□ ■ □ SALOON SURVEY NEW YORK CITY CHANGES IN SALOON PROPERTY TER THE FIRST THREE YEARS A. J AFTER FIVE YEARS OF PROHIBITION mm SURVEY PREPARED BY THE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM ROBERT EVERETT CORRADINI, RESEARCH SECRETARY THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM - WESTERVILLE, OHIO RESEARCH DEPARTMENT: 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY PRINTED IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Gift of Seymour B. Durst Old York Library SALOON SURVEY OF NEW YORK CITY PROHIBITION and SALOONS and LIQUOR STORES BY ROBERT E. CORRADINI, RESEARCH SECRETARY OF THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM o N JUNE 30. 1924, there was concluded the first five years of National Prohibition in the United States of America. Many had been the rosy prophecies of friends and many the dire lamentations of foes as to what would be the result of this national experi- ment in moral reform. What has Prohibition really ac- complished during these first few years ? The prognostications are many. The opinions, pro or con. still more abundant, but the facts as- certained, proven and unchal- lenged are as yet, few. There are given here, data of such reliable nature as to warrant, we trust, our conclusions and to enable the earnest seeker of truth to form his own opinion regard- ing the working of Prohibition in the City of New York. In other pamphlets there has been shown, with photographs, charts and ta- bles, what any casual visitor may notice to have occurred in New- York City during, and because of Prohibition ; here arc given the re- sults of *he latest surveys regard- ing the effects of the Volstead Act on saloon properties and liquor stores. These surveys were pre- pared by the Research Department of the World League Against Al- coholism through its New York City office at 150 Fifth Avenue, where all the tabulated material is riled and can be inspected by anyone who wishes to go into further detail. RETROSPECT May we not refresh the reader's mind, who. after read- ing in the last few years so much of the real or imaginary failings of Prohibition, is apt to have forgotten the actual situation prior to the advent of the Eighteenth Amend- ment ? We have to go back to 1916, one year before this coun- try entered the World Conflict, in order to have a year which can be considered normal and typically wet. Amer- ica's entry into the war brought with it a host of restric- tions to the liquor traffic in 1917 and 1918; these mea- sures make it really impossible to consider any year after 1916 as a typical, normal pre-prohibition year. What the situation of the liquor traffic was in 1916 is best expressed by Mr. Gustave Pabst, President of the United States Brewers' Convention, when, in addressing THREE mm mm :i !! II I IS EE II ?! it c EE EE II El El m\ i is II II I! & C EC EE EE EE 11 OS f!IK LAND OCCUPIED r.Y THIS BUILDING THERE WERE ERECTED IN THE VERY EARLY HAYS OF THE DUTCH COL- ONIES TWO rAVRRNSj NUMBER ONE \ND NUMBER THREE BROADWAY. THESE CONTINUED OFF AND ON. FIRST AS TAYKRNS AND LATER \S SALOONS UNTIL THE ADVENT OF PROHIBITION. THIS MAGNIFICENT STRUCTURE HAS DIS- PLACED AN OLD BUILDINC, WH'CH HOUSED A SALOON that gathering assembled at Cleveland. ( )hio, on Novem- ber 21, 1916. in his opening address. "The Policy of the Brewing industry," ( which was formally endorsed by that body as an expression of its policy and purposes ) he said : "The question for thoughtful men is how this industry may be so regulated that the evils incident to it shall gradually di- minish, and intemperance be re- duced until it becomes a negligi- ble social factor. What sugges- tions can be made to stem the tide of national prohibition, which if continued, while it will not result, as has been proven, in bettering conditions will spell ruin to pres- ent investments, and disaster to the cause of real temperance? While it can be easily established that some of the causes which have been suggested are exagger- ated, and are not the sole fault of those in the business, this will not satisfy the public demand. Promises, advice to the trade, res- olutions of condemnation, etc.. w ill not suffice. A policy must be agreed to and acted upon. Mere temporary action will not do. It must be persistent, energetic, thor- ough and continuous. Any policy we may agree upon will find ob- jectors in our ranks; reasons why it is impracticable will be urged; but we must overlook our imme- diate personal interests and the effect upon our business, in order to arrive at a possible solution which will ultimately result in per- manency to our industry. . . ."* In the introduction of the same Year Hook, the Secre- tary of the Association states: "The trade, indeed, has many sins to ansiver for" . . . also, "Probably no other nation in the world has so much legislation on the subject of liquor as ow own, reckoning of course the enactments of tlie several states. . . . "f We see from the foregoing that everything was not well with the liquor trade, according to its own records, as far back as 1916. In this same book, we find that during that year there were, for the State of New York, approxi- mately 30.638 retailers of intoxicating beverages, or one to every 329 inhabitants. The New York Excise Department reports only 22,199 licenses issued to saloons, and 2,140 to liquor stores, a total of 24,339 liquor licenses for the state at the end of 1916. May we not, in parenthesis, note the discrepancy in * 1 9 1 6 Year Book, V. S. Brewers' Association, jltalics ours. these figures? The brewers report 30,638 retailers for New York State in the year 1916 — evidently their clients — but the Excise Department of the State reports only 22,199 saloons and 2,140 liquor stores that had paid taxes. Here is a difference of over 6,000 licenses for retailers in alcoholic beverages. Did the brewers report more clients than they really had? If so, for what purpose? Or did the Excise Department report fewer license holders than the number actually paying a tax to the State, or may we be so horribly bold as to foster the thought, unfounded of course ( !) that there might actually have been more re- tailers than the number who were paying taxes? Could this be? Why, then, if it is even only a bare possibility, are we to assume that in 1916 there were in New York 6.000 to 8,000 bootleggers ? But were we not told by the "interests'' that bootlegging is a product of Prohibition? In our surveys of 1922 and 1924 of saloons which had been licensed in 1916 and 1918 we found anywhere from eight to ten per cent of the total of old "gin mills" which had apparently been doing business for years but for which we could find no record in the files that they had ever paid for a license. This is true not only of New York City but also of Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, Syra- cuse, Utica and Yonkers which we surveyed. The data for these and other cities are on file in our office. We have reference here only to saloons which paid no tax or the record of which could not be found in the Excise reports. It does not include the hundreds and thousands of private families who, before Prohibition, made a few barrels of wine every year which of course was sold to their friends. This latter phenomenon, peculiar especially to our foreign quarters, was not "known" to exist before Prohibition but was readily discovered by the wets themselves soon after the Eighteenth Amendment became law and a certain class of citizenry felt it to be their patriotic duty to broad- cast all of the shortcomings of the enforcement of this one particular section of the organic law. NEW YORK CITY BEFORE PROHIBITION In 1916 the New York City saloons and liquor stores were under direct control of the New York State Excise Department which had been functioning for the whole of the state since 1896. We believe that the secretary of the Brewers' Association was quite right in commenting upon the multitude of laws and regulations enacted by the State Legislatures in connection with the liquor traffic. New York State took a prominent part in this orgy of legislation. This, however, did not materially reduce al- coholism as a scourge, and the effects of these laws and regulations were not at all commensurate with the efforts of the legislators. In 1010 there were 10,775 saloons in New York City and at the end of 1916 after six more years of admitted prolific legislation, the number had diminished to 9,667. or a decrease of 1,108 which represents an average falling off of 185 saloons per year. (See table A.) ' All this abundance of liquor legislation did not decrease the number of liquor stores throughout the city because while in 1010 there were 1,181 of these licenses; by the end of 1916 there were 1,235, or an increase of 54 for Greater New York. Also, the direct fatal results of this nefarious industry had shown proportionate changes. In 1910 in Greater New York there were 621 deaths from alcoholism. In 1016 the Health Department reported 687 of these deaths. The weekly average was 11.9 in 1910 and 13.2 in 1916. The population had increased, but the alcoholic death rate per 100,000 population was 13 in 1910 and 13 in 1916. The deaths from acute and chronic alcoholism in Belle- vue Hospital alone, which were 189 in 1910, rose to 418 in 1916. From 1910 to 1916, the arrests for intoxication had not decreased to such an extent as one would have expected to be the case, considering the efforts put forth by the legislators to encompass the evil of drunkenness. The arrests reported by the New York Police Department were as follows : 1910 \ ...... 22,505 1911 21,994 1912 20.640 . 1913 '. 21,727 1914 . . . . : 20,269 1915 20,199 1916 17,099 The admissions to homes for inebriates during that period, were as follows : The admissions to these homes for men were about the same in 1916 as in 1910. The admissions to homes for inebriate women which were far below the 400 mark in 1910. had increased to almost 500 by 1916. One may well ask for what purpose was all this liquor legislation enacted, anyhow? It did not reduce the num- ber of saloons to any noticeable extent and so far as alco- holic mortality is concerned, the rate remained stationary. Does not the situation in New York indicate that "regu- lation" of the "trade" by ordinance or legislation is an impotent palliative for alcoholism? Or is one to assume that there is an inherent degree of wickedness in New York City alone which frustrates the benefits which ac- crue to a community which properly regulates the traffic in alcoholic beverages? If this should be the case — and as a New Yorker I emphatically deny it — what benefits are there to show for those nations and communities where legislators suffocate under avalanches of liquor bills and acts, while their fellow-citizens who are sup- posed to enjoy the fruits of these enactments., fill courts, TABLE A NUMBER OF LIQUOR LICENSES IN FORCE AT THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR (SEPTEMBER 30) IN THE FIVE BOROUGHS CONSTITUTING GREATER NEW YORK MANHATTAN RRONX BROOKLYN QUEENS RII II M ON D TOTAL I ir 1 TI I II I 11 1 11 I 11 TOTAL SA- LIQUOR SA- LIQUOR SA- LIQUOR SA- LIQUOR SA- LIQUOR SA- LIQUOR SALOONS AND LOONS STORES LOON'S STORES LOONS STORES LOONS STORES .OO NS STORES LOONS STORES LIQUOR STORES 1910 5,565 710 * * 3,254 320 1.467 132 489 19 10,775 1,181 11,956 191 1 5.553 712 * 3,178 317 1,471 142 491 22 10,693 1,193 11,886 1912 5,444 793 * * 3,073 318 1,484 161 488 23 10,489 1,295 11,784 1913 5,414 809 * * 2,994 316 1,47') 178 489 23 10,376 1,326 11,702 1914 4,520 705 855 98 2,921 313 1,493 177 491 23 10,280 1.316 11,596 1915 4,356 676 857 96 2,831 315 1,531 188 483 23 10,058 1,298 11,356 1916 4,165 630 844 100 2,704 300 1.480 181 474 24 0,667 1,235 10,902 1917 3.975 582 814 86 2,602 248 1,425 171 461 22 9,277 1,109 10,386 1918 3,608 463 686 47 2,247 173 1,216 140 411 18 8,168 841 9,009 'Licenses for Manhattan anil Ilronx are grouped together in reports o f 1910- 1913 inclusive. .SOt'RCK: Data from Annual Reports, State Commissioner of Excise. PHOTOGRAPHS TELL OF WONDERFUL CHANGES FIVE TABLE F SHOWING NATURE OF CONCERNS WHICH HAVE SUPPLANTED SALOONS AND LIQUOR STORES IN MANHATTAN UP TO 1922 All saloons and liquor stores surveyed 1,877 = 100% New concerns on same premises 2,090 = 111% Food concerns 891 = 42% Clothing 404 = 19% Home Furnishings, etc 353 = 17% AM others 403 = 19% Malt and Sacramental Wine . . . 39 = 2% Properties renovated 939 = 50% Properties vacant 73 = 4% homes for indigents and institutions for those demented by alcohol? In table A there is given a mirror, showing the progress and the results of the last decade of State liquor legisla- tion, and the direct results upon the number of saloons and liquor stores in the five boroughs which compose Greater New York. L'p to 1916 the change is more one of shifting than of SALOON SURVEYS DURING the summer of 1922 we endeavored to obtain information regarding saloon prop- erties, inquiry was made at the offices of all organizations either in favor of, or opposed to, Prohibition. No one seemed to know ex- actly to what extent Prohibition had affected the saloons. Many theories and many conclusions were advanced, but there were no reliable data to support any of the many prognostications. The Research Department then pro- ceeded in a systematic way to ascertain the actual facts in the case. In order to ascertain accurately how saloons had been affected, we investigated several thousand of them and have preserved the findings in our files. Our first ex- tensive survey was made in 1922. During 1923 we went over the same field again, not so extensively, however, as in 1922. But in 1924, we made our second large survey of saloons covering approxi- mately 3,000 properties in Manhattan alone. This latest survev was made by a trained force during the month of July, '1924. The survey of 1922 covers Manhattan, the Bronx, Kings (better known as Brooklyn), Queens and Staten Island (Richmond County), the five boroughs or counties which constitute Greater New York. We are giving here in detail the method of the survey in order that the reader may form his own conclusions as to the reliability and worth of the data presented in these pages. As stated, all liquor licenses in the State of New York were issued, since 1896, by one office known as the De- partment of Excise. This Department published yearly up to 1918, a report in two volumes, the first part con- taining statistical data, the second, the name of every license holder and the exact location of the premises licensed. We had as our authority for the survey of 1922, the Annual Report of 1918. We card-indexed every saloon or liquor store on the main thoroughfares of the city, then visited each of them, noting our findings on the cards and then, later (in, checked up on a sufficient number of them to be Mire that the reports were uniform and represented the actual situation. Our 1922 survey, then, compares the situation of that year with conditions in 1918, or the last wet year before war-time prohibition went into effect. For our survey of 1924, we went back to 1916, considering that year a more truly representative year of the old regime. Our findings in the survey of 1922 are reported here on pages 8-1 1. We reproduce herewith, a facsimile of one of our working cards, one of approximately 25,000 covering surveys made throughout the State of New York. The complete list of license holders as used by us for the 1922 survey is found in the Annual Report of the State Com- missioner of Excise of the State of New York for 1918. volume 2. pages 9-23. 