PAM.’ 
 
 iMPAN 
 
THE 
 
 MPIRE OF iAPAN 
 
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE GEOGRAPHY, 
 HISTORY, CONSTITUTION, Etc. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 Imperial Japanese Household Department. 
 
 YOKOHAMA: 
 
 .IjIaPAN ^/VLaIL” J^RINTING pFFICE. 
 
 1881 . 
 

CONTENTS, 
 
 Pages 
 
 I. — Organization of the Central Japanese Government 1 
 
 II. — Provincial Administration ...... 9 
 
 III. — Geography ........ 9 
 
 IV. — Statistics of Population ...... 11 
 
 V. — Tokio 11 
 
 VI. — Kioto ......... 12 
 
 VII. — Osaka ......... 12 
 
 VIII. — Open Ports. ........ 13 
 
 IX. — Hokkai-Do (Yezo) ...... 13 
 
 X. — Eiu Kiu Islands ....... ll 
 
 XI. — Outlines of Japanese History .... 15 
 
 XII. — Financial, Commercial, Postal &c. Statistics . , 20 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 Columbia University Libraries 
 
 https://archive.org/details/empireofjapanOOjapa 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The original edition of this sketch of the Empire, of Japan was 
 published in 1876 by the Imperial Commission to the Centennial 
 Exhibition at Philadelphia; since that time the fabric of the Govern- 
 ment has been very much altered by the introduction of new forms 
 and by the modification of old ones, as demanded by the progress 
 and development of the country. Such changes are common in the 
 constitutions of all countries but must be especially frequent in a 
 nation which is, like Japan, in a transition state. Within the last 
 few years, royal personages and other distinguished foreigners who 
 have visited this country, have shown great interest in enquiring as to 
 the moral forces that have carried the country through its many poli- 
 tical storms and that have promoted its advance in modern civilization. 
 
 A frequent topic at the present time is, the numerous reforms 
 that Japan has inti’oduced into her social and political condition; a 
 frequent enquiry, what is now the system under which she is govern- 
 ed ? This has furnished the inducement that has led to the publica- 
 tion of the following brief account of the Government of Japan as 
 it now exists, its organization, and its officials and their functions. 
 There is given also a sketch of the history of Japan and of its geogra- 
 phy, and certain financial and commercial information bearing 
 chiefly upon the foreign trade of the country. 
 
 The object of the present publication is to furnish to foreigners 
 travelling in Japan and to other alien friends of the country, interest- 
 ed in the recent changes that have taken place here, who are watch- 
 ing our progress in the path of Western civilization, such authentic and 
 interesting information regarding both the past and the present, as will 
 tend to add to their knowledge of the country and of its government. 
 
 MICHINORI S. NAGASAKI, 
 
 Secretary of the Imperial 
 Household Department. 
 
 Tokio, October 12th, 1881. 
 
\ 
 
 
 > ' t 
 
 - -"f 
 
 I 
 
 '' ' .' . •\’i 
 
 
 
I 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 REIGNING SOVEREIGN AND FAMILY. 
 
 Mutsu Hito, Erapei’or of Japan, born at Kioto, on the 22nd day 
 of the 9th month, in the 5th year of Kayei (Nov. Sd, 1852)., second 
 son of the late Emperor Koraei and of the Empi-ess Fujiwara Asako ; 
 nominated Prince Imperial and heir-apparent on the 28th day of the 
 9th month of the 1st year of Manyen (Nov. 10th, 1860) ; succeeded 
 to the throne, on the death of his father, on the 9th day of the 1st 
 month, 2nd year of Kei-6 (Feb. 13th, 1867) ; crowned at Kioto on the 
 27th day of the 8th month, 4th year of Kei-6 (Oct. 12th, 1868). 
 
 On the 8th day of the 9th month, 4th year ef Kei-6 (Oct. 23rd, 
 1868, the Emperor chose the name of Mei-ji to designate the era of 
 his reign ; married on the 28th day of the 12th month, 1st year of 
 Mei-ji (Feb. 9th, 1869), 
 
 Haruko, Empress of Japan, daughter of Ichijo Tadaka, noble of 
 1st rank, born the 17th day of the 4th month, 3rd year of Kayei (May 
 29th, 1850). 
 
 Yoshi-Hito, Harn no Miya, son of the Emperor, born the 31st 
 day of the 8th month, 13th year of Mei-ji (August 31st 1880). 
 
 Akiko, Singe no Miya, daughter of the Emperor, born the 3rd 
 day of the 8th month, 14th year of Mei-ji (August 3rd, 1881). 
 
 PARENTS OF THE EMPEROR. 
 
 Komei, father of the Emperor, 4th son of the Emperor Ninko 
 and of the Empress Fujiwai’a Yasuko. 
 
 Asako, Empress dowager, daughter of Kujo Naotada; born the 
 14th day of the 12th month, 4fch year of Tempo (Jan. 23rd, 1834). 
 
 OTHER MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY. 
 
 Prince Taka Hito, Arisu Gawa. 
 
 “ Tarn Hito, Arisu Gawa 
 
 “ Yoshi Aki, Higashi Fushimi 
 “ Akira, Yama.shina 
 
 “ Sadanaru, Fushimi 
 
 “ Hiroatsu Kuwach6 
 
 “ Asa Hiko, Kuni 
 
 “ Yoshihisa, Kita Shirakawa 
 
 Princess Sojun, Fushimi 
 “ Bunshu, “ 
 
 Prince Kotohito,, Kan In 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE EMPERORS, WITH THE 
 DATES OF THEIR ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. 
 
 
 
 Names of Emperors. 
 
 
 
 Number 
 of years 
 after 
 Jimmu 
 Tenno. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 1. 
 
 Jimmu Teniio, 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 660 
 
 2. 
 
 Suisei 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 581 
 
 3. 
 
 Annei 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 647 
 
 4. 
 
 Itoku 
 
 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 610 
 
 5. 
 
 Ko.>ho 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 476 
 
 6. 
 
 Koan 
 
 
 
 
 
 269 
 
 392 
 
 7. 
 
 Korei 
 
 
 
 
 
 371 
 
 290 
 
 R. 
 
 Kogen 
 
 
 
 
 
 447 
 
 214 
 
 9. 
 
 Kaika 
 
 (t 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 60.3 
 
 156 
 
 10. 
 
 Slmiin 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 
 664 
 
 97 
 
 11. 
 
 Suinin 
 
 
 
 
 
 632 
 
 29 
 
 A. C. 
 
 12. 
 
 Keiko 
 
 <c 
 
 
 
 
 731 
 
 70 
 
 13. 
 
 Seianu' 
 
 
 
 
 
 791 
 
 1.31 
 
 14. 
 
 C'hiuai 
 
 
 
 
 
 852 
 
 192 
 
 1.5. 
 
 Oiin 
 
 
 
 
 
 930 
 
 270 
 
 16. 
 
 Js’intokti 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 973 
 
 313 
 
 17. 
 
 Ricliiii 
 
 <(. 
 
 
 
 
 1060 
 
 4U0 
 
 13.. 
 
 HaiLsho 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 
 1066 
 
 406 
 
 19. 
 
 Inki'o 
 
 iC. 
 
 
 
 
 1072 
 
 412 
 
 20. 
 
 Auko 
 
 t( 
 
 
 
 
 1113 
 
 453 
 
 21. 
 
 Ynriaku 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 1116 
 
 456 
 
 22. 
 
 Seinei 
 
 iC 
 
 
 
 
 1140 
 
 480 
 
 23. 
 
 Kenso 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 1145 
 
 485 
 
 24. 
 
 Ninkcn 
 
 
 
 
 
 1148 
 
 488 
 
 25. 
 
 Buretsu 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 11.58 
 
 498 
 
 26. 
 
 Keitai 
 
 
 
 
 
 1167 
 
 .507 
 
 27. 
 
 Ankan 
 
 
 
 
 
 1191 
 
 631 
 
 28. 
 
 Senka 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 1195 
 
 635 
 
 29. 
 
 Kininei 
 
 
 
 
 
 1199 
 
 539 
 
 30. 
 
 Bidats 
 
 
 
 
 
 1232 
 
 672 
 
 31. 
 
 Yomei 
 
 
 
 
 
 1245 
 
 586 
 
 32. 
 
 Suj un 
 
 
 
 
 
 1247 
 
 587 
 
 .33. 
 
 Suiko 
 
 
 Empress, 
 
 
 
 1252 
 
 592 
 
 34. 
 
 Jomei 
 
 
 
 
 1289 
 
 629 
 
 35. 
 
 Kokiokn 
 
 
 Empress, 
 
 
 
 1.302 
 
 642 
 
 .36. 
 
 Kotoka 
 
 
 
 
 1305 
 
 645 
 
 .37. 
 
 Saimei 
 
 
 Empress, 
 
 
 
 1315 
 
 655 
 
 .38. 
 
 Tendzi 
 
 
 
 
 1322 
 
 662 
 
 39. 
 
 Ivobun 
 
 
 
 
 
 1331 
 
 671 
 
 40. 
 
 T enmu 
 
 
 
 
 
 133.3 
 
 673 
 
 41. 
 
 .lito 
 
 
 Einpres.s, 
 
 
 
 1346 
 
 686 
 
 42. 
 
 M ommu 
 
 
 
 
 1367 
 
 697 
 
 43. 
 
 Gemmei 
 
 
 Empress, 
 
 
 
 1367 
 
 707 
 
 44. 
 
 Gen!.ho 
 
 
 
 
 1375 
 
 715 
 
 45. 
 
 Sliomu 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 1384 
 
 724 
 
 46. 
 
 Koken 
 
 a 
 
 Empress, 
 
 
 
 1409 
 
 749 
 
 47. 
 
