1337 * DurK&m Sy^em of Hou$q Dr^iD^e AVERY LIBRARY COLOMBIA UNIVERSITY Furnished with the Durham System of House Drainage. Alexander Pope, PRESIDENT. Francis LkBaron, C. G. Cunningham, vice prbs’t and sec. treasurer. The Durham Patent System OF Screw-Joint Iron [Jouse -[Drainage, MANUFACTURED BY THE Durh am H ouse- I) rain age Co. OF NEW ENGLAND. 34 Boy Iston Street, Cor. Tremont Street, (Room No. 4, Hotel Pelham,) Boston, PvTasss. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Columbia University Libraries \ Ctmus At https://archive.org/details/durhampatentsystOOdurh Durham System of House Drainage. 3 “Drainage” and “Plumbing.” The distinction to be made between these terms is this : DRAINAGE includes the drains, soil-pipes, waste- pipes (from basins, baths, sinks, etc.), and trap ventilating pipes (for prevention of siphonage).* PLUMBING includes hot and cold water circulation pipes, and the setting and attaching of fixtures. A permanently perfect system of drainage is a vital necessity. Defective plumbing causes annoyance and expense, but way not be detrimental to health. This Company makes a specialty of constructing house drainage ; by confining attention to one subject we have been able to increase the efficiency of the" Durham System from year to year, and to reduce the cost fully one-half since its first introduction in 1879. ; Drainage is of primary importance. If buildings are furnished with the Durham System the balance of the plumbing can be safely intrusted to local plumbers. Submit plans to us for an estimate of cost before letting any contracts. If the expenditure for plumbing must be limited, curtail the amount rather than accept work of inferior quality. Drainage system in new buildings should be placed in position about the time the roof is put on. '/See explanatory engraving, pages 16-17. DURHAM DRAINAGE FITTINGS are made with an interior shoulder (as shown in the cut above) securing a flush inner surface. Ordinary steam fittings have an interior depression (as below) and are not suitable for drainage purposes. Durham System of House Drainage. S The Durham System may be broadly described as a combination of scientific design, proper materials, and correct mechanical construc- tion, — a common-sense application of obvious means to secure a result of vital importance. The design of the work, the materials used, and the workmanship employed are an entire departure from the ordinary plumbing practice. The result attained is a system of pipes which are inde- pendent of the building for support , which cannot be cracked or broken , and whose joints are permanently gas-tight beyond the shadow of a doubt. Proper mechanical construction is the foundation of good drainage. The Durham System is a drainage apparatus constructed with wrought-iron (steam) pipe and heavy cast-iron fittings of special shapes, screwed together. This apparatus, when erected in a building, is steam-tight, elastic under pressure, and at all points absolutely invulner- able; it will last, unimpaired, as long as any building will stand — without any outlay for repairs. PATENTED . — The Durham System is fully covered by patents. No patent could be obtained on the use of wrought-iron pipe, or screw joints, for drainage purposes; but the combination of wrought-iron pipe and special screwed fittings, which constitute a “new and improved ” drainage apparatuses patentable. The cost of the Durham System to the public, however, is no greater for the patents. They were secured for protection, and are not used for extortion. Durham fittings are manufactured solely by this Company, and cannot be purchased elsewhere. Imitations of the Durham System, constructed partly with ordinary steam fittings and other foreign materials, are occasionally palmed off on unsuspecting and too-credulous customers. Order your drainage direct from this Company or its authorized agents. Sewer Connection (Durham System), NEW YORK CANCER HOSPITAL— From Engineering News. Durham System of House Drainage. 