68-109, 131-215, 242-266, 270-277. The basis for the 1924 survey is found in the Annual direct elimination of liquor concerns. Saloons closed in one place and opened somewhere else. Hundreds of them forgot or neglected to obtain licenses in their new abode. A close scrutiny of table A will convince most people that there are few fields of legislation where the efforts of law makers are so barren and sterile as in admonish- ing and advising the liquor trade not to be "naughty" ( \) OF 1922 AND 1924 Report of the named commissioner, year 1916, volume 2, pages 263-369. The results of the latest survey are found on page 14. In both surveys a number of saloons are reported as being "still in business." This does not imply that these premises were known bootlegging establishments. We mean to convey the idea that so far as we were able to observe, no outward changes had taken place. In other words, these premises looked as they did before Prohi- bition and most of them (this from mental notes) smelled as fetid as ever. In the reports in the daily press of ap- prehensions of violators of the Eighteenth Amendment we found, when we tabulated these lists, that from 60 to 73 per cent of the violations were in connection with old time saloons now doing business on the old spots, but selling, ostensibly, soft drinks. We believe to be thor- oughly justified in classifying these places which look ex- actly as before, as potential sources of violations of the Eighteenth Amendment. THE BABEL WHICH IS NEW YORK For those readers who are not well acquainted with the City of New York, it may not be out of place to give a description of the city, this cosmopolitan conglomeration which has absorbed from the four corners of the universe, the good, the bad and the indifferent. New York is truly a seething caldron, where human masses mingle in end- less streams, where all standards of living are indulged in or tolerated, where every language is spoken and creed is known and where every law and custom is seen, not through the eye of New England America, the West- ern or the Southern viewpoint, but is interpreted through the many racial prejudices and understood with a foreign twist. Here is truly a great battle-ground of idealism and civilization. Are American ideals really being absorbed and are they leavening this heterogeneous mass of human- ity? Or are they so mitigated or adulterated by foreign habit and view-point as to degenerate into hybrid and in- congruous nonentities ? While these considerations may apparently be totally out of place in a survey dealing with saloon properties, yet they become vitally important when we try to study and understand how effective a law which so typically represents American idealism (of Main Street, if you please ) as the Eighteenth Amendment is, in such an alien atmosphere. The Eighteenth Amendment is a more far-reaching piece of legislation than just the elimination of saloons. Whatever the results may be in rural America, when a law of this tenor invades cosmopolitan centers like New York, where in many sections the preponderant majority is so thoroughly alien in spirit and ideal, there is a con- flict, the outcome of which is really interesting, and of great national portent. ( ireater Mew York is composed of five boroughs, each one a separate county. Within the border of each one of these counties there are many little foreign cities. 8 I X FORMER SALOON SITES BLACK In Manhattan, ( the Island which lives by grace of Wall Street, on Broadway and for Fifth Avenue) the best known part of New York and Xevv York City proper, there is, for instance on the Lower East Side, a distinctly Jewish city. Further up on the same side of the Island there are colonies inhabited almost exclusively by Ger- mans or by Italians. In the same way there are small French colonies, Greek, Czech, Chinese and other foreign centers. Mulberry Street, in one of the several Italian quarters, is to all the world like a section of Naples, and in Harlem, in certain parts, the German clement domi- nates the atmosphere so completely that one wonders at times if this is Xew York or Germany. We are incorporating in this survey an interesting map of a section of the lower East Side, where, according to Senator Royal S. Copeland, former Health Commissioner of our city, the density of the population surpasses the one-half million mark per square mile. It is here that Xew York has its slums, gangs and tenements and where originate most of our sad tales of misery and poverty so heart-rending and pathetic, known by all. believed by some and scorned by the dwellers of this section of Xew York. This district is inhabited almost exclusively by Jewish people. It is part of the Ghetto, and one would think, knowing the proverbial sobriety of the Jewish people, that the liquor traffic would not be able to gain a foothold here. Any such conclusion is gratuitous and shows a sad lack of understanding of the liquor trade. The liquor traffic has never waited for an invitation to invade any particu- lar district. Neither has it ever been known to be bashful or reticent in imposing its blight upon unsuspecting people. Chart I shows the situation in this particular district in 1916 when there were as many as 14 saloons to one block. By contrast it shows the same district in 1924, after four years of Prohibition. W'e had to qiiard, in our survey, against the fallacy of surveying one section too intensely and neglecting others. This, of course, would have materially changed the results. In order that this survey might be thoroughly and hon- estly representative of the actual conditions, we have taken, in Manhattan, for instance, all avenues. First to Eleventh, also those which have names instead of numbers, and surveyed the streets all the way from the beginning to the very end. For instance, First. Second and Third Avenues are populated, at their beginning, almost ex- clusively by Jewish people. Further North, these avenues run through Italian, Greek, Russian. Slav and German colonics. In following the avenues from beginning to end, almost the full length of Xew York, we have covered impartially all the districts. It should be remembered that most of the stores, saloons and liquor shops were on the avenues; very few were to be found on the cross streets. In order to make the survey still further representative of the actual situation, we have taken some of the cross Greets which are best known, 14th, 23rd, 34th. 42nd. 125th and others, and have surveyed these from East to W est. W'e are satisfied that this is not a partial survey but represents the true condition of Manhattan and, to a large extent, of Greater Xew York, as found at the end of 1 022 or in 1924. All places were visited by the same staff. The data from all the streets and avenues were compiled by the same method. Everything that was hu- manly possible was done to eliminate error or bias. Many changes, of course, took place even during 1922 and 1924, but almost all were for the good. SURVEY OF 1922 EXTENT OF LIQUOR TRAFFIC BEFORE PROHIBITION IN 1915 there were for the ten million persons in the State of New York, approximately 23,000 saloons. These were reduced to about 22,000 in 1916. Dur- ing 1917, throughout the State including the City of New York, various restrictions went into force, chiefly due to American entrance into the World War when it became imperative to save not only foodstuffs and transportation, but man power as well. From 1917 to 1918, the number of saloons throughout the State de- creased from 20,000 to 15,000, due largely to local option measures. In the City of New York the decrease was less marked, where the 9,277 saloons of 1917 decreased to 8.168 in 1918. During these two years the decrease in the rest of the State, exclusive of New York City, was from 11,513 to 7,319. In the Fall of 1919 the total of 15,000 saloons of 1918 for the whole State had further decreased to 11,000. These figures show plainly that local option and the approach of National Prohibition did more in two years to eliminate saloons than the previous ten years of liquor control by the Excise Board. On July 1, 1919, War-time Prohibition became effective. In New York State, licenses were still being issued, how- ever. Few took Prohibition seriously in New York City at that time. Many took out licenses, anticipating that de- mobilization might be concluded and War-time Prohibi- tion abrogated before the going into effect of National Prohibition by Constitutional Amendment. On January 16, 1920, Constitutional Prohibition superseded War-time Prohibition, and at the end of that year there were 8,358 licenses issued to saloonkeepers besides 586 to liquor deal- ers throughout the State. DIFFERENT KINDS OF LICENSES While there were several classes of licenses issued, for our present purpose only two will be given which em- braced the preponderant majority. Licenses, or Certifi- cates Number One, were issued to hotels and saloons and authorized the holder to sell alcoholic beverages to be con- sumed on the premises. This corresponds to the English On-license. Licenses Number Two were for stores selling alcoholic beverages but did not permit the holder to allow his patrons to consume the goods on the premises. These licenses are the same as the Off-license in the English system. In 1918, 92 per cent of the licenses issued to dealers for the sale of alcohol for beverage purposes were to saloons and hotels, while 8 per cent were for liquor stores. Ap- proximately the same ratio held true for Greater New York where the saloons had about 90 per cent of the licenses and the liquor stores a little over 9 per cent. For Manhattan (New York City proper) 4,071 licenses were issued in that year, 3,608 or about 89 per cent for saloons, and 463 or 1 1 per cent for liquor stores. (See tables B, C.) SITUATION IN MANHATTAN ISLAND (New York County) In Manhattan, the heart of New York City, most of the saloons and liquor stores were on the Avenues. Some avenues had no liquor stores, others only a very few. There were certain sections in Manhattan, especially the residential parts, where hardly any saloons or liquor stores were to be found. The exact figures for the whole State and Greater New York are to be found in table B, while in table C we have given a summary showing also in per- centages the distribution of saloons and liquor stores for the State and for New York City. Table D, page 11, gives the itemized results of the sur- vey, showing how the saloons and liquor stores were dis- tributed throughout the different sections of the City. In table E, page 20, we have the data for Manhattan only. Fifth Avenue divides Manhattan into East and West. From First to Fifth Avenue there is the East Side and from Fifth there is the West Side of the City. Fifth Avenue is the shopping center below 57th Street and one of the most exclusive residential sections from 57th Street to approxi- mately 100th Street. From 110th Street on, Fifth Ave- nue is part of a Jewish colony and above 130th Street it runs through the colored section of Harlem. Broadway is one of the best known thoroughfares in the world. An- other of our pamphlets deals with Broadway. The Bow- ery also is described elsewhere. On First, Second and Third Avenues, also Seventh, Eighth and Ninth, the population is to a large extent composed of working peo- ple. Fourth, Lexington and Columbus Avenues are part of a better environment. It is noted that in the first three and from Seventh to Ninth and Amsterdam Avenues there were more saloons than on any other thoroughfare. Sixth Avenue is a business street almost exclusively. Broadway shows a great number of saloons, but that is due to the fact that that thoroughfare is very much longer than many of the others. Under "Miscellaneous" in table D, page 11, we have given the result of the survey of saloons and liquor stores, on cross streets as 14th, 23rd, 34th, 42nd, and others up to 125th street. RESULTS OF PROHIBITION IN MANHATTAN Table E, page 20, dealing with Manhattan only, shows that of the 1,877 licenses which were investigated, we found 687 which were apparently still doing business. We found no liquor stores anywhere. The total number of 1,190 places had discontinued. Of these 213 had been liquor stores, 977 had been saloons. Up to the summer of 1922 this would show that 59 per cent of the saloons had ceased to exist, while 100 per cent of the investigated liquor stores had closed their doors. For all licensed places, we found that the decrease was 63.4 per cent. It is interesting to note that the 1,190 former bars and liq- uor stores which discontinued have been replaced by 2,090 different stores, not including 73 which at the time were vacant and most of them so because still in process of alteration. This would indicate an increase of over 11 per cent in rented properties. In table F, page 5, we have summarized certain inter- esting features of table E. For instance, we found that 43 per cent of the stores were taken by concerns dealing in food, 19 per cent were selling clothing, while 17 per cent were concerns directly or indirectly connected with the furnishing of homes; they include furniture, music stores, hardware stores, most of these latter stores deal- ing more or less in kitchen utensils and other necessities of the home. HOME BREW? The objection has been raised that many saloons have gone out of business and that their place has been taken over by concerns selling distilling outfits and implements for home brew. It is very significant that we found only 36 malt and hop stores throughout Manhattan, and a total of 43 for the city, and most of them were on First, Sec- ond and Third Avenues. Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Elev- EIGHT enth Avenues and Broadway, the Bowery, Columbus and Lexington Avenues did not have a single malt and hops store. It seems that all of the malt and hops stores which we visited did not carry a sufficient stock of material to pro- vide enough home brew for the block in which they were situated. Subsequent events have convinced us beyond all doubt that die home brew spasm has subsided in New York City. A great deal of noise has been made concerning the numbers that are endeavoring to obtain wine through apparently legalized channels, as stores selling sacra- mental wine. In the hundreds of miles of the city cov- ered by these avenues and streets, we found only three such stores and on several visits made to them, we found them deserted most of the time. As to distilling, for private home consumption in New York City, it is a negligible factor. As a sidelight it is very interesting to notice that many of the hardware stores which formerly exhibited distilling apparatus no\A have their windows full of radio outfits. HOW DRY? The charge. fr< m sources undoubtedly interested in de- crying Prohibition, that so many of the new establish ments w hich have replaced saloons are selling booze un- der cover does not deserve the attention that we have been led to believe it should have. According to the survey, over 50 per cent of the former premises have been renovated and, while we have no of- ficial figures to an extent to warrant the giving of exact percentages, we have reason to believe that over half of the new stores are owned or operated by individuals and firms which were not at all associated with the liquor business which previously occupied these properties. REAL ESTATE That prohibition would vacate many stores has also been found to be a prognostication without foundation. Only 1 per cent of these properties surveyed were found to be vacant, and half of them were so because altera- tions had not been completed. "THREE IN ONE" The effects of Prohibition on properties can be seen by analyzing some of these streets. For instance. Sixth Ave- nue, which makes perhaps the best showing, would indi- cate that the 78 saloons and 10 liquor stores, or 88 prop- erties in all. have been supplanted by no fewer than 22(> different stores. There are corner properties on Sixth Avenue where as many as six small stores or show rooms are crammed into the place of a former bar-room. Of course all this means a tremendous amount of money expended for alterations, for new stock for these stores, a greater number of employees in the personnel, many more firms, some of them to be sure, very small, yet independent, whereas in the old days of the liquor traffic it is acknowledged that the majority of the saloons were owned by the liquor traffic which in turn is one ex- planation why so few of the former saloonkeepers have launched into new business enterprises. One of the interesting revelations of the survey of 1922 was the fact that real estate is not being left vacant by the disappearance of the saloons but that Prohibition is directly responsible for a new wave of prosperity. We found that 1,421 saloons and liquor stores had discon- tinued business throughout Greater New York. These properties had been replaced by not fewer than 2,406 stores and legitimate concerns. In other words, 1,015 additional concerns occupied the same premises of the former "gin mills." The full portent of these data can not be realized without further analysis. Upon investi- gation, we found that the cost of alteration of these prop- erties varied tremendously. In some instances, it is true, the change did not involve an expenditure of over $5,000, hut m many it passed .$100,000. In a few instances, huge buildings, sky-scrapers, factories, warehouses or depart- ment stores were erected on sites formerly occupied by frame buildings worth only a few thousand dollars each in the saloon days. These last buildings cost millions of dollars and of course will bring the average cost of alter- ation of the old saloon property to an exorbitantly high level. (See table G, page 29.) If we include this last item we find that the average cost per property altered, sur- passes a quarter of a million dollars. This is evidently quite an unfair and too high average. If we eliminate all the new buildings, we find that the cost of alterations of former saloons and liquor stores averages anywhere from $40,000 to $60,000 for each property. It may he objected that Prohibition had nothing to do. or played an infinitesi- mal part in this tremendous building boom. This is de- Cldedly not so, but we believe it to he more justified in assuming without fear of well-founded criticism that Prohibition is directly and almost exclusively responsible for the big boom in building in certain districts and cer- tain kinds of edifices. The reason is not very hard to find. The brewers — it is a well acknowledged fact — owned or controlled the vast majority of saloon properties. In many instances, they owned choice corner plots, or had long leases on. such properties. Real estate agents also had many properties w hich boused saloons and liquor stores. They had been content to receive their rent regularly ; few alterations were ever needed on saloons or liquor stores and very little thought had to he devoted to the adminis- tration of these properties. Now, along came Prohibition. It threatened the very foundation of many of the agencies that had specialized in saloon properties or whose busi- ness was largely in this particular line of real estate. TABLE P> M'MBFR OF SALOONS AND LIQUOR STORE LI- CENSES IN FORCE AT THE FA'D OF FISCAL YE \RS IN NEW YORK CITY AND IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK TOTAL FOB NEW YORK CITY RKST OF" STATIC N. Y. STATF. LIQUOR LIQUOR LIQUOR TOTAL YEAR S ILOONS STORKS s VLOONS STORKS SALOONS STORKS LICENSES 1911 1 0,693 1,103 13.148 1.017 23.841 2.210 26.051 1912 10,489 1,205 12.982 1 .056 23.471 2,351 25,822 1913 10.376 1 ,326 13.007 1 ,058 23.473 2.384 25,857 1914 10,280 1,316 13,095 1,035 23,375 2.351 25,726 191S 10.0*8 1 .298 12.075 094 23,033 2 292 25,325 1916 9,667 1.235 12,532 905 22,199 2.140 24,339 1017 0.277 1,100 11,513 843 20.790 1 ,952 22.742 1918 8,168 841 7,310 519 15,487 1.360 16,847 1019 11.529 829 12.358 1920 8,358 586 8,944 SOURCE: Annual Reports, Commissioner of Excise. No separate data in last Animal Report. TABLE C RELATIVE PROPORTION OF SALOONS AND LIQ- UOR STORES IN NEW YORK CITY AND STATE \T THE END OF 1918 16,847 100% 15,487 92% 1.360 8% All licenses in Greater New York 9.000 100% 8,168 00% 841 9% All licenses in New York City (Manhattan) 4,071 100% 3,608 80 % 463 11% SOURCE: Commissioner of Excise, New Vm k, 1918. NINE CHART I PASSING OF SALOONS IN NEW YORK CITY LOWER EAST SIDE SAME DISTRICT BEFORE AND AFTER PROHIBITION 1916 . 1924 ■ 1 ■ III 1 1 1 1 ■ ■ III 1 - ■ 1 ■ ■l 1 I n — ■ ■ i • 1 - 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 ■ ii 1 ii i il 1 1 1 1 El L I J t — r JL —r J_l III! J_l m I L i r [ □ T-1 ■ I I J_S J L-l— 1—1 i — r .1 L T I 1 □ i ■ 1 1 ■II I I t 1 1 1 i r CHART I SHOWS HOW PROHIBITION HAS AFFECTED A SMALL SECTION OF OUR LOWER EAST SIDE. THESE TWO MAPS SHOW THE SAME DISTRICT IN 1916, ALSO THE SITU- ATION AT THE BEGINNING OF 1924. EVERY DOT REPRE- SENTS A LICENSED SALOON. THIS DISTRICT EXTENDS FROM THE BOWERY TO ESSEX STREET. FROM HESTER TO EAST HOUSTON STREET. IN THE MAP TO THE LEFT REPRESENTING THE SITUATION IN 1916 THERE IS ONLY ONE BLOCK WHICH HAS NO SALOONS. IT IS ON THIS BLOCK THAT WE HAVE, BESIDES THE PUBLIC SCHOOL, THE LUDLOW JAIL, FAMOUS AS THE ALIMONY CLUB. THIS JAIL IS PRESENTLY TO BE TORN DOWN AND WILL BE REPLACED BY A SCHOOL HOUSE. ABOUT 98% OF THE POPULATION OF THIS DISTRICT IS OF FOREIGN BIRTH OR OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE. IT CONSTI- TUTES PART OF THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED TERRITORY IX THE WORLD. THE DENSITY, ACCORDING TO SENATOR ROYAL S. COPELAND, FORMER COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, SURPASSED FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND PER SQUARE MILE. THE MAP TO THE READER'S RIGHT SHOWS HOW A FEW YEARS OF FEEBLE ENFORCEMENT OF PROHIBITION HAVE ELIMINATED THE SALOONS. THE DOTS ON THIS MAP REP- RESENT THE OLD SALOONS WHICH ARE NOW DOING BUSI- NESS ON THE OLD PREMISES BUT OSTENSIBLY SELLING SOFT DRINKS. They had drifted for years, content with the income they received. Undoubtedly many had hoped for a change in the community that would offer them an opportunity to erect larger buildings which in turn would produce more revenue. But still it was an easy matter just to "hope" for such a change to come that would sweep these people along on the crest of a new prosperity. The situation was changed entirely by Prohibition. From the passive method of administering their proper- ties, the ow ners and agents now had to take an aggressive part in order to save themselves from the "predicted and expected" catastrophe wlrch was heralded to follow in the wake of national draught, and they were not slow to accept the situation and to adjust themselves to it as busi- ness always does. Rather slow at the beginning, and still hesitating somewhat after the first and seond year of Pro- hibition, we find that there was an almost frantic scramble to change, renovate and rebuild properties as soon as own- ers were convinced that Prohibition was going to be a per- manent policy and that the saloon as an institution was doomed. As interesting as table E is table 11. page 25. In sec- tion A of that table, we are giving the assessed valuation of land and buildings of fifteen properties which were saloons in P>18 and had not changed by 1 ( >22. The com- bined assessed valuation for these fifteen properties shows an increase of $1,500 in the land, and an increase of $47,500 in the land and building. The increase for the land, of these fifteen properties, from 1916 to 1922. is .2 per cent while for the land and building it is 7 per cent. We were compelled to take the assessed valuation for the year 1016 becaused during the war so many different items had to he considered and we were advised by one of the Commissioners of the Board of Assessors that 1916 and 1922 would give us a fair normal basis of comparison. The number of prop- erties compared in section A of table H is so small, how- ever, that the results should he taken with some reserve. We do not claim that all properties which have not changed from the old order show this small increase. These which we have given were picked at random with many others hut many had to he discarded because in some cases several parcels of land had been grouped to- gether, as the tendency of real estate is at present, and a fair comparison was not possible. Section B of that same table is more reliable because it gives the valuation of 536 different properties picked at random on 19 different streets. We had hoped to pre- sent the data for one thousand properties, hut hecause of the difficult}- already mentioned, these are the only ones which we can report accurately. The increase in properties which formerly were saloons or liquor stores but now house different concerns shows almost $20,000,000 in the land and an increase in assessed value of about $41,000,000 for land and buildings. This is an increase of 30 per ce it in the land and 55 per cent TEN* P-3 -J C/)g s g. M — n 2 3 • to _. - a o a o r ' Pi. w ;|f a -1 S 7i 7Q eft S5' 2 n o n a* = 00 - — 71- ; o ~ j £ - — 9 2. 5 o -> t; -1 ° O X -I I 1f< = ~ ? Q'^.y~ 2. tt: g en r> rs p" <» o to 2 q S- Si 2 » 3 " " -n 2. — • (/> n H 7i n x » n O o w ra rt ft rt ~ — c -> £ : >- — 7i S O a < rt> 71 - — n e O n (/> (T> 71 o i— ■ • Oo i— • 4s • N KJM. K>. Oo tsj ■ >— Oo • ts) •— ' 4- — • • • 4- — • tsj — Oo i— 4- tsj 'ji -ji ts) • — 4- oo O • Os • »—»•—» Os ■ m4*- Os0oOs4-0ots)»— » oo ■ tsj • • ■ !-»• • — — • 'Jl — ts) -t- VI 4- 30 Oo Oo — 4- Is/ I~ Is I - l/lt\Jt*> - 0* ' l\> V| ts) ■— Ms)' Os 4» Oo 4- Os — Oj »^ Oo 'Ji • • vi Ji. o»i ts) ■— i^s M '^j 'ji !ji 4. — vi 3- • m i-'N: i— ■ SO Is) >— • oo (Jl 'Jl O 1 i— ■ • 00 fUO\M00 " ts) 00 4- — — ■ Os Os 30 Oo Ji Is 4- • IajC NJ-^MC'^^M' O Is) ■ J- 'J' Oj 4- ^1 — ■ I s 4- I s O-. — ' — • Os • • © • ji — ■ ji ? ^rji 4- 4- • — 4- vi — ■ Oo • — Is- — — — ■ — 4- — 4- — i— O • vi vj . 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IS. >— C~ Is) • © (ji M00O4s!» Os • Oj — >-• ■ VI • >—■ •-•Is)C^) - ts)> ts)0o- • ts) h-» ts) *— » h- Oj - t— » OJ Oj Co • • Um4» Isj Is) • 4*. • Oj - CjjIsj4-«0\- • >— >-' 4- 3 a o ts) "i ts) O 4- 00 (Jj 00 M tsj M O 4-^ ts) i-" 00 Isj 4;. Os so i oo V> so !_, 00 2 o a 71 H W w G H O O ij 71 > >- tr uiai < a O VJ © VJ Q i— os vi < a m 'Ji Os !» >=• > ts) K) >co Z tSJ © ^ T !_, 00 'Ji t*> ? U t-- vi 00 n =* O c (ji on © !» ^ >Os 1/3 — vi oo s, » oj oo os ? =■ In tsj >0O G Is) 00 i— < ~ Z OOOOOs ? J v,v, <= ^> 53 - u : oo I! vi % W ^< .