MASTER NEGA TIVE NO. 91-80218 MICROFILMED 1991 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK ii as part of the Founclalions of Westeiii Civilization PreseiTation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUIVIANITIES Reproductions may nor be made without permission from Columbia University Librar}^ COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States -- Title 17, United States Code -- concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: MUNRO, HUGH ANDREW JOHNSTONE TITLE: AETNA PLACE: CAMBRIDGE DA TE : 1867 COi UM13iA UNIVEKSITY LIBRARIES I'RI'SHRVATIUN Di'l'ARTMONT Master Negative ff llLJUGKArjiiCMiria)rnRM-rAi;n ei Restrictions on Use: Original Materia! as Filiupd - Existing Dibliograpliic Record BKS/PROD Books FUL/BIR KJvrno, d-, MUNRO, HUGH ANDREW JOHNSTONE AND TP lEr'NAr-'ciuster 7 ,^^^"^^^"°- NVCG-NS •r Cluster ^ of 2 - Record added today ID:NYCG91-B71059 CC:9665 BLTram CPznyu L:eng PC:r MMD: 040 130 00 245 00 RTYPza ST OCF: CSC INT: GPC P0:1991/1867 rep P d DM FRN MOD BIO CPI RR: MS: SNR: FIC:0 FSI:0 COL: EL ATC CON ILC EML u AD:08-06--91 UD:08~06-91 «EI:l 11:0 GEN: BSE: OR: POL: NNCt^cNNC. Aetna (Latin poem, 1st century) 500 The poem was fomierlv asm-KoH ^-^ , gress catalog. ^ ascribed to LuciUus Junior. -Cf. Library of Con 500 Anastatic reprint 1905 700 00 Lucilius Junior, ^esupposed author . 700 10 Munro. Hugh Andrew .ohnstone,^dl819-1885,^eed. QO 08-06-91 TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA Hlh^n^'^^"-^^^^—-— ,--^— REDUCTION RATIO: Wx, IMA^E PLACEMENT: lA (M^' IB III3 DAfn FiLMED:__9_^jy5j_ INITIALS :5jiaaL:i.LU HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODIJRIDGE. CT c Association for information and Image Management 1 1 00 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1 1 00 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 12 3 4 liiiiliiiili iliiiiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii TTT Inches Mill 5 6 7 8 9 iliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiili 1 I I II I I I I I 2 3 1.0 I.I 1.25 10 i 4 U^ 2.8 ■ 50 25 Km 156 3.2 ■ 63 t 'J. *- u h.Ub. 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 11 12 i 5 13 14 15 mm iili|iiliiiiliiii[iiii MRNUFflCTURED TO flllM STRNDflRDS BY fiPPLIED IMRGE. INC. AETNA CratnbritJgf : fRDfTED BY C. J. CLAY. M.A. AT THK UKIVEHyiTY P&B^S. A E T N J. REVISED EMENDED AND EXPLAINED BT H. A. J. MUNRO M.A, FELLOW OF TRIxVrrY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE ANASTATIC REPRINT 1905. G.E.STECHERT &, CO. NEW YORK. I D hJ CAMBRroGE DEIGHTON BELL AND CO LONDON BELL AND DALDY 1 86; AETNA y # lO Aetna mihi niptique cauis fornacibus ignes, et quae tarn fortes uoluant incendia causae, quid fremat imperium, quid raucos torqueat aestus, carmen erit. dexter uenias mihi carminis auctor, seu te Cynthos habet, seu Delost gratior Hyla, ' 5 seu tibi Ladonis potior; tecumque fauentes in noua Pierio properent a fonte sorores uota: per insolitum Phoebo duce tutius itur. aurea securi quis nescit saecula regis ? cum domitis nemo Cererem iactaret in amis uenturisuo malas proliiberet fructibus herbas, annua sed saturae complerent liorrea messes, ipse suo flueret Bacchus pede, mellaque lentis penderciit foliis, et pingui Pallas oliuae se cretos amnis aleret ; turn gratia ruris. 15 non cessit cuiquam melius sua tempom nosse : ultima quis tacuit iuuenum certamina Colchos? quis non Argoiico defleuit Pergamon igni inpositam et tristem natorum funere matrem? .p. viRGiLii MiJioNis AETHNA iNcipiT . o. P uiTgilii maronis aethna -y. oob- NBLii . 8EVERI . EQ • Ro • jj AETNA • \. 1 Aethiia o. Hiptisque 8. 8 Quod ^, estui a. 6 Delost iSd. delo8a«. Hyla ^Jtf . ila a. om 8. ilia «. f> and,^ trampou m. 6 Ladonis {or t Ladone) Ed . dodona a «. dodone T. 8 tutius a 8 5". oautiua v c T 9 qms J r. qui at». 10 Iactaret a. 11 ue A'i. om a. que «. malaatr.* maliaao,. fluctibus 8. fluctibus a. frondibusY*. f rugibus 1 5". 12 saturae ucu. sacraeS". U oliuae a. oUue 8. oUvaYctS". 15 Se cretos jErf. Secretos o«. aleret. ageret aw. turn o.^%. cum 8 J 5". quae Jacob. After U av.ii lost, a& Jacob suggestM. 19 trigtem Wermdorf. tristi tt». matrem a>. mentem a. 1 / auersumue diem ? sparsumue in semina dentem 1 20 quis non periurae doluit mendacia puppis, desertam uacuo Minoida litore questu^s? quicquid in antiqu um iactata est fabula carmen, fortius ignotas molimur pectore ouras : qui tan to motus operi, quae tanta perenoi 25 • ••<•••« explicet in densum tJammas et trudat ab imo ingenti sonitu inoles et proxima quaeque ignibus irriguis urat, menR carminis haec est. principio ne quern capiat fallacia uatum, sedes esse del tumidisque e faucibus ignern 30 Vulcaoi ruere et clausis resonnre cauernis festinantis opus, non est tani sordida diuis cura, \wque ex^tremas ius est demif.tere in artes sidera : subduoto ree;nant sublimia caelo ilia neque arfificum curani tractare Jaborem. 35 discrepat a prima fades haec altera uatum: illis CYcIopas memorant fornacibus usos, cum super incudem numerosa in uerbera fortes borrendum luagno quaterent sub pondere fuJmen, armarontque louem : turpe et sine pignore carmen. 40 proxima uiuaces Aetnaei uerticis ignes impia sollicitat Pblegraeis fabula caytris. temptauere, neffis, olim detrudere mundo sidera captiuique louis transferre gigantes imperium et uicto leges inponere caelo. 45 his natura sua est aluo tonus : ima per orbes squamous intortos sinuat uestigia serpens, constniitur magnis ad proelia montibus agger: Pelion Ossa grauat, sumnms premit Ossan Olympus, iam coaceruatas nituntur scandere moles; 50 20 Auersnmiie a. Aduersiimue «. uemm& Scaliger. semine o«. 23 i« a fragment of two vts. 25 Qui at Quis «. tanta i)eremu a«. causa perennie 1 5". A V. is loAt after 25. 33 dimittere a I U subdueto ay. seducto 8 T. 38 fortes tr. foiites y fontesaSc. 39 fulinen «. flnniGn a. 40 et Joz-oh. est a 01. 41 uiuoces a. aetluiei a. 4'i fli^graeiK a. 47 intortas e. mtortusAo. 49 Pelouioeea a. ffc&uai Jacob canj, crcataw. terit T. olim- i impiue et miles metuontia comminus astra prouocat : infestus cunctog ad proelia diuos prouocat admotisque trementia sidera signis. luppiter en caelo metuit dextramque coruscam armatus flamma remouet caligine mundum. 55 incursant uasto primum clamore gigantes. bine magno tonat ore pater, gerainanttjue faueutes undique discordei sonitum simul agmine uenti. densa per attonitas rumpuntur fulmina nubes; atque in beliandum quae cuique potentia diuum 60 in commune uenit : iam patri dextera Pallas et Mars scaeuus erat, iam cetera turba deoruni stant utrimque. fdeusf ualidos turn luppiter ignis increpat et uictor proturbat fulmine montes. illinc deiiectae uerterunt terga ruinae 65 infestae diuis acies, atque impius hostis praeceps cum castris agitur materque iacentis impellens uictos. turn pax est reddita mundo, turn liber cessat : uenit per sidera : caelum defensiquc decus mundi nunc redditur astris. 70 gurgite Trinacrio morientem luppiter Aetna obruit Enceladon, uasto qui pondere mentis aestuat et petiilans expirat faucibus ignem. haec est mendosae uulgata licontia famae. uatibus iugenium est: hinc audit nobile carmen : 75 plurima pars scenae uerum est fallacia: uates sub terris nigros uiderunt carmine manes atque inter cineres, Ditis paJlentia regna mentiti uates Stygias undasque : canentcs pus a. 52 infestus a t r. infensus y«. 53 trementia l?d. tertia a. que— signis cm a. 54 cd Ed. e aw. dextramque a Aldus, dextraque «». 55 flamma a flammam «. 57 Umc ScaHger. Hie a« 58 discordei Ed. discordesaw souitmn Jacob conj. comitum aca. 59 flumina o. &) Et que in, cm rest of v. w. Atque in arma ruit quaecunque 5*. bellandumq : a. potintia a pr. m. 61 om all except a. 62 scaeuus c. saeuns a u. caotera a. 63 deus ualidos a «. metus: ualidos r. 04 uictor y t. uicto a, 8 ^. m. uinctos 8 corr . iacto T. flumine a. 65 deuectae hlpr. m. S", deuiotae a-yc. 66 Infestae w. Inferi e a. 67 Prae- ceptis a. 69 cessat a. cesaa c pr. m. cessa -y. celsa 0. celum a «. caeli S". 71 CurcitH a. aetbna a. 72 euceladum «. uasto qui «. uastoq a. uasti quoque IS'. 73 petulans «. petuia iuse a. patulis Aldus. 76 uerum 1— -2 i hi Titjoii pjcria strauere in iugera foediim 8o "fsollicitantf illi te circum, Taotale, |K)nia sollicitantque siti : Minos, tuaqnc, Aeace, in umbris mra canuiiL idemquu rotant ixiunis orbem. qin'cqnifl et intorius falsi sibi conscia terret nee tu. terra, s^tis : speculantnr numina divum 85 nee metuunt oculos alieno admit tere caelo. norimt bella deum, norunt abscondita nobis coniugia et falsa quotiens sub imagine peccet, taurus in Europen, in Laedam Candidas ales luppiter, ut JJanaae pretiosus fluxerit imber. 90 debita carminibus libertas ista ; sed omnis in uero mihi cura: canam quo feruida motu aestuet Aetna nouosque rapax sibi congerat ignes. quacumque inmensus se terrae porrigit orbis extremique maris curuis incingitur undis, 95 non totum et solidumst; defit namque omnis biatu, secta est omnis humus penitusque cauata latebris exiles suspensa uias agit ; utque animanti per tota errantes percumint corpora uenae ad uitam, sanguis omnis qua commeat idem, 100 terra uoraginibus conceptas digerit auras, scilicet aut olim diuiso corpore mundi in maria ac terras et sidera, sors data caelo prima, secuta maris, deseditque infima tellus, sed tortis rimosa cauis; et qualis aceruus 105 exilit inparibus iactis ex tempore saxis, ut crebro introrsus spatio uacuata charybdis pendeat in sese, simili quoque terra figura est Ed. reruma*. 77 uidenint a •• ?uicernnt. 80 Hii a. Bl pomA Ed, poena a ». 82 aeacc^ a. 84 gibi conscia o t T. consortia 781. terret Ed ; a V. t« here lost, terrent a«. terra 1 5". 85 Nee tu terra a. Neo nt terra 8. Haec ut uera y * Non ut terra t Non est terra 5". 86 metunt a. 88 peccet Ed. peccentaa* 90 onj , * danae a. 93 aethna a. 95 incingitur a AUus. hacigiturS. hicagituTYt. agitabitur {. agitatur ab 5". 96 et soli- dumst Ed. et solido a. et solidum m. defit I corr T. desuut o-y«. desinit 8. 97 agit utque 5". agiturq: o 5". agit inque -y 8 c 100 commeat 7 tT. com meat a. comeat 8 €. 105 tortis a. totis «. 107 crebrer a. uacuata ir. UflCAt acta a. om yn« charibdis a. omyZt. corymbos IS', 108 figura est Ed. in tenuis laxata uias: non omnis in artum nee stipata coit: sine illi causa uetusta est 110 nee nata est facies, sed liber Bpiritus intra effugieus molitur iter; seu lympba perennis edit humum, limo furtiinque obstantia mollit ; aut etiam inelusi solidum fudere uapores atque igni quaesita uia est; sine omnia certis 1 15 pugnauere locis, non est hie causa docendi, dura stet opus, causas. quis enim non credit inanis esse sinus penitus, tantos emergere fontis cum uidet, ac torrens uno se mergere hiatu nam mille ex tenui uocuoque agitata necesse est 120 confluuia errantes arcessant undique uenas, ut trahat ex pleno quod fortem contrahat amnem. flumina quinetiam latis currentia riuis occasus habuere suos : aut ilia uorago derepta in praeceps fatali condidit ore, 125 aut occulta fluunt tectis adoperta eauernis atque inopinatos referunt procul edita cursus. quod ni diuersos emittat terra canales hospitium fluuiorum aut semita, nulla profecto fontibus et riuis constet uia, pigraquo tellus 130 conferta in solidum segni sub pondere cesset. quod si praecipiti conduntur flumina terra, condita si redount, si quaedam incondita surgant, baud mirum claussis etiam si libera uentis spiramenta latent, certis tibi pignera rebus 135 figura I r. futurae (i. e. futura .e.) a ^ c fumum 8. 109 omnes a. Ill K^! m. Haec alS". 112 molitur ylS". moHtus a moUitur «8 corr. inter a. nympba a. perenni a<* 113 lima Scaliger. 114 inclosis olidum a fudere £d. uidere aw. uicere Sevin acad. d. truer, vjp. 226. 116 docendi Aldus, dolendi am. docenda Gorallus. 117 causas Ed. causae am. non credit inanis a. om -^ 5 1. non credat inanes Aldus, non uiderit illud IS". 119 ac torrens w. hac torres a. hyatu a. A v. is lost. 120 Nam mille Ed. Nam ille a. Non ille «. uocuoque Agitata Ed. uocemque agat apta &» 121 Confluuia 8(5". Cam fluoio a nenaa a. et undas w. ab undis IS" 122 Vt Ed. Et a« fortem a. foiite or iontem •». 125 Derepta Scaliger. Direpta m. Pireptam a. 126 auemis ou 128 ni Jacob, si o«» 129 Ospitium a fluuiorum \corr f". fluuium a. flu- minum 6>. 131 Conierta S*. Conserta aca. fiegniat. segnis o). 132 terra a. terrae «. 133 si quaedam Ed* siqua etiam p. u/. 134 Qlaussis Ed. classis a. •^^ atque oculis haesura tuis dabit ordine tellus : inmensos pleruraque sinus et iugera pessum intercepta licet densaeque abscondita nocti prospectare : procul chaos ac sine fine ruinast. cernis et in siluis spatioSa ciibiiia retro 140 antraque demersas penitus fodisse late})ras. incomperta uia est operum : tantum effluit intra argumenta dabunt ignoti uera profundi. tu modo subtiles animo duce percipe curas occultamque fidem manifestis abstrahe rebus. 145 nam quo liberior quoque est animosior ignis semper in incluso, nee uentis segnior ira est sub terra penitusque mouent hie plura, necesse est uincla magis sohiant, raagis hoc obstantia pellant. nee tamen in rigidos exit contenta canales 150 uis animae flammaeue : ruit qua proxima cedunt obliquumque secat qua uisa tenerrima massa est. hinc terrae tremor, hinc motus, ubi densus hiantes spiritus exagitat uenas cessantiaque urgct. quod si spissa foret, solido si staret in omni, 155 nulla daret miranda sui spectacula tellus, pigraque et in pondus conferta immobilis esset. sed sum mis si forte putas concrescere causis tantum opus et subitis alimentum uiribus, ora quod patula in promptu cernis uastosque recessus, 160 clausis «. 137 Inmensos at S". Inmensimi ». VdS fi begins. Intercepta o p. Inter certa-ytj. licet p Scaliger. legetaw. densaque p. nocte p. 139 procul om p : uastum in margin, ruinast Ed, niinae {i. e. mina .e.) a«*. minas (i. e, niiuast) p. 140 spatiosa p. spatioqueaai. 141 demersas penitua p. demissa pedibus aa>. latebras p. latebrisao). demersis penitus sedisse laiebris MVm>'- dorf conj, 142 ojjenun a «. aeri p. effluit intra a «. influit intra t 5". efTugit ultra p. A r. seems lost here. 145 abstrahe ap^ytj. astrue 5". 147 in incluso p. iuinclusns tt. in inclusis ». 148 hie plura, i':d. hoc plura a Pw. haec plura 1 5". 150 rigidos aw. riuos p. J51 llanimaeue ruit p. Hamma nerrit a. flamma neurit 8. flaimaa urit yt. flamma auertit % 5". qua p ]; 5*. quaa^c. lo2 qua uisa aw. quae causa p? massa est Et/. caussa est p? causii est aw. 153 hiantes p. hiatus -ye. hiatuaw. 155 solido si staret a p. solidos instaret "ye. sohdosque iustaret 8. solidoque instaret I 5". in omni p. inamni a. immani 8. inani «. 157 conferta iramobilis p. confert immo- bilis a. confertim mobilis y8c. coufcstim mobihs t ^. 158 concrescere p. concrederear. congrederc «. 159 subiiis p. summisoo. crap, oris a«. I r I I falleris et nondum certo tibi lumine res est. namque illis quaecumque uacant in hiatibus, omnis • ••«••••••• et sese introitu soluunt adituque patenti conuersae languent uires animosque remittunt. quippe ubi qui teneat uentos acuatque morantis 165 in uacuo defit, cessant, tantumque profundi explicat errantis et in ipso limine tardant. augustis opus est turbare in faucibus illos : feniet opus, densaque premit premiturque ruina nunc euri boreaeque notus, nunc huius uterque, 1 70 hinc uenti rabies, hinc saeuo quassat hiatu fundamenta soli, trepidant urbesque caducae. inde neque est aliud, si fas est credere, mundo uenturam antiqui faciem ueracius omen. haec immo cum sit species naturaque terrae, 175 introrsus cessante solo trahit imdique uenas. Aetna sui manifesta fides et proxima uero est : non illic duce me occultas scrutabere causas : occurrent oculis ipsae cogentque faterl plurima namque patent illi miracula monti; 1 80 hinc uasti terrent aditus merguntque profundo ; porrigit hinc artus penitusque os erigit ultra ; hinc scissae rupes obstant discordiaque ingens ; inter opus nectunt aliae mediumque coercent, 160 Quod patula p. Quae ualida a». uastosque p. ualidosque a«. 161 Fal- lens et p. Fallero sed aw. certo tibi lumine res est p. tibi lumine certaque retro a a. 162 illis quaecumque uacant hiatibus p. in add Ed : a v. is here lost. illuc quod cumq; uacat hiat impetus a. . rose 8. rosae yc res 1 5". 164 eonceptae p. 165 qui teneat p. couti- neat aw. uentos ncuatque Ed. uentos aquasque p. uentosa qua quaequo a S". uentosa queq. y 8 <• 166 defit p. desint a «. cessant a p cessa «. 167 limite p v traduiit p. 168 turbare in j; T. turburare in y. turbant in a Si. turbanti p. illo p. 169 densaque premit p. densique premunt a «. 170 Nunc euri boreaeque notus p. Hinc furtum boreaeque noto a. Hinc (Hie y) furtim boreoque noto Y 8 «. huius a p«. unus IS", uterque ^. uterque est oPyI- 171 Hinc Py15". Hie a 8. hinc ap«. hie 8. 172 soli p. solo a y 1 5". 174 Venturum a. 175 immo p. primo a«. 176 trahat p. 177 Aethna a. 178 ilUc 7^ r illi p. illinc a8t 179 ipsi aY*- 182 Porrigit hinc p. Corrigit hie aw. penitusque os erigit Ed. penitus quos exigit a. penitusque oxQ^'stuat p. penitusque quod exigit 8^. penitusq, exigit y*- 1^'^ scisr.-ac p. Rpitt^aeaw. 184 aliae p. uariesa8, uarios y* 18 corr T. cohorceat aYt \ i8s i86b 190 196 2CX) 8 pars igni domitae, pars ignes ferre coactae. haec operis uisenda sacri faciesque dorausque, haec illi pedes tantarumque area rerun est. nunc opus artificem incendi causamque reposcit, non illam parui aut tenuis discriminis : ignes mille sub exiguo ponent tibi tempore ueram : res oculique docent, res ipsae credere cogunt. quin etiam tactu moneam contingere, tuto si liceat: prohibent flammae custodiaque ignis illi operist: arcent aditus diuinaque rerum cura: sine arbitrio est: eadem procul omnia cemes. nee tamen est dubium, penitus quid torreat Aetna, aut quis mirandus tantae faber imperet arti. pellitur exhaustae glomeratim nimbus barenae, flagrantos properant moles, uoluuntur ab imo fundamenta; fragor tota nunc rumpitur Aetna, nunc fusca pallent incendia mixta ruina. ipse procul magnos miratur luppiter ignes, neoe sepulta noui surgant in bella gigantes, neu Ditem regni pudeat neu Tartara caelo nertat, in occulto tantum premit ; omniaque extra congeries operit saxorum et putris baiena ; quae nee sponte sua faciunt nee corporis ullis sustentata cadunt robusti uiribus : omnes 186 nt maior species aetnae suocurrat inAnia 195 ut maior species etne succurrat inania 186=. 195 scerm spurious. 186 b om a^. foUow^ 188 in B. open p. 187 illi S illis a«. tantarumque area renim est pt tantarum sedesq ; arearum est a tantanun sedesque area (area y) rerum est ^8. 188 incendi a p. incendia «' inoendit 5". 189 so a«. Non illam paruo aut tenui discrimine signis B l»0 exiguo ponent tibi tempore ». exiguo ponentibns tempora a. ueram Ed nera a6>. ueras 5". exiguum uenient tibi pignora tempus p. 191 oculog duountp. cogent p. 192 monram p. moneat «. moneantYtr. tuto B 4otoa« 194 operist £d. operi est p. operum est a<.. 196 cemis p« mqmdp. quinao). torreat p«. torqueat a. aethna a. 198 im- peret 8 { r. imperat a p 7 . t 199 exhaustae p. exutae a «. glomeratim 6 glomeratur a c glomeratus T. nymbus a y I 200 uolimT a. 201 Aethna a 20d magnos a «. tantos p. 204Neueaa». Ne p, 206VertatBYt Ver* 207 ^ AlT"^' """ 'a"^' ^ '"^^^^^ ^^'^^ ^- ^-^* ^-^- «- 207 opent^Wu.. opens ap«.. arenae p. 2O8 faciunt a ca ueniunt p 205 ^ \ exagitant uenti turbas ac uertice saeuo 210 in densum conlecta rotant uoluuntque profundo. haec causa expectanda ; at erunt incendia mentis, spiritus inflabit momen languentibus acre, nam prope nequiquam par est uiolentia flammae: ingenium uelox illi motusque perennis; 215 uerum epjs auxilium est ut pellat corpora: nullus impetus est ipsi; qua spiritus imperat, audit: hie princeps magnoque sub hoc duce militat ignis. nunc quoniam in promptu est operis natura solique, unde ipsi uenti, quae res incendia pascit; 220 cum subito cohibentur, iners quae causa silenti, subsequar : inmensus labor est sed fertilis idem : digna laboraucis respondent praemia curig. non oculis solum pecudum miranda tueri more nee effusis in humum graue pascere corpus, 225 nosse fidem rerum dubiasque exquirere causas, ingenium sacrare caputque attollere caelo, scire quot et quae sint magno natalia mundo principia: occasus metuunt an saecula pergunt et firma aeterno religata est machina uinclo ? 