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A UTHOR: 
 
 DEMOSTHENES 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 THE FIRST THREE 
 PHILIPPIC ORATIONS 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 TORONTO 
 
 DATE: 
 
 1866 
 
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 88DV 
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 Demosthenos* 
 
 V/orks, 1866 
 
 ...The first three Philippic orations of Demonthe 
 
 nes with notes.., by Ganuel V/oods.., Toronto, Rollo' 
 1866. *! 
 
 xxiii, 200 p. 14,V cm. 
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 THE FIRST THREE 
 
 PHILIPPIC ORATIONS 
 
 OP 
 
 DEMOSTHENES, 
 
 J 
 
 WITH NOTES, 
 
 ( 
 
 CRITICAL, EXPLANATORY AND HISTORICAL,, 
 
 BY 
 
 SAMUEL WOODS, M. A., 
 
 HBAD MA8TBB GBAMMAB 8CH00L, EINOSTOK. 
 
 TORONTO : 
 1866. 
 
S^TiV 
 
 <^ 
 
 2iMAr8456757 
 
 TO THE 
 
 REV. JOHN McCATJL. LL.D.. 
 
 FNITEEBITT COLLEGE, TOEONTO, 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 
 LOTELL AITD GIBSON, PRIlfTEBS, TONGE 6TEEET. 
 
 Library of David King. 
 
 Iieavitt & Co. May 21 ISQM 
 
 *\i' 
 
 V 
 
 IB IVBCBIBBD BY OVB WHO 
 
 6Si.TBPVLLT ACEKOWLBDGBB 
 
 BIB VAST 0BLIOATI0K8 TO HIM 
 
 BOTH AB 
 
 PBBSIBBlfT AND AS PbOFEBSOE. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOT? 
 
 Chronological Table ix-xxiii 
 
 First Philippic ^ 
 
 Second Philippic ^^ 
 
 Third Philipi)ic 21 
 
 Intro<hiction tp the First Philippic 39 
 
 Notes to the First Philippic 47 
 
 Introduction to the >ecoad Philippic ^3 
 
 Notes to the Second Pliilippic ^^ 
 
 Introduction to the Third Philippic 129' 
 
 Notes to the Third Philippic 135- 
 
 Table of Parallel Pages ^9^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting the present edition of the First 
 Three Philippic orations of Demosthenes, a few words of 
 explanation, and some general observations are deemed 
 necessary. The text is with few exceptions that of the 
 Third Edition of W. Dindorf published in 1864, and 
 embodying the latest researches into the various manu- 
 scripts and editions of the author. The very small num- 
 ber of instances in which any departure has been made, 
 is authorized by the names of Bekker, SchuEfer, 
 Wolf and Reiske. 
 
 In the preparation of the notes I have made use of the 
 labours of previous editors, and have taken great care to 
 append to every selected note the name of the editor to 
 whom it is due. If any instances occur in which this has 
 been overlooked, the fault is to be attributed to my inad- 
 vertence, njad not to any desire of appropriating the 
 labours of others as my own. The Chronological Table 
 has been carefully compiled, and no event has been given 
 unless a conviction of its correctness was fully felt. In 
 this part of the work great use was made of the histories 
 of Greece by Grote and Thirlwall. The events of 
 the life of Demosthenes mth the list of Archons, the 
 parallel years, and the dates of the speeches are taken 
 from the edition of Dindorf above mentioned. 
 
 It will be seen that in the Notes and Introductions the 
 references are given by page to the edition of Reiske, 
 
Tin 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 
 which IS the plan of reference now almost universally 
 adopted. For various reasons I did not care to do other- 
 wise, and at the end of the book I have added a table of 
 parallel pages in order to facilitate the references to the 
 present edition. No lite of Demosthenes has been con- 
 sidered necessary, and many of the proper names havQ 
 been entirely passed over, and others only partially 
 touched upon. So many excellent works on History, 
 Mythology, and Geography are now in the hands of 
 University Students, that it would only have been bur- 
 dening the notes with matter which can easily be 
 obtained elsewhere. The references to parallel readings 
 and forms of expressions in other authors have been 
 made with great care, and it is hoped will be found 
 generally correct. However in the great number of 
 them some errors have doubtless remained, .and for 
 these an ample apology is offered. 
 
 It only remains for me to convey my sincere thanks to 
 the friends who aided me in the preparation of the present 
 work. To the President of University College I am 
 especially indebted for his kindness in placing the Uni- 
 versity Library at my disposal ; to the Hon. A. Camp- 
 bell for allowing me the use of the Parliamentary Library ; 
 to the Eev. J. Ambery, M.A., of Trinity College, and 
 W. H. Vandersmissen, Esq., B.A., of University College, 
 whose care in revising the press has contributed so much 
 to the general accuracy of the Notes ; and to the the Rev. 
 Prof. Mowat, of Kingston, for many acts of kindness. 
 
 SAMUEL WOODS. 
 
 EiRL Street, Kiogston. 
 
 
 
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 RATA ^lAinnOY A. 
 
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 vaiot, TO Trpdyfiay ol TrpocXrjXvOey do-cAyctas dv^pcorros, os 
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 cjfli yap, ctcrtvdt Trarr c^ayyeXXovrcs iK€LV(o Trap' ^/lkui/ avrcSv 
 TrXctovs ToB Scovros — '^(rv)(Lav e^rj, rj TroptSwv ravra d^vXaK- 
 Tos XrjfjiOyy firjSevos ovtos ifnroSibv TrXeiv errl rrjv iK€Lvov x^pav 
 v//,tv, av cvoo) Kaipov, ravra fiev cortv a Trao-t 0€Oo)(uaL (pvffjLL 
 Sctv Kal TrapecKevaxrOaL 7rpo(rrJK€LV otfiai' irpos §€ roiJrocs 
 SvvafiLV riva, 5 avSpcs *A6rjva2oiy <l>rjfu TrpoxcLpicraorOaL Sear 
 vfias, rj <TVV€)((os iroXefjL'qcreL Kal KaKcos eKeivov iroLrjcrei. p/ij 
 fioi fivpLovs firjSe Sia-fivpiovs ^evovSy /JirjSk rets iTrtaroXifiaiovs 
 ravras SwdfieLs dXX rj rfjs iroXews Icrrat, Kav v/xets eva kov 
 irXeiovs kolv rov Setva Kav ovtlvovv xetporovT^an^re arparriyov, 
 TOVTO) ireLcerai Kal aKoXovdrjaei, Kal rpo<f>r]v ravry iropUrai 
 KeXcvcD. carat S avrq Tts fj 8vvafiLS Kal iroayj, kol iroOev t^v 
 rpo^^v €^€1, Kal TTws ravT iOeXT^aei iroteLv ; iyu) (jypaa-tt), KaO' ^^sJlM'^\ 
 eKaoTOV TovTOJv St€$Li)v x^P^^* $€i/ovs /Acv Xcyo) — Kalojnat, 
 fiYi TTOvqcrere o ttoXXokis vp-as e/SXaij/ev iravr cXaTTco vop.i'* 
 tfivres ctvai rov Seovros, Kal ra fiiyiar iv rots il/rjKJiia-fiacnv 
 alpovfievoiy hrl r<a irparreiv oiSk ra jjLiKpa Troielre, dXXa ra 
 fiucpa TTotiycravTCS Kal iropia'avres rovrois TrpQOTttf ere, iv iXdmo 
 
 I 
 
 oJi- 
 
 fJMivrjrai. ^Xcyo) Sri tovs wavTas OTpaTWOTas SurxtXiovs, rov* ^ Vru< 
 Twv Si *A6rjvaCovs (fyqpX Seiv ctvai TrevTaKocrwv?, cf 17s av tivos ^aV^^ 
 vfuv i^XiKta? KaXcos ^X^^^ ^^f^y XP^^^^ toktov arparevo/xevovs, 
 
 flij jJMKpOV TOVTOV, oXX' OCTOV ttV SoK^J KaX(ii>$ €X^*^> ^'^ SloSo- 
 
6 
 
 AHMOSOENOYS 
 
 ;(^ dAAi/Xots. Tov<s 8* oAAovs iivnvs cTvat kcXcvcd. koI fxera 
 TovTfjDV imreas 8iaKO<rtov9, koX rovraiv TrevrriKOVTa AOrjvatov^ 
 TOvXd)(iaT0Vy S)(nr€p rovs ttc^ois tov avrov rpOTr.ov crpaTevo' 
 jt^^'' fi€vov<; • Koi tTnrayoryov? rovrot?. ctcv • Tt Trpos rovrotj eri ; f 
 Ta;(€ias rptiypets ScKa • Set yap, e^orros cKCtVov vfeiiJVticoi^, Kai 
 Ta^€t(3v Tpvfjpiov riixivy ottcds d(r<^aA<i)s 17 SvvajjLis TrXerj. TroOev 
 Si) TovTOis y} Tpo<f>r] yemqcerai ; iyo) koL tovto <l>pda'(o Kat 
 Select), cTTCtSar, StoTt TiyXiKavTTyv dTro^p^v ot/nat rrjv Svvafiiv 
 Kol TToAtVas TOV? oTparevop^ivovs ctvat kcAcvo), SiSa^o).^ 
 
 Too-avnyv p.€v, S av8pc9 *A6rp/aioi, 8ta ravra, on ovk S't 
 vw 17/iti' TTOpLcracrOaL S-vva/xLv rijv iKilvta irapaTa^op.^vrjv, oAXa 
 Xt;oTCV€tv avayicrj kol rovno tw Tpoirta tov TroXifiov ^(prjcruai 
 TYiv TTpijyrrjv • oi tolvw viripoyKOV airnjv, ov yap lort fiLorOo^ 
 ovSk Tpo<f>r]^ ovh\ TravreXw? Ta-Trctv^v cTvat Set. TroXtra? Sc 
 Trapctvat icat (ru/xTrXctv 8ta ravra kcXcvo), ort Kat irporepov tot 
 oKoviD ^eviKov Tpi<f>€LV €V J^opLvdio TTjv TToXt]/, OV IIoXvaTparos 
 ^€tro Kat *l<f>LKpaTT]^ kol XajSptas Kat aXXot rtv€9, Kat avrov? 
 vfia^ (TvoTpaTevca'daL' kol ot8a cikovwv ort AaK€8at)Ltovtov? 
 7rapararro/A€Vot p,€ff vfiwv ivLKoyv ovrot ot ^evot Kat v/icts /xer 
 €K€tVa)v. 6^ ov 8' djJra Ka^' 3&-2k ra ^evtKct vp!iv orpareverai, 
 Tovs <^tXovs I'tKct Kat Tovs avfiiJid)(ov^, ol 8* i^Opoi p,ct^ovs rov 
 8€ovro9*y€ydvao'tv. Kat 7rapaKvi[/avTa cttI rov r59 ttoXccos ttoXc- 
 /Aoi', Trpos 'AprajSaf ov Kat Travra^ot /xaXXov ot;(€rat ttXcokto, 6 
 Si OTpaTTjyos aKoXovOei, etKorcos* ov yap lortv ap^ctv /x^ 8t8oKra 
 p.urOov. rt ovv kcXcvo) ; ras irpoKJiao'CLS d^cXctv Kat rov arpaTrj^ 
 yov Kat rwv orpartoircov, fiurObv TropLaavras koX orpartwras 01- 
 K€tov9 Sicnrep CTroTrra? rcuv orparr/yov/xcvcDV 7rapaKaraoTiyo"av- 
 Ta9, CTTCt vvv yc ycXcDS &r^ i? )(p(!>fJL€6a rots Trpdyfiaa-iv. ct yap 
 ^>oiro rt5 v/xas, ^Iprprqv aycrc, S dvSp€<s *A6rjvaioi ; p,a At ov^ 
 i7|t€ts y€, ctTTOtr av, dXXa ^tXt7nra> ttoXc/xov/acv. ovk €;(ctporc- 
 vftrc S* i^vfiwv avrwv 8€Ka raf td/^ov? Kat orpaTrjyovs Kat <^vX- 
 dpxovs Kai i7nrap;(ov9 8vo ; Tt ovv ovrot Trotovo'tv ; ttX^v cvos 
 
 I 
 
 
 KATA ^lAIimOY A. 7 
 
 w8po9, ov av €K'jr€fi\lnf]T€ iirl rov 7rdX€p,ov, ot XotTrot ras Tro^Tras 
 wifirrova-LV vfuv fiera rwv tepoTTOtwv wcnrcp yap ot TrXarrovrcs 
 Tovs TH/XtVovs, cts Trjv dyopov x€tporov€tr€ rovs ra^tdpxovs Kat 
 rovs <^vXdpxovs,^vK cTrt rov ttoXc/xov. ov yap cxp^v, S ay8p€S 
 *A6i;vatot, ra^tdpxovs Trap* v/xcov, tTnrdpxovs ^ap* v/x(ov|apxov- 
 ras jDtKctovs ctvat Iv V <5>? dXiyScos r^S ttoXcws rj 8vva/xt^; aXX 
 cts fi€v A^/jivov rov Trap' v/jtwv wnrapxov 8€t irXctv, rwv 8* vTtlp 
 ra>v r^s ttoXccds Krry/xdrcDV dycovt^o/xcvwv McvcXaov tTnrapxctv; 
 xat ov rov avSpa ii€fJi<f>6ix€vo^ ravra Xcyo), dXX' v<^' v/xwv eSct 
 K€)(€ipoTovr)fi€VOV ctvat rovrov, oorts av 17. / / 
 
 ^lo-cos 8c ravra /icv op^ws i7yct(r^c Xcyco-^at, ro 8c t<3v 
 Xpiy/Jidrwv, TTOO-a Kat tto^cv corat, fxdXiara iroO^ur^ aKOVorat. 
 rovro 8^ Kat Trcpatvo). X/»^/xara rotwv, cart /xcv ^ Tpo<^^, 
 KFLTTipia-Lov ftovov rg 8vvd/xct ravrry, raXavra cvcv^KOvra, Kat 
 /itKpdv rt TTpos, 8cKa fxiv vaval rax^tats TerrapdKOvra raXavra, 
 ctKOO-tv cts r^v vavv /xvat rov p.-qvo^ ckootov, orpartolrais 8J 
 StcTXtAtots roo-avfl* Ircpa, tva 8€Ka rov p,r;vos 6 o-rpartwnys 
 8pax/>tas airrjpicTLOv Xap^pdyrj, rots 8* tTnrcva-t 8taKOO'tots owriv, 
 cavrptoKOvra 8paxp-as cKaoros Xafipdyrj tov firp^os, 8(o8cKa 
 raXavra. ct 8c rts oicrat fjiucpav d<l>opp.rjv ctvat crtrrypco-tov 
 rots orparcvo/xcvots vTrdpxctv, ovk op^cos cyv^Kcv- cya> yap 
 otSa o-ac^ws ort, tovt av yivrprai, Trpoo^roptct ra XotTra avro 
 TO <rrpdT€V/jia dirb tov 7roXcp,ov, ov8ci/a rwv 'EXX^vwv dStKOVV 
 ov8€ rwv avfxfidxoiv, aW cxctv /xtcr^ov cvrcX-^. Kayo) 8i ot;/i- 
 irXcwv c^cXovr^s Trdax^tv ortovv croi/ios, cav fxrj ravfl* ovrcos 
 ?X2?- 'r^^^ ®^ ^ ™^®^ ^^^ XF*?/xdra)v. a Trap' v/x(3v kcXcvw 
 ycvco-^at, rovr' ^Sr; Xcfo). 
 
 nOPOY AHOAEIHIS. 
 *A ftcv ovv ^/Acts, w dv8pcs 'A^Tyvatot, 8c8vv)7/xcda cvpctv, 
 raw coTtv. C7rct8av 8' cTrtxctporov^rc ras yvw/xas, av vfiiv 
 ipiaiqi x^P<^ovrj<raT€, Iva fiff fiovov cv rots fifj<t>t<rfiaaL k&v 
 reus cTrioToXats iroXefArjre <E>tXtV7ra), aXXa Kat rots ^ots. 
 
 » 
 
 '^j^. 
 
8 
 
 AHM02®EN0YS 
 
 Aofcetre 8c fiot voXxf jScAtiov av '7r€pl rov voXifiov Koi SXij^ 
 rrjs TrapacTKev^^ ^ovXevaacrOaLi €t rov tottov, 5) avSpeq *AOrjvaLoi, 
 T^S X'^P^^ ^pos rjv 7roX€/x,€tT€, €v6viirj6€L7jT€, Kol AoywTaio-tfc 
 ort TOts wevfxaai kol rats a>pat$ rov Itovs ra ^oXA.a TrpoXajjir 
 fidvwv SiaTrpaTTerai ^iXunros kcu <f)vXd(as rovs irrjaias rj tw 
 X^iu^va i7n)(€Lp€iy rfviK av rjfjL€Ls firj hvvatiitOa iKclo'C a^ucccr* 
 0ai. Set Toiwv Tttvr' ivOvfiovfievovs firj jSorytfctai^ TroAc/Ltcti^^ 
 v(rT€pLovfi€V yap ctTravrcav, oXXa 7rapa<rK€vy owex^L koI 8wa- 
 /A€t. v7rdp)(€L 8* v/xtv )(€iiJLaSuD /xcv )(prjcr6aL Ty Swdfiec Aiy^vo) 
 icai 000*0) Kttt ^KidOio Kal rats cv rovrta to! totto) vijcrots, ei/ 
 ots Kal Xifieves Kal ctitos Kat a ;(p^ orpaTeofxaTi irdvff virdp^v 
 T^ S' wpai/ Tov erovs, ot€ Kai Trpos r^ y^ yeuiaOai paSiov Kal 
 TO TCJV irvevfiaTiov dcrcj^aAc?, Trpos avr^ t^ X^P^ '^^^ wpos rots 
 ra)v c/xTTopoov arofiaxn paSiicos eorat. 
 
 A /t€V ovv ^(piyo'CTat Kat ttotc t^ Swa/xei, Trapa rov Kaipbv 
 o TOVTWV KvpLos KaTOOTas v<^' v//,a>v ^ovAcucrcTaf a 8* virdp- 
 ^at 86? Trap vfiaJv, ravr iarlv a cyo) yeypa<l>a» av raCra, 5 
 dvhp€^ AOrjvaloL, TropicrrjfT^ ra )(prifiaTa irpwrov a Aeyo), ctra kcu 
 ToAAa TTopoo'KCvao'avrcs, Tois aTpaTKjJTas, tols TiHrjp€is, tovs 
 iTTTrca?, cvTcA^ 7rao"av tt)v Svva/jLLVy vofM^ KaraKXcLaijr^ iirl tw 
 iroXifna fi€V€LVy twv fiiv )(pr}/jLdTwv avrol Tafxiat Kal iropurral 
 ytyvo/JLevoL, twv 8c 7rpa^co)i/ Trapa rov arpaTrjyov rbv Xoyov 
 aTraiTOVKTCs, iravaicrO* del Trcpl Ta>i/ avroiv fiovXevo/jievoi koI 
 irXiov oOSkv Trotowrcs, Kal ?Tt Trpos tovto) TrpCyrov pivy & av8- 
 pcs ^ kBrp/cuoiy Tov /xeywrrov tcDv Ikuvov Tropuyv d<^atp)^o'C(rdc. ; 
 Hem 8* ovTOS Tis ; aTro rail/ v/jLcripiDV vfuv TroXcp-c? oT^/x/ta^cov, 
 aycDV Kal <f)€p<i)v tovs TrXcovras t^i' ^oAxiTTav. cTrcira ti Trpos 
 TOVTO) ; TOV TrcuT;(Civ avrol kokcDs 2fo) ycnycco'^c, ov;( Sicnr€p 
 TOV TropcX^ovra )(p6vov cts A^/xvoi' Kal *'I/x)8pov ifi^aXxov at;(- 
 yuuiXcSrovs TroAiras ifierepovs <2x^' ^X*^^> Trpos tw FcpatoTcp Ta 
 TrXoIa (TvXXa^iw dp^vOrjra -^rjpjar €^€X€^€y ra TcXcvrata cis* 
 Mapada>va diri^-q Kal ttjv iepav aTro t^ x^P^^ W(^^' c;)(o)v 
 
 KATA a>IAinnOY A. 9 
 
 ^P W. V^^? 8* o?rc Tavra 8vVa(r0c iccoXr'ctv oiV' cJs Tois 
 XPoVovs, oSs Sv Trpo^^c, /Sorjeelv. Ka(rot ri S^^cn., Z 
 avbp,, ^ AOr^valoLy vofxiC^re rijv p^h ru>v UavaOrtvaiu^v eW 
 ryjv Kat rijv t(ov AcowcrtW dd rov KaO^Kovros xpovov yiy. 
 vccr^at, aVc l^^voX Xdx^acv iv re lScQ>raL ol roir'^v iKaripu^v 
 e^Lp,.Xovf.evoc, els & rocravr' cimAtWrc xP^M^ra oVa 0*8" 
 cts eva ro^v dTroorro'Aw, Kal toctovtoi. ^x^ov Kal 7rapa<rKevijv 
 oarjv ovK ocS' el n ro>v d-rrdvr^v ?^a, roi, S' d:..crr.^Aovs 
 Tran-as ip^iv iarepi^ecv r(hv /catpw, rov ds Mc^cii^y, rhv 
 ^LS naya^ris, r6v els Uor(Sacav ; Src iKelva p^h d^avra 
 vop^i^ reraKraiy /cal TrpooiSci. Ikocttos ip^^v Ik ttoXXov rii 
 X Ws ^ yv/.mcr6Vxos rijs M^s, ttoVc /cal Trapi rov Kal 
 Ttm Xa/36vra ri Set Trotelv, oiSev dve^iraarov oiB' dSpia^ 
 TOV iv rovVots Vf.4Xrjrac, cV S^ roZs Trcpl rod ^oXipcov Kal 
 TV Tovrov Trapacr/cci^ ^raKxa dStcJp^cora dc^p^crra ^Travra. 
 TOtyapoz;^ 5/xa dKriK6ap.iv rt Kal rpcrjpdpxovs Ka6caraf.,y Kal 
 TOVTOts dvrtSdo-cts Tro.o^;.c^a Kal ,rcpl xp7;/..arw TrJpov cr/co- 
 ^oi;/.c., Kal /.cr^ ravra ip^^acvecv roU /.crotWs ^So^c Kal 
 Tovs x<^pl^ ocKovvrasy eh' airois TrdXcv dyrep^^.^d'Ceiv, elr iv 
 ocTo, Tai^a fMiXXerac, TrpoaTro'AcoAc r6 e>' S 5v eWAcVcv 
 Toi^ yip TOV Trpcirrctv xpoW cts r6 TrapaaKevd^eaOac dmA.V- 
 Ko/xcv, ot Sk T^,/ Trpay/^dTw oiJ /xcVovcrt Katpol r^v i^acrcpar 
 ^paSvr^ra /cal elpo^vecav. Ss 8^ t^. /xcrafi xPo^ov Svvdf.ec, 
 OLop.ee rtplv hrdpxeivy o{,Sh olai r oJcrat -rroielv cVa^rcov r^v 
 Katp^v c^cA^y^ovrat. 6 8' cts rov^' i^^ffpccos cA.;Av(9cv eW 
 cTTto-rcAActi/ Ev^oeda-tv tjStj roiavras eirKrroXds, 
 
 EniSTOAAI. 
 ToiVcov, S d,.Spcs 'Aerjva-Loiy rwv dveyvoHrpL^o>v dXrjd^ ;xcV 
 c<7Tt Ti TroAAi, J>s oiK ISc, oi^ /..^^ ^AA' rcrcos oix ^Sca d/coiW. 
 oAA c^ ;x^ oVa d. Tts ^TTcp^^ rcS Aoyo,, Iva p^ij Avrr^cny, Kal 
 Ta Trpayfxara imepp^aerat. Sec Trpis ^So^i/ S'qp.rryopecv, ^ el 8' 
 17 roi,. A(Jya,vxdpts: Sv ^ p.ij Trpocn^Kovcra, ?^ya, ^.//.ta ycyi/CTat 
 
10 
 
 AHMO20ENOYS 
 
 KATA ^lAinnOY A. 
 
 11 
 
 a av 5 SvcrxW 'r"'^-" ^'^*''"'' ^^^ ''^'"'' "*'' '"^* ''°'^° 
 
 axoXou^cr. T0« ^par/xa<..v, dXX- airovs ?W0<^^«' "•"",™'' 
 ^payu.ir«.v, xal rov aWhv Tp<kov icnrcp tGv crrparc„A^aro,v 
 A^tciircU T« av Tov arparrryhv yy^urOa^ o^o. Kat to,v Trpay- 
 uiTa.v T0V5 povKcvo^iuov,, h' a av c«iVow 8oKg, ravrcc Trpar- 
 TTp-at Kal ,x^ ra trv^t/Javra ^vayKci^covTai 8«iK«v. v^tets 6. 
 S 5v8p« -A VaTot, TrXccorr/v 8,5va/.iv a^dyTo>v Ixo-^es, rpir 
 pcw.6,r\cW, iTnrc'as, XP'J/^arcov ^p<5cro8ov, ro,5Ta.v /.h- ,.expt 
 ^, r,i;x.pov V*P«5 oiScvl ,r J»rorc «s 8cov Tt k^xRwO., ovScvo, 
 8' d^oXctVca^c, oWep ol pipPapo^i^vKT^vovacv, ovrtojoXcp-av 
 *c\^^u,. Kai yip cKccVa,r 6 TrXrn'"^ del r^s ^X^ ^X^J'. 
 
 iv nvXac,: cKcTcre, c'iv S^oOi nov, <rv,.7rapaja« avu. Kara,, 
 xal ^rrparr^cur^c ^^ V eKccVov, ^c^ovW^c 8 ov8cv avro. 
 «„,^<^.>v «pl ro5 .oX^i^ov, oi8c .pi Tiiv .payi^arw^^poop- 
 
 ra?;ra 8' J<ro« .p.Jrcpov ;.^v .'v^.' vw 8 c. a^v ^-; ttjv 
 AkMv. <J<rr oWr cyxopa. 8o.« 8.' p.. Be.v r«, <o «v8pc, 
 •A VaTot, ro« ycyvo;.^vo« Wip r^S .oXca,s aurxyvo^-os -n,v 
 d,cXo.pay/.o<n5v„v ravrr/v ^;x^aX«v 4..X.Wa, « yap ^X-^ « 
 Kar^orpa^a. .al .poccX^cv i^t^x-v Ix«v ^/^cXe .a. f.f^ 
 l^arrcv Ire, d.oxpV ^-« V-v 5v ^o. SoKct ^^ a.v accrx^^ 
 .col AvavSptW Kal Wvra ra al<rxt<rra <l^X,,Kdr« av rj^cv 8r„*o. 
 .rix. vvv S* c.iX"P-»' »«' ""' "*' ^"^ -Wovo5 .5p^o/.cvo5 
 laU y iKKoXiaa^ i,.a,, .l^^p M -avr<iracrtv a.eyvu>Ka,«. 
 
 ^aW^o, 8" ly«oyc, « Mr,8as V-" M'^' ^^^Z*"^*^' f^T V' 
 Ta^ 6pSv, S 5v8p« 'Adrp^alot, r^v ,.^. dpxV tov ^oX./.ov 
 yeyev,,.^ «pt rov n/i^p^oa^ai <I.cXi,nrov, n^v 8« reXcv- 
 
 T^v owrav ^Sjj wcp roC firj Tradtw KOKok inrb 4>tXi7nrov. oAXoi 
 [iiiv oTi, y ov <rnj<T€Tai, 8fjkov, el /tij ns ko>Xvo-«. eira row 
 avafievovfiev, koI Tpirjpen /ccots koi ras Trapa tov Seivos eXTri- 
 8as ai/ aTro<TT€iX.r}Te, Trdvr cj^civ oico-^e /taXws; ovk i/i^tja-oixeda; 
 OVK t^ifj.€v avTol ix.€pu ye rtvt arpaTiorrwi' o'tKemv vvv, el Koi /iri 
 TTporepov ; ovk iirl ttjv eKeivov TrkevaofjLeOa ; iroi ovv irpoaop- 
 liwfvixtda; Tipero ris. evprja-ei ra o-a^pa, u> avSpeq 'AOrp^aioi, rmv 
 €K€ivov TTpay/Aartov avros 6 ttoXc/aos, av e7rix«po)/AO/. av (livToi 
 KadwfieOa oiKol, XoiSopou/ieccov aKovovres koX alriMfievtav dXXn- 
 Xovs rw XcyojTwv, ov8en-or* oiShf fifuv ov fii) yevrjrai tu>v Seov- 
 Twv. OTToi /Acv yap av, oTfiat, fitpo^ ri -nji TroXctos (TwaTrooraXw, 
 Kav /t^ Trao-a Traprrj, koI to rw OeZv ci/icves Kai to t^s nJvi/s 
 ^^iv o-waycow'^erai. ottoi 8* av orrpaTrjybv Koi ilr^<f>uT/j.a Ktvbv 
 Kol ras am tov ^i^p-aros eXiriSas iKTrefjujrrjTe, ovSev vfuv t<ov 
 SeovTW yiyvfToi, dXX* ot /acv cx^pot KarayeXokriv, oi Se 017*- 
 /xaxoi re^rao-i rw Sect rows roiowovs aTToa-Tokov^. ov yap 
 loTiv, OVK carw lea avSpa Svvr)6rjvai irore ravO' v/xiv TrpSfai 
 ■jrav^ oo-a /iovkta-Oe. vTroa^ecrOai fievroi Kai Kfnjaai. koI tov 
 Seiva alriMraa-Oai Kal tov Seiva lort, ra 8e TrpdypxiTa ck tov' 
 Tutv atrokxaXev. orav yap ^y^ai fiev 6 (rrpaTijybs aOklmv 
 aTrofiCa-dwv ievoiv, ol 8" vTrep wv av e/cciros trpa^ wpos vpJas 
 >l/evS6p,evoi pa8io>s ivOd^ Smtiv, vfius 8' e^ w av aKovoTTTC o 
 rt av rvxT* *lrri<f>i^r]ar6f, n Kal xpr) irpotrSoKav ; 
 
 Ilais ovv TavTa irawerat ; orav v/teis, 5 dvSpes 'Aftp'aiot, 
 Tovs avrovs a-iroSeiirjre crrpartuiras Kat fidprvpag rw arparn- 
 yov/xeWv xai Stxaoras oikoS' eX^o'vras raiv ev^woiv, wore fxi) 
 OKOvuv fiovov mas ra vp-tTtp avraiv, dXXa /cai irapovras o/mv. 
 vvv 8 «is rov^* ^KU TO. vpay/iaTa alcrxyvrj^ wcrre rSv orporw- 
 y(ov IxaoTos 8ts Kai rpis Kpiverai wap* tr^iv irept OavaTov, irpbs 8e 
 TOVS 9(Ppovs ovSeis ou8' aTraf avraiv dymvia-acrOaL irepl OavaTOV 
 Tokua, akka. rbv di/SpxjroSiarroJv koi XiUTroSvrwv Ba.vaTW aaX- 
 kov alpowrai rov irpoa^Kovros. Kojcovpyov /xlv yap eon Kpf 
 
12 AHMOSeENOYS 
 
 ehrr dTTO^avca^, arparrr^ov h\ fiax6fi^ov rots 7roX€,.tots. ^/^v 
 y ol ,t€V TTcpuovTCS ftcTOL AaKcSat/xovcW c^acrl ^a^THrov Trpai- 
 TCiv T^v 0T7i3atW KarciXwtv Kal ris TroXirct'a? SiacTTrav, oi 8 
 is ^peV/3cts ^cVo/xc^cv <!,. iSacxtXe'a, ol 8' cv 'lUvptots TrdXas 
 TCiYt^cv, ol 81 XcJyovs TrXarrovTCS ?Ka(rTOS Trcpicpxo/^c^a. cyo) 
 S' oI/.at ^^, S avSpcs 'A VaTot, vi) rois Ocoi^; ckcIvov ^cfivctv 
 T(3 /xcyc^ec tSv TrcTrpay^cVcov Kai TroUa rotavra ^vctpoTToXccv 
 ^; T^ yvcira, rrjv r w/x^W roiv KcoXvcrdvrcov SpSvra Kat rots 
 ^c.pay;.^o.. c,n,p,xeVov, oi ^cVro. yc ,xi A. ovro, .poac- 
 peicrOaL TrpirrcLV Sktt. Toi;9 ivorjrcrrdTOVS rihv Trap rji^LV ccScvat 
 re'u' Act^otcTv ckcTvo?- dvorroTarot yap cmv ol Xoyo^o^- 
 oiWcs. ^' av a<t>ivres roHr cWo cl8S,xcv, 5n cx^pos 
 Sv^pa^TTO. Kal ra ^cVcpa ^//.a. d^ocrrcpcl Kal xpo^ov ^oX.V 
 iBp,KC, Kal ^Travff Sera Trcivror ^XTrtVa^cV r.va .rpa^av wcp 
 ^a<:;iv Ka^' W^v eSprjrac, Kal ra XotTra iv airol, ^plv cart, Ka. 
 - !J v^v c6cXa,/xcv .'KcT TToXc/xcrv aire? cV^ciS' rcro.9 dvayKacrerycro- 
 'Oa To^ro .ouTv, iv ra^a a8(^/xcv, Kal ra 8cWa ccro;.eea 
 LoKorcs Kal Xoycov /.ara.W aTr^XXay/xeVor o. yap arm 
 Jot .Vrat ScI crKo^a., dXX' Src <^a£.Xa, Vav M Trpocr.x^rc rov 
 vow Kal ra TrpoarjKovra ttoluv mkrjre, eZ dhivai. 
 
 'Eya) /X€V 05V O^T iXX0T€ TTciTTOTC TTpOS X«P^^ ^^^W^ ^\; 
 
 ^civ 5 Tt av /.^ Kal crrvotVctv ^v TrcTrctcr/xeVo? S, vyv re a 
 IwcScTKO) TTcivd' d7rX^9, oiSc. i7rocrTCcXc{/.evo9,^€7rappr?crtacr/.at. 
 iL\6i.^v 8' dv, <5<T7rcp 5r. V^ cn,,a<^€pa rd ^^ncTTa dKO.av 
 oI8a o^TO)S €[8€Vat crvvorcTOV Kal t<3 rd ^artora ccttovtu ttoA- 
 Xc3 W av rlStov cW. vvv 8- .V d8^Xots oJcrc roc.^ ay 
 ToW .>avr.? ycv^co/xcVocs, S/^cos cttI t<? orvvocW. ./x.v, av 
 . ^pd^c, ravra TrcTracr^at Xc'yciv atpo^ac. vtKorr, b o n 
 fl-do-tv /xcXXct o-uvotor€tv. 
 
 RATA <>IAinnOY B. 
 Y n O E 2 I 2 . 
 
 TT" 
 
 jt^ apaiV€i 5iet to^tou toG AtJ^ou rots 'A$Tjvalots 6 (tiirwp voKejuuov 
 
 {nf&KT^^iuv rhv ^iXnnrov koX r-p elp'fjirp fi^ irdvv 'ma'TcvciVf a\\^ iyeip' 
 €0'6ai Kol trpo(r4x€i^ f^^ vovv toIs irpdyjj.aa'i Kal ev rpfiri^co'dai irphs 
 v6\€fiov' 4irifiov\€V€iv yap alriarai Kal rois 'AOrjvalois Kal irao'i rois 
 *'EA.Ar;<n rhv ^IXiTnrov, Kal tovto avrov Kara/naprvpcTu tos vpd^ets 
 ^ri<rip, iirayy^Werai 56 Kal a'KOKpi(Tus\Z(a(rciv irp6s rivas irp^fffius 
 ^Kovras^ avopovvTMV rSov 'AOrjyalcov '6 rl irore awoKpivairOai Se?. 7r6$€V 
 Se ovTOi Kal nepl rivtav ^Kov<riv, iv r<p K6ycp (ikv oif $rj\ovraij 4k 5€ 
 rwp ^i\iinriKwv Itrropiwv fiaOeTv ^vvaT6v. Karb. ykp rovrov rhv Kaiphv 
 cir€ft\(/€ vpecr^eis 6 ^IXnnros irphs rovs 'ABrjvaiovs, alridifx^vos on hia' 
 ^dWovariv avrhu fxdrrjv irphs rovs^EWrivas us iwayyeiXdfievov ahroit 
 iroWh. Kal fieydXa, ypevcrdficvop Se* ouSej/ yap virco'XW^O'^ (pricriv ovB^ 
 i^pevaOaif Kal ircpl rovroov iXeyxovs airaiT€7. eTr6/zi//ai/ Sc ficra *iA(ir- 
 irov Kal *Apy€7oL Kal M€cra"^vioi irp^aficts els 'A6'f)vas, airid^ficvoi koI 
 ovTOL rhv BrjfJLOv Hrt AaKsBaifiovlois KaradovXavjuLci/ois t^v Tl€\oir6vvria'ov 
 fijvovs t4 icrri Kal avyKporu., avrois Se Trepi iKevOeplas iroKefiovaiy. 
 ivamiovrai, airopovaip odv oi *Adr}va7ot Kal irphs rhv ^iXiinrov airoK-' 
 pifffws KOLi irphs Tcbs ir6\€is' irphs ficp ras ir6\€iSi on ^Zuoi /xeV 6iV< 
 AaKe^aifJiOulois Kal r^v ra>v 'Apyelcov Kal McKrarrfvloi)]/ ficrb ^iKiirirov 
 (Tvffraffiv KoX fjnaovci Kal viroTrcvovciv, oh fx^v airocp'ijpaa'Oat B^vavrai 
 5/ffota irpdmiv rovs AaKsdatfioyiovs' irphs Se rhv ^l\tinrov, on §177- 
 fiapriiKaffL fiev wv i)\irt(rav, oh fi^v vir* iKclvov ye avrov Sokovciv 
 i^riirarrj(rdai* oUre yap ra7s iiri<rro\a7s 4v€ypa\j/€v 6 ^i\nnros iiray- 
 y€\lav ohdefilavy otire Bik rS>v iBiccv irpifffiewv 4iroL'i\<rar6 nva virSo"' 
 Xf^Tii/, dAAcb *Adrivaiwv nvh ^<rav 01 rhv drjfJLov els 4\irWa Karaari}' 
 cavres ws ^l\iiriros ^uKeas acao'ei koI r^v ©rjfiatwv lifipiv KaraKiffet. 
 hia rovro 6 AriiioaOevrjs rwv airoKpltreav tivT\<rQels 4irayy4\\erai filv 
 ahrks Zwaeiv, (prjcl Sc Hn hUaiov ^v rovs r^v Bvcx^pciav ireiroirjKdras 
 iKeivovs Koi Tcis airoKpi(r€is hraiT€7(rOaif rovs airar'fja'avras, <l>7}al, rhv 
 ^rjfiov Kal 6,voi^avras ^iKlinrtf} UvKas. ravra Be eis rhv Ala-xlvrfv 
 
14 
 
 AHM02®ENOY2 
 
 oiV/TTerai, TrpoKaTa(rK€vaC6fi€yos, &s (paari, r^v Kar* avrou Karvyopiay 
 rris irapaTTpeaficias, %v vixrcpov ivecriia'aTO, koX vpodia^d\\(»y avrhy 
 irphs rovs 'AOrjvaiovs- 
 
 ♦. 
 
 *Oray, w arSpcs ^AOrjvaioL, Xoyot yiyviovraL Trcpt S>v ^/Xiir- 
 TTOS 7rpaTT€L Kol jSta^CTttt Trapa rr]v clprjvrp^, a€l rovs V7r<p ^ 
 'qfiiav \6yovs kol SiKacovs kol (fxXavOpiiyrrovs opw <f>aLVOfi€VOV^ 
 KoX XcyctK jJL€v aTTttKras act to. Siovra 8oKovvTas rovs Kan/yop- 
 ovnra? <l>tXt7r7rov, yi.yv6fX€vov S* ovSci' is «ros cittcIv twv Ocov- 
 rwy ovS* <5v cvcxa ravr' aKovetv a$Lov- dAA' cts tovto ypr) 
 irporp/fxiva Tvy)(dv€L iravra ra irpay/xaTa r^ TrdXct (dctu o(T<o 
 
 TIS aV fiaWoV KOL <f>aV€pd)T€pOV ^i^^^yXO ^^'XtTTTTOV Kttt TT/V 
 
 -Trpo? vfias ^Iprivrjv Trapa j3a[vovTa kol Tracrt rots EiXXrjtnv cirt- 
 jSovXcvovra, ToaovTip to tl )(pr] ttolclv <TV/xl3ov\€vo'ai ^oXcttci)- 
 T€pov cTj'ai. alTiov 8c tovtcdv, oti TTttKras, w avSpes AOr^vaioi, 
 Tovs TrXcovcKTCtv ^T/Towra? cpya> kcdXvciv Kai 7rpa^c(nv, ov;(t 
 Xoyoi9 Scov, TrpwTov fiiv 7]/Ji€LS 01 TraptdvTcs tovtwv /acv d</>c(r- 
 , ra/xcr, Kat ypd<f>€iv Kal (rv/xPovXeveijil "^^ Trpos v/xas aTri)(6tiav 
 6kvovvt€s, oia ttoici 8c, is Sctva /cat ^oXctto, Kat rotavra Stc^cp- 
 YO/uic^a. €7r€i6* v/xcts ot KaOi^fJievoi, is /icv av ctTTOtrc StKaiovs 
 Xdyovs Kat Xcyovros aXXov crvvctiyrc, a/xcti/or <l>tXi7r7rov Trapccr- 
 fccvoordc, is 8c KwXvo-atr' av cKCtvoi/ irparreiv ravra i<f> Stv cort 
 vvv, TravrcXis apyon c;(CTC. <Tvp.Paiv€i St) it pay ^a avayKoiov, 
 oifiai, Kat to-cos cucds* cy ots CKctrcpot Starpt/Jcrc Kat Trcpt & 
 OTTovSa^CTC, ravr a/xcivov c/carcpots c;(ct, iKcivio fiev at Trpof cis, 
 . v/itv 8 ot Xdyot. ct /icv oSv Kat riV Xcyctv 8tKatdrcpa v/xtv 
 c^apKCt, pa^Lov, koI ttovos ovScts Trpocrccrri ri Trpay/Aarf ct ^ 
 oircos ra irapovr iTravopOoyOrjcrerai Set o'KOTrcii' Kat /Jt^ TrpocX- 
 uovra eri woppwripm Xiyo-ct Trarras 17/Aas, /^^S* CTrtor^o'criU 
 fi€y€Oos Swa/xccos Trpos ^v ovS* dvropat hvvqcroyitOa, ov;( 6 airos 
 
 TpOTTO^ OiTTTCp TTpOT^pOV ToO jSovXcVCO-^CU, oXXa Kat Tols XcyOV- 
 
 KATA OIAinnOY B. 
 
 15 
 
 o'ti' aira(n Kat rois aKovovcrtv vp,ti/ ra jScXTtorra Kat ra oraMrovra 
 riv pdxTTWv Kal rwv -i^Swrrcov irpoaip^r^ov, ^iiil— 
 
 IIpiTOV /xcv, ct Tts, i avSpcs *A^i;vatot, Oapp^l opS>v ^Xticos '^-^^ S' 
 ^S>7 Kat oo-(i)V Kvptds cart ^^^tXtTnros, Kat fir^Seva otcrai KtVSin'oi' 
 ffiipeiv TOVTO rrj TrdXct p.r/8' c<^' i/xas Trarra Trapao'KC'udfco-fiat, 
 Oavfid^oi, Kat SerjOrjvaL TTavTUiv 6/xoto)s v/xwj' ^ovkofiai rovs 
 Xoyto-/xovs aKovcrai fiov Sta /ipa^imVy 8l ovs TaraKTta c/xol 
 Trap€(TTrjK€ TrpocBoKav Kat St* iv ixOpov riyovfiat ^iXtTnrov, iv 
 cav /Ltcv cyi SoKi /S^Xtlov irpoopav, ifiol Trctcftyrc, av S* ol 
 6appovvT€s Kal -TTCTTto-TCVKOTCS avTw TOVTOts TTpoo-Orja-Oe. cyi 
 TcJtVi^, i avSpes *A6rjva'ioL, Xoyt(fop,at, rtVcoi' 6 ^tXtTnros Kvptos 
 rrpQiTov p-cra t^v fxp-qirqv KarcoTT/ ; IlvXiv Kat rii/ cj/ ^(OKCvcri 
 TTpay/xarcov. Tt ow ; Tris rovrots ixprjaaTO ; a ^jSaioLS crvpr 
 ff>€p€L Kal ovx ^ "nS ''"oXct, irpaTTtiv irpouXtTO, ri Bij7roT€ ; 
 OTt Trpos TrXcovc^tav, oTfiai, Kal to iravO vffi avri iroirjaaorBai 
 rovs Xoyt(rp.ovs cIcra^cDv, Kat ov;(t Trpos elpi^vrjv ovS* 7j<rv)(fo.v 
 oiSc StKatov ovScv, ctSc tovto opSis, oTt t^ /xcj^ fjiieripa TrdXct 
 
 Kat TOtS ^CCt TOtS 7ffJi€T€pOLS OvSiv SiV ivScL^aLTO TOLOVTOV oiSi 
 
 TTOt^o-ctcv, ic^* ov Trcto-^CKTCS vp-cis T^s tStas cj/c/c i<^cXctas Toiv 
 aXXojv Ttvas 'EXXrJvcoi' iK€Cv(o Trpoctcrfic, aXXa Kat toB StKatov 
 Xdyov TTOiovp^cvot, Kat t^v Trpoo^ovaav dSo^tar t<3 irpayfiaTi 
 <f>€vyovT€S, Kal Trdvd* a Trpoai^KCL irpoopwfjL^voL, o/iotws ci/avTta>- 
 (Tco-flc, dv Tt TotouTor cTrt^ctp^ TTpaTTCtr, io^Trcp dv ct TToXc- 
 P.OWTCS TvxotTcll^Tovs Sc (sh/^atovs rjy€LTO, OTTcp crwiprj, avrl ''* 
 Tcov cavTots yiyvofi€vo)v tol XotTra iaacLV oTrcDS fiovXerai irparrtiv 
 cavrov, Kat ovx ottos dnrtTrpd^ctv Kat StaKoXvo-ctv, dXXa kou 
 (rvoTpaTCiJo-ctv, dv avTOvs kcXcv*/. Kat vw tovs Mco-oTyvtovs Kol 
 Tovs 'Apyctovs TavTo. {rnr€tXr]<f>m cS Trotct. o Kat /xcytordv cart 
 KaS' vp^iv iyKQ)fiLov, i dvSpcs 'Adiymtof K€KpLa'$€ yap €K tov- 
 Tcov Tiv cpycDV p,dvot twj' TrdvTwv /HTySci^ d|;i KcpSovs Tct Kotva 
 StKata t5v 'EXX^vcdv irpoia-Oai, fJUTfB^ di^aXXa^o-^at /jtrySc^tas 
 xdpiTo<: /X17S* i</>cXctas t^v cts tovs "'EXXi^vas cvvotav. Kal 
 
16 
 
 AHMO20ENOY2 
 
 RATA *IAIimOY B. 
 
 17 
 
 ravT €tKOT<i>s Koi Tr€pl vfiOv ovrcos vTrctAT^^c Kat kwt A/yyct<ov 
 icat 0i;j8aia)i' ws ercpo)?, ov fJLovov ct? rot irapovra opwVy aXXa 
 Koi TCI TTpo TOVTwv Xoyt^d/x€vos. €vptcric€t yap, oifiai, Kai 
 aKOV€L Tovs fJ^iv vfierepovs Trpoyovovs, i$bv avroi? tcSi' Xoittoii^ 
 apX€Lv *^XXrjvo)v Sxrr avrou? v7raKov€iv ^acriXct, oi fiovov 
 QVK dvao^oftcvovs tov Xoyov tovtov, i^^^"^* ^X^cv 'AXe^avSpos 
 6 Tovrwv irpoyovos Trcpt tovtcdv /c^pv^, aXXa Kat t^v ^wpav 
 ckXittciv TTpockofJLeyovs kol Tra^etv OTtoiV vTro/xctVan-a?, Kai 
 /uiCTa rairra Trpo^avras ravfl' a Travrcs /xcv act yXt^oi/rat Xeyctv, 
 of ta)9 S' oi8ci9 ctTTCtv ScSvvT/rat, Storrcp /cayoj TrapaXeCil/o} St/cata)9 
 (loTt yap /Ltct^w TOKCtVcov Ipya 17 is ro) Xoyo) rts ai^ ctTTOt), tovs Sc 
 (5)ry/3at€t)v Kat 'ApyctW Trpoyoi/ovs toi>9 /xcv (rvorpaTCvo'avTas 
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 iSta TO XvcrtTcXow ayaTn/crorras, ov;( o Tt <ruvotcr€t KOLvfj TOts 
 
 TEXXT^O-t (TKexj/OflivOVS* rjy€LT OVV, €t /X€V i/Lta9 €XotTO^</)tXov9, 
 
 CTTt Tot^ StKatots atp^cccrfiat, ct 8* Ikuvol^; irpocrO^irOy crvvep' 
 yovs cfctv T^s avTOV TrXcovc^ta?. 8ta Tavr' iK€Lvovs avO* vfiiHv 
 KOL t6t€ kol vvv atpctTat. ov yap Srj TpLrjp€L<s yc opa TrXctovs 
 avrots 17 vfuv ovcas* ov8* iv jxev rrj p^co-oycta tlv oLp)(rjv €vpr]K€, 
 
 T^S 8' CTTt TTJ Oa^KaTTTJ KoL TiOV €fJL7rOpL(x)V acl>€(m]K€V' oi8' afJLVTJ' 
 
 aov€L Tovs Xdyov9 ov8€ tols v7ro<T;(€o-€t9, i(j> ats t^s €tprJi/>;9 
 
 *AXXa v^ At*, ctTTot Tts av o)? Trarra Tavr' ctSw?, ov ttXc- 
 ovcf tas €V€K€v ov8' S)V cyo) Karrjyop^ rore ravr CTrpcL^ev, aXXa 
 T<i) StKatdrcpa Tor? ^jSaiovs fj i/xas (if tow* oXXa tovtov Kai 
 twvov TraKTCDV Twi^S^oywv ovk ev^anv avT<3 vvv ctTTCii/. 6 yap 
 Mco'O'iJvryv AaKc8atp,ovtov9 dc^tcvat kcXctJwv Trto? av 'Op^o- 
 licvov Kat Kopcivctav Torc 07;^atots TrapaSovs to) SiKaia vo/xt' 
 tiiv raxjT €tvat TrcTrot^Kcvat (TKYJij/aLTO ; 
 
 'AXX* ipiaoOrj vi] Ata (tovto yap €<j"6 vTrdXotTrov) kcu 
 irapa yvcSp-ryv, twv ©cttoXwv tTnrcoav Kat t<uv ©T/jSatW o-TrXt- 
 tGv cv ju,c<ra> X>y</)^cts, <Tvv€)(iiiprri(T€ Tavra, KaX<i>9. ovkow ^curi 
 
 /Acv /AcXXctv Trpos Tovs ®»7^ators avrov L-TrorrrcDS e^ftv, ^at 
 
 XoyOTTOtOWt TTCptlOVTCS TtVCS 0)5 *EXdT€iaV T€tXt€t. 6 0€ TavTa 
 
 /X€v p^cXXct Kat /xcXXiyo-ct yc, ws eya> KptVo), T0t9 Mco-o^vtot? 
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 /AcXXct, dXXa Kttt f€V0V9 ctcnrc/btTTCt Kat XP^/xaT aTrooreXXct 
 Kat 8vi/a/itv ixeydX-qv ^wv aiTd9 ccrrt TrpoaSoKtfios/ tov<; /x€v 
 0VTa9 exOpovs 0i?j8atci)v AaK€8at/Aovtov9 dmtpct, 0S9 8* aTrw- 
 Xco-cv avT09 Trporepov ^(OKcas vw oroi^ct; Kat Tt9 dv TaCra 
 irt(TT€iJo-€t€v ; cyo) p,€v yap ovk av '^v/xai ^lXittttov, ovr*,€t 
 Ta wpSra ^tao-^eW aKwv CTrpaf ev ovr av 6t,vvv a^^ytyVw^K^ 
 ^TjfiaLovs, Tot9 cKctvwv cxOpotq orw€X(h^ imvTLov&^at, dXX' 
 d<^ wv vvv TTOtct, KdKctva €K irpoatpiorews 817X09 coTt irot770-a9. ,^ 
 €K TravTcov 8*, dv Tt9 dp6(U9 0€wpy, iravra Trpayfiareverai Kara 
 L ^ toX€(i)9 o-wrdTTWvS Kat Tovr* ^dvdyKT79 TpoTrov t:v 
 avrj; vvv y€ 8^ cnifi/ioLueL. Xoyt^co-flc ydp. dpxctv ySovXcrat, 
 TovTOv 8* dvTay(i)vtOTa9 /itoVovs VTretk-rj^ev vfias. d8tK€t ttoXvv ' 
 ^ XP^^^"' 'f^^ TOVTo avro9 dptora owotSev avrcp- ots yap 
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 ct yap *Afi(f}L'7ro\LV Kat noTt8atav 'rrpo€LTo, ovS* dv otKot /te-ctv 
 /?€^at(09 iTyctro. afiKfyorcpa ovv otSc, Kat avTOK v/xiv cTrtySov- 
 Xcvovra Kat v/ia9 al(r6avofiiuovs' cv <^pov€tv 8' v/utds vtto- 
 Xa/x^dv(DV, 8tKata)9 av avrov /Atcctv vofjut^oi Kat Traptifwrat,^ ^^ 
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 7rot>;o'a9 7rpoT€po9. Std Tavr* eyprfyop^Vy l^icrrqKCVy k-rrl rrJ 
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 Tavrd Pov\op.€V(m tovtois, ov9 8td.;i,cv ^Xcovcf tav Ta Trapo'vra 
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 ovScv trpooyj/ea-Oai, koxtol ovxfypovovcrL yc Kat fterpLay^ ^WJV 
 trapa8€ty/x<«-' ?aTtv tSctv, d Kai ^p69 MccrcnTvtaus koi 7rpo9 
 •ApyctW €p,oty cZttciv cniv^, ^cXtiov 8* wno9 koI 7rpo9 
 S/iSs ^oTiv clp^cr^ot. , 
 
 Iloi^ ydp o?co-6^, l<^, S> dvSpcj McacTTvcos Svtrj^P^s . 
 
 II 
 
 VW-'- 
 
18 
 
 AHM02©ENOY2 
 
 KATA ^lAinnOY B. 
 
 19 
 
 aKov€iv *0\vv6CovSi €t Tti Tt A.€yoc Kara ^iXnnrov Kwr 
 
 fj^ TTttKres oi Trporcpov M aKcSovtas jSacrtXcts avrcTrotovrro, 
 XXartSaiai/ 8* cStSov tovs 'AfiiyFatcDV diroUov^ cK^oAxiv, koi 
 T^v ftcv exOpav ttjv xpos 17/jta? avros avj^prp-o, rrjv x^pa*' 
 8* €KCtKDt5 cSeSci/cct Kapirov(T6aL; apa TrpoaSoKav avrovs rot- _ 
 avra irucr^aOaiy ^ Xcyovros av t6V0S TrtorcCcrat oucrut ; 
 dAA' o/ACDS) €<^T7V cyoj, fjLiKpov xpovov ri)v dXXorptai/ KapTroi- 
 (rdfievoi froXvv rrjs axrriov im Ikwov (rripovrai, at(rxp<«>5 
 CKTrccroKTCS, ou Kparq6t]^€S fiovoVy dAAa Kal 7rpo8otfcn-€S vir 
 aXki^Xwv Koi wpa6€VT€<i' oi yap dcrKf}(LX.€l^ rats TroXtrctats ai 
 7rpo5 Tovs ruparvovs avrat Atiav ofJuXlau Tt o ol 0€TTaA.ot ; 
 op' oUcO*, €<^i/v, OT avrots tovs rvpavi^ovs i^i/SaXXi /cat TroXty 
 Ntxatav icat Mayi/r/crtav eSt'Sov, TrpoaSoKav t^v Ka^coTOKraK 
 i/vj/ ScKaSapxtW i(T€cr6aL trap avrots; ^ tov t^v TrvXataK 
 ^TToSorra tovtoi/ ra? tStas avrtuv TrpoordSovs irapatp'qa'ca'Oat ; 
 ovK eoTt ravra. dXXa /x^v yeyovc ravra Kat Trao-tv cortK 
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 p,ctv iptv, ct p^iy Kat rois ra firjxavqfJiara tqyLcrravrds dprpnqv 
 
 ayctv c^>}o-CTC, ccos^v avra TOts rctxco-tv ^877 Trpoo-ayaywortv, 
 
 dAA' oi <f>r)or€r€ • 6 yap ots av cyo) Xrjcl>6dr)v, ravra Trparrcov 
 
 Kat Karao-Kcva^dpcvos, oSros cpot TroAcpct, kolV /xt^itq) fidXXri 
 
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 Tov 'EAA^o-TrovTOv vp-cov aAAOTpta)6i7vat, tw Mcyapcov Kat t^s 
 
 Ev/3otas TOV TToXefLOVvQ* vfUV ycviarOai Kvptov, tw IIcAoTrov- 
 
 VT/o-tovs TOKCtvov <f>povrj(raL' ctra rov tovto to firjxdvrjfia iiri 
 
 rrjv TToXiv iardvray rovrov €ip'qvrjv dyctv cyo) <^cu Trpos vp,as ; 
 
 TToAAov yc Kat Seu), dAA' d^' ^s r]pLipa<i dvctAc ^(OKcas, aTro 
 
 "ravrrj^ eyury avrov TroXefielv opL^ojxaL, / vpds 8c, cav p.cv 
 
 afivvYjaOe TjSrj, o'w^povijo'ctv <;^>//tt, cav 8' idarjre, ovSc Tovfl 
 OTav povXr](rde SvvrjcrecrOe iroirja'ai, Kal roaovrov yc aKJiea' ^ 
 rr]Ka riov oAAcdv, S> avSpe^ 'A^T^vatot, Toiv avfi^ovXevovrwv 
 iLar ov8€ 8oKcr p,ot Trcpt J^eppovrjorov vvv CTKOTrctv ov8€ Bv^av- 
 Ttov, oAA C7rap,vvat p,cv Tovrots, Kat OLarrjprjaat /jlyj ri Trac/a)0"t, 
 
 ivd' 
 
 oorcov av 8ca)VTat 
 
 Kat TOts ovo-tv cKct vvv OTpc^TtoiTats Trav 
 
 diroorTctAat, /SovXeveaOac pLevroL Trcpt TrdvTwv twv 'EAAt^vwv 
 
 &9 cv Ktv8vva> p.cyaAu) KaScorcuTtDV. ^ovXofxai 8' ctTrctv Trpos 
 
 -i-^',.. ■•■ -- 
 
26 
 
 AHMO20ENOYS 
 
 KATA ^lAinnoY r. 
 
