and his office was called "Tammany Hall, Jr." Here su( h men would congregate as ex-Governors Morgan Lewis, Wright and Marcy ; Chancellors Kent, Walworth and McCown ; Surrogate Miller ; Judges Sanford, Samuel Jones the Revolution and the Sons of Veterans of 181 2. He was the last captain of the Old City Guard, and honorary mem- ber of the Old (iuard. He is also a |)rominent Mason, a Sir Knight, and a member of the Veteran Firemen's .Asso- ciation. Socially he is a prince. He was recently elected President of the New York Club, and was one of the Com- mittee of One Hundred of the Columbian Celebration, and a member of the Auditing Committee. He belongs to the following other clubs : The Lawyers', the Union, the Manhattan, and the St. Nicholas. Mr. Banks is a most enthusiastic yachtsman, and the hero of a hundred gales. He owns and cajjtains the fast and beautiful Water \Vitch. He is Commodore of the .Atlantic Yacht Club, of Brooklyn, and a member of the New York \'acht, the City Club, and the .Vtalanta Moat Club. Of the financial institutions he is director of is the East River National Bank, an old institu- tion whose charter dates from 1852, of which his father was the first President. 203 AUGUST BELMONT. The great banking house of August Behnont & Co., the American representatives of the Rothschilds, was founded in 1837 by August Belmont, Sr., who for fifty years was one of the most prominent financiers of the Metropolis, and who, in addition, identified himself socially and politically with the interests of the city and country, serving as United States Minister to the Hague, and for many years Chairman of the National Democratic Committee, and taking a most active part in municijjal and national ])olitics. Mr. Belmont was not only a financier, statesman and publicist of the front rank, but he had a mind well bent for the amenities of life. During the course of his long and busy career as banker, diplomat, confidential agent of the government and politi- cian, he also made his house the rendezvous of fashionable New York ; he caused the American Jockey Club to be held the standard for pure and clean sport in the United States ; he created a taste for art, a discretion in music, and his counsel was paramount on all club committees. The firm has always occupied a leading and dignified position, not only as drawers of exchange, but as the representatives of vast foreign investment interests in American railroad and other corporations, their European connections extending to every city of importance abroad. The present head of the house is August Belmont, the son of the founder. Mr. Belmont was born in New York, February 18, 1853, was educated at the Rectory School, Hamden, Conn., at Haver- ford, Penn., Phillips Exeter Academy, and graduated from Harvard in 1875. He entered his father's banking house in September, 1875, and married in 1881 Miss Bessie Ham- ilton Morgan, of New York, by whom he has three sons, August, Raymond and Morgan. Inheriting great wealth and all the force of character and directness of purpose for which his father was famous, young Belmont has become a power in the financial world. His self-})oise and perfect judgment in large financial undertakings and pursuits have made him conspicuous. He is at the present time, while barely forty years of age, Chairman of the Board of the Eouisville and Nashville Railroad, a director of the St. Paul Railroad, Vice-President of the Kings County Elevated Railroad, a Director of the E(iuitable Life Insurance Com.- pany and of the Manhattan Trust Company, of the National Park Bank and of the Bank of the State of New York, and also of many industrial corporations. Socially he is one of the most companionable of men, and his popularity has made him a natural clubmate, and the best clubs of the city and suburbs are pleased to claim him as a member. The Union, Knickerbocker, Manhattan, Lawyers', Racquet, New York Athletic (of which latter he is President), the Meadowbrook and Country, the New York Larchmont, Seawanhaka, East- ern and Corinthian Yacht Clubs, being Flag Officer of the latter, and he is also member of the American Kennel Club, which his presidency has brought to its present command- ing influence throughout the country. He is an uncompro- mising Democrat, a hard working business man. and an active and thorough sportsman in his leisure hours. A man with a purpose, backed by vast wealth and thorough education in and knowledge of the path he is pursuing, with industry, talent and good judgment, there can be little doubt that Mr. Belmont will speedily scale the uppermost rounil of the lad- der of successful results. What the ripe harvest will be, if life is spared to such a man, it is comparatively easy to foresee. D. D. McKOON. Hon. 1). D. McKoon, of the New York Bar, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., on October 17, 1827, and comes of good Scottish-American ancestry. His great-grandfather, James McKoon, came to this country and settled in Her- kimer County, where his descendants followed the vocation of farming. The subject of this sketch is a son of Martin, Jr., and Margaret McKoon and was educated in the Fulton .'\cademy, Oswego County. His legal training was gained in the office of Judge Ransom H. Tyler and his admission to the bar took place in 1854. He at once began the prac- tice of his profession at Phoenix, where he was associated in law with Francis David, who is now serving his second term as Surrogate of Oswego County. While located at Phoenix Mr. McKoon was elected to the County Judgeship for three consecutive terms, but in 1862, at the beginning of his third term, resigned his position to enlist in the Army. He joined Company D, iioth Regiment, New York \'olunteer Infantry, and went to the front. He was made First Lieu- tenant of his company and during a portion of his time acted as adjutant of the Regiment, but his military career was cut short through an attack of typhoid fever, which illness necessitated his retirement from the army and was of such severity as to incapacitate him from mental or physical work for the three following years. In 1866 he resumed the practice of law in Middletown, Orange County, and for three years of his time in that place was a partner in the law firm of Foote, McKoon & Stoddard. In 1874 he came to the Metropolis and opened an ofifice, at the same time and for three subsecjuent years retaining one in Mid- dletown. He finally devoted his entire time to his New York business, and five years ago admitted his son, D. Gil- bert McKoon, to partnership under the firm name of D. I), is: D. G. McKoon, which about two years ago became McKoon & Luckey upon the admission to membership of David B. Luckey. Judge McKoon has confined his practice to the civil department of the law and made a specialty of Real Estate litigation. His career has not only been finan- cially successful, but is also unmarked by a sing e unpro- fessional act, and he is accordingly highly esteemed and respected by both Bench and Bar for his honorable methods and integrity of character. Judge McKoon was married in 1852 to Miss Mary, daughter of Andrus Gilbert, of Oswego County, whom he and an only son survive. At present he is a director in and Treasurer of the Richmond Homestead 204 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Association of New York, ca])ital ^50,000. Also is a direct- or and Vice-President of the Frontier Bank of Niagara, and is President of the Mannahasset Park Association of Monmouth County, New Jersey. His chief recreation con- sists in supervising his large real estate interests in North- ern New York and on the Jersey Coast. And at the ripe age of sixty-six years he may be justly called one of the most active professional men of New York. JOHN A. AMUNDSON. John .\. Amundson, one of the talented and successful lawyers of the New York bar, like many other prominent professional men of the Metropolis is a representative of the Western States. He was born at Madison, Wis., on April 2, 1856. l"he height of his boyhood ambiiion was a collegiate education, and his i)reparatory course was accomplished solely through close personal application to study of those elementary branches of education which are usually more readily obtained. Though wholly self-prepared, he passed his entrance examinations to Yale College with- out a condition, and after a brilliant course was gradu- ated with honors in the class of 1880, delivering the I^e Forest ])rize oration. He subsecpiently was ad- JOHN A. AMUNDSON. mitted to the bar and his talents and ability soon brought him into prominence. His ])ractice is confined chiefly to the civil de])artments of the law, and his clientlie includes corporations mercantile concerns, and large estates, like those of Hugh Smith, Martha M. Huylar, and others. As a corporation lawyer, he has specially distinguished him- self, and figured as leading counsel in many important litigations. No little of his success is attributable to his integrity and thoroughly reliable, personal character. On Seplcml)er, 1884, Mr. .\mundson was married to Miss Carrie Monson, daughter of Curtis J. Monson, of New Haven, and resides in Medford Park, in the nortiiern section of the city. Though taking an a( live interest in politics, he has never sought politii a! honors, but has (le\ ()ted his assiduous atten ■ tion to his profession. The success attained by Mr. Amundson is an illustration of what a self-made and well- made man may accomplish through indomitable will power, and what obstacles may be overcome by perseverance. STEPHEN V. WHITE. Hon. Stephen V. White, a distinguished financier and ex-member of Congress from the Third Congressional Dis- trict, was born in Chatham County, N. C, August i, 1831. On his father's side his ancestors were sturdy Quakers, who removed from Chester County, Pa., to North Carolina imme- diately after the close of the Revolutionary War. His mother, Julia Brewer, was a direct descendant of Oliver Cromwell and a member of one of the oldest and best known families in North Carolina. After the famous Nat Turner insurrection in 1831 the family removed to Illinois, then a remote wilderness, where the subject of this sketch was reared amid the wildest surroundings and inured to all the hardships of frontier life. The first direct jjay he ever re- ceived for his labor was from the sale of furs he had himself trapped. He nevertheless managed to acquire a practical English education, and entering Knox College, Illinois, was graduated from that institution in 1854. In 1888 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. Upon leaving college he immediately struck out for himself. Locating in St. Louis he obtained employment as a book- keeper in the wholesale store of Clatlin, Allen & Stinde, and in 1855 began the study of the law in the office of Brown & Kasson, composed of the late Hon. Brown, afterwards Governor of Missouri and United States Senator from that State, and the Hon. John A. Kasson, afterwards United States Minister to Berlin. November 4, 1856, he was ad- mitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession at Des Moines, Iowa, at once taking a leading ])Osition and being retained in many of the most important cases in the F ederal Courts. His restless ambition, however, led him to abandon the profession he had so brilliantly adorned and seek elsewhere a larger and more exciting field. Accord- ingly, in 1865 he removed to New York, and with Caj)tain Charles B. Marvin established the banking house of Marvin White. 'J'his firm was dissolved two years later, Mr. White continuing in business alone until January i, 1882, when the firm of S. V. White Co. was organized, corn- loosed of Mr. White, Mr. Arthur ClaHin and Mr. Franklin W. Hopkins. Mr. Claflin retired from the firm on January I, 1886. Mr. White has been connected with the New York Stock Exchange for more than a quarter of century, during which time he has been actively engaged both as a broker and as an operator on his own account It is owing to his career in the latter respect that he has attained fio high a distinction in the turbulent life of Wall Street and so splendid a record in financial circles at home and abroad. Mr.^Vhite's individual operations have been of a most gigantic kind, and such as could only have been conducted by a man possessing phenomenal prescience, a well balanced brain, the jiower of cool calculation and a su])reme confidence in his convictions.' Politically, Mr. W hite has been a staunch Republican ever since the birth of the j)arty. He was an earnest worker for John C. Fremont, the first candidate of the party for the presidency in 1856. Until 1886 Mr. White had never been a candidate for political preferment, but was, in that year, elected to the Fiftieth Congress from the Third Congres- sional District. The achievements of Mr. White during the memorable events of 1891-2 are unparalleled in the his- torv of Wall Street. The firm of S. V. White Co. failed, and during the dark days following Mr. White drank deeply of thecui)of bitterness. The accumulations of a lifetime were gone, prestige was gone, self confidence was shaken, age coming on, and above all tiiere was a great mountain of debt. His associates in those days were humiliation and NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 205 distress, but never despair, and through all the gloom there were gleams of sunshine. Plymouth Church promptly re- elected Mr. White treasurer of the society, with assurances of confidence and hope doubly gratifying at such an hour. The value of a character became evident. Mr. White's ver- bal promise to pay when he could was found to be a tangible asset. Men regarded Mr. White's word as better than some debtors' notes. When an obdurate creditor was found, there was found also, not far away, some one willing and able to make that creditor sign, and there came a day in January, 1892, when Mr. White could say that he had not a dollar of legal obligation outstanding. That great debt which had been released from the grasp of the law had, however, only bound tighter uj^on Mr. White's heart, and it weighed his spirit down. Everything that he touched turned to gold, but as money poured in he did not forget that he was only a steward, and every clean-up was followed by the transmission of a flight of checks to creditors of honor. Creditors believed to be needy were paid first, principal and interest. Others got chtcks on account. It began to be noised about that Mr. White was paying off debts at a pro- digious rate. This brought following and strengthened his hands. On the 31st of December the work was done. The last creditor had his money. The Chicago creditors who settled at fifty cents on the dollar had all received the other fifty cents on the dollar, with interest, and S. V. White walked the floor of the E.xchange conscious of having made a record which would endure where most other financial incidents of this generation have been forgotten. Men have failed for larger sums. Men have extricated themselves in the course of years from greater embarrassments. Men have made more than a million dollars in a year. But no other man has failed for a million dollars in attempting to do some- thing which, almost immediately after his failure, did itself in obedience to natural laws. No other man has obtained release from legal obligation to pay $1,000,000 upon his mere assurance that he would pay when he could. No other man, starting with $t;o,ooo capital, has made a million dol- lars in less than eleven months, and paid it all to people to whom he was under no legal obligation to pay anything. Such a combination of dramatic incident with such a display of intellectual and moral qualii ies is absolutely unique. The effects of sui h an achievement upon the minds of young men, upon the business world and upon the communitv as showing a phase of Wall Street life not generally believed to exist must be great, good and enduring. Such is an all too brief sketch of a man who, by pure force of ability, cour- age, character and integrity, became one of the powers of Wall Street. Lawyer, legislator, journalist and financier, he has always done well whatever he has attempted, and has won success and hosts of warm friends by traits of character as rare as they are enviable. He has always had the courage of h's convictions and the decision of character that make abilities such as he possesses doubly respected. His prac- tical knowledge of public affairs, his brilliant powers as a financier, his experience in dealing with men, his marvellous gift of self-reliance and his attractive social qualities mark him as one of those rare sons of fortune whom riches have not spoiled nor adversity subued. SUMNER F. DUDLEY. The old and well-known surgical instrument manufac- turing house of Shepard & Dudley was established in 1840 by William R. Cioulding, who was a physician and surgeon as well as surgical instrument maker. Dr. Cioulding o])erated for clubfoot and other pedal deformities long before orthopaedic surgery became a specialty. In 1861 he was appointed curator in the Army Museum, Washington, where many anatomical specimens prepared by him may be seen to-day. He was possessed of fine artistic tastes, and made anatomical drawings and etchings of surgical operations that have been sought after by many distinguished specialists. Dr. Cioulding carried on the surgical instrument business from 1840 until 1850, when the firm name was changed once more to F. H. Walsh & Co., and in 1854 to Goulding & Ford. In 1858 it changed again to George Wade and 1859 to Wade &: Ford. This last named firm conducted the business dur- ing the war of the Rebellion, and made surgical instruments for the United States Army and Navy, ancl also for ex])ort- ing. In 1866 the firm became W. F. Ford & Co., in 1867 W. F. Ford alone, and in 1869 assumed its present title of Shepard & Dudley. Henceforth they manufactured a more extensive line of goods, and went largely into export and wholesale dealings. In 1879 the firm issued an illustrated catalogue more complete than anything in that line hitherto published, either in Europe or America. Mr. F. M. Shepard retired from the concern in 1869, and is now, and has been SUMNER F. DI DLEV. for year.^. President of the Rubber Clothing Company and the Goodyear Rubber Company. Mr. F. D. Dudley also retired in 1889, leaving the concern to his two sons, Sumner F. and Frederick A. Dudley, who have been connected with the business since 1872. They were both born in Wor- cester, Mass., and there received a high school education. Associated with them is Dr. William R. Leonard, who has been connected with the business since his boyhood, so that a professional understanding of all the necessities and detail of the business has been added to a perfect mechanical knowledge This has contributed materially to their suc- cess. The senior partner, Sumner F. Dudley, whose por- trait is here given, has been for years actively employed with the work of the V'oung Men's Christian Association. He was for six years Treasurer of the New York State Executive Committee of that body, and is now a member of the New Jersey State Executive Commitlee and one of the Secretaries of the State Association of New York. 2o6 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. DANIEL ADDISON HEALD. Daniel Addison Heald, President of the Home Insurance Co., and the leading fire underwriter of the United States, was born in the town of Chester, Vermont, May 4, 1818. The family comes of old Puritan stock, of English descent, coming to this country in 1635 from Berwick, England, and were among the first settlers of Concord, Mass. His maternal grandfather was named Edwards. Both of his grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolution, and fought at Concord Bridge, Bunker Hill, and in other engagements. His grandfather Pklwards was a captain in the army under Washington. His father, Amos Heald, married a daughter of Captain Edwards, and lived at Chester, Vermont, where he owned one of the best farms in the State. Daniel Addison Heald was their youngest child. On bis father's farm he passed the first sixteen yeiirs of his life, assisting pany of New York invited him to become its general agent. He accepted the offer and entered upon his duties in New York City. After twelve years of service, he was chosen Second Vice-President of the Company. In 1883, u)jon the resignation of Vice-President Wiilmarth, Mr. Heald suc- ceeded him. In 1888, he was elected to the Presidency, President Martin having resigned. When Mr. Heald joined the company its capital was $500,000; total assets $872,823. The capital is now $3,000,000, its gross assets $9,300,000, with a surplus over capital and all babilities of $1,250,000. In cajMtal and assets it is only equalled by one other American company. Its income is over $4,750,000 and insures property to more than $700,000,000. It has passed through all the great fires, paying all losses promjitly and in full. It is one of the four great fire com- l)anies of the world. A large share of the credit of this DAXIEL .'VDDISdN HE.\LD. him in the various labors of farm work. But his inclina- tions and ambitions were in other directions than those of a farmer. He neglected no o])portunity for mental improve- ment, and was ambitious of obtaining a liberal education. He attended the public schools of this native town, and then attended a preparatory school at Meriden, New Hampshire, where he remained two years, and entered Yale C'ollege, graduating with honors in 1841 at twenty-three years of age. During his senior year at Yale, he read law under the direction of Judge Daggett, of New Haven, and sul)se(piently for two years in the ohice of judge Washburn, of Ludlow, Vt. He was admitted to the Bar of Vermont, May, 1843. He also conducted an insurance business while engaged in ])ractice of law, as Agent for the /Etna and other Hartford com])anies, and obtained su( h an excellent reputation that in 1856 the Home Insurance Com- record belongs to Mr. Heald, who has been described as the possessor of " the most active fire insurance brain on the continent." Early Mr. Heald realized that the successful conduct of fire insurance business dejjended upon its mastery as a science, well knowing that no one can know too much to conduct it successfully. He is not only a lawyer, but chemist, architect, financier and an excellent judge of men, and of values of all things insurable. He has investigated with great care the causes of fire and the means and a])pliances for prevention and extinction. He has conducted the business of tlu' Home Insurance Com])any so as to take care of the policyholders as well as the stockholders, and obtain fair rates in face of all competition. The policies of the company are sought for by the best class of insured all over the United States. After the great Portland fire of 1867, Mr. lleaid was one of the prime movers in the NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 207 organization of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, of which important organization he has served either as Chair- man of the Executive Committee or President, holding the latter office for ten years. He has made numerous addresses on the subject of fire insurance, which hold a high ])lace in the literature of the profession. He has been an active and permanent member of the New York Board of Fire Under- writers, having held many official positions and has been a hard worker in its interests. Loved and honored by all who know him, active and alert, despatching business easily and rapidly, no name has become more deeply engraved on the history of Fire Insurance in America than that of Daniel Addison Heald. GRANVILLE P. HAWES. Hon. Granville P. Hawes, one of New York's most dis- tinguished lawyers, was born in the State of Maine, in 1838, and educated in Bowdoin College. He had for fellow- classmates such eminent men as the Hon. Thomas B. Reed, one of the leaders of the Republican party ; Judge Symonds, General W. W. Thomas, and other well-known men. Judge Hawes himself is a man of national reputation. Coming to the city he studied law in Columbia College, at the same time taking charge of the literary department of a leading Metropolitan morning paper, and subsecpiently becoming Professor of Rhetoric and English in the Mary- land State College. When the war broke out and the country called its children to arms in defence of the Union, Mr. Hawes answered the appeal, and joining the army, served throughout the great struggle. He was on the staff of Major-General William H. F^mory, and as such belonged to the Nineteenth Army Corps and fought with Sheridan in the famous Shenandoah Valley Campaign. After the war he came to New York once more and resumed practice, a pro- fession in which since then he has achieved marked success. In 1879 he was nominated Judge of the City Court and elected after a very exciting contest. He was the only Republican elected at the time on the county ticket. At the end of his term of office, renominated somewhat against his will, he polled 30,000 votes more than the nominees for the other offices on the same ticket, coming within 400 votes of a re-election. Nominated subsequently for the Superior Court Bench, he received 10,000 votes more than the remain- der of his ticket. From 187010 1876 he was Chairman of the Board of School Trustees of the Twelfth Ward, and in 187 1 member of the committee which elected Mayor Havemeyer and annihilated the Tweed Ring. He is direc- tor of the New England Society, and for a number of years has been Chairman of its Committee on Charities. He organized the D. K. E. Club of this city, and for two years was its President. Judge Hawes is also a prominent mem- ber of the Union League Club, of which he was for three years Secretary, and frequently served on its executive com- mittee. He also belongs to the University and Lawyers' clubs and the Bar Association. He has written extensively for magazines, newspapers and periodicals, and is the author of a well known work on General Assignments He is counsel for a number of large corporations, and enjoys a lucrative practice. SHEPPARD HOMANS. Shep])ard Homans, son of the late I. Smith Homansand Sarah A. Sheppard, was born in Baltimore Md., April 12, 1831. He graduated from St. Mary's College, and was from youth a Ijrilliant mathematician and ripe scholar. He entered Harvard in 1849, and after passing all the exam- inations for a degree in that University, was appointed by the Government to conduct an expedition for determining the difference in longitude between Liverpool and Boston. The result of this was to secure for him an appointment on the coast survey, and astronomer on several exploring expe- ditions across the country. In 1865 he succeeded Pro- fessor Charles Gill as Actuary of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. In that capacity he immediately began upon the original work of com])iling the American Experience Table of Mortality to replace the foreign table previously relied upon. It is now in use by every Ameri- can Life Insurance Company of consequence in the coun- try. Mr. Homans was twice sent to Europe by his Com- pany: the first time in 1861, to study the work of British life offices, and the second time in 1869, to attend the In- ternational Statistical Congress held at Hague, at which he also represented the American Geographical Society. Hardly had he finished his work upon the American Experience Table of Mortality when he suggested the ])lan known as the " Contribution Plan," for the etpiitable distribution of SHEPPARD HOMANS. the surplus of life companies among the persons who con- tribute to its surplus accumulations. Mr. Homans is un- questionably the leading authority on life insurance statis- tics in the United States, and is as well known abroad as at home. He is Consulting Actuary of various comjjanies, President of the Englewood Club, Brookside Cemetery As- sociation, and of the Board of Trustees of Englewood School for Boys. He is also a prominent club member, be- longing to the Union League, Lawyers' and New York and Atlantic Yacht Clubs. In 1875 Mr. Homans organized the Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, the specialty of which is to furnish renewable term life insur- ance. The success of this company is a marvel of public confidence reposed in a sound and vigorous organization. CHARLES F. BEACH, Jr. Charles F. Beach, Jr., who enjoys distinction as one of the prominent and talented members of the younger genera- tion of the Bar of the Metropolis, was born in Paris, Ken- tucky, on February 4th, 1854. His father, Rev. Charles F. Beach, was born in this State, but early removed to the 208 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. South, where he was regarded as one of the most emi- nent Presbyterian divines. The subject of this sketch received his preparatory education at Dr. \Vm. L. Yerkes' (Grammar School in his native town, entered Centre College in 1872, and was graduated in 1877 with the degree of B.A;-) to which was added in 1881 that of M A. For some time he was connected in an editorial capacity with the Louisville Courier Journal, but seeing the greater a(l\ an- tages to be derived from a professional career he came to the Metropolis in 1879 and took a course in Columbia Law School, graduating in 1881. He immediately began the practice of law and soon gained re])utation as a lawyer of superior ability. His legal treatises, " Law of Private Cor- porations," " Modern Law of Railways," " Law of Public Corporations," "Modern Equity Juris])rudence " (all two vol'.mie works), " Law of Receivers," " Law of Con- tributory Negligence," and Law of Wills," have received many encomiums in legal circles and are regarded as excellent authority on the subjects of which they treat. CHAkl.l.s I . \( I .. jr. In addition to meeting the recpiircments ot liis large law ])ractice, Mr. Beach edited the Raiht ^"d held many other unportant offices. His son Henry was for fourteen years member of the Provincial Assembly, was Chamberlain of New York City, and a member of His Majesty's Council, from which position he retired at the beginning of the Rev- olution and became one of the most stubborn and spirited Revolutionary leaders. His son, also a Henry Cruger, after- wards ^Layor of Bristol, England, in 1775, from his place in the imperial Parliament had the audacity to proclaim that the American Colonies had the right to be free. Mr. Rhinelander has, therefore, descended from three of the most eminent families in New York State — the Crugers, the Rhinelanders, and the Cuylers. Henry Cuyler, one of his ancestors, was Captain and Major of the Albany troop who fought in the French and Indian camjjaigns. Mr. Rhine- hinder married Miss Matilda Caroline ( )akley, granddaugh- ter of the famous Jesse Oakley who raised and e(iuip])ed a company of his own, and fought in many battles of the Rev- olutionary War. The equally famous Judge Oakley was Jesse's son and Mrs. William Rhinelander's father. The original Philip Jacob Rhinelander had three sons, who were Phdip Jacob, Jr., Bernard and William. It is from William, the voungest,that the present head of the family is descended in the fourth generation. One of the landmarks of New York up ti) last year (1892) was the Rhinelander sugar house on Rose Street, which served as a British prison from 1777 to 1782. On the new ten-story structure erected on its site the dates I 763-1893 are inscribed. The main entrance is constructecl of the stone and brick taken from the old struc- ture, and one of the old windows, iron bars and casing, is incorporated in the building, so that the spot will not lose its historic character altogether. IRVING TOWNSEND. M.D. Irving Townsend, M.l)., was l)orn at La Grangeville, Dutchess Coanty, N. Y., on May 28, 1864, and for a physician of his standing is one of the youngest in this city. He received an elementary education in the public schools of his native town, after which he entered the De Garno Institute, where he completed his education, after which he began tiie study of inedii ine under the tutorship of Dr. J. Otis, of i^iughkeepsie, N. Y. In 1884 he entered the New York Homcvopathic College, and immediately after graduating from that institution in 1887 was apjiointed res- ident physician to the Waid's Island Homoeopathic Hos- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 209 pital. After several months' service he resigned to accept an appointment on the staff of the Children's Hospital of the Five Points House of Industry, of which he was ap- pointed physician in charge three months later, which posi- tion he held for nearly a year. In the fall of 1888 he began private practice, which has since grown to large proi)ortions. Dr. Townsend was for a time clinical assistant to Professor Smith at the New York Homoeopathic College and also attending physician to the West Side Homoeopathic Dis- pensary. He is now one of the consulting staff of the latter institution. He is attending physician to the Laura Franklin Hosjjital for children, assistant surgeon to the New York Ophthalmic Hospital, a member of the State and County Homoeopathic Societies and member of the Amer- ican Institute of Homoeopathy. Apart from the onerous duties of his profession Dr. Townsend found time for the past two years to attend to the business management of the North American Journal of Honuvopathy, the leading and oldest homoeopathic journal in the country, a position which an increasing practice has obliged him to relinquish. ALFRED STECKLER. Alfred Steckler, Justice of the Fourth District, is one of the famous Steckler brothers, recognized in New York as a political power in themselves, a triumvirate of intelli- gence, sagacity and energy. He was born in this city on December 10th, 1856, and attended the public schools. Graduating from Columbia College Law School he was called to the bar in 1867 and immediately associated him- self with his brother as a law partner. He soon made his mark and in 1881 was elected (!ivil Justice on an indepen- dent ticket, having opposed to him the nominee of Tammany, Irving Hall, the County Democracy and the Republicans. He was re elected in 1887 and still occu- pies the position. But it is his achievements in his profession Judge Steckler will always look back upon with most pride, and especially his success in one branch of it, namely, the law as it bears upon benevolent and benefit organizations and associations, their members and their heirs and assigns. Judge Steckler is counsel for many of those societies and has had every conceivable question which concerns them to handle before the courts, from time to time, to such an extent that he has come to be looked upon by the bar as an authority on such subjects. The latest case of this nature which Judge Steckler won in the Court of Appeals was Beechel as Administrator versus the Imperial Council of Friends. This case established the important principle that the endowment due the widows and orphans of deceased members could not be attached or levied upon to satisfy the debts of such deceased members. WILLIAM E. TEFFT, Senior partner of the firm of Tefft, Weller & Co., was born in Syracuse, New York, January 15, 1841. A few years later his father, Erastus T. Tefft, removed to New York and engaged in the drygoods trade as the head of the firm of Tefft, Griswold & Co He grew apace and prospered, and successfully passed through the financial troubles of 1857 and 1873, which wrecked so many of their contemporaries. William E. Tefft entered his father's employment, and at an early age was taken into partnership, having exhibited an aptitude and fondrtess for business which has made him one of the foremost merchants of the present day. When Mr. Erastus T. Tefft returned from business, the firm of Tefft Griswold tJt Co. was dissolved, and the present firm of Tefft, Weller & Co. organized wath Mr. William E. Teft't as senior partner, and Mr. Joseph Weller, formerly of the firm of J. M. Wentz & Co., second member of the firm, a merchant of large experience and ability. Mr. Tefft is the financial manager of the house and has maintained for it a high degree of credit and enviable degree of jjrosperity at home and abroad. The annual sales of the house now exceed fifteen millions. The popularity and business tact of the elder Mr. Tefft has not diminished in the son, but as the years have rolled by has become more extended and secure. SPENCER D. C. VAN BOKKELEN. S. D. C. Van Pokkelen was born in the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1828. From the year 1849 to 1869 he was engaged in the general commission business in this city, since which time he has been practising as a public accountant. Mr. Van Bokkelen has devoted his whole life to the study of accounts, and was one of the first professional accountants in New York. He is engaged by several large corporations to investigate and report on confidential matters, and is often called upon to testify in court in regard to disputed SPENCER D. C. VAN BOKKELEN. matters of account. He makes a specialty of preparing statements of accounts for executors, administrators and trustees, and the arrangement of books for manufacturers, merchants and others, adapted to their various require- ments. His office is at No. 71 Broadway, where he has many able experts in his employ. His father, Adrian H. Van Bokkelen, was born in Holland, and came to this coun- try (with his parents) in the year 1793, and took up his res- idence in the city of New York. WILLIAM FOWLER FOSTER. William Fowler Foster was born near Taunton, England, on October nth, 1841. He came to the United States in 1856. The great Chicago fire of 187 1 found him a successful merchant worth about $50,000, but left him financiallv ruined and $30,000 in debt. The fire did not consume his ambition or pluck, however, and he started again. During 1876 he came to New York. Mr. Foster is 2IO NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. the leading representative of the kid glove industry of America, and probably of the world, as the European and American manufactories owned or controlled by the corporation of which he is President produce more than any other. It is a remarkable fact that the greatest im- provements have met the greatest opposition. Mr. Foster invented a simple device which has completely revolution- ized glove fastening. It consists of a little row of hooks upon each side of the opening, with a silk cord, by which the glove is quickly and perfectly laced. It has become generally adopted. When the patent was granted the inventor realized need of the co-operation of glove importers, and begged them to take an interest in it. Not one would ladies now wear the elegantly fitting gloves with their pretty gilt hooks, emblems of success so well deserved. In 1881, after five years of struggles and triumphs, and with health impaired, xMr. Foster decided to retire, delegating to others the details of what had become a large business, and the firm of Foster, Paul & Co. was organized, composed of young men of merit, who had bravely and loyally supported their chief. A large five-story building had been erected in New York City solely for the application of the fastening, which by this time had been adopted by the leading importers, who, however, did not take kindly to it, and in order to supply the demand the firm was compelled to increase their production. As before stated, kid gloves are do so, but all opposed it. When he suggested that unless some glovers took an interest in it he would be comjielled to import gloves himself, one said, " You had better not try it. I am the Najjoleon of the glove trade." " I concede that ; but Napoleon met a Wellington — so may you," replied Foster. Within five years Foster's imports far exceeded his, and the Napoleon " met both Wellington and Waterloo. When the glovers ignored the inventor he said, " Gentlemen, the time will come when you shall hear me ; I will fight this battle alone." From time immemo- rial the glove has been used as an emblem of challenge. With manly courage he threw it down, bravely fought and proudly won the victory. Thousands of fair American difficult to make, at least to make properly, and the firm decided that it was necessary to erect their own factories in Kurope for that jnirpose. 'Phis was a serious undertaking, and at one of their meetings the ipiestion was asked, "Who will undertake it ?" " I will," said Foster, and within forty- eight hours he was on board an ocean steamer bound for (iermany. The success he met with, both in France and Germany, is now ]Kirt of the commercial history of New- York. He purchased a building site of three acres within five miles of Berlin, and within six months built what both Cierman and .\merican experts pronounced the best glove factory in (iermany. Herlin is the headquarters for German skins, and a favorable place for workpeople. But its facil- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 211 ities could not supply the demand for gloves and Mr. Fos- ter went to Grenoble, France, where the best qualities of kid gloves are made. Mr. Foster obtained models of the lead- ing gloves in Paris and London, and to his astonishment found great irregularities in most of them. In the system used by one large manufacturer he found the " ammpome " (space between thumb and index finger) precisely the same in all sizes. This very serious and inexcusable defect in dies had escaped the manufacturers' observatioji, and had been in actual daily use for several years. With that care for details characteristic of the man, he worked almost night and day, studying every point until a satisfactory system was obtained and perfect dies produced. Experts pronounced them the best, and the Foster system was soon adopted by leading glovers both in France and Germany. Within five years he shipped from Grenoble more gloves than any other manufacturer. Each year he spent a part of his time in America, France and Germany, having gloves made under his instruction by different manufacturers. In 1886, immediately after constructing a factory in Berlin, he again visited Grenoble and within a year erected a dupli- cate one in that city for the production of French gloves. Every detail, from the first stroke of the architect's pencil to the locating of every employe and machine, was person- ally superintended by him. Both factories completed and he again landed in America within two years. In 1887 he called upon creditors for statements of his old fire liabili- ties incurred in 1871, and surprised them with checks for the full amount with six per cent, interest for fifteen years, amounting to about $75,000, although he had legally been discharged from all obligations. For several years Mr. Foster and his wife had been planning to secure a per- manent home, and during their travels made sketches of the attractive features, exterior and interior, of many homes visited by them in this and foreign countries. Their well- known residence at the corner of Riverside Avenue and io2d Street, New York City, is the result. It is the only residence built of iron in the city. Mr. Foster wanted to duplicate an Italian villa which he had seen and admired. The material used in Italy could not stand the American climate, but iron would and was decided upon. While it is successfully used in business buildings and produces fine effects, on account of the architectural difficulty of con- struction architects are prejudiced against it, and a strong pressure was exerted to prevent its use by Mr. Foster. He said he was not building to p'ease architects, and the house must be of iron. Stone absorbs moisture. The shady side of stone houses is never free from dampness. In this an air space between the iron exterior and the brick walls, act- ing as a non-conductor, keeps the house cool in summer, warm in winter, and always dry, while ventilators connected with said air space gives perfect ventilation. The interior is decorated and furnished after designs selected as before stated from the many homes visited in different countries. A perfect home, surrounded by trees and flowers, upon a green terrace, commanding a charming view of the beauti- ful Hudson River, it is much admired by all who see it, and we sincerely hope the owners may live long to enjoy it. MICHAEL C. GROSS. Michael C. Gross, one of the representative members of the Bar of the Metropolis, was born in this city on February 18, 1838, and comes of respectable German parentage. He attended the German schools of the city until his eleventh year, and for the following three years pursued his studies in the English-speaking institutions of New York, his education being further perfected through instructions of private tutors. When sixteen years of age he began the study of law in the office of Daniel Ullmann and Charles C. Egan, and at once displayed superior aptitude for the profession. In 1857 he became the junior member of the firm of Egan & Gross. In 1859 he was admitted to the Bar. In his seventeenth year he became actively interested in politics. In i860 Mr. Gross was elected First Vice-President of the German Democratic organization of the city, and later was selected as its President. From 1861 to 1864, inclusive, he represented the Fifth Senatorial District as Councilman, and demonstrated his ability as a leader in politics. Mr. Gross was elected to the Bench of the Marine Court, on the Democratic ticket, in 1865, and performed the duties of the position with ability. He was further honored in being re-elected, in 1869, by the immense majority of 52,000 votes. Judge Gross, while on the bench, established many prece- dents which were sustained by the higher courts, and his sound decision upon the "Legal Tender" question was based upon the same grounds as given subsequently by the U. S. Supreme Court. The Marine Court (as its name implies) had many suits wherein the interests of the ship- owners, captains and sailors were adjudicated. The com- plaints of sailors against captains for assault upon the high MICHAEL C. GROSS. seas were numerous, and redress was sought in the Marine Court. It often occurred that those complaints were either frivolous or founded upon fiction, but all the same, if the courts were not in session, defendant had to be in jail all night, or perhaps longer. It was not even necessary to make an affidavit upon which to obtain an arrest, and this abuse brought into existence a class of sharks who solicited complaints and made them an instrument of oppression and extortion. Judge Gross, with the assistance of his associate. Judge Alker, put a stop to this, obviating much expense and annoyance to sailing masters and depriving a lot of legal sharks of opportunities for blackmail. Since then a law has been framed rendering the thing imjjossible. Judge Gross retired from the bench on January i, 1876, and resumed his practice immediately, which is mostly confined to the civil courts and is connected with corporation litigation. He is member of the State Bar Association, the German Society, the Liederkranz, the German Hospital and the Isabella Home. 212 JV£IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. A. J. DITTENHOEFER. Ex-Judge A. J. Dittenhoefer was born in the City of Charleston, South Carolina, on the 17th of March, 1H36. His parents, both German, arrived in the City of Baltimore in 1834; from there they removed to Charleston, where the Judge was born. From Charleston they removed to the City of New York, when he was about four years old, and here he has resided continuously since. His father became a prom- inent merchant and very ]>opular among the Germans of this city, many of whom he befriended. After receiving a public school education he entered Columbia College Grammar School and subsequently Columbia College. At that time the College was situated in College Place in the City of New York, and Charles King was President. While at college he was mostly at the head of his class and received invariably the first prizes in Latin and Greek. He dis])layed such pro- coin, with whom he was on terms of friendship. He was offered by President Lincoln the position of L'nited States Judge for the District of South Carolina, his native State, which he declined, being unwilling to abandon the large jjractice he had built up in the City of New York. He was delegate to the Republican Convention that nominated President Hayes. Though a Southerner by birth. Judge Dittenhoefer identified himself with the Republican party in its, infancy. He served as Chairman of the German Repub- lican Central Committee for twelve consecutive terms and for years was a leader in the councils of the jiarty. As a lawyer the Judge has gained a high reputation. While his services have been required in every branch of the legal profession, he has been conspicuous in litigation relating to the law of the stage, and is recognized as an authoritv in that branch of the law. There have been few A. J. DITTKNHOEFER. ficiency in those branches that the distinguished professor, C'harles Anthon, was in the habit of referring to him as the " Ultima Thule " of his class. At twenty-one he was ad- mitted to the bar and .soon made rapid progress. At the age of twenty-two he was selected by the Republican party as its candidate for Justice of the City Court, and some years thereafter was appointed by Governor Fenton a Judge of that court to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge I'"lorence McCarthy. Upon the e.\]>iration of his term he declined a renomination. While on the bench he gave his entire salary to the widow of his ])redecessor, who had been left in destitute circumstances. In 1856 he mar- ried a lady of Cleveland, Ohio. His family consists of a son, Irving Mead, who is one of his partners in business, and four daughters. In i860 he was a Republic an elector, and cast his vote in the Electoral College for .\braham Lin- cases of that character in which he has not appeared on one side or the other, and usually on the successful one. He procured the incorporation of that most beneficent institu- tion, "The Actors' Fund," and has ever since been its coun- sel without compensation. While successful in stage litiga- tions, he has also been prominent in every other branch of the law and has been counsel in many commercial and cor- poration cases. He is at present counsel for the Lincoln National liank, the Franklin National Rank, and the Mer- cantile Credit Guarantee ('om|)any and other institutions. At times he has been retained in important criminal cases that have attracted public attention. Years ago he was ap- |)oinled by the Hoard of .Vldermen as one of its counsel to re])resent them when they were indicted for granting per- mits to encumber the streets with newsjiaper stands, and succeeded in quashing the indictment. He was counsel for NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 213 the old Excise Commissioners. Dr. Nerkle, Richard, and Mapelson, when they were indicted for an infraction of the law, and succeeded in obtaining a verdict of acquittal. In the more recent indictments against the Excise Commis- sioners, Meakim, Fitzpatrick and Koch, he was one of the leading counsel for the Commissioners, and afier years of litigation the indictments were dismissed on a motion argued by him. An amusing incident in the Judge's career, taken from the daily papers, may be worth perusing. On, his tri]) to Europe in 1892, on board the " Lahn," one of his fellow- passengers was Mark Twain. A mock court was instituted for the trial of Mark Twain on the charge of being the most unconscionable liar in the world. Judge Dittenhoefer was appointed the Judge, and the jury consisted of twelve Yale students, who happened to be on board. The prisoner was brought in handcuffed. The proceedings were filled with sallies of wit by Mark Twain, counsel and witnesses. The jury having brought in a verdict of guilty, Judge Ditten- hoefer sentenced the prisoner to read his own works three hours each day until the vessel arrived in Bremen. On hearing the judgment Twain fell in a swoon on the floor, cry- ing out aloud, " For God's sake. Judge, change that sentence! Any punishment but that. Hang me rather than make me endure such torture condensed." A petition for the pardon of the prisoner having been presented to the Judge, it was granted on the condition that, as the prisoner was going to Germany, he remain there and assume the German form of the name Mark Twain — Bis-Mark. JAMES RIDDLE GOFFE, M.D. Dr. James Riddle Goffe was born in Wisconsin in 185 i, and is one of the Sons of the Revolution, being descended from Wm. Goffe, regicide, one of the signers of the death warrant of Charles First, King of England, a friend of ("romwell and brother in law of Hampden. As a matter of Goffe history we might add that upon the restoration and accession of Charles Second he declared these judges outlaws, and Goffe in company with Whalley and other regicides fled to the United States and sought the protection of the Colonists, and were by them secreted and protected until their deaths. Major John Goffe and Captain John Goffe, descendants of the regicide and direct progenitors of the subject of this sketch, commanded important detachments in the Revolu- tionary war. Their field of operation was confined to New England and Canada. Dr. Goffe's mother, Betsy Riddle, was born in New Hampshire in 1819, and also numbers among her ancestors prominent Revolutionary heroes. Dr. Goffe entered the Michigan University in 1869, graduating in 1873. He became principal of the public schools of La Porte, Indiana. His leisure hours were spent in studying natural sciences and comparative anatomy, which devel- oped a taste for the study of medicine. In 1879 he entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where he remained two years, graduating in 1881, after which he served two years as Intern in Charity and Woman's Hospital. In 1883 he be- gan a regular practice in this city which has since developed a most successful and lucrative one. Dr. Goffe is recog- nized as one of the most skillful and successful surgeons of the city in his special department of diseases of women. He is associated with Dr. J. E Janvrin, in one of the most pros- perous of the many sanitariums for women of which the city boasts. Dr. Goffe has made a name for himself among his medical and surgical confreres by contributing to surgical science an original method for the removal of fibroid tumors. In this particular field his success has been phenomenal. His name is frequently seen in the prominent medical journals of the country in connection with advanced surgical work. He also makes his influence felt through the columns of the Anier- ican Medico- Surgical Bulletin^ol which he is one of the editors. In his position of adjunct professor in the New York Poly- clinic he is also known as a successful and popular teacher. Dr. Goffe is Visiting Gynaecologist to Randall's Island Hos- pital, is connected with New York Skin and Cancer Hospi- tal and Northwestern Dispensary, is a member of the New York .Academy of Medicine, New York County Medical, New York Obstetric, and American Gynsecological Societies. He was one of the original members of Troop A, N. Y. S. Mi- litia. He is also a member of the University Club. Dr. Goffe was married in 1890 to Miss Elenor Taylor, a young lady prominent in New York society, and daughter of an old Massachusetts family. ISRAEL J. MERRITT. Captain Israel J. Merritt was born in New York City on the 23d of August, 1829. He has been engaged in the wrecking business since 1844. Captain Merritt brought into his business an inventive genius, together with energy and push. He invented pontoons for raising vessels, and there has been no improvement since in this line. The war interfered somewhat with his life work. He rendered service during that eventful period under Assistant Secretary Fox. He has received letters for saving life at sea. In 1880 he estab- lished the Merritt Wrecking Organization, of which he and his son, Mr. I. J. Merritt, Jr., are the sole owners. It is the largest and most successful house in the world engaged in ISR.\EL J. MERRITT. the wrecking business. Besides their main offices at 49 Wall Street, New York, and a large storehouse and docks at Staple- ton, Staten Island, they have offices, storehouses and docks at Norfolk, Va., and are permanently stationed there. They own a fleet of steamers, sailing vessels, and pontoons, spe- cially built, rigged, and fitted out, regardless of cost, for the work. They have thirty steam pumps and boilers, all por- tal)le, capable of throwing from twenty to seventy barrels of water each per minute; twenty manila cables, fourteen to twenty inches in circumference, each 207 fathoms long ; twenty-six large wrecking anchors, and all tools for handling wrecked cargoes. They do nearly all the heavy wrecking on the Atlantic coast, and have saved the most difficult 214 JVEW YORIt, THE METROPOLIS. cases known. Captain Merritt, who can justly claim the honor of being the pioneer wrecker, served thirty-five years with the Underwriters and Coast Wrecking Company as manager before establishing the present organization. The Captain served full time in the Volunteer Fire Department of New York City, and enjoys the honor, respect and admiration of the community for a life spent in aiding others. GEORGE WICKE. George Wicke, founder of the house of Wm. Wicke & Co., was born in Germany, and came to this country in 1848, at the age of 22 years. He established the business of the company in 1852, and began manufacturing cigar boxes without a dollar of capital. The business he devel- oped has since been almost indefinitely extended by his suc- boxes and cigars. They are also extensive manufacturers of silk taffetas and narrow silk ribbons, of which latter industry they may be considered the pioneers in this country. They are now the largest manufacturers in the United States. They make all the bindings used on Pull- man cars, which were once imported. The McKinley tariff has not affected them directly, but it has indirectly, by develop- ing other industries which require their tapes and ribbons, such as knit goods, ladies' shoes, blankets, etc. The fac- tory of the firm was located by the founder, George Wicke, on Willett Street, and subsequently they moved to Goerck Street. In 1882 the company purchased twenty-two city lots on Thirty-first Street and First Avenue and erected extensive works thereon. They are at present utilizing the last of these lots for building purposes. They import raw materials direct, which consist chiefly of cedar wood and GEORGE WICKE. cessors. In 1872, Mr. George Wicke, after an honoral)le career, retired from business. In 1858 his health had failed him and he found it imperatively necessary to abstain from work and travel in order to recuperate. On his re- tirement, William Wicke, his brother, present head of the firm, was taken into partnership, and also August Roesler, who had been connected with the concern since 1865 as bookkeeper, and the firm of Wm. Wicke & Co. established. The work of the estal)lishment at first was the manufacture of cigar boxes, for which they had also to make narrow ribbon for tying purjjoses. After a while they found tastes and fashions in this branch liable to changes, and while at one time they received large orders, necessitating the em- ployment of extra hands, at others their looms were idle, upon which to keep the looms going they conceived the idea of manufacturing for other purposes than binding cigar raw silk. The cedar comes from Cuba, and the silk mostly from Japan. They employ 800 hands, pay from six tto seven thousand dollars a week in wages, and an annual out- put of $1,000,000, an illustration of what brains and labor can accom]>lish without capital to start with. William Wicke, head of the comi)any and brother of the founder, was born in Germany in 1840, and came to this country when fourteen years old. He immediately went to work with his brother George, and having from the first displayed bright intelligence and great industry, his jirogress was rapid. He was not more tiian three years in the business when he had mastered its most minute details, and tliat in the thorough manner which lias since distinguished him in still greater develoi)ments of the concern. His advent in the work was in 1855, from which time he received a salary until 1861, when he obtained an interest in the business. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 215 When in 1858 George's health failed him, and he found it imperatively necessary to abstain from work, and travel in order to recuperate, William was placed in absolute con- trol, though only eighteen years of age. It was a trying time for the concern, but that George was not mistaken in his estimate of his young brother's capacity was soon made manifest. The business prospered in his hands and he dis- played consummate executive ability. In 1864 he was ad- mitted to partnership, and the firm name became " George Wicke & iko.," so remaining until 1872, when George re- tired and August Roesler was admitted to partnership, and the firm assumed the title of William Wicke & Co. In 1890 another change was made and the concern made into a joint stock company, with Mr. Wm. Wicke as President, Mr. Roesler as Secretary, and Mr. Brander as Treasurer. Mr. Brander had for years been the foreman of the silk de- partment. Mr. Roesler was also born in Germany and came to New York when sixteen years old. When the war broke out he joined the Eighth N. Y. Volunteers, and fought many battles with the army of the Potomac. Wounded at the battle of Cross Keys, while serving under General John C. Fremont, he retired from the service and is still in receipt of a pension. After leaving the army he obtained the appointment of bookkeeper with the Hoe Press Company and remained with them until 1865, when he entered the Wm. Wicke Co. as bookkeeper, and pro- gressed as mentioned. ALEXANDER CAMERON. The membership of the New York bar is composed in a large measure of representatives from the various States of the Union. The South has contributed her quota, and among the prominent professional men of the Metropolis of Southern origin is Alexander Cameron, a well known corporation lawyer. He was born in Charleston, on March 9, 1849, '^"d is descendant from good Scotch-American ancestry. His father, George S. Cameron, was born in Scotland, came to this country early in life, and became a prominent banker and financier of South Carolina. Alexan- der Cameron early displayed a taste for science and entered the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, from which he was gradu- ated and subsequently took a post-graduate course. He was graduated from Yale in the class of 1869 with the Bachelor of Laws degree, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. After spending two years in railroad engineering he began his legal career in the office of Messrs. Ramey, Butler & Par- sons, where he rose to the position of managing clerk. In 1876 he became associated with James H. Gilbert under the firm name of Cameron & Gilbert, which continued until 1886, since which date he has practistd his profession un- associated. Mr. Cameron has devoted his attention princi- pally to corporation and admiralty litigation, and has gained a high reputation as a talented and successful lawyer. He is largely interested in industrial enterprises, is a director of the New York and New J ersey Telephone Co., and presi- dent of the National Automatic Fire Alarm Company of Long Island. His popularity is not confined to professional and mercantile circles, but extends throughout social and club life. He is a member of the University and Alpha Delta Phi Clubs of this city, and the Excelsior, Hamilton, Cres- cent Athletic, and riding and driving clubs of Brooklyn, in which city he resides. HENRY A ROGERS Is one of the leading American dealers in railroad and machinists' supplies and tools, and has a very large trade with many of the best railroad companies in the United States and other countries. Commencing with the food, clothing and shelter used by railroad construction parties, continuing with rails and tools, such as shovels, picks, graders and rock-drills for the construction of a railway's road-bed, and continuing with bridges, cars, and locomo- tives and machinery, this busy house is able to equip a rail- road from its first breaking ground to maintaining it in its fullest operation. Equally important with his railroad suj)- l)lies business is his trade in tools and machinery with ma- chinists and manufacturers all over the country. All run- ning machinery needs supplies, like belting, waste, oil, files, hammers, wrenches, etc., and these articles are carried in stock by Mr. Rogers, who has a large government business, furnishing machinery and tools to navy yards and military posts. Everything for constructing railroads can be fur- nished to the best advantage from the stores and business allies of Henry A. Rogers. From busy headquarters vast supplies have been sent through his export depart- ment to Australia, Cuba, Mexico and South America. He has furnished nearly all the articles used in build- ing the new Cartagena Railway in the United States of Colombia. This house is the sole American agent for HENRY A. ROGERS. Moncrieff's " Perth" glass tubes, which are manufactured in Perth, Scotland, and have an immense sale in the United States, leading every other make of gauge glass used. The high quality of these glasses, attested by their universal adoption as " the best " by engineers in all parts of the world, has gained for them the highest awards and medals wherever they have been exhibited. Over twenty-five years ago Mr. Rogers was connected with the house of Messrs. Walton & Co., who were prominent in this department of trade. In 1867 he established himself at 57 John Street, and in 1871 he formed a partnership with Mr. W. C. Duyc- kinck under the title of H. A. Rogers & Company. They purchased the entire business of John Ashcroft and occu- pied the premises 50 and 5 2 John Street. Fouryears later this was dissolved, and now for eighteen years Mr. Rogers has conducted the business alone with noteworthy success. For years he has had a branch office at Chicago, where he is represented by Mr. John S. Brewer. Mr. Rogers is identi- 2l6 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. fied with several banking and other institutions, was treas- urer for a long time of the New York Athletic Club, and is a member of many of New York's famous clubs. He has been for many years a school trustee in the Twenty second Ward, and largely interested in the educational affairs of the city; is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, and under two administrations has been United States Commissioner of Jurors. FREDERICK G. GEDNEY. Among the native New Yorkers who have gained honor and distinction in the legal and jiolitical fields of this city, State and county, the name of Frederick G. Gedney, coun- sellor-at-law, occupies a foremost and representative posi- tion. This gentleman was admitted to the bar in 1862, and on the day following his admission marched to the war with his regiment, the Thirty-seventh, N. Y. N. G. In 1865 he went into journalism, and was employed at various times upon the Times and the Tribune as a writer in the city de- partments. In 1867 he was appointed United States Weigher under Collector Moses H. Grinnell ; was examiner in the .Appraiser's office in 187 1-2, and from 1873 to 1876 was attorney to the Department of Buildings. In 1876 he was elected Justice of the Eighth District Court, and per- FKEDEKICK G. GEDNEY. formed his judicial duties with such wisdom and satisfac- tion that, in 1882, he was re-elected by the largest majority ever given in the Sixteenth and Twentieth Wards of this city, running ahead of his party ticket many thousand votes. Judge Gedney was one of three men who organized the Republican Club of New York City in 1879, and was elected its first president, lie was re elected without op])o- sition, and declined a unanimous nomination for a third term. His political, judicial and professional career has been marked by the ])raciice of strict principles of integ- rity ; he jjlanned and carried out many desired reforms in the District Court, and he is to-day recognized and respected by the entire community as a brilliant lawyer, upright judge, honest official and patriotic citizen. He is a fine orator. and when taking part in political campaigns is in great de- mand. He is Past Master of Howard Lodge of Freema- sons, Past Captain General of Palestine Commandery, Knights Templar ; is a member of the Lawyers' and Lotus Clubs and the Sons of the Revolution. Judge Gedney was at one time a great first-nighter at the theatres and a famous after-dinner speaker, ever uproariously welcomed at the festive board ; but of late years he has almost entirely aban- doned political and social life, devoting himself assiduously to -the profession of law. He is employed almost exclu- sively by corporations and in matters connected with the city government — a field in which he has wide experience and has made great success. EGBERT GUERNSEY, M.D. Dr. Egbert Guernsey occupies a prominent place among the distinguished physicians of New York. Identified with the history of the city in the active work of his profession since 1850, he has been among the foremost to advance every measure calculated to relieve sufferings, in hospital and dispensary, and to encourage literature, science and art, and takes high rank among the leaders of scientific cul- ture and advanced thought in his profession. The founder of Dr. Guernsey's family in this country came from the Island of Guernsey in 1637, and was one of the New Haven Colony who settled there in 1639. Through his grand- mother the family history goes back to the Clintons, the head of which in the reign of Henry the VIII. was elevated to the earldom of Lincoln, and was for many years, during the last of his reign and the first of Elizabeth, Lord High Admiral of P^ngland. In the struggles of the American col- onists for Indei)endence, thirteen of the family were in the Continental Army. Dr. Guernsey was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., the scientific department of Yale, and graduated at the medical department of the L'ni- versity of the City of New York in 1846, having been a pupil in the office of Dr. Valentine Mott. The year fol- lowing he was connected with the editorial department of the Evening Mirror, edited by N. P. Willis and Gen. George P. Morris, and then in connection with George Bennett and Aaron Smith established the Brooklyn Daily Times, of which he was for two years the editor. In 1850 Dr. Guern- sey commenced the practice of his profession in New York, and gradually built up a large and lucrative practice. At the breaking out of the Civil War he felt that he could bet- ter serve his country's cause at home than in the field, and every soldier or soldier's family applying to him for medical aid was carefully attended without charge, while in a more ])ublic position as a member of the Union League Club he was also enabled to render material service to the cause. For several years, including those of the Civil War, Dr. Guern- sey held the ])osition, first as professor of Materia Medica and then of Theory and Practice in the New York Homoe- opathic Medical College. He was the founder and for many years President of the Western Dispensary and the (iood Samaritan Hospital, which have been recently incor- porated with the Hahnemann Hospital, of which he was one of the founders, and has since been a member of the med- ical staff ; he was also one of the originators of the Homoe- oi)athic State Insane Hospital at Middleton, New York, of which he has been a trustee for the past nineteen years. The Ward's Island Hos])ital, one of the largest hospitals in the Department of Ciiaritics and Corrections, owes in a measure its existence to the indefatigable efforts of Dr. Guernsey, who has been, since its organization, the Presi- dent of its Medical Board. Dr. Guernsey has written sev- eral literary and scientific works, but for the j'.ast few years most of his contributions to the jiress have been through the New York Medical Times, an independent medical journal established nearly twenty years ago, and of which NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 217 he has always been the senior editor. Dr. Guernsey mar- ried in early life Miss Sarah Lefferts Schenck, one of whose ancestors was knighted by Charlemagne ; another, Sir Mar- tin Schenck, the cliampion of Holland's liberty, was buried in the Royal Mausoleum, and another was a member of the Continental Congress. Of a family of five children two have survived. Miss Florence Guernsey and Dr. Egbert Guernsey, Jr., of Florida. J. M. HORTON. Mr. J. M. Horton, manufaclurer of ice cream and interested in building and real estate investments, and man of affairs generally, by which is meant a gentleman who in a business capacity has identified himself with life of the city. Mr. Horton was born on August 3, 1835, in Rockville, near Middleton, Orange County, New York, and like many of our most successful business men is a farmer's son. His father, Barnabas Horton, took a patriotic part in the war of 181 2-1 4 and at one period in his military career was stationed on Staten Island. The Hortons are of English descent and can trace their Amer- ican ancestry back to 1633, when the first of their blood and name landed at Hampton, Mass., from the "Swallow." The descendants of this founder of American branch of the family removed to Long Island in after years and settled on a farm there. The old Horton Homestead, erected more than a century ago in Southold, Long Island, was still in existence as late as 1873 and in good condition. Young Horton attended the Gemung school house in Rock- ville, and subsequently the Academy in Middleton for a year or so. From 1849 to 1853 he worked on his father's farm and in the latter year went into the wholesale milk business in this city in partnership with his brother and brother-in-law. Being possessed of industry, intelligence and a capacity for hard and unremitting work it is not to be wondered at that he was eminently successful. At the age of twenty-three after having been engaged in the milk busi ness with his brother and brothrr-in-law, he was invited by a committee representing the Orange County Milk Asso- ciation to purchase an interest therein and assume its presidency, to which position he was duly elected and held the same until 1869. The Orange Ci unty Milk Association was incorporated by Mr. Horton abc t the year i860 by special act of the Legislature. About this time Mr. Horton, seeing there was a prospect of success in the ice cream busi- ness, engaged in its manufacture with a result that every one knows. Horton's ice cream has more than a local reputa- tion. In May, 1870, he purchased his present business, gave it an impetus, organized a joint stock com])any with a capital of !|4o,ooo, incorporated the company, was elected its President and has retained that office up to the present. Mr. Horton is largely interested in the real estate business and is extensively engaged in building business and apart- ment houses, uptown chiefly And he is a busy man in other directions. He was for two years director of the Hamilton Bank, and some time ago was elected on the directorate of the Third Avenue Savings Bank. He is one of the trustees, though not a member, of the Pilgrim Congregational Church, One Hundred and Twenty-first Street and Madison Avenue, and is a member of the Harlem Club. He is recognized in the business community as a man of integrity and high character. GEORGE TIEMANN, The founder of the house of George Tiemann & Co., surgical instrument makers, emigrated to this country from Germany, where he had been a practical cutler and instru- ment maker, in the year 1826. Being possessed of some funds he was able to establish himself in this city as an instrument maker, which trade was at that time almost unknown in America, all instruments being imported and only repairs made by cutlers. He rented the house which is still the business headquarters of the present firm from Mr. Christian G. Gunther, for the annual rental of $400, and the original receipt, dated November i, 1826, is still in posses- sion of the firm. From a modest shop the business grew under his management and the assistance of Mr. F. A. Stohlmann and Mr. Edward Pfarre, who joined him in 1837, and soon became known throughout the world as a surgical instrument manufactory second to none. Mr. George Tie- mann died aged seventy-six years, in the year 1868, and the business was continued under the old firm name by the surviving partners, who are still active. In 1871 it was found expedient to establish an uj)to\vn branch establish- ment, which was opened at 107 East Twenty-eighth Street, under the name of Stohlmann, Ffarre & Co. This store has recently been enlarged, and extensive alterations to the outside and interior have made it the handsomest establish- ment of its kind m the city. In 1882, Mr. C. Fred. Stohl- mann, Mr. Louis G. Pfarre, and Mr. Julius A. Pfarre, who had GEORGE TIEMANN. Died Sept. 26, 1868. been connected with the business for ten years, were ad- mitted to partnership, and in 1890 Mr. George A. Stohl- mann. In the large steam factory in Brooklyn, E. D., and repair shops in the rear of 107 Park Row and the basement of 107 East Twenty-eighth Street the firm gives steady employment to a force of nearly one hundred skilled arti- sans, besides a large and efficient corps of clerks in their stores. The aim of the firm has invariably been to furnish the best quality of goods, and all instruments manufactured by the firm are warranted for all time and are cheerfully exchanged if any should break or bend while in legitimate use. The firm has recently issued a catalogue, which has received flattering notices from the medical journals, not only of this country, but from England, Germany, France, Hungary, Switzerland and Australia. It is the most exten- sive surgical catalogue ever published and the most expen- sive, as the cost has been borne exclusively by the pub- lishers, who have refused to insert any advertising matter. 2l8 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. JOHN H. TINGUE. There is at least one industry, and a very important one, that a protective tariff has called into existence in this coun- try ; that is the manufacture of mohair plush. To John H. Tingue must be given the credit of founding the new industry of mohair plush in the United States. Mr. Tingue was born in the State of New York, and entered upon his business career in the retail drygoods trade. He eslal)- lished the well-known house of Moore, Tingue & Co. in this city, and ten years ago retired on a competence. After two years of rest and European travel, however, he took up the idea of the seal and upholstery plush business. He had observed while in the drygoods trade, among other things, that the demand for mohair plush in America was limited, but he shrewdly suspected that this demand could easily be increased. While in Europe he found that orders from America were very slow of fulfillment; also that a heavy duty on its importation would afford an .'\merican manu- facturer the chance of establishing an industry. On his JOH.N H. TI.NGUE. return to this country he built a factory in Seymour, Conn., with salesrooms in this city, and it was a success from the start. He took in Mr. Charles Coupland as a partner, and a valuable one he proved to be. Mr. Coupland was possessed of that Yankee genius for invention for which Americans are so famous, and the result was the new and improved machinery which enabled the company to supply the increasing demand for mohair plush. The consecjuence was a revolution in the trade. Orders from the West and the South were promj^tly filled, and not only that, but the article su])plied was found to be more durable, elegant and cheai)er than the imported aricle. The company began by emijloying twelve hands. They now employ 250. Tiieir factory buildings in Seymour cover five acres, and their monthly output averages 60,000 yards. They imi)ort their raw materials, the chief item of which is .Angora goat hair, which they luring from Asiatic Turkey. The trade of the company is confined to the United States, and three-fourths of their products are sent West. Mr. Tingue, the founder of the industry, died in 1885, universally esteemed and regretted, not only for his business push and energy, but on account of his high rei)utation and many admirable traits of character. His place as President of the company was taken by his brother William J., who had been with him from the start. A third brother, Mr. E. W. Tingue, is also a member of the com])any and takes an active part in its management. William J. Tingue was born in Fort Plain, N. _Y., in 1837, and resides in Hawthorn, Conn. He spends a good deal of his time in this city, where their offices and salesrooms are located. He is married and has three children. He is a member of the Union League Club, of the Chamber of Commerce, is Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Dr. Cha;)in's old church, of which the present pastor is the Rev. Dr. Eaton. He is also President of the Hawthorn Mills Company. The company was incorporated in 1889, and it may be stated in conclusion that its present flourishing condition is a monument to the foresight and sagacity of its founder, John H. Tingue. JOHN W. JACOBUS. John W. Jacobus, United States Marshal, is a well- known name in this city of New York, and its owner a familiar and popular figure. He was born on September 19, 1844, and was educated in the public schools. When the war broke out he was only seventeen years of age ; but that did not prevent him responding to the call to arms. In April, 1861, he enlisted in the Ninth New York Regiment, called Hawkins' Zouaves, and having served his term of two years was mustered out May 26, 1863. But young Jacobus enlisted for the war, and he iinmediately joined Company G, of the Seventy-first New York Regiment, served thirty days, and having been appointed to staff duty under General Meade, remained in harness till the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Having been finally mustered out he, like hundreds of thousands of others, was absorbed in the great army of industry, and we find him in 1868 connected with the Willimantic Spool Cotton Company. He is connected with it still. He was elected Alderman in 1878 by a majority of 1,600 over his opponent and again in 1879 by a majority of 4,600, and 1880 by over 7,000. In 1882 Mayor (irace appointed him a member of the Board of A])])raisers, and three years later he ran for Sheriff on the Re|)ublican ticket. He came within 4,000 votes of being elected. In connection with it it may be noted that no Republican ever came so near beating a Democrat running for that office in New York City. He ran for Sheriff once more in 1888 and again led the county ticket. He was appointed United States Marshal by President Harrison on January 13, 1890, and holds that ofifice now. Marshal Jacobus is a Director of the West Side Savings Bank, Post Com- mander of Kimball Post G. A. R., Past Master of Bethel Lodge, 733, F. & A. M., member of the Mount Zion Chai)ter, Palestine Commandery K 'J"., Mecca Temple, the Old Guard, and of the Republican Club, among many other organizations, both i)olitiral and social. JERE. JOHNSON, Jr., Whose transactions in real estate, since 1886, when he commenced business as a real estate broker and auctioneer, amount to hundreds of millions of dollars, in city property alone, besides many tens of millions in suburban property, was born at the okl Johnson homestead, in what is now the Nineteenth Ward, city of Brooklyn. He is a direct descend- ant of Sarah Rapclje, the first white child born in the New Netherlands. His great-grantlfalher was an officer in the Kings County militia during the Revolutionary War. His son, Major-(ieneral Jeremiah Johnson, is remembered as a statesman, soldier, scholar and churchman. He was thrice Mayor of Brooklyn, and was four times elected to the State NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 219 Legislature. During tlie latter part of the War of 181 2 he commanded the troops stationed at Fort Greene, Brooklyn. Barnet Johnson, father of Jere. Johnson, Jr., was a man of pure and upright character and one of Brooklyn's foremost citizens. When Mr. Johnson attained his majority he en- gaged in the lumber business, but seeing what great possi- bilities there were in suburban property of New York and Brooklyn, entered upon his present business, which he has conducted with phenomenal success. He made auction sales attractive by issuing free passes, free lunches, and ren- dering them more enjoyable by music from the finest regi- mental bands of the city. Thousands of the wage-earners of the city have been enabled to buy home sites by investing their earnings, in small monthly payments, in choice prop- erty offered by him at low prices. He is a free advertiser and spends upward of $100,000 per year for that ])urpose. He is a firm believer in the Greater New York, that many now living will see the great city contain 8,000,000 souls, and that no one to-day can believe the wonderful things the future has in store for it. In order to perpetuate his business, he recently incorporated it as the Jere. Johnson, Jr., Co., of which he is President. Its capital is $150,000. HENRY M. GOLDFOGLE. Henry M. Goldfogle, one of New York's Justices, was born in New York City, May 23, 1854 ; was educated in its public schools, and subsequently in a private college. After leaving college he studied law and was admitted to the bar, receiving honorable mention. Judge Goldfogle's first important case came to him when he was twenty-three years old and gained him a solid reputation for so young a man. The case was one which involved the title to $150,000 worth of real estate, and the claimants were minors. Opposed to Judge Goldfogle were many lawyers of high standing in their profession, but in spite of this and the fact that many legal authorities had pronounced the case hopeless, the young aspirant for fame and fortune gained a decisive victory, and the Supreme Court in rendering judgment complimented him for his ability. He has achieved many successes in both criminal and civil cases, and is especially successful in addressing juries ; in fact he is well equipped both by train- ing and intellect for either the bench or the bar. His political career began in the campaign of 1876, when he took the stump for the Democratic party and distinguished himself both as a speaker and an organizer. He also rendered effective political service in the campaigns of 1884, 1888, and notably so in the last presidential contest. In 1885 he was offered the nomination for State Senator, but declined, and in 1887 was nominated and elected to his present position as Judge of the Fifth District Court. He has spent much time and money in supporting charitable institutions, and is the President of the Independent Order of B'nai Berith, the leading Hebrew organiz ition of this country, having a mem- bership of over twenty-six thousand ; is also the president of the Seminole Club, and a member and director of a large number of other societies. ALONZO R. MORGAN, M.D. Alonzo R. Morgan, M.D., graduated from the Homoeo- pathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, March, 1852, and immediately going abroad after graduating spent about one year in the different schools and hospitals of Europe. Re- turning to this country in the fall of 1853 he located in Syracuse, N. Y., and at once went into active practice. In 1867 he was solicited to accept the chair of Institutes and Practice of Medicine in the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. This position he accepted and filled for one year. In 1868 he was appointed to thechairof Theory and Practice in the New York Medical College. Owing to ill health he had to resign the position as well as give up his i)rivate practice in 1870. For several years he virtually gave himself up to the care of his health. Having success- fully combated his ailments he again went into practice, and in May, 1891, received the reappointment to the chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the New York Homoe- opathic Medical College. He is a member of the Ameri- can Institute of Homoeopathy, the New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society, and many county societies. WILLIAM H. BURKE. One of the youngest, and at the same time ablest, of New York's Police Judges, is William Henry Burke, a man who, by force of character and intelligence, has lifted him- self from the honorable case of the compositor to the bench of the New World's Metropolis. Judge Burke was born in this city, on December 11, 1852, and was educated in the public schools, after which he studied and i^ractised the printer's craft until 1883, when he opened a coal office on io6th Street. He conducts a flourishing business in that line at present, and is looked upon as one of the leading up- town dealers in " Black Diamonds." Young Burke imbibed a taste for politics at an early age, and, like most bright young men of New York, joined the forces of Tammany » WILLIAM H. BURKE. Hall, among whom he soon became a leader in his district. When the present Mayor, Hon. Thomas F. Gilroy, was placed in charge of the Public Works Department, he appointed Mr. Burke to the position of water purveyor, which position he filled to the satisfaction of all concerned until in 1893, when Mr. Gilroy, now chief magistrate, ap- pointed his trusty lieutenant of the 26th District to the bench, filling the place made vacant by the retirement of Judge Duffy. He has yet to make a reputation as police justice, but his friends and those who know him best entertain no fear for his future. Indeed, his short experience on the bench has made it evident that Mayor Gilroy made no mistake in the appointment. He examines witnesses in- telligently and skilfully, and handles the lawyers in a way 220 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. that impresses them with respect, not unmixed with ad- miration. Judge Burke is member of the Sagamore Chib, President of the Stuyvesant Democratic Ckib, and member of the Harlem Democratic and Lenox Hill Clubs. In 1877, he married Miss Florinda Callaghan, of New York City, with whom he resides in a handsome house in Harlem. WOODBURY LANGDON. Woodbury Langdon, one of New York's representative merchants, was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on October 2, 1836, and is ninth in descent from the American founder of the family. The first Langdon was an Phiglish Puritan and was one of the earliest settlers of New England who came to this country nearly three centuries ago. Since then, as the annals of Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire go to show, the name has been prominent in the poli- family has been almost as prominent in New Hampshire State affairs as the Langdons themselves. Mr. Langdon was educated in the famous High School of Portsmouth, where so many men afterwards distinguished in life received their elementary education, and was prepared for a college » course by private instructors, but evincing more taste for a mercantile than a professional career he, with his parents' consent, entered the drygoods commission house of Froth- ingham &: Co., Hoston, in 1863, and placed in charge of the N'ew York branch of the business. He was admitted as member of the firm in 1868. In 1870 Mr. Frothingham died and the business was continued under the style of Joy, Langdon & Co., a name which it still retains and by which it is favorably known and esteemed all over the country, repre- senting as it does many of the manufacturers of the Eastern States. Mr. Langdon has been for many years associated with the New York Chamber of Commerce, and since 1888 WOODBURY LAXODOX. tical and literary life of the country, every generation fur- nishing its quota of distinguished men. The great-grand- father of the subject of this sketch, who was also a Wood- bury Langdon, was a native of Portsmouth and a leading merchant of that town, and took an active part in the revolu- tionary movement which culminated in American indepen- dence. He was Judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire for the years between 1786 and 1789. His bro- ther John also look a leading jjart in the Revolution, and as a reward for his patriotic services was elected Ciovernor of New Hampshire, and afterwards a Senator when there was neither a President nor a Vice-President of the L;nited States. Mr. Langdon's father (another Woodbury) was a merchant and shi])master of Portsmouth, as many of his ancestors had been before him, and his mother, Frances Cutter, a daughter of Jacob Cutter of the same town, whose has been a member of its Executive Committee. He is a director of National Bank of Commerce and of the Central National Hank, anil also of the German .\nierican Insurance Company and Trustee of New York Life Insurance Co. He has always been a strong Republican, ready and willing to help his party, and yet does it with so little noise that he is poj^ular with men of all parties. He is a member of the Union League Club, and in 1889 was elected it vice-presi- dent, an office he still holds and fills with a dignity all his own. He is one of the organizers of the Merchants' Club of New York, was chosen its president in 1888 and re-elected in 1889. He is also one of the directors of the New England Society. Mr. Langdon has lived in New York for a ipiarter of a century, is acipiainted with the city's affairs and takes a keen interest in them, as indeed he does in all matters affecting the public welfare. .At the urgent JVEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 221 solicitation of many leading men of all parties he was appointed one of the Rapid Transit Commissioners for New York city and county and with his colleagues has done excellent work in that connection. Mr. Langdon is unmar- ried. His brother Francis E., a graduate of Harvard University and a member of New Hampshire State Senate, died in 1890. To conclude, he is a man well known in the country for his integrity and public spirit. M. BELLE BROWN, M.D. Doctor M. Belle Brown is a Western woman. She was l)orn in Southern Ohio, near Cincinnati, and was educated in the high school of her native town and at the Oxford Female College, at Oxford, Ohio. During the time the Rev. Dr. Scott, the father of President Harrison's wife, was principal of the Oxford Female College, it was known as the " Scott House." Her ancestors on both sides were English. The genealogy of the Brown family can be found in the " Chad Brown Memorial " at the Berkley Lyceum. Her mother's maiden name was Telford. The Telfords were from Kentucky and descendants of the Jennings family of England. Dr. Brown commenced the study of medicine in 1874 with Dr. B. F. Lukens, the family physician. At that time homoeojiathy was not popular in the West. It was during the absence of the regular family physician (who was an allopath) that Dr. Lukens was called. His success in curing, and without morphine, an intractable neuralgia from which her mother had suffered for years led her to study homoeopathy and to the employment of the " little pill " doctor, as he was derisively called, for the family physician. She came to New York in 1876 and entered the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women. She graduated in 1879, immediately began the general practice of medicine, and located in West Thirty-fourth Street, where she still resides. She studied electricity, after she gradu- ated, with the late Dr. John Butler and was one year in his office. Dr. Brown makes a s]jecialty of diseases of women and is Professor of Diseases of Women in the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, Secretary of Faculty in the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, member American Institute of Homoeopathy, mem- ber New York County Medical Society, member consulting staff Memorial Hospital. Brooklyn, member New York Homoeopathic Sanitarium Association. DAVID LEVENTRITT. David Leventritt, one of the disfinguished members of the New York Bar. was born at \Vinnsboro, South Carolina, on January 31, 1845. His father, Geo. M. Leventritt, came to the Metropolis in 1854 and become a prominent 'merchant who was highly esteemed and respected for his benevolence and integrity of character. David Leventritt was educated at the Free Academy, now known as the College of the City of New York. He entered that insti- tution in 1859, and after a brilliant course was graduated in July, 1864, with the honor of salutatorian. During his course he was awarded the Burr Medal as the leading scholar in methematics, and also received the Greek and other medals for scholarship. His early legal training was gained in the L'niversity Law College, from which he graduated in 1870. Mr. Leventritt was admitted to the bar in 1870 and at once began active practice. He has devoted his attention to a general civil practice, and is recognized as one of the America's greatest trial lawyers. He is recognized as a peer of any lawyer in the cross examination of adverse witnesses, and in addressing a jury he has few equals. He is often termed the silver tongued orator. During the past few years he has conducted the trial of as many, if not more, causes than any individual lawyer at the New York Bar. These trials were important legal controversies, involving questions of cor- poration and commercial law, insurance causes and the disposition of theatrical actions. During the judicial year of nine months four-fifths of his time has been occupied in the trial of causes and the argument of motions and appeals. As ConsultingCounscl in important cases in intricateand compli- cated litigated matters, he is constantly retained by a number of New York lawyers who find his legal advice sound and his co-operation a guarantee of success. Mr. Leventritt has a large and influential clientele, and his success is due to his marked ability, his 1 eliable judgment, his unswerving fidelity to the interests of his clients and his never flagging activity in behalf of their causes. His career has been marked by thoroughly honorable and strictly professional methods which have gained him the unlimited respect of both Bench and Bar. Every one has a word of commendation for his ability and worth. Mr. Leventritt's private life has also been one of usefulness and much of his time and means have been devoted to the promotion of benevolent and DAVID LEVENTRITT. charitable institutions and associations. He is a member of the Congregational Temple Emanuel, of the .American Legion of Honor, the B'nai Berith, the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, Free School Association, the Free Sons, the Progress Club, the Young Men's Democratic Club, the Sagamore Club, the German Turn Verein, Mount Sinai Hospital, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, and other societies and organizations. He is also the Vice-President of the Aguilar Free Library, located in the Institute Building, on the corner of East Broadway and Jefferson Street in this city, and having a branch on the corner of Lexington Avenue and 58th Street. Mr. Leventritt was married on June 9, 1868, to Miss Matilda Lithauer, eldest daughter of Leopold Lithauer, a prominent wholesale merchant of the Metropolis, whose death in 1881 was sincerely mourned by a host of friends who were attached to him by his attractive, whole-souled nature. Mr. Leventritt resides at 34 West 77th Street, where he is surrounded by a refined and 222 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. cultured family of one daughter and three sons. He is passionately fond of music, a gift which his daughter has inherited and cultivated to such an extent that she is recog- nized as a highly accomplished ])ianiste and soprano. His eldest son graduated at Phillips Exeter Academy, is studying law and pre])aring for his admission to the Bar in September, 1893. HORATIO N. TWOMBLY. Horatio N. Twombly, lawyer, statesman, editor and well known man of affairs, was born in Berwick, York County, Maine, in 1831, and comes of excellent Puritan, Revolu- tionary and Colonial ancestry. Ralph Twombly was the first of his ancestors to arrive in America and settled at Dover, New Hampshire, in 1640. His descendants for many generations were farmers and known for their ster- ling integrity of character. By the death of his father, Moses N. Twombly, Horatio was thrown upon his own resources at the age of eleven, but proved himself more than a match for adversity. By working on the farm in the summer and teaching school during the winter he was enabled to gain a preparatory education in South Berwick Academy and entered Dartmouth College at the age of nine- HORATIO N. TWOMBLY. teen. He defrayed his college expenses by teaching during vacations and after a brilliant course graduated in 1854, standing second in a class of sixty graduates. He went West and took charge of a private school numbering 300 pupils, at Waukegan, 111. During his sojourn in that town he studied law and edited the VVaukei^an Gazette. Upon his admission to the bar he went to Prescott, Wisconsin, began active ])ractice and was ajjpointed District .Attorney of the county. While located in Prescott Mr. Twombly edited the Prescott Tninscript and at the same time was made Lieutenant Colonel of the Wisconsin Militia. In i860 he went to Shanghai, Cliina, to look after some of his family's estate, remained two years and became sole partner of Hiram Fogg & Co., returned to New York and joined the firm of William Fogg &: Co., from whom he severed his connections in 1867 to become a member of the firm of Messrs. Benedict, Torrey & Twombly, manufacturers of rub])er. Having made profitable investments in the oil fields of Pennsylvania he retired from the firm in 1869, and in 1870 he was the cause of a political controversy which was largely instrumental in bringing about the downfall of the Tweed regime. Mr. Twombly had been elected as Republican re])resentative to the Assembly of the State of New York over his Tammany opponent, John Carey, by a majority of 17. The victory was in itself remarkable, as he ran, in the language of politics, largely ahead of the State ticket. His election made the Assembly a tie politically. It was therefore highly important to Mr. Tweed that some Republican should be unseated. The sacrifice of Mr. Twombly was determined upon. Nothing fraudulent could be discovered in his election. Two technical pretexts were chosen. It was discovered that in one election district, where Mr. Twombly had received 67 majority, a number of the inspectors had taken a recess for a few minutes between the counting of the Congressional and Assembly votes for the purpose of obtaining something to eat. In another election district, where Mr. Twombly's majority was 20, it was learned that the United States Su])ervisor had been invited and did assist in the counting of the votes. The fight in the Assembly was prolonged, but finally, the "Board of .\ldermen " throwing out the returns from the last mentioned election district, Mr. Carey was declared elected by a majority of three votes. In the following year the same Assembly district elected Mr. Twombly by a majority of 3,180, which was 1,200 votes ahead of the Re])ublican State ticket. After this emphatic mark of public vindication Mr. Twombly refused further political honors, and, in 1883, went to Bogota, South America, to advance a railroad enterprise. In 1884 he returned, became President of the China and Japan Trad- ing Co., and under his guidance the company has become the largest concern of its kind, with branches in China, Ja])an and England. Mr. Twombly's social career, like his professional and commercial one, has been a success and commands the respect of all. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the New York HomcKO|jathic Medical College and Hospital, is President of the Board of Trustees of Berwick Academy and belongs to the Union League, Reform, University and Delta Phi Clubs. BROOKS H, WELLS, M D. Brooks H. Wells, M.D., was born in New Haven, Conn., on July 28, 1859, of Edward Livingston Wells and Mary Hiider Hughes. He received an elementary education in private schools and a classical training in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, whence he graduated in 1884. After serving the regular term in both the New York Charity and Maternity hospitals, he became (1885) connected with the New York Polyclinic, first as assistant and then as adjunct ])rofessor in the deimrtment of gynae- cology. Dr. Wells has filled many important places in the medical literature of this country. He for several years edited the department of Gyniecology in Sajou's " Annual of the Medical Sciences," and is at present editor of the American Journal of Obstetrics. He is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine and the New York Obstetrical Society and is Secretary of the Section of Crynascology and Abdominal Surgery of the Pan-.^merican Congress, which is to assemble in 1893. He has recently edited an American edition of Pozzi's "Gynaecology," a standard French work, which has received mucli favorable comment from the medical press. Dr. Wells is married to Mary, daughter of the late Benjamin Pomeroy, of Connec- ticut, and has three children. The Pomeroy and Weils NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 223 families are of very old stock. The Pomeroys trace their pedigree to Eltwood Pomeroy, founder of the family, who came to this country in 1692, and he (Eltwood) in turn was a lineal descendant of one of the sons of William the Conqueror. One branch of the Wells family can be traced back to the celebrated Archbishop Bonner, while another is descended from Robert Bruce. Dr. Wells's grandfather was Dr. Thomas Wells, of Columbia, S. C. Two uncles, Dr. Charlton Wells (deceased) and Dr. William L. Wells, a prominent physician of New Rochelle, prove the 'family to be a medical one in the best sense of the term. FREDERICK WILLIAM HOLLS. Frederick William Holls, who enjoys distinction as one of the most eminent and representative German-American members of the New York bar, and who is also distin- guished as an eloquent speaker, was born at Zelienople, Pa., on July ist, 1857, and comes of good German ancestry. His father. Rev. Dr. George Charles Holls, who was born in Darmstadt, Germany, came to this country in 1851, and became a noted Lutheran divine, educator and philan- thropist. His son underwent a preparatory course in Columbia Grammar School, after which he entered Columbia College and was graduated from there in the class of 1878. He immediately entered Columbia Law School and graduated with ihe Bachelor of Laws degree in the class of 1880. His college career was a distinguished one and during his course he founded the College Spectator, being its editor-in- chief during his senior year. He began the practice of law in this city and soon gained recognition as a lawyer pos- sessed of more than ordinary talents. He devotes his atten- tion to a general civil practice, making a specialty of cor- poration litigation, in which department of his profession he has become unusually successful. In 1883 he was the Republican candidate for Senator in the 12th District, and made an excellent run, cutting the Democratic majority down from 3,000 to 600 votes. As a lecturer and author he is well-known. His German lecture upon the life and works of Francis Lieber was published here in 1885 and republished in other tongues abroad. His " Sancta Sophia and Troitza," a Tourist's Notes on the Oriental Church, was favorably received. In 1889 Mr. Holls was married to Miss Carrie M. Sayles, eldest daughter of Hon. Frederic Clark Sayles, of Pawtucket, R. I. His offices are located in the Equitable Building, and his residence is in Yonkers, where he possesses one of the most beautiful summer resi- dences. SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD. The career of Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild, of the well- known house of Fairchild Bros. & Foster, affords an effec- tive example of what can be accomplished, even in these days of sharp business competition, by hard work, ambition and determination, combined with sagacity in seeing and energy in seizing opportunities. It is something more than twenty years since Mr. Fairchild left his native town of Stratford, Conn., to become a student at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, from which he was graduated in 1873, and almost immediately entered the employ of Messrs^ Cas- well, Hazard & Co., New York. Desiring to leave the dis- pensing business, Mr. Fairchild secured a position with the wholesale drug firm of Messrs. McKesson & Robbins, with whom he remained until 1878, when he joined his brother, Benjamin T. Fairchild, in forming the firm of Fairchild Bros. About three years later, the firm was constituted as it at present exists by the addition of the third member, Macomb G. Foster. Samuel W. Fairchild has from the first controlled and directed all the business affairs of the firm, his acquaintance with the wholesale drug trade and his natural qualifications giving him peculiar fitness for this branch of the business. Under his guidance, discreet, yet progressive, the house of P'airchild Bros, and Foster has steadily advanced commercially, winning its way to an honorable place in the front rank with marvellous rapidity ; but no one is so ready as he to suggest that this success is due primarily to the scientific achievements of his brother, Benjamin T. Fairchild, the close student and accurate thinker, the originator of the " Fairchild " pepsin and all the other pro- ducts of the digestive ferments, which have given the house ])restige among the medical profession the world over. That Mr. Fairchild is esteemed and trusted by his associates in the pharmaceutical profession is shown by his election to the Presidency of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York in 1890 and re-election in '91, '92 and '93. In order to provide proper facilities for the instruction of increasing number of students, Mr. Fairchild soon saw and suggested the imperative need of a new building, and mainly through his efforts, in the face of many obstacles, this sug- gestion is rapidly becoming an accomplished fact. The SAMUEL \V. FAIRCHILD. building at 68th Street and the Boulevard, when completed, will be one of the finest ever erected in this city for educa- tional purposes. Mr. Fairchild has also been chairman of the Drug Section of the Board of Trade and Transporta- tion, and when the movement to secure the World's Fair for New York City was instituted, he was one of the repre- sentatives of the drug trade sent to Washington to urge the claims of the city to Congress. Many other honors have been conferred upon him simply as a citizen, including an appointment by Governor Flower as one of the Commis- sioners for the First Judicial District, World's Columbian Exposition, Exhibit of the State of New York; by Mayor Grant as one of the Committee of one hundred in charge of the Columbian Celebration in October, 1892, by Mayor Gilroy, as one of the Committee in charge of the Naval Review in April last, also as one of the Committee of one hundred to receive the Duke of Yeragua, and later of the Committee appointed to receive the Infanta 224 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Eulalie. It is not difficult to account for Mr. P'airchild's success and popularity, for it is seldom indeed that we find quickness of comprehensioti, decisiveness, kindliness and courtesy so happily combined as in his individuality. WILLIAM SULZER. The Hon. AVilliam Sulzer, Speaker of the Assembly of the State Legislature, was born in this city, was educated in the public schools, studied law and was admitted to the bar on reaching his majority. His father, Thomas Sulzer, was one of the German Patriots of 1848, and like Oswald Ottendorfer, F"ranz Sigel and other distinguished German-Americans, fought the people's battle for consti- tutionnl government in the Fatherland. Defeated and im- prisoned, after his release be came to this country in 1850 and married. William is the second of his seven children, of whom five were boys and two girls. As a lawyer Mr. Sulzer achieved considerable reputation. Naturally elo- quent he accpiired with education and jjractice a wonderful command of language which he used with effect and suc- cess in his legal career, especially with juries. Besides possessing the gift of oratory in an eminent degree he can WII.I.IAM sri./.icR, accomplish an immense amount of work in a comparatively short time and is very tenacious and industrious. Hence it is small matter for surprise that be succeeded. Mr. Sulzer took an active interest in politics early in life and always as a pronounced Democrat. In 1884 he stumped the States of New York, New Jersey and (Connecticut for his party, and so distinguished himself that in every cami)aign since he has been called upon to expound Democratic views from the i)latform. He rendered yeoman's service more espe- cially in the last Presidential contest, and delivered many effective speeches, 'i'he Democratic ])arty leaders are al- ways on the lookout for such bright young men as William Sulzer and in iio- graphical Society, American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers, American Society of Naval Engineers, and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. He married in 1874 Sarah Marston Tuttle, daughter of Commodore Henty Bruce, an officer of the war of 181 2, and now the oldest officer of the United States Navy and probably of any other Navy of the world. JEFFERSON M. LEVY Jefferson M. Levy, resident of Virginia, distinguished at the New York Bar, and owner of Monticello, once the home of Thomas Jefferson, was born in this city. His ancestors settled in New York and Virginia early in the seventeenth century, and among their descendants since then have been many men of national reputation who have rendered mate- rial services. to their country. Their New York land patent, according to the annals of Albany, is dated 1665. His uncle, Uriah P. Levy, was, when he died, in 1862, the rank- ing officer in the United States Navy. This officer had a brilliant career, and distinguished himself, particularly in the War of 181 2. After riding triumphantly in the Briti.sh Channel, on board the American war vessel Argus, reverses of fortune overtook him and his gallant comrades, and he JEl'FKRSOX M. I.KVV. languished in chains in Dartmouth Prison until the close of the war. While in Brazil he saved the life of a brother officer, receiving the wounds intended for him on his own body, and subsecjuently refused the command of a frigate, offered him by the Em|)eror Dom Pedro, with the remark that "he would rather serve as a cabin boy in his own country's service than as captain in any other service in the world." He presented a magnificent bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson, by David de .Anjiers, to the United States, now in the (!apitol at Washington (and the original cast in the city of New York), in return for which, and in api)reciaiion of his services to the country, he was presented with the' freedom of the city in a gold box. Commodore Levy was mainly instrumental in abolishing flogging in the United States Navy, a British practice which he charac- terized as a disgrace to American civilization. After the death of Thomas Jefferson, the ('ommodore purchased the house and estate of Monticello by advice of President An- drew Jackson, and this magnificent domain, the pride of » Virginia and of the whole country, has passed by inherit- ance to Jefferson M. Levy. Monticello was begun by Jefferson in 1764 and finished in 1771. It is built after the manner of the Petit Trianon, in Versailles, and its public rooms consist of a grand salon, dining hall. President's room, ballroom, and grand hall. Mr. Levy's father was Ca])t. J. P. Levy, also of the United States service, who distinguished himself in the Me.xican War in command of the United States ship America, and was appointed Captain of the Port of Vera Cruz, by Gen. Winfield Scott, upon its surrender to the United States. Capt. Levy died in 1885. The subject of this sketch was educated by private tutors and graduated from the University of the City of New York, and was called to the bar when he attained to his majority. His first cele- brated case was that of the widow of James B. Taylor, whom Mr. Levy defended against such famous lawyers as Roscoe Conkling, Francis Kernan, Henry L. Clinton and Edward W. Stoughton. He won the suit, and established for him- self a reputation which has gone on increasing ever since. His specialty is real estate litigation, and his advice on that subject is much sought after, especially by banking and other monetary establishments. He is a Democrat in pol- itics, but in i89i,in order to ])reserve harmony in his party, refused the nomination for Congress, which meant an elec- tion. He is a warm admirer and friend of President Cleve- land, in whose late election he took a prominent part as Chairman of the Virginia League of Democratic Clubs, which was organized September 15, 1892, and ])revious to election day numbered 35,000 members. The League was largely instrutiiental in carrying Virginia for President Cleveland by 50,000. He was first Vice-President of the Young Men's Democratic Club, and one of its jjrime pro- moters, is a member of the ^L^nhatlan and Reform Clubs, the Historical and Southern societies, Westmoreland of Virginia, and the Sandown Park Club of England. Mr. Levy has every reason to be a happy man. He is rich, well educated, and eloquent of manners. BUKK G. CARLETON, M.D. Altiiough young in years, yet a life of continuous study has forced the career of Dr. Bukk G. Carleton well towards the front rank of his profession. Born in Whitefield, New Hami)shire, on November 11, 1856, of Ebenezer and Lucia M. Carleton, he commenced his preparatory studies at a very early age. Going through the public schools he finished his classical education at the Littleton, New Hamj)- shire. High School. Choosing medicine as his lifework, he decided to enter the New York Homojopathic College, and matriculated in 1873. Three years of continuous study gained him his dii)loma and he graduated in 1876, but added another year to his life of study by attending the jiost- graduate or special course. He then received the ap|)oint- ment of Resident Physician at the Ward's Island Hosi)ital. which he held for one year. Pour years next succeeding he filled the position of Special Pathologist at the sameinstitu tion. In the meantime his private practice was gradually in- creasing. In 1S79 Dr. Carleton was ai>])ointed Associate Pro- fessor of Anatomy in the New York I lonid^opathic College, but resigned four years later. While holding this position he lectured on Pathological Anatomy in the Spring Course. In iSSo he was appointed Visiting Physician to the Ward's Island Hospital and resigned in 1885, but at the s])ecial reipiest of Dr. Guernsey he returned in 1890 and still fills that position. He was attending jihysician to the New N'ork Hom(>.'opathic Dispensary from 1877 to 1883. He is NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 227 a member of various medical clubs and societies, amongst them being the State County Societies and the Clinical Club. Dr. Carleton has written a number of articles to the different medical journals, and also papers which were read before the different societies. Among his clients are many noted families in the city. Dr. Carleton is a member of the Republican Club of New York City. Dr. Carleton married Sarah, the daughter of VVm. E. Robinson, Esq., and has two bright boys as a fruit of the union. CHAUNCEY SHAFFER. Chaiincey Shaffer, LL.D, known as the Nestor of the New York Bar, was born in Broome County, N. Y., on June 4, 1818. His father, Gilbert Shaffer, was a native of Colum- bia County, and his mother, Sarah, was of the Burdicks family of Rhode Island. Entering the Wesleyan Univer- sity in 1836 he had a distinguished college career and graduated in a class that turned out such famous men as Chester D. Hubbard of West Virginia, Jeremiah Goodell of New Hampshire, Rev. Joseph Dennison. the pioneer edu- cator of Kansas, Professor John Lindsay of Boston Uni- versity and the Rev. Loremus B. Crowell of Massachusetts. After graduating Mr. Shaffer became principal in an Acad- emy of Oneida County, where he remained two years, study- ing law meantime. He was admitted to the bar in 1843 and ever since then has been in active practice, and has been engaged in many celebrated cases, two of which, of more than ordinary interest and importance, furnished precedents for many judgments since. One was to the effect that "reputation and cohabitation" constitute marriage. In his time Mr. Shaffer has defended thirty-three murderers, only one of whom was convicted. It is well known in legal circles, and is remembered by many citizens outside of them, that in 1869 (Black Friday week) Mr. Shaffer, after having two clients accused of murder acquitted, stood on the steps of the Court House and with uplifted voice and hands announced that he would nevermore defend a mur- der case. And he has kept his word. It was Mr. Shaffer who prosecuted Stevens, accused of poisoning his wife, and in that famous case he had arrayed against him such prominent lawyers as John R. Ashmead, ex-Attorney General Gushing and Daniel Ullman. The trial lasted twenty-one days and resulted in the conviction of Stevens of murder in the first degree. In 1856 Mr. Shaffer stumped the State from Buf- falo to Montauk Point for John C. Fremont, having asso- ciated with him on the trip Henry Ward Beecher, then rising into fame and prominence, Hannibal Hamlin and John B. Hale. He was married on October 24, 1843, to a very estimable lady, Maria R., daughter of Isaac and Diana Water- man, who is still living. In 1880 Mr. Shaffer was appointed trustee and subset]uently elected Vice-President to one of the medical colleges of this city. A few years ago he re- ceived the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, from the Fort Wayne College. ST. CLAIR SMITH, M.D. Dr. St. Clair Smith has occupied, almost since his grad- uation in 1869, a prominent and active place in the medical history of New York Homoeopathy. Born March 15th, 1846, in Cayuga Co., this State, he received in boyhood the ordinary common school education. Subsequently he at- tended the academies at Aurora and Auburn, this State. He commenced the study of medicine in 1867, at the New York Homoeopathic College and Hospital, graduating in 1869. Until November, 1870, he was resident phy.sician at the Five Points Flouse of Industry. Moving to Brooklyn he was appointed the First Resident Physician at the Ma- ternity Hospital, that city. Coming back to New York in 1872 he became associated with Dr. T. F. Allen, this con- nection lasting for eight years. From 1872 till 1877 he lec- tured on Materia Medica at the Homoeopathic Medical College, this city. The winters of 1879-80 and 1880-81 he was Professor of Physiology in the same institution. For one year he occupied the chair of Diseases of Children. For the next succeeding four years he held the chair of Materia Medica, resigning to take the Professorship of The- ory and Practice of Medicine, which he still holds. In the winters 1878-79 and '80 he was Professor of Physiology in the New York Medical College for Women. For twelve years Dr. Smith was visiting physician to the House of In- dustry, and is at present the Superintendent and Consulting Physician to the same institution. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the New York Homoe- opathic County and State Societies. He was married in 1880 to Kate, the daughter of Ferdinand Zogvaum, of New York. THOMAS McADAM. A well-known member of the New York bar, was born in this city in i860, and is the eldest son of that distin- guished lawyer, jurist and author, David McAdam, Judge of the Superior Court. His preparatory education was gained at Moeler's Institute, in 29th Street, after which he entered Columbia College, graduating in the class of 1885. He received his diploma from the Law School of the same institution, was admitted to the bar, and commenced the prac- tice of his profession with offices in Temple Court. He confines his attention to a general civil litigation, and makes THOMAS McADAM. a specialty of real estate laws, in which connection he has a large clientele and has gained an excellent reputation. Mr. McAdam takes an active interest in politics, and for several years was a member of the Tammany Hall General Com- mittee, representing the old 13th District. He is likewise popular in social and club circles, enjoying membership in the West Side Democratic, Harlem and Atlanta Boat Clubs, and also the Arion Society. Mr. McAdam was married in 1886 to Miss Sarah S. Blair, granddaughter of Rev. Hugh Henry Blair, of this city, and resides in Harlem. He is now practising his profession at 102 Broadway. 228 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. ORMOND G. SMITH. Ormond G. Smith, senior member of the firm of Street & Smith, proprietors of the New York ll'eek/y, was born in Brooklyn, August 30, i860. His father, Francis S. Smith, and P'rancis S. Street were the founders of the firm of Street & Smith. O. G. Smith graduated from the Harvard College in the class of 1883 and entered his father's business im- mediately after. He is a bachelor and is member and director of the New York Club, the Lotos Club, the Fulton Club, the Harvard Club, New York Riding Club, Jerome Park Jockey Club, New York Athletic Club, Colonial Club, Larchmont Club, Theatre of Arts and Letters and many other organizations of a like character. He is fond of all athletic sports, a great lover of horses and can be found almost any clay of the year on his favorite grey in Central Park. George C Smith, brother of Ormond G. and junior member of the firm, was born in lirooklyn in 1858. He was prietors of the New York Weekly. The rise to eminence of the Neil' York IFeek/y in the region of romance and its enormous circulation are surely among the phenomena of the age we live in. Indeed its own history touches here and there on the romantic, for novel ideas taking birth in the bright intellects of its founders, cool judgment, skillful management, with now and then adventitious streaks of luck, have developed the infant of the last generation into the giant of ours and made of the A'ew York Weekly the most charming serial story paper in the world. The i)a])er was founded by Amor J. Williamson, proprietor of the Sitndcjy Dispatch, about t843. It was originally christened the Weekly Universe, and subsequently the Weekly Dispatch. In Mr. Williamson's employ were two young men — Francis S. Street as bookkeeper, Francis S. Smith as editor — the names are merely a coincidence — and to them he sold the jjaper for $40,000. The young men did not have that \ ORMOND educated in the Polytechnic of that city, in the .Adelphi Academy, and in Dr. Chapin's Academy in New York City and finally by private tutors in Paris. He completed his education in France in 1880, returned to the United States and entered business in 1883. He was married in i888 to Miss Annie K. Schwertz, daughter of W. K. Schwertz, of Pittsburgh, who has for many years been a well known dealer in boots and shoes. The couple have one daughter. Mr. George C. Smith is, like his brother, fond of sports, yachting especially. He has been a member of the Larch- mont Yacht Club since 1884, and of the Colonial and Fulton Clubs since 1892. }ie has a summer residence in New Rochelie and owns a beautiful home at 167 West Fnd Avenue, New York. \ Ic is one of the leading members of St. James Fi)lsco|)al Church and one of the incorporators of its East Side Mission. Su< h is a brief sketch of the pro- SMITH. amount — they did not have a penny — but they had brains and i)rinci])le, and Mr. Williamson trusted that the brains would make them money enough to pay him. And he was riglit, for, though the work was hard at first and clouds hung on the horizon, they i)aid him every cent of the ^40,000 long before the limit, which was five years, had e.xpired. The new ])ro])rietors changed the name of the pa])er to the Nexv York Weekly and they met their first pronounced suc- cess in 1859. They bought a story from Mrs. Mary J. Holmes called " Alarian Grey, the Heiress of Redstone Hall." In order to bring this story before the ])ublic they incurred a debt of §50,000. Did the venture prove a failure it meant disaster to Street iV Smith, and so we can easily imagine how anxiously, how nervously, they looked tor returns. Hut tliey hoped for the best. Mr. Smith had read .Mrs. IlolmeN" manuscript and thought they were justified NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. in risking eveiything ujjon it. Events proved that his estimate of its merit and of the public taste was correct, for, though returns came in slowly at first, after a few weeks the tide of success began to rise, and from a circulation of ii,ooo the Ne7i' York Weekly jumped up to 47,000 in two months. When the war broke out it had a circulation of 92,000, but as a third of its readers were south of Mason & Dixon's Line, and as those in the North were too anxious to read romances, its subscribers fell off in all directions. After the war, however, the famous story paper shared in the revival of prosperity, and Street & Smith advertised its merits extensively, intelligently and successfully. They sought good writers wherever they were to be had and paid them well. They brought Mrs. May Agnes Fleming from the obscurity of Nova Scotia to the full light of New York, and paid her !