230 solis scire modum, ut, quanto minor orbita lunaest, haec breuior cursu bis senos peruolet orbes, annuus ille meet; quae certo sidera currant ordine, quaeue suos errent incondita cursus; ullifl P8. ulU aY€t 209 robusti p. robustii a«. 210 Ex&gitant uenti turbas ac p. Exigitur uenti turbas a a. Exigitur uertitur basa 8 (uasa T. saxa fT). Exigitur ueritur saxo uertice y. 211 conlecta p. coniecta a-y 8. congesta { T. 212 Haec a p 5. HacYc. NecST. causa expectanda ; at erunt ivd . caussae expectanda terunt p. ckusa expectata ruunt a ». mortis a. 213 inflabit Ed . inflatis oP<». momen Scaliger. nomenapw. acre Ed. aeraP». 214 par ate. pars p. uiolentia p 5". uolentia a. uoluentia . segnes aa>. segne est p. 257 premimurque ao>. terimurque p. 276 277 278 rightly follow 257 in p. ! II dum sese pretio redimant uerumque professae 258 tum demum uiles taceant inopesque relictae. noctes atque dies festinant arua coloni, 260 Calient rure manus, glebarum expendimus usum, fertilis haec segetisque feracior, altera uitis: haec platanis humus, haec herbis dignissima tellus ; haec dura et melior pecori siluisque fidelis ; aridiora tenent oleae, sucosior uimis 265 grata, leues cruciant animos et corpora causae, horrea uti saturent, tumeant et do]ea musto, plenaque desecto surgant faenilia campo : sic auidi semper qua iiisum est carius istis. implendus sibi quisque bonis est artibus: illae 270 sunt animi fniges, hae renim maxima merces, scire quod occultu terrae natuiu coereet ; nullum fallere opus, non mutos cemere sacros Aetnaei montis fremitus animosque furentis ; non subito pallere sono, non credere subter 275 caelestis migrasse minas aut Tartara rumpi; 279 nosse quid impediat uentos, quid nutriat ignes, 280 unde repente quics et multo foedere pax sit. concrescant animi, penitus seu forte cauernae introitusque ipsi seruent, seu terra minutis rara foraminibus tenues in se abstrahat auras ; plenius hoc etiam, rigido quia uertice tjurgit 285 illinc infestis atque hiuc obnoxia uentis, 276 et uertimus a p 7. euertimus w. 278 Torquentur a«. Torrent ur p. 258 prof essa est w. 259 uiles taceant a «. bumilesque iacent p. 260 fcsti- nent a. 261 expendimus UBum p. expellimur usu a w. 262 segetisque Ory- phius 1547. segetique a «. segoti p. uitis Grypkius 1547- uiti a P w. 263 pla- tanis a «. plantis p. 264 dura et p. diuitiaw. diti T. 265ulmispr. ulmuB aw. 267 Horrea uti saturent aca. Horreaqne nt sature p. et a«. utp. dolea a. dolia o>. 2C8 Planaque w. fienilia a. 209 quouis est carior ipsis p. 270astibusa. illae ^Wu.?., jllis aPw. 271 bae a. baec p». maxima a «. est optima p. 272 quod €. quid a p «. exculto a. terrae natura p. natura terra a. natura terrae 8 «. naturae terra y %. cohercet a 7 1- 273 mutos Scali- ger. multos a S", multo «. multum p. 274 Aetbnei a. 275 pallere p 5". callereaw. 279 nmipi p. muudi aw. 280 impediat a «d. intendat p. ignes B a. illos a. 281 repente a w. reperta p. 0)ie or more vss. are lost here. 282 caueme tt Y- 284 tenues p. neue a«. 285 quia a 8. qua p y ♦ I- \ A '■ I' 12 undique diuersas admittere cogitur auras, et conni rails addit concordia uires ; siue iutrorsus agunt nubee et nubilus auster; seu forte hi iSexere caput tergoque feruntur: 290 praecipiti deiecta sono premit unda fugatque torpentes auras pulsataque corpora denset. nam ueluti sonat hora duci Tritone canoro : pellit opus collectus aquae uictusque mouere spiritus, et longas emugit bucina uoces : 295 carmineqiie irriguo magnis cortina theatris imparibus numerosa modis canit arte regentis, quae tenuem impellens animam subremigat unda; baud aliter summota furens torrentibus aura T>':goat in angusto, et magnum commurmurat Aetna. 300 credendum est etiam uentorum existere causas sub terra similis harum quas cernimus extra: ut cum densa premunt inter se corpora, turba elisa in uacuum fugiunt et proxima secum momine torta trahunt tutaque in sede resistunt. 305 quod si forte mihi quaedam discordia tecum est principiisque aliis credas consurgere uentos, non dubium rupes aliquas penitusque cauernas proruere ingenti sonitu, casuque propinquas diffugere impellique animas : hinc crescere uentos: 310 aut humore etiam nebulas effundere largo; ut campis agrisque solent quos adluit amnis : uallibus exoriens caligat nubilus aer; flumina parua ferunt auras ; uis proxima uento est ; nestice o. 286 infestis Jacob, infestus a *». inaessa eat p. nentis p. uitis a-y. uite8 8«. obnoxius intiis t r. ^ ends here. 287 cogitur £d. cogitat a». 291 deiecta Scaliger. deiecta aw. delata 5". 292 Torpentes de Eom/. Torrentes a«. ora (ore y t) diu m. aura diu Scaliger. cancro «. 297 arte «. arta a. 29S unda. ay t Aldus» 301 causas 8 S". cauaam 4i 7 « l- 302 terra «. terras 0.5. terris S". 303 Vt a corr w. Et a pr.m. i»rem\mt Gronouiut. cremauta©. turba «. turbant a. 304 fugiunt Jocoft. fugiantaw. perhap$ f ugitant. 305 Momine Gromuius. Momina Scaliger. Nomina a m. torta Jacob. tota a w. tutaque in a w. tuta dum Jacob conj. 807 que add Aldu*. om am. 309 Proruere J WiM. Proueliere a». 310 oresoere a. cemere «. 312 Yt Aldus. Autow. adluit Eti. abluit a. obluit •». ohntiiy^. 311 FluminA 290 hi add Ed. am a «. unda Scaliger? una aa>. 293 hora duci Ed. ora due a. 294 opus Spr. m. opes a a undam 855". 300 §thna a y. 13 eminus adspirat fortis et uerberat humor. 315 atque haec in uacuo si tanta potentia roftun est, hoc plura efficiant infra clusique necesse est. his agitur causis extra, penitusque coactos exagitant uentos: pugnant in faucibus; arte pugnantis suffocat iter; uelut unda prof undo 320 terquo quaterque exhausta graues ubi perbibit euros, ingeminant fluctus et primos ultimus urget; baud secus adstrictus certamine tangitur ictu spiritus inuoluensque suo sibi pondere rupes densa per ardentes exercet corpora uires ; 325 et quacumque iter est properat transitque morantem; donee confluuio ueluti siphonibus actus exilit atque furens tota uomit igneus Aetna. quod si forte putas isdem decurrere uentos faucibus atque isdem pulsos remeare, notandas 330 res oculis locus ipse dabit cogetque negare. quarauis caeruleo siccus loue fulgeat aether purpureoque rubens surgat iubar aureus ostro, illinc obscura semper caligine nubes pigraque defuso circumstupet fhumidaf uultu, 335 prospectans sublimis opus uastosque receptus. non illam uorat Aetna nee uUo intercipit aestu: obsequitur quacumque iubet leuis aura reditque. placantes etiam caelestia numina ture summo ceme iugo, uel qua liberrimus Aetna 340 inprospectus hiat, tautarum semina reruih si nihil irritet flammas stupeatque profundum. Flamina IS", uis J 5" 8 corr . uix a «. 316 uacuo 8 5". uacuos a u. rorum Ja4:ob. reruma*. dll efhciani a Aldus, efficiunt «. 318 agitur aw. igitur 5ca- liger. coactos Ed . coactus a 8 5". coactis w. coacti Scaliger. 319 uentos a *». nenii Scaliger. 321 perbibit I r. jjhibit a. phibe y- perbibere 8. 822 In- geminant a-y. Ingeminat % S". primos I S". primus a«. ultimos a. 324 rupes Ed. uires aw. 325 uires a^ 8 c. niTiio-^J^. uen&s Aldus. 327 siponi- bus a. siphonibus actus om. ySt. rcaolutis aestibus amnis ^. S28 aethna a. 329 decurre tt. 330 autq; o. isdem £ ^. idem a *y 8. ■pnl&oa Aldus 15di, i flint pulsisa-yct- notandas 5". iiotftuda a. notanda y- notanda sint 8. 332 ceruleo sicus a. fulgeat a. frigeat y 6 c. fugiat 1 5". 335 humida a a. ? atmida. 336 Prospectans Ed. Prospectant a at. Prospectat IS", nastusq; a. 837 uorat Jacob, uidet a u. aethna a. 339 turae a. 340 aethna cu 842 irridet a. 14 huic igitar credis? torrens ut spiritus ille qui rupes terramqne rotat, qui fuiminat igncs, cum rexit uires et praeceps flexit habenas praesertira, ipsa suo decliuia pond ere numquam corpora deripiat ualidoque absoluerit arcu ! quod si fallor, adest species; tantusque ruinaest impetus, adtentos oculorum transfugit ictus haec leuitas; tantos igitur ferit aura mouetque • ••••••••, sparsa liquore manus sacros ubi uentilat ignis, uerberat era tamen ; pulsataque corpora nostris incursant : adeo in tenuist, uim causa repellit : non cir)erem stipulamue leuem, non arida sorbet gramina; non tenuis plantis humus excita praedas surgit adoratis sublimis fumus ab aris : tanta quies illi est et p^ix innoxia rapti. sine peregrinis igitur prop rii sue potent is coniurant animae causis, ille impetus ignes et montis partes atra subuectat harena ; ua,staque concursu trepidantia saxa fragoris ardentisque simul flammas ac fubnina rumpuat ; baud abter quam cum prono iacuere sub austro aut aquilone fremunt siluae, dant bracbia nodo implicitae : bac serpunt iunctis incendia ramis. nee te decipiant stobdi mendacia uulgi, exhaustos cessare sinus, dare tempera, rursus ut rapiant uires repetantque in proeba uicti. pelle nefas animi mendacemque exue famam : non est ^iuinis tam sordida rebus egestas 345 3SO 355 360 3^5 370 343 Huinc a. ille Scaliger. illi a «. 844 rotat Jacob, notat a «. norat 5". 345 Cum roxit a. Ciir exit «. preceps a. Ml denp'mtGorallus. diripiant a 7 T, diripiat 8 5". absoluerit Scaliycr. absolueret a «. 348 si a 8. ni -y c. nisi l S'. nilDaest iiJd! . ruiniw ao;. 350 Haec -Sea/ ?'// tj. odoratus 8. odoml'iB Scalitfer. iio8 ue Scaligtr. que aw. 350 ignt s a. ignis «. 8G2 fulmina a u». flumma Vlitius to Grat. cy7ieg. -Lio. 365 Imc Oo- 15 nec paruas mendicat opes nee conrogat auras. praesto sunt operae uentorum examina semper: causa latet quae rum pat iter cogatque morari. saepe premit fauces magnis extructa ruinis congeries clauditque uias luctamine ab imo 375 et, spisso ueluti tecto, sub pond ere praestat baud simili strepere bos cursu. cum frigida monti desidia est tutoque licet desidere uentis. post ubi conticuere, mora uelocius urgent : pellunt oppositi moles ac uincula rumpunt, 380 quicquid in obliquum est, frangunt iter, acrior ictu impetus exoritur, magnis operata rapinia flamma micat latosque mens exundat in agros ; si cessata diu referunt spectacula uenti. nunc superant quaecumque rigant incendia siluae ; 385 quae flammis all men ta uocant, quod nutriet Aetna, incendi poterunt: illis aerna«"ula causis mafei'ia adpositumque igni genus utile terra-est. uritur assidue caUdus nunc sulpliuris bumor, nunc spissus crebro praebetur alumine bucus, • 390 pingue bitumen adest et quicquid comminus acris irritat flammas : ilUus corpoiis Aetna est. atque banc materiam penitus discurrere, fontes infectae rumpuntur aquae radice sub ipsa. pars oculis manifesta iacet quae robore dura est 395 ac lapis : in pingui feruent incendia suco. quin etiam uarie quaedam sine alumine saxa toto monte liquant: illis custodia flammae iam a ^ « t* operi ytS*. ♦Sepe ay. rallus. haoo a. hec 78* he $. hao S". 3G7 Exaubtoa a. 3C8 VtSr Autot- Hand 7c. 370 diuinis ^Wu«. diuitiisafc- tam 8 5". aegestsit' a. 871 panias o. paruo «. 372 operae ST.- opere aj. 373 quae ruuipat iter a Scaliger. quaerunt pariter w. 374 «1 lor 375 luctamar a. 37C spisso /acyfe. scisso aw. 377 simili strepere hos nursu Ed. suniliB teneros cursu a. simllis teneros cur fie yS- sitis teneros cur so «. 878 desidere uentis Jacob. discedere uentos Wermdorf. discedere montea aw. 379 conticuere a^t contuere 8. 384 cessat adiure (or a iure) f erunt <». 385 rigant Ei. regant «. 386 flammis ;$*. flamraaa a«. uocant (=uacant) Ed. uocent aw. uacent Sealiffcr. quod y 1 1 quid a T quit 8. nutriet Ed. nutriat a w. aethna a. 388 lerrae est Wermdorf. terrent a «. 390 pre- betur a. alumine Jcwob. numiue a S uimine 1 5". 392 aethna a. 394 rumpuntur aquae Ed . eripiantur atq ; a. eripiantur aqne 8. 396 in a . nota esl \$', specraqiie a. ueris cS". uentis a. ucnis yh%. 44y tetitem Haupf, peRtema«. 450 aethnae a. 4^4 ieiunos y«- ieiuiia:iou. ieiunJi** 5. conficit Ed. collii,'it au. 455 tacit Aldus lOM. iacet a u 457 facie qua Ed . i8 si lenitur, opus restat : inagis uritur illic sollicitatque magis uicina incendia saxum eertaqne uenturae praemittit pignora flammae. nam simul atque mouet uiris turbamque miuatus • •••«••••• diffugit extemploque solum trahit ictaque -fTamis-f et graae sub terra murmur demonstrat et igiaes, turn pauidum fugere et sacris concedere rebus par erit : e tuto speculaberis oiunia colli, nam subito efferuent honerosa incendia raptis: accensae subeunt motes truncaeque ruinae prouoluunt atque atra sonant examioa harenae. illinc incertae facies hominumque figurae : pars lapidum domjta^t, stantis pars robore pugnae, nee recipit flammas hie, hie defessus anhelat ; utqne aperit se hostis, decrescit spiritus illic: baud alitor quam cum laoto deuicta tropaoo prona zacet cam pis acies et castra sub ipsa, tum si quis lapidum summo pertabuit igni, a^perior species, et quaedam sordida faex est qualem purgato cernas desidere ferro. uei-um ubi paulatim exiluit sublata caducis congeries saxis, angusto uertice surgunt. sic uelut in fomace lapis torretur et omnis exustus peuitus uenis subit altiiis humor*. amissis opihus leuis et sine pondere pumex excutitur: liquor ilie magis feruere magisque fluminis in speciem mitis procedere tandem incipit et pronis demittit coUibus undas. illae paulatim bis sena in milia pergunt; 4&:^ 46s 470 475 480 485 facie que a. fateqUe 8. scate qd y. factn quod I T 458 uiritur a. 401 uiris a. cui-is t». miimttis a. mimitue «. Onp, 2 exemploque a. 4G3 nm 8. 485 Par erit: e Scaliqer. Parere et o«. colli 5r. coIHh aw. 460 470 om all hut a. 470 domitatJt. Btantis Ed. domita stanti a. robore i:^. rolora a. 471 recipit «». repit a. hie. hie F. pulsates a «. pulsantes I f. pulsantis Gorallus. 505 Scintillas a. Scintilla ». 607 Sy- maethi Ed. Silnethi o. Si uel lumanti et hii y 8 Si uel fumanti c. 508 faxo Ed. fixo aw. 609 Vicenos 8 S". Vicinos aY ^L pedes DorvilHus. dies a«*. 612 fluere a. fruere y 8 c. furere I T. fauillae Gorallus. fauiUa a. fauiUam «. 613 Flmnina a, Plurima «k 515 robora m. robore aT. fundi Wermdorf. 2-^2 i 20 et figiilos huic esse fidem; dein frigoris usu duritiern reuocare auain et conatringere ueuas. sed signum coinmime leue est atque irrita causa quae trepidat: certo uerum tibi plgQore constat. nam uelat arguti uatura est aeiis, et igni 520 cum domitum est, constant* eademque et robore saluo, utraque ut possis aeris cognoscere panein ; haud aliter lapLs ille tenet, sou forte madeotes efiluit in flammas sine est securus ab ilUs, conseniatquc notas, nee iiultum perdidit ignis. 525 quin etiam externaia multis color ipse refellit, non odor aut leuitas : putris magis illc magi^que una operis facies, eadem perque omnia terra est, nee tarn en iniitior lapides ai-descere certos, interius furere accensos: ha^c propria uirtus. 530 quin ipsis quondam 8iculi cognomina saxis inposnere f fridicasf et iam ipso nomine signant fusilis esse notas. numqiiam tamen ilia lique«(unt, quamuis materies foueat sucosior intus, nee penitvis uenae fuerint commisaa molan. 535 quod si quis lapidis miratur fusile robur, cogitet obscuri uerissima dicta libelli, Heraclite, tui, nihil insuperabile ab igni, omnia quo renim naturae seniina iacta. fied nimium hoc miinim? densissima corpora saepe 540 et solido uiciua tamen conpescimus igni. non animos aeris flammis suceuml^ere comis? lentitiem plumbum non exuit? ipsaque ferri materies praedura tamen subuertitur igni, fnuclit a C4. 519 tripidat a. certe Ticrura tibi a. uenim ubi certo St. ocr'-o o>M Y«. ibi Y- &aO ni'tura e«t a Aldus, naturae w. i^ni Scaliger, ignis ac». B2J Cjura doTOitum i^ Aldus. Condomitiuri «. conBtan« A'(i. oonatut au. o22 Vtvaque Ed. Vitraque a S. Ytrsmque -y « T. coguoscer «, partcin OonfUas. ponamaw. i>i5 uuUma o J /^ius. uultu w. i^nw ay Aldxis. ignes « 0*26 releUit a. resokit w, 527 adora ut a. 529 iniitior y. iuiioior a. 530 Iiateritus a. aceenso o. propria ^T. propala a«. 631 Ouiin- ipsigQ. quondam ii'ii. qiuiedama». 632 fridicas ou frichas -yt fricastT. pliric*is 8. nomine sigumt «. omine significant a. 583 Fusilis a. FudJes (u. 5Ji6 lapidis 1 5". la^wdeb a«. 537 Cogittet a. 6^ HerocUK (fe ubi y. Eiadieet uui 8. .Eradicti ueio I Et dioet uero T. ab igni Scaliger. gigni a «». 639 quo Scaliger. quae a «. natwrae yl ST. iiatura a «. f ^ i S50 355 560 31 spissaque saspensis fornacibus aurea snxa exsudant pretium, et quaedam fort:i^se profundo incomperta lacent similique obnoxia sortei nee locus ingeniost, oculi te indioe uincent ; nam lapis ijle riget praeclususque ignibus Jbstat SI paruia torrere nelis caeloque patenti : candenti pres«oque agedum fomax^e coerce nee sufferre potest nee saeuuLi durat in hostom: nmcitur et yoluit uires captu3que liqueseit. quae maiora putas autem tonnenta moueii poase manu ? quae tanta. put^s incendia nostris sustentari opibu^, quantk^ fornacibus Aetna iiritur? ac sacro numquam non fertilis igni, Bed non qui nostro feruet moderatior usu, * fied caeio propior, uel quali Juppiter ipse' armatus flamma est. his uiribus additur ingens spmtus adstrictis eli^us faucibus, ut cum fabriles operae rudibus contendere massis festinant, ignes quatiuni foitesque trementes exanimanc pressoijue instigant agmine uentum. haec operi^ forma est, sic nobilis uritur Aetna: terra foraminibus uires trahit, urguet in ai'tum spiritus, incendi uis it per maxima saxa. magnifica^j aedes operosaque uisere templa dmitus hominum aut sacris memoraoda uetustia traducti maria et terras per proxinia fatis cimimus, atque auidi ueteris mendaoia famae eruimus cunctasque libet percurrere gentes: nunc iuuat Ogygiis circumdata moenia Thebis 643 Lenificm a. rlumbum GoroZZu*. plumH a«. 644preauraa. 647 sor- iBiJ,d. BorteaSt sorti ^€5". 5-48 ingeniost i:d. ingenio est t^. ingenium estao). 549 Name. Nee a. Non J. preclususq ; a. perculsuque 8. parens- Biisque Y .. percul^us et J T. 551 presso.q; a. coberce ay 654 mouBre a. 60G Sustentan T. Suetentare a ca. qimntis A Mns. tantis a «. aethna a 657 ac a. aw. non Aldus, uecao,. 560 additnr a. additos «. SBlelisusa' 0I1S13 «. 662 opera e a y 8 e. 5C4 Examinant ay. ncntrum a. uento« J. 565 fonna Chr. Waif. fama a«. summa Scaliger. ignobilis ntitux a^ibnao. 667 ms It Ed. niuit a». 568 aedes Aldus 1534. laudes a«. mscere «. uisoere «. 669 eaoris memoranda uetuBtis Ed. eacras (sacra «) memorare uetustaB a«>. cacra nianaora rcsu^ uetuetas Scaliger, 570 maria et terras de 545 565 570 i 22 cernere, quae fratres, ille impiger illc canorus, • •••••*•• • condere, felioesque alien o intersumus aeuo. 575 inuitata piei nunc carmine saxa lyraque, nunc, gemina ex uno, fumantia sacra uapore iniramur septeraque duces raptumque profuiido. detinet Eurotas lilic et Sparta Lycurgi, et sacer in bellum numerus, sua turba regenti. 580 nunc hie Oec^opiae uariis spectantur Athenae carminibns gaudentque soli uictrice Minerua. excidit hie rednci quondam tibi, perfide Theseu, Candida soUicito praeraittere uela parenti. tu quoque Athenamm carmen: tam nobile sidus, 585 Erigon^, sedes uestra est : Philomela canoris en uocat in siluis, ct tu, soror hospita, tectis acciperis: solis Tereus ferus exulat agris. miramur Troiae cineres et fiebile tiictis Pergaraon extinctosque sue Phrygas Hectore : panium 590 conspicimus magni tumulum ducia : hie et Achilles impiger et uictus magni iacet Hectoris ultor. quin etiam Graiae fixos tenuere tabellae signaue: nunc Paphiae rorantis patre capilli, sub truce nunc parui ludentes Colchide nati, 595 nunc tristes circa subiectae altaria ceruae uehitusque pater, nunc gloria uiua Myronis haec ct iam ilia manus; operum turbaeque morantur. haec uisenda putas terra dubiusque marique? iiooy. materia ot teirw a co. 674 a v. is lost, quae a T. que c. quot 8. que etY^". 