 27 
 
 vfias i$ S>y inrkp rwv Trpayfidroiv ovtcd <j>oPovfiai, tv\ iav fjtiy 
 opOios \oyC^(j}/xai, fierd<TxqT€ twv XoyiafMav Koi irpovoLav tlv 
 vfMov y avToiVy ct /a^ koL twv SXkuyv apa /3ov\€cr6€y Troiyoyja-de, 
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 avT0V5 oi "^EXXrjve^, /cat ort ttoAXo) irapaSo^oTepov tjv ro(rovTOV 
 airrov i$ cVetVov yevicrOai r/ vvv, o^* ovra) iroXXa TrpoeCkrf^e, 
 /cat Ta AotTTa v<^' avra> 7roLT]cra(r0ai, /cat -fravfl' oo-a rotaOr' 
 av €)(ot/At 8t€^€A6etv, TrapaXcti/^o). dXX' opw (7V^x^^«« 
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 Tov oAAov diravra ^ovov Travrcs ot iroXefiOL ycyovacrtv ot 
 EXXi/vt/cot. Tt oSy cart tovto; to Tro^ctv o rt /SovXeraL, /cat 
 *^°^^J^^ ovrtoo-t TTcpt/coTTTCtv Kat X^ofci^tv Twv 'EXXiyvwy, I 
 icat /caraSovXouo-^at ras TroXcts cVioi/ra. /catVot TTpodraTat^ 
 fi€V vfieh kfihofirfKOVTa errj /cat r/^ta riov 'EXXt^vcdv iyivca-Qe, 
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 /Acra T^ cv Acv/crpots P-d^qv, dXX* o/xtos oi;^' v/xtv 0VT€ 
 0T;^atot? ovrc Aa/ccSat/xovtots ovSeTrowroTC, S avSpcs' 'Afty- 
 mtot, (TvvexoiprjOy) toW vtto twv 'EXXtJvcov, Trotctv o ri 
 ^ovXpiorOe, ovSe ttoXXoD Set, dXXa tovto pev vpiv, /xaXXov 
 , Sc rots tot' oJo-ti' 'A6rfvaLOLs, iireLSrj tlgtlv ov pcTpLws c8o- 
 Kovv Trpou^pea-Ocu, TravTcs <3ovto Sctv, /cat oi /^tT^Scv eyKdr 
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 r^v 8vvacrT€tttv v/xtv, cTrctS^ ^^ovo^v h^e^dpoysv Kat Trcpa 
 
 LS TT 
 
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 Kat Aurjv(t)V ; ov otapprjorfv cts Tas CTrtoroAas ypacpet c/AOt 
 "8' coTtv uprjvq Trpos tov5 (XKOvctv cp.ov jSovXo/jtcvovs ;" /cat 
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 Trpos oXXt^Xovs Kat dyavaKTov/xcv, ovtw 8c KaKtus SiaKeipeOa 
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 ^ TTcptoptop.tj', TOV ;)(povov KcpSavat rovrov ov dXXos dTroXXvTat 
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28 
 
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 TTcptoSos ^ KarafioXi] Trvperov ^ aWov tlvo^ KaKov kol t<3 
 warv iroppu) ookowti vvu a<t>ecrTdvcu irpcxrep-^erai, oiSeli 
 ayvoil 81/T01.'. KOI iXTjv kokcii/o ye tare, ort oaa aiv vtto 
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 owrla TToXKy yeyoi/ws yi/j^o-ios omKti ri'-p^ koAws, /a^Sc 
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 ocr<{) fLoXXov Seivov Kal opyrj^ a^iov iravres av e<f>a<Tav etvai. 
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 rov iariv. oi KopwOi^v i^' 'Ap.^paKiav iXrjXvee Kai A.-«- 
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 fiara. ri oZv ^ roCro; oiZh ^olkIXov oiSk cro<^v, dAA' 
 ort roi, rrap^ rw Spxeiv del ^ovXop.iv<ov Jj hu.<}>e.[peiy 
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 XaXe7ro>rarov 7,v r6 8u>poSoKowra HeXeyxeijvac, Kal np^pia 
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 ovyvo^pr,. rhv oZv Katpiv iKd<rrov rS>v 7rpayp.dro>v. 5v 
 
 TO« p.r}Sev eeeXovai ^oulv Kara rS>v ndvra S ^poa^«« 
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 airavff (Lcnrcp i$ dyopas cKTriirpaTai TaCra, aafT€L<rrJKT<u 
 8c ayri tovto}v i(l> Stv dTrdA-wAc Kat v€vocrr)K€v rj fiAAas* 
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 vcrat. 
 
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 icat 6€ii}p€LT€ Trap vfuv avrots rt? ^v tto^* 17 Stdvota tujv 
 rdrc ^AOrjvaLiov tujv ravra Trotovvrwv, 17 Tt to d^tco/xa. ckci- 
 voi ZcActTT^v Ttva '^ApOfjLLov SoOAov jSao'tAccos (17 yap ZcActd 
 €<m T^s 'Ao-ta?), on toJ Seo'Trdrr; StaKovoiv ^variov rjya- 
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 ypax^/av Kat roiv cv/x/Ltd^cov avrov Kat yevo^y kol drt/AOVs. 
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 81 
 
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 ypairrai vo/xots, vTrep oiv av firf StSo) StKas. <l>6vov StKao^o- 
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 av avrots e/xeAcv ct Tts cv Il€Ao7row720*(i) Ttvas wvctrat Kai 
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 vpoaB€La6aL, rtvos ctTro); kcAcvctc Kat ovk opyL^idO^; 
 
 [EK toy rPAMMATEIOY ANAnrNOSKEL] 
 
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 1/ ir€VT€y rqv wpaiav avr^v, c/xjSaAdvras dv Kat KaKcoo'avTas 
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S2 
 
 AHMOS0ENOY2I 
 
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 KATA ^lAinnoY r. 
 
 Tcv/xaonv dva^^cDpctv ctt' oikov ttoXiv • ovt(o S ap^atojs 
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/ 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC 
 
 f 
 
 It is impossible to understand the Philippic orationB 
 of Demosthenes, unless we have some general idea of 
 the events of Grecian and Macedonian history during 
 the period of which tiiey treat. In order to gain this 
 more, easily, a slight .glance at the state of affairs in the 
 several Greek states at the accession of Philip will be 
 necessary. And it may be remarked, to commence 
 with, that no single Grecian State was able to cope 
 with Philip at the date of the first Philippic, and a 
 union among them for this purpose was almost impos- 
 sible. At the accession of Philip, then, Sparta was 
 suffering from her defeats by the Thebans under Epami- 
 nondas. The Arcadian confederacy had been estab- 
 lished on her northern frontier. Messene on the 
 northwest, and.Tegea and Argos were now her im- 
 placable enemies. These various states aimed at noth- 
 ing else than to keep down the Spartan power, and 
 ultimately preferred the dominion of the Macedonian to 
 vassalage under a hated rival. Thebes had as allies and 
 confederates all the Peloponnesian States opposed to 
 Sparta, and in addition, the Phocians, Locrians, Thessa- 
 lians, Arcarnanians, and Eubo&a, together with Oropui 
 
40 
 
 INTBQDTJCTION TO THE 
 
 l-IEST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 41 
 
 wrested six years before from Athens. Her ascendancj 
 over the Boeotian towns was complete, and there lay 
 her weakness. The Grecian idea of the various States 
 was that they were autonomous cities equally indepen- 
 dent, and only united by the common tie of a Hellenic 
 ancestry. While therefore all beheld with joy the 
 emancipation of the Peloponnesus from the power of 
 Sparta, Thebes was regarded with aversion for hw 
 action towards Plataea, Thespise, and Orchomenos, re- 
 markable alike for its antiquity and religious obser- 
 vances. 
 
 Athens alone had the power at this time to avert from 
 Greece her impending doom. She stood, since the 
 battle of Naxos, B.C. 376, at the head of a vast mari- 
 time confederacy ; her general Timotheus had acqjiired 
 for her Pydna, Potidaea, and Methone on the Macedon- 
 ian coast. She had also colonized the Thracian 
 Chersonese and vindicated her power over Cotys the 
 king of that country. Funds poured into her treasury 
 from the insular allies, and her power was respected 
 through all the ^gean. But she had imbibed, in 
 common with the rest of Greece, the pernicious idea 
 that the defence of the country could be entrusted to 
 mercenaries, and her power was thus every day becom- 
 ing weaker, her allies more and more estranged, and her 
 citizens, fiery politicians in the general assembly, were 
 quiet enough at their homes, when they reasoned on the 
 money side of the question, and compared domestic 
 comforts with the hardships of war. The Athenian , 
 of B.C. 432, was well assured that the glorious boon 
 of his freedom could only be retained by his own 
 individual exertions, he was silent in the Pnyx, but 
 
 valiant in the field. He knew that perhaps on his single 
 arm depended the freedom of his city, hallowed to him 
 ^ / by the recollections of his kindred and his gods, (Thitc. 
 ii. 40, 41). But now all was changed. The Athenian 
 now wrangled and appealed to the dicasts. He fought 
 his battles with his money, but lavished it more freely in 
 the worship of his gods. Scrupulous to observe even 
 the smallest duties of religion, he allowed the weightier 
 concerns of the glory of his country to be cared for by 
 strangers who fought for their daily pay. Unlike his 
 ancestor, who might claim with the Spartan, that poverty 
 had been the inmate of Greece and a guarantee of 
 Grecian courage, (Heb. VII. 102.), he now rolled in 
 riches, one half of which was spent in pleasure, and the 
 other squandered in the pay of mercenary vagabonds. 
 
 Such were the States which were soon to see them- 
 selves pitted against a young man trained in the lap of 
 Grecian politics in his youth, and anxious to emulate 
 the glory of his great prototype, Epaminondas. On the 
 one side was plenty, forces trained to war, yet lacking 
 the energy to fight, vast maritime power, and money 
 pouring into their coffers from numberless dependencies. 
 On the other side, poverty and undisciplined hordes, 
 clad in skins of beasts, but inured to fight from infancy, 
 and accustomed to all manner of fatigue. No ports, 
 no sea coast, no allies, no money in the treasury ; and 
 yet we shall find in a few years that every one of these 
 were in abundance, wrested from the very hands of 
 those who were too negligent to take even common 
 precautions for their preservation. 
 
 Philip ascended the throne of Macedon in the Ar- 
 chonship of Callimedes, B.C. 360-359, and immediately 
 
42 
 
 IWTBODUCTIOK TO THl 
 
 camem contact with Athens, from her eupport of Ar- 
 gieus, one of the pretenders to the crown. As he weU 
 knew that Athens only wanted Amphipolis, he promised 
 to give It up to them, and this secured their defection 
 Jrom Argaeus, who was soon afterwards defeated by 
 Phihp whilst making an attack upon Edessa, (Diodob. 
 AVI. 31., . At the same time he sent letters to Athena 
 asking for an alliance on the same terms as his father 
 had received, (D«m. contra Aeistoc. 660). He now 
 had an opportunity to establish himself firmly on the 
 tbrone without further interference from Athens, and 
 he made good use of the time against the lUyrians, and 
 other neighbours inland. As soon as these had been 
 disposed of he attacked Amphipolis. notwithstanding hi. 
 promises to Athens; and when remonstrated with assured 
 them that he was only attacking the city to deliver it up 
 to them when captured. The city fell, and he forgot his 
 promises, B.C. 358. It may be wondered why Ithens 
 did not seize the city when offered to her a year before ; 
 but at that time she was about commencing the Social 
 War, and may not have been able to spare force, suffi. 
 cient to occupy the place. He knew too well the vulue 
 ot the city as opening up the district east of the Strymon 
 to give It up, and it continued to be his greatest port 
 for the remainder of his reign. Olynthus now became 
 alarmed for the safety of her possessions, and sent an 
 offer of peace to Athens, which was rejected through 
 Philips representations, and at the same time he hinted 
 that Pydna of right was his. A secret understanding 
 appears to have been come to for an interchange of 
 Pydna for Amphipolis. (Dim. Ol. ii. p. 19.), which 
 came to nothing. Philip now nude «x .Uia^ce with 
 
 riBST PHILIPPIO. 
 
 48 
 
 Olynthians, angry at the Athenian refusal, and ceded to 
 them Anthemus, and the Athenian town of Potidasa, 
 (Phil. ii. p. 71). How or when this town and Pydna 
 were lost to Athens we do'not know precisely, except 
 that it was during the continuance of the Social War, and 
 previous to the year B.C. 355, (Dem. adv. Lept. 476). 
 All we know is that aid was voted by Athens, but 
 arrived too late, (Phil. i. p. 50,) and that the siege of 
 Potidaea was both long and costly. (Dem. contra Abis- 
 TOO. 656). After thus consolidating his power in the 
 neighborhood of Olynthus, he set out again for the Stry- 
 • mon, and founded Philippi on the site of the Thasian 
 town Krenides, and thus opened up for his use the gold 
 mines of Pangseus, which yielded him 1000 talents per 
 year, according to DionoEUS. We next find him attack- 
 ing Methone, the last of the Athenian possessions on 
 the coast of Macedonia, and reducing it under his sway. 
 From its position it was advantageous to Athens as 
 aflfording a basis for maritime enterprise against Mace* 
 donia and Olynthus, and the natural supposition would 
 be that Athens would endeavor to save it, but here also 
 her aid came too late, (Dem. Phil. i. p. 50). The city 
 was captured in 353, after a long and obstinate siege, 
 and some Athenian citizens were sold as slaves. Freed 
 from all restraint now in the region of the Thermaic 
 Gulf, we soon after find Philip attacking Maroneia and 
 Abdera, on the one side, and aiding the Aleuads9 against 
 Lycophron and Onomarchus, on the other. Onomar- 
 chus had gone to the ^.id of Lycophron of Pherae, and 
 with such assistance that he was enabled to conquer 
 Philip in two battles. The King was then forced to 
 retire into Macedonia, and collect fresh troops. He had 
 
4A 
 
 IHTEOBUOTIOK TO THE 
 
 7IBBT PHXLiPPia 
 
 4S 
 
 interfered in the affairs of Thessaly even before the fall 
 of Methone, and bad aided Eudieus and Simos against 
 Ljcophron, (Dem. de Coe. p. 241,) and now again 
 for the third time entered Thessaly with a large army* 
 The Thessalians disgusted with the tyraniy of Lyco- 
 phron joined his standard in large numbers; the armies 
 met near the sea coast on the South of Thessaly, and 
 Onomarchus was completely defeated, — he himself per- 
 ishing in the flight. Chares was sailing past in his 
 fleet, and afforded aid to the flying Phocians. In addi- 
 tion to all these wars he had successful! v subdued the 
 tribes of inner Macedon, Thrace, iUyria, and Paeonia. 
 
 Philip thus became absolute master of Thessaly, and 
 having captured Pagasae late in 353, he was enabled to 
 establish a fleet, and for the first time to harass the 
 Athenian commerce. His power was now almost abso- 
 lute in Greece. He ruled from Thermopylae to the 
 banks of the Hebrus, and irom the ^gean sea to the 
 mountains of Orbelus. He incorporated the Thessalian 
 cavalry, and collected the imposts in all that country. 
 Determined to end the Phocian war he marched towards 
 Thermopylae to enter Greece. Here however he was 
 decidedly checked. The Athenians were informed of 
 his march. An asi<embly was called. For once there 
 were no antidoseis, and in a very feW days a force of 
 5000 foot and 400 horse under the command of 
 Nausicles was despatched, (Diodob. XVI. 37, 38,) and 
 arriving at the pass eflectually prevented Philip from 
 even hazarding an attack. He now retired into Thessaly, 
 was appointed Tagus of that country, got command of 
 all its finances, and subjected the whole country to his 
 control. His cruisers swarmed on the ^gean, attacked 
 
 ^ 
 
 LemnoB, Imbros, Scyros, and Gersestus, invaded the 
 sacred soil of Attica, and carried off the Theoric galley 
 from the bay of Marathon. From Pagasae his vessels 
 made incursions into Euboea, and effected the partial 
 drawing off of that island, to the Macedonian influence. 
 Meanwhile he was not idle, but having invaded Thrace, 
 he set up and pulled down kings at his pleasure, extend- 
 ing his dominions chiefly at the expense of Amadocus and 
 Cersobleptes, and finally laid siege to Heraeum Teichos. 
 The alarm at Athens for the Chersonese was great. An 
 assembly was convoked in November 352, and Chari- 
 demus selected as the fittest to command. Immense 
 preparations were voted, and all men fpom 18 to 45 were 
 to embark, when news came that Philip was sick, and 
 soon after that he was dead. All the preparations van- 
 ished at this report, and the Athenian settled down to 
 his worshipping of the gods, impeaching generals, and 
 listening to speeches, which flattered his vanity and did 
 nothing more, except to induce a frame of mind destruc- 
 tive to the best interests of his country. 
 
 Although there is no direct authority for stating it, 
 still the probability is very great, that at Athens many 
 speeches had been made about Philip, and more particu- 
 larly since his repulse at Thermopylae. Before this 
 time there is no reason to suppose that his designs were 
 to be feared ; since in the speeches of Demosthenes, De 
 Symmoriis and Pro Megalopolitanis, no allusion is made 
 to him as in any way concerned with Greece. On the 
 contrary Persia is then the power against which he sees 
 need to inveigh. But now all was changed. Phocion 
 and Eubulus did not care to excite the Athenians to 
 personal exertions, in fact saw no reason for so doing ; 
 
46 
 
 IHTBODircnOV TO THB FIBST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 ftnd all their speeches were directed not against any par- 
 ticular enemy, but in favor of peace at any price. But 
 the mind of Demosthenes saw matters in another light, 
 and even if the senior orators might speak to please, and 
 lull their hearers with insiduous flattery, and pamper 
 their love of ease, his voice would be raised for Pan- 
 Hellenic freedom, and a more vigorous prosecution of a 
 war against an enemy who fought not openly, but by 
 deception. In accordance with these views Demosthenes 
 ascended the tribunal, and in the Archonship of Aris- 
 todemus Ol. 107, 1, delivered the following oration 
 against Philip, known under the name of the FissT 
 Philippic. 
 
 \, 
 
 NOTES 
 
 TO THB 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC 
 
 [Page 1.] 
 
 £t fikv, .... .A^7ciy.] If it had been proposed to deliberate upon 
 wme new matter. Five dajs before the meeting in the assemblji 
 a wooden board (aayis) was hung up, upon which the programme 
 was written. Sohcemann de Con. Ath. p. 59. Upor lO^y at— a&id 
 of the Proedri when thej proposed a subject for discussion. 
 
 'Eiri(rx«>'y &J^.] / should have delayed, Hy is used with the his* 
 torical tenses, when the action of the relative sentence would 
 take place under certain conditions which hare not happened. 
 JsLF. 827, B. 
 
 T&y tiooBSrwvJ] Sell. yvdo^Tiv i.iro(piipour0aij and compare Isoc«* 
 rates Archidamus § 1, for a similar example of hesitation on the 
 part of a speaker : ^cli 8^, ct fi4v ris 6.W05 rwv tiOifffiti/wv 4v i/juv 
 iyopt^uf iiltios ^y r%s ir6\€W5 uprfKijSy 7]<rvxi(iv hy fyov. By a law 
 of Solon, referred to bj Machines in the exordium of his oration 
 Contra Ctesiphontemj those above fifty years were called upon to 
 apeak first ; but the law was now no longer observed as we learn 
 from Aristoph. Aohar. 43. Still, so much respect was paid to 
 it, that Demosthenes apologises for rising first. 
 
 £( Bl /i^.] An adversative force — if this were not so. JiLV. 
 860, C. 
 
 JlpSTtpoy.] Since 356, when Philip captured Potidaea. 
 
 Ni/W.] Stronger than vvy, for the latter is joined with the per- 
 fect and future, but the former always with the present. Hoog. 
 
 Tvyx^^iy ] Heie and in Prom. Vinct. 270, governs the genitive, 
 the more oiual eoBitraelioa being with the accusatiTe. Jur. 612. 
 
48 
 
 NOTIB TO THE 
 
 FIBST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 49 
 
 •Eir rov irapeKriKveSros xp^^ov.] The same expression occurs 
 again a few lines below. Reiskb translates it, a praeterito inde 
 tempore. Here it is opposed to vvy, below to ret ii4\\ovra. 
 
 BouActJeiy-Zo give advice. BovXe^^^ffeai-^to deliberate or consult 
 together. Aoi,€iv^to wath. Ao6€(r0ai^to bathe. Bov\€6€<recu is 
 to deliberate of more than one person, but when it is used of only 
 one person it means to deliberate with one's self, or in one's own 
 mind. So Aoyl(€(T0cu is to reason, consider with ones self; 'Ej^w- 
 ficiaSai^to reflect in one's own mind. Barkir. 
 
 •T/*a5.] 'Haioj is the reading adopted by ScHiEFER, but there is 
 no special reason why the orator should include himself On the 
 contrary, he is plainly exhorting them to do something, and there- 
 fore ought to be excepted. 
 
 •Aeu/iTyreov.] Soil, itrrlv vfiip.^ Updy^atriv is governed by iwi- 
 We must not despond in our present of airs. Sbager in the Classic 
 col Journal, LII., p. 235, quotes Bacon s Nov. Org. to show the ex- 
 perience of the past is the best ground of hope for the future. 
 
 [Page 2 ] 
 
 n/i/AXoKTa.] The future. Cf. Thuc. i., 138. Twv p,,w6pru>v, 
 MeAAw denotes an action yet incomplete, rather than wholly 
 future. 
 
 *OTi ovd€v.] On the force of the rhetorical qnestion and answer, 
 see Cic. de Orat. III. 54. Smbad. 
 
 •Eire/ roi yeyeareai.] Since if when you had done all that 
 
 was proper, they had been so unsuccessful, there would have been no 
 further hope. ''Au ixiris.] &v is inserted because the o posite is 
 the true state of affairs, vdv «• ixirls 4<rriu. Arnold Of. Phil, 
 iii.p. Ill, 112, for similar sentiments expressed regarding their 
 actions past and present 
 
 "Ewfira iydvfiTjrcov.] Rudigbr wrongly translates this, Illud con- 
 siderandum quod et ab aliis audii^tis, et ipsi nostis, si in memo- 
 riam revocatis. Rather, Then you ought to consider both hearing 
 from others, and you yourselves know it, having recalled it to your 
 meinory. The verbal is here joined with a dative of the person, 
 which is the more rare construction ; for more frequently verbals 
 require an accusative of the person. 'AKo6ov<ri agrees with ^fuy, 
 and aiTo7s is connected with fiWcriy, and not with kvatuyivntrK9- 
 
 \ 
 
 [Page%] 
 fiiyois. Of. Isoc. 8, 12. Bav/id^o) $€ r&v vp€a'$vT€pooVy el firiK^ri 
 
 furfifioy^^ioviri, kolI r&y y^wripoiv cl fiTjSeyhs aKTiK6aaiy* Sauppb. 
 
 •E{ ov xp^yos oh 7roAt5*.] No long time ago. 
 
 'Tircp Twy *EWriytK&y ^iKalooy.] *E\\riyiKwy is wanting in many 
 manuscripts, but we have only to compare other expressions of 
 the same kind to see that it is required here. In the Phil. ii. p. 
 68, we have ra Koiya ^Uaia r&y ^EW-fivav. In his oration vcpl 
 yo^luyj p. 199, he has ra>y Idlwy ^iKaiooy opposed to rwy ^EWriyi- 
 Kuy hKalcoy, and in several other instances the adjective ^EWrjyiKhs 
 is similarly used. Bkemi. Hjs advocacy of the common right of 
 the Greeks was the grand feature of his life. His policy wis 
 essentially Panhellenic. His views were not Athenian or Theban, 
 like those of Pericles or Epaminondas, but Grecian. Hence his 
 frequent appeals to their national honour, and his proud assertion 
 in the De Corona, p. 324, that they were overturning r^y S* cAeu- 
 Beplay Kal rh p.iffi4ya Ix**" ScottJtijj', & to7s irporepois "EAATjo'tv Hpoi 
 rwy ayadSiy ?ia'ay kolI KciySyes* 
 
 Thy vphs iKclyovs v6\€fjLoy.] In 382 Phoebidas was sent by the 
 Spartans to carry on the war against Olynthus, and on the march, 
 through the treachery of Leontiades, j)olemarch of Thebes, he 
 seized the Kadmeia, and enrolled Thebes in the Lacedaemonian 
 confederacy. A number of exiles, among whom was Pelopidas, 
 fled to Athens, and induced the Athenians to allow volunteers 
 to aid them in expelling the Spartans. '• he garrison of Thebes 
 capitulated, and war was declared by Sparta. Chabrias occupied 
 the pass of Eleutherae, and Sphodrias advanced to the Thriasian 
 plain and devastated the country. Some of the insular allies of 
 Sparta revolt, and join Athens. The Athenians and Thebans 
 thus reinforced, and led by Chabrias, attack the Spartans under 
 Agesilaus at Thespiae, and defeat them. The war continued for 
 seven years, with various success, but in 3*76 Athens gained a de- 
 cided advantage by defeating the Spartan fleet at Naxos. Peace 
 was concluded in 371. Grote, vol. X. chap. 1*1. Many of these 
 events happening some twenty-five years before, must have been 
 in the recollection of his hearers. 
 
 "!• €t8^c.] *U€7y, of perception in general, videre. ©eao-Oot, of 
 contemplating a single object, "ly eWrjre, ut cognoscatis. The 
 
50 
 
 NOTES TO TH£ 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 51 
 
 [Page 2.] 
 repetition of cognate verbs is very frequent in Demosthenes, and 
 
 generally is found in verbs expressing certain operations of the 
 mind. The vocative, too, is nearly always placed as here, be- 
 tween the verbs — compare Olyn. ii. p. 19. vvv h^ dcoDpcov koI (tko- 
 TTUfv fvpiffKO), Phil. iii. p. 122. XoyiCcadai 5^ irphs Oewu Koi flcwpciT*. 
 Contra Aristoc. p. 629. (TKi^affBe 8€, 5 Hv^p^s 'A0riva7oi, koI ^cwp^- 
 <raT€. ScHiEFER observes : All these terms are not really synony- 
 mous, and he considers their use twofold : one, to add force to 
 the matter ; the other, to make the oration more agreeable to the 
 
 hearer. 
 
 "Av oKiyupriTc.] If you lightly esteem it, ii/ with the subjunctive 
 signifies that the action under consideration depends upon some 
 condition expressed or implied. Jblp. 424 n. 
 
 T^ jbrc ^c^/i??.] Jacobs says that the arrogance of the Lacedae- 
 monians after the liattle of iEgospotamos drew down upon them 
 the hatred of all the Greeks. The Corinthian War was fomented 
 by the king of Persia, and Conon's victory at Cnidos humbled 
 them for a while, and lightened the yoke they were attempting 
 to unpose on Greece. This arrogance was ended by the defeat 
 at Naxos above mentioned, and Demosthenes might thus fairly 
 remind his countrymen of their share in the glorious conflict, and 
 of their anxiety for the liberties and rights of the Hellenic nation. 
 
 Toirrou.] htius. These words are used by a speaker in declaim- 
 ing against an opponent, to mark his anger and contempt. Clo. 
 In Cat, i. 1. Nos autem, viri fortes, satisfacere reipublioB videmur, 
 ti istius furorem ac tela vitemus, 
 
 *E/c rod fiv^ky <ppovTiC€iv S>v cxp^y.] From our not giving heed to 
 any one of the things which were necessary, 
 
 n\ridos TTJs virapxov(rvs ain^ ^vydficws.] The abundance of power 
 belonging to him, Xkn. jlnab, i, ch. v. *H fiaaiK^ws apxh vKrjeof 
 fi^v X^po-s, KoX aydpcoiruv lax^p^ oucro.] At the battle with Onom- 
 arthus in Thessaly the previous year, Philip commanded 20,000 
 foot, and 3,000 Thessalian horse, besides his fleet. 
 
 Thr^...t. .oiroAwAcVai.] The allusion is to the country in the 
 neighbourhood of the towns subsequently mentioned, and that 
 around Amphipolis which they always claimed. ^ 
 
 McWoi.] Tamen, Still. * 
 
 ) 
 
 [Page 2-1 
 nvByav,J A town of Macedonia in Pieria on the Thermaic Gulf, 
 a Greek colony subject to Sparta during the Peloponnesian War j 
 j^ subsequently it fell under the power of the Athenians, and was 
 captured from them in 358. ^milius Paulns defeated Perseus at 
 this town in 168, and terminated the Macedonian kingdom. It 
 was afterwards called Citrum by the Romans, and now Kitron. 
 
 noriBaiav.] A Corinthian colony on the isthmus of Pallene 
 about sixty stadia from Olynthus. It was captured by Philip in 
 866 and destroyed, the territory being given to the Olynthians. 
 Cassandria was subsequently founded on its site, which became 
 a large and flourishing city, and finally a Colonia Romma. 
 
 M€d(avriy.] An. Eretrian colony on the Thermaic Gulf, forty 
 stadia north-east of Pydna. In 353, it was captured and pillaged 
 by Philip. During the siege, his right eye was destroyed by the 
 arrow of Aster. Strabo subsequently mentions it as a town of 
 Macedonia, There was another town called Methone, in Thrace. 
 There was also a Methone iu Laconia, on the south-western 
 peninsula. Thuc. ii. 25. 
 
 Udvra rhu t6vov ki^kA^.] And all that region round about 
 
 our own. 
 
 noAA^ rS)v iOv&v.'] The Chalcidic cities, with the colonies on 
 the Strymon, near Amphipolis and Krenides. 
 
 AvToyonovfXfua koI iKcvdcpa,^ Governed by their own laws, and 
 free. 
 
 *H *ic€/i/y.] This reading is given by Bbkker and Dindorf. 
 'E/cefj/y by SoHiEPER. Bkkkbr remarks that the elision or crasis of 
 this word is universal in good manuscripts, and Dindorf observes 
 that ijKeivm is invariably written with the coronis omitted. 
 ScHJSFiB makes no allusion to the word. The Ionic kcIvos is 
 never used by Demosthenes. 
 
 T6t€.'] When Philip ascended the throne, his kingdom was 
 embraced in the territory immediately around Pella. Now, in 
 addition to Ihe cities mentioned above, he had subdued the Paeo- 
 nians, and Illyrians, some Thracian towns near the river Nestus, 
 as well as the whole of Thessaly. 
 
 Too-aCra.] RiiDiGBR reads roiavra, but the orator does not say 
 what like the fortresses were, but how many* Sch^ef. 
 
52 
 
 K0T£8 TO THE 
 
 / 
 
 riBST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 53 
 
 [Page 2.] 
 
 'EirxT6tx^<y/Aa'»'a.] Fortresses, like Decelea in the Peloponnesian 
 War, from which sallies could be made to intercept supplies and 
 ravage the country. Arnold. The genitive which follows ought, 
 in the opinion of Hemsterhuis, to be the dative. It is here what 
 is called an objective genitive. But Sch^fbr observes that the 
 genitive in such constructions has the same force as the dative. 
 For a similar expression, see De Lib. Rhod. p. 193 . t^j 8* avrris 
 apxn^ iTTirelxto-fia. However, in Thug. i. 122, we have the read- 
 ing iviT^ixKrfihs r^ x^P?- '^^^ Latin term was propugnaculum. 
 Cio. pro Leg. Manil. 12, propugnaculis imperii, 
 
 '^fnifiov 6vra ovfifiAx^v-] Acc. before iro\€fA€iv. How difficult it 
 was for hirrij being destitute of allies^ to wage war with the Mht" 
 nianSj having, &c. 
 
 'EKT-ficaro dvvafiiv^ is the reading of Bekkir and Dindort, which 
 is also adopted bj Arnold and Whjston. ScHiBFER gives iitrff 
 trari^ &j/, but remarks : Nollem Riidigerus, expaucis neeoptitnit codd, 
 revocassit iKrijoraro pro iKT'f)<rar' &v. For he goes on to State, " It 
 is rare that the particle &v is to be understood in the second mem- 
 ber when it occurs in the first, but oftentimes it is done ; so that 
 nowhere have I erased it unless on the authority of the best 
 manuscripts." However, where a sentence is simply a continua- 
 tion of another, if &v be expressed in the first it may be omitted 
 in the second. Jelf. 432, Obs 2. 
 
 Ke(/t€va iv fica'cp.'] The usual expression for such things, and 
 drawn from the Palaestric art, as we see from II. xxiii , 704 : 
 
 Also in II. xviii. 507: *Zv fi€<r<roi<ri Bvw xp^^^^^o rd\ai/ra See 
 also Her. viii. 26, and ix. 101. The Latin phrase was prtBmium 
 ponere. JEju. v. 292, 486. Sall. Gat. Fortuna ea omnia vie- 
 toribus prcemia posuit . 
 
 Kareffrpairrai.'] Passive ^ but used rejlexively in a middle seme. 
 He ha.n reduced under his power, 
 
 [Page 3.] 
 
 ♦/Aa irotrjo'dfievos^] MouNTENET reads ^/Ato, neque ego imprO' 
 bem. But comparing the present passage with Her. iL 152, and 
 T. 37, we shall find ^/Aa is more usual than tpixia^ although as 
 
 [Page 3.] 
 ScHJsrBB remarks, there is a perpetual confusion in the use of 
 
 them. 
 
 Kai irpo<r4x^iy fiirorrcs.] A hexameter. Another occurs 
 
 At Db Corona, p. 275, quoted by Longinus in iil Frag, rhv y^p 
 ip 'Afi(pi<r(rTt vSKffwv 5i' ttv cis 'EKdreiay. In Latin, numerous ex- 
 amples of hexameters in prose occur, as in Cic. pro Arch. ]. 
 In qua me non infitior mediocriter esse^versatum ; and also in 
 Sall. Cat. xix. Cneii Pompeii veteres fidosque clientes, 
 
 Ots ttv dfmffi A TCpi'] Whom they may see prepared and. 
 
 willing to do what is necessary. The Perf. Pitss, of vapatrKevdCa 
 means to be prepared, simply. 
 
 Kal tKwrros vp.vv k.t.A.] Vcemel wishes us to construe this 
 passage as follows: koL {hf) cKotrros vfiwt/ ov {i, q. ubi) Set— clpw- 
 V€lav ^dpiri Irot/tos irpdrruv^ €i(r'p€p€W(rrpar€{>€ireai. And then 
 the apodosis returns at icol ri vfiir^pa k.t.A. And Whiston fol- 
 lows this order in his translation of the passage. But a preferable 
 order, which is also given by Barker, will be shown by my trans- 
 lation : Jnd let each of you, laying aside aU pretending, be pre- 
 pared to act where you ought, and in so far as you can, render your- 
 self useful to the commonwealth, Sfc, and in a word, plainly, if you 
 would depend upon yourselves alone, €ipa)V€lav — dissimulatio — think- 
 ing they were not able for theur work, but in reality being so. 
 *'Ei<r<p4p€iv — a frequent advice of our orator. See Ol. ii. 27. The 
 tlff^topd was a war tax upon the Athenian citizens, according to 
 their property. From Thuc. iii. 19, it has been supposed that the 
 year B.C. 428 was the first in which this tax was levied. But this 
 is doubtful as there are references to it earlier than this year. 
 The census of Solon was the original basis for this €l(r(popd; but 
 in the archonship of Nausinicus, B.C. 377, the people were divided 
 into fbnr classes for the levying of the rate. 1, All citizens 
 whose property was rated above twelve talents ; 2, All between 
 twelve and six ; 3, Those from five to two ; 4, All between two 
 and twenty-five minae. No exceptions were made, even orphans 
 and aliens were requhred to contribute. For further particulars 
 see Diot. Ant. and Dbm. de Sym. STparewccrdat. — All Atheniaa 
 citizens between eighteen and sixty were compelled to be en- 
 rolled for military service, and after twenty could be called upon 
 
 i 
 
64 
 
 KOTES TO THE 
 
 FIEST PfilLIPPIO. 
 
 65 
 
 [Page li.] 
 for foreign service. But in the time of Demosthenes such leaders 
 
 as Charidemus and Iphicrates were engaged to fight and the 
 
 Athenian himself remained at home. The armies of the principal 
 
 Greek States were mercenary, chiefly obtained from Arcadia, the 
 
 Svntzerland of ancient Greece. The Carians were said to haire 
 
 been the first mercenary soldiers, and, as such, their name was 
 
 afterwards used as a reproach. 
 
 l,vv€x6vTi 5* kirXSis CiVfTi/.] 'AttAws is wanting in many manu- 
 scripts and €t7r€ri/is omitted by Bekker and DiNDORF,but given by 
 ScH^PER. I have retained both ; arrXm on the authority of the 
 best German commentators, and u-ntlv from a comparison with a 
 similar expression in Xbk. Anab. iii. 1 ; wy /i€i/ (rvv€\6vri dir^Ty. 
 That I may state simply and briefly. *ns is omitted in the present 
 passage, as is also the case in Hkr. vi. 30. "Eirade ovZcv Kouchv (ws) 
 8oic€€iy inoi : and also, Eur. Med. 230, yiyvdxrKnv KoKcoty a read- 
 ing to de preferred to that of Musgrave : yiyydffKfis koKus, 
 
 ''Av vfia>v ahrwv ie€\T)(n}T€ ycpcadaL.] If you do not wish to depend 
 upon others: Le. if you wish to be your own masters. Schjifer 
 translates e vobismet ipsiSj non ex atiis^ pendere^ a very good ex- 
 planation, but hardly a translation. See i. Cob. vi. 19. Ovk iarh 
 iamoov. Ye are not your own masters; and also, Soph. CEo. Rex. 
 91*1, We have adopted the readiag &v here instead of ifu, which 
 is given by nearly all editors. ' Dindorf says in his preface in a 
 note on p. 51, 29, Phil. i. : ** This may be considered as most cer- 
 tain that Demosthenes nowhere uses ^y" and he corrects this 
 passage as we have given it. 
 
 Kofii€7ffdai.] Vobis acquirere-^you shall acquire for yourselves 
 jour own — i, e. Pydna, Potidaea, Methone, and Amphipolis. 
 
 Ta Kar€fiff(^evfirifi4ya Tt/xwp^crcorde.] You shall again recover 
 
 what you have thoughtlessly lost, and inflict punishment upon him. 
 Observe the peculiar use of the middle voice in these verbs, and 
 efl Xkn , Mem , iii , 5. Karap^c^dv/Mna-dyrcs v(rT€pi(ov(ny. 
 
 n€irnyfyai aedyara,] Cf. HoR. Od. iv. 1. 7. Immortaliane spetts 
 monet annus, 
 
 Kal /xicrc? ^x^iy oury.] Jnd there are some who haie and 
 
 fear and envy him even of those now seemingly most friendly to 
 him, "Zx^iy used here for thai, as also in Her. iii. 82, "Exoyra tl. 
 
 [Page 8.] 
 "Ex^iv and its compounds are frequently used in this way, 'Ew€X€iv, 
 Her. vi. 102. UpocxciVj iii. 142. Upoacx^iy, iii. 48, and so of 
 many other verbs, for which see Jelf. 359. 
 
 Kay = Ka\ iy, Porson's rule is : In words joined by crasis, as 
 K&Tiy Kay, K&y, iota ought nowhere to be added unless koI forms a 
 crasis with a diphthong, as k^tu for Kal eira. Prcef. ad. Hec. p. xi. 
 
 KareTrnx^ fieyroi yvy.] But all these now cower down in 
 
 fear. Scapula says, s. v. Karairr-iiffffa, Proprie dici volunt de 
 animantibus, quae conspecto hoste prae metu se contrahunt in 
 loco aliquo ad latendum commodo. 
 
 yaBvixiay.l (from p^ov, evfx6s.) Lentitudo-^indifference—tLTiaing 
 from an improper estimate of the importance of the difficulties 
 with which they had to contend. 
 
 Ot irpo€\'fi\v6€y aareXyeias AyBpayiros.] To what a pitch of extrava^ 
 gance the man has come. The adverbs ttou, vol, irfj, ou, oT, ?, and 
 some others are joined to the genitive case, as here ; and also in 
 Soph. El. 1035, and Xen. Cyr. vi. 1, 42. Bekker reads ayepanros, 
 which is adopted by Arnold, but rejected by Dindorf and Schje- 
 fkr, who remarks : I do not remember of mol-e than two places 
 which favour Bekker (Ol. ii . 23, and Ph. iii. 118.) If I shall find 
 any others, I shall candidly point them out on the first occasion. 
 'Afr€\y€las is derived from a, ecKyu = mulceo, to lull gently with 
 the further idea of an evil intet^ion^ L, k S.— Sum as says it is 
 derived from a 26A777, a town of Pisidia, whose inhabitants lived 
 very intemperately. If such be the case it is not a solitary 
 instance, since we have Sybarite, an effeminate person; from 
 Sybaris in Lucania, founded by Achaeans and Troezenians. B.C. 
 720, whes^ citizens were famed for their luxury and effeminacy. 
 
 Kai ohx oUs iariy M roifrwy,'] And he is not the man^ 
 
 while keeping what he has subdued, to remain content with them, 
 Ol6s icrriyj or oUs t* ia-riy followed by the infinitive is properly 
 Toiovros icTiy, &<rT€ — he is not of such a kind cw, <fec. OT65 €lp,i 
 signifies / am wont ; 6I65 t' €<^i / am able. Matth. Gk. Gr. 479. 
 Whiston was therefore wrong in translating this passage, ** and 
 he is unable to rest satisfied with them/' " McVctj/ 4ifl roinw is 
 properly, as here, to remain in this state of things, without attempt- 
 ing to advance any further; heuce to let things remain as they 
 
 lb 
 
56 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 [Page 8.] 
 ue. In Db. Cor. 807, it is fitpciv M rovrwv = to persevere in— 
 
 fi€y€iy iirl rivi = insistere alicui." — Rudigbr. 
 
 *A\A* OLfi Ti ircpia-ToixiC^rai.] But he is always seeking to 
 
 obtain something new, and while we are dallying and wasting our 
 opportunities in idleness, he hedges us in on every side, npoo-Tcpt- 
 fidWcffdai and v^piaroixK^crBai are taken from the language of 
 hunters. KvK\(p iravraxVi circum undique. Of. Hom. Od. viii. 21 8, 
 K^f k\<p avdirrriy &ad Xbn. Anab. iii. 1, 2: /cu/cAy S* avrois irdurji 
 iroAAcb Koi tQin) kolL v6\fi5 irh\€/jLiai ^aav. 
 
 UoT* olv TTc^Tc] This abrupt method of Demosthenes is 
 
 much admired for the attention it attracts on the part of the 
 hearers. 
 
 NOy 8€ ri xp^ ^etcr^at] What, then, do you consider what 
 
 is taking place now 7 Subaudi, cl /x^ avdyKrjv. Reiske. 
 
 T^v inr^p rwv vpayfidrcay aXffx^v^v elvai. | The disgrace impending 
 over our present circumstances. 'Tvep is here used with Gen. to 
 express the cause of our feeling, the more usual construction being 
 ^6y with the same case. Jelf. 630, c. * 
 
 E7ir€ jjlol'] Singufar, though addressed to many. *6pe and ^^76 are 
 used similarly. Cf. Plato. Euth. Etvc fioi, 2> ^wKpares, re Kot 
 vfius ol &\\oi. In tragedy we sometimes find a plural verb, rnd a 
 singular object addressed. Soph. (Ed. Col. 1102, 1104, where the 
 old man addresses Antigone al#ne, fondly imajsjining that Ismene 
 
 is also there. 
 
 Tl€pu6in'€5 avTMv irvyOdvccrdai.'] We have followed Arnold in re- 
 jecting Karh T^v ayopdv, which Bekker and Dindorf enclose in 
 brackets, and Whiston stigmatises as useless verbiage. ScHiEFER. 
 reads alnovy hie loci, hoc ipso inforo. Longinds quotes the passage 
 in De Sub. c. 18, with a\\'f}\wy, which is probably a gloss. See 
 a remarkable statement of St. Paul, shewing the conservative 
 character of the Greeks, since even in his days " they spent their 
 time in nothing else, but either to tell or to hear some new thing." 
 Acts xvii. 21. 
 
 TivokTo yhp &v ri bioiKc^y.] For what can be greater news 
 
 than a Macedonian man warring against Athenians, and regulating 
 the common policy of Greeks ? Observe the force of ydp in this 
 sentence. It denotes the surprise of the speaker, that such a st^to 
 
 11B8T PHILIPPIO. 
 
 57 
 
 [Page 8.] 
 of affairs can exist Cf. II. 1,128. was yhp rol ^(&<rov<ri ycpas fityd- 
 dvfioi 'Axaioi; For how shall high-souled Greeks a prize on thee 
 bestow ? Nam is similarly used in Latin, but always is good prose 
 appended to another word. It may stand first in verse. Viro. 
 JEn. ii. 878, xii. 687. Mukc^^v aviip, Vir Macedo, Hor. used 
 contemptuously. 
 
 [Page 4..] 
 
 TeSyrjKe ^IXimros oAA' aa-eepei.] Alluding to the reports 
 
 lately received at Athens concerniBg Philip in Thrace. " Some 
 time after the seige of Methone Philip was attacked by a danger- 
 ous illness. The reasons which induced the Athenians to take so 
 lively an interest in this occurrence are explained in Ol . iii. The 
 king was besieging the fortress of HeraBum in Thrace, and in aU 
 probability made no secret of his designs on Byzantium. This 
 movement caused great excitement in Athens. Exactly at this 
 juncture the news of Philip*<» illness reached Athens, and more 
 than once it was confidently asserted he was dead." Arnold. 
 
 K<d ykp h.v ovrSs ri ifdBri.'] For even if something should happen 
 him.^* Lat. *^ si quid humani acciderit,^* a euphemism for *^ should 
 he die,** Whiston. In koI ydp, Kal always means even, and is 
 connected with the word next following. Her. i. 77. Kcd yhp 
 vpbt ro{nov5 avr^ iveTrolrjro ffvfifiaxiri' Jelf. 786, Obs. 8. 
 
 Tax^wJ.] Other forms of this^dverb meaning quickly are : $<eb 
 rax^coVf 5t^ rdxovs, iv rdx^h o'^'" Tctxex, rdxv, and us rdxi<rra. 
 
 "Erepov ^l\nnrov.^ Antonomasia for " another treacherous enemy J* 
 
 Tlaph T^v ainov p(afiri k.t.X.] Has he been aggrandized so much 
 by his own strength as, <fec. ?(&firi like robur means strength to 
 resist an attack. Tocovrov, Baoy, ace. of quantity. 'EirTjufi^rat, Perf 
 pass, from ivav^dyw, 
 
 Kalroi Kol toOto, €lf ri vdOoi /c.t. A.] After rovroy hv yivoiroy is 
 understood, and even if this should be the case, if something should 
 happen him, and fortune, which always takes better care of us than we 
 do of ourselves, should aid us, and perform this. In this very difl5> 
 cult passage, rendered even more so by new readings from nearly 
 every commentator, I have given what seems the best translation, 
 considering the uncertainty of the passage. Soh^efer here readi 
 fox TPVTo, To(n<iiVi and removes the point. But in his explanation^ 
 
68 
 
 H0II8 TO IHX 
 
 [Page 4.] 
 he calls the eonstruction an anacoluthon, which with his reading it 
 
 is not. DiNDORF brackets koI tout' iiepydcatro imBecessarilj, 
 
 and Auger reads (koI ykp ii^pydtrcuro /) Kai yitp rovro, Cf. Dk 
 
 Corona, 123 ; so, koX yhp rovro, Fals. Leg. p. 314, Contra Dionts, 
 
 40 ; Kol yhp aZ rovro. Contra Meid, p. 167. Franks. T^ r^s rvxnst 
 
 for 71 r^xnt with this distinction, that the latter means /or^une, the 
 
 former a continuatixm of fortunate events. Compare his statenjent 
 
 about fortune here with the opening of the Ol. ii. 
 
 T€rapayfi4vois itrardyres,^ % Having a hand in all his affairs when 
 diiturbed. 
 
 "Owws /So^Aecrdc] M your pleasure. On the indicative see Jelf. 
 818. 
 
 *Afx<piiro\iy.1 A town on the Strymon about three miles from the 
 iBgean. The port was £ion. It was originally called "Evj/ta 6M 
 and belonged to the Edoni. But Hagnon in 437 expelled them, 
 and called the place AmphipoliS| for the reason of which see Thuc. 
 It. 102. Brasidas in 424 captured it from the Athenians, and in 
 422 Cleon and he fell in battle before its walls. Brasidas was 
 honored as a god by the Amphipolitans, and was regarded as the 
 real founder. Dior. Art. s. v. Brasideia. 
 
 Kal reus vapaiTK^vais kolL rats yvdtiiais,'] Depending upon your 
 resolutions and decrees, i. e. if you depend upon, Ac, On the mean- 
 ing of this passage critics are pauch divided. Wolf translates 
 iLinjprTifidvoi, hesitating. But ScHiSFSR, separated, removed ; but 
 used in this sense it governs the genitive which he supplies in ray 
 'wparyij.drwv. We have followed Wyttenback in translating it, 
 depending upon, in which sense it governs the dative. Vvtafmis, 
 decrees, Demosthenes probably alluded in this word, and also in 
 irapoffK^vous to some such exhibitions of Athenian preparations and 
 decrees as happened when Philip was besieging Herseura. The 
 people assembled, voted 40 galleys and 60 talents to prevent him 
 capturing the town. Nine months afterwards ten galleys were 
 sent out, and five talents. In the subsequent part of the oration 
 we shall find him speaking of formidable powers — on paper — and 
 here also the allusion may be the same. 
 
 *fly ti\v oZv X^cdv.'] Since then you know and are satisfied 
 
 that you must do your duty, and be ready and willing to do it, I say 
 
 FIEST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 59 
 
 [Page 4.] 
 no more of that, *as with Gen. Ms. indicates that the real exist- 
 euce of the action of the partitiple is kept out of view, and repre- 
 sented only as something supposed or thought of, referring to the 
 opinion which a person foimed or was to form of it.— Jelf. 701. 
 
 Kol T^ vKrieot Afyfiv.] And the magnitude of the force, and 
 
 the supplies which shall he necessary, and other things which appear 
 to me best and speediest to prepare, this now I shall endeavour to 
 explain. Kal 5^, protinus, statim, now. It is also used very fre- 
 quently, especially in Herodotus, to introduce the most important 
 clauee of a sentence, which seems to be its force here. See Don- 
 ALDSON Crat. p. 268. 
 
 Kaiv))v Kapa<TKiv^v.] A new plan of preparation, i, e, greater 
 than any previous one, and likely to secure success. Reiske im- 
 properly explains : Novum appellat apparatum, requirens novos 
 milites atque recentes, novas naves, nova arma ; vetusta diuturno 
 usu detrita reprobans. — SoHiBFER. 
 
 Ow 7^^ 01 rax<i A^^ovcri.] For those who say " quick " and 
 
 " to^y " are not the people who speak most to your advantage. 
 T-fififpov, Attio and comic for ff'fificpov, and so not a contraction for 
 ry rift4p<f, for the word is Homeric, and therefore prior to the usage 
 of the article. "Xiip^poy and riifitpoy are to rjfiipal as o-^rcs and 
 rrJTfs to dros. — L. & S. 
 
 Oh yhp hvrh Ji/i^ae^Tj/icv.] For by our present expedition, 
 
 we cannot render ineffective what has already been done. Cf. Hob. 
 On. iii. 29, 
 
 Non tamen irritum, 
 Quodcunque retro est, efficiet. 
 
 Kol w6$€u.2 Hnderstand, r^v rpo^p^p vopQuira, and whence obtained 
 the force must be which shall be able to hold out until we put an end 
 to the war ourselves, or subdue the enemy. AiaX^taeai v6\€fjLoy to 
 end a war by negotiations among the combatants ; AioK^ety woXtfioy 
 by the intervention of a third party. 
 
 Tov Konrov.l =. Ever again, hereafter, denotes future repetition. 
 Her. i. 189. &(rrs rod koinov koI yvyaiKds fxey §inr€reus diafi^treaeai, 
 whereas t^ \oiir6y henceforth, denotes future continuance. Soph. 
 Amt. 811. 
 
 
 ,;:ii 
 
FIRST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 61 
 
 «0 
 
 irOTXS TO TBS 
 
 Olfiai rolvw iy^ ravra Xeyuv tx^iv-^ When the same person or 
 thing is the nominative to a verb sentiendi et declaraTidi^ and also 
 the accusative before an infinitive following it. the accusative is 
 omitted, and the nominative stands before the infinitive. This 
 eonstruction is sometimes imitated in Latin. Hoa. On. iii, 27. 
 Uxor invicti Jovis esse nesois. "I^x^^^ ^ posse, 
 
 M* /c»AtJ«v iwayy^W^rai ri.] Not wUhing io prevent any 
 
 other one fr(m offering another suggestion. Bre¥I translates ** « 
 fuis alius vana et magnifica promittit:' But I see no necessity 
 for using the verb in a bad sense. It is rather an expression of 
 modesty on the part of the orator. 'Evayy^WtifBaiy indeed, means 
 uUro polliceri, and not as he explains it. promittere quod pmstare 
 
 nonpossis. 
 Mlv o^v.] Used to draw attention to what is said. Of. Soph. 
 
 Phil. 360. Kuvos n^r odv ^Keiro. 
 
 Tpi'fip€is wfVT'fiKoirra.l The Athenian trireme, called by way of 
 distinction vavs, was, as its name implies, formed with three banks 
 of oar9, and was distinguished still further by the subdivisions of 
 "ships of war" (tox€^«) and •* ships of burden" or transporU, 
 {erfwn<l^iB(s, linraytiyol). The trireme had in all 170 rowers, 
 divided as follows: 62 on the upper tier, called apayiTai. 64 on 
 the middle, C^vylrou, and 64 on the lower, eakofiirai, Beaidaf 
 these rowers there were about 30 supplementary oars {K&wok »f • 
 ptw4^) to be used by the 4infidrai or dir\7rai in case of the death of 
 any of the regular rowers. On board each vessel was a kaKtvffThSf 
 who gave the time to the rowers, and probably six officers. These 
 made up the entire crew of a trireme. Grots, chap. xlix. Them- 
 istocles laid the foundation of the Athenian fleet, having caused 
 200 triremes to be built for the war against iEgina, and after his 
 time until the end of the Peloponnesian War, three or four hun- 
 dred were always ready. This is accounted for by the fact that 
 he caused a law to be carried appropriating annually a sum from 
 the mines of Laurium, sufficient to equip 20 new ones. The build- 
 ing of them, as we learn from Dkm. contra Andbo^, p. 698, wa» 
 under the care of the Council of 600. 
 
 A€iy.] The infinitive is used absolutely to imply that a thing 
 must be done, or as a general expression of necessity, and in these 
 
 [Page 4.] 
 meanmgs may be used of all persons. Soph. El. 8. Of S' iKdvofi^v 
 <l)d(rK€iy, Od. X. 481. *A SctAol, ir6a^ Xfi€v. 
 
 ETt' alrohs ififiaariv. And theUj that you so make up your 
 
 mind, that if it were necessary, you would yourselves sail away, 
 having embarked upon them.. After (x^iu yvd>^r)v, 8iaK€7(rdai yutofirjv, 
 and such like, tlie Genitive absolute with wy is the usual construc- 
 tion. Xkn. Anab. i. 3, 6. *i:is ifiou l6yro5 otirws €X€ t^ 
 
 ypdfiriv. EuE. Mkd. 1311. "Here the ace. absol. is used with the 
 neut. gerundive, of which I am unable to furnish another exam- 
 ple." Arnold. 
 
 To7s rjfiiffsffi ru>v tmrcW.] 500, for each tribe furnished 100 
 
 Arnold. That is if the Athenians kept up the force they had at 
 
 the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Aristoph. Equit. 226, 
 
 Whiston. For the construction see Jelf. 442, c, 1, D. 
 
 [Page 6.] 
 'lieirayaryoxts rpffipcis.] Cavalry transports, constructed from the 
 
 old rax^^at^ or war ships, strengthened for the purpose of carrying 
 
 the additional burdens. They were first used by Pericles in the 
 
 early years of the Peloponnesian war. Thuo. ii. 56. 
 
 U\o7a,1 for carrying provisions and other necessaries of an army. 
 
 Els IIi^Aay Kal X€pp6vri(roy Kol^'OXwdop,] In 352, Philip being in- 
 vited by the Thessalians, marched into Thessaly, and was defeated 
 by Onomarchus, the general of the Sacred War, in two battles. He 
 then retired into Macedonia, but returned soon after, largely rein- 
 forced, and in turn Onomarchus was defeated at Pagasae. Soon 
 after Philip was proceeding to the invasion of Phocis, when the 
 Athenians, fully aroused, sent off a land and naval force to guard 
 the pass of Thermopylae. Philip, prevented from entering into 
 Greece, retreated to Macedonia, and immediately set out for 
 Thrace, besieged and captured several towns, and finally sat down 
 in front of Herseum on the Propontis. From Ol. i. p. 13, we learn 
 that news came that he was sick ; that, having recovered, he raised 
 the siege of Herssum and marched against Olynthus. It will 
 thus be seen that Demosthenes observed the chronological order of 
 events here as well as in many other passages in his speeches. 
 