|i 5,000 for a story for which she used to be glad to get $500. But then Mrs. Fleming in return helped the New York IVeek/y very materially, as its proprietors are, and have always been, happy to acknowledge. They pro- cured the best writers to be had for money and spent a fortune for advertising. In 1871 they spent $156,000, and between that year and 1880 more than a million! Among other celebrities they secured as contributors were Gail Hamilton, Reverend Edward Beecher, Alice Carey, Schuyler Colfax, Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage, Rev. George H. Hepvvorth, Viiginia F. Townsend, Mary Kyle Dallas, Horatio Alger, Jr., Bertha M. Clay, Josephine Pollard. Michael Scanlan, Captain Mayne Reid, John S. C. Abbott (the historian), Banley Campbell, Marion Harland, Edgar Fawcett and Oliver Logan, while among their cartoonists was Thomas Nast, and among their staff of humorists were Josh Billings, Mark Twain, Bill Nye, Max Adeler, Robert J. Burdette and W. L. Alden. Fortune often, or rather generally, favors the bold, but it is by furnishing a good paper every week, the best that can be brought out for money, and advertising it regardless of expense, that the Neiv York Weekly has attained to the extraordinary circu- lation of 200,000 copies a week, and has pushed itself into every hamlet in the United States and Canada. The founders of this paper are dead and gone, but the property is vested in the hands of Mr. Smith's Sons. Mr. Street died on April 15th, 1883, when Mr. Smith's son, Ormond G. Smith, pur- chased his interest. Shortly after Geo. C. Smith became a partner in the firm, Mr. Francis S. Smith died, February 2, 1887, and the young men assumed control of the affairs of the concern. Though possessing ample means and a classical education, the new proprietors took off their coats as if they were working for a living, and from time to time surrounded the New York Jl'eek/y with auxiliaries called for by the times. Thus they started " Good News," which has now a weekly circulation of 40,000, *' Select Series," " Sea and Shore Series," "Primrose Series," "Secret Service Series," "Far and Near Series," "Fifth Avenue Series," and various other publications which revolve round the Jl'eekly as the planets revolve round the sun, and like their parent are scrupulously clean, literary and enter- taining. The firm occupy large buildings in Rose Street, which are equipped with machinery of the most approved style, capable of turning out 2,000,000 books every year in addition to their immense output of serial publications. The firm gives eiuployment to 100 hands, to whom they pay $1,500 weekly, which, of course, does not include the staff of writers throughout the country, to whom the very highest prices are given for stories, poems, humorous sketches, etc. NELSON ZABRISKIE. Nelson Zabriskie, of the New York bar, was born at Ridgewood, N. J., on January 4, 1856, and comes of good American descent. His father, David \V. Zabriskie, was a well-known resident of that section. The subject of this sketch received a preparatory course in the schools at his home, entered the University of the City of New York, and graduated from the law school of that institution in 1875, with the Bachelor of Arts degree. He was admitted to the bar in 1877, and immediately began practice, confining his attention to the civil branches of his profession. He early made a specialty of admiralty and marine litigation, and soon gained distinction in legal circles. In the spring of 1883 he became associated with Mr. J. A. Hyland, under the firm name of Hyland & Zabriskie, which to-day is recognized as one of the leading admiralty firms of the Metropolis. Messrs. Hyland &: Zabriskie also transact a general civil litigation, but have gained special prominence in marine and admiralty law. They have figured as counsel in many important litigations, and gained several great legal battles, one of which is fresh in the minds of Goth- amites, viz., as Counsel for the People in a suit brought by Edward Annan and F. E. Pinto, to test the constitu- NELSOX ZABRISKIE. tionality of the Grain Elevator law, regulating the price for elevating and discharging grain. Mr. Zabriskie's firm secured a verdict favorable to the people, which verdict was sustained by the Federal Courts, into which the case was subsequently carried. Messrs. Hyland & Zabriskie enjoy a large and successful practice, and their clientele include the names of important transportation companies, among them the Citizens' Steamboat Company, of Troy, and the Union Ferry Company. Mr. Zabriskie's legal career has been conducted upon thoroughly honorable and reliable professional methods, and his attention has been assidu- ously devoted to his profession, little, if any, of his time being given to politics or club life. His firm occupies a handsome suite of offices on the third floor of the Aldrich Court building. Mr. Zabriskie is a prominent member of the Masonic Order, belongs to the Alumni Club of his col- lege, and resides in the Metropolis, where he is esteemed and respected by a wide circle of friends. NEW YORK, TJIE METROPOLIS. CHARLES A. SCHIEREN. Mr. Charles A. Schieren, the founder of the firm of Chas. A. Schieren & Co., was born in Rhenish Prussia in 1842, and, with his parents, emigrated to this country in 1856. He had received a public school education in Ger- many. In his youth he had assisted his father in conduct- ing a cigar and tobacco business in Brooklyn. In 1864, as clerk, he entered the service of Philip S. Pasquay, leather belting manufacturer, of New York. By virtue of energy and close ajiplication he soon mastered the details of the business, and became the manager of the establislMiient, on the death of his employer, in 1866. Two years later, with limited means, he set up his own establishment. In a com- paratively short time he was at the head of a prosperous manufactory, which to-day ranks as one of the largest in the leather belting line in the country. He invented and patented many improvements in leather belting, especially those used for electrical pov/er. His electric perforated belt now rates as the most successful and reliable for trans- CHARI.ES A. SCHIEREN. mission of power to dynamos and other electrical machinery. His invention of the American patent joint Leather Link Belt gave him (juite a pre-eminence as an inventor in the trade, having to design and construct all the intricate ma- chinery necessary to make this ingenious belt. He also wrote and published several imi)ortant papers on belting, such as the "History of Leather Belting," "The Use and Abuse of Leather Belting," " The Transmission of Power by Belting," and " From the Tannery to the Dynamo," which were read and discussed before the National Electrical Light Association and the New York Technical Society, and others, and, therefore, is considered quite an authority and e.xpert on belting. The firm has branch houses in Chicago, Boston and Philadel])hia, and the products of its factory are shi|)])ed to all parts of the civilized world. Mr. Schieren wns one of the founders of the Hide and Leather National Hank, and is still its Vice President. He is also identified with many •public institutions in Brooklyn, where he resides. JOHN WEBER. John Weber, head of the building firm of J. &: L. Weber, was born in Germany in 1828. He was of a good family. His father and his grandfather before him were wealthy architects and builders, and of them Mr. Weber learned the trade. He, with his brothers, landed in New York in 1848, and went into business and prospered. One brother has since retired, and the other is engaged extensively in the fire-brick business. Mr. Weber was successful almost from the start, in the first place because he was thorough master of his trade, and, in the second, because he always fulfilled his contracts in the promjjt and honorable manner which makes rej)Utation. The consequence of this reputation was that the business they did was simply immense, as the fol- lowing partial 1st of the jjrincipal buildings they erected will show : The New York Recorder Building on Spruce Street, the Staats-Zeitung Building, Havemeyer Building, Edison Electric Illuminating Building on Pearl Street, Brooklyn; Edison Electric Illuminating Co., on Pearl and Elm streets. New York ; Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Broadway Theatre, Aml)erg Theatre, De La Vergne Refrigerating Ma- chine Co. ; J. Sidenberg's house, 113 Bieecker Street : Jac. Ruppert's house, Geo. Ehret's house, Ruppert's brewery, Ehret's brewery, Clausen's brewery, Beadleston & \\'oerz's lirewery. Consumers' Brewery ; Neidlinger, Schmidt iS: Co.'s malt house ; Opera House : India Wharf Brewery, Brooklyn; Bloomingdale Brothers, Hygeia Ice Co. ; M. E. Nortun's house, 127th Street; Consolidated Gas Co., 42d Street; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., Elizabeth, N. J. ; Steinway & Son's piano factory, Sohmer & Co.'s piano factory, E. Ga- bler's ])iano factory, Astoria Silk Works, Henry Gledhill & Co.'s walljjaper factory ; Union Railroad Depot, Boston, etc. Mr. Weber's son Hugo is associated with him in busi- ness, as is also Mr. Albert Von Driesch. He (John Weber) is director in the Astoria Silk Works and in the Murray Hill Bank, also of the Manhattan Club, and Arion and Liederkranz societies. He is a prominent Mason. DANIEL LEWIS. M.D. Daniel Lewis, A.M., MT)., Ph D., was born in APred, .Allegany Co., N. Y., on January 17, 1846. His ancestors were among the first settlers of Rhode Island ( Newport), and his father, Alfred Lewis, and Lucy Lungworthy Lewis, of Rhode Island (Newport), were New Englanders. Dr. Lewis's earlier education was obtained in Alfred Academy, from which he was transferred to .\lfred University. He graduated from that institution in the class of 1S69. After leaving college he commenced the study of medicine in the University of the City of New York, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1871. He was then a visiting physician to Demilt Disjiensary, after which he became surgeon to the Northeastern Dispensary, and has held the same position in the New York Skin and Cancer Hosjjital since its opening. For the past five years Dr. Lewis has filled the position of Professor of Surgery (can- cerous diseases) in the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital. He is President of the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, a member and an ex- President of the State and County Medical societies, fellow of the Academy of Med- icine, member of the Pathological Society, of the Derma- tological Society, and of the Society for the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. His princijial work and writings are a book on " Cancer and its Treatment," "Caustic Treatment of Cancer," "Development of Cancer from Non-NLnlignant Diseases," " Horsehair Sutures and Drainage," " Marsden's Treatment of Cancer," " Chian rur])enline Treatment of Cancer," "Cancer of the Rec- tum." Dr. Lewis has a i)rivate surgical hosjjital at 151 East 51st Street. He is married to Achsah. daughter of L. C. P. Vaughan, Esij., of Sjjringville, Erie Co., N. Y. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 23 1 GEORGE P. WEBSTER. George P. Webster, the well known lawyer, has a more eventful history than most men in New York City who have settled down and pursue a successful business in one of the professions. He was born in Waterton, Conn., on June 24. 1828, and was educated in the public schools there, but when only sixteen years old went to Kentucky and studied law in Newport, Campbell County, of that State. Before being admitted to the bar the California gold fever broke out, and young Webster in 1849, being of bold temperament and adventurous disposition, crossed the plains in an ox train to the New Eldorado. Beginning his journey by crossing the Missouri River at St. jo it took him ninety- seven days to reach Hangtown, California. He remained in California three years and prospected the mining region from the North Yuba to the Mohave country, spending a part of the winter of 1851-52 in that part of the region called "Death Valley" and in 1852 going back to the Northern mines. The year following Mr. Webster returned to what in California they termed the " States " by way of the Isthmus of Panama, and settling down in Newport, Ky., resumed the study of the law and was admitted to the bar. In 1854 he was elected District Attorney of Campbell County and appointed subsequently City Solicitor of New- port, a position he retained for six years. In the fall of 1 86 1 he was elected to what is known as the war term of the State Legislature, served part of his term, but resigned to accept the commission of Captain, with the position of Assistant-Quartermaster on the staff, offered him by Presi- dent Lincoln. He served with the national forces in Tennessee and later on in Central Kentucky, a short time in Cincinnati, and when the war closed was doing duty in St. Louis, then General Sherman's headquarters. He was mustered out in the fall of 1866 at his own request after having been promoted to the rank of Captain, Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel successively, and with the record of having during his five years of service faithfully disbursed the vast sum of $40,000,000 government money and has received an honorable acquittance for the same. After leaving the army Mr. Webster at once resumed the practice of his profession here in New York City, confining himself almost exclusively to civil cases. He was candidate for police justice in 1870, but was defeated, and was once more defeated later on for Civil Justice of the Ninth Dictrirt. Nevertheless Mr. Webster was, and is, a very popular man, and when in 1890 he was nominated for member of the Assembly for the 23d District he was elected and re elected in 1891 and 1892. In i8ui he was Chairman of the Committee of Privileges and Elections and in 1892 of the Committee on Cities. He is one of the corporate members of Constantine Comniandery of Knights Templars and a member of Lafayette G. A. R. Post, and the Loyal Legion. He is member of the New York Press Club, has published a newspaper in Harlem and has been a contributor to the New York press for thirty years. He is also member of the Sagamore Club, the Harlem Democratic Club and the Harlem Social Club. He married in 1856 at Newport, Ky., Miss Agnes Hayman, daughter of an old Kentucky family, and has four children, two daughters and two sons. The sons are lawyers in good practice. ISAAC L. KIP. M.D. Dr. Isaac L. Kip is a representative of one of the oldest and most prominent Knickerbocker families in New York, being a direct descendant of Hendrick Kype, of Holland, who early in the sixteenth century took an active part in the ''Company of Foreign Countries," an association formed for the purpose of obtaining access to the Indies by a dif- ferent route from that pursued by Spain and Portugal. They first attempted to sail round the Northern Seas of Europe and Asia, but their expedition, dis])atchecl in 1594, was obliged to return on account of the ice in the same year. In 1609 they employed Hendrick Hudson to sail to the westward in the little " Half Moon " with happier results. Hendrick Kype (before mentioned) came to New Amster- dam in 1635, but returned to Holland, leaving his three sons in this country, one of whom, Isaac, the great-great-great- great-grandparent of the subject of this sketch, became possessed of considerable real estate in the city of New York, including the site of the present City Hall Park, and what is now known as Nassau Street was then called Kip Street in honor of him. His son Jacol)us was born in this city in 1666, and jointly with his brother Henry, of the ma- nor of Kipsburg. he purchased from the Esopus Indians a large tract on the east side of the Hudson River, where Rhinebeck now stands, the original deed for which, signed by three Indian chiefs, is said to be still in possession of the family. In this generation the family name was angli- cized to Kip, after the conquest of New Netherlands by the ISA.\C L. KIP, M.D. English. Isaac, the son of Jacobus aforesaid, was born January 8, 1696, and on January 7, 1720, married Cornelia, daughter of Leonard Lewis, Esq., Alderman of New York from 1696 to 1700. Their son, Leonard, born in 1725, was married in 1763. His son, Isaac Lewis, born 1767, was the law partner of Judge Brockholst Livingston, and was ap- pointed by Chancellor Livingston to a responsible office in the Court of Chancery, which important position he held under Chancellors Livingston, Lansing and Kent. He mar- ried Sarah, daughter of Col. Jacomiah Smith, of Powles Hook, on February 22, 1792. Their son, Leonard W. Kip, father of the present Isaac L. Kip, was also a lawyer who ranked high in his profession among real estate counsellors. He was ever foremost in promoting and aiding all philanthropic and benevolent institutions, and in the cause of general education took a leading part. He was much interested in the University of the City of New York, and for a number of years acted as a member of the Board of Council. The present Isaac L. Kip, the subject of this sketch, was edu- 232 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. cated in this city, and is a graduate of the University of the City of New York, and also a graduate of the medical de- partment of the same institution. Dr. Kip practised med- icine in this city for a short time only, but receiving an official appointment in the Mutual l,ife Insurance Com- pany of New York, he was for a number of years connected with it as Medical Examiner. He married Cornelia, daugh- ter of Honorable William V. Brady, Ex-Mayor of the City of New York, and has two children, Adelaide, now the wife of Mr. Philip Rhinelander, and a son, William V. B. Kip. Since relinciuishing professional duty Dr. Kip has spent considerable time in travelling abroad. ISAAC A. HOPPER. Isaac A. Hopper, of Harlem, and head of the building firm of Isaac A. Hopi)er & Comi)any, was born in this city on May 30, 185 1. He belongs to a family of builders. His grandfather, Isaac A. Hopper, commenced business in that line in 1833, and his father, Abram I., twenty years later. Mr. Hopper himself began in 1875, ^"^d one of his first contracts was the St. Barnabas House on Mulberry Street. This building he erected in 1878 and two years later the Portsmouth, a fine apartment house on West Ninth Street, and subsecjuently the Hampshire, on the same block. Since then he has erected in succession the Hotel Nornian- ISAAC A. IK i1'I'1:K. die. Emigrant Industrial Savings Hank, Montefiore Home, Depot of the Cable Road, Academy of the Sacred Heart, Koch Building, Carnegie Music Hall, St. Michael's Epis- copal Church, and has just finished the magnificent New Netherlands Hotel for William \\ai(lorf .Xstor. One of his recent contracts was also the alteration of Andrew Carnegie's residence at a cost of $65,000. Mayor (Irant appointed him Commissioner of Education, in which ini])()rt- ant department of the city's government he has displayed great sagacity, industry and ability. He is a Democrat in politics and a pronounced one, and above all a man whose reputation stands high in the community for integrity and honorable business methods. He is one of the most popu- lar men in Harlem and is deeply interested in Harlem mat- ters, being Vice President of the Twelfth AV'ard Bank, director in the Hamilton Bank and President Twelfth Ward Savings Bank. He is also Vice-President of the Mechanics' and Traders' Exchange, and one of the Committee of fifteen appointed to incorporate the new Building Trades Exchange, which propose to erect a large building in the builders' trade interest. ROBERT HUNTER, M.D. Dr. Robert Hunter, the prominent New York physician, was born at Headen, P^ngland, June 14th, 1826, and is descended from the Long-Calderwood branch of the Hunters of Hunterston, Ayrshire, Scotland, which gave to the medical profession the famous surgeons, John and William Hunter, of England. His father. Dr. James Hunter, an English army surgeon, removed to Canada in 1827, when he was but a year old, and was one of the leaders in the struggle for responsible government, which finally culminated in the Canadian rebellion of 1837, at the close of which he came to New York with his family. Of his four sons, John, William and Robert were educated to his own profession. Robert, the youngest, was for three years a student at the Medical College of Geneva, after which he entered the University of the City of New York, where he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the class of 1845-6, subsequently finishing his medical education in London and Paris. After devoting five years to the special study of the pathology of consumption, and its relation to other lung complaints, he settled down to practise in this city. Dr. Robert Hunter has the honor of being the first American physician to advocate the local nature and origin of consumption, and to introduce and successfully apply the treatment by inhalation for its cure. His discoveries and success not only gave him a very lucrative practice, but a world-wide rejiutation. In 1864 his health became so impaired by his great labor and incessant ajjplication to the duties of his profession, that he was forced to retire from active work. He went abroad for rest and recujiera- tion, spending fi'^e years, and after his health was re-estab- lished resumed practice in London, where he quickly attained great celebrity, and was consulted by nobility and gentry from all parts of Europe. Before going abroad Dr. Hunter had made large investments in Chicago, the destruction of which by the great fire compelled his return to look after his interests, and finally led to his settling down to practise in that city. Some three years ago, after an absence of twenty-five years, he turned over his Chicago interests to his son. Dr. E. W. Hunter, and resumed his residence and jjractice in New York, the field of his earliest and greatest triumphs, where he cpiickly gained high [)ro- fessional standing. Dr. Hunter is the author of many important works, chiefly on pulmonary diseases, among which may be mentioned, " .\ Treaiise on the Lungs and their Diseases, with their Cure by Inhalation" (1851) ; ''A Book on the Local Nature of Consumption" (1853); " Popular Lectures on the Nature, Causes and Cure of Consumption, Bronchitis, Asthma and Catarrh" (1855); "A Chronological History of all the Theories and Practices of the Profession, from tiie Days of Hipi)ocrates, 432 B. C, down to A. D. 1856;" "The Air as the Source of Life, Health and Disease to the Lungs;" "The Story of Con- sumjjtion, with its Three Modes of Treatment," and of many other able essays on his si)ecialty. He was the founder of the Medical Specialist and Journal of Diseases of the Chest, and inventor of the various inhaling instruments which bear his name. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 233 EDWARD WEBER. Edward Weber, of the firm of J. cV L. Weber, builders, was born in this city on May 27, 1856, received an elementary education in the public schools, and his classical training in Columbia College. After leaving college he was associated with his father in the building trade. 'J"he elder Mr. Weber is well known in New York, personally, and the building firm of that name, one of the oldest and most solid in the city, is something of a landmark.. It was founded nearly half a century ago (1845), the original firm being J. & J. Weber. In 1880 Mr. Jacob Weber, father of the subject of this sketch, retired from active business, and Edward took his place and assumed his interests. Although a young man, he at once took an active part in the operations of the firm, and during the past twelve years a considerable number of large and important build- ings have been erected under his personal supervision and control. Mr. Weber is a man of great force of character, and through his energetic action and intelligent efforts the firm, though always occupying a leading position in the building trade, has become still more prominent, and now ranks among the very first in importance, reputation and extent of operations in the country. The German Liederkranz was the first great building created under the personal supervision of Mr. Weber. Others followed in rapid succession, and to-day the firm can boast of many splendid structures which, under its guidance and direc- tion, have sprung ujj in various parts of the city. The Havemeyer Building, on Cortlandt Street, is the latest monument to the ability of Mr. Weber. Mr. Weber is President of the Grooved Plaster Slab Manufacturing Company, which is operated on the strength of a patent granted to Thomas Curran. The company was organized by Mr. Weber in October, i8gi. The slab is an admiral)le substitute for wire lathing, and is used ipiite extensively in his buildings. ANDREW J. ROBINSON. Andrew J. Robinson, the well known builder of New York, was born in P>loomfield, New Jersey, March 26, 1844. He was educated in the public schools and Rundell Acad- emy until sixteen years of age, when he came to New York and learned the trade of a mason with Mr. Alex. M. Ross. He remained with him until 1866, and in 1867 went into business with Mr. Edward H. Wallace, establishing the present firm of Robinson & Wallace. Mr. Robinson has been an exceedingly active man, and as a consequence his firm has had steady, continuous work from the start to the present day. They have put up a great many large build- ings during the twenty-five years of their business career, among which should be mentioned the New York Cancer Hospital, 136th Street and Eighth Avenue, Brooks Bros.' building, Broadway and Twenty second Street; St. Paul's School and large warehouses for Trinity Corjxiration; Bar Associition building, Jarvis Hall, and Memorial Chapel for Mrs. Hoffman; Archer & Pancoast building; J. B. Hoyt's building; fine residences on Fifth Avenue for Henry L. Have- meyer, John H. Inman, Jas. T. Goodman, D. Willis James, Cleveland H. Dodge and others. Mr. Robinson has always been a conscientious worker, and his buildings have been ranked among the first-class by competent judges. He was one of the first to establish the present Build- ing Association, and foremost in bringing about the new and agreeable order of things. He was chairman of the Arbitration Committee for several years, and the satisfactory situation of to-day was brought about largely though his efforts. Mr. Robinson is also a member of the Real Estate Exchange, and member of the Com- mittee on Legislation for that body. For several years he was chairman of their Committee on Building and Mechan- ics' Lien Laws, and rendered most valuable service. He is also trustee of the East River Savings Bank and of the Women's Hospital. Mr. Robinson married Miss Harriet E. King, daughter of the late William G. King, of New York, and has three children. The eldest. Drew King, is a stu- dent at Columbia College, but the younger son, Fletcher A., and daughter, Lillian Edith, are still at home under their parents' care. JAMES C de LA MARE. James C. de La Mare, lawyer, was born in London, England, January 15, 1840. His father, James C. de La Mare, both his grandfathers and their fathers before him, all his uncles, save one, and all of his cousins were lawyers in London, and all gained reputation as such. He received his primary education in England, finishing at King's College. He left home, however, in 1856 and came to New York, landing here with 15 cents capital and an abundance of energy. For a while he copied law ])apers, and in i860 entered the office of Harrison and Waring as general clerk, where he worked during the day and studied law at night. He was faithful to the firm and to himself, and in 1867 he was admitted to the bar and taken into partnership by his JAMES C. de L.'V MARE. employers, the firm becoming Harrison, Waring de La Mare. He has continued in the active practice of law ever since, never taking a vacation until the summer of 1892, doing a large real estate law business. He attributes his success to patience, perseverance and hard work, also to attending to business conscientiously and devoting as much time to small matters as to large ones. He is Master of his Masonic Lodge, High Priest of his Chapter and has been Grand Chancellor of K. of P. in New York, and supreme representative for New York. He has no tastes for sports and scarcely ever takes any recreation; is fond of art, literature and especially of music, and is an effective speaker. He was married in New York City, September 22, i860, to Miss Ann S. Edge, a cousin of the Ex-Mayor of Yonkers, NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. MRS. FRANK LESLIE. A'-J^IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 235 MRS. FRANK LESLIE. As an example of what an American woman can do, and how perseverance and pluck will overcome all obstacles, Mrs. Frank Leslie can be pointed to with both pride and wonderment. The career of this clever woman indeed almost reads like a romance. Mrs. Leslie was born in New Orleans, of parents descended from Huguenot emigres. Her name was Miriam Florence. She was educated by her father, who was a scholar and a gentleman. Literatirre and the classics were her earliest impressions, and Latin, French, Italian, German and Spanish were taught her simultaneously with the native American. This strong foundation of knowledge she brought into excellent use in the future. From an early age she devoted herself to literary pursuits and her first printed effort appeared when she was but thirteen years old. Cincinnati was the scene of her earlier labors and then she migrated to New York. In the Metro- polis fate guided her footsteps to the famous art publisher Frank Leslie, and her journalistic career was from that moment launched on the flood tide of success. One of Mr. Leslie's editors was taken grievously ill and the fair Louisianian volunteered to fill the break. She did so with such success and happy grace that the art publisher became smitten with her charms and talents, and the romance culminated in a pretty wedding at St. Thomas's Church, Fifth Avenue. Despite the disparity in the ages of the couple the marriage was an exceedingly happy one. The young bride became her husband's co-worker and efficient helpmate in the literary and artistic conduct of his numerous publications. Socially, Mrs. Leslie has reigned queen from the earliest days of her marriage. In New York and at Saratoga she entertained charmingly and splendidly. In- deed, her regal welcome of Dom Pedro of Brazil and his Empress at her splendid Interlaken Villa on Saratoga Lake is a matter of history. In 1877 the Leslies made a business and pleasure trip from New York to San Francisco, in a train of special Pullman cars and with a picked corps of artists and writers. The journey was designed to portray the wonders of the Far \Vest in the Illustrated Newspaper, but it also resulted in Mrs. Leslie's entertaining and bright book " From Gotham to the Golden Gate," published by Carleton. But now the sunshine oi life began to dim for the clever pair and the clouds of misfortune gathered thickly. Late in 1877 Mr. Leslie got caught in the financial panic and he had to make an assignment for the benefit of his creditors. His death speedily followed. He died on January 10, 1880, leaving to his wife the solemn injunction to carry out his obligations. Mrs. Leslie was left a monu- mental task. She was to work at her dead husband's desk until all the debts were paid and the great Frank Leslie establishment freed from incumbrance. She nobly faced the ordeal and she came out with triumph and honor. The burden of $300,000 was wiped away, and to-day the Frank Leslie Publishing House, at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Sixteenth Street, is one of the most flourishing in the city of New York. It is a show place for business visitors, and its charming mistress and guiding star is one of the most successful and popular woman workers in Gotham. Mrs. Leslie still entertains lavishly. She makes annual visits to Europe, where her popularity is as great as it is here. She is Vice-President of the Professional Woman's League and foremost in all good deeds and suggestions for the benefit of woman in journalism. It is above all in profes- sional life — in the literary, artistic and journalistic circles of New York, that the versatile genius and rare personality of this world-famous woman find congenial scope and exercise. Her devotion to her editorial and publishing work is a matter of taste and inclination, rather than of business exigency: her heart is in it. This is the informing spirit, the feminine tact and energy, that has kept Frank Leslie's I^opiilar Montlily Magazine on the crest of its great popularity, steadily in the van of progress at a time when unexampled competition has given to illustrated periodical literature fully half a century's development in the space of five or six years. With the prestige of professional success and pros]jerity crowning that already secure, and perhaps (secretly) more highly prized, succes de jolie femme, it is no wonder that Mrs. Frank Leslie has been petted by the j)ress. We had almost written spoiled hy the press, but that word would l)e ill-chosen indeed to a gracious personality so conspicuously ^//spoiled as hers. What it is really meant to intimate is that, with the most courteous intentions in the world, the newspapers have at times been diffuse in a manner for which, doubtless, the fair object of their atten- tions would not wish to be held responsible. The private Mrs. Frank Leslie is a noble, refined and sensitive woman, Ijesides being beautiful in person and exquisitely well- dressed. In conclusion, and to sum up the record of a good life which cannot be done justice to within the circum- scribed limits of a sketch. Miss Rose Elizabeth Cleveland wrote in " Literary Life : " " Mrs. Leslie is that most gracious and attractive of all human beings — a woman's woman. She has proved herself one of the greatest, most enterprising of the publishers of this age — theecpial in enter- prise, ability and discretion of any man in the world." MISS LAURA JEAN LIBBEY. The portrait on the following jjage is an excellent like- ness of one of the most famous ladies of this century. Her fame is world wide. There is scarcely a nation on the globe that does not know of her and her books. As a publisher, Miss Laura Jean Libbey has achieved a success which has surprised every maker of books in both continents. She is her own publisher, is remarkably fearless in launch- ing out her own novels, and advertising them broadcast throughout the world. Her first work, "Miss Middleton's Lover," was given to the public some five years ago. The first edition put on the press was one hundred thousand copies. In two days this immense edition was exhausted, its wonderful success being the talk of the country at the time. And from that day to this it has never been ofl' the press. LTp to the present time many millions of copies have been sold Other works from the press of Laura Jean Libbey followed at the rate of one a year. She has written and published the following: "A Forbidden Marriage," "That Pretty Young Girl," "Levers Once, but Strangers Now," "He loved, but was lured away" and "Olive's Court- ship." Miss Lil)l)ey's wonderful success in launching those books on the tide of public favor has caused her to be the most eagerly sought for publisher in this country. Thou- sands of manuscripts have been sent to her weekly for ajiproval. Many are from well-known society people, who are eager to pay down a small fortune to her to see their own name in print, and to secure her valuable name as publisher. From the sale of the one book " Lovers Once, but Strangers Now," Miss Laura Jean Libbey purchased the magnificent brownstone house No. 916 President Street, Brooklyn, near Prospect Park, which cost $20,oco unfur- nished and without decoration. Miss Laura Jean Libbey, the novelist and editor of The New York Bazaar, has reached this proud position after six years of close appli- cation, and to-day she can accom])lish an amount of work that is simply astonishing. The larger portion of this work is done at home, in her pretty studio. There, surrounded by her books and papers, she dictates her stories and her books to two assistants, and thus e-capes the drudgery of the pen. Miss Libbey is not an early riser, therefore she is seldom found at her desk before 10 o'clock. The Bazaar 236 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 237 work is the most tedious and gives her the most trouble, as she is deUiged with bits of writing supposed by the authors to be of great importance to a woman's magazine. I'he greatest difficulty in this results from the manuscripts sent in by friends, who think their compositions should be in- serted, good, bad, or indifferent. For her editorial work Miss I-ibbey is paid $10,400 per year. This is embodied in a contract which has five years to run. From the same firm, but under another contract, she gets $7,200 yearly for a serial which is published by them weekly. To George William Munro, now of the firm of George Munro's Sons, Publishers, Laura Jean T^ibbey owes all her success. It was he who found talent in her first work and purchased it, and to him her gratitude has always been sincere. Miss Laura Jean Libbey's career is well known to nearly every reader of current literature. The care and filial attention she has given her delicate, invalid mother is the same to-day as it was when she sat writing late into the night by her bedside. The clever and self-reliant little woman and her doting mother make a delightful picture in their home life. No- thing is purchased and no new venture engaged in without mother's advice. Mrs. Libbey proudly tells that her daughter was born in March, the month that was of old believed to be most favorable to the production of literary genius, and that by becoming an authoress she has carried out the fondest hopes and wishes of her father. It is told of young Dr. Libbey, Miss Libbey's father, that he was at one time deeply in love with an authoress whose name was Laura, and when he finally married, and this daughter was born, he desired that her name should be Laurel or Laura, and the mother, who knew of his former attachment, con- sented, although she wanted very much to call her little daughter Esther. Now, as Miss Libbey has followed in the footsteps of her father's early love, she is well pleased that she consented. Mrs. Elizabeth Libbey, her mother, is a lineal descendant of Lord Nelson of England, and on her mother's side of Lady Barbara Hoxey. Miss Libbey's father was Doctor Libbey of Maine, an eminent surgeon. It is remembered of him that he never asked a fee of a patient who was unable to pay, and for this reason he was idolized by the poor. Dr. Libbey was a descendant of the Libbeys who came to this country in 1600 from France and settled in Maine. Miss Laura Jean Libbey has from the first written under her own name. Her great success with the public is because her novels reached the heart. Last, but by no means least, Laura Jean Libbey is a com- poser of beautiful ballads, one of which, the song " Lovers Once, but Strangers Now," is taken from her famous novel bearing the same title. It will bring tears to the eyes of every woman who mourns the loss of a lover, and a sigh to the lips of many a man over what might have been, as he recalls a sweetheart thai he permitted to drift past him on life's ocean. The words breathe the soul of Laura Jean Libbey, and the music the heart of Robyn. LOOMIS L. DANFORTH, M.D. Dr. Loomis L. Danforth was born in Otsego County, N. Y., in 1849. His father, Hiram D., was a native of Ver- mont, and on the maternal side he represents a long line of ancestors, all of whom were physicians. He graduated from the High School, and afterward received a finishing course in the LTtica Academy. In the autumn of 187 1 he began the actual study of medicine and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, this city, with honors, in 1874. After practising a short time he took up the Homoeopathic Materia Medica and is now a jjractitioner in that school of medicine. He has been since 1885 profess- or of Obstetrics in the New York Homoeopathic College and Hospital. He is also Secretary of the Faculty, a member of the faculty of the New York Homoeopath cSanitarum (a pri- vate institution), an active member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy and also of the County Society. His practice is a general family one, largely devoted to obstetrics and diseases of women. Dr. Danforth is married to Miss Emma A. Hamlin, daughter of Walcott Hamlin, a promi- nent member at the bar of Amherst, Mass., and a relative of Hannibal Hamlin. Walcott Hamlin was the candidate for Governor of the State of Massachusetts on the prohibi- tion ticket during the campaign of 1892. JOHN WHALEN. John Whalen, of the bar of the Metropolis, who was re- cently ajjpointed Commissioner of Taxes by Mayor Gilroy, was born in this city on July 4th, 1854, and comes of good Irish American parentage. His early education was acquired in the public schools, after which he entered St. John's College, in Fordham, from which he was graduated with the Master of Arts degree. He subsecpiently took a course in the law school of the University of the City of New York and graduated in 1877. He immediately began the practice of his profession and soon gained distinction as a lawyer possessed of more than ordinary talents. During his boy- hood days he had been engaged in the office of that cele- brated lawyer, the late Charles O'Conor, and during that JOHN WHALEN. period made the acquaintance and won the friendship of many of the most distinguished members of the bar. Mr. Whalen devoted his attention exclusively to the civil de- partments of the law and makes a specialty of the laws as applied to real estate and corporation matters, which pe- culiarly fitted him for his present position. As referee Mr. W halen has especially distinguished himself, and his opin- ions and decisions in many important reference cases have always been sustained by the Court of Appeals when such cases were appealed. His clientele includes many promi- nent real estate men and large financial concerns, and his professional methods are thoroughly honorable and reliable in every respect. His unassuming and genial manners, 238 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. combined with his al)ility, have gained iiini tlie esteem and respect of both Bench and Bar, while the same characteris- tics have made him popular in political circles. Mr. Whalen has always been an active member of Tammany Hall, is a member of the General Committee of that organization and on,e of its most indefatigable workers. He is equally i)rom- incnt in club circles, being a member of the Manhattan, New York Athletic, Sagamore and Harlem Democratic Clubs, and also belongs to the City and State Bar Associa- tion and the Tammany Society. Mr. Whalen is associated in practice Avith his brother, 1*. H. Whalen, who is a rising young lawyer and attends to most of the firm's business since his brother's api)ointment. GUNNING S. BEDFORD. Hon. (kinning S. Bedford, the subject ot this sketch, is at present the leading Assistant District Attorney of this county, a position which he most admirably fills, and in which he has won deserved applause from all classes, and has attracted general attention from the press and the people. Mr. Bedford was born in this city and is some- what past 50 years of age. The first elements of his education were received at St. John's College, Fordham, and in 1851 he entered the freshman class of Columbia College, and graduated with honor in 1^55. He then GUNNING S. HF.DIORI). commenced the study of the law under Benjamin I). Silliman, Escj., one of the best commercial lawyers at the New York bar, and at the end of two years entered the law school of Harvard College at Cambridge, where he remained eighteen months and then resumed his studies with Mr. Silliman. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar. Before he had fully entered on his college career, in company with his family he made the tour of Kuro])e. After his admission to the bar he commenced the practice of his arduous ])ro fession, and was engaged in many important cases both in the civil and criminal courts. Mr. Bedford is a thoroughly educated lawyer, and never acts on imiiulse, always being fully prepared in a case and armed cap-h-pie to meet his ojjpunent, to which a large portion of his success is no doubt attributable. He is an eloquent and classical speaker, and rather deals with the facts and logic of a case than either with untenable theories or flights of useless fancy. Mr. Bedford was elected City Judge by over seventy thousand » majority; he subseciuently ran for the same office after a service of six years upon the bench, but the whole ticket was defeated, although Judge Bedford led the ticket by many thousands. Since his retirement from the bench he has served as Assistant District Attorney under District .Attorneys Randolph B. Marline, now Judge of the General Sessions, Col. John R. Fellows, now Member of Congress, and is at present the First Assistant District Attorney under the Hon. De Lancey Nicoll. Judge Bedford is the author of the famous Excise Letter to the Grand Jury which was praised by the entire press and has ever since been adopted as a guide for the grand juries and police magistrates. That letter has been the direct cause of dismissing over six thousand indictments against liquor dealers. Judge Bed- ford is a gentleman of strict integrity, and as a demon- stration of this fact the following will show: An instance of an unusual character recently occurred at a trial before Judge Cowing, when the sum of fifty dollars was sent in a letter to ex-Judge Bedford, representing the District Attor- ney's office, which could only be looked upon by that gen- tleman in the form of a bribe. In making mention of this incident the D.tily Nei^s very forcibly remarks : " To those who know ex-Judge Bedford, and he is pretty well known, as well in his private life as in his efficient public services, the idea that he could be influenced by a fifty dollar bribe, or a bribe of fifty millions of dollars, will be regarded as preposterous. We do not think that there is an official in this Metropolis whose antecedents, in i)ublic or private life, are more demonstrative of honesty than those of Judge Bed- ford." In these days when corruption and malfeasance in office and deeds of doubtful propriety are brought home to those who have attained prominence in public positions, it is a source of congratulation that the evil has not pervaded the personnel of the District Attorney's office. As Judge Bedford is still in the prime of life, there can be no question whatever that he will be called upon to fill some high posi- tion connected with the administration of justice in this city, for there is not a more experienced or competent criminal lawyer in New York, or one in whom the ])ul)lic have more confidence and respect. HARRIETTE C, KEATINGE, M D. Families eminent in medical science are not rare, and hereditary transmission is well dlustrated in the subject of this sketch. The ancestors of Dr. Keatinge were Quakers, who came to this country with Wm. Penn, and settled in New Jersey in 1682. Her great-grandmother was celebrated for her medical skill among the early settlers. Her grand- mother, Hannah Walker Harned, was a highly educated woman and practised medicine several years in this city under the advice and co-operation of her cousins, Drs. Dun- ham and Kissam, who were eminent jihysicians of that perioil. Two of her children were phjsicians, Dr. William Harned and Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, who was the second .\merican woman to graduate from a Medical College, and was the founder of the " New York Medical College and Hosi)ital for Women " in this city. The father of Dr. Kea- tinge, Samuel Walker Harned, was born in Virginia, and was a Naval .Architect Her mother, Rebecca Crane Lyon, was of Puritan stock. Her husband, lulward C. Keatinge, was born in Dublin and was a graduate of 'I'rinity College. Harriette C. Keatinge, M. D., Sci.D., was born in the State of New lersey in 1833. She received her early education in the " .Mbany Female Academy." She lived in Richmond, Va., in the beginning of the late war, but upon its evacua- NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 239 tion at the approach of the Federal Army, went to Colum- bia, S. C, where she lived until that city was captured by Gen. Sherman. Her life has been full of great experience — of startling incidents on the battle fields, and among the wounded soldiers during the war. She graduated from the " New York Medical College and Hospital for Women." She practised medicine several years in New Orleans, La., and was the pioneer woman physician in the Southern States. Dr. Keatinge gained a large and lucrative practice among the best people of the South, and an enviable repu- tation. She organized several societies there and was one of the founders of the " Hahnemann Associa ion of Louis- iana." In 1883 her health entirely failed from overwork, and she was obliged to abandon her practice and return to this city. There are at the present time nine physicians in her immediate family — five of this number are women in active practice and occupying positions of prominence, among them being her daughter, Harriette D'Esmonde Keatinge, who graduated in 1883. Dr. Keatinge is a rela- tive of the late Carroll Dunham, M.D., and the niece and successor of the late Dr. Clemence S. Lozier. She has a large practice among the refined and educated women in this city. She is a member of the " Homoeopathic Society of the County of New York," the " Alumni Association of the Woman's College," " Physician in charge of All Souls' Dispensary," "Honorary Member of the Hahnemann Associ- ation of Louisiana," and other medical societies. She is also a member of the " Sorosis " Woman's Suffrage League and Ladies' Health Protective Association of this city. Dr. Keatinge is also entitled to the honor of having Sci.D. after her name (Doctor of Science). THEODORE B. WILLIS. Theodore B. Willis, Naval Officer at the Port of New York, was born in Brooklyn, L. L, in 1856. He is descended from Old Dutch and English families who were among the earliest settlers of Long Island and other sections of the old Colony of New York. Though still a young man his career has been a distinguished one and the possibilities for his future are very bright. After completing his studies, and before he had attained to his majority, he took charge of a large hardware establishment in Brooklyn, left him by his father, and conducted it with profit and success. Mr. Willis manifested a taste for politics while yet in his teens and at once attracted the attention of the Kings County Republican leaders by his nerve and ability. In 1877, being then twenty-one years old, he was elected Supervisor of Brook- lyn's First Ward, which at that time contained the great bulk of the wealthy residents of the city. So well did he perform his official duties and look after the interests of his constituents that he was re-elected after the expiration of his first term, and the Republicans comprising a majority of the board he was elected C'hairman, a great honor for a very young man. During his term of office he was so active in doing away with municipal abuses and bringing about reform generally and his work was so appreciated that he was re-elected term after term without any effort on his part until appointed Naval officer by President Harrison. Neither Republican nor Democrat will deny that Mr. Willis earned his appointment. In 1888, when General Harrison and Ex-President Cleveland contended for possession of the White House, Supervisor Willis was Chairman of the Kings County Republican Campaign Committee. Then as now New York was the jnvotal State and the eyes of the country were directed to Kings County, which in 1884 had given Grover Cleveland a large majority. No one hojied that this majority could be wiped out altogether, but Chairman AVilbs promised to reduce it, and so he did very materially, by the very respectable number of 10,000, thus giving the State to General Harrison and in consequence the Presidency. WILLIAM BRO. SMITH. William Bro. Smith, a successful insurance and cor- poration lawyer of the Metropolis, was born in New York City, November 8th, 1854, and educated in the public schools and the Schools of the Christian Brothers. His legal training was gained in the offices of Beach & Beman and with J. S. L. Cummins. Admitted to bar in 1876 he at once began active practice, devoting his attention parti- cularly to insurance and corporation laws, in which depart- ments of his profession he has risen to prominence. Mr. Smith continued his practice alone until 1889, when with George J. Peet and David Murray he established the firm of Messrs. Peet, Smith & Murray, which is recognized one of the leading firms in insurance and cor[)oration matters. Mr. Smith has been counsel for the United States Mutual Accident Co. since 1877, and rendered excellent service to it. The firm transacts a large insurance and corporation practice and its clientele includes many important insurance and mercantile inte ests. Mr. Smith is interested in several wiLi.iA.u i;ro. smith. business enterprises and his name appears on the director- ate of several corporations of which he is also the general counsel. Apart from professional and business circles Mr. Smith is favorably known as an enthusiastic Democrat and took an active part in the formation of the Democratic In- surance Club, and Business Men's Democratic organizations, which worked hard for the election of President Cleveland in the campaigns of 1884, 1888 and 1892. Until recently he resided at Arlington, N. J-. where he is one of the governors of the Arlington Club, but in June moved to the Metropolis. In 1892 Mr. Smith was elected President of the Asso- ciation of Mutual Life and Accident Underwriters at its National Convention. He was married in 1879 to Miss Hannah A. McBride of this city. He is a member of the Lawyers' and Arkwright Clubs of New York, and Arling- ton Club of New Jersey, and esteemed by a wide circle of social and professional friends. 240 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. CHARLES E. LE BARBIER. Charles E. Le Barbier, a talented member of the New York bar, who is fast gaining distinction and jirominence in legal circles, was born in this city on Jan. i6th, 1859, and conies of good French- American descent. His early educa- tion was acquired in France and later in the schools of the city. At the age of eighteen he began the study of law in the ofifice of Coudert Bros., and in 1881 was admitted to the bar. He immediately commenced the practice of his profession and met with indifferent success for the first six or seven years. He first gained distinction through his brilliant and successful defence of John Aguglio, who was tried for murder in tlie first degree in the Oyer and Ter- miner Court in April, 1889, and accjuitted. The defendant was an Italian bootblack who somewhat surprised his counsel by the size of his fee. The bootblack showed savings in pennies and five cent pieces to the amount of over $1,000, and also a $1^000 certificate of deposit, with which he fully recompensed Mr. Le Barbier. For the i)ast four years CIIAS. K. LE BAKHIEK. Mr. Le Barbier has figured in many important civil suits and criminal trials. In February of the present year he was counsel for Thos. Hallissey, whom he saved from the electrical chair just after he had defended Antonio Morello, charged with murder in the first degree. Mr. Le Barbier's offices in the World's Building are decorated with numerous deodands of the various cases he has defended. His clientele is drawn from the Italian and French element as well as from the P>nglish speaking, which is largely due to his accomplish- ment as a linguist. Mr. Le Barbier's ])rofessional career has been conducted in such a manner as to secure him the respect and esteem of both Bench and Bar and gain him an excel- lent position in legal ( ircles. Of recent years he has eschewed ))()lilics and ( bib life and devoted his assiduous attention to his profession. He is a member of the City and State Bar Associations, and it is doubtful if those organizations con- tain a more distinguished looking lawyer. Mr. Le Barbier is married and resides at the Imperial Hotel. He is a brother of Dr. Henry Le Barbier, a prominent New York physician. HENRY C. HOUGHTON. M.D. Dr. Henry Clark Houghton was born in Boston on January 22, 1837, and comes of good old s'ock. His father, Isaac Houghton, was one of the ])ioneer farmers of that sec- tion, and one of the first men to make his mark in the real estate world of his native State. Dr. Houghton was edu- cated at the Dorchester High School. He was then fitted by the Reverend Dr. Quint, of Jamaica Plain, for the State Normal School of Massachusetts, from which he graduated in- i860. After graduation, he was made assistant teacher at Yarmouth .Vcademy fitting school for Bowdoin College. Brunswick, Me., and continued there until he entered the service of the Christian Commission, which he retained until the close of the war. After the war, he came to this city and resumed his medical studies in New York University. Later on, he took a medical course at Bowdoin College, and also at the Portland (Me.) Medical School. In 1867, he graduated from the New York Uni- versity, and was immediately appointed professor of physi- ology in the New York Homoeoijathic Medical College and Hospital, also professor of physiology in the New York Medical College and Hosjjital for Women. Subsecpiently, he was appointed surgeon to the New York Ophthalmic Hospital. He is at present professor of clinical otology in the New York Hoincropathic College and Hos])ital; also holds the same position in the College of the New York 0|)hthalmic Hospital He is now the senior in medical service in the Ophthalmic College, and consulting (aural) surgeon to the Laura Franklin Hospital for children. He is also a member and an ex-President of both the County and State Homoeopathic societies. Dr. Houghton has been a voluminous writer on his S])ecialties, and at present has on hand the manuscript of an important work on aural therapeutics. He married, in 1868, Mary Ella, daughter of Thomas Pratt, of Yarmouth, Me. Dr. Houghton is secre- tary of the Board of Directors of the New York Christian Home for Intemperate Men. H. L. HORTON. Harry Lawrence Horton, financier, was born in Bradford County, Pa., January 17, 1832. His .American ancestor was Barnabas Horton, who came from England about 1633, was a member of the New England Colony in 1640, and one of the settlers of Southold, Long Island. 'I'he family is a very old one, tracing its lineage back to Robert de Horton, who died in 1310. Harry L. Horton received a good common school education, and evinced a special fondness for mathe- matics. He commenced business as a clerk in a mercantile house, went to Milwaukee, Wis., on attaining his majority, and engaged in the produce commission business, in which he accumulated a modest competence. Coming to New N'ork in 1865, he established the banking house of H. L. Horton (Iv: Co., which, for more than a cpiarter of a century, has maintained an unimpaired credit. Mr. Horton s])ent some four years abroad, where, with his accom])lished wife, he was entertained by many Euroi)ean celebrities. He has been for many years connected with the prominent busi- ness associations of the New York Stock and Produce Ex- changes, and of the Chicago Board of Trade. He is a mem- ber of the LTnion League, Manhattan Athletic and other clubs. His summer residence was for some years at New Brighton, Staten Island, where for three years he was Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the town. It was largely through his enterjtrise and liberality that the Staten Island Water Supply Company was organized, and he is Its |)rincipal owner. Mr. Horton is a man of great liberality, whose chief aim in life seems to have been to l)rovide for the comfort and ha])|)iness of others. He is a generous ])atron of art, and has a large and well selected library. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 241 THE SEVENTH REGIMENT. The Seventh Regiment, besides being the oldest military organization in New York, is the jiet regiment of the National Guard. The grey coated and white trousered warriors are the pride of all good and true citizens. The Seventh Regiment came into existence in the year i8c6, by the organization of its first four companies, and its origin is directly traceai)le to circumstances of great historical inter- est. The right claimed by Great Britain to search American vessels, and take from them any British subjects serving therein, had been denied by the Government of the United States, and its enforcement had frequently endangered the friendly relations existing between the two countries. At last in April, 1806, some British war vessels appeared off Hewitt's Com])any," etc. In 1824, when the Marquis de Lafayette visited America, the Fourth Company acted as a guard of honor, and at a meeting, soon after, the name "National Guard" was unanimously adopted by the four original companies, and it belonged exclusively to the new organization (subseipiently the Twenty-seventh and now the Seventh Regiment) from 1824 until 1862, when the Legislature of New York adopted it as a suitable title for the entire militia of the State. In 1826 the Battalion of National Guards was organized into a new regiment de- nominated the Twenty-seventh Regiment of Artillery, and on May 31st of that year it held its first parade in the City Hall Park, under the command of Col. Prosper W. Wetmore, and was presented with a handsome stand of colors by Sandy Hook and insisted on boarding and searching all vessels that entered the harbor. The sloop Richard, in endeavoring to escape the scrutiny, was fired at and the helmsman killed. This aroused great public indignation, and meetings were convened to protest against the action of the British, and to call upon the citizens to organize to defend the city, and to try and prevent such outrages in the future. The patriotic young men of New York formed a military organization, and among the new companies were four companies of artillery, which are now known as the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Companies of the Seventh Regiment. They were not then designated numerically, but were known and recognized by the names of the command- ing officer, as '* Captain Morgan's Company," " Captain Mayor Philip Hone. The regiment prospered steadily, and on July 4th, 1847, it first paraded as the Seventh Regiment of New York State Militia, under Colonel Andrew Augustus Bremner. The Seventh has had, ever since, a brilliant and successful career, it has served well and faithfully in every public emergency, and it has always taken the lead for drill, discipline and efficiency. In 1849, during the Astor Place riot against the English actor Macready, when the police were repulsed, the Seventh dispersed the mob with balls and bayonet, and seventy of the men were disabled. In 1861, the regiment entered with vigor into the civil struggle, it made a memorable march from Annapolis to the defence of Washington, fought three times gallantly at the front, and furnished 660 officers to the regular and volunteer armies. 242 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. The regiment also took a ])iominent and ])atriotic part in the Orange Riots of 1871 and the Railroad Strikes of 1877. The splendid armory, which is the pride of the regiment, occupies a whole block, between Park and Lexington Avenues, and Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Streets. It wa^ erected from funds raised by publir subscription, and was first occupied in September, 1880. It cost for building, decorating and furnishing $650,000. It is one of the hand- somest and most perfectly appointed buildings in the city, and was planned, designed, and su])ervised by Hrevet Brigadier General Emmons Clark, who for thirty-two years served faithfully and gallantly in the regmient, and brought it to its ])resent condition of perfection and ])opularity. The muster roll of the regiment is 1060 officers and men, and it is under the command of Colonel Daniel Ajjpleton. The editor gratefully acknowledges the information for the prin- cipal features of this sketch to Ceneral Emmons Clark's interesting history of the Seventh Regiment up to 1890. EMMONS CLARK. General Emmons Clark was l)orn in Huron, Wayne County, New York, October 14, 1827. His father was the Rev. William Clark, a Presbyterian clergyman, and a man of distinguished ability. His ancestors were among the earliest P^nglish EMMONS CLARK. emigrants to New England, and both his grandfathers served in the C'ontinental Army in the American Revolution. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1847. Subsequent to his graduation he studied medicine at the University of New York ; but in 1850, having a taste for commercial pur- suits, he engaged in the business of railroad trans])ortation for through freight and ])assengers to the West. In 1866, when the Hoard of Health was first organized, he was unanimously elected its Secretary, and he has held that important office during all the changes in its administration. He enlisted in the Second C'ompany, Seventh Regiment, January 22, 1857. He soon secured the favorable notice of his comrades, and his service in the ranks was brief. In -April, 1858, he was elected Orderly'Sergeant, in 1859 Second Lieutenant, in i860 First Lieutenant, and in December, i860, less than four years from the dale of his enlistment, he was chosen Captain of the Second Company. After declin- » ing an election as Major in April, 1864, Captain Clark was chosen Colonel June 21, 1864. In person Ceneral Clark is tali and erect, of distinguished and soldierly bearing, with the face and manner of a gentleman of culture and refine- ment. In June, 1889, the .