575 intersumus eu intersumo 8. transumjere 71. interserit-i S". 576 piei 2?(i. piisa8t pio'-yc. 677 B&cra. Sraliger. eaiaaca. 579 Sparta AldmiryU. gparsaao). lygurgi a. IjSO regenli Sdaliger. recentiaw. 581 cycropiaea. Athenae ycT. atheni-^aS. 682 soli a. fmST. sua 7 1 5". 684 premitterea. promittero 7 €. permittere 6 1 686 est pbylomella. a. ampbilonia 8. emphiiomtt y €. umphionc I S". 687 En uocat Ed. E uocat a«*. 690 extinctusque ». suo a. suOh ^ il 23 artificis naturae ingens opus a^pice : nulla 600 nam tanta humanis rebus spectacula cernes : praecipueque uigil feruens ubi Sirius ardet. insequitur miranda tamen sua fabula montem, nee minus ille pio, quamquam sons, nobilis ignist, nam quondam ruptis excauduit Aetna cauernis 60S et uelut euersis penitus fornacibus ignis euecta in longumst rapidis feruoribus unda: baud aliter quam cum saeuo lone fulgurat aether et uitidum obscura caelum caligine torquet. ardebant agris segetes et mitia cultu 610 iugera cum dominis: siluae coUesque rubebant. uixdum castra putant hostem moui^se tremendum, et iam fi nitimae portas euaserat urbis. tum uero ut cuique est animus uiresque, rapina tutari conantur opes: gemit ille sub auro ; 61 S colligit ille arma et stulta ceruice reponit, defectum raptis ilium sua carmina tardant ; hie uelox minimo properat sub pondere pauper et quod cuique fuit cari fugit ipse sub ilio. sed uon incolumis dominum sua praeda secuta est: 620 cunctautis uorat ignis et undique torret auaros, consequitur fugisse ratis et praemia captis increpat: haec nullis parsura incendia pascunt uel solis parsura pieis. namque optima proles Amphinomus fraterque pari sub munere fortis, 625 cum iam uicinis streperent incendia tectis, aspiciunt pigrumque patrem matremque senect.a marique B'cf. marisqueaw. ftOO iiAturae «. natura a. 601 Nam ^i. Cum aw. rebus i Woj} 1584. phoebusao). 602 Praecipu(?que a. syriug a ardet a. ardens «. ^Oi botlb Barthim in advers. Bors tiw. igniet ^rf. ignis aw. 605 quondam a. quando ia. oethiia cu 606 ignid Ahlns 1534. igiies a«. 607 Euecta a Aldus 1534. Et uecta «. longumst Ed. longum a«. rapidiB ^. lapidisaS. 610 agris a ^t. amis 8 J S". miti& Hciiis%us. milliaa. milia «. moliiaS'. 611 rubebMit i^d. urebant a. uirebant78i. uiremegt^, 612 mouisse «. nouisse a. tremendum '/a coZ;. tremebantaw. 614 uiresque, rapina Aldus 1534. uirescera i>inae a. uiresque rapinae «». 61B minimo Aura- itm, Heinsins. nimioaw 622 Consequiturq ; a. ratis ae*. raioB S*. 623 Increpat \ S", Concrcpat a «. haec Ed . ac o 8 S ^. et -y c. nulli spar- suia a at. 624 sparsura a «. pieis Ed. piis 5". dees a «. om V. 625 Am- phinomus y € Aldus 1534. Amphiou a 8 H T. tortie y* fortes 5". fontis o 8 ?. I i mi 24 eheu defeases posuisse iu limine membra, parcite, auara mauus, dites attoliere praedas : iUis diuiHae Bolae materque paterque, 630 hanc raperest praedam: mediumque exire per ignem ipso dante fidem properant maxima renim et merito pietas homini tutissima uirtusl erubuere pios iuuenes at tinge re flammae et quacumque fenmt ilii nestigia cedunt 635 felix ilia dies, ilia est innoxia t-erra: dextcra saeua tenent laeuaque incendia fenient : ille per obliquos ignis fratremque triumpbans • - . . . tutus uterque pio aub pondei-e : sufficit ilia, et circa gcminos auidus sibi temperat ignis. 640 incolmnes abeunt tandem et sua numina secum «alua ferunt. illos mirantur carraina uatum, illos seposuit claro sub nomine Ditis ; nee sanctos imienes attingunt sordida fata: securae cessere domus et iura pionim. 645 mortis €. C2C, incinis a. «27 aenecta SraUcfcr. senemque a «. 628 Eheu a 5". Healienjr. Scu 8. Seuium-yc. deforisos ». posuisse in .S-faii^r. posuiii- Pent aw. 620 manus, tUtes AJrius. manduoc's a. manu dicens v 8 1 nianas diccn. I r. attollite v 8 «. ^ C30 dioinv at 631 raperest Ed. rnpiVa a w. rapnait T. 682 inaximj a. m flHtmnae y ,1 aamma a. flacunaru 3. too quacumque V t r. quatcumq;a. 636 terra a. terrae«. G37 tenent y.T. touet a 8 feront a. 638 a v. u loH. 639 iUa a. iilam «. 640 gemine. a LT'^'r V ,c f^^ ^^""^ ^"^^'"^^ '^'''^'^^- ^"^ se posuit a. IHo se posuit oi 64. fata ^ € t r. facta a 8. 645 Secmae Ed, Sed curao a. Bed iui-e « PVBLU UIRGJUI MAIiONIS AETHNA nNlI- a. i J f AETNA Four elaborate editions of this short poem Imve appeared at verv cliflerent periods during the last threo centuries, three of them extending to hundreds of pages each: the otlier, first alike in time and meri*, though of much less bulk than its successors, looks formidable enouah wheu compared with the text which it iUnstrates. A few months ago nothmg was farther from mv thou^jhts than thi? poem : towards tho end of last October I had the pleasure of coUating for Professor Ribbeck a manuscript of the Culex in our public library; and on finishiu- it ^ looked through the Aetna which came after; kud soon found on^'com. panng it with Jacob's edition that it smpassed other collated manu scripts m merit at least as much as in age; that it suppHed sevoal entire verses wanting in them, and oftener still half lines or single words making sense at once of passages hitherto nninteUigible aLl hopelessly conupt. Stimulated by this I made a transcript at leisure hours during November of the whole poem, copying the manuscrii-t page by page. Afterwards while absent from Cambridge in the month of January I formed from this copy a provisional text, appending to it a complete collation of this codex and adding from Jacob a digest of tho readiags of his two manuscripts, the Helmstaedt and the Brealau. At the sama time 1 gave as minute an account as I could of the variations of the mysterious lost Florentine fragment by a careful examination of the two in-inteJ sources from which they^re to be gotten, both of wh.'ch I had and have before me. Having further ascertained that the British Museum contained two manuscripts of our poem I made an accurate collation of them in the month of January. From these sources are derived the various readings which appear below my text. A fuller descriplion of them shall be given after I have first said a few words of the various editions which in forming my own I have had the power or the will to consult. The explanatory com- mentary forms the largest part of my edition : something of the sort I found to be necessary for my own satisfaction, much of the j>oem being so obscure and so corrupt that oflen I conld not tell whether I under- stood what was before me, or, the next best thing, feel quite sure that I I 26 m^ not understand it, until I had written down at length in what way I proposed to explain it This I hope will be found to be not the least useful portion of this small work. Our poem is found in some only of the earlier editions ofVirgU; and tlvese appear to have all essentially the same text, having been printed no doubt one from the other. I have before me two editions of 1475, Rubeus' dated January of that year and lenson'a, both belonging to our Trinity library: their texts are throughout the same in all but qufte unimportant points, except that lenson in 5U has, probabi) from conjecture, the correct manuscript reading le7ito, while Rubeus and I believe all other early editions have uento. These then I have deemed amply sufficient to repre.-.ont the whole clas^, since, as might be expected in so corrupt a poem, they follow the text of a late and very interpolated manuscript. Our poem fii-st appears in a greatly corrected form in the Aldme edition of the catalecta and other minor poems dated December 1517. This and the second Aldine of March 1534 1 have had befoje me, and have found them both most useful in determining the history of our text: the second is mostly a reprint of the first: but yet has a good many important variations from it and in not a few cases is the first so far as I kno^ to offer a coiToct text. Once I have found the right reading iii-st in Gryphius' edition of 15 47. But soon all other editions were to be superseded by Scaliger's Virgilii Appendix, printed at Lyons in 1572 and published in that or the following year: of two copies before me one, Duport's, from our Trinity library has on the title-page 1572; the other 1573, which appears to be the usual date. A second edition was published at Leydeu in 1595, with some changes and additional remarks by Scaliger and the editor Lindenbruch, Anything coming from Scaliger must display learning, power and originality; and I do not think that any work of his on the Latin poets has these qualities in a higher degree than his notes on the Aetna. Its great difficulty put him on his mettle; its poetry too had for him a singular attraction: following the older Italian authorities, not the more cautious Aldine editor, he attributed it to Ovid's friend Cornelius Severus and therefore to the age of Augustus or Tiberius: 'quo neque post tempera Tiberii Caesaris cultius poema neque mendosiu? ullum ad nos peruenit', he says at the end of his notes. The latter clause is true enough ; the former he will find few to approve. As is often seen in vigorous haters, his antipathy to Lucan made him contrast our poet favourably with * isti pingues Oordubenses poetae, Musarum iKrpt^fiara. He set himself therefore earnestly at work to correct and explain our poem. Having besides the printed editions only one late and interpolated manuscript he. must often from the nature of the case go wide astray. Yet in not a few instances with the glance of genius he descries the truth throu-h 27 the grossest corruptions; oftener still he comes near to the truth, and, ^en where most wrong, is always suggestive. Throughout the work there breathes that original freshness which makes it as lively and plea- sant to read as if it had been written for us, and not three centuries ago. At the close of the Aetna he says his whole ^Appendix' was composed m a month. Seldom then can such an amount of work have been got through as in the week or so out of this month which we may presume he gave to our poem. But his energy looks almost superhuman, and Ids sell- confidence as well. Scaliger long held undisputed sway, untH ic 1703 the weU-known John Leclerc decided that the time had come for a new recension and published his prolix edition under the assumed name of Theodorus Gorallus, which gives a Greek equivalent for th<^ Hebrew, a Hebrew for the Greek part of his name loannes Clericus. Ho clearly meant it to advance his claims to univei-sal excellence : with this view he is glad enough to find Scaliger, whose notes he prints at length, in the wrong; but I do not detect any more unworthy motive in bis lault-finding; and the form of his book gives the reader ample opportunity of seeing how unequal he is to his predecessor. Yet he is a man of sound sense and extensive erudition : his inierpretatio indeed is precise enough where the original is easy, often vague and unmeaning where the other is corrupt or obscure; but, though he never makes a brilliant emendation, his good sense enables him to correct not a few passages, and his illustrations are often happy and to the purpose. These liis successors Wemsdorf and Jacob borrow without acknowledgment, while they assail without mercy his defects, glad to trample on one who is down. We next come to Wernsdorf s edition published in the fourth volume of his poetae Latini minores with ample introductions, notes and excursusea He is not I think so acute as Leclerc, whom I shall henceforth call Gorallus; but his learning is great in all that concerns the literatui-e oi his subject His critical power is I think very small : what chiefly distinguishes his edition is this, that he was the first to take from Cornelius ^everus and confer on Seneca's friend Lucilius the authorship of the poem. The only other edition to be mentioned is Frid. Jacob's published in 1826. It forms a considerable volume, and contains a full collation of the Helmstaedt and Breslau manuscripts. This work, like bis Manilius, is sadly wanting in precision and acumen; and its prolixity exceeds all bounds of toleration: great weariness of the flesh it often is to read notes covering several pages o( clos^ print, full of Greek, Latin, French. English and German quotations in illustration of things with which they have not the least connexion; to go through argumcutp designed to shew that the author must have written what by no possibility he could have written ; to find the editor asking triumphantiv at the end II 28 whether he has not now proved his point, tho only point he has proved being that ho does not understand what he is talking about. But what I have Baid by no menna applies to all th»^. notes ; nor can any onu dispute that be haa often rightly emended the corrupt text: he liiis employ tnf too rnach more judiciously than Wernsdort' the Florentine fragmeut. And now I oome to the manuscripts which I have made use of: as filteady said, this poem should never have been edited by me, if I had not met with the raaiiuscript in our public library, Kkv34, numbered 2076 in tho new catalogue. This codex ib so much superioj- to all other existing codices both in age and in merit, that not only liave I gi-ouuded my text mainly on it^ buf. as in du<>y bound have noted the niinute.st discrepancies of ^rpelling: I call it «, Besides a I have collated, and so far as I know have been the first to collate, two manuscripU in the Brioish Museum: one which I call y forms part of Arjiidel iXi, a largo folio in double columns: the Aetna begina at l^yi' b'2 b and ends at 96 b : the 1st column has 38 lines besides ihe heading, tho last page contain^ U lines, all the other columns have 3i^ lines each. This codex is cf the 15th century, but belorngs to the less interpolated class of late mss. and is extremely like, though I think on the whole rather better than Jacob's ms. 3, whinh I denote by c: my ciitical notes will shew fully their relation to each other. The ;>econd ccdcx which I name t, la Sloane 777, art. 6, written on vellum iu a small Italian liand late in the 15th century. It belongs to the more interj^olated class of mss. and ascribes the poem to Cornelius Severus, r/hich y gives to Virgil: it departs however less from a and th»3 better m&s. than 8calii;er's worth- less codex and the eears to be earlier. It iu beautifully and for tho age accu- rately written; tlie words are correctly divided, except that, in con- formity witli tho ancient pronunciation, the atonies, such us et, gtd, mn^ and the monosyllabic prepositions are often united ^vith the word tliat follows : odot'a tU for odoT aut, opera erudibas for operae rudibus, oyer etuentas for (igeret ue^dos, inclinns oHdum for mclusi solidu7tf stand quite by themselves. There are fffw contractions, except those which are common in the oldest and best oodices : tiius we often, but by no means always, meet with the hhmoX abbreviations of per^ pro, p^nie, quCy est, guody of the final m, and mm in the middle of words, of -tar in the prt^ sent passive, and -bus in the dat. orabl. plur. Single or rare instances of ds, oms, sps, trisy nrisy amtia (amentia) occur. The spelling is on the whole very good and I have followed it in all but palpable cmTU|)tions : even humor and sulphur I have retained as they may be from the author: barbarisms like Aethna, caeUra, aegestas, inji^or are very raie: milia is spelt rightly : millia once where the reading is otherwise cor- rupt: ite is generally correctly given, preccps and the like being the exceptions. With good reason then, as already observed, I have noted its minutest varia+ions. The manuscript has been corrected throngliout, but at rare intervals, by a contemporary hand : c and p, n and r, rt e^jn^ 30 ity a and e, a and o are among the letters most commonly interchanged, evidently from these letters respectively being not easy to distinguish in some archetype of the inferior mas. as well as a : by this confusion of a with e and o I explain for instance in 6 Dodona for Ladonu and in 522 portcmi for partem. The immense superiority of a over all the later mss. is seen through- out the poem: in 50 places it makes sense of what in them is quite unintelligible; and in many other place? points out the right road to emendation; while it is only in a few trivial or accidental cases where they have aiiy advantage over a, as in 19 where the copyist for Tnatrem reads mentem, the dentem of 20 having caught his eye. Thus a alone gives 5 and 6 in the right order; a alone has the whole verses 61 *In commime — Pallas*, 469 470 *Illinc — pugnae'; the half lines 53 'que — signis', 60 'Atque in bellandum', 327 'siphonibus actus', 355 *plantis ---^praedaB', 445 'Siculi uicinia montis', 384 ^ Si ceasata diu referunt'; the following words and phrases, making sense out of the nonsense of other mss., 69 'cessat', Sb *Nec tu, terra', 95 ' iucingitur', 105 'tortis*, 107 *oharybdi8\ 121 ^uenas', 310 ^crescere', 312 'abluft' i.e. ^adluit', 332 'fulgeat', 3;V3 'nostris', 373 'quae rumpat iter' anticipated by the acumen of Scaliger, 435 . What I have quoted is but a part of what a does for our poem; yet great as its excellence is compared with the others, it is ck* ^ r from every page of my critical notes that they and a all belong to the same family : some original from which y 6 c ^ etc. come, got mutilated in parts : this original and a had both some common progenitor, removed from them not many degrees. This will be still plainer when I have described the fragment I call p. The history of this fragment which has long disappeared is very obscure and uncertain : it is not always easy to determine what its read- ings are, owing to the clumsy way in which they have been handed down in two different repertories, one meant to be supplementary to the other. The older of these is Walchius* Acta societ. lenensis voL v for 1756, pp. 3—6, a very imperfect collation : the second is found in the Neue Bibliothek der schoenen Wissenschaften vol. 59 pp. 311—327, where F. C. Mattbiae supplies what was omitted in the other place from a fuller collation sent to him by Kulenkamp and taken from the margin 31 of a copy of Pithoeus' edition, Paris 1590. On the back of tlie title- page was written 'In Aetna Y. significat cod. Florentinum, qucm inde iiabuit Ernstius, nempe solum partem illam'. Matthiae thinks the collation is not Ernstius', but N. Heinsius', as Burmann, n. to Oxid met. I 85, gives two of its readings '^^ith these words 'sed legendum «x antique codice Mediceo quern Heinsius contulit'. One Henr. Ernstius published in 1641 a veiy brief catalogue of the Lauren tiau library: in it I tind no mention of this codex : he enumerates merely the same mss. of Vii^gil which Bandini describes: Lucca would seem to be the place where it really existed I have taken great pains to get from these two sources as complete a collation as I could of this fi-agment of 150 lines : it begins with v. 138 and ends with 286 : but we have no account what- ever of itB condition, its age, its orthography; for the one or two notable instances, as caussa, erranteisj which the collations record, I feel con- vinced come merely from the edition of Pifchoeus, which so prints these words: not one remarkable spelling I believe is given differing from Pithoeus. Wernsdorf suspects its best readings and scarcely makes any use of them: Jacob employs them often very unskilfully. Yet for this part of the poem wldch chances to be obscure, this fragment is quite invaluable: many passages are not intelligible without ifc. To doubt its essential genuineness is monfrtrous: in 150 vsa» it gives ten times as many brilliant and certain corrections of the other msa. as a Scaliger can make ia the whole ix)em. Quite as incontestable in my opinion is its superiority over a in these vss. as is the superiority of a over all other mss. : when one finds so much here that can be understood only from p, one trembles to think how much must remain uncorrected in the rest of the poem, p gives us two lines, found in no other ms. : as a in the (jther parts gives us 3 or 4 other vss. which «, i. e. all the other mss. want, I infer that to suppose a lacuna of one or more vss, in some other difficult passages is a legitimate and simple method of emendation. One certain test, if test l)e wanted, of the genuinene»5S of p is this : in some of the passages in which it is right a alone agrees with it, w are all different : in stiU more it is right 01 nearly so, then follows a, then come o), much ferther than u from p : for examples of the first kind look at 230 uinclo 188 incendi, 163 sese; for instances of the second kind see 151, 157. 