 .Tannin 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1418 
 
 758 
 
 48. 
 
 Shotoku 
 
 
 ^impress. 
 
 
 
 1424 
 
 764 
 
 49. 
 
 Konin 
 
 
 
 
 1430 
 
 770 
 
 50. 
 
 Ivuwanmu 
 
 
 
 
 
 1441 
 
 781 
 
Ill 
 
 Names of Emperors. 
 
 i\umlr-i‘ 
 of 3 'ears 
 after 
 Jimmu 
 Tenno 
 
 A. C. 
 
 61. Heijo Tenno, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1466 
 
 806 
 
 52. Saga “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1469 
 
 809 
 
 63. Junna “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1483 
 
 823 
 
 64. Ninmio “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1493 
 
 8.33 
 
 65. Montoku “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1510 
 
 850 
 
 66. Seiwa “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1518 
 
 858 
 
 67. Yozei “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1536 
 
 876 
 
 58. Koko “ 
 
 
 • •• 
 
 
 
 1.544 
 
 884 
 
 69. Uda “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1547 
 
 887 
 
 60. Daigo “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1557 
 
 897 
 
 61. Shujaku “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1590 
 
 930 
 
 62. Murakami Tenno 
 
 
 
 I-* f 
 
 
 1606 
 
 946 
 
 63. Eeizei “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1627 
 
 967 
 
 64. Yenyu “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1629 
 
 969 
 
 65. Kuwazaa “ 
 
 
 • *» 
 
 
 
 1644 
 
 984 
 
 66. Ichijio “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1646 
 
 986 
 
 67. Sanjio “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1671 
 
 1011 
 
 68. Goichijio “ 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 1676 
 
 1016 
 
 69. Goshujaku “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1696 
 
 1036 
 
 70. Goreizei “ 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 
 1705 
 
 1045 
 
 71. Gosanjio '• 
 
 
 
 
 
 1728 
 
 1068 
 
 72. Shirakawa “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1732 
 
 1072 
 
 73. Horikawa “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1746 
 
 1036 
 
 74. Toba “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1767 
 
 1107 
 
 75. Shutoku “ ■ 
 
 
 • •• 
 
 
 
 1783 
 
 1123 
 
 76. Konoye “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1801 
 
 1141 
 
 77. Goshirakawa“ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1816 
 
 1155 
 
 78. Nijio “ 
 
 
 « • » 
 
 
 
 1818 
 
 1158 
 
 79. Eokujio “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1826 
 
 1166 
 
 80. Takakura “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1828 
 
 1168 
 
 81. Antoku “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1840 
 
 1180 
 
 82. Gotoba “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1843 
 
 1183 
 
 83. Tsutsimikado Tenno 
 
 
 
 
 1868 
 
 1198 
 
 84. Juntoku 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1210 
 
 85. Chiukio 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 1221 
 
 86. Gohorikawa 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 1222 
 
 87. Shijio 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 
 1S92 
 
 1232 
 
 88. Gosaga 
 
 <i 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1242 
 
 89. Gofukakusa 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 1246 
 
 90. Kameyama 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 • « • 
 
 1919 
 
 1259 
 
 91. Gouda 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 1934 
 
 1274 
 
 82. Eushimi 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 1947 
 
 1287 
 
 93. Gofushimi 
 
 
 
 
 
 1958 
 
 1298 
 
 94. Gonijio 
 
 
 
 
 
 1961 
 
 1301 
 
 95. Hanazono 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 1968 
 
 1308 
 
 96. Godaigo 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 1978 
 
 1318 
 
 97. Gomurakami 
 
 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 1999 
 
 1339 
 
 98. Gokameyama 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 2028 
 
 1368 
 
 Kogon 
 
 
 
 
 
 1991 
 
 1331 
 
 Komio 
 
 C( 
 
 
 
 
 1996 
 
 ] SoG 
 
 Shuko 
 
 i< 
 
 
 
 1 ... 
 
 2008 
 
 1348 
 
 Gokogon 
 
 <i 
 
 
 
 
 2012 
 
 1352 
 
 Goyenyu 
 
 
 
 
 
 2031 
 
 1371 
 
 99. Gokomats 
 
 
 
 
 
 2042 
 
 1392 
 
IV 
 
 Names of Emperors. 
 
 Number 
 of years 
 after 
 Jimmu 
 Tenno. 
 
 A. C. 
 
 100. 
 
 Shoko Tenno, ... 
 
 
 
 
 2072 
 
 1412 
 
 101. 
 
 Gohanazono Tenno 
 
 
 
 
 2088 
 
 1428 
 
 102. 
 
 Gotsucliimikado Tenno, 
 
 
 
 2124 
 
 1464 
 
 103. 
 
 Gokasliiwabara 
 
 
 
 
 2160 
 
 1500 
 
 104. 
 
 Gonara 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 2186 
 
 1.526 
 
 105. 
 
 Ogimaclii 
 
 “ 
 
 
 
 2217 
 
 1557 
 
 106. 
 
 Goyozei 
 
 
 
 
 2246 
 
 1686 
 
 107. 
 
 Gomidsunoo 
 
 “ 
 
 
 
 2271 
 
 1611 
 
 108. 
 
 Mioshiyo 
 
 (C 
 
 
 
 2289 
 
 1629 
 
 109. 
 
 Gokomiyo 
 
 
 
 
 2303 
 
 1643 
 
 110. 
 
 Gosaiin 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 2314 
 
 1664 
 
 111. 
 
 Eeigen 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 2323 
 
 1663 
 
 112. 
 
 Higashiyama 
 
 (< 
 
 
 
 2347 
 
 1687 
 
 113. 
 
 Nakanomikado 
 
 
 
 
 2369 
 
 1709 
 
 114. 
 
 Sakurainachi 
 
 
 
 
 2395 
 
 1735 
 
 115. 
 
 Momozono 
 
 
 
 
 2407 
 
 1747 
 
 116. 
 
 Gosakuramachi 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 2422 
 
 1762 
 
 117. 
 
 Gomomosono 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 2430 
 
 1770 
 
 118. 
 
 Kokaku 
 
 <{ 
 
 
 
 2439 
 
 1779 
 
 119. 
 
 Ninko 
 
 
 
 
 2477 
 
 1817 
 
 120. 
 
 Komei 
 
 
 
 
 2506 
 
 1846 
 
 121 
 
 Emperor actual 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 2527 
 
 1867 
 
1 
 
 ORGhuf^NIZA-TION 
 
 OP THE 
 
 JAPANESE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Pbivt Council (Daijokwan) 
 
 The supreme legislative and executive power of the Japanese 
 Empire is vested in the Privy Council. The Privy Council super- 
 intends the action of the Senate (Genroin) and of the several branches 
 of the general administration. H. M. the Emperor in person presides 
 over this council ; he decides and orders all affairs concerning the 
 general administration of the Empire. Besides the Emperor, the 
 Privy Council consists of the following members : — 
 
 1. The First Minister of State ( Daijodaijin) ; 
 
 The functions of this officer are to assist and advise the Emperor, 
 according to the best of his ability, in ordering and deciding all affairs 
 of State, both legislative and executive. 
 
 2. The Second Minister of (State Sadaijin), and the Third 
 
 Minister of State (Udaijin). 
 
 The functions of these two officers are to deliberate upon and set- 
 tle all affairs of State. Either of them may act in the place of the 
 First Minister in his absence or in the vacancy of the office. 
 
 3. Privy Councillors ( Sangi ) — no fixed number : 
 
 Their functions are to participate in the discussion and decision 
 of all affairs of State. 
 
 Affairs concerning the general administration of the Empire are 
 usually conducted in accordance with the decision of H. M the Em- 
 peror, by and with the advice and assistance of the First Minister, and 
 after deliberation by the Second and Third Ministers of State and the 
 other members of the Privy Council. 
 
 Legislative measures are sent down by the Privy Council to the 
 Senate to be debated. 
 
 Imperial Decrees, Notifications and the like, are promulgated 
 under the hand of the First Minister of State. 
 
 The business of the Privy Council is divided between, and tran- 
 sacted by, the Cabinet Secretariat (Naikaku-Shokikwan-kiyokul and the 
 
 following six Sections : — 
 
 
 1. 
 
 Legislative Section. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Finance „ .. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Section of War 
 
 
 4. 
 
 „ for Home affairs ...(Naimu ,, ) 
 
 5. 
 
 „ of Justice .. 
 
 (Shiho „ ) 
 
 6. 
 
 ,, for Foreign 
 
 affairs (Gwaimu ,, ) 
 
2 
 
 These Sections and the Cabinet Secretariat mentioned above consist 
 of the following officers ; — 
 
 Chief Secretaries (Dai-shokikwan) 
 
 Assist. „ „ (Goadai „ ) 
 
 Secretaries (Sho „ ) 
 
 Assist. „ (Gonsho „ ) 
 
 Their functions are to prepare drafts of laws, official commissions 
 and other important documents of like natui’e ; to receive and issue 
 despatches from and to the various administrative Departments, and to 
 conduct general business under the direction of the three Principal 
 Ministers of State or Privy Councillors in the Sections &c. to which 
 they may be severally attached. 
 
 Clerks ( Zoku ) 
 
 They attend to various business under the direction of the above 
 named Secretaries. 
 
 The Privy Council embraces also the following Bureaus and 
 Boards ; — 
 
 (A.) Decorations Bureau (Shokun-kiyoku), consisting of : — 
 
 President ( Sosai ) 
 
 Vice ,, (Fukusosai) 
 
 Councillors (Giteikwan) 
 
 Director ( Shuji ) 
 
 Confidential Secretaries (Hishokwan) of the first and 
 
 second classes. 
 