-> ■— Is) v; ^. ^_ SO • OoOo 3 0O • f > . is: SSvi^o o Oo © Oo n 4- 4- tsj o-i vt rt — r . H tv)©^ Jug . OoOo H W Oo 4>- < -» CTssOOi IV O X w H O 3 ELEVEN in the land and buildings. Just how much Prohibition is responsible for in this increase in assessed valuation can be gleaned by comparing table H, section B, with the as- sessed valuation of all properties in Manhattan, table 11, section C. The assessed land value for all properties increased 5 per cent while the assessed value of land and buildings increased 18 per cent. Where the situation is unchanged, i. c, where the saloons are unchanged, the increase in assessed valuation is respectively only .2 per cent and 7 per cent but where the new order has stepped in the in- crease is 39 per cent and 55 per cent. This great differ- ence may be accounted for in part by the fact that a great number of saloons which have not as yet discontinued are to be found in the worst and least desirable parts of the city. Comparatively little change has taken place near the Water-front or in sections where, for instance, the railroad running on the street level, or the elevated over- head may tend to make the property less desirable. These sections are generally inhabited by poorer people, and it is here that fewer saloons have disappeared. On Fifth Avenue, where, strange as it may seem, there were 35 saloons and five liquor stores, none arc to be found now, until we strike the Harlem section where a few saloons still do business, ostensibly selling soft drinks in the heart of the negro colony. EMPLOYMENT AND PROHIBITION One more observation is necessary in order to compre- hend fully the significance of these figures. Our careful inquiry showed that before the coming into effect of the Eighteenth Amendment the average sa- loon employed an average of two persons. Investigations of the new business concerns which have replaced the old order show that these new firms employed a minimum average of Zy 2 to 4^ persons. Under the old order, the S.168 saloons in Greater New York in 1918 would have given employment to 16,000 persons selling their goods behind the bar. Under the new order, these same prop- erties required between 32,000 and 35.000 employees to dispose of the merchandise. Among the kinds of stores that have supplanted bar-rooms and liquor stores we found restaurants, groceries, cigar stores and dry goods establishments predominating. There are few restau- rants which employ fewer than ten to fifteen men or women, and the groceries often have four or five em- ployees, while dry goods stores always have many more employees, men and women, than the saloons had. The new establishments which have supplanted the bar-room show a variety of over 200 different kinds of stores and some are reported in table I. page 29. SUMMING UP These data would show that after three years of Pro- hibition, more than half of the saloons had discontinued business, furthermore, that all liquor stores had disap- peared and that there is no ground to believe that concerns selling home-brew and distilling outfits have supplanted saloons and liquor stores. These data show that in the first three years of Prohibition, when the law was not well enforced and when, for a long period of time it was si ill a question in the minds of main as to whether Pro- hibition would be a permanent policy or simply a tem- porary outburst of legislative enthusiasm in the first three years of Prohibition more was accomplished to anni- hilate the liquor traffic than had been done in the previous decade of State legislation and municipal regulation; fur- thermore, that Prohibition was a direct factor and cause for the real estate boom and building enthusiasm which followed its advent; this summary shows beyond the per- adventure of a doubt that Prohibition not only raised the value of real estate, but supplanted a saloon or liquor store with two or more stores in legitimate lines of business. It also disproves the foolish assumption that Prohibition causes unemployment and these tables show beyond doubt that for every position vacated on account of Prohibition, other sources of employment were opened. It also shows that the properties that have thrown out the liquor traffic and adapted themselves to the new order of things have increased far beyond the normal and expected increase of values of real estate. We have no accurate data tabulated but we leave it to the reader to estimate the capital in stock of the average saloon of days gone by, which comprised a few kegs of beer and a few bottles of liquors and wines, and compare it with the stock which must be carried by these new con- cerns which now sell automobiles, furniture, rugs, music, office supplies and everything that man can think of, goods that come from the four corners of the earth, giving em- ployment to myriads of hands and heads and increasing transportation of goods in quantities never attained by the o'd order. OPEN SESAME Just as "( )pen Sesame" opened the way to the cave of Ali Baba in the Arabian Nights, so has Prohibition opened a new cycle of prosperity. Reviewing the tables and facts of the summary of 1922, we find that as saloons have gone out of business, new stores in an increased number have supplanted the old order. For these new premises it was necessary to acquire a great quantity of goods of the most diversified nature. More employees were needed to dispose of these neces- sities which in turn opened new channels of circulation for money. The alterations of the aforementioned premises gave employment to untold numbers of persons. They re- quired huge quantities of building material all of which contributed to prosperity. This new cycle has to a large extent helped directly and indirectly to furnish and stabilize the home to a larger degree than the saloon ever destroyed. The changes have been so radical and of such a lasting nature, that the one outstanding result of prohibition as seen by this survey indicates that the doom of the liquor traffic has been perpetually sealed. The saloon is not making a strategic retreat ; it has been defeated beyond any chance of recuperation. It is de- cidedly an incident of past history. TABLE M SHOWING, IN PERCENTAGES, THE KLNLS OF CON- CERNS WHICH TN TULY, 1924, WERE OCCUPYING THE PREMISES OF SALOONS AND LIOUOR STORES LICENSED IX 1916 IN MANHATTAN (CITY OF NEW YORK) PERCENTAGE CONCERN M M BER OI-" TOT.M 1,260 33.40 Clothing 532 14.00 Luxuries 369 971 Vacant 342 0.00 Miscellaneous 312 8.21 283 7.45 191 5.03 (3,208) Unchanged Saloons .... 349 0.18 Part Saloon 112 2.95 Malt and Hops 37 0.97 New Saloons 2 0.05 2 0.05 (502) (13.20) Total 3,800 100.00 T W E L V F SURVEY OF 1924 IN the survey of 1924 there enters a new element. It is a commonly acknowledged fact that Xew York City, as a whole, has not wanted Prohibition ; any progress which can be shown has come about in spite of the antagonism of New York and not be- cause of any enthusiastic cooperation on the part of this great cosmopolitan center. Xew York has enforced Prohibition only so much as it had to. The Police Department has made, with good re- sults, several spasmodic attempts to dry up the city, but the good intentions have always outrun the actual per- formance. So far as the Federal authorities are con- cerned they have done as well as could be expected from a small group of men tackling a tremendous job and re- ceiving only passive cooperation from the city and State authorities and the general public. Xew York was the forty-fifth State to ratify the Fighteenth Amendment. However, soon after, it legalized 2.75 per cent beer; a law which was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. It is rather amusing (to put it mildly) that the legislators of so great a State should assume such a ridiculous attitude as to believe that the State of New York could legalize a higher percentage of alcohol in cereal beverages than the government of the United States permitted. Yet, the august legislature passed the bill and Governor Al. E. Smith signed it. These legislators, it would appear, had grown so wise and erudite as to forget one of the simplest lessons of boy- hood which those of us who cannot as yet boast of white hair and fading memory still remember. Personally, 1 realized in my very early days that when the will of my parents was diametrically opposed to mine, the sooner I relinquished all claims to my own personal liberty, the better off" I was — -physiologically, SO to speak. Hut in Xew York State, the legislators still believe, apparently, that when there is a conflict between State and Federal authorities, the State can act independently and even against the Federal government. Most school children who remember the history of the United States know better. Governor Nathan L, Miller who succeeded Governor Smith signed the Mullan-Gage Act (in 1921) which was practically the Volstead Act reduced and adapted to the needs of the State of Xew York. W hen in 1923 Governor Alfred E. Smith, of 2.75 per cent beer fame, was re- elected, he signed a bill repealing the State Enforcement Code and with it practically all legislation which had any- thing to do with the regulation of the liquor traffic. In 1 ( >24, when we made our survey we found evidence aplenty of the reaction and results of the repeal of the State Enforcement law. The new element in the survey of 1924 is the fact that for over one year there was in the City of New York, the poorest sort of enforcement imaginable. In fact the situ- ation was a recrudescence of the wet regime so far as State enforcement was concerned. It affords an oppor- tunity to study the actual capacity for recuperation of the liquor traffic, after a few years of Prohibition. The State Enforcement law having been repealed in 1923, Prohibition had to be enforced by a handful of Federal agents, aided only by the momentum gathered in public opinion by the first years of enforcement. The city and State authorities pretended of course, to give all moral support, but this was only theoretically true and when reduced to a practical basis was nothing more than a rhetorical hyperbole. In 1924 there was local enforce- ment really at its very lowest ebb. To all intents and purposes, anyone can now engage in the liquor traffic unmolested in the City of New York, except tor what regulations there are by Federal authorities. There are reported here in a series of tables and charts, the findings of the latest survey. CHANGES IX SALOONS AND LIQUOR STORES FROM 1916 TO 1924 In table J, page 28, is given a summary by streets, showing to what extent the liquor dispensaries have been changed. This survey is based on the reports of the Board of Excise of 1916. THE EAST SIDE Third Avenue, on the East Side, with 252 saloons, led in the number of these premises licensed in 1916; there were also 44 liquor stores and 17 drug stores, a total of 313 premises on one avenue, about six miles in length. After five years of Prohibition we found on this thorough- fare that 211 saloons had discontinued, 23 were un- changed, 15 were what might be termed "ensmalled" sa- loons, having yielded from one-fourth to four-fifths of their space, invariably the best part, to other stores ; three places were both saloon and restaurant. In all we found approximately 41 saloons in some form or other, still doing business. All of the 44 liquor stores had discon- tinued and the 313 former premises have been occupied by no less than 453 concerns. Of these, 11 were still in process of alteration, 44 were vacant and in two instances we found new buildings in the place of the old saloons. Of all these new places, 194 had been renovated. Second Avenue showed the largest number of saloons aside from Third Avenue. In 1916 there were 228 sa- loons, 19 liquor stores, 11 drug stores, a total of 258 premises. The survey would indicate that 175 saloons had discontinued, all of the liquor stores had gone out of business, besides three drug stores. Instead of 258 liquor dispensaries, we found on these premises 278 new stores, of which 38 were unchanged saloons, 15 part saloon and eight unchanged drug stores. The renovated premises numbered 125. First Avenue reduced the 196 saloons by 144. Of the 160 liquor dispensaries, bars and stores which had dis- continued on this avenue, 158 were renovated and two were in process of alteration. There were also two new buildings, 1') vacant premises and one empty lot. Stately Fifth Avenue boasted 40 saloons in 1916. Today 35 of these have discontinued, five clinging tena- ciously to the old order in the colored section of Harlem where Fifth Avenue undergoes a decided change in at- mosphere and color. The nine former liquor stores on the avenue have also discontinued, so that of the 51 licensed premises of 1916, 45 have gone out of business and their space has actually been absorbed by "57" different stores; four were still in process of alteration, 25 had been com- pletely renovated, while five had been replaced by new buildings. On Broadway, 142 of the 160 saloons had discon- tinued up to July. 1924, and the 193 former licensed con- cerns which had completely changed had been replaced by 289 new stores of which 220 had been renovated. The new buildings were 14 in number, seven stores were va- THIRTEEN CHART II STATUS IN 1924 OF SALOONS WHICH WERE LICENSED IN 1916 IN MANHATTAN, NEW YORK I UNCHANGED DISCONTINUED llllllllllllll li !OO f 90 % 80 * 70'/. 