162, 165, 166, 169 170. 214, and 210 and 212, both notable instances: as samples of the excellence of p comparc'd with all others, comp, 1 38, 140, HI, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 166, 175, 182, 183, 184, 187, 192, 194, 199, 2U6, 209, 214, 216, 320. 221, 224, 227, 233, 238, 246, 248, 253, 264, 279, 284, 286: again p alone has 276 277 278 in their right places. But then on the other band a has points of superiority over p, too agreeing more with a than with (3, as might be expected: thus in the 3 verses last referred to and in 259 which follows them, though p I 32 1ms them in the right order, a has clcTtrly the better readings. This lb the case too in othei passages, for which I refer to the ciitical notes and comnieiitary : thus in 236 tlie sirange Pmiope of p is difiicult to accoont for except on tbc hypothesis of designed interpolatioa : in other cases such as 244 I cannot tlecidc between *tendjnt' of ««, und paiidant of p, 203 'magnoa' of aw, and ' tantos of p: in most of these instaiices I prefer the readings of a and «, because I am sure of their geuuineneas ; while we cannot say in the absence of all evidence whether the reading> of p may not have been taiupored with. Jn several passages for reasons given in the commentary I prefer a decidedly to p: in a few, such as 189 190, and 251, if we hav^ the genuine lections of p, I can only ac- count for them by supposing two recensions in ancient times. But B is too dhort a fragment and the evidence for each different reading too uacertain to enable ks \q decide 8ucK a question, or to determine wliat is Lhe exact relation between pand a of the poem filled also three leaves; and since they would not give its full complement of 25 lines to each page, this might' be employed as a further argument that several vsw. have been lost in a ttntl w: an assumption peremptorily called for by otlier and more cogent reasons. A few words have now to be said of the reputed authors of our poem. It came down among the smaller works attributed to Virgil ; t whom it is assigned by our best mss. ay**, 8 has simply * de etna monte.' As it has manifestly no claim whatever, less even than the oulex or ciris to be his work, I need not controvert what none will now maintain. The nj^e of Cornelius Beverus has found more ac- ceptance in modern times : to him it was given by some Italian scholar at least as early as the 15th century; for my t bears his name on its title, and Fuhius Ursinus in his Virgil, c. Gr. scr. coil. p. 272 ed. 1568 tells us that he found a ms. written by Fomponius Laetus with the heading corneli sevehi aetna- The early editions have VirgiFs name together with the words 'a quibusdam Cornelio tribuitur* ; and, though the more cautious Aldine editor calls it 'incerti authoris', Scaliger in his passionate exaggeration of the merits of tJie poem gladly gave its authorship to a poet of so good tin age as Cornelius ►Seveiau*. His judgment from which there was no appeal settled the question for two centuries, until Wernsdorf in 17^^5 brought forward a new H \ I t ^a ^ ii • *: favourite, notwithstanding a protest from Markland, incHnad even to underrate the merit and age of f Le poem, who declared with reason that there was no resemblance between its style and that of the undoubted remains of Sevems. In truth the longest fragment, that of 25 verses on the death of Cicero preserved by the elder Seneca, has an Ovidian fulness and ela^iticity and easy flow which we look for in vain in any part of our poem. His friend Ovid addresses him a,s the * uates mag- norum maxime regum'; and Quintilian, x 1 89, says that, though he IS a better versifier than poet, yet if the whole of his *bellum Siculum ' had been written like the first book, he would have justly claimed the second place among Roman heroic poets, above Ovid himself. There is no doubt that the Italian scholar who first assigned the poem to Severus, was led to do so solely through a passage in the 79th epistle of Seneca, where he is speaking of his fi-iend Luoilius' intention to describe Etna in his poem, ^hunc sollemnem omnibus poetis locum*; 'quem quominus Ouidius tractaret nihil obstitit quod iam Vergilius impleuerat: ne Seuerum quidem Cornelium uterque deterruit'. But the natural meaning of Seneca's words, as Wernsdorf has seen, is that Severus had inserted in his ^ bellum Siculum ' a short episode about Etna, 83 Virgil had done in his Aeneid and Ovid in his metamorphoses. Tins passage therefore is by no means in favour of his claims, as our poem forms a distinct and complete whole. These very words of Seneca however led Wernsdorf, and have since indtuced Jacob and many others to maintain unhesitatingly that Lucilius himself is the author: with what truth we have next to examiae. For the sole purpose of throwing some light on this question I have read through the wliole of Seneca's letters. The results obtained I had intended at first to state at some length; but I have since come to the conclusion that the matter is not important enough for this; and I have accordingly compressed what I have to say into as brief h space as possible. In his 21st epistle Seneca says 'quod Epicurus amico suo potuit promittere, hoc tibi prornitto, Lucili : habebo apud posteros gratiam, possum mecum duratura nomina educer^'; and he has kept his word: but for Seneca's writings the name of Lucilius would have been unknown to us. As it is, we seeiiim in a gieat variety of aspects; for to him are addressed the whole of Senecal's letters, the fir.t book of the dialogues, and the seven books of naturales quaestiones, in all much more than half his extant works. From these various sources we learn much about Lucilius : his cognomen was lunior, he was procurator of Sicily during the whole time that Seneca corresponded with him; of humble birth he had raised himself to this place by his own merits : * in medium te pro- tulit ingenii vigor, scripttirum elegantia, clarae et nobilea amicitiae'. He had seen much service, had crossed the Great and Little St Bernard 3 i 34 and tlie Illyriau passes; tlie tyranny of Gains had not been able to force Lim to abandon Gaetuiicus, nor the freed men of Claudius made hiui nufaithful to other friends. Seneca whovse letter* appear to have been written in old age, calls hira a 'iauenu}' in couti-ast with him- self. But as ho must have arrived at years of discretion in 39, when Gaetuliciio 2»erisbed, lie must have passed the age of forty some years before Seneca's deatli. Seneca spe>iks of his philosophical tai^tes, and these are sufficiently proved by the whole tenon r of their corresjx^ndence. He also calls him * my poet' and cites several of his verses; and in the 79th letter, of which we have already upoken, he alludes to Lucilius' design of describing Etna in his poem, a trite topic with poets, as Ovid had done after Yirgil. Severus after Ovid: *aut ego te non noui aut Aetna tibi saliuam mouet : iam cupis grande aliquid et par prioribus acribere*. This passa^^e implies that Etna was to fiirra an episode in some poem, as it had done in the Aeneid, the metnmorphose-, and the work of Cornelius Severus, and would Feem at fii"st sight to oppose the claims of Lucilius as much as those of 8everus. Uut there is this diifer.enc<; : the poem of Sevenis was already written, that of r>ucilius was not; and as hiii materials and interest in the eubjcct increased, he m^y have chosen to Aviite an independent work on Etna. Would then thti age of our poem agree with that of liuciliue '? exactly, 1 think ; for I hnYii no doubt it Wongs to the silver age. When it is freed from the barbarous rliythms introduced into it by Scaliger, Goralliis, Weinsdorf and Jacob, its technical style is exactly that of Lucan and other poet« who formed themselves on tlio model of Oi^id; and I cannot but think it was written before Yal. Flaocus, Statius and Silius had set the fashion of slavislily copying Virgil's thoughts and language: our poem, small as its virtues are, is independent enough on the whole In its matter aud manner. That Lucilius wiis fond of Ovid would appear from Soneoa nat. qnaest. iv 2 2 'qnare non cum poeta meo ioeor et illi Ouidium saum impingo'. It contains however I think still more positive evidence of its age: Wemsdorf has noted that tho artificial Triton mentioned in 29.'3 seems to allude to a mechiinical contrivance of the age of Claudius; and ho find Jacob allege this as a certain proof that the poem wits not written before this time. Very likely the poet may allude to this very ma**hine; but this is by no means eert^un, as I have shewn in my notes to the passage that similar Tritons, as well as water-organs, are desuiihed by Heix)n of Alexandria long before. Again tho writer, anxious to illusti-ate his subject in every way, carefully describes nil the extinct or nearly extinct volcanoes he knows, tboc;e of the Aeolian islands, Isx-hia, and the region between Naples and Cumae which he hail hims»;lf in- spected. If thnn the 'Vesaeui Hesperiae letalis apex' had, wlun Le wrote, already burst on the a.stonished world, he could not possibly have i 35 jmssed over this far more ]>ertinivell as an epicurean ; nay a believer in Ze-no of Elea. as well iis a partisan of Zeno of Citium: the other two j)assai,^e8 directlj disprove what he asserts. Not to dwell on minor points, there are three passai^e? in the poem, eax^h distinctly enuntiatini^ a leading stoical doctrine: lirst, 33 — 35, where the divinity of the stars is maintained : this a peripatetic indeed might have held as well as a stoic ; certainly not an epicurean. The 2nd passage is 173 174, vv'here the end of the present state of things and the return of the world to its original state are hinted at, in exact conformity with the teaching of the stoics, in direct contradiction to tlut of Epi^uinis who taught tJiat our world would one day pass away into its constituent atoms and be 3—2 36 as tlioiigh it never had been. The third passage h o37 foil, where the poet recominends the ' venssima dicta' of Heraelitus' obscure book, that fii-e war. the end of all things and the element of all things: his subse- quent imitations of the language of Lucretius no more shew him to be an epicurean, than the many close imitations of the same writer by the stoic Manilias prove it of him. If then Lucilius was an epicurean when our poem was written, he did not write it. It is with reference mainly to this point that I have gone through Seneca's letters. I will give a summary of the results I have obtained : if I were to state the evidence at length, I should have to fill many pages with extracts. Lucilius appears to have been a man of literary and philosophical tastes, given to much and multifarious reading: epist. 2 2 *illud autem uide ne ista lectio auctorum multorum et omnis generis uoluminum hiibeat aliquidnagum et instabile': without as yet a fixed creed, but anxious to have one; ready to be convinced by the arguments of Seneca, and accepting much of what he lays down, but still, as we can see from the very last of Seneca's letters^ refusing to accept some of the most ex- treme stoical paradoxes. That during any period of their correspond- ence Lucilius was a professed epicurean, I do not believe : even in the earliest letters Seneca often speaks of Epicurus and hi.<: sect, as he could hardly have i Epicuri tui reddtre*: compare the * Ouidius tuus' already spoken of: in the 107 th epistle we have 'Epicurus norter* : the 68th epi.stle too has more tJian one expression, indicating some relation between Lucilius arid Epicurus. But all this is very far from shewing that Lucilius was a professed believer in Epicurus; and indeed from first to last Seneca wiites in a way that seems to jn<- to contradict such a supp vsition : no epicurean could have held the doctT-ines about provi- dence, the gods €tc. which Seneca attributes to his friend even at the beginning of their correspondence. It seeuii clear enough then that Lucilius was, like many of his countrymen, an eclectic, with a distaste for the iron consistency of the Greek specelativc spirit; finding much to approve and something to dislike in each of the rivul schools of Epi- enrus and the Porch, then the most popular systems in Koine. Seneca himself shrunk from some of the extremest st«jioal paradoxes and owed much to the more human and humane teaching of Epicurus. We learn from Gellius that there were at least two more books of Seneca's letters to Lucilius; but at the end of the twenty extant Lucilius is still a doubter of the truths of stoicism. However it is possible enough that further reflexion and the subsequent death of Seneca may have produce : 353 in tenuisU in tcnui a «, tenuis t r : 470 39 domitast, etaniu : domita stanti a : m omit the verse : 548 ingeniosl : ingenio est I g*, ingenium est a «> : 607 longwmst : longum a «> ; 388 ter- raest: tei'rent a o>: terraest first became terrtst : 63 i rapereH : rapies a « : 4:10 Jldest ; ut tnim est : fides tutum est », fide tutum est a : on the Other hand, 256 sp^rbps d w rightly, segne est p : 448 notis a rightly: nota est I r, nocte Y 8 €. This st is a very fruitful source of coiruption* I believe for instance that in Propert. iir (11) 34 53 we should read 'Nee si post Stygias aiiquid refet (i.e. i-e est) arbiter undas': comp. -Sunt aliquid manes' and the like. Probably in many cases w^here our mp.s. nov^ give est in full, our author wrote si, as in 19 instances In which est now occurs at the end of a verse ; as well as in no less than 38 instances whei^ a vowel or an m is elided before est by our mss in other partf^ of the verse. If the poet did not always write the enclitic sty he probably meant us so to pronounce, as in most of these cases an elision would not bo admissiole according to his principles of versification which are mostly Ovidian, the prevailing fashion in his age. Thus while que or other instances of ^ are ft^ely elided, more than 100 times; he is much moro chary in eliding v tMpa Avkdtt>povi. T^hese passages I quote at length, because they are the only ones I know where this "YXrj u mentioned by name; though Strabo p. 68S alludes to the same worship; ctra roXi? KovpLov opfxov i)(ov(Tay ^Apy€L(i)P KTLcrpa. rjBrj o^v irdp^ari (TKOTfUv rrjv paOvfiCav Tov iroL'qcravTO'; to cXcyctov tovto ov tj dpx'i^ *\pa\ tuj ^oif^ia' TToXkov Sta KvpuOi OiovdOX *HX^o/ui€v at raxivat ro^a tf>vy€7v cAa(/>oi. cW i 40 HSuXos la-TLy #<-.t,A. dp)(rj S* ovy tov Suc/AtKou napdrrXov to Kovpiov tov pX€Trovro<; rrpo^ 'P63ov, kol €vO\k 1(ttlv uKpa a<^* ^5 pUrovcn tovs dij/afxivovq rod /3u)^wd rod 'AiroXXovo*?. This must have been the headland ^povpiov mertioned by Ptolemy V 13 just before Kovpioy ; and the whole of the small peninsula of Kovpiov mu?t have been assigned to the worship of Apollo Hylatea • 8teph. Byz. 'Afiafjiacra6s' toAls Kvirpov Iv ^ ri/iarat 'YXar?;? "XiroXXuiV : 'EpvV^€ta- rro'Ai? Kuxpov eV ^ 'ATroUtuv Tt//arat *YAa- n??. AloirJcrio? ^atraapLK^v rplrrj, Ot t* Ix^^ 'YXarao ^/?poi/ *Epv(r^£iaV tc Kat tlvaXtrjv 'Afxapvcraov : Tefxfipo^' WXts KvVpov cV y rcTLfxrjrai. 'YXdrrj? 'AttoAAwv. Tlie conspicuous position of the peninsula in qiiefttion must have made this name of Apollo well- known in Alexandrine and Roman times. The name recalls what Pau- sanias x 32 6 says, speaking of Magnesia upon Maeander or Lethaeus, co-Tt 8c Kal Tots £7rl TTora/xw ArjOalu) Mdyinrj/TLV *YAttt KaXov/iivov x^piov* ivravOa ^AttoAAcovi dvelrai o-mjXaiov, fxeytdov^ filv cj/c/ca ov ttoAAov Oav- /xaro5, TO 8i dyaXfia tov "AttoXXwvos rd fidXiorra dpxalov : the similarity of names and worship would seem to imply some connexion. In pre- Aiexandrine times Cyprus was more than half- barbarian : when it became the chief possession of the Egy|>tian crown, doubtless Apollo Hyl.'ites, little known to old (Greece, would be celebrated by other Alex- andrine \\a'iters besides Lycophron,— writers now lost but accessible to our author, who, as we shall often have occasion to see,, was a man of varied learning. 6 I now come to the Dodona of mss. which cannot be right, as Apollo had no business there. It once occurred to me that Dardania, in the Pvoman sense, might be the right reading : the wholes of that coast teemed with his sanctuaries: comp. Strabo C18 rroipd iracrav ydp Srj rrjv rrapaXtau TavTTjv o 'AttoAAcoi/ iKT€Ti/iriTtrf>vuyri and similar female patronymics. What has just been said of the poets and writers of Alexandria, applies more strongly to those of Antioch and Daphne • they have perished and deservedly so no doubt : yet there are many testimonies to shew that for six or seven centuries Daphne not only in splendour and beauty, but in fame as well, had taken the place of Delphi, as chief sanctuary of Apollo. But it is not in Euripides or Pindar that we read of this : we have to go to Philostratus, Galen, Liba- nius, Chrysostom, Sozomen, Nonnus, Justin, Servius and the like. The ongin of Apollo's woi-ship there is told by Justin xv 4 1 ^Seleucus nouus Ant.g(mo hostis accesserat. huius quoqne uirtus clam et oric^o ( i I i 41 admirabilis fuit; siquidem mater eius Laudice, cum nupta esset Antio- cho claro mter Philippi duces uiro, uisa sibi est per quietem ex concu- A 1 ^T ^^^^^P^«s« grauidamque factam cet. Ubi post mortem Alexandn occupato regno orientis urbem condidit, ibi quoque gemina^ origmis memoriam consecrauit. nam et urbem ex Antiochi patris nomine Antiochiam uocauit et campos uicinos Apollini dicauit'. Seleu- cus in 300 B.C. founded at the same time Antioch, which Chrysostom a native proudly terms the K,a\-^ Kal f^yjrrjp of all the cities of the east, and at five miles distance, higher up the Orontes, the park and sanctuary of Daphne which Chrysostom, Ammian and others so often call a suburb of Antioch. Daphne was no less famous than Antioch, which on coins, in inscriptions and books is as often caUed Antioch by Daphne, Antioch of Daphne, as Daphne is termed Daphne by Antioch : Kal -jvdvra ^v rj Adin^ ScAcvKo), says Libaniua in his Antiochicus. Chrysostom, whHe invidiously contrasting the earthly Daphne with the heavenly Jerusa- lem, cannot conceal what charms it had for the children of this world. To Antioch and Daphne was transplanted the whole worship of ApoUoi unable to create, the Syrian Greeks brought hither the very names of old Hellas, Castalia and the like : an omphalos, far larger than that of Delphi, was set up by Antiochus Epiphanes or Epimanes in the middle tetrastylon of his great central street of colonnades. Ausonius, de clar. urb. 3, says * Phoebeae lauri domus Antiochia.' But on the banks of the Oi-ontes Daphne was always called daughter of Ladon: nay the very nver was transfeiTed to Syria, like Castalia. Why? was Laodice connected with the Peloponnese and the parts of it where the Ladon flowed? Much else was brought from thence to Syria. On the hiU Silpion was an old Syrian lone, on which Seleucus Nicator sacrificed to Zeus Ceraunius in the spring of 300, before founding Antioch. This gave rise to the notion of an Argive- Athenian colony sent to recover lo, and to other tasteless perversions of the genuine my- thology. Ladon is a fine river, but not better than twenty others in the 'great Dorian island of Pelops' ; and in the unperverted legend was known as father of Metope famous in the mythical history of Thebes and Hellas: see Pindar olymp. vi and his scholiast, and Diodorus iv 72. Even in Ovid and Hyginus we know Daphne only as daughter of Peneiis. But Antioch changed all this : Pausanias yiii 20 1 thus° writes: o Be AaSoji/ norafiwy rm' iv 'EXXdBi vOup Trapix^rai KaXXiaTov, ^x^i Be Kal aA.Ao)9 €? dvOpMTTOv^ Hm^ '«at Ta aSo/xcva €S rijv Adft>V7jv. tov Xoyov 8k rod €s Aa^i'77,/ Ta p.