\djutant-Cieneral announced the retirement of Colonel Claik in commission as brevet Briga- dier-Ceneral, an honor conferred by the Commander-in- Chief, upon the unanimous request of the Legislature of the State of New York, and the commission was presented by (iovernor Hill in front of the regiment and at the State Camp at Peekskill. Colonel Appleton, on assuming com- mand of the regiment, gracefully refers to the administra- tion of his piedecessor as ''the Augustan era of the Seventh Regiment," and speaks of Colonel Clark as " a man of rare attainments and remarkable executive capacity, modest and generous, yet with self-reliance and confidence in his own ability prompily to act : friendly and thoughtful in all inter- course with officers and men. His record adds lustre to this organization. It stands as an example, an incentive, and a possibility to the entire regiment." DANIEL APPLETON. DANIEL APPLETON. Colont 1 A])])leton was born in New York City, February 24th, 1852. He received his early education at the public school, and when 17 years of age he visited Europe and com])leted his education in Oermany, where he spent two years. He is a son of John .\. Appleton, who was a mem- l)er of the firm of D. .\|)pleton (.\: Co., Publishers. When 19 years of age he entered his father's store, and after about seven years became a partner in the well known publishing house. Mr Ap])leton is a member of the I'nion Club, Century Club, Raccpiet Club, New York Riding Club, New York Yacht Club, New York Athletic Club, and the Aldine NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 243 Club. In July, 1868, he became a private in the First Corps of Cadets, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, where he re- mained till 187 1. He joined the Sixth Company of the Seventh Regiment as a private, October 31, 1871; was made Corporal April 8, 1 873; Sergeant November 7, 1873; First Sergeant March 9, 1875; Second Lieutenant May 23, 1876; Captain January 13, 1879, and on the retirement of Colonel Clark the election was held July 18, 1S89, which resulted in the unanimous choice of Captain Api>leton. The popularity of the Colonel elect, and the unanimity and harmony which characterized the selection, were emjjhasized by the presence at the election of all the officers of the regiment except two, who were absent in Europe. Colonel Appleton had achieved gfL-at distinction as a company commandant, his military and executive ability were universally recognized, he was remarkably popular as a gentleman, and he entered upon his responsible and imi)ortant duties with the cordial and united support of the officers and members of the Seventh Regiment, and with every prospect of a career of great success and usefulness. No colonel was ever more beloved by the officers and men under his command than Colonel Daniel Api)leton. He is a fine soldier, an excellent military instructor, and an able and energetic commandant. His fine figure, graceful and soldierly bearing are well known. FRANCIS G. LANDON. Francis G. Landon was born in New York City in 1859, where his father, Charles G. Landon, was a member of the prominent firm of importers of dress goods, Benkard &: Hutton, which afterwards became Charles G. Landon & Co. Mr. Landon, senior, married Miss Gordon, a daughter of Charles Gordon of Virginia. He took great interest in charitable works, and was senior warden of Grace Church. Young Landon was graduated from Princeton in 1881, and enlisted in Company I of the Seventh Regiment, January 5, 1882. He was elected Corporal in June, 18S4, Sergeant in January, 1887, and in December of the same year was made First Sergeant. His natural adaptability to the duties of a soldier was apparent in the new office, the alert, sharj) style in which he performed his work attracting much notice, and his reward came unexpectedly on January 5, 1891, when he was appointed regimental Adjutant. This was an unusual honor to be conferred upon a non-commissioned officer, and had only occurred once before in the history of the organization, the custom being invariably to appoint a Litutenant to the office. Colonel Appleton's good judgment had not failed him, however, in this selection, and the new Adjutant proved an immediate success. Of most agieeable manners, courteous and dignified bearing, and possessing great tact. Adjutant Landon endeared himself alike to officers and men. Although a trifle under medium height he holds himself very erect, and his powerful voice carries his orders distinctly at parades and reviews. A thorough tactician, cool and clear-headed, and an admirabl ■ horse- man, riding with grace and skill, his very presence inspires confidence in the ranks, and he is beyond cavil the model man for the place. He is a tireless worker for his military Alma Mater, assuming, in addition to the arduous duties pertaining to the adjutancy, the conduct of the weekly drill of the Howitzer and Gatling-gun battery, composed of members of the Seventh, and who, under his instruction, exhibit marvellous proficiency. The Adjutant is also an amateur actor of more than ordinary ability, having ap- peared very frequently before the public in various plays. A notable role undertaken by him lately was that of " Petruchio " in the " Taming of the Shrew," presented at the Metropolitan Opera House, Edward Fales Coward playing " Katherine." He is a member of the Calumet, Racquet, New York Yacht C'lub, and (Country Clubs ; he is not engaged in any business occupation, but with his brother, Henry H. Landon, devotes his time to the management of their private interests. JOHN T. FISHER. John T. Fisher was born in New Rochelle, N. Y., January 27, 1861, and was educated at Williston's Seminary, East Hampton, Mass. Later, he attended Columbia College, where he was graduated in 1883. Upon finishmg his studies he began his business carter in the office of Messrs. R. C. Fisher & Company, manufacturers of marble and interior decorations, whose establishment is the oldest of the kind in the United States, it having been founded in 1830. His father, who is at the head of the firm, is a director of the Oriental Bank, a member of the American Geographical Society, and of the Church and Reform Clubs. In 1886 young Fisher joined Company B of the Seventh Regiment, serving continuously until 1892, when he was appointed Quartermaster Sergeant of the Regiment by Colonel Appleton. Mr. Fisher, who is un- JOHN T. FISHER. married, and resides with his parents at New Rochelle, is one of the earliest members of the Larchmont Yacht Club, and is al<=o a valued member of the New York Athletic Club, and also takes part in the New York Athletic Club Amateur Minstrel organization — playing the bones — and is a very popular end man. Each year they give an entertain- ment for the Club, and have often been called upon by outside societies, where they have always given entire satisfaction. He is extremely fond of athletic sports and he represented the " Mercury Foot " on tug of war teams and on its baseball nine. He takes great jiride in the faithful discharge of the duties pertaining to his office in the regiuient, working untiringly for the comfort of the members as occasion requires, and his hearty greetings to his friends and frank, manly deportment make him a popular man wherever he goes. 244 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. WALTER B ROGERS. A history of the Seventh Regiment would be far from complete without a sketch of its bandmaster. Mr. Rogers was born at Delphi, Indiana, in 1865. He comes of a musical family, his father, William Rogers, having been a violinist of some note, and an uncle now being the leader of a band in Bradford, England. Another uncle holds a similar position in (Glasgow, Scotland. William Rogers, father of Walter, came to this country in 1858, and settled in Delphi, Indiana, where the subject of this sketch was born. During the Rebellion he served in the Union Army, and at the close of the war returned to Delphi. Finding his son Walter given to musical tastes, he decided to educate him in this line, so he himself acted as his teacher on the violin. On his return from a visit to Europe in 1872 he brought with him a magnificent instrument, but to his amazement the boy said he did not like the violin, but would prefer to play on a cornet. Hoping his thoughts would turn from this instrument, the fa:her bought an old horn to ])lease him. As Walter made more progress on the horn than he did on the violin, in due time a cornet was bought and the boy's destiny was fixed. At the age of thirteen he was sent to the Cincinnati College of Music to study under ! WALTER B. ROGERS. Professor Jacobson, under whose tuition his progress was very rapid. Mr. Rogers joined the Seventh Regiment Band (Cappa's) nearly nine years ago as third cornetist. So rapidly did he advance that Mr. Cappa retained him as soloist on that instrument, and encouraged the am- bitious musician in his desire to go higher and higher. Everywhere his work has been received with just apprecia tion, and the people in all the cities where the band gave concerts looked ui)on young Rogers as a man likely to hold his own, and one to whom success meant hard and con- scientious work. As cornet soloist of the organization Mr. Rogers has won for himself a name that has become almost as famous .as the band itself, and his personal po])ularity among the profession has always been of the first rank. When Colonel Appleton a])pointed Mr, Rogers to succeed Mr. Capjja shouts of ai)proval went up, and previous to this every member of the band signed the petition recjuesting that the young and popular cornetist be selected as leader. His appointment to so important a position has not in the least degree caused the new leader to turn aside from the modest path he has always pursued, and while he, of course, aj)i)reciates to the fullest the honors conferred upon him, he has not lost that manly dignity and bearing which has char- acterized his behavior wherever he has appeared. Mr Rogers is one of the youngest bandmasters in the United States, being only twenty-eight years of age. He is a fine violinist, having of late years given much attention to per- fecting himself in " handling the bow." Mr. Rogers is a thorough student of harmony and a skillful composer and ar- ranger of music for bands and orchestras. His first appear- ance after his election to the leadership of the Seventh Regiment Band was at a supper given March 18 last, in honor of the Veteran Battalion of the Seventh Regiment. While in camp at Peekskill this summer Governor Flower, in addressing the regiment, spoke in the highest terms of the band, and paid a deserving compliment to its talented leader. JOHN FOX, JR., Whose portrait is given above, is Sergeant of the Ninth Company, Seventh Regiment, N. Y. N. G. He was born in New York City January 10, 1867, attended the public schools and Columbia Grammar School, and was graduated from Columbia College in the class of 18S9. He is in business with his father, John Fox. who deals in iron and metal at No. 160 Broad way, where he rei)resents two very large foundry eatablishmenis of Reading, Pa. His father was formerly interested in ])olitics, and was Supervisor, State Senator and member of Congress, but has long since retired from active pariici|)alion in political affairs. In 1S87, while still at Columbia College, young Fox joined Company I, of the Seventh Regiment. He was made a Corporal in NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 245 1892 and Sergeant in 1893, and his energy and ability, coupled with his fine soldierly appearance, bid fair to pro- mote him still higher in the near future. Sergeant Fox re- sides with his father at No. 10 East Fiftieth Street, and is a member of the Manhattan, New York Yacht, Seventh Regi- ment, Veteran and Catholic Clubs. He is fond of all out- door amusements, and is an excellent horseman. His sum- mers are passed at Millburn, L. I., where the family have an elegant residence, and where he spends much of his leisure in driving or in riding about the country on his noble Ken- tucky bred horse. WILLIAM B. FREEMAN. William B. Freeman was born in New York City, April 13, 1819, and received a high school education. His father, Isaac R. Freeman, was of the firm of Barker & Freeman, iron founders, who during the war of 1812 had the only establishment in the city in the foundry business. Mr. Freeman, who was a prominent Mason, held a commission as lieutenant in an artillery company stationed in the old '' Red Fort" off the foot of Hubert Street, in the Hudson. Retiring from his foundry on account of ill health, he became a grocer, and died in 1832. His wife. Miss Harriet E. Hewlett, came from an old Virginia family whose lands on the Potomac adjoined those of General Washington. Young Freeman, upon leaving school, served a six years' apprenticeship; then, removing to New Orleans, became a drug clerk, and was for three years the apothecary of the United States Marine Hospital. Returning to New York in 1841, he resumed work as a clerk, finally starting business under his own name, in 1848, at Third Avenue and Forty- eighth Street. He remained in this location until 1854, when he opened a similar store at Ninth Avenue and Twenty- fourth Street. The business was continued here for over thirty years, the firm, now became William B. Freeman & Company, having recently removed to No. 461 Amsterdam Avenue. He enlisted in Company F, Seventh Regiment, December 9, 185 1, was elected corporal in 1852, sergeant in 1853, and was appointed Hospital Steward by Colonel Clark in 1868. Dr. Freeman married Miss Redfield, of Orange County, and has a married daughter living. He has belonged to the Odd Fellows since 1841, and is con- nected with Amaranthus Lodge, No. 126. His long service of forty-three years in the Seventh Regiment, including the campaigns of 1861 and 1863, have been marked by a faith- ful attention to his duties. He is a courteous and unas- suming man, and has the deserved respect and esteem of his comrades. HOMER R. BALDWIN. Homer R. Baldwin was born in Jersey City in 1862, and was educated in the College of the City of New York. In 1876 he went as a boy with the commission house of Bacon, Baldwin &: Co., where he remained three years, after which he became stenographer for the Hazard Manu- facturing Company. This house was established in 1848. They are one of the largest manufacturers in the United States of cable or wire rope for elevators, cable cars, ship and yacht rigging, etc. Mr. Baldwin now holds the re- sponsible position of cashier for this company, where he has been for the jiast twelve years. His father. Homer Bald- win, was formerly a member of the clothing house of Traphagen, Hunter & Co., of this city. He was a promi- nent Mason, and a member of Washington Lodge, No. 21. His grandfather was an eminent Baptist Minister in Ver- mont. His mother, Anna Marie Reeve, was a daughter of Daniel Reeve, of Aquebogue, L. I., who was prominent as an officer in the Revolutionary War, and his grandfather was in Lord Howe's ex])edition to Quebec in 1754. In December, 1883, young Baldwin enlisted in Company A HOMER R. BALDWIN. of the Seventh Regiment, and there is no more popular man in the regiment than " Baidy." His wife is the daughter of Mr. Lawrence Moore, of Troy, N. Y., and they reside at Yonkers. On Christmas Eve, 1891, a railroad ac- cident occurred at Hastings, N. Y., where his wife was se- riously injured, losing both eyes and both her arms, and his mother and sister, I ^lian, were also seriously injured in the same accident. Mr. Baldwin has belonged to the Masonic order for about five years, and is a member of Citizens' Lodge, No. 628, F. .A. M. He is a member of the New York Driving Club, and very fond of all outdoor sports. GEORGE SIMMONDS COE. George Simmonds Coe, President of the American Exchange National Bank of this city, was born in Newport, R. I., March 27, 1817. Mr. Coe's opportunities for education in early life were limited to those furnished by the common schools of New England at that period. At the age of fourteen he was placed in a country store. After some four years in this employment he entered the Rhode Island Lfnion Bank as general clerk. In 1838, he accepted an invitation to remove to New York City and enter the service of Prime, Ward & King, then the leading banking house in the country. In 1854, he received a call from the American Exchange Bank to become its Cashier, and in a few months became Vice-President. In i860, he was chosen its President and has since retained that important office. It is here that his life's work has chiefly been done. Mr. Coe took an active participation in the great National struggle. His influence and earnest efforts in the New- York Clearing House and in the councils of his associates have always been directed to establish and maintain among the banks such cordial fellowship and unity of purpose and of action as would make them a strong and con- servative power for good to the community and to the nation. For the same reason and because he believes in the efficacy, for the ])ublic benefit, of the union and inter- 246 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. JV£W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 247 cliange of views of a still larger body of his professional brethren from all parts of the country, he has taken an active interest in the National Bankers' Association, of which he has twice been chosen President. Mr Coe is Treasurer of the Children's Aid Society, and Trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, and of other corporations. He is an officer of the Presbyterian Church and member of the Board of Foreign Missions of that Church. GEORGE GILBERT WILLIAMS. George Gilbert Williams, of New York, President of the Chemical National Bank, was born in East Haddam, Connecticut, in 1826. The family is of Welsh origin and was founded in this country by Robert Williams, about the time of the landing of the Pilgrims. Of this family was Roger Williams, the founder of Providence and President of Rhode Island from 1654 to 1657. More than thirty mem- bers of the family held commissions in the Continental armies during the Revolution, and many others have dis- tinguished themselves in other pursuits. The subject of this sketch was the second child of Dr. Datus Williams, a successful practitioner, who stood high in society and profes- sionally for upwards of forty years in East Haddam, Conn. He grew up in his native place, and received a careful training and education, partly at the hands of his pa ents, and partly at the village academy. He was a studious boy and chose law as a profession, but was induced to abandon the idea by a patient of his father's, Mr. Jones, whose brother was Cashier of the great Chemical Bank of New York, and who offered to procure a place for young Williams under him in the bank. Accordingly, he came to New York and entered the bank in December, 1841, becoming assistant to the paying teller, a position he speedily proved himself worthy and competent to fill. By the time he was twenty, he had developed such a capacity for work that the y^osition of paying teller becoming vacant, it was unhesitatingly conferred upon him. It may be said to his credit that he was the youngest person in this city similarly employed. In 1855 he was appointed cashier, and upon the death of Mr. John Quentin Jones, January i, 1878, Mr. Williams was elected President of one of the strongest and most reliable financial corporations in the world. Under the wise and prudent management of Mr. Williams, its prosperity has suffered no check and its future has become assured. Mr. Williams is of a modest and retiring disposition, although he unquestionably ranks among the ablest financiers of his time. On the 14th of November, 1867, he married Miss Virginia King, daughter of Mr. Aaron King, of New York, a lady of many graces of person and character and rarely accomplished. Of this union there have been five children, one of whom is living. Although one of the busiest of men as President of the Chemical Bank, he does not neglect his duty to society or to religion. He is a member and vestryman of St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episcopal Church, on Madison Avenue. He is also one of the governors of the Lying-in Hospital and a Director of numerous financial corporations, including the Union Trust Company. JOHN BRISBEN WALKER. John Brisben Walker, editor, was bom on the Mononga- hela, in Pennsylvania, in 1847. His grandfathers, Major John Walker and General Krepps, were the first commis- sioners for the improvement of the Western rivers. Major Walker, who was a great-grandson of Carl Christopher Springer, prominent in the founding of the Swedish colony on the Delaware, established the first shipyards west of the Alleghany Mountains, yards which afterward became famous for the fast Mississippi steamers built there, and in the last century was already sending seagoing ships to New York via New Orleans. General Kre])ps was Chairman of the Com- mittee in the Pennsylvania Senate which, in 1827, reported the resolution asking the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. At the age of ten John Brisben Walker was sent to the Gonzaga Classical School at Washington, D. C. Later he entered Georgetown College, and in 1865 was ap- pointed to West Point. In 1868, when Minister Burlingame arrived from China, Mr. Walker was aided by him in his desire to enter the Chinese military service. He resigned from the Military Academy, and accompanied J. Ross Browne, United States Minister, to Peking. In 1870 he returned to the United States, engaging in manufacturing and other enterprises connected with the development of the Kanawha Valley, in West Virginia. Two years later he was nominited for Congress by the Republicans in a strong Democratic district, and was defeated. In 1873 he repre- sented West Virginia in the Immigration Convention held at Indianapolis, and in 1874, as a State Delegate, was Chair- man of the Committee on Resolutions of the first Ohio JOHN BRISBEN W.\LKER. River Im]:)rovement Convention. In the jsanic of 1873 his entire fortune was swept away, and casting about for imme- diate work, he was engaged by Murat Halstead to prepare a series of articles upon the mineral and manufacturing inter- ests of the United States for the Cincinnati Coiumercial. A few months later he was offered the managing editorship of the Pitt burgh Daily Telegraph, and at the beginning of 1876 became managing editor of the Washington Chronicle, then one of the two leading dailies at the National Capitol. In 1879, at the request of the Commissioner of .\gnculture, he visited the arid lands of the West with reference to their redeinption by irrigation. Later he purchased on the out- skirts of Denver a portion of what afterwards became known as " Berkeley Farm," its 1660 acres being for many years the most extensive alfalfa farm in Colorado. For ten years thereafter Mr. Walker was engaged in the development of alfalfa interests, in which he was a pioneer. At the same t.me, by a series of careful engineering operations, he was recovering a large plat of river bottom from overflow, thus 248 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. adding more than 400 lots to the area of the most valuable part of Denver. In 1889 he removed to New York, and purchased the Costnopolitan Magazine, which he still edits. It had, at that time, a circulation of 16,000. The edition for January, 1893, was over 150,000. In this year he be- caine a pioneer in the presentation of high class magazine literature. In 187 1 he married the only daughter of General David Hunter Strother (" Porte Crayon "). His family consists of seven sons and one daughter. The honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Georgetown (D. C.) University, at the centenary of that institution. GEORGE MONTAGUE. George Montague, President of the Second National Bank and a ])rominent financier of the Metropolis, was born in Troy, N. Y., on the 4th of April, 1830. His father, Orlando Montague, was the originator of the Troy Collar Manufacturing Industry. He is of English descent on both sides of the house. The Montague family is of that he has risen to his present position in the regular course of j)romotion step by step, without a single instance of solicitation on his part. After having served five years in the Troy Bank, he came to this city and entered the Merchants' Exchange Bank as assistant teller in 1850. He » was after some time promoted to the position of teller, and in 1865 transferred his services to the Seventh Ward Bank as cashier, becoming President in 1872. In 1884 he was called to and elected President of the Second National Bank, which during his management has entered into an era of great prosperity. During Mr. Montague's career he has been thrown into business relations with many men who like himself have climbed to the top of the ladder, and he recalls with pride the fact that in the beginning of his New York business life, away back in 1853-4, he stood side by side with Messrs. Fred. Tappen and George G. Williams as settling clerk in the New York Clearing House. Mr. Mon- tague married in his native city, in 1855, Susan Tomlinson, connected with an old Connecticut family, daughter of the GEORGE MONTAGUE. Norman origin, the first American ancestor immigrating to Boston, Mass., and sul)sepsilon Gamma Society. He is a member of temple Rodoljjh .Sholom, on Lexington Avenue, a trustee of the congregation Har Sinai, and member of a number of Jewish societies. On February 8th, 1893, Mr. Wise married Miss Ethal .-\ Rosenthal, daughter of Major Henry Rosenthal of Baltimore, Md. He resides on Park .\ venue and has offices in the Stewart Building. THEODORE SUTRO. THEODORE SUTRO. Probably no other de])artment of the legal profession l)resents as wide a scope for men of talent as that branch designated as corporation law, and among the members of the New York bar to gain distinction in this field is Theodore Sutro. He was born at .\ix-la-Chapelle, Prussia, in 1845, lost his father by death in 1847, and came with his mother to this country, in 1850, settling in Baltimore. His preparatory education was secured in the Baltimore City College and Phillips Exeter Academy. From the latter institution he entered Harvard College, graduated as a Bachelor of .Arts in 1S71, and subsequently received his Bachelor of Law degree from Columbia Law School, where his legal training was secured. He was admitted to the bar in 1874, and immediately began ])ractising. devoting his attention ])rinci])ally to corjioration and mercantile litigation. In this special dopartment of his i)rofession he has been successful and gained distinction. Much of the success attending the important litigated matters he has NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 261 conducted is attributable to the remarkable faculty he possesses of reorganizing and placing on a solid basis corporations whose affairs have become complicated through mismanagement or poor business policy. As a promoter of large financial and industrial enterprises, he enjoys a national and international reputation. An instance of the latter may be cited in his reorganization and reformation of that stupendous tunnelling enterprise, the Comstock Tunnel Company, the affairs of which were in such chaotic state that but for his brilliant legal manoeuvring and skillful financiering they would probably never have been un- raveled. In 1889 he became a member of the firm of Messrs. Salomon, Dulon & Sutro, which represents as counsel the German and Austrian Governments, the German Savings Bank of New York, Germania Life Insurance Company, the German-American Bank, the Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Company, the German Club and other large corporations, financial institutions and mercantile interests. Mr. Sutro's professional career has not only been a distinguished one, but has also been so conducted as to secure him the respect and esteem of both Bench and Bar. He is equally prominent in social and club circles, where his genial personality and intellectual attainments have won him a host of warm friends. He is a member of the City and State Bar Associations, Society of Medical Jurisprudence, the Harvard, German and Drawing- Room Clubs, Phi Beta Kapjia Alumni, German Society, German Hospital, German Polyklinik, Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and other associations. In 1884, Mr. Sutro married Miss Florence Clinton, a beautiful, accomplished and talented lady, who presides with grace over his social board and renders their occasional musicales among the delightful fashionable events of the season, and contributes as patroness toward the success of such important enter- tainments as the recent Eulalie Gala Ball. JOHN ARCHIBALD SHIELDS. Among the oldest and most popular officials in New York is John Archibald Shields, who has been connected with the United States Circuit Court as boy and man for nearly forty years. Mr. Shields was born in Brooklyn, November 20, 1839, and was educated at the public schools. When only 16 years old he became office boy in Clerk's Office of the United States Circuit Court. He attended to his duties diligently, and also found time to study law. From office boy he gradually rose until he became cashier, and in April, 1869, he was appointed United States com- missioner. In May, 1870, he was admitted to the Bar, Mr. Shields continued to increase his reputation for use- fulness in his peculiar line of work, and in 1876 he was made deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court, arriving at the top- most height of his department in May, 1888, when he was appointed Clerk of the Court. This position he still holds in addition to the United States Commissionership, and he is also Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Judicial Circuit, being appointed June, 1891. Mr. Shields through long service and his natural ability is con- sidered an authority upon the peculiar cases and legal difficulties that are brought before the Circuit Court, such as extradition cases, counterfeiting and other offences against the laws of the United States, Post Office cases, offences on American ships on the high seas, violations of the revenue laws, smuggling, and he also sits as a Master in Chancery. His large experience in patent cases causes him to be frequently appointed as a referee to compute damages- Mr. Shields resides in a handsome mansion on Schermer- horn Street, Brooklyn. He married in 1869 Miss Mary C. Rogers, of Brooklyn, and has a family of five children. He is very popular socially, and is a member of the Brooklyn Club. CHARLES I. SCHAMPAIN. Charles I. Schampain, of the New York bar, was born in the Metropolis in 1852, and comes of good German-Ameri- can descent. His uncle. Professor Ollendorff, is the author of a celebrated system of grammars for all languages, which is in extensive use throughout the schools of America and Europe. Charles 1. was orphaned at the tender age of fif- teen months, at New Orleans, and was sent to New York by an uncle a few weeks after the death of his parents. He was adopted by an aunt and uncle in this city, where he at- tended the public schools until he reached the First Gram- mar School, when his adopted parents removed to Ohio, where he finished his studies in the educational institutions of Cincinnati. In 1866 he returned to New York, and in 1867 commenced the study of law in the office of Horatio F. Averill, afterwards Averill, Allison &: Averill. His admis- sion to the bar took place in November, 1873, and he imme- CHARLES I. SCHAMPAIN. diately began the practice of his profession, devoted his attention to civil matters, and made a specialty of litigated cases and real estate causes, to which departments of the law he now directs his practice exclusively. Through his ability, close application to business and honorable pro- fessional methods he has not only gained success, but also won an enviable position in legal circles, where he enjoys the respect of both bench and bar. His clientele is derived from an influential class of real estate, business men, and large property owners, who place every confidence in his ability to prosecute or defend their claims. In February, 1886, Mr. Schampain got out an injunction restraining the Sinking Fund Commissioners from entering contracts with the New York Water Company for the erection of water pumps in the drygoods and other districts. He claimed that it was a scheme for enriching private parties and corrupt politicians at an annual cost of $1,200,000 to the city. For many years he was Vice-President of the 262 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Central Taxpayers' Association, was its chief advocate in all measures it introduced, and appeared as counsel for its members in litigations against the city officials. He man- damused Rollin M. Squire, and was the first and only law- yer to attack the constitutionality of collecting water taxes under the present system. The Aqueduct law, as standing to-day, was amended by Thomas L. Feitner and himself, and so passed by the Legislature. He was Secretary of the Citizens' Committee appointed by Mayor Crace to oppose the bill for new parks, but has always been identified with measures honestly intended for the benefit of New York. Mr. Scham])ain is Vice-President of the Tammany Hall Gen- eral Committee of the Fourth Assembly District, an active member of its Committee on Organization and belongs to the 'I'ammany Association, President of Rutgers and mem- ber of many other organizations. In June, 1881, he married Miss Anna R. Weber, of this city, and has one son. ORLANDO METCALF HARPER. Orlando Metcalf Harper, merchant, was born at Pitts- burgh, Pa., Sept. 17, 1846, son of John Harper, who was President of the Bank of Pittsburgh and the president and director of many otliur institutions and jniblic enterprises. ORLANDO METCALK HARPER. and also distinguished as a ])hilanthroi)ist, taking special interest in the amelioration of the condition of the insane. Mr. Harjier is of English descent on both sides. His maternal ancestors were among the early settlers in New England. He is of the ninth generation on his mother's side in descent from John Humfrey, Deputy Governor of Massachusetts Bay (^omjjany, who was in 1641 chosen first Major-General of the colony, and of his wife, I,ady Susan Clinton, daughter of Thomas, third F".arl of Lincoln, and Lady Elizabeth, his wife. His great-grandfather, .\runah Metcalf, represented the Otsego County (N. Y.) district in the Twelfth U. S. Congress, sessions 1811-1813. Mr. Harper was educated at Yale College. Though not completing his course, owing to |)ennanent injury to his eyes, his Alma Mater conferred upon him the honorary degree of ALA. Li 1867 he engaged in the cotton manufacturing business, continuing in that pursuit for nearly nineteen years, at Pittsburgh, Pa., when he removed to New York City, and established in 1888 the cotton goods commission business ». in which he is still engaged. At one time he was editorially connected with a daily newspaper. While at Pittsburgh, he was President of the Eagle Cotton Mills Comj)any, Pitts- burgh ; President of the Eagle Mills, Madison, Ind. ; director in the Bank of Pittsburgh, and also in the Pittsburgh and Allegheny Suspension Bridge Company, and was Vice- President of the Association of Southern and Western Cotton Manufacturers. He is a trustee of the Birkbeck Investment Company, and is President of the .Merchants' Reliance Company, a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, of the Pennsyh ania and New York Historical Societies, of the New York Geographical Society, of the Museum of Art ; of the Manhattan, Mer- chants' and Commonwealth clubs ; of the Sons of the American Revolution, and of the New York Cotton Exchange. In November, 1877, Mr. Harper married Kath- leen Theodora, daughter of John Livingston Ludlow, M D., and granddaughter of John Ludlow, D.D., LL.D., an eminent Dutch Reformed clergyman. CHARLES H. MURRAY. Hon. Charles H. Murray, of the New York bar, was born in San Francisco, Cal.. on January 2, 1855, and comes of good Colonial and Revolutionary ancestors, who figured prominently in the early history of New England. William Murray, the son of a Scottish nobleman, came to New England in 17 18, with MacGregor's exjjedition, settled in Londonderry, N. H.. and later moved to Amherst, Mass. He married, and from his progeny have descended men who have become illustrious in war and eminent in the various professions. Elihu Murray, the great-grandfather of Charles H., resided at Deerfield, Mass., at the begin- ning of the Revolutionary war, and was a nephew of Seth Murray, who became a distinguished General in the Re- volutionary .\rmy. Immediately after the fight at Lexing- ton Elihu volunteered at Hatfield, under Captain Israel Chapin. His company was attached to the regiment com- manded by Col John Fellows. He marched with his company to the siege of Boston and took part in that and the battle of Bunker Hill. On the day of his discharge he re-enlisted m Col. Joseph Reed's Regiment, and was promoted. He particijjated in the battles of Long Island and Throgg's Neck. On the invasion of Burgoyne he volunteered again in the regiment commanded by Colonel David Wells, and i)articipated in the battle of Bennington, and was ])resent at the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne at Sara- toga, October 17th, 1777. After this term of service ex- pired, and bifote 1780, he was commissioned a Captain in the Continental Line, and transferred to the Quartermaster General Department, and served under Gen. Wadswoith to the close of the war. Other ancestors of Mr. Murray's were eiiually prominent in other walks of life. Through the maternal line Mr. Murray is descended from Elder \\'il- liam Brewster, who came in the Mayllower, and from the Starr, Eldridge, and Billings families, well known in the Colonial history of New P^ngland. Shortly after the birth of the subject of this sketch, his parents removed to Binghamton, this State, and five years later came to the Metroi)olis. He was prepared for college in private and boarding schools, entered Mount Pleasant Military Acad- emy, and was graduated as valedictorian of his class. He at once began the stuily of law, in the office of his uncle, Hon. Charles I). Murray, of Dunkirk, N. Y., where he re- mained three years. He came to the city, and finished his studies in the office of another uncle, Hon. Samuel G. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 263 Courtney, Ex-United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, upon whose death Mr. Murray suc- ceeded to his large law practice. Mr. Murray has devoted his attention princij)ally to corporation, surrogate, insurance and mercantile laws, and has won an enviable position at the New York Bar, where he enjoys the respect and esteem of both judges and colleagues. Since 1884 he has been prominently identified with politics, and displayed remark- able qualification as a successful leader. Since. 1886 he has been President of the Enrolled Republicans of the Third Assembly District and in 1889 was chosen leader of that district, a position he still occu])ies, much to the success of his party. In 1890 President Harrison appointed him U. S. Supervisor of the Census for the First District of New York, and in 1891 he was appointed special Assistant U. S. District Attorney and Counsel to the Commissioner of Im- migration of the Port of New York, all of which positions he filled in an able and satisfactory manner. In 1892 he was a delegate to the National Convention at Minneapolis. His CHARLES H. MURRAY. opinions are sought on political questions involving State and municipal politics, and his voice carries weight in the deliberations of his party for which he has so faithfully worked. Mr. Murray's private, public and professional career has been so conducted as to not only perpetuate the name he bears, but also to add lustre to it. He is one of the founders of the Society of Colonial Wars and its Deputy General Governor for New York State; is a member of the Cincinnati Society, and its Vice-President in the State of Connecticut, and belongs to the Society of the Sons of Re- volution, Sons of American Revolution, Loyal Legion, and is one of the Board of Direction of the Society of 181 2. He is and for many years has been the President of the Lincoln Republican Club of the Third Assembly District, which has increased in membership under his management. Mr. Murray was married to Miss Grace Peckham, daughter of Dr. Fenner Peckham, of Providence, and resides at No. 25 Madison Avenue. D. B. IVISON, President of the American Book Company, is descended from Scotch stock. His father, Henry Ivison, was the organizer of the firm of Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Com- pany. Mr. Ivison took his father's place in that firm, in- heriting not only his position, but his sterling integrity and uprightness. He entered the business in 1857, at the age of twenty-two years, and rose by industry and application to the most prominent position, enabling his father to retire in 1880 and spend a few years in quiet. Mr. Ivison has l)een an elder in the Presbyterian Church since 1863, and is active in all good works. The American Book Company was incorporated in the spring of 1890, in New Jersey, for the purpose of publishing school books. Instead of pro- curing manuscripts of uncertain worth and awaiting the tedious process of testing the value of new books, the com- pany purchased of several firms the best and most popular books in the market, thus securing a trade from the begin- ning. The purchased list of school books were those for- D. B. IVISON. merly owned by D. Appleton & Co., A. S. Barnes & Co., Ivison, Blakeman & Co., Van Antwerp, Bragg <5v: Co., and the common school books of Harper Brothers. Three of these firms dissolved and went out of business. The mo- tive that led to the creation of this company was the wide- spread demand on the part of the people that standard school books should be procurable at low rates. Prompt steps were taken to accomplish this purpose. The first announcement of the American Book Company made known better rates and terms than were ever before given, and, to prevent any exorbitant prices, even in the remotest parts of the country, the company delivers books by mail, postpaid, at their former wholesale prices. The list of pub- lications owned by the American Book Company embraces about three thousand items, covering all the branches usually taught in the common schools and high schools of this country. In every branch of study they own the books that have acquired the most extensive sale by reason of 264 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. their adaptation to school work. This has enabled com- petitors to charge the company with being a "trust." The fact is true that the company does own the best books, but there are nearly a hundred competing publishers owning thousands of books that are pressing for a place in public favor. The American Book Company has published many new books since its formation and has others in prepara- tion. It is its purpose to provide books for every new demand, and to sustain the reputation of its list as at the head of this line of publication. The company has for its directors twelve men of the widest experience in the busi- ness : W. H. Appleton, W. W. Appleton, I). Appleton, H. T. Ambrose, A. C. Barnes, H. B. Barnes, C. J. Barnes, B. Blakeman, C. S. Bragg, A. H. Hinkle, D. B. Ivison, and H. H. Vail. Under the control of the board and selected (rom this number is an Executive Committee of three, at present consisting of H. T. Ambrose, A. C. Barnes and H. H. Vail. The Executive Committee is responsible for the daily conduct of the business in all its departments, and its meetings are governed by the President, who acts as Chair- man. WILLIAM W. FLANNAGAN. There is no section of the United States which looks to New York as the Metro])olis par excellence as intently as the South. Seeing in this city a broad field for their abil- ities. Southerners come here to win fame or fortune, or both ; as a consequence we meet successful Southern gen- tlemen in all departments of finance, trade, and commerce, as well as in the professions. Prominent among such success- ful business men is William W. Flannagan, President of the Southern National Bank. He was born in Charlottesville, Albemarle County, Va., on November 6, 1843, and comes of good old American stock of Irish and English descent His father, B. C. Flannagan, was a leading merchant and banker in Charlottesville. The founder of the American family settled in Albemarle County before the Revolution, and his grandfather and great-grandfather on the paternal side engaged in agricultural pursuits. From the Gilmer papers of the Virginia Historical Society it appears that Wittle Flannagan, his ancestor, was one of the signers of a declaration of independence, together with Thomas Jefferson and other residents of Albemarle County, ])rior to the issuance of the Declaration of Independence ultimately adopted in 1776. William Flannagan, grand- father of the subject of this sketch, fought in the war of 1 81 2-14. On the maternal side, his great-grandfather was John Timberlake, an Englishman who lived at Shadwell Mills, which he owned, where Thomas Jefferson was born. His son. Rev. Walker Timberlake, was a prominent farmer, who followed his business on week days and on Sundays acted as pastor of " Temple Hill," one of the old-fashioned meeting houses in that section. Mr. Flannagan was edu- cated i)rimarily in a select school at Edge Hill, Albemarle County, under Colond Frank G. Ruffin, son-in-law of Thomas Jefferson Randolph, who was a grandson of Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Ruffin was afterwards Auditor of the State of Virginia. He was next sent to the Albemarle Military Institute at Charlottesville, in charge of Col. John Bowie Strange, who distinguished himself in the Civil War and fell at the battle of Sharpsburg. From 1858 to 1861 Mr. Flannagan attended the famous academy presided over by Dr. Gessner Harrison. This institution had many dis- tinguished graduates of the University of Virginia in charge of its various departments. Prominent Southern families were represented among the students, many of whom sub- se(]uently became celebrated. Several of them died on the field of battle, but among the survivors who were classmates of Mr. Flannagan, we find such men as the Hon. John W. Daniel, United States Senator from Virginia ; Thomas Jones, Governor of .Alabama ; J. F. Epps, Congressman from V irginia ; Robert Goldthwaite, of -Alabama, and T. B. Dallas, of Tennessee, and many other well-known men. From there he went to a temporary military school, organ- ized at the University of Virginia, and ultimately Avas en- * tered at the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, Va., whence he graduated in the class of 1863. Stonewall Jackson had been professor in this institute. He enlisted in October, 1863, in the Confederate army, was attached to the First Regiment of Mining Engineers as Orderly Ser- geant of Company I, but soon had himself transferred to McGregor's Battery of the Stuart Horse .Artillery, which gave him all the fighting he was looking for. He was pro- moted to Corporal in his first battle, and when McGregor was made Major, was promoted to be .Adjutant of the Bat- talion, his commission having been signed and forwarded, but was not received because of the surrender of Appomat- tox. The company he belonged to, though at Appomattox Court House, was, however, not captured ; it marched from .Appomattox to Lynchburg on April 9, and was there dis- banded. After the surrender Mr. Flannagan borrowed $1,000, and opened a country store in Port Republic, Va.. which he sold a year later at a profit of §1,600, and obtained the position of Cashier of the Virginia Loan and Trust Company at Charlottesville, Va. The Trust Company was afterwards merged in the Citizens' National Bank, which was in turn consolidated with the Charlottesville National. He was in 1875 elected cashier of the People's Bank of Charlottesville, which was in 1881 made a National Bank, and in 1885 was elected cashier of the Commercial National Bank of New York, when that institution was founded, with a capital of S!30o,ooo. Hy this time his financial capacity and executive ability were established, and in 1890 he was elected to his present position as President of the Southern National Bank, its capital having been increased to $1,000,000. In the management of this bank he has been brilliantly successful. Mr. Flannagan, needless to state, occujjies a high social position. He was married at Lex- ington, Va., on September 17, 1863, to Miss Fanny Jordan, of an old Southern family, who was herself one of the reigning beauties of the South. He is an officer in the vari- ous banking institutions named, is trustee of St. John's Guild, Lieut. Commander of the Confederate Veteran Camp of New York, member of the executive committee of the Southern Society, and of the Chamber of Commerce of New York, trea- surer of All .Angels' Church, and is connected with many banks, financial institutions and corporations. He is a mem- l)er of the Manhattan C'lub, Colonial Club, and the Players', of this city. He is an authority on finance, and it was he who first suggested the "Guarantee Fund, or Security for Deposits," at an address he delivered before the .American Bankers' convention at Chicago in 1885. He is author of several pamphlets on questions of currency and finance, including one on the utilization of " Silver as a Basis for Bank Circu- lation," and the " Necessity for a Bank Circulation," along the lines which are now being advocated by Congressman Harter, of Ohio. P. HENRY DUGRO. The Hon. P. Henry Dugro, one ot the J ustices of the Superior Court, was born in New York City in 1855. He received his early education in the ])ublic schools of the city, and graduated from Columbia College in 1876. In 1878 he graduated from Columbia Law School, was admit- te(i to the bar immediately afterward and began the i)rac- tice of law. In the fall of 1878, although then only twenty- three years of age, he was elected to the .Assembly from the Fourteenth District, and in iSSo he was elected to Con- gress from the Seventh Congressional District. In 1883 he was nominated for Comj)troller, but declined on account of 266 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. the death of his father. In 1886 he was elected to the place on the Superior Court bench which he now fills with credit to himself and full satisfaction to the public. In 1890 he commenced the erection of the magnificent Savoy Hotel, at Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue, which he finished in the spring of 1892, and leased to the Savoy Hotel Company, of which corporation he is Treasurer. WILLIAM WALLACE FARMER Is the representative and leading light of the old estab- lished type founding firm of A. D. Farmer & Son, well known and respected as the Old New York Type Foundry, and the bitter opponent and successful rival of the American Type P'ounding Trust. Mr. Farmer was born in Brooklyn on January 12, 1851, and educated at the Polytechnic. He graduated in 1868, and began his business career in his father's office. He served an apprenticeship of eleven years, becoming ])roficient in every branch of the foundry business, and in 1881 was taken in as junior partner. Mr. Farmer married Miss Annie Jones, of Brooklyn, in 1868, and he had one son, but the mother and child died. He married again in 1888, Mamie, daughter of E. M. Knowles, a well-known banker of Wall Street. By this marriage an- other son was born, who also died young. Mr. F;irmer is a social favorite. He belongs to the Colonial Club, the Fulton Club and the Riverside Yacht Club, and he resides at the Osborne Flats, on Fifty-seventh Street. Aaron I). I'armer, the senior member of the Old New York Type I'oundry, was born in Bolton, Tolland County, Conn., in January, 1816. He was educated in the common schools, and at the early age of fourteen he came to New York. He entered Elihu White's foundry, and worked his way up until he became a partner, and is now the head of the old firm. The history of the Farmer Type Foundry is very interesting. It was first established by Elihu White, at Hartford, Conn., as far back as 1804. In 1810 the busi- », ness was removed to New York, and became well known as the Old New York Type Foundry. Mr. White was suc- ceeded by Charles T. White iJv: Co., and in 1857 the firm was changed to Farmer, Little y his marriage with Cettie Moore I'lagg, Mr. Gwynne became the father of the subject of this sketch, and of his brother, Abram livan Gwynne. The eldest daughter, Alice Claypoole (iwynne, is now the wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt. The Claypooles are an old English family, whose direct ancestor was Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, and Lord High Constable of England, who married, in 1306, the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward the First ; so that a direct line can be traced, through the Plantagenets, from the (iwynne family to Edmund Ironsides, King of the Anglo-Saxons, A. D. 989, and Hugh Capet, King of France, A. I). 940. Mr. Gwynne has a handsome estate at Lawrence, Long Island. He married Miss Louisa Hanna, who is of Scotch descent, and a member of the great Erskine family. He has one son, who is of age. DAVID ELI GWYNNE, ABRAM EVANS GWYNNE. Abram Evans Gwynne is of the fine old family of the Gwynnes of Wales, who have not only iielped to consolidate the ancient British Empire, but also have taken a leading part in the foundation and development of these United States. Mr. Gwynne is among the select few who can clearly prove the title of an American of Royal descent. His family came to this country in 1683, the represent- ative being Sir John Clay])oole, who first landed in Philadel- phia. Sir John was knighted by Cromwell, and he came from the old Welsh family which traces direct descent from Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, and further back, through the Plantagenets, to Edmund Iron- sides and Hugh Capet of France. Abram, who is a partner in the firm of Gwynne Brothers, was born at Cincinnati, November 22, 1847. He was educated at Starr's Academy with his brother, then at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and he completed his studies at Columbia College, in the Class of '70. During the war, the youngster, before he went to college, had a short business experience in Wall Street, as clerk to Graham, Nichols & Co., brokers. Yxom this Mr. Gwynne is proud of the fact that, although only a 276 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. little over forty, he has a record of thirty years in Wall Street. After leaving College the young financier returned with delight to the excitement of Wall Street and he worked hard and gained valuable experience as a clerk in the office of Frederick (1. Swan, stockbroker. In 1876, after five years in the realms of money, young Gwynne entered the New York Post Office as a clerk in the Register's Depart- ment, having received the appointment from Postmaster James. In 1877 the first Civil Service examination was held for advancement in the Post Office, and Mr. Gwynne passed as one of the first three in order of merit. He stopped for two years only in the Post Office, and in 1878 he left to take a position offered him by Cornelius Vander- bilt, in the Canada Southern Railway Company. He re- mained there two years and then returned to his old love. Wall Street, joining his brother in the firm of Chauncey & Gwynne Brothers. In December, 1892, he purchased a seat in the Stock Exchange, and he now represents Gwynne Brothers in that organization. Mr. Gwynne is a bachelor, and resides at Seaside, Long Island. His favorite amuse- ment is painting and he is considered a good amateur. He is proud of his descent from Washington Allston, the most eminent of American artists. His most admired works are landscapes. He has also written many clever articles for the papers and magazines. U11,L1.\.\1 .M.\.\WLIJ. EV.AklS. WILLIAM MAXWELL ^EVARTS. William Maxwell Kvarts, of the New York Bar, was born in Boston on February 6th, 1818, and is a son of the late Jeremiah Kvarts, who was a native of Vermont and a noted lawyer, editor and philanthropist. The subject of this sketch received his ])re])aratory education in the lioston Latin School, entered Yale College in 1833, and after a brilliant course was graduated. His early legal training was gained in Harvard Law .School and in the office of Daniel Lord, founder of firm of Lord, Day t'v Lord. From 1849 to 1 85 1 Mr. F^varts was Assistant District .Attorney, successfully conducted, in 1851. the prosecution of the Cuban filibusters of the " Cleopatra" expedition, and argued in favor of the Metropolitan Police Act. One of his most famous legal contests was the " Lemmon " slave case, in 1857-60, in which he appeared as counsel for New York State against Charles O'Conor, who acted for the State of * Virginia. In i860, as chairman of the New York delegation to the National Convention, he proposed the name of William H. Seward for the presidential nomination. In 1 86 1 he was the rival of Horace Greeley for the United States senatorship, but withdrew his name to secure har- mony, the result being the election of Ira Harris. In 1866 he successfully contested the constitutionality of taxing United States bonds and National bank notes, and in 1868 defended President Johnson in his impeachment trial before the United States Senate, his success in this trial leading to his appointment as Attorney-General of the United States. As counsel for the United States in the Alabama Claims Board of Arbitration, he presented the decisive arguments which led to the adjustment of the damages. Among some of the other celebrated causes in which he api)eared as leading counsel were the Henry Ward Beecher trial and the litigations resulting from the Parrish and the Gardner wills. In 1877 he was ajjpointed United Slates Secretary of State by President Hayes, and in 1885 was elected to the United States Senate, where he became the leader of his party. Mr. Evarts' public career, like his professional life, has been so conducted as to command the admiration and respect of all true Americans. His reputation is both national and international, and his name will be handed down to posterity on history's pages as one of America's most distinguished and honorable .sons. WHITELAW REID. Born near Xenia, Ohio, October 27, 1837, graduated at Miami University in 1855, Hon. Whitelaw Reid, before he was twenty-one, made speeches for the Republican Party in the Fremont Campaign, and became editor of the Xenia News. The opening of the Civil War found him in the field as correspondent ot the Cincinnati Gazette. His letters attracted much attention by their thorough information and cogency of style. He served as volunteer aide-de-camp to (General Morris, and afterwards to General Rosecrans in the \Vest Virginia Campaign of 1861, and was present at the battles of Shiloh and Gettysburg. From 1863 to 1866 lie was Librarian of the House of Representatives at Wash- ington, and Washington Correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette. After the close of the war he engaged in cotton planting in Louisiana and Alabama, and embodied the re- sults of his observations in a book entitled "After the War." Returning to Ohio, he gave two years to writing a book which has since become historical, and which was published in 1868, "Ohio in the War " Horace Greeley then invited him to come to New York and become an editorial writer upon the Tribune. On the death of Mr. Greeley in 1872, Mr. Reid succeeded him as editor and principal owner of the pa])er. In 1872 Mr. Reid was chosen by the State Legislature as Regent for life of the University of the State of New York. Offered the Embassy, to Germany by President Hayes and afterwards by Presi- dent Garfield, he was forced in both cases by press of busi- ness to decline, but finally ac( e|)ted the French Embassy, to which he was appointed by President Harrison. The general appreciation of his services in France found expres- sion on his return home last year in the dinners that were given in his honor by the Chamber of Commerce, the Lotos Clul), and other organizations. The Chamber of Com- merce elected him an honorary member, a mark of esteem that has only been bestowed on fiftee.i men besides Mr. Reid. since the Chamber was founded a hundred years ago. .\ few weeks after his arrival from Paris the Republican 277 WHITELAW REID- State Convention was held to elect delegates to the Repub- lican National Convention. Mr. Reid was chosen to pre- side over its deliberations. After the renomination of General Harrison, at Minneapolis, for the Presidency, the New York delegation was requested to present a candidate for Vice-President. Mr. Reid was named, and the Conven- tion indorsed the nomination by a unanimous vote. Dur- ing the canvass Mr. Reid delivered several speeches under the direction of the National Committee, these, with his letter of acceptance, being looked upon as among the nnost effective contributions to the literature of the campaign. The titles of some of his works, " The Schools of Journal- ism," " The Scholar in Politics," " Some Newspaper Tend- encies," " Town Hall Suggestions," all show how Mr. Reid has been in touch with the people. Frequent contributor to periodical literature, an extensive traveller in Europe, of ample means, of ripened experience, happily married, no man was better fitted to succeed Vice-President Morton than he who so successfully and gracefully filled every trust which has been reposed in him. ROBERT P. PORTER. Robert P. Porter was born June 30, 1852. He is the youngest son of Jane Harvey and James Winearls Porter, Esq., of Marham Hall, Norfolk, England. From his moth- er, a woman of great character and sound education, he inherited the literary ability which distinguished her father, Prof. John Harvey of Cambridge ; and from his father the splendid physique of a long line of English country gentle- men whose lives v;ere largely spent in out door pursuits and amusements. Young Robert's early education was re- ceived at that famous grammar school of King Edward the Sixth in Norwich, where he continued up to the time of his father's death, just at the close of the Civil War, which he had f(jllo\vcd with keen interest and Uie understanding of the close student of American history. One of a family of sixteen children, he now determined to take his fortune in his own hands, and seek a career in the new country which has been a providence to so many ambitious young English- men, whose only chance at home is in the church or in the army. On his arrival here, Mr. Porter went at once to Northern Illinois, where a branch of his father's family had preceded him, and after a few years devoted to study and teaching, found his natural vocation in journalism, whicr. he ado])ted as a profession, at the same time taking out natu- ralization papers in season to cast his first vote on attaining his majority. He served his apprenticeshij) on a country newspaper, and from 1872 acted as contributor and regular correspondent to the Chicago Times, Tribune, and J nter- Ocean. In 1877 he joined the ediiorial staff of the latter pa])er, making his. specialty economic subjects, in dealing with which he evinced special aptitude. In 1879 Mr. Por- ter became connected with the Census Bureau under Gen. Walker, contributing to various papers at the same time. In 1882 appeared "The West in 1880," a volume which re- ceived the generous criticism of the English press and had a large sale. In 1882 Mr. Porter was appointed by Presi- dent Arthur a member of the Tariff Commission, and did an unusual amount of work. On his return from a visit to Europe, Mr. Porter accepted an editorship on the Philadel- ])hia Press. During the campaign of 1884, Mr. Porter was I most energetic worker and writer, over half a million of iiis pamphlets, etc., being distributed throughout the country. In 1885 Mr. Porter, in conjunction with Mr. E. H. Ammidown, founded the American Protective Tariff League. In 1887, Mr. Porter returned to New York, where he saw a field for a daily Republican paper, at a price and of a conciseness calculated to meet the wants of busy and working people. The result was the New York Press, which now has an enormous circulation and did most effec- tive service in the Presidential campaign of 1888. In 1889. President Harrison appointed Mr. Porter Superintendent of ROBERT p. PORTER. 