60% 50' 40< 30 120 % 10% IN THIS CHART WE ARE SHOWING BY AVENUES AND STREETS JUST WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE SALOONS OF 1916 ARE APPARENTLY STILL IN BUSINESS, AND WHAT PERCENT- AGE OF THEM HAVE DISCONTINUED. FOR THE WHOLE OF MANHATTAN, THE SALOONS WHTCH HAVE DISCONTINUED TOTAL 79%. THE LARGEST DECREASE IS SEEN ON FOURTH AVENUE, A COMMERCIAL STREET. THE BOWERY, OF UNSAVORY MEMORY, IS FAST REDEEMING ITSELF BY SHOWING A DECREASE IN SALOONS OF APPROXIMATELY 93%. BROADWAY IS ALSO MAKING A GOOD SHOWING, WITH ONLY 11% OF THE OLD-TIME SALOONS IN BUSINESS. SOME OF THE AVENUES AND STREETS WHICH DO NOT SHOW SO GREAT A DECREASE AS THE WHOLE OF MANHATTAN IN GENERAL, ARE FOUND TO BE STREETS ON OUR WATER- FRONT, NOTABLY SOUTH AND WEST STREETS, WHILE IOtH AND IItH AVENUES ARE IN ONE OF THE POOREST DISTRICTS OF THE CITY. THIS CHART SHOWS THAT 16 OF THE STREETS HAVE A DECREASE IN SALOONS OF OVER 80%, WHILE 10 SHOW A DECREASE OF OVER 70%, AND ONLY 6 STREETS SHOW A DE- CREASE OF LESS THAN 70% Bl'T MORE THAN 60%. cant and five still in process of alteration. A special pamphlet deals more fully with Broadway. Sixth Avenue, a very short street in Manhattan, ex- tending from Greenwich Village to Central Park on 59th street, a length of less than three miles, is one of our typ- ically commercial streets. There are few residences on this street and the ground floor of every building is taken up hy stores and offices. There were 82 saloons in 1916 on this avenue, 19 liquor stores and 12 drug stores, a total of 113 licensed premises. In 1924 we found six unchanged saloons, one saloon-restaurant and four prem- ises which were part saloon, a total of 11 against the for- mer 82. The 12 drug stores had been reduced to eight. Altogether we found 71 saloons which had discontinued besides 1'' liquor stores and four drug stores which had gone out of business. On this avenue the former 113 licensed places are now replaced by 182 new concerns. A great deal had been expected to occur on account of Prohibition on the famous Bowery of unsavory memory. Well, it happened. The 45 saloons have been reduced to three and the 47 former premises licensed in 1916 are now replaced by 86 stores, 32 of which have been reno- vated and four are new buildings. More detailed in- formation on the" Bowery has appeared in a separate pamphlet. THE WATERFRONT We have watched with interest the Water pro NT, where longshoremen from every country and clime used to crowd the bar-rooms when on shore leave. South Street had 33 saloons before Prohibition, of these 21 have now disappeared. West Street, the other thoroughfare of the Waterfront, running along the Hudson, had 75 licensed premises, of these 53 have discontinued and no fewer than 11 new buildings have been erected on the premises of the former saloons. In this survey we investigated 2,263 saloons and found 1,802 of them to have discontinued. All of the 391 liquor stores had changed front and even 35 of the 180 drug stores had turned into different stores. DRUG STORES IN NEW YORK One word is necessary, perhaps, to explain the drug store. It is undoubtedly true that the drug stores sell everything and anything in larger quantities than drugs and medicines. There are few drug stores in New York City where from one-third to over one-half of the space is not taken up by a soda fountain catering to the sweet taste of Americans, from flapper to business man. Some soda fountains in these drug stores also serve what they graciously term "luncheonettes." A sandwich, some gin- ger ale or soda, a marble table and a high chair, a spot to gossip and to keep an appointment or to fume and stew until the telephone booth is empty would more accurately describe the drug stores, which are not enshrouded in the dignity and funereal solemnity of the pharmacy and apoth- ecary of continental Europe. Of course the drug stores also sell all kinds of soaps and cologne waters from the rankest to the best colored and in the most outlandish bottles. They always have a thousand bargains, as, foun- FOURTEEN tain pens. which write off and on, the latest novelty for milady's vanity bag. besides shaving cream, toffy, water- bottles, not to speak of the latest dictionaries for the new habit of cross puzzling in the throes of which America finds herself right after having recuperated from Cone and Mah Jong. There have been abuses in the drug stores, undoubtedly. A number of them are run by un- scrupulous betrayers of a noble professional class, who have besmirched the name. But to class the majority or even a considerable proportion of the drug stores as boot- leggers is stretching the imagination beyond the breaking point. Of the 461 saloons which we found apparently still in business throughout the city, 75 had yielded some of their space to other concerns, 37 were part restaurant and 349 showed no outward change from pre-prohibition days. The 2.208 premises which discontinued had been re- placed by 3,338 stores of which 66 were still in process of alteration and 1,822 had been thoroughly renovated. In 96 instances we found new buildings, 266 premises still vacant, 1 1 empty lots on the spot where formerly some licensed djspensary had been in business. A table which, shows all of this by avenues and streets is herewith at- tached, page 28, table J. In table K, page 25, is shown the -percentage of saloons which have discontinued and of those which aie still in business, for each of the avenues surveyed. The same data are shown graphically by avenues and streets for the whole city in chart II. page 14. This latter chart shows a decrease of approximately 80 per cent of saloons throughout Manhattan. ( )n six avenues. Tenth, Eleventh, St. Nicholas. South Street, 34th and Pearl Street, the de- crease in saloons was over 60 per cent but not over 70 per cent. On ten avenues and streets the decrease was over 70 per cent but below 80 per cent. On 13 of the avenues the decrease was between 80 per cent and ( X) per cent ; it was over 90 per cent on two avenues and 100 per cent on one avenue. In chart III, page 18, we show graphically, the gradual •decrease of the saloons in Manhattan. Taking 1916 as the basis of 100 per cent, the saloons had decreased by the end of 1918 about 14 per cent. In 1920 we found that 37 per cent had discontinued ; in the following year over one-half of the bar-rooms had gone out of business, a decrease of approximately 51 per cent. This steady, gradual decrease continued and in 1 ( >22 we found only 45 per cent of the former saloons in business, 55 per cent having discontinued. In July, 1 ( >24. we found that the 100 per cent of the saloons of 1916 had been reduced to approximately 20 per cent as 80 per cent of them had ceased to function. THE CONSTRUCTIVE SIDE OF PROHIBITION The foregoing tables and charts have indicated the de- structive features of Prohibition as far as the liquor traffic is concerned. The Eighteenth Amendment was never in- tended to be a destructive measure exclusively. The ad- vocates of the complete abolition and destruction of the liquor traffic have been persuaded that the eradication of this nefarious industry was the only remedy against alco- holism. The strongest argument for such a contention is that alcohol is a narcotic, a habit-forming drug and a racial poison which, like lead and syphilis, destroys the proto- plasm and in that way injures the generations to come. It is the arch enemy of the fundamental law of mankind: Salus populi lex suprcma esto. But the constructive features of Prohibition are far more important and should be emphasized more than the merely destructive. What the elimination of the social en- vironment of saloons has meant to the home and to the many victims who always paid the fiddler after the drunk- ards had danced and enjoyed their personal liberty, can be realized — and partially only — by those who are familiar with the social problems. What this new environment means to the growing youth, from a psychological point of view, can only be fathomed. Xo longer do the children, especially in the big cities, have to grow up with a saloon on each street corner and with beer kegs on the sidewalks behind which to play hide and seek, having to dodge the brewers' big horses or "rush the growler" or see the sorry spectacle of drunken men and women, listen to their vul- gar remarks and be confronted with the uncouth appear- ance and dastardly actions of their fellow beings degraded by drink. In table L. pages 16 and 17, we are showing, in part, the constructive side of Prohibition. It is true that saloons have discontinued, that liquor stores have ceased to exist, but what kind of changes have taken place? Has Prohibi- tion merely changed the proprietor or the name of a firm? It is in the constructive side of Prohibition that one really finds an answer as to whether Prohibition is worth while. We hope to show by these tables, which for the first time are sufficiently extensive to warrant conclusions, that the sponsors of the Eighteenth Amendment acted more wisely, perhaps, than they knew, and that the results have been far better and more far reaching than the public at large expected. Summing up this table, we find that 3,800 stores had replaced 2,173 former saloons and liquor stores. Of the 2.263 saloons licensed in 1916 and the 391 liquor stores, we found in 1924 that 2,173 of these premises had discon- tinued; of these 1.822 had been thoroughly renovated. We are not reporting in this table any data regarding drug stores. The long list of new stores that have replaced licensed premises have reference to saloons and liquor stores only. Table M, page 12, shows that the 3,800 stores which occupied the premises of the former 2,654 licensed liquor dispensaries were divided a.-, follows : 3,298 stores have absolutely nothing to do and are not connected in any way, shape, manner or form with the old liquor traffic. These constitute 86.8 per cent of the total. The 349 saloons, 112 part saloons, two new saloons, 37 malt and hops stores and even two stores selling sacramental wine, altogether 502 stores, represent only 13.21 per cent of the total number of premises surveyed. W e are reporting in these tables two "new saloons." We have reference here to a new kind of institution which had its birth when Governor Smith signed the repealer of the State Enforcement Act. We found approximately 25 new saloons which came into existence immediately after the State law was repealed. These saloons differ in ap- pearance from the old time bar-room. There are no screens or open doors. There are no signs whatever to show that they are saloons. Some have small signs pur- porting to indicate that they are restaurants and even fur- niture stores. The windows and doors are covered with an unvarying shade of dark green cloth. They are small in size, only one-fourth to one-eighth of the size of the former bar-room. There are no tables whatever but just the usual number of cuspidors. The door is always' locked, one must knock or have a pass-word, then the green cloth is withdrawn just sufficiently to observe the intruder, the door is opened just enough to admit the guest, then closed again and the green cloth is again withdrawn to see if anyone has noticed the admittance; after this, the place is again as dead as Marley — outwardly. There is FIFTEEN TB SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIQUOR STORES IN MANHATTAN (NEW YORK CITY) IN 1916 BY STREETS AD (1) 1916 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69) Dept 1st Licenses (Saloons, Liquor Ave - Stores, Drug Stores) 222 Saloons 196 Liquor Stores 16 1924 Surveyed 222 Found in Business (Saloons and Liquor Stores only) . . 52 Discontinued 160 Renovated 158 Restaurants 15 Groceries 20 Markets 16 Confectioneries 9 Meat and Fish 12 Soft Drinks 4 Bakeries 4 Dairies 2 Fruit Stands Tea Rooms • Dry Goods 14 Men's Stores 2 Ladies' Wear 4 Shoes 4 Tailors Clothing, Miscellaneous 1 Millinery 3 Hats Men's Furs : Silk 2 Baby Stores 1 Furniture 4 Music 3 Household 6 Hardware Electric Supplies Trunks Rugs Pharmacies .... Barbers Laundries and Cleaners 1 Shoe and Hat Cleaners 1 Beauty Parlors 1 Cigars ^ Jewelry Auto Supplies 5 Art Stores * Radio Billiards 3 Florists Amusements Automobiles ' Books Offices 1 Manufacturing 7 Office Supplies 2 Banks 2 Store Fixtures Sacramental Wines Malt and Hops 3 Miscellaneous 12 Department Stores 4 New Saloons Saloons Unchanged 38 Saloons and Restaurants 4 Part Saloons 10 Vacant 19 Process of Alteration 2 Vacant Lots * Total 264 SOURCE: Number of licenses from New of the World League AKainst Alcoholism. 2nd Ave. 258 228 19 258 53 193 125 18 35 11 10 26 7 3 6 1 13 3 5 3 7 2 1 7 6 2 1 2 1 1 4 6 3 5 10 6 4 3 1 1 4 2 1 3 3 3 11 5 4 1 38 15 22 1 3rd Ave. 313 252 44 313 41 248 191 51 32 21 13 14 10 6 3 6 1 11 14 8 6 16 8 10 10 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 8 12 10 13 1 16 5 4 3 4 3 331 York State 7 15 3 6 16 4 23 3 15 44 11 494 4th- Ave. 5th Ave. 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th lltfa Ams'd'm Bow- Broad Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. ery way £.0 r i 3 1 113 125 248 126 91 46 186 47 243 11 Zo *rU 82 105 194 104 80 46 128 45 160 1 o V 1 15 40 18 10 48 45 26 ri j 1 113 125 248 126 91 46 186 47 243 5 11 19 36 22 31 16 25 3 18 24 44 90 98 198 103 59 30 151 43 187 18 25 78 80 171 106 42 11 117 32 220 11 11 23 15 34 11 5 5 10 19 58 6 22 9 24 16 10 2 44 1 U 2 5 7 6 4 9 1 4 4 7 5 2 4 2 7 2 It 2 ■2 2 10 8 5 14 3 2 1 . 2 1 2 3 1 4 4 6 2 2 V 1 1 5 1 1 5 4 1 3 3 2 ] 3 10 5 2 5 9 4 1 2 4 1 6 3 1 3 4 5 2 6 2 4 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 4 6 13 1 1 5 2 1 2 1 6 2 2 2 48 4 1 62 16 4 6 2 25 7 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 18 1 2 7 3 1 6 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 6 4 8 3 2 1 7 8 1 1 1 3 6 6 15 24 18 25 10 25 2 1 1 1 5 5 1 4 3 11 4 1 1 1 11 10 32 23 14 13 16 3 4 11 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 193 162 309 144 104 49 231 90 Commissioner of Excise. All other data from ori Compiled by K. E. I orradim ginal investigations of the Research September, 19-M. SIXTEEN ENUES. A X D THE CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT DURING THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF NATIONAL PROHIBITION (1) Lex. Madison Col. Park Grand Wash. South Pearl West St. Nic. Park ( Ireenwicli 14th 23rd 34th 42nd 125 th \vc Ave. Ave. St. St. St. St. St. Ave. Ave. St. St. St. St. St 1 otal 42 48 100 20 31 46 • 33 31 75 33 49 60 17 18 6 37 33 ? 8 ?-l ^. ,o»)^ K-) 34 29 58 18 22 40 33 29 73 24 39 53 14 16 3 30 26 (J) 3 12 28 5 6 2 1 6 9 5 2 1 4 5 391 ( 5 1 42 48 100 20 31 46 33 31 75 33 49 60 17 18 6 37 33 2,834 \ u ; 7 5 8 2 4 10 12 9 22 8 9 12 3 4 1 5 2 461 (7) 30 36 78 16 23 36 21 22 52 22 39 46 13 14 2 30 14 2,173 (8) 45 24 63 18 20 20 12 16 40 24 16 31 13 4 2 27 28 1,822 (9) 12 9 5 7 5 10 9 11 24 5 8 21 7 8 2 11 10 460 (10) 9 5 22 2 3 5 16 2 1 301 (11) 1 5 6 1 8 5 116 (12) 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 113 (13) 2 3 2 2 109 (14) 2 2 1 5 1 2 67 (15) 1 1 1 34 (16) 1 1 1 1 32 (17) 1 2 2 1 31 (18) 2 6 (19) 1 2 1 1 2 1 86 (20) 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 78 (21) 1 1 6 1 2 3 3 63 (22) 1 4 2 1 2 62 (23) 1 1 3 1 58 (24) 1 42 (25) 1 3 1 1 2 40 (26) 1 1 2 35 (27) 2 1 31 (28) 4 30 (29) 7 (30) 1 1 3- 1 3 1 49 (31) 1 2 27 (32) 1 . . 3 25 (33) 1 14 (34) 1 1 1 16 (35) 2 14 (36) 1 13 (37) 2 9 1 2 1 1 94 (38) 3 1 3 1 2 76 (39) 6 6 1 3 1 54 (40) 1 2 1 1 48 (41) 1 11 (42) 4 3 8 i 1 1 1 5 167 (43) 1 2 1 2 1 2 49 (44) 2 , . 