€v Svptots toU otVovtrtF im *Op6vTr} irorafx^ 7rapny/it K.T.A. What was told by the Syrians on the Orontes?' PhilosWatns in his life of Apollonius 1 16 p. 19 will throw some light on this : i'7r€oLTrja€ Ktti 'AvTtoxjia ry fi€ydXy Treiravfin'o^ tov crtw-rrdv, Kal TrapijXOcv h to Upov TOV Aai/atov *A7roAAa>vovrjv CKct fJLcraKJivyou Xeyoiwrt kol Trora^o? ocvrot? pet Axi^wv KOL (fiVTov TLixdrai, irap' avrois 6aov Kat nrj-yai cKOtdaxjti' o ;j(/>a(r\v €rjl3re, Soromen says £in(iT€v(To Sc.-.petF avroSt koI vSwp pavTLKov diro KairTttAxas T^^v 7t^yyj<>, 0/U.OUJ? Tiys iv AeX^ot? ei/c/oyeias tc hoi irpocrrjyopiai Xa^^ovirr]*:. And the story of Cyparissus was traus[)lanted in the same way a« that of Daphne; the cypresses that Symbolised him being su lait-ge and so famous that the code of Justinian even specially enacts they shall not bo cut down or sold. Sozomcn,hi&t. eccles. v 19, after describing the charmsf of Daphne, these eypresses and their ro<»ilike shade, the flowers, the wat&i'fci, goes on tO'^ay IvravOa 8c TraiScs *h\ki^uiv p,v9euuwTL ^dcfiVTjv rrjv AaSmvoi; Tov rrorrtipLov^ i$ ApKuSla^ tv>yQvcrav 'ATroAXwva fov (.pijanjv; el* o/tMuivvpov <^vTov avrqv p-ircH^aXelv tov 6c /ut/^c ovrujs uTrtjAAuy^rTa tov TTaOov^ (rr6^Uvu>$7Jvat TotS' /cXaSots rfjs cp Tonov, watTrpoo'cSpcvctv- t(u ;^wp^ar Xocttoi' Kat TyCro t\d(rr}% ri)% yrj^ pdkioma. doTrd^io-Qat kal ^tXi/o6 du8op,€vov TroTa/Ltoio, *Epy ' ydpuuxy arvyiovircL, S€p.aeinou rruoqycpia yotivara ru/Jt^iy?, IlaJ^ iroTC ot^ov ^^ciryc, Boprjibi crvvSpofxot avprj, Hu)^ 8i€p6v irafid ^(^ei'fja TiraLvop.€VOv Trorap.o'io Ilap^cViov voSa trrj^e trap' cvpvpieOpov OfjovTTjy, "Orr-TUTC yata )(avov(Ta nap €Vv6pov ardpo. Xlfxyt^^ TlatSa ^LuyKopcvrjv olKTippoyi Sc^aro koAtto). Scholiast to LycopHron 6 Ad^mv 6 iv *ApKa8iq. irorapoi rfj yj crvyycvo/xcvos eyhnja^ rralSa dvopLan Aa^i'iyv k. t.X* So com- pletely now had the daughter of Ladon supplanted the daughter of Peneus, that Pausanias, x 7 8, can day 8a<^v7/^ 8e orTcavos h-l t<5v Ilu^twj' rtj vircr} Kar aXXo f-ity ipjol SoK€tv ctrTtv ovBiv, oVi 8« rfjs Aa^vos Ovyarpos *A7roAAa)va €pa(j$rjvai Kar&xv^^^ V ^WV- ^^^ '^^^ ^^^ ^^^ known to Latin writers : ServiusVirg,ecliuC3 *ScimuB et Daphneu Ladonis fluminifi Arcadiae filiara dileetam ab ApolUne et Terrae miseratione in launim conversam • id. Aen.ii513 ^Daphne filia Ladonis fluuii Arcadiao et Terrae iiiit et. : ibid. 680 he tells the story of Cyparissus, how *relicta Greta ad Orontem I 43 fluuimn et montem Casium dicitur peruenisse atque ibi in cypre^jum arborem commutatua'. Statins Theb. tv 289 * et qui tibi, Pythie, Ladon Paene socer' ; 8^7 ' Te nee Apollineus Ladon'. Galen in hia de compos, medic, sec. locos i, chap, 1 near the end, vol. xu p. 421 — 426 Kuhn, dcsciibcs a grease very efficacious in curing baldness. The recipe wal found after the owner's death, cv nvKjiBt 8t4>(^^a, : it was wHtten in figurative language not easy to interpret. Galon attempts this with apparent success; but yet with regard to each of the other iflgredienta he wiU only say 'I think it means so and so'; as when he acutely explains 'a pound of fat from a shapeless child' to mean a pound of grease from a young beai- before its mother had licked it into ^hape. One of the ingredients howewr, p. 423, is Aa8ojvt&os cjivXMv dnaX^v XvXoO, of which he gays, p. 426, Xa.^isivi8os 81, on rrj^ hd^vr^s Xiyn, ovk av olpai TLva 8iaiTapij(Tpin so world-renowned at that time was the daughter of Ladon. By whom chiody or when she got thi^ renown 1 cannot tell : perhaps TToXXa J/cvSoKrat doiZoL, wiuj all that could be fiaid for the poets of Antioch. The iege/id [ doubv not was coeval with the foundation of the city, and connected somehow with the family of Seleacus. But the Museum of Antioch appears to have been of later celebrity. Cicero, pro Archia 4, speaking of tliis native of Antioch says 'se ad scribendi studium eontulit, primum Antiochife (nam ibi natus est nobili Ioco)» celebri quondam utIk; et copiosji atque eruditiasimis hominibus liberalis simisque studiis afP.nenti'^ Archias among others may have helped to give the story its great celebrity : Ovid did not know or neglected this form of the legend? A comparison of the readings and comments of Scaliger, Gorallus, Wernsdorf and Jacob would I think commend mine. 7 Fkdo: I am not sure that this has not reference to Antioch and Daphne: north of them and the Orontes was a district and a moun- tain both named PJeiia: Strabo p. 74P 'Avnd^^M rj iirl Aa'^i/?; kol ^€KivK€La 1] Iv ritcpta: Pliny V 79 ^dein promunturium Syriae Anti.- ochiae. intus ipsa Antiochia libera Epidaphnes cognominata. Oronte amne diuidittir. in proinunturio autem Seleucia libera Pieria appellata: Strabo p. 751 Trpo? OaXdrrrj hi tovtwv itrriv 7 ^(kiVKCta kqI tj HifpLa, opo% cruf^t? TO) *A/Jiav». 8 iutiusj it is straiige so many edition^ should prefer the ill -attested cautius. — 28 : the golden age and tiie legends of old times have been sung so ofteai, ihat they aro as- familiar as our own times to us all. T essay something more real: to explain the iiiovoments and the fires of Etna. — The thought in these vss. is an. expansion of the opening lines of the 3rd georgia 9 securi: an epithet expressing the chief blessing of tlio golden age. 11 fmdibtLS : the fni.ijibus of t ^ and all editions is manifestly interpolated: Forcellinus wil) give instances from Cicero and others of j^wc^i^d applied to all the produce of the ground; Oses. beU. ^k li. 44 Gall. I 28 3 the best mss. have fruclilms^ the inteq)olated frugiJbuax Nipperdey p. 55 gives abundant illustration. 1 2 naturae : the sacrae of S" Scaliger and many editions is a mere corruption ari^dng from the confusion of t and c in all late mss. : comp. satur autumnus^ ras aatunnn and the like. 13 auo pede: Bacchus ran into wine by his ovon foot; i. e. he did not require to be trodden out by the feet of the treaders, as explained by Tumebus and others. He confounds by a metonymy common in the poets the god, the vine and the wine itself; but you will hardly find elsewhere so harsh an instance of ' Bacchi nomine abuti'. 14 Penderent foUis: before Jupiter put an end to this ago, *Mellaque decussit foliis', as Yiigil geor. I 131 says. 15 ^Se cretos, fc e. a se oi^tos, I have written, aa I see no force in Secretos : also with some hesitation aleret : Pallas gave biith to and kept up a suj^ply of rivers of oil for the rich olive: she did for oil what Bacchus did for wine, luni gratia rtiris, i.e. ei erat: then the country had charms for her; and she had not yet become a town-haunting lady. He s^eems again to refer to Yirgil's ' Pallas quas condidit arces IjiKa colat : nobi^ placeant ante omnia siluae': corap. too Claudian in Bufin. i 383 'passim Vina fluent oleique lacus'. It is perhaps |K),ssible to defend ag&rety *set in motion,' by such passages a.s Aen. ix 812 'sudor Liquitur et piceum... fiumen agit'; Lucr. ii 676 ' Scintillasqne agere'. However I have changed but a single letter of the mss., whereas De Rooy, followed by Haupt in his program of 1859 p. 7, reads 'oliua, Secures omnes aleret cum gi-atia niris': L e. the beriy, personified by Pallas, hung on the tree: an anticlimax surely for the golden age; as that is true of the poet's and our own iron age as well. 17 Vltima Jacob well illustrates by the proverb in Strabo p. 497 Ets 4>a(nv ^vOa vauo-ii/ €Gr;)(aros Spo/xos: comp. Lucr. I 9^9 'si quis pro- currat ad oras Yltimus extromas'. Scaliger here is quite beside the mark. 18 19 a v. seems to be l(»st here such as this ' Incensum, aut Sipylo bis sex ad busta niuali Inpositam': Perganion is neuter in 589 *flebile uictis Pergamon' : again inpositam igni has here no meaning; and a disjunctive particle is wanted. Niube I believe to be spoken of in 18; though many other heroic dames have been suggested: comp. Nemesian. cyneg. 15, who seems to be imitating our poem, 'Nam quis non Nioben numeroso funere maestam lam cecinit' : and Propert. HI (ii) 20 7 ' Nee tantum Niobae bis sex ad busta superbae Sollicito lacrimae detluit a Sipylo*. 20 Au. di. : Ovid amores iii 12 39 ' Auer- sumque diem mensis furialibus Atrei'. spar, in seni. den. = Ovid 1. 1. 35 'Thebanaque semina dentes' : in sernina - pro seminibus : a sense which in semine of mss. could not have. But perhaps Jacob's misprint SSpartumue in semine', i. e. Spartorum in semine, may be what the poet wrote : the ex- presaion then being still nearer Ovid's. 21 22 allude to the very words f 45 of Catulios LXiv 57 60 132-135 247. 23 here again there must be a hiatus, and I believe of the kind indicated in my text: the eye of the co])yist wandered from the middle of one v. to the same part of the next : this would give the sense needed, 'Quicquid in antiqu[o narratur tempore gestum (or ' gestum est memorabile saeclo' or the like), Oninis per uarijum iactata est fabula carmen': Nemesian. 46 seems to be again imitating our poem; ' Haec iam magnorum praecepit copia uatum, Omnis et antiqui uulgata est fabula saecli' : iactata est = uulgata est. 24 igiiota^ euros are the 7ioua uota and the insoUtum of 7 and 8. cwras'. comp. Tacitus ann. in 24 'si effectis in quae tetendi, plures ad curas uitam produxero'. 25 operi: Etna and its fires, as ex- plained in 1. 25 26 a» neither tanta nor dermnn ha^ any substan- tive, a V. is clearly lost such as ' quae tanta perenni [Impete uis subter glomerans incendia, niinbum] ExpHcot in densum flammas': witJi this and what follows comp. Claud, rapt. Proserp. i 161 'Nunc uomit indigenas nimbos piceaque granatum Foedat nube diem ; nunc molibus astra lacessit Terrificis damnisque suis incendia ntitrit., Quae scopulos tormenta rotant ? quae tanta procellas Vis glomerat? quo fonte ruit Vulcanius amnis T 27 n8ant superi'. cado mttuit: Sen. Hippol. 1136 *M6tuens caelo luppiter alto Yicina petit'. deoot. cor. cet. : Virg. geor. i 328 ' Ipse pater... crusca Fulmina molitur dextra' : his editors cite. Sen. Hipp. 156 'Vibrana coru«ca fulrnen Aebia^um manu'. 55 rem. cal. rnun. Wernsdorf well illustratrs by Ovid fa.sti II 11)3 *Sol fugit et remouf^nt subeuniia nubila caelum': *he withdraws the sky from sight by thick durknec^s*. 58 discord^i h perhaps indicated by the dlscordcs of mss;: 517 sorlei. sorte o.h\: 576 piei\ piis a 8?, pio y^: 621 pieis: dees aw: 138 a « have vortl^ p lias nocte^ perhaps nodd is right. I gladly retain any vestiges of the older spelling, as at the date of our poem there evidently were dilTerent schools, some grammarians keeping more to older, .^^ome to mbre A 47 r(bQtf\i forms. From Quintilian one would infer that many forms had gone out of nse, which the best ms-;. of the elder Pliny, Juvenal and othei-s shew to have been employed by their respective authors: thus too in 625 I keep the nom. plur. fortis, 594 rorantis, and 358 potm- ^>, the best mss. of fliny often giving this form: 134 I write cfewsm, a having da.xds : Catulb Lxviii 67 clas^m mss. for davs^m : the archa- isms trrardvU and causm given to ^ in 1<57 and 212 come I fear onJy from Pithoeus. smitum, suggested by Jacob after Wakefield's //•em^^^^77^, seems necessary; for who are the eomltes of the winds 1 discordei soni- Imn. became fin\ end two consecutive vss. : 453 lapidem esst •niolarem. 99 Per tola perc. : for this construction comp. Lucr. vi 668 and Lach. p. 367: the simple accus. is usual. 100 Ad ultam seems to be joined with what precedes: *to maintain life', mngu'ts: the only quantity known to Lucretius: though commonly short in and after the Augustan age, it is long more than once iji Ovid, Lucan, Silius; and once in Virgil, Tilmllu«», Seneca, Val. Flaccus. 102—117 a long involved sentence, giving the various ways in which the cavernous nature of the earth might be exjdained : 102 aut is answered iriegularly in 110 sme, then 112 seUy 114 aut, 115 siice: Jacob well compares the similarly involved sentence in Manil. i 122 foil.: 122 Quern sme, 125 5m, 128 Sine, 132>StW, 135 Seu^ 137 Aut— i\.\yii}-\r\g mio neque — nec—nec— AiU — que — Et — que: Manilius too is discussing a similar question. 102 — 110 the earth either had this cavei-niais natui-e at its fir^t formation. 103 SOTS — Prima: Manil. i 155 'Tertia sors undas cet.' 104 des. inf. tel.: Manil. 1 15'.] ^ Vltima subs»:.dit glomerate pondere tellus' : here too 4 I 50 our poet follows a stoic: but in Manil. 163 we should surely read 'Eb saccata ma^ struxerunt aequora terram': the sea m clearing itself strg-ined off its slime and so helped to build up the dry land : siccata of mss. and editions has no sense: the best mss. have struxerunt, not strinxerunt of editions. 105 tortis in a alone ; neither Wernsdorf nor Jacob adopting it, though Davies de nat. deor. p. 204 says * tortis rim, ca. quemadmodura diserte representat ms. qui fait in bibliotbeca prae- stantissima loannis Mori, nuper Eliensis episcopi' i.e. our a. These vss. are unintelligible in all mss. buf a, rnl editions have made matters worse. 106 Exilit: Manil. I 165 *orbisque per undas Exiliit*; Lu- cilius Junior a|) Sen. nat. quaest in 1 1 * Elisus Siculis de fontibus exilit am 111 H ■ 10' it is wautiiig, or as in all editions abs\irdly corrupted, charyhdis is curious : it may be added to the Greek words he uses in a Greek sense : comp. Eur. suppl. 501 Ovh' ijpiracrev xapi^y^St? otWoo-zcoVov' T^BpiirTrov ^ppa TTcpi^aXouo-a xaV/xart : Strabo p. 275 'Opovn;? cV t^ Svpia KaraSvs cts xq /A€Ta4v xcwr/^a \\7Tafi€Laq kol 'Avrtoxcta?, o KaXovcL xoipvf^Siv k.tX, 110 foil, or if it wa-w*«.i.*%4^^r] ^J. ^^..l..!^'^ ,'« 1 SI «re not I think violent: 120 Nam mille for Nam ille is I think certain : uocnoque I read, and in 386 I keep uocant = uacant : see my n. to Lucr. I 520 where I give the authorities to shew that the a in these words does not appear in inscriptions before the age of Domitian : pro- bably then in our author's time the spelling uoco, etc. was still usual : with ayat apta of a for agitata comp. 107 uacat acta a, vacv/xta t r, 399 'mola acris a, molari^ w. ex tenui i.e. from where the earth is thin and porous : Propert has tenuis pumex : uocuo^ from where the ground is quite hollow : Seneca 1. 1. * causa manlfesta est : sub terra uacat locus'. 121 iienas: Hirtius bell. GalL 43 4 *uenae fontis intercisae sunt adque auersae' ; Sen. 1. 1. 19 4 *habet ergo non tantum uenas aquarum terra, ex quibus conriuatis liuminaeiiici possunt, sed amnes magnitudinis uastae'. 122 trahat and contrahat, as remarked above, seem to be used with studied point: *in order that that which is to draw together a considerable stream, may draw its supplier out of a fuU store': the sense seems to require my Vt. Comp. Seneca just quoted, and nat. quaest. VI 7 3 'neque enim sufficeret tellus ad tot flumina edenda, nisi ex reposito multoque funderet' : ex pleno = *ex reposito multoque' : Sen. L 1. iii 29 1 *quidam existimant terram quoque...nova iluminum capita detegere quae amplius ut e pleno profnndant'. Jacob devotes nearly three pages of small print to expound theye three vss. and the result produced by a lively imagination acting on inferior mss. ig as follows: Non Nili ex tenui vortex alit arva; necesse est, Confluat, errantes arcessens undique et undas Attrahat cet. 120 — 122 explain 118 *tantos — uidet': then 123 * Flumina cet.' illustrate *ac torrens — hialu'. 123 the pleonasm here may perhaps be compaied with Lucr. 1 1031 'Efficit ut largis auidum msLTe Jiuminis undis Integi'ont amnes', and Virgil's 'rapidus montano flumine torrens' : Hor. epod. 2 25 * Labuntur altis interim riuis' Bland. 1 etc.: but most mss. and editions ripis. 124 illa.Le. flumina. 125 /atalij out of which they never reissue into the light. 129 a line misunderstood by wrong stopping in editions : the earth serves either as a resting-place, hospitiurriy or a passage, semiia, for the waters. 130 pi- groAjue cet.: comp. 157 * Pigraque ct in pondus conferta immobilis esset'. 133 qtmedam I read for quxi etiam which Wenisdorf and Jacob strangely retain : comp. with this and what precedes, Sen. nat. qaaest ifi 26 3 ' quaedam flumina palani in aiiquem specum decidunt et sic ex oculis auferuntur; quaedam consumuntur paulatini et intercidunt. eadera ex uiteruallo reuertuntur recipiunt/que et nomen et cursum cet.' incondite 9iu\ must mean 'rise without having before been buried': somewhat similar is LucanvilOl * mixta iacent incondita uiuis Cor- pora'. 135 S)nr, Int. seems to express much the same as the caeca splramenta of V^irg. geor. i 89 : the air escapes through holes too fine for sight; it is illustrated hy 142 hicmnperta cet. so that Gorallus' 4—2 I < 52 patent is against the sense. 135 pujnera : see n. to 40. 136 haesura means ' cannot fail to attract' : coraj). Cic. ])hi]. xiii 5 * hi in oculis haere- bunt et, cum licebit, in faucibus': Yal.Flacc. i 333 4iaosuraqiie uerba relinque Auribus', the sense is dilTereni 138 here we have to bejiin to mediate between p and aw. demae nocti of aw I prefer to densa node of p, as less trite: we miglit compare Virgil's lateri condidit en- sem. 140 141 are intelligible m p alone, cahilia are the holes used by wild beasts for their lairs, retro stretching far inward : Lucr. iv 607 Moca...abdita retro'; Stat. Theb. ii 13 Mpsa^^ue tellus Miratur patuisse retro*. 141 yet it is harsh to make the antra subject of/odisse, which however ap« all have. 142 I give according to a, not p: perhaps the reading jissigned to the laHer is not genuine; as operum seems necessiiry : 'you cannot trace out these constructions': then it seems to me certain a V. ig lost here, as 143 is also an imperfect sentence: this would perhHj»s give the required sense: Hantum effluit intra [Flatibus assiduis aer: haec coguita sensu] Argumenta cet.': wind and air come out of tliem, you do not see how; from which you may infer air comes out of the unknown depths of earth. Pliny, Seneca and others often mention wind coming out of hollows and caves in the earth; the great difference of temperature in hot countries between the outer air and that within making thig probably very perceptible. Perhaps the lacuna is greater than one v. 144 euros hardly gives any sense : causas, as Jacob says, is what we want. 145 abstra^i^ cet. must mean 'draw from things seen belief in the unseen'. 