 "Ayay.} Observe the position, at the end of the sentence with 
 which it is connected, in order to give it emphasis. 
 
 >^ 
 
62 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 FIBST PHILUPPIO. 
 
 68 
 
 [Page 5.] 
 
 E« Ei^fiQiay.] Understand iror^ i>pfi'inrar€. Rmskk, The Eubcean 
 cities joined the Athenian maritime oonfederacj in 878 B. 0. But 
 after the battle of Leuctra the island fell under the power of the 
 Thebans. In 385-7. discontent having arisen against the Theban 
 supremacy, a large force wap sent to keep the Euboeans down. 
 They applied for aid to the Athenians, and, an animated appeal 
 having been made to them by Timotheus, (given by Dem, in De. 
 Reb. Cher. p. 108) they manned and equipped an adequate force, 
 and in a very short time compeUed the Thebans, under truce, to 
 evacuate the island. Grote, Chap, Ixxvi, 
 
 Els 'Axiaprov.] In 895 Lysander, who defeated the Athenian 
 iieet at ^gospoiamos, and thus ended the Poloponnesian war, 
 iuarcbed to the attack of Haliartus in Boeotia, in consequence of 
 rhe disputes between Thebes and Sparta His army was defeated 
 and he himself slain by Neochorus. Pausanias, the Spartan king, 
 arrived soon after, but Athenian auxiliaries in the meantime had 
 come up under Thrasybulus and Orthobulus, and he was unable to 
 conquer the town. He retired after burying the dead body of 
 Lysander. Geote ch. Ixxxiv. 
 
 npc^y €iy n6\as.] B. C. 858-2, the latter part of the year. On 
 €is riuAas, vide supra, 
 
 OuToi ncarreKm (urptircis v/ms.] Nor is this a matter to 5e 
 
 regarded by any means lightly, even if you do not do this (i. e. set 
 out against him) since either through fear, knowing you to be well 
 prepared, he may keep quiet, Othoi wam-eXus = non sane prorsus. 
 Sch^fer; who also would read oH ri because hujusmx)di particulis 
 fortissime negantibus recte additur, 
 
 Eta-erai yhp oLKpifias.] This does not refer to JSschines since his 
 connection with Philip arose some years later, but more particu- 
 larly to the actors ^eoptolemus and Aristodemus, who had long 
 been in Philip's interests — Grote, chap. Ixxix. 
 
 Eicrl ykp €l<T\,'\ Cf. Cio. in Cat. 1. 1. Fuit^ fuit ista quondam 
 virtus, and Vieq. jEn. ii. 602, divum, inclementia divum. De 
 Cor. Ovk tffTiv, ovk ttrriv, ^us vfidpTtrc, Also, Cio. pro Leo. 
 ^AKiL. 12, Fuit hoe quondum, fuit proprium Populi Romani, 
 
 *A(pv\ai€ros \7}<pe^.] Active ov <pv\aTT6fi€vos, Sch^fer— JJe 
 may be taken off hU guard. For a similar sentiment see Thuc. iil 80. 
 
 M 
 
 [Page 6.] 
 yiifiivhs l^vrosJ^ '* MryScV rather than ouSeV on account of Xva^ 
 
 Franks. UhUv is used subjectively, and expresses that one thinks 
 
 a thing is not; ovUv objectively, that it really is not. For a 
 
 beautiful example of ft^ and ov with their compounds, see Xbn. 
 
 Cyr. iii. 60,; quoted in Hoogeven, s. v. ft^, with his remarks 
 
 upon it. 
 
 *Aif Mf Kaip6v,'\ Bek. RiiD. Din. but Schaefer reads Kaip6s, and 
 remarks on the present reading, ** quod mihi etiam placet^ soil. 
 iKcTvos.** If he give an opportunity. Perhaps this was the easiest 
 way Demosthenes could put the case^ for Philip was not likely to 
 throw away opportunities . He was awake now. 
 
 Uphs hh TOjJrots.] Uph Se ro^fToav = ante h(BC, Wolf ; also adopted 
 by Arnold without comment. But vphs S^ rolrrois — in addition to 
 these, would seem to convey the orator's meaning better than irph 
 hh Toirrwv before these. For he evidently regards the greater plan 
 as involving the less, and it would be of little use to have a pri- 
 vateer force unless its depredations could be followed up by the 
 regular force of 50 triremes which he proposes. 
 
 M^ [Ml fivplovs hvvdfjLcis,} After ju^ fioi, sc. ^Lvris. Do not 
 
 tell me of those 10,000 or 20,000 mercenaries, nor those paper forces 
 of yours. Jacobs interprets the word imcrroXifAaiovs by tAs iv 
 iiTKTToKais ypa(l)oiJL€uas ix6vov dvvdfA€i5 €py<p Se iv iro\4fi(p fi^ deapov 
 fi4vas. And Soh^fer calls this much better than Reiske who 
 explains it, by letters sent from the city to the generals, promising 
 large reinforcements which were never sent. D'Olivet again re- 
 fers it to the letters sent to mercenary soldiers containing promises 
 never to be fulfilled. Ma. Kennedy's note is : " Literally, written 
 in letters, that is promised to the generals or allies, but never sent. 
 Comp. Shaks. Henry IV., part ii., act 1.: 
 
 ** We fortify in paper, and in figures, 
 TJsing the names of men instead of men." 
 
 It may not be out of place to suggest a new interpretation. From 
 a previous note we see that all males from 1 8 to 60 were enrolled 
 for service. These were all military men on paper, but when a 
 levy came for active service, few could be found. I would then 
 suggest that he refers here to these lists of men. Any one who^ 
 
 % 
 
 » 
 
64 
 
 KOTSS TO THE 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 65 
 
 [Page 6.] 
 has heard of the immense levies during the late American war, 
 will have some idea of & paper army, 
 
 •AAA' ? rris v6\€ws cctto*.] Bui (a force) which shall belong to the 
 state, a much finer reading than " dAA' ij — iAAcfc fi6vov'non 
 solummodor—UEisK^. ** The reference is to a force which shall 
 not entirely belong to the State, but made up partly of mercena- 
 ries, but all under the command of an Athenian."— Arnold. 
 
 "Ecrrai 5* ovriy ic.t.A.] jlnd what this force shall be, and how 
 great, and whence it shall obtain supplies, &c. T^v rpo^'fiv, includei^; 
 here only maintenance, not pay. Tlie expression in Casar is 
 frumentwn militibus metiri. 
 
 Kal irus ravr* ideX'fia-fi Troi€7v.] And how will it wish to do this? 
 i e. how shall this force act as " one of the city,*' and not as 
 mercenary? The common readino: is ^eeA^crcTt. note?!' ravra 
 relates to iAA' ^ rrjs ttSKcus tffrai — aKoXovBiiafi. 
 
 nivovs fi€v \4yu).] 1 say then mercenary soldiers. The orator 
 here puts the most popular branch of the army first, as the Athe- 
 nian proper was too indolent to fight, if he could hire anybody to 
 do it for him. 
 
 Kal thrws fi^ ^ot^crerc.] Take care that you do not Cf. Xeh. 
 Anab. 7, 3. "Oirws oZy efffcOc &v^p€s. In each case the verbs 
 depend upon Spart, Also, Phil. iii. p. 130; drm M 'fduB' &fia, 
 'WOLuy Tjfiiv ivdyKTi yeirfjacrai. 
 
 •AAAA t^ fiiKpa voi-fiarauTcs (palir/jrai.] But having done and 
 
 provided a little, add to it, if it seem too mall. 
 
 A^7« ^.] I say then. A^ = igitur. He now resumes his argu- 
 ment, having purposely said as Httle as he could about mercena- 
 ries, but instead speaks of the army as a whole, in which, however, 
 mercenaries were to form three fourths. 
 
 *E{ ^s &y rivos ifiiy rjKiKias Jo/e^.] Of whatever age may 
 
 seem good to you. *HAiic/o means manhoodr men of serviceable c^e. 
 Hbe. i. 209, Thuo. vii. 60, viii. 76. ** On reaching the age of 
 twenty, every Athenian citizen was registered in his proper 5?/ioi, 
 and in the temple of Agraulos took a solemn oath to obey and 
 support the laws, as a citizen or soldier. The military power was 
 accordingly divided into forty-two enrolments (^Ai/cfcw), each of 
 which was named after the Archon undur whom it was registered. 
 
 [Page 5.] 
 No distinction was made. Rich and poor, noble and ignoble, and 
 
 even philosophei*s were compelled to fight. Plato, Socrates, 
 
 iEschylus and Sophocles, were soldiers. All served without pay, 
 
 but Pericles introduced a law to remunerate them when on service. 
 
 It was the aim of Demosthenes to arouse I he Athenians to this 
 
 ancient desire of military renown, and towards this his eloquence; 
 
 was directed." — Abridged from Smead. 
 
 Xp6vov raKrhv p.^ paKphv &AA' '6<rov «.t.A.] Observe 
 
 now skilfully he insinuates his idea, a fixed time, not lon^, but as 
 long as may seem good. His object was to get the plan adopted, 
 and leave its subsequent continuance to a chapter of chances. 
 'E« diaSoxvs aWijKotSt *' by way of relieving each other = vicissim." 
 A.RN0LD. On the case of dAA^Aoty see Jklf. 593, 1, 2. Cf, Thuo. 
 vii. 27. Karefc dia^iox^v XP^^^^^ which is the more usual construc- 
 tion. For another example of the dative, Xen. Cyr. i. 4, Ygemel. 
 \\ See also Xen. Anab. i. v. 2. Atadcx^H-^voi to7s tnirois. 
 
 [Page 6.] 
 
 'Imrfas diaKofflovs.l Two hundred cavalry, or in a proportion of 
 one to ten, which was the usual way. Vcemkl. In the Roman army 
 the proportion varied, but the general ratio of horse and foot was 
 about one in fourteen. No difference was made in the length of 
 service among the Greeks, but the Roman cavalry served only ten 
 campaigns, the foot soldiers twenty. Dict. Ant. s. v. Armt. 
 
 TovKdxifrTov.] For the construction of this and similar words see 
 
 Jelp. 679, 6. 
 
 • E7€v.'] H<bc hactenus. So far, so good, Cf. Eur. Med. 886. Elfi', 
 
 Koi 5^ T^dvacri, SoPH. (£d. Col. 1305. Its use is to sum up a 
 
 statement, and intimates that on the point sufficient has been said. 
 
 Tax^io.5 rpi-fipfis 5^/ca.l Ten swift triremes^ i.e., battle ships, which 
 were made light but strong so as to be able to manoBuvre with 
 ease and dispatch. They were also worked entirely by oars, while 
 the liTKaywyoi generally carried sails. 
 
 Aci ydp ^fi"'.] For since he has a naval force, we, too, must 
 
 have ships of war. Phi lip, by gaining access to the ports of Thessaly, 
 had the means of raising a great naval force, and the produce of the 
 mines in the neighbourhood of Mount Pangasus was applied for some 
 time to building a force sufficient to cope with Athens on her own 
 
 [Ml 
 
66 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 riEST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 67 
 
 [Page 6.] 
 element 'Hfi7y Cf. for a similar construction of a dative after an 
 impersonal. Soph. Ant. 732. 
 
 •Acr^oAwsJ Without danger. Hence his request for ten ships to 
 accompany them. 
 
 n6efy ^,'] A-fi is used with interrogatives to increase the force of 
 the interrogation, and to denote that a definite answer is expected. 
 Jelf. 723, 2. 
 
 TrjKiKavTTiu,] Accipe sensu diminutivo, iantillam. Sch.efkb. So 
 very small. 'Airoxprjy' Thi8 word is now written without the A 
 subscript, and is the regular infinitive of airoxpdv, the Ionic being 
 avoxp^y- BoKCH. Corp, Inscrip. 
 
 TloXlras (rrparfvo/xtyous.] Various ways of construing these worda 
 are given. Some make robs <rTpaT€vofi4yovs subject, and iroKlras 
 predicate. But translate, And why I order the citizens to undertake 
 military service. True, all the force was not Athenian, but there 
 were 500 of them, and an orator speaking to please^^s^uld very 
 well pass over the other 1600. 
 
 Toaw^riy.] To be taken in a diminutive sense, ac. ice\6i;«. 
 
 "Eyi.] For i^yfffTL The accent is thrown back to distinguish it 
 from 4yt preposition, poetic^ from 4y. Also when a preposition 
 stands after the word it governs, the accent is thrown back. 
 
 T^y iK^iytp xaparato/i^Ki^v.] A force to be drawn up in battle array 
 against him, to be contrasted with Xriimiiuy following, which 
 means to harass an enemy by piratical excursions. His advice, 
 then, is not only to fight him openly, but also to send out predatory 
 bands to cut off his supplies. Cf. irapoVafo/A^i^y with Hkb. ii. 
 SI. 0/5^ kfiipX Map^6yioy fidpfiapoi hyr^rAffaayro ^Se. 
 
 TV Tpfin-fiy.] = Primum. Cf. Ol. liL 29. Hkr. iii. 134. 
 
 Ov roiyvy xmipoyKoy 5€i.] There is no necessity that this 
 
 should be enormous^ nor ought it be altogether cmtemptibU, 
 
 "Ori Ktd Tp6T€p6y tot* r^y ir6\iy,] Because I have heard that 
 
 the state once kept up a mercenary force at Corinth. This was 
 during the war of the allies against Sparta in 395 6. C. On the 
 Spartan side Agcsilaus led the army, and during the course of the 
 war captured Lechseum and CenchraBa, the ports of Corinth, to- 
 gether with Crommyoo, and Sidus, and finally shut up the allies 
 •in Corinth. It was during this war that Iphicrates with his pel- 
 
 < 
 
 IPage 6.] 
 tasts defeated a mora of LacedsBmonian horse, and for a time 
 
 renewed the courage of the allies. Iphicrates commanded the 
 
 mercenary troops until the year 892, when he was succeeded by 
 
 Chabrias. Jacobs says that Poly stratus must have been associated 
 
 in command, as he is mentioned by Aeist. Plaut. v. 173. Some 
 
 read for Uo\v<rTpaT05, Polutrophos, from Xkn. Hist, while others 
 
 again propose Callistratus, from Dkm. contra Tim. p. 1187. The 
 
 war was ended by the peace of Antalcidas, B. C. 387. 
 
 *E{ ov 5' avrh yeySyaaiy.'] But from the time that your 
 
 mercenaries have warred alone for youy they have conquered both 
 friends and allies^ and your enemies have increased to a portentous 
 extent. 'Ef o§ = 4k rod xp^vov, ^f ov. Ex quo tempore. 
 
 UapaKxf^avra.'] Having negligently attended to the wars of our 
 eomm^nwealthf have gone away^ ^c. The verb irapaKvwrciy is to 
 peffonn anything loosely and in a hurry, where, as soon as you 
 have touched it, you forthwith run away to something else. Reiski. 
 Another critic gives it the meaning of epvwreiv, delicias facer e, but 
 this is hardly probable. As to the general estimation in which 
 these mercenaries were held, you may learn from Isocrates, who 
 calls them Koivohs airdyrwy ayOpcairwy ^x^po^s. WoLP. 
 
 Uphs ^hprdfiaCov.'] The Social War broke out in 857 B. C. by the 
 revolt of Byzantium, Chios, Cos, and Rhodes, from the Athenian 
 league. The conduct of the war was given to Chabrias, who sailed 
 away to Chios, but was almost immediately slain (Leland B. i. 
 sc. iii). After some quarrelling between Iphicrates, Timotheus 
 and Chares, the latter at length, in 356, succeeled to the command. 
 He set out with a large fleet to attack the islands, but, having no 
 money, he was compelled to yield to the solicitations of his sol- 
 diers, and hire them to Artabazus, satrap of Daskylium, then in 
 revolt against the king of Persia. By their aid Artabazus de- 
 feated Tithraustes, the general of the Persians, and Chares was so 
 handsomely remunerated that all parties returned to Athens ia 
 great glee. But the king of Persia sent envoys to state he would 
 assist the enemies of Athens in the war on account of the aid lent 
 by Chares, when the Athenians, thoroughly alarmed, sent messages 
 to the islands regarding a peace, which was finally concluded in 
 855 B. C. Grote, chap. Ixxvi. 
 
 'J 
 
 liiii 
 
 i 
 
68 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 riBST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 69 
 
 ^ [Page 6.] 
 
 O Je <TTpa'nfy6s,^ And the general follows, ** Ae coDDect notions of 
 
 which the second is distinguuhed from the first, bat not opposed to 
 
 itr Arnold. 
 
 Ei/c(jT«5.] Ut par est, And how else ? 
 
 Tks Tpofdcreis vapcucara(Tr'fi<ravr€5.^ Take all cause of 
 
 excuse from both general and soldiers, provide pay, and place soU 
 diers from home over your generals as inspectors of their actions. 
 *Eir6vra5y Inspectores, exquisite dictum, nam sic ii, qui majoribus 
 mysteriis initiati erant appellabantur. Frankb. iEscH. Prom. 298, 
 Kcd (TV 5^ v6v(av iyiwv ^k€15 iirSTTTris; The word was also used pro- 
 verbiallj, of attaininoj the highest earthly happiness. Aristoph. 
 Ran. 746. " TlapaKarao'T'fia'ayTes. irepiKaraa'T'fjaravTfs. Malim sim* 
 plicias wapaa'T'fi<rayT€5. Reise£. Non item ego." Scbjefer, 
 
 'Eircl vvy 76.] Since now it is laughable how we manage out 
 affairs. Cf. Uoiuv yiKtara. To make a joke. — Herodotus. 
 
 *AAAa ^tXiitiftp.^ "These words, *we carry on war with Philip,* 
 must not be taken literally, for, at the time when this speech was 
 delivered, there had been no open rupture ; although the business 
 of Amphipolis, the sending troops to Eubcea, which were opposed 
 by a Macedonian force (Ol. 106, 3), (the proper date is Ol. lOT, 3) 
 and the measures adopted in consequence of Philip's advance to 
 Thermopylae, (Ol. 106, 4) and his proceedings in Thrace (Ol. 
 106, 1), amounted to an indirect declaration of war." Arnold* 
 But his conduct for some years previous had been aggressive to 
 Athens. He had seized the sacred gallery at Marathon and be- 
 sieged Heraeum, besides other overt acts of war against them. 
 
 OvK ix^^P^^o^^^'''^ ^^ 8t(o;] Are you not accustom£d to 
 
 elect from among yourselves, ten taxiarchs, and generals, and phy^ 
 larchs, and two hipparchs? The Strategus was first appointed 
 after the remodelling of the Constitution by Cleisthenes, and, as 
 well as the other officers mentioned, was elected by x^^P^'^'ovii, 
 This was the usual way of electing men for the public service, but 
 ID case of a vote for war or peace, for natularizing a foreigner, fop 
 releasing a state debtor, and for every case of privilegium, it was 
 necessary that the voting should be by ballot, i//^<^os. The generals 
 were almost always ten in number, and in the time of the Persian 
 wars exercised command of the army one day each in turn.— Her« 
 
 v 
 
 [Page^.-] 
 VI. 110. Biit in the later years, as in the time we are speaking of 
 
 two or at most three were sent out. Three generals, Nicias, Alci- 
 biades, and Lamachus, commanded in the war in Syracuse, and in 
 356, in the Social "War, Iphicrates, Timotheus, Menestheus, and 
 Chares were sent out. However, the two former were not intended 
 to command, but simply to give advice to Menestheus. Taxiarchs 
 were so called from comiranding a rcifts, which was the principal 
 division of the Athenian hoplites. The Phylarchs were appointed 
 to superintend the management of the cavalry, and subjected to 
 the control of the Hipparchs in the same way as the Taxiarchs 
 were to the generals. They were originally only four, but when 
 the tribes were increased to ten, a similar number of them was 
 required. Hipparchs were generals of the cavalry and exercised 
 supreme authority over the Phylarchs. They were always two in 
 number. — ^Arist. Av. 799. Sometimes in foreign wars, only one 
 was appointed. — Her. vii. 164. For further particulars see Dict. 
 Ant. 8.VV. 
 
 Tl\)iv kvhs o.v^p6s.'\ Except one man, whom, <fee. From this we 
 see that the ten generals in his time did not go to war as formerly. 
 
 [Page 1.] 
 Ol XoiTTol rots irofjLiras ir^fiwovo'iv vfuv.^ The rest marshal the pro- 
 cessions for you. Ucfiirciv is used for dyeiv with the words x°P^'^9 
 iopT-fju irofiTT'fiv. This latter word applied to all the public proces- 
 . sions of the year. ^Upovoiwv. — Magistrates who were appointed 
 annually, ten in number, to conduct the usual sacrifices, including 
 those belonging to the quinquennial celebrations, except the Pana- 
 thensea. There was also a higher rank of them who sacrificed to 
 the Eumenides. These last were chosen by open vote, and did 
 not slay the victims themselves, but only performed at the com- 
 mencement of the sacrifice, — Dior. Ant. These last are specially 
 mentioned by Dem. contra Mbid. 552 . 
 
 "Henrep yap rhp irSXcfiov.] For as puppet makers, you ap- 
 point your generals for the market not for the war. These images 
 made of clay and baked much in the same way as terra cotta 
 (Sauppb) were painted in beautiful colours, and thus made a show 
 when exposed for sale in the market. They are elsewhere called 
 ffopo7rA(£(rTai, and 7r7;Ao7rA(£^ot, and doubtless generals and soldiers . 
 
 f 
 
70 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 71 
 
 [Page T.] 
 were represented as well as other kinds of images. All were 
 exposed for sale in the market place, which gives more point to 
 the sarcasm of Demosthenes, as these generals of theirs were 
 busied in the market attending to the processions. In confirmation 
 see " Luc. Lexiphanes, T. ii. p. 847. 'EAeA^Oeis (ravrhy rois (mh ruy 
 Kopoir\d0wu us T^v ayopav -KXarrofxhois ioiKcaSy K€Xp(o(rfi4vo5 fihu r^ 
 fii\r(i> Koi ry Kvau^y rh S* eydodcp tt^Axj/Js T€ koI eijdpvtrros &y}' 
 SCH^FEB. 
 
 Ou yb.p expw *v Uj/afiis.] Bui was it not necessary that your 
 
 commanders of divisions should be of yourselves, your leaders of 
 cavalry of yourselves, your generals^ leaders of your own, that the 
 force might really be one of the commonwealth ? On ydp with inter- 
 rogatives, see Jelf. 872, i. 'Exprju ehai = Oportebat esse, at non 
 
 «w^ ; ^XPVf^ ^^ ^^''a* = oporteret esse, at non oportet Feanke. "lya 
 
 ^y— on this particle with the Ind. see Jelf. 813, and compare the 
 following parallel constructions. (Ed. Rex. 1387. Eue. Hipp. 
 647. Dem. p. 837. "ly, €^ n iylyv^ro aiii<l)i(r^rjT'fia'ifjLov, ?j/, p. 849. 
 "lya uridev BiKaiov \4yeiy i^Kovy, Observe that &y is not used in 
 this construction, even when there is direct reference to a prece- 
 ding hypothetical sentence containing the condition of the de- 
 pendent clause. 
 
 'AAA' els Arjfiyoy,] From Thug. vii. 57, we learn koI avrois rp 
 avrfi (pu)yy koX yofjLl/noLs in x/Jc^/icvot A^/iyiot Ka\ "lufipioi koI AlyiyTJTai, 
 And since such was the case it would be more than likaly that an 
 annual deputation should be sent from Athens to participate in 
 processions which we learn were celebrated there with great and 
 magnificent display. — Philostratds Hkeoic, xix. 14, Lemnos 
 had been taken and colonized a few years before the battle of 
 Marathon.— Her. vi. 140. Grote's explanation of this expression 
 €15 Ari^voy v\uy is : " It seems, as if it had come to be a proverbial 
 expression at Athens for getting out of the way, and avoiding the 
 performance of a duty ;" and so he interprets the present passage. 
 But, as Whiston remarks, he adduces no authority for his statement, 
 and is quite mistaken, as the expression did not mean that. True, 
 absence in the islands of the iEgean was often pleaded for delay, 
 but if we except ^Kvpla dlKrj we find no use of any such terms as 
 . proverbial. But it is true that when a man had a bad case at law, 
 
 [Page 1.] 
 and absconded, the euphemism was iy A^/ivy fj iy "Ififipip elyai, 
 
 Hesyoh. In Dem, contra Olympiod, p. 1174, we find that Olym- 
 piodorus was compelled to go with the army to Acarnauia, which 
 makes it appear that generals were sometimes sent away to avoid 
 disagreeable law suits. 
 
 MeyeXaoy.] It is very doubtful if mention is made of this gene- 
 ral anywhere else. Some make him the son of Amyntas and 
 Cygndea, and half brother of Philip, his brothers being Archelaus 
 and Arldieus ; but ** Ab Atheniensibus non poterat x^^poroycicOah 
 nisi qui esset Atheniensis; Menelaus ut peregrinus et ^tyaySs non 
 fuit KexfipoToyrifA^yos. — ScHiEFEE. Wolf also says : Imperatorum 
 Atheniensium Atheoieusem esse oportere. **• The Menelaus men- 
 tioned by Demosthenes as having been the commander cf the army 
 of observation desfiatehed to the frontier after Philip's unsuccessful 
 attempt on Thermopylse, is said to have been the half brother of the 
 Macedoniiiu King, spoken of by Justin and Harpoceation, s. v. 
 MeyiXaos, P'Olivet, on the other hand remarks, that even if 
 Philip were not on the best terms with his brothers, the Athenians 
 would scarcely have selected one of them for a post of such import- 
 ance. It seems, however, certain that this Menelaus was a 
 foreigner." — Arnold. ''But the Athenians sometimes conferred 
 the command on foreigners. An example of this was Charidemus 
 of Oreus.'' — Smead. This is not a case in point, for in the intro- 
 duction of the oration, contra Aristoo, he is expressly called 
 6€rhy vo\lrr\y, an adopted citizen, 
 
 Ti€paiya>.'\ This then I shall now proceed to show. Ilepayw is the 
 reading of Reiske, in his first edition ; in the second, irepcdyw. And 
 justly, since vcpalyat like elfxi = ibo, has here at least a future signi- 
 fication. — Whiston. 
 
 Xpijixara rolyey.'] For the case of this word see Jelf. 477, 2. A 
 nominative is used in seeming apposition to a substantive of a 
 preceding sentence in an oblique case. Some regard it as the nom- 
 inative absolute. Others that is subdivided into rj Tpo<fyfi^ with 
 crirrjpicrioy in apposition. 
 
 TciAai'Ta iyfyfjKoyra koI fiiKpSy ri vp6s,Ji A little mxyre than 90 
 talents. There were three talents used by the Greeks— the Attic, 
 Euboic and .ZBginetan. The talent meant here is the first of these, 
 
 i" 
 
72 
 
 I70IXS TO THE 
 
 hbst philippic. 
 
 7S 
 
 whose value maj be etated at £243 153. sterling. The Attic coins 
 have been fully treated of by Mr. Hussey; and from him we find 
 that an obol was equal to 1 . 625 of a penny ; 6 obols made a draehm 
 m nearly; 100 drachms a mina, £4 Is. 3d.; and 60 min«a talent 
 £243 15s. The expense of Demosthenes' expedition would there' 
 fo» be £22,426=1109,120. np6, an adverb, cf. Eok. Or 622 
 Mw'A«, Tol W raSi A^-yo,, Spicro, Si ^^6,. Ph<kn. 610. ««l 
 
 Tov finvhs kKdtrrov.} For each month. Genitive of time. 
 
 El «^ Tis, /e . T . A . ] But if any one thinks that to procure ration 
 
 money for the soldiers is a small provision for the war, Ac. This 
 
 passage appears corrupt, and an article is clearly wanted to define 
 
 which is subject to the verb .hai. It may be doubted, as Barker 
 
 remarks, whether it is good Greek without the article. 
 
 Ohr€ tQv (Tvfifiax^y.] Demosthenes did well to add this para- 
 graph, as the Athenian armies being so badly paid, would have 
 Tery little hesitation io plundering their allies in the ^gean Sea. 
 They made war support itself, but generally their friend8,''not their 
 enemies, suffered the consequences. 
 
 Kdya, 5^ (rvfi^\^a>y,} Dindorf reads iy^ (rvfjLw\4a,y, and encloses, 
 all from ^y^ to ^xv in brackets. But Reiskk has quoted the 
 words from Hermogbnes, which thus estabh'shes their claim and 
 the correctness of the reading adopted by him, as well as Soh^fer. 
 In the great variety of readings for the passage I have adopted 
 what seemed the best, and on the common reading will remark that 
 the absence of any conjunctive particle would lead to the eupposi- 
 tion that it was wrong. Hermogexes, p. 347, has, ^^7^; cv^frK^c^y 
 40€\oirrijs -xdax^iv &rkovv '^roifios 4^y fjL^ ravra othws %, for which 
 Reiske has corrected /cii7a) dh as we have given in the text. ''Etoiuos 
 see Jelf. 8*76. • ' 
 
 n6pov iLir6S€iii5.] After these words a new oration begins, ac- 
 cording to Dion. Halioarx (ad. Amm, 1, 10 ) which he states to have 
 been delivered in the Archonship of Themistocles, 347-6 B. C. 
 But the evidence is all the other way, and even an epitome of the 
 arguments wou'd be too large for these notes. The only thing 
 necessary to be said is that of the heading of the oration given by 
 PjOWTsros: l^v %kti)v rwy icarh fihiTnrov ^Vfiryopiuy ^Tr^eiAf 
 
 ( 
 
 • [Page 1.2 
 Afifioffdiyrts nepl T?)y ipuXoucris rwy yriorioyrwy Kcd Twy iy 'EWri(rr6yrv 
 7r6Ke(oy, it would not be the sixth, but the fifth, and that not one 
 word is said to justify the title regarding the protection of the 
 islanders and the cities of the Hellespont. We may conclude, then 
 that the oration which we have is a unit, and that Dionysius either 
 made a gross blunder, or alluded to some oration not now extant 
 having the heading which he has given for ^the remainder of this 
 one. Further particulars will bo found in Tourrkil, Auger, Bkk- 
 KER, Bremi, Sch^fer, and Winibwski. 
 
 Acdwiificda €vp€7y.] Have been able to discover. The information 
 was probably derived from the iropiffrai who levied the extraordi- 
 nary contributions on the Athenians, and from their report the 
 ypafifiaT€{f5 had read the airSBei^ia immediately given before, which 
 had been prepared by Demosthenes himself from information 
 derived from them. For Se^vyfifieOa, Svydfi^da is giren in some 
 editions. 
 
 'EwfiB^y 5* x^^poToy^ffare.'} And when you vote upon the 
 
 propositions of the speakers, vote whichever one pleases you. The 
 orator does not wish to force them to adopt his motion in prefer- 
 ence to any other, but let them choose for themselves, as in that 
 case they will be the more likely to carry out their decree. 
 
 [Page%.2 
 
 AoK€7r€ B^ fiot K.r.\.] It seem^ to me that you would deliberate 
 much better regarding the war and the whole preparation for it, <kc. 
 Thy rSiroyf the situation of the country. Taylor in his preface to 
 Reiske, suggests rpSvoy, but rp6iros is never said de situ regUmis. 
 The word T6'nov here is said by Reiske to mean the same as a 
 later word, rowodeffia, used by Diod. Sic. vepl rrjs roTrodealas rrjs 
 Kot* Aiyxnrroy x^P^^* 
 
 Kai 4>uA(£|os T0V5 irrjarlas ic.t.A.] And watching the Etesian 
 winds and the winter, attacks you when, &c. Tous iTrjalas. " Every 
 year a regular trade-wind blows from the N.^W, eight days before 
 the rising of the Dog Star (July 1 2). These gales were called 
 Prodromoi. About two days after its rising the same winds, under 
 the name of Etesian, blow steadily through the Dog-days, temper- 
 ing the heat of summer, but proving a great impediment to a 
 northerly voyage." Vcembl. The Athenians would thus be pre- 
 
 !(■' 
 
 ii 
 
74 
 
 KOTIS TO THE 
 
 FIEST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 75 
 
 [Pages,] • 
 ▼ented from going north at this season, and Philip could the more 
 easily sweep down upon them. 
 
 Ac? Tolvvv K . T . A. . ] You must notj therefore, knomng these things, 
 wage war by hurried levies, for we shall be behind-hand in every' 
 thing; but,&c, Bo^deia, tumultuary soWeers, collected suddenly 
 for driving oflf an enemy. Reiske. Subitarii milites, ita turn 
 repentina auxilia appellabant, Liv. 3, 1. Opposed here to ^^vapcur- 
 K€v^ (Tw^xh^y ^' ^M V Sia/i^j/et e«s ty ^ia\v(r<afi€6a — ff ir€piy€V(»>ix€6a. 
 P. 44. dvyofiii (Tvv^xhh *• ^j ^ o-wexwy iro\€fjL'fi(r€i koI kokcjs eKcivou 
 woi'fio'ci, P. 46-" Sadppk. 'rffTcpiovficv. The Athenian plan 
 hitherto was to come with assistance when the town was taken, as 
 was the case with Chares and Olynthus. 
 
 "Tirdpxft 5* vij.7y /c . t . A . 2 •^nd you must use for winter quarters 
 for the army, Lemnos, Ac. All these islands were in the northern 
 part of the -figean, oflf the coasts of Macedonia and Thessaly. Kal 
 reus 4y rotJry t^ tcJx^) yi}<roiB, Scopelus, Halonesus, Peparethus 
 and Scyros, for all these were under the sway of Athens at this 
 time. X€t/ia5iV, dative, governed by xp^^^^h hibema — winter 
 quarters, i. e., T(i9ry, i^^ ol Hy ris Zvyairo x^^h^vos iyKadopiAlarourdau 
 Etym. M. 
 
 T^y 5' &pay rod ^rovs ^errat.] But at that season of the year 
 
 when it is easy to approach the land, and no danger from the winds; 
 the soldiers may approach to the very'region, and the entrance of his 
 ports, SoHiEFEB states that commentators here nodum in scirpo 
 quasivissej and adopts the translation of Wolf, as given above. 
 Upbs T^ yf y^ycadai — to put in to shore, i.e. for military operations, 
 yiy^ardai with vph^ and dat. always having this meaning. EIi^cm 
 TfwJs with dat.' means to be employed on with the notion of activity. 
 Bernhardt, Gr. p. 263. 
 
 Ilap^ rhy Kaip6y.^ In ipso tempore, at the very moment. Of. c(mtra 
 LxPT. p. 470. Uapb. robs fAcyla-rovs Kaipo6s, PiND Olt. ii. 66, 
 Kuyky iraph. hiairay. In all these places the force of the preposition 
 implies the very moment in which a thing is done, 
 
 'A fy«i> y€ypa<f>a,'} Which I have proposed, viz. in the dir^JJctfts which 
 had just been read. *T^* vfiwy — The genitive of cause or agency, 
 denoting the agent by or through whom the thing takes place, 
 Latin a or cu^ with the ablative. Tauo. iv. 64, v^' vfxwy avruy. 
 
 * [Page 8.] 
 nap* {tu.a>y denotes all that issues from any one^ as commands, com- 
 missions, gifts, presents. Latin ex. with the ablative. 
 
 •'Ar ToOra iropitrrjre h \4y(o,] If you wUl first provide this 
 
 money which I mention. This is the best order of the words for 
 translation. 
 
 *Ej/T€Afl.] Complete, full, the whole entire force, Cf. Aristoph. 
 Equit. 1367. Also Thug. vi. 46, ia-KSirovy el ^yreXri ^(Tny, 
 
 N6fi(p KaraKX^lff-nrc iirl ry iro\4^(p /xeyciy,] And compel them by law 
 to remain at the war, i. e. to give tbeir whole attention to the war 
 for your sakes, and not to run away pirating on their own account. 
 M^(p KaraKK^Uiy, to compel by law. Andoo. p. 24, Antip. p. 19. 
 
 T«v p.\y xpw^'^f^v, avTol rafjilai Kal iropiarTaL] Yourselves becoming 
 the receivers and treasurers of the money. The arrangement of the 
 finances from this would seem to have been in the hands of the 
 generals. Jacobs. Demosthenes advises the people to assume 
 them, and to allow the general to attend to his own duties. The 
 various impositions upon the general are well given by Vcemkl. 
 Qui non solum exercitui expeditionique praeerat, sed quam pluri- 
 mum idem rem pecuniariam et qusestuariam, frumentum, stipen- 
 diura, omnemque victum per quaestores, ministros, servos, et 
 ecribas curabat. 
 
 Thy \6yoy aTraiTovyrcs.'} DiNDORP for (riTovyres, Requiring an 
 account from, Ac. All persons at Athens who held a public situ- 
 ation were required to give in an account to the Xoyia-ral or eijdvyot, 
 a board of directors, of the manner in which they discharged their 
 duties ; and so strict were they in demanding this, that until the 
 account and vouchers were approved, the oflScer was not allowed 
 to make a will, to dispose of any property, or receive any public 
 honour or reward. If he failed to send in an account in thirty 
 days after the expiration of his term of service, he was liable to 
 impeachment {oKoylov S/zcry.) When he had given in his accounts 
 and they were audited, he was generally honourably dismissed 
 (^via'rjfjLaly€(reai.) — Dem, De Corona, p. 310. Or an accuser might 
 come forward. — Dem. c. Meid, p. 642. The various termer employed 
 were ^Myas airatrelyf €vy66yas BiBSyai, tvBvyas Mx^iy, €v6{fy as 
 o^A€<i/, the latter also meaning to be convicted of malversion while 
 in the office. 
 
76 
 
 SrOTES TO THK 
 
 riRST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 77 
 
 [Pages.] * 
 Koi ovdhy ir\4ou TrotoOvTfs.] ^nd doing nothing irwi'e, 
 
 'ZKfivov] Philip. * Air6 t«v frvfifiiixotv. He fights with you 
 
 with resources derived from your allies^ <fec. *'A7ft;i^ koI <f>4pwv. Latin, 
 rapere et /roAere.— Demosthenes, p. 1232. Udyras ^vepd^itovs ^e! 
 Koi (pcpei — ^N. ii. 374. Alii rapiunt incensa feruntque Pergama. 
 This is the Pomeric Hyovcn koI <p4pov(n, of which we have another 
 form in II. v. 484. <p4poi€v 'Axwoi ^ k^v Hyoiev. The Latin equiv- 
 alent of this being ferre et agere, Liv. xxii. 3, postquam res socio, 
 rum ante oculos prope suos ferri agique vidit See also Liv. iii. 87. 
 
 Tovs trxiovTas.l Mercaturam facientes.—SAUFTE. Your merchant' 
 men upon the sea. 
 
 Tod TraVxctv ^{w y^vhcriffdat.] You will he placed beyond his 
 
 reach. Cf. the military term Ifw iScAwy 7eV€(rdai.— Xkn. An. 2, 6, 
 Arnold. 
 
 Thv vap€\e6in-a xp^vov,] In past time . The ace. of time. Jelf. 
 648, g. Ely Arnnvov Koi "ifi^pov ifi^oKdov. None of the historical 
 events related here are mentioned by any historian, so that we are 
 left to conjecture. Bruchnee, in his Life of Philip, states that all 
 these attacks had been made by Pirates in the service of Philip. 
 (Smead.) Lucchesini supposes that they took place in Ol. 105.3, 
 WiNiEwsKi in Ol. 106.4, quoting the words of iEscHiNEs de Fals. 
 Leg. p. 37. HXnnros Se SpfMndcls 4k Ma/ceSoWos ovKcff Ovhp 'Afi<f>iir6' 
 \€U5Trph5 vfias vyapi(€TOy oAV ijBrj ircpl A-fifivov Kal^lfifipov koI :iK6pov 
 rwv rifif repay KTrjfAdrwy, Those again who contend that this part 
 of the oration was delivered at a subsequent period make these 
 events to have taken place in Ol. 105.1. The preferable date is 
 Ol. 106. 2. 
 
 AlxfM^carovs voXlras vfieripovs #xct* ^x«*'-] ^^ he takes away 
 with him, your citizens as prisoners of war.— Thuo. iii. 70. 'ETrctS^ 
 01 alxtiAKwroi ^Kdev avro7s, "Exoy, here equivalent to toith. In such 
 cases where we use with, the Greeks used ^x^y^ Hywy, <f)4puy, xi^wv; 
 observing this distinction, that }^xf^y and xd^uy are used of animate 
 or inanimate things.— -Xkn. Ctr. i. 3 ; of animate alone 6.ywy ; of 
 inanimate <p4p<ay, *0 Kvpos li(pos <p4pwy 7rpo<T'f)\aff€ — Imroy 6,ywy 
 ^\d€v — iTnreas Xd^coy rovs woXcfilovs KureBluCey. cf. Jelp. 698. 
 
 TcpoicTTyJ A town and promontory in the southern part of 
 Eubcea, with a celebrated temple of Neptune. It was used as a 
 
 [Page 8.] 
 port of call by vessels passing between Asia and Attica. The four 
 
 promontories of Eubcea were GeraBstus, Caphareus, Artemisiura, 
 
 / Cenceum. Ta trXoTa, merchant vessels. *Afi6driTa xp'fifJ^Ta i^eXe^e. 
 
 Collected extravagant ransoms, either from the vessels captured, as 
 
 Arnold suggests, or from the captives, as explained by Sauppb. 
 
 KaKct Kol vpdy tiara afivOrird fioi vapix^v StercAerrej'.— Dem. contra 
 
 Meid. 520. 
 
 KaXr^iyUphv Tpii\pri\ Andwent away with the sacred galley. 
 
 Ih the time of Plato mention is made (Ph^ed.) of a sacred vessel 
 called the Delian Theoris, used to convey the delegates from Athens 
 to the quadrennial festival at the island of Delos. There were two 
 in the age of Demosthenes; several in subsequent times, the num- 
 ber being increased by the abominable flittery of the degenerate 
 Athenians, who called them JlmmoniSj Antigonis^ Demetrias and 
 Ptolemais, to propitiate the favour of Kings whom they feared to 
 offend. The names of the two of the age of Demosthenes were 
 Paralus and Salaminia. They were generally used for carrying 
 ambassadors, public messages, money, and sometimes as the admi" 
 rars ship in naval battles. These vessels were also called Delia 
 and Theoris. Athen^us relates that the Delia was the vessel 
 which Theseus had sent after his return from Crete.— Ath. iv. p. 
 . 173. The crew received four obols per day, and were paid all the 
 year, although, as Boeckh states in his Political Economy of the 
 Athenians, they remained nearly all their time at home in idle- 
 ness, which may account for the seizure of the vessel by Philip's 
 cruisers. 
 
 [Page 9.] 
 
 'Tfius 5^ oijT€ fioTjdfTy'] AvyacrBc in preference to i}Bvvaar$€, 
 
 since the orator not only implies that you did not then prrveut, 
 and you are not even now able. Translate. Jnd you are neither 
 able to prevent these things, nor to send succour, at the times you 
 promised. ^^ Els =^ against, 6y, and hence virtually «/; but with 
 reference to a future point of time fop which arrangements ars 
 now made."— Arnold. 
 
 Kalroi rl ^voT€.] And yet how pray 7 Atqui quid tandem ? Oa 
 the particle, see Hooo. de Paht. Ge^c, p. 283, 7, s. v. Koirou 
 
78 
 
 irOTEB TO THB 
 
 [Page 9.] 
 navaOriyalccv,} This festival was instituied by Erichthonius, and 
 
 was called originally Athcnaea; but when the tribes were collected, 
 the name was changed by Theseus to PaDathen»a. There wer« 
 two festivals of the name ; the one distinguished by the name of 
 u€yd\a which was celebrated every fifth year (xtra^rripls) and the 
 other annually, commencing on the 17th and continuing till the 
 28th of Hecatombseon,— nth to 22d of July. The principal dis- 
 plays were in chariot racing, horse and foot races, processions. 
 games, &c, including the lampadephoria, and the procession of the 
 Peplus. Golden crowns were also awarded at the Panathenaea. 
 DfiM. De Cor. 265. Sec Dior. Ant. 8.v. 
 
 T^p rS>v Aiovvffiwv,} There were four feasts called by this name, 
 I. Aiovvtria /car' aypo{fi. II. ri A^koio. III. t^ ^AvBiariipta, IV. 
 Aiovvaia iy &(rr€i. For particulars see Dict. Ant. 8. v. 
 
 Tov Kae-i\KovTos xp^vov.l When time is expressed by the gen. it 
 is considered as the cause or antecedent condition of the action. 
 Tavrns rris f}fi(pas, on this day ; ralmiv r^v rjt^^pay, during this day ; 
 yvKrU, at night ; vIkto,. during the night. Hence here, at the pro- 
 
 per lime. 
 
 "Ay T€ 56ivol &v T€ ihiwrai'] 6.y r€^&y t€, sive— sive. 
 
 A€tyo), periti. ihOrcu, imperitu Translate : Whether skilful or 
 unskilful persons may be chosen by lot. 
 
 Kal Toaovroy Hx^oy ^X«] The order of the words is koI 
 
 & rx€« ToaovToy k.t.X. And displays such a crowd and so great 
 preparations that I know not if any thing can be compared to it. 
 ""Ox^os refers to the crowds attending the festival, irapaCKtv^y to 
 the costly preparations, dresses, ships/' Ac.— Arnold. OIk oW €i\ 
 nescio an. and compare ViRO. Ms. ii. 186. Hie mihi nescio quod 
 trepido male numen, for a similar use of a Latin idiom. As to the 
 expense. Sauppb mentions that in one year (Ol. 92, 3) the Athlo- 
 thetae drew over five talents from the treasury to defray the 
 €xpen.'»e3 of the Panathencea alone. 
 
 Tohs 5' iLiro(rT6\ovs rS,y Kaiptoy.] That all your expeditions 
 
 are too late for any use as, &c. ^TartplCuy r&y Kaipwy, est serius 
 venire, cum classis post tempus exiret— Dissen. 
 
 Uayaffds. "Pagasae, a Thessalian city taken by Philip during 
 the war with Lycophron, tyrant of Thessaly.— Ol, 106, 4. Wt 
 
 riEST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 79 
 
 [Page 9.] 
 may conclude from this passage that the Athenians, at the com- 
 mencement of Philip's conquests, made some attempts to succour 
 those cities, which were partially occupied by Athenian garrisons ; 
 but that they either went no further than the intention, or were 
 too tardy in their operations to be of any service." — Jacobs. 
 
 Xoprjyhs ^ yvfiyaaiapxos.] For these words see Dict. Ant. s. vv. 
 Trjs (pvXrjsy for each tribe had its own choregus and gymnasiarch 
 appointed. 
 
 Ou^hy TjiLLeK-nrai.] Nothing is negligently left unarranged and 
 
 indefinite about these. Toh ircpl rod iroKefiov, subaudi y6fiois. — Reiske. 
 Immo To?y est neutrius generis. — Schjsfer. Observe the alliter- 
 ation in the words immediately following, druKra, - oZi6pQwra, 
 adpiara airayra. This is common in most languages and was the 
 distinguishing characteristic of our Anglo Saxon poetry. 
 ** Who often, but without success, have prayed 
 For apt alliteration's artful aid." — Chukchill. 
 
 Toiyapovy a/*a rt ] Wherefore as soon as we hear of anything, 
 
 i. e. any movement of the enemy. Observe now how artfully the 
 the orator arranges his words. We appoint trierarchs. They are 
 dissatisfied, we make exchanges; as soon as this last is arranged, 
 we look about for a supply of money, and when the money is pro- 
 vided the strangers and resident foreigners are called upon to embark ; 
 then they themselves should embark, and during all this time, the 
 occasion is lost forever. Tpir}pdpxovs. This was one of the extra- 
 ordinary liturgies {iyKVK\toi keirovpyiai) to which the Athenians 
 were subject, and consisted in equipping and manning a trireme 
 for an entire year ; sometimes two or more per.sons were united for 
 the same purpose. It was considered a disgrace for a man to do 
 no moie than his duty according to law in the fitting out of a 
 trireme, and many of the wealthy Athenians ruined themselves by 
 voluntary trierarchies, and the expense attending them. After 358 
 the trierarchy was managed by means of a general property tax, 
 the same as all the other liturgies, by boards called arvjuLfiopiat. 
 
 *Ayri^6(r€is.] An exchange of all property by one Athenian citizen 
 with another. This took place when any Athenian who was voted 
 for an extraordmary liturgy, thought that a more wealthy one had 
 been omitted. He then might challenge this one to undertake the 
 
80 
 
 VOTES TO THE 
 
 [Page 9.] 
 liturgy ; and if he refused, to submit to an entire change of propertj. 
 The party challenged could of course object, anil, in the case of th« 
 trierarchy. the trial was held before the strategi on a fixed day. 
 The matter was fully discussed, and if the challenger made good 
 his cause, the interchange must be made in three days, which 
 might be extended at the will of either party. No concealment of 
 Assets was allowed, except shares in the mines at Laurium, which 
 were excepted from all liturgies. If the matter could not be 
 arranged before the strategi, a regular trial (St/ci?) before thedicasts 
 was held, and from the means of prolonging it, it was rare that any 
 change took place. Of course if the change were eflfected, the 
 challenger had then to carry on the liturgy from the proceeds of 
 his new property. Months were often, however, consumed before 
 anything could be done towards preparing the liturgy. — See Dior. 
 Ant. 8. V. 
 
 M€toIkovs.'] Resident foreigners— oi whom there was always an 
 immense number at Athens, and they chiefly resided in the Pir®u8, 
 and managed the mercantile affairs of the city. They could own no 
 real property, and always resided in rented houses. Every alien 
 had to ally himself to some Athenian citizen as his patron 
 (irpo<rrirns\ who not only defended him in law, but was answerable 
 for his conliuct to the State. Each family was subject to an annual 
 tax of twelve drachmae, and aliens were liable to the liturgies, 
 and in other respects were taxed in the same manner as the citi- 
 zens. They had also to serve in the army, and at times performed 
 certain rites to symbolize their condition, and show their relation 
 to the Athenian citizens. One of these was the Hydriaphoria. 
 
 Tovs x«pi5 ot/coCvTos.] Thefreedmen living apart from their old 
 masters,— WoL¥. '* Sons living in their own houses^ and enjoying 
 a separate possession, while their fathers were still a/ir«.''— Reiske. 
 '* Strangers dwelling in the Attic territories:* —Atjqer. These 
 three explanations have been given, and I have adopted the first. 
 Photius, quoting this pas?age, says: ol aTreXevdepoi naff ka.vTohs 
 fKovVy X<^P^' '^^^ aTrcXcveepwffdtnoov, Again in Dem. in Euer. p. 
 1161, he speaks of a woman who had been a nurse ; apeiro ykp xm^ 
 TOW ^fu)0 -warphs i\€ve4pay Kol x»P^^ #''«* '^°^ ^^^P°' ^^X^"* ^^0™ 
 
 riBST PHILnPPIO. 
 
 81 
 
 thii explanation of Photius and the remarks of Dem. as quoted the 
 reading of Wolf will be seen to be the most correct. 
 
 Efr' 4y efcry ravra /xe'AAerat ] And whilst these matters are pro- 
 traded. '^Oatp in dat. sc. xp6vv' Me'AAw, denotes nut simple futurity 
 but hesitation in regard to a future action; ' 
 
 ^* ^^^^^ €<>«j/€(oj/.] For elpcovclau many manuscripts give 
 
 t^aBvfilay. For the exigencies of your affairs cannot keep pace with 
 your delay and evasion. Dobrkk quotes two very apposite pas- 
 sages. Thuc. i. U2. Tov ^h iroKi^ov ol KUipol ol fjLeu^rol, and Litt, 
 XXXI. 48. Non expectare belli tempora moras et dilationes impera- 
 torum. 
 
 Thv fieraib xp^vov.'] The intervening time, i. e. while you are col- 
 lecting a larger force.— Arnold, Voemel translates the whole 
 passage thus : *' But in the intervening time, the forces, which we 
 think we have, are found to be of no avail when the necessity for 
 them arises. 'Eir* avrwy rS>v Kaipwtf. In the very crisis of the emer- 
 gency. "By the * resources' on which they had reckoned, but 
 which had fallen short of their anticipations, I would unde.-stand 
 the ways and means which they had voted in their first eagerness, 
 without deducting anything on account of the manifold difficulties 
 and deficiencies which were sure to arise.*'— Jacobs. 
 
 •Q 5' €< J rode' dvia-ToXds.] And he has arrived at so great a 
 
 pass of insolence, as to send such letters already to the Euhceans. From 
 these remarks, we may gather that the letters in question- were 
 
 not very complimentary to Athens. Jacobs regrets that the letters 
 
 are lost, since they might have thrown some light on the history of 
 
 the oration. See Jacob's note in Arnold. 
 T^ointav ijs ovk ^Set.] The greater part of these toritings 
 
 are unfortunately true, '{is am ^Bei are used parenthetically, and 
 
 have been here translated unfortunately. 
 Ov fi^v oAV.] On these particles see Jelf. 774, 6. Ov fi'fii/, yet, 
 
 nevertheless, verumtamen, dAA^ in sooth, surely, vere. Ov fii^v denies ' 
 
 something gone before, hKKd opposes the true word to be applied. 
 
 Here, the meaning is yet if not true, still, <fec. Cf. Dem. de Fals. 
 
 Leo. O^ mV, oAA* Brt Kal (piKlas kpx^ <rvn(t>€po6(r'ns. Cf. also Epia 
 
 Phil- Dem. p. 161. O^ fi^v dAV cI dci wdyra r&\\a wapa\in6yTa 
 
82 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 [Page 9.] 
 'AAA* €t ficy, ^cp^-fjarcrai ] But if any one, by parsing over 
 
 whatever would give offence in his speech, could also do away with 
 
 the facts, then should he always harangue them for their pleasure. 
 
 *'Ay ^ /A^ irpocr-fiKova'a,] If it be at an unseasonable time, "E/ryy 
 intiia ylyv€Tat. In very truth becomes hurtful, 
 
 [Page 10.] 
 
 ♦ci'aic/feij/.] From (pevai, a cheats impostor. The word is used 
 in Ol. ii. p. 20; and again in Phil. ii. p. 73, in the same meaning 
 as here, cheating or deceiving^ or deluding. 
 
 Kal fjLri^€ Tovro irpayfidrwv.'] And not even able to under* 
 
 stand this, that it is the duty of those who rightly manage a war, 
 not to follow the course of events but anticipate them, t. €. not to 
 waste their time in unavailing efiforts to gain a petty advantage, 
 but to arrange their affiira in such a manner as to be ready for 
 every contingency. "Cf. Liv, ix. 18, At hercle reges, non liberi 
 solum impedimentis omnibus, sed domini rerum temporumque, 
 trahunt consiliis cuncta, non sequuntur." — Arnold. "EfivpoaOftf 
 fXvoi «=■ aniecapere, to anticipate. — Xen. An. v. 6. UoWwu fiky 
 tynrpoffB^v Svruv, voWcoy 8^ oiria'dey kiroyiivdov, 
 
 Thy axnhv rpSrroy, Sxrircp &y.]=' Pcrinde ae «, Just as if. 
 
 For finrep Wolf conjectures oWep, 'which occurs in Be Reb. Che&s. 
 p. 94. Thy avrhy rp6icov oWfp ^tt* ^Clp^hv irp<iyi\y. But Sljcvcp occuiB 
 in the same formula in Ol. i. p. 13, and in the preeeat oration, p. 46. 
 
 Kol fi^r^ 8tw/c6tv.] And not be compelled to follow whatever 
 
 happe^is, Ta <yvti^6.vra = casus eventusque rerum, Cic. pro Balb. 
 4, 9. It is also further explained by the words considered above, 
 
 KcU /iij5€ roxno irpayfidrwy. Cf. Hkr. vii. 49, Md0€ Urt a! 
 
 avfitpopal rS>v ay9p<i>7ru)v Apxova'i, Kol ovk\ ZyOpayrroi ray crvfi(pop4(i>y, 
 Frankb. Demosthenes must have had Philip in his mind whea h« 
 spoke these words, for many years afterwards in his De Corona, p. 
 305, he said : Tct Se rod ^iKlmrov (rK4\\/a(Td€ v£s, irpMToy fikv ^px^ 
 rSy aKoXovdoiyrwy avrhs avroKpdrup &y, % rQy fis rhy irdKffioy 
 uiyicrr6y icrriy avdyrwy, 
 
 nAcfo-TTjy Suva/iiv.] For the number of vessels which Athens 
 could provide, see Dem. de Stm. p. 186. In fact a perusal of that 
 whole oration will supply ample proof of the 'wX^larriy HyofAiy her* 
 spoken of. 
 
 tIBBT BHttUPKC, 
 
 83 
 
 [Page 10.] 
 OvB^yhs y iiroX€rir€<r«€.] And you lack for nothing. In the great 
 variety of interpretations proposed for tiiis passage, I cannot be 
 expected to stumble upon a more correct translation than other 
 commentators have advised. But considering that in every pas- 
 sage in which the verb diroAcrirw occurs, as given by L. A S., the 
 general meaning of wanting or absence is given or implied ; I can- 
 not think that this alone is an exception. The orator had stated 
 that the most abundant means were at their command ; that they 
 had done nothing, and made no advantageous use of them, and he 
 now still farther reminds them that ihey lack nothing, and therefore 
 are inexcusable. But I may state the various interpretations, so 
 that if any seems better than my own, it may be selected. Reiskb 
 states he does not understand this passage; what is understood! 
 Wolf seems to have understood voX^fitov. Nullum non hostem assee- 
 tamini, ubicunque videtis eoneurri, illuc accurritis. But Reiskk does 
 not agree with Wolf, and says : Nusquam non sero venitis, oppor- 
 tunitatibns bene rerum gerendarum dudum prcbterlapsis. Auger has 
 the usual way of getting out of a difficulty and changes ^ into oIk, 
 Nullam rem non serine facitis. Sch^efkr calls this foolish, and 
 says oif^cyhs is neuter gender. And he finds fault with Rudiger's 
 translation, Nihil non assequuti estis. Rather, says he, fitAt7 
 autem non assectamini, sive affectatis. Then again Whiston says, 
 And yet there is nothing in which you do not interfere, and his 
 long note is given to prove this correct. Finally, Dindorf alters 
 the reading and connects the words with what follows, translating 
 it : Then you war in every way with Philip just as barbarians box. 
 "Cierir^p ol $dp$apoi.} A nation trained to gymnastic exercises 
 in the way the Greeks were, would doubtless laugh at barbarians 
 when they undertook to do what it requires skill and practice to 
 perform. See the very beautiful note of Arnold. 
 