278 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. tlic KlcveiUli Census. In spite of the enormous |)ressure ol the census work Mr. Porter found, or rather made, time to write a number of articles for encyclopajdias, the North American Review, I ndependetit, Frank Leslie's, and other publications. There never has been a census so well and so rapidly taken, as the passage of the Ajjportionment Bill two years earlier than ever before shows. Its results will add largely to Mr. Porter's reputation for executive ability, shown in the magnificent way he has brought together, equipped and handled a force numbering at different times from 2,000 to 50,000 people ; his broad-mindedness, as evinced in his selection of experts and sijecialists in all branches of industry :ind science with which the census deals ; and his skill at financiering in the taking of a census for the first time in the history of the country within the appropriations made by Congress ; upon the completion of which he was engaged until July, 1893, when he resigned the i)ositiori to again become the editor of the I'ress. JOSEPH HODGES CHOATE. Joseph Hodges Choatc, of the New York Bar, was born in Salem, Mass., on January 24th, 1832. He belongs to one of the oldest of New England's families, and many of JOSEPH HODGES CHOATE. his relatives have achieved distinction in various fields of endeavor, but more especially at the bar. At the age of sixteen he entered Harvard College, from which he was graduated in 1852. He was graduated two years later from Dane Law School, and was called to the bar of Massaciiu- setts in 1855. In 1856 he came to New York, was admitted to the bar of the State, and has practiced here ever since with brilliant success. He has been engaged in the most celebrated cases. Mr. Choate was one of the Committee of Seventy which crushed Boss Tweed and his infamous ring, and purified the political atmosphere of New York City, and was mainly instrumental, with his friend, Charles O'Conor, in bringing about that much desired result. He was counsel for Ccneral Fitz John Porter in the fight of that officer for reinstatement in his military rank, and the rights of which he was deprived by sentence of a court martial. That after a protracted struggle, which lasted for years, he was successful, is what every one knows. He was also premier counsel in the almost ecjually celebrated Cesnola case, and was again successful. To enumerate the trials in which Mr. Choate has taken a leading part in this city would involve the task of writing a legal history of New York for the past <]uarter of a century. He rivals Chauncey M. Depew as an after dinner sjjeaker, and is at all times ready of s])eech, caustic, witty, and, when neces- sary, very sarcastic. He is an enthusiastic Republican, and takes an active and prominent part in the Municipal, State and National politics. Mr. Choate not only enjoys distinc- *• tion as one of the leaders of the New York bar, but is decidedly the most popular lawyer in the city. It is doubtful if any living lawyer has as many professional friends, and his popularity is due, in large measure, to his genial personality. He is a member of the Union League Club and the New England Society, and has been president of both associations. JAMES C. CARTER. James C. Carter, of the New York Bar, was born in Lancaster, Mass., on October 14, 1827, and is a son of Solomon and Elizabeth White Carter. His preparatory education was gained at the Derby Academy, Hingham, Mass. He entered Harvard College and. after a brilliant course, during which he won prizes for a dissertation in Latin and two others for Essays, was graduated with the r ■ — ^ ' ■ — JAMES C. CARTER. Bachelor of .Vns degree in the class of 1850. His legal training was acc}uired in the law department of the same institution, from which he graduated three years later as a Bachelor of Laws. He subsequently had the Doctor of Laws honor conferred on him by that Law School in 1885. Mr. Carter was admitted to the Bar in 1853 and his profes- sional career has been one of distinction and success. He is recognized as one of America's ablest lawyers and pos- sesses one of the finest legal minds this country has ever produced. His counsel is sought in controversies involving national and international questions of law. His recent brilliant argument as counsel for the United States in the Alaska Seal International Controversy was but an instance of his many great legal achievements. Mr. Carter seems to not only have acipiired the legal reasonings of the authori- ties on law, but has himself produced monograi)hs which are well known to every well read lawyer. Among the most Ijrominent of his treatises is "The Attemi)ted Codification of the Common Laws " Mr. Carter's love of his i)rofession is similar to that of the artist's for his art, and all measures beneficial to the profession of law have ever met with his NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 279 hearty co-operation. His addresses before the X'irginia State Bar Association, in 1889, on "The Provinces of the Written and the Unwritten Law," and before the American Bar Association, in 1890, on " The Ideal and Actual in Law," are famous. No banquet or gathering of distin- guished legal gentlemen is complete without his presence, where his ready wit and eloquent oratory contribute much to the success of the occasion. Mr. Carter is independent in politics and has been actively identified with all move- ments for the betterment of municipal government. He is a member of the Union League, Century, University, and Alpha Delta Phi Clubs of this city. ELLIOTT FITCH SHEPARD. Colonel Elliott Fitch Shepard, lawyer, editor, and one of New York's most eminent citizens, was a man of versatile talents, great force of character, but above all was remark- able for the practical Christianity which he made the rule of his life. He was born in Jamestown, this State, on July 25, 1833, his father. Fitch Shepard, being at the time connected with the Chautauqua County Bank, an institution still flour- ishing. Colonel Shepard was educated at the University of the City of New York. Since leaving the university his life was full of activity — useful to himself, his fellow citizens and humanity at large. In 1858 he was called to the New York bar, and at once began a practice which was uninterrupted for twenty-five years, save now and then by work bearing upon national interests. On the breaking out of the Ci\ il War he was placed on the military staff of Governor E. D. Morgan, who was also a major-general of volunteers, and commanded the Department of the State of New York, and in that position manifested much executive ability and organizing powers of a high order. In September, 1861, he was mainly instrumental in raising and equipping the Fifty- first Regiment of New York volunteer infantry, called after him the " Shepard Rifles." Appreciating his capacity. Governor Morgan appointed Colonel Shepard to the com- mand of the depot for State volunteers, at Elmira, where he organized, equipped and forwarded to the front upwards of 50,000 men within two years. After the war he resumed his legal practice, was counsel for the New York Central and other railroads and corporations, and procured the passage of the act creating the Court of Arbitration for the New York Chamber of Commerce. He organized the Bank of the Metropolis, the Columbia Bank, the American Savings Bank, and in 1876 founded the New York State Bar Asso- ciation, of which he was subsequently unanimously elected president. Colonel Shepard, though a wonderfully hard worker, was not made of iron altogether, and in 1884 travelled for health and relaxation in Europe, Asia and Africa. He took a trip to Alaska in 1887, and upon his return delivered a series of delightful and instructive lectures upon this, until then, almost unknown land. A year later he published his famous pamphlet, " Labor and Capital are One," which had a very large circulation, and drew a good deal of comment from the press and politi- cal economists. In this pamphlet he asserts that the modern corporation is a distinguishing mark of the Nineteenth Century's civilization, deprecates strikes and advocates arbitration in settlement of disputes between the employer and the employed. In 1888 Colonel Sliepard en- tered into a new field of enterprise when he purchased the Mail and Express from Cyrus W. Field, and became its editor. For many years he had been known as a practical Christian, one not ashamed to be seen lecturing on religious matters, or advocating the interests of religion boldly from every coin of vantage his position gave him possession of. On his assuming control of the Mail and Express he placed every day a text from the Holy Scriptures at the head of its columns, because, as he said, he thought, as we are all the offspring of God, it is well for us to take the Word of our Heavenly Father into everyday life with us. The new editor breathed life into his newspaper, its circulation quad- rupled, advertisements of the best kind came pouring in, he constructed one of the finest buildings in the country for its home, and to-day the Mail and Express takes rank with the great Metropolitan dailies. There was nothing incon- sistent in Colonel Shepard putting Scripture texts in his paper. When he purchased the Fifth Avenue Omnibus Line, every one knew it was to put a stop to its Sunday traffic, and it was stopped. To do the rival newspapers justice, it must be said of them that they have never charged him with hypocrisy. Even if they had it would have been all the same to him, possessing, as he did, the exasperating faculty of pursuing the even tenor of his way regardless of what the world was saying. As a philanthropist in the best sense of the word Colonel Shepard will go down to pos- terity. His was not the philanthropy that exploits itself on ELLIOT FITCH SHEPARD. the ;,highways and byways of the land. His crusade against the intended opening of the World's Columbian Exhibition on Sunday awakened responsive throbs from the religious heart of the country. Personally Colonel Shep- ard was a fine looking man, with very handsome, clear cut features and a bold, open eye, bespeaking a fearless soul within. He married, in 1868, Margaret Louisa, eldest daughter of William H. Vanderbilt, by whom he had six children. Last year the University of Omaha conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, and his Alma Mater the degree of Master of Laws. It is hardly neces- sary to add that he was a staunch Rejjublican, for, to use his own words, " It is natural for the patriotic citizens of a Rejjublic to be Republicans." The above is a too brief sketch of a man about whom much has been said and written, not only in New York City, but all through the country. His death, March 24, 1893, came suddenly, and his loss is lamented by the whole community. 28o NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS JOSEPH HOWARD, JR. Joe Howard has always been reticent about the facts of his life, though they have been generally altogether credit- able to him. He was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 3, 1833. His father was a merchant and senior deacon in Ellymouth Church, highly esteemed, and a friend of Henry Ward Beecher. His early education was in the public schools. Early in his life he manifested a strong bent for journalism, and first exploited himself promi- nently in print in connection with the great strike of the shoemakers in Lynn, Mass., about i860. Happening to visit the place just then, he ventured some letters to the New York Times, which were accepted, and secured him some income and a place on the Times staff. For the paper that year he reported the National Democratic Con- vention, at Charleston, which nominated Mr. Breckenridge JOSKI'tl HOWARD. IK upon a pro-slavery platform, and the National Rciiul)lican Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln, and has reported every convention on both sides since that time. He was after offered the city editorship of the Times, and since then his career is pretty well known to all well-informed news- paper men. Under the Tweed regime he conducted the New York S/ar at an immense loss to "the ring," although there were many fat municipal jobs. In later years he became a correspondent, dictating hardly less copiously than the renowned " Ciath." Mr. Howard has served as city editor of the Brooklyn Eag/e, city editor of the New York Sunday Meriiiry, has contributed to the Atlantic Monthly, \.\\^ Independent, the Leader, Noah's Sunday Times, the Citizen, the Boston Globe, the Chicago News, has been engaged on the New York World, and served on the staff of the New York Ileiald. His services as war corresjjon- dent and the signature "Howard" are familiar to all readers of the Press. He is a good talker, thoroughly social and at times convivial ; and with his round head, gray hair, moustache and imperial, is a marked figure in any group of our periodical writers. He married *. in Brooklyn, and has a daughter who is one of the most brilliant girls of the day, and is now devoting herself to the education of the native American Indian. THOMAS H. EVANS. Thomas H. Evans, who has been associated with the newspapers of the Ignited States for more than ten years, and in a business capacity has obtained an enviable, and well known, and deserved reputation, is a Welshman by birth and 31 years of age. Our acquaintance with Mr. Evans began some years ago, when he was connected THOMAS H. EVANS. wilh /udi^^e, since which he has had the business agency in New York for the Chicago Tribune, the Sati Francisco Chron- icle and the North American, of Philadelphia, the oldest daily paj)er in the United States. Mr. Evans has recently been elected a director in the Franklin Bank, of New York. He organized the trij) of the International League of Press Clubs across the continent to San Francisco, which ])roved a pleasure to all. He has served as Trustee of the New ^'ork Press Club for several terms, and has been instru- mental in adding considerably to the Building and Charity Fund of the club. He was the orator of the National I'"-isteddfod, at Wilkesbarre, Pa. He is a member of the F. & A. M. and of the Order of the (rolden Chain. He is frcciuenlly called upon to preside at entertainments given to re])resentatives of the press, and, seconded by an accom- plished wife, ])resides over a jileasant and charitable home in Brooklyn. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. PART III. COMMERCIAL-ILLUSTRATED. Copyrighted, 1802. THE NEW YORK RECORDER. 1893. 2 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. COMMHRCE, NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 3 THE CHEMICAL NATIONAL BANK. The Chemical National Bank is the most famous of all American banking corporations. Its stock commands a greater price in proportion to its par value than any other bank stock in the world. It has the greatest surplus and undivided profits of any bank in" the country. It has by far the largest amount of individual deposits of any bank not paying interest. It pays the largest percentage of dividends on its par value of any financial corfxjration. The Chemical bears the honored distinction of being the one financial institution that never suspended specie pay- ment during the war of the Rebellion, and redeemed its every promise in gold. So remarkable has been its ])ros- perity, that to-day its yearly dividends amount to 150 per cent The Chemical Bank originated in 1824, being organized under a State charter as "The Chemical Manu- facturing Company," with banking privileges. The name arose from the fact that some of the leading men in the enterprise were connected with the drug trade. The charter dei)osits, exceeding i|23,ooo,ooo, are secured without the l)ayment of a penny of interest. Its first dividend was paid in 1849, five years after its reorganization, being at the rate of 12 per cent, per annum, which was increased to 18, then to 24 per cent., advancing in 1863 to 36 per cent., in 1867 to 00 per cent., in 1872 to 100 per cent., and in 1888 to 150 per cent, per annum. The shares of the bank, based on %\oo par value, have sold as high as $4,980 each, the (juotations varying from that sum to $4,500 a share. The Chemical's first banking house was on Broadway, opposite St. Paul's Chapel, occupying part of the site of the present Park Bank. In 1850 it moved to and occupied its present site at 270 Broadway. In 1872 a lot on the rear extending through to Chaml)ers Street was purchased, the extension furnishing additional room at the rear of the original building, and in 1888 another building on Chambers Street was acquired, and a spacious addition made to the bank quarters. Mr. George G. Williams entered the service of the old Chemical Manufacturing Company in 1841, became [ ! I ! J It— -W ■ CJ ' THE CHEMICAL NATIONAL BANK.— INTERIOR VIEW. expired in 1844, and through the efforts of Peter and Robert Goelet a capital of $300,000 was subscribed, and February 24, 1844, the business of the Chemical Manufac- turing Company was taken over by the Chemical ]>ank. John Q. Jones was the first president, and remained in that office until 1878. He was surrounded by some of the wealthiest and most influential merchants of New York as directors, shareholders and depositors, among them, Alex- ander T. Stewart, John David Wolfe, Joseph Sampson, C. V. S. Roosevelt, Robert McCroskrey and Japhet Bishop. These men, representing the strength of the drygoods and hardware trades, brought their own business to the bank and attracted many others to it. Its stability in the midst of panics and financial disturbances was also influential in securing for the Chemical large individu \\ and corporate deposits. The New York Central Railroad was one of its earliest customers. The conservatism of the management and the strict adherence to the legitimate banking methods are generally recognized, and its enormous individual cashier in 1855, and jjresident in 1878. For nearly forty years the affairs of the bank have been guided by his hand, with results which require no praise. Mr. William J. Quinlan, Jr., the cashier, has filled that office since 1878. The Board of Directors consists of George G. Williams, James A. Roosevelt, Frederic W. Stevens, Robert Goelet and William J. Quinlan, Jr. THE NATIONAL PARK BANK OF NEW YORK. 'I he National Park Bank of New York is one of the largest banks in the United States, and stands not only pre-emi- nent among the banks of New York, but indeed among those of the entire country. It has now, and for a long time has maintained, aggregate de])Osits of $15,000,000, with re- sources of upwards of $34,600,000, and the largest busi- ness of any financial institution in the western world, its influence extending to every portion of the United States. In fact, the banking connections of the National Park Bank NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. are not confined to this country, l)ut among the hundreds of banks and bankers who act as its correspondents, and of which it is the New York agent and depository, are a number in Canada, Mexico and other countries. In addi- tion, the relations of the bank with commercial, manufactur- ing and corporate interests, as well as with bankers and capitalists, furnish a volume of business unequalled in the history of American l)anking. A perfect organization, exceptional facilities for the transaction of every class of business, an uninterrupted record of success, and a manage- ment in which experience, energy and conservatism pre- llll': NA!Il>N.\I, I'AKK HANK nl .1 .\ MiKK. dominate, are the foundations upon which this prosperity has been established. The name of the bank recalls to former generations of New Yorkers the Park which sur- rounds the City Hall. The charter dates from 1856, the bank being established in that year at the corner of Beek- man Street and Theatre Alley, where 'i'emple Court now stands. Reuben W. Howes and Charles .X. Macy were the first President and C'ashier res|)ertively. The original capital of $2,000,000 has remained un( iianged, and a surplus of nearly $3,000,000 has been added to it. In 1865 it became a National bank, and in 1866 it pur( based the premises at 214 and 216 Broadway, opposite St. Paul's, and built thereon the dignified marble building, of fireproof construction, which has since been its home. This site has been at one time occupied by the Chemical Bank. The up])er portions are divided into offices, the tenants of which ' include prominent firms and corporations, notably the Illinois Central Railroad Company. The entire first floor is occupied by the bank, the rotunda in the rear being a stately apartment decorated in white and gold. Its propor- 'tionsare amjjle for its 125 emi)loyes, the largest number engaged in any New York banking institution. 'I he trea- sure-vault in the bank is one of the strongest in the world, and contains from $10,000,000 to $15,000,000 in specie and notes. Beneath the banking-room is a great safe-deposit vault, the entrance to which is through the bank, and which is conducted as one of its departments. In safety and convenience it compares with any in New York, and scarcely a safe among its hundreds is unrented. The character of the management is sliown by the i)roniinence and high standing of the Board of Directors, which consists of Eugene Kelly, Ebenezer H. Wright, Josejjh T. Moore, Stuyvesant Fish, Ceorge S. Hart, Charles Sternbach, Charles Scribner, Edward C. Hoyt, Edward E. Poor, W. Rockhill Potts, .\ugust Belmont, Richard Delafield, Francis R. Appleton, and John Jacob Astor. Ebenezer H. Wright became its President in 1890, having entered the bank in 1859 as a teller's assistant, rising through the various grades to the post of Cashier in 1876, Director in 1878, and Vice-President in i88c. Vice- Presidents are Stuyvesant Fish and Edward E. Poor, the Cashier, Ceorge S. Hickok, and the Assistant-Cashier Edward J. Baldwin, have each a record of many years' service in the bank. THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK. 'i he Second National Bank is situated on the spot where Broadway, Fifth .\venue, and Twenty-third Street intersect, that is to say, tlie very best spot in the < ity for such an in- stitution. It occupies a commodious suite of rooms under the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and be gan doing business there in 1863, when it was organized. The Board of Directors consists of gentlemen representing both uptown and down- town banking interests, and is com])osed as follows, viz.: Amos R. Eno, Henry A. Hurlbut, .Alfred B. Darling. John S. Rike'r, William C. Brewster, Wm. P. St. John, George Montague, ("harles B. Fosdick. (ieorge Sherman. \N"illiam (i. Hitchcock, and George W. .Aitken. They were the first to perceive and take advantage of the large commercial interests centring around Madison Scjuare recjuiring local bank- ing facilities. Its original (■a])ital of $300,000 remains unchanged, and a surplus of nearly half a million has accumulated since 1884, besides its dividends of 10 percent. The bank deposits amount to over $6,000,000 and its gross assets to u])\vard of $7,000,000. 'J"he Bank is largely jiatronized by sojourners in the great u])town hotel, and by that section of the wealthy i)ublic having Madison Sipiare for a centre, including a constituency of aliout 3,000 ladies, it being the first commercial l)ank, as distinguished from Savings Banks, to have a separate (leiiartment for ladies. The President is Mr. George Montague, and the Cashier, Mr. Josej)!! S. Case, of whom biographical sketi lies api)ear elsewhere in this volume. NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 5 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK. 6 ■NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. AMERICAN SAFE DEPOSIT CO. One of the surprises which a New \ orker may ex- perience near his own door is the revelation of spaciousness, richness, and comfort, to say nothing of solidity and security, in the vaults of the handsome building on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Forty-second Street, which is the property of the American Safe Deposit Company. It is hard to believe from an outside inspection that so much of importance and interest can be contained within its walls and beneath the surrounding sidewalk. Upon entering the office and reception room l)y tlie 42d Street entrance one is struck by the good taste displayed in all its a])])ointments. and the completeness with which the needs of jjatrons are ministered to. A broad staircase of marble and l)rass, or a vidual safes, which are under the control of the depositors themselves. This vault is, in fact, a large room, whose walls, ceiling and floor consist of alternate layers of Franklinite and chrome steel, between which are flowed layers of soft iron, making a structure which can be neither drilled nor » fractured. This room is lighted by electricity and supplied with a constant stream of fresh air brought from the roof of the building, so that one experiences no discomfort of either aimosjjhere or temperature at any season of ihe year. The 'vault, which is the most extensive in the world, cost $100,000. All this mass of steel and iron is further pro- tected by the latest electrical devices, so that when the vault is closed at night and the time locks are set in operation, connection is established with the police station, AMKKICAN S.M-E DEPOSIT COMPANV S BlMLniNG. cozy little hydraulic elevator,conveys the visitor to the strong- hold below, where one is amazed at the largeness, fresh- ness and brightness of the numerous rooms of which it is composed. The floor is divided into two distinct apart- ments, the one for gentlemen, the other for ladies. Each has, besides its many ample coupion rooms and well- appointed toilet rooms, a large reading or writing room, in which a depositor may while away a s])are hour or two, or where meetings of ])arties to a trust or heirs to an estate may be held. 'l"he gentlemen's parlor is, among other things, su])plied with a (juotation "ticker" and the current newspapers. ('onvenient to all these comforts are the burglar-proof trunk rooms, for the general storage of silver- ware, jewelry, and other valuables, and the massive fire and burglar-proof vault, in whi( h are disposed the 1,700 indi- and thereafter the slightest tampering with any part of the enclosing structure will transmit a telegraphic message which will bring a policeman instantly to the aid of the watchmen stationed within and without the building. 'I'here are otiur elaborate devices for ])rotection against un- usual dangers, such as riot, one of which has for itsi)uri)ose the filling of the whole l)asement in which the vault is situated with water. The .American Safe Dei^osit Com])any is now controlled by the \'anderl)ilts, who, it is understood, intend to develop its business and to add to its pojjularity. They have already introduced changes looking to a very liberal jjolicy towards ])atrons, and the officers and attend- ants ini])ress the visitor as being eager to make the institution in every way attractive and convenient to depositors. Mr. Charles I", ("ox (who is also Vice-President ATE IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. of the Canada Southern Railway Company, with office at the Grand Central Depot) has recently been made President, and a number of new directors have been elected, most of whom are conne ted with N. Y. Central system of railroads, among whom are Mr. Rossiter the Treasurer, and Mr. Carstensen, the Comptroller of the Central, Mr. Dutcher, Superintendent of its cattle traffic, and Mr. Skirt, Superin tendent of the Harlem R R Co.'s City Line. Mr. Russell Raymond, who has been connected with the Safe-Deposit Company since its organization, remains as Secretary and Manager. UNION DIME SAVINGS INSTITUTION. The Union Dime Savings Institution, a white marble building, standing at the junction of Sixth Avenue and Thirty-second Street, is one of the sights of New York, not only because of its architectural beauty, but from the fact also that " it is one of the city's most useful and popular banks. As such it is entitled to a place in a history like '"New York, the Metropolis.'" It was founded in 1859 and open ed in a small building on Canal and Varick Streets. Its begin- ning was very modest indeed, but that it has progressed is evident from the fact that in a generation its number of depos- itors has increased to 57,000 and the amount of deposits to I14,- 000,000. It was originally chris- tened the Dime Savings Institu- tion, but when the war broke out its promoters prefixed the word ■'Union" in order to emphasize their patriotism. They did more, for to manifest their faith in the ultimate success of the national cause they invested extensively in the United States bonds and found their reward in large pro- fits. The idea was to treat small depositors as carefuly and as courteously as those who brought in large sums, and this idea is carried out by the present man- agement in its integrity. As time rolled on the business of the in- stitution so increased that it was found necessary to move into more commodious quarters, and the premises on Canal and Laight streets, used at present as a United Stales Pension office, were selected. Ten years later another move was made for similar reasons, and this time in an uptown direction, when the present site was chosen in one of the most central and acces- sible parts of New York. E. V. Houghwout was the first President of the institution, and his successors have been John McLean. Napoleon J. Haines, John W. Britton, Silas B. Dutcher, Gardner S. Chapin, and Charles E. Sprague. Mr. Chapin, recently deceased, was an officer of the bank from its foundation. He received the first deposit ever made in the bank. Colonel Charles E. Sprague, the present incumbent, was born in Nassau, N. Y. State, in J 842, of old New England stock, was educated in Union College, and served in the Union Army during the Rebellion. He en- tered the Union Dime Savings Bank as junior clerk in 1870, was made secretary in 1878, and in 1891 was elected Presi- dent. The other officers of the Union Dime Savings Insti- tution are Channing M. Britton, First Vice-President (also Ch airman of the Fmance Committee), and James S. Herr» man. Second Vice-President; George N. Birdsall, Treasurer; and Francis M. Leake, Secretary. THE CENTRAL NATIONAL BANK. The Central National Bank is the largest and strongest banking institution of the drygoods district of New York. It was organized in 1863 and occupies the substantial white marble building on the north-east corner of Broadway and Pearl Street, which it owns. The present chief executive is Col. William L. Strong, who was elected Vice-President in 1882, and President in 1888. A merchant of long exi)erience and successful record, and identified with many of the city's financial, social and political institutions, with personal prominence, great wealth and wide influence in the drygoods and allied trades, he presides over a Board of Directors representing the strong- est factors among the textile in- terests. Edwin Langdon, the Vice-President of the Bank, has been in its service since 1865, rising through all the grades to his present responsible jiosition. Charles S. Young, for many years Paying Teller, is now the Cashier of the Hank. '1 he total resources and deposits of the Bank exceed 1 6,000,000 ; the capital is $2,000,000 ; its surplus and un- divided profits $600,000. rXION DIME .SAVINGS INST ) T U T K )N' THE SEVENTH NATIONAL BANK. The Seventh National Bank is ihe lineal representative of the Old Seventh Ward Bank, estab- lished in 1833, the name having been changed when the institu- tion took a National Bank Charter in 1865. As the name indicates, the bank originated in the Seventh Ward, then a fash- ionable portion of the city. Its original officers were in East Broadway, and for many years the bank occupied the premises at the corner of Pearl Street and Burling Slip. The removal to its present more conspicuous quar- ters at 182 and 184 Broadway, came much later. The present John McAnerney, assumed the bringing to the bank a success- ful and honorable personal record in the iron business, and as an officer and director of Southern railroad corporations, with a connection and influence that have materially stimulated the Seventh National's progress, offering as it does the assurance of conservative and sound but vigorous management. The growth of its deposit line and the expansion of its business have been of a marked character. The composition of its Board of Directors, representing some of the largest business interests of New York, is eminently calculated to insure the stability and substantiality on which a high position among Metropolitan banks depends. George Montague, now President of the Second National Bank, for a number of years held the same position with the Seventh National. corner of John Street, head of the institution, Presidency in July, 1891, NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. THE MANHATTAN SAVINGS INSTITUTION. The Manhattan Savings Institution has its banking rooms on the ground floor of its own stately eight-story sandstone front building, at 644 and 646 Broadway, corner of Bleecker Street, comjileted for its use in 1890, at a cost of over half a million dollars. This structure replaced another vvliich had been erected in 1857, the bank having in 1863 purchased this site and moved thither from its original quarters at 648 Broadway. The incori)oration dates back to 1851, when it was formed by such leading citizens as Augustus Schell, James Harper, E. 1). Morgan (afterwards Governor of New York), Henry Stokes, A. A. Alvord and James M. McLean. Ambrose C. Kingsland, ex-Mayor of New York, was the first Pre.sident. The institution has a history of steady growth and of the confidence to which the high standing of its management entitles it. The deposits since its inception have amounted to $95,250,055, and the amount due depositors at present is $8,700,000, the assets repre- senting nearly a market value of $10,000,000. Edward Schell, its President, has been a trustee nearly forty years ; the Vice- President, Robert G. Remsen, and Joseph Bird, have been iden- tified with the bank for many years ; the Secretary, Frank G. Stiles, has a record of 32 years spent in the service; and George H. Pearsall, the Assistant Secre- tary, has been connected with the institution since 1865. The Board of Trustees, in which the officers are also included, consists of : Henry M. Taber, John H. Watson, P. Van Zandt Lane, E. A. Walton, William J. Valentine, De Witt C. Hays, Edward King, H. B. Stokes, George Blagden, John D. Jones, (ieorge H. McLean, William H. Oakley, S. R. Lesher, James W. Smith, James W. Beekman and Phillij) Schuyler. DREXEL, MORGAN & CO. The international prominemc and high standing of the firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co. j)lace it l)eyond the retpiirements of any explanatory reference in this work; but a few facts concerning its inception, growth and field of usefulness cannot but be of great interest. This world re- nowned banking house is the outgrowth of the i)receding firms of Drexel, Winthrop <\: Co., and Dabney, Morgan &: Co., which were dissolved in July, 1S71, and the new firm formed by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan of the latter firm joining the members of the firm of Drexel iK: Co., of Philadelphia ; and Drexel, Harjes iV Co., of Paris. Drexel, Morgan \: Co. are the agents and attorneys of Messrs. J. S. Morgan i.V Co., of London. The members of the firm resident in New York are Messrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, J. Hood \Vright, George S. Bowdoin, Charles H. Coster, J. Pieri)ont Morgan, Jr., and Temple Bowdoin. As one of the leading banking houses of America its colossal achievements in the develop- ment of the magnificent railroad system of the United States are matters of history; many of the largest issues of bonds ever offered to the investing ])ul)lic having been MANHATT.\N S.WINT.S INSTITl HON. placed successfully through its agency. It makes a specialty of drawing Bills of Exchange at customary usances on Great Britain and France; issues commercial and travellers' credits, available all over the world, makes collections both here and abroad through its allied houses and chain of 1 correspondents, and is in every w-ay representative of the soundest and most conservative financial methods. The splendid building at the southeast corner of Wall Street and Broad was erected in 1872-3. directly facing the United .States Sub-Treasury on the one hand and the Stock Ex- change on the other, and the firm moved into the offices now occupied by them on May ist, 1893. It is an archi- tecturally handsome six story marble structure, affording ample accommodations for the transaction of the enormous business there centralized. The influence exercised by this widely know n firm has been of the most salutary character, and the house is in every respect a thorough exponent of the guid- ing princii)les of financial probity and conservatism, and the repre- sentative position it occupies forcibly indicates the confidence wisely re])osed in it by the public at large. The senior member of the firm, Mr. J Pierpont Morgan, is universally regarded as one of the ablest financiers this country has yet produced. The force of his masterly hand in the adjust- ment of the difficulties ai d re- habilitation and reorganization of such properties as the West Shore Railroad, Pittsburgh &: Western, Chicago iv: Atlantic, Ohio, Indiana i^c \\'estern, the Chesapeake & Ohio, Richmond r the manufacture of incandescent lamps at Harrison, N. J. In its various dejiartments it gives em])loyment to over 14,000 people, many of whom command the highest pay for their skill and knowledge of both the theory and practice of electricity. It is not the exclusive province, however, of the , General Electric Company to deal with the public consumer genp:r.'\l electric co., schexect.^dv, X. v. of electricity directly. It is also, as its name implies, the general or " parent " organization under which several thousand distinct local com])anies, chartered in every State and territory, and also in many foreign countries, are licensed to use its patents, appliances, and products. The large capital employed by this Company, together with GEN'ER.\L electric CO., LYNN, M.\SS. its unrivalled cor])s of inventors, scientists, and ex])erts, permits it to examine and test thoroughly any and all ideas that are likely to develop the science of electricity, and to apply it commercially. The capital of the General Electric Company is $50,000,000. Its executive offices are located in a large, handsome building, eight stories GENER.\L Ki.l.l IKIC CO., H.\RR!S0N, n. j. high, at 44 Hroad Street, in New York City, and also at 620 .Atlantic .Avenue, Boston. Its officers are C. .\. Coffin, i'residont ; l-.ugene C.ritifin, First Vice-President ; E. I. Garfield, Secretary: .\. S. Beves, 'treasurer ; and Joseph P. ( )rd, Coniptroiier. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. COLLINS & CO. The American abroad, no matter in what part of the world he may be sojourning, wherever through civilization he goes, he will find articles which were manufactured on his native soil. There was a time when this was not so and when the tools and agricultural implements were almost unani- mously English make. Were it necessary to illustrate the rapidity with which American ingenuity is beating British persistence in the World's markets the names of two - articles might be mentioned, namely, AlcCormick's reap- ing machine and Collins' axe. Collins' axe is essentially American. It is made of American cast steel and it was evolved from American inventive genius to suit the American man. Hence it is an American axe, though, as above stated, it is to be found the world all over, for the reason that it is the best known. To the ancient house of Collins & Co., Hartford, Connecticut, must be attributed an improve- ment amounting to an invention, which has in a measure revolutionized labor. The Collins Bros, began the manufac- ture of the axe bearing their name in 1826 in Hartford, and although their factory was subsequently removed to its pre- sent locality on the Farmington River, with a large store in New York, the original stamp on their axes and other tools has been retained, " Collins & Co., Hartford," which name carries with it a reputation for superexcellence that has brought to the surface a host of forgers and imitators. Pre- mands unlimited capital, the experience of more than half a century, the skill that capital and experience combined can command, and since its foundation has never allowed a comjjetitor either at home or abroad not only to outstrip it in public favor, but not to come up to it. The Collins axe retains the supremacy now it won in 1826, though since then great events have occurred in the world. The New York office is at 212 Water Street and has been there since 1849. Though the old heads and managers of that period have jjassed away the business continues. New heads and managers have taken their places, men of equal push and ability who prefer to lose their identity in the firm name of Collins & Co., a name rendered famous by time and the reputation of its wares throughout the United States, and indeed all parts of the world, which firm from a modest beginning has prospered until to-day it employs 650 hands, turns out 5,000 axes per diem, has a surplus of a million dollars 2,500 tons of iron, 800 tons VIEW OF COLLINS CO.'S WORKS, COLLINSVILLK, CONN., I8;6. and consumes at the rate of of steel, 10,000 tons of anthracite coal. HART BROS., TIBBETTS & CO. About thirty-five years ago this well known firm of Accountants was started at its present headquarters in the city of London, where, ever since, a large business has been fostered. In 1889 a branch was established in New York City imderthe direction of HenryVVilliam Hart, A. C. A.; the opera- VIEW OF COLLINS CO.'S WORKS, COLLINSVILLK, CONN., 1893. vious to 1826 the Northern and Western States were supplied by country blacksmiths with axes generally made from com- mon blistered steel, and it took a woodchopper about half a day to grind one of them into readiness for use, while the Southern States used miserable unground axes imported from England, \\hen the Collins axe became known it superseded all others and took the position at the head of the trade it possesses to this present day. This famous house, established for the manufacture of edge tools, com- tion of the office extending all over the United States and C'anada. Since the opening of the New York Branch this firm has been officially concerned in examinations that have led to the formation of several of the largest combinations, while it is saying but little when it is mentioned that the work turned out by them has always earned the entire satis- faction of their clientage. The senior member of the firm, Edward Hart, Sr., F.C.A., was elected an Alderman of the city of London in 1888, and on the granting of a NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 19 royal charter to "Tlie Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales" was elected one of the first members of council. The other partners are William Oscar Tibbetts, F.C.A., Edward Hart, Jr, F.C.A., located in London; and William Henry Hart, A.C.A., the representative in New York City. EAGLE PENCIL COMPANY. A lead pencil is a small article, and yet one New York Company alone engaged in its manufac ure employ u])waids of a thousand hands. This is the Eagle Pencil Com])any, founded by Daniel Berolzheimer in a small way, and carried on by his successors until to-day it turns out over half the pencils in the world from this city of New York, has offices and warerooms in Franklin Street, a factory occupying No. 702 to 732 East 14th Street, another from 703 to 725 East 13th Street, cedar works for cutting wood in Florida and Alabama, branch houses in London and Paris, travellers in this country, China, South Africa, Australia, South America and agencies everywhere. The astonishing growth of this great American industry must be ascribed to the pluck, energy and indomitable courage and perseverance of its founders and promoters. Although Daniel Berolzheimer started the business its real founder was his son Henry, for Daniel died soon after its establishment. It was originally founded in Furth, kingdom of Bavaria, in 1858, and a small branch started in this country in i860. When, in 1861, the war of the Rebellion broke out and our govern- ment were compelled in its suppression to levy heavy duties on imports, the firm erected a factory in this city and the business prospered beyond their most sanguine expecta- tions, so much so, in fact, that they were obliged to increase manufacturing facilities here and reduce the imports from Bavaria in proportion, until finally (1870) the German concern was abandoned altogether and their energies con- fined to the American market exclusively. At this time the factory was in Yonkers, N. Y., but in 1876 headciuarters were transferred to this city, a step rendered necessary by an ever increasing trade. Since that time the intrinsic merit of their productions has given the business an impetus until it now appears as if the Eagle Pencil Company were about to control the pencil markets of the whole world, as in effect it controls more than half of them already. They have the largest establishment on the globe, the ground covered by their works embracing thirty-two city lots. Their Steel Pen and Penholder factory on 13th Street alone covers 80,000 square feet. The concern was in 1885 incorporated into a joint stock company, and Emil, son of Henry and grandson of Daniel, was elected President. He inherits his father's traits of character in an eminent degree and especially his executive ability. Emil was born in Furth, Bavaria, on April 26, 1862, and graduated from the Government high schools. He started in life as clerk in a Frankfort (on the Main) Bank, and was subsequently engaged in the Bancjue de Paris, Brussels. From thence he came to this country and engaged, together with his bro- ther Phillip, in his father's business, first as a clerk in the concern and through successive stages as manager. Phillip has recently returned from what may be termed a business trip round the world, the result of which gives some idea of the concern's vastness, its enterprise and what Emil Berolz- heimer has achieved in the way, so to speak, of universal dominion. Mr. Phillip opened connections in China, Japan, Australia, the East Lidies, the republics of South and Central America, France, Italy and other European nations, all of which countries had purchased their goods in Germany hitherto. Indeed the Comi)any have agents and travellers always on the move in their interest, and the Eagle Com- pany is now known throughout civilization and even a trifle beyond it. The factory on 14th Street turns out lead jiencils and rubber erasers, and that on i3tli Street pen- holders and steel pens, the latter being a new depar ure, for they have entirely abandoned the old methods employed in the manufacture of steel pens, and through their inventive skill and perseverance have discovered a new and original process for the production of that much used writing material. Their constant aim has been, and still is, to improve the articles in the production of which they are engaged as well as the process of manufacture, and their efforts in that respect are eminently successful. They have invented several ingenious contrivances in this direction, among them the well known automatic pencil, which has revolutionized the whole trade in mechanical pencils. They also manufacture a patented copying ink pencil, with which one can write a letter and copy the same just as though it were written with copying ink. One of their latest pro- ductions is the Fountain Pen. Owing to their wonderful jnachinery, inventions and complete facilities, a school boy can purchase a fountain pen out of his pocket money which a few years ago was considered a luxury only accessible to the comparatively wealthy. It is worthy of note that ])rize medals have been awarded to Eagle pencils wherever they have been exhibited, the last of which was at the Centennial Exposition, when they oljtained the highest award for cheap- ness and good cjuality. Still more important are the expressions of approval constantly coming in from the real judges — those who are compelled to use pencils in the line of their professional duties, such as reporters and stenograph- ers, who speak of their value with convincing sincerity, sec- onded by a continuous patronage. From a small beginning this Company has worked its way up until to-day there is not a child that does not know the lead pencil bearing a picture of the American bird of freedom. OELBERMANN, DOMMERICH & CO. The transition of the great firm of Oelbermann, Dom- merich & Co., 57 to 63 Greene Street, from importers and commission merchants to commission merchants pure and simple is significant of the impetus the policy of protection has given to American manufactures. The house is an old one and for many years sold goods imi)orted from England and other European countries, whereas at present the great bulk of the goods it handles is the product of American looms. It was first established in 1849, and has, therefore, been in existence nearly half a century. Since then the name of the firm controlling it has been changed a few times and its personality has been modified, though in essence it remains the same, and the present owners, Messrs. Oel- bermann and Dommerich, have been connected with it for thirty-seven and thirty-three years respectively. They have always confined themselves strictly to the commission trade, believing in the principle that in a mixed business equal justice cannot be meted out to the manufacturer and the vender on his own account; in other words, the seller on his own account is more zealous in pushing his than the manufac- turer's interests. That commission pure and simple pays, and pays well in the long run, is clearly illustrated by the volume of trade carried on by this large and prosperous concern, which to-day stands in the front rank of the great com- mission houses of the country. Representing as they do the very highe-t class of drygoods, and having connections all over the civilized world, they are eminently in a position to distribute the products of American manufacture to jobbers and large retailers in every city of the Union. Another of the benefits of a purely commission business is the ad- ditional stability it derives from the absence of risks, attaching to the carrying of large stocks of their own. The only risk they are liable to, is from the guaranteeing of credits, and thus they hold a decided advantage over competitors in the trade wlio are compelled to carry both. 20 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 1111, NEW VORK LIFK INSURANCE COMPANY'S BUILDINGS. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 21 THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. The history of Life Insurance in the Metropolis has been even more remarkable than the history of the Metro- polis itself. The city has been more than two centuries in growing ; Life Insurance has become one of its most important interests during the past fifty years. Half a century ago three companies had been chartered by citizens of New York, and one of them began business in 1843 ; there are now twelve New York companies, with accumulated assets amounting to over five hundred million dollars. In 1843 it was a question whether any life insur- ance company could do business enough to keep it in exist- ence: in 1893 it is seriously proposed to limit by legislative enactment the amount of business which a single company may do. The New York Life Insurance Company was chartered in 1843, under the name of the "Nautilus Insur- ance Company," which it bore until 1849 ; it was organized and began business in 1845. In December of that year there were four active companies in the country, two in New York, one in New England and in New Jersey. The four had less than $300,000 in assets and less than $800,000 in insurance. At the end of 1892 there were forty- four companies, with over $850,000,000 in assets and over $4,000,000,000 of insurance in force. They had an income in 1892 of over $200,000,000 and disbursed nearly $150,000,000. Of this immense business over half was done by New York companies and over one-seventh by the New York Life alone. It is proper to trace with some degree of detail the history of a company that has been thus con- nected with the history of Life Insurance in the Metropolis. The New York Life was organized and has continued as a purely mutual company, under the control of Trustees elected by the insured members. Its growth was slow — or seems so now — during the first fifteen years of its existence, and in i860, when there were seventeen companies doing business in the State, with combined assets of over $24,000,000, the New York Life was the fourth in size with less than $2,000,000. In this year it originated and introduced non-forfeitable policies, anticipating by over half a year the Massachusetts law on this subject. Ten years before it had expunged the suicide clause from its policies, standing alone in this respect for many years. The year 1873, which marked the culmination of the period of commercial pros- perity following the civil war, also marked the culmina- tion of a period of rapid growth in life insurance which followed the introduction of non-forfeitable policies. There were then fifty-six companies doing business in the State, having an income in 1873 of $118,000,000, assets to the amount of $360,000,000, and over $2,000,000,000 of insurance in force. The New York Life was doing about one-fifteenth of the entire business, having an income of $7,000,000, assets to the amount of $24,000,000, and over $123,000,000 of insurance in force. During the next seven years nearly half the companies went out of existence and the total business fell off nearly one-third ; the New York Life, however, made substantial gains both in income and insurance. In 1869-71 the Tontine plan of insurance was introduced, and the New York Life became one of its lead- ing exponents. The two radical features of this plan were (i) cash surrender values of the entire reserve and surplus at the end of ten, fifteen or twenty years, and (2) policies forfeitable for non-payment of premium during the Tontine period. The second feature was not long maintained, but the first was found of such practical value that it has been adopted by nearly all companies. As the New York Life withstood the effects of the financial stringency following 1873 better than most companies, so it grew more rapidly with the advent of more favorable conditions. It extended its agency system until it became a world-wide company, with Branch Offices in all the great centres of trade and ci\iIization. In 1892 the company began the issue of a contract called the " Accumulation Policy," which retained the deferred dividend and cash surrender features of the Tontine plan, with liberal non-forfeiture provisions, and without any restrictions whatever upon residence, occupa- tion, travel, habits of life and manner of death. Incidental features, with respect to grace in payment of premium, the privilege of reinstatement, loans on the policy, and incon- testability after one year, add to its value and render this the most liberal contract issued by any company. The company's business for 1892 was the largest of any year of its history, its new insurances exceeding $173,000,000. Its income was $30,936,590.83, disbursements $21,654,290.76, assets January i, 1893, $137,499,198.99, and a surplus of $16,804,948.10. The company was thoroughly examined by the Insurance Department in 1891-92 and its assets and lia- bilities carefully verified by experts. The Company's Home Office is a handsome marble edifice at 346 and 348 Broad- way, corner of Leonard Street, and it owns office buildings in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Kansas City, Omaha, Montreal, Paris, Vienna and Berlin. Officers and Trustees of the Company are as follows : John A. McCall, President ; Henry Tuck, Vice-President ; A. H. Welch, 2d Vice Presi- dent ; G. W. Perkins, 3d Vice-President ; R. W. Weeks, Actuary; C. N. Jones, Associate Actuary ; H. C. Richard- son, Ass't Actuary ; E. N. Gibbs, Treasurer ; H. S. Thompson, Comptroller ; C. C. Whitney, Secretary ; T. M. Banta, Cashier ; J. A. Brown, Auditor ; I). P. Kingsley, Supt. of Agencies ; A. Huntington, M.D., Medical Director ; S.H.Carney, M.D., Associate Medical Director; M. L. King, M.D., Assistant Medical Director ; O. H. Rogers, M.D., Assistant Medical Director. Trustees : William H. Ai)]jleton, C. C. Baldwin, William A. Booth, William F. Buckley, John Claflin, Charles S. Fairchild, Edward N. Gibbs, William R. Grace, Wm. B. Hornblower, Walter H. Lewis, Woodbury Langdon, John A. McCall, Henry C. Mortimer, Richard Miiser, A igustus G. Paine, Edmund D. Randolph, Hiram R. Steele, William L, Strong, Henry Tuck, A. H. Welch, and William C. Whitney. WILLIAM CAMPBELL CO. The leading Wall Paper Manufacturing establishment in the United States was founded by William Campbell in 1867, by the purchase of eight lots in Forty-first Street, west of Tenth Avenue, on which he proceeded to build. He at first utilized two lots, on which he erected a four story factory, fifty by a hundred feet. He turned out a first-class style of wail paper, business increased, and in 1872 he erected a five story structure on the lots adjoining, facing on Forty-second Street. This building he devoted to dyeing purposes. In 1875 he ran up another five story building, and in 1880 on the two remaining lots still an- other, thus covering the original eight lo s and making of the four stores one of the largest, most commodious and handsomest business structures in the city. This great building is 200 by 100 feet. In 1884 the exigencies of a trade always increasing compelled another enlargement and he constructed what he terms his second annex, with 100 feet frontage on Forty-second Street. This annex is eight stories high and is surmounted by a tower containing a large clock which may be seen from afar. The entire front of the salesrooms facing Forty-second Street is composed of plate glass, showing an interior superbly and appropriately equipped. Mr. Campbell's office is located in the rear and he makes of it almost as much a home as a business ofifice. Here he receives his principal customers and visitors from all parts of the world in a style becoming his position as the leading wall paper manufacturer and mural decorator of the United States. It is only when one gets inside and looks NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. around that the immensity and adaptability of the ])la( e are fully realized. To do it anything like justice in the space at our disposal would be impossible. And yet all the space is somehow or other utilized, what with machinery, raw material and the manufactured articles, which are as beauti- ful in texture and artistic in design as the genius of man can make them. In the cellar are situated the colossal boilers and engines that move the machinery, and here also great piles of raw material and colors are stored. The visitor anxious to see the sights of Gotham would not be wise to leave the city without seeing the sights of this mammoth establishment. The elevator is always at the service of such visitors. On the fifth floor the first manipu- lation of the raw material takes place. On the fourth floor are the printing rooms, where designs are arranged for the presses in colors. Here also are four large cylin- der machines as well as machines for bronzing. These latter receive the paper as it comes from the printing presses be- fore the designs are dry on it. The third floor is used as a drying and a rolling room, where the paper is put uj) into balls or rolls and thence taken down to the salesrooms. The second floor is like- wise utilized for cylinder colored printing machines and bronzing machines of a different process. The Annex building is dedi- cated among other uses to the accommodation of hand printers engaged in doing fine work of the most expensive and ela- borate patterns. On other parts of this building are stock rooms, rooms for mixing colors, not forget- ting places where the nu- merous and skillful artists of this est.iblishment i)re- pare and execute original designs. Mr. Campbell makes it a rule to S|)are neither time, labor nor expense in carrying out his plans, and he is now (July, 1892) introducing a machine which has cost %\ofioo. This is, in fact, one of the great secrets of his success and in a measure explains why it is that his wall papers are so near absolute perfection. Some of his designs in "high relief" are con- sidered very beautiful. The decorations of the Hotel Metropole, for instance, done by Mr. Cam])bell, and especially the ladies' parlor, are for and brilliancy of execution without perhaps any other city. The same interior of the Home Bank, which its elegance, the trade in DAWSON & ARCHER. John Dawson & William Archer, coni])rising the well known building firm of Dawson & Archer, in 1883 started in business together as Dawson & Archer. Each has had the most implicit faith and confidence in the other, and every contract they have had has been carried through success- fully in consequence hereof, until now they rank among the most extensive builders in the country. Their first important work was the Bloomingdale Building on 'i hird Avenue. Since then they have erected the Jewish Synagogues at 65th Street and Madison Avenue, and 72d Street and Lex- ington Avenue, a number of houses for the Rhinelander Estate, the Edison Building and Power Station, the Tower Building, 50 Broadway, the celebrated Holland House, Hotel Cambridge, Warwick Apartment House, Graham Hotel, First Baptist Church on the Grand Boulevard, and a large number of residence and apartment houses uptown. They are now building the New Criminal Court House in Centre Street, and considerable other work of lesser import- ance. They are both esteemed citizens of Mount Vernon and they have .built in that partly suburban city the Presby- t e r i a n and Methodist Churches, the New School, the New Bank building and other struc- tures. wiLi.iA.M c.\;.;riii.i.i. \ co.s blu.dini.. development, (."ampbell, the of this work. chasteness of design a parallel in this or may be said of the is much admired for The history of the house is the history of this city and marks its various stages of For a personal sketch of Mr. William reader is referred to Page 192, Part II., WILLIAM TRENHOLM. TEELE & COMPANY. William Trenholm, Teele & Company, Public -Vccountants and Audi- tors, of No. II Wall Street, is one of the lead- ng firms of the city, in he profession of Accoun- tancy, enjoying the con- fidence and esteem of the Banks, 1-egal and Commercial Firms. Mr. \\'illiam Trenholm, the seniormember of the firm, ' omes from Charleston South Carolina. Mr. A W. Teele comes from Boston, Mass. This firm employs a large number of Experts and Assistants, and examine and report on all matters pertaining to accounts. Among the authorized references are the following: National Park Bank, Broad- way, New York ; Commercial National liank, Broadway, New York ; Mechanics' National Bank, Wall Street, New York; Central National Bank, Hroaihvay, New York; Hanover National Bank. Nassau Street, New York; Ninth National Bank, Broadway. New York; Western National Bank, Broadway, New York ; Southern National Bank, Wall Street, New York ; .American Surety Company, 160 Broadway, New York ; 'I he State Trust Company, 50 Wall Street, New York. Their services are not confined to New York, but extend to all of the principal cities of the country. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 23 THE MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASSOCIATION BUILDING. The Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association liuilding, one of the most striking buildings on Broadway, and at the same time most attractive, is the magnificent structure now in process of erection at the corner of Duane Street. All New York knows that when completed it is to be the permanent home of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association. As will be seen by the accompanying illustration, the structure is singularly imposing. In the construction of this great edifice foreign climes have been ransacked for material. Africa and Italy have supplied its marble, England its enameled brick and skilled carvers. Artists of renown have been employed with mallet and chisel, hewing out of the solid Indiana limestone, figures and patterns of elegant -design. The building, which will be about 200 feet high when completed, has an exterior of sur- passing beauty. The outside portico is richly carved and the two main entrances, both on Broadway, as will be seen by a glance at the illustration, are marvels of the stonecarver's art. The building has fourteen stories above the side- walk. It has a frontage of 75 feet on Broadway, and 122 feet on Duane Street. There is a separate entrance on Broadway to the first story. The second, third, and fourth stories will be occupied in their entirety by the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association. The second floor is 118 feet deep and 70 feet wide. It will have four public elevators, running to the top of the building, and one private elevator running from the cellar to the fourth story floor, for the exclusive use of the Mutual Reserve P\ind Life Association. On this floor there will be steel safes built into the wall, toilet rooms, lavatories, lockers, and in fact all the conveniences and comforts appertaining to a first class modern business building. The fourth story will also be used for the accommodation of the immense staff of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association. On this floor will be the rooms of President E. B. Harper, the offices of the vice-presidents, the clerks, the counsel, and the agents. Here, also, will be the library. Near the centre will be a private bathroom and lavatory. On the seventh, ninth and eleventh floors fireproof steel safes measuring ^even feet by fourteen feet will be built. All of the floors above will be laid out in offices, to let. The courtyard, which extends from the fourth story to the roof, is a light shaft, 30 feet by 15 feet. It is faced with white enamelled bricks, practically indestructible, that came all the way from York- shire, England. They are as white as the tiles of a Fifth avenue bathroom, and for reflecting light are unsurpassed. The building will be as near fireproof as human skill can make it. Calcutta, also a fortnightly service from New York to Jamaica ports. It began a fortnightly service from this city to Hayti last year, the first steamer running on December 5, 1891. It was the Anchor Line introduced the system of issuing letters of credit in small amounts, payable free of all charge in all banks in the British Isles, and good all over the civilized world. It is the only line building its own steamers and equipping them as well. Their plant is the largest in Scotland and it was from their yards was turned out the famous slooj) " Thistle," which ran the bininJtltniSli MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASSOCIATION BUILDING. ANCHOR LINE. One of the indications of New York's commercial expansion is the number of steamship lines that con- nect it with the whole world, and the greatest of those is undoubtedly the Anchor Line, which contains forty-five splendid vessels, divided up into fleets. Six of these big steamers run between New York and Glasgow. It has a ten days' service between New York and the Mediterranean ports, a fortnightly service connecting from New York with steamers from Glasgow and Liverpool to Bombay and American yacht " Volunteer " so hard for the International Yacht Cup, four or five years ago. William Coverly has been identified with the line as agent since 1864, when it was established in New York, and has been its manager for the past eighteen years. The first manager was Francis Macdonald, who after ten years of faithful service died of consumption and was succeeded by Mr. Coverly. This line has a larger number of steamships than any other in the world. It owns a great shipbuilding yard in Glasgow and has close business relations with another at Barrow-on- Furness. 24 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. l-KI/r MILLS AND SOl'NDINC. IIOAKI) KACTORV, ALI'RKI) DOLCIK, nciLC.KVILLK, N. Y. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 25 ALFRED DOLGE. The industrial village of Dolgeville, in the State of New York, has of late years aroused much attention, both in this country and abroad, by reason of the successful efforts made by its founder, Alfred Dolge, a Cierman- American, to solve the labor problem, in an entirely original manner. The fact that Mr. Dolge had come to this country a young man of eighteen, without means and without even a knowledge of our languag'e, had before he was forty established the largest manufactories in the world for felt, felt shoes, sounding boards and other piano material, had surpassed the oldest establish- ments in Europe by the superior quality of his products, for which he had gained the highest awards at the ex- hibitions of Vienna, Paris, and Philadelphia, had been honored with many positions of public trust, and gained a commanding position among the great leaders of the Republican party, and a reputation more than local, as a public speaker of power and eloquence, created an interest for his work as a social reformer, and gave it a force which it otherwise could never have attained. And if anything could possibly heighten this interest it was Mr. Dolge's repeated declaration that what he did for his work people was not done from the point of any new socialistic propaganda of humanitarianism or Christian philosophy, but from the calm, cool calculation of the level headed manufacturer and merchant, who did what he did as a pure matter of business, because it paid in dollars and cents. His system has been a matter of slow and gradual growth and may be said to be the evolution of the ideal socialism of his father, an old revolutionist of '48 in Europe, as well as of the great German social democrat Liebknecht, tempered and reduced and made practical by the common sense of a man who knew human- ity well enough to realize that where money was involved, no great, no radical reform could ever be accomplished in a universal sense except it appealed directly to human self interest, to human selfishness. He saw that "to give some- thing" to the wage earner might temporarily placate him, but would still leave a sense of unjust treatment, and perhaps what was even worse, a feeling on the part of both employer and employes that what had been obtained was the un- willing concession of fear to force. He also saw that the wage earner had no right to any share in the legitimate " profit " made by the capital, the skill, the labor, the direct- ing power, the business sense of the employer. What, then, could possibly be the issue out of the clilemma? Surely it could only be on the basis of justice. And what would justice indicate ? An investigation into the "Actual Earn- ings " of each man and a determination to give them to him. This is just what Alfred Uolge did. He set to work to organize a simple system of bookkeeping, by which "the actual earnings" of each of his employes could be deter- mined, and then gave them to him. It is not necessary to go into the details of this system. It must suffice to say that his business is divided up into departments. The one buys from the other and sells to the next. What the firm invests in capital, labor, and skill is properly remunerated; the proper charges are made for all debts, expense of run- ning the business. The balance belongs to the wage earners. Now, Mr. Dolge has found that this balance is always in ex- cess of the actual wages paid, which wages in his factories, by the bye, are higher than those paid in any other felt and lumber mill in the country. The difference between the actual wages and the amount actually earned by the wage earners was clearly theirs. There was no possible getting away from the situation, and the evident just thing to do was to give the people this difference. At this point Alfred Dolge's knowledge of the working classes (he had been one of them himself) came to his aid, and he determined upon an entirely original course of procedure. He took the difference between the actual wages the workman received in cash and what belonged to him under this plan of "earning sharing," and invested it for his benefit in life insurance, pension fund, endowment fund, sick fund, etc. Under the Dolge system a workman who has been with him for five years gets ^r,ooo insurance, for ten years another $1,000, for fifteen years another $1,000. The firm of course pays the premiums. The amount of such insurance now amounts to over $150,000. After ten years' continuous ser- vice the workman can retire on 25 ])er cent, of his wages, and so on in graduated amounts till after twenty-five years he can retire on full pay. Thus with Alfred Dolge the workman who has served him faithfully for a quarter of a century, instead of being thrust into the street, is sent home with an assurance of comfort for the rest of his life. Then there is the sick fund and the endowment fund. Dolgeville is an old settlement and was originally known as Brockete's Bridge. Alfred Dolge came there in 1875 i'^ search of spruce for his piano business. He found an old tannery and a few tumble down old homes. Seeing the immense natural advantages of the place, its fine water-power, he bought the tannery, and in these seventeen years built up the most enterprising and celebrated industrial town in the centre of New York State, the name of which some years ago by unanimous request of the inhabitants was changed to Dolgeville. A railroad now connects the town with Little Falls. Personally Alfred Dolge may best be described as "a man among men." He looks what he is, an indomi- table worker, a natural born leader. Sturdy, of great physical strength, he differs from many self-made men in an innate courtesy and gentleness of manner. He does a business of two millions a year, has a very multitude of projects to attend to, but has always spare time for anything and everything, and for everybody. Alfred Dolge is a remarkable illustration of what can be ac- complished in this country by a man without any other advantages than great natural ability, and force of character, and unmistakable will, all joined to that pe- culiar union of the practical and ideal so characteristic of our German-American citizen. LAMB & RICH. Among the many eminent architects of New York are Lamb & Rich. Hugh Lamb, the senior partner, was born in Scotland on October 11, 1847 '^"d is a man self taught and self made. He began his career as a carpenter, but after his ap])renticeship studied architecture. He first went into practice in Newark, N. J., and in 1877 came to New York and spent four years with P. M. Wheeler. He is married and lives in East Orange. Charles A. Rich was born in Boston on October 22, 1855, and was educated there. He graduated from Dartmouth College in the class of 1875. He studied architecture under William Ralph Emerson of Boston, five years after which he travelled in Europe two years, studying and observing. On his return he wrote a series of articles on Old-World architecture which obtained wide comment. Mr. Rich is member of the Atlantic and Columbian Yacht Clubs, and is owner of a fine yacht himself. The firm of Lamb & Rich was established in 1881, the partners at first devoting them- selves to the building of private residences, but after a while branching out to public buildings, constructed many fine edifices, among them the house occupied by Mr. Forrest, Theodore Roosevelt. H. O. Armour, Jeremiah Millbank, and S. B. Hinckley. They have also built the Harlem Club House, the Strathmore, San Carlos, Astral, and other first class apartment houses, the Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, the Germania Insurance Company structure, the Commonwealth Opera House, and Mount Morris Bank. 26 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. H. MAURER & SON. The extensive brick works of this firm are situated- in the town of Maurer, on the Central R. R. of New Jersey, 2 2 miles from New York City, and, being located on Staten Island Sound and the Kill von KuU, have unequalled advantages for transportation. The works and yards em- brace in all some ten acres, and in every respect are equipped with the latest devices and improvements in machinery and methods for manufacturing purposes. The clay lands operated by the works contain several hundred acres. At the entrance of the works stands ihe handsome three-story office building of the firm, 26 ft. by 26 ft. in dimensions, alongside of which are the ])latform scales. In rear of the office building is the machine and blacksmith's shof), three stories high and 60 by 30 ft. in dimensions. stories high. In this building are different machines for manufacturing hollow and red bricks, the upper floor being used for drying. Attached to this building is the steam drying room, 100 ft. by 42 ft., fitted with 14,000 feet of steam pipes. The bricks are transferred by machinery to the drying room, where they remain 48 hours ; from thence they are taken to the different kilns, of which there are six, 40 ft. long and 24 ft. wide, with a capacity of 250,000 bricks each. The fire brick and tile department building is 350 ft. 'long and 240 ft. wide, three stories high. 'I his building is used exclusively for the manufacture of fire brick, blocks and tiles used in glass and gas works, blast furnaces, rolling mills, etc. The building contains a Hoffman kiln and six square down draft kilns, with a capacity each of 40,000 to 60,000 fire bricks. In this building is all the machinery HENRY MAL RLR & SON. FIRE BRICK WORKS. The blacksmith's sho]) has two fires, and the machine sho]) one lathe and two planers, with all necessary tools ; in the latter shop is the electric dynamo room, furnished with a dynamo of the Thomson-Houston pattern with a capacity of 500 incandescent lights of 16 candle power. The hol- low-brick building is 175 ft. long and 87 ft. wide, five stories high, and contains a Hoffman continuous kiln of 140 ft. in length and 40 ft. in width on the lower floor. The upjier floors are used for drying fire])roofing material ; four ele- vators transfer the material uj) and down. Attached to this building is a shed 205 ft. long and 40 ft. wide, for storage of fire clay, with a storage (■ai)acity of 5,000 tons. The brickmaking machine building adjoins this, also three stories high and 27 by 30 ft. in dimensions. 'i"he red brick department building is 142 ft. long by 42 ft. wide, and three used in manufacturing of the fire clay jircducts. The gas retort building is 150 t't. by 40 ft. in dimensions. Here gas retorts of all sizes are made, to supjjly the demand in the United States and South America. The steam powerhouse is situated in the centre of the works, in which are two Corliss engines of 200 horse ])0wer each. The boiler house contains three large steam boilers of 1 25 horse power capacity each. In the engine room is a ])owerful fire-service pumj) capable of throwing 500 gallons of water per minute. The water siq'ply is drawn from Woodbridge Creek, which adjoins the works. Distributed about the works are ten fire hydrants, with six-inch mains, and supi)ly hose 1,000 feet long. There are four storage sheds for storing mate- rial, each 36 ft. by 300 ft. The Central R. R. of New Jer- sey runs into tlie works, connected by several side tracks. NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 27 The water frontage on the Kill von Kull is 2,200 feet, and on Woodbridge Creek 600 feet. The works are surrounded by dwelling houses containing about seventy f.imilies. There are a schoolhouse, hotel, stores, church, post office, and railroad depot ; in all, Maurer contains about four hundred inhabitants. In the works some 300 men and boys are employed all the year round ; 55,000 tons of raw mate- rial are used and 7,500 tons of coal are consumed yearly. The clay and other material are brought to the works by railroad, boats, tramways and wagons. Such is a brief description of the Maurer brick works, founded by Henry Maurer, who many years ago came to this country a poor lad, and achieved this result by his industry and enterprise case leads to the second floor, upon which the 120 horse l)ower brewery engines, dynamo and dynamo engine, two 400 barrel hop-jacks and a spent grain tank are located. On the next floor are two 400 barrel steam jacketed kettles, gauge stands, and the driving devices for the nineteen foot diameter mash-tubs, which are placed upon stagings above the floor. Over these mash tubs on the third floor of the brew house are two steam jacketed Conversion or " thick mash" tubs and two hot water tubs, commanding the mash-tubs below. The brew-master's office, and to the rear of the building, the first mill floor, is separated from the brew house throughout by fire walls. Here are also located two ground malt bins, each of sufficient C3j)acity for a brew- THE RINGLER BREWERY. The buildings of the George Ringler Brewing Company comprise the new brew house on 92d Street, and the refriger- ated store house adjoining the old brew house in the rear of the new structure, the refrigerating machine house and condenser house on 91st Street, the covered yard, the stable building next to the refrigerated storage house, extending from 92d through to 91 t Streets, a second stable on the south side of 91st Street, extending through to 90th Street and accommodating 150 horses, as well as the office on the corner of Third Avenue and 92d Street, and the pumping station on 91st Street between First and Second Avenues. As shown in the accompanying illustration, there are two twelve foot wide entrances under the brew house to the drive- way connecting the rear buildings of the Company. A stair- ing; located over the mash tubs is also a malt storage room for 30,000 bushels. On the upper floor are a hot and cold water tub, two conversion tub bins, and a second mill floor upon which the scouring, grinding and weighing machinery are located. Above this machinery is another staging upon which the hopper is placed. The house and the apparatus are absolutely fireproof and the plant so arranged that the brewing operation is automatic and in every way a gravity plant, only a single pumping, that from the hop-jacks to the surface cooler, being required. All the buildings of the Company are thoroughly lighted by arc and incandescent lamps, for which a double lighting plant is provided. After this meagre outline of one of New York's largest industrial institutions, and when it is stated that it has a brewing capacity of more than 500,000 barrels, some idea of the 28 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. great Ringler 15re\very may be formed. George Ringler, the founder and senior member of the company, brother of F. A. Ringler, and a universally esteemed citizen, died in the month of June, 1889. He was born in 1842 at Frieden- wald, and learned the brewer's trade in Bremerhaven. He came to New York at the age of 21, and was at once employed as foreman in the old Winkens Brewery on 58th Street. July ist, 1872, he started the brewery on 92d Street. Mr. Ringler was a member of all the Brewers' Associations, of the Produce Exchange, and Arion and Liederkranz Societies, and was a Freemason and an Odd Fellow. He leaves two children; and William G., who is a practical brewer, is the Vice-President of the Brewery. His executor is his brother, F. A. Ringler, who has since his death been the President of the Brewery and is one of the most active business men of our city. The erection of the new brew house is due to his energy. $50,000. The jjresident of this great industry is the vener- able founder Florian Grosjean, who came here a poor Swiss boy. Mr. Grosjean loves his employes and it is his con- tinual delight to look after their well being. Strikes are unknown in his factory, and many of the men have been in* the employment of the firm for 25 years. A large park has been laid out adjoining the factory at Woodhaven for the comfort and refreshment of the workers and their families. Besides the home trade the Company has connections all over the world. THE LALANCE & GROSJEAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Company has perha])s one of the most interesting histor.es of any of the great industrial corporations in or around New York. It is now nearly half a century since Florian- Grosjean, a native of Switzerland, with his compatriot. Chas. Lalance, - MSI THE LALANXE & GROSJE.\N MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S FACTORY. landed in New York, and, in 1850, started in a very humble way, as importers of sheet metal culinary utensils. Then they began to manufacture for themselves, and in 1863 the business had increased to such an extent that for economy's sake the merchant emigrants had to seek outside the city for ground whereon to build a factory, and they selected Woodhaven, Long Island. At that time they employed from 75 to 100 hands In 1869 the business was incorj)orated under the title of the Lalance & (irosjean Manufacturing Company. Prosperity continued to smile until February, 1876, when a fire destroyed the whole works. In five months, however, they were again in full operation, and seventeen years of unbroken progress and prosjjerity leaves the corporation to-day the largest manufacturing con- cern of its class in the world. The company has its main factory, covering sixteen acres, at Woodhaven, a large sheet iron and sheet rolling mill at Harrisburg, Pa., an imi)ortant agency in New York ; with stores in Boston and Chicago. An idea of the magnitude of this concern may be formed when it is stated that at the ])resent time the company employs 1,700 hands. Four carloads of goods are sent away from the factory daily, and 50c cases for the New York trade alone. I'he amount of tinplate used averages 1,000 boxes weekly, and 2,000,000 feet of lumber is yearly cut u]) for packing alone, at a cost for material and labor of DEXTER, LAMBERT & CO. This house stands among the pioneers of the silk indus- try in America. Originally founded in Boston in the year 1847, under the firm name of Tilt & Dexter, it was reor- ganized in the year 1853 as the firm of I )exter, Lambert & Co. It is now nearly forty years since Mr. .Anson Dexter dissolved the firm of Tilt & Dexter, and. in forming the concern of Dexter, Lambert & Co., admitted as partners Catholina Lambert and Charles Barton. Both were young men, employes of the old firm. Mr. Lambert, at the time, was still in his teens. The class of goods manufactured by the house at that time was known on the market as "dress trimmings." In the year 1856 the concern added a new branch to the business : the manufacture of silk ribbons. In this undertaking they were eminently successful, and the increasing business of the firm now obliging them to add largely to the plant, they erected a three-story brick mill, 160 x 50 feet, on Lenox Street, Boston. Dexter, Lambert & Co. pur- chased their silk in Paterson, N. J., from the "Throwsters," thus making that city the base of supply. In the year i860 Mr. Anson Dexter retired from the firm, disposing of his interest to Mr. Catholina Lambert. The retirement of Mr. Dexter led to the admission as partners of Messrs. Geo. R. Dexter and W. N. Lambert ; the former a son of Mr. Anson Dexter, the latter a brother of Mr. Lambert. During the year 1865 Messrs. Dexter, Lambert & Co. moved the entire business from Boston to Paterson, N. J., where they had just completed an elegant new mill. In the year 1867 Mr. W. N. Lambert visited South America, with the hopes of restor- ing his declining health. These hopes were never realized ; he died there in 1869. Mr. Geo. R. Dexter retired from the concern in the year 1874. and died in 1876. Mr. Henry B. Wilson, of New York, was admitted as partner in 1878. Mr. Wilson had full management of the New York end of the business for three years previous to his becoming a partner. In the year 1869 the firm erected another mill in Paterson, N. J. This mill stands on the opposite side of the street from the old mill, and is con- nected with it by a bridge at one end of the building and a tunnel at the other, thus virtually making both mills one for all practical uses. The retirement of Mr. Barton followed in the year 1880, after nearly thirty years' connection with the firm. In 1882 they erected a beautiful mill in Hawley, Pa., the dimensions of this fine structure being 380 x 44 feet, and five stories in height. Messrs. C. N. Sterrett, W. F. Suydain and W. S. Lambert were admitted as partners in the year 1885. .Another mill was built at Honesdale, Pa., in the year 1886. The firm employs more than 2,000 hands. The firm of Dexter, Lambert iS: Co. has during all these years, and during all the changes in business, retained its original name. Mr. Catholina Lambert, who is the sole surviving member of the old house, can now, after nearly forty years of untiring work, take a retros])ective glance at his labors and say, with jjardonable pride, " My work will stand." NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 29 BLOOMINGDALE BROTHERS. The history of the Bloomingdale Brothers, who, from a very modest beginning and after overcoming great obstacles, have taken rank among the greatest retail drygoods merchants in the world, is of much interest and is sugges- tive of a high order of talent on their part. In 1868 the two brothers, Lyman G. and Joseph B, Bloomingdale, purchased their father's interest in a wholesale hoopskirt manufactur- ing business. And here a few words about the elder Mr. Bloomingdale, an estimable gentleman, may be in order. He left his native village at Bavaria. Germany, in 1837, to come to America, and as he was the first emigrant from that parti- cular village the inhabitants came out en masse to see him off This was a combination of curiosity and sympathy. Mr. Bloomingdale tried his fortune first in New Jersey and next in North Carolina, but not succeeding he came to New York and got married. It was here his two sons, Lyman G. and Joseph Benjamin, were born. The development of the Bloomingdale Brothers' business from very little to its the Bloomingdalcs to be large hearted and generous, even had they both not seen the world, and therefore realized the advantage of a helping hand. THE WILLIAM STRANGE COMPANY. The now venerable house of William Strange & Co., and Strange & Brother, was started in 1838, at the corner of William and Beaver Streets, this city. After thirty years of mercantile experience as silk importers and dealers, the Stranges become manufacturers, convinced that with American skilled labor they can produce the class of goods they had been importing and paying duty upon. Their first manufacturing establishment was opened in Williams- burg, in 1863. Five years later the works were transferred to Paterson, N. J., and there conducted under the firm name of William Strange & Co. E. B. Strange having decided to retire fiom the manufacturing line, left the Paterson mills under the sole management of William Strange & Co. Si BLOOMINGDALE BROTHERS' BUILDING present proportions has been phenomenal. They employ 1,300 hands, their establishment covers fifteen city lots, and when their present extension taking them to Lexington Ave- nue has been completed the business will cover twenty-three city lots. The inside of their establishment during working hours is really one of the sights of the Metropolis. It may be stated here that the Messrs. Bloomingdale failed in 1871 and compounded with their creditors. Seven years later, they, without being asked and of their own volition, paid their creditors the difference between the legal compromise and the 100 cents on the dollar which they owed originally. They surely deserve their well won reputation for integrity. The finer traits of the character of the two brothers are manifested in their treatment of their employes, in whose welfare they display a fraternal interest, to whom, in fact, they are more like personal friends than employers. Many of their present rivals in trade served formerly in their establishment in various capacities, and it was the brothers gave them their first start in business. It seems natural in The partners after this change were Albert B. Strange and William Strange, father and son. Albert B. Strange died in February, 1886; and since then the management and direction of the now colossal establishment have devolved upon Mr. William Strange, who is the head and front of both establishments, which produce and distribute goods from Maine to California. In 1887, the firm of William Strange & Co., under the style of the William Strange Company, was incorporated, with Mr. W. Strange as President, W. C. Kimball treasurer, and Strange &: Brother of New York the selling agents. The establishments are well known as among the most aggressive and enterprising in the silk manufacture and trade, and notwithstanding the many financial crises and commercial convulsions witnessed in this country, from 1838 until the present day, they have promptly met every obligation and have never had occasion to call upon the insurance companies for one dollar in consequence of fire. Mr. Strange and his associates have played an important part in determining tariff and NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. other legislation affecting tiieir industry on occasions when there was need of technical information and longexperience combined with broad and patriotic views of American industrial develoi)inent. Mr. ^\'illiam Strange is a native New Yorker, and takes pride in contributing to the pros- perity of the Metropolis, as well as to the beautiful New- Jersey city. Notwithstanding criticism and adverse com- ment when this business of silk manufacturing was started, Mr. Strange has shown, and takes a natural pride in the fact, that by the aid of American skilled labor he has managed to comi)ete successfully with Lyons and other centres of the silk industry. These fruitful industiial transplantations were not the result of chance or managed by adventurous tyros in the realm of mercantile endeavor. They were designed and carried on by men of great experience and success in American and international commerce, who saw opportunity for saving for American account the profit that had been made by foreign manufacturers who sold their goods to us. The career of the strong firm whose name heads this sketch strikingly illustrates the motives and methods of these Pioneers of American Industry. SWEETSER, PEMBROOK & CO. 'l"he principal part of the jobbing drygopds trade of New York City is done by six houses, one of which is Sweetser, Pembrook & Co., 365 Broadway. Hence this firm is often referred to as " One of the Big Six." It is in existence nearly a quarter of a century and was founded in 1868 by J. Howard Sweetser, George D. Sweetser, William A. Pembrook and B. J. Hathaway, who entered into partner- ship and began business at No. 71 Leonard Street. In 187 i owing to the exigencies of an increasing business they removed to 76-78 Broadway, later on to 356 Broadway, again in 1878 to Broadway and Franklin Street, and in 1885 to their present location, Broadway and White Street, always moving in order to suit their growing trade. The firm is now composed of seven members, which include all the founders (excepting B. J. Hathaway, who retired ten years ago) and Joseph H. Bumsted, George L. Putnam, Howard B. Sweetser, Theodore K. Pembrook and Frederick B. Dale. The new partners are all young men w ho have grown up with the house and aided in bringing it to its present proud position in Metropolitan trade. In 1863 George D. and J. Howard Sweetser started a cash drygoods jobbing store in a modest way on Church Street, w hich turned out a success. Previous to this the former gentleman had been in business in Brooklyn and so came to this city with ripe exi)erience. Mr. Pembrook came from New Jersey in 1858 and was engaged with Terbell, Jennings i\: Co., and afterwards with Wick, Smith & Co., wath whom he remained until the present ])artnership was formed. The Sweetstrs were born in Amherst, Mass., and J. Howard graduated from Amherst College. He came to New York in 1855 and was employed by J. A. Sweetser & Co., until the firm was dissolved and part of it merged in the present great establish- ment. Mr. Hathaway is with the house also, though not as a partner. FAIRCHILD BROTHERS & FOSTER. Fairchild Brothers & Foster, manufacturing chemists and manufacturers of digestive ferments, were established in 1878 by Benjamin T. and Samuel W. Fairchild, and continued three years under the name of Fairchild Brothers, after which Mr. Foster became connected w ith the business, which then consisted of wholesale and retail drugs and chemicals. Before uniting in the present enterprise the Messrs. Fairchild underwent years of experience as a])othe- caries anil chemists, with leading houses in Philadelphia and New York City. In 1884 Fairchild Brothers & Foster dis])osed of their wholesale and retail drug business, and removed to their present extensive offices and warehouses, 82 and 84 Fulton Street. Since then the production of "Digestive I^erments " has become their manufacturing specialty. The study of "Pancreatine and " Pejjsin " as* agents in digestion awakened the firm's attention to the important role these remedies are destined to perform, and made apparent the necessity of finer grades of nearly all these preparations than were in the market, for both ex- perimental and practical purposes. And as a result this house now leads the world in the production, in both quality and cpiantity, of digestive ferments. In what is known among apothecaries and chemists as the " Pepsin War," Fairchild Brothers & Foster have been unconcerned, so far as regards the originality of their " Pepsin in Scales." Their Pepsin not being a Peptone, they have sought to protect the individuality of their product, and in furtherance of this have formally adopted the title " Fairchild " to characterize their article. Among the valuable and original products the firm has successfully introduced are : " Pepsin Scales," and the permanent '"powder" of the Pepsin. " Extractum Pancreatis," " Essence of Pepsin," " Pepton- izing Tubes," "Trypsin," " Diastasic Essence of Pancreas," " Peptogenic Milk-Powder," also the " Modified Warbug Tincture," that has ])roved useful in the treatment of mala- rial fevers. A detailed account of the life of Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild is printed in Part II. of this work. TRAVERS BROTHERS. The great twine, thread and yarn establishment of the Travers Brothers, on Duane Street, which from small beginnings has grown to very large i)roportions within a comparatively limited period under a protective tariff, is one of the strongest illustrations of the benefit of that economic policy, though, of course, the business ability and character of the founder and his successors must be taken into consideration. This industry was founded by Augus- tine Travers about half a century ago, and was then limited to the sale and jobbing in twines and the manufacture of rope on a small scale in the old ropewalk style, where the spinner walked backward, with the flax or hemp raw mate- rial round his waist. Mr. Travers had a warehouse at 84 Maiden Lane, and a ropewalk in the neighborhood of Cen- tral Park, a region then well in the country. The fine twines he handled were chiefly imported. Augustine Travers died in i85r, leaving three sons, and was succ eded by his brother. Those sons were Francis C, Yincent P. and Ambrose F., all three of whom entered the business left by their father and continued by their uncle, as clerks, when (piite young men. There they mastered the details of the trade thoroughly, and in 1871 established themselves in the same line at 104 Duane Street, opposite No. 107 their present location, in the wholesaling and jobbing of twines. From that day to this their career has been one of uninter- rupted success, for, though beginning in a modest way, they have gradually built u]) the largest house in their line in their country. In 1S79 they commenced manufacturing hammocks from Mexican grass fibre. These hammocks, formerly imported, had been made by hand in Yucatan by the natives, but it was a slow process, and the growing demand for the article caused the Travers Brothers to almost do away with importing the manufactured goods, and to turn them out themselves by new and improved machinery introduced by them especially for the purpose. Since then their trade in hammocks has increased wonder- fully, and they export large numbers of them to the liritish Islands and other parts of Europe. They have, in fact, at this writing, made a shipment of hammocks to Scotland. The first factory of the firm was started at Syracuse, N. Y., NEl'V YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 31 in a small way, but, as their affairs progressed, they estab- lished a soinewhat larger one in this city, on Tenth Avenue. A few years later they purchased ground on West Fifty- second Street, near the North River, upon which they built a factory with a frontage of fifty and a depth of eighty-five feet, containing five stories and a basement. Even this was found too small for their ever-growing trade, and in 1888 they enlarged the premises on the same block by the addition of another mill. The factory herein shown is the first prominent building that strikes the eye of one coming down the Hudson. It is seven stories, or to the top of the tower nine stories. At the same time, they both enlarged the volume of their trade and added a few new branches in their line until they came to manufacture all sorts of rine Butler, mothei of the Travers Brothers, who was also from New York State, and on a visit. A rather interesting fact connected with the otherwise rather uneventful life of Mr. Travers was his friendship with Horace Greeley. When the great editor first came to New York he lived in the same house with Mr. Travers for quite a number of years. The three brothers are married and reside in New York. They are members of the Board of Trade, and also of the Catholic Club, and it is known of them, what is not always the case with brothers, that since they entered into business relations, more than twenty years ago, they have moved together in the most perfect harmony and acted in true fraternal regard, to which as well as their high character and undoubted business capacity much of their success must be ascribed. TR.A.VERS likOTHERS' l-ACTOKV. twines, threads, yarns, ropes and cords, including fancy twines for druggists, binding twine for grain and twine for baling the cotton crop, carpet yarn, in fact every variety of twine used in the various industries of the country, for the production of which they possess the most complete and best equipped establishment in the United States. They employ 600 hands and trade with every State in the Union. They also export to the South and Central American republics, Japan, China, and, in fact, to all parts of the world. Augustine Travers, founder of the business, was born in this city in 1820, and received an ordinary school education. While a young man he went West and engaged in the real estate business. It was while on a visit to a friend in Michigan that he met his future wife, Miss Cathe- HENDRICKS BROTHERS. Any one taking the trouble to go downtown into Cliff Street, between Fulton and Beekman Streets, will see the sign Hendricks Brothers, copper manufacturers, and in doing so will gaze upon the name of a firm a generation older than the United States. It was in existence, and had more than a local reputation, before the Rothschilds were heard of outside a small German principality. Since its establishment great commercial houses have risen and fallen, been shattered by wars, destroyed by fire or have succumbed to the stress of financial circumstances. It was a well known New York house even before the Boston tea party was held, and Uriah Hendricks, sturdy son of a sturdy son of a sturdy Dutch sire was its founder. Since then 32 NEW YOBK, THE METROPOLIS. mighty changes have passed over the world. George the Third gave way before George Washington, steam and electricity have become potent factors in our civilization, a tremendous civil war has been fought, New York has risen from a colonial town to be the Metropolis of the New World, but through all the changing scenes the old House of the Hendricks has stood serene, and descended from father to son in direct line of succession through five generations. It is really a proud record. The grave of the first Uriah Hendricks is to this day to be seen in the ancient little cemetery on Olive Street, and his name in the first directory ever published in this city, while his portrait, strangely re- sembling the Hendricks family likeness of our time e.xcept in dress, is suspended beside those of his descendants in the family mansion. The various portraits mark epochs in the industrial history of the United States. When after experiencing the usual vicissitudes of trade Uriah Hendricks died he was succeeded by his son Harmon. The Hendricks had been unswervingly loyal to their country during the stormy years of the Revolutionary war, and when it was over they obtained important contracts from the govern- ment. They dealt in copper, chiefly, and as most of the the times through all mutations when it has not gone ahead of them in enterprise, also that the Hendricks are among the most extensive metal dealers and workers in the country at this present time. When Harmon died he was succeeded by his sons Uriah, Washington, Henry and Montague. The^ business is now carried on by Joshua, Edmund, Francis, Harmon W. and Edgar Hendricks. Edgar is son of Joshua, senior member of the firm and fifth in descent from the founder. The others are sons of Uriah and grandson of Harmon. Who, then, shall say that peace hath not its vic- tories as well as war, and that a long line of American manufacturers is not as illustrious, and a thousand times as useful, as the idle and boastful nobility of Europe ? WILLIAM H. LEE. Among the great mercantile houses which have con- tributed so largely to the prosperity ot New York the firm of Lee, Tweedy & Company is notable for long duration of successful business, and for the fact that since its foundation in 1845 it has never failed to meet its obligations, and has passed unscathed through the i)eriods of business depression HENDRICKS BROTHERS' BELLEVILLE COPPER ROLLING MILLS war ships of the time were copper bottomed and copper fastened the house did a good trade. In 181 1 Harmon Hendricks erected the first regular rolling coi)j)er mill in the United States. It was located in Belleville, N. J., and was known as the Soho Copper Works. Naturally enough, as we learn from the news])apers of the time, the event made soinething of a sensation in manufacturing circles, though, compared with mills the Hendricks have constructed since, it was an infant in swaddling clothes. Then, and for many years after, the copper used by the firm was neces- sarily imported, the bulk of it coming from South America, but when the metal was discovered in native mines they hastened to take advantage of it. It could hardly be ex- pected that in the course of a century and a quarter this house would not have its troubles. The place suffered from fires in common with other industrial centres of New York from time to time, and in 1S74 the Belleville Rolling Mills were entirely destroyed. They were rebuilt and run- ning once more with their old power within eight weeks, and the energy then dis])layed by the Hendricks has been characteristic of the house from the start. It goes without saying that this ancient establishment has kept abreast of and disaster during which tew of the drygoods concerns of the city have remained unshaken. The original firm name was Lee & Case, which was afterwards changed to Lee, Case &: Co., to William H. Lee ^: Co., to Lee, Bliss & Co., and finally to the present style. Lee, Tweedy ilv Co. is com- ])osed of William H. Lee John A. Tweedy, Charles N. Lee, Henry ]). Sanger, 1-rederick H. Lee, and James Halliday. During this long career of forty-seven years there has been no change in the head of this great commercial establish- ment. William H. Lee is a member of an historic family of Connecticut, by whom there was constructed the " Old Lee House " in New Britain, in that State. The founder of the American family came to this country in the person of John Lee, who was born in Essex County in England in 1620, who in 1641 settled in F.irmington, where in 1658 he married Miss Mary Hart, and wiiere he lived until i860. Mr. ^\'illiam H. Lee has erected in the Farmington Cemetery an imjjosing and beautifid monument, with which is incor- porated the original tombstone of John Lee. The year of John Lee's birth being that of the landing of the Pilgrims, the family ancestry in this country is one of the oldest as well as one of the most honorable of those of New England. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 33 Coming to New York in his youth, Mr. William H. Lee was for some time a clerk with Robert Jaffray, his relations with whom were severed on his formation of the partnership with Mr. Case. Mr. Watson E. Case and Mr. Justin A. Bliss, who were associated successively with Mr. Lee, retired with ample foriunes, as did others who were Mr. Lee's junior partners, and whose names continued to hold high position in the Metropolitan commercial world. Mr. John H. Tweedy, the second partner in the present firm, is, like his senior, a Connecticut man, having lived in Norwich prior to his moving to New York. The direction of the details of the very extensive business of Lee, Tweedy & Co de- volves largely upon Mr. Tweedy. The house of Lee, Tweedy & Co., located for some time prior to 1876 at No. 476 Broadway, was removed in 1880 to the spacious premises No. 261 and 267 Canal Street, and 21 and 23 Howard Street. The business of the concern is a general jobbing trade in drygoods, and its stock usually consists of Domestic and Foreign Dress Goods, silks, linens, hosiery. Large and liberal buyers, great resources, and expert knowledge en- able Lee, Tweedy & Co. to enter into very extensive trans- actions. Previous to the formation of his present partner- ship Mr. Lee did business at different premises, and the changes in the location of the establishment illustrate the currents of the drygoods trade. Lee & Case were first at No. 177 Pearl Street, and from 1847 to 1850 they occupied the premises 129 Pearl Street and 82 Beaver Street. When the drygoods trade began to desert Pearl Street in 1850, they went to the store at No. 68 Broadway, with a rear entrance on New Street. Four years later, following the current of business northward, they moved to 33 Chambers Street and 9 Reade Street, about the time of the formation of the firm of Lee, Case & Co , with Justin A. Bliss, George D. Pitkin and O. P. Dorman as new partners. The concern was among the first of the jobbing houses to import goods for their own trade, a branch of business in which Mr. Lee and his associates met with great success. Fiom 1857 the concern was for several years located at 314 and 316 Broad- way. During war times the firm's style was Lee, Bliss & Co., the partners being William H. Lee, Justin A. Bliss, and John A. Tweedy. The years of the war added largely to the capital which the house had already accumulated, and the accretion was due to the excellent judgment and fore- sight with which advantage was taken of the opportunities of excited and varying markets. In 1869, shortly before the retirement of Mr. Bliss, the firm removed to Nos. 30 and 32 Howard Street, and, on Mr. Bliss's withdrawal in 1870, there was formed the present co-partnership which has never since been changed. During his Metropolitan resi- dence of over half a century Mr. Lee has always been noted for his public spirited participation in patriotic movements and in projects for local improvement, while distinguished among the city's " merchant princes " for devotion to historical studies, especially in connection with the revolu- tionary and colonial history of his native State. The paper contributed by him to the Connecticut Historical Society on the career of General Paterson of revolutionary fame is one of the most highly prized historical documents of the Society. Mr. Lee's views on municipal questions have fre- quently been expressed through the city press, sometimes over his own signature. Not long ago he advocated with terseness and ability the plan of municipal consolidation recommended by Green &: Stranahan, on the ground among others that it would remove the jealousy that is a formidable obstacle to the advancement of Metropolitan interests. In the same communication Mr. Lee favored the effective opening of the Harlem and consequent increase of wharf and dock privileges, the location of the terminus of rapid transit lines near the City Hall, the removal of the Post Office and Courts to points north of Fourteenth Street so as to prevent downtown congestion, multiplied connections between New York and New Jersey by bridge and tunnel and Brooklyn, and other important changes calculated " to make New York become the city of the future on this con- tinent." There is not among the businessmen in New York any one who has better right than Mr. William H. Lee to regard with satisfaction his career as a Metropolitan mer- chant ; nor is there any to whose record as business man, patriotic citizen and promoter of charitable and literary enterprise his fellow citizens have a right to refer with greater pride. PELGRAM & MEYER. The silk manufacturing establishment of Pelgram & Meyer, which takes rank among the first in the country, was organized in 1873 by Charles R. Pelgram, a man of marked ability and great force of character. Mr. Pelgram was born in Germany, where he was educated and received his business training. He from the start assumed the direction and personal supervision of the manufacturing branch of business. Mr. Oscar R. Meyer was Mr. Pelgram's partner from the start, and his father, Mr. Isaiah Meyer, was also interested in the business, Oscar, with remarkable ability for so young a man, taking charge of the finance department in New York. He retired in 1881. Mr. John H. Johnson was also associated with them from the beginning, and had direction of the ribbon department, which he managed with signal success. He left at the same time as Mr. Oscar Meyer to go into business for himself. In 1879, Mr. Pelgram bought the plant of Homer & Soleliac, and began the manufacture of dress silks, associat- ing with him at the same time Charles F. Homer, of that firm. After the retirement of O. R. Meyer, his father, Isaiah, became general partner, and upon the death of Mr. Pelgram. he purchased his interest and took as partners Messrs. Hermann and Alfred Schiffer, but died shortly after, leaving behind him a flourishing and continually expanding business. That they have directed the affairs of this great silk concern with consummate ability ever since is a fact well known in t ommercial and financial circles throughout the country. Pelgram & Meyer began the manufacture of ribbons in the old Industry Mill," on Ward Street, Paterson, N. J., but the business growing they purchased the Heathcote Mill," two years later. The volume of trade still continuing to expand, they made additions to this mill on seven different occasions, until 1880 they were compelled to purchase a large frame mill in Boonton, N. J., sixteen miles from Paterson, which they had fitted up and fully equipped with throwing machinery. The year following they built a new brick mill in that place. But the time came (1885) or when the business had assumed such proportions that Pelgram & Meyer had to go to Harrisburg, Pa., where they purchased a large brick structure used originally as a cotton mill. This establishment is now in charge of Charles Soleliac. The firm import all their raw material from European and Asiatic markets; it is turned into the fabric for which they are celebrated, in their various mills, and sold direct to the trade from their warehouse on Greene Street,, this city. Their production covers almost every- variety of silk goods, from the plain lining silk to the richest brocade and satin for dresses, and all varieties of I)lain and fancy trimming and hat ribbons. Their designs are considered very beautiful, and they certainly spare no expense in procuring them. In fine, the house is what is claimed for it, one of the leading houses in the country. Their record illustrates as forcibly as that of any other firm, what may be accomplished by diligent attention to business, a uniform course of fair and equitable dealing, and the production of a class of goods superior to most that are found in the market, and inferior to none. 34 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. ELIE MONEUSE. IMKKRE Hl'OT. L. V. Dl' PARQUET. E. J. MONEVSE. JV/iiy YORK, UIE METKOPOLJS. 35 DUPARQUET, HUOT & MONEUSE The founding of a great branch of industry and bringing it to a flourishing condition is really part of a cit)'s history, for what is a city like New York but an aggregatic n of commercial and manufacturing interests? Hence it is not necessary in this historical work to offer an excuse for in- troducing a sketch of such a leading concern as that of Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse, manufacturers of French Ranges and cooking apparatus of every description, which was founded forty years ago by Mr. Elie Moneuse. It was originally established in a basement on West Broad- way, but was compelled by an ever increasing trade to move successively to No. 60 Greene Street, 28 Greene Street, 30 and 32 Greene Street, and finally to their present com- modious establishment on 43 & 45 Wooster Street, with large manufactory at 21, 23 & 25 Bethune Street. When Mr. Moneuse first began business he was glad when he got an opportunity to work off a few bundles of iron a month, while his successors of to-day employ upward of 200 hands. ]n 1853 Mr. Duparquet, who had been his school and class mate in France, arrived in this country and went into partnership with Mr. Moneuse. Their business at the start was small, not one-fiftieth part, in fact, of what the firm does to-day, but through economy, perseverance and, need- less to state, a thorough knowledge of the trade, they so progressed that in 1873 they were the largest suppliers of Hotel kitchen ranges and furnishings in the United States. They imagined at this period that their plant would be sufficient to last them all their lives, but they did not dream at the time of the vast proportions which the business was destined to attain. The partnership was dissolved in this year, Mr. Moneuse opening new warerooms and factory, and Mr. Duparquet keeping the old stand and taking Mr. Pierre Huot into the concern. Then a rivalry ensued for supremacy in the markets: both firms advertised very extensively and both did an excellent business. In order to attain to such supremacy each house introduced the most improved machinery that could be had for money. In the midst of their competition, and it may be added of their success, Mr. Duparquet died and was followed in a few months by his old schoolmate, who notwithstanding the apparent clashing of interest never ceased to love each other. After ihe death of the founders their successors, realizing that "in union there is strength," amalgamated the firms, the result being the present great corporation of Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse Co.. now the largest house in its line in the United States, perfect in equipment, con- trolling the market and defying competition, and thus from a business beginning with the consumption of a few bundles or iron, as above stated, it has gone on upward and onward until to-day it buys its metal by the carloads and increased its sales from $5,000 to $500,000 per annum. The ware- rooms of the firm are located at 43 & 45 Wooster Street, and its workshops at 21, 23 & 25 Bethune Street. It has branches at 46 to 50 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, and at 6 Union Street, Boston, and a stranger can always learn its home address by inquiring at any caravansary in the United States or Canada. Two years ago while in competition with the foremost manufacturers in their line in the world the firm of Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse succeeded in obtaining the outfit for the American Hotel in Sydney, Australia, from which it will be seen that the rivalry which contributed so much to advertising its goods and introducing such perfect machinery was productive of ultimate benefit and redounds equally to the two firms now so happily con- solidated. The cor])oration conti oiling this industry is composed of Elie J. Moneuse, President ; Pierre Huot, Vice-President; and Mr. Moneuse's younger brothers. The elder Mr. Moneuse it was who introduced into New York the French cooking ajjparatus now to be found in every American hotel worth mentioning Until a cpiarter of a century ago the firm of Moneuse & Duparquet was the only one in this country engaged in that particular branch ; it is now the largest of its kind, and is capable of furnishing an outfit at a week's notice to any hotel, no matter how pre- tentious. He, Mr. Moneuse, came to this country penni- less, but if his pocket was light so was his heart. The first French range he ever turned out was for no less a person than the famous chef Lorenzo Delmonico. This was in 1852, and it was in the year following he entered into partnership with Louis F. Duparquet, who is entitled to equal credit in creating the business. Elie J. Moneuse, his son. President of the ])resent corporation, was born in this city on October 23, i860, and was educated in the public schools, but sent to the College Chaptel, Paris, for a finish. He inherits his father's esprit and inventive talents in an eminent degree, and in theory and practice is master of the details of his business. Receiving no favors, he worked in his father's shop as boy and man, ran errands, swept out the store and climbed to each grade just as others did. Mr. Moneuse's brothers, also born in New York, have an interest in the business, and contribute to its prosperity; also Vice- President Huot is a gentleman of executive ability, who has done his share toward the prosperity of the business. In order to inform the public of the nature of their products the firm has in recent years issued a catalogue of articles, which contains upwards of 1,000 illustrations of articles they keep in stock, which include everything appertaining to hotels, restaurants, public institutions, steamships or private families, from a range down to a nutmeg grater, such as is used in the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, whose range alone supplied by this house cost $2,000. Among other establishments of national reputation using their ranges are the Hotel Netherlands, the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York Cafe Savarin, the Vanderbilts, Goelets, and all the Clubs of this city, the Grand Pacific, Palmer's, and the Sherman House, Chicago, and in fact in every house in the country rei)resenting taste and opulence. The branches of the firm in Boston and Chicago are very prosperous. This, in fine, is a brief sketch of what is essentially a great American industry. ALVAH HALL & CO. The history of a great New York house is simply the history in miniature of the manufacturing industries of the United States. If a concern in any particular line is prospering, it may be taken as a rule, with very few exceptions, that the country is also prosyjerous. And the converse holds equally good. The rise of the house of Alvah Hall &: Co., one of the greatest umbrella and parasol manufacturers in America, is a case in point. It was founded in 1840 by George J. Byrd and Alvah Hall, under the firm name of Byrd tS: Hall, and so continued until the close of 1868 with unvarying success. At the end of that year the firm dissolved, Mr. Black was taken into partner- ship, the new firm assumed the title of Hall, Black & Co., and so did business until 1873, when Mr. Biack retired and the name was changed to Alvah Hall & Co., which it retains to this day. Mr. Albert C. Hall, nephew of Alvah, represented one of the " Co.," as in fact he did when the name had been Hall, Black & Co., and though he is now its head he thinks it good policy to retain a title that has won high reputation, and is widely known all over the American continent. When the house was founded in 1840, it was established on Cedar Street, was then moved to Broadway, near Cedar, next to 12 and 14 'Warren, in 1869 to No. 85 Walker Street, 1875 to 359 Broadw-ay, where in 1882 it was burned out, then to 10 and 12 Thomas Street, where it remained until 1889, when it removed into its present commodious cpiarters at the corner of Franklin and 36 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Church Streets. Upon Mr. E. D. Bradford's retirement in 1887, Mr. Hall took in as partner Mr. W. N. Stevenson, and in 1890 Mr. Edmund J. (Iodine, who comprise the present company. Recijjrocity if developed and carried out on the principle laid down by Mr. Blaine and adoi)ted by the Republican party will no doubt aid the operations of the firm, while as matters stand protection has done a good deal for them. Under the policy of Mr. Albert C. Hall, the firm sells to large jobbers almost exclusively. They manufacture, principally, a medium class of goods and hence their sales are very large. .A.s regards the personnel of this flourishing house Mr. Byrd was born in Ireland, and came to this country when a very young man. Albert C Hall, present head of the house, was born in Vermont, in 1848, and received more than the ordinary school education. His first start in business was in the woollen trade with an uncle in Stamford, Conn., with whom he remained from the age of seventeen to nineteen, when he came to New York and found employment with his Uncle Alvah, and displayed so much business sagacity and executive ability that he was taken into partnership before he had attained his majority. Mr. Hall resided in New York until two years ago (1890). He purchased the country seat of his late uncle, " VVoodburn Grange," Stamford, in 18S5, and now makes it his home. He is a member of the Union League and Merchants' Clubs, of the New England Society, and belongs to many other institutions of a similar nature. He succeeded his uncle as director of the Ninth National Bank, and he is Vice- President of the American Steel Frame Company, and President of the great consolidated Umbrella Company. MERCK & CO. This House is best characterized by describing it as a central point of collection and distribution of all the sub- stances embraced by the Materia Medica ; that is, they either make, or import, exjjort, or handle nearly every known medicinal substance on the face of the globe — no matter how far from us its place of growth, production, or destination may be situated. Their published list (though incomplete), comprising over 4,000 drugs and preparations, covers about every chemical or ])harmaceutical substance employed in the composition of medicines, in analytical chemistry, in bacteriological and physiological researches, and in all the thousands of various scientific and industrial processes. As very many — in fact, the large majority — of all the potent drugs and finer chemicals used in the medical art, are the products of distant climes and other lands, the universal character of the house, as above indi- cated, naturally necessitates their connection with all the ilKRC K lU ILIiIXc; WORLD'S FAIR. CHICAGO. centres of drug and chemical jiroduttion the world over. This is evident, among other things, by their having the sole right of sale, in the United States, for the pharmaceu- tical products of many of the leading chemical manufac- tories and drug-depots of Europe: E. Merck, Darmstadt; Kalle Co., and Lembach & Schleicher, Biebrich on the Rhine ; The Actien-Gesellschaft fuer Chemische Industrie, Mannheim ; Cordes, Hermanni & Co., and Wm. Pearson & Co., Hamburg ; Knoll & Co., Ludwigshafen on the Rhine ; E. Loeflund & Co., Stuttgart, and many others. Of these above-named firms, assuredly the most characteristic is that of E. Merck in Darmstadt. This Chemical Manufac- tory is remarkable at once for possessing the oldest, the largest, and the best-known Chemical Laboratory in exist- ence anywhere. It was founded in 1668 — two and a quarter centuries ago. The reader may feel interested to see a reproduction of a bird's eye view of the Merck chem- ical works at Darmstadt — as herewith presented. Merck •S: Co. have long ago placed the famous instructive Materia-Medica compendium known as "Merck's Index" in the hands of every druggist in the United States and Canada. They also publish, once every month, " Merck's Market Report and Pharmaceutical Journal" a magazine giving the latest actual market prices of every substance the druggist feels interested in. The above cut rejiresents the Merck Building specially granted by the World's Fair au- thorities to Merck & Co., New York, for the purpose of a representative and com])rehensive exhibit of Chemicals and Drugs for medicinal and other uses — Headtpiarters for the Medical and Pharmaceutical Professions, and those interested in Chemical Manufactures and the Drug trade. E. MERCK. UAKMSTADT. MKRCK'S LAHORA 1 OKll-S ^ WdKK.s. I OINUEI) IN THK VKAR l668 MERCK & CO. NEW VOKK. MANUFACTURING. 