147 I cannot decide between mcluso of p, and inchisis of a «. 148 by reading hie for Jtoc which cume from the next v., and changing the stopping, the sentence is plain: et quo plura uenti hie, sub terra, mouent. 152 massa I read for causa, the ma ■ having been absorbed in teTi^rrima: for this use of rmssa comj). Ovid met. I 70 *quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ista Sidera'; fasti i 108 * Inque nouas abiit massa soluta domos'. 158—187 : the^e winds, and the fires and other disturbances which they occasion, have not their origin near the surface: they come from below and are the effects of great pressure and resistance. Look at Etna and the wild confusion within its crater: this will give you the clearest conception of tremendous movements. 158 foil, are intelli- gible only in p: here and down to 177 he appears to speak of subterra- neous disturbances generally, whether resulting in earthquakes or vol- canoes or the like: the hiatus, probably of more than one v., after 142 renders the wh.ie i)assago obscure. 158 mmmis causis must mean * causes arising on the surface' : perhaps we might compare Aen. xn 434 ' Summaqiio per galeam delibans oscula'. 159 ojyus here and 1G9 means the work or result produced by thee commotions; and then in 186 b, 19.>, 33o, oG,> the like work or result in reference to Etna specially. v V { 53 162 is very cornipt in all editions and mss. except p, whose reading I liave followed, only adding the ia : a v. must be wanting here which I will not venture to supply. 163 sese both a and p: other mss. and all editions cori-upt it. 165 166 p here is nearest the truth, then a; " are all absurdly wrong: in p I only change aquasqv^ to acuatgue, which the sense demands : the constr. is ' ubi in uacuo defit id qui (ablat.) uacuum teneat uentos atque ita aeuat morantes'. 167 Explicat scat- ters them abroad and so destroys all their intensity. 168 turhare is neut. as often in Lucretius and others. 169 170 can be understood only m p : notusque premit densa ruina, premiturque uicissim nunc euri boreaeque ruina, nunc uterque, i.e. eurns et boreas, ruina huius i.e. noti: the last words are but a repetition in fact of the jxrcmit of 169: but he loves antithetical points: comp. n. to 53. 172 for ]>osition of que con)p, n. to 79. 174 aniiqui i.e. mundi; 'chaos is come again': Wernsdorf and Jacob will have the author to be Lucilius, and an epicu- rean ; and Jacob here refers to Lucretius : but clearly this is no doctrine of Epicurus or his followei-s: with them the world went back in a mo!ticnt into its primordial atoms : here it is supposed to assume merely its old chaotic form; and this agrees exactly with the stoical theory: coiojx Sen. epist. 58 24 *mnnd\is quoque, aeterna res et inuicta, mutatur )icc idem manet: quamuis enim omnia in se habeat quae habuit, alitor habct (piam habuit: ordinem mutat\ *si fas est credere' too of 173 is very unepicurean : Lucretius on a similar topic says contemptuously, VI 5G5, • Et metuunt magni naturam credere mundi cet. !' 175 Haec imriio : Tacitus often has im-nio in the 2d place. 176 v^nas are the canales or hollow ducts he &peaks so much of above : 98 foil, he compares these to the u^nae of the body. 177 * Etna gives proof of itself that all may see': for this use oi fides comp. 504 'plagis— fides'; 516 *Et figulos huic esse fidem': Jacob quotes Luean i 523 'addita fati Peioris manifesta fides*. 178 ine elided: so 284 and 472 sc, he is, as we have said, strictly Ovidian in his abstinence from harsh elisions. But Ovid and all who are most strict on such points freely elide 7/^€, ^e, se^ cum, turn, iam and a few similar monosyllables. 181 foil, the emptions, their nature and materials being the main pur|)ose of the poet, he comes at once to describe the appeai*ance of the crater, taking no notice of the lower parts of the mountain. 181 aditui are the openings down into the interior of the crater : 1 94 ^ arcent aditus' . 182 Porrigit of p must be right : Corrigit of a and « comes from the common confusion of c and p iu these mss. : but I doubt whether in the latter part of the v. we have the genuine reading of p: it cannot be right; as from 181 till 187 he is describing the form and appearance of the crater, ihQ fades, domus, sedea and area of such great workings, not the eruption and workings them- selves; I therefore, for the 'penitus quos exigit' of a, read 'penitusque 54 OS erigit*, surely a slight change : Strabo pp. 274 275 describes Etna, and tells how the crater looked to those ot vcoxttI ava^aVrcs, adding, as we well know, that the form of the crater often changes. In consequence of the heat they did not get near enough to see what our poet saw; but yet opav Iv tw /xcVo) ^ovvoi/ Tt tempore, though less usual than sab tempus, is not i:^) common: Lucretius has it vi 413 and 416 Ovid fasti v 491, and Manilius more than once : the piynora of p has a sense usual in our poem and may therefore be from conjecture : a and u I cannot explain except'on the supposition that their reading is genuine. 193 proKflanh. : comp. Sti-abo p. 274. 194 opcrist : see n. to 5 Ddost. arc. ad, = prohibent flammae : you cannot ap2)roacli the mouth of the crater, diuimi cur a is not from an epicurean. 196 sine arb. est: it does not admit of examination by an arbiter or eyewitness: Sen. Hippol. 1 • 55 601 'locus ab omni liber arbitrio uacat*: repeated in Hero. Get 484 with tutua for liber: Plant, capt 218 * Secede .. procul, Ke arbitri dicta nostra arbitrari queant'. 197 quid: what materials Etna in its depths burns, i.e. the causa of 188: they are told in detail 199 foil 198 mirandus faber is the arti/ex of 188, or the spiritvs of 210—218. 199 glomeratim of p is a great gain: exhaustae is very appropriate, but so certain : exustae, from the exviae of « «, would be equally good, tiie burning sand being a marked feature in an eruption : Pliny n 234 'Aetnae flagrantis in tantum ut quinquagena, centena milia passuum harenas flammarum globo eructet*; Sen. nat. quaest u 30 1 'Aetna., ingentem uim urentis harenae effudit*.. 200 moles occurs in 27 with the same sense: they are the 'mirando pondere saxa' of Lucr. vi 692; the pvlpov<; of Strabo 1.L moles — FwndamentadiVQ YirgH'^ *8copulos auolsaque uiscera montis*. 201 fragor cet~Yirgirs *Cum gemitu glomemt'. 2^2 fasoa cet : Strabo 1.1. <^\oya? Kal XiynJi: Lucr. 1. L ' Pert itaque ardorem longe longeque fauillam IKffert et crassa uoluit caligine fumum'; Aen. Jii 572 ' Tnterdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem, Turbine fumantem piceo et candente fauilla': the word ruina would imply ashes rather than smoke: modern observers speak of streams of black mud being not unusual Revue des deux mondes torn. 67 p. 222 *les enorraes volutes de nuages qui s'echappent presque con- stamment des crateres en activite se composent, au moiiis pour les 999 millieraes, dejrapeur d'eau, et ce sont elles qui en s'elancant du fond des abimes souleyent des tourbillons de cendres et des blocs de scories'. 203 foil, he now plays the poet : * Yatibus ingenium est' : forgetting what he said in 74 foil, and 91 folL : comp. too 559. 206 Lis is nomin. to Vertat and jrremit: premit of a w is plainly right, not trermt of p. 208 fa^iuM = hoc faciunt : for this absolute use oifacere comp. my n. to Lucr. iv 1112, ueniunt of p seems to me a manifest interpo- lation : the 2nd nee = et non : et cadunt, non sustentata cet. : with all their gravity they cannot resist the force of the wind which ejects them. But the expression is curious, as cadunt seems to imply first their being ejected and then falling and covering the ground; and sustentata must meao * held back, kept in their place' : Cic. in Catil. iv 6 * id opprimi sustentando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest'; pro Flacco 12 'ut se ipse sustentat, ut omnia uerba moderatur'- Scaliger's ea^dem for cadunt is at least ingenious. 210 is a good test of mss. : p is right; a comes next; then longo interuallo «; then $"' comp. Lucr. vi 693 *Ne dubites quin haec animai turbida uis sit Ux. uen. tur.: 318 'penitusque coactos Exagitant uentos'. 2\\ prof undo ^ ab imo of 200. 212 213, hope- lessly meaningless in msa. and editions, I have made intelligible without J think violent change: in 212 I only read expectamda, at erunt for the expectanda tenint of p: for the meaning comp. n. to 188 artif. inc. cans. : V 5<> this cause, i.e. a coiiflaj,'nitiou among tlie miiteiiais in tl.c mountain, i.iust be waited for, before the Mind or sjnriius can perform ics func- t.ons: but so soon as there shall be this conflagration, then the wind will do Its part: in 213 when the ( ofwflaUl was changed to ., as just above m op^t, and 165 in a^tm, it easily became injlalu: acr 'or wr «eems quite necessary. Read Scal.ger and Jacob to sec what the 7 make ot these vss. 214 Jiammae of p seems necessary for the sense : here too It IS hard to account for the semper of a «; and prope par, ^hi.-h m ust mean semper prope par, would be the better for tlmt word 2 1 7 ^nduoi a » is surely better than arcdet of p. 218 my slight correc- tiODs here seem quite neoessaiy. With Lucretius too this spirih^, a.r or vtnlus plays an equally impoi-tont part in the eruptions of Etna 219-305 : we have now to exjJain the different causes which pro- duce the winds: it i« a godlike pleasure to inquire into the origin of the world; to learn the nature and courses of the sun, the moon and stars: why the seasons change and the like. Yet surely we lords of the eartH have more concern with the things of this earth: I do not mean, so lar ^ they bring us gain by mining, by tilling and the like : we have to in- vestigate ,ts phenomena, for instance these very winds whicli stir the hrcs of Etna: they have many causes, some arising above gi-onnd; su.h as may be illustrated from various kinds of artiflcial machlneiy : ^the,^ boni „i hke ways under the ground. 219 this line resembles several m Lucretius, whom our poet frequently imitates. 220 ^ini, and 221 ^, tl V " *"'' ^ ''"'"'' ^''"^ ''"'"■ 224 (ueri is another S),lendid gam from p : it and the other infinitives down to 250 depend on oMe. 227 both sense and poetry declare that p is right here : a and » give arrant nonsense. 228 here a b.-ir.. fl^,. ,i.i„. ... ioln»^ „;,i 1, . , ^ r*lm: pnnctpia mu.st le jomed with what precedes, rjuot: one, two, three, or fou.C or as the epicureans say. infinite, guae^gualia: so 243 ,uae-,„,:. 229 I have not changed ,he indicatives here, nor in 230. 239, 240, as two of these instances could not be altered without violent and quite improba- ble correction: Propertius has many similar indicatives. 1 do not know whet e o„ author intended them to be as it were parenthetiL : "I sa^la ^ for ever : a common sense in the poets. 231 by readine JZ ' I '"'"•/ '"'""^ "^^'* '''■"' '^^ -„.« of 23-5 are the 12 signs of the zodiac: Jacob atro, Sex habea supra terras, sex signa sub illis'. "l add LHcani90 [dum] longi uoluent Titana labore,s, Noxque diem caelo totiJem per signa seqaetnr'; Vitruv. u 1 (4) 4 'ex quibus sex signa numero supra t^rram cum caelo peruagantur, cetera sub ternim subcuntia ab eius umbra obscurautur', and see what follows; Sen. dial. Tin 5 4 'sena per d.em. sena per noctem signa {.orducens nullam iion partem sui explicuit natura : oofore them all, Arat. phaeu. 554 Wj «' cVl .-v^rl 4i dA Swovjrt 8,,a,2«a6o5 kvkXoco. TJa^et compares the eaitb, mined for its metals, to a wretch put to the torture to extort confession. But the readings of p are clearly inferior to those of a, which here has not a letter wrong; for in 275 I prefer previirtiur^ a favourite word of our poet, to the weaker terijtiur, ^ having above read trein.it for premit: though here it may indicate a different recension. 276 pro/tmdum editoi-s strangely take to be the sea : it is of coui-se the depths of earth, as often in our poem : 546 *et quaedam fortasse profundo Incomperta iacent'; 578 'raptumquo profundo*: he speaks of mining of course. 277 arg. sernen: Ovid has *semina fcni*, but not with quite the same force. 278 Torqventur of a«, *are put to the tortui-e', is clearly right: with these three lines comp. Lucr. vi 803 * ubi argenti uenas aurique secuntur, Terrai penilus scrutantes abdita ferro'; and especially Pliny n 157, who dwells on the same metaphor, 'aquis, ferro, ligno, igni, la})ide, fruge omnibus cruciatur horis... • Vt tamen quae surama patiatur atque extrema cute tolerabUia uideantur, penetramus in uiscera auri argentique uenas et aeris ac plumbi metalla fodientes, gemmss etiam et quosdam paruolos quaerimus lapides scrobibua in profundum actis. uiscera eius extrahimus'. 258, con- tinuing the meta|)h. : the earth is tortured, like a poor wi*etch by robbers, until it buy itself off, and then having confessed the truth, i.e. told where its treasures are, is left to contempt and poverty and allowed to hold its tongue: p is clearly corrupt in 259: taceant too is much more pointed than iaceant. 261 a« are unintelligible at the end of this v. : the change to the 1st pei-son is somewhat harsh : * we carefully weigh, ponder over'. 263 platania of a«a seems better than plantis of p, but is not certain. 267 Uorrea is accus. : with this change of subject camp. 273; and Lucr. vl2G6 * Vt sibi tela darent^ siluasque ut caedere possent'. dolea I retain with a: Orelli inscr. 4888 dole aria ; vol. 2 p. 381 dolea : the best mss. of Florus liave doleum : see Jahn p. xxxi : perhaps we might compare labsa, labium and the like. 268 faenUla all the best mss. of Virgil thus spell in geor. in 321. 269 they are ever full of greed, where anything lias shewn itself more precious than what they have. 270 illae cet.: some profit and enrich the intellect : Pei-sius v G3 ' purgatas inseris aures Fruge Cleanthea' : so here * animus inseritur bona fruge'. h(ie cet. : others have a practical value : hoe of a must be right : or haec of p« = hae: the est optima of p seems an interpolation. 1 59 ^2 quod I adopt from «; as qiiid coercet seems quite inadmissible: see n. to 229. 273 N^ul. fal. op, [nos], [nos] non mutos cer, : see n. to 267. 279 rumpi : mumli of a « has no sense. 280 impediat of a« I explain by 318—328: i.e. the obstacles stir the winds to fury, and so cause the violent eruption : comp. too 379 ^ mora uelocius urgent'. 281 multofoed. pax: Tac. hist, i 77 and iv 35 *multa pace'. 282 clearly one or more vss. are lost here: probably more than one. T cannot follow Jacob, who transfers 301 302 before 282, and then has to alter both 301 and 282: he seems to me to invert the poet's reasoning, and moi-eover the subjunctives crescant, seruent, ahstrahat are then inex- plicable. 284 tenues of p is undoubtedly true. 285 rigido cet. : comp. my correction of 182^penitusque os erigit ultra' : it seems pretty clear that Aetna was naentioned in what is lost before 282, as he is here talking of the various ways in which winds may get within the moun* tain. Lucretius in his brief description of Etna gives much w^eight to wind; but our poet treats of it at quite inoidinate length: he haa already said much about it, and continues the subject for another 100 lines. 286 uentis is the last gain we get from p, which ends here. 287 it is thus forced to admit from all sides different winds; because the summit is equally exposed to all, cogitat has no meaning here : cogltiir seems quite necessary, the -ur was absorbed in the following auras, or lost by abbreviation : cogit tJien passed into cogitai. 288 and then instead of battling, the winds join forces and so exert a greater power. 289 another possible cause : he now speaks of and illustrates the effect of moisture or water in stimulating wind or air, which then in its turn excites something else, in the case of Etna its fires: *or else the clouds and cloudy south drive the winds inward into the mountain:' but these vss. are very obscure ; and Jacob and others here go much astray, illustrating from Lucretius what is totally different 290 a 3rd cause: Jlexere SLnd/eriintur clearly refer to nubes et nub. aus.; I have therefore for the syll. wanting written hi; but, as I do not know what our poet's usage woiild be, perhaps /utec would be right; or again w^ * when haply', might bettei connect the v. with what follows: thenjlex, caput is obscure, though the general meaning is clear: 'or else these clouds, ete. wheel about and take the winds behind, and so drive them in' : in 289 they met them in front: Jleocere cajrtd, for Jlexere se, seems a doubtful expression ; so that perhaps Wernsdorf is right in taking it to mean have rounded, doubled, the head of Etna, comparing the technical 'flectere promunturium', ^flec. Leucaten'. 291 unda is the water from the cloudn : then this water presses, drives before it the airs and condenses them with its blows and so increases their force: Torpe^ites seems neces- sary: / do not find torrentes in the sense of 'streaming' applied to aught but liquids, or speech. 293 now follow two illustrations from artificial 6o machiues of the effect of water in putting air iu motion, which iu turn sets .something else in movement. 293 lie allude*, as Wernsdorf says, to such an instrument as Claudius' Triton on lake l^'ucinus whicli gave the signal for the naumachia: Sueton. v21 at end 'exciente [classes] bucini Tritone argenteo qui e medio lacu per machinam emerserat' : whether it be that very Triton, it is impossible to say, as we know that similar playthings existed long before from Heron, who in his pneumatics p. 171 describes a o-aATrty^ thus blown by water, and p. 227 one blown by steam by a ((uSdptov i0^yy€creai : Athen. 1. 1, says i,x7rvcva-r^v S' dv t Wl?at roopyaiov vro tov vSaro^i he next goes on to describe how this is done. Pliny however, ix 88, uses stihremigo in its literal sense of rowing under- neath: can then the words imply here 'he rows below upon the^ water', i.e. while he is playing above with his hands, he is moving something below with his feet, which sets the water in motion? 299 just in the same way the wind of Etna maddened at being dislodged by the toneets of water tights in the straitened room, and thus Etna roars mightily like the huci7ia of the Triton, or the water-oi-gan, both like it moved by water, summota furens \ see n. to G7. 301 not only are there these external causes of wind in Etna, but we must believe they are pioduced below the earth from causes similar to those outside. 303 premunt is clearly right, cremant having no leaning here, premunt inter sp. is the proper Latin construction in the sense of ^mutuo premunt pre- rauntur' : Lucr. vi 456 'comprendunt inter se'; i 787 'inter se mutare', where I give instances from Cicero, Caesar and Livy. 305 tuta^m cet. must mean 'and do not settle down until they are in a safe place': but perhaps Jacob's Huta dum sede' is necessary: with que in of aw for dam, comp. 20G que extra p rightly, dextra a «. 306—328 : if even you contest what I say, you must allow that rocks tumble underground, and so cause a dispersion of air, and produce wind: also that the moisture of mists produces air and wind as we see on meadows near a river: much gi^eater is the power of water under the earth, and of winds wliich by constraint are rendered more violent, until they bui-st out with their fires from the crater of Etna. 307 62 crtclas = credit aliquis: this use of the 2nd pers. sing, potential is ex- tremely frequent in Latin: comp. Madvig gram. 370, and my n. to Lucr. I 327 jwo^.'