 T?y irXnyiis ^x^rai.] With the genitive this verb has the mean- 
 ing of to stick to. Cf. Thuo. i. 140. Trjs yvd^fira ^xofJ^i. Tov ySfiov 
 Hx^ffOai. Eur. Or. 604. 
 
 'EK€7fr4 ^Icriy a! x«f>«.] ^here are his hands. A spirited descrip- 
 tion, and one well worthy of our orator. His meaning in all this 
 is : That the Athenians, instead of manfully contesting every inch 
 <rf ground with Philip, were enlj able to follow him as it were, 
 
M 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 riEST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 85 
 
 [Page 10.] 
 and as, one by one, he wrested their possessions from them, they 
 
 bemoaned their sad lot, but made no attempt to resist him. 
 npofidWea-Bou 5* ^ ^\4iruv ivayriov, but to be on his guard or look 
 hU opponent in the face, " npojScUAetrdai =■ irpoTelveiv ras X^*P<" 
 &s €ts fjuixnv' Harpocrat. 8. v. To guard or ward off with the handaP 
 Skead. Cf. HoM. II. v. 879. Tavrrji/ S* oUr* (liru TrportfidWcai oUrc 
 Ti Ip7y. Xen. Cyr. ii. 3, 10. 'Ek iratBtov cvOvs vpo^dW^arOai -ftTricr- 
 rdfiriv vph rovrwy ori oiol/Ariv irKriyfio'ca'dai* — WhistoK. 
 
 Xcp^ov^cry.] Usually distinguished as Thracian, a narrow strip 
 of land 420 stadii long, between the Hellespont and the Gulf of 
 Melas, and connected by a narrow isthmus at Gardiawith the main 
 land. It was colonised by the Athenians under Miltiades the co- 
 temporary of Peisistratus. Some of the principal towns were 
 Elfflus, Madytus, Sestus, Crithote, and lastly, Pactya and Cardia. 
 The little stream, -^gos Potamos, was also in this Chersonese. 
 
 Xu/iirapadetT6 &ya> kc£t«.] You run up and down along $ide of 
 him. His march was so rapid that all the Athenians could do was 
 to keep up with him, never thinking to prevent him. Observe the 
 asyndeton in the adverbs, to denote rapid motion. :iTpaT7iyu(rdf 
 wir' iKtivov,'] You are led by him, '* Odioso verbo utitur, quasi 
 Aihenienses Philippi mercenarii duces et mancipia essent; quod 
 et turpe est et perniciosum." — Wolf. This was a most bitter sar- 
 casm on the Athenians. Philip, by thus leading them about, 
 became, as it were, their general in a war against themselves. 
 
 Uph tQv Tcpayiiiruv,^ Nor do you look beforehand in any of your 
 offair%. Various readings and interpretations have been given for 
 this passage. It is evident there is a tautology, and designedly 
 
 BO, in wp6 7rpoopaT€. These words may be translated before* 
 
 hand. U€pl rwv XP^H-^'''^^ ^^ ^^® reading of some manuscripts, on 
 which Wolf remarks, ** Cum pecuniae siut nervi belli, non incom- 
 moda est hsec lectio." 
 
 Uplif tivfj rvdricdcl Priunquam . . . audiveritis, Arnold. 
 
 Before you have become aware either that some calamity hcLs already 
 befallen you, or is now about to happen, Absurdum est negligere 
 rem, quae tua interest antequam fiat: absurdissimum, antequam 
 facta sit. Sch^efer. * 
 
 NCv 5^ h^ aifT^u ^»P«*^] ^<*^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^*^^ *'^ *^^ * 
 
 [Page 10.1 
 crisis, that this is no longer possible, Cf. Ol. 1. p. 10. Obdh yitp 
 \6yos oudh ir«#fs €0* vfuu rod fi^ ra Uovra. iroieTu ie€\€iv iiroK^t- 
 ircTOi. ''Hftet is used impersonally like ventum est, and vpdyfiara is 
 not understood as Barker suggests. " »Afc/i< — Critical point; 
 crisis^ discrimeny Arnold. 
 
 ifiXoirpajiiotTvvTiv.l This is the first time Demosthenes used this 
 term concerning Philip, which be again repeats in Ol. i. p. 13 
 busy disposition, restlessness. Cf. Plato Rep. 649. Cf. the language 
 employed here about Philip with tbe words of Isocrates as quoted 
 under Phil. iii. p. 124. 
 
 "Exov & Karea-rpaTrrai.] Holding what he has already subdued 
 and seized. 
 
 *AiroxpV iyioi^ v/uv SrifAoala.] I verily believe that some of you 
 would be satisfied with that, from which we, as a State, would have 
 incurred shame, cowardice, and every imputation of folly. Smead 
 remarks that, " these however, were the very terms upon which 
 peace was afterwards concluded in 346, and which the orator him- 
 self allowed it prudent to accept." Siill this was no fault of his 
 If his advice had been followed now, perhaps in 346 he might have 
 been able to demand .better conditions. 'a^pXriKdres. 'OfXicrKdvo, 
 is used almost always in a technical sense. AIkyiu 6<p\. To be cast 
 in a suit, lose one's cause. But Her. viii. 26. AetXlriv &{i>\ei wphs 
 ^ao-xA^os. He drciv upon himself the reproach of cowardice from 
 the King. 
 
 Kai Tov vkeiovos opeyj/iei/os.] jlnd ever grasping for more. 
 There is a fine field here for a philologist to trace this root op 
 through its various languages. In Greek there are tipos, a moun- 
 tain ; 6p65, serum, whey ; opi/vfii ; oprv^, a quail ; hpy-f], anger; 6pyia, 
 secret rites; opyvia, all having the general meaning of risi7ig or 
 extending. In Latin, orior, ordior, porrigo. with the same mean- 
 ings. German, reicheu, rechen. English, reach. 
 
 ''lam ^v iKKaKecraia-d' vfias.^ aireyvdoKare.] And perhaps he 
 
 may provoke you^ unless you have given up altogether. A bitter 
 sneer at the laziness and inactivity of the Athenians. Cf. ^Esch. 
 23. T^u (ffi^ripav opy^p iyKaXia-aadai. Franke. 
 
 Hepi rod rificDp'fio'aaeat <^i\nrvoi/.} For the purpose of inflicting 
 punishment upon Philip. This intention would ot course be adopted 
 
86 
 
 KOTES TO THE 
 
 [Poge lO] 
 and the year as given by Arnold "was Ol. 106, 3. M^ vaOuyKcuc&i 
 
 ^h ^iXlirirov. That we may escape punishment from Philip, 
 
 [Pagell,] 
 
 Zira tovt' ayafievov/xfi/,] Shall we then wait for this, and if ye 
 tend empty triremes, and hopes from this and that one, do you think 
 that all will be well ? EIto is used in asking questions to denote 
 the impatience and indignation of the speakers. Cf. Plato. Apol. 
 28. EIt* ovk alffx^v^h ^ ^uKpares;* 
 
 Kcvas rpi'fipcis.'] I can hardly think that Babker is right in his 
 fxplanation of these words. He says that these vessels were sent 
 out empty to get their mercenaries from foreij^n parts, and the 
 general alone was with the vessels. But he refers IoOl. iii. 30. 
 AcKa vavs aircarclXarc tx^vra K€vks Xapl^nfJ-ov, as proof of his view, 
 which appears to have quite the contiary meaning; for the Athe- 
 nians had voted an armament much larger, and Ihis was all they 
 could get when the time came. The expression in my opinion is 
 emptyj vain, useless ships^ which from their very number were in- 
 significant for such a war. On the vevdcis re Kal ipcoriijcis which 
 follow in such rapid order, see Long. De Subl. sect. 18, with his 
 remarks upon them. 
 
 Ovk €{t/i€v vvv.] Shall we not go for A with at least a part 
 
 of our own soldiers 7 "HpirS ris] Some one asks. Demosthenes 
 fingit aliquem sic interrogasse, sive in ip?a contentione, sive antea 
 in familiari de eadem re sermone. Ho?, denotes motion towards a 
 place, and where used with &u requires the optative: without it, 
 the subjunctive, no? ris txBri is correct UotrLs av eXOri is soloecis- 
 tio. In Soph. Ant. 42, Uov yvtafi-ns wot* €?; vov here is equivalent 
 to Tot. Ct)mpare uhi gentium, Cic. in Cat. i. 
 
 Evpiiau Ttt (TaOpd 6 7r<^A6jLcos.] The war itself will find hit 
 
 weak points. Cf Tag. Hist. ii. 77. Aperiet et recludet contecta 
 et tumescentia victrieium partium vulnera bellum ipsum. TA 
 (radpd, aadevri, K€K\a<rfi€t/a, Hestch. 
 
 AoiZupovficvcov oLKovoyrcs rwv \ey6vrwy.] Hearing our ora- 
 
 ttn-t upbraiding and finding fault with each other. This seems to 
 have been a favourite amusement of the Attic orators, and for a 
 very good specimen of the Athenian Billingsgate see Dkm. de Cor. 
 p. 269. 
 
 FIEST rHILIPPIC. 
 
 87 
 
 Ovdfiror' ov9ev 7jfi7u ov fi^ y4vnrai tuv Myrcav.] Never at any 
 time shall we get any necessary thing done. Here we have no less 
 tlian four negatives to one expression, which makes a most vehe- 
 ment assertion. On the construction of ou /x^ see Jelf, 748 Of- 
 Mark, xiv. 26. OtjKeri ov pM viu €K rod ycyyfiuaros rf^y apvi\ov. 
 Also LuKK xxii. 16, Acts xviii. 14. 
 
 Kai rh rwv Ocuv cvpeyes avvaycoviCcrai ] Tficre the favour 
 
 of the gods, and Fortune fights with us. Evfievis. Neur. sing, of 
 adjective used for an abstract noun. Cf. Thuc. i. 08. T5 m<rry 
 rijs aKnOslas. Her. viii. 100. Th iroWhv rfys arpaririS, 
 
 "fiipiapa K€v6y—Tas aTrh rod ^jparos iKiriBas.] These words 
 refer doubtless to many an armament of the Athenians. Thoy 
 were decidedly a nation of talkers at this time, and endeavoujcd 
 to frighten the enemy by a mere decree for raising troops, and a 
 magnificent number to be called out. The orators fostered this 
 delusion, and as Demosthenes says the enemy laughed at them, 
 and the allies trembled for fear of both friend and foe. 
 
 TeOyaai rf Sec* robs roio{frovs airoa-rSXovs ] M.my explanations 
 of this accusative have been given. RtI^^KK supplies 5ta, which of 
 course makes it easy enough. Wolf connects it with narayeXwaif 
 and changes the ace. into the genitive; but the interveinng words 
 would then be strangely out of place. ScHiEFEa would make it 
 governed by Spuvres. But all these ways are liable to ot»jection. 
 As to changing readings, that should in no case be done unless upon 
 the best authority, which in this case is altogether in favour of the 
 present reading. A simple verbal notion, as Jelf. 360 says, is 
 sometimes expressed by a verb and substanlive, and the substan* 
 tive generally contains the required verbal notion. He alludes to 
 tlie following passages: CEd. Col. 221, Scos fcxere /ATyScj/ 6V avBw. 
 .^SCH. Agam. 81 5. 'V'f}<pov5 iOevro (pdopds. He gives also a similar 
 Latin construction from Pladt. Mkx(ech. v. 7, 27. Quid me vobis 
 tactio est. To the examples given add Dem. de Fals. Lkg. 366. 
 TfOvdvai rf (pSficp ®r}^aiovs Kal rovs ^iKinirov fcVous, and then iho 
 general meaning will be, aliquid sic metuerCj ut prce metu exanima' 
 rit. The accusative here then depends upon the verbal notion in 
 r§6yaai rf Sec*, and the whole is translated : Our allies die from 
 
88 
 
 irOTES TO THE 
 
 [Pafjelh] 
 very dread of such reinforcements^ or to give a still stronger but 
 
 not a very elegaiU tcim, are as afraid as death of such reinforce- 
 ments, 
 
 ^'Ei^a &u^pa ] The general, for in almost all these expeditions he 
 was the oniy mnu who was an Athenian, and Demostheoes had no 
 very exulted o])iiiion of the mcrcenaiies, although he scarcely told 
 thtjni so, still he hints his opinion pretty fieely a few lines below. 
 
 'Tjro(rx^<r9ai fi^uroi.,, ..eoTiy.] But it is possible to promise^ 
 and to talk glibly, awl to blame such an one and such another, 
 McVrot is much stronger than 5e, being equal to but I am sure* 
 Tiro(rx^(rOcu. Generals even in the present time are given to this, 
 and if history be impartial, the events of the late years will find 
 some who deserve to be handed down to posterity as well as 
 Oiares. Tlie At Xipuros uToiTXfVetj being a proverb as we learn 
 from Sauppe ad Zknob. ii. 13. 
 
 'Hy^Tai a$\i<oy awo/xlffduv ^fuwu.] The general leads mis^ 
 
 erable mercenaries vnthout pay, ^AirSfxiadoi is elsewhere used in 
 the sense of emeriti, paid off, Dem. p. 671. *Zk€7i/os &s k-ir6iii<r9os 
 yiyverat irapa rod Tifio^iov : and in the present meaning by Xek. 
 Hell. vi. 2. Reiske would read ^r^raz, on the authority of 
 some half d=>zen manuscripts , and he gives as explanation: ** A 
 general is said jirraa-OaL rwi/ (TTpaTitoToov, who is in the power of 
 the soldiers, who cannot deny anything to them, who can do nothing 
 wiih them, since he must endure their slights, connive at all their 
 crimes and misdeed?, because he has neither money to pay them, 
 nor hire others." But Sch^fer says, *' I would approve of Reiske^s 
 interpretation, if another epithet were applied to the soldiere, such 
 as oLKoXda'Twyy vPpt(6uTwv. But this inclines me to use TjyrJTai,*' 
 
 Oc 5* inrfp wu Siaiv.'] Jnd your orators here will lie to 
 
 you without any difficulty, about whatever he may do ehewhere* 
 It was the usual custom to have an orator in the pay of a general 
 to praise him and support his actions. "On ttv rvxHT^* Vote at 
 random on whatever you hear. 
 
 Ti Koi xph TrpoffloKMv ;] What^ then, can you expect 1 Quid^ 
 quaeso, expect andum est ? Wolp. I cannot illustrate this pas- 
 sage better than by quoting the following from Jklf. 760, 2. Qui, 
 '^^ Xph \fy^iv iutenogat is, quid did, non, an aliquid dici debeat 
 
 FIRST PHILIPPIC, 
 
 89 
 
 [Page 4.] 
 qnaerit; sed qui rl koI xp^l AeV"'* is non solum quid, sed etiam 
 an aliquid dicendum sit, dubitat (plene: quid dicendam est, si 
 omnino aliquid dicendum est ?) Herm. ad Vig. 837. In Eur. 
 Pbcen. 1373, PoRsoN remarks on ir&s Koi; Copula solet, interro- 
 gativis, rlsy iro>5, iro?, iroi/, iroZoy, postponi. 
 
 Mdprvpas] At p. 47 he calls them ivSwras. See note. AiKatr- 
 Toj. As mentioned in a previous note, all pubHc officers had to 
 submit to an examination of their accounts and conduct on retire" 
 ment from office. Of course all could not be dieasts — since there 
 was a regular court, as before explained, but it might come before 
 them. 
 
 Kvy 5* els rov^ ala'xvvrjs.] But now your affairs have become 
 
 involved in such disgrace. Tuv a-rpaTnyofv, They did not punish 
 their enemies in war, but exerted their best energies to condemn 
 their generals in peace, since impeachment dnd trial for life awaited 
 every unsuccessful general. Sauppe mentions the following gen- 
 erals as having been several times accused: Chares, Autocles, 
 Cephisodotus, Leosthenes, Callisthenes. In addition to these see 
 the trials of Iphicrates and Timotheus, in Grote, ch. Ixxvi. and in 
 a subsequent period of Phocion, ch. xcvii, 
 
 'AAAA rhv Tuv TTpoffiiKovros.'i Instead of falling fijkfhtinsj 
 
 bravely at the head of their armies, {rov TrpoffiiKovros) they retui*n 
 home to end their life in ignominy, like kidnappers and cutpurses^ as 
 he himself subsequently explains it. " From Xen. Mem, i. 2, 62, 
 we learn what the punishment of such persons was : rovrois ddt/a- 
 r6s ioTTiv Tj CnM-la," — Franke. 
 
 KaKOTL/pyou.'] Gen. after ^a'riv. For the pereon or thing to which 
 some quality belongs, or is essential to^ is put in the genitive after 
 {ivai. See Soph. El. 1054, UoWris ayvotas (ecrri). Her i. 107! 
 Tp6vov T}(rvxiov ecrri. In Latin the construction is the same. Liv. 
 xxxviii. 3, 4. Dolopes JBtolorum nunquam fuerant : Philippi erant. 
 
 [Paffe 12.] 
 
 T^p &'n^ai<av KaTaKvciv.} The Thebans were envied and hated 
 
 by the Athenians for their aggressions in Euboea, and by the Lace* 
 
 dseraouians, who could never forget Leuctra and Megalopolis. Any 
 
 attack upon Thebes then by Philip would not be regarded with 
 
90 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 PIEST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 91 
 
 [Page 12.] 
 alarm by the Spartans, who were not violently opposed to hina, 
 
 nor by the Athenians, as it promised them a little delay. 
 
 T^y voXireias ^iaa"irai/.'\ The dissolution of the republics. Wolf 
 explains this by establishing oligarchies, or tyrannies, in their stead. 
 Namh^c fuit Graeeorum ratio : reges urbesguberuari a singulis : oli 
 garchici, ut Lacedsemonii a paucis: democratic!^ ut Athenienses, a 
 multis, hoc est, a plebe, volueruot. Hoc est illud quod Thuo. ait. 
 Tovs AaKeBaifJLOviovs ^ov\€crdai rovs (Tvjxixdxovs ^trtfi^ltai (r<pl(Tiv 
 ttUTOiS voKiTfV€(rdai, rovr itrrly, oMyapx^taBai, 
 
 'Hs jSacnAea ] To the King. 'Hy for €is, an Atticism of frequent 
 oceurrence. Porson. ad Eur. Phcen. 1415» lays it down as a rule 
 that ws can be U5^ed for els only before persons, and gives as the 
 earlieat example of its use, Hom. Od. xvii. 218, us aUl rhy dfio7oy 
 &7€i Oehs ws roy 6fjLo7oy, Some of the German commentators have 
 attempted to disprove this, but without avail. 
 
 *Ey *l\\vpio7s.] Illyria was conquered by Philip in B. C. 366 by 
 his defeat of Bardylis near lake Bermius, and soon after, the King 
 tendered submission, which was accepted on condition of giving up 
 uil eastward of Lake Lychniiis. 
 
 ASy ovs irXdrToyrcs] Fabricating stories. Cf. Soph. Ajaz. 148. 
 
 \Syovs rpiOvpovs irXaTrwy. *'E«acrTos joined with a plural verb. 
 
 This is called the cxhy-a, Ka$' UXoy koI fiepos. The whole is put in 
 
 the nominative, and the distributive is put in apposition with its 
 
 several parts. Cf. Od. i. 424. A^ t6t€ KaKKeloyr^s <ifiay oXKoyZt 
 
 ^KCufTos. Acts li. 6. '^HKOvoy €Ka<rro5 els, r-p iBic^ dia\€KT(p. Si mi. 
 
 larly, Quisque in Latin. Ms. vi. 743. Quisque suos patimur 
 
 Manes. Tac. Hist. ii. 44. Suum quisque flagitium aliis ob- 
 
 jectantes. 
 
 ♦ M€d{f€iy r$ ixcycdei.l Intoxicated with the* greatnest of his ae» 
 
 tions, Thom. Magister remarks that fiM^iy is used ia various 
 
 meanings besides that of being made so by wine. And of this we 
 
 now adduce a few examples. T^^ iXcvdcpias nM^iy. Plat. Rbp. 
 
 662. D. "Zptari ixMuy. Anace. 17. Ebrius jam sanguine civium 
 
 et tanto magis eum eitiens. Plin, Quidlibet impotens sperare, 
 
 fortunaque dulci ebria. Hor. xxxvii. Bk. 1. 
 
 At which my soul aches to think, 
 Intoxicated with eternity. — By&ox. 
 
 V 
 
 [Page 12.-] 
 Oh fi4yroi ye /id Ar cfceivos.] Nor indeed, in very truth, does 
 
 he 80 choose to act, that the silliest among us may know what he is 
 about to do. The words after these are expunged by the index of 
 Lambinus. Reiske. The general idea is that Philip would not 
 like to have his subsequent actions thus talked about by these silly 
 babblers. Oii fidyrot yt.] These words are used here in an ironi- 
 cal sense to signify that although what has gone before may be 
 true, stillj nevertheless, Ac, Pe belongs to the preceding word. 
 Non tam£n certe (He&m. ad Viqbr, 842). 
 
 *Efc€?i/o €i5w/i6y.] We are fally satisfied of this. 'EfcfTj/o refers 
 not usually to what follows, as here, whereas ravr* refers to what 
 has gone before. 
 
 'Awocrepei.'] Here construed with two accusatives, as it is also 
 Dem. p. 839, T^j' Tifi^y avo(rT€p€i /te, whilst on p. 846 it is joined 
 with the accusative of the person and genitive of the thing. 'Efte 
 rwy airdyrwy air€<Tr€pTjK€. The allusion is doubtless to the loss of 
 the Athenian commerce through Philip's war vessels, and the con- 
 sequent plundering of the allies by him, and the capture of the 
 coast towns of Macedonia. IloXhy xp^^oy. During his whole reign 
 80 far. 
 
 Kai airayO^ rjfiiy icri'] And that all things, which we once 
 
 thought any one would do for us, have been found against us, and 
 the future is in our own hands^ &c, I see no reason for making 
 this sentence refer to Philip more than anybody else. It seems to 
 be a general expression of dissatisfaction at the continuous ill-suc- 
 cess of Athens. Nor do I think that ^IXiirrros is nominative to 
 fdpriTai, as Auoee advises, but rather airayO. ^' I know not if this 
 refers to Philip, or some Persian general or satrap : but many 
 things occur in Greek and Latin writers, where it is better to agree 
 with the words of the orator himself, rather than to follow up use- 
 less conjectures." Wolf. It refers to all the parties who had in 
 any way acted as Demosthenes here complains of. T^ \oiwk 
 rjfi7y iirrL Let us not trust these fellows again, but act like men, 
 and all will be well. If not, we must fight at home, if we are too 
 negligent to do so abroad. 
 
 TA ^4oyT^ ain)Wayfi4yoi„] We shall know what ottght to 
 
92 
 
 K0TB8 TO i;pB FIB8T PHILIPPIC. 
 
 [Pa<;e 12.] 
 be done, and cease our useless discussions. ^Arra ueed for &Tim, 
 
 The form itrSficOa 4yv<aK6m is a poetical form to give emphasis to 
 a simple future. See Jblf. 375, 4. 
 
 Eycl) /tfV.] " Tacite opponit alios oratores.** Vcemel. Hkv olv. 
 The usual close of a course of argument. Mci/ gives emphasis 
 and oZv refers to the general course of the argument. Eua. Ph(en. 
 448. Tl&Kai ficv olv vfivridey, oAA* o/jlws ipa>. 
 
 Uphs x^P^^ u\6fn)v Aeyetj'.] Did I choose to speak to win your 
 favour. "On fi^, nisi si quod. Herm. Vigkr, 849. OyScy ^o- 
 trT€i\dfi€yos.'i With no dissimulation. Cf. Ol. i. 14. 
 
 'EfiovKSfiTiv 5* Hv.] Jnd I would wiskj that as Iknow that it is 
 advantageous to you to hear what is best^ so I might know that it 
 XDOuld profit me speaking for the best. 
 
 "Nvy 6' cV dS^Xoxs y€irrj<rofi4uois.2 But now the event of 
 
 these things f so far as lam concerned j being unknown. The force 
 of M here is not quite evident, but by a comparison of other pas- 
 sages, we find it to mean, a defining the notion of coincident time^ 
 and farther to denote that it is after the events narrated. Her. 
 viii. 65. *E7r' i^etpyaa-fidvois i\6€7j/. To come after the things were 
 done, 
 
 *E7rt T^ (rvvoiffciv alpoviJLai.^ The order is M rtp v^TruffOou. 
 
 ravra awoiaeiv vfuv tiv Trpd^rjrcy atpovfiai \4yciv. Being persuaded 
 that these things will benefit you if you do them^ I made up my mind 
 to lay them before you. Nunc quanquam incertum est quidnam 
 hinc consecntus sim, tamen quid persuasum habeo haec vobis facta 
 utilia fore, haec loqui aggressus sum. This is Auger's paraphrase 
 of the last sentence, and brings out the meaning of the orator in a 
 fair manner. 
 
 fiiK(^7i (Tvyoio'fiy,'] May that proposition which shall confer 
 
 the most lasting happiness upon you, prevail. ** Quae victoria si 
 omnibus praeposita est, facile in concordiam rediretur, et capitales 
 inimicitiae in summam benevolentiam et mutuum amorem converte- 
 rentur." Wolf. Of. the conclusion of Ol. iii. and Pro Megal. p. 
 210. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC 
 
 This oration wa^ delivered in B.C. 344-3, Ol. 109.1, 
 in the Arehonship of Lyciseus. Diontsiits, p. 737. 
 
 AvKLO-Kos, icl> ov Tr)v i/3S6fir]v tCjV ^iKnnnKSiV SrjfJLTjyopLiLV 
 ouuero irpos tol^ €K IXcAoTron/i/orov Trpco-jSetas, ravrriv T-qv 
 apxqv irovq(Ta^€vo% "''Orav, w ai^Spc? 'A^Tymtoi, Xoyot yty- 
 vmvrai!* The occasion, as we learn from the introduction 
 of Libaniua, was one of some difficulty to the Athenians. 
 Embassies had arrived in Athens, but whence they came 
 or for what purpose, does not appear from the oration ; 
 still, it can be collected from the history of Philip. 
 About this time, Philip sent ambassadors to the Athe- 
 nians to complain that they had falsely accused him 
 among the Greeks of having made certain promises, and 
 afterwards having proved false to them, whereas, he 
 says, he never made any promises, and therefore could 
 not have been false ; and he asks them for their proofs. 
 Along with these ambassadors, others came from the 
 Argives and Messenians to complain of the Athenians 
 giving their support to the Lacedaemonians, who were 
 attempting to enslave the Peloponnesian cities. The 
 Athenians were at a loss what answer to make to each. 
 They were in alliance with the Lacedasmonians, and 
 
94 
 
 INTEODirOTIOK TO THE 
 
 looked with distrust upon the union of sentiment be- 
 tween the Argives and Messenians, and Philip. They 
 therefore preferred a union with the former to a seem- 
 ing community of interest with any of the adherents of 
 the king. Then again, Philip was correct in his state- 
 ment regarding the promises, for neither in any of his 
 letters to the Athenians, nor in the communications 
 through his ambassadors, was any promise given. The 
 promises had been held out by some Athenians, that if 
 peace were attained, he would protect the Phocians, 
 and reduce the insolence of the Thebans. This is the 
 statement of Libanius, and seems sufficiently accurate 
 to meet all the circumstances of the case. 
 
 The peace obtained by Philip in 346 was one of the 
 grand turning points in his career. It effectually opened 
 up to him the affairs of the whole Grecian world, and 
 wherever any discontent prevailed his emissaries were 
 sure to foment the disturbance. He appears, as G-bote 
 remarks in his xc. chapter, as " the great aggressor of 
 the age." But, in general, his policy was not to resort 
 to open war, but by wiles and stratagems of diplomacy 
 to effect what war could not. In every city where gold 
 could find an entrance there was a philippizing party, 
 and it generally included some of the most eminent men 
 of the state. In Athens, more particularly, was this 
 the case ; and here the great traitor was ^schines, 
 supported by Phrynon and Philocrates. They watched 
 the interests of the king, and fomented any disturbance 
 likely to advance his ascendancy in Greece. The Athe- 
 nians saw in less than one week after the signing of the 
 peace, that Philip was no friend of theirs, and the repre- 
 sentations which had gained that peace produced dis- 
 
 SEOOND PHILIMIC. 
 
 95 
 
 trust and resentment against him who had so deceived 
 them. Instead of gaining security and alliance with 
 their powerful neighbour, they saw themselves com- 
 pletely surrounded by his armies, and their enemies 
 rendered more insolent by their disgrace. For not only 
 were they deprived of their right of presiding at the 
 Pythian games and that honour conferred upon Philip, 
 and, in his absence, upon some of his slaves, but the 
 right of irpofxavreiaf or first consulting the oracle at 
 Delphi, was also taken away from them and bestowed 
 upon him — Phil. iii. p. 119; and a direct thrust was 
 given them, when, in spite of their efforts to save, Philip 
 completely abolished, the autonomy of the Phocian cities. 
 In this oration, then, one of the objects of Demos- 
 thenes is to arouse the anger of the citizens against 
 those men who had so deceived them. And in order 
 the better to induce them to adopt his ideas, he reviews 
 the actions of Philip since he obtained the peace, and 
 then launches out against the perfidious ambassadors 
 the full torrent of his anger at their duplicity and de- 
 ception. The answers to the ambassadors are not given, 
 nor can we conjecture what was their nature. 
 
 Eespecting the embassies which were at Athens when 
 this oration was delivered, a few remarks are necessary. 
 We have already stated the opinion of Libanius, and 
 with this Winiewski agrees. He further states that 
 one of the Macedonian envoys was the orator Python 
 mentioned in De Haloneso, p. 81 ; and further refers 
 to this occasion the statement in De Cob. p. 272. 
 
 *0t€ yap llv6(i)va ^LXanros c7re/xi/^€, TovBvt,dvTLOVyKal irapa rwv 
 avrov (rvjJifJLaxf^v iravTiiiv (TweTrcfjiij/c irpia/ieLS, a)S cv atcr^^ui/jy 
 irofqatav rrjv TroXtv koI S€l$q)v aSiKovaav, totc eyo) /xiv T<p 
 
96 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 HvOmvL Opacrvvofiivia Koi TroXXto piovri Koff v/awv, ovk €i$a 
 ov8' v7r€xa)p>7(ra. From the words employed, the state- 
 ment may be correct ; but we have no means of proving 
 it. The opinion of Dionysius is also given at the com- 
 mencement of this introduction. The whole tenor of 
 the discourse would hardly seem to warrant the idea of 
 the presence of Macedonian envoys at its delivery. 
 The tone is harsh towards the kin^, and his aggressions 
 are mentioned in no very complimentary terms. It 
 would hardly be considered in keeping with the charac- 
 ter of Demosthenes to suppose that he would hold such 
 language about a king with whom the Athenians were 
 at peace, and in the presence of his envoys, who came» 
 according to the received account, to demand explana- 
 tions for such language when delivered in Peloponnesus. 
 
 The presence of Argive and Messenian embassies is 
 quite evident as the whole of the first part of the oration 
 plainly indicates. Sparta had been endeavouring ever 
 since the founding of Megalopolis to recover for herself 
 the territory at that time wrested from her ; and as 
 Thebes was the enemy whom she had most to fear, she 
 made an attack upon Megalopolis at* the time when 
 the power of Onomarchus was greatest, B.C. 352. In 
 this attempt she was unsuccessful, but again in 346 she 
 renewed her aggression. This time, however, she at- 
 tacked Messene. The Arcadians and Argives at once 
 assumed the quarrel, and marched to the assistance of 
 Messene. By this aid, the Spartans were defeated. 
 But Messene was still afraid, and an embassy was sent 
 to Philip asking aid. He readily promised it, and sent 
 them troops and money, and also intimated to the Spar- 
 tans that they must resign all claims upon Messene. 
 
 SBOOlfD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 97 
 
 ♦' 
 
 i 
 
 Phil. ii. p. 69. Athens, warned by the fate of Phocis, 
 was fully aroused, and Demosthenes and others were 
 ^ sent to counteract the designs of Philip. — De Coe. p. 
 252. The embassy was not successful ; but enough had 
 been said by Demosthenes to induce the Peloponnesians 
 to look with less favour upon Philip. The Argives and 
 Messenians sent a counter embassy to Athens to en- 
 deavour to detach her from the alliance with Pelopon- 
 nesus, and it is in their presence that Demosthenes 
 
 speaks. 
 
 We have already mentioned that one of the objects of 
 Demosthenes in this oration, was to hold up to popular 
 indignation the perfidious ambassadors, by whom so 
 , inglorious a peace had been concluded. There is a fur- 
 ther train of thought which can be traced through it. 
 Demosthenes, by dwelling upon the aggressions of Philip, 
 is carefully preparing the minds of his hearers to break 
 the peace with him. And yet he does not directly 
 propose it; he tells them, at the very outset, that 
 nothing is done but speech-making, and his insinuations 
 naturally point to something more than words. Still, 
 recollecting the fate of others who had proposed unpop- 
 ular, yet salutary measures, he will not move to declare 
 war. The whole object of the oration then, is to supply 
 an answer to the Messenians and Argives ; to induce 
 the people to declare war against Philip, and to admin- 
 ister to the traitorous ambassadors a well-merited casti- 
 gation, and insinuate at the same time, that they ought 
 to be brought to trial. 
 
NOTES 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC. 
 
 Tl€p\ wu 
 
 ^ 
 
 [Page 14.] 
 . . . .€tp^i/7jj/.] Respecting Philip* s actions, and tn» 
 fringements of the peace, BidCcrai, sc. 'Trpdrreiv. BidC^a-eat some- 
 times governs the aec. of a neuter pronoun, as in Soph. Ant. 66. 
 *Cls ^idCojjLai Ta5€. Since I am forced to thiSj but in the present in- 
 stance it has not this force. Uapa t)]v clp-fivny. The peace signed 
 at Pheree opposite the temple of the Dioscuri in 346, between the 
 Athenians and Philip. 
 
 AiKalovs Ka\ (piXavdpdovovsJl Just and generous. " The orators 
 in their speeches professed the most unbounded respect for the 
 common rights of Greece, which are thus considered as applying 
 to the whole human race. The distinction between Greek and 
 barbarian precluded the rest of mankind from a just share in this 
 philanthropy, and hence it is that the love of their countrymen 
 was called by the most extensive term, love of mankind" Leland. 
 
 Aeyeiv rk hiovra ^oKovvras ] Appear to say what is proper = 
 Ety ScW \cyeiv, 
 
 Viyvdpei/ov 5' ^^lop."] But nothing that is requisite, so to 
 
 9peakj is done; nor for which it were worth while to hear them. The 
 meaning of this whole passage from the beginning is obviously as 
 follows : The Athenians listened with approbation to the speeches 
 made against Philip, and at the same time, being at peace with 
 him, were most desirous of remaining so. But Demosthenes in 
 this oration, and also in the Third Philippic, and the De Reb. 
 Chbrs. seems to have in view the idea of collecting enough evi- 
 dence to induce them to declare war. Hence his remark that 
 
100 
 
 ^'OTES TO THK 
 
 BKCOIVI} PHILIPPIC. 
 
 101 
 
 [Page 14.] 
 nothing had been done that is requisite ; which from the general 
 tenor of his speech we are inclined to interpret : No one has for- 
 tnally moved for war. 'as sttos etVetr = '^s (pali/eraiy &s ci/i \6yy 
 fiw€7v, d'y rvncp nepiAafieTv. SciDAS. 
 
 Els TOUT irpdy/jLara.] Cf Ol iii. p. 28. Ti 5c irpdyfiaTa 
 
 ciy TovTo irpoiiKovTa. 
 
 *E{5A€7xn trapa^alvovra.'] May convict Philip of transgress* 
 
 ing the jjeace towards you. This could easily be done by a con- 
 sideration of his treatment of the Phocians after the signing of 
 the peace at Pherae, and his continual interference in the affairs 
 of Thrace. True, these were not included among the allies of 
 Athens, but enough had been done to show that virtually they 
 were so. 
 
 Kal iraa-t, rols "EAATjtrt iiri^ovXcuot/Ta.] And plotting against 
 
 all the Greeks, The inhabitants of Megalopolis, Messene, and 
 Argos, were soliciting his active cooperation against Sparta, and 
 he sent word that Sparta must renounce all claims to Messene. 
 De Pace, p. 61. He sent troops to the aid of the oligarchical 
 faction at Elis, and captured Pandosia, Bucheta, and Elateia, 
 near the Gulf of Ambracia. He deposed Arrhjbas, king of the 
 Epirotic Moloosians, and attacked Ambracia and Leucas. Dbm. 
 Fals. Leg. p. 424. His troops were at Megarar and Eretria. 
 He subdivided Thessaly, again overran the Illyrians, Dardanians, 
 and Poeonians, defeated the Thracian king, Cersobleptes, and 
 fully established his influence in the Hellespontine affairs. Grotb, 
 Chap. xc. 
 
 Udin-as rovs ovxl AJ701S.] Ml who seek their own aggran- 
 dizement ought to be hindered by action and deedsj not by words, 
 lldvras is the better reading which is then the accusative before 
 KuKviiv, Arnold reads irdA/r^s which then stands without a verb. 
 Oux^« A negative proper ; the agreement of the subject and pre- 
 dicate being denied. The form is much stronger than the simple 
 oh* Cf. Ol. iii. p. 28. Ouxl raurck vapiararai fxot k.t.A. 
 
 *H/A6?9 ol •napi6vT^s.'\ Sc. M rh ^rjfia, WoLF. 'A(p4<rTafieVf by 
 syncope for a(pear'fiKafi€v. To^rotv refers to ^pyep koI irpd^caiv. 
 Translate : We the orators refrain from these things, fearing ^ Ac. 
 The extreme aptitude of the Athenians to impeach any one for 
 
 [Page li,] 
 proposing unpopular measures is quite evident from the gentral 
 
 history of the people. And even popular measures could not at 
 
 ^ly fill times escape the officious interference of some legal Athenian. 
 
 Compare the account of the impeachment of Philocrates for 
 
 moing to allow Philip to send a herald and envoy to treat for 
 
 peace in the early part of B.C. 846 (iEscmx. contra Ctks. p. 63), 
 
 and also the impeachment of Apollodorus for diverting the 
 
 Theoric fond to war purposes. Dem. contra Neaer. p. 1346. 
 
 T^iv irphs vfias aTrcx^^tav.] These words have a double signifi- 
 cation ; subjective, odium quo aliquem prosequor ; objective, odium 
 quod est apud me contra aliquem, Bremi, who further states that 
 the difficulty is in the preposition irpJs. But Schaefer rightly 
 remarks : Hanc ambiguitatem nou pendcre a prepositione wphsf 
 ied ipsam per se in esse substantive aircx^cio, quod nunc activam 
 vim, nunc passivam habet. It occurs in both significations in 
 Ve CoR. p. 237, Cf. Fals. Lkg. p. 368. 'Tfuy ^ih r^iv tx^pav 
 r^v vphs rohs Brj^aiovs M^^C'^'j *<A/7nry 5c r^jv x^P^^ vtiroiriKf. The 
 word invidia is similarly used in Latin. 
 
 'Hi Sciva Koi xo'^f'f'^J '^» — quam. However heinous and tin- 
 bearable they may he, Ol RaQii^i^voi, sc. h ry ^KKXticrict., ol ^Kovovrts^. 
 the hearers, 
 
 'Cis fjL€y &y. . • . . . TwelTjTf,] For making just speeches and under'- 
 standing another who may make them. *ns si hoc loco finalis par- 
 ticula esset, conjunctivi sequi debebant. Sed orator hoc dicit 
 eo modOj quasi eo genere apparatus, quo justas orationes habere 
 possitis, melius Philippo inMructi et parati estiSy u e. ad orationer 
 
 habendas parati estis. Franke. Elmsley denies ws hy 
 
 finalis In Attic writers at Soph. Ajax, 1217. 
 
 'E^* wy 4<rri vvv.] Which he now aims at. The force of M 
 here is to denote steady continuance "n a thing, Qi, Dem. Phil, i, 
 ^^ p. 42. *Eiri tt}j roiavrjjs y^ydtrdai yvJifxtis-rflr miter adhcerere huic 
 rationi, De Reb. Chkrs. Mcveti' M rr\s avolas rrjs aiirrjs &a"ir€p 
 vvy. Soph. Akt. 1127. 'Cls fiialas ^xfrai vayHR-ios v6\is M y6<roVf 
 where, however, Musgrave reads vvh on account of the construe* 
 tion. 
 
 :ivfi$aiy(i Z^ €Ik6s.] Jtnd therefore a necessary and perhaps 
 
 natural result follows. A^ is frequently used to draw a conclu- 
 
102 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC. 
 
 lOS 
 
 [PageH,] 
 ■ion, and sometimes to make a new point in an argument. Jelf. 
 
 121. 'Ev oh, an explanatory or determinative proposition, is 
 often used, like a direct one, asjndetically. This is a very fre- 
 quent form in Plato. Bremi. 
 
 ALKaidrfpa] Cf. supra ^iKaiovs \6yovs, Frankb explains these 
 words : Eae orationes dicuntur, quibus jura Atheniensium adver- 
 1U8 Philippum defenduntur. The orator therefore tells them, if 
 such orations suffice, there is no further trouble. 'P^5ioi/. The 
 copula omitted, which is frequently the case with this word, and 
 also ^povZov, troijxov, hvvarov. 
 
 Kai fi^ irpo€\d6ura avrapai dwrjcr6fjL€0aJ] *And that passing 
 
 events may no longer escape the notice of us all^ and a mighty power 
 may be raised up, which we shall not be able to tvithstand, 'Ettktt^- 
 ccToi fjLcyedoi hwducus = Ne magnitudo copiarum ingruatj i. e. Ne 
 tantis copiis et viribus oppugnemur. ^Avrapai, is sometimes 
 transitive, as in Thuc. i. 63. *'07rAa avraipSfi^voi, iii. 62. Otn-c 
 XcTpaj avraipofiivovs : and intransitive in the present instance, and 
 4ilso in Ol. ii. p. 25. 
 
 *0 avrhs Tpoiroy.] The same manner of giving advice. Non 
 •eadem profecto consulendi ratio, quse prius est adhibenda. — 
 LuccHKSiNi. *0 avrhs rp6'iros = eadem ratio ; avrhs d rpSiros = 
 ratio ipsa. A like usage is observed with rras. Her. ix. 81. T^ 
 wdyra 5eica, ten in all, Ae«a irdj/ra, ten each ; tj vaara iroKis, the 
 city, as a whole ; vaaa rj v6\isy all the city^ and still further iraaa 
 t6\i5, every city. 
 
 [Page 15.] 
 
 To $€\Ti(rTa Koi vpoaipercoy.] The best and safest measures 
 
 are to be preferred to the easiest and most agreeable. The word 
 aiinTovra must have been used here to excite the attention of his 
 audience, and suggest to them that with Philip now enveloping 
 them in his snares (Phil. i. p. 43,) they could not be safe. The 
 orator thus catches their attention. 
 
 'HkUos <5i7 */Atir7ros.] What like the power of Philip is, 
 
 and what he has made himself master of. 'HkIkos. Philip was at 
 this time an Amphictyon, elected in the room of the deposed Pho- 
 cians, and as such might, in case of any necessity, be elected 
 general in an Amphictyonic war against Athens, "Occty* He 
 
 i- 
 
 [PageU.] 
 was now absolute master from the Sinus Corinthiacus to the river 
 
 Hebrus, and northward nearly to the Ister. Besides he held 
 
 Thermopylae with a garrison, Phil. iii. p. 119. Cf. Isoc. Epist» 
 
 ad Philippum, advising him to put himself at the head of Athens, 
 
 Argos, and Sparta, uniting their forces for a general war against 
 
 Persia. 'Xol Se fx6v<p voWijv i^ovclav vvh rrjs rvxv^ SeJojU^vrjv, irphs 
 
 5^ To{fToi5 Koi irXovrov K<d ^vvapnv K€KTrip.€VOVy ^(rt]v ov^^Xs rwy 
 
 'EW-fiywy. 
 
 *E<p* vftay.] = Kad* vjuas, €t$ rh KaraJ^ovXdoO'aaBai vfias, WoLF. 
 The orator could give no positive proof that such was the case, 
 yet was justified in his suspicions. 
 
 A^TiOrivai.'] This verb is construed with a gen. of person only, 
 as here ; or another of the thing, as Her. iii. 157. T&v ihe^ro 
 ff<pwv. Sometimes an ace. is also joined with it ; as Thuc. v. 67. 
 
 ^EUopto Boitin-ovs. Cf. De CoR. p, 227, 'Aftw Koi ddofiai vdvrwy 
 
 * 
 dfjLolws ifMuv a.Kovo'al fiot. 
 
 Aiit fipax^ofV'] Patuis (verbis); In few words. Other forms to 
 express the same idea are, iy fipax^h ^v fipax^o'i* Soph, El. 675. 
 Karefc ^pax^- ThuO. iv. 90. 
 
 AC ots.'\ " Vulg. Koi 5t' &y, Dedi de meo sensu, koI 5t* oSs sc. 
 Xoytfffiois.^* Rbiskb. *E/iot irapi<rrr\K€ vpoff^oKav.l Uapa(rTrjK4yai 
 = Stat mihi sententia. It has occurred to me to think, Ac. Cf. 
 Ol. iii. p. 28. Ovx^ ravr^ vapiffTarai fiot ytyv(i><rK€iy. Ai* &y. 
 The signification of these words is : the very thing which we use 
 as an instrument, whereas 5t' ots signifies the remote cause which 
 we look to. Ycemel. 
 
 BcAtiov.] After this word rwy &Wajy is inserted in many edi- 
 tions, on which Hermann remarks, " Nihil est causae, cur omitta- 
 tur.** I have rejected it with Dindorp and the best English 
 editions. 
 
 Ol eafi^ovyT€s auT^.] 2%ose unterrtfied persons who trutt 
 
 him, alluding more particularly to iEschines and Philocrates, 
 Ol 0afi^ovyr€Sy securi, imperterriti. Wolf. Posterius praestat. 
 Schjefbr. npo(Teri<re€, sc. \|/fl4>ov. You may agree with them. The 
 word ^(poy is not added at all times, but we have the full con- 
 Btruction in Dbm. p. 1820, vpoa-Oefityoi r^y rf/ri<f)oy ; and in ^BOH. 
 EuM. 735, \ffrifoy 5* 'OpcVri? T^y8' 4y^ Tpo<re'f}<TOfjLat, and also in 
 
304 
 
 N0TE8 TO THK 
 
 [Pf^ge 15.] 
 Th[;cj. i. 40. The general meauing, io Join or iidd one's self to, 
 with the addition of \^^<^ot/, means to agree wilh^ to give one*s vote 
 in favour of, 
 
 Aoyi^ofiai.] Reason thus, UuKwi/, By the seizure of this pass 
 he secured an entrance into Greece, and the power of determining 
 "the Phocinn war. 
 
 Tuy cV *»/ceDcrt irpayfxdTuy.] Ttjs *Afi:}>tKTvoyLaSy koI rijs hiaBifr^ws 
 ray Uveiajy, fiaWoy 5c rijs o\r)i 4>a>/ci5oy. WoLF. Rerum qu<B in 
 Phocensibus gerebantur, Fuakke. Soon after his entering Pylae, 
 he proclaimed himself the ally of Thebes, Dbm. Fals. Lbo. p. 360, 
 .and destroyed the Phocian towns to the number of twenty-two. 
 Fals. Leg. p. 379. . 
 
 *A eTj^aiois irposiKtro,] He preferred to act in the interest 
 
 of the Thebansj and not in ours. In the oration De Pace, p. 59, 
 Demosthenes gives the promises upon which Philip was allowed 
 to pass Thermopylae, after the orator had done all he could to 
 preyent him. Fals. Leg. p. S46. He says, that Philip would 
 protect the Phocians, disperse the Thebans, repeople Thespiae and 
 Plataea, and give the Athenians Euboea and Oropus in return for 
 Amphipolis. But soon after the passage, he not only proclaimed 
 himself the confederate of Thebes, but restored to them Orchome- 
 nos, Coronea and Corsia, and transferred to them a portion of 
 Phocis, and in addition declared that he would follow up the 
 Theban policy in regard to Phocis, and all other matters. Fals. 
 Leo. pp. 365, 369. 
 
 "Ori vph? Tr\€ov€^iay tfeTo^wy.] Making his calculations 
 
 mth a view to his own aggrandizement, and the reduction of every- 
 thing under himself &c. OvJc nixaioy ovScV. Nor anything that 
 is just, 
 
 Oti rfj fxhy -npodirOs ] That to our city, and to principles 
 
 such as ours, he could neither offer nor perform anything of such a 
 kind, as that, persuaded by it, for your own advantage, you would 
 sacrifice to him any of the other Greeks. *Eyd€i^airo. Se ostenta- 
 turum esse, Arnold following Fkankk translates this word would 
 be able to pretend, se nihil ejusmodi ostentare, i. e. polliceri, cum 
 tamen praestare nollet. But this is scarcely the meaning, and 
 I have preferred the interpretation of Yceukl and Sch^efbe. 
 
 SECOND niTLlPPIC. 
 
 105 
 
 y 
 
 [Page 15.1 
 ToD hLKaioj Koyov iruioviJLivoi.] Jusiit.ifp ralioneiii habentes'- Form- 
 ing a just estimate of what is right, UdyS' & irpoa-'fiKei wpoopcofnyoh 
 Omnia qu<B decet providentes,— Exercising proper forethought, 
 
 *A«n-l ruty kwrrols yiyvoiJLh(i)v,^ In return for the services ren^ 
 dered them. What the services and benefits were has already been 
 stated above. 
 
 OuY ^'^«y ^^^^ '^*^'] ^^^^ solum non . . , .sed etiam. Jelf. 
 
 762, 3, c. 
 
 Ktti vvy (if TTotet.] Jnd now having formed the same judg- 
 ment, he is befriending the Messenians and Argives, The hatred of 
 these people to Sparta made them not only anxious to unite with 
 Philip against her, but even to prefer his authority to any inter- 
 ference from Sparta. Hence below we find that he had sent 
 money to them, and was even expected there himself, p. 69. 
 Farther from De Pace, p. 61, we learn that these same people 
 were hostile to Athens on account of her treating with the Lace- 
 daemonians. 
 
 Kad* ifiiuy ^yKd)pL^ov,] The use of naTo. here is exceptional, 
 means in the case of, about, in regard to the object of consideration, 
 regarded as lying beneath under consideration. Still, however, 
 other examples of this use are found in classical authors. Aris- 
 TOT. de Anim. i. 1, Mia fiidoBos nark irdyruy, and compare the 
 parallel passage in De Cor. p. 300. " Kairoi rpla iv iialvrf r^ 
 Vfi^pa vacriv aySptifirois eSeiiay iyKwfxia 0T?)8aTot KaB* vfxS>y KiiXKitrrtu*' 
 ScHiBFER. 
 
 KiKpitree yap 7rpoeV0at.] For you alone of all are adjudged 
 
 by these very ad ions of his as not likely to barter the common rights 
 of the Greeks for any advantage to yourselves. Ta koiv^ S/wata rwv 
 ^ZWiiytay, Wkstkrmann interprets this to refer to the indepen- 
 dence of the Greek states secured by the peace of Antalcidas, 
 which was disturbed by the seizure of the Kadmeia by the Lace- 
 daemonians. But it refers with far more likelihood to the abso- 
 lute freedom enjoyed by them, which they were now too anxious 
 
 to give up to the Macedonian. Mtj^^yos &y Kepdovs vpoi*rdau 
 
 Of. De Rkb. Chkrs. p. 107. Care must be taken not to under- 
 stand h-^Ka in either case. Est aliquid perdcre ut aliud lucreris. 
 SOH^PSB. KSp^ovs, x<^P^'ros, w(p€\flas. Genitive of price. 
 
106 
 
 NOTES TO THB 
 
 SKCOND I'HTLIPPIC. 
 
 107 
 
 [Papeie.'] 
 'ftj €T4pa)s.] 'fis abnndat eleganter, et vacat ante irdprn, sicuti 
 quam apud Latinos ante superlativum. Wolf. It is not redun- 
 dant, but increases the force of the adverb, as if you had aaid : 
 how different ! ut aliter ! 
 
 Tk yh TovTtav \oyL(6^€vos .'] From a consideration of our pre- 
 vious history. 
 
 'Eihy avTois iSacriAfi.] TVhen they could have ruled the 
 
 rest of the Greeks provided that they acknowledged the king, Ac. 
 Ibocrates in his Panegyric relates the same fact. " Herodotus 
 makes no mention of it so far as I know.^' Wolf. ^'Ho-tc. Con- 
 junctionem expectaveris quae conditionem exprimat, 4<i>' $t€, sub 
 ea conditioner ut; Pierre significat consequentiam. Brkmi. Qt 
 Thuc. iv. 23. ^'rio'Tc Tohs &y^pas (rwaasj ut cives suos servaret. 
 
 BcMTiAft.] Dative after incoKoi^iv, which also governs the geni- 
 tive, as Thuo. (nroKovovros rSov ^XdrivaCoov, 
 
 *Hvue ^\d€v 'A\4iauSpo5 6 ro^ruy irpdyoyos.] To6ruy, sc. Maic€- 
 96ya>y. Series generis: Amyntas, Alexander, Amyntas, Philippus, 
 Alexander. The circumstances alluded to Here are briefly these 
 After the battle of Salamis, (Sept. 28rd, 480) Xerxes hastened to 
 the Hellespont, and crossed over into Asia Minor, leaving Mar- 
 donius with a force of nearly 300,000 men, made up of Persians, 
 Bactrians and Medians, with contin§:ents from other nations! 
 Hbr. viil 113. Mardonius marched into Thessaly and there win- 
 tered ; and in the meantime certain old oracles were revived 
 "that the Athenians and Persians should conquer Lacedaemon.'* 
 Her. viii. 141. The time seemed opportune to send an envoy to 
 Athens with offers of an equal and independent alliance. Her. viii. 
 140, and also of the restoration of all that Xerxes had destroyed." 
 The envoy was Alexander of Macedon, who, with the Boeotian 
 leaders, still remained faithful to Mardonius. The answer of 
 Athens was to this effect, Her. viii. 143 : « Tell us not that the 
 power of the Mede is greater than ours ; we know that too : but 
 we regard freedom more, and will defend it as long as we can. 
 And now tell Mardonius, so long as the sun continues in the 
 course she now does, we never can form alliance with Xerxes." 
 And to Alexander himself they said : « We desire no harm to 
 come to thee, being a guest (ir/xJ^cti^ov) of the Athenians, but for 
 
 
 < 
 
 [Page^6.] 
 the future, bearing such messages as these, show not thyself to 
 the Athenians." Then turning to the Spartan envoys, who came 
 to induce them to remain firm to the cause of Grecian freedom, 
 they replied, viii. 144: "There is not enough gold anywhere 
 in the earth, nor any territory so abounding in beauty, and fruit- 
 fulness, in return for which we could be induced to medize 
 (/xu5iCa>'T€j) and enslave Greece, for so long as one Athenian 
 survives, in no way can we form alliance with Xerxes." The 
 answer of the Athenians being conveyed by Alexander to Mar- 
 donius, he set his army in motion, and, passing through Bceotia, 
 again appeared before Athens, which was a second time aban- 
 doned to the Persians, June, 4T9. HKE.ix.2,3. The inhabitants 
 fled to Salamis, and despatched envoys to Sparta for aid. Mar- 
 donius sent a Hellespontine Greek, Murychides, to renew the 
 offers of Alexander, and held out the additional inducement to 
 them that he would not ravage their territory. Again his offers 
 were rejected so unanimously that Lycides, an Athenian senator, 
 having alone proposed their acceptance, was set upon by the 
 rest, and stoned to death, ix. 4, 5. Finding them obstinate, 
 and not being able to remain in Attica, Mardonius retreated mto 
 Boeotia, and soon after (Sept. 25, 419,) was defeated at Platsea. 
 The Persian power on the same day received another reverse 
 from Cimon, in the famous battle of Mycale. 
 
 Thy X'ip'^" ^«X.ir«v.] Alluding to the evacuation of the city 
 and the withdrawal to Salamis, both when Xerxes was advancing 
 in 480 and again in 479. Merct ravra, must refer to both these 
 desertions of the city. 
 
 -A ^dvr.. Mi" «J y^ixoyrai X^7«v.] Which all are eager to pro- 
 claim. ni.T«. These glorious actions have been celebrated 
 4mone others by Phryniohu8 in his lost PhcBnUs<B, iEscH. Pm«, 
 IsocbItes, Oratio Panegyrica, c. 27, and chiefly Heeodotus, Books 
 Ti. Tii. viii. and ix, who, in his narrative of this very event uses 
 the verb y\lx^,r0a,, here employed by Demosthenes, viu. 143. 
 
 •A««J 8" omU «VeTv miunrat.} Yet none could worthdy pro- 
 claim them. Mr. Kennedy appositely quotes Shaks. Conol. Act lu 
 
 *** I shall lack voice ; the deeds of Coriolanus 
 
 Should not be uttered feebly. 
 
108 
 
 NOTJES TO THE 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC. 
 
 109 
 
 [PagelQ.] 
 For ovBcU, ScnifiFF.R prefer? oU* cf*, which is certainly stronger 
 Not one. 
 
 "Ecrrt yap ju€ifw &v ftiroi.] For their deeds are so great that 
 
 one cannot speak them, " The word A<^y<^ is frequently contrasted 
 with ^pytff, the former denoting the name, pretext^ or appearance ; 
 the latter, the lealUy:' Brassk a/f (Ed. Col. 781. CC Porsoh 
 Phomissce, 512, and the examples there cited. 
 