 The functions of this Bureau are to consider and decide upon the 
 bestowal of distinctions upon either natives or foreigners who have 
 done meritorious service to the state, and to manage all affairs con- 
 cerning decorations, medals &c. 
 
 ( B. ) Board of Audit ( Kwaikei-kensa-in) consisting of: — • . 
 
 President ( Cho ) 
 
 Vice President (Fuku-cho) 
 
 Audit Commissioners ( Kensakwan ) of the 1st to the 
 
 4th classes. 
 
 and a number of Secretaries and Clerics. 
 
 The functions of this Board are to examine, and supervise the 
 annual accounts of the Government, to secure the uniform enforce- 
 ment of Financial Laws and Kegulations, and generally to superintend 
 other matters relating to finance. 
 
3 
 
 ( C. ) Statistical Board (Tokei-in) consisting of’. — ■ 
 
 President ( Cho ) 
 
 Official Chief ( Kanji ) 
 
 Statistical Commissioners ( Tokei-iin ) 
 and a number of Secretaries and Clerks. 
 
 The functions of this Board are to compile and publish statistics 
 ■on political and other subjects. 
 
 ( D. ) Historiographer's Office ( Sliushikwan ) consisting of: — • 
 Imperial Historiographer (Sosai) 
 
 Historiographers ( Henshukwan ) of the 1st to the 5th, 
 
 classes. 
 
 and a numbers of Clerks and Copyists. 
 
 The functions of this office are to prescribe forms for the prepara- 
 tion of official archives ; to compile historical documents ; and to 
 substantiate statements therein by reference to authorities. 
 
 ( E. ) Board of adjudication ( Shinri-kiyoku. ) 
 
 This Board is not permanent, and its members — with the excep- 
 tion of one Permanent Officer who remains always on duty — are 
 specially appointed for each occasion when matters r’equiring the at- 
 tention of the Board arise. The Bo-ird, when constituted, is com- 
 posed of a Privy Councillor as President, two Senators, two J udges 
 of the Supreme Court of Judicature, and two or more Secretaries of 
 the Privy Council, as members ; and its functions are to adjudic- 
 ate between Governors dr Prefects, on the one side, and City or 
 Provincial Assemblies, on the other, in cases of difference in their 
 construction of Laws, or disputes as to their respective rights. 
 
 SENATE (Genro-tn. ) 
 
 The Senate is composed of : — 
 
 President ( Gicho) 
 
 Vice President ( P'ului-Gicho ) 
 
 Official Chiefs ( Kanji ) 
 
 Senators ( Gikwau ) 
 
 and a number (if Secretaries and Clerks ; 
 
 and is a body of consultative officers for legislative business, wliose 
 functions are to discuss and decide upon measures of new legislation or 
 for flic revision of existing laws. 
 
4 
 
 The President, Vice President and Official Chiefs are appointed at 
 the will of H. M. the Emperor; while the Senators are nominated by 
 him from among Nobles, Persons presently or formerly of official 
 position in the first or second gimles, Persons who have rendered 
 meritorious services to the state, or Persons of special political or legal 
 knowledge and experience : the Official Chiefs can only be chosen from 
 among the Senators. 
 
 All Bills for consideration by the Senate are sent down from the 
 Cabinet by Command of H. M. the Empeior, and they are of two 
 classes, viz: — Bills for Decision in the Senate, and Bills for Inspection 
 ( only ). On the other hand the Senate is empowered to submit to 
 H. M. the Emperor recommendations for fresh legislation or for the 
 repeal or amendment of existing laws. 
 
 ASSEMBLY OF LOCAL OFFICIALS (Chihokwan Kwaigi). 
 
 This is an assembly created in 187.5 and composed of all the Governors 
 and Prefects throughout the empire called together, as a general rule, 
 once in every year for the purpose of discussing drafts of new laws or 
 amendments of existing ones submitted by the Privy Council for its 
 consideration. The measures submitted, relate, for the most part, to 
 administrative matters of general apfilication. The officials attached 
 to the Assembly when in session are : — 
 
 President (Gicho) 
 
 First Official Chief (Kanjicho.) 
 
 Official Chiefs (Kanji.) 
 
 And a number of Secretaries, Accountants and Clerks. 
 
 DEPARTMENTS OF STATE. 
 
 [The nine Ministries or Departments of State (Sho) are all of co- 
 ordinate rank among themselves, being all immediately subordinated to 
 the Privy Council. Each Department consists of : — a Minister (Kiyo) 
 who exercises authority over all the officials and generally directs, and 
 is responsible to the Privy Council for, the conduct of all the business 
 of the Department : a Vice-Minister (Tayu) and an Assistant-Vice 
 Minister (Shoyu) who assist the Minister in the discharge of his 
 functions, and act for him in his absence : Secretaries of four classes, 
 viz. : — Chief, and Assistant Chief Secretaries, Secretaries and Assistant 
 Secretaries the Japanese titles will be found in the accoiint of the 
 Privy Council Office given above : their functions require no explana- 
 tion, but it may be mentioned that every Bureau (Kiyoku) of a 
 Department is presided over by one of the Secretarial Staff with the 
 title of Director (Cho), Clerks (Zoku), &c., &o. 
 
5 
 
 It may be mentioned bere that there are three G-rades or grand divi- 
 sions of Ofiicials, Civil and Military, throughout the Empire, embracing 
 seventeen Classes. The First Grade (classes one to three) comprises 
 only the highest otHcials, appointed directly by the Emperor : the 
 Second Grade (classes four to seven) includes, genei-ally speaking, the 
 Secretarial Staff of the Civil Service and the middle ranks of Military 
 and Naval Officers : the Third Grade (classes eight to seventeen) in- 
 cludes clerks &c. in the Civil Service and the subaltern ranks of the 
 Army and Navy. Temporary clerks, petty officers, policemen, and the 
 like are not comprised in these grades and classes.] 
 
 Department for Foreign Affairs ( Giuaimnsho .) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to Foreign Inter- 
 course and exercises supervision over the Diplomatic and Consular 
 Services ; and is charged generally with the maintenance of the N ation's 
 rights and dignity. 
 
 The Diplomatic and Consular Services are similar to those of Eu- 
 ropean countries. 
 
 Department for Home Affairs ( Naimusho .) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to the Internal Tran . 
 quillity of the country and the Protection of the people. The business 
 of this- Department is divided between and transacted by the follow- 
 ing Bureaus, viz, : — Private Secretariat, Police Bureau, Topographical 
 B., Census B., B. of Public Worship, Engineering B., Sanitary B., 
 Press B,, Accountants B., B. for Miscellaneous Business, Documentary 
 Examiners B., and Prisons B. 
 
 In addition to the above-mentioned Bureaus, this Department com- 
 prises, as a semi-independent Board : — 
 
 The Board of Metropolitan Police ( Keishicho .) 
 
 This Board administers all Police affairs for the City of Tokio, and 
 exercises control over the Fire Brigades and Prisons. The business of 
 the Board is divided between, and transacted by, the following Offices 
 and Branches, viz. ; — Private Secretariat, General Secretariat, No. 1 
 Bureau, No. 2 B., Chief Inspector’s Office, Stationary Police Offices, 
 Office of the Chief Superintendent of Fire-Brigades, and Prisons Office, 
 The officers of the Board are as follows ; — 
 
 Superintendent General (Sokan.) 
 
 Vice „ „ (Fuku Sokan.) 
 
 Superintendents (Keishi.) of the 1st to 
 
 the 5th classes. 
 
6 
 
 Clerks (Zoku.) 
 
 These constitute the Board itself. The work of the Board is done 
 by the staff of the various sub-offices and branches into which the 
 Board is divided. 
 
 Finance Department (Ohurasho.) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to the National Finance. 
 The business is divided between, and transacted by the following 
 Bureaus, viz. ; — 
 
 Secretariat, Drafting Bureau, B. of Inland Kevenue, Customs B., 
 National Debt B., Accountant-General’s B., B. of the Mint, Go-vern- 
 ment Printing B., B. for the storage of grain, Eecord B., Auditor- 
 General’s B., Bank Superintendents, B., and Accountant’s B. (for 
 Departmental Accounts.) 
 
 Army Deparment (Bihugunsho.) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to the army and exer- 
 cises control over all Military Officers. The business is divided 
 between and transacted by the following Bureaus, viz. — Minister’s 
 Secretariat, Bureau of General Control, Staff B., B. for the Artillery, 
 B. for the Engineers, Military Accountant’s B., B. for the Imperial 
 Guard, and Military Stables B. 
 
 There exist in addition for the control of Military Affairs, A Head 
 Quarters Staff Office consisting of a Chief of the Staff, and a number of 
 Military Officers; an Inspector General’s Office, consisting of an In- 
 spector General, three Divisional Inspector-Generals and a number of 
 Military Officers ; a Medical Staff Office ; and an Ai’my Courts-Martial 
 Office. 
 
 Navy Department (Kaigunsho.) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to the Navy and ex- 
 ercises control over all Naval Officers, The Business is divided 
 between and transacted by the following Bureaus, viz. : — Staff Bureau, 
 Accountant’s B., Dockyai’ds B., Hydrographical B., Medical Staff B., 
 Arsenals B., and Eegulations B. 
 
 There are also, in semi-independent relation with this Dep.artment, 
 an Eastern Admiralty Office presided over by the Naval Commander- 
 in-Chief (of the Eastern Seas) ; and a Naval Courts-Martial Office. 
 
 EnucATioN Department (Momlusho.) 
 
 This Department administers the Educational Affairs of the whole 
 country. The business is divided between, and transacted by, the 
 following Bureaus, viz. : — 
 
 Private Secretariat, Government Schools and Colleges Bureau, 
 
7 
 
 Bureau, Local Schools and Colleges B., Compilation B., B. 
 for Keports and Statistics, and Accountants’ B. 
 