^w^posaumus or potest aliquis, and II 41 Cuin mdea8 = uidemus or uidet aliquis : Madvig observes that this idiom is of very ex- tensive use, employed alike in the chief clauses of sentences, or, as here, after conjunctions, si, cum, etc., or relatives: the imperf is so used as well aa the present: Lucr. v 1332 and vi 1268 uideres; and posses more than once : with this union of est and credos comp. Lucr. ii 850 * Quoad licet ac possis', where Lachmann's potis es is no more necessary than Jacob's credis here: the same idiom occurs below, 401 *8i forte mauu teneas ac...cernas,...putes*, where Jaoob quite spoils tli« passage by violent and useless changes : tenea^ opOiov OtavfCTTTjKos €?? ^ro% oaov hiaKoulwv iroUv ■,]p^fXOvv (eTmt yap yyjveoCav) ctKaCa. ^e KaTD'o) : 1 propose clrcvmsfupet atmi da, or athmx da, a.s our mss. would write it: when at was absorbed by the preceding —et, it is seen how easily hnlda would pass into hurnHla: atmida then is the Latin form of Jr/ttV which well represents Strabo's ciKafctv h^ Kipeatnue profundum': the proper force <.f the word srcms to oe 'fixed immoveable in astonishment'. 336 Prosp. M.' 200 ft. above the summii, as Strabo 1. 1. tells us. opus, the work goirg on within : see n. to 159 uas, rec. are the retiring depths within the crater. 338 so that from this and what precedes and follows the furious wmds cannot be rushincr in, in order to be afterwards driven out again m the erup- tions 339 Jacob cit^s Pausan. iii 23 9. 340 cerne: 425 ' Cerne locis etiam his cet.' sum. uujo on the very summit: 182 ^penitusque OS erigit ultra^i the fiowo^ of Strabo. vel qua i.e. near the mouth ol thecniter: 181 'Ilinc uasti terrent r.lltus cet.'; 33r> ^uastosque recej.- tus': this explains lih^'rv, lupros/r Aetna is masc. in Solmus v 9 * Vul- cano Aetna sacer': so O.m and 0.ta in Ovid and others; though he and others mnke them femln. also: it would appear that the masc. comes from mons understood: moiis Inra, morw Ceucnna, and in Plmy mons Aetna are found with a masc. epithet. 341 tan. sent. rer. ' the causes of such mighty eifects'. 342 st. prof. * and the abyss be then still : 181 'mergnnUiue piofundo\ 343 the rest of this paragraj)h is among the obscurest of the poem, owing partly to the harsh abruptness of the writer on ditlieult questions, partly to the imperfection of his mss. I have however adhered to a, making cmly the slightest changes, but noting below two lacunae; whereas editors from Scaliger to Wernsdorf have violently altered nearly every v. and after all their texts are simply unintelligible. Ifnic cet. I take to mean: do you tnist to this, the fact of this g'i-eat calm at the top of Etua to refute such theory? ut : 1 am tempted'^to read at: but I explain td as an emphatic assertion: how m 65 that case this air which works such effects, would never tear down the rocks and vaulted cavenis of Etna! 344 Qw' rupes: see n. to 324 325* rapes como out as molten stones; tetram as burning sand. 345 Cum rexit cet. I take as aorists of repeated action : when above all (supposing this theory to be tmeof the winds going down the crater and then *i:jdom pidsos remeare') this air Ls in that case used to guide its powei-8 and abruptly change its course. 346 is illustrated by aiid illustrates 324, wheie eeo note, ^uo pondere »p\xx\ means from their equilibrium or fix6om = materiae. 393 the sentence seeme quite sound, but I can bring no exact parallel to the words which mean, 'and to shew that this substance runs through the whole mountain'. 395 robore: a very favourite word of our author to express the substance, tlie kern, what gives the stones he speaks of or other substances their distinguishing properties : so 401, 405, 412, 423, 503, 515, 521, 536. 396 mco : comp. 390. 397 alti. mme here too, as in 390, deems clearly the right reading. 398 liqiuiTU is active, inomidia being its subject. 399 he now for 160 vss. gives a mortt minute account of tho lava of Etna, the lapis niolaris as he and others call it : Pliny xxxvi 1 37 * molarem quidam pyriten uocant, quoniam plnrimus sit igniy ilU*- Daubeny p. 288 gives a short aecount of the lavas of Etna ; eilex was the most general term for all volcanic basalts. 401 ieTieas, cemas, qvAieras are not subjunctives governed of si fortey but optatives with that force explained in n. to 307 : comp. too 550 *si uelis', and Lucr. 11 1090 *si teneas'; so that Jacob's altera- 5—2 68 tions aro quite uDcalled for. 405 patere [tlumniasl extorq. 408 Sed cet. : in thi^ and all that fi»lJowa he m minute to prosaic tL';liousne. slowiy discharges it. 414 cocepta oomes easily from coepta of ins«. and gives the exact sense roquirer has not the gift oi clear exjirt^s^sion : but there he is dwelling Ppon the Jong time it retains its fire; here on the lengtli of time it takos for the fire entirely to extinguish its substance and semen. 423 ptwiex appears to - cinis of 420 • a mere dnder-like substance; 482 *leuis et sire pond^'iT pumex': it can h.'iidJy become & jwmer in the strict sense; as Daubeny p. 283 speaks of *the entire abst-uce of pundcc and of obsidian* in the lavas of Etna; and other observei*s agit'o with him. 425—447 : in other places you see such eruptions or traces of them, in the islands of Aenariji, Strongylcaml Hiera; and between Cumae and Naples . but, for want of the la\ a-stone of Etna, the fires are either extinct or but slight. 425 hit, 'in the following places', seems all that the passage i-equ ires. 426 /^^ic is joined with vuiscmitk; and is the /uiee loca of 42n. m.aferiae seems to be the sulphur, alumen and bitumen spoken of above ; comp. too 435. 427 lajyi'hs\a. the mokir is. cer. sig. col. .seems to mean * its presence can be tested most surely by che colour': but the expression sounds to me strange. 428 the lapis iiidwris alone can keep up a la^sting fir^ 429 Atnwria, known under other names, now Ischia: he begins to enumerate fhe haec loca. ins. fi much the same as repente of Pliuy. 430 I follow a : exiimUi depends on Dicitur. super, i,e. et insuper testis est locus ; for this district comp. Strabo p. 246 at be- gimiing, vWp^cctra, S^ raj? rroX^O)^ evOvi y rov *Bat(TTOv dyopdy ire^ov trtpucikXiifiivov BLaTTupOLq 6pv(rL xayx£Ka>^i? cxovo-at? dvairvod^ TroXXaxov Km ^pw/AtoS^ts Uav'uys' to Be TreStov (9>])r cod temporary with our author. 432 ut uhere, to evrn-ess its great plenty : see the hiijt words quoted from Strabo. 433 fecundius eeeras to agree with ubere, rather than .sulpkvr. 434 /vsula cet. the third of hoec loca. Rotunaa of rnss. I keep, though Bcaliger and later editors read Rotandan. comp. Ovid met. i 169 *Laccea nomen habo*i'; xv740 insula nomen habet'; and still more like our pa.ssage, hi. 93 *actas cui fccimus aurca nomen'; Sueton. v 24 at end, 'Qabinio 8ecuodo... cognomen Caucliius usurj[>ai-e concessit': Rotundu is the Greek ^SrpoyyrAi;: it and Iliora next mentioned are both described as active volcanoes by Diodorus v 7. 435 and 436 are both given rightly by a alone. 436 Et lapis: a atone few helps, well suited for ki}:diing fires, but yQ,i without the prof>ei^ ties of the true molaris of Etna: Diod. hi. iKcfivcrdTai Bk koX aym/utus /cat Ki(^anf BiaTTvpayv ttXijOo^. 439 In^uluy the fourth of these places : it is cjilled *Icpa "Hc^atcrrm^ by both Diodoms and Strabo. durat adhuc of Bcaliger, adopted by later editoi's, has no moiining, us he and the rest understand the sentence: they take mcendi of 440 t^-i be a genitive and join it with what follows: *tho greater part of the conflagration has cooled down': what foUows proves that Fars is pars irisulae, as otherwise 440 and 411 have no sense: iiicendi is the infin. : *the iaiand, but a pai-t of it only, still continues to bum: the greater portion etc.': duro could take an infin. In our author's age: Petron. 41 'duraui interrogare': Luc.in rv519 *ut uiuere durent': the last sylL of adhuG might easily be absorbed in the foil, word ; but perhaps adhuc durat was what the poet wiofe. 445 a alone preserves the end of Ibis V. : the fact of a connexion between the Lipari islands and Etna seems to be still a moot point: see Daubeny p. 264. 446 silicamque: comp. 385 and n. there. 447 pasceret lA clearly needed. 448 — 509 : but you may see for yourself that this lava is the chief agent in eruptions : look at its effect all round the mountain : it involves all other materials in its own fierce conflagration; it is dangerous for any to approach the scene of action; some of the stones will bum away to a cinder^ but the great stream of lava advances, miles in breadth. 70 iriany niil/R In I^vngth, carrying everything before it: it will cross the riv€i' i3iyniaethuB .someiiuies and bury its banks twenty feet deep. 448 rwiuk,8i^is: S^n. epist. 95 65 *hanc...«gna ciiiuhque iiirtutig ac idtii et noiiu4 reddentem'. 449 test^m appears a certain correction. 451 efflant i.a uaporein : it is used thus absolutely by Lucr. vi 681 * Plarama foras ettlet'j Stat. Tkcb. x 109 *nigor efflat anhelo Oi-e uapor^ who more than once thus uses tho partia 452 Int. uen. mtibt mean 'ini, miscentiir nenis Aetnae'-; but I know no other instauce of thi^ use of the woi a 454 oolli^it make$ no sen^e, and seems to have come from adhgit of 455 : I read co7ifwU which in eapitak differs little from con^ Ugit 'iieai-th of the moiaris makes tbe fires to be meagre': comp. 427 'genus hoc lapidia...Quod nullas adiunxit opes, elanguit ignis'. 455 iacd i. e. flammaa. 457 here too a alone points to the truth: tho effects of i^e hpu rnolaris, when the fury of the eruption is abated, m lenitiir (opus), are not so wonderfiil in the appearance they pre«eJit to us outside the mountain, extra: rather is it, when it is on fire in the i rater, illic, and sets in flames all about it that its terrors are shewn. equidtm, not with the fii-st person contrary u> the older usage : Persius, probably a contemporary, has also two wcllknown instances; but most of those given by Hand in his Turseiiinus are quite apocryphal, qua is the abl of quality: comp. Lucr. v 577 *nilo fertur maiore figura, Quam, noBtris oculis qua cemimus, ease uidetur'. 458 iUio seems emphatic : there inside the crater. 45d saxum,, lapis molaris. 401 uiris of a clears away much vain conjecture: lap's Tnolaris must be the nomin, m clearly one or more v^&. are bat here.: the5i in 462 rami^ must be cor- rupt: I conjectui-e rupes or rather vu^: with rg^mw then for rupis comp. 594 camaii au» for capilli: forms like noiuia rupis ai'e common enough; Christ keeps nomin. luUi^ in the de dhiin. ii 12 and 13 after the best mss. and Buechler uolpt^m Petpon. 58; and many similar cases occur : for the sense oomp. 455 i5^^ espec. *.ictu Materiam aooejidit eel.' 464 sacins rehua wouW seem i<^ mean prctematui-al, more than mortal; as 557 ^sacro numquam non ifertilis igni', and 551i *caelo propior'r perhaps we may compare 194 *arcent aditus diuinaqne rerum Ciira: sine aibUria est': or to be used i43 lm In ma^a. Lorribilem e* sacrum libelluni'^nd the lika 466 4>;.rr^ , ,,| ^ I keep: hanus hon&rosus, honustus were all in coiamoii u:i*3. iha uncritical Gellius att^ts this; though his reasons are worthless, his facts arc not; ii 3 'inserebaut earn [k] ueteres nostri plerisque vocibus uerbornm firmandis roboraudisque ..sic honerd, aio honustufn, diccban*': so Plaut. Stich. 276 ^honustum' A\ pseud. 218 ^honestos*, i. e. honustos, A; Lucr. in 113 *honustum' AB\ see Serv'ius^ whom I cite there merely to shew that the h was so well established that a fanciful derivation was invented to explain it. 467 moles', comp. 27 and n. tLere. 463 Froud- y v I r 71 VAint is neut. as lUiHo, conuertOy 'nvuio, and the like often ai-o; oomp. 168 'turbare': I do not elsewhere find the finite veA so t-.^ed, but the partic. volmns is neuter in Lucretius, V irgil, Ovid and othc^-?. examha : 504 'Emicat examen'; Lucr. v 1364 'pullorum examina'. 46D 470, found in a only, give sense to a passage before unintelligible: he speaks of the confusion among men suddcjdy overtaken by the eruption, some running, some overcome., some «truck by stones, some c&ught by the lava, and compares it with a battle: Aetna being the conqueror and strewing the field with tlie bodies of the slain up to the very ramimrt of their camp : there k a curious precision and technicality m the account, implying, as we have s^id before, that the writer liad seen an eruption : comp. 465: and had also had pei-sonal exj>crience of fields of battle: ho is fond too of carrying out this metaphor of a battle and an enemy in regard to Etna and its o[>erations: comp. 552 and 012. 470 471 my changes are veiy alight hero: recij/U seems to L'lean 'one does not stay to meet'; another is f a: /;.W;/iw oolHbm eeeiiLs to have no sense. Wcnisdorf says *summo de motile , A^Licb the words coukl not meaji: ht^ shews too that ho fancied the great lava torrents came out of tlie crater at the tup, a rare occun-ence iu Etna, 8cientitic observei-s remarking tliat it proves the great strength of ffee criLMt of Etna that lava seldom bursts thi'ough at a lower elevation than L'OOO feet or so: Danbeay p. :372 says that the grandest feat^jro of Etna is the zone of subordinate volcanic hills with which it is en- compassed of w];jch 80 are enuaicrated : this would seem to explain the ^proniscolhbus*, and render unnecessary Scaligei'.s calltbtis, an elegant and, as a and o are so often intercL-mged iu our mss., easy con-eo- tion.^ -186 many strean.- issubig from ditferent colles would join in fnroiing one great stream: even lunger distances than It) miles have been noted. 487 curuis seerab tu give the sense requiied. the lav:, would always more or less present such a shape from its meeting with diiierent obstacles in dilTerent par[^: comp 494 curvo. 495 s-hnas ^ nrd Mun-ay's Land-book for Sicily p. 419, speaking of Catania and tiie erup- tion of 16b9, 'the wall was not here overthrown... it stood erect with the lava curling over the top like a rocly billow, as is still visible*. 488 teml, * attempts to ato]> . ponnaui'. his iivourite metaphor: things carried along by the stream clash and fight with each otlicr and with it: Scaliger's panjant is very enticing. 489 Aa-c ida, the ciirvi igne^ or lavarstream: Imttle is ever in his ihought^. 490 facUes, wldch readily conform to its shape. 491 liqae gonuirie • It scatters abroad it:? strokes which hav.-' themselves bt-en stricken out by impact on th.- solid ground. 504 Fyni, ex, . comp. 468 ^atm sonant examina harenaeV; examcn is a swai-m offragijients, spark^, etc. 504 plants cet. : this passage has been much mutilatnd in late mss. and all editions . I keep to a without changing a letter : the co.nstr. is * saxa, scin- till.ws procul ebse tides est plagis' : * the fVict that burning stones, that .sparks are far away, U, awiiy a.s they fall to the ground, is a proof that this is caused by blows' : for thia sense o( Jules comp. 510 ^ Et figiilos huio esse lidem' i. e. in the oratio i ect^i * Et fignli huic sunt fides' : ^ potters give proof of this"; and 177 ^4.etna sui manifesta tides', and n. thero. 506 -u^im cet. ^but when its force ho..'* carried the stream of fire over the b»nks of Symaothns, scarce any one, 1 warrant, will .sever them from the liery mass that has joined them': here I liave adhered striotly to cs only spel- ling Symaethi right and reading faxo ioi fixo later m'ss. (thouirh their corruptions may be understood from a) and all editions have' pla ved strange tricks vrith 507 : this is what the hist editor Jacob has brought himself to print: * Si uoltum anthracinum, quum et lipas traxerit amni8\ The Symaethus, one of the largest, I believe the lai-geet river of Sicily, flows along the western and southern basi^ of Etna^and falls into the sea a little south of Catania : there is abundant evidence of the lava reaching it; Sartorius v. Waltershausen speaks of the bed of the Simeto being strewed with blocks of lava: the curious preciseness with which our author speaks of the banks being covered is thus t<> be explained: he was evidently an eye-witne.ss : and it is a well-known fact that when tho lava-stj-eam is brought into contact with water, a fearftil ei-uption and dispersion take place; so that tho banks would be covered with a continuous mass of lava, while the river would only have dislo- cated blocks in it : with the words dimoverit and ohruta rrwles of 509 comp. the very similar expression in Tao. aun. iv 03 * ut coepere dimo- ueri obruta'. Symaeth. in Virgil, our author and the Greek antholo<^y ; Sjm. in Ovid and Siliua, faxo is a favourite word of Plautus and f 77" W n i cr\!nce : ifc oftea denotes actual agency; but often too as here, merely means * I will warnint, engage, wager'; as Plant, cure. 58G 'in tri- tico facillime Vel quingentos curcullunes pro iino faxo rejK^riea'; MeJL 468 *lson esse earn dices faxo: ita ignorabitur *, j>seu(l. 49 *lWita mwlo : ex tiibellis iam faxo scies' • or/ pretio qui superant eqnos, Siut uiliores GuJliae cantberiis' : faxo continued to be used by the i>oeta, Yirgil, Ovid, Val. Flaccua, Silius, Statins, generally with the sense of agency, but not always, as in Stat. Theb. vin 78 * Faxo haud sit cunctis lenior metus ati-a mouere Tartara, frondenti quam iungere Pelion Osfsae*. 509 pedea i» cluarly to be read : the jt?^ wa^ absorbed in persaepe and then des Ux:amfi dies which has no sense at all : the lava has often been observed to lie deeper even than this. 510 — 535 : do not be misled by false analogies to think that the loypis molanris is not one uniform substance : it is as n^uch so as copper, which you kiuw to be copper after it ia fused as well as before: other stones may burn; yet they never fuse like the moZ6tm.-.-One is tempted to think the main j>urpo8e of his poem was to enlighten the world on the true natures of the lapia molarity which sciolists had grossly misre- presented. I have hardly changed a letter of a hei-e: later mesv and all uditions iic.ve rendered the passage unintelligible; obscure it is at the best. 512 ihejliutre of a alone gives light here: in vain he tries, he says, to explain his subject, if you believe the fable that it is a different substance that is fused by the. fire: then the/amllae cet is not very clear; but he seems to say that these people hold that the Flumina, or lava-streama, then harden by having the property of/auiila: Flvmina has reference to ^usre; comp. too 4^7 Flmnina consistunt ripis: this passage in later mss. and consequently in all editions has no meaning. 513 proprietate: oomp. Pliny xiii 121 * proprietatom habet fructum amittendi lanugine'; Sea. epist. 84 4 *an quae coUegeruut, in huuG eaporem mixtura quadara et proprietate spiritus sui mutent'; ib. 118 13-^17 the word occurs six times, sine i.e. uel si: or if they falsely tliiiik that it is sulphur mixed with bitimien that bums in the raolaris : above he has shewn that these substances and aJuraen do burn in other volcanoes; but the molaris is independent of them and indeed far more powerful. 515 these people attempt to shew this by such a fact as the following: after potter's clay they say is burned in the furnace its substance is fused; aud the potters give proof of this fact; and then by cold it again hardens. 516 figuli sunt tides huic: comp. o04 'plagis -—fides'; and 177. 518 but such a mark common to difi'erent things is too slight to build upon, 519 trepidtU ' wavers and is uncertain' : opposed to certo uemm cet. 620 the poet's own proof : the molaris i% of a uniform nature like copper which is the same after aa before fusion. 