 Tovs Zf B-n^aiwv irpoy6yovs.] Depending upon tvplcKu 
 
 Tovs fify TOVS 5€ . The former^ fellow-soldiers mih the bar^ 
 
 barian ; the latter^ not opposed to them. The Thebans seem td 
 have had an unenviable notoriety among the Greeks on account 
 of their favouring the enemies of their common country. They 
 fought with Mardonins against the Athenians at Plat«a. Hib» 
 ix. 6t. And as regards Argos we learn from Hia. vii. 148, that 
 after much hesitation they consented to join, if the Lacedsemo- 
 nians would make a truce of thirty years, and allow them to be 
 leaders of one half of the army, stating at the same time that they 
 were entitled to the whole, but would be contented with the half. 
 Thia having been refused, they remained neutral, alleging aa a 
 reason that they could join no Panhellenic levy, unless as chiefa. 
 It is probable even, as Herodotus hints, that they would have pre- 
 ferred the success of Persia to a further aggrandizement of Sparta. 
 Then again iu 479 they sent word to Mardonius of the intended 
 march of Pausanias to the aid of the Athenians, in consequence 
 of which he evacuated Athens. Grote, chap, xxxix. says that 
 some affirmed that ihe Argives invited the Persians into Greece, 
 as a means of protection and vengeance to themselves against 
 Sparta after Mieir defeat by Gleomenes. 
 
 'iSi'a rh hvTir^Kovv ayairi]<rovm.^^ Will study their own pri-^ 
 vate intereatK, *Aydiray here has the accusative of equivalent no^ 
 lion, *I840t, dativus comraodi. 'Ayd-jray is also construed with a 
 dative of what causes the emotion, as: ayairav rois xnrdpxownw 
 ayoBols, Lysias, 192, 26, To be contented with the good things ct 
 hand, 
 
 *Ewl rois ZtKutoii.] Upon just principles, Vos neque ministrog 
 libidinum, neque adju tores ad iDJuriag. Wolf, 
 
 'i 
 
 [Page 16.] 
 
 'Ek^I^ovs &ye ii^Zv oipcrra..] Both then and now he nlecU 
 
 them inttead of you. T<{t€ " relates to the period before the peace. 
 The words koI Tcire Ka\ vvy, and others of s like character, are 
 nsually joined with a present tense, Soph. El. Ql6, vdy t€ koI t<Jt' 
 iyyina. This is even true if the order of the words be rerersed, 
 as " Kal yvy ff iyiolc^s «al t<Jt' ^lo^l<rra^iai:' SCH^FEE. Sometimes, 
 however, the tenses vary, but when such is the case the latter is 
 added to strengthen the former, as Plato. Gorgias, 43. TaBra 
 iK^oy ««1 t,{tc, k«J y'vy Kh"- 1° ^« Corona, p. 236, Demosthe- 
 nes says : 'Ttt^p o5 Kal t<Jt€ koI vOr, «al M i^\oyS> ^oXt^uy Kal 
 Sia<t)4i)f(r6<u roirois. .... 
 
 possession of more triremes than you. For ip?, 6pa>' and 6p& are 
 given as readings by Rkiske. Again: for o»<r«s the common 
 reading is iyoiaas. Wolf suggested oS<ras or iropou<rai. We 
 have given o6<r«s with Bbkkbk, Disdorf, and the best English 
 editions. Thebes, being an inland city, could scarcely have a 
 navy, and in reality bad none. 
 
 OJS- iy M^. rv ^..<roy.k i^^-rrn^.v.] Nor ftos he acquired 
 
 an inland empire, and renounced that of the sea and the manttme 
 cities. The meaning is : " Although he eagerly desires an empire 
 by land, much more does he wish to acquire one by sea-but 
 although he knows you to be the most suitable to acquire it for 
 him, still he distrusts your integrity- Wolf. TSv ^m"<'P«»v i. 
 
 ffoverned by iupicrriKey. • 
 
 promise*. This verb nearly always governs the genitive, but 
 when it means to retain in the memory, to repeat from, memmy, 4c., 
 it governs the accusative. 'T^o-rx^^.s. Libanius in the argu- 
 ment of the oration, says Philip denied having ever made any pro- 
 mises which he did not afterwards carry out If such be the case, 
 ^chines and Philocrates must have invented a strange stoy for 
 the Athenians, a^ related by Dbm. Fals. Leg. p. 409. He ttere 
 «,lates that Philip promised, on condition of obtjni-g P^J^. 
 -that he would save the Phocians, humble the pnde of Thebes, 
 confer benefits on you beyond the value of Amphipol.s. and .«- 
 turn Eub«a and Oropus." And this is confirmed by the De Pact, 
 
110 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 81iC0M> PillLil^PIO. 
 
 Ill 
 
 [Page 16.] 
 p. 59. Cf. Fals. Leg. p. 346. Depending upon one hope after 
 
 another^ and upon promises {vTroax^<r€(riv) ; p. 391. Nor that there 
 
 should be witnesses of the promises {inroa'x€(r4(ay) upon which he 
 
 obtained the peace, 
 
 *E(f>* cus TTjs elp-fjinj? €tux6J'.] Upon which he obtained the peace. 
 Arnold remarks upon this : *' As if the Athenians had dictated to 
 him the terms of peace." Not so. For after the peace had been 
 sworn and the ambassadors had returned to Athens, Demosthenes, 
 being senator that year, made a report of the proceedings of the 
 embassy in presence of a large audience, shewing them the whole 
 proceedings from first to last, laying down his suspicions of 
 JEschines, Philocrates, and Philip, and advising them to send 
 away a fleet to seize Thei-mopylae (Pals. Leg. p. 346). The ships 
 were ready at a moment's notice, having been voted in case of 
 any emergency, p. 444. Also .Esch. Fals. Leg. p. 33. Demos- 
 thenes then means that, if the Athenians had not been deceived by 
 false promises^ they would not have granted peace. 
 
 'fls TrivTaravra exScus.] With a knowledge of these facts ; i. e. 
 Knowing you to be above corruption, and the Thebans and 
 Argives to be venal and possessed of less naval advantages. 
 
 ScH^FEB connects ^Xiroi cISc^s, and says ; Dicat aliquis quasi 
 
 totum rerum hodienarura statura penitus conspectum habens. 
 
 *AAXa ry diKai6r€p* d|toi/i/.] Quod (squiora postulent. WoLP. 
 Because the demands of the Thebans were more just. The common 
 reading is ^inaioripovs^ quod justiores judicant Thebanos, quam 
 vos. ^ 
 
 Kal fi6yov,1 When Koi is thus added to verbs, adjectives, and 
 indefinites, it has an intensive force. NOv. After he had ordered 
 the Lacedaemonians to give up Messene. Reiske. 
 
 Mfo'a'fivriv,} The wars of Sparta to acquire this territory, and 
 the persistency she showed in refusing the autonomy of the city 
 Messene, are well known. On two separate occasions, after the 
 battles of Leuctra and Martinea, she refused to make peace if 
 that were a condition, (Xen. Hellsn. vii. 4 ; Diod. xv. 89.) In 
 fact, it was too galling to Sparta to acknowledge a people sprung 
 from her own Helots, and a city founded as a memorial of her 
 defeat. Yet all the allies of Sparta in her wars against Thebes 
 
 (f^ 
 
 [Page 16.] , 
 
 would have acknowledged the city, and it was even made a 
 matter of Athenian foreign policy. Dem. pro Megal. pp. 204, 206. 
 That Philip should now order them to give up all claim against 
 the city, must have been violently opposed by them. 
 
 •Opvo^evb. Kol Kop^yeiav.] These cities had always been auto- 
 nomous, and Thebes had no right to them, except the right of the 
 
 strongest. ^ 
 
 T^ SiKu^a TK^curo ;] Could he allege by way of excuse 
 
 that he had done these things from a conviction of justice ? Cf. tor 
 a similar meaning of ,rK^T.,r9«., Hee. vii. 28. Oi84 ^di+oM"' 
 rb uJ, ,m.a^ rV ¥^'->vrov oh,ylvv. The grammarians explain this 
 verb by ™Aa,rfC«<reo.. " The Lacedemonians might contend 
 that they possessed a prescriptive right to Messene ; whereas the 
 Thebans conld only plead their desire to obtain Orchomenos and 
 Coronea." Jacobs. 
 
 ■AA.V ifii<i<rev, ical ^aph. yv^m" <rvy^X<ism<'^ '•«"'^« J -^"' "* ^'" 
 compelled by force, and yielded these things against his mil. Not a 
 supposed objection, as Arnold declares, but an actual represen- 
 tation, as we learn from De Pace, p. 62. ♦U.^o. rolyvv t.v« 
 
 uky S^ov ToXi^ai xiy^iv «. o68' ^0o.5a.to i^' iivo-yni^lh,. 
 
 \nd we may conclude that JEschines would invent such an ex- 
 ^use to palliate his previous representations of Philip's intentions. 
 
 TS,y @,rraKS,y \^<(.e€.'s.] Being surrounded by Thessalian 
 
 horse and Theban infantry. The Thebans and Thessalians always 
 regarded Philip with friendly feelings ; the former, ever smce his 
 residence among them; the latter, since the time when he sub- 
 dued Onomarchus and Lycophron of Pherx. Both had been 
 favourable during the Phocian War. 'I^re'o-,'. " The Thessalian 
 cavalry was famous, the country being well adapted for breeding 
 horses. It consisted of above 3,000 men and even that number 
 could, as Xbnophon (Hkllen. vL 1, 8) tells, be doubled in tunes 
 
 of danger." Abnoid. 
 
 [Page 17.] 
 
 'Tirrfirras ^x""-] ^or fiiroirreiSt.y, suspectum habere, diffidere. 
 The Thebans were an object of envy to the Athenians, and any 
 news tending to a reduction of the Boeotian city was eagerly re- 
 ceived. Cf . Phil. i. p. 54. TlpdrTfty rifv &riPaiav xaTiKvffty. 
 
BECONB PHILirPIO, 
 
 113 
 
 112 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 ny *EA<£Temi/ rezxie?.] That he is going to fortify EUitea. Tci- 
 X*€?. Attic future. Elatea, a town of Phocis, and next to Delphi -i 
 the most important, was situated in a fertile valley near the «/ 
 Cephisus, and formed the key to the pass from Thessaly into 
 Boeotia. It shared the fate of the other Phocian towns destroyed 
 by Philip at the conclusion of the Sacred War. Philip did not 
 desire to garrison the town so long as he could rely upon Thebes, 
 and it would havo seemed strange if the new Amphictyon and 
 avenger of Apollo had restored and garrisoned a town so lately 
 destroyed by himself. However, in B C. 339, he seized the town 
 while marching as the Amphictyonic general to punish the Loc- 
 rians. and soon after commenced to fortify it. This was even 
 more than Demosthenes at this time (B. C. 344-3) expected. 
 Philip in his march southward in S39 concealed his object until 
 he came into possession of Elatea, and then, being in a position 
 to force the Thebans, he disclosed to them the true object of his ■ \ 
 march, viz., the attacking of the Athenians, Dem. De Cor pp 
 293, 299. 
 
 Kol fi€\Kr)(r€i y€.] And indeed he will be about to do them-. 
 ^^' r^* «^ quidem. Jelf, 735, 10 ; or yc may mean more- 
 over j as in Eur. M*d. 1392. 
 
 :ivp.$d\\€tv oh fj.€\\€L] On this reading Franks observes, 
 adopting it as his reading, and referring it to Mcatrrfulois nal 
 Apyciots, Sunt dative qui dicuntur commodi, "pro Messeniis et 
 Argivis,'* sc, in horum conmodum^ cum Lacedcemoniis confligere. 
 The reading of Sch;efer, authorized by many manuscripts is 
 irvvua-fid\\€tvj but we hear of no invasion, and this reading can 
 therefore hardly be correct. I have retained the reading (rvfifid\^ 
 h€tv, and would translate ; But that he is going to join the jSr<Hves 
 and Messenians against the Laced<Bmonians ; this he is not going to A- 
 do. He might send them money and men, and might even be 
 expected himself, but he is not really going. 
 
 s.4vovi €i<nr€>ir€i.] A rhetorical flourish of Demosthanes to 
 indicate the contempt of Philip for anything like secrecy in the 
 matter. We read nowhere else of such mercenaries having been 
 tent 
 
 Tohs ti\v ivrui ix^pvvs i,vv a<i>(ui'^ Is he flow going to 
 
 [Pa(jen] 
 destroy the Lacedamonians, being enemies of the Thebans, and w he 
 about to protect the Theban^, whom he formerly destroyed? An 
 answer to those who said he was compelled to do in Phocis, what 
 he would not have wished, by the Thebans. He shews the ab- 
 surdity of that by his present acts. •'Ovros Hoc loco mag- 
 nam vim habet, significat emin existere, oppositum ot,s iirc^Xccrcv. 
 Brbmi. 'Attc^Xcctc,.. Dem. de Fals. Leg. p 361, describes the ap- 
 pearance of the country after Philip had destroyed its towns : 
 OIkIos KaT^<rKafifx4yas, rci'x^ irepivp^iya, X^P^^ ^W^*' '^«'' ^*' 
 ^AiKi'a, yi^paia 5^ Koi icaUpia oKiyh, ical wp^trfi^nas avBpd^icovs oXk- 
 rpovs oifh' &v cTs StJvaiT' i<plK€(reai ry \6yv rwu ^iccT fcofcwv ^vy 
 
 " Ka rishp iri<rT€i5(r«6i/.] And who. pray, could believe this ? 
 
 Kol is thus 'elegantly used to introduce some imionsequcnce m 
 the question. Arnold. Cf. Cic. Milo. 33. Et sunt qui de via 
 Appia querantur, taceant de curia ? 
 
 ^Zyi^ tLlv oh^ Uv ^vorrtoCcrea,.] For I, for my part do not 
 
 think thai Philip would continually oppose the enemies of the The- 
 bans, even if he had acted so at first much against his will, and were 
 now beginning to give them up in despair. The first ^u belongs to 
 iyayriodaeai, Jelf. 405, 2, and is then repeated (epanaleptically) 
 as is often done, with one of i\ie;oMs, Arnold. •E7ai f^^y^ 
 
 '^•El^i^orp^^ Used adverbially •x institute. Cf. p. 1097, 
 
 •AAV iK irpoaiphivs KaX ^ov\i\(rem ylyvovroA. . , .^ 
 
 •E^ ^i^^y 5' avyrdrru>y] And upon the whole, if any 
 
 one take a correct view of the matter, everything he takes in hand 
 he cunningly moulds in opposUion to our city, l^vvrirr^v, adjun^it 
 nbi socios, per quos nos oppugnef. ^ x. ai 
 
 Upay,uire6erai.] I 6., dv\6s i<Tri irpayfiarevSfi^vos, deprehendl- 
 tur. si quis recti reputet, eum omnia machinari in fraudem reipub- 
 lic4 Reiske. The whole course of Philips policy from his cap. 
 tnre of Amphipolis till the fatal defeat at Cheron»a, only showed 
 too truly the correctness of this declaration of Demosthenes. 
 
 Nvv 7€ 5«.] Now at least, nunc certe quidem, whatever it may 
 have been formerly. Arnold. 
 
 TotJrow a* ^^J] ^^ ^ ^ persuaded hvMtlf that you 
 
114 
 
 KOTE8 TO THE 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC. 
 
 m 
 
 [PageM.] 
 alofu are opposed to this, to his desire of absolute dominion, 
 ScHJBFiR reads here vw€i\n<pijs, quia sibi pertuatit^ and removes 
 the fall point at ifias, 
 
 Kal rovTo ainhs c avry ] ^nd he knows this best in his otcn 
 
 mind. On this whole passage cf. the speech of Gains Memmius in 
 Sall. Jug. Chap. xxxi. Nam fidei quidem ant concordias quae spes 
 est? Doroinari illi volunt, tos liberi esse: facere il4 iojurias, 
 T08 prohibere, postremo sociis restris veluti hostibus, hoslibus 
 pro eociis utuntur. Potestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut 
 umicitia esse 7 
 
 Oes ykp oZaiv, vfitrtpois ro^nois 1 = ro&rots & Sura vfi^rtpa 
 
 lx<«f oh being attracted into the case of the antecedent For by 
 hfs retaining what belongs to yow, he has easily become possessed of 
 all else. Amphipolis and Potidsea were the iirir€xi(rtiara of 
 Athens against Macedon. 
 
 Ou8* ay oXkoi ^7€«to.] He could not think that he was 
 
 firmly seated at home. OtKoi. In Macedonia. Ne domi quidem se 
 tute posse manere duceret. Wolf. 
 
 AiKalws tiy aifrhy /iKrciv.] He thinks you must justly hate him. 
 The common reading is vofilCti. Reisei gives this reading, and 
 remarks upon it : Nam &i/ neque ad istud, ncque ad hoc refertur, 
 Bed ad yaauv^ exisltmat vos, se si exosi sitis^ meritum odisse. 
 nopc^^vKToi. He is goaded on. Il€ia'(a6al ti. He will suffer some 
 calamity* 
 
 *kv /i^. • . . . ,irp6r€pos.'\ Unless he first prevent you. Qt Phil. 
 I. p. 43, /i^? irp6r€pov vpoXa/jiBdyfrf. The participle is joined with 
 ^ediwj to express the antecedent or coincident notion to which 
 the action of the verb relates. Jelf. 693. 
 
 Aih ravr* iyp^yopty, 4<p(arrjK€y.'\ On this account he is awake^ 
 he is on the aUrt. 'Eyp^iyopty. 2nd I'erf. Ind. — the present not 
 being Attic. This passage is cited bj Minucianus, who connects 
 4<p4<rrriK(y with ^irl rp ir6\u. But it is better to connect it with 
 6(pair€{f(i9 and understand with itpiartiKtyy rois trpdyfiaaiy, or 
 rois Karii rrjs ir6\€a>s KotpoTs. ^BISKB. 'Eirl rp x^Act Btpawtiu, 
 Alios ambitf colit^ promeretur^ quo reipublicce nostra noceant — 
 Nourishes them against the city, 
 
 Hf\0T0W7j<ri6Qy rovs ravrk fiov\ofJL4yous roi^oa.J <^nd of the 
 
 {Page 11.] .. mi. u 
 
 Peloponnesians, desiring the same things as they, i. e. the Thebans. 
 Some of the tribes of Peloponnesus began to be suspicious of 
 Athens on account qf her dealings with Sparta, and in conge- 
 quence allied themselves to Philip. Demosthenes, by his em- 
 bassv to the Megalopolitans and others, may have increased tbis 
 feeling, for they imagined that not to hate Sparta was to be her 
 
 ""^ A.^ 5^ <rKai6rvra ^po6^eaeaL] And fron. dulUtss of un^ 
 
 derstanding will foresee none of the results, I can hardly v^der- 
 Btand this of the Thebans, or why Smbad should here quote 
 Horace: Bceotum in crasso jurares aere natum, Ep. u. i. 244. u 
 is evident from the context that the words refer not only to the 
 Thebans but also to the partisans of Philip in Peloponnesus. 
 
 KairoL JScTi'.] ^nd yet those who have any discernment 
 
 may .ee 'iol'erably plaxn examples. ^A Kal -P^'^'l'^'^^'^^^^^^^ 
 JiBv Which fell to my lot to mention to the Messenxam and 
 Ar^ves This embassy of Demosthenes to Peloponnesus is 
 involved in some obscurity. From De Coe. p. 252, we learn 
 that Demosthenes proposed an embassy to that country when 
 Philip first clandestinely made attempts agamst it ; »tc irp«To. 
 Li .ap.5tJ-. As nearly as can be determined this must haTe 
 teenl the Arcbonship of Eubulus, Ol. 108, 4. There is anothe 
 embassy mentioned in the Third Philippic, p. 129, which is there 
 srid to have taken place the year before (Wpucr.). It is evident 
 ratlh s one cannot here be alluded to. On the whole, then, we 
 ly conclude that Demosthenes went on the embassy proposed 
 Ty Cself, of which mention is n^ade in the De Coeoka, and that 
 there were two embassies to the Peloponnesus. 
 
 nois W ^OKvvQiovs:\ For I said, how impatiently, thmk 
 
 you, wild the Olynihians listen. VHp refers to ^<^,v, and W«., 
 IpoMy are to be considered the imperfect infinitives. Aekolp. 
 
 [Page 18.] 
 Er ris Tt Kiyo.] Si quid quisquam dixisset Reisb. If any 
 
 .articular time. Kar^ in such cases signifies at Thuc. i. 32. 
 C'7..7yoyr^.XP^^oy. Hee. iii. 131. Kax^ t.. «-bv xP^.ok. 
 
116 
 
 K0TS8 TO THE 
 
 8£00in> PHILmiO. 
 
 117 
 
 [Pfge 18.] 
 *Ay$^fiovyra,'] Demosthenes here is his own historian. An- 
 
 tbemns lay between Oljnthus and Thcrma. and is supposed from 
 
 its connection here with Potidaeato have bueij ceded to Olynihus 
 
 by Philip during the years of the Social War against Athens. 
 
 This cession of territory by Macedonian kings was not unusual. 
 
 Perdiccas II. had ceded to these same Olynthians a portion of his 
 
 territory near Lake Bolbe, in the neighbourhood of Olynthus. 
 
 Thuc l 58, 
 
 Bc»t\f75 iiVTeirotovvrol Both Her. v. 94, and Thuc. ii. 99, 
 speak of this city as belonging to the Macedonians. Uoridatay. 
 Supposed to have been ceded to Olynthus at the time when, hav- 
 ing been refused a treaty with Athens, they formed one with 
 Philip. This was during the continuance of the Social War, 
 B.O. 358-355. The precise date is given as Ol. 105, 4. 
 
 •Airoffcous.] Emigrants, ivoUovs. Settlers. Arnold, in a note 
 to Thuc. ii. 27, says, " Men are ^ttoikoi with respect to their old 
 home, and inoiKoi with respect to their new one. This is the 
 simplest and most probable way of stating the distinction between 
 those words, and I am confirmed in it by the authority of Kuiiger, 
 note on Diontsius, p. 101." The same distinctien holds in the 
 words emigiants and immigrants. These ^woiKot are ofien called 
 K\ripovxotf men to whom a conquered territory is assigned by lot, 
 Cf. on this extrusion of the Athenian citizens from Potidsea, 
 De Halon. p. 19. 
 
 *H/iSj.] WoLP says, I prefer ^/uSs, and Reiske adds : Non enim 
 hie alloquitur Athenienses Demosthenes, sed Messenios. Ad eos 
 itaqne de Atheniensibus praedicantem inconsentaneum sit vos 
 usurpare, ubi res nos requirit. 
 
 *H \4yovTos &y rivos iritrrcva'ai oUcOc ;] Or do you think they 
 would have believed anybody if he told them so ? "Av is joined with 
 wKTrcutrat and XtyovrSs riuos is the gen. abs. " Nor must we in- 
 clude those instances where the gen. abs. is joined with a verb 
 which requires the dative, but in this construction is used with- 
 out a case ; as D«m. p. 71, where we might also say fj \4yovri &v 
 rtvi TUTTfvffai!* Jelf. 710, Obs 1. 
 
 MiKphu y^6vov (frkpovrai^ For a short time having enjoyed 
 
 the territory of another ^ long are they deprived of their ovm by him^ 
 
 [Page 18.] 
 kc Ilo\{fv» " The orator is here a bad prophet, as he reckons 
 
 upon the final defeat of Philip, and the restoration of Olynthian 
 independence by the Atheniau confederacy, though after a long 
 (iroKvv) servitude." Arnold. This appears to me hardly correct. 
 The allusion seems entirely to the Olynthians and their subjuga- 
 tion by Philip. 
 
 Ou KpaT7jdevT€s fi6vov Koi vpaQivT^s^ Not only svbdued, 
 
 but also betrayed and sold by each other. The reference here is 
 doubtless to Lasthenes and Euthycrates, who betrayed the»01yn- 
 thian cavalry, and thus led to the fall of the city. Fals. Leo. p. 
 426. DiODOR. xvi. 53. • 
 
 Ow yap aacfxiKeTs d/xiKlai ] For these too intimate allianeee 
 
 with tyrants are not safe to free const i tut' ons. On the construc- 
 tion of this sentence see Jblp. 590, Obs. 1. The allusion here is 
 not so much to the union of Philip and Olynthus, as to the now 
 proposed union between the Messenians and Macedon. Cf. Ol. 
 i. p. 10. Kal o\ws ^marovy olfiaiy raTs ttoXit fiats t) rvpavi/ts, 
 
 *0t* avTo7s revs rvpdvvois i^i^aWev.] When he cast out the 
 tyrants for thrm. Tvpdvvovs, Peitbolaus and Lycophron, bro- 
 thers of Thebe, wife of Alexander of Pherae. ffUaiay koI Mayvrj- 
 aiav. Nicaea was captured, together with A Iponus and Thronium, 
 by the Phocians, in the Sacred War, and the envoys oflfertd to 
 give them to Athens, which was rejected by Phalaecus. After 
 Philip passed Thermopylae in 346 he occupied Nicaea with a gar- 
 rison, Dbm. Epist. ad Phil. p. 153. N*fce£tav filv (ppovpq, Karix^^* 
 The city was near the pass of Thermopylae, and is mentioned by 
 -fflsCH. Fals. Leo. p. 286, as one of the keys of that pass. At 
 what time it was given back to the Thessalians is not known 
 with certainty. 
 
 Magnesia is a long narrow strip of land from the Peneus to the 
 Pagasean Gulf, along the eastern coast of Thessaly. No town of 
 this name is mentioned by Strabo or Scylax, but the Scholiast on 
 Apollon. Rhod. i. 584, mentions it. ^ayvmaia Se v6\i5 x^P^ 
 dH(i>yvfios. The Thessalians prevented Philip fortifjing it, Ol. 
 i. p. 15, Kal Mayirnalav K€KQ)\vKa<n reix^(€iv, A different state- 
 ment is made in Ol ii. p. 21. 
 Aena^apxiay-li This word has introduced a most abundant 
 
118 
 
 ImrBS TO THE 
 
 SECOND PfllLIP^IC. 
 
 119 
 
 [Page 18.] 
 field for criticism among commentators. Wolp accepted it as 
 the true reading, and explains it to mean, a deeemvirate now etttab^ 
 linked among them, Phtlippam decuriones singulis civitatibus 
 praefecisse intelligo, id quod et Lacedaemonii fecerunt. " Thes- 
 saly long before Philip's time had been divided into four govern- 
 ments. Philip, therefore, by restoring the old form, made no 
 innovation in the government of the country." Rbiske. From 
 this it will be seen that he favours the reading of rcrpapxiay. 
 This-is also Auger's opinion, and it is further strengthened 
 by Harpocratioh, who denies that Philip established any «6«a- 
 Bapxiay. *i\iinro? fiivroi iraph 0€rra\o7s B^KoSapxtas ov Kariff- 
 nifftv. It must also be stated that Demosthenes in Phil iii. p. 
 117, expressly says koI rcrpapxlas KariirTna^v. Taking all this 
 into view, Jacobs says : " I do not think that any change of the 
 word is wanted, if we understand the orator as speaking not of 
 any particular form of government, but of such an absolute rule 
 as the Lacedaemonians were accustomed to exercise over con- 
 quered cities, the name of which {Decadarchy, Decemvirate) 
 sounded more hateful in Athenian ears than even that of tyran- 
 ny." Wbiske adopts this view and Vgemel rejects it. I shall 
 now state his view, which I regard as the more correct one. He 
 accepts as correct both statements of Demosthenes. ** He reestab- 
 lished the four ancient divisions of Thessaly called Thessaliotis 
 Phthiotis, Pelasgiotis and Hestifeotis., and over each of these he 
 appointed a tetrarch, praefectnmm gnartas partis terra^ and in 
 addition appointed a general government of ten, or a decemvirate 
 for the entire country. He thus established both, and Demos- 
 thenes in his speech at Messene would of course use the Lacedae- 
 monian term BtKanapxla, as the more odious, while at Athens 
 speaking of the same event, he uses the milder term rerpapxtav,*' 
 Jacobs agrees in the main with this, but diflfers from it in taking 
 it for granted that an actual decemvirate was established, " a 
 fact it would be difficult topn^ve*^ But let us see how this stands. 
 In Dem. de Cor. p. 241, mention is made of Eudicus and Simus. 
 Now Harpocratiow (s v. 27fio9) describes him as one of the great 
 house of the Aleuadae of Larissa, who invited Philip to aid them 
 against the tyrants of Pherse. Eudicus may have been of the 
 
 > 
 
 [Page IS.] 
 same family, but let us see what Harpoobation says of him. One 
 of those appointed by Fhdip rulers of all Thessaly. Eh B4 iffriv 
 ouTos Twv Karacrraddvrav vvh ^iKlwov Kvplwv ©erraXfas airc£<r7js. 
 Now if Philip established tetrarchs in Thessaly we cannot prove 
 that Eudicus was not one of them, but in any case a tetrarch 
 could not be called a ruler of all Thessaly. I have thus at- 
 tempted to establish what Jacobs describes as difficult to prove, 
 and I hope this explanation will go some way in further estab- 
 lishing the views of Vcemel. 
 
 Thy tV TlvXalap avoUyra irapaip-fiarcffOai.] Or that he 
 
 who restored the meeiivg at Pyl(B would take away their revenues. 
 
 Of. de Pace p. 63. O* ©erToAoi t^s vvKalas 8* iirMfiovv 
 
 Ka\ rwy iv AcKipois, irXeoveKTijfjidTwy dvoiv, Kvpioi yevijBai It 13 
 well known that there were two annual meetings of the Amphic- 
 tyons, one in the autumn at Pylae, and the other in the spring at 
 Delphi. Now ever since the temple at Delphi had been seized by 
 Philomelus at the outbreak of the Sacred War, the Thessalians 
 and other enemies of Phocis had been interdicted the use of it, 
 and the autumn meeting had been dispensed with. After the 
 peace of 34G, Philip restored this meeting, and the Thessalians 
 were at the same time allowed to visit Delphi as formerly. Hpoo-- 
 6Bovs. Off the forfeiture of these revenues to Philip see Ol. i. p. 
 15. He still further secured them by placing a garrison at 
 
 Pagasse. 
 
 0€«p€tT6 ] Wolf and ScHiEPEB consider this as the Imp mood, 
 but I prefer Arnold's interpretation in the Ind. You beliold Philip 
 as a dispenser of gifts and promises. When he is at a distance 
 he is all promises and suavity, for such is the force of d^oipuv^ 
 whereas IBCiv implies that they are to guard against knowing him 
 personally, from a closer union with him. For Demosthenes, and, 
 in fact, all Greece knew his promises to each of the embassies 
 from Phocis, Peloponnesus, Thebes, and Athens previous to the 
 year 346, and they knew, too, his performance of them. Of. Dem. 
 Phil. iii. p. Ul, Fals. Leg. p. 365. 
 
 *Ej/ 5^ ri Koivhv i^uAa.-cT^ptov.] But the nature of sensible 
 
 men possesses in itself one eojnmon safeguard, Aristides, the 
 rhetorician, praises the manner in which Demosthenes approaches 
 this common safeguard* Reiskb. 
 
120 
 
 KOTEB TO THE 
 
 BE0Oin> PHILPPPIO. 
 
 121 
 
 Tois 9}Ji$((ri] DimoeracieSf eame &s woKirtlcus supra. Cf. Hxb. 
 iii.81. 
 
 Tavrns eun-tx^adc] Hold firm by this. Gf. De Corona, 'Avri- 
 Xcadou Trjs cauTwi' koI rrjs rwy &\\ci)y 'EW-fivwv iXfvdeplas, 
 
 OMv /xi) ^€ivov TrdOrjT€ ] Verendum non est^ ne malum accipiatis. 
 There u no Jear that you will receive an injury. Reiske's reading 
 it ovUhu ietvhv (nil est verendum)^ fxri n vddTjre. Facile ri con- 
 earsii cum w potuit excidere, id quod ssepissime factum obser- 
 Tari. 
 
 E7t* ovx 6paT€ ^x*'*''*'"-] Then look not to Philip, whose 
 
 very titles are most foreign to this. £7ra and cTreiro, in expression' 
 implying irony, reluctance, astonishment, are used to express that 
 something unexpected results from \i?hat has gone before. Jeli. 
 874, 6. 
 
 BoiTiXcvs ix^phs i\fvd€pl<j^.] A rhetorical exaggeration, as 
 
 the comparative weakness of the Kings of Sparta miglit show. 
 Arnold. Yet it might be strictly true of Philip, whom Demos- 
 thenes here was aiming at . fiSfiois ivavrios. Isocrates. Tlopai- 
 i^cVct ; iax^P^o/Tos v6iiOS 6 rod fiaffiKews rpSiroS' WoLP. 
 
 [Page 19.] 
 BopvfiovvTfs ws opBws Xeyerat ] Declaring with shouts of applause 
 
 that these thirigs were rightly spoken. Cf. De Rkb. Chers. p. 97. 
 
 Sopv^ure u)5 opOws Aeyci. IloAAoi/y krfpovs \6yovs, Multasque 
 
 alias orationes. Many other speeches, 6lc. Tlapa rcov irpeViSeeui^, a 
 
 legatis, nempe, ab iis qui una cum Demosthene ad Messenios legati 
 
 fuerant, It qnog Demosthenes illic reliquit prius disceJens ob 
 
 eausam n<>b s ignotam. Auger. 
 
 Ka2 irdKLv ti(rrfpov'] After the departure of Demosthenes, who 
 may have had to visit other cities in Peloponnesus and elsewhere. 
 'Cis loticcy. YocMEL removes the comma after these words, thus 
 connecting them with what follows, and Mr. Kennedy, in his trans- 
 lation, does the same; un which method of construction Smead 
 remarks: *'This and similar parenthetical expressions with us 
 refer, especially in the orators, to something preceding.** 
 
 nop* & ipwffi.] In opposition to what their best reason may 
 
 approve^ i. e. against their convictions. *AXX vfius ..... iifiwv. 
 But you, who both know youruhUf and hear from the orators, iie. 
 
 [Page 19.] 
 A German critic translates vos ipsi, qui et ipsi intelligitis et ex 
 
 oratoribus auditis, &c. Observe the contrast b«tweea the com- 
 
 fX parative ignorance of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, who 
 
 prided themselves on their knowledge, and of consequence despised 
 
 all others. 
 
 ncpiffToixiC^free.] Cf. Phil. i. p. 43. The common reading is 
 wtpiTcixK^o'^^y ^^ which Rkiske remarks: Ilia significat: com- 
 mittitis, ut velut indagine claudimini; hasc: patimini vobis arces 
 imponi, quae vos in officio contineant. 
 
 'Efc rov fi-n^y ^5t7 iroieTv vTrofiflvavres^^ ^om your doing 
 
 nothing noir, you will unawares be brought to undergo, in my opinion, 
 all these things. In this passage there are various readings. Scbm- 
 FER and Harrison have : &5 ck tov p.i\Uv. Wolf regards ws as 
 havint' been incautiously added by the transcribers of the manu- 
 scripts from the two which precede. He therefore omits it, and is 
 followed by Reiske and Dindorf. Arnold here reads So-tc prrfilv 
 ^577 irot7)(rat, his authority being Baiter and Sauppe's edition, 
 who collated from the codex 2. The weight of authority will 
 favour Trot^o-ai, but for &(rr€ no valid reason is given. Arnold's 
 
 note is: "o&cn^ vovhcai. On condition of doing nothing at 
 
 present; if you may but do nothing at present; the aor. inf. to ex- 
 clude any single act. (V(EM. reads TrotcTy.) Baiter and Sauppi 
 have adopted this reading from the best manuscript (2). There 
 are, however, many various readings: F. and Wst. read ^ic rod 
 finVev Tromtrai, from having done nothing, Ac.** Udvra i/ opposed 
 
 to iiifikv. 
 
 •H vapavrix! ifiov^ /leAAoyroj.] The present ease and in- 
 
 dulgence prevail over future advantage. Another strong denun- 
 ciation of the unwillingness of the Athenians to incur personal 
 
 service. 
 
 Kae* vfjMs auTovs] By yourselves. From this we are to under- 
 stand that the orator was not prepared to state the things he would 
 advise in the presence of the foreign ambassadors. 
 
 ''A «€ yt/i' . . . . . ^5r7 AcJcD.] Qua vero nunc respondeatis necessaria 
 decreveritU, ea scilicet dicam. Wolf. / will now state to yoa the 
 amwer which I think it U proper for you to decree. This answer, 
 however, is not here given, although from the words employed it 
 
 N 
 
122 
 
 irOTXS TO THX 
 
 SBOOKD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 123 
 
 [Page 19.] 
 18 to be expected. Nor can we form a very accurate idea of its 
 
 nature. This diflBculty is variously explained by commentators, 
 
 but the more rational conjecture is that the ypafifiaTehs was here 
 
 called upon by Deraostbtnee, to lead a draft of the resolution or 
 
 answer proposed. In accordance with this view I have retained 
 
 with DiNDORF the word AnOKPISIS. 
 
 Tohs ipcyKSvras rhs vwoffx^c^is ] Those who reported the pro- 
 mises. The allusi(^n seems to be to iE^'hines and Philocrates. and 
 perhaps to Ctesiphon and Aristodemus the actor. What these 
 promises were we have already stated. 
 
 OfjTf yhp avrhs &v ttotc xnr4^uva TrpecrjSet^ed/.] Demosthenes had 
 served with great reluctance upon the embassy to Philip to obtain 
 the oaths, and he affitms that he should not have gone if he had 
 not promised to ransom some Athenians taken captive at Olyn- 
 thus; that on this embassy he detected the treason of certain of 
 the envoys above mentioned, and that .£schines was night and 
 day with Philip; that he had written a letter to the Athenian 
 people giving au account of the state of affairs; that he was pre- 
 vented sending it, and that his colleagues sent a letter containing 
 false information ; that he did not desire to stay, otid further, hav- 
 ing hired a ship to convey him home, he was not allowed to depart. 
 Fals. Leg. pp. 357 and 445. 
 
 *Ewa<;(ra(r0€ voXe^iovvrcs.'] If they had seized the pass of Ther- 
 mopylsQ they might have compelled him to retreat in 846 as he 
 had previously done in 852. 
 
 •AAA' ^v A67<J)U6i/a.] But what was then reported was very 
 
 different from what has resulted, 
 
 Tohs or* iyit) Xeyovras.] Those who declared, when /, after 
 
 the peace was made, having come from the second embassy for the 
 oath!*, perceiving that the state had been deceived, both gave warn- 
 ing, and protested, and would not allow you to abandon Fylce and 
 the Fhocians. ^cvaKiCofi^yrjv, When the form of treaty was 
 drawn up at Athens, the words were : that Athens and her allies 
 made peace and alliance with Philip and his allies. Fals. Leg. p. 
 891. This would have included the town of Halus and the Ph6- 
 dans; and the Macedonian envoys, Paimenio and Antipater, re- 
 fused to acknowledge them. Then when Phihp took the oaths at 
 
 ; 
 
 [Page 19.] 
 Pherae, they were excluded finally, and the town of Cardia, on the 
 
 Hellespont, was voted an ally of Philip. By these means Philip 
 gained Thermopylas and the Chersonese, " two most valuable posi- 
 tions, Zvh x^^'-y^^^^P^^^ rSirovs,^* Fals. Leg. pp. 365-395. JEs- 
 chines and Philocrates are alluded to in Irepovs. 
 
 '{is iyi> Mpuvos.} That I being a water drinker was 
 
 naturally a peevish and stubborn fellow. Cf. Fals. Leg. p. 855, 
 where Demosthenes himself tells the story : 'E7raj/a<rT^s 8* 6 *iAo« 
 icpdrris /«(Ao vfipiffriKUS, ovBlu, ^cpij, Oavfiaarrhv yJt) ravra Ka\ ifiol Koi 
 ArifJLOffOevct ZoKe7y : ovros fily yhp uB<i)p, iy^ be olvov iriyo). Kal vfjieis 
 ^€AaT€. ** The name water drihker was used by ^the ancients to 
 indicate a poor spiritless creature, iicapable of anything great or 
 generous. Hence Hoe. i. £pist. 19, 2, Nulla placere diu nee vivere 
 carmina possunt. Quae scribuntur aquae potoribus,'* Jacobs. 
 Libanius in his life of Demosthenes says, 05eyp iirerij^eve vivuv, %va 
 iypTiyopviav fiaWov iropcx^jTat rijv didvoiav. Among the Greeks 
 it was a proverb, *Y5«p 5c Trlywy ovdhy hv rcKOis kolKSv. 
 
 eccnricks iih koI UKarads.'] Before the battle of Leuctra, Epami- 
 nondas gave notice to such Boeotians as were unfriendly to Thebes 
 to march out of the country. The Thespians, thei efore, proceeded 
 to Athens, and there found shelter./' They were thus expelled from 
 BoBotia, and their territory annexed to Thebes. Paus. ix. 13, 3 ; 
 14, 1. Plataea had always been favourable to Athens more than 
 to Thebes. The city was destroyed in 417 by the Thebans, and 
 its territory annexed. But at the peace of Antalcidas they were 
 again acknowledged as autonymons. However, certain intrigues 
 between Athens and Platsea being detected, in 372, the Thebans 
 again demolished the city, and expelled the inhabitants, who took 
 refuge at Athens. Diodoe. ^v. 46, 47. 
 
 X€fif>6vn<Tov 5^ rots ainov riK^ffi 5iopj/{ei.] And will cut through 
 the Chersonese at his own expense. This project is not mentioned 
 in the De Paob among the conditions there enumerated, but it is 
 noticed in the De Halon. The distance was only thirty-seven 
 stadia from Leuce Acte to Pteleon, and the canal would have 
 completely insulated the Athenian possessions from continental 
 Thrace, and prevented incursions. Wolf quotes an old oracle on 
 this subject : 'Wefibs 5^ fxij Trvpyovrc, ^-fir* opiaaere • 6 Z€6s y* 
 I0i}ic€ vricoVf d 7* ifio{>\€ro. 
 
124 
 
 BOTES TO THB 
 
 BECOHD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 125 
 
 number ng injuries. 't..,Kav<>i..<rOa. «a,9<Jr«. Wour For * 
 rLv on the Athenians for their forbearance "«« ^* C°''J. ^^^l 
 
 .rSu 0/ J/«. .ou ....i i« your conJUience tkat ikU peace ^ouU 
 lelLiJ upon your posterity. Uphs rhs iKriSas. Iromcal «i 
 L; ^a./L. 'Aco.a would interpret vana epe, -- P--^ 
 <f«epfi 'EKTovo. = poster! ; I770.0. - nepotes. Frank.. This 
 c t!b ly IZ short sfghted policy for Athens. The bas.s o the 
 e^y was that e..cb should retain .hat he then had ; thus effec- 
 U cuuios off an hopes fro. Athens o e- .a.o.j^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 «>!*. rlaiined as her own. Cl. Fals- Heq. p. ooo. 
 eltes'hlrved that the peace should be binding upon the.r 
 
 posterity- Fais. Leg. p. 856. 
 
 [Prt<7«20.] 
 
 SCH^KE. hints that ,pb, Ti. ^^-«a, '>^^^'^'^ ""^X?^ 
 r.Ac'«.. and not as it sUnds. and cites as h.s reason p. 69. De Pao.. 
 
 '£;2:7"LT:^'^1 trLlates: Cen'e. .« pour «. 
 i^^!irer les invectives de mes ar^iens adversaires, en les xnvecttvant 
 I^Zil But that the opinions of others may be seen I append 
 rjewtrrslations. iSTon «t c«m co«vioia/ori6«, co«ffre««s m,A» juv- 
 : r.Le« apud vos audie^ium facia.. ^'^^f^'^'J^J^^^^ 
 hreakin" out into invectives I may expose myself to Itke «;«'™; 
 IZ^^ Aa.oup follows Jacobs, ^nd translates: Not that by 
 J;S o«. into invective, ^-VP-ur./or .y..^«>^^^^ 
 
 ,., a, your hands 'i^'^2j;zli:^::^-z^ x^x 
 
 Mr Kennedy remarks, that he transiaiea «/««ri.p / 
 ,l...aHn./or .v^^. which sense he -ys^t^-tj- 
 
 k expression then would ^]^ ^'^''):^^Xeell^tZeL<m 
 ' remarks on Arnold's interpretation. I A) not s«e tiua »w 
 
 [Pa5rtf20.} 
 tbemeanini^ of ii,pxri^€i/y from the beginning; as Od, i. 188. Ufu^oi 
 
 irarpdoXoi €ux<^At€0* €li/ai 6{ apxvS' Xen. *H ^{ a/»x^^ fx^^*» 
 
 "Iva t))^' iiAAwy aSoAetrxw.] That I may prate to no purpose, Cf. 
 
 Ol. iii. p. M. TV iiAAws \€y€iy, frustra dicere. *Cls J^AAcvs is the 
 
 reading here in some manuscripts, on which Sch^fer remarks: 
 
 'Xls dWoos satis notabile videtur. 'Cls &\\ws = tenter e, 
 
 'AAA* olyiaL ra vvvi.'] But I am confident that what Philip 
 
 is doingy will 07ie day grieve you more than it does now, tA vuvl =■ 
 prcBsens rerum conditio. Buemi. Tck vvvl==M present^ now. Ar- 
 nold. Wolf interprets, to vvvl veira^^no'iaa'iJLevaj quam ea qua 
 nunc a me sunt dicta liberiuSj ra uvv yiyuofieva. 
 
 Th yhp ifpo^aivov.'] Nam video^ rem gli^^cere^ serprre, inrre- 
 
 brescerCy i. e., the designs of Philip against us. Tovro n ici s to the 
 same thing. 
 
 Mrjh* oLKOvriff firj^e rod Sexi/os.] ^nd when you may not 
 
 hear from mcj nor any other j that these things are preparing against 
 you. Wolf translates : 7ieque ista contra vos parari et strut ex me 
 audistiSy aut alio quopiam, 
 
 ^ofiov^iai B^ SeSwpoSo/cr/KJres.] * I fear that your ambassa- 
 dor Sy having been silent upon the very things for which they are con- 
 scious of having been bribed. The ambassadors more particularly 
 referred to are Philocrates and ^schines ; with perhaps Pbrynon, 
 Ctesiplion, and latrocles. Ai^ ro^rovs. By their instrumentality. 
 
 To TToAAo.] «== Plerumque. Often. ^Evlovs. Referring to the 
 Athenians themselves. Sometimes, however, justice was meted 
 out; and in this very case some of the principal actors afterwards 
 paid the full penalty, -^schines long after retired to Rhodes on 
 the conclusion of the trial of the Crown, and speedier justice fell 
 to the lot of Philocrates, who was more to blame than even he. 
 Being impeached by Hyperides, Fals. Leg. p. 376, not long after tbe 
 peace, he did not stand his trial. There is no doubt he ^as deeply 
 'tainted with corruption. Demosthenes charges him with buying 
 corn, building houses, importing timber, and changing gold. And 
 further, he is accused of having an estate on the Olynthian terri- 
 tory, yielding him an income of a talent Fals. Leg. pp. 376, 886. 
 
 T^y opyiiv apUvras.^ Iram effundentes. Discharge your wrath. 
 
126 
 
 HOTES TO THE 
 
 BECOKB PHILIPPIC. 
 
 127 
 
 lPage20.'] 
 ^SuvfcrroTcu.] h preparing, Cf. De Coa. p. 245. 'Ayyol<f trvvi- 
 
 (rrafi4vov Koi <pvo/x€vov kokov rS>v awdyrwy 'EAA^yw. 
 
 Tls & *wK€<i5 wfttras,'] The alluBiOD of course iB to ^schines, who 
 bad incurred bis displeasure by bis Philo-Macedooian actions. 
 
 ^Cly Karaarhs yiyov^J] By being possessed of which j he hai 
 
 become possessed of the road into A Itica and the Peloponnesus. The 
 possession of this pass was always regarded as the key of central 
 Oreece and the Peloponnesus. This and Elateia were now in the 
 power of Philip, and, holding them, he could at any time enter 
 the Grecian states from Thessaly. 
 
 Twv hiKalwv.'] Wolf inserts *EAAr;v*K«>', which is received by 
 ipany commentators, but rejected by others. The allusion here 
 must be to the rights assured by the peace to all the Greeks; 
 whereas i{ '^\KtivikS>v be inserted it will refer to the general 
 hegemony of the Greeks. . TS>v ffw vpayfidray. The affairs of the 
 allies of Greece, and her foreign possessions. 
 
 'Ei' 4Kclirri T^ Wp9^] The day of the peace, June 1 8th, B.C. 846. 
 Some, from Phil. iii. p. 115, 'A^' ^s iififpas ay€i\€ ^wKcas k.t.A.., 
 would refer the commencement of the war to his seizure of the 
 Phocians, but it is more spirited to refer it to that day, which 
 Demosthenes had vainly tried to postpone indefinitely. 
 
 Et ykp fi^ irpayfia ] For if you had not then been duped, 
 
 there would be no difficulty to the city (now), Reiske has added 
 Kwr in the last clause, which seems to be the correct reading, from 
 the contrast afforded by rSr^ in the previous clause. 
 
 Othf yhp yavffl ..... Kpar-ficras] For certainly he would not have 
 gained a victory by his fleets Ac. The Athenians were far superior 
 to him in naval affairs and in the equipments for a fleets Cf. Fals. 
 Leo. p. 889. Ot^rc yiip Korh yrjy irapfKOi>y oih€ yrivtrl Kpar-f^ffas tls 
 rijy *ArriKijy ?{€«' ?/i€\Ae. 
 
 *H TrapaxpVM'' ^^ ?" iirtevfirjaty.] Or he would forthwith 
 
 have been involved in such a war as that which made him then 
 desire peace. This of coarse is mere rhetorical flourish. Philip's 
 idea' of peace was to gain quiet possession of Thermopyl® ; the 
 war gave him very little anxiety. 
 
 I 
 
 as i^w foro/o-Sffo..] Jklf. 868 'n, 8" Ur y.), ytvoiro^ 
 
 WotF translates abiit autem, idque dii omne, prohibeant, n, ex- 
 ptnendo certt»,ime eomprobenlur. Translate: JUay it never be 
 that these things may be fully proven by what may result. Of 
 Jblf. 810 Also, .«' Aeist. Av. 1338, y.yol^ al^rhs ^,n4rar, is 
 ar waTaOiivy, le , ut, si forte, volem, ut volare possim." Fbankb. 
 04y ft SiKoiSs iffr' iiroKuK^yai.] Non etiam si dignus est qui 
 pereat. Not even if he deserved to perish. Of. Dbh. ccmtra M«ro. 
 p. 518. Oi) SlKOtos iiv axoKuKiyai. 
 
 MKny dno,Tx^Ty.] To stand hU trial, ^f. Heb. ii. 118 K«l 
 .6« iv 8««/«, avTol SiKas 6n4xuy. Also D«M. c. Abwtoo. p. 631. 
 Oi Sluyy i,rixta> oAAi voyyy^^,,, rvxeiy SiKotSt «</... 
 
 / 
 
INTROBTJCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC 
 
 *.. 
 
 In the Archonahip of Sosigenes. B. C. 342-1, (Ol. 
 109, 3.) Demosthenes delivered two of his most cele- 
 brated orations against Philip. The first of these was 
 the oration On the Afairs of the Chersonese, delivered, 
 according to Dio:f. Halicab*, in the winter of that 
 year. The second was the one more immediately con- 
 cerning us, and is known as the Third Philippic. 
 This oration, styled by DioK. Halioaen. t^v /*«yMmjv 
 Twv KaTh. iiXimrov Srj^rryopiZv, was delivered a few weeks 
 after the De Eeb. Chees., and is properly speaking no 
 more than a continuation of the line of argument adopted 
 there. It has come down to us in two different shapes, 
 one much shorter than the other. The shorter form is 
 given in the Codex Parisinus 2., omitting many passages; 
 and even in it these are written by a different hand in 
 the margin. All other manuscripts have the oration as 
 given in the editions of Demosthenes. Some commen- 
 tators also would place this oration in the earlier part of 
 the year, before the oration on the Chersonese- On this 
 subject, however, consult DiUDOHr, Annot. vol. v. p. 158. 
 The precise circumstances which led to the delivery of 
 this oration are not known to us, but we can easily form 
 
130 
 
 INTEODUCTIOir TO THB 
 
 THIED PHILIPPIC. 
 
 131 
 
 a conjecture. Philip was engaged in Thrace strength- 
 ening and extending his empire at the expense of the 
 princes of that countrj. He had written a letter re- 
 quiring the Athenians to recall their general, Diopithes, 
 and notwithstanding all the exertions of the paid orators, 
 the Athenians not only refused to interfere with him, 
 but it appears were likely to send him effectual succour. 
 Philip was not the man to put up with such a state of 
 affairs, and he probably was now attempting to strike a 
 first blow before the expected aid should arrive, and 
 Diopithes thus be further enabled to harass him and 
 maltreat his Thracian allies and possessions. Winiew- 
 BKi hazards a conjecture that an embassy from Cherso- 
 nese had arrived in consequence of Philip's aggressions, 
 to complain of him, and ask aid and pecuniary assist- 
 ance, and Whiston also concurs in this view. But 
 we gain no such information from the oration itself, and 
 although it is probable, still it is not to be received as a 
 fact. All that the oration itself shows, is that tiie Athe- 
 nians must now adopt a more vigorous policy, anticipate 
 the king in his forward march against Byzantium, and ap- 
 prove themselves worthy of the high name handed down 
 to them from their ancestors. At the same time we must 
 remember that he was now addressing his countrymen to 
 incite them to attempt an undertaking no less glorious 
 than dangerous. Philip had gone on extending his power 
 ever since the peace of 346, and nearly every one of his 
 conquests had been at the expense of Athens. She was 
 thus reduced in strength, and he in a like ratio increased. 
 Demosthenes urges them to war, cautiously, it is true, 
 yet his words must have stirred the heart of even his 
 dullest hearer, reminding them as he does of what they 
 
 once were and what they now are. His invectives against 
 the time-serving policy of the venal statesmen are most 
 withering, aud his strong appeals to the Athenians, en- 
 forced by the examples of Olynthus, Oreus and Eretria, 
 arc calculated even yet to rouse the mind. How much 
 more must it have inflamed those whose interests are 
 thus vividly painted. He introduces his remarks by 
 inveighing against the fatal character of their politics, 
 which was to hear with applause the flatterer and the 
 courtier, but to banish even the semblance of free speech 
 and solid advice. He shows that Philip under the guise 
 of peace has ruined Phocis, and the other places above 
 mentioned, and warns them that his policy is the same 
 towards themselves. Not only is this the case, but he 
 will not declare war against them if under the garb of 
 peace he can as well succeed in his designs. Then giving 
 his hearers the full details of the king's actions, he boldly 
 asks : — Is this the act of a man who is keeping the peace 
 towards you ? Nay, rather, is he not even planting his 
 engines against your walls, and has he not been doing 
 BO since the day he destroyed the Phocians? This, 
 then, was not the time for deliberating about the safety 
 of the Chersonese or Byzantium alone, but you must 
 80 make up your minds, that if such acts continue, 
 the safety of Greece is at stake, and the period is ap- 
 proaching when the Macedonian must rule over the free 
 constitution of Athens. But the orator doe3 not stop 
 here. He reminds them that for seventy years they 
 had enjoyed absolute sway over the Greeks, that Sparta 
 had governed for twenty -nine years, and that Thebes, 
 too, had lately obtained some considerable power. Yet 
 neither Athenian, Spartan, nor Theban had been allowed 
 
 l!l 
 
 f 
 
132 
 
 INTBODUCTION TO THE 
 
 THIED PHILIPPIC. 
 
 133 
 
 such im punity as was conceded to PhiHp. Things which 
 formerk would have aroused a Hellenic war are now 
 endured quite passively, and Philip in consequence has 
 done more injury in his thirteen years of control than 
 was ever inflicted upon G-reece by any of her own sons. 
 -And yet Philip is no Greek, and in no way allied to 
 Greece ; he is not even a barbarian of illustrious origin, 
 but a poor, miserable Macedonian, born in a country 
 whence a decent slave could not be procured. What, 
 then, is the cause of all this? Por not without cause have 
 such things happened. He reminds them that there was 
 something then inherent among them, which was so no 
 longer, something which despised the gold of the Per- 
 sian, and kept Greece free and untrammelled by land 
 and sea. Nor was this anything which existed once 
 and could not now be obtained. It was nothing but a 
 firm administration of the laws and a determination to 
 punish the guilty ; and to show them that venal and trai- 
 torous conduct was not then applauded as now, he cites 
 for them the decree against Arthmius of Zelea, who was 
 not a Greek, yet was adjudged by them an outlaw for 
 bringing Persian gold into Greece. He then advances 
 upon ground quite different from that taken by him 
 some years before. Hitherto we find no acknowled<y- 
 ment of the superior power of Philip ; on the contrary 
 he always spoke of him as an enemy not much to be 
 feared. But now he regards him as far more powerful 
 than ever Lacedaemon was. And this arises not only 
 from his superior force but also from his tactics, which 
 have completely changed since first he contended with 
 them. He now makes no difference between summer 
 and winter, and they must accordingly be prepared to 
 
 !'^ 
 
 meet the change in this respect, and oppose him by force 
 wherever he presents himself. But there was something 
 more to be done. Intestine enemies must be made to 
 feel the hand of the law ; and to convince them of the 
 danger of fostering traitors, he again enters more fully 
 into the political events of the last few years as exhibited 
 in Olynthus. Eretria. and Oreus. A remarkable con- 
 trast is then drawn between the orator who speaks to 
 please and the statesman who counsels for the interests 
 of his country, and the oration concludes by recalling a 
 picture fondly loved by every patriot, the former glory 
 of his country, and the assurance that only from Athens 
 could safety come ; and finally that they «>«f «°* ^J 
 L the honourable distinction of « defenders of areece. 
 handed down to them through many and great dangers. 
 
 to slip from their fingers. 
 