 Department op Agriculture and Commerce (Noshomusho.) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to Agriculture, Com- 
 merce and Manufactures. The business is divided between and 
 transacted by the following Bureaus and Board, viz. : Secretariat, 
 Bureau of Agriculture, B. of Commerce, B. of Manufactures, Forests 
 B., General Post Office, Museums B., and Accountant’s B. ; and the 
 High Deliberative Board of Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures. 
 
 Public Works Department (Kohuslio.) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to Public Works, 
 The business is divided between and transacted by the following 
 Bureaus, viz : — 
 
 Bureau of Mines, B. of Eailways, Lighthouse B., B. of Telegraphs, 
 B. of Engineering and Manufacturing, B. of Buildings, Accountants’ 
 B., B. of Stores, and Secretariat. 
 
 Department op Justice ( Shihosho) 
 
 This Department administers affairs relating to Decision of Law- 
 suits and to Judicial Police. The business is divided between and 
 transacted by the following Bureaus, viz : — 
 
 Council Bureau, B. for Criminal matters, and B. for Civil matters. 
 The regular Civil and Criminal tribunals under the Department 
 of Justice are as follows : — 
 
 Supreme Court of Judicature ( Baishinin.) 
 
 This is the ultimate court of appeal from the ordinary tribunals in 
 both civil and criminal cases. It also possesses a power of prohibition 
 against Naval and Military Courts exceeding the limits of their juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Superior Courts (Joto Saibansho.) 
 
 These Courts receive and try appeals from the decision of the Local 
 Courts within their respective jurisdictions. They have also an original 
 jurisdiction in all civil cases to which the Government is a party, and 
 in criminal cases involving capital punishment. 
 
8 
 
 Local Courts (Chiho Saihansho.) 
 
 These Courts receive and try, as Courts of First Instance, all civil 
 cases between subjects, and criminal cases not involving capital punish- 
 ment. Sentences of penal servitude for life pronounced by these 
 courts require confirmation (before being passed) by one of the Su- 
 perior Courts. 
 
 The ofircei-s of the Courts of all classes are called : — • 
 
 President ( Cho ) 
 
 Judges (Hanji) 
 
 P r ocurators ( K enj i ) 
 
 Clerks ( Zoku ) 
 
 Whose ranks vary according to the class of the Court to which they 
 are attached. 
 
 Imperial Household Department {K%inaisho). 
 
 lliis Department administers affairs relating to the Imperial House- 
 hold. 
 
 The officers attached to the person of H. M. the Emperor are : — 
 
 Impei’ial Preceptors ( Jiko ) of 1st to 3rd classes. 
 
 Imperial Physicians ( Ji-i ) of 1st to 5th classes. 
 
 A Principal Chamberlain ( Ji-ju-ch5 ) 
 
 Chamberlains ( Jij u ), 
 
 &c., &c., &c. 
 
 Court officials belonging to this Department are also attached to the 
 persons and palaces of Their Majesties the Empress and Empress 
 Dowager. 
 
 The Department also contains a Board of Ceremonies which con- 
 ducts business relating to Eites and Ceremonies. The officers of the 
 Board are a Grand Marshal and a Master of the Ceremonies, Clerks 
 &c., &c. 
 
 Colonization Commission (KaitaJmsM). 
 
 The Commission administers affairs relating to the development of 
 the Hokkaido (Island of Yezo), as well as to the government of the 
 Island. Tha Commission consists of : — 
 
 A Chief Officer ( Chokwan ) 
 
 A Second „ (Jikwan) 
 
 and a mtmber of Secretaries and Clerks. 
 
9 
 
 PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATIf)N. 
 
 Cities and Prefectures ( Fu, Ken. ) 
 
 The whole Empire is divided into Cities and Prefectures, each of 
 which has a local Government, consisting of a Governor (Chiji) in the 
 Cities and a Prefect (Rei) in the Prefectures, with a staff of Secretaries 
 and Clerks. 
 
 The local Governments exercise full authority over all adminis- 
 trative matters in their respective provinces, subject generally to 
 the orders of the Minister for Home Affairs, and to those of the Minis- 
 ters of other Departments in matters specially concerning the same ; 
 and are charged with the preservation of order and tranquillity 
 throughout their respective provinces. 
 
 City and Provincial Assemblies ( Fu-ken-hwai . ) 
 
 In every City and Prefecture there exists an Assembly elected by 
 and from the body of the residents and taxpayers of the City or Pre- 
 fecture. The principal functions of these Assemblies are to dis- 
 cuss and settle the estimates (submitted by the local Government) of 
 expenditure to be defrayed out of local taxes, and the means of levying 
 the same. The sub-divisions of Cities and Prefectures have also their 
 Assemblies similarly elected and exercising similar functions with re- 
 gard to matters affecting their several localities. Loc.al questions 
 relating to public undertakings, such as irrigation-works, canals and 
 the like, are also in some cases discussed by Assemblies representing 
 the interests of the persons and localities specially affected. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The Empire of Japan is situated in the N.W. part of the"^ Pacific 
 Ocean, and is composed of four large islands and of a great number of 
 smaller ones. It lies between the longitude 16°48/ East (correspond- 
 ing to 156°36' East of Greenwich), Island of Chijima, in the Kuriles, 
 and 16°55^ West of Tokio, Island of Yona Kuni, in the Eiu Kiii group, 
 and the latitude 24°20^, Island of Hateruma, in the Riu Kiu group, and 
 61° North, Island of Chijima, in the Kuriles, 
 
 It faces to the N. W. the Kingdom of Corea, and is separated 
 from it by the Japan sea. To the N, E. the archipelago of Chijima 
 (Kurile Islands) extends towards Kamtchatska. At the S.W. the Eiu 
 Kiu Islands are situated opposite the Island of Formosa and China 
 proper. 
 
10 
 
 Its whole length, from cne end to the other of the empire, measures 
 more than 500 iW (one Et-about 2^ English miles,) and its breadth 
 vai'ies from 30 to 60 Rd. Its total area is 23,740 Square Bi. 
 
 Chains of mountains extend from the Northeast to the Southwest : 
 these are divided into several lines. The highest mountain, called 
 Fuji, is 14,170 feet in altitude ; its summit is covered with snow the 
 greater part of the year ; it is situated in the province of Suruga. 
 
 The principal other high mountains are as follows : — 
 
 feet. 
 
 Kin-Hoku-Zan, in the provmce of Sado 4,000 
 
 Yurabe-gatake, „ Oshima 4,100 
 
 Komatsu- Yama, „ Hiuga 4,165 
 
 Ishi-tsuchi-YamS) „ lyo 4,350 
 
 Ama-gi-Yama, „ Idsu 4,700 
 
 Kiri-shima-Yama, „ Hiuga (Volcano) 4,816 
 
 Tate-Yama, „ Yeccliu 5,040 
 
 Shaku-Tan-gatake, „ Shiribeshi 5,400 
 
 Za-6-gatake, „ I_waki 5,520 
 
 Yaye-Tatake, „ Osumi 6,345 
 
 Cho-kai-Zan, „ Ugo 6,468 
 
 Nikko-Zan, „ Shimotsuke 6,480 
 
 Haku-San, „ Kaga 8,400 
 
 Sanjo-gatake, „ Yamato unsurveyed 
 
 Tsukuba-San, „ Hitfushi 2,226 
 
 Asama-Yama, „ Shinano (Volcano) unsurveyed 
 
 On-take, „ ,, 
 
 Iwaki-Yama, „ Mutsu ,, 
 
 On-sen-gatake, „ Hizen (Volcano) „ 
 
 Aso-gatake, „ Higo (Volcano) 
 
 Though well supplied with streams, the breadth of the country 
 is insufficient to allow large rivers to be formed. 
 
 The six principal rivers are : — 
 
 The Tonegawa, taking its source in the province of Kodzuke, and 
 discharging into the gulf of Choshi in the Pacific. 
 
 The Shinano-gawa, taking its source in the province of Kai, and 
 discharging into the sea of Japan. 
 
 The Kiso-gawa, taking also its source in the province of Shinano, 
 and discharging into the sea of Ise. 
 
 The. Kitagami-gawa, taking its source in the province of Kiku-chu, 
 and discharging into the Bay of Ishiraaki. 
 
 The Mogami-gawa, taking its source in the province of TJzen, and 
 discharging into the sea of Japan. 
 
 The Yodo-gawa, taking its source in the provinces of Yamashiro, 
 Tamba, Iga and 0-mi, and discharging into the Gulf of Osaka. 
 
11 
 
 The other large ones are ; Abukuma-gawa, Tenriu-gawa, Puji-kawa, 
 Oi-gawa, Go-gawa, Yoshino-gawa and Chikugo-gawa. 
 
 The largest lake in Japan is that of “Biwa”, in the Province of 
 Omi. It is near the City of Kioto, has a shore-line of nearly 74 Bi 
 and on its waters many steamboats are constantly plying. Be- 
 sides this lake, there are in Japan 214 others of various sizes ; there 
 are 410 hot-springs and 632 waterfalls, the largest of which is that of 
 “Nachi”, in the province of Kii 840 feet high and 108 feet wide. 
 There are 147 gold mines, 127 silver, 418 copper, 115 lead, 5 tin, 437 
 iron, 2 stilphur and 683 coal ones. Within a very short time, a 
 trade in sulphur, brought down from the island of Yezo, has sprung 
 up and already heavy exportations of this product, have been made to 
 the United States. 
 
 The climate of Japan is temperate, with the exception of the ex- 
 treme northern provinces, where intense cold prevails and where snow 
 is abundant ; and the extreme southern provinces, whose climate is 
 very warm. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 According to the last census, made in 1880, the total population 
 of the Empire amounts to 35,925,613 souls, of whom 18,215,000 are 
 men and 17,714,613, women. 
 