33 (45) i 1 24 (46) 2 1 1 1 3 23 (47) 1 2 20 (48) 3 1 19 (49) 2 2 17 (50) 1 1 12 (51) 1 5 (52) 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 59 (53) 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 55 (54) 1 1 1 26 (55) 2 18 (56) 9 (57) 1 2 (58) 2 1 37 (59) 3 2 4 4 2 7 3 7 1 4 3 145 (60) 1 2 2 1 1 33 (61) 2 (62) 5 3 8 2 10 7 18 5 2 1 1 2 349 \\JO ) 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 37 (64) i 2 1 3 1 1 75 (65) ii 2 21 1 1 1 266 (66) i 2 1 3 2 65 (67) 2 2 11 (68) 81 55 139 30 31 54 48 35 90 44 64 94 27 24 8 50 51 3,800 (69) SEVENTEEN • CHART III SHOWING DECREASE OF SALOONS IN MANHATTAN 1916—1918—1920—1921—1922—1924 1916=100%. BLACK: INDICATES SALOONS IN BUSINESS; WHITE: SALOONS WHICH HAVE DISCONTINUED 1916: 100% 1918: 86% 1918: 14^ 1920: 63% 1920: 37% 1921: 49% 1921: 51% 1922: 45% 1922: 55% CHART III SHOWS THE GRADUAL BUT STEADY DECREASE OF SALOONS IN NEW YORK CITY. TAKING THE YEAR 1916 AS A BASIS ( 100% ) WE FOUND THAT BY THE END OF 1918 CHIEFLY DUE TO WAR MEASURES AND THE ANTICIPATION OF PROHIBITION, THE SALOONS HAD DECREASED APPROXIMATELY 14%. IN 1920 AFTER WAR-TIME PROHIBITION HAD BEEN EFFECTIVE AND PROHI- BITION BY CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT HAD SUBSTT- an uncomfortable spookiness and secrecy about this whole performance which may raise a question as to the honesty of those concerned. No light is ever seen at night or during the day and the coming and going to and fro in these new places is always mysterious and not lacking a certain degree of amusing solemnity. We found two of these "oases" in place of former saloons where we know that the old saloon has long discontinued. The survey of the whole city, however, indicates that since the repeal of the Mullan-Gage Act in 1923, there have come into existence probably 200 of these nonde- script gathering places. We have classified them as sa- loons for the mere reason thai one look at the clientele is sufficient to dissuade us from classifying them as Sunday schools. We have seen many drunkards emerging from these "new saloons," most of them, however, propped up by friendly acolytes who supplied the direction, the stead- iness and the motive power of the central figure of the trio. We found sufficient corroboration for the statement issued by the Hoard of Health and the Restaurateurs, that concerns dealing in food arc increasing in America. Many of the 2,654 liquor dispensaries which went out of 1924: 80/< TUTED IT, 37% OF THE OLD "GIN MILLS" HAD CEASED TO FUNCTION. THE DECREASE CONTINUED, AND IN 1921 WE FOUND OVER HALF OF THE SALOONS TO HAVE DISAPPEARED, ONLY 41% WERE APPARENTLY IN BUSINESS, WHILE 51% HAD DISCONTINUED. IN 1922 55% HAD DISCONTINUED, AND BY THE END OF 1924, OVER 80% HAD DISAPPEARED. IN JULY, 1924, THE EXACT PERCENTAGE WAS 79%, BUT MANY SALOONS DISAPPEARED AFTER THAT MONTH. business were replaced by restaurants, cafeterias and other eating places. We found 1,269 of them or 33.4 per cent of the total. There were 532 stores or 14 per cent, in the clothing business, 369 or 9.71 per cent were dealing in luxuries or non-essentials, 342 or 9 per cent were still va- cant. Many of these were still in process of alteration. There were 283 which might be classified, with a certain degree of latitude, as hygenic institutions. They comprise laundries, barber shops, swimming pools and beauty par- lors. Regarding the latter, of course, we are still some- what in doubt and speak only with limited experience; we have no other evidence than the observation of some of the aromatized manikins that these establishments re- lease now and anon. Stores given almost exclusively to furnishing the homes number I'M or 5 per cent. It is interesting to notice that while on the business streets we find more food stores, barber shops and shoe-polishing establishments, in those sections of Manhattan which might be classified as resi- dential districts, there are more new furniture stores than any other concerns. Immediately after the advent of Prohibition many second-hand furniture stores sprang up all over the city. Lately thes* have had a tendency to disappear while the large furniture concerns have erected EIGHTEEN new and immense buildings, sky-scrapers in some in- stances, which would indicate a healthy expansion of these outlets which can make homes out of tenements. The different varieties of stores that we have found are over 200. In table 1, page 29, we are giving exactly 200 kinds of stores all of which are now occupying premises formerly held by saloons and liquor stores. For those who wish to study the far-reaching effects of the Eight- eenth Amendment, we submit this table for careful con- sideration. We should like to draw the attention of the student of economy to this table asking him to fathom, if possible, the effects of Prohibition as revealed by these 200 concerns. In this table we find the solution to the "poor man's club" myth, liow many persons there were, sincerely concerned as to what would become of the labor- ing people when the saloon — the poor man's club — dis- appeared ! This table gives the economic answer to that question. Prohibition has opened up many channels where Mr. Laboring Man can be gently relieved of what he saved from the saloon and which the "Missus" has failed to purloin. An all-around amicable adjustment and so- lution of the problem has long since taken place, without much ado. A trip to the Ghetto would be perhaps the most astonishing revelation to a great many who do not know how the "other half" lives. What would some per- sons say if they saw on the spot of a former saloon a jewelry store exhibiting diamonds priced from $100 to $1,500, with all the latest non-essentials very much like what is seen on Broadway? What would many think of Prohibition if they could see instead of the former saloons on the Lower East Side, in the slums, now stores which would do credit to the best of the environment, selling the very latest style and best quality of fur coats, or the most fantastic assortments of footwear that human ingenuity has been able to devise? It is not uncommon to see on the Lower East Side within half a block of the Bowery, smart haberdasheries which have replaced old and fetid "gin mills" and which now sell shirts priced at $15, neck- ties at $4 to $8, not to speak of silk robes up to $20 and $30. Are we to be so naive as to believe that these goods would be carried by Jewish dealers if there were no mar- ket for them ? BARNACLES Of the 2,263 saloons of 1916 we found 349 in 1924 which had not changed! This is only 9.18 per cent of the concerns which have supplanted the liquor traffic. There were 112 which had relinquished some of their space and these represent less than 3 per cent of the total number of concerns investigated. In the survey of 1922 we found, in the 1421 saloons and liquor stores which had discon- tinued, 43 which had been replaced by malt and hops stores selling implements to make home-brew. In our latest survey where we investigated approximately 3,000 licensed places, we could find only 37 malt and hops stores. This represents less than one per cent of the total number of stores investigated. What we stated in our conclu- sions in the 1922 survey regarding these concerns can be reiterated with added force. With over 1,500,000 Jewish inhabitants in the City of New York we found only two stores selling sacramental wine for religious purposes in place of the former saloons. That there has been abuse of this privilege, under the Vol- stead Act, of selling wine for religious purposes cannot be denied. .However, it is to the infinite credit of the Jewish inhabitants and an indication of their loyalty to the gov- ernment that they have evidently been able to devise ways and means to be as patriotic as they are religious. CHART IV l.\ Nils (HART WE ARE SHOWING GRAPHICALLY THE FINDINGS OJ? TABLE X, PACE 26. IT SHOWS THE INCREASE IX ASSESSED VALUATION OF ALL PROPERTY FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY, OF THE PROPERTY OF FORMER SALOONS WHICH ARE STILL IX BUSINESS, OF THOSE WHICH HAVE DISCONTINUED, AND OF THE LATTER TWO COM BIX EI). I IIF VERTICAL COLUMN A, SHOWS THE INCREASE IN THE ASSESSED VALUATION OF ALL IMPROVED PROPERTY' IN MAN- HATTAN FROM 1916 TO 1923. THE TOTAL INCREASE FOR Till- COUNTRY IS 21.4%. IN COLUMN It, WE ARE GIVING THE INCREASE IN ASSESSED VALUATION OF 88 SALOONS LICENSED IN 1916, WHICH HAD NOT CHANGED IX OUTWARD APPEARANCE BY JULY, 1924. Till: INCREASE FOR THESE PROPERTIES IS 42%. THE FACT THAT THESE PROPERTIES ARE HIGHER THAN THE AVERAGE IS ACCOUNTED FOR IX THIS WAY. SOME OF THEM ARE COR- NER PROPERTIES OX VERY VALUABLE LOTS IX CONSPICUOUS PARTS OF OUR THOROUGHFARES. IN VERTICAL COLUMN C, WE ARE SHOWING THE INCREASE tN ASSESSED OF 858 PROPERTIES WHICH. IX 1916 WERE SA- LOONS AND LIQUOR STORES. IN THESE ARE INCLUDED 88 (OF B) WHICH HAVE NOT CHANGED, ALSO THE 770 PROP- ERTIES WHICH FORMERLY WERE SALOONS AND HAVE NOW DISCONTINUED TO EXIST AS LIQUOR DISPENSARIES. THE IN- CREASE FOR ALL OF THESE PROPERTIES IS 64%. IX VERTICAL COLUMN D, WE HAVE GIVEN THE INCREASE IX ASSESSED VALUATION OF 770 PROPERTIES WHICH WERE FORMERLY SALOONS AND LIQUOR STORES BL T T WHICH HAVE NOW DISCONTINUED. THE INCREASE IX VALUATION FOR THESE PROPERTIES WHICH HAVE YIELDED TO THE NEW ORDER IS 66.2%. COLUMN C, IS REDUCED TO 64% BY THE COMPARATIVELY POOR SHOWING ON COLUMN B. The detailed data for every street and avenue in Man- hattan, showing exactly what became of the former liquor dispensaries, and to what extent the different industries have absorbed the space, clientele, purchasing power of the former devotees of Bacchus and Gambrinus is shown in table L, pages 16 and 17. REAL ESTATE VALUES If Prohibition has affected real estate to such an extent as shown in the foregoing tables and charts how much of it is reflected in the valuation of properties? Should they not show an increase beyond the normal in value? We frankly believe they should, and they do. NINETEEN TABLE E SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALOONS AND LIQUOR STORES IN NEW YORK CITY (MANHATTAN) AND THE CHANGES AFTER THREE YEARS OF PROHIBITION 1st 2nd 3rd 1918 Ave. Ave. Ave. Licenses 157 176 233 Saloons 150 165 205 Liquor Store s 7 11 28 1922 4th Sth 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. 18 40 88 106 216 103 17 35 78 93 188 87 1 5 10 13 28 16 Surveyed 157 In Business 73 Discontinued 84 Vacant Renovated 67 Restaurants 19 Groceries 2 Cigars Dry Goods 14 Men's Wear Markets Soft Drinks .. . Confectioneries Barbers 1 5 1 4 1 Office Supplies .... 2 Pharmacies 2 Ladies' Wear 3 Meat, Fish Shoe and Hat cleaning Fruit Stands Jewelry Miscellaneous clothing Shoes Manufacturing 4 Malt and Hops 3 Laundries 2 Books, Stationery Amusements 2 Furniture 4 Furs Music 2 Shoe Repairing Millineries 1 Banks 2 Silk; • • Hardware 2 Hats (Men's) Bakeries 176 85 91 3 83 ~ 22 13 6 11 4 8 4 2 4 2 13 3 7 3 1 5 6 11 233 110 123 15 95 44 14 12 17 10 18 2 16 1 13 40 9 31 1 22 13 16 1 16 72 3 65 30 10 19 3 9 3 13 7 11 16 r 13 2 8 2 10 6 4 6 _J A 4 1 106 216 17 89 89 5 72 26 9 14 2 14 1 7 7 10 1 4 11 1 6 1 2 i 2 2 3 1 11 'I 1 4 4 1 127 17 103 103 50 53 1 47 75 71 ± 75 43 32 1 23 35 35 35 21 14 1 9 Ams. Ave. 133 103 30 133 49 84 1 62 Br'd way 173 141 32 173 18 155 10 101 Col. Bowery Ave. 36 77 36 36 9 27 27 58 19 77 31 46 1 26 30 15 17 12 11 15 14 7 13 3 16 1 6 14 5 6 10 7 4 _2_ 7 5 4 i 5 5 4 4 13 13 3 4 2 10 2 1 _1 3 '5 1 5 1 10 3 *6 1 2 13 19 3 6 1 11 2 2 '2 7" 1 4 2 1 3 6 3 3 4 58 19 19 2 7 4 10 7 2 13 2 3 6 4 1 4 1 3 12 11 16 3 4 1 4 3 3 1 7 12 156 223 1 1 1 1 Automobile Supplies . Art Stores Beauty Parlors Tea Rooms Automobiles Baby Stores 1 Radio Rugs I Crockery Sacramental Wine ... . . Miscellaneous 5 Total New Concerns . 101 156 223 34 49 226 161 263 82 45 SOURCE: Number of licenses from Annual Report (1918) of Commissioner of Excise. All other data from original investigations by the Research Department of the World League Against Alcoholism 12 1 4 19 1 1 5 112" 4 201 1 i "68 2 "78" Lex. Ave. 43 40 3 43 23 20 1 19 46 Misc. N. Y. Totals 168 1,877 162 1,664 6 213 168 42 126 12 105 68 4 9 4 12 5 4 12 10 9 7 4 3 3 1,877 687 1,190 73 939 391 159 114 95 82 81 73 66 62 60 60 55 52 50 46 46 45 45 42 36 35 28 23 23 23 22 22 20 19 19 2 _ 9 226 18 14 14 14 12 9 9 7 6 _5 4 3 3 78 2,090 W'e endeavored to obtain from real estate agents and landlords the comparative values of real estate before and during Prohibition, and what a mess we got into! If the proprietor was of a Jewish "business persuasion" and thought that there was an opportunity to sell his property, he would invariably boost the price and send it skyrocket- ing several hundred per cent over and beyond the actual value. I f he thought there was a possibility of some pub- licity the value of the property reached such dizzy heights that it would have confounded the Lest accountants who recently dealt in German paper marks. But if the pro- prietor was a suspicious Greek or Italian and "smelt" the dark doings of the revenue department and bis thoughts flitted to income taxes or assessments, then the values de- creased and we saw the most wonderful buildings referred to with a sneer as mere pittances which might have been sold for a song. We therefore betook ourselves to the archives of the Commissioners of Taxes and Assessments where we obtained the accurate data here reported. Our tables of this part of the survey can be summed up as follows : The assessed value of all improved real estate in the Borough of .Manhattan increased 21.4 per cent, or, for the number of properties given us, the average increase in assessed value was $59,059. For 88 properties licensed in 1916 and which in 1923 still had the outward appear- ance of the former saloons, the average increase was 42 per cent, but the average represents only $26,357 which shows a decided inferiority in quality and value of these properties as compared with the average parcels of real estate in Manhattan. The interesting showing which Pro- hibition makes is for 770 former licensed liquor dispen- saries which in l'Mh were given over to the liquor traffic, but which, by 1923 had changed to legitimate business concerns. The increase for these properties was 66.2 per cent and the average increase of each one was $127,994. In other words, the saloons which have gone out of busi- ness and have been replaced by post-prohibition concerns TWENTY show increases of an average of over twice as much as the increase in the average parcel of real estate, the whole city considered. These properties which have changed have increased on an average of about five times as much as those saloons which are still in business. From a real- estate point of view, to keep a saloon running today is the most foolhardy asininity in the business world. The de- tails of this are shown in table X, pages 26 and 27. In studying this table attention is called to the ultra conserva- tism of this survey. The assessed