 Such in substance is this celebrated oration, and from 
 the subsequent course of events, we see that it was not 
 spoken in vain. An unusual energy -J J^-^ttitt 
 the Athenians. In Eubcea. Phocion «P«»«d Ph ^^^^ » 
 and his Macedonian garrison. Oreus and ^f^IZ 
 Uberated. But he did not stop here ; he e.^nd^d h s 
 conquests further, and attacked some o^/^^^^P J ' 
 tions on the Pagas^an Gulf, and captured some toM^. 
 n Uanc with Macedon. In the subsequent year abo 
 l^en Philip attacked By.antium and ^-^)2Z 
 exertions of Bemo^^^enes ^ -7;^ jr^rju^ 
 them from his power. It is pitasm^, 
 before the final setting of the sun of ^-^^^/^^^'^ 
 rays shot forth, soon to be extinguished on the 
 
 field of Cheronsea. 
 
NOTES 
 
 TO THE 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC 
 
 I'' 
 
 [Page 21.] 
 ^ade at almost every assemlly. ^^'f" '^'^^f ;:, J/,«,. 
 
 Since /.e made <ft* l.e««. -^^^^^"^ '^ ^'-''^^.i;; „, to be re- 
 t.is period t.e «"VH;rn4t%eC:r,S43-2;2)e 
 ferred : P« Pacb 346-5 , Phil. u. J4» <> . ^gchinei 
 
 Falba L.GATIONB, 343-2 ; De Ch.^kbohkso 343 - , aad 
 Lf T.MARCH 846-5 ; De Falsa Lkgationb, 343-2. we ma7 
 cont. iiMAROB. «■»" " ) anfhora or names can 
 
 ,ure that many others were made, whose authors 
 
 never be known. ^. <„ i RJ cttm sati* teiam, 
 
 "^TinZ. ir; ommed S D:k.ob.. Hk:sk., and 
 Sk^:- BrRKrin his note to ,oXX.. .,..-. at the com. 
 ^Tcementof the oration, has supplied -^tat-o^^om A-^^^^^ 
 ^hich contains it. Sp««gkl has also shown *at Dioh. H«. 
 ■wmcu ».u y «„j this of itself would seem to d» 
 
 quotes the passage with .8, and this ot us ^^ 
 
 r.:flU_astherepresen.t.^o^tl.pre^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Ka» X^«. 5eT. «;;;-';-; ^^^i^B^KKa altered to a .a.. 
 " V ri Jsti: B But on this SPKKO.L remarks. 
 X:t rel boS'^T. and ,po«r^K.. is contrary to the custom 
 
136 
 
 IfOriS TO THE 
 
 THIBB PHIMPPIO. 
 
 187 
 
 Of the orator. The reading [^Di^H is retained here whi«h i. 
 confirmed by codex s T),„t ,k i. . ""waoa nere, wnich to 
 
 .„ , , ^'^^ "'*y ("'S'>t to sptak and act. ^ 
 
 n^lected and con/used througk inattention, 4c. The verb ^rf ' 
 
 •mong It, secondary meaning,, has that of leading oJ^Xy 
 
 dece.t and cunning (Lat inducere), as in D.m. De LS TfiV 
 
 EAx/aa, «„) «o,„«,.^i,, „r, ^„;,,,w„ i^c.. Here it rrfe'^ to 
 
 the influence of evil counsels in drawing away the m nds of the 
 
 Athenians from the true state of affairs n„„.: ' 
 
 pro/opM. Wolf. » o^ *»air3. n/,o€.M€;.«. per wcumm 
 
 to advue an, you to resolve, 4c. There is a difference bZelt 
 
 Z H ""^ "• '" " '"^' "'"'"''S'' «»» belongs to the sen ence 
 •nd allows something which does or will reallv p^w^ u ' 
 
 y>ouldproLbLhl'i.'u . "'"'""' "-^ *"*'■'* ""^ «J^«>* 
 
 woBW proooftiy 6e t« the worst ponible condition. 
 
 rtaTt!anaT' ''-^''^-'O They could not be in a v^n 
 
 mann'sXts ' "" """ ^^* '"•"'^''«' '« *•>• -^'-«^ ^ many 
 
 ^^^^JSS^:;^-'^-' --iden^. td 
 iBg parallel with thl OfTll'lTr^TT' " '"^■ 
 
 » 
 
 [Pcf^tf 22.] 
 and 887. ^O* Uv Uvt\rai 7r6\€os. In Med. 128, it is equivalent to 
 I l<rx^€iy (reeVet.— Ta 8' ^vepfidWovr' ouSeVo xaipbi/ StJ^arat dvarols. 
 
 OdKovy ohd' ^€7u l^x^Lv.] And therefore think you ought to 
 
 have none. BfiKKKa and Dindorf here read ovkovv, " But some 
 manuscripts have oHkow, and as Riidiger observes, ' duplex ne- 
 gatio huic loco bene convenit.' " Whiston. OtiKovy = Non ergo, 
 oifKovv = Ergo. A distinction, which Elmslky, ad Hbracl. t. 256, 
 remarks is most true, if the writings of Plutarch and Lucian be 
 received as the rule of true Greek. But he further remarks that 
 among the old Attic writers each particle presecves its own pro- 
 per signification, and he writes the latter ohK o5v, adding or 
 omitting the interrogation, as the case requires. 
 
 Tohs M rots irpdyfia^Lu Hyras,] ProAitical statesmen. Kennidt. 
 The force of iirl in such constructions is, to be placed over any- 
 thing, to manage or protect it. Dbm. p. 928. UXevtrutreaL M 
 rois xp«M«(rt. Cf. Dem. Ol. ii. p. 21. ''O.^t^v M rots -^pdyfiaffiv, 
 and De Cor. p. 309. Aiaipdeipctv rohs M r&y irpayfidrcov^ 
 
 Ob^hy &\\o StVrjv \^erac.-] Id agunt, ut civitas de se 
 
 pcmas sumat. Do nothing else than make the city inflict punish^ 
 ment upon itself, i. e. upon its own citizens. 
 
 Kal ircpi tout' l^ffrat.] And will busy her in suck occupations. 
 EW Trepi' Ti has this meaning in Greek. More rarely l^x^^y ircpf 
 Ti, as in Hbr. viii. 85. Utpl fi^y vvy toiJtow o0t« cTxc. 
 
 Al Hh roiovrai ^'my i^i^v,-] Now polUics of this sort are 
 
 usual with you. Brkmi says that the plural here indicates that 
 •uch a system had been preserved for a long time. Rudigm 
 refers it to the different political factions mentioned before. But 
 Arnold in my opinion gives the correct force. He says ' this is 
 another instance of the plural of an abstract noun, denotmg par- 
 ticular instances and manifestations of the abstract notion. Cf. 
 De Reb. Chers. p. 107. Kal roLo{^ras &?s^a5 ^i\aydp<oirias:' 
 
 'a^i ] A strengthened form of ^Se. It never occurs m tragedy. 
 
 •Eirl ...r&y &\\wy ] In ceteris quidem rebus. On other sub- 
 
 jects. Smbad here quotes Bremi : In democratiis, stultitia est 
 
 cujusquam os occludere velle. Quo magis operam das, eo major 
 
 erit licentia loquendi et vituperandi. 
 
 -fl<rT€ Kol avrris /*€TaS€5«6KaT6.] A^ttJs =. rris W^T,(rf«. 
 
 i 
 
138 
 
 KOTSB TO THB 
 
 THIBD PHILIPPIC, 
 
 139 
 
 [Page 22.] 
 WOLF. So that you have allowed a measure of it even to strangers 
 and slaves. The feVos as such, at Athens, was considered an 
 enemy, Cio. dr 0pp. i. 12, and he was not allowed to take part 
 in any public deliberation, nor to acquire any landed property. 
 He was, however, subject to all the regulations of the state, and , 
 had to perform liturgies as well as the native born Athenians. 
 
 Aov\ois.2 The number of these at Athens was very great. In 
 the Archonship of Demetrius Phalereus, B. 0. 309, there were 
 400,000. Even the poorest citizen had one to take care of his 
 household. The father of Demosthenes had more than fifty, In 
 Aphob. p. 828, n\€ou fj ircvT-hKoma av^pdico^a KeKTrjfidvov. They 
 were principally employed in manual labour, such as working 
 the mines and agricnlture. They were not compelled at Athensi 
 like the Heloti of Sparta and the Penestae of Thessaly, to serve 
 in the army, although at Marathon and Arginusie they fought 
 under Athenian commanders, Pausan i. 32. Insurrections 
 of slaves at Athens were not usual, and gtnorally took place 
 among the miners at Laurium, on account of the severity with 
 which they were treated. 
 
 OiKJras.] Slavery among the Greeks was of two kinds. When 
 a nation was subdued in war, the prisoners were always con- 
 sidered slaves. Such were, among others, the Helots of Sparta, 
 Penestae of Thessaly, Bithynians at Byzantium, and Aphamiot® 
 m Crete. This was one kind : the others were slaves proper, 
 purchased by their masters, and called BovXoi. The drjfiS^ioi 
 olK^rai were public property at Athens, and were employed for 
 various purposes, chiefly to keep order in the public assemblies, 
 on which account they were sometimes called Speusinians, from 
 the name of the person who first established them, the more usual 
 name being to^Jtoi. Photius s. v. roi6rai. I am inclined to be- 
 lieve that these are the slaves alluded to here, and not, as Smead 
 suggests, the household servants, who were called, he says, oiKt- 
 Toi. But I find no authority for calling a domestic slave, olKcrnv, 
 So far is this from the case, that a slave bought at a sale was 
 called oiK^rns, to distinguish him from one born at home, who 
 was called oUorpiip. Suidas s. v. olKirns. Frankb takes this 
 Tiew of the matter also. 
 
 ( 
 
 *H iroX(T« iy Mats t&v Sxx»^ ^6K.m.-\ " The Athenians piqued 
 themselves upon being the most independent and most humane of 
 all people." Todbbbil. 
 
 .£„ 8^ ^oO ^?fA^A<£«T..] But yrom your deliberative at- 
 
 nmblies you have altogether banUhed it. This passage derives 
 much illustration from the articles ,rapay6,ucy 7P«</>«. "oMofl^To., 
 and eeffnoBfrai, in the DioT. Ant. 
 
 Tp„*Sv aKoW...] Hearing your,elves puffed up, and 
 
 nattered in all things for your pleasure, &c. T«« ^71^' = -*** 
 affairs of state; to-, y.yvo^iyo.s ^ the events of the t^r^. ScH^rBE. 
 Lo\ tBv i<rxdr«y ^ K^ySvy.i.iv = "res meae xn extremum discrx- 
 "r„ ;:;J2 .«n^ \re in the .er, extremity of peril. T^e words^ 
 from iy ^k" -« to k..Sv.*<5«., are repeated without variation from 
 De Rbb. Chkrs. p. 98. 
 
 El uiv 8.c{K«<rfl..] St h<tc vobis cordi mnt. Wow. If 
 
 therefore even now you are so determined. -Ero./xo. sc. ^i^'- O"" 
 WrlMyo. I have nothing to say. 'Exo, here and m many other 
 pud denotes calUo, scio, from its original meaning of habeo,^ 
 fZ, possideo. So. PLATO de Rkp. ii. Oi. ^x« ^^^luZ 
 .aps'yrl The original meaning of lx», however wiU app^ here 
 and in other places where it seems to mean calleo. Brassb. 
 
 Smi'uposL, if you wUh to do your duty, even yettorec^xfV 
 all these things. Some of the manuscripts here read ^ouA.^O" 
 t tZL « T.X. Si vos onnes velitis factu necessaria facore. 
 But It» is then superfluous. 
 
 TJ, x*(p«rTov /C.T.X.] SimiUima legimus, Phil. i. p. 40. Quales 
 locoslir se diligenter comparabis, ut discas quomodo orator sua 
 
 repet^t Multum diversa ratione simia oratoris Demosthenica 
 
 ■uffurati centones suos consuunt. Sch^fee. 
 N5. SU These words at the beginning of a sentence are ^ui- 
 
 vaUnt to the Latin nunc, nunc autem, ,ua cum ita sxnt, as m Btr.. 
 
 Et. 975. It. 1,27. 
 
 fulLiand carelesmess, hut he has not sMued the state. 
 
140 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 THIBB PHILIPPIC. 
 
 141 
 
 [Page 23.] 
 Om.] This repetition of the negative is intended with dXXi 
 to give a very strong meaning to the clause. Nay you have not 
 even yet bestirred yourselves. Negatives are thus repeated fre- 
 quentlj both in the orators and poets. Cf. De Reb. Ohers. p. 98. 
 OvB &y irdvTcoy rwv &\\wv ycvriTai Kvpios, ov^ev tar* avr^ fiefiaius 
 l^X^ty. Phil. iii. p. 1 1 9. From the poets the following are given. 
 Soph. Akt. 56. ^Escn. Agam. 1646. Eum. 807. Wolf translates 
 the present passage : Immo ne loco quidem moti estis. 
 
 Ov5€K &\\o e5€i (rvfi$ov\€{f€iy,] There is nothing for the 
 
 orator to say and advise . "ESti is one of those imperfects to which 
 iy need not be added in hypothetical enunciations. The con- 
 ■truction is more emphatic without it. SchwEper. 
 
 n6\€is KaroKafifidyoyros dStfcoDvTos.] While he is eaptUT^ 
 
 ing cities, and retaining many of your possessions, and assailing all 
 people. The cities captured were in Thrace ; the possessions re- 
 tained, Amphipolis and the early conquests of the war; and the 
 assaults are to be referred to his intrigues in Greece and among 
 the Thracian people. 
 
 'Ay4x€(r0ai riyofy \ey6yroty iroWdKis,] To lend themselvBi 
 
 to certain parties who frequently declare in the assemblies, 'Ay^- 
 X^crOai is not often construed with the genitive. Examples can 
 be given, but the accusative, as in Xbn. Anab. i. 8, 11, nyKpaurhy 
 rQy fiapfidpu>y Mx^ffdai, is the more usual construction. Plat. 
 Apol. 31, B. 'Ay^xfordat rwy olKfioay ii/jLcKovfJiiyuy. Smead also 
 quotes Xen. Helleh . vi. 6 . Tcoy ayriKeySyrcoy ohK ^yelxoyro. The 
 reference is to partisans of Philip who were continually asserting 
 that any one who moved defensive measures was guilty of de- 
 claring war. 
 
 'Aydyicrj Tepl ro{frov.] Cautione vehementer est opus, et ut 
 
 hoc Ticte constituatur. Wolf. // is proper you should be on your 
 guard and be set right on thU matter. Rudiger would apply 
 these words to Philip. But I see no reason why it should not 
 rather refer to the correction of the erroneous opinion, that any 
 one was desirous of declaring war. And his subsequent remarks 
 confirm this view. 
 
 M^iro0'&s rhy ir6\€fioy.] Lest some one having proposed 
 
 and advised, that we defend ourselves, may incur the imputation of 
 
 [Pa^rc 23.] ^ ^ . 
 
 having been the author of war. Any citizen at Athens was at 
 liberty to make a motion in the popular assembly to pass a new 
 ' law or to amend an old one. But he was amenable for it for the 
 Bpace of one year, and any citizen could institute a ypu^h ^apar 
 y6a^y against him if it was found that this law was inconsistent 
 with other laws in force or with the public interest. Dem. c. 
 TiMOO pp. 710, Til. If he was convicted the law becama void, 
 and he was liable to such punishment as the judges might decree 
 Any one convicted thrice for such an offence lost the power of 
 proposing laws in future. The Thesmothet^ had cognizance of 
 the case. The object of all this was to check hasty legislation, 
 and we thus see that Demosthenes is here right in endeavourmg 
 to ward off from himself, or any citizen, the possible penalty of 
 proposing an unconstitutional measure. 
 r ALoplCo^iai,] Wolf, on SiopeoScrdat supra, remarks : Quod hie 
 
 M hopBov^Sa^, paulo post. d^opiCecreai, distinguere, dicit. 'E^* W^y. 
 In our power. Cf. D^ Reb. Chebs. p. 90. »E4>* 6/iI^ ^crrUrav ^o^- 
 Xn<re. KoKdCeiy. Contra Left. p. 491. T^ /x^v reJr' ^y M ro^s t<Jt 
 ie€<ny rh. d€ ydy M ro7s yvu. 
 
 -E|€(rTn From a consideration of outward circumstances- 
 •Ecrrl, from circumstances under our own control. Kal rhy ravra 
 a|,5 and I call upon him who affirms these things (that we 
 have'peace) to move a resolution, and bring forward some measure, 
 and not deceive us. Wolf remarks: Sententia est: proditores 
 quidem dicere et simulare, pacem esse; sed non ea decernere et 
 affere, quse ad veram pacem pertineant. 
 
 El 5^ €T€pos.] " Aristides the grammarian refers this word to 
 Philip and says there is something exquisite and noble, cefiy6' 
 rvra, contained in it. But the orator speaks generally However 
 the grammarians everywhere see things which would escape the 
 eyes of Lynceus.'^ Sch^feb. 
 
 Tot^vo^a f^^y ^pofidKXu.] Amuses you w^h the nameof 
 
 peacer ^Oyo,a and l^pyoy are frequently contrasted, the fomer 
 thus signifying a mere pretence, the latter the reality. 0^- Jh™. 
 612; Oeest. 445; Hipp. 502. Harpoceatiok, s.v. ^Po^<^'^^^ 
 says : .po^dKXuy r. 6yo^.a. signifies to make promises mth the t^ 
 imtion of deceiving. And to prove this we need only refer to the 
 
142 
 
 KOTEB TO THE 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 IMi 
 
 [Page 23.] 
 actions of Philip preyious to his entry at Thennopjla in 346. He 
 there wrote two letters, one immediately after the other, inviting 
 the Athenians to come and aid him against the Phocians. Pals. 
 Leg. p 357. Now nnder the then present circumstances he could 
 have had no other idea than that of gaining time, and thus de- 
 ceiving the Athenians, who might have been induced, if it had 
 not been for these very letters, to send Athenian troops to occupy 
 Thermopylae as Demosthenes advised. The common reading 
 here is vpofidwerai. The distinction is : ** wpofidWct, prqjicit, 
 proienditj quo vos securos consopiat ; vpofidw^raiy quo se adver- 
 ■ns vos tueatur.** Frankb. 
 
 *d(rK€ty 5^ ov Bia(p€pofiai ] But say that you keep the peace, 
 
 if you wish, as he does, I care not for that, i. e. Go on acquiring 
 towns and possessions for yourselves at his expense, and call 
 that keeping the peace, if you wish. ^dtrKciu, dictitare, say as , 
 often as you will. Ov 5ia<pcpofjLat, nil euro, haud intercedo, mea nil 
 refert. Reiskb. 
 
 Ta{n'7ju elp^vnv.] The article is omitted to show that the mean- 
 ing ia general. On the omission of the copula €hai here consult 
 Jelf. 376. 
 
 'E(p* ijfias 7}f€<.] He will come against us. A constant theme 
 of the warnings of Demosthenes. And it is strange, considering 
 the loss which must have fallen upon them in case of an invasion 
 of Attica, that the Athenians did not bestir themselves more. 
 
 "ETretTo €K€iv(p leap v/jlcov hiyei] And then, he speaks of a 
 
 peace observed by you towards him, not by him towards you. Some 
 •ditions have dyeiv \4y€i here, which Wolf changed to thai by 
 conjecture, a reading adopted by Auger. 
 
 *0 '^^'' wvcrToi. What Philip purchases by all the money 
 
 he expends. Twv avaXicrKw^iptav xRW^^Tcoy- Genitive of price. 
 J«LF. 619. Of. Her. v. 6. 'avioprai ras yvyaTKas iraph. rwy yoviay 
 XpVM'dTaDy /X€yd\(au, , 
 
 •T0* ifi&v $4 /*i iroK€fi€:(reat.1 And still avoid being attacked by 
 
 Kal fi^y.l Et vero. Jblf. 728. M^xpt roCrov « Until he de- 
 clare war. 
 
 o^5^ ykp TOUT' ipuh For neither will he say this, even tf 
 
 advancing against Attica, and entering the Pir<BUS. Tb. n«pa«.. 
 One of the ports of Athens, the others being Munychia and Pha. 
 leJum These were connected with the city by mean^ of the long • 
 wa is built under the administration of Pericles. The--^^^^^^^ 
 had surrounded the ports by a wall. The entire circuit of these 
 walls was one hundred and seventy-four and a-half stadia The 
 long walls Xrk y.a.pk relxv) were three in number, one on he e^i 
 to Phalerum, thirty-five stadia long, another on the west to the 
 PirL, aboui forty stadia, and the third parallelto the last, lead- 
 ing to the same place. These last were known as the long walls, 
 the one to Phalerum being usually called rh i^oKvp^Khy relxos. 
 
 nphs rohs a^xovs.] Towards the others, i. e. those whom he 
 subsequently proceeds to enumerate : the Olynthians and Phc 
 
 ^^*^'- [Page 24.] 
 
 T.rrapd.oyr^ a.e>. r^s .6x..s <rrdn.a,] "After Philip had 
 captLS the thirty.two Chalcidic cities, he -^-r<^^\^f^^ 
 Olynthus itself. On arriving within forty furlongs of th. city 
 he sent to the inhabitants a peremptory summons, intimating 
 that eler they must evacuate the city, or he must leave Mace 
 doniar Grotk, chap. IxxxTiii. 
 
 ^„oT. eir.,0..^ BH.M. refers to De Cob. p. 2H: K-fro. W 
 
 that after edr.poy the verb .oucu is to be supplied But Soh^«b 
 does not approve of this, and also dissents from those who wouW 
 n.ake it the accusative absolute. But be would b;;^"*^;-* 
 a nominative absolute, and considers it as one of tboje formuUe 
 which are inserted in the oration, yet have a loose synUct,^ 
 connection with it He therefore supplies no verb. But h.s 
 illustration in German, eins von beidcn, ^oes not happen to apply 
 in English, and therefore I am inclined to adopt Bbe-.'s opmion, 
 
 and supply -rroietu, j ^hit 
 
 nJ: L fixxo. XPW.] Accusauve of t-e_J.L, 5n. 
 The period alluded to is that between midsummer, B C 350, a«a 
 the commencement of the siege of Olynthus d7«;57j-^ ^ ^^ 
 he had conquered and destroyed the whole of the Chalcidic 
 
14A 
 
 NOTES TO THB 
 
 THIED 1?HILIPPTC. 
 
 145 
 
 [Page 24.] 
 towns. And what is here related of Oljnthus may have been 
 Equally true in the case of Stagira, Torone, Apollonia, and 
 the rest. Capturing them in detail, he kept assuring his next 
 victims that his designs were favourable to them. Ainda'aiTo 
 governs two accusatives, atWhy and rt roiovrov. Cf. Dbm. Cor. 
 
 p. 250. *0 H\nnros ov^lv alriarat ifih Trepi rov voK^fiov. 
 
 Tovro 5€.] In connection with tovto fity^ supra, is to be trans- 
 lated and then again. 
 
 'tis vphs <rvfMfidxovt.2 At page 54, we have &s ficuri\4a; and 
 again, in De Rkb. Chbrs. p. 98, neVrere ^s was—^p^c^eis. *Qt 
 in both these instances is a preposition. But in the present 
 instance it is not so, but merely expresses a supposition, and is 
 equivalent to as if, Cf. Thuc. vi. 61. 'Air^irk^ov fL,T^ ttjs ^a\a- 
 fuyias 4k rrji -ZiKfXlas m is ras 'AO-fivas. Xbn. Anai. iv. 3, 11. 
 *p<ryava trvWiyovrcs &s M irvp. Cf. Jelf. 626. 
 
 KoJ vp4(r$€is 4»a)K4(ay ^crav irop€vofi€vcp.] And there were 
 
 envoys of the Phocians who accompanied him on his march, i.e., in 
 B.C. 346, when he was marching southward from Pella to Pherse, 
 before he had taken the oaths. I quite agree with Grotb that 
 the reference in this passage, and also what follows as far as 
 wdpo^ovf refers to the same period of time. 
 
 Kal TTop* rjnTu iipi(ov noWoL] Jnd many with us contended. 
 f RANKH here reads ol ttoAAo/, and is followed by Smbad, who 
 translates, the populace maintained, and quotes Frakke^s remark, 
 vulgus cui proditorem turba verba dederat. But here, I contend' 
 they are wrong. UoWol does not allude to the populace at 
 Athens in any way, but to the ambassadors who accompanied 
 Philip in this celebrated march, among whom were the ten A the- 
 nians, and besides ambassadors from Thessaly, Thebes, Phocis, 
 and Sparta, all contending to gain Philip's favour and alliance! 
 The words wap' {ifuu will then refer to the little court of envoys 
 who attended the g^reat Sphinx, and endeavoured to determine 
 his ultimate policy, or in whose favour he acted. Further than 
 this, the treaty had not been signed; the ambassadors had 
 not returned j the people could know nothing about it, and 
 could hardly determine whether the result would be favourable 
 to Thebes or not. 
 
 ( 
 
 [Page 24.] 
 
 Sv^aiois oh rhv iiccluov irdpohov,] That his approach would 
 
 not benefit the Thebans. Here, again, the allusion is to the senti- 
 ments of the ambassadors with Philip. We see a few lines above 
 that he was marching forward avowedly as the ally of Phocis. 
 So firmly convinced were even the Theban envoys of this, that 
 at one time they became alarmed ; and well they might, for some 
 of Philip's officers expressly declared that his purpose was to 
 conquer Thebes and restore the Boeotian towns of Thespi» and 
 Platsea. iEscH. Fals. Leo. p. 46. What could be more likely 
 than that t^his language should be interpreted by the ambassadors 
 to mean what it really was not intended to do, since the purpose 
 was all along to pit the one against the other, and gain time to 
 
 arrive at Thermopylae ? 
 
 npci,7jy^] This was in the year of the peace. He garrisoned 
 this city because it was the most disaffected to him of all in 
 Thessaly. Cf. Fals. Leo. p. 424. From the language' there em- 
 ployed we may conjecture that Pher® was one of those cities 
 whose citadels were occupied by him. 
 
 "Ex" KaTa\a^(i>y.] Having seized it, he continues to hold it. 
 •'Exci with the participle is thus used to denote the continuance 
 of the action when already commenced. In Latin, a similar 
 power is possessed by habere, and a passive participle in the 
 accusative. Cf. for example Dbm. c. Aphob. p. 818. T^v fih 
 rolwv irpotKa ^et \a^d>v. Eur Med. 33, 89 j Hbo. 999 ; Ant. 
 1045 ; and (Rn. Rex. 567. Cesar de Bel. Gal. i. 44: Id se ab 
 ipsis per eorum nuntios compertum habere. 
 
 'apelrais.] Oreus was a town in the northern part of Euboea, 
 and nearly opposite the Pagasaean gulf. Its position made it an 
 important place to hold, and it had been under the Athenian 
 dominion at various times since the Persian wars. The events 
 here related had taken place the very year in which this oration 
 
 was delivered. 'Ewia'K€yf,ofi4vov5 ^Hvoiav. That he had sent 
 
 his soldiers to visit them out of kindness. " Since ^Trto-fc^Trrcerdai 
 is said of those who visit the sick, the ridicule upon the inhabi- 
 tants of Oreus is here very bitter. But this was Philip's manner, 
 to speak blandly, and cavil in words until he was sure of his 
 prey." Brbmi. 
 
146 
 
 IfOTES TO THE 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 147 
 
 [Page 24.] 
 'Cls voaovai.] Philip had used thest words to apply to the 
 
 diseased Oreitans, and Demosthenes completes the metaphor by 
 
 using 47ri(rK4irr€a'daif to virit^ as a physician visits his patients* 
 
 Kal ffra(ridCova'iv is intended as explanatory of vocrovct Frankr. 
 
 ^Ev ro7s rotovrois Kaipoh irapiivai ] To he at hand to help them 
 in ttich difficulties. The events here alluded to are involved in 
 much obscurily. They all took place in 342-1, and are briefly 
 as follows : The party favourable to Philip was led by Philistides 
 the tyrant, who was supported by Philip. He persuaded them to 
 imprison Euphrceus of Oreus, the leader of the opposing party, 
 as a disturber of the public peace. Philistides then introduced 
 a body of Macedonian troops, and thus became confirmed in hii 
 power — the city at the same time, as a matter of course, revolt- 
 ing from the confederacy of Athenian cities in Euboea, which 
 had been formed subsequently to the battle of Tamynae. jEsch. c. 
 Ctes. pp. '6 7, 68. Euphraeus poisoned himself in prison. 
 
 Avr6v.] Accusative before ai>€r<r^o«. That he would prefer to 
 
 deceive those who^ &c. M^ -KaBdv tiv Uws. But they might, 
 
 pel haps, have guarded against receiving* an injury, llpo\4yovra 
 fiid(f<Tdai. Warn them of his attack, 
 
 Kal rav0* ews,] And that, too, whilst, or as long as. Ovk tan 
 ravra. Sane, non ita est. In very truth, not so. 
 
 Twy a^iKovfi4va>v aitr^.] Jbl7. 641. WheU the subject 
 
 of the participle is not the same as that of the verb, the participle 
 and its subject are usually in the genitive absolute, De Rbb. 
 Chkrb. p. 94. AiafiaW6vroi)y rivuy Koi KarriyopovyTuv diatnraadripai 
 Koi ^ia(l>daprivai. Translate : Whilst you, who are suffering the in- 
 jury, make no complaint against him, 
 
 'AAA' vfJMV avTa>v rivas alrioDfihaov,] These words are probably 
 an allusion to Diopithes, on whose behalf the oration De Reb. 
 Chers. was delivered. He was reviled by the partisans of Philip, 
 and accused of breaking the peace of 346, by his actions in 
 Thrace and the Chersonese. *Tfiiov aurwi' depends in construction 
 
 on rivas. 
 
 Koi rwy irap* cavroO &4>^Xoito.] And should remove those 
 
 pretexts from his hirelings, <fec. The orators at Athens in the pay 
 of Philip, such as jfischines and Demades. *h<paipuv is more 
 
 [Page 24.] 
 usually joined with a double accusative, II. i. 182, or with the 
 
 Ace. and Dat. Od. i. 9, seldom, as here, with an accusative of the 
 thing and genitive of person. But cf. Xbn. Hbllen. iii. 1, 7, 
 *A<paipr]a'6fxfvos rh i/Swp avrwv. 
 
 Oh ava^dXKovffLv vp,as,'\ With which they put you off. Cf . Be 
 Reb. Chers. p. 102. Kai toiovtovs \6yovs oh avafidWovari UjuSs. 
 Wolf explains ayafidWciu by 6kv€7p koI avadveo'Oat Koi rwv Kaipav 
 vcTTeplCciv. The word is used by Xen. of a horse throwing his 
 rider. *Avafid\\(iv rhv ava^drtiv. Hence, probably, is derived 
 the meaning it has here, of putting off, 
 
 "EoTTiv '6a-Tis ] These words are used lo denote any body, 
 
 or some indefinite person. Cf Xen. An. i. viii. "Eo-ti 8* o(xris koX 
 KaTa\'i)'pBri (Sxnr^p iv iTnro^pSjxep. 
 
 MaWov ^ Twv irpayndrcov,'] Prepositions are usually repeated 
 before every noun, and it is rare to find one omitted in disjunc- 
 tive sentences. Jelf. 650, 1, 4. Somethinj^ similar occurs fre- 
 quently in tragedy ; in compound verbs, the second one usually 
 drops the preposition Eur. Her. 167. 'ATrwA^crar* wAcVar*. 
 OreST. 180. Aioix6ficd' olx^fxeda. AlcEST. 40C>. 'rirdKOvffov^ 
 &Kov(roy, It may be remarked that all these examples are from 
 choral odes. 
 
 OuSch 5^ TTou.] Nemo scilicet. Nobody I ween. "Apri r^s 
 flp-flvTIs ycyovvlas. The peace having now been concluded. This 
 must refer to the settlement of the pi eliminaries at Athens by 
 Antipater and Parmenio and the Athenians, which was nearly 
 three months before Philip took'the oaths at Pherae. The peace 
 was voted by the Athenian people, Elaphebolion, 19th Mnrch, 
 346, and ratified on the*28th. Philip, however, did not take the 
 oaths until Scirophorion, June 15th, 346. 
 
 Ot/vw Aioircidovs arparriyovvTos.] We cannot determine the 
 exact date of the appointment of Diopithes to the command, but 
 we learn (from De Rkb. Chers. p. 91) that it was after the con- 
 ditions of the peace had been agreed upon, when he and a body 
 of settlers had been sent out from Athens unprovided with pay 
 (p. 95), and that, in order to support himself, he made attacks 
 upon Cardia, an ally of Philip. The king sent forces to the aid 
 of the Cardians, and Diopithes defeated them, and carried his 
 
148 
 
 KOTES TO THE 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 149 
 
 [Page 24.] 
 incursions into maritime Thrace. Philip now sent envoys and a 
 letter to Athens threatening to overrun the Chersonese unless 
 Diopitheg were restrained in his warlike efforts ; but meantime 
 the king was pushing his conquests against the Thracian princes. 
 Bpist. Phil. Dkm. p. 161. This led to complaints against Dio- 
 pithes, whom Demosthenes defends in the Be Reb. Chkrs. 
 
 Ou5e T&y ovtwv air^ffraXfihcov,'] Nor were those troops yet 
 
 in Chersonesus who have lately been sentj i. e. the mercenaries who 
 accompanied Diopithes, about whom much was then said at 
 Athens. 
 
 2^^^«ov.] A promontory of Thrace and a town of the same 
 name near Doriscus. This latter place was situated in a great 
 plain near the river Hebrus. Her. vii. 59. *Upov opovs. A fort 
 near the last two towns. The day after the peace had been rati- 
 fied at Athens (Elaphebolion 28) a despatch came from Chares 
 informing the Athenians that Philip had captured the Sacred 
 Mount, and other important places in Thrace, and had deprived 
 Oersobleptes of the greater part of his kingdom, ^sch. Fals. 
 Leg. p. 40. 
 
 Ous 6 iyKaTcarrriorav.] Whom your own general had sta^ 
 
 tioned there. This was Chares, who was acting in Thrace in 
 conjunction with Oersobleptes, whom he assisted by means of the 
 fleet under his command. 
 
 Kalroi ravra Trpdrrwy, rl iwoUi ;] ^nd yet in acting thus what 
 wa$ he in reality doing? Subaudi el /i^ iiro\4fi€L Quid aliud 
 faciebat, si non bellabat 7 Reiskb. 
 
 [Page 25.] . 
 
 Elpiivny filv yap wfxcoiJ.SKci.'} For he had sworn to the peace. 
 This must be taken with some latitude. The facts were these : 
 The peace was on the basis of uti possidetis^ from the day upon 
 which it was sworn to at Athens. Now as we said above, this 
 was Elaphebolion 28th, at which time a decree also passed that 
 the embassadors [should proceed to Philip and have the oaths 
 taken immediately. But for some reason they did not set out 
 until after Munychion 3rd (April), and then they did not go 
 direct to Philip in Thrace ; but, having proceeded to Oreus, they ^ 
 arrived at Pella by slow passages, and awaited there until Philip 
 
 [Page 25.] 
 returned from Thrace, fifty days after they Icift Athens. Dem. 
 Fals. Leg. p. 390. And still he did not take the oaths until 
 nearly twenty days after. I would therefore interpret the pre- 
 sent passage to mean, that as Athens had sworn in presence of 
 the Macedonian envoys, the orator may intend that Philip was 
 bound by the action of his envovs. 
 
 TJ 7r(J\€t.] Jacobs well remarks that the loss of such unimpor- 
 tant places was small to Athens, but it was not the political profit 
 or loss that was now to be regarded, but right, and political jus- 
 tice, and therefore independent of the magnitude or unimportance 
 of the subjects in dispute. ^AAAos &»/... ^olros. That were ano- 
 ther question. Smead quotes Plato, Apol. Soc. c. 23. Et fx^v 
 ea^Pa\4a>5 iyw ^x« ^P^^ eduarov fi M, &AAoy \6yo5, De Lbg. i. 7. 
 
 6 \6yOS tiV €TCp05 €f»J. , 
 
 n 5* €Ucr6i8h dvyafiiv.'] He here quotes a paradox of the 
 
 Stoics, that Itra ra aixapT-fifiara koI Karoped^fiara. WoLF. On M 
 fiiKphvy cf. Jelf. 633. Religion and justice demand the samet 
 whether the transgression be in great or small things. 
 
 *Hi/ fiacrix^hs dvai.] This abrupt introduction of the king 
 
 of Persia seems rather strange, and the appeal to h»s authority is 
 somewhat' remarkable. " But the growing power of Philip and 
 his threatening disposition would naturally mduce the Athenians 
 to court the friendship of any state strong enough to protect 
 them." Whiston. Translate : Which the king and all the Greeks 
 know to be yours. BacrAe^s, without the article as is usual in 
 speaking of the king of Persia. From Her. vi. 34, we learn that 
 in the time of Peisistratus the Chersonese was inhabited by Do- 
 loncians, and that they imvited Miltiades, the son of Cypselus, to 
 rule over them. He took out with him a body of Athenians as 
 settlers, who volunteered for the expedition, vi. 36 He also 
 built a wall from Pactya to Cardia, and thus protected the conn- 
 try. Miltiades was succeeded by Stesagoras, and, on his assassi- 
 nation, Hippias sent his brother Miltiades, who ruled for twenty- 
 four years, and then abandoned the country from fear of the 
 Persians, and returned to Athens. After the battle Marathon the 
 country was again secured to Athens, and continued subject to 
 them until the end of the Peloponnesian War. They then lost it, 
 
150 
 
 ]fOT£S TO THB 
 
 THIED PHILIPPIC. 
 
 151 
 
 [Page 26] 
 and did not finally gain possession of it until its cession to them 
 
 bj Cersobleptes in 358-7. 
 
 Kal €m(rT4\\€i rauTo.] Jirid writes us word thai such is the case, 
 Cf. Epist. Philipp. p. 161. Kap^iavoiis di (prjfii ^oi)QClv, 
 
 'E7<i> 56 TocrouTov Sew ] So far am I from a^eeing^ &c. I hare 
 retained too-ovtou instead of roao^rcfi. The expressions voWov 
 HSuy 6\iyov 5^0), and roaourov Sew, all have the same general 
 meaning of wanting^ anl are all followed by the infinitive. 
 
 "^lo-re Kol Meydpuiu awTSfievov] A short time before the date of 
 this oration, some Megareans, under the leadership of Pterilaus, 
 laid their plans for the capture of the city, by means of Macedo- 
 nian troops sent from Phocis to Pegae. the port of Megara on the 
 Crissaean Gulf. Word came to Athens, and Phocion and a body 
 of Athenian hoplites (B. C. 343) were despatched with all haste. 
 They arrived at Megara, and made the city secure by fortifying 
 Nicsea, and connecting it by long walls with Megara, thus secur- 
 ing the entry of Athenians at any time into the city. Pterilaus 
 was soon after tried at Megara before the Three Hundred^ and 
 acquitted by means of Pteodorus, a man of great influence in the 
 city, who afterwards despatched him for more Macedonian troops, 
 which, however, did not arrive. Fals. Lbg. 436. We can easily 
 see the importance Athens placed upon Megara from the frequent 
 m nlion made of it by Demosthenes in this and other orations. 
 Cf Phil. iv. p. 133. Fals. Leg. pp. 368, 435, 446. 448. In De 
 Cor. p. 324, we find Pteodorus given in the list of traitors to 
 Greece and partisans of Philip. The reason of this importance 
 being given to the city is that, having all Boeotia under his sway, 
 if he gained Megara he would have surrounded Athens on all 
 sides. He already governed Euboea by his bribed adherents. 
 
 'Ey Ev^oiq, TvpavvBa KaTaaKiviCovra.] This is more fully treated 
 of in the present oration, pp. 125-127. Rkiskb prefers to read 
 rvpavvl^as, for Philip had set up several tyrants in Euboea, 
 but Tvpavyh is here used generally^ to apply to any tyrants. 
 Translate : Dominate onem tyrannorum, 
 
 tivv M 0p4Kr)u irapayra] Cf. De Reb. Chers. p. 100. Philip 
 was still absent in Thrace at the date of this oration, and had 
 
 [Page 25.] 
 been there for more than ten months. The campaign ended by 
 the subjugation of the country and the expulsion of the kings. 
 WlKIEWSKI, p. 187. 
 
 Th, iu CKcvoopovficvov 1 Cunningly laying his plots in Pe^o- 
 
 ponnesus. The verb (XKevcapeTaOaiy like ffK^voiroiuadai^ is applied to 
 a cunningly devised trick, to effect by intrigue. Its derivative, 
 ffK€V(i>p'niJLat has the same force. Cf. Dem. p. 955. *A\A* elvai 
 rovTO irXdfffia Ka\ (TK€vd)p-nfJLa b\ov . Also, p 1035, (rKevcapTjfxa 
 a'vvi^6yT€5. 
 
 El fi^ Ka\ irpoffaydyuaiv,] Unless indeed ye will say that 
 
 those who are placing their engines keep the peace, until they lead 
 them against the walls. Observe that Demosthenes uses the word 
 Iii)xdv7]iia here and below, where other writers would use fivx°-^'^i 
 as ThdO. ii. 76, Mt^x*"^^ -Kpoffnyov rfj irSXci ] iv. 13, 'Airo^acrcws 
 86 fjidMara ovans eKuu ^rix^^vais. However, he may not here in- 
 tend so much engines of war, as deceit of any kind, as in ^sch. 
 Prom. 469. In the Choeph. 981, it is applied to the robe in 
 which Agamemnon is entangled. 
 
 OTs Uv iy^ Kricpeclny^] By which I may be overcome. K&j/ firjTcu 
 ^dk\ri firi^h ro^evri. Even though he hurl no javelin and draw no 
 bow. 
 
 Tlciv olv ykvoiTo^ If anything should happen, of what would 
 
 you be in danger? Kivdvyevciv is here construed with a dative, as 
 in Her. ii. 120, vii. 209, viii. 60. The construction with ivr^p and 
 the genitive is the more common, although irphs and the accusa- 
 tive is found in Hek iv. 11. In this passage, Reiske reads el 
 yiyvoivTo, and translates: Quoinam igiiur ilia sunt, quorum even- 
 tus nos in discrimen conjiciat. But et ti yivoiro, si quid acciderit^ 
 is more spirited. The infinitives foUowiug are to be regarded as 
 substantives in apposition to riffiv. 
 
 Elra ] Jelp. 874, 6' Tovrov elp-nvnv i^phs vfxas ; Can I 
 
 affirm that he keeps the peace towards you ? UoWov yc koI h4w. 
 And indeed I am far from doing so. 
 
 'A(p ?s vfiipas *«K^a5,] But from the day he destroyed the 
 
 Phocians. We cannot determine the exact date of the destruction 
 of these towns, but the most probable date is Scirophorion 23rd, 
 
152 
 
 iroTEs to tM 
 
 [Pape25,] 
 the daj on which Phalaecus anii his mercenaries surrendered to 
 
 Philip at Thermopylae. The Phocian towns surrendered at the 
 
 same time, and their destruction followed immediately. This 
 
 was hardly a week after the signing of the peace at Pherae. 
 
 T/xas 5^ <pVl^^] '^^ ^ ^^y y^^ ^'■^ ^*** if y^^ *^^ assist- 
 ance now. "HBij is very emphatic here. Avirfjaeirde. De meo sentu 
 dedi Zvyfifrea-Oai in infinitiro apto e praemisso 4>i7a^/) •^io negatum 
 vobis turn fore, ut facialis, Reiskb. But all the manuscripts give 
 8vv^<r€<rd€, and I have retained it. Besides, I can hardly see why 
 it should be changed, as there is no anacoluthon in leaving it as 
 
 18. 
 
 Kal roffovrdy y^ r&y &AAwy.] Jlnd so much do I dissent 
 
 from, "aare k.t.\. That I do not think we ought now to consult 
 regarding the Chersonese^ nor Byzantium, Bv(avTioy. A town on 
 the Thracian Bosporus, founded by the Megareans, B. 0. 658. 
 The other Grecian colonies in this neighbourhood were Lampsa- 
 cus, Cyzicus, Perinthus, and Chalcedon, opposite Byzantium. 
 (Heirbn's Manual, p. 131.) The founder is said to have been 
 Byzas, the son of Neptune. Its site made it, in a very short pe- 
 riod, a most flourishing city and a port of great trade with Athens 
 and the rest of Greece. During the Peloponnesian War it was 
 alternately under the sway of the Athenians and the Lacedaemo- 
 nians. It revolted from Athens in 358, and took part with 
 Rhodes and Chios in the Social War. It had continued ill- 
 affected towards Athens during all the remainder of the reign of 
 Philip, and sometimes in alliance with him, (De Cor. p. 254,) 
 until the year of this speech, when Demosthenes was sent as 
 envoy to visit it, and induced it to form an alliance with Athens 
 against Philip. In consequence of this, and of the aid lent it 
 against Philip, the people voted a crown to the Athenians. De 
 Cob. p. 255. 
 
 Kal rois oZffLv a7ro(rT€iAa(.] Jlnd send to the soldiers who 
 
 are now there everything they may need."] '£«€?. This word refers 
 only to the Chersonese, not to Byzantium. Phocion and the sol- 
 diers under his charge were not received into Byzantium until 
 341-0, the year after the delivery of this speech. The allusion, 
 then, will be to Diopithes and his soldiers. 
 
 THIBD PHILIPBIO. 
 
 15» 
 
 f Pa^rc 25.] 
 
 »E{ 5i/ i^oiBoC/iOi.] From what cause I thut am in dread f of 
 
 our affairs. After €tir€tv understand ircpl ru>v, Mcr^x^iv bas the 
 meaning of to partake of anything with another, hence to adopt^ 
 as here. Translate : Ye may adopt my opinions, 
 
 [Page 26.] 
 
 Kal irp6voidv riv' 7rot^(r77(r0€.] " Franke translates as if it 
 
 were €t n^ dpa, nisi forte : but, as followmg vfxuv y' avruv, I think 
 €t fi^ Kol Twv &\\wy is St non etiam reliquorum; the &pa being ut 
 videtur. That you may at least take some wise precautions for 
 yourselves, if as it seems, you do not choose to do so for other states 
 as well:' Arnold. ^TfjLwv y' avruv, the objective genitive. 
 
 TervcpSxrOai.] This word is variously derived. If from rutposy 
 smoke, mist, it will mean here to be wrapt in smoke or clouds, to be 
 silly or absurd. This is the view taken by most modern etymolo- 
 gists, and in my opinion the correct one. Harpocration remarks 
 upon it : r^r^oixac ifx^efipSpT'nfJLaL, efw r&v (pp€va>y ycyova. Cf. 
 Fals. Leg. p. 409. 'AAV iy^ fialvofiai, koI r€T6(pofiai, where the 
 first derivation is certainly preferable to the second. Anpc'iy. To 
 speak or act like a fool. Compare the Latin deliro, 1 rave, and its 
 English derivative, delirium, 
 
 AdOis.] Again, hence hereafter. Translate : Neither now nor 
 hereafter consider me as one sound in mind. 
 
 M€yas -nH-nTaL.] Proleptic use of fi^y^s. It is already 
 
 implied in the verb av^dy^ty Cf. Xen. Anab. i. 6, 8, fi€T€d>pov5 
 iicKSfJua-au rhs afid^as. Uphs airohs = -n-po? ^AX^Xous. Jblf. 654, 
 2. Cf. De CoR. p. 24T, for the sudden rise of Macedon. 
 
 Kai 5ti iroW^ y^yMai.] And it was far more improbable 
 
 that he should become such as he is, from the mMn he was, Tipo^i- 
 A„(^€. Jam tenet. Legi possit etiam 7rpo(r€(AT,4»€, c<Bteris adjunxtt. 
 
 WoLP * 
 
 KalVa Koiirh 6<f." a&rv «.^<ro(r9«..] He should also reduce tvhat 
 remains under himself. He uses the aor. Inf. to denote a finished 
 result, and not the gradual reductim of them, which would re- 
 quire the present. A.€j*\e«v. To go through in words, to relate. 
 Of. Hkb. vii. 18. 
 
 •AAA" ipH <^V-] •B»' I "* '^ "**"' *«ff»"«»«y ***'* y^ 
 
154 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 THIED PHILIPPIC. 
 
 155 
 
 [Page 26.] 
 have granted to hinij that^ &c. The expression h.ie6 riyor ap^dftc- 
 
 yos is used adverbially, and has the peculiarity of agreeing with 
 
 its subject, and defines its limits and sense. Cf Plxto. Rep. 600. 
 
 OvKovy riOwfifv airb *0/jL'f}pov ap^a/x^vovs Trdi/ras robs noiriTiKohs fufirj' 
 
 rh,5 €i5a>Kwu aperrjs elvai' TeAevTwi/, dLa\nrci}v xp^^'^^t ^^^ dvucras, 
 
 are used in a similar manner. Wolf says : d<^' vyiuv d/>|. inter 
 
 quosprimi estisy while Sch^fer translates : Initio a vobis facto. 
 
 Ovrajci ] In so public a manner^ i. e. in a way plainly intended 
 for all to see, and in which no evasion was intended. n6p/«<$ir- 
 ruv KoL XwiroSuTcT*'. These words convey in a very forcible man- 
 ner the scorn of the orator. Tl€piK6irT€iif is applied to trees, to cut 
 them round and thus destroy them. He uses it in this meaning in 
 De Rkb Chers. p. 91. Then again, \u)iro^uT€7v (from Acuttt;, a gar- 
 mentf and 5u«) was applied to such as robbed bathers and travel- 
 lers, and committed other petty thefts. By such means does the 
 orator often mark his scorn for the actions of the Macedonian. 
 Cf. Phil. i. p. 54. 
 
 KaTadov\ov(Tdai ras irSXcis.l To enslave the citirs, i. e. common- 
 wealths of Greece. I am inclined to take this view, since to apply 
 it to any separate cities would lessen the force of the argument. 
 In the same way irpayfidTUfu is used a few lines above, to denote 
 the whole affairs of the commonwealth. 
 
 Ko/to<.] ^nd yet. 'Efido/jL-fiKoyra irr\ #cal rpia Our orator has 
 here given a hard task to his commentators, who will not see 
 that he is speaking generally. How( ver, in this case, we may 
 presume he gives the exact number, which he intends to be cor- 
 rect, and below, p. 117, when he says " seventy years," he must 
 be understood as speaking in general terms. The seventy-three 
 years will date from the close of the Persian wars, B. C. 477, to 
 the battle of -<Egospotamos, which ended the Peloponnesian War, 
 B. 0. 405-4 (Ol. 93, 4). But Demosthenes mentions in Ol. iii. 
 p. 36, that the Athenians " had the hegemony of the Greeks with 
 their consent for forty-five years.'* These years must be computed 
 from B. 0. 477 (Ol. 75, 4,) to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian 
 War, which will be over forty-five years (Ol. 87, 2). His state- 
 ments thus harmonize with the facts of Grecian history; but 
 when we compare his^dates with those of other writers, a remark- 
 
 \_Page 26.] 
 able discrepancy arises. Isocratbs in one place says their sway 
 lasted sixty-five years. LuccnESiNi adopts this, counting from 
 the close of the Persian war to the defeat of the Athenians at 
 Syracuse. Boeckh also agrees in the years, but commences to 
 count from Ol, H, 2. B. C. 471. The round numb.-r, seventy, is 
 given also by Lysias. 'Y.mr^ios, 55. Plato, Epist. vii. p. 443, 
 and IsocRATES, Panegyr. 122. We have seen that he also gives 
 the date as sixty-five. See Clinton's Fast. Hellen. ii. Ap. 
 p. 263. 
 
 TpidKovra kvbs Se'oi/ra.] Theae twenty-nine years are to be 
 reckoned from the battle of .Egospotamos (Ol. 93, 4) to the de- 
 feat of the Lacedaemonians by Ohabrias at' Naxps, B. C. J76 (Ol. 
 101. 1), For the manner in which Sparta used her power, see 
 Grote, chap. Ixxvii. For the greatness of her power, see Xen. 
 Hkllen. V. 3. 
 
 'Icrxv^rav Se' ti /iix^i'.] ^^^ the Thebans have obtained the 
 
 power these late years, after the battle of Leuctra. Fought between 
 Epaminondas and the Thebans, and Cleombrotus and the Spar- 
 tans, B. 0. 371 .Ol. 102, 2). In consequence of this victory the 
 chief power passed to the Thebans, who were the last of the 
 Greeks who could claim the ' hegemony, since Philip, the next 
 leader, was no Greek. 
 
 Uoiuu 5 Tt fio6\Qi(re€.] To do whatever you wished. He uses 
 the second person because : " Secunda persona quum plura sub- 
 jecta adsint. recte ponitur, quum is quern alloquimur primus et 
 proximus nobis sit." BaEMi Sch^feh remarks that TroieTv should 
 have tne article, since as often as tovto is explained in the same 
 sentence by an infinitive following it, in prose the article is 
 scarcely ever omitted. He also reads fioiXea-de. But the opta- 
 tive is preferable, since the circumstances varied with the wish, 
 and it could refer to no settled plan. 
 
 Ou5^ TToAXou 86?.] Far from it. Neutiquam. Cf. De Rbb. Ohbrs. 
 p. 100. Tovto fi^v. The corresponding word is Koi itdKiv, Wolf 
 lays it down that when tovto filv is used, tovto S^ should follow. 
 But this is not followed here, nor indeed does the orator confine 
 himself very strictly to these fomulae ; for at page 123 he has 
 
156 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 THIIID PHILIPPIC. 
 
 157 
 
 [Page 26.] 
 np&rop^ followed by Se, when we should expect ^Trcira Bt. Again, 
 
 at p. 126, T0T6 fjL€v — ird\iv Sc. 
 
 MaWoi/ 5€ To7s rSr' olaiv ^hS-nvalois.'] Vide quo artificio Orator 
 captet aurem popularem. Tktiv ov ficTplws ibSKovy 'irpo(r<f>€p«rdaty 
 Se.emed to conduct themselves perhaps harshly towards certain states. 
 Here again the orator states a disagreeable fact in such a way as 
 to flatter his audience, and at the same time mark his sense of 
 their conduct. Wolf translates : Quum quosdam non moderate 
 tractare videreniur. The truth of this remark will be fully con- 
 firmed by the action of Athens towards the various members of 
 the confederacy of Delos subsequently to the wars with Persia. 
 Cf. Gbotb, chap. xlv. Considering the real facts, Demosthenes 
 would have been right if he had used instead of ov fifrplcos, juaA.* 
 {/fipia-TiK&Sj as DisssN remarks. Cf De Coa. p. 2:51. Ow fi^rpiws 
 4k4xp^vto (fir)^aioi). 
 
 Tidvr^s ^ovTo Zuv 7roA€/A€«/.] All the resty even those hnv^ 
 
 ing no charge to bring forward^ considered it a matter of necessity 
 to urge war in conjunction with the Mrronged states. 
 
 "Apfotn.] Imperium capessentes. For ^px^tv here, as ScHiEFER 
 remarks, is imperium capessere, not imperare. He compares Her. 
 i. 14. *Evd T€ ^/)|€, Postquam regno potittts est. Translate ; Hav- 
 ing obtained the chief power ^ and succeeding to the same political 
 influence. 
 
 n\fovd(€iy'] LisolescerCj plus sibi^ quam oportebatj arrogart. 
 So Isoc. de SoPHiSTis, Et ical vvv -KK^ovtkCovcii Tametsi nunc inso- 
 lenter sese jcu:tant Wolf. Ucp^ rod fi^rpiov. .. .iKivovv, And 
 disturb existing institutions beyond what was reasonable, ' This 
 alludes to the action of Lysander and the Spartans after the 
 defeat of the Athenians in B. C. 405. The attempt to establish 
 an oligarchy was generally regarded a3 odious in the extreme . 
 The appointment of decadarchies and a Spartan harmost in each 
 city was looked upon as only another name for tyranny. Be- 
 sides, these rulers were generally unfit for their station, and 
 caused much ill-feeling. But the crowning act of arrogance was 
 the seizure of the Kadmeia, which ultimately led to a union, end- 
 ing in the overthrow of the Lacedaemonian influence in Greece. 
 
 [Pa^rtf 26.] 
 
 Kal rl «€? Toi»y tiWovs Kiy^iv ;} And why need 1 mention th$ 
 others ? " These words are used to indicate a change to more 
 serious subjects." Franks. 
 
 ObBhv ay ctVeiv ^xo^r^s] *Ai/ here is to be referred to Ixo^tcj, 
 and the expression is then equivalent to ohd'^y Uy €'[xofi€y, sc, d 
 Kal iifiovUfieda. Having no fault to find at the outset regarding 
 any injury inflicted by the one upon the other. The allusion here 
 is to the Peloponnesian War, which, as Whiston remarks, origi- 
 nated not in any direct attack of the Athenians or the Spartans 
 upon each other, but in the struggle between the Epidamnians 
 and Corcyr^ans, and the events arising therefrom. 
 
 [Page 21,] 
 
 Kalroi,] Many editions have Kairoi 76, which seems a prefer- 
 able reading. 'E|WpTr?Tat. Everything which had been inflicted. 
 
 'EyTolsmofi-fiKoyra] Vide supra 'Ehdrroyd iirrty. Are of less 
 consequence. Manuscripts vary here between e'Ac^Trw, i\dTroy\ 
 and the reading as given above. I have adopted it on the autho- 
 rity of DiNDORF and SCHiEFKR. 
 