 Of men 4,324,617 are above 7 years of age, 7,585,138 above 20, 
 3,133,762 above 50, 68,868 above 80. 
 
 Of the women, 4,196,787 are above 7 years of age, 7,1^0, 207 
 above 20, 3,239,172 above 50, 108,003 above 80. The people are 
 living in 2,182,692 houses. 
 
 TOKIO. 
 
 Tokio (formerly called Yedo), the capital of Japan, and the seat of 
 the Government of the Empire, is situated in a central position at the 
 head of the great gulf, known to foreigners as “ Yedo B iy,” and at the 
 mouth of the river Suinida, in lat. 35^ 40' North and long. 139° 47' 
 East of Greenwich. 
 
 This city, formerly the residence of the Shogun, when the Toku- 
 gawa family held the ruling power, has a very large area with a popu- 
 lation of 957,121. 
 
 Its commerce is greatly facilitated by the navigation of the river 
 Sumida, winch, flowing from the N. E. to the S. W., intersects 
 the City nearly in the middle, also by connection with many 
 
 * This list comprises all the known mines ; some of them have been 
 worked and abandoned, some of them are being actively worked, 
 while others have not yet been explored. 
 
12 
 
 canals, and by a line of railway "-oin" to the port of Yokohama. These 
 great advantages have made Tokio the largest emporium for the com- 
 merce of Japan. 
 
 In the year 1868, wlien this city was made the capital of the Em- 
 pire and the place of lesidence of the Emperor, its former name of 
 Yedo was changed to that of Tokio. which means the Eastern Capi- 
 tal,” in opposition to Kioto, the “ Western Capital,” to be mentioned 
 presently. 
 
 The public buildings are numerous; the principal are: The Dai- 
 j6 Kuwan (Central Government Olice), the Genro-in (Senate House), 
 the Dai-shin-in (the Supreme Court of Judicatni’e). It possesses also 
 many barracks, colleges and schools, besides all the Public Offices, the 
 Metropolitan Police Office, the Central and other Telegraph Offices, 
 Hospitals, etc., etc. 
 
 The railway communicates as already mentioned with the port of 
 Yokohama. The Telegraph extends to nearly all parts of the Emj)ire 
 and connects with the submarine and land lines to Europe. 
 
 Being open to foreign trade, a settlement has been allotted in the 
 south-east part of the city for the residence of foreign merchants. 
 
 There are also Foreign Legations and Consulates, many Shinto 
 and Buddhist Temples, Parks, and Public Gardens. 
 
 KIOTO. 
 
 Kioto, (Capital of the West), in the province of Yama-shiro, 
 situated in lat. .‘l-Y 1' North and long. 4'’ 2 ' West of Tokio (ld5° 45 ' 
 East of Greenwich) is at 132 Ri from 'I'okio. Population 822,098. 
 
 This city, built V)y the Emperor Kuammu, in the 13th year of 
 Yen-Hiyaku (A. C. 794), was, until the year 1868, the residence of the 
 Emperor of Japan. 
 
 Kioto is situated in a beautiful plain, surrounded by hills; al- 
 though not of very extensive area, the houses are well built and of neat 
 appearance ; the streets intersect each other at right angles, and are 
 kept remarkably clean. 
 
 The river “ Kamo,” which flows through the eastern part of the 
 city, is crossed by numerous large bridges. 
 
 This city is divided into two parts, the upper (Kami-kio) and the 
 lower (8himo-kio.) 
 
 Kioto is celebrated for its old ruins, ancient monuments and tem- 
 ples, and for its picturesque landscapes. The principal products are 
 silks aud brocades. 
 
 OSAKA. 
 
 Osaka— after Tokio the largest city in Japan — is situated in the 
 pi’ovince of Settsu, lat. 34° 4H North, long. 4° 16' West of Tokio 
 (135° 30' East of Greenwich), and only 13 Ri di.stant from Kioto. 
 The City is divided into lour quarters. Population, 582,668. 
 
13 
 
 Lying on the banks of the river “ Yodo,"' and connected with it by 
 many canals, which are crossed by numerous bridges, Osaka is bounded 
 by the sea on the south-west side. 
 
 The foreign settlement has been selected in the western part of the 
 town, called Matsushima. 
 
 Osaka is the great centre of commerce of the southern and western 
 parts of Japan, and the importance ot its situation has made it the re- 
 sidence of many of the most wealthy merchants of the conntrj\ 
 
 Besides a line of steamers, running on the river between this city 
 and Kioto, Osaka is also connected with the “Western Capital,” on 
 one side and the open port of Kobe on the other by a line of railway. 
 The principal buildings are ; the Mint, the Railway Station, the (jourta 
 of Justice, etc. 
 
 OPEN POETS. 
 
 The ports open to foreign commerce are : 
 
 1. — Yokohama, in the province of Musashi, opened in the year 1858. 
 
 2. — Osaka, in the province of Settsu, opened in the year 18G8. 
 
 3. — Kobe, in the province of Settsu, opened in the year 1868. 
 
 4. — Nagasaki, in the province of Hizen, opened in the year 1858. 
 
 5. — iViigata, in the province of Yecliigo, opened in the year 1868. 
 
 6. — Hakodate in the island of Yezo (Ilokkai-Do), opened in the 
 year 1858. 
 
 HOKKAI-DO. 
 
 The Hokkai-Do, commonly called Yezo, is an island situated imme- 
 diately north of the main island and separated from it by the strait of 
 Tsugaru. Its greatest length from north to south is 120 Ei, and its 
 greatest breadth 160 Ri. 
 
 The Soil is fertile only in some parts, while others are incapable of 
 cultivation. 
 
 It contains many volcanoes, some of which are still in full activity. 
 
 The highest mountain is known as Shiri-beshi, and the largest river 
 is called Ishikari-kawa. 
 
 The whole island is divided into 11 provinces, and, is administered 
 by the Kaitakushi Department, whose principal office is at S.ipiioro, in 
 the province of Ishikari. Three branch offices are stationed respectively 
 at Hakodate, at Nemuro, in the province of Nemiiro, and at Rurn- 
 Motsupe, in the province of Teshio. 
 
 Telegraphic communication extends as far as Otaru, in the province 
 of Sliiribeshi. 
 
 On the southwestern coast the population, consisting chiefly of 
 colonists from the central and the southern islands, is actively employed 
 in cleaving and developing wfiste lands. 
 
u 
 
 The ahori^inal natives (Aiaos) of Yezo generally live in the monn- 
 tainons reg^ions and upon the northern sea coasts, Tlieir race, langiiaj^e 
 and customs are different from those of rlie people of Japan proper, and 
 althougrh uncultivated they are all orderly and g-entle in their habits 
 and diligently occupy themselves in hunting and fishing. 
 
 Chishima is the name of a chain of islands known to fi)reigners as 
 the Kuriles, lying to the northeast of Hokkai- Do, extending from lati- 
 tude 44° to 51° north, and facing Kaintchatska. 
 
 The largest of these islands are called Kunashiri, Yetorof and 
 Urup. 
 
 In the 8th year of Mei-ji (18?5) these islands became a part of the 
 Japanese Empire, in exchange for a portion of the Karafuto (Saghalien). 
 which was ceded to Kussia. 
 
 EIU-KIU ISLANDS. 
 
 Tlie Riu-kiu Islands constituting the Prefecture of Okinawa 
 (the name of the principal island) extend at irregular intervals in con- 
 tinuation of the Southwesterly point of the larger islands of the Empire, 
 and run from the 29rh down to the 24th parallel of North latitude and 
 cover about eight degrees of longitude There are •VI islands in all, and 
 the pojmlation, numbering about 160,000, is ethnically almost identical 
 with that of the main i^lands. Their manners and customs, as well as 
 their religion (which is Shinto — a religion indigenous and confined to 
 Japan) are exclusively Japanese. Their language is a Japanese Dialect. 
 
 In the year 1 1H7 A.D. the chief of a powerful clan named Ura-so^’e, 
 An -se Shun, son of Tametomo (whose nephew, Yoritomo, was the first of 
 the Shogun, in about the year 1185) was called upon to quell a danger- 
 ous insurrection, and having tranquilized the country, was nominated 
 the stipreme ruler. 
 
 At the close of the Sixteenth Century the Satsiima clan by order 
 of the Tokngawa Sliogun of that time, forcibly compelled the fulfil- 
 ment by Riu-kiu of the feudal duties owing to the Prince of S ttsuma as 
 the Superior Lord : and from that time forth, until the recent extinc- 
 tion of feudalism, the subjection of Riu-kiu to the fief of Sutsuma was 
 complete and unquestioned. 
 
 Since the restoration of the Imperial Power throughout the Empire 
 the islands have been dealt with in the same manner as the other feudal 
 possessions of the dispossessed Daimiyo, and at present constitute the 
 Prefecture of Okinawa, so called from the principal island. 
 
15 
 
 OUTfJNES OF JAPANESE HISTORY. 
 
 Our knowledge of the very earliest periods of Japanese history is 
 very uncertain, up to the time of Ninigino Mikoto, who fixed his 
 residence at the imperial city of Hiuga. His great grandson, Jimmu 
 Teiino, left Hiuga and organized an expedition into the eastern 
 regions. He also tranquilized the central districts. On entering the 
 district of Yamato, he determined to make Kashi-wara. the capital of 
 his dominions and live there. From that date, the first year of the 
 Japanese era ( 660 B. C. ), the imperial line has continued unbroken 
 up to the present time. Many Emperors having changed their resid- 
 ences, there are abont 30 places in the province of Yamato and some 
 places in Omi, Settsu or Kawachi which have at different epochs 
 been Capitals of the Empire. 
 