38 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. HUGO JAECKEL. Mr. Hugo Jaeckel, the well known New York furrier, is one of the gentlemen whose testimony on the I5ehring Sea difficulty is now in the hands of Commissioner Williams, and will in due time be submitted to the International Board of Arbitration by the American Government as part of their case. Being a merchant who deals more extensively in Alaska seals than, i)erhaps, any other American, his opinion will have weight with the distinguished arbitrators, and in the meantime a brief sketch of Mr. Jaeckel himself may be of interest. He was born in Germany, in the stormy year of 1848, of Lutheran Protestant parents, educated in the schools of his native city, and subsequently spent a year at College. His grandfather was a distinguished officer in the Saxon Army, who fought under Napoleon I. in the Franco- Russian war of 1812. Hugo with two brothers, one elder and one younger than he, and two sisters, were brought to this country by his ])arents in 1864. Immediately after their arrival, his father, Frederick William Jaeckel, joined the regular army of the United States, in which he served three years, and on the expiration of his term found him- self broken in health and unable to support his family. Meanwhile, Mr. Hugo Jaeckel's elder brother died, and thus at an age when he should be in college, the respon- sibility of supi)orting the family was thrown "upon his shoulders. This responsibility he assumed without flinching. He learned the trade of furrier, thoroughly, practically and intelligently, and in 1878, determined to start for himself, he associated himself with William Duncan and J. Asch, and with them laid the foundation of one of the largest fur houses in America. Messrs. Duncan and Asch were both excellent business men, while Mr. Jaeckel was the practical man. Their success from the start was marvellous, and is fully explained by the fact that the combination was perfect; one was the com]jIcment of the others. Messrs. Duncan and Asch died subseciuently, and Mr. Jaeckel, who was left sole proprietor, conducted the business with such tact, energy and splendid management that it has grown steadily under his hands until it assumed its present pro- portions. He has agents in London and Leipsic, which cities are the fur centres of the world, and visits them every year as well as Berlin and other great cities with the view of seeing what is to be seen and extending his trade. Apart from the wealth his trade brings him, Mr. Jaeckel loves it for its own sake, and when lately asked what it was he had accom- plished he took most i)ride in, he replied without hesita- tion : "My present business standing." Last spring, when certain difficulties arose between the fur manufacturers and their employes, and the former found it absolutely necessary to unite for their own protection, Mr. Jaeckel was unanimously chosen as their leader on account of his own well-known energy and straightforward mode of action. The successful result proved that the furriers' confidence was not mis]ilaced, and the trouble led u]) to the formation of the .\Linufacturing Furriers' Exchange of New York, with Mr. Jaeckel as President. This cor|)oration is a very strong one, and has for its object not only the protection of employer and employed against unfair demands, extortion or intimidation, Init also the settlement of disputes among them l)y arbitration. Mr. Jaeckel is a director of tlie Empire State Bank, and member of the Liederkranz Musical Society and of the West Side Association. He was married in 1873 to Miss Elizabeth Bernices, of this city, and is now the father of five Hne looking, sturdy boys. He is at ])resent engaged in building a fine residence near Manhattan Bark. On the whole he has obtained a i)roud position in life and high character as the result of integrity in I)usiness and un- remitting hard work. AVIiilc Mr. Jaeckel does not feel himself at liberty to state wliat the nature of the evidence .he has sul)mittf(l to our goxernment is, lie will converse freely enough in a general way on a subject of so much interest to him in a business point of view. Speaking very cautiously on the matter, this is what he said in substance : " No matter how the final negotiations are closed or who wins in the game of arbitration, one thing certain is that *• under the jjresent system by which seals may be slaughtered indiscriminately the industry must come to an end, and it is merely a question of a few years when there shall be no more rookeries in the Pribylov Islands, if poaching is allowed to continue. The American Government is naturally against this greedy and indiscriminate killing of seals. The company which holds the contract for legitimate catching and killing of seals is very closely restricted as regards the number of animals to be killed, and the manner in which it is to be done. They never kill females, and of males only those from three to four years old. No such discrimination is made by the poachers who shoot or spear the seals from a distance in the open sea, and it has been observed by Mr. Jaeckel ever since those poached seals were brought into the market that about 85 per cent, of them were females; besides, that the value of those skins is reduced at least 40 ])er cent, on account of the spear and shot holes. A very striking illustration of the above state- ment was given not long since to Commissioner Williams by Mr. Jaeckel, when out of a catch of ninety seals only nine were males. The Canadians are the chief sinners in this wholesale slaughter, while Englishmen are, or should be, as much interested in the preservation of the seal tribe as we are." F. KROEBER CO. Florence Kroeber, the founder of the F. Kroeber Clock Company, was born in Cologne, Germany, in 1840, and came to New York when 6 years of age. He passed through the Tenth Ward Grammar School, and at the age of 15 started as errand boy in a down-town shipping office, at a salary of $2.00 per week. At about that time his parents lived on a farm (which is now 56th Street and Second Ave.). No streets then had been opened in that section of the city — no Third Avenue Horse Car was thought of — the only rapid transit then in existence was the Bullshead Stage running down to the " Haymarket," which was an open space south of Peter Cooper's Institute. Mr. Kroeber is an ardent New Yorker and this little reminiscence is noted here to i)rove that our city also has grown some. When he entered the clock business in 1858 the number of designs was very limited — in all about 30. and when a traveller went on the road there were no photos for him ; he carried Daguerreo- types instead. No catalogues were then heard of, and it was in 1864 that he printed the first Clock Catalogue ever published, a copy of which he still holds in his possession. With the growth of the city, so grew his business. Larger outlets demanded more varied assortment and improve- ment in quality, and in the search of this, numerous jjatents (38) were taken out, some of which having since expired by limitation are now being universally used on all eight day liendulum clocks. Some ten years ago his business was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, and his concern pays taxes on §100,000 paid up capital. He is assisted in his arduous labors by the able Si-cretary, Mr. O. Bartel, and by his lieutenant, Mr. H. Stanf, who has charge of their uptown branch at Union Scpiare. Their business extends throughout all the States and South America, and Mr. Kroeber believes his export would grow- considerably if raw material were not taxed by our tariff laws and if we had a merchant marine, that we are naturally entitled to by our position, our wealth and rank among the nations. The F. Kroeber Clock Company have beautified more homes with their clocks than any other company in America and tluy have the satisfaction of knowing that NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 39 ASCH & JAECKEL'S FUR ESTABLISHMENT. 40 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. their products are appreciated by all the jewellers throvigh- out the country. Mr. Kroeber is in the prime of life, and perhaps many in the next generation will have clocks on their mantels labelled " Manufactured by the Kroeber Clock Co.'' Mr. Kroeber is one of the directors of the German Legal Aid Society, a director of the Jewellers' Security Alliance and a member of the Arion Society since 1861. BOERICKE & TAFEL. There is nothing more surprising than the spread of the homoeopathic school of medicine within the last half cen- tury. There was a time, and that within the memory of many now living, when there were not in this country more than fifty followers of Dr. Hahnemann, while at this jjresent time they are to be numbered by the thousand in this State of New York alone. In this volume of " New York, The Metropolis" will be found sketches of many of the leading practitioners of this city, while their colleges, hospitals and dispensaries are to be found all over the United States. The spread of homoeopathy, of course, implies the manufacture of homoeopathic drugs and medicines, and at once suggests the name of the great firm of Boericke &: Tafel, the oldest homoeopathic pharmacy in the United States. It was established in 1835, developed slowly at first, but, as that school of medicine began to triumph, grew with extraordinary rapidity, and now has its pharmacies in this city, its laboratories in Philadelphia, and branches at 36 Madison Street, Chicago ; 627 Smithfield Street, Pittsburg ; 170 West Fourth Street, Cincinnati, and 228 North Howard Street, Baltimore. Their New York pharmacies are at 145 Grand Street and No. 7 West 42d Street, and in Philadelphia at loii Arch Street and 1409 Chestnut Street. Their medicines are sold in every city, town and village of this country, also in Europe and European colonies; all over the world, in fact. The laboratories in Philadelphia supply all their branch stores with uniformly made preparations, while private families are indebted to them for the publication of most of the homfEOi)athic literature which has done so much for the advancement of that school of medicine. In 1854 their publication office in Philadelphia was burned to the ground, but, fortunately, all their valuable papers were saved by the energy of a friend. For an elaborate display of homoeo- pathic preparations in Philadelphia, in 1876, they received a medal and dii)lonia. In 1878 they received honorable mention at the Paris Exposition, also in Chili, and they received three gold medals at New Orleans. In the Quar- terly Jiulletin for November, 1885. a list is given of 238 druggists in different parts of the country who handle Boericke & Tafel's physicians' supjjlies in the original ])ackages supplied by that firm. The firm of Boeiicke & Tafel, first founded by F. Y,. Boericke, M.D.,and Rudolph Tafel, is still in possession of their descendants, the present representatives of which are A. J. Tafel, F. A. Boericke and A. L. Tafel. THE ANGLO-SWISS CONDENSED MILK COMPANY. Those interested in learning how a new industry maybe called into existence, the necessity that introduced it, how- it has developed and from obscure beginnings grown to large proportions, cannot do better than turn for illustration to the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, founded a quarter of a century ago, in a very modest way, but which has develoi>ed to such an extent that its operations to-day include paid up capital of $3,000,000, with eight factories and sales offices in London and New York, embracing ten places of business in this country and Euroj)e, 1,100 workingmcn in its eni|)l()y, and a daily ex])enditure for labor and material of $20,000. It is one of those great industries, too, of which Americans may well be proud, for though, singularly enough, the name is " Anglo-Swiss," the original idea was conceived by Americans and worked out by Americans. Americans are to-day in control of an industry which is one of the chief distributers of the world's *• food supply, and the managers are of the energetic, enter- I)rising Yankee race, which successfully competes in trade and commerce with the combined and trained intellect of Europe. The Company was organized in 1866 by the three brothers, George H., Charles A. and David S. Page, and George H. is its largest stockholder. Charles A. Page was at the time of its inception United States Consul at Zurich, Switzerland, and it was by him that the original idea was conceived. All three were bright young men with observant eyes, and they saw a future in the condensed milk industry, if sufficient capital could be obtained. This now universally popular article of food was then all but unknown in Europe, and the little of it handled came through London Ship-Chandlers. The Page Brothers soon obtained the necessary capital for a small beginning, a large part of the first money employed being supplied by P. E. Lock- wood, of New York City. The introduction of this new product into Europe was found full of difficulty, as may easily be supposed when it is remembered that it was an untried article, with American strangers who had yet to accpiire the confidence of Europeans. It was first su])plied to Ship-chandlers in large cities, then introduced as infant food, and ultimately as an article of general consumption. The business moved slowly at first, but it moved surely, and once having gained ground marched steadily forward. It was soon found necessary to build a second factory. It was the duty on condensed milk entering the German Zollverein which induced the Company to start another fac- tory at Lindau, Bavaria, and the " Wild American " having arisen in European favor the capital was increased from time to time. For the same reason, to avoid the heavy English duty, a factory was also established in that country, whereupon active comjjetition arose. Two factories started by competitors, one in Aylesbury and another at Middle- wich, were absorbed and enlarged by the Company. It was on account of the American duty on condensed milk that a factory was established in 1882 at Middletown, New York, which has since been extended, and another and still larger one was started in Dixon, Illinois, in 1888. The Dixon factory has three acres of floor room and is by far the largest, best ecpiipped and most expensive establish- ment of its kind in the world. The plant at Dixon cost $450,000 and the combined jilant of the two American fac- tories cost $750,000. .\t the time of the passage of the last American tariff bill Mr. Page pleaded with the Committee on Ways and Means in Congress to raise the duty on con- densed milk to three cents i)er i)ound, with the view of pre- serving to Americans the American market for this product. And, again, while the Company was annually importing from 20,000 to 25,000 boxes of tinplate he advocated the doubling of the duty on tinplate, and he is pointed out as the only importer who has advocated an advance of duty on an article he was himself importing. The Company oper- ates factories in the United States. Switzerland, Germany and England, and has offices in New York City and London. It may be added here that David S. Page and William H. Page have been closely identified with the UKinagement and are still so in connection with their brother. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 41 42 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. THE CENTURY COMPANY. The Century Company was organized in 1870 by Roswell Smith, Dr. J. G. Holland and the firm of Charles Scribner & Company, under the name of "Scribner & Com- pany," which Avas changed in 1881 to the Century Company, at the time that the name of the magazine " Scribner's Monthly " was changed to The Century. Dr. J. G. Holland, who was the first editor of that magazine, was a j)hysician by profession and a literary man from choice. He received his newspaper training in the office of the Springfield Republican, so ably conducted for many years by Samuel Bowles. He brought his newspaper hal)its and method to his magazine work, and made a live publication. It was while travelling in Europe with Mr. Roswell Smith that the enterprise of publishing " Scribner's Monthly " had its birth. 'I'he influence of Roswell Smith was the dominant one in shaping the business policy of the company, and to this policy must be attributed very much of its success. Possessed of undoubted faith, extraordinary energy 'and New York Tribune says of this : " No other publication was ever undertaken in this country in which so much capital was invested before any profits could be realized, or even future success could be assured. Yet the publishers were so confident of the result that they were willing to e.\i)end $500,000 before offering any part of the work to the public." The result has justified the publisher's faith, and " The Century Dictionary " to-day stands at the head of all similar works on two continents. Another of the great successes of the Century Company was the series of articles on the Civil War written by Union and Confederate generals, first printed in The Century Magazine and afterwards in a subscription book called '' Battles and Leaders of the Civil War." The company also publishes the authorized " Life of Abraham T-incoln" by his private secretaries, Messrs. Nicolay and Hay. Upon the death of Dr. Holland in 1881, he was succeeded in the editorial chair by Mr. Richard Watson Gilder, who'had been from the first his associate editor, and, before that, "the editor of Hours at Home, and a newspaper liUSINESS OFKICE OF T great fertility of resource, he threw himself enthusiastically into what was recognized to be a difficult venture. The magazine was a success from the first. In 1883, the Com- pany began the publication of St. Nicholas, for twenty years past the leading children's magazine of the world, with Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge as editor. In quick succession Our Young Folks and other leading juvenile magazines were merged in their younger rival. In 1881, Dr. Holland, warned by failing health, sold his interest to Mr. Smith and to some of the younger men who had become identified with the enterprise in both the editorial and business dejjartments, and at the same time Mr. Smith purchased the Scribner interest. The name, " Sc ribner's Monthly," wms changed to 7 he Century, and the business of the comjjany gradually extended in the line of special book jjublication, which included a number of hymn and tune books (of which a million copies have been sold). The work which for many years mukt be the crowning achievement of the Century Comjjany is "The Century Dictionary." A writer of the !•: CKNITRV tOMI'.-\NV. man from his earliest years. Mr. Gilder's present asso- ciates in the editorial rooms of The Century are Mr. Robert l^nderwood Johnson, associate editor, who as well as Mr. Gilder is a ])oet of considerable rej)utation, and Mr. Clarence C Buel, assistant editor. Messrs. Johnson and Buel, in addition to their ordinary duties in connection with the magazine, were the special editors of the War series and the War Book. Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge is supreme over St. Nicholas, with Mr. W. F. Clarke as assistant editor. Mr. A. W. Drake, who has been connected with the company from its inception, is superintendent of the art dei)artment, and Mr. W. L. Fraser is the manager of that department. Ui)on the death of Roswell Smith, in Ai)ril, 1S92, Mr. Frank H. Scott, who had been associated with Mr. Smith from the organization of tlie company in 1870, became its president. Mr. Charles F. Chichester, the treasurer of the company, and Mr. William W. Ellsworth, the secretary, have been associated with the company for many years, and active in its business management. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 43 JAMES C. HOE'S SONS. "James C. Hoe's Sons" is the present style of the oldest Carpenter and Building firm in New York. Mr. William Hoe began business in a modest way at No. lo Liberty Place in 1822, occupying the lower part of the house as a shop and residing up-stairs. In 1835 he ad- mitted his sons William and James C. into partnership, and the firm became William Hoe & Sons. His third son Alfred C, who by the way was born in the building, was admitted later on, and in 1845 the style changed again to R. and J. Hoe. In 1849 the name changed to James C. Hoe tSz: Co., in 1880 to Alfred C. Hoe & Co., and in 1887 to " James C. Hoe's Sons." During all those changes the upright and honorable principles which dis- tinguished the founder in his transactions were strictly adhered to and the name of Hoe has become proverbial for reliable work. The demands made upon them by architects, owners and contractors have been steadily increasing every year and they have erected large shops and steam factory in Gansevoort Street, and established extensive lumber yards in Greenwich Street, but have held fast to the original location in Liberty Place, and main- tained it until the present day as their office and head- quarters. Mr. William A. Hoe, the present senior of the firm, attends to the building interest, and Mr. George E, Hoe manages the financial affairs. They are both grand- sons of the founder of the house, were both brought up at the carpenter's bench and are therefore practical super- visors of their immense business. Among the many buildings completed by this firm maybe mentioned the great Stewart structure, W. and J. Sloan's new building, Tiffany & Go's, houses, the " Burlington " and " Grosvenor " flats, Niblo's Garden, Park Avenue Hotel, " Westminster" flats, Manhattan and Merchants' IJank building in Wall Street, May Building, Le Boutillier's store. PETER TOSTEVIN'S SONS. One of the oldest building concerns in the city is that of Peter Tostevin's Sons of the -Bowery. It was originallv founded by Gall &: Raybold and was in operation when New York was merely an infant in swaddling clothes but of gigantic promise. In 1850 Mr. Gall retired, and Mr. Tos- tevin took his place, the new firm assuming the title of Ray- bold &: Tostevin. Mr. Tostevin was born in the Island of Guernsey and when he came to this country he enjoyed the distinction, such as it was, of being the only Tostevin in the United States. The few Tostevins in the country at pre- sent are his sons or their relatives. He was Inspector of buildings under the old civic regime and was trustee of the Dry Dock Savings Bank in his time, was also mem- ber of the volunteer firemen and a citizen well known and esteemed generally. He erected a great many buildings. In 1878 Henry M. Tostevin, his son, was admitted to partner- ship. Henry M. was born on December 19, 1851, was educated in the public schools and served an apprentice- ship to the trade under his father. Upon the death of the elder Mr. Tostevin in 1880, Mr. Raybold having died many years before, his other son, Peter L. P. Tostevin, was ad- mitted to partnership and the new firm became favorably known as that of Peter Tostevin's Sons. Their business does not limit them to any particular style of building and they erect churches, stores, private houses and, in fact, everything in their line. Among other structures they have put up are the Third Avenue Railroad Company's depot on 129th Street and Lexington Avenue, and a very solid, commodious and creditable work it is ; Henry Ivins' building on L^niversity Place, Wm. F. Chrystie's, (irand and Elm Streets, southeast corner; Emanuel Baptist Church on Suffolk Street, Olivet Chapel on Second Street, S. Golden- berg's building on Waverley Place, The Young Men's In- stitute on the Bowery and Haywood Brothers' on Canal Street. Peter L. P. Tostevin, the younger member of the firm, was born in this city on November 27, 1855, and both are members of the Mechanics' and Traders' Exchange. UNITED SILK MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Among the many important industries that have grown up with the country, and have thrived and increased through the advantages offered for sale in the great markets of New York, there is none more prosperous than that of siik manufacture. The silk industries of the country have prospered exceedingly during the last decade, and, thanks to the protecting laws passed for the benefit of all home productions, the silk manufacturing business has sprung into active life and grown to pro])ortions of commercial importance, giving employment to many thousands of wage earners and substituting home productions for foreign manufactures. The manufacture of silk originated in China, and, according to native records, the rearing of silkvvorms and the invention of the loom are more than forty-five cen- turies old. An empress (2640 B. C.) is credited with this invention. Voluminous ancient literature testifies not only to the antiquity but also to the importance of Chinese silkworm culture, and to the care and attention bestowed on it by royal and noble families. The Chinese guarded the secrets of their valuable art with vigilant jealousy; and there is no doubt that many centuries passed before the culture spread beyond the country of its origin. When China was opened to foreign trade, the manu- facture of silk was established in France and other parts of Europe. It is only within recent years, however, that this industry has made any notable advance in the United States. Among the prominent concerns for silk manufacture is the United Silk Manufacturing Company, of Hagerstown, Maryland, which has salesrooms and offices in New York under the able management of John B. Taylor. Only about five years ago this enterprising com- pany ventured to bear the standard of the silk industry into the New South, and the result has been beyond all expecta- tion. Thanks to the inestimable benefit of a ready channel for sale in the Metropolis, the company has grown and prospered until there is no more important corporation of its class in the South and no better managed agency than that of the United Silk Manufacturing Company. Mr. S. Milford Schindel is President and manager, and Philip A. Burgh -Secretary and Treasurer of the comixmy. THE ATLAS LINE OF STEAMSHIPS. The Atlas line of steamships, which is divided into three branches, each having a different route, is keeping well abreast of the times, and as a feeder to New York, the New World Commercial Metropolis, is fulfilling al! its obligations, so to speak. It was established in 1870 to run between this city and Jamaica and since then has been developed into its present splendid proportions by its energetic agents Pirn, Forwood & Company. The entire fleet is composed of twelve yjassenger and freight steamers, equipped in the most thorough manner with all the modern improvements. The largest vessel of the line, the " .Adarendoe," is a new boat with a tonnage of 2,500 tons. The system is really divided into three lines or branches, one plying between New York and Jamaica, another between New York and Hayti, and a third between New York and the Spanish Main, embracing the United States of Colombia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, the whole involving very great commercial interests of which Pim, f^orwood & Co. are in charge. The Atlas line will be enlarged as the exegencies of commerce recjuire. 44 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. THE NEW YORK HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL. The New York Homoeopathic Medical College was chartered in i860, for the purpose of educating medical students in homoeopathy, and also in all branches of the ■medical and surgical art. At first, it leased rooms on the corner of Twentieth Street and Third Avenue ; afterward when the New York Ojjhthalmic Hospital appointed a staff of surgeons practising houKfopathy, it occupied the upper floors of their new building erected on the corner of Third Avenue and Twenty-third Street ; later, feeling the need of more space, especially for hosjjital facilities, its friends generously came to its assistance, and a property sufficiently large was purchased on Avenue A, extending from Sixty- third to Sixty-fourth Street, occupying eleven ordinary city lots. In the centre of this property a commodious and elegant college building was erected, furnished with the most approved laboratories, dissecting rooms, bacterio- logical room, etc., etc., which has since i)roved to be one of the best arranged, and, in every respect, desirable structures for the purposes of medical education in the city. The Hon. R. P. Flower generously donated a sufficient sum of money to erect a surgical hospital, known as the Flower Hospital, which has for some years been in full operation, and in the amphitheatre of which most brilliant surgery is witnessed by crowds of students from all parts of the city. This surgical amphitheatre of the Flower Hospital is a model of its kind. Space is reserved on the Sixty-fourth Street front for the erection of medical and lying-in hospi- tals. All of these hospitals are intended to be utilized tor the instruction of students and practitioners of medicine and surgery. All beds are free, and, with the exception of some which are endowed, are supported mainly by the able assistance of the Women's Guild, which has proved a most invaluable adjunct to the Board of Trustees of this Insti- tution. The first Board of Trustees comprised some of the most prominent men of the City, and was presided over for many years by the late \Vm. Cullen Bryant, poet, and editor of the Evening Post. After his death, the position was filled by the Hon. Salem H. Wales, whose most valuable services to the College will ever be appreciated by its friends. Upon his retirement, a few years since, on ac- count of ill health, the Hon. Rufus B. Cowing, Judge, succeeded to the ])csition, and still fills the chair with ability and grace. The first Faculty comjjrised the fol- lowing physicians: Jacob Beakley, surgery; Isaac M. Ward, obstetrics; Wm. K. I'ayne, practice; F. W. Hunt, clinical medicine; Mathew Semple, chemistry; S. R. Kirhy, materia medica ; John de la Montagnie, anatomy ; W. \S . Rodman, physiology. It was largely through the efforts of Dr. Jacob Beakley that the charter was obtained and the College established. Me became the first dean of the College, and held that jiosition for ten years, when he was succeeded by the late I)r. Carroll Dunham, who was suc- ceeded in 1873 by the late J. W. Dowling, M.D., and who, in turn, was succeeded in 1882 by the i)resent dean. This institution has for many years maintained the highest standiird of medical education. It was the first in this city to establish a graded course of medical instruction on the university plan, extending over a period of three years. This was made necessary by the fact that not only did the Faculty feel com|)elled to educate its students in every branch of medical science generally taught in medical colleges, but in addition thoroughly to inculcate the prin- ciples and jjractice of homoeopathic therapeutics, which is really supi)lementary to a thorough medical education. As a consecjuence of this advanced position, and of the thorough training of its students, the graduates of this College, have everywhere attained an enviable reputation, and have reffected credit upon their Alma Mater. It was formerly the opjjrobrium of the homoeopathic school, when young, that it had no surgeons nor specialists. The intoler- ance of the allopathic school has had the effect of coni- l)elling the homoeopathic school to rely upon its own resources, and in consequence there is to-day no more bril-» liant or original surgery to be found than within this school of medicine, and the success of its surgeons, dei)ending not only upon the skilful performance of the operation, but on the most appropriate treatment subsequently, has rendered the statistics of cures in the surgical hospital unapjjroach- able by anything that has ever been obtained under allo- pathic surgery. Every specialty is well represented by experts, and the homoeo])athic school to-day stands inde- l)endent of the rest of the medical profession, with its own s[)ecialists in every department, thoroughly educated and equipped, with a record of results that has never been ecjualled, and cannot be approached except under homoeo- pathic treatment. The expenditures and generous equip- ment of the College and Hospital have entailed an indebtedness of a large amount, so that the Institution is not above the need of pecuniary assistance from those who believe in the thorough education of homoeopathic phy- sicians and surgeons. Quite recently the trustees of the estate of the late Wm. B Ogden decided to appropriate to this institution an endowment fund, to be known as the " Ogden fund," it being a portion of the moneys left by him for educational purposes, the major part of which has been allotted to the Chicago University. Board of Trustees: Hon. Rufus B. Cowing, President; Giles E. Taintor, Vice- President ; Hon. Geo. W. Clarke, Secretary ; Hon. Roswell P. Flower, Treasurer ; Hon. Rufus B. ('owing, Richard M. Hoe, Hon. Roswell P. Flower, Hon. Geo. W. Clarke, Hon. Salem H. Wales, T. F. Allen, M.I)., LL.D. {Dain), Hon. H. N. Twombly, Hon. E. C.Benedict, Hon. Hiram Calkins, Russell C. Roof, Giles E. Taintor, Geo. W. Ely, J. Frederic Kernochan, W. F. Whitehouse, Charles B. Fosdick, Edmund Dwight, C. B. Foote, P. de P. Ricketts, E.M., Ph. D., Lewis Hallock, M.D., N. A. Mosman, M.I)., Wm. Tod Helmuth, M.D., LL.D , Hon. Andrew H. Green, F. W. Devoe. Faculty : Materia Medica and Therapeutics : T. F. Allen, M.A., M.D., LL.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Director of the Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology ; G. G. Shelton, M.I)., Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmaceutics. Theory and Practice of Medicine : St. Clair Smith, M.D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine ; J. M. Schley, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine ; J. W. Dowling, M.D., .Adjunct Professor Theory and Practice of Medicine, and Lecturer on the Princii)les of Physical Diagnosis; ALartin Deshere, M.D., Professor of Paediatry ; Selden H. Talcott, M.D., Professor of Mental Diseases; J. T. O'Connor, M.D., Professor of Nervous Diseases; George M. Dillow, M.D., Professor of Diseases of the Kidney ; J. Oscoe Chase, M.D., Clinical Assistant to the Chair of Prediatry. Surgery: Wm. Tod Helmuth, M.D., LL.D.. Professor of Surgery; Francis E. Doughty, M.D, Professor of Genito-Urinary Surgery; Sidney F. Wilcox, M.D., Professor of the Prin- ciples of Surgery and Lecturer on Orthopaedic and Rectal Surgery ; C. W. Cornell, M D., Lecturer on Fractures and Dislocations; Wm. T. Helmuth, Jr., M.D., Lecturer on Minor Surgery and Clinical Assistant to the Chair of Sur- gery ; E. G. Tuttle, M.D., Demonstrator of Operative Surgery (upon the cadaver); J. L. Beyea. M.D., Clinical Assistant to the Chair of Genito-Urinary Diseases. Ob- stetrics: L. L. Danforth, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics; J. L. Beyea, M.D., Demonstrator of Midwifery; F. W. Hamlin, M.D., Assistant to the Chair of Obstetrics; J. T. Simonson, M.D., .Assistant Demonstrator of Obstetrics. Gvn;e( ()l<)gy : W. O. McDonald, M.D., Professor of Gynje- co'logy ; C. S. Macy, M.D., S. H. Smyth. .M.D., E. G. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 46 NEiy YORK, THE M E'l ROJ'OLI S. Tuttle, M.D., Clinical Assistants to the Chair of Gynae- cology. Anatomy: W. \V. Blackman, M.l)., Professor of Anatomy; H. B. Minton, M.D., Lecturer on Anatomy; Wm. Francis Honan, Demonstrator of Anatomy. Physio- logy : Charles McDowell, M.D., Professor of Physiology ; Geo. W. Roberts, M.D., Assistant to the Chair of Physio- logy. Chemistry : L. H. Friedburg, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology ; E. H. Porter, M.D., Professor of Medical Chemistry, and Demonstrator of Urinary Sedi- ments ; Wm. S. Pearsall, M.D., Laboratory Instructor. Hygiene and Sanitary Science : Malcolm Leal, M.D., Professor of Hygiene and Sanitary Science. Histology ; Henry S. Hathaway, M.D., Lecturer on Histology and Microscopy. Pathology; W. Storm White, M.D., Professor of General Paihology and Morbid Anatomy, and Demon- strator of Urinary Sediments. Medical Jurisprudence : R. H. Lyon, Esq., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. Der- matology : P. E. Arcularius, M.D., Professor of Dermato- logy. Ophthalmology: Frank H. Boynton, M.D., Professor of Ophthalmology : George W. McDowell, M.D., Clinical Assistant to the Chair of Ophthalmology. Otology : Henry C. Houghton, M. D., Professor of Otology. Laryngology and Rhinology: Clarence E. Beebe, M.A., M.D., Professor of Laryngology and Rhinology. Bacteriology ((^])tional): iMnanuel Baruch, M.I)., Ph.D , Univ. of Wiirtemberg, Professor of Bacteriology. N. Y. MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN. 'i'lie New York Medical College and Hosjjital for Women, founded by Dr. Clemence Sophia Lozier in 1863, was uni(]ue of its kind. It is the only hos])itaI in the world founded by women for women, and governed by women. A medical college in Geneva, N. Y., had before this admitted two women as students, but such pressure was brought to bear against the unpopular movement that the College declined to receive others. An Eclectic College in Syracuse had also admitted women, and from this college Dr. Lozier graduated. After graduation, her practice in New York assumed large proportions, and in a si)irit of pure philanthropy she began giving lectures to women in her own parlors. From these lectures the idea of a college for women was developed, and it was mainly through Dr. Lozier's exertions that the legislature granted a charter for the college in 1863. It was opened at 724 Broadway, with a class of seven, and a faculty of eight instructors, four women and four men. Dr. Lozier herself being President of the college and Professor of Diseases of Women and Children. The names of twenty-nine women appear upon the charter and they were constituted a Board of Trustees. The second year, eighteen students were enrolled and one was graduated, while the third year's records show fourteen graduated with the degree of M.D. In January, 1868, a brownstone house on 12th Street and Second Avenue was purchased, and used as a hospital, its friends looking ujmn it as a permanent institution; but as years rolled on and the idea of a woman's hospital with woman doctors became more po])ular, classes grew larger; so did the number of patients; it was found that more commodious iiuarters would be recjuired, and a projjerty was ])urchased at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Twenty-seventh Street. The institution suffered considerably from the financial depression in the late seventies, and in 1880 the hospital was removed to its present location on Fifty-fourth Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. In the same year woman physicians were elected to the chairs of Anatomy, i'hysiology, Pa;dology, Gynaecology, Materia Medica and Obstetrics, and lately to the chair of Chemistry. Since then the college has progressed until to-day it is abreast with the oldest and best in the land, and is a proof if one were necessary that women, as physicians at least, have found their proj'cr sphere. The hospital is supported entirely by voluntary contributions, and it is satisfactory to know that the prejudices against it are fading away. It is hoped that the time is coming when it will receive munificent bequests* as do other hospitals and colleges which accomplish far less good. Phoebe J. B. Wait, M.D., is dean of the faculty and Professor of Obstetrics, and among the other lady professors are Loui.se Gerrard, M.D. ; M. Belle Brown, M. D. ; Juliet P. Van Evera, M.D. ; Louise Ziegelmier Buckholz, M.D. ; Euphemia J. Meyers Sturtevant, M.D. ; >KTrv E. Grady, M.D. ; Helen Cox O'Connor, M.D. ; Rita Dunlevy, M.D. ; Marea H. Brookhans, M.D., and Louise Lannin, M.D. VAN NORMAN INSTITUTE. One of the jjrincipal educational establishments in Ntw York City is the Van Norman Institute, on Seventy first Street and West End Avenue, conducted by Madame Van Norman, widow of its foundrr, the Reverend Daniel C- Van Norman, D.D., LL.D. Mr. Van Norman was born in Hamil- ton, Ontario, in 181 7, and was educated in Hamilton College, and subsequently in the Wesleyan University, from which he was graduated in 1838. From 1839 to 1845 he was ]irofessor of classics and physics in Victoria College, Canada, and subse(|uently founded the Burlington , Ladies' School in Hamilton. He took the chair of Principal in Rutgers Female College, this city, in 1851, but withdrew from that institution in 1857 to found the Van Norman Institute for ladies. In 1862, his Alma Mater, the Wesleyan University, conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. ; an energetic mend)er of fraternity of A. J. P. In con- junction with Louis Pujal he wrote a complete French Class Book, and was for years Recording Secretary of the American and Foreign Christian Union. He was a member of the Society of Science and Art. He preached over 4,000 sermons in his time, although never holding a regular jjastorate. He was also an Elder in the Central Presbyterian Church, one of the founders of the American Chajjel in Paris, and in politics was a Republican. He died in 1886, leaving a wife, Madame Van Norman, a son and a daughter. Mr. Van Norman was known throughout the country in educational circles as a successful organizer, and his death was much regretted. The school furnishes a perfect education for young ladies, and employs professors who attend to every branch. Nor are the moral and physical training of the students neglected under Madame Van Norman's administration. German and French are taught by professors who are to the manor born, and, in fine, it is the model college par txctile/n e for young ladies who desire a good education and the comforts of an elegant home. THE BERKLEY SCHOOL. The Berkley School, founded in 1880 by John S. White, LL.D., was named in honor of the famous (leorge Berkley, Bishop of Cologne, Ireland, author of the oft quoted line, " Westward the course of Empire takes its way." It was opened in the autumn of 1880 at 252 Madison Avenue. The number of pupils was sixty, but it has now three hun- dred. The new building, which occupies Nos. 18, 20, 22 and 24 West Foity-fourth Street, is a model one and was intended by the architects, both in the interior and on the exterior, to l)e the most complete and the best equipped institution in America It is absolutely fireproof, of the Ionic order of architecture, and is so constructed as to be Hooded with light. The furniture, the upholstery, every- thing is perfect, while the corps of princi|)als and assistants under Mr. White's direction are all s( holars of remarkable ability. The laws of hygiene are strictly observed, the NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 47 gymnasium is a feature of the establishment, and the pupils belong to the best families in New York. An interesting feature of the new school is the decoration of the great hall and the adjacent room upon the first floor with several stained windows, designed by Louis Tiffany in memory of students who died while members of the school. On the ground floor of the building are the armory and gymnasium on the first floor, the library, large dining room, offices and reception rooms. On the second and third floor, are the school and class rooms, and the upper floor contains a studio and laboratory, also dormitories for twenty students. The athletic grounds of the school, known as the " Berkley Oval," cover ten acres with thirty tennis courts, a quarter mile running track, and a boat house, which has sixty boats, on the Harlem River. From the foregoing it will be seen that the Berkley School is one of the most thoroughly equipped in its line in the world. John S. White, headmaster of the Berkley School, a scholar of national reputa tion, was born in Wrentham, Mass., on 3d of January, 1847, of Puritan stock. His father, the Reverend John S. White, a descendant on both sides from the earliest settlers of the colony of Massachusetts, was a well-known Baptist clergyman and able preacher of that denomination, and his mother — Anna Richardson of Medway, Mass. — was a woman of good education and excellent judgment. Young White graduated from the Chapman Grammar School of Boston in 1861, and from the English High School of the same city in 1864. In the latter part of this year he enlistened in the 42d Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia — hun- dred days troops — with whom he served until mustered out in December. When he left the army, being then seventeen years of age, he en- tered the Boston Latin School, and in June, 1866, was admitted to Harvard College. His college career was brilliant, and he was selected by the Faculty to deliver the Latin Oration of Welcome to Charles W. Eliot, the newly elected president, an honor awarded only to the first classical scholar of the college. In the summer of 1867 Francis Parkman, the historian, having become nearly blind, applied to Professor Cutler of Cambridge for an assistant from among the best classical students, and Mr. White was selected. Mr. White was a linguist and he rendered the historian very great service in correctly translating into English three manuscripts written in the singular chiro- graphy of the seventeenth century Jesuits. In this way he wrote almost the whole of the "Discovery of the Great West," and did it so well that a lasting friendship was cemented between him and the historian. A week after leaving Harvard he was unanimously elected to a vacant sub-mastership in the Boston Latin School, and after three months was promoted to full master. He resigned in 1873 and travelled in Europe for a rest, as well as to study its educational systems, and in 1874 he opened the ^" Brooks Academy," a classical and English school for boys, in Cleveland, Ohio. After six years of successful work in this school he resigned in order to- found Berkley School. In 1879 he was made Doctor of Laws by Trinity College, and before this, and subsequently, was elected fellow of many foreign socie- ties of a scientific or educational character. The great success of his life is the Berkley School. On February 28, 187 1, Mr. White married Miss H. Georgie Read. His eldest son, Eliot White, was in 1872 graduated from Harvard, Magna cum laude honors. ECLECTIC MEDICAL COLLEGE. The Eclectic Medical College of the city of New York was incorporated by an act of Legislature, on the 2 2d day of April, 1865. It is authorized to hold real and personal estate to the amount of $300,000, and to dispose of the same, the funds and property to be employed solely for the purpose of promoting medical science and instruction, and the establishment of a hospital and dis]jensary in connection with the college. The Board of Trustees are empowered by the charter, upon the recommendation of the P'aculty and Board of Censors, to grant and confer the degree of Doctor THE BERKLEY SCHOOL. of Medicine upon students of the college, aged twenty-one years, having pursued the study of medicine for four years under the supervision of a reputable physician, and attended at least three full terms of instruction in an in- corporated medical institution, the last of which terms shall have been held at this college. The degree of Doctor of Medicine conferred by this college, the statute declares, shall entitle the person receiving it to all the rights and privileges, immunities and liabilities of physicians as declared by the laws of this State. The corporation thus 48 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. established organized in the autumn of 1865, making choice of the following officers : President, U'illiam 1"". Havemeyer; Vice-President, William C. Stricklauch, LL. D. ; Treasurer, William Mollcr ; Recording Secretary, Alexander Wilder, M.l). ; Corresponding Secretary, Henri L. Stuart. The following professors were also elected : Wm. Byrd Powell, M.D. Emeritus, Cerebral Pathology ; Robt. S. Newton, M.D., Operative Surgery and Surgical Diseases ; Edwin Freeman, M.D., Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy ; Paul W. Allen, M.D., Theory and Practice of Medicine; Wm. W. Hadley, M.D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics; Thos. D. Worrall, M.D., Obstetrics and Disea.-^es of Women and Children ; Ino M. Youatt, M.D., Physiology and Pathology; I. Milton Sanders, M.I)., Chemistry, Pharmacy and Toxi cology. The building No. 223 East Twenty-sixth Street was leased and a course of lectures begun October, 1866, which was attended by a class of forty students. The first commencement was held in the Cooper Union building, on the evening of February 25, 1867, and the degrees were conferred by the Secretary of the Corporation upon a class three women. Horace Greeley of eleven, eight men and delivered the address to the graduates. The school was continued at the college build- ing in Twenty-sixth Street until the year 1875, when the pre- mises No. I Living- ston Place was pur- chased for college purposes and used as such until 1889. In 1884, the school was reorganized and the following officers elected : Samuel Sinclair, President; Chauncey Shaffer, Vice-Presi- dent ; Thomas N. Rooker, Treasurer ; F. R. Lee, Secretary, and George W. Bos- kowitz, Dean. The college has continued under this manage- ment until the present time. In 1889, the Board of Trustees secured the building No. 239 East Four- teenth Street, and the college is now located at this place. Under this management the school has made steady progress, raising its standard both as to the admisson for students and the requirements for graduation. Examinations are written, and an average of seventy-five per centum is necessary to obtain the degree. The facilities for instruction have also been materially increased duringtliis time: five chemical and jiathological laboratories have been added. A dispensary in the same building furnishes ami)le material, and the Woodstock Hospital, at 815 Union Avenue, is in charge of the faculty of tliis institution. The college building at No. 239 East Fourteenth Street is of brownstone, twenty- seven feet wide, eighty feet deep, and four stories in height. In the basement is the dispensary, which consists of waiting and examining rooms, also a ])harmaceutical room, and a room devoted to the treatment of patients by electricity. The first floor is devoted to the .college offices, and a special ])ublic lecture room, which will seat two hundred persons. On the second floor is the library and reading room of the college, a general lecture room with a seating COLUiMBIA IN.STITUTE. capacity of one hundred and fifty, also a coat and wash room. On the third floor is the Amphitheatre, large and roomy, which will accommodate two hundred students. The chemical laboratory is also on this floor. On the top floor are the dissecting rooms, separated for male and female students, and the pathological laboratory and museum. The following are the present officers : Censors and Faculty : President, Samuel Sinclair, Esq. ; Vice- President, Hon. Chauncey Shaffer ; Treasurer. Thomas N. .Rooker, Esq. ; Secretary, Frederick R. Lee, Esq. ; Dean of the Faculty, George W. Boskowitz, M.D. Board of Censors: A. W. Forbush, M.D. ; S. Jagers ; I). A. Fox, M.D. ; C. Larew, M.D. ; A. R. Tiel, M.D Since its organization it has conferred the degree of M.D. upon seven hundred and fifteen students. COLUMBIA INSTITUTE. Among the educational institutions of New York which are a mean between the public schools and the colleges, Columbia Institute, beautifully situated at the corner of West 72d Street and West End Avenue, deserves honorable mention. It has a field of its own, and utilizes it to advan- tage. Its raison d etre is to train pujjils phy- sically and intellec- tually, and, judging from the manner in which it is patronized, it does it well. The institute is eighteen years old, and has thus so far l)rogressed financially that in May last (1892) it was enabled to en- ter the very fine build- ing which during the two previous years was erected for the purpose of affording every possible conve- nience and accom- modation to the one hundred and fifty stu- dents who now receive their education with- in its walls. The class- rooms are handsomely fitted up and furnished, and the laws of hygiene are carefully observed. In its senior departments it is a model school of training for the leading colleges, and in its junior divisions is equally efficient with younger boys in the earlier elements of education. The Principal of this establishment is Dr. Edwin Fowler, a name well known in educational circles in this city, and the corps of instructors acting under him re])resent all essential branches in mental and i)hysical training. Among the ])rofessors and teachers are W. J. Lloyd, M.A., Frank^ Smith, M.A., N. M. Wilson, M.A. (Yale), E. Scribner, S. Ottinger. M. .1. Spaid, B. H. W'hitniorc, Mrs. E. Fowler, and Misses C. \\ atters, M. Ehr- hari and J. Wood. Ca])tain N. B. Thurston. N. G. S. N. Y., is in military command of the students, who, under his supervision, form a battalion of cadets in six companies, drilling in the 22d Regiment .Armory. H. Sargent has charge of field sports and athletics, and L. Kline is teacher of gymnastics. Miss Alice Crawford of elocution, vocal training and Delsarte exercises, and C. B. Darst of wood carving. It is needless to state that a fine i)layground and a well a])p<)intc(l gymnasium are part of such an institution. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 49 The latter is an adjoining building, which is also furnished with an armory, a bicycle hall, a locker-room, baths, etc. A limited number of boarding pupils are received, and the arrangements for them are on a liberal and generous scale. Columbia Institute is, in fine, the thorough educational establishment it professes to be. THE HOTEL SAVOY. The Hotel Savoy, pronounced by tourists to be the most magnificent hotel in America, is an absolutely fire- proof, steel frame structure of Indiana limestone, in the Italian Renaissance style of architec- ture. It is eleven stories in height, 75 by 150 feet in ground space, with a one hundred foot extension in the rear. It is situated at the main entrance to Central Park, overlooking the great Cen- tral Park Plaza, at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, on the site which "Boss" Tweed in his palmy days selected for his Knickerbocker Hotel, on the foundations of which he had expended the sum of $250,000 be- fore his downfall came. The Savoy was built by Judge P. H. Dugro, and opened to the public June i, 1892, since which day the patronage of the house has been so extensive that an eleven storied addi- tirn of 50 by 150 feet is now being erected. The decorations throughout the house are so elaborate and exten- sive as to preclude an attempt to de- scribe them in detail here. It is suffi- cient to say that in finish the public and private rooms, are of as high and artistic a standard as those of any hotel in the world. The drawing rooms are decor- ated according to the epochs of Louis XIV., XV., XVI., and the First Empire. The breakfast room is early English, and the corner suite on the parlor floor is an exact reproduction of Marie Antoi- nette's Boudoir in the Trianon Palace at Versailles. In style, thebilliard room is Greek, and the barber shop Pompeiian. The lobby, main corridor and foyer are finished in Numidian marble and solid bronze, and contain the finest scul|)tural effects in the ceilings of any hotel in the world. The elevator enclosure on the lobby floor is solid bronze and of elab- orate design. The table d'hote dining room is Greek and Renaissance in design, the most beautiful room of its kind in America. The base about the room is of Sienna marble, and the body of the wainscot of satinwood, inlaid with mother of pearl, metal and white holly. The columns are of Sienna marble, inlaid with Killarney green and white marble, with pilasters of rough jasper. Sculptural modelling by Karl Bitter, and paintings on the ceiling by Virgilio, Tojetti & Maynard, are the crowning features of the room. There are about one hundred and fifty bathrooms in the house, each having mosaic floors and tiled walls. All the plumbing is nickelplated and exposed to view. The guest chambers are luxuriantly furnished in harmonious colors and designs, and the entire house is brilliantly illu- minated by electric light through the most elaborate and beautiful fixtures yet produced anywhere. The drinking water is absolutely pure by reason of its perfect distillation and refrigeration, and every arrangement is made to insure perfect ventilation and conduce to the welfare and enjoy- ment of its patrons. The Princess Eulalie was entertained at this house during her sojourn in New York, and enthu- siastically endorsed the general opinion, that the Savoy was the Model Hotel of the Columbian Epoch. The bed chamber occupied by her was elaborately decorated at exceedingly great cost. All the walls and ceilings had raised model work upon tliein, i)laced upon an enamelled HOTEL SAVOY. wooden base. The alcove had its walls finished in white satin, which cost $20 a yard. The bed was of inlaid satin wood, with a pink satin canopy and pink satin and lace coverlet. Oft" the private hall, leading to her parlor, was the magnificent bathroom, covered with enamelled tile with facing of Mexican onyx. 5° NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. JAMES ORVILLE BLOSS. James Orville Bloss, son of James Orville Bloss and Eliza A. Lockwood. was born at Rochester, New York, Sep- tember 30, 1847. He obtained his education at the i)ublic schools of Rochester, entering the High School when but twelve years of age. When barely eighteen he came to New York and secured a position in the l)anking and com- mission house of Norton, Slaughter iS: Co., at 40 Broad Street, who in addition to banking were commission mer- chants on a large scale in cotton and tobacco. After an apprenticeship of more than si.x years, he accepted a i)osition with the firm of Woodward & Slillman, with whom he re- mained until September, 1X75, when, in connection with John Chester Inches, he embarked in business for himself, under the firm name of Bloss & Inches. In 1880 the firm of Bloss & Inches was dissolved, and in September, 1881, he became a partner in the firm of Gwathmey & Bloss, which relationship was maintained until 1891, in September of which year the present firm of J. O. Bloss & Co. was es- and a Director of the Third National Bank, besides l)eing interested in numerous manufacturing enterprises. His paternal ancestor was Edmimd Bloss, who came to America from England prior to 1634, and was one of the original grantees of land atWatertown, Mass. His great-grandfather ». and grandfather were Revolutionary soldiers, the latter being jjresent at the execution of Major Andre. NEW YORK COTTON EXCHANGE. A very important factor in the commerce of New York is the Cotton Exchange, which occupies a handsome mod- ern edifice at the corner of Beaver and William Streets. The Exchange was organized August 15, 1870, by one hun- dred charter members, and it was incorporated April 8, 1871. The whole management of the Exchange is under the direction of a president, vice-president, treasurer, and fifteen members who constitute a Board of Management. The ol)jects of the Association are to adjust any controver- JAMES ORVILLE BLOSS. tablished. During his entire business career in New York City he has been identified with the cotton interest, l)eing first elected as a member of the Board of Managers of the Cotton Exchange in 1886, in which cai)acity, with the ex- cei)tion of a single year, he has since continuously served ; was elected June 3, 1890, Vice-President, and on June 7, 1892, President, to whi( h office he was re-elected June 5, 1893. During his connection with the management of the Cotton Exchange he has exerted a marked influence, and was chiefly instrumental in formulating the plan by which deliveries of cotton on contract are made by warehouse receipt and certificate of grade. He was also prominent in the op[)osition put forth by the Exchanges of the country to the passage of the so-called Anti-Option Bill in Con- gress, which had for its object the su])pression of specula- tion in farm products, particularly that feature of speculation known as "short selling," and which resulted in the defeat of the measure. He is a member of the Union League C'lub sies that may arise between members, to establish just and etpiitable principles in commerce, to maintain uniformity in rule and j)rocedure, to adopt classification standards, to ac- tpiire and disseminate useful ini'ormation relating to the cotton interests, to decrease local business risks, and to in- crease and facilitate the cotton trade generally. An .Adju- dication Committee of five is annually ajjpointed to decide controversies between members which might be the subject of actions at law or in ecjuity, save as regards real estate. Judgments of the Supreme Court are rendered upon such awards made ])ursuant to such submission. The Committee on Classification is com])Osed of five .salaried expert members of the F^xchange, three of whom are drawn by lot to act upon each case submitted, subject to ajjpeal to the whole commit- tee. The C'ominittee on (^)uotations on spot cotton estab- lishes the market ipiotations for the time being of Middling Ul)!and cotton, determining the i)rices at 2 r. m. daily, by a majority vote of its seven members present. The Revision NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 51 of Quotations Committee determines the relative differences of valuation between the grades ; and the Committee on Quotations of Futures determines and reports daily the tone and price of the contract market, for transmission by cable to Europe The initiation fee is $10,000, and the annual dues $50. Certificates of membership may be transferred by members to members-elect. Trading is done in cotton "spot," "to arrive," 'free on board," ''in transit," and for " future dalivery." A gratuity fund for the benefit of the heirs on the death of a member is formed by the assessment of a sum not exceeding i|i2.5o upf)n every member at the death of any other member. Thus far the assessments have not exceeded $10.00. The Exchange has palatial quarters in a splendid building, which was completed in 1885, at a cost of over $1,000,000, and the rent of the offices in the building pays a handsome return on the investment. The Exchange room is on the second floor. The membership in 1893 numbered 454. Presidents of the New York Cot- ton Exchange : Stephen D. Harrison, Aug. 15, 1870, to June 2, 1873 ; Arthur B. Graves, June 2, 1873, to June i, 1874 ; Henry Hentz, June i, 1874, to June 5, 1876 ; James F. Wenman, June 5, 1876, to June 4, 1878 ; Dixon G. Watts, June 4, 1878, to June 7, 1880 ; Robert Tannahill, June 7, i88o, to June 5, 1882 ; M. B. Fielding, June 5, 1882, to June 2, 1884; Siegfried Gruner, June 2, 1884, to June 17, 1886; Charles D. Miller, June 7, 1886, to June 4, 1888; James H. Parker, June 4, 1888, to June 3, 1890 ; Charles W. Ide, June 3, 1890, to June 7, 1892 ; James O. Bloss, June 7, 1892. THE CENTRAL TRUST COMPANY. The Central Trust Company, of New York, was organized in 1875 under a Charter granted in 1873. In 1887 it erected at a cost of $1,000,000 the splendid brick and granite structure which bears its name, at 54 Wall Street. Henry F. Spaul- ding was its first President, and up to the time it removed to its present building it occupied premises in the basement of 14 Nassau Street, and later the first floor of the Clearing House Building at 15 Nassau Street, corner of Pine. The organization is the custodian of large trust funds and rep;e- sents many important estates. Its business in connection with railroad companies is one of the most extensive in the country and it has been the fiscal agent and depository of securities in some of the most important railroad reorganiz- ations of recent years. The President, Mr. Frederic P. Olcott, is a recognized authority in transactions involving the rights of investors. The capital and surplus of the Company amount to over $6,000,000. The stock of the Central Trust Company sells for the highest price ever paid for the stock of any Trust Company in the world. George Keenan is First Vice-President; E. Francis Hyde, Second Vice-President ; C. H. P. Babcock, Secretary, and B. G. Mitchell, Assitant Secretary. THE KNICKERBOCKER TRUST COMPANY, Occuping the building at 234 Fifth Avenue, at the corner of Twenty-seventh Street, and branch offices at 3 Nassau Street and 18 Wall Street, is one of the most prominent financial institutions of the Metropolis. The Company was formed in 1884 and its progress has been marked and sub- stantial. With a capital of $750,000 it has accumulated a surplus of over $350,000, and its deposits are over $6,000,000. This splendid showing has been largely brought about by the untiring energy and well-known ability of the President, Mr. John P. Townsend, who has attracted by conservative management a clientage of the most desirable character. The officers of the Knicker- bocker are : John P. Townsend, President ; Charles T. Barney, Vice-President ; Joseph T. Brown, Second Vice- President ; Frederick L. Eldridge, Secretary, and J. Henry Townsend, Assistant Secretary. The lioard of Directors is a body of unusually strong capitalists, financiers and business men, comprising : Joseph S. Auerbach, Harry B. Hollins, Jacob Hays, Charles T. Barney, A. Foster Hig- gins, Robert G. Remsen, Henry W. T. Mali, Andrew H. Sands, James H. Breslin, General George J. Magee, I. Townsend Burden, John S. Tilney, Hon. E. V. Loew, Henry F. Dimock, John P. Townsend, Charles F. Watson, David H. King, Jr., Frederick H. Bourne, Robert Maclay, C. Lawrence Perkins, Edward Wood, \Vm. H. Beadleston, and Alfred L. White. A biographical sketch of Mr. Townsend will be found elsewhere in this volume. THE BANK OF NEW YORK NATIONAL BANKING ASSOCIATION. The Bank of New York National Banking Association, founded in 1784, is one of the oldest financial institutions in the city, and one of the three oldest in the United States, the other two being the Bank of North America, at Philadelphia, and the Massachusetts Bank, at Boston. Alexander Hamilton took a prominent part in found- ing the Bank of New York. He drew the charter, and was one of the first Board of Directors. General Alex- ander McDougan was the first President, and William Lea- ton the first cashier. The first home of the bank was in the old Walton mansion, which stood on Pearl Street, opposite Harper Brothers' establishment, and was demolished in 1881. In 1790 it purchased the premises at the corner of Wall and William Streets, where was subsequently erected the stately building it now occupies. The history of the Bank of New York is an epitome of the financial and com- mercial progress of the city. State, and nation for more than a century. The Manhattan Company, whose charter was granted by the State Legislature in 1799, for the purpose of introducing pure water into the city, is the second oldest financial institution in the city. Aaron Burr drew the char- ter for the above purpose. and engrafted thereon a clause pro- viding that its^^urplus capital might be employed in any tran- sactions not inconsistent with the laws of the State. The bill thus worded passed the opposition of Hamilton and the Federalists, who, when too late, found that the power estab- lishing a bank had been conferred. A capital of $2,000,000 was at once subscribed, and the Manhattan Company's Bank began its long and successful career. Its place of business since the first decade of the century has been at 40 Wall Street, the old building having been replaced in 1883, by the superb building now occupied jointly by the Manhat- tan and Merchants' Banks. THE BANK FOR SAVINGS. In the City of New York is the oldest savings bank in the State of New York and one of the oldest in the country. Founded in 1819 it has the largest number of depositors and the largest number of deposits of savings bank in the country save one. Upon organizing the institution was given by the city the use of a room in one of the buildings, which then occupied the Broadway and Chambers Street, corner of the City Hall Park. In 1856 the bank erected the old fashioned, but characteristically imposing struc- ture in Grecian architecture, which it still occupies at 67 Bleecker Street, hence its popular designation "The Bleecker Street Savings Bank." During its seventy-three years of existence it has had nearly 650,000 depositors and received altogether about $250,000,000 in deposits, paying thereon over $43,000,000 in interest. The President is Merritt Trimble; Benjamin H. Field and James A. Roosevelt, Vice-Presidents ; Robert T. Plolt, Secretary, and W. G. White, Comptroller. 