 ^Cly */\i7nros Wicm^ rohs "^EWnyas,] Than the wrongs 
 
 which Philip has inflicted upon the Greeks, in scarcely thirteen 
 years, during which he has had the upper hand. This oration was 
 delivered in 342-1 (Ol. 109, 3), and thirteen years before would 
 be 355-4 (Ol. 106, 2), and before this year, Philip had captured 
 Pydna and Potidsea, founded the new town of Philippi, and 
 opened for himself the resources of the adjoining auriferous re- 
 gions ; he had established relations with Thessaly, and assisted 
 the Aleuad^ against the tyrants of Pherae, captured Amphipolis, 
 and terrified the Athenians for the safety of the Chersonese. He 
 had also overrun and subdued the Illyrians and Pseonians, and 
 fully consolidated his empire to the north of Mount (Eta. Quote, 
 chap. Ixxxvi. ^E^LnoXdC^i. A liquid esse cxpit, Sch^kbr. But 
 the meaning of the verb is not fully brought out by such an ex- 
 pression. It means to swim upon the surface (imiro\'f}y My ir€A«). 
 The word is used by medical writers, in the same way as the Latin 
 innatare stomacho, of food remaining crude on the stomach ; and 
 is also used>f the effects of liquor on the brain, to intoxicate. 
 
158 
 
 yOTES TO THE 
 
 [Page 21.] 
 Hence, as editors generally observe, it is applied contemptuously 
 
 here. Demosthenes means by it, that Philip may go on smoothly 
 for a time, but the end will come soon. Intoxicated by his suc- 
 cess, he will make some blunder which will ensure his fall. 
 
 MaWov 86 ou5e iKuva.] Or rather they are not the smallest 
 
 part of them. The reading of Vcbmel and Sauppb here is wefiirrov 
 fifpos, from Codd. 2. H. All other editions give the reading as I 
 have. Rbiskb seems to think the reading, vcfivroy, to have arisen 
 from the frequent use of the formula in Demosthenes : OvSc rh 
 jtifiirrov fiepos yp^tpoou Xa^fiv, 
 
 Medavriv Koi 'AiroWcovlap.'] These cities were the last which 
 Philip attacked on the Chalcidic peninsula, Methone here is 
 usually distinguished from the Methone on the Thermaic Gulf by 
 the epithet of " Thracian.'* It is still further characterized by 
 Thdcydides as r^v ^^lopov MaK^hoyicij vi. 7. Many writers con- 
 tend that it was in the capture of this city, and not of Methone 
 on the Thermaic Gulf, that Philip lost an eye. Grotb, chap. 
 Ixxxvii. Apollonia was "an Ionian colony, in MygJonia." 
 Arnold. These cities were now allies of Olynthus, which was 
 the head of the Chalcidic confederacy. 
 
 'Eiri epotffTjs.] This expression is used to denote the peninsulas 
 lying southward of Macedonia proper, and inhabited chiefly by 
 colonies from various Greek cities. In the earlier years of De- 
 mosthenes it was very populous and wealthy, and we see from his 
 language to what a condition it had been reduced by •* scarcely 
 thirteen years " of Macedonian rule.* " Eiri &p<^Kit]s, Thraceward ; 
 or living in the direction of Thrace. A general term applied to 
 the Greek States which lined the -^gean from Thessaly to the 
 Hellespont. The Chalcidic colonies in this quarter, amongst 
 which were Olynthus, Torone, Sermyle, and Arue, were founded 
 from Chalcis in Euboea." Arnold ad Thug. L 57. 
 
 npo<r€\66yT\] Sc. rtvd. Many editions have before /iatjS*, ixrfiiva^ 
 but I have omitted it as unnecessary, on the authority of Dindobf . 
 Any one^ having gone there, cotUd not easily say. Auger trans- 
 lates : St accesseriSf nee facile dicas. Wolf says firfd^ya 'KpofrtX- 
 $6rra9 pro /iijScVi 7rpo(r€\d6yTi. 
 
 THIBD PHILIPPIC, 
 
 159 
 
 [Page 21.] 
 Kal rh ^oDK^wp tBvos rotrovroy ^yyprnjLtyoy.] Referring to the 
 
 almost total destruction of the twenty-two Phocian towns, dis- 
 mantled and broken up into villages, none of which was to con- 
 tain more than fifty houses, nor be nearer its neighbour than a 
 space of one furlong. The decree is given in Lkland^s Philip^ 
 vol. ii. book iii. s. iii. 
 
 Ovx^ rhs vap^pr^rai,] By ^v6\u5^ I understand Pagasm 
 
 and Magnesia^ by ^ iroXireiasj^ liberty. Wolf. Yet what this 
 liberty was he nowhere states. The whole country, as has been 
 observed in a previous note, was divided into four divisions, and 
 was very powerful when united under the government of a single 
 ruler called Tagus, a name peculiar to Thessaly (Pollux, i. 1 28). 
 Each of these four divisions comprised several cities, the chief 
 magistrates of which were also called Tagi. Bckckh. Carp. In- 
 scripp. No. 1770. They were generally at war with each other. 
 Larissa, PheraB and Pharsalus seem to have had a certain power 
 over the others. The general government had the imposts on the 
 tributaries, and the harbour dues to support it, together with the 
 duties on all markets. These were seized by Philip and applied 
 to his own use. Dm. Ol. i. p. 16. We also learn from Dem. p. 
 16, as above, that Philip seized these revenues of the country and 
 applied them to his own use. The liberty they enjoyed, therefore^ 
 seems hard to determine, still it was a rule of Thessalian over 
 Thesaalian, and thus to be preferred to that of a foieigner. 
 
 Kal rcTpapx^o-s Karco'TTjo'ey.] And he has established tetrarchies. 
 See note, p. 71. 
 
 "lya p^ p6voy Kara v6\€ti dovXciaxriy ;] That he may not 
 
 only enslave them by cities^ but also by nations. By making all 
 responsible to him instead of the Tagi of the various cities. 
 Besides, each district was directly accountable to him. Com- 
 pare Wolf ad loc. : " Totam Thessaliam in quatuor prafecturas 
 divisit, ut non modo oppidatim sed etiam regionatim (ut ita dicam) 
 servianty 
 
 At 5' iy Evfiolq, irSxcis.] Oreus and Eretria, and perhaps others. 
 Ukriffloy is here construed with a genitive, which is the more 
 usual construction. In II. xxiii. 732, trXriaioi oAA^Xomti is found. 
 
160 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 THIBD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 161 
 
 [Page 27.] 
 In Soph, (Ed, R. 1134, the derivative vhTiaidCeiy is joined with an 
 
 ace. Kai ravra, And that too, Jelf. 880, L 
 
 Ko) oh ypdfpei ov irotct.] And he does not write these things 
 
 and not exhibit them in his actions. Cf. De Cor. 288. Ovk cliroy 
 fihp ravra, ovk typw^a 5^, ou5* typa-^a fiev, ovk iirpiff^evaa Se, ou5* 
 ixpeafievffa /uev, oifK ewciaa Se erjfiaiovs. CiC. pro MiLONE. c. 23. 
 Neque vero sc populo solum, sed etiam senaiui commisit; neque 
 senatui modOj sed etiam publicis prcesidiis et armis: neque his tan- 
 tum^ verum etiam ejus pote^tati cui senatus totam rempublicam com' 
 miserat. See also Barker's n. to De Cob. s. 144 of his edition 
 for further examples. 
 
 *E\\'f}ff7rovTov.] This has no reference to the strait, but to the 
 district of that name lying alongside of it. The cities along this 
 coast were also called ai *EK\r)€rw6yTiai 'ir6\€i5. Xbn. An. i. 1. 
 
 'Afi^paKiay.] Philip's expedition against Ambracia U men- 
 tioned also in De Halon. p. 84, and again in Phil. iv. p. 133. 
 From the language employed it seems doubtful whether the city 
 was captured or not. 
 
 ^HAiy exei] He holds Elis, I e. his faction rules supreme in 
 that city. After the battle of Man tinea, B C. S62, the oligarchical 
 party at Eli3 succeeded in expelling their opponents. During 
 the reign of Philip the oligarchs identified themselves with Philip, 
 and the opposite party invited to their aid a body of the merce- 
 naries of Phocis who had retired to Crete. These were defeated, 
 and the prisoners afterwards massacred under the decree of the 
 Amphictyons passed against all who had taken part in the plun- 
 der of Delphi. DiODOR. xvi 63. Hence arises the expression of 
 Demosthenes in Phil. iv. 133, Tos cVHAtSt a<pay^Sy which is re- 
 peated ipissima verba in Fals Leg. p. 424. But while Philip was 
 thus subserving his interests in Elis to satisfy the governing 
 party, he at the same time was advancing his power at her ex- 
 pense. He conquered from her Pandosia, Bucheta, and Elateiai 
 colonies belonging to her, in the Cassiopeian district, in the north 
 of Epirus, and gave them to his brother-in-law, Alexander. De 
 
 Halon. p. 84. 
 
 MfT^poiy] See n. p. 115. Oy5* ri 'EWcls rayeptinrov .] 
 
 Neither Greek nor barbarian land limits the ambition of the man. 
 
 [Pagfi 21.] 
 Juvenal makes much the same remark about Alexander. Sat. 
 X. 168. Unus PellsBO juveni non sufficit orbis. The omission of 
 yfj with these adjectives is very unusutf!, and few examples can 
 be given. The only one now occurring is Eru. Ph(en. 1624, ris 
 •EAAas fj rh ^dp^apos. Bnt even here, as Hermann ad loc. re- 
 marks, *'only one of the scholiasts interprets with yrj, all the 
 others considering it as masculine.'' Mr Wuiston cites ^sch. 
 PekS 1 84. 'H fi€y 'EA\a5a Kk-fipcp \axova-a yaiav r) ?€ ^dp^apoy, and 
 adds that the whole form is given in Xin. Anab v. 5, 16. €i$ 
 ^dp^apov yriv. 
 
 GuVw 8€ fca«ws /caret tt6\^is.'] So wrHchedlij are we dis- 
 posed to each other, and ruined city by city AiopvaT^iv properly 
 signifies to dis; through a wall, and undermine it, hence to ruin. 
 Many editors interpret this word to mean separated from each 
 other by wails and trenches. But the simpler meaning as above is 
 to be preferred. Cf Sch^fer, perforati sumus, h. e. corrupti, pes- 
 
 sumdati. 
 
 Ohdh (TvcrrrivaL] Nor support one another. Koivayylav Porideihs 
 ■ Koi (piXlas. A common bond of assistance and friendship. 
 
 Ucpiopwfxcv.'] We disregard. Non impediinus incremenfa poten- 
 tia Philippi. Wolf. Thy xp^^ov .... €/ca(rTos ^7i/«/c(is.] Each one 
 having resolved to make the best use of the time during which his 
 neighhour is destroyed. Philip's policy for peace was always so 
 arranged that he never encountered too many enemies at once. 
 • He amused one party by letters and promises, and meanwhile 
 deprived it of allies and friends. Take for examples Olynthus 
 during the capture of its allies ; and Athens, after the signing of 
 the Peace, in regard to Phocis. Napoleon's policy was much the 
 same ; but his was a war policy, in which he made his actions to 
 correspond to Virgil's castigat auditque do'os. 
 
 -Ottcs acceU^rai ^pdrrcy.] After verbs of caring for, 
 
 considering, kc, Sttcs with the future indicative is used instead 
 of the the subjunctive. Rbiske remarks on the present passage, 
 Immo vero ^tkowuv et Tpdrruy, qui infinitivi apti sunt ex iyy<.K^f, 
 fixo hoc penes unumquemque sedente, ut neque conmlat neque agat 
 hoc, ut Grcecia salva sit. It is better, however, to make them 
 adjuncts of ckcwtto?, 
 
162 
 
 KOTES TO THE 
 
 THIED PHILIPPIC. 
 
 163 
 
 [Page 2*7.] 
 
 •noTTcp.] Jklf. 868, 3, 4. 'EttcI on y€ ovMs ayvofi 5^ 
 
 irow. Since indeed assuredly^ none can be ignorant that, like a 
 periodic attack or approach of fever ^ or some other disease, he ii 
 coming upon even him now appearing to be far removed from him. 
 The reference is to a regular return of an intermittent fever. 
 Wkstermann and Smead make the reference to be to an epidemic, 
 but it would hardly convey the orator's meaning so well to limit 
 it to such diseases. He represents the actions of Philip as so 
 insidious, that a man may be seemingly quite well to-day, and 
 to-morrow be prostrated by an attack. On /carajSoA.^, accessiOy 
 cf. Plato Gobo. § 157, *H KarafioK^ aur-n TTJs affdeuelas. WoLF says : 
 U€ploh6s i(TTi xp^vos ivirda-ews Koi ayctrfcos ^v vo<Ti\ixari yiyvSfifvos, 
 From these definitions it can be fairly concluded that & fever 
 returning at certain intervals is meant, rather than an epidemic, 
 which is not necessarily periodic. A^ vov. Truly, Jelf. 724, 2. 
 
 [Page 28.] 
 Kal A*V-1 Jind further, Jelf. 728, c. 'AW* o5k. . ..■ftJtitoGi^o.] 
 Yet at least in this they were wronged by genuine sons of Greece, . 
 "'EAXijves idayfych, SCEJEVER, 
 
 Koi rhy avrhy rpSiroy k.t.A.] And one might look upon this 
 
 « 
 
 m the same manner as if a legitimate son, born to a great possession, 
 should manage it .discreditably and incorrectly : and for this he 
 would be worthy of blame and reproach ; but you could not say this 
 of him, that he acted thus being an alien and not the heir of the pro- 
 perty, "Ciairep tiv et, understand vwoXdfioi after &y. "A^ioy fhai, 
 iveiyai. These infinitives depend upon &(rwfp &y viroKd^oi. Auger 
 reads ovk iyrjy tty \cyt7y. But Reiskb well remarks there is no 
 authority for so doing. He has himself, however, altered the 
 reading &iio5 to H^ioy, no authority in manuscripts being given. 
 However, his emendation has the advantage of being universally 
 accepted, npoo-^/cwv. Subandi wv eis ret Kr-fi^ara toiovtcos t;5//c«. 
 Reiske. K\ripos is the property in inheritance ; K\ripoy6fji05, the 
 
 heir. 
 
 *TiFoPo\tfia7os,] jS supposititious child. The word is used spe- 
 cially of children. Cf. Her. i. 137. Tat (nrofioXifmia (sc. r^Kya). 
 N($6os, a son of a concubine, or, at Athens, any child born of a 
 citizen and a foreign woman. 
 
 [Page 28.] 
 
 Ohx OVX-] Observe the force given by the repetition of 
 
 the negative. Non ita affecii sunt. Rudiger. Cf . Jelf, 747. 
 
 O^ ^6yoy toTs^EAAtjcii/.] Being not only no Greek, nor in 
 
 any way allied to Greece. Yet still either the orator was here 
 mistaken, or else how could Philip have competed in the Olym- 
 pic Games in 356, and be declared victor? Plut. Alex. c. 3. 
 The question must have come up then whether he was a Greek 
 or not, for none but pure Greeks could contend in the Olympic 
 Games, and the Hellanodicse were most particular in this respect. 
 Her. v. 22, denies that the Macedonians were Greeks, but consult, 
 for the general question, Grote, Chap. xxv. and C. 0. Muller, 
 Ueber die Makedoner ; appended to the first volume of the Eng- 
 lish translation of his History of the Dorians. It is certain they 
 weretof Pelasgic origin. 
 
 »AxV ov8€ ctireTy.] But not even a barbarian from a place 
 
 whence it is honorable to mention. Demosthenes speaks very hard 
 of the ancient Macedonians. He calls their kings barbarians, and 
 . men destined to serve the Greeks, in Ol. iii. But still he gives no 
 worse description of them than Alexander the Great did. Arriah. 
 Ep. Alex . vii. 9. ^IXiinros yap imoXa^cbv iffias irKayiiras Koi airSpovs 
 iy hi<pe4pai5, rohs voWohs vcfiovr^as avk to, Upv frpSfiara Kara 6\fya 
 
 XXajJLv^as ficy vpTiV ^lptItov dipdcp&y ^opiiv iSw^e, Kari^yayt 
 
 \1\k tS>v hpiu>y €ly rb irc'Siov, "<iuintus Cartius also adds other 
 characteristics in his version of the same speech. Illyriorum 
 paulo ante et Persarum tributariis, Asia et tot gentium spolia 
 fastidio sunt. Modo sub Philippo seminudes, amicula ex purpura 
 Bordentj aurum et argentum oculi ferre non possunt ; lignea 
 enim vasa desiderant, et ex cratibus scuta et rubiginem gladiorum. 
 This speech was made by Alexander, in B.C. 323, a few months 
 
 before his death. 
 
 •AXX* o\4epov VlaK^Uvos.l " A good-for-nothing Macedonian, a 
 term frequently borrowed by the later sophists from Demosthenes. 
 •Av5p(£7ro5ov. A Macedonian slave is nowhere mentioned, but 
 Demosthsnes is the only authority for saying they were worthless. 
 It is rather a subject of pride than reproach. The scholiast in- 
 forms us ; Scytha, Cappadox, Thrax, Phryx, Aegyptius scrvus 
 * qui esset, is honeste saltim Berviebat. Nam ex his populis man- 
 
164 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 THIBD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 165 
 
 [Page2S] 
 cipia sua petebant Athenienses. JB Macedonia autem nulla ex- 
 
 portabantur. Hoc neqaius interpretatus Demosthenes colligit, 
 
 tam improbos esse Macedonas, ut nemo Athenis serviim illinc vellt, 
 
 et Macedonici generis servos omnium servorum esse nequissimos 
 
 et teterrimos." Reiskb. 
 
 Kairoi ri diroAetTrct;] w^Tid yet in what does he fall short 
 
 of the height of insolence ? Ou Tphf ic.t.X.] By his destruction 
 of the cities, does he not preside at the Pythian pamesi This has 
 reference to the destruction of the Phocian towns. Tid-na-i tA 
 Ilvdia, Intellige, pramia proponit in Pythiisj i.e. Pythiis prcesidet. 
 Auger The Delphians had the management of the Pythian 
 games down to Ol. 48, B. C. 588. Subsequently they came un- 
 der the control of the Amphictyons, and in 346 they made over 
 their right to the Thessalians, BcBotians, and Philip. Thj^ was 
 regarded by the Athenians with such disgust that in that rear 
 they sent no deputies to the Games. "It was in the 3rd year of 
 Ol. 108, that these privileges were conferred upon Philip, and 
 was the first step towards his assumption of the rank of captain- 
 general in Greece. Diopor. 16, 20.*' Jacobs. 
 
 Tovs BovXovs.] Spoken with the strongest contempt. The 
 officers of Philip are intended, quos Orator lasciviens ZrnioKpari' 
 Kws dicit hov\ovs. ScHifiFER. * A.ywvoBcrii'TovTas . The aycavodirai 
 were either the representatives of the different states, as the 
 Amphictyons at the Pythian Games, or were chosen from the 
 people in whose country the games were celebrated. The Am- 
 phictyons were the proper ayuvoOirai at the Pythian. They were 
 also called alavfiyTJTat, aywvapx^h o-QKoBirai, jSpajSeiy, and ^pa^ev- 
 red, ScHiBFER remarks that here the proper word is a0Ao0€T7;(rov- 
 Ttts, according to the grammarians. Of Dict. Akt. s. v. 
 
 Uv\uv, vapSduv ] He became master of Thermopylae in 346, 
 after the surrender of Phalaecus and the Phocians The Passes 
 into Greece are Thermopylae and Elateia. He did not, however, 
 occupy Elateia until a few weeks before the battle of Cheronaea. 
 
 JlpojiiayTclav.^ Principem locum in accipiendis oraculis. Wolf. 
 The order of consulting the oracle was usually determined by 
 lot. -/EscH. EuM. 62. The magistrates of Delphi, however, had 
 the right of admitting any person to preaudience regardless of 
 
 [Page 28.] 
 the lots. This favour was conferred upon the Lydians and 
 Croesus, Her. i. 64; upon the Lacedaemonians, Plut. Pee 21; 
 and upon Philip. It was of great importance to obtain this 
 favour, since oracles were given only at stated times, and the 
 enthusiasm of the priestess did not long continue. V Hence if 
 many came to consult, some might have to go away unanswered, 
 which could never be the case with the irpoiiavT^vs. "^Hs refers to 
 irpofiavTclav, To which not even all the Greeks have a claim. This 
 right was never conferred upon the Athenians, and they must 
 thus have been greatly offended at seeing it bestowed upon the 
 Macedonians. 
 
 UopOiJLSif.] Hksychius : Tropdfihs, trrcvhy ea\d<r(Tr}S, iv fi€(T(p rrjs 
 yris ^lair^pafxa. This town was the port and citadel of Eretria. 
 The ^rcumstances are more fully detailed below. Cf. De Fals. 
 Leg. p. 368. ''Thv hrjixov iK^aXoduras. By these he means the 
 popular party, but they would be called by their partisans the 
 people.*' Kennedy. 
 
 Tohs 8* 67r' 'apcSp] ♦he same events are related in De Cor. p. 
 248. " From this passage it might seem that Philip's attempts 
 upon Porlhmus, or rather Eretria, were contemporaneous with 
 that on Oreus, the ancient Histisea. But from Phil. iv. p. 133, 
 it seems that the attack upon Oreus was not made till a short 
 time after (/.er* oh iroXhy xp^^^y) that on Megara, which, so far as 
 we can make out, was in B. C. 343. The seizure of Oreus was 
 therefore probably effected in B. 0. 342. But it appears from p. 
 125 that Philip made more than one attack upon Eretria, the 
 first of which clearly preceded that on Megara (Phil. iv. p. 133), 
 though only by a short interval, and therefore may be supposed 
 to have been made in B. C. 344." Whiston. 
 
 •AAV g/Aws ^v€xovTaL.] Jnd yet, understanding these things, 
 
 the GreeJcs endure them. I have followed Wolf in translating. 
 Sch^fer joins dpwyr^s ap^xoyrai and translates suslinent videre, 
 and is followed by Mr. Kennedy. But neither the present passage 
 nor yet in p. 212, De F(ED, cum Alex. ^ eKSures aBiKoifxcyoL aj/6- 
 Xr?(r0€, does such a construction necessarily follow. "^'O/iws is 
 prefixed to the participle, yet more properly belongs to the verb. 
 
166 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 THTED PHILIPPIC, 
 
 167 
 
 [Page 28.] 
 Lit. 21, 55. Tamen in tot circumstantibus malis, mansit ali- 
 
 quamdiu immota acies." Franks. Jelf. 697. d. 
 
 Kai rhv avrhv rp6voy'\ Construe : koI ^okovci ifioiy^ Qeoipitv 
 
 {rhv ^iKiinrov) rhv avrhv rpSicov &a"ir€p OeoDpovtri r^v x^^^C^*^' 
 
 €Ka<rrot ivx^^xevoi fiey fc^ KaG* eavrohs yct/co'dai, *E;^* oh — M 
 
 TovTois a. The antecedent is omitted, and the preposition goT- 
 
 erns the attracted case of the relative. Cf Xbn. An. i 9, 25. 
 
 TovTOv iKirieTv avv oh fidKicra <pi\us% 
 
 [Page 29.] 
 
 'AAA* ovB* a5<ff6iTai.] But not even in what each individual 
 
 tuffers. Kennedy translates : 61*^ even the private wrongs of every 
 people. Very well for a paraphrase, but hardly suitable for a 
 translation. His manner of rendering takes the point out of 
 what follows. Not only do public wrongs go unavengtf , but 
 even private injuries are passively endured, which, says the ora- 
 tor, is the very last thing, Tovro ykp roHaxO' ^6^ iirriy. For this is 
 the last degree of apathy. Smead. For nothing can go beyond this 
 at last, WuiSTON. {§ 
 
 *Aij,^paKlav.] Cf n. p. 118. Ambracia {jlrt^i) a town on the 
 left bank of the Arachthus, belonging originally to Acarnania, 
 but afterwards to Epirus. It was colonized by the Corinthians 
 in B.C. 660. 
 
 AcuKCtSa.] An island off the coast of Acarnania now called 
 Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands. Its length is about 
 twenty miles, and the breadth varies from five to eight. Homer 
 (Od. xxiv. 377) calls it ^Akt^v ^Hvilpoto. It was originally a part 
 of the main land, and inhabited by Leleges and Teleboans. The 
 Corinthians, under Cypselus, 665 B.C., founded the city of Leu- 
 cas, and cut through the narrow isthmus, thus making it an 
 island. In the time of the Peloponnesian War, the channel was 
 filled by deposits of sand, and ships were frequently carried 
 across. Thug. iii. 81 ; iv. 8. The channel was subsequently 
 opened by the Romans. Liyy xxiii. 17, says: Leucadia nunc 
 insula, et vadoso freto, quod perfossum manu est, ab Acarnania 
 divisa, tum peninsula erat. 
 
 Na^fnuKToy,] Lepanto. A considerable city of the^Locri Ozolas 
 on the north shore of the Sinus Corinthiacus. It became a pos- 
 
 [Page 29.] 
 session of the Achaeans about 400 B. C, but was taken from 
 them by the Thebans under Epaminondas. It was afterwards re- 
 conquered by the Achaeans, as we learn from the present passage, 
 and being now made over to the ^tolians, continued under their 
 power until the conquest of Greece by the Romans, B.C. 146. 
 
 'Ex'J'oj'.] A city founded by Theban colonists in the south of 
 Thessaly, on the north shore of the Maliac Gulf. Westermann. 
 There was also a city of the same name in Acarnania, mentioned 
 by Stephanus Byzan. Harpocration also mentions the city, but 
 says nothing of its position. Ulpian, the scholiast, also mentions 
 the Thessalian Echinus, and determines H as the one mentioned 
 here. *Ext»'os ttSKis, ©rj^alwy fihv ^ttoikos, Tr\r\criov Se ©erToAfas. 
 The city is still called Echino. 
 
 YiaPyvv eVl BuCavrfous.] " The words : Is he not novo proceeding 
 to attack the Byzantines! must be understood of his intentions, 
 which were at that time sufiBciently evident, but were not carried 
 into effect till the following year." Jacobs. His intention in 
 attacking Byzantium a^s to get command of the channel, and 
 thus prevent the supply of corn at Athens. Cf. on the import- 
 ance of this city to Athens, De Cor. pp. 254, 255. :S,vnfi<ixovs 
 6yTas sc. avrtp. De Cor. p. 254. 
 
 OvX Vfiwy^iio T&AAa.] Demosthenes begins to relate the cir- 
 cumstances in regard to Athens, and suddenly stops, as if aware 
 that all knew them quite well enough. He only mentions one 
 city, but ab uno disce omnes. Cf. contra Timoc. p. 733. *0s t^ 
 fi€y etAAa i(o aAAa rohs ry yiipc^ fiortdohs Kufiaiyrj. ScHiEFBR. 
 
 Kapdlay.] This city was at the extremity of the Chersonesft, 
 and in all time seems to have been an enemy to Athens. Contra 
 Arist. In the treaty with Philip, it was included among his 
 allies, and it seems at no time to have been under the dominion 
 of Athens. Diopithes, when Philip was advancing through Thrace, 
 endeavoured to capture it, but failed, since Philip was enabled^to 
 relieve the city. From Dc Pace p. 63, koI Kapdiavohs ia>fiey l{« 
 Xtpl>oyn(rLTwy r&y &K\^y TerdxBat, we see that even the Athenians 
 allowed that it did not belong to the Chersonese. It was also 
 reserved by the Cersobleptes in the cession of the Chersonese. 
 
168 
 
 KOTXS TO THE 
 
 [Page 29.] 
 M€\\ofi€v Kal fia\aKL(6fi€ea.] We dally and play the woman. 
 DiNOORF and Rudiger give fj,a\Klo/x€Vj but there is no necessity 
 for so doing. Harpocration cites tbis passage, and says /*oA/c(- 
 oficv was anotber reading. ScHiBFER remarks tbat fxaKKlofiev in 
 this place is the genuine reading, and that this word has been so 
 completely eradicated by interpreters of the orator that no trace 
 of it remains. Harpocration interprets fia\KiufA€v by rhu oppov 
 ibplrreiv, which Dindorf styles parum accurafa mifrpretatio. The 
 general idea conveyed by fiaXKiav is numbnes^y produced by cold, 
 an interpretation by no means suitable to the present passage, 
 and at any rate not to be preferred to the reading as given above. 
 'A5i«ouj/Ti.] Reiske gives ol^kovvtos. Quamquam non video, 
 qui locus his esse possit dativo, nisi statuamus, pone aTr/o-ToDrTes, 
 deesse vKTrevovTcs, diffidevtea mntuo alii aliU. at Philippo^fide^i- 
 te», communi omnium hosti et vexatori. But to my mind a^iKovvn 
 as well as aAX^Aoiy is governed by ama-TovpTcs, and Rbiske^s re- 
 fining is thus useless. 
 
 Tt oU(re€ rl iroi-fiff^iv.'] Observe the repetition of the in- 
 terrogative to give greater force to the question. *E7rei5ai^. The 
 order is iircidai/ yivnrai Kvpio^ hnJiffrov rjfiwv Kaff eVa. Of. Ol. ii. 
 p. 25. Ka0* cVa avT(i)v €Ka(TTOV 4v /lepci. 
 
 •'Av€v \6yov Kol hKalas aWias.] Without reason and just came, 
 tine ratione et grnvi cauf^d. ^^x^iv vphs. To he of a disposition 
 towards any person or thing. Smead. 
 
 *Hj/ Tt t6t, ?iv.] Fait hoc quondam^ fuit proprinm Populi 
 Romani. Cic. pro Leg. Manil. 12. TS>v iroWuiv. 2he masftet, 
 thp people. Uipawv. Demosthenes delights to recall these glo- 
 rious deeds of the ancient Greeks. In this respect he is the 
 ^schylus of the orators. 'E\€v0€pav ^y€. "hy^iv here has ihe 
 meaning it usually receives with rjcvxiat^i elp-fivrjuj faciebat ut 
 GrcBcia libera maneret. Sch^fbr. And preserved Greece in free- 
 dom. Some editions give i\€vd€pws here. But not to be received. 
 
 Kal ovr€ rjrraro.] This verb is usually construed with the 
 
 genitive, as here. Notanda est locutio. ScHiEFER. In Xen. An. 
 i. 29, we have T^rrrjech ry iiaxv- Av)ialvf(r0ai is not used in the 
 active unless by later writers "Aw koI Kdrco ircirofrjicc. Pcrtur- 
 bavitj conftiditj permiscuU, invertit omnia. Wolf. 
 
 THIBD FHILIPPIO. 
 
 169 
 
 [Page 29 '\ 
 Ou$^y iroiKiXov ov5^ (ro<p6v J Nothing recondite nor subtle. 
 
 These words and oAA' St«, which follow, are wanting in some 
 
 manuscripts, and are rejected by Smead as not Demosthenic iof 
 
 spirit But that is bard to judge in such a small compass. Cf. 
 
 Plato. Goro. § 1 02. Ovhlv iroiKiKoVi a\\' Sunrcp oi voKKoi. Would 
 
 he reject this fir a similar reason? Tovs aTrou^rcf ifilaow^ Ml 
 
 hated those receiving vioney from^ &c. 
 
 Kal xo^f'^'^TaToi' ^{6A67x^/i»'a« ] Fit gravissimum crimen 
 
 erat si quis acccpisse mune)a convincebatur. Wolf, jlnd it was a 
 terrible thing to be convicted of taking bribes, 
 
 Tifitapia fieytarri.'i With ihe heaviest punishment. There were two 
 actions for bribery (5€/cacr/A<Js) at Athens ; one called ^cKacfiovypaf^ 
 laid against the person who gave a bribe ; the other d(i>pcov ypatp'fff 
 against the receiver. The actions lay against all cases of bribery, 
 whether of citizens in the public assembly, of the Heliaea, of 
 fiovK-fj, or of the public advocates. The trial was before the Thes* 
 mothelae, the punishment on conviction was death, or payment 
 of ten times the value of the bribe, to which the court might add 
 any additional punishment [irpoarifirifjia). Thus Demosthenes in 
 the case of Harpalus was fined fifty talents and also in addition 
 imprisoned. These laws were still in force, but were never en- 
 forced. Kal irapairrjiris (rvyyvwfi-n, Jnd there was no begging off^ 
 nor pardon. The law must have been vigorously carried out if 
 such was the case. 
 
 Thv oZy Kaiphy irpayfidTuv.] The proper moment, indeed, 
 
 for every affair. He means that in every action there is a favour- 
 able moment at which success is pos^lble, and if that be omitted 
 it will never come again. Compare Shaksi»eare, Jul. Casar^ Act 
 iv. so. iiL 
 
 There is a tide in the affiiirs ©f men. 
 Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune j 
 Omitted, all the voyage of their life 
 Is bound in shallows, and in miseries. 
 
 •H t^x^. Cf. with the remarks on Fortune]! here, Phil. i. p. 43, 
 and CifiSAB de Bkl. Qal. tI. 35. Hie, quantum in belio fortuna 
 
170 
 
 irOTES TO THl 
 
 THIBD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 171 
 
 possit, et quantos cfferat: casus, cognosci potnit. For a contrar/ 
 opinion of Fortune see Jut. x. 366. 
 
 Nullum numen habes si sit prudentia ; nos te, 
 Nos facimus, Fortuna, Deam, coeloque locaraus. 
 
 nAyra h irpoffiiKii TrparrSyTuv.^ TldvTa is omitted in man J edi- 
 tions. Those wish f If/ to do all thai is proper. 
 
 napck ruy KeySyrcoy] Alluding to iEschines, Eubulus, and 
 others of the Philippizing orators. Ta>y ffTparrjyovyTwy. This 
 may possibly allinle to the accusation of Ipliicrates and Timo- 
 theus by Chares of having taken bribes from the Cliians and 
 Rhodians, and thus leading to the ill-success of the Athenian 
 fleet in the Hellespont during the ^ocial War. Deinarch. covt, 
 PHiLOCL. 8. 17 DioDOR. xvi. 21, 22. However, we have already 
 seen in Phil. i. that such proceedings were common, and that 
 generals were frequently tried, twice or thrice, and condemned 
 Uke footpads, p 53. 
 
 tivy th iKvcirparai ravra] From iKirivpdffKw, Kow all 
 
 ihene have been Bold, ax if from the market, 'AvrcKr^fToi, from 
 iyreurdyu. Both verbs are employed in transactions in the public 
 market, and thus show how openly these proceedings were car- 
 ried on. The orator gives a true, yet lamentable picture of Athe- 
 nian political honesty. 
 
 [Page 3\] 
 
 'Air^X«\6 Kol yevScvKcv] Gravius antecedit, sed v€y6(r'nK€v 
 
 «equitur, ut significet et principium mali et exitium a corrnptelia 
 
 profectum. Woip. 'AWAwAc in reference to foreign affairs 
 
 vcySixrjKey to intestine broils and commotions. Compare Shaks. 
 
 Macbeth, iv. 3. 
 
 " nation miserable. 
 
 When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again?"— Kennedy. 
 
 *Ay dfioKoyy ] As Philocrates did. Arnold. And yet Philo- 
 
 erates was banished for this very confession. TaWa irdvff 
 
 ff/mjToi. All other things which are the necessary attendants of 
 bribery. 
 
 T^f ^KK-n^ KaratTKfvris a(t>eopla]. And the abundance of svppUei 
 in geutraL For KaraaK^ims^ many manuscripU give wapa<ric€i/?f . 
 
 [PageZa,"] 
 The difference is this : KaraaKcuii, apparatus, irapoaK^vh^ supellex^ 
 instrumenla, rasa, Schafbr. Smbad reads vapaa-K^vrj^, and in- 
 terprets supellex, (he general tqii>pm»n,i of an tmny, A meaning 
 certainly new for supeUex, and doubtful as regards vapoffKcvii. 
 
 Hvy.] Refers to the present time, t<Jt€ to the time of the Per- 
 sian wars. 
 
 'T;rb Tuv vo\o{>vT(cyi] By these harferers. Referring to De- 
 mades, Eubulus. Philocrates, ^schines, Phrynon, and Aristo- 
 
 demus. 
 
 "On 5* ovTu> ravr' €X€t.] The usual formula when proceeding 
 to prove a general statement previously made. Cf De Cor p. 
 239 "Avoidcy, traced upward from the present. For on with Ind. 
 cf. Jblf. S02, a. b. AifNOLD correctly remarks that rayavrla is 
 here used adverbially, and is equivalent to iyavrlus, 
 
 TpdfifiaTa.] = rpdfjLfjLara drifiSffia, Records. Public documents 
 were not unfrcquently engraved on brass, «nd thus secured from 
 destruction This was special y the case with names of traitors. 
 The word employed in such cases was ypd(^^iy, incider^. The 
 term was even employed in letters. Cf supra p. 118. 'Zy tm 
 iwitrroKah ypd<t>€i. Els Up6Ko\iy. On the omission of the article, 
 
 consult Jklf. 447, 2. 
 
 Tis virlp Tuy irpoffiiKei J How zralonsly it is becoming you 
 
 to look into m*<A tJnnus. ZcAcfrTj?. An ancient city of Mysia, 
 near Mount Ida on the river Aisepus, belonging to the territory 
 of Cyzicus. IL. ii. 824, 825, 
 
 "Arifios co-Twl Let him be an ou'l'W. CapHe imminutus. 
 •Ari/ifa was either total or partial. The example of Arthmius 
 was a total deprivation of right. This resulted in case of murder, 
 theft, false witness, partiality as an arbiter, and violence offered 
 to a magistrate. On the penalties attached to such cases of 
 irt/ifo, ccmsuU DiCT. Ant. s. v. The decree here piven was pro- 
 posed by Themistocles, which renders it probable that the event 
 narrated occurred during the Persian War. Plut. Themis, i. 6. 
 For rod 'Adnvafay the common reading is ruy'Aeri, ToC is ap- 
 proved by Ueiske, Dindokf and ScHifiFER. 
 
 AiVro.] Crmetu The charge is v^ritlen. 
 
172 
 
 KOTEB TO THB 
 
 THIBD PHILIPPIC, 
 
 178 
 
 [Paffe 30.] 
 XpvffhyJ] Gold uncoined f as opposed to xpv^r/oy, which Biqrnifics 
 
 the metal ccited. The same distinction holds good between 
 lipyvpos and apyvpiov. 
 AoylC€<rde S^ irphs O^S>v Koi Oivpurf,'] On this construction, see 
 
 n. p. 41. 
 
 X{, ^y a{(«/ia.] What Mean the sentUnent^ or what the 
 
 dechion of the Atheniam uho then acted «o ? Cf. for this mean- 
 ing of a|iw/xa, Soph. (Ed. Col. 1454. nc^Tcp, tI 5* ^o-ti railufiy* 
 ^<^' ^ /foAcis; Father, what is your dsiisliU or resolve, on whom 
 do yon call ? Wolf sajs of tins word ; Dignitatem hie appellat 
 magnifica facta, tanta republica digna. On which Sch^fkr re- 
 marks. Mihi videtur af^w/xa h. 1. esse idem quod (ppdinjfia. 
 
 Kctl arifiovs.] And diah'moreJj i.e., the taint extended not only 
 to him but also to his posterity. This only happened in certain 
 
 extreme cases. Tovto 5* iarlv arifilav, Ahd this is not 
 
 what one W(ju(d usually call outlawry. Ea vero est uon simplex 
 ignoniinia. Wolf, who also gives the order, thus illustrating 
 the consiruction : tovto Se {rh 6.TtfjL0V eJyai) oVk iffTiv {artfua) ^v 
 QTifiiap Tis ovTwal ttv (P'fia'€i(v. O jtwcI. Jie non pendilala, e co«- 
 9ueLudine vulgi parum curantis vim vocabuli. Wolf. 
 
 [Par/e 31.] 
 
 Ti yap T(p €fit\\€v ;] For uhat was it to this Zelitan if he 
 
 were not to participate in the common ric/htu f>f the Atheniansf 
 The orator proceeds to explain what was the peculiar case of 
 &Ti/xia and its consequences to Arthmius. He also, alludes in 
 terms of commendation to the same subject in Fals. Leo. p. 428. 
 But there is a view of the matter not touched upon by him, which 
 we learn from -^sch. AdiK Cxts, § 259. iEschines there calls 
 h:m vpS^ivov tvTa too ^iiixov tSov Mtivaiwv* Now the irpS^evos en- 
 joyed certain rights of Athenian citizenship, and of these Arth- 
 mius would also be deprived. Smbad (following Tourreil) gives 
 this account of the matter : Egypt had shaken off the yoke of 
 Artaxerxes, who immediately marched with a formidnble army 
 to chastise the rebels into obedience. This he was unable to do 
 for the reason that Athens had sent troops to their assistance. 
 The anger of Artaxerxes wis thereupon turned against the Athe- 
 nians. He sent agents into Peloponnesus, with large sums of 
 
 [PageZX.] 
 money to induce the States to commence war against them. It 
 rj is probable that Arthmius was one of these emissaries, though 
 his name is not mentioned by Diodorus, and that he was thus 
 stigmatized on account of his previous intimate relations with 
 Athens. 'AW* oh tovto Xeyct. But it does not mean this. 
 
 *T7rep wv airoKTe'ivai.] Super lis pro quibus (interfectis) 
 
 nonpermiserit capitis causam instituere (in interfeclores). Franke. 
 lis de hoinicidis quorum causd aut quorum in graliam legislator 
 actiones ctsdis nullas dat. Reiskb. For those cases in which the 
 lawgiver does not allow a trial, but to kill is sanctioned. I prefer 
 to make a>v neuter, understanding iyKKwdrav. ScHiEFER and 
 Wolf also favour this view. For these cases see Dior. Akt. 
 
 3. V. (p6yos. 
 
 XoGto 5^ fhai.] But it means thiSj that he who killed any 
 
 oneof these was free from pollution. On rfls (ruTrtplas awroTs, Cf. 
 
 Jblf. 613 and 496. 
 
 ,Ov 7Af) &K fi^ rode" hTToKafjLfidpovffu] For it would not have 
 
 concerned them, unless they regarded it in this light, whether people 
 in Peloponnesus were purchased or^orrupted. On this cumulation 
 of words of similar signification see n. p. 41. M^ here is equiva- 
 lent to €t fi^. Wolf translates : Alioquin non curassent, si qui$ 
 in Feloponneso aliquos emeret et corrumperet, nisi ita sensissent. ^ 
 
 'EK6\aCov 5' iTLfiwpovyTo.] Hoc, ad poenam, legibus debi- 
 
 tam ; illud, ad castigationem et emendationem peccantium re- 
 fertur. Heindoef. 
 
 •'ncrre Ka\ ffT-nKWas ifoiuv.'] So as even to make them pillar-men^ 
 i. e. to inscribe their names on pillars. 
 
 Oh yhp otiTOis -^phs T^\Ka.'\ For you have not the same dii- 
 
 position in regard to such things, nor in regard to ethers. Under- 
 stand after llx^e\ t^p HidyoLav. Uepl it6,vTu>v. De omnibus rebue. 
 Regarding everything. 
 
 TlapairXnaiccs "EWr^i^es.] Pari pacta sese habent reliqui 
 
 quoqtie GrcBci atque vos habetis. Reiskb. For the other Greeke 
 are just the same, and not a whit better than you. SirovS^s ttoAAiji. 
 Much diligence. Jelf. 529, 1. 
 
 Tiyos €tira>;] Scilicet ^ovKns^ Wolp. This is far inferior to 
 
174 
 
 KOTSS TO THE 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 17« 
 
 [Page 31.] 
 Rbiskb, who translates : Sed ecquod est illud talutare qonHliumj 
 
 dieamne ? Shall I say what good counsel ? 
 
 'Ek rov ypafJLfmTciov avayiyvtixTKei,'] The following readings of 
 these words are given. ScHiEFER gives iK rod jpofxfxareiov yiy 
 v(c(rK€, and incorporates it in the text. In other editions the 
 reading above is given, and enclosed in brackets. The Bavarian 
 manuscript gives c/c rod ypafi/JLarclou dydyyoxris, and in the next 
 line, ypa^fiarelov avdyyuxriSj while another edition gives iK rov 
 ypafxfjLareiov avayiyvdxTK^r^, Amid such variation of manuscripts 
 it would be better with Vcbmsl and Arnold to expunge it. How- 
 ever, admitting it to be part of the oration, it is evident that the 
 ypafjL[jLaTeu5 rris ^ovKrjs Koi rod Hfiov stood beside the orators, and 
 read such public documents and laws as were required by the ora- 
 tor in support of his argument. This ypafifiarths was appointed 
 by the public assembly by x«*po'^o''^a» ^^^ always read from the 
 ypofjLlxareiov, or record. 
 
 "EffTi roivvv Tis t^v v6\ivJ\ There is a foolish report cir- 
 culated hy those desirous of consoling the city. Eu^erjy, here is 
 something like our good-natured, but used ironically. Of. Ruhnk. 
 ad Tim. 131. "Quicunque Atlicorum urbaniores dici haberique 
 volebunt, quern stolidum et fatuum dicere verebantur, leni blan- 
 doque nomine T]dvy, yKvKvv, ei/^drj, xP^^^^bv appellabant.** In ac- 
 cordance with this view, cf. Ol. iii. 37. 'Tirb tu>v xpV(rTuv r&v 
 vvv \ and De Cor. p. 228. ToGto itavr^KSos cirndes (^i\Qy\s. For 
 yXvKbs in a similar sense cf Plato. Hipp. Mag. 228, B. 
 
 rioT*.] At the close of the Peloponnesian War, when by means 
 of the decadarchies and harmosts they might be said to govern 
 the whole earth. Bao-xAea Se crv/jLiJLaxov elxov- After the Athenian 
 defeat at Syracuse, Persia and Sparta united to crush the power 
 of Athens. Isoc. Or. xii. s. 110. The price of the friendship of 
 Sparta was the delivery of the Asiatic colonies to the power of 
 
 Persia. 
 
 "r:pl(rTaTo 5* ovdhv avroifs.] Arid nothing opposed them: i. e., 
 Everything lay so absolutely under their power that there ww 
 no use in opposing them. Cf. Wolf's interpretation: Qui6ia 
 nihil obsistebat, contra quos nemo arma movere^ neno se defendere 
 audebat, Ol ^vvofuv a.vvic6iFTaTov cx^iv ih6Kovv, 
 
 \_Page 81.] 
 Kal odic htHipTfdffBtiJl ,md was not utterly destroyed. 'Avapird' 
 
 fetv, Funditus perdere, pessumdare, ut si arborem radicitus humo 
 evellas, Cf. JEsch. contra Ctes. 133. 0?)8oi 5^, G^jSat, ir6\is 
 a(rTuy€lraVf fifff riiiipav filav iK fi€(rns Trjs *E\\d5os h.vi]pira(rrai . 
 EiK'n^6r<av Mhoaiv. Cujusmodi incrementa? Non tam virtutis 
 et potentiae, quam vitiorum et ignaviae, ^EiriBocris is equivalent 
 to o(?{tj(ns. Wolf. 
 
 Th. rov iroXejuou.] The art cf war. 'Eiridc^coKiuaiy increvisse, 
 Some manuscripts have vvodedwK^vaij decrevisse. Clearly wrong. 
 
 *A/to<J«.] I have heard. Jelf. 396. Terrapas ixTJvas ^ ireVrc. 
 Ifhis plan of warfare was adopted by the Lacedaemonians during 
 tlie Peloponnesian War. They waited until the crops were 
 nearly ripe, and then invaded and plundered the whole country. 
 The same method of attack was adopted in all the Roman wars 
 until the siege of Veii by Camillus, when winter quarters were 
 first prepared for the soldiers. 
 
 T^y wpalav avr'fiv.] Ipso belli gerendi opportuno tempore. Wolf. 
 But this hardly seems a correct interpretation. It is better to 
 translate it with Reiskk : Tempestas anni quce profert omnia, ad 
 r^v &pav, perfectionem, percocta et maturata. It will thus mean 
 the season of the year during which fruits and crops arrive at ma- 
 turity. With these words Frakkb compares c. Dionys. p. 1292. 
 'Evravda 8' imdr}fi'f}aavr€s vapax^iiid^^iv iZei kqX itepifiiv^iv r^p 
 ^paiew. With ^ wpala, &pa rov erovs is understood. 
 
 *Oir\(TO£? Koi nro\iriKo7s arparevfiao'iv.'] With heavy armed 
 
 soldiers and troops of their own nation. The Lacedaemonians 
 
 employed no mercenaries in the earlier times. The army was 
 
 composed of citizens alone, who could not remain long away 
 
 from home. Their armies were nearly all infantry, and thus an 
 
 incursion was less to be feared than if they were provided with 
 
 cavalry. Ovrof S* apxaius K.r.K. Jind so old-fashioned were 
 
 thty^ or rather national in their ways; i. e., So great was their 
 
 Hmplicity^ or rather love of country, that is integrity. Wolf. 
 
 UoXirtKSas used here in the sense of oiKcim. • Dutifully. Cf. De 
 
 €oa, p. 30S. *A voKiriKb. rah v6\€(n Trp6(T€crriv airdcrais. Also p. 
 
 829. IIoXfrtK^ Kot koiv^ iSo^deto. 
 
176 
 
 KOTES TO THIB 
 
 TfilBD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 177 
 
 [Page 32.] 
 XffntJLdT(Dv.] Gen. of price. 'Xlvetcreat .... ohhiu, Js to purchase 
 no advantage, "Non cauponantes bellum sed belligerantes. 
 Perro, non auro, viUm cernamus utrique." Enn. Quoted by 
 Kennedy. ^6^lL^i6y nua. Legitimate. npo4)aj/^, the correct read- 
 ing, instead of the old irpo<r(pav^, clear or open, Cf. Thuc. ii. 93. 
 Oik' airh rod vpo<payovs roXfiriffai Uv ko.^ rjffvxiav, 
 
 'Ek Tapardi€a>s ohV^ /.(^x^s.] Ex acU instructa atque prmlio. 
 These words are used to denote the changed manner of their 
 affairs. All is now won by intrigue and ambush, nothing from 
 fair fighting and in open battle. 
 
 *({Aa77o.] This plan of arranging an army was entirely the 
 inyention of Philip, and to it may be ascribed his success. ^ For 
 the arrangement consult DiCT. Ant. s. t. Exercitus, 'AXA^ t$ . . . . 
 Hvprricrecu, But by having attached to himself, Non sine con- 
 temptu dictum : sed quod a se suspensum sibi adjunctam habet, 
 quod pone se trahit Franke. This explanation is correct, and 
 yet seems unsuited to the gravity of the subject. Reism has 
 changed the word to ^-hprv^eai, and Sch^fer adopts this in his 
 notes, but gives the other in the text. This last verb, meaning 
 to fit out, to get ready for one's self, seems better suited to the 
 passage. In iEscH. Prom. 711, r6ioi(riy iiriprvfi^poi is the reading 
 of DiNDORF, altered from the old lection i^-npr-nfievoi. There is a 
 frequent confusion of these words, on which see Matthi-e ad 
 
 EuB. Hipp. 1176. 
 
 EcVous.] Philip incorporated in his army the whole available 
 force of Thessaly, horse and foot ; and had besides great troops 
 of mercenaries. These immense levies rendered abortive the at- 
 tempts of other states to oppose him with their own citizen sol- 
 diery. On the construction of the ace. see Jelf. 584, Obs. 2. 
 
 *Eirl Toi^ois.] In addition to these. The common translation 
 as given by Whiston, with these forces, seems hardly suited to 
 the passage. He is already well prepared with forces, and being 
 80 it becomes an easy matter to subdue nations that are weak 
 and almost helpless. In addition to these gives this force to the 
 passage. Cf. Od. vii. 120. M^Aoy M fx-ffX^. Many editions have 
 Kparwv after these words, which is clearly a gloss, and may have 
 led to the interpretation, loith these. 
 
 i ^ [Page 82.] 
 
 'Tvkp Trjs x^P^S'] ^^ defence of their country. At' ^mcrrlayy 
 Ex mutua partium diffidentia, quod una metuat proditionem al- 
 terius, ut sola dominetur. 
 
 Mrixo^vflliara vo\iopK€7.] Cf. supra n, p. 1 1 5 . The pecu- 
 liar kind of engines intended was Macedonian gold, and a party 
 of traitors' in the city. By means of these he captured nearly all 
 Greece. The statement below that he made no difference between 
 summer and winter must have made the Athenians aware that, 
 they were contending against an enemy of no common kind. It 
 was certainly something new to find a man who never rested 
 from war, who marched in winter as well as summer, and who 
 endured hardships for the mere sake of becoming a first class 
 potentate. 'Hs ov^ev dia(pip€i, SC. avr^. 
 
 Oh 8€t irpoffMai t)]v x«^pa»'] ^^^^ ^^^ °^^^ the war to 
 
 approach your ovm country. The Greeks say : ov Set vpoffMai or 
 5€t fjL^ irpoffiffdai, T^y M^^iav. The simplicity. Alluding to the 
 open manner they had of carrying on war. Quia sine prodi- 
 tionibus et statis anni temporibus ea bella gerebantur, hoc nomine 
 utitur. W OLF. 
 
 'EicTpaxT?Xt(r0?j/at.] This verb is used of a rearing horse, to 
 throw over his head ; hence, in the passive, to break one's neck ; and 
 here, to rush headlong to destruction. Wolf translates collafranr 
 gatis, *ns ^K irK^iixrov. So long before as possible. Arnold. 
 But it seems to be equally as good to translate, so. far as pos- 
 
 tible. 
 
 Ohxl ffvfiirXaK^vras niaya>vi(€(reai.] Means the same as if he 
 had said more fully : ovxt Set ffvfjLwKaKfvras vfias *i\lvir(p ttaywyi- 
 fctreot oiry. Rbiske. To take very good care to keep him at 
 home, and prevent him from coming abroad ; but by no means 
 to engage with him in battle, which might endanger your safety. 
 This was the advice of Pericles in the Peloponnesian War. How 
 different the sentiments here expressed from those in Phil. i. p. 41. 
 There the orator is all confidence, and speaks of the power of 
 Philip as not to be feared, and regards it as much less than that 
 of the Lacedaemonians after the conclusion of the Peloponnesian 
 War. Now all is changed. Ten years have made a mournful 
 alteration in both, and no one confirms it more than the orator 
 
178 
 
 HOTES TO T&l} 
 
 THIBD PHILIPMO. 
 
 179 
 
 [Page 82.] 
 himself. Then he was all battle and glory, now the same speaker 
 
 warns them to avoid provoking the Macedonian too much, and 
 advises predatory wars to engage the attention of the king. 
 Truly tempora mutaniur et nos mutamur in illis, 
 
 TloWh <t»if(rci inrdpxft'] Many advantages naturally bildng 
 
 to us. ♦u<r€(, here is the dative absolute, of which many in- 
 stances may be given. Cf. Long, de Sxjb. 8, 15. *t;w 7^ 
 &frayr€s ol neyidovs i<pi€fi€voi. 33, 3, Hri <pi<r^i irdtna rk i.y0p((nreia 
 . . . ,hnyiyv(S)^K€Tai. *E0€\(Cfi€v. We are willing, 'Ed^Xciv. What 
 U in our power, Bo{>\€a-dai. What we wish but cannot perform, 
 Cf. EUE. Alcbst. 281. Acjat dcAw <rot vply eay^iv & fio^XofmiJ' 
 Whiston, 
 
 »Hy KOLKMS irot€ty.] Much ofwh'ch it is possible to plunder 
 
 and lay waste and destroy, noAA^v, sc. x^^pa"- The partitive is 
 put in the gender of the word it governs. Cf. Jblp. 442, c. and 
 ViRO. jEn. i. 326. Nulla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum. 
 Cf. Wolf ad Lkpt. p. 459. Mvpfo, Jn indefinite number; fiipith 
 Ten thousand, 
 
 'Ay&va»'\ Proeliunij conflictus ; ^(JAe/ios, Bellum^ etiam cum 
 non conseruntur manus. Wolf. Cf. Long. De Sub. 13, 4. •A7(6v 
 4v $ K<d rh r)Tra(r6ai rS>v irpoy^v^trripfav ohK t^ofyv, Ei* 8^ &7»ira, 
 -But for a battle he is better equipped than we, 
 
 Ow fiSvov o65€.] Adverte Grsecorum consuetudinem in 
 
 talibus enunciationibus adverbium, fjt^voyy soli priori membro sic 
 tribnentium, ut etiam ad posterius pertineat. ScasFBR. T^ 
 XoyuTfi^ Koi rfi diavoic^y But in your mind and soul, Mt(r^(rai, To 
 bring your hatred upon. Frankb says: pucrja'aij odium conciperif 
 fiKTuv, odisse. The advice of Demosthenes here is one too true in 
 tiie history of all nations. If disunion and rebellion come upon a 
 people, let traitors be cut off, and let the war begin at home. A 
 friend of the enemy in the camp may do more injury than all the 
 opposing army. Cf. the similar sentiments expressed in De R»B. 
 Chehs. p. 104, where almost the same terms are employed to ex- 
 plain the duty of the Athenians. 
 
 *EK€ivois.] Many editions have fitciptp. This is defended by 
 explaining that although the orator speaks of many, he is think- 
 ing of Philip alone. Perhaps iK€iy(f has crept in from De Bm. 
 
 [Page 82.] 
 Oebbs. p. 104. *EKeiyots refers to ray Ija r^s WAcwj ix^^* 
 
 Els rovTo ri \4ya). Ye have come to such a pitch of folly , or 
 
 insanity f or Idon^t know what to call it. See n. p. 111. 
 