 In the year 573 ( 88 B. C. ) the Emperor Sujin despatched four 
 generals to various turbulent districts and thoroughly subdued them. 
 To^-oki-irihiko, his son, was appointed to the government of the 
 eastern provinces. 
 
 In 741 ( 82 A. D. ), Keiko Tenno, the twelfth Emperor, conquered 
 the rebels of the western provinces in person. Afterwards he sent 
 his son, Yamato-takeno-mikoto, to put down insurrection, both in the 
 west and in the east ; and the Empire became perfectly tranquil. 
 
 In the year 795 (135 A. D. ), the thirteenth Emperor, Seimu- 
 Tenno, divided the empire into provinces, districts, cities, towns, and 
 so forth, bounded by mountain chains and river streams. 
 
 The fifteenth Emperor, Ojin Tenno, the son of the Emperor Chiuai 
 Tenno, who died before his son’s birth, was aided in the government 
 of the empii’e by the Empress dowager, Jingo-kogo. The last named 
 conquered Corea in the year 860 ( 200 A. D. ), made of it a Japanese 
 colony and forced it to pay tribute to Japan. In 898 ( 2.38 A. D. ), or 
 in the third year of Kiu-tsu, according to the Chinese calendar, a 
 mission was sent from Japan to China, when Min-ti, of the Oi dy- 
 nasty, was King of the latter country; and in the following year 
 Miuti sent a mission to Japan in turn. In the year 946 ( 285 A. D. ) 
 a Corean subject named Wani, came to Japan and brought with him 
 a book called Kongo, a part of Chinese classics. 
 
 Tlie sixteenth Em|)cror, Nintoku Tenno, was a good and benevolent 
 man, and paid special attention to the administration of the govern- 
 mental affairs of the Empire. He was very charitable to the poorer 
 classes of people and was himself economical in his tastes and habits. 
 For three years he excused his subjects from all taxation, so that they 
 became enriched. Also, dttring his reign, there was no such thing as a 
 criminal trial. For all tliese things, he was called ‘‘ the Sage Emperor.’' 
 
 Kichiu Tenno, the seventeenth Emperor, sent skilled annalists into all 
 
IG 
 
 the iliffereut provinces to collect the legends of the people and compile 
 records. 
 
 In the year 1212 ( 552 A. D. ) daring the reign of the Emperor Kim- 
 mei Tenno, a Buddhist idol and several religious books of Buddha were 
 brought to Japan. 
 
 In the reign of the thirtieth Emperor, Bitatsu Tenno, a great 
 struggle took place between Sogauo Umako, who was devoted to tlie 
 doctrine of Buddlia, and Mono-nobe-no-Moriya, who was bitterly op- 
 posed to it. The latter was overthrown and killed, after which Budd- 
 hism was gradually introduced into the country. 
 
 Suiko Tenno, thirty-third emperor, instituted twelve degrees of rank. 
 In the year 1266 ( 606 A. D. ), he sent Ono-no-Imoko on a mission to 
 Chinn, while an Emperor of the Zui dynasty sat on the throne of that 
 country. 
 
 In the year 1305 (645 A. D.). when Kotoku Tenno ascended the 
 throne, he established the custom of attaching a special name to a 
 certain period of years, and gave the name of Dni-Kwa to the first years 
 of his reign. We have up to the present time 228 periods including’ the 
 ))resent period of Meiji. He also established fixed boundaries to the 
 different provinces, placed them under the imperial jnrisdiction, and 
 appointed governors to rule over them. Besides this he built postal 
 stations; erected barracks for the soldiers, enrolled an army for the 
 defence of the Empire, organized various departments of government, 
 regulated the payment of pensions, the grades of rank and the l)oun- 
 daries of the dominions of the hereditary nobles, framed funeral rites, and 
 founded a code of morality. 
 
 Tenji Tenno, the thirty-eight Emperor, increased the grades of rank 
 to the number of twenty-six. He made the registration of the peo- 
 ple comiiulsory and instituted a regular court etiquette. A clepsydra 
 was placed in the court which he had invented himself before ascending 
 the throne. During his reign, water wheels were invented, iron-ware 
 manufactured for the first time, schools founded, and governmental 
 statutes devised. This is the emperor who is distinguished as being 
 the one who had the most prosperous reign of the middle ages. 
 
 In the reigns of the fortieth Emperor, Tenmu Tenno, and the forty- 
 second Emperor Bumbu Tenno, the laws, both political and social, under- 
 went great improvements. An established way of drcs.-^ing the hair of 
 both sexes aho came into use in the reign of the Emperor Tenmu Tenno. 
 
 I'he forty-first Sovereign, the Empress Jito Tenno, introduced the 
 Chinese calendar into Japan. She also issued a proclamation tlirough- 
 out all the provinces that one-fourth of the male population should be en- 
 rolled in the army and properly drilled. 
 
 In 1454 (794 A. D.) in the reign of the Emperor Kwan-mu Tenno, 
 the capital was moved from Yamato: and the city called Hei-an-Jio 
 was fixed upon for the imperial residence. This is the city now known 
 as Kioto. 
 
17 
 
 The fifty-sixth Emperor, Seiwa Tenno, created the oifice of Setsushio 
 (Prime minister) and the fifty-ninth Emperor, Uda Tenno, that of 
 Kwanbaku (same as Setsushio). This latter office became hereditary in 
 the Fiijiwara family, who grew so powerful that the influence of the 
 Imperial family gradually declined. 
 
 Daigo Tenno, the sixtieth, and Murakami Tenno, the sixty-second 
 Emperor, both actually administered public affairs themselves, so tliat 
 the empire became exceedingly peaceful and prosperous. They are 
 greatly extolled, therefore, by the historians of the present day. 
 
 Go-Sanjio Tenno, the seventy-first Emperor, opened a recording office, 
 fixed the price of all articles of merchandise, and regulated the capacity 
 of measures. He suppressed the influence of the Fujiwara family, and 
 the imperial power ag-ain flourished. 
 
 In 1820 (1160 A. D.), during the reign of Nijio Tenno, the seventy- 
 eighth Emperor, Taira-no-Kiyomori and Minamoto-no-Yoshitomo, the 
 representatives of the two famous military families, Taira and Mina- 
 moto, engaged at battle at Kiyoto. The former, being victorious, made 
 himself Daijo-Daijin, (Prime minister) and took the administration of 
 the government into his own hands. 
 
 In 1840 (1180 A. D.), during’ the reig’n of the. eighty-first Emperor, 
 Antoku Tenno, Yoritomo, the son of Yoshitomo, raised an army in the 
 province of Idzu to attack the Heishi (Taira family). Many others of 
 the Genji (Minamoto family) in the different provinces also raised 
 armies in support of Yoritomo. About this time Kiyomori died ; and 
 his son, Munemori, seized the person of the Emperor and escaped with 
 his family, to Tsukushi. 
 
 Gotoba Tenno then ascended the throne at Kioto. After overthrowing- 
 the Heishi, Yoritomo was promoted to the office of Shokoku Sotsui-hosbi 
 (General-in-chief). He made his followers governors or rulers over the 
 different provinces. Moreover, he established a military metropolis at ^ 
 Kamakura and held the political power of the empire in his hands. 
 Finally, he was appointed Sei-i-Dai-Shogun, and all affiiirs of war were 
 governed by the military classes. Thus originated the feudal system and 
 the decline of the influence of the Imperial court. 
 
 On the death of Yoritomo and his sons, Yori-iye and .and Sanetomo, 
 who had succeeded him, the family of Genji became extinct ; and the 
 Hojo family, a cadet house of the Genji, invited princes and sons of the 
 nobility from Kioto to Kamakura and made them successively the no- 
 minal Shogun. The family by this means held the actual reins of gov- 
 ernment until the ninth generation. 
 
 In the reign of Go-uda Tenno the ninety-first emperor 1941 (1281 
 A. D.) when Hojo Tokimune was at the head of affairs, an immense 
 army came from Gen fChina and Mongolia) to invade the empire. But 
 the Japanese fought bravely, and at the same time a violent hurricane 
 took place and capsized all the enemy’s vessels, so that only three per- 
 sons out of one hundred thousand escaped to their homes. 
 
18 
 
 In the year 1991 (1331 A. D.) Go-daig’O Tenno the ninety-sixth 
 emperor, proposed to slay all the Hojo family, as he was exasperated at 
 the widely extended influence they had acquired. On this scheme 
 leaking- out, Hojo Takatoki attacked Kioto, and forced the emperor to 
 retreat to Kasagi, where he called u])on Kusunoki-Massashige to 
 fight against the enerry. Masashig-e accordingly raised an army at 
 Akasaka, and fortified himself at Kongosan. Takatoki placed Kogen 
 Tenno upon the throne, and removed the Emperor Go-daigo Tenno to 
 Oki. In the following year, however, Nitta-Yoshisada and Ashikaga- 
 Taka-uji raised large bodies of troops, and in conjnuction with Masa- 
 shige, attacked Takatoki and slew him. With his death the family of 
 of Ilojo became extinct. On the return of Go-daigo Tenno to Kioto, 
 Kogen Tenno was dethroned. This event is celebrated in Japan as the 
 restoration of Imperial influence. 
 
 Soon after this the treasonable Taka-uji made himself Sei-i-Dai- 
 Shogun (general-in-chief), and took possession of Kioto by force. He 
 then placed Komei Tenno, the younger brother of Kogen Tenno upon 
 the throne, Go-daigo Tenno being obliged to leave Kioto for Y^oshino, 
 which is generally called Nancho (Southern dominions), in the same 
 way that Kioto is called Hokticho (Northern dominions). From this time 
 the family of Ashikaga resided at Kioto, and inherited the office of Sho- 
 gun, all the afiairs of government being administered by them. 
 