52 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. THE N'KW XETilKkl.ANO HUTEL. THE NEW NETHERLAND HOTEL. The New Netherland Hotel, at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, is the latest addition to the many magnificent and palatial caravansaries in the Metropolis. It is also one of the most complete in modern improvements, in jjerfection of fitting, and in external beavity of architecture. It was erected by William Waldorf Astor, and it occupies a site of loo feet on Fifth Avenue and 125 feet on Fifty-ninth Street. The style of architecture is modern Romanesque, and it is highly or- nate and picturesque. It has a deep basement and cellar below the street level, and it towers seventeen stories to the sky, the four top stories being in the Mansard roof. The material used is, for the four lower stories, rough brownstone, and above, buff brick, with stone and terra cotta trimmings. The interior includes 370 guest rooms, also dining, reception, cafe, and public rooms, with a restaurant, all fitted and furnished in the most elaborate manner, quite regardless of expense, and with every atten- tion to comfort and convenience. The cost of this great jjublic palace was $3,000,000. The New Netherland is conducted on the Kuro])ean plan, and is replete with every luxury that human ingenuity can possibly devise. It was opened June 1st, 1893, and is fast growing into popularity and prosperity. Some idea of the luxury and lavishness displayed is to be seen on entering the Hotel, when the visitor sees a rotunda magnificent almost beyond description. Six solid onyx columns support the glass dome, the ca|)S and bases being of coi)pL'r l)ronze and resting on massive blocks of Numidian marble. Polished bron/e dragons support artistic clusters of electric lights, and guard the marble entrances to the cafe and billiard room. At the end is a great fire|)lace of marble and onyx, with the carved Netherland coat of arms, and over the clerk's desk is a fine painting by Fianklin 'i'uttle, of the punhase of Manhattan Island from the Indians. This is only the gateway to the splendors to be seen in this veritable hotel-palace, which may be epigrammatically described as combining "the privacy of a home, the furnishing of a palace, and the table of an epicure." WALDORF HOTEL. Perhaps the most beautiful and perfect of the great Astor hotels is the magnificent Waldorf palace, at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Thirty-third Street. It was only recently erected by William Waldorf Astor, on the site of the old Astor mansion. It has a frontage on the Avenue of 100 feet, and 250 feet on the street. It is a regal building, 180 feet high, in the German Renaissance style, with loggias, balconies, towers and tiled roof. It contains 530 guest rooms, 350 of which have splendid marble bath- rooms attached, six private dining rooms, an immense public dining room, cafe, restaurant, other public rooms, and a handsome conservatory. A great feature of the arrange- ments is a spacious internal court, which can be converted into a summer or winter garden according to the season. The interior fittings are on the most elaborate scale, the stair- cases are of marble with beautiful bronze and brass ornamentations, and the arrangements of the rooms are specially designed for the accommodation of distinguished visitors and their suites. To describe all the beauties of this fin de siecle example of luxury and elegance would take up too much space, but mention must be made of the magnificent entrance hall, floored with rare mosaic, with its walls of cut and polished Sienna marble, scintillating with rainbow flashes; its bronze base columns and arched roof, opening upon a still larger hall of tiie same costly material, both of them being furnished in the style of the First Empire. In the trend of the arch leading to the garden is a beautiful stained glass window, representing Waldorf, the village in (Germany from which the original John Jacob Astor came, and after which the present William Waldorf Astor is named. Then there is the big dining room on the Fifth Avenue side, hung with tapestry in the richest tones, and elaborately panelled in solid red mahogany. This splendid saloon is a rejjlica of the reception room of the mad King Louis of Bavaria, and the prevailing color has been aptly described as "dis ohed ro.ses in sunshine." The drawing room is pure l.ouis Seize, with some of the actual furniture used by the unha])py Queen Marie Antoinette. The jjanellings are of white and gold, hung with rich pale tonrd brocades. The smoking room is a true copy of the Alhambra, bright with splendid mosaics and furnished luxuriously with cushions, divans and rugs. The ballroom is m the style of Louis XIV., with white and gold galleries and relaborately painted ceiling. On the second floor are some pretty music rooms after the Grand Monarque, and another drawing room in the style of Henri Deux, with a portrait of the beautiful but wicked Marie de' Medici over the fireplace. There is also an Indian room, with fittings of dark teak wood carved in the far East, a I'onipeiian ])arlor, a Greek room, and, last not least, an .\stor room, which is an exact reproduction of the same ai)artment in the old Astor residence, and furniture from the old mansion. In fact, every style and era of ornamentation has been attempted witliin the walls of this really wonderful hostlery, which maybe called an .Aladdin's palace strictly up to date. It was opened on March 15 last, and is already celebrated for the perfection of its cuisine, and the comfort and elegance of its service. The first distinguished guest was a descendant of Columbus, the Duke of \'eragua. The Committee of One Hundred, wishing to do all honor to the guest of the nation and his suite on the occasion of his visit to the Columl)ian Quadricentennial, selected the beau- tiful rooms of llie Waldorf as an appro))riate place for his reception and entertainment while in the city of New York. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 53 in September, 1863. It has ever maintained a prominent position among the leading finan- cial institutions of New York, and has derived its customers from the leading business circles of the Metropolis, and from the banks and bankers of the country at large. The Third National has now a paid up cash capital of $1,000,000, and under the sound and conser- vative character of its new management is making a most substantial and rapid growth, both in its volume of deposits and surplus and undivided profits. The unanimous election of General John B. Woodward, on January i6th, 1891, to the Presidency, was very gratifying to shareholders and customers alike, and it gave to the increase of business an impetus which is still felt. The President is a well- known citizen of Brooklyn, thoroughly conver- sant with banking and commercial usages, and who as a former director had an intimate knowledge of its affairs. He has the valued support of Mr. Henry Chapin, Jr., as Cashier. HOTEL WALDORF. THE MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK. The Merchants' Exchange National Bank is one of the oldest financial institutions of the Metropolis. It was chartered in 1829, and organized and began business in its own banking house, corner of Greenwich and Dey streets in 1831. It started under the most favorable auspices, Mr. Peter Stagg, a well-known shipping merchant of Wall street, being its first President In 1868 it moved into its present substantial fireproof building, 257 Broadway, the site of the late A. T. Stewart's first store. The location was wisely chosen, and has continued to be directly central for business purposes. In 1865 it was reorganized under the National Banking Act, and in 1888 its capital was reduced to l6oo,ooo by the return of $400,000 to the shareholders. The present executive is the Hon. Phineas C. Lowndes- bury, ex-Governor of Connecticut, who became President in 1888, and brought to the bank the support of an exten- sive and influential connection. The Vice-President and Cashier is Mr. Allen S. Apgar, who has been connected with the bank for twenty-six years. He was elected Cashier in 1869, and Vice-President in 1890, both of which offices he still retains. He became connected with the bank after he had been honorably discharged from the United States Navy, in which he had served as paymaster for three years during the late war. He is generally re- garded as one of the ablest and most efficient bank officials in the city. Under the present management the bank has steadily prospered, and has built up an extensive business, showing total resources of about $6,500,000, an aggregate of deposits excec ding $5,000,000, with surplus and undivided profits upwards of a quarter of a million, its shares of a par value of $100 being quoted at $135 or more. The business of the Merchants' Exchange National Bank is not merely local, .but extends throughout the Union. THE MANHATTAN TRUST COMPANY. The Manliattan Trust Company orcuj^ies the white marble building at the northwest corner of Wall and Nassau streets, immediately opposite the U. S. Sub-Treasury and directly at the head of Broad street, one of the most desirable and valuable properties in the Metro- polis. This successful and growing institu- tion was organized in 1888 under a legislative charter granted in 187 1. The powers vested in the corpora- tion comprise, among other things, authority to receive deposits and make loans, to act as agent for the invest- ment of money and management of property, to act as trustee, registrar and transfer agent of corporations or under orders of the courts in legal proceedings. The capi- tal is $1,000,000, fully paid up, and the earned surplus and profits are $286,163.80. The trustees are August Belmont, C. C. Baldwin, H. W. Cannon (President of the Chase National Bank), T. J. Coolidge, Jr. (President of the Old Colony Trust Company of Boston), R. J. Cross of Morton, Bliss & Co., John R. Ford, John N. A. Griswold, H. L. Higginson of Lee, Higginson & Co., Boston, John Kean, Jr. (President of the National State Bank of Elizabeth, N. J.), H. O. Northcote of London, E. U. Randolph (Pres- ident of the Continental National Bank), A. S. Rosenbaum, James O. Sheldon, Rudol])h Ellis, Philadelphia, Pa., R. T. Wilson and John I. Waterbury, President. Mr. Water- bury is a Director of the Old Colony Trust Company of Boston, and of the Lawyers' Surety Company of New York. THE THIRD NATIONAL BANK. The Third National Bank, of No. 26 Nassau Street, was one of the earliest to organize under the privileges of the National Banking Act, the date of its establishment being THE GALLATIN NATIONAL BANK. The Gallatin National Bank, of 36 Wall Street, commem- orates by its name the connection with the institution of the illustrious financier and statesman, Albert Gallatin. It was orginally organized in 1829 as a State Bank under the name of the " National Bank of New York." John Jacob Astor was interested in the matter, and as the original capital of $1,000,000 was not fully subscribed he proposed its reduction to $750,000, and offered to complete that sum provided he could name the bank's president. The offer was accepted and Astor nominated Gallatin, who having served as Senator from Pennsylvania as Secretary of the Treasury in the Jefferson and Madison administrations, as a negotiator of the treaty of Ghent, and as Minister to France, had retired to private life. Albert Gallatin remained at the head of the bank until 1838, when, being eighty years of age, he resigned. He was succeeded by his son, James 54 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Gallatin, whose presidency lasted for thirty years, the institu- tion under his management enjoying great prosperity. The change of name to the present title occurred in 1865, when the bank accepted a charter under the National Banking Law. Mr. Frederick D. Tappen, who had been 17 years in the service of the institution, succeeded to the Presiclency in 1868, and during the 25 years that have since elapsed he has ably maintained its record for success and conservatism. He has taken a prominent part in the counsels of the Clear- ing House Association, being now its Chairman, and is con- sidered an energetic exponent of the soundest principles of banking and finance. He is actively identified with many of the most important public interests in New York. The cashier, Mr. .Arthur ^\■. Sherman, is a bank officer of practical and thorough experience. The hank begnn busi- ness at 36 Wall Street, this lot being purchased for $12. coo, while the building then erected cost $14,000. In 1856 a new banking house was built on the same site. In 1887 the adjoining lot was bought by the Gallatin for $400,000. and on the site thus provided the present stately nine story red stone edifice, called by its name, was erected, and here are York. The building is eight stories high, two hundred feet deep and extends from street to street. The bank and offices comjjrise a 1 -rge suite of rooms on the first floor of the building and cover a space of about one hundred feet scjuare. The Reception Rooms on the main fioor as well as the offices of the bank are fitted up with a luxury remarkable even among the commercial palaces of the Metropolis. The whole building is fireproof. The loca- tion of the Lincoln National Bank is particularly favorable. It is the centre of uptown commercial activity and within a stone's throw there are eight large hotels, a dozen brokers' offices, the Grand Central L)e])Ot. and stations of the Third and Sixth Avenue Elevated Railways. For ladies and retired capitalists the convenience of the location will be ajipreciated when they recall the long, disagreeable journeys they were formerly compelled to make downtown. There is a parlor provided for the special use of ladies, and separate rooms for those who desire i)rivacy in the examina- tion of their stock and private papers. The Lincoln Safe Deposit Co. of New York was organized in 1881, under the general Safe Deposit law. The foundations of the building Till': i.i.\Lwi..\ .\.\iu).\.\L i;.\.M\ 1)1 1 1C1-: its commodious banking rooms. It is unsurjiassed in ele- gance as well as ])ra( ticabiiit \ . It was built and is owned jointly by the Gallatin B.ank and by Adrian Iselin. the un- divided half interest of the former being assessed as of the value of $500,000. The first dividend was ])aid nine months after the bank's organization, and it has never since j)asscd a dividend. A sur])his of over $1 500,000 has been accumulated, and its shares, of the par value of $100, sell for $320. The composition of its Board of Directors, includes Frederic W. Stevens and Alexander H. Stevens (grandsons of Albert Gallatin), \Vm. Waldorf Astor, W. Kmlen Rocse velt, Adrian Iselin, jr., Tliomas Denny imd Ilenrv L. Barbey. THE LINCOLN NATIONAL BANK The I.in( ()ln National Bank was organized January 4th, 1881, and Tliomas I,. James was elected I'residenl, Alfred Van Sanlvoord, Vice President, and J. H. B. Edgar, Cashier. In July, 18S3, the business was removed to the new bank ' building, Nos. 32 to 38 East I-"orty-second Street, the most complete structure of its kind in the city of New I'RESIDKNT AND VICE-I'KKSIDKNT. rest on the natural rock of Manliatlan Island. The walls are five feet thick at the bottom and four feet thick at the top, 140 feet from the basement. They consist of selected pressed brick, laid in Portland cement, the first two stor;es having a brownstone dressing. The architec- ture is Romanescpie. In adopting the plans more attention was ])aid to strength than to mere grace of design. The frontage is 200 feet. The upper stories are partitioned off with fire-brick into a great variety of rooms, which will hold from one to thirteen large double truckloads of furniture. All iron girders, beams and jjillars are protected by asbestos, wire " furring" and several coats of plaster or cement. The doors, frames, window-casings and stair frames are iron ; the stair-treads are slate. The material of which the elev- ator shafts are constructed is brick, the elevator bearings are iron, and even the elevator cars are iron. In addition to this, the o])ening of each floor at the elevator shafts is l)r()te< ted by iron roller shutters, whi; h are closed at night. /// /, being interested in the Bank of Ithaca, practically trans- ferred that institution to New York City. It has occupied the white marble building on Broadway at the corner of Dey Street, since about 1862. In 1865 it became a National Bank. Its importance as a Metropolitan insntution dates from 1881, when George W. Perkins accepted the presidency, with William P. St. John as Cashier. They together re- organized its directory, extended its business connections with great rapidity, and laid the foundation of the con- fidence and sound jjrosperity which has been built up under the present able administration. In 1883, upon the death of Mr. Perkins Mr. St. John, who had displayed such signal ability as a cashier, was chosen President, and Mr. Fred'k ]>. Sclienck, Assistant Cashier, was made Cashier. The Mercantile National Bank has a capital of $1,000,000, and a surplus fund of $1,000,000 in addition to its capital. Its deposits average from $7,000,000 to $10,000,000. Di- vidends of six per cent, per annum are paid on the stock, the market price ior which is $235. ROBERT HOE & CO. The fastest printing machine made by this Company at present is the " Hoc Sextuple Perfecting Machine with Folders," which prints, and delivers folded, four or six page papers at the speed of ninety six thousand (96,000) per hour ; eight-pages papers at seventy-tv/o thousand(72,ooo) per hour ; ten or twelve page papers at forty-eight thousand (48,000) per hour ; sixteen-page pai)ers at thirty-six thousand (36,000) per hour ; and fourteen, twenty or twenty-four page papers at twenty-four thousand (24,000) per hour. These figures would seem exaggerations were it not for the fact that machines of this capacity are in actual operation and producing papers at these rates, one of them is used in the office of the Recorder. About 1840 an important industry was added to this firm's business in the manufac- ture of cast-steel saws, which were the first ever made in the United States. At the present time the firm of R. Hoe & Co. employ in its New York establishment some fifteen hundred (1,500) workmen most of them skilled mechanics. Their machine shops in New York, on Grand, Sheriff, Broome and Columbia Streets, comprise a floor area of about six acres in extent. The firm has done for many years some business in England. About four years ago new and exten- sive works were undertaken there and a large plant put in, employing about four hundred (400) workmen. Almost all the great daily papers in Great Britian are printed upon ])resses made by this finn, either in London or New York. A unique feature in connection with the New York Works is the night schools for the benefit of the apprentices, who receive free instruction in English, drawing and mathema- t cs. They are also treated to lectures pertaining to the business in which they are engaged. All of the apprentices ard obliged to attend these schools. Some of the latest of Hoe & Co.'s inventions are embodied in new machines, just completed, which print at a rapid rate of speed, on the rotary system and at one operation, in multiple colors. It would seein that these are destined to inaugurate new methods in the publication of illustrated pei iodicals and books. The Sextuple Perfecting Machine, above referred to print, fold, paste and deliver 96,000 six-page papers in an hour. Such figures, like those of astronomy, produce no adequate impression, and we must resort to more familar methods to give their effect. Mere speed, of course, is not in the ques- tion, but manifold capacity. If the press performs say twenty operations at once, then in one minute it does the work of twenty minutes, and this is the secret of its marvel- lous power. Ninety thousand copies of a paper per hour means 1,500 copies a minute, which also means twenty-five copies every second. This presents, cuts, pastes, folds, counts and delivers 72,000 eight-page papers, six columns to the page, each column averaging 1,800 words, in one hour, which is equivalent to 1,200 a minute and twenty a second. It does the same for 48,000 ten or twelve page papers, of similar size page, also for 36,000 sixteen-page papers or 24,000 fourteen, twenty or twenty-four page papers. Before this press was built the fastest presses in the world were Hoe's quadruple presses which turned out 48,000 four, six or eight page papers an hour, 24,000 ten, twelve, fourteen or sixteen page papers an hour and 12,000 twenty or twenty-four page papers an hour, all cut, pasted and folded. Those marvellous figures, whose accuracy is beyond question, show this concern to be the greatest in the world of its kind. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. THE RECORDER BUILDING. THE NEW YORK RECORDER. It is said in Grecian Mythology that Minerva sprang full grown — helmet and all — from the brains of Jupiter, and seeing the marvellous career of the Recorder, one is tempted , to believe that there is a grain of truth in the old stor}-. When on February i8, 1891, the New York Recorder was ushered into existence, armed cap-a-pie for great achieve- ments in Journalism, Newspaper Row shook its venerable head and declared that while the new paper was undoubtedly a newspaper it Avould only live until the money behind it had been spent, for that it had no raison d'etre. There was no room for it, there was no necessity for it, and Newspaper Row was rather irritated at the idea of an aspirant for public favor appearing on the scene at a time when it supposed there was nothing in the region of journalism that was not covered. And looking back from this distance in time, over two years, it must be admitted that the launching of the Recorder had the appearance of audacity. The Herald, the Sun, the Tribune, the Times and the World seemed to satisfy the public need, and the advent of a rival and com- petitor was looked upon askance even by the laity. Before many days had rolled over, however, men changed their minds. Newspaper Row confessed that the Recorder fitted into the space it had cleared for itself beautifully, and it obtained a status and a circulation at once. The people, took to it. They even fancied they had been expecting it, whereas the truth is it was the presence of the paper itself that created the impression. It came, it saw, it conquered, and folks now realize that it is an absolute necessity, filling, to use a well worn phrase, a long felt want. Since then the New York Recorder has taken its place among the great newspa])ers, not merely of New York, not merely of America, but of the world. Not only that, but judging from the past its striving after pre-eminence as the great Metropolitan Journal par excellence is likely to succeed, for to a newspaper that has obtained a circulation of 100,000 in two years everything seems possible. Apart from the audacity that started the Recorder, which now turns out to have been genius, there was really hope for success from a business standpoint. It was no chance venture, no mere speculation in which wealthy men invested large amounts of money with only a chance of return. It was doubtless considered that jince 1861, when the World was founded, no great morning paper had been started in the city except in tentative way, though its population had doubled, and that the five great dailies then in existence still held the field. There was, then, surely room for another. And, again, although there was published a three cent Republican ])ai)erand a one cent Republican paper, there was no two cent Republican l>aper, a price that aj)pears to suit the popular taste. Many two cent papers, it is true, had been launched through those years, but they did not live long, because, per- haps, they did not deserve to live. At all events the Recorder arrived and was at once taken to the bosom of the public. That the jjublic were not deceived, the career of this now solidly established journal is the ])roof. It has served the l)ublic well. It has given them all the news, and it has l)een instrumental in effecting many reforms in their interest. Its first achievement was the collection of $60,000 for a monument to General Sherman. Its second, a memorial to the American seaman, Riggin, killed in Val- ])araiso by a Chilian mob. Numerically, this is the largest public subscrii)tion ever raised, 26,407 persons having con- tributed $26,000. It gave the people the proper kind of sensation when, the Street Cleaning Department neglecting its duty, it organized a brigade of its own to ])erform the service, which brigade he sent over to Brooklyn at the reciuest of its citizens. When Tammany Hall, through Assemblyman Connelly, had an act passed that would con- fiscate the property of the Staats Zeitu/ii^, the Recorder so NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS, 59 stirred vip proper indignation that the bill was killed. It fought the battle of telephone subscribers against a monopoly, it organized the movement culminating in the removal of American men and women from the cholera ridden steam- ships down the bay, and, besides, it gave, and it still gives, all the news. It claims, truthfully, to being the great home newspaper, clean, pure, bright, newsy, and its claim is allowed. To sum up, its circulation is 100,000, in advertis- ing it stands already next to the Herald and World, and it has erected a splendid home for itself on Spruce Street. The Editor and Publisher of the Recorder is Mr. George W. Turner, now in his thirty-fifth year. From the New York Journalist, which keeps a sleepless eye on newspaper men who are obtaining celebrity in its own peculiar field, we epitomize an article, semi-editorial in its scope, treating of Geo. W.Turner, then (January 12, 1889) not quite so famous as he is now, though he was manager of the New York World. The Journalist says : " In so far as one man can be held responsible for a success like this (the prosperity of the World), Mr. George W. Turner deserves the credit. Alert, untiring, shrewd, practical, he has sat at his desk when a less energetic man would be in his bed. Personally Mr. Turner is as modest as he is able; slight, though wiry, in build, he impresses one as a man who never for a moment forgets his purpose. His nervous energy is manifested in every motion and sentence, a quality of forcefulness which carries with it success. Had he time he would be the most charming social companion, for once in a while, in the intervals of. work, he pauses long enough to tell a good story with a skill so rare that we realize what a delightful racon- teur has been sacrificed to the demands of business. Those who know him best understand how broad and deep is this undercurrent of geniality, kindness and intellectual culture. They know, too, his unswerving honesty, modest generosity, and the manly and human heart which beats under the polished steel exterior of the man of business, and their regard for the man is as great as respect for the manager." It would appear, however, as if the Boston Globe was acquainted with Mr. Turner before he became a Metropolitan character. " He is," said General Charles H, Taylor, Editor of the Boston Globe, " a remarkable example of a man of executive ability of a high order, making itself felt through a thousand channels. His connection with the paper (New York World) has an interesting phase when we consider how that connection came about. The proprietor of the World got his eye on this young man when the paper was beginning to burst through its swaddling clothes. Mr. Pulitzer did not inquire what he was celebrated for and never asked what was said about him. He sent for Mr. Turner as that gentleman was about starting for Europe — nothing further from his thoughts than becoming manager of a great New York daily. He was about to sail ; his ticket was bought, his trunks packed and his objective point was Russia, when Mr. Pulitzer's request for an inter- view reached him. The result was that one day a medium- sized, clear-eyed, self-possessed young man, not more than thirty and looking twenty-five, presented himself to the pro- ]jrietorof the World. It took Mr. Pulitzer about ten minutes to make up his mind on one of the most important steps affecting every vital interest of the World, and in that time he had offered Mr. Turner the management of the paper. One morning this young man, who had been all over the globe, who three years before was inside the Arctic Circle driving a reindeer sledge and had spent part of one year in the palace of the Czar of all the Russias ; who had come down the Sierras on the trail of a band of hostiles, who spoke three languages and could work his way intelligibly through several, found himself chained to a desk, and like another Atlas found the weight of a World on his shoulders. What Mr. Turner did for the World is part of the history of American journalism. What he is doing for the Recorder is — well — mal ing of the Recorder a greater paper than he made the World. THE PRESS CLUB. Twenty-one years ago the journalists of New York were wont to meet in Schaick's saloon, Nassau Street, where the question of a journalistic organization was first discussed. Among those who frequented this resort who will always be remembered, and who founded the "Journalistic Society," were James Pooton, George F. Williams, William H. Stover, Charles H. Bladen, Howard Carroll, William S. D. O'Grady, Joseph A. Peters and Jeremiah J. Roche. Of these. Major Geo. F. Williams is now night editor of the Morning Advertiser, and Mr. Bladen is still in harness, Howard Car- roll and William Stover are engaged in other business, James Pooton holds a Federal position, and as for the others they rest from all labor here. The " Journalistic Society " was organized in December, 1873, and, two years later, incorporated under that name by the founders, excepting Howard Carroll and Jeremiah J. Roche. After this, many well-known newspaper men joined, and the membership swelled to a gratifying extent. Rooms at 115 and 117 Nassau Street were taken for club purposes, and in 1874 the society changed its name to that of the " New York Press Club." In 1884 more commodious quarters were secured by leasing the building No. 120 Nassau Street, which is yet occupied by the club. The initiation fee increased from five to ten dollars, and the club assumed more of a local habitation and permanency. Such distinguished men as Cyrus W. Field, P. S. Gilmore, F. W. Jones, Joseph Pulit- zer, Elliott F. Shepard and George W. Childs enrolled themselves as members. Among other honorary and life 6o NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. membets of the club who have come in from time to time are Chauncey M. Depew, William Waldorf Astor, Roswell P. Flower, William R. Grace, Henry Hilton, Levi Morton and Henry M. Stanley. The membership of the club has steadily increased, now numbering upwards of 650 names on Its rolls, including the brightest intellects in metropolitan journalism. The great ambition of the management from the start has been to erect a home of its own, a home com- mensurate with the growing importance and reputation of the club and the dignity of the New York jjress. This object having been always kei)t in view, national and cos- mopolitan celebrities, famous orators, travellers, prima don- nas, great actresses and actors, men and women of literary fame, came forward and lent their services to raise the funds for such an object. The moneyed men of the city donated handsome sums and the theatres gave benefits in the cause, until the sum of $100,000 was raised, which was necessary to secure a lot of ground on which the club house is to be erected. While the plans are not yet complete, it is the JOHN W. KKI.LKK. intention to erect a building which will contrast favorably with the gigantic structure of the World, the Times and J'ribune buildings, fully equipped with all the conveniences of a modern club house, a i)lace where the journalists of the world may be received and entertained and receptions held. The present rooms of the club afford a lounging place, a place of social meeting, and with its library and file of daily newspapers of New York, extending as far back as 1836, furnishes a workshop for industrious writers such as cannot be given elsewhere in the city. The charitable activities are conducted with mingled discrimination and liberality, the Press Club in the exercise of its benevolence being in the highest degree democratic. When a worthy a])i)licant ap])lies for assistance, it suffices that he is con- nected with journalism, and aid is given, whether he is a club member or not. The Presidents of (he club since its organization have been : James Pooton, 1873-4 ; (ieorge F. Williams, 1875 ; Charles H. iUaden. 1876 ; Charles II. I'ul- hani, 1877 ; John B. Wood, 1878-9 ; William N. Penny, 1880 ; John C. Hennessy, 1881 ; Truman A. Merriman, 1882-3-4; Amos J. Cummings, 1885-6; John A. Greene, 1887, and John A. Cockerill, 1888-9-1890-1. .Since jour- nalism has become so potent a factor in our national life the *' Presidency of the New York Press Club is a prize that is keenly contested. For two successful competitors at least, Merriman and Cummings, it had led to the halls of Congress, and among its members are quite a few State Senators and Assemblymen. The present incumbent of the Presidency is John W. Keller, managing editor of the N. Y. Recorder. Mr. Keller was born in Bourbon County, Ky., on July 5, 1856, and traces his ancestry in the Blue Grass State back to Revolutionary times. He was educated in Yale in the class of 1879. In apjiearance he is a fine specimen of the Kentucky gentleman, and is an athlete of no mean order. He pulled oar No. 5 in the University boat race with Har- vard in 1879, and took a leading part, generally, in the ath- letic sports and games of the college. That he did not spend all his college life in classics and athletics, however, is evident from the fact that in 1879 founded the Yule College Daily News, the first daily ))aper ever started in a university, either European or American. It is still in existence and flourishes amain. Mr. Keller came to New York in December, 1879, and began his newspaper career as reporter on Truth, then issued for the first time. He was subsequently made its dramatic editor. He became editor of the Dramatic News, and incidentally did special work for the World, then joined the staff of the Times, and, upon the advent to life of the Press, was appointed its dramatic editor. He returned to the Times after six months, and worked on that paper until the Recorder ap])eared in the journalistic firmament, when he was made its managing editor, retaining the position by request of Mr. George W. Turner, when that gentleman assumed control of its affairs. Like most newspaper men, Mr. Keller has written a play, but his, like everything he takes in hand, has been a suc- cess. The play — "Tangled Lives" — is the one Robert Mantell started out starring in. He has been a contributor to many publications. Harper's Weekly Among others, and it was for Harper's he wrote a sketch of the Life and Remi- niscences of George Jones. JOHN A. COCKERILL Colonel John A. Cockerill, editor of the Commercial Advertiser, and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Press Club, has been five times elected President of the Club. He was born in Adams County, Ohio, in 1845. was educated in the public schools. At the age of fourteen he entered a country newspaper office and learned tyi^e setting. Two years later he enlisted in an Ohio Regiment as drummer boy, and served under Generals Rosecrans, Reynolds and Buel. In 1865 he become owner of a weekly paper in Butler County, Ohio, known as the Hamilton True and Blue, in which he gained a varied ex])erience as editor, reporter, foreman and business manager, these functions desolving upon him simultaneously. In 1868 he edited the Dayton Daily Ledger. In 1869 he was managing editor of the Cincinnati Emjuirer, resigning in 1877 to visit Europe as correspondent of that newspaper during the Russo-Turkish War. Returning, he took part in the establishment of the Post, Washington,!). C. From 1879 to 1883 he was managing editor of the St. 'Lo\\\% Post Z)/i/>(7A/;, associated with Joseph Pulitzer. In the year last named he came to New York on the invitation of Mr. Pulitzer to accept an editorial position on the World, remaining with that jjaj^er for the following eight years, during the greater jjortion of which he was editor in chief. In May, 1891, he took position as editor of the Morning Advertiser and Commercial Advertiser, its evening issue. NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS 1 index:. PART HISTORICAL SUBJECTS. PAGE Preface v. The Colonial Period vii. The Revolutionary Period xiv. Civil War Period xx. City Government xxiv. Education xxix. Architecture xxxvii. Ornamental Structures and Sta- tuary xlvii. Art, Literature, and the Drama. . . .xlix. Amusements, Libraries li. Clubs and Social Organizations liii. Societies Iv. Churches and Hospitals l\-ii Finance lix. Trade and Commerce Ixi. Avenues of Commerce Ixv. Newspapers and Periodicals Ixviii. ILLUSTRATIONS. Frontispiece ii. Hudson, Henry iv. History vi. The Pilgrim vii. Exchange Place and Broad Street, i6go viii. Ancient view of Chatham Square ix. Trinity Church x. View of the Battery, 1656 xi. Gov. Stuyvesant's House, 1658 xii. Old Stone Bridge, Canal Street xii. Statue of Liberty xiii. Washington, Union Square xiv. Barge Office xv. Washington Statue, Sub-Treasury Building xvi. Broadway and Murray St., 1S20 xvii. Broadway and Bowery Road, 1828 xviii. The Park and Broadway, 1S30 xviii. United States Custom House xix. Union League Club xx. Statue Admiral Farragut xxi. Central Park, Fifth Avenue and Fiftj'-ninth Street xxii. City Government xxiii. City Hall xxiv. Justice xxvi. High Bridge xxviii. University City New York xxix. Museum of National History xxx. Medical xxxi. Normal College for Women xxxii. Grace Church xxxiii. PAGE Cooper Union xxxv. Architecture xxx vi . Academy of Design xxxvii. Brooklyn Bridge xxxviii. St. Patrick's Cathedral xxxix. Little Church Around the Corner. . ..xii. Criminal Court xlii. Observatory, Central Park xliii Metropolitan Museum of Art, xliv. New York Hospital xiv. Washington Arch xlvi. The Obelisk, Central Park xlvii. Columbus Column, Central Park. . .xlviii Madison Square Garden 1. The Grant Monument Hi. The Progress Club House liv. The Manhattan Club House Iv. Financial Iviii. New York Stock Exchange Ix. New York Produce Exchange Ixii. New York Central R. R. Depot. . . .b;iv. Cruiser New York Ixvi. Horace Greelev Ixix. PART II. BIOGRAPHY. PAGE Alexander, Robert C 24 Allen, T. F., M.D 161 Amundson, John A 204 Anderson, E. Ellery 115 Andrews, Constant A. 30 Andrews, George P 103 Appleton, Daniel 242 Astor, John Jacob (the Elder) 135 Astor, John Jacob (II.) 139 Astor, John Jacob (of to-day) 145 Astor, John Jacob, Jr 145 Astor, William 143 Astor, William B 137 Astor, William Waldorf 141 Bain, John, Jr 193 Baker, Alfred J 150 Banks, David 202 Baldwin, Homer R 245 Baldwin, Jared Grover, M.D 130 Barnes, A. C 266 Barratt, Arthur J 259 Barnes, Oliver W 22 Barron, John C, M.D 52 Barron, James S 131 Beach, Charles F.,Jr 207 Beach, Miles 3 Bedford, Gunning S 238 PAGE Belding, M. M 155 Belmont, August 203 Benjamin, George H 160 Bigelow, Frank Alfred, M.D 174 Bischoff, Henry 148 Bissinger, Philip 177 Bixby, Samuel M 182 Blanchard, James Armstrong 42 Blaut, Joseph F 73 Bliss, Cornelius N 54 Bless, J. O., Part III 50 Bloomingdale, Joseph B 191 Bloomingdale, Lyman G igi Bogart, John 94 Bonnell, J. Harper 184 Bookstaver, Henry W 171 Boskowitz, George W. , M.D 54 Boynton, F. H., M.D 94 Bramwell, Geo. W 67 Brownell, George W 67 Brown, M. Belle, M.D 221 Brown, Martin B 43 Brown, S. A 48 Brodsky John E 182 Brookfield, William 149 Bruce, John M 186 Bruce, Sanders Dewees 172 Buckingham, Charles L 10 Buckley, L. Duncan, M.D 39 Bvmzl, Julius 116 Burke, William H 219 Cady, J. Cleveland 34 Cameron, Alexander 215 Campbell, Andrew J 118 Campbell, Hudson 49 Campbell, T. C 269 Campbell, William 192 Cannon, Henry White 18 Cantor, Jacob A iii Carter, James C 278 Carrere, John M., Jr 123 Carleton, BukkG., M.D 226 Case, Joseph S 249 Choate, Joseph Hodges 278 Clancy, Charles M 163 Clark, Byron G., M.D 165 Clark, Emmons 242 Clews, Henry 132 Clinton, Charles William 155 Coe, George S 245 Colby, Charles L 74 Conover, Warren A 165 Constant, Samuel Victor 109 Cook, John C 186 Cornell, Clarence W. , M. D 112 Cornell, John M 164 Cox, Charles Finney 200 Crouch, George 164 2 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. PAGE Crouse, Henry W 97 Cruikshank, Edwin A 70 Curtis, George M 57 Curtis, Henry Hoi brook, M.D 83 Cutter, Ephraira, M.D 152 De La Mare, James C 233 De La Vergne, John Chester 56 De Peyster, Frederick, J 85 De Witt, George G 31 Danforth, Loomis L., M.D 237 Darragh, Robert L loi Davol, John 168 Dayton, Charles W 27 Deady, Charles, M.D 37 Dearborn, H. M., M.D 169 Depew, Chauncey M 195 Dillingham, Thomas Manly, M.D.. 224 Dillow, George M., M.D 164 Dimond, Thomas 121 Dittenhoefer, A. J 202 Dudley, Sumner F 205 Duffy, Patrick Gavin 74 Dunlevy, Rita, M.D 159 Dodge, Philip T 258 Dorman, Orlando P 126 Doughty, Frank E., M.D 177 Dugro, P. Henry 243 Eaton, Dorman B 3 Eaton, Sherburne Blake 154 Edson, Cyrus, M.D 48 Ernst, Max 190 Ettlinger, Louis 23 Evans, Thomas H 280 Evarts, W. M.. 276 Fairchild, Samuel W 223 Fallon, Joseph P 225 Farquhar, Percival 167 Fay, Sigourney W 253 Fisher, John T 243 Fisk, Harvey 63 Fitzgerald, Frank T 36 Fitzgerald, James 176 Fitzsimmons, James M 108 Flagg, John Henry 123 Flannigan, W. W 264 Foot, James D 166 Foster, William F 209 Fowler, Edward P., M.D 127 Fox, John Jr 244 Freedman, John J 57 Freeman, William B. 245 Farmer, W. W 266 Friend, Emanuel M 163 Frost, Calvin 60 Garrison, John Boggs, M.D 27 Garrison, William Dominick 83 Gedney, Frederick G 216 Gilbert, Bradford Lee 59 Gilmore, Patrick S 76 Glcitsmann, J. W., M.D 61 Goebel, l ewis S 257 GofTe, James Riddle, M.D 213 Goldfogle, Henry M 219 Gorman, John J 114 Griffin, ICugene 169 Grosjean, Florian 157 Gross, Michael C 211 Guernsey, Egbert, M.D 216 PAGE Guggenheimer, Randolph 89 Gwynne, David Eli 275 Hall, Alvah 188 Hallock, Lewis, M.D 154 Hamersley, J. Hooker 147 Hamersley, John W 147 Hammond, Graeme Monroe, M.D. . 51 Harding, George Edward 175 Harper, Edward B. . . : 19 Harper, Orlando M 262 Harrison, Walter S 20 Haswell, Charles H 45 Hawes, Granville P 207 Heald, Daniel Addison 206 Hendricks, Francis 86 Heinze, Otto 112 Heintz, Louis J 170 Helmuth, Wm. Todd, M.D 150 Hess, Charles A 193 Hicks, James M 170 Hicks, William C 170 Hildreth, J. Homer 82 Hinsdale, E. B 149 Hirsch, David 151 Hitchcock, W. G 110 Hoe, Robert 152 Hogan, Edward 31 Holcomb, Wright 153 Holm, Charies F 118 Holls, Frederick William 223 Homans, Shephard 207 Hopper, Isaac A 232 Hornblower, William Butler m Horton, J. M 217 Horton, H. L 240 Houghton, Henry C, M.D 240 Howard, Joseph Jr 280 Howell, T. P 100 Hunt, Oren G., M.D 160 Hunter, Robert, M.D 232 Huntington, Collis P 38 Hume, William H 173 Ivison, D. B 263 Jacobus, John W 218 James, Charles F 201 Janvrin, Joseph E., M.D 4 Johnson, Jere., Jr 218 Jones, Meredith L 160 Kearney, James 166 Keatinge, Harriette C, M.D 238 Keane, Thaddeus J., M.D 114 Kendall, Edward H 10 Kerwin, Michael 66 Ketchum, Alexander P 61 Kimball, Francis H 43 King, Wm. Harvey, M.D 171 Kip, Isaac L. , M.D 231 Koch, Joseph 272 Krause, Wm. H., M.D 167 Kunitzer, Robert, M.D 106 Lc Barbier, Charles E 240 Le Brun, Napoleon 6 Lachman, Samson 153 Laidlaw, A. H., M.D 92 Laiidoii, Francis (i 243 Laiigdon, Woodbury 220 Lardner, William J 14 Lauritzen, Peter J 128 PAGE Lauterbach, Edward 129 Lee, Homer 105 Leslie, Mrs. Frank 235 Leventritt, David 221 ^ Levy, Ferdinand 1S3 Levy, Jefferson M 226 Leviseur, Frederick J., M.D 88 Lewis, Daniel, M.D 230 Libbey, Laura Jean 235 Logan, Walter S 5 Lounsberry, P. C 274 Lynn, Wauhope 32 Lustgarten, Sigmund, M.D 71 McAdam, David 35 McAdam, Thomas 227 McAlpin, Edwin A 93 McAnerney, John 199 McCall, John A 14 McCarthy, J. M 270 ^IcClave, John 174 McClellan, Geo. B 17 McDowell, Charles, M.D 57 McElfatrick, John B 36 Mclntyre, Thomas A 189 McLean, Donald 151 McKean, John Bell 192 McKee, Russell W 186 McKenna, William J 103 McKim, Charles Follen 86 McKoon, D. D 203 Mackey, Charles W 96 Macy, Charies S., M.D 256 Maurer, Henry 130 Mann, W. D 267 May, Lewis 102 Meade, Clarence W 33 Melville, Henry 40 Merriam, Arthur Lewis 65 Merritt, Israel J 213 Milne, Charles, M.D 28 Minton, Maurice M 256 Mitchell, Charles Elliot 23 Mitchell, John J 273 Mills, D. 158 Morgan, Alonzo R., M.D 219 Moore, William F 29 Montague, George 248 Munn, O. D 162 Munroe, Norman L 100 Murray, C. H 262 Murray, Thomas E 94 Newman, Henry 90 Nissen, Ludwig 46 Noxon, Mary Woolsey, M. D 189 O'Connor, Joseph T., M.D 109 O'Connor, N. R 271 O'Beirne, James R 73 Ohmeis, Joseph M 106 Olcott, J. Van Vechten 16 Olcott, William M. K 88 Otis, Norton P 20 Ottendorfer, Oswald 62 Page, George Ham 181 Page. k. C. M., M.D 72 Peckham, William (J 49 Pitcher, James Robertson 107 Piatt, Thomas C 4 Platzek, M. Worley 256 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 3 PAGE Porter, Horace 197 Porter, Robert P 277 Post, George B \i Potter, William A 55 Price, Bruce 167 Pryibil, Paul 124 Quincy, John W f;i Queen, Lewis Apgar, M.D 157 Ransom, Rastus Seneca 53 Reichard, Gustav 254 Reid, Whitelaw 276 Ren wick, Edward S 25 Renwick, James 7 Ripley, Chauncey B 17 Rhinelander, Philip 133 Rhinelander, T. J. Oakley 37 Rhinelander, William 208 Ringler, Frederick A 62 Roberts, Charles Forrester, M.D... 193 Robinson, Andrew J 233 Rochford, Thomas E 174 Rogers, Henry A 215 Rogers, Walter B 244 Roosevelt, Robert B 197 Rouss, Charles Broadway 178 Rudolphy, Jacob loS Ruszits, John 115 Ryan, John J 60 St. John, William Pope 13 Sackett, Henry Woodward 35 Schampain, C. J 261 Schley, J. M., M.D 26 Schieren, Charles A 230 Schmid, August 40 Schumann, Charles W 119 Schwarz, Anton 177 See, Horace 8 Seaman, Robert 88 Senner, J. H 252 Scott, William H., M.D 105 Scribner, John M 86 Shaffer, Chauncey 227 Shera, J. Fletcher 66 Shepard, Elliot F 279 Sheldon, Edward W 187 Shields, John Archibald 261 Simmons, J. Edward 10 Smith, Charles Stewart 7 Smith, Frances S 228 Smith, George C 228 Smith, Gouverneur M., M.D 104 Smith, J. J 185 Smith, Jer. T 106 Smith, John Sabine 43 Smith, Solon B 188 Smith, St. Clair, M.D 227 Smith, Ormond G 228 Smith, William Alexander 55 Smith, William Bro 239 Smith, William Wheeler 161 Snook, John B 34 Soulard, A. L 122 Spencer, James C 22 Stay ton, William H 175 Steckler, Alfred 209 Stokes, Henry 159 Stymus, W. P 13 Stewart, John A n8 I'AGK Stewart, Lispcnard 71 Steinway, William 78 Sturgis, Frank K 127 Strong, William L 128 Sullivan, T. D 272 Sully, Alfred 252 Sulzer, William 220 Sutro, Theodore 260 Taintor, Charles Newhall 26 Tait, J. Selwin 267 Tamsen, Edward T. H 84 Taylor, Alfred 99 Taylor, W. S 259 Teft't, William E 209 Thom, Arthur M 254 Thompson, John H., M.D 91 Thompson, Lewis 249 Tiemann, George 217 Tilford, Frank 250 Tilford, J. M 249 Tingue, E. W 218 Tingue, John H 218 Tingue, WilHam J 218 Townsend, Irving, M.D 208 Townsend, John D 196 Townsend, John P 80 Trask, Spencer 104 Truax, Charles A 25 Tucker, John J 89 Twombly, Horatio N 222 Van Bokkelen, Spencer B. C 209 Van Cott, Cornelius 59 Van Norden, Warner 98 Van Wyck, Robert A 24 Voorhees, Philip R 225 Vrooman, John W 97 Wagner, Albert 255 Walker, John Brisben 257 Ward, Frederick A 91 Webb, William Henry 68 Weber, Edward 233 Weber, John 230 Weber, John B 53 Webster, David, M.D 60 Webster, George P 231 Weeks, Henry C 93 Welch, David 176 Welde, Charles 121 Wells, Brooks H., M.D 222 Wemple, Christopher Y 158 Whalen, John 237 Wheeler, Jerome Byron 156 White, Andrew J 34 White, Stephen V 204 Wicke, George 214 Wilcox, Reynold Webb, M.D 33 Wilcox, Vincent M 28 Wild, Joseph 45 Wilson, George 54 Wilson, James W 254 Wills, Charles T 82 Williams, George G 247 Willis, Theodore B 239 Winchester, Locke W 58 Windmiiller, Louis 29 Wise, Otto Irving 260 Wood, William 12 Worman James H 274 PAGE Zabriskie, Nelson 229 Zucker, Alfred 87 PUBLICATIONS. American Brewer 177 American Medico-Surgical Bulletin, 213 Cosmopolitan Magazine 248 Family Story Paper 100 Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly Magazine 235 Illustrated American 256 North American Journal of Homcr- opathy 209 New York Bazaar 235 New York Medical Times 216 New York Tablet 66 New York Weekly 228 Railway and Corporation Law Jour- nal 208 The Sartorial Art Journal 273 The Mail & Express 279 The Scientific American 162 The Staats-Zeitung 52 The Tobacco Leaf 193 Town Topics 267 Turf, Field & Farm 173 ILLUSTRATIONS. Astor House 135 Astor Library 139 Madison Square 143 Seventh Regiment Armory 241 Union Square 141 PORTRAITS. Alexander, Robert C 24 Allen, T. F., M.D 161 Amundson, John A 204 Anderson, E. Ellery 116 Andrews, Constant A 30 Appleton, Daniel 242 Astor, John Jacob (The Elder) 134 Astor, J. J 138 Astor, John Jacob (Of To-Day) 144 Astor, John Jacob, Jr 146 Astor, William 142 Astor, William B 136 Astor, William Waldorf 140 Baldwin, Jared Grover, M.D 130 Baldwin, Homer R 245 Banks, David 202 Barron, John C, M.D 5a Barron, James S 131 Beach, Charles F., Jr 208 Beach, Miles 4 Bedford, Gunning S 238 Belding, M. M 155 Benjamin, George H 160 Bissinger, Philip 178 Bixby, Samuel M 182 Blanchard, James A 42 Blaut, Joseph F 73 Bliss, Cornelius N 54 Bloomingdale, Joseph Benjamin. . . . 191 Bloomingdale, Lyman G 191 Bloss, J. O., Part HI 50 Bonnell, J. Harper 184 Bookstaver, Henry W 171 4 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. I'AGE Bramwell, George W 67 Brodsky, John E 182 Brown, Martin B 44 Brown, S. A 4S Brookfield, William 149 Buckingham, Charles L 10 Bulkley, L. Duncan, M.D 39 Burke, William H 219 Bunzl, Julius 117 Bruce, John M 186 Bruce, Sanders D 172 Campbell, T. C 270 Campbell, William 192 Cannon, Henry White iS Cantor, Jacob A iii Carter, James C 278 Case, Joseph S 249 Choate, Joseph H 278 Clark, Byron G., M.D 165 Clark, Emmons 242 Clews, Henry 132 Coe, George S 245 Colby, Charles L 75 Constant, Samuel Victor 109 Cook, John C 186 Cox, Charles Finney 200 Crouch, George 164 Crouse, Henry W 97 Cruikshank, E. A 70 Curtis, George M 58 Cutter, Ephraim, M.D 152 De La Mare, James C 233 De La Vergne, John Chester 56 De Peyster, Frederick J 85 De Witt, George G 32 Davol, John 168 Dayton, Charles W 27 Darragh, Robert L loi Depew, Chauncey M 195 Dittenhoefer, A. J 212 Dorman, O. P 126 Dodge, Philip T 258 Duffy, Patrick G 74 Dudley, Sumner F 205 Eaton, Dorman B 3 Eaton, Sherburne Blake 154 Ernst, Max 190 Evans, Thomas H 280 Evarts, W. M 276 Fairchild, Samuel W 223 Farmer, W. W 266 Farquhar, Percival 167 Fay, S. W 253 Fisher, John T 243 Fisk, Harvey 64 Fitzgerald, Frank T 36 Flagg, John H 123 Flannigan, W. W 265 Foot, James D 166 Foster, William F 210 Fox, John, Ir 244 Fowler, Edward P., M.D 128 Friend, Emanuel M 163 Frost, Calvin 60 Garrison, William D 83 Gilmore, Patrick S 77 (loebel, Le\Vis S 257 ■Ciorman, John J 114 PAGE Gedney, Frederick G 216 Griffin, Eugene 169 Grosjean, Florian 157 Gross, Michael C 211 Gwynne, David Eli 275 Gwynne, Abram Evans 275 Guggenheimer, Randolph 89 Hall, Alvah 188 Hamilton, Alexander. . '. 50 Hamersly, Jas. Hooker 148 Hamersly, John W 147 Harper, Edward B 19 Harper, O. M . . 262 Heald, Daniel Addison 206 Heinze, Otto 113 Hess, Charles A 193 Hicks, James M 170 Hicks, William C 170 Hitchcock, W. G no Hirsch, David 151 Hinsdale, E. B 150 Hildreth, J. Homer 82 Hoe, Robert 152 Hogan, "Edward 31 Holcomb, Wright 153 Holm. Charles F 118 Homans, Sheppard 207 Hopper, Isaac A 233 Howard, Joseph Jr 280 Howell, T. P 100 Hume, William H 173 Huntington, Collis P 38 Ivison, D. B 263 James, Charles F 201 Kearney, James 166 Ketchum, Alexander P 61 Kip, Isaac L., M.D 231 Kent, James (Chancellor) 2 Koch, Joseph 272 Le Barbier, Charles E 240 Laidlaw, A. H., M.D 92 Langdon, Woodberry 220 Lardner, William J . 14 Lauterbach, Edward 129 Lee. Homer 105 Leslie, Mrs. Frank 234 Lcvcntritt, David 221 Levy, Ferdinand 183 Levy, Jefferson M 226 Libbey, Laura Jean 236 Logan, Walter S 6 Lounsberry, P. C 274 McAdam, Thomas 227 McAlpin, Edwin A 93 McAnerney, John 199 McCall, John A 15 McCarthy, John Henry 270 Mclntyre, Thomas A 189 McKee, Russell W 187 McKenna, William J 103 McKoon, D. D 203 Mackey, Charles W 96 Mann, W. D 267 Maurer, Henry ... 130 May, Lewis 102 Meade, Clarence W 33 Melville, Henry 40 Merriam, Arthur Lewis 65 PAGE Merritt, Israel J 213 Minton, Maurice M 256 Mitchell, Charles Elliot 23 Mitchell, John J 273 » Montague, George 248 Munn, O. D 162 Munroe, Norman L 100 Murray, Charles H 263 Newman, Henry go Nissen, Ludwig 47 O'Connor, N. R 271 Ohmeis, Joseph M 107 Olcott, J. Van Vechten 16 Otis, E. G 21 Ottendorfer, Oswald 62 Page, George Ham 181 Page, R. C. M., M.D 72 Parker, Willard, M.D 95 Peckham, William G 49 Pitcher, James Robertson . . 108 Piatt, Thomas C 5 Platzek, M. Worlej' r.. 257 Porter. Horace 198 Porter, Robert P 277 ■ Pryibil, Paul 125 Quincey, John W 51 Ransom, Rastus S 53 Reid, Whitelaw 277 Renwick, Edward S 25 Renwick, James 8 Rhinelander, Philip 133 Rhinelander, T. J. Oaklej 37 Ringler, Frederick A 63 Ripley, Chauncey B. . . . 17 Rochfort, Thomas E 174 Rogers, Henry A 215 Rogers, Walter B 244 Roosevelt, Robert B 197 Rouss, Charles Broadway 179 Ruszits, John 115 St. John, William Pope 13 Sackett, Henry Woodward 35 Schampain, C. J 261 Schley, J. M., M.D 20 Schieren, Charles A 230 Schmid, August 41 Schumann, Charles W 120 Schwarz, Anton 177 Scribner, John M 86 Seaman, Robert 88 SulHvan, T. D 272 See, Horace g Shayne, C. C 268 Sheldon, Edward W 187 Shepard, Elliot F 279 Shera, J. Fletcher 66 Simmons, J. Edward 11 Smith, Charles Stewart 7 Smith, Gouverueur M., M.D 104 Smith, J. J 1S5 Smith, John Sabine 43 Smith, Jer. T 106 Smith, Ormond G 226 Smith. William Alexander 55 Smith, William Bro 23g Snook, John B 34 Soulard, A. L 122 Spencer, James C 22 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 5 PACK Stayton, William H 175 Steinway, William 7g Stewart, John A iig Stewart, Lispenai'd 71 Stokes, Henry 159 Sturgis, Frank K 127 Sully, Alfred 252 Sulzer, William 224 Sutro, Theodore 260 Tamsen, Edward T. H 84 Taylor, Alfred 99 Taylor, W. S 259 Thom, Arthur M 254 Thompson, Lewis ■ 249 Tiemann, George 217 Tilford, Frank 251 Tilford, J. M, . 250 Tingue, John H 218 Townsend, John P 81 Twombley, Horatio N 222 Van Bokkelen, Spencer D. C 209 Van Cott, Cornelius 59 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 194 Voorhees, Philip R 225 Vrooman, John W 98 Walker, John Brisben 247 Wagner, Albert 255 Ward, Frederick A 91 Welch, David 176 Welde, Charles 121 Wemple, Christopher Yates 158 Webb, W. H 69 Whalen, John 237 Wheeler, Jerome Byron 156 White, Stephen V 204 Wicke, George 214 Wilcox, Vincent M 28 Wild, Joseph 45 Williams, G. G 246 Wilson, George 54 Wilson, James W 254 Windmiiller, Louis 29 Wise, Otto Irving 260 Wood, William 12 Wormna, James H 274 Zabriskie, Nelson 229 Zucker, Alfred 87 PART 111. BUSINESS INTERESTS. PAGE. American Safe Deposit Co 6 Anchor Line of Steamships 23 Ansonia Brass & Copper Company. . . 12 Atlas Line of Steamships 43 Boericke & Tafel 40 Bloomingdale Brothers 29 Bloss, James 50 Cockerill, John A 60 Collins & Co 17 Campbell, William, & Co 21 Dawson & Archer 22 Dexter, Lambert & Co 28 Dolge, Alfred 25 Drexel, Morgan & Co 8 Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse 35 PAGE Eagle Pencil Company 19 Fairchild Brothers iK: Foster 30 Hall, Alvah, & Co 35 Hart Bros., Tibbetts & Co 17 Hendricks Brothers 31 Hoe's, James C, vSons 43 Hoe, R., & Co 55 Horn, "Charles 15 Hotel, The New Netherland 52 Hotel Savoy 49 Hotel Waldorf 52 Jackel, Hugo 38 Keller, John W 60 Kroeber, F., Co 38 Lamb & Rich 25 Lee, William H 32 Merck & Co 36 Maurer, Henry, & Son 26 Oelbermann, Domnierich & Co 19 Pelgran:! & Meyer 33 Sweetser, Pembrook & Co 30 The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company 40 The Bank of New York National Banking Association 51 The Bank for Savings 51 The Chemical National Bank 3 The Central National Bank 7 The Central Trust Company 51 The Century Company 42 The Fair & Square Ribbon Mill 13 (Joseph Loth Co.) The Gallatin National Bank 53 The General Electric Company 15 The Knickerbocker Trust Company. . 51 The Lalance & Grosjean Manufactur- ing Company 28 The Lincoln National Bank 54 The Manhattan Savings Institution . . 8 The Manhattan Trust Company. ... 53 The Mercantile National Bank 55 The Metropolitan Telephone & Tele- graph Company 11 The Merchants' Exchange National Bank 53 The Mills Building 10 The Mount Morris Electric Light Company 13 The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York 15 The Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association 23 The National Bank of the Republic, 55 The National Park Bank of New York 3 The New York Cotton Exchange. ... 50 The New York Life Insurance Com- pany 21 The New York Recorder 58 The Press Club 57 The Ringler Brewery 27 The Second National Bank 4 The Seventh National Bank 7 The Third National Bank 53 The William Strange Company 29 Travers Brothers 30 Trenholm, William, Teele & Co. . . 22 Tostevin's, Peter, Sons 43 PACJE Turner, George W 59 United Silk Manufacturing Co 43 United States Trust Company 10 Union Dime Savings Institution 7 EDUCATIONAL AND MEDICAL. Columbian Institute 48 Eclectic Medical College ^7 New York Medical College and Hos- pital for Women 46 The Berkley School 46 The New York Homoeopathic Med- ical College and Hospital 44 Van Norman Institute 46 ILLUSTRATIONS. American Safe Deposit Company's Building 6 Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Com- pany's Factory, Middletown, N. Y. , 41 Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Com- pany's Factory, Dixon, 111 41 Ansonia Brass & Copper Company's Works 12 Asch & Jaeckel's Fur Establishment, 39 Bloomingdale Brothers' Building 29 Bloss, James 50 Campbell, William, & Company's Fac- tory 22 Century Company's Business Office, 42 Collins & Company's Works, Collins- ville, Conn., 1826. 17 Collins & Company's Works, Collins- ville, Conn., 1893 17 Columbia Institute 48 Commerce 2 Dolgeville, N. Y. , View of 24 Dolge, Alfred, Felt Mills and Sound- ing Board Factory, Dolgeville, N. Y. 24 Drexel, Morgan & Co.'s Building. ... 9 Duparquet, L. F 34 Eagle Pencil Company's Works.. ... 18 Hendricks Brothers' Belleville Copper Mills 32 Hotel The New Netherland 52 Hotel Savoy 49 Hotel Waldorf 53 Huot, Pierre 34 Keller, John W 60 Manhattan Savings Institution 8 Manufacturing 37 Maurer, Henry, &Son, Brick Works.. 26 Merck & Company's Building, World's Fair, Chicago 36 Merck & Company's Laboratories and Works 36 Moneuse, Elie 34 Moneuse, E. J 34 The Berkley School 47 The Chemical National Bank 3 The General Electric Company's Head Office, New York 16 The General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y 16 The General Electric Company, Lynn, Mass 16 The General Electric Company, Har- rison, N. J 16 6 NEIV YOBK, THE METROPOLIS. I'AGr. Thf Hoe Printing; Machines 56, 57 The Lalance & Grosjcan Manufactur- inji Company's Factories 28 The Lincoln National Bank, Office of President and Vice-President 54 The Metropolitan Telephone & Tele- ffraph Company Switch Board 11 The Mills Building 10 The Mount Morris Electric Light Company's Works 13 The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New '\'ork. Buildings 14 The Mutual Reserve Fund Life As- sociation, Buildings 23 The New York Homtcopathic Medi- cal College and Hospital 45 The New \oxV Life Insurance Com- pany's Buildings 20 The National Park Bank, of New York 4 The New York Recorder Building. . . 58 The Ringler Brewery 27 The Sec(jnd National Bank, Interior View 5 Turner, G. 59 Travers Brothers' Factory 31 Union Dime Savings Institution 7 REFERENCE INDEX. American Axe & Tool Company. ... g7 Ames Iron Works 65 Ames & Shera 66 American Book Company 263 Addison & Mann 116 Anthony, E. & H. T 28 Appleton, D., & Co 242 Aspen Mining & Smelting Com- pany 157 Baker, Smith & Co 185 Banks & Brothers 202 Barron, James, & Co 131 Barnes, A. S., & Co 266 Bixby, S. M., & Co , . . . 182 Blanchard, Gay & Phelps 42 Belding Bn)thers & Co. , 155 Belmont, August, & Co 203 Bliss, Fabyan & Co 51 Bloomingdale Brothers 172 Blo.ss, J. ()., & Co 50 Benedict, Torrey & Twombly 222 Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co 169 Bruce & Cook ; 186 Bush wick Glass Works 149 I'.AGE Bunzl, J., & Sons 116 Cantor, Linson & Van Shaick 11 1 Carrere & Hastings 123 Chamber of Commerce 7 Clews, Henry, Co 133 Conover, W. A. & F. E 1O5 Cornell, J. B. & J. M 164 Crouch & Fitzgerald 164 Davol, John, & Son's 169 De La Vergne Refrigerator Machine Co 57 Dimond, G. & T 121 Eaton & Lewis 154 Fairchild Bros. & Foster 223 Earner, A. D., & Co 266 Farquhar, A. B., & Co 167 Fisk, Harvey, & Sons 63 Freeman, W. B., & Co 245 Friend & House 163 Foster, Paul, & Co 210 German -American Real Estate Title & Trust Co 122 Gilbert Manufacturing Company .. . 126 Grand Union Hotel 84 Harrison, W. S., & Co 20 Heinze, Loewy & Co 112 Hess, Townsend & McClelland 143 Hirsch, D., & Co 151 Hitchcock, W. G.. & Co 113 Hoadly, Lauterback & Johnson 129 Holland Society of the City of New York 197 Home Insurance Company 206 Hopper, IsaacA.,&Co 232 Hornblower, Byrne &• Taylor in Horton, H. L., & Co 240 Howell, T. P., & Co 100 Hyland & Zabriskie 229 Joy, Landon & Co 220 Kearney & Foot 166 Knickerbocker Trust Co 80 Lardner & McAdam 14 Logan, Clark & Demond 6 McAlpin, D. H., & Co 93 McElfatrick, J. B., & Sons 36 Mclntyre & Wardwell. 180 McKim, Meade tV: White 86 McKoon & Luckey 203 Mackey, Forbes & Hewes 97 May &• King 102 Mergen thaler Linotype Co 258 Merritt Wrecking Organization 213 PAGE Mutual Reserve Fund Life Associ- ation iq Munn & Co 162 New York Stock Exchange 12^ Newman, Henry, & Co go Nissen, Ludwig, & Co ^6 Otis Brothers & Co 20 Olcott & Olcott 16 Palatine Fire Insurance Company . . 12 Park & Tilford 257 Pottier, Styraus & Co 13 Quincy, John W., & Co. 57 Ringler, F. A., & Co 63 Rochfort & Stay ton 174 Rogers, H. A., & Co 215 Sackett & Bennett 36 Schieren, Charles A., & Co 230 Schumacher & Ettlinger 23 Seaman, Robert, & Co 88 Shepard & Dudley 204 Southern National Bank 264 Standard Pearl Button Company. . . 97 Stein way & Sons So Sterling Steel Co 97 Strong, W. L., & Co 128 Tait, J. Selwin, & Sons 267 Taylor & Bloodgood 259 The Bank of North America gS The Chase National Bank 18 The Fourth National Bank 11 The Gilbert Manufacturing Co 126 The Homer Lee Bank Note Com- pany 105 The Mercantile National Bank 13 The Provident Savings Life Assur- ance Society 207 The United States Mutual Aci.ident Association 108 Thom & Wilson 254 Tiemann, George, & Co 217 Trask, Spencer & Co 104 United States Savings Bank 31 Vesuvius and its Builders g Webb's Academy and Home for Shipbuilders 70 Weber, J. & L 233 Welch & Daniels 176 Wendell, Fay & Co 253 White, S. v., & Co 204 Wicke, Wni., & Co 214 Work, Strong & Co 127 V » If