 M^ Ti ^ain6yioy ret irpdyfiam i\a6yri,] Lest som£ evil genius ma^ 
 drive the republic to destruction. Demosthenes is here a true pro- 
 phet He saw that the folly of Greece would be fatal, and that 
 slavery impended over his country, and still he thought he must 
 oppose it so long as any hope of safety remained. Nor is it 
 doubtful that a man, so ardent a lover of his country as he, would 
 experience the greatest grief from such a state of affairs. Others 
 more vacillating were on that very account the more happy, 
 
 *Ey T9> (ppoyeiy yhp fjiirfiky ^^kttos PloSy 
 Th fi^ (ppoyeiy yhp icrfpr' ayi&^vyoy KoxSy, 
 But in much wisdom there is much affliction, and prudent men 
 seemg farther into the future are more grieved thereby; since 
 from the very nature of men they draw their conclusion thence. 
 Hence Ovid not less truly remarks : — 
 
 Augurium ratio est et conjectura futuri. 
 Hoc divinavi notitiamque tuli. 
 Isocrates also wrote as follows of Philip : 'Uyovfuu 8^ koI rk 
 ireirpayfLeya irpSrepoy ovk h/ vori <roi yeyeffdai rriKiKavra rh iiiy^Qos 
 cl ix-h Tis rwy 0€wy alnk (rvyKaTdpdoixr^v, WOLF. Cf. also on the 
 influence of daifi6yioy rt. Soph. Ant. 618. The notion that 
 Jupiter perverts the understanding in order to make men do 
 wrong is found in several parts of the Greek writings. Eur. 
 Frag. ''Orav 5e dalfiwy ay^pl vopcrvyri Koucoi,, Thy yoyy ^fihayf/e vpSr 
 Toy. For further examples see Brasse's Ant. v. 818, and the 
 excellent note in Arnold's edition, p. 148. 
 
 *a(rT€ K€A€t5€T€.] Construc : Sxrre fccAciJcre kyep(i>irous fi^ff- 
 
 Bonols A67€iv evcKa Koidopias—^irT lyos Uy TtJx^re hen' (UTlaSf For 
 any caiLse whatever. 
 
 [Page 33.] 
 •fly ou/c €tVl TotovTot.] AuGBR omils the ovk as unnecessary af- 
 ter the verb hpy^Tireai, But from Xbn. Rbp. Ath. 2, 1 7, 'Apvcto-^oi 
 ....thi ou irapriy, we see that the ou is required. ScMPBRrer 
 marks : " In direct narration,^ here, ov is used ; in the indirect, 
 
180 
 
 KOTES TO THE 
 
 THIBB PHILIPPIC. 
 
 181 
 
 [Page 33.] 
 nilf as Xbk. Hbllen. vii. 3, 1, Oi filv HWoi fipvovvro fi^ oafT6xttp€f 
 ytviffBaiy "Av riai Xoidofyndcoffiy, See Jelp, 589, 3. ^ 
 
 Kol ovxi ^» *oy d(iv6v.'\ ^nd bad as this is it is not the 
 
 worst. Cf. De Reb. Cheks. p. 9*7. tCal rh fihv TO<n(av rivas ehai 
 Toio^ovs ^eiyhy hv, oh lfiv6v itrriv. Ovxi ^« is much stronger 
 than the usual otjTrw. 'AAXA, sc. rovr iffn ^€iv6raTov. 
 
 "Oaas oLKpoaffdai.'] The subject o^ irapa(r/c€i/<£f€i is in the 
 
 subsequent words. Quanta ex eo mala existujU, quod tales audire 
 
 vultis. Wolf. 
 
 Tuv h rois irpdyfiaffiv.'] Cf. n. p. 111. Also, Thug. iii. 28, Ol 
 
 iv To?5 irpdyfjiaffiv 6yT€s. The scholiast interprets these words 
 
 to mean : Ol ra rrjs ircJAcws irpdrroyTcs, Thuc. uses a similar 
 form in vi. 39. Ot rk irpdyfiara txovr^s. The reference is to 
 Lasthenes and Euthycrates of Philip's partisans, and the patriot 
 Apollonides. ^iXi-mrov. The genitive depending upon ^cray. Cf. 
 Jelf, 518, 2, for further examples of the same class. Franki 
 cites LivY, xxiii. 14 : Plebs novarum, ut solet, rerum atque 
 Hannibalis toto esset. Add C^sar de Bel. Gal. i. 45 : Galliam * 
 potius esse Ariovisti, quam Populi Romani. Rbiske translates, 
 Ad clavum reipublicae sedentium. 
 
 Tiy^s 5€ Tov iSeATicTTou.] This also is dependent upon ^o-oy. 
 Jelf. 518. Bremi translates studere optimis rebus, Smbad en- 
 tirely rejects this view of the government of rod fieXrla-rovj and 
 says : " fhai is very commonly used to denote possession, as of 
 property, connected with which idea is the signification of to be 
 devoted to, or to belong to, as a class. It is very rarely that it is 
 used to denotlTthe devotion of persons to a thing, without a prepo- 
 sition, and this requires to be supported by examples." Until 
 such examples are forthcoming he prefers to govern by inrhp, 
 and cites two passages where rod ^eXricrrov is governed by inrlp, 
 but in neither of which is there the slightest resemblance to the 
 present. De Reb. CheRS. ''Octis 5' uircp rod ^cXricrrov iroAAi 
 iyavriovToi. Ibid. 'Tir^p rov fi^Xrlarov \4yu>. This only proves 
 that {rw^p governs the genitive, a point conceded by all. If any 
 change is to be made, I prefer to supply with Reiske, iiipovs koi- 
 vwyoL This will then complete the sense, and supply a governing 
 word to rov ^Xritrrov, if such be required : And certain acting for 
 the better. 
 
 \i 
 
 [Page 8.S.] 
 
 AovA€^(rov(ri.] I have adopted this reading in preference to 
 the subjunctive, 5oi;A€u<r«cri. "Ottws is used with the future in- 
 '' dicative. Cf. infra, p. 126, Eut^patos §€ Tis....27r«s i\€vd€pot 
 Koi firj^cyhs SovXoi tffoyr ai. Cf. Jblf. 812, 2. It may also be used ,' 
 with the subjunctive, but less frequently than with the indicative. 
 ^ 'Etc^Xccai/.] Observe the force of the preposition, utterly des- 
 
 troyed. The force of €fc in composition is to express completion 
 or success. Thus ^p^vyw is, / try to escape ; iKtpei^w, I succeed in 
 escaping. Brasse ad Soph. (Ed. Col. 21. 
 
 Tovs iTrwdas 'jrpo(i^o(ray.] Philip having laid siege to Olynthus, 
 all his attacks were repulsed for some time ; until, the people 
 becoming dissatisfied, listened to complaints against Apollonides, 
 the commander of the forces. By intrigue he was deposed, and 
 Lasthenes and Euthycrates appointed to the command. Soon 
 after, a sally was decided upon, and Lasthenes led five hundred 
 horse into an ambuscade, where they were completely surrounded 
 and made prisoners. Fals. Leg. pp. 426, 426. The town soon 
 H after surrendered, the only terms they could obtain being that 
 their lives should be spared. Justin, viii. 3. The inhabitants 
 were put up at auction and sold (Diodor. xvL 53), their lands 
 being distributed among Philip's officers. Among the captives 
 were some Athenian citizens, sent to aid in the defence. -^Esch. 
 Fals. Leg. p. 30. 'Awc^Acto. Another reading is eJawt<;A€To. 
 
 'AiroWwyi^Tiy.] There is an Apollonides, an Olynthian, men- 
 tioned in De:M. contra Ne.er. 1376, but he is met with in very 
 suspicious circumstances, along with Peitholaus, despot of Pherse. 
 It may be doubted if he is the same as the present <^e. 
 
 *Eir€t5^ Koi rS>v fcWv.] When, after Plutarch and his 
 
 mercenaries had been expelled. In 349 B. C. Plutarch made appli- 
 cation to Athens for son:«, troops to assist him in Eretria, and 
 Demosthenes, not wishing to grant them, and suspecting Plutarch 
 to be an enemy, endeavoured to persuade the Athenians to deny 
 him the required aid. De Pace, p. 58. However, the persuasion 
 of Meidias prevailed, and Phocion was sent into Buboea with a 
 strong force of hoplites. Dem. contra Mbid. p. 550. Callias of 
 Chalcis now openly proclaimed himself an ally of Macedon, and 
 having collected troops, and invited aid from the generals of 
 
182 
 
 50TEa TO TUB 
 
 Philip at rcp«sa3, boldly marchfd against the Athenians. Pbo- 
 cion retreated to the town of THmynae, and there awaited the 
 attack. The condition of the Atbwnians was critical in the ex- 
 treme, rontra Mkid p. 567. At length Plutarch marched out to 
 give battle, but soon after retreated and fled, drawing somt 
 Athenians away with him. Phocion wa^ now in very great 
 danger, and if it had not been for the firmness of hit hoplites, 
 would have been entirely cut off. However, in the end, he con- 
 quered, and, pursuing his advantage, expelled Plutarch. nopMv. 
 See n. p. 1 19. Oi filv i<p* . . . .ra wpdyfiara. Some w<re for bring- 
 ing the government over to you^ ad voi rempublicam tractabant. 
 
 T«k -woKXh., fiaWov 5^ rh vdyra] In plerisque vel potiux ommino. 
 T6X€UT«KT€S. M lost. Cf n. p. 116. 'Twlp aOr&y, For ihtir 
 advantage^ or rather for the advantage of Athens, since if th* 
 Athenian politics had prevailed, all would have been well. 
 
 Kol yip Toi.] El tunc quidern, Jnd then indeed. Klotzs trans- 
 lation, elemin profecto, would imply that what follows is a reason 
 for what has gone before, but it U a continuation » f the narration. 
 ^vfifiaxoi. " This word is added in bitter irony." Smbad. Not 
 at all. lie was their ally by choice, and hence was not imposed 
 on them. I should prefer to make the remark of <pi\os. For his 
 actions showed him to b«* anything but th.at. 
 
 •E|€A<Aaif€y <rd>C€(Teai ] Jnd completely expelled from thi 
 
 country those who twice wished to save it After the defeat of 
 
 Pliitarch, the Athenian l>arty in Euboea established a free con- 
 
 ftitution and it was not until dissensions afterwards arose that 
 
 the Macedo^ans were invited in, and the events narrated here 
 
 actually took place. AVhiston conjectures that they happened 
 
 in .341. The allusion here will then be to the opposition which 
 
 the po« iilar party made to the establishment of the tyrants, and 
 
 prob;ibly to a su» sequent revolution. W<.lf'8 translation I do 
 
 not understnnd. He says : " Scilicet rohs 'EpcTpetj, cum jam tan^ 
 
 dem sero snpere veUent. I should rather translate: bU patriam 
 
 consrrvare deccrtanles, or with Wi.mkwski, quum jam bis pro liber- 
 
 iate contenderent. The remaining words from rSrt to napfityi<»yof 
 
 are omitted in Codex X Antipater and Pamienio were Ph lip's 
 
 ambassadors at Athens to conclude the Peace of 346, Parmenio 
 
 THIBD PHTLTPPIO. 
 
 183 
 
 was at that time Philip's deputy in Thessaly. In Pais. Lfo p. 
 362, they are described as the servants of Philip, nnd acting 
 honourably for his interests. Of Eu ylochus nothing further is 
 known. The date usually assigned for these events is : the tyrants 
 established in Or,. H'9-1, Lyciscus being Archon, B. C. 344-3, and 
 the expeditions of Eurylochus and Parmenio in the following 
 
 •year. 
 
 Ka\ rl ScZ iroWh. \€y€iv ;] Md why need I say more ? Cf. ViRO. 
 JRs ii. 101; also n. p. 117 Kal rf Sc? rods &\\ovs Xryciir; 
 "JLwparr^ ^iKiinrep. " Favrbat PkilippOj in Philfppi gratiam ^iroA(- 
 Tf^cTO. More fully in Fals L«o. p H65. 0>]j3afo£S rh irpdy/iara 
 wpirr€i. "not7}<rai *x\(jnrft>," Cf Phil. iii. p 127. ScH/EFKR, 
 where irphf x^P^^ ^^ understood accordiing to Rliseb. On the 
 events here narrated cf. n. p. 113. 
 
 [7%^ 34.] ' 
 
 Ev(t>pa7o5 5€ Tiy.] In addition to what was said of him in n. p. 
 113, we may here add, on the authority of Harpoon ation, that 
 he wa-* a disciple of Plato, and it was when attending the lec- 
 tures of the philosophe. that he resided in Athens. But we shall 
 also find him elsewhere. We lean: from Athenacur, xi. p 6i'6, 
 that he resided in Macedonia during the wh. le rvgn of Perdicras, 
 the brother of Philip, and that it was upon his suggestion that 
 Philip was appointed governor of a jjoriion of Macedonia. It is 
 strange to see the friend of IVrdiccas many years afterwards 
 dying of grief on account of the eonduct «»f the partisans of the 
 youth who was fi»-st raised to power by the kindness of the 
 Oreitan philosopher. g 
 
 OuTos TO fi€i/ &\\a irpovirn\aKl(€ro.] How he was insulted 
 
 in other respects, and tramp/ed upon. The first denotes the 
 genus {injuria) the second the species icontumelui). Franks. 
 Cf. contra Androt. p. 611. Butticann in his Lexilogus s v. 
 ifpo<T€\i7v says the proper meaning of wpomjXoKiCeiv is to trample 
 in the dirt, 
 
 *Ev€5€<{€y.] He laid an inf^/rmatfon against them. This was 
 the proper mode of proceeding against traitors. Sc»e Dict. Akt. 
 8. T. Al<rd6fjLfyos t wpdrrovtri. Having understood what they are 
 intending to dOf i. e., having by some means gained information 
 
184 
 
 KOTES TO THE 
 
 \Paqe 341 , . 
 
 of their treason, probW from some of his old Macedonuu 
 friends. J„,rrpa4>.W«. Cowpira/i. Rkisk.. R^thev canjuralu 
 
 master, arul bemg guided by hint. These words refer to wel - 
 known Athenian customs, and thus would be understood m all 
 their force by his audience. Cf. De Rhod. Lib. p. 191. ♦«.►««- 
 TO. 8- 4 M*" irp^ray^Ua, t«5t« Kal ir«(<r«T mi<rw\os. Xlvray^vo^^yoi 
 is explained by Harpoo. as Sioiko^Jm*""' "«! 5<a(rTp«<()<<^«.'0.. This 
 last word offends Rwskk, and he has judiciously altered it to 
 
 •AktI too rv (^iy Md..y a^orv^^a.(<rai] Instead of «.- 
 
 .Wing him, and beating others to death. The yerb «iroT»i^iriv«K is 
 used of beating to death by frequent blows. Cf. De R.b. Chbrs. p. 
 104 The Btym. Mao. explains the word by : Oux -f^"* ^* 
 
 that anciently the stick was used to put criminals to death, but 
 afterv .ids the sword. The Latin term was /us/uarm/n. W. 
 Cic Phil iu. 6. Fustuarium meruerunt legiones, quae consules 
 reliquerunt. Something similar still survives in the Russian 
 Knout, 
 
 'EirtT^Seio. cT.a,.] 'A^o. el.oi. Sic Latine idoneus pro dignm . 
 SCH^FER. Sall. Cat. 51. For the syntax of such expressions 
 see Jblf. 666, 1. A»Wos is used with a similar meaning m 
 
 Phil. ii. p. '74. 
 
 'E^exaip^u.] Insultahat Euphr^o, deledabalur ejus calamitate. 
 Wolf This verb means actually to rejoice in or over a person 
 or thing, whe'lher with kindly feelings or spitefully, but more 
 usually the latter. Cf. Dem. coiUra Mkw, p 556, 'AAAi crol €« 
 Xatpou, SCHJ5FEB interprets it simply as guudere ob aliquid, 
 
 Oi M^v .V Hov<rla. ^^parro. ] Those in authority acted 
 
 as they wished, Oi fi\y iir' ^iovaias is almost equivalent to oi iicl 
 rah irpdyfiaaLU, or ol iv rois irpdyfia<nu. 'H^o^Kopto. The three 
 verbs, fioixop^ai, UvauLcu. and iucAAo,, take in the Attic dialect ^ 
 as the augment in3tead of i. Frank« translates this passage : 
 In tanta libertate quanta volebant. In ait the freedom they could 
 desire. 
 
 THIBB PHILIBPIO. 
 
 186 
 
 [PageZ^.] 
 Ktd KaTCiTKevdCovTo Ti}v wpd^ty ] jind were preparing their plot. 
 
 "CUm ov irpdrfpov oi woKffuoi'J So thatf 80 terrible a 
 
 calamity impending over them^j nobody dared to utter a word until 
 the enemy ^ already drawn up in battle array^ advanced agaimt their 
 walls. *P^fai (pwvfiyi cf. ViRo. jEn. ill. 846. Rumpitque hanc pec- 
 tore vocem. Tag. Ann. vi. 20. Non exilio fratrum rupta voce. 
 ScH^FER interprets : toqui^ tanquam ruptis vinculisj quibus timor 
 vocem constrinxerat. It may be observed that in all the passages 
 both in Greek and Latin, in which the synonymous terms occur, 
 the speaker is labouring under vioIeHt mental excitement, and 
 thus in a manner bursts forth into conversation. AiacKevatrdfit- 
 vol. Succinti^ arinati, armis instructif Auoeb. Jlcie instructa. 
 Whiston interprets : Having broken up their camp ; but it rather 
 means. Having everything ready for their purpose, Cf. Thuo iv. 
 38. T^ &\\a Si((rK€vdCovTo ws is vKovv, On vplv with the Ind* 
 cf Jelf. 848, 3. 
 
 Oi fih &pxov(n airoKr^ivavrfs.^ They ground down and 
 
 tyrannized over those who Hhen protected them (the tyrants), and 
 were prepared to do anything to Euphneus; expelling some of 
 these, and putting others to death. The meaning of all is : that 
 these tyrants expelled and even killed some of those who, on the 
 occasion of the troubles with Euphrseus, had aided them, and 
 were prepared to do anything to Euphraeus to satisfy the tyrants. 
 On the construction see Jelf. 584, 1. This whole passage has 
 been very differently interpreted by the German commentator 
 Wolf, and his Gallic confrere, Auger. Wolf removes the com- 
 ma after rvpdwovffiy and insert it after Ev*ppa7ov, thus completely 
 altering the sense of the whole passage, and making it refer, not 
 to the tyrants, but to those who defended Euphraeus. He then 
 translates : qui turn et se tuebantur, id est, defendebant patriam, 
 et Euphraum, id est, vinculis liberabant, qui pro defensione patrim 
 nullum periculum recusabant, partim ejecerunt^ pattim occideiunt. 
 But this does not convey the orator's meaning. He wishes to 
 paint the tyrants in their darkest colours, and in consequence he 
 represents them as now expelling and killing those to whom they 
 formerly owed their own safety. 
 
 *Otiovv iroieip.'] Omnibus m.odis vexare, SCH^rJca. 
 
^186 
 
 irOTES TO THE 
 
 THIED PHILIPPIC. 
 
 187 
 
 [Page 34.] 
 
 •EircVc^cr covt(Jv.] Cf. Xbn. Ana. i. 8, 28, 'Zavrhv ^iricr^xfjatr- 
 •ai. Also Jelf. 363, 1. Kadapwsy With pure motives, Cf. De 
 Cob. 303, *Av Kadapal Sxriv al i^fl<po*, where the notion of com- 
 pleteness and entirety is fully carried out. 
 
 Tt oZv -Kor' aXriov, k.t.X.] Cf De Reb. Chers. p. 103, for an 
 almost equivalent expression. ''Hhiov .... ex^iy. Being so favour- 
 ably disposed towards those wht> plead Philip's cause, "Ort roTs fi€v 
 ....oWcy ctirct*'. Because it is impossible for those who speak 
 and advise for the best, always to speak for your gratification. On 
 irpis ^dpiy cf. Jblp. 621, obs. 2, and also Soph. Ant. vt. 30, 908. 
 Ti wpdyfiaroy Respublica, or as Bremi, Salus et libertas patricB, 
 
 [Page 35.] 
 
 OI y ^v avTols trvfnrpdTTOvffiv.'] But they play into Philip's 
 
 hands, by those very means, by which they gratify the most. 'Elcrc^c- 
 pciv iK4\€voy. The orator now proceeds to state very succinctly 
 And fully the principal differences between the two classes of 
 men, and it can easily be seen how Auch an idle, peace-loving 
 people would prefer the counsels of slothfulness to those of 
 strenuous activity. Ei<r(p€puv. See n. p. 42. *'E«$ 4yKar(\'h<l>eri' 
 ffw Until they are caught in the snare. Donee circumventi sunt , 
 Cf. ThuC. iii. 83. "Ort ovdafxov iyKaTa\'n<peu(ra TiyayKdadriffay 
 ffTpar&ire^oy voi€ia'dai» 
 
 Oi fihvy i(p" oh air^xetML,] Some spoke for present grati- 
 fication, and gave no offence; others said what would eventually 
 preserve the state, and animosity resulted to them, The^words /cal 
 4X<nrovy ouScv and npoariffay 5* iTrcxOetat are absent from many 
 manuscripts and editions. A few give Koi i\virovy oif^hv and 
 omit the other, but they must stand or fall together ; the one is 
 the antithesis to the other, and if one is gone the other must fol- 
 low. Seven manuscripts omit irpoarjaay 5* av^x^uai, and give 
 the others, while four have these words and also the others, but 
 in the margin. Upon the whole I have followed Dindorp, who 
 presents the latest researches in his last edition, and give the 
 text as above. In this I am also agreeable to the lection of 
 Bbuir and Augeb. Nor indeed do I see any sufficient reason 
 for entirely ignoriig them, as Arnold does. They add much 
 
 [Page 35.] 
 to the thought, and round the sentence, which is always what an 
 
 orator mus t have in view. After oi Sc sc. raW tKtyoy. 
 
 TioWh. 5^ irpotci/To.] Jnd many things lately the people 
 
 allowed to happen, not so much either for favour or through igno- 
 rance. Ovx ouTus is variously interpreted. Arnold: Not from 
 these causes or motives^ not in the manner I have described. Wbst- 
 
 BRMANN : Ovx o^rtas SC '6ira}5 a-(t}d'f)<T€a'6ai, And SCH^FKR : Oux 
 
 oUrm—aW' pro aWa expectes &s. Sed ita ssepius Graeci. Non 
 multum differt ov fiaWoy aWd. Auger : Non temere. I pre- 
 fer this last. It seems to agree better with the words which 
 follow. But let us see if something better cannot be obtained. 
 One of the meanings of ovrws is so much, usually followed by i)s 
 which we see ScHiEFEB suggests as the word you might expect. 
 Now the meaning will be : Not so much either for favour or through 
 
 ignorance as. Cf Her. iii. 12. K€(pa\al etVt otra> H n iVxw- 
 
 V pal, fioyls tiy \le<p iraiaas Stop^^ff tar. Their heads are so hard that 
 you could scarcely break them with a stone, *AA:V xmoKara.K\iv6p.^voi. 
 As bending to the force of circumstances, 
 
 . ToTs 8\ois.] When they thought they were to be deprived of the 
 whole, Cf. n. p. 120, for the construction of rirraffOai. 
 
 Mn^ev vfuy iy6v.] There being no need of further action in your- 
 selves, Arnold has here fi-qhev iv vfuy. The iy seems to have 
 crept in from the last syllable of the preceding word. I find 
 nothing of the kind elsewhere. Here follows in some editions 
 the following sentence, which is most certainly an execrable 
 attempt if some grammarian to make himself famous. Kal robs 
 €ts ToDa* xnrdyoyras vfxas bpSsy ovk oppw^w aXKh. ^varwirovfiat, ^ ykp 
 ^^fvlrriUs ^ 5i' tyvoiay €t$ xo^f^rbv vpayixa vvayovtri r^y v6\iy. 
 ScHiEPEB S'lys the two words op^wSw and lv(r(aTTovp.ai are quite 
 sufficient to condemn it. However, it is given in nearly all the 
 manuscripts, and Harpocration expressly attributes these two 
 words to the Philippics of Demosthenes. As they do not occur 
 anywhere else in his orations, he must have referred to the pre- 
 sent passage. Still, they are inserted so awkwardly, and so 
 break up the course of the oration, that they must be set down 
 as a determined attempt at improving Demosthenes. 
 
188 
 
 VOTES TO THE 
 
 [Page 3b,] 
 
 Ktdroi nil y4votro ♦iX/inry.] J^nd yet may it never come 
 
 to thUj fir it is better to die ten thousand deaths than to do anything 
 through obsequiousness for Philip. Thp here assigns the reason 
 for what has gone before. Aristidks, Technographia, p. 200, cites 
 thu passage and reads 5c for 7etp, and Arnold has adopted it, 
 and translates, but if it does; in that case. Franks quotes Cic. 
 de Off. 1, 31. Jt Ajaxy quo animo traditur millies oppetere mortem 
 potiusj quam, ilia ptrpett maluisset. Cf. also Cic. Rab, Perd. 5. 
 Moreretur millies prius quam. The words koI wpoiadai. . . .rtvdsf 
 are wanting from many manuscripts, and indeed appear of later 
 origin. This is the first intimation of any such action. We do 
 not hear of the orators of any particular party being demanded 
 for gome years later. If true, they seem to contain a mournful 
 foreboding of the fate of the orator and his friends as manifested 
 during the reign of Alexander. 
 
 Ko\V X<^«*'0 -^ M^ return truly. Highly ironical. 
 
 'Z^Bovy. Pellebant, id est, repudiabant, aversabantur. Wolf. 
 This meaning of w0€« is peculiar, but cf. Plato Rbp. 560, D. 
 *Ci9uy riva <f>vy(iSa, To banish one. This verb with 6,yvvfxt, oAi<r- 
 Kofiat, ayhdvw, ovp4(a and wy4ofiai, takes the syllabic argument. 
 
 Tovs nkv vn€r4povs ifpifffius airi^Aacrc.] '* This incident is not 
 otherwise known, but it is probably connected with the events 
 consequent upon the battle of Tamynae. From p. 125 of this 
 oration it appears that Plutarch and his mercenaries were then 
 ejected from Eretria, and the people being masters of the situa- 
 tion, some of the Eretrians wished to place themselves under the 
 protection of Philip and others under that of the Athenians, 
 Therefore we may presume that the Athenians despatched the 
 envoys here mentioned, but without eflfect, for the result was that 
 Philip was enabled to invest Cleitarchus with the sovereignty 
 in which the latter treated the Eretrians as here described." 
 Whiston. 
 
 Aot/Acvovo-r 7€ paorriyoififvoi Koi trrpcPXointyoi*'} " They are 
 slavesj lashed and rackcdP Lord Brougham. He translates this 
 whole passage from /coA^v 7* oi iroAAol to <rrpfp\o6fi€yoi as fol- 
 lows : " Much indeed did the Oreitae gain when they yielded to 
 the friends of Philip, and thrust out Euphrsus, and much the 
 
 THIBD PHILIMIC. 
 
 189 
 
 [ Page 35.] 
 people of Eretria when th^y drove off your ambassadors, and gave 
 themselves up to Cleitarchus I They are now slaves lashed and 
 racked:* He then compares this with an extract from Burke's 
 Regicide Peace, and shows the difference between extenuating a 
 subject and finishing it at a single stroke. " The King of Prussia 
 has hypothecated in trust to the Regicides his rich and fertile 
 territoi ies on the Rhine, as a pledge of his zeal and affection to 
 the cause of liberty and equality. He has been robbed with un- 
 bounded liberty and with the most leveling equality. The 
 woods are wasted ; the country is ravaged ; property is confis- 
 cated ; and the people are put to bear a double yoke in the 
 exactions of a tyrannical government, and in the contributions 
 of a hostile conscription." Brougham's Inaugural at Glasgow, in 
 Goodrich's British Eloquence, p. 943. For another example of 
 this cumulative style see Cic. pro Leg. Mauil. xL 
 
 •E4>€r<raTo. ] Has he spared. So utterly was this city destroyed 
 that it was almost impossible to determine its site. Supra p. 117. 
 On 'AiroAAwi/f5r?i/, vide supra, n. p. 125. 
 
 Mu>pla Koi KaKia.] It is folly and cowardice. Ta>y MySvrwy 
 kKpowfjiiyovs. Verbs signifying operations of the senses are 
 usually joined with the genitive of the person, and the accusative 
 of the thing, but sometimes with the accusative of the person and 
 genitive of the thing. Xbn. Ctr. i. 3, 10. O^k hKpo^ti^voi 5^ 
 ToD SZovros. Arist. Ach. 806, rS>v 5' ^p.S>y tncovUv kKolaar^. 
 
 TrJAt/cai^rryv ircfo-ecreai.] And think that you inhabit a city 
 
 so grea^ in size as that no calamity whatever can affect it. ""Clcrr^ 
 r^v 'k6Xiv, r-nXiKainnv rh fi^y^Oos oScroj/, d{>ya<reaL firidoriovv d^ivhy 
 xdax^iyy AAA' ^f« irdyros Kiy^^yov ehai. WoLF. Seager, in the 
 Classical Journal, vol. lii. p. 239, proposed to change the received 
 reading of this passage Scttc /utjS' tiy &riovy k.t A. to Sxrrc prjdy, 
 tm^ Uy dnovy ?, Sctvbv ireitretreai, his reason being that deiyhy can- 
 not explain the meaning without some such word being supplied. 
 In this he is followed by Dobree ; and Dindorf in his last edi- 
 tion adopts the same opinion and the actual reading of Seaqbe. 
 ScHiEFER denies that any change is necessary, and even if there 
 were. a necessity, Sctvc^v n would be preferable. I can hardly 
 think that no change is required. The sense is evidently incom- 
 
190 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 THIBD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 191 
 
 [Page 86.] 
 plete, and although Seager's suggestion rests on no authority, 
 still it is the best yet proposed, and is accordingly adopted here . 
 Kal ti)]v. Et vere. Jnd truly. "Edti 70^. . . ./i^ froirja-ai. For 
 you ou^ht to have done such and such a thing, and not this, Cf. 
 PiND. Ol. ii. 53, 6 ^hv irKovros ap€Ta7s 5^ dai^oAfityos <p4p€i ruv T6 
 kolL rS)v Kaip6v. 
 
 *A r&T* €i TTpoe/Soj/To.] Which if they had then foreseen, lipovtr" 
 K^avTOy in which sense the use of the mid. is legitimate. ScH-fi- 
 
 FER. IToAA* Ilv Supply the same verbs as before. 'AAAcfc rl 
 
 rovruv 6<p€\o5 avTo7s : But what advantage is any of these things 
 to them? Cf. Arist. Plut. 1152. Ti ^r* tiv ti-ns u<pf\05 rjfuy. 
 Things were now at the worst, and it was sheer folly to lament 
 what was lost by their own carelessness. 
 
 [Page 36.] 
 
 *E(Ds hy (rc^fryrai ] On €ft>s tiv with the subjunctive see Jelf. 
 841. 'ScaC'nrai is here equivalent to (rm fj. Sch^fer. The Attics 
 rarely used the singular of this adjective, but compare infra 
 €«y ifffifv atpoi. l,Ka(p6$, Vox propria orationis altius surgentis. 
 8ch£ff.r. Cf. cKOLipos '7r6\€ws, the ship of sfate^ in Arist. Vesp. 29. 
 
 Kal itdvT* &y5pa cfyjy irpodufiovs fhai.] This is the reading of the 
 best manuscripts, and we have consequently retained it. The 
 lection as given by ScHiEKER — &y^pa ^c^ef?)? vp60vfioy thaiy is on 
 very poor authority, and in his notes he approves of the present 
 reading, citing contra Tim. p. 722. k^ris irdyra, Tovto ffKOTutrOoA, 
 To guard against this. The middle is used to denote that not 
 only, all should be on their guard, but that each for himself 
 should also take care to prevent any disaster. Cf. Jelf. 363, 6. 
 
 'TWp<rx?7, sc. rod <TKd(povs.] The verb governs the genitive 
 under the general principle of verbs signifying auppriority over, 
 &c. Mdraiosy the copula, as usual, omitted. Jelf. 376. *A^iwfia 
 KdWiaroy. The most untarnished reputation. The word is used 
 particularly with reference to the position which Athens usually 
 held among the other Grecian states. Cf. the Latin dignitas in 
 Cic. Fam. ii. 17. Lamia petit praeturam; omnes intelligunt nee 
 dignitatem nee gratiam ei deesse. Here I shall quote the very 
 apposite remark of Smead : " The orator instead of applying the 
 Bimile of the ship to the administration of affairs, which he feels 
 
 [Page 36.] 
 confident that his quick-minded hearers have already done, iud- 
 
 denly interrupts himself with the question ri iroMfiev ;^* 
 
 Ild\ai Tis Kder}Tai.'] Some one of my hearers may perhaps 
 
 eagerly have desired to ask. Wolp remarks here that ay is some- 
 times construed with the future Indicative. But that can not 
 apply here, as ^5€ ws h.y tffas must be regarded as parenthetical . 
 Hermann also adopts this view, and says we must supply some 
 such words as ipwrwy or rovro iroicoy, 
 
 Kot ypdypo) x^^PO'^<>^^^'^^'] *^^ 1 shall also move a resolu- 
 tion, and do you pass it, if you wish. Let us here examine the 
 various steps by which the laws were passed by the Athenians. 
 All motions for new laws were first debated upon in the Council 
 of Five Hundred, and, if approved by them, were then referred to 
 the people under the name of irpo^ovXev/jia. Sometimes, however, 
 this was not done, as in the case of the proposal of Ctesiphon to 
 It crown Demosthenes. After the bill was read in the assembly, 
 (iKK\'n<ria)t probably by the ypaiiixar^is, the proedri put the ques- 
 tion to the people, and called upon them to vote upon it. If they 
 were all in favour of it, it was immediately passed ; if opposition 
 appeared, the subject was then discussed. The people always 
 j/ave their decision by xe^poTOj/ta, or show of hands. After discus- 
 sion the matter was again voted upon, and if confirmed became a 
 ^ipiffixa,, or decree of the people, and was equally binding upon 
 all parties. If, however, the irpofiovXeviia was rejected by the 
 popular assembly, it became null, and of no effect ; if an equal 
 number of votes were given, it was called iviruoy, orin^force 
 for a year. But to prevent hasty legislation and avoid the diffi- 
 culty of proposing laws and passing them, which might have an 
 injurious effect, even a yff^ia-fia was only in force for a year, and 
 unless it had been approved by the yofioderai it then lapsed. 
 These nomothetae were appointed from the heliaslic body to act 
 as a court of revision for all laws, and so soon as a i|/ri4)i(r/ia was 
 passed it was referred to them. If they approved, it became a 
 v6fio5; if they rejected it, at the end of a year it became null. 
 But that the ^cpiafm might have fair play before the council for 
 the revicion of laws, the people had the power of appointing five 
 advocates (<n;y5tKoi) to attend before the board, and plead iti 
 
 i!l 
 
192 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 193 
 
 NOTES TO THE 
 
 [Page 36.] 
 necessity. Hence we can see the various terms at full length. 
 A vpo^oiK^vyM is a decree of the senate in force for a year. A 
 ffl(t>i<rfia gave this greater scope, and applied it to all parties, but 
 its duration was only a year still. A y6fios was a law binding 
 until repealed. The mover of a law was said ypdtpuu vSfiov, the 
 people who passed it e4<r0ai. The term x^tp<yr6v€iv was inter- 
 changeable with e4aeai. For further information see Dict. Ant. 
 s. TV., fiovK-fi and vofioOiraiy and consult Sch(EMANn De Gomit. 
 Ath. 
 
 Ko2 yap Uv ay<i)vi<rriov.'\ For surely^ even if all others con- 
 
 Mint to enslave themselves^ we at least must make a struggle for 
 liberty. liap^ffK^vaa^ivoi koX iroiiia'ai/r^s. Observe the inter- 
 change of the perfect and aorist. IS or is this without due effect. 
 The more important action of making preparation is kept before 
 our mind, and then the aorist is employed to denote that its ac- 
 tion is finished and complete. And not only is this the case, but 
 still further the action of the perfect is represented as continuing 
 in its effects. Cf. Hbr. viii. 8. *AAV 6 ix\v t€T€A€ut77K6, koI ovk 
 4i€y4ycT6 ol rififaprjaaa-eai. Tavra = '6ti irapiorKcvaffficBa. ARNOLD. 
 Tobs Tavra Sibdlotrras The future participle used to denote in- 
 tention or purpose. Jklf. 705, 6, d. With the sentiments here 
 expressed cf. De Reb. Chbrs. p. 119. 
 
 Ov8€ yap Karatrrp4\l/aa-dai.J For is it not foreign to his 
 
 interests to prevent him subduing all things 7 Plutarch seems to 
 say that Demosthenes was suspected of having taken bribes 
 from -the King of Persia, who feared the success of Philip, and 
 wished to stir up the Athenians against him. But it might be 
 that Demosthenes thought that the Persian power being added to 
 the Athenian, the King of Macedon would have more to do than 
 he could well attend to. Besides, as such an idea is nowhere 
 else even hinted at, we may set it down as a specimen of the 
 
 Malignity of Plutarch. Kotya,uohs ^x^tc Hv ri 5^j;. Ye may 
 
 have partners in your dangers and hopes, if need be. El B€ fi-fj. 
 Jelf. 860, 5. 
 
 Xp6yous yt ifiTroirjTe roiis ir pdyfiaaiv.] Ye may cause delay in 
 his operations. Xphvov ifiifoiuv is to cause delay, to introduce de- 
 
 [Pfl^rtf 36.] 
 lays. " Cf. cmtra Aristgr. p 651. Fals. Leo. p 392. O^ 
 iiroivtrap xp^^op ohn^yaJ' Whiston. Also Thuc. iii. 38. Kal 
 Xp6uov'^iaTpi^hv ifiTToiria'dyTMP, 
 
 Uphs &udpa.] " Because a state is a permanent power ; a single 
 man is liable to a variety of accidents, and his power terminates 
 with his life." Kennedy. Demosthenes was justified in usmg 
 these remarks, since, if he had no other example to refer to, Cyrus 
 the elder would have sufficed, whose powerful empire me might 
 almost say ended with himself But how many examples could 
 we now adduce? Alexander the Great, Attila, Zenghis Khan, 
 Tamerlane, Napoleon I. With all these the empires they founded 
 died with themselves. Besides, an autocrat has always more 
 power than a constitutional monarchy of any kind. He can 
 direct his armies as he please?, can withdraw them when he likes, 
 and, untrammelled by his advisers, assume a bold or hesitating 
 front, as the emergency may require. Ovdl toSt' &xpV(rrop, Not 
 even this is valueless^ sc. xp^J^ov ifiiroicTy^ 
 
 Al 7r6>ucri iSpecriSeTai.] In 344 to Argolis and Messenia. Cf the 
 account given of them in Phil. ii. pp. VO, 7 1 . Ka2 Karriyoplai, And 
 remonstrances. This word seems strangely out of place, and yet 
 it is by far superior to any emendation yet proposed. Various 
 ones have been attempted. Winiewski says 'kKapvavlav ought to 
 be read ; Droysen would read fcar' 'AfifipaKlav, and Sauppb Kar* 
 ''HTTc/pov. Philip had a little before this time been making at- 
 tempts against Epirus and Ambracia. Justin, viii. 6. Arnold 
 is wrong in quoting Dem. c. Olymp p. llV3, to prove that Philip 
 gent troops to Acarnamia. This may be seen by the words em- 
 ployed. Kal Kar'a t6xW rivh Kal ^alfiopa 6f,,7s i^^Mnr^ inrh rwv 
 Pnr6pa>y €is 'AKapvavlav ffrparidyras iKir4,i7reLV. *A$ refers to irpccr- 
 ' jBctat alone, and not to Karrtyoplat, 
 
 no\^€VKTos.] An Athenian orator of the demus Spettios, a 
 political friend of Demosthenes, with whom he worked in resist- 
 ance to the Macedonian party. He, along with Lycurgus, was 
 demanded by Alexander in 335 to be delivered up to him. 
 Arrian. i. 10, "7. 'EK€ivoaL Auktikws dictum] sedebat enun 
 homo in coetu audientium Demosthenem. Sch^kfer. 
 
 •Hr^criirtros ] Another political friend of the orator, who, ac- 
 
IM 
 
 illrOTBS to THE 
 
 A 
 
 [Page 36.] 
 cot€in^ to LiBA^ius, was the author of tb^ gpeecli be Halov. 
 ^suallj attributed to Demosthenes. Cf. Liban. Introduction to 
 Dt Halon. Also Fals. Leg. p. 3M. KA«T<^/iaxor Not bther- 
 Wile knowfi. 
 
 AvKovpyot,] An Attic orator, son of Lycophron, of th^ riob!^ 
 familj of the Eteobutadae, was born about 396 B. C. He was the 
 "pupil of Plato and Isocrates, and a warm supporter of the policy 
 of Demosthenes. Of the fifteen orations ascribed to him, only 
 ^e, contra Lbocratbm, survives. 
 
 Ucpi^Keofi^v.] We went round upon as canvassers, Latin am- 
 hire. Wolf renders by obivimus. 
 
 Kal fiiir' iv' dpfirjacu.] And neither then did he attack 
 
 Ambracia^ nor invade the Peloponnesus. Ov fievrot \€yu k.t,\. 
 The order is ov fievrot X^yu avrovs (^fia^) ideXovra^ voie7v firid^p 
 &yayKa7oy virep avrSfv nepiKoKuv rohs &\\ou5 UepiKaX^Ty = Arces- 
 iere^ to summon^ or call upon anybody as an ally, Cf. Cbsar de 
 Bbl. Gal. 1, 31. T^ oiKcTa trpoitfieyovs icfjdetrdai. Abandon- 
 ing your own interests^ to say you cared for the interests of others, 
 Oijrciof, What is one's own as a possession or property, peculiar to 
 ones self In Thug, iii 13, it is opposed to aWorpios as here. 
 K^Secrdai with gen. to be anxious about a things to care for any 
 person. L. & S ^daKeiy, See n. p. 112. 'Tvep r&v ntWSvrca^ 
 rovs &\Kovs <po^fiv. To terrfy the others about the future. ^o0eiy 
 is seldom used with the accusative except of a cognate noun. 
 Examples, however, are given. II. xvi. 689. 
 
 [Page 87.] 
 
 To7s tx€y iy X€f^oyio'(p.] This refers to the forces then in the 
 Chersonese, under Diopithes, as an army of observation against 
 Philip, who was pursuing his conquests in Thrace, ^rjfil icTy. 
 These words are used to express determination, and imply a 
 positive disposition of mind on the part of the orator. Cf. 
 Phil. i. p. 42. 
 
 2vyKa\€7y.] " Is to invite generally ; if the invitation did hot 
 sacceed, awiyeiv^ which is stronger, as of one urging and. forcing 
 them ; 5iS(£<rir€iy, to explain the true condition of affairs^ and show 
 what will result therefrom ; Noi/OctcFi', to induce them to actidh, 
 having fully persuaded them both by your language and the 
 
 THIBD l^HILIPPIO. 
 
 Ids 
 
 IPage 87.] . 
 
 critical position of ^alrs." Brbmi. Cf. De Rbb. CfflCBd. p. 109. 
 to^t «i5<£iovTas, yoveeTfi^roytas, npd^oyras Baa Uy 9iy<^irrai if W\«. 
 
 El oU^ree Mryapias] For if you think the people of ChalcU 
 
 or Megara will save Greece. This does not seem to be spoken 
 with contempt, as Arnold suggests, nor disparagingly, as Smbad 
 explains it. Chalcis was a principal city of Eubcea, and had 
 been harassed by the Macedonian party as well as other places; 
 and Megara was a city of the istbmus, where, we have seen, in- 
 trigues were commenced, but nipped in the bud by Phocion 
 The orator refers to these just as he might have said Plataea and 
 Areos to shew that the small states need not oppose, if the large 
 ones held back. 'T^ieTs 8V . . .T^t ^pdyfiara. And that you will 
 avoid the trouble of attending to the affairs of the whole country. 
 On the Norn, with the Inf cf. Jblp. 762. 
 
 'Aya^nrhy yhp.] Well will it be for them. They are so weak 
 that they can scarce defend themselves. If any one hope that 
 all Greece will be preserved by them, he is very far astray. 
 SCH^EFKR. Tovro rh yipas. This honorable distinction of being 
 the defenders ef Grecian independence, the bulwark against Per- 
 sian and barbarian. The many and great dangers refer to the 
 events of the Persian wars : the battles of Marathon and Salamis, 
 the burning of the city of Athens, and the batiles of Mycale and 
 Platsea. 
 
 *0 i3oiJA6Tai.] What he wishes. This seems to have been the 
 great failing in the Athenian character. If everything did not 
 go as each one desired it, he folded his hands, and would then 
 do nothing. This can easily be seen from the frequent complaints 
 of the orator, of each one doing what he wishes, and each one ex- 
 pecting that his neighbour will do everything and he nothing. KaOc- 
 SciTat. Future of KaOiCoiiai. 
 
 noi^crci.] Many editions give .roi^crp here, but the future is 
 certainly the preferable reading. The meaning in either case is 
 much the same, except that the indicative expresses a definite tdea 
 of possible realization. With the future in such constructions, 
 Jhr«f is equivalent to gry rp6^<p as can be seen from Thuc. vi. 11. 
 ^ico^uy fhv rpU^ Tb ^^ir.pov dirpcir^s cS H<forra.. The future 18 
 
mi 
 
 ^OtiSS TO THB 
 
 THIBD :^HILIPPIO. 
 
 Ids 
 
 [Page 36.] 
 cording to Libanius, was the author of th^ speech J>e Haloh. 
 
 usuallj attributed to Demosthenes. Cf. Liban. Introduction to 
 
 Be Halon. Also Fals. Leg. p. 364. KK^irSfiaxot. Not other- 
 
 Wwe known. 
 
 AvKovpyo^.] An Attic orator, son of Lycophron, of th* rioW* 
 Tamilj of the Eteobutadge, was born about 396 B. 0. He was the 
 pupil of Plato and Isocrates, and a warm supporter of the policy 
 of Demosthenes. Of the fifteen orations ascribed to him, only 
 one, contra Lbocratem, survives. 
 
 nepi^A^o/A^y.] We went round upon as canvassers, Latin am- 
 bire. Wotw renders by obivimus, 
 
 Kal fiiiT* 4ir* dpfiijffai.] ^nd neither then did he attack 
 
 ^mbracia, nor invade the Pehponiiesus. Ov fievroi Keyta K.r.\, 
 The order is ou ficvroi \4yoo avrovs (u'/xas) (de\oyTxii voiuv firi^if 
 kvayKoiov virhp avr»if irepiKoKuy robs &\\ov5 UepiKoXiiv = ArceS" 
 ierCf to summon^ or call upon anybody as an ally. Cf. Cbsar dt 
 Bkl. Gal. 1, 31. Ta oiKcTa vpo'iefieyovs. . , .K-fj^cardai. Abandon^ 
 ing your own interests^ to say you cared for the interests of others. 
 OIk€7o5j What is one's own as a possession or property, peculiar to 
 one$ self. In Thuc. iii 13, it is opposed to aAAorpios as here. 
 Kii^ffrOai with gen. to be anxious about a things to care for any 
 person. L. & S ^daKeiy, See n. p. 112. 'TTrep r&v H€\\6vtwm 
 rous &\\ovs (jiofieTy. To terrify the others about the future. ^ofisTy 
 is seldom used with the accusative except of a cognate noun. 
 Examples, however, are given. II. xvi. 689. 
 
 [Page 37.] 
 
 Tols fjL^y dy Xefi^oyiiTep.] This refers to the forces then in the 
 Chersonese, under Diopithes, as an army of observation against 
 Philip, who was pursuing his conquests in Thrace. ^r}fil iety. 
 These words are used to express determination, and imply a 
 positive disposition of mind on the part of the orator. Of. 
 Phil. i. p. 42. 
 
 tvyKa\€7y.] " Is to invite generally ; if the invitation did hot 
 succeed, avfdyeiyf which is stronger, as of one urging and forcing 
 them ; MiffKciyj to explain the true condition of affairs^ and show 
 what will result therefrom ; f^ovOertiy, to induce them to octidHf 
 hfiTing fully persuaded them both by your language and the 
 
 m 
 
 {Page 87.] ^ i , aa 
 
 critlcl position of Affairs." 'bbem.. Of De R.b O^^-J-^^- 
 
 E2rf,^e, Mey«p^«] For if you think the people of Chalm 
 
 or Megara wUl save Greece. This does not seem to be spoken 
 ^itb contempt, as Abho.o suggests, nor dupara,in,ly, as S«b.o 
 "plains it. Chalcis was a principal city ^^ ^^^^erpLef • 
 been harassed by the Macedonian party as well «« J'tl^;'- P ^^ ' 
 Ld Megara was a city of the isthmus, where, we hare seen, m- 
 trieues were commenced, but nipped in the bud by Phocion^ 
 Seo at! refers to these'just as he might have said P lat.a and 
 ArJs to shew that the small states need not oppose >f the large 
 les held back. 'T^.T. 8'....t& Mjl^'^ra. AnA that you .dl 
 Zldt!. trouble of atten^in, to the affairs ofthe Me cour^try. 
 On the Norn, with the Inf. cf. Jblp. 762. 
 
 'Aya^nrhy yh..] Well will it be for them. They are so weak 
 AyavriToy yap i .hpmqelTes If any one hope that 
 
 that they can scarce defend themselves, u f f 
 
 all Greece will be preserved by them, he is very far astray. 
 sImZ tL r^ 7^.- This honorable distinction of bemg 
 fhe defenders •f Grecln independence, the bulwark agamst Per- 
 In and barbarian. The many and great dangers re er to the 
 events of the Persian wars : the battles of Marathon and Salamis 
 1 burning of the city of Athens, and the bat.les of Mycale and 
 
 Platsea. 
 .r. ft 'x.™.l What he wishes. This seems to have been the 
 °at S ng n trithenian character. If everything did not 
 'oa ea h one desired it, he folded his hands, and would then 
 To nothing. This can easily be seen from the frequent complamts 
 of the oraL, of each one doing what he ->'^-, and eoc. one J- 
 pecting that his neighbour will do everything and he nothxng. KaB.- 
 
 8*iTot. Future of /£oe«'C«f"»- 
 
 no.W« 1 Many editions give ^o.ii^v here, but the future is 
 ce^tlfnirie preferable reading. The meaning in either case« 
 ^I^h the same, except that the indicative expresses a defimtetdea 
 7t>le reaLation. With the future in such -s -c^.on , 
 irL is equivalent to Sr^ rp6.^ as can be seen from Jhcc J'^U. 
 ;«.,.-. ^^ rp6,<, Tb a*.V.po. i.pc,4. e3 «i<ro.^«. The future a 
 
196 
 
 KOTES TO THE 
 
 TUIBD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 197 
 
 [Page 37.] 
 also used in Ol. ii. p. 21, where no editions even yenture to pro- 
 pose a subjunctive, and again a few lines below in tbe present 
 oration. 
 
 UpwTov fi€v oh fiiivoff ^'^PV'^ ^®^® *r® ^^7 number of variations 
 in the readings. One has oh fi'fivoG* cvpj? (Sch^pbr) ; another, 
 oh /jL'ff iFoff €up7](r€i ] while the common reading is fihv ohBh fi'fi itoff 
 €fjp'p. With the future, evfyfiTcij oh /i^ would have the force of an 
 imperative, which manifestly could not apply here. Wiih the 
 subjunctive, these particles give a future meaning, and at the 
 same time an idea of certainty is implied. Dawes lays it down 
 as a T^.ii that oh fi^ can never be used unless with the 2nd aor. 
 subjunctive, but this seems too close ; for Elmsley, in a note to 
 Soph. CEd. Col. 1T3, distinguishes between oh n^ with the future 
 indicative and aor. subjunctive. Translate : In the first piacCy 
 he certainly will not find people to act for him, net^croyray. Here 
 many editions insert c* yap ^trav, evprivT' tiv irdXat %viK(k ye rod 
 fiTi^cv Tjfias ahrovs ttoicIv id€\€iVy ctAA* ohK elffiv. But they seem to 
 be merely an explanation of what the orator has been saying, and 
 not part of the original text. They are absent from many of the 
 best manuscripts, and in others are inserted after' yevTjTai. This 
 of itself would show that they are not genume, as they plainly 
 could not stand there, and make any sense. 
 
 Ae5o(Ka y4iniTai.'] And then I fear lest there he a neces" 
 
 ntyfor us to do at once everything which we do not wish. *Ow«s 
 fi'fl. This construction is used after verbs of fearing, as here, and 
 also Soph. (Ed. I^ex. 10 T5. ^'Ottws fiij in such constructions is 
 equivalent to quomodo non. Cic. Fam. ii. 5. Quomodo hojnines 
 non inepti loquuntur, *Hfuv. Here it may not be out of plAce to 
 remark that the words rjfuy and vfuv in these orations are matter 
 of much dispute. It is seldom that all the manuscripts and edi- 
 tions agree on any one form ; and, indeed, it does not matter 
 much. The orator in all cases might either speak of his audience 
 in the second or first person, and the meaning is exactly the 
 same. However, the form r^fuvj as the more respectful, is en- 
 titled, in any case of doubt, to the preference. 
 
 'E7<i; fihy ^,] I now then, Jelf. 720, T21, 1, 730. ToOra ypdp<». 
 Referring to the statement supra, *Eyii>, k^ aC, ipi^y koI ypdrf^ia 94, 
 
 *^^avop0cc9riva^ &y. After verbs of thinking and declaring, hu with 
 the infinitive gives it the force of the future indicative, and gen- 
 erally imi.lies the result of something which has been previously 
 stated. The sense here is : / think even yet our state maybe 
 restored to a proper comiition if these things are done On this 
 force of &!., cf. Dem. p. 497. Ovkovu ^phs iroWoh ois hv & yoi^os 
 
 B\dyl/€iv vuas (palverai. 
 
 eI 5e' ri. J. r, roir.. 0.'Xt.o..] But if any one ha, a motum 
 «o« con,lucivc to safely than thu. r. is omitted from many manu- 
 scripts, and ^e^r.'o, is read instead of 0.W. But Jolf and 
 seven other manuscript editions give it as above. A^£« Th'S 
 is Bkkk.r'« reading, and preferable to the common 8,({«*. The 
 indicative gives the expression a more positive turn Suve^ey^o.. 
 W7.aas the reading of some editions, but Attics cru....^- 
 y dTtur n.a.ns placuisse. Sch^fbk. But v>hatever shall appear 
 ^ oHvou. «.«J'A«*. O all ye Gods! re.uU to your advantage. 
 
 1.2 
 
TABLE OF PARALLEL PAGES. 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 FIRST PHILTPPIC. 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 Pag( 
 
 B 71 
 
 on page 43 
 
 corresponds to 
 
 page 
 
 18, line 4. 
 
 <f 
 
 * 60 
 
 (( 
 
 43 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 9, " 
 
 8. 
 
 it 
 
 111 
 
 ff 
 
 48 
 
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 tt 
 
 22. 
 
 
 ti 
 
 112 
 
 u 
 
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 tt 
 
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 If 
 
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 49 
 
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 tt 
 
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 (f 
 
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 (f 
 
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 tt 
 
 it 
 
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 it 
 
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 (f 
 
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 tt 
 
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 <f 
 
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 •1 
 
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 .1 
 
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 ff 
 
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 179, " 
 
 21. 
 
 u 
 
 47 
 
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 89 
 
 ff 
 
 tt 
 
 6, '* 
 
 27- 
 
 
 
 SECOND PHILIPPIC. 
 
 
 
 *ag€ 
 
 ) 119 on page 95 corresponds to 
 
 page 
 
 29, line 23. 
 
 •( 
 
 69 
 
 U 
 
 97 
 
 ff 
 
 ff 
 
 16, " 
 
 27. 
 
 If 
 
 42 
 
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 ff 
 
 ff • 
 
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 \ 
 
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 a 
 
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 2S. 
 
200 
 
 Page 
 II 
 
 a 
 If 
 11 
 II 
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 it 
 tt 
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 a 
 tt 
 It 
 tt 
 .1 
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 ft 
 
 43 on 
 119 
 
 54 
 125-7 
 
 54 
 117 
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 71 
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 125 
 118 
 
 4S 
 
 53 
 118 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 115 
 
 41 
 111 
 111 
 126 
 119 
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 113 
 
 74 
 
 42 
 120 
 125 
 
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 125 
 
 70-1 
 
 112 
 
 42 
 
 TABLE OF PARALLEL PAGES. 
 
 THIRD PHILIPPIC. 
 
 page 136 corresponds to page 4, line 
 II 140 tt 11 28, " 
 
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 12, " 
 33-4. 
 
 11, " 
 
 27, " 
 
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 33, " 
 
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 18. 
 
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 8, « 
 
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 16. 
 
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 17. 
 
 2. 
 
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 18. 
 
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 33. 
 
 6. 
 
 4. 
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 «^ 
 
 it 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page xvii, 
 
 8, 
 4, 
 4, 
 
 8, 
 
 11, 
 20, 
 
 24, 
 
 28, 
 
 31, 
 
 50, 
 54, 
 ^6, 
 
 58, 
 
 64, 
 
 86, 
 
 89, 
 
 95, 
 
 108, 
 
 . 108, 
 
 113, 
 
 113, 
 
 117, 
 123, 
 
 153, 
 
 line 28, for go read goes 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 tl 
 
 It 
 
 tl 
 
 tl 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tl 
 
 It 
 
 tl 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 tl 
 
 It 
 
 30, 
 18, 
 28, 
 
 24, 
 2, 
 4, 
 3, 
 
 " €lV€' " 
 
 " fl '* 
 
 " oAV" AAV. 
 " & « 5. 
 " A*' '' ttv. 
 
 31, ** Se^^c/ou read ^c^^clov. 
 20, " ayoji/odcT'fitrovTcs read aywyoBer'fia'ovTav. 
 3, dele full point after dUas, 
 30, for oucra read odaa. 
 
 22, " reading read reading, 
 20, " €iV6' read €r7re'. 
 
 9, " imTrdi'Tes read iiritrrfivTes * 
 
 23, ^* yeirfiaerai " ycynrat, 
 19, " TreiJaeis " TreiJireis. 
 
 Page 4 read Page 1 1 . 
 
 ry read r^ . 
 
 €vpla'K€ read evpia-Kct, 
 30-31, read ayanav. 
 7, for emin read enim. 
 12, " r/cei read ^/ceT. 
 19, " 'Ot' read "Or* . 
 18, " *Y5a>/) read ''TSw/) . 
 26, " irpos read wphs. ] 
 
 1; 
 32, 
 
 8, 
 
 II 
 II 
 It 
 
i 
 
 ■/^ 
 
 4 
 
 y 
 
 ."^ 
 
 ^ 
 
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