 The Emperor Go-daigo Tenno and his grandson, Go-kameyama 
 Tenno, reigned in Yoshino for fifty-seven years. In the eleventh years 
 of the reign of the Emperor Gokomatsu Tenno, of the Northern do- 
 minions, the two branches of the imperial family declared peace, and 
 Go-kameyama returned to Kioto, where the ceremony of yielding (by 
 him) and succeeding to the throne (by Gokomatsu Tenno) took place. 
 The imperial line now became united; but still the controlling power of 
 the emjtire remained in the hands of the Ashikaga family. 
 
 In the year 2202 (1542 A. D.), when Go-na-ra, the one hundred 
 and fourth emperor, sat on the throne, and Ashikaga Yoshiharu was 
 Shogun, a Portuguese named Pinto arrived in Japan; and in the follow- 
 ing year he sent merchant vessels to Nagasaki and other ports of the 
 coast of Kiushiu for purposes of trade. 
 
 In the year 2233 (1573 A. D.), in the reign of the Emperor Ogi- 
 maclii Tenno, the Ashikaga family became extinct by the death of the 
 thirteenth Shogun of that time. Oda Nobunaga took the place of the 
 Ashikaga, and controlled the affairs of the empire, taking up his residence 
 in the inqierial province. He was then promoted to the office of 
 Udaijin. ^Minister of the Kiglit). 
 
 About this time several heroes appeared, and conflicts without end 
 took place between them. Nobunaga had a great desire to conquer and 
 subdue them, and was just on the fioint of obtaining the victory when 
 he was killed by one of his commanders, Akechi Mitsuhide. Another of 
 his commanders Toyotomi flideyoshi, a famous hero, at once slew Mitsu- 
 
19 
 
 hide, and finally succeeded in restoring peace to the empire. He was then 
 promoted to the office of Kwan-baku, and afterwards received the title of 
 Taiko. In the year 2352 (1592 A. D.) he invaded Corea, destroyed its 
 capital, and took its prince prisoner. The Ming d}masty of China sent rein- 
 forcements to Corea, but they were badly defeated. Tlie Chinese Em- 
 peror tlien sued for peace, but it was refused ; and again his forces were 
 beaten in Corea. A length Hideyoshi died from sickness, and consequently 
 the army was disbanded, and its commanders recalled from Corea. Toku- 
 gawa lyeyasu and some others obeyed Hideyoshi’s last request, and also 
 aided liis son, Hiiieyori, to administer the political affiiirs of the empire. 
 
 In the year 2263 () 003 A. D ), when the one hundred and sixth 
 emperor, Go-Yosei Tenno, was reigning, lyeyasu was ap[)ointed Dai- 
 Shogun, and lie erected a castle in Yeclo, and established the govern- 
 ment there. The office of Shogun remained in the Tokugawa family up 
 to the fifteenth generation. 
 
 In tlie year 2269 (1609 A. D), when Tokugawa Hidetada was 
 Shogun, a Dutch vessel came to Japan for the purpose of trading'. An 
 English vessel also arrived about the same time. At this time the Ca- 
 tholic religion, introduced by the Portuguese, had spread rapidly among- 
 the people, and under instigation they revolted against the Government. 
 
 In the year 2299 (1639 A. D.), during the reign of Miosho Tenno, 
 the one hundred and eighth emperor, the Shogun, Tokugawa lyemitsu, 
 issued a proclamation strictly forbidding all foreign vessels, excepting 
 those of Holland and China, to come to Japan. 
 
 In the year 2518 (1858 A. D.i, a treaty was concluded with the 
 United States of America, and afterwards other treaties were made with 
 various European nations. 
 
 In the reign of the one hundred and twenty-first emperor, who is 
 now reigning, Tokugawa Yoshihisa, the Shogun, gave up the controlling 
 power of the government, and the emperer took the administration of 
 affairs into liis own hands. Old customs which had lasted for seven 
 hundred years, that is to say, from the time of Minamotono Yoritomo, 
 were cast aside in one day; the name of Yedo was changed to Tokio, 
 and his majesty took up his residence in that city; the feudal system 
 was abolished; the monarchial form of government was instituted, and 
 the Japanese almanac was altered from the lunar to the solar system. 
 Many European and American arts and sciences have been introduced, 
 and the sovereign and his people are united as one family in the promo- 
 tion of progress and reform. 
 
20 
 
 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE FISCAL TEAR 
 ENDED THE 30th DAT OF THE 6th MONTH, I3th TEAR 
 OF MEIJI [ JUNE 30th 1880. ] 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Land Tax ... 
 
 Duties of Import and Export ... 
 Miscellaneous receipts 
 
 Total 
 
 ... Ten 41,901,000 
 „ 2,569,000 
 
 „ 15,460,000 
 
 Ten 59,930,000 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 Government Departments ... .. ... Ten 
 
 Imperial Household and Imperial family, ... „ 
 
 Ministries of War and Marine ... ... ... „ 
 
 Local Governments ... ... ... ... „ 
 
 Police ... ... ... ... )) 
 
 Shrines and Temples ... ... ... ... „ 
 
 Public Works ... ... •.• ... „ 
 
 Indemnities and Pensions of theKwazoku, nobles, and 
 Shizoku (Retainers) (under the abolished feudal 
 system) ... ... ... ... 
 
 Public Debt... ... ... .•• ••• 
 
 Miscellaneous Expenses ... ... ... „ 
 
 11.885.000 
 
 960.000 
 
 11.166.000 
 4, .5.39, 000 
 
 2.575.000 
 
 135.000 
 
 1.884.000 
 
 596,000 
 
 21,448,000 
 
 4,741,000 
 
 Total „ 59,929,000 
 
 Recapituuation. 
 
 Revenue ... ... ... Yen 59,930,000 
 
 Expenditure ... ... ••• ••• >» 59,029,000 
 
 Surplus ... 
 
 Ten 
 
 1,000 
 
21 
 
 FOREIGN TRADE. 
 
 TOTAL VALUE OF EXPOKTS AND IMPORTS IN JAPANESE YEN. 
 
 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879 1880. 
 
 Total Exports 27,226,000 22,976,000 26,624,000 27,388,000 27,413,000 
 
 Total Imports 23,478,000 27,062,000 32,663,000 32,608,300 36,187,000 
 
 Excess of Exports ... 3,746,000 
 
 Excess of Imports ... ... 4,086,000 7,039,000 6,119,000 8,774,000 
 
 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF IMPORTS FROM AND OF EXPORTS TO 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Value of Exports to Value of Imports from. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 3,604,666.39.7. 
 
 18,044,638.81.2. 
 
 France 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 8,032,310.31.0. 
 
 3,663,666.10.4. 
 
 Germany 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 63,139.67.0. 
 
 1,297,946.36.7. 
 
 United States ... 
 
 
 
 
 12,332,789.82.0. 
 
 1,741,833.32.1. 
 
 China 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 6,442,348.19.4. 
 
 6,696,669.06.8. 
 
 East Indies and Siam 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 116,666.19.0. 
 
 1,699,011.40.6. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 643,781.17.6. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 42.00.0. 
 
 416,994.36.3. 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 7,888.00.0. 
 
 14,380.61.7. 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 
 866,964.98.0. 
 
 177,179.70.7. 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 
 
 63.00.0. 
 
 33,836.34.0. 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 82,470.71.0. 
 
 6,039.82.0. 
 
 Spain 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 6,976.20.0. 
 
 17,372.46.0. 
 
 Russia 
 
 
 
 
 93,137.84.6. 
 
 63,178.77.0. 
 
 Turkey 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 6,317.02.0. 
 
 302.44.0. 
 
 Portugal 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,396.62.0. 
 
 Sweden and Norway, 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 100.00.0. 
 
 6,370.11.0. 
 
 Australia 
 
 
 
 
 139,964.24.0. 
 
 29,803.64.0. 
 
 Hawaii... 
 
 
 
 
 126.00.0. 
 
 50.00.0 
 
 All other countries 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 7,096.44.0. 
 
 46,464..55.0. 
 
Table , of the Pkincipal Exports, including all those exceeding a Value of 50,000 Yens per annum. 
 
 22 
 
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28 
 
24 
 
 D. — Number and Tonnage of Vessels, Cleared and 
 Entered 1881 . 
 
 CLEARED. 
 
 Nationality. 
 
 Yokohama. 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Nagasaki. 
 
 Hakodate. 
 
 Niigata. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Japanese'! 
 British xd 
 
 TJ. States S' 
 French . g 
 German [ g. 
 Russian .g’ 
 Belgian | 
 Danish J 
 
 Japanese'! 
 British ^ 
 
 D. States S 
 French 
 German V ^ 
 Russian g 
 Swedish g 
 Danish F 
 
 Chinese J 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 414 
 
 94664 
 
 86360 
 
 41149 
 
 784 
 
 179 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 26760 
 
 39178 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 126 
 
 124824 
 
 112835 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2723 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ’5 
 
 12 
 
 ’3887 
 
 16670 
 
 '2 
 
 ""960 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 87 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 880 
 
 2658 
 
 33186 
 
 6726 
 
 869 
 
 6887 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 304 
 
 15721 
 
 17737 
 
 308 
 
 5736 
 
 314 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i'o 
 
 1 
 
 ’.3779 
 
 1459 
 
 
 ••••••••• 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 19993 
 
 9516 
 
 679 
 
 1425 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 941 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 221 
 
 3 
 
 584 
 
 2 
 
 634 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 561 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ••• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 177 
 
 264254 
 
 102 
 
 99300 
 
 
 
 978 
 
 310204 
 
 23 
 
 9902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 Nationality. 
 
 Yokohama. 
 
 Kobe. 
 
 Osaka. 
 
 Nagasaki. 
 