valuation is given for 1016 and 192.3 because during July, 1 ( >24, the Assessment books of 1924 were not ready. Had they been, undoubt- edly there could be shown a further increase over the one we can show now. In chart IV. page 19. is shown graphically the relative increase of the different classes of properties which are summarized in this table on assessments of real estate. The assessed values of the properties licensed in 1916 in- clude those which have discontinued (770) and a few (88) Which are still in business. These 858 show an increase of 64 per cent or an average of $1 1 5,10.3 for each of the prop- erties. The total increase in assessed valuation is almost $100,000,(XX). These tremendous figures can be best in- terpreted in the 1 i rlit of table (i. page 29. whi b. although it covers only 17 premises, is quite typical of the changes which Prohibition has thrust upon New York. These 17 premises picked at random on Seventh, Eighth and Elev- enth Avenues, the Bowery, Broadway and 125th Street, cover different sections of the city, the worst and the best, and show that over $14,500,000 has been expended in erect- ing new buildings throughout the city on 17 lots which for- merly were occupied by liquor joints. The average amount expended for each property is over $860,000. ranging from $1,500 up to $5,000,000. When this aver- age is multiplied by 96, the new buildings, there is an amaz- i rr revelation of how Prohibition has affected things. In this connection one should also consider the 2,000 properties which have been renovated, and the 1,056 of the 1,225 choice corner properties which have absorbed new concerns. It will be the task of the economist to gaujge properly the tremendous amount of money that Prohibition caused to be circulated in renovating all these properties, in putting up new buildings, stocking new stores and supplying them with employes. It can truly be said that there is no single branch of commerce which has not profited financially by Prohibition. And what is true of New York is true of the whole country. SUMMARY OF OUR 1924 SURVEY The survey of P'24 has convinced us of the following: First: Our conclusions based on the 1922 survey have been fully justified. Second: All the good which had come up to that time has been greatly intensified in these last two additional years of Prohibition. Third: Prohibition in New York City is directly re- sponsible for an unprecedented wave of prosperity which reaches every business concern Jwwcvcr remote it may have been or is from the former liquor traffic. Fourth: The value of former saloon real estate which Iris been altered (or legitimate purposes has increased in such an unprecedented degree that it has not only offset any loss to the city from liquor revenue, but slum's un- doubtedly the most fruitful source of revenue. In Nc7i< York City where the administration borrows almost to the very limit of its credit, Prohibition has been a vcritab'e life saver. Fifth: The financial benefits accruing from this law to the community are contingent upon the degree of en- forcement by the local, as well as by the Federal author- it ics. Sixth: The changes have all been for the better: turn- ing sa'oous into new stores gave employment to workers and created a demand for considerable quantities of build- ing material. The nc7i.' stores added invariably to the atmosphere of the community. The' money which failed to go into the ti'l of the liquor trade found ready and willing recipients in the many shops which supplanted sa- loons and which sell necessities and luxuries for the home. Especially in the poorer sections, ive found new interest by the families in furnishing their homes which in turn, due to the fact that they are more attractive, keep the men at home and so awaken a new interest in the family. Seventh: Prohibition has been frightfully destructive to the liquor traffic, but surveying the constructive situa- tion there is but one conclusion that we can reach, to-wit: WHEREl r ER PROHIBITION I 'TUCK ED A TH I STU- FF PLANTED A ROSE THE FOLLOWING PHOTOGRAPHS SHOW A FEW OF THE NEW BUILDINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN ERECTED ON BROADWAY ON PREMISES FORMERLY OCCUPIED BY BARROOMS. IV MANY rNSTANCES THE OLD BUILDING WAS JUST A FRAME HOUSE OR A TWO OR THP.KK -STORY BRICK BCILD1NG 1'IIESE TWO BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN ERECTED SINCE Till-; ADVENT OF PROHIBITION. THE PHOTOGRAPH ON THE LEFT SHOWS A THEATRE AND THE SPACE OF A FORMER SALOON IS TODAY OCCUPIED BY A MILLINERY STORE, WHILE ON THE RIGHT WE FIND SEVERAL STORES WHICH HAVE REPLACED THE FORMER BAR TESTIMONY OF A REALTOR The subjoined article is part of an advertisement which appeared recently in one of our leading New York news- papers, inserted and paid for by Mr. William Douglas Kil pafrick. real estate and building operator whose offices arc in the Singer Building, New York City. WHAT HAS BEEN THE RESULT OF PROHIBITION (1) WE FIND THAT The propaganda inaugurated and constantly fostered by the liquor interests and their allies, predicting the most dire economic results as the adoption of prohibition, has been proven absolutely false. Particularly is this true of the prophesied effects on the value of New York real estate. Assessed values were, according to inspired predictions, to fall to such a level as to prevent the City from exercising its municipal functions. Since Pro- hibition came the increase in the assessed values has been close to FOUR BILLION DOLLARS. (2) WE FIND THAT Even with the original lax enforcement of the law. a gigantic increase in every line of business, trade and profession resulted from the transfer in some degree of New York City's direct and indirect annual booze expenditure of ONE BILLION DOLLARS to the innumerable lines comprising New York's enormous business world. (3) WE FIND THAT This most desirable condition of business prosperity and all that phrase implies, is in dan- ger of being hamstrung by the comparatively wide-open, and growing conditions of liquor selling in saloons, "restaurants" and the great number of "speakeasies" which have sprung up since the Empire State seceded from the United States, in the repeal of the Mullan- Gage enforcement act, on the question of auxiliary enforcement by the States. Whether or not this wide-open condition was the object sought in the Mullan-Gage act repeal, is known best to its sponsors, but it certainly has accomplished this result and the business prosperity of the City at large is ominously threatened by the decrease in business in retail stores and shops, and as the retailer is the last link in the chain of manufacture and distribution, this condition affects employment, wages, mill, factory, mine, jobber, realty and the endless chain of industries and business dependent on the prosperity of the retailer. (4) WE FIND THAT Just as, in 1895. the savings banks deposits increased, when Theodore Roosevelt closed the saloons on Sunday only, so, since Prohibition came, the deposits have increased to an enormous figure, and that this Prohibition-made-and-saved-savings-bank-money helped to solve our housing problem through mortgage loans made by the savings banks. (5) WE FIND THAT Disregarding entirely the moral issue involved, and considering only the economic fac- tor, Prohibition has justified its adoption by the most intelligent, far-seeing nation in the world, over and over again, as a health-giving, accident-preventing, horne-protecting- and-owning, money-saving, business-increasing and employment-giving economic meas- ure, and that there never was any other factor or possibility, in our National life, which could have been invoked by tbc people of the United States whrh could have brought about such speedy, astounding, abundant economic results as have been produced by Prohibition. (6) WE FIND THAT Considering the fact that prohibition has been one of the big outstanding betterments in civilization, a New York State enforcement law is a crying and peremptory need to insure the continuance of the moral and economic blessings of this new and radiant star in our National firmament. The Empire State must, to prosper materially and socially, resume her position with her Sister States, by a State enforcement law wbrh will hold responsible the proper officials (high or low) for strict observance of the Nation's man- date against the liquor traffic. (7) WE FIND THAT The old Biblical injunction is ringing in your ears "CHOOSE YE THIS DAY." TWENTY-TWO CHART V \ \ \ \ I3IQ 1311 I3IZ 13/3 I3H 1315 1316 1917 13 Id 1913 I3Z0 Ml 19 XX 19X3 13X4 TWENTY-THREE CHART VI PROHIBITION AND SALOONS IN NEW YORK CITY SURVEY OF 191 J AND 1922 TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES IN 1918, 8.168 1918 SURVEY IN 1922. 2,302 1922 BEFORE and AFTER PROHIBITION CHART VII PROHIBITION AND SALOONS IN NEW YORK CITY SURVEY OF 1916 AND 1924 TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES IN 1916, 10,902 1916 SURVEY IN 1924, 2,834 1924 I'K< >l 1 1 BITK >X THESE TWO CHARTS, NO. 6 COMPARING 1922 WITH l'M6, FORM OUR FINDINGS OF Till SURVEYS, THE DETAILS OF AND NO. 7 COMPARING 1924 WITH 1916, GIVE IN GRAPHIC WHICH ARE TO BE FOUND IN TABLES D, E, AND L. TABLE H SHOWING INCREASE OR DECREASE IN ASSESSED VALUATION OF WHICH FORMERLY WERE OCCUPIED WHOLLY OR IN PART BY A Assessed Valuation of Saloon Properties Where Xo Changes Occurred Up to the Time of This Survey i iyi6 — ■ n < PROPERTIES IN NEW YORK CITY SALOONS OR LIQUOR STORES 1MJJ PROPER- LAND AND LAND AND STREET TIES LAND' BUILDING LAND BUILDING LAND Tbird Avenue Eighth Avenue Xinth Avenue Tenth Avenue Bowery Broadway . , . . 3 1 1 _> 7 1 99,000 63,000 16,000 41,000 230,000 58,000 129,000 65,000 21,000 66.500 272,000 60,000 100,500 56,000 18,000 51,000 219,000 64,000 128,000 59,000 24,000 78,000 304,000 66,000 Increase Decrease Increase 1 ncrease Decrease Increase 1,500 7.000 2,000 10.000 11,000 6,000 Total .... 15 507,000 613,500 508,500 659,000 Net incr. 1,500 Increase Decrease Increase Increase I ncrease Increase Xet incr. LAND AND BUILDING 1,000 6,000 3,000 11,500 32,000 6,000 47,500 Former Saloon Properties Which Had Chanced in th: First First Avenue 18 281,500 474,000 314,500 527,500 Second Avenue . 48 1,002,200 1,504,000 1,148,200 1,800,500 Third Avenue . . 62 2,239,500 2,989,000 2,401,000 3,435,500 Filth Avenue . . . 18 916,000 1,211,000 2,023,800 3,250,500 Sixth Avenue . . 21 1,819,500 2,116,500 2,341,500 2,677,000 Seventh Avenue 28 3,250,500 4,004,500 5,782,500 7,729,000 Eighth Avenue . 70 4,878,500 5,970,000 7,228,500 8,745,500 Xinth Avenue . . 37 811,500 1,224,500 904,000 1,314,500 Tenth Avenue 19 344,000 529,000 402,800 587,000 Eleventh Avenue 6 99,500 152,500 109,000 178,500 Amsterdam Ave. 57 2,262,100 3,741,000 2,652,500 4,655,000 Bowery 27 973,000 1,188.000 1,071,000 1,438,500 Broadway 48 24,042,000 39,454,000 34,037,000 66,591,000 Columbus Ave. . 30 2,137.500 3,686,000 2,299,500 4,153.000 Lexington Ave. 14 512,000 747,500 628,000 951,000 14th Street 1 165,000 170,000 200,000 225,000 23d Street 4 252,500 289,500 337,000 505,000 42d Street ... 19 2,859,000 3,242,000 4,061,000 4,613,000 125th Street ... 9 911,000 1,096,000 1,204,000 1,476.000 Total 536 49.756,800 73,789,000 69,165,800 114,853,000 Three Years of Prohibition Increase Increase Increase Increase I ncrease Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase 1 ncrease 1 ncrease 1 ncrease I ncrease Increase 1 ncrease 1 ncrease Increase 33,000 146,000 161,500 1,107,800 522,000 2,532,000 2,350,000 92,500 58,800 9,500 390,400 98,000 9,995,000 162,000 116,000 35,000 104,500 1,202,000 293,000 Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase I ncrease 1 ncrease Increase Increase 53,500 296,500 446,500 2,039,500 560,500 3,724,500 2,775,500 90,000 58,000 26,000 914,000 250,500 27,137,000 467,000 203,500 55,000 215,500 1,371,000 380,000 Increase 19,409,000 Increase 41,064,000 Grand Total of Tables A, B, Also Same Data i 1916 \ LAND AND PROPERTIES LAND BUILDING Manhattan ..All 3,133,955,155 4,748,231,066 Unchanged B 15 507,000 613,500 Changed .... 536 49,756,800 73,789,000 SOURCE: Above data from the records of the Board of Compiled by Robert t. Corradini, New York, November, With Increase for All Properties in Xevv York City 1922 > r LAND. 3,315,723,250 508,500 69,165,800 Assessors, New 1922. LAND AND BUILDING 5,647,547,855 659,000 114,853,000 York City. I Iy22 INCREASE n LAND AND LAND BUILDING 181,768,095 899,316,789 1,500 45,500 19,409,000 41,064,000 ( Manhattan) 1922 inc. in % land and building 18% LAND 5% .2% 39% 7% 55% TABLE P HOTELS AND SALOONS IN NEW YORK STATE TOTAL NUMBER N U M BER OF N M BER OF OF HOTELS HOTELS SALOONS AND SALOONS Sept. 30, 1910 6,898 17,493 24,391 Sept. 30, 1911 6,690 17,151 23,841 Sept. 30, 1912 6,697 16,774 23,471 Sept. 30, 1913 6,528 16,945 23,47 3 Sept. 30, 1914 6,745 16,628 23,373 Sept. 30, 1915 6,561 16,472 23,033 Sent. 30, 1916 6,373 15,826 22,199 Sept. 30, 1917 5,719 15,062 20,781 Sept. 30, 1918 3,104 12,383 15,487 Sept. 30, 1919 2,892 10,908 13,800 Annual Report, State Commissioner of Excise, 1919. TABLE Q LOCAL OPTION IN TOWNS IN NEW YORK STATE TOWNS TOWNS TOWNS WITH WITH FULL WITH NO PARTIAL TOTAL LICENSE LICENSE LICENSE TOWNS Sept. 30, 1910 .... 294 394 245 933 Sept. 30, 1911 326 414 193 933 Sept. 30, 1912 366 412 155 933 Sept. 30, 1913 374 410 149 933 Sept. 30, 1914 384 407 142 933 Sept. 30, 1915 371 421 140 932 Sept. 30, 1916 322 498 113 933 Sept. 30, 1917 310 519 104 933 Sept. 30, 1918 208 602 122 932 Sept. 30, 1919 209 602 121 932 Cities Sept. 30, 1919 19 18 2 39 TWENCY-FIVE TABLE K PERCENTAGE OF SALOONS OF MANHATTAN STILL IN BUSINESS, AND PERCENTAGE DIS- CONTINUED SINCE 1916 STREET OR STILL IN DISCONTINUED AVENUE BUSINESS SINCE 1916 PER CENT PER CENT 26.08 73.92 23.83 76.17 Third Avenue 16.82 83.18 Fourtli Avenue 100. Fifth Avenue 12.80 87.20 13.52 86.48 Seventh Avenue 18.05 81.95 Eighth Avenue 18.14 81.86 Xinth Avenue 21.12 78.88 Tenth Avenue 38.80 61.20 34.90 65.10 19.40 80.60 6.85 93.15 11.80 88.20 15.76 84.24 20.86 79.14 Madison Avenue 17.78 82.22 13.88 86.12 11.84 88.16 18.82 81.18 25. 75. 