75 621 rohore, his favourite word : with its real e^Utance intact : my slight colons and my punctuation here sec^n, to give the sense requiitd. 522 Vtr^que I read for YUraqut, a slight and I think neeessarv change : ^o both cases .a both ftisad and soUd : it answer, to the ^^ sen forte madentes cet,' of the next v. . the word is thrice used by Lucretius in the Ba^e way, iv 86 m, y. ^7: Vtr,rru,ue of y , ^ anl editions hast ~in^. 523 t,n.t is uot neut as Scaliger says : ^ tenet con^oruatque seems to refer to the same fact a^ 427 ^ certissima signa colons' : colouf J3 he great test cf the true molaru : I should therefore have put the .^gn of a lacuita, xf I could have explained the rest eatistaotorily, as ^i,rjm can hardly agree with notmn. 529 too seen>s to me to point to a kcana fitter o.C: I dont deny, he says, that cei-tam other stones do burn fiercely; but they cannot be fuaed into lava like the rnolaris 530 propria i.*rj^. = proprieta. of ^13. bn/ridka.c.: a Greek word is wanted with sou^cthing like Ae sense of/.m7«; Scaliger therefore con, jectores chyta^ or rhyta^, if a is nearer, aa it probably is, than the other /nss. to what we warit, the fr may come frqm the preceding ^e: and taieas may rej^resent hi/dicas or ^me such provinciaj word. 633 ilU saxa. 535 comnmsa : metaph. from matching two things against ea^h Qther: 'nor wdl those stones have been properly matched against th. structure of the molaris in their inner substance'. 536—564: the fusing of this stone need not e^cit« surprise • the hardest metals melt in the fire; and you may test the truth youi-^elf • expose the stone to a moderate fire in the open air: it will resist: pTjt it in a hot closed furnace, and it will melt: think now how much greater ^e heat is to which it is exposed when pent up within tl^e i\irnaces of Etna. 538 I adopt ScaUgej's «^. igni for gipii, and qm for quae- though perhaps there is a lacuna such aa this : ^nihil insuperabile gigni [Ignibus, et contra procrescere mrsus ab igni] omnia quae cet.' : Hera- clitus frag, il Schleier. ttv/^s dyr^^^lfierai ^dyva nai rvp dmlyj^ oet. • an epicurean could not have spoken; as our author here speaks, of Hera- clitus, nor have grounded his own reasoning on. a principle of Ids. 540 we have a similar question, and answer appended without any con^ necting particle in ^9a ^Hacc uisendacet/: no change is needed: *but after all is this so veiy strange? why. the hardest bodies etc.'; nim. mir. with a question = non nimis mirum. 542 comp. Lucr. i 493 ' Turn* ■ glacios aeris flamma deuicta liquesoit'; for this passage is an imitation^ perhaps unconscious^ of this part of Lucretius; for the form of expres- sion comp. Lucr. v 306 foil, animos : so 405 ' extorquere animos' of his stone: it-: robun 54,3 lentities seems to occur here only; even lentil ti4i IB of the silver age, ImtUudo bein^ the older form : here it means * toughness'; so leyitus ia said of argenium, radix, and the Hke: plmn- 70 hum Heemn ricce.s5«iry. as to anderstacd a subject u/riis or jl a nima wouhl hp, \*jjy har.siu 545 (lorallus oppositely quotes riiiij xxAin 09 ^ quod tffos^um eaf, timdUnr iauatur uritur im>ilitiir; fiirinatn apitascuiiem uo^HDt, argeiihim quod exit a fornaco sudorem". Spistift^ aurea: see ii. to 67. snspensis'. fornax being a vei-y general tonn, he well marks tlie stneltirig-fuiuace by this ejdtbet, R3 the ameltiug pot ^vas raised up to some height for tho fin; to be kiudh-d boueath, and for the slag to fall out, and the iu>.iU\ to vnu iiito the moulds, see Rich's (Companion p. 10*. 546 I'jxswlant. comp. Pliny's eudorcm. quaedam cot: a morni reflexion: 5iior.? teinainis to be rreatt^d in a like way: vrufinulc, * depths of earth'; corniv :>/(>. 64-7 iorUi: see u. to 58 discordei. 549 prarclysva a : two Jttters tr.inspo:seu ju other mas. reiiJor them and ali orjitions uniuielligible. 650 mliS'. see n. t<> 307 and 401. 552 hodem, ViiiciluT^ cctfitu-^ : aee r.. to 409 470. 564 foil, but what arc our erjgines to thos'» with which Etna hurlf^ her nia>i.sevS? what our fur- naces to hers ? our lii^ to her fire i 657 sacro : «!, and i'vr ilU imp. iJle can. Hor. epist. i 18 1 ] . 576 pii miranmr nunc saxa invitata cet..; this theme was a comoionplace with the Latin poets Ovid amores 111 1 2 40 'Dunjque percu^sain saxa gecula lyram '. pm sec n. to 68. 577 mora : saxa of mss. came from 576 : If xt^cra be right, then the consfcr. mn^t be 'gemina ex uno saci^, fa- mautrd^iapore': a word for sam, with the meaning ofjiamMoe or uapo- resy apices orneHices or rammina, all used by the poets in reference to thjs iable, would make the sentence simpler: tins discord of the pods of Oedipu-^ even after death is also a commonplace of the poets. Pane, ik 18 ;i Tuurois Sf ivayiU^iDV aoTi2v rqv ^Xoyoi, p of soldiers : Lycuigws suggestr. the mention of the Spaitan army, one of the creations on which his fame rested; for Oorallus teems to be right in saying that num-rus is the enomoiici, the kern of the Spartan system : he qnotes itesychmd, hi^p^orla- to^c? rts oui (r^ayUv cvw^toros. sua, Hbbolulely devoted to their commander. 582 soli of a restores the sontenca uicirice, in Kcr contest with Neptune. 583, as told by Catullus, who f^eems to have made *perfide Theseu' proverbial 585 foU. I adhere strictly to a, only in 587 reading En uocot for Euocat: liter mss. and ail editions are hopelessly confused; you too, Erigone, are one of the %uiria ca^nina for which At}?eJ}S is famous: so renowned a constellation is now the abode of you, and yours (uestra), your father learns or Icariu-s and the f^iithful dog which became Sirius: comp. Tib. IV 1 9 *oiUK'tis BaccKo iucuiidior hospes Icarus, ut pure testantur sidera cuelo, Erigoneque caiiisque'; and n. to 246 Sirius index. 587 En uocat: so 54 I read en codo for e cado. 690 sm Hectare, through or by or in their Hector, be by hi.-, death being the cause of tlicir destruc- tion: comp Hi.race's *3Iiletine Cnissi coniuge barbara Turpie cet.'; Cic. pro Mil 47 'iacent suis testibus': db Htctore could not hc.re be said ; but per or propter Di^etora might; it - extinctos extincto Hectore. 591 who is the dur^^y here m'^ntioned I is it Ajax whose tomb was and is on the Khoctean headland^ or Hector? or even Achilles? so ih^i what follows means, and not only the tomb of Achilks, bnt of Paris as weii: anyhow he has expressed iiimself very obscurely. 594 palre^ Le, Occano: Haupt in his index lect. 1859-(i0, in support of this fine correction of his, shews that the Greek poets ofken speak of the OaXarra. m her mother; it is not therefore unnatural the I^tijis should apeak of Oceaaus as her fatlrer: the {>oet alludes to Apelles* picture of Venus Anadyomena 596 refers to the famous picture oi Timomaeha^i; *Tnque oculis facinus barbara mater habet*, 596 the Iphigcnia of Timanthes. subieetae: 0\-id has supposita., PtxypeHiiw suhdifa cerua. 78 598 I add Hu?e, which may -have fallen out from the Eaec of 599: coinp. Stat, ail I 3 47 *Vidi artea ueterumquc manua uariiwque metalla Viua modisv labor est auri memorare figuras Aut ebur aut dignas digitis corxtingere gemraafl, Quldquid et ar^/ liie prttuum uej in aere Myronis Lusit et euormes raanus est experta coloasoij' : here * Myronis manus' is used as in our poem: Aeu. i 455 * Artificfumquo manii«? inter se operumque laboi-em Miratiit'; ^^.it. iv 39 3 iVaxitelus m^wjum Kcopaeque': Haupt L 1. makes two comeotions *uacoa Mfrouis Efc iam mille maniis': ftumvjs too seems to waut a genitive; and after Greek painting has been illustralijd by three of ita greatest masterpieces, it is hardly in Icecping tl:at a uacoa, however great its meiifce, should be the si>le roprtiseiJcatiye of Greek sculpture, turbaegue: for iha position of que see n. to 79 : for the plur. iurhae Haupt 1 I conipri.; ee Hor. od. iii 4 47 'mortalisque turbjis', and I^t. Iiia8l020 turbis ccvinitatus Achilles': comp. too fur the m^.^ning Cic. Brutas 12ti ^quae uix iam comparet in hacturba noutTrumnoiuminunr; Ben. epist, 88 ?A 'haec qtioque liber*. Hum artium turba*. 699 — ^^645 ! yet the wondei-s of Etna surpass all these, Etna who can spare as well as destroy: thus she gave a free passage through her iiree to the two brothers of Catina, who carried off, one their father, the other their mother, and thus earned eternal glory. 599 terra cet. i.e. ter- raque dubius mariquB} seen, to 79: for a like qoestion, and answer without a connecting particle, comp. 540. 601 hum. rebus, in all that ia done by man. 602 i.e. in the beginning of autumn: here t.x) a alone is rig}it. 603 the force of tartien .eems to be, awful and far above all works of man though it be, a human interest attaches to it in the following story. 604 sons: though its acta are generally destjuc- tive. 609 torcput seem^ to mean 'plagues'; though perhaps th^i poet had more than oae passage of Virgil in his miad: luppiier is its subject: I doubt whether Scaliger' ^- torptU would be in place, as the sky is then rather in commotion. 611 rubehctnt first became ruuehmU or ncbant, then urebani. 612 Ihostem: see note to 469 470. 613 urbiJ, Catina, which Etna han often invaded. 614 rapina seems to have here its primary meaning of snatching up to carry off: comp. Sen. epist. 74 7 'nuili uero, etiam cui rapina feliciter cessit, gaudium rapti durauit m pot^erum*. 617 rapds is used a^ rapiiw before: unable to carry away what he had snatched up, he loses precious time in rej.eating vain charms or formulae; for so 1 understand ca/rmina. 618 minimi) seems a necessary correction. 622 ratis of msi*. I keep : comp. Lucr. in 929 'Conseqnitur leto*. prae. cap. Iruyr.\ the same ccustr. in Lucr. Ill 932, 'hoc alicui nostrum/ si<; inorepct'; Livyix24 10 *haec obuii^ haec excurrentibus in publicum pauidis increpat'. 621 namque cet : this story of the pious brothers of Catina had extraordinary celebrity : ,- %: r 79 Strabo p. 2fi9 «J t^ «pl ro^^^,^^, W r^epiX^^. .oV 'V^-o/xo. «u TO. Am^eav, o. rov, yov.'a, W- ^v i^m .ome famous statues: Claudian hw a poem to tie pious brothers and their statues. 625 Amphum of a and most mss. is curious, fortes nomm : see „. to 58. 627 ter^ota depe,.ds on de/essos : Scaliger joins ee»^ctan^Mbra, which may be right. 631 y^pe^est I read, as T do not well see how rapiunt could have been changed to rapies: see n. to 6 ^ehst : this use of «,*« licet, i, common in and after the Augnstan nge; Hor. epist. 1 1 32 'Est qnadam prrrfire tenns'; and Sat. 1 2 101 'Cois tibi paene nidere est Vt nndam', with the d&t. as he,^; ft.r 1 join 'iUiB ••apere est : this booty, if none else, they may carry off. 634 r^,, ■ thopious brothers' appears to have been their proverbial title: Stralxi 1. 1. rov, ««r./?«,: Pausan. 1 28 4 ^ Kari^ ror» KaXov;.e.o« nJcrc^W 636 Scahger cites the ciris 27 ' Felix ilia dies, felix et dicitur «w.us': this V. like much in our poem is abrupt and obscure: he must mea,,, that day, disastrous as it wa:,, was rendered blessed by this deed of piety the ground they trod was nuharmed, trhiJe all around was wMted • Cou^nnarrat. 43 gives a full account^ and as he wroto.,pm^, d 8k ^rc T« ^ouAotro imK„vpr,p^ t^, [yof,ot xM Tayrm' roJ^ yorc« y,,paioii Syy,,, Pawra ^9tcpty, mnoi. Si ^tpucrxuxe^ ri tip «al i^tp p^Vos (y ^ ^Aovl »as «pt avraOs x^fx^ iyiyero. 6td ravr* ol S^tXeoWt r6y « x^pL ««t.o,; ev^tP^y x' piod, his dantem iura Catoiicni', and rt-mi Sfcrdru), Ay T promi-^d in the introduction, I append Komo remarks on Profo^or Haupt'a program of 18:)-!. p. ^ he tlius emends 51 foil; lj*piuri et miles metuentia comrainu.s justm l*nmocat, admotis ad tcrrita sideni j^ignis Trouocat infeti-ais cunctos ad proeiia diiius. luppiter e coelo metuit dcxti-amqiie corusca Anlratu^ llaiama cot.: ad territa is, be says, a oorrectiou of Kueniiuus Wassenbcrghius: the trai)spobitiou of 52 and 53 is his own. e each mctnit he defends by Properl. v 5d « pater Idalio mii-attir Caesar ab ai.lro': to me tho context Koems to requirj caclo metvM: I prefer too the conncaia of all msH. P. i in 60 he reads ad for m-, but w)th i7i heUa7i,lum may we not compare such expressioDS as Ovid her 15 197 'Kon mihi reripondent uetereh in carraina uires', Aen vii 604 * l*i]a manu saeuosque geruiit in beiia dolonca', and * in utiiimquo paratus' ^ 62 he reads laeuns for s(Jw.u%as: 1 prefer scoemis ; but both oonectiona .vt once occurred to me, and w-ould occur to any scliolar: in the aame v. lu) piOjxises lUnnif/'m accus for uirini'iuc o'e^j^. In 08 be adopts th.r 8j iTt'T^ f \''' ;^""^' "^^^ ''''''^ ^"^^^ ^ ^^--^- position. 84 he adopts Jacob's uUerius and reads ^Quidquld et ultirL falsi ln2lToZ T^^^ "'"' ' ^^"'^" ' ^^'^^^^ -*-P-^> -^ --e than in Z6 yuidqmd m antiquum iactata est fabula carmen'. P 9 in 100 he proposes 'Dantque uiam, sanguis omnis qua comn^eot, isdem Terra ^t. , changing four words. P. 10 in 1 10 he reads ueC^tas for uetusta est 111 for intra he gives ultra. 119 for to7^e7i8 una he offers totiens into which I cannot approve. 123 for riuu he reads ripis sapng of the ms. reading 'nemo semel monitus negabit haec esse mept.ssnna : Hor. epod. n 2 25 had suggested to me ripis; and now I admit that nuts can scarcely be defended. 269 foil, he emends thus- SfT-? '^T'^^''"^ ^^"^ ^«* «^ri^^«» i«ti« I-^plemns se quisque bonis' ^t artibus illxa Sunt a^imi fruges; haec rerum est optima merces, cet MeLv ^ . Tt". ^ ^^ ^" ^'^ ^' '^'^'' ''-^^'- foedere' from Mencken and Schrader. 287 cogitur, which I at once hit upon for the unmeanmg cogitat, I find from Haupt to be an emendation of Schrader. P. 13 ,n 291 for sono he gives sinu. 293 for the 'ora due of a^ he suggests doubtingly 'ora lacus' or 'euripus'. 567 for uiuit per he proposes 'uincuntur'. P. 14 he says of 311 'cum nullo ax^ificio effic^ posse uideatur ut efun^ere recte positum esse censeamus, non dubitamus poetam ita scripsisse Aut humore etiam nebulas .se fundere largo : to me this alteration appears to destroy the whole sequence of the argument P. 15 in 312 I find myself anticipated in re^ng adluU for abluit: the certainty of the correction is self-evident. 314 a ha^ not Flarnma, which in my opinion must not be read. 325 he adopts artarUes from Jacob for ardentes, uenas of Aldus for uires- my conception of the passage is quite different. P. 16 in 439 for durata of mss. he reads clarata eM: a conjecture upset I think by my explanation of the whole sentence. 426 for nascentis he proposes W*^^^, which he afterwards found Schmder had done: it is odd that 1 too had written down pasceMis; but rejected it on account of the passage which he brings in support of it, 447 'pasceret ignes'; and the still more decisive 453 'Pabula et ardendi causam lapidem esse molarem ; from which I inferred the poet meant to say that the variety of mat^Brial which sprung up in those places, sulphur, alumen etc. was greater; but for want of the true pabulum, the lapis r^wlaris the fires had gone out. 449 I have gladly accepted test^m. P. 18 in 360 for subuectat he reads svUectat after Lucr. vi 700 ^ Saxaque subiec- tare\- and it certainly is a more appropriate word. The poet however imty have been thinking of georg. iii 241 ^nigramque alte subiectat [P subuectat MR] harenam'; and if his Virgil, as is likely enouprh agreed with the Medicean and Roman, he may have used subuectat on the authority as he thought of Virgil. 362 for ^ Ardentisque simul 6 82 flammas' he proposes * Ardentesqne simul flammae hc', surely from not observing that fragoris is, as I have shewn, the accua. plur. : I prefer too the trepidarUia of mss. to Jacob's crepitantia. 485 proms for •lymni^s, a manifest correction, I find from Haupt has been anticipated bj Schrader and Wassenberghius. 487 foil, he thus arranges: nihil reuocai cursus, nil ignibus obstat, Nulla tenet fnistra moles, simul omnia purgant: Nunc siluas rupesque uorant, nunc terra solumque cet. P. 19 in 364 he reads *dant bracchia nodo Inplicita ac stirpes cet.' after Lucr. v 1096 — 1 100. 461 * nobis. . .Lucretiani carminis' recordatio Kane certissimani (neque enim dubitamus) emendatiouem suppeditauit, Nam simulatque mouet uiris turbamque minatur, DifFugit extom- ploque solum trahit atque tremiscit. similiter enim loquitur Lucr. (vi 1190) In manibus uero nerui trahere et tremere artus*. ♦ • ^ INDEX ab, after claudere 375 ablative after a pass, verb 590 adjectives or participles, two in game clause 67 aJmittere caelo 86 Aenaria 429 A etna, editions of p. 26—28 ; manuscripts of p. 28 — 32; its reputed authors p. 32—37; its poetical merits p. 37; its age p. 34; its author was a stoic P- 35 36 i yy. 34, 53, 68, 84, 174, 538; elisions p. 39; 178; peculiar rhythms 69; unusual rhythms 98; 495 496; studied points 1 16, 122, 182; its author had a knowledge of war 469 Aetna, masc. 340 alumen 390, 397 Amphion and Zethus 574 Apelles' Venus 594 arbitrium 196 atmida 335 aut — sine 102 — 117 brachia 364 carmina 617 Catanian brothers 624, 634, 636, 639 CatuUus alluded to 21 22, 53, 495 496, 583 charylxlis 107 ckussus 58; clusus 317 collectus aquae 294 commissus 535 consequitur ratis 622 curuus, of kva 487 Daphne, its great celebrity p. 40—43 Dardania 6 Daubeny, Prof, on Etna 387, 389, 399, 423. 485, 495 Ditis, nomin. 643 dolea 267 durat incendi 439 editions of Aetna p. 26 — 28 efflare 451 -ei for -i 58 elisions in this poem p. 39 ; v. 1 78 equidem 457 Erigone 585 est : the enclitic st common in our poem j and the cause of many corruptions 5 ; verb subst. om. 91 ; est -licet 631 Etna, summit of 182, 285 exam en 468, 504 exilit 106 faciunt = hoc faciunt 208 faex 476 fauces 330 faxo 506 fides i7f, 504, 516 flectere caput 290 flumina = riui 314 ; of lava 497, 512 fomax 480 ; 545 fragores, plur. 361 fridicas 532 fructus denotes every produce of the ground 11 fulmina, of Etna 362 Gorallus, Theodorus p. 2 7 Greek words, our poet fond of 62, 495 Ilaupt, Prof. p. 37 ; p. 80—82 Heraclitus 538 Hiera 439 honerosus 466 Hyla sacred to Apollo p. 39 40 Jacob, Frid. p. 27 28 immo 175 in semina, and in semine 20; in after potentia p. 80 increpare 493, 622 index Sirius 246 indicative in dependent relative clauses 229; after non qui 558 innoxius 357 intereunt uenis 452 -is in nom. plur. 58 iubar, masc. 333 Ladonis, i. e. Daphne, long the most fa- mous sanctuary of Apollo p. 40 — 43 Laeda 89 hipismolari8 399,4o8,4i5, 422, 427, 454, 457. 475 ^oU., 510-564 lentities 543 leuitas 350 Lucilius Junior : his claims to be author of Aetna p. 33—37 ; hia life and cha- racter p. 33—35 ; his philosophy p. 36 I 84 Luoretiua imitated 53; 119; 582 ; p. 82; qae after two words common in him 79 lustration by fire 348, 35 1 manes 78 Maniiius (i 163) emended 104 manuscripts of Aetna p. ^8 — 32 ; •y 8 1 1 p. 28 ; and 5" p. 38 ; Cambridge ms. or a p. ^8 — 30; Florentine frag- ment or fi p. 30 — 32 ; errora of mas. from a word in the next v. 8f, 324 , plur. for aing. on account of an adjoin- ing plur. 84, 88 ; c and p interchanged l8« ; s and t ai2 ; n and r 376 ; a and e 386 massa 152 meiuit caelo, and e caelo 54 ; p. So moles 27, 200 ninltum foedus 281 mundus 43 Myron 598 Niobe 18 19 numerus 580 Oedipus, sons of 577 oliuae amnes 15 operae 372 opus 159 orthography, vestiges of old 58 patre rorantes 594 pause after 5th foot 69 pede suo flueret Bacchus 13 perpascitar 492 Pierius fons 7 pigniis 40 pondua 324 potential, 2nd pers. sicg. - indie. 307, 401 premunt inter se 303 present tenses and past mixed in narra- tive 61 foil. profundum, of the earth 276 proni coUes 485 proprietas 513 proruere 309 prouoluunt, neut. 468 pumex 423 pm-pureum ostium 333 que cominp" after two or more words 79 rapina 614 remouere mundum 55 retro 140 rhythms, unusual 69, 98 rigare incendia 385 rivers, lost in chasms 119, 133 robur 395 rorum 316 Rotunda after nomen de