 Hokodate. 
 
 Niigata. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Japanese'] 
 British cn 
 
 U. States 1 S’ 
 French ! g 
 German ' g. 
 Danish .g’ 
 
 Russian ? 
 
 Belgian J 
 
 Japanese'! 
 British 2? 
 
 U. States £ 
 French | 
 German 4 . 
 Russian » 
 
 Swedish j g 
 Danish 1 S' 
 Dutch J 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 26347 
 
 3520 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 110 
 
 124712 
 
 92244 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1137 
 
 2394 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 "l 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 155267 
 
 86360 
 
 42651 
 
 784 
 
 ""l79 
 
 1125 
 
 441 
 
 30794 
 
 20980 
 
 987 
 
 8135 
 
 67 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 "4 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 79 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 ”S04 
 
 880 
 
 17168 
 
 2658 
 
 28705 
 
 6319 
 
 869 
 
 4921 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 960 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 176(1 
 
 4206 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2014 
 
 14.59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1560 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 643 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 221 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 584 
 
 264 
 
 2 
 
 634 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 252 
 
 348617 
 
 47 
 
 38027 
 
 
 
 346 
 
 281801 
 
 20 
 
 8647 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EUTEKED. 
 
 25 
 
 NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF STEAMSHIPS AND SAILING VESSELS, 
 ENGAGED IN HOME TRADE IN 188L 
 
 I Niigata. | 
 
 SO 
 
 % 
 
 Eh 
 
 
 : 
 
 d 
 
 
 j 
 
 I Hakodate. | 
 
 OQ 
 
 § 
 
 Eh 
 
 ^00 GC rn* 00 
 
 O Cfc c<l t-H 05 
 
 ■ • ■ • ^ • • • • 
 
 to 
 
 c<r 
 
 d 
 
 rH ^ CO 1^ 
 
 
 o3 
 
 G 
 
 tc 
 
 d 
 
 oe 
 
 § 
 
 Eh 
 
 96,744 
 
 68,796 
 
 783 
 
 443 
 
 6,373 
 
 862 
 
 4,946 
 
 168,9461 
 
 d 
 
 ^ 05 rH ^ CO fH rH 
 
 to 11 1 ^ 1 1 1 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 pH 
 
 j Osaka. I 
 
 00 
 
 G 
 
 O 
 
 Eh 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 q5 
 
 X) 
 
 o 
 
 QD 
 
 fl 
 
 o 
 
 Eh 
 
 05“^ COtO C^COOS-^ 
 
 ,Qoc^ .1-H : 
 
 «-^tO j05r^ jt^COCOO^-CO • 
 
 i-T * rn' * <SlQ C<r * 
 
 00 05 pH 
 
 to 
 
 OO^ 
 
 co" 
 
 O 
 
 CO, 
 
 d 
 
 pH to fH pH 
 
 CO tH. : : : : 
 
 pH • • • • 
 
 pH 
 
 oa 
 
 Yokohama. 
 
 K 
 
 G 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 97,347 
 
 14,304 
 
 1,’470 
 
 3,199 
 
 966 
 
 2,466 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 CO 
 
 «o 
 
 00 
 
 ev 
 
 fH 
 
 ^H 
 
 d 
 
 5^; 
 
 05iH 'CO • :COCN 'IOpH :<m 
 
 tH. , , V 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 fH 
 
 
 Steamships. Sailing Vessels. 
 
 
 f ^ 
 
 
 I QO 
 
 : ifi 
 
 I Cq to QO 
 CO *o o» 
 
 tcT 
 
 O CO 
 
 to 00 
 
 CO 
 CO to 
 
 I'- 
 
 O 1 -t 
 <N to 
 
 |<MOsO »0 C 0 »-hC 5 O 
 
 COCOOOC^ OsOt^iM 
 
 f-H^ CO 05 CO QO 
 •TO iO r-t 
 05 
 
 Steamships. Sailing 
 .. Vessels. 
 
 
 |:l §'iA“ 
 
 7 2^ (S S 45 
 
 ^cao WM 
 
 fl d — 
 
 <A ^ r* 
 
 c .2 « 
 
 5 *5 CO G 
 
 . ® S d 5 G 
 I-S pq t3 &H O « Q ft 
 
 ;z; 
 
26 
 
 Table showing the number of Letters, Newspapers, Books, 
 blishment of the Post Office, 3rd month* of the 4th year 
 
 Y ear. 
 
 Letters, ordinary. 
 
 Letters, registered. 
 
 Postal Cards. 
 
 I 
 
 1 Newspapers. 
 
 Books, Samples, etc. 
 
 Free Correspondence. 
 
 From the establi.shment 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of the Post OfRce to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the close 1872 
 
 2,430,527 
 
 4,928 
 
 
 40,649 
 
 4,438 
 
 42,650 
 
 Year ended 31st day of 
 
 the 12th month 6th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year of Meiji (1873) 
 
 9,721,296 
 
 114,742 
 
 
 514,610 
 
 34,908 
 
 96,242 
 
 Year ended December 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31st 1874 
 
 16,728,025 
 
 268,577 
 
 
 2,629,648 
 
 33,824 
 
 178,109 
 
 f Half fiscal year ended 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 30, 1875 
 
 8j077,383 
 
 166,752 
 
 1,849,190 
 
 1,839,846 
 
 44,860 
 
 183,318 
 
 Fiscal year ended 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ June 30th 1876 
 
 19,394,620 
 
 545,476 
 
 4,020,967 
 
 6,049,416 
 
 229,289 
 
 644,265 
 
 » » « 1877 
 
 22,063,430 
 
 606,354 
 
 6,764,272 
 
 7,372,636 
 
 322,642 
 
 856,637 
 
 „ „ „ 1878 
 
 24,983,419 
 
 763,037 
 
 10,036,960 
 
 9,616,098 
 
 400,278 
 
 996,396 
 
 ,, „ „ 187^ 
 
 27,763,243 
 
 928,697 
 
 13,510,238 
 
 11,203,339 
 
 560,812 
 
 1,370,781 
 
 „ „ „ 1880 
 
 32,918,399 
 
 1,263,494 
 
 17,342,311 
 
 14,105,271 
 
 829,063 
 
 1,885,630 
 
 * According to the old lunar system of reckoning time, used in 
 t Fiscal year ch.anged so as to commence on the 1st of July of one 
 
27 
 
 Samples, etc., transmitted in the Mails, from the Estab- 
 of Meiji (April 1871), to the close of the Past Year. 
 
 Letters contain- 
 ing Money. 
 
 Dead Letters. 
 
 Dead Letters delivered 
 to the addresses or re- 
 turned to the writers. 
 
 Ordinary Letters lost. 
 
 Money Letters lost. 
 
 Mails despatched to Foreign 
 Countries. 
 
 ! 
 
 Total. 
 
 Ordinary Letters. 
 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Registered arti- 
 
 cles. 
 
 Postal Cards. 
 
 4,811 
 
 753 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,510,666 
 
 66,605 
 
 2,699 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,550,902 
 
 95,236 
 
 3,227 
 
 778 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19,937,423 
 
 47,480 
 
 2,156 
 
 816 
 
 294 
 
 9 
 
 43,725 
 
 34,639 
 
 460 
 
 ... 
 
 12,289,878 
 
 88,088 
 
 6,999 
 
 1,219 
 
 505 
 
 7 
 
 108,477 
 
 73,037 
 
 1,358 
 
 
 30,162,614 
 
 105,188 
 
 6,124 
 
 893 
 
 207 
 
 11 
 
 138,733 
 
 93,046 
 
 1,898 
 
 
 38,321,971 
 
 127,614 
 
 9,328 
 
 861 
 
 349 
 
 36 
 
 155,490 
 
 98,976 
 
 2,950 
 
 496 
 
 47,192,286 
 
 141,385 
 
 9,539 
 
 1,093 
 
 571 
 
 , 57 
 
 170,669 
 
 109,304 
 
 3,977 
 
 1,501 
 
 55,776,206 
 
 159,621 
 
 16,237 
 
 1,731 
 
 193 
 
 17 
 
 261,286 
 
 151,524 
 
 6,973 
 
 6,901 
 
 68,944,782 
 
 Japan prior to 1873. 
 
 year and close on the 30th of June of the next. 
 
Table showing the number of Letters, Newspapers, etc. dispatched and received in the Foreign Mails 
 from July 1st, 8th year of Meiji (1875), to the close of the past year. 
 
 I MAILS DESPATCHED. 
 
 28 
 
 * Estimate of postages cancelled during 8 months at the Japanese Postal Agency, Shanghai (established April, 1876). 
 I Postages cancelled at the Japanese Postal Agencies at Shanghai and at Eusan-po, Corea. 
 
29 
 
 TELEGRAPHS. 1880. 
 
 Length of lines o])ened (English miles) ... 9,589. 
 
 Number of Messages forwarded 1,935,320. 
 
 Total receipts in Japanese Gold Yen ... 757,824.06 
 
 RAILWAYS. 1880. 
 
 English miles. 
 
 Length of lines opened 99. 
 
 ,, ,, ,, in construction, 25. 
 
 ARMY AND NAVY. 1880. 
 
 . ARMY. 
 
 Imperial Body Guard, 3,994 men. 
 
 Garrisons : First Headquarters, Tokio ; second Head- 
 quarters, Sendai ; third Headquarters, Nagoya ; fourth 
 Headquarters, Osaka ; fifth Headquarters, Hiroshima ; 
 sixth Headquarters, Kumamoto ; Total, 37,812. 
 
 NAVY. 
 
 The Navy consists of 27 vessels, manned by 4,631 
 officers and men. 
 
■ 
 
 'I 
 
 /< 
 
 
 ><■' ;■ 
 
 • ; 
 
 ii^V 
 
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