36.79 63.21 31.72 68.28 West Street 30.37 69.63 33.84 66.16 Park Avenue 23.64 76.36 22.81 77.19 21.92 78.08 Twenty-third Street 29.20 70.80 33.98 66.02 Forty-sec and Street 16.90 83.10 One Hundred twenty-fifth Street 7.92 92.08 2 W pq < >H 1-1 ►J O = Q — D u u o r* rJ o = u O m pel £ - C no in 2 > - Oh O O U X o < D < - - > < - o < i-f O X "o >, O ^ > W " o ~ O g ™ 5. « _ — f — ' oo«*3 00 O 3 C: — . — ir. *z O ^1 CM CM 0C r\) ^- CM Ci ^1 c^ CM 0C cm'o t-- — *C u-. "^J" « ^M — CM O O On ir. 2 -? Q\ OC ^- 1^ O fM (Nl U-. f*5 CM CM Os lt. 2 1 r - ^ lt.ij^ CN O OC I s * ~T I^T 00 — NO O 00 oc ~ --i 1 . LT. I*"- LT. : <^ r—. Bop lO ir' OC nC r-. rr; C 00 cnj m ^ cnXco 1-1 _ C V. 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E« — re re re re r£ jj - C 41 VI I TJ "C .„ « u ci ci tn jSPS ui in p ' •fi , CI CI £ t/) t/> ' w w isi m J- — <<<< O o ■o ■ CI CI If) Ifi Ifj If) CI CI TWENTY-SEVEN TABLE J SHOWING SUMMARY MADE IN MANHATTAN (NEW YORK CITY) INDICATING NUMBER AND LOCATION OF LICENSED LIQUOR DISPENSARIES IN THE LAST PRE-WAR YEAR, 1916, AND THE CHANGES WROUGHT IN THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF PROHIBITION -Licenses in 1916- — Still in Business- Saloons V Discontinued Street or Avenue Stores V) V 0\ u bo E and rant aloons Stores tores Stores tores S y> c .2 c '~ Lots iloon: 5 ■? bo £ ea o irvey iloon estau c/3 rt Dtal S rug S iloon: ■% CO Q in ■■■ V f « £ •nova ~~ tcant 0. E H Ch u, Z u £-< Pi u £ 1st Avenue . . iyo 1 o 10 222 999 T O 38 4 1 A 10 j& 1 n 1U 1 1 1 144 1 f\ 1 160 212 7 158 2 19 1 2nd Avenue . 778 1 i l 7 Z O 2d8 ZDo 3b z x jj Q O 1 7 £ I/O iy J 196 278 1 125 1 22 3rd Avenue . . 7^7 J.J. 17 313 J lo 23 2 15 4 1 1 fx 71 1 Zl I 44 1 1 249 453 11 191 2 44 4th Avenue . . 71 i 1 o 26 • • ■ ; 2 91 1 1 24 48 1 18 4 2 5th Avenue . . Aft 4U o 2 51 Z 1 3 1 D 1 1 1 1 JJ y 1 1 45 57 4 25 5 1 6lh Avenue . . 87 1 Q 12 1 13 I 1 1 I I j 6 l i 4 1 1 7 1 1 Q iy A 4 94 182 3 78 3 11 1 7th Avenue . . 1 f>C IUD 1 " 1 3 5 125 1 ?s 1 — J 15 1 1 3 1 Q 1 4 8A (50 1 - ID 1 1 99 143 4 OA 80 7 10 2 8th Avenue . . 1 OA 111 4U 14 248 _4o 24 1 1 1 1 1 X 1 1 t;a 1 Do Aft 4U 1 199 273 11 171 6 32 9th Avenue . . 1U4 lo 4 126 1 9^ 1 iO 1 o 18 4 22 -i 87 0— 1 8 lo 1 1 104 122 3 1 A*C 106 3 23 10th Avenue . oU 1 U 1 91 1)1 25 ■ ; 1 !1 J 1 4y 1 1 \ 1U 1 1 60 73 3 42 14 11th Avenue . Af* TO 46 40 10 5 1 30 33 1 1 3 13 Amsterdam Av 1 78 l_o AQ 10 186 1 oO 7 C 2o Q 1 Uo A Q 48 1 1 152 206 3 117 1 16 Bowery 4D 2 47 4/ 2 i i •J 1 1 49 4Z 1 44 86 1 "39 4 1 Broadway .... 10U A ^ 38 0,11 243 1 o lo 1 8 14Z 4D 6 193 289 5 220 14 7 Lenox Ave. . . . 39 1 ft 1 o 3 60 60 4 i 1 6 1 33 1 8 1 8 2 53 81 45 5 Lexington Av. 34 ■7 o 5 42 42 5 l 1 7 4 27 J 1 1 31 74 1 45 11 Madison Av. . 29 12 7 48 48 3 5 6 24 12 1 37 50 2 24 3 2 Columbus Av. 58 28 14 100 100 o 8 8 12 50 28 2 80 131 1 63 2 21 Park Row . . . 18 2 20 20 2 2 2 16 16 28 18 Grand Street . 22 's 4 31 31 2 2 4 3 18 5 ' i 24 27 20 2 "l Washingt'n St. 40 6 46 46 10 10 30 6 36 44 20 3 5 •JUUIII JL1 CCl 33 33 33 10 *2 12 21 21 12 1 Pearl Street . 29 'l 31 31 7 2 9 20 "2 22 26 16 i 1 West Street . . 73 1 "i 75 75 18 3 i 22 51 1 i 53 68 40 li St. NichTs Av 24 6 3 33 33 5 3 8 '3 16 6 22 36 24 'i Park Avenue . 39 9 1 49 49 9 9 1 30 9 39 55 16 ii 3 Greenwich St. 53 5 2 60 60 12 12 2 41 5 46 82 31 2 1 14th Street . . 14 2 1 17 17 2 i 3 11 2 i 14 24 13 23rd Street . . 16 1 1 18 18 T 2 1 4 12 1 1 15 20 4 34th Street . . 3 3 6 6 i 1 i 2 2 4 7 2 42nd Street . . 30 "a 3 37 37 i "3 'i 5 1 25 4 2 32 45 2 27 '3 125th Street . . 26 5 2 33 33 2 2 2 24 5 14 49 28 2 Totals ... 2 263 391 180 2,834 2,834 349 37 75 461 145 1,802 391 35 2,208 3,338 66 1,822 96 266 11 SOURCE: Number of licenses from Annual Reports of the Department Compiled by the Research Department, World League Against Alcoholism of Excise, State of New York. Robert E. Corradini, New York, September, 1924. TABLE R SHOWING RECEIPTS AND EXPENSES OF THE EXCISF DEPARTMENT FOR THE CITY OF NEW YORK FOR THE FISCAL YEARS 1910 TO 1919. ALSO TAXES LEVIED ON REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK FROM 1900 TO 1923 +.TOTAL RECEIPTS FROM THE §EXPENSES LIQUOR TRAFFIC OF EXCISE (n. y. state) DEPARTMENT Ureal estate tax PERSONAL ESTATE TAX AGGREGATE TAX 1900 $12,467,674.40 $284,779.36 $ 71,767,393.00 $10,780,806.00 $ 82,548,199.00 1901 12,511,368.71 309,713.31 75,632,267.00 12,609,586.00 88,241,853.00 1902 *17,741,257.45 296,877.67 76,303,322.00 11,875,290.00 88,178,612.00 1903 17,879,635.52 313,593.93 67,927,925.00 9,703,862.00 77,631,787.00 1904 18,197,905.60 327,935.66 76,552,164.00 9,516,238.00 86,068,402.00 1905 18,719,323.85 335,455.84 78,625,867.00 10,352,861.00 88,980,728.00 1906 119,057,236.44 332,575.23 85,650.130.00 8,444,975.00 94,095,105.00 1907 | 8,044,537.27 359,115.88 93,635.303.00 8,312,365.00 101,947,668.00 1908 18,005,493.58 377,725.91 109,452,266.00 7,088,825.00 116,541,091.00 1909 18,102,822.19 399,167.74 115,245,612.00 7,497,018.00 122,742,630.00 1910 18,319,880.27 382,682.28 124,885,170.00 6,589,806.00 131,474,976.00 1911 18,210,083.89 402,348.52 136,052,014.00 6,185,743.00 142,237,757.00 1912 18,142,557.69 421,345.79 144,658,760.00 6,297,942.00 150,956,702.00 1913 18,109,270.61 422,379.04 145,832,971.00 5,913,293.00 151,786,264.00 1914 17,766,783.17 360,770.43 144,420,585.00 6,083,309.00 150.503.894.00 1915 21,068,145.20 325,214.71 153,673,529.00 6,622,168.00 160,295,797.00 1916 20,747,508.56 319,652.58 168,676,357.00 7,705,522.00 176,381,879.00 1917 22,616,442.77 367,394.16 168,555,809.00 8,511,365.00 177,067,174.00 1918 21,887,026.86 379,552.86 198,232,811.00 5,879,263.00 204,112,074.00 1919 197,050,946.00 8,435,714.00 205,486,661.00 1920 215,904,822.78 7,116,247.60 223,021,070.38 1921 278,218,382.59 5,928,251.48 284,146,634.07 1922 282,458,373.48 5,770,660.40 288,229,033.88 1923 290,362,320.76 5,912,773.19 296,275,093.95 'Liquor ta\ rati^ increase. SOURCE: § Annual Reports, Commissioner of Excise, State of New tChange of fiscal year. York. tTotal revenue from the liquor traffic represents receipts for the whole II Report of Commissioners of Taxes and Assessments of state. Y. C. TWENTY-EIGHT TABLE I THE SUBTOINED MIRROR REFLECTS THE EF- FECTS OF PROHIBITION ON OUR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LIFE AS SEEN THROUGH THE MYRIADS OF NEW BUSINESS ENTER- PRISES WHICH HAVE ABSORBED THE PREM- ISES. CLIENTELE AND THE FINANCIAL SUP- PORT OF THE FORMER SALOONS AND LIQUOR STORES 1 1 Aquariums A7. Hats for Men ' £ Amusement Hall AA 04 Hosiery 3 Antiques 0.7 .Hotels A 4 Army and Navy Stores AA 00 I m porter E Artificial Flowers A7 0/ Interior Decorator O Artists' Supplies OS Jewelry 7 Art Stores AO Ov Kiddie Liotnes o (S Auction Rooms 7(1 Labor Union Hall 9 Automobiles 7 1 Laces 1 c\ 1U Auto supplies 77 Ladies' Underwear 1 1 rsaby stores Ladies' Wearing Apparel . \£ Bags 7>1 Laundries 1 j Bakeries / 5 Lighting Fixtures 1 A Hanks 7A /O Linoleums 1 - 1 ."1 Barbers 77 Lunch Rooms Bathing Suits 78 / o Meat 1 7 Batteries 70 Medical Equipment 1 o 18 Hearts an Men's C lothcs 1 o ly Beauty Parlors 81 o 1 Men s Pants nirrts 8? Millinery 7 1 Books 81 M irrors T> 11 Hottlert Croons o4 Mission 1 7 lo Rric-a-Brac a:; OJ Money Exchange outlets 8A no Motion Picture 1 heaters Butcher Supplies 0/ Motion Picture Studios 26 Cabarets OO fSfS Motion Picture Supplies n Cafeteria BO oV Music Stores its Camp Outfitters on yu Neckties on Carpets n l Notions .Ml Chemical Products o? y^ Novelties 1 Lnop suey OT. yj Nuts 1"> ■SC Cigars OJ. Office Supplies X X oo Cobblers Vj \->n idioms 7 A 34 Coffee Houses OA V0 Oil Importers 7 c Confectioners 07 Optometrist 7^ 36 Corsets no Vft Orangeade 77 (. rockery yy Oyster Bar 38 C utlery LUU Paint in y> Dairy 1 m nil Paper Bags 40 Delicatessen in) 1 1 1_ I 'awnshop 41 Dcmocratic Club 1 O I 1 W.i Pharmacies 42 Department Stores 1 U4 Photo Studio '11 Doughnuts 1 ri - 1 Uj Photographic Supplies 44 Drv Goods 1 OA i uo Pianos 45 Dyeing & Cleaning 1 n7 1 late dlass 46 Electrical Supplies 1 no Plumbing Shops A7 4/ Embroidery 109 I f * f \ I It i - W~» Til C 48 Employment Agencies 110 Poultry 49 Express Offices 111 Premium Stores 50 Fish 112 Printing Shops 51 "5 & 10c Stores" 113 Produce, Wholesale : 52 Florists 114 Quilt Stores 53 Fruit 115 Radio 54 Furniture 116 Restaurant 55 Furs 117 Rotisserie 56 Glassware 118 Rubber Coats 57 Gowns 119 Rugs 58 Grills 120 Saddler 59 Groceries 121 Sewing Machines 60 Haberdashery 122 Shirts 61 Hardware 123 Shoe Polish 62 Hat Cleaning 124 Shoes for Men 25 Shoes for Women 26 Shoes for Children 27 Sign Painting 28 Silk Stores 29 Soft Drinks 30 Spaghetti House 31 Sport Goods 32 Stationery 33 Steamship Agency 34 Storage Warehouse 35 Store Fixtures 36 Surgical Instruments 37 Sweaters 38 Swimming Tool 39 Tailors 40 Teas and Coffees 41 Tea Rooms 42 Tires 43 Toys 44 Trimmings 45 Trunks 46 Typewriters 47 Umbrellas 48 Upholstery 49 Vegetables 50 Vermin Exterminators 51 Victrolas 52 Warehouses 53 Watchmaker 54 Wool Stock Merchandise MANUFACTURING: 55 Cigars 56 Clothing 57 Confectionery 58 Cosmetics 59 Crayons 60 Electrical Supplies 61 Leather Belting 62 Macaroni 63 Machine Shops 64 Mayonnaise 165 Paper 166 Pharmaceutical 167 Pickles 168 Pipes 169 Plumbing 170 Printing 171 Radiators 172 Sculptures 173 Sheet Irons 174 Soft Drinks 175 Tin-smiths OFFICES: 17n Bail Bond Broker 177 Building Contractor 178. Cash Registers 179 Dentist 180 Engineering 181 Law Offices 182 Loan Broker 183 Newspaper 184 Nurses Settlement 185 Real Estate 186 Taxi-cab 187 Telegraph 188 Wholesale Drugs STANDS: 189 Candv 190 Fruit 191 Newspapers 192 Soft Drinks 193 Neckties USED ARTICLE STORES: 194 Automobiles 195 Clothes 106 Furniture 197 Machines 108 Motors 199 Rummage Sales 200 Shoes . TABLE G ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF MONEY EXPENDED IN ERECTING NEW BUILDINGS ON PREMISES WHICH FORMERLY HOUSED SALOONS AS RE- PORTED TO Till'. BUILDING DEPARTMENT IN- OBTAINING BUILDING PERMITS APPLICATION' NUMBER STREET DATE AMOUNT 117-20 7th Avenue 1020 $ 250.000 277-21 7th Avenue 1921 25,000 125-21 7th Avenue 1021 300,000 221-22 7th Avenue 1922 5,500,000 150-21 8th Avenue 1021 100,000 351-21 8th Avenue 1021 1,500,000 351-10 8th Avenue 1010 160,000 47-21 8th Avenue 1021 3,000,000 456-21 8th Avenue 1021 15,000 377-21 11th Avenue 1021 300,000 11-22 Broarlwav 1922 60,000 47-21 Broadway 1021 3,000,000 154-19 Broadway 1919 1,500 70-20 Broadway 1920 300,000 74-21 Bowery 1921 32,000 141-21 Bowerv 1921 25,000 264-20 West 125th St. 1920 65,000 Total premises 17 Total amount expended $14,633,500 Average on each property 860,794 TABLE O NUMBER OF BREWERS AND DEALERS IN INTOXICATING BEVERAGES IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK FROM 1910 TO 1918 1910 1911 1912 1013 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Brewers 194 194 186 183 168 171 161 153 113 Malt Liquor: Retail Dealers ...' 510 562 611 711 533 483 453 519 450 Wholesale Dealers 813 1,029 1,025 1,032 918 891 942 1,000 707 Total Malt, Liquor Dealers ... . 1,323 1,591 1,636 1,743 1,451 1,374 1,395 1,519 1,157 Liquor Dealers: Retail 34,374 33,806 33,410 33,811 32,791 32,200 30,185 30,547 19,226 Wholesale 1,350 1,518 1,564 1,500 1,553 1,452 1,456 1,646 1,500 Total Liquor Dealers 35,724 35,324 34,974 35,311 34,344 33,652 31,641 32,193 20,726 Number of Retail Dealers 34,884 34,368 34,021 34,522 33,324 32,683 30.638 31,066 19,676 Dealer per Population 261 278 293 329 336 541 SOURCE: Year Books of the United States Brewers' Association. TWENTY-NINE SOME OF THE SALOONS WHICH HAVE YIELDED FROM ONE-THIRD TO THREE-FOURTHS OF THE SPACE TO OTHER CONCERNS JUST A FEW SAMPLES OF BEFORE AND AFTER. THE SAME PROPERTIES BEFORE AND AFTER PROHIBITION ROSTER OF THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM JOINT PRESIDENTS Miss Anna A. Gordon, Evanaton, III.. U.S.A. Robert ELebcod, pii.il, Lausanne, Switzerland Right Hon. Leif Jones, Castle Howard, York, Kvglnna Ret. Howabd H. Russell, d.d., ll.d., Westerville, Ohio. U.S.A. VICE-PRESIDENTS Argentina — Miss Hardynia K. Nortille Australia — Rev. R. I!. S. Hammond d.d. Belgium — Hon. Emiie Vandebvei.de Canada — JUDGE Eugene LaFontaine Denmark — Lars Larsen-Ledet England — The Right Hon. Sir Donai d Maclean, Finland — Hon. Santeri Ai.kio France — M. Fbedebic Riemain Ireland — Hamu ton M'Cleebt Japan — H. Nagao Mexico — Prof. Andres Osuna Netherlands — Prof. I. R. Si.ote.maker de Bruine, fii.ii. New Zealand — Hon. George Fowlds Norway — Avocat O. Solnordal Scotland — Sib Joseph McLay South Africa — Wiiiiam Chappei.I. Sweden — Senator Ai.KXIS R.iorkma.n Switzerland — Prof. Hans HuNZICKEB United States of America — *Rf.v. P. A. Baker, d.d. Uruguay— Dr. Joaquin de Sai.terain GENERAL SECRETARY Ernest H. CHEBBINGTON, LL.D., LITT.D., W'cstcrrillc, Ohio. U.S.A. EXECUTIVE Canada — Rev. Ben H. Sperce, GEOBGE II. LEES Denmark — Lars LAB8EN-LEDET England — C. W. Sai.eeby. m.d., f.r.s.e. ; GEORGE B. Wilson. B.A.; Rev. Henry Carter; Right Rev .1. H. B. Mastlkman. Bishop of Plymouth; Miss Agnes Slack France — J EAR METEIL Ireland — Rev. John GAILET, r.a. Mexico — Rev. .1. X. Pascoe The Joint Presidents and the Gen COMMITTEE Scotland — W. .1. Allison, R. A. Munroe. Mrs. George Milne Sweden — Senator Alexis Bjobkman United Stales — Bishop James Cannon. Jr.. d.d.; Wayne B. Wheeli k. LL.D. j *Rev. P. A. Baker, d.d.; Arthur J. Davis, Miss Coba Frames Stoddard, h.a. : Mrs. Ella A. Boole. *Mrs. DEBORAH Knox Livingston. Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost, Harry S. Warner iral Secretary Members Ex-Officio PERMANENT [NTERNA1 I OX A I. COMMITTEE Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, d.d.. Australia; Rev. M. X. Popoff, Huh/aria; George F. Lloyd, Canada; Lars Larsen-Ledet, Denmark; Rev. Henry Carter, England; Right Rev. J. 11. B. Masterman, Bishop of Plymouth, England; C. W. Sai.eeby, m.d.. f.r.s.e., England; George B. Wilson, h.a.. England ; Hon. Xiii.o Liakka, Finland; Fbedebic Riemain. Finnic; Ftienne Matter. Frame; Peter Hai.dorson, Iceland; Mrs. Emily Moffat Clow. Ireland; Dr. M. Yamaguchi, Japan; Rev. E. B. Vargas, Mexico; Rev. John Dawson, New Zealand; Avocat O. Solnordal, Norway; Rev. Ruperto Ai.gorta. Peru; W. J. Allison, Scotland; Andrew Law, Scotland; Prof. Georges K. Stattch, Serbia: Senator Ai exis Bjorkman, Sweden ; Rev. A. J. Cook. South Africa; L. B. Musgrove, U.S.A.; Bishop James Cannon, Jr., U.S.A.; Ernest H. Ciierrington, ll.d., litt.d., U.S.A.; Wayne B. Wheeler, ll.d., U.S.A.; Howard H. Russell, d.d., ll.d., U.S.A.; ARTHUR J. Davis, U.S.A.; Miss Cora F. Stoddard, r.a.. U.S. A ; Miss Anna A. Gordon, U.S.A.; Rev. Ira Landrith, d.d., U.S.A.; Mrs. Frances P. Parks, U.S.A.; Dr. Balthazar Brum, Uruguay; Leonard Page, Wales. 'Deceased. THIRTY - ONE