7 Mechanical Advantages. Joints: The screw threads on the pipes and in the fittings are cut by powerful machines, run by steam power, to standard gauge, so that they exactly correspond. The threads are tapering, so that the further the pipe enters the fitting the tighter becomes the joint between the two. The threads are first covered with a thick paste of red lead and oil and the pipe then screwed home by means of steam- fitters’ chain tongs, by which a man can exert a powerful leverage. This work requires no skill — merely strength — and it is done in a moment. A laborer can make a tighter screw joint in one minute than a plumber with his materials could make in one hour. Exposing Pipes : Pipes should not be buried under- ground (within the building), nor hidden within the walls. It is a great satisfaction to be able at any time to examine drains and soil-pipes without the expense of tearing up. With the Durham System there is absolutely no objection to their being in plain sight everywhere; there are no joints between floor and ceiling; the pipes can be painted or bronzed, and do not betray their use or purpose in any manner. They simply look like steam pipes, — which they actually are, — and the public have long been accustomed to the presence of steam-heating pipes. In the New-York Cancer Hospital 3000 feet of our drainage pipes are in plain view, except where they pass through the floors. At the School of Mines, Columbia College, the store of Messrs. Brooks Brothers, 2 2d Street and Broadway, the De Vinne Press, and many other buildings, the Durham System is similarly arranged. Smaller Pipes can be used because of the absolute interior smoothness, — one inch in diameter less than is safe for plumbers’ work. This effects a considerable saving. One j -inch pipe serves two houses at Pullman. 1 a General arrangement of Drainage and Ventilation Pipes in the DEVINNE PRESS BUILDING, Lafayette Place and 4 th Street, Messrs. Babb, Cook &- Willard, Architects. (The Century Magazine.) Durham System of House Drainage. 9 Changes and Additions of fixtures are easily and skillfully made, at very small expense, without disturbing neighboring joints. We have inserted water-closet fittings in the middle of soil-pipe stacks, one hundred feet high, at a trifling expense. H and -holes, closed by screw plugs, are provided at every change of direction. The owner, with the aid of a wrench, can examine the interior condition of his drains, or remove an obstruction, without incurring a plumber’s bill of expenses. Tests can be made conveniently when the Durham Sys- tem is finished, by screwing plugs into all openings and turning on steam, or filling the System with mater to the tops of soil-pipes. No other than a pressure test of drainage is of any value. OPPOSITION TO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE DURHAM SYSTEM. With some honorable exceptions, the plumbing trade generally have vigorously opposed the introduction of the Durham System. This was to be expected, as innovations are objectionable to every well-established line of trade; and it is not in human nature to cordially welcome a loss or disturbance of business. The principal reason alleged for their op- position to a system of plumbing which is universally conceded by all disinterested persons to be the best possible, is that wrought-iron pipe is not suitable for the purposes of drainage, because it rusts faster than cast-iron. This is really a fact when both kinds of pipe are unprotected against corrosion. Tests have been made showing that cast-iron, un- protected, lasts, under certain conditions, one-fourth longer than wrought- iron. But when properly asphalted, painted, or oxidized, wrought-iron pipe is now preferred by engineers for many uses for which cast-iron was formerly supposed to be indispensable; just as wrought-iron bridges have superseded cast-iron. The plumbers use arguments which were current ten years ago, and would create the impression that wrought-iron drains and soil-pipes will rust out in a few months, whereas asphalted pipe has an official record of 25 years without appreciable decay/ Fur- thermore, plumbers themselves use wrought-iron pipe for gas and water; and with the growing practice of exposing, instead of hiding, drainage pipes, the owner can at any time make a hammer test of his pipes. If after 30 or 40 years a piece should be found rusted through, the cost of replacing it with a new piece would be trifling. Thousands of miles of wrought-iron pipe are now in use, buried in the ground , for the conveyance of petroleum, natural gas, water, and steam. If cast-iron pipe were better , would it not be used ? The economy of using a class of work which will require no outlay for repairs in a lifetime will be apparent to those who build wisely; while the superior hygienic conditions to be secured will appeal to those who recognize the importance of shutting out sewer air from their houses. Sewer Connection, Air Inlet and Leader Trap, PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, New York. Durham System of House Drainage. i i Relative Suitability OF WROUGHT AND CAST IRON PIPES FOR HOUSE DRAINAGE. WROUGHT - 1 RON STEAM PIPE is Elastic : springing, and not breaking under pressure. Of uniform thickness : being made from sheets of rolled iron. Tested before using to 500 lbs. pressure per square inch. Made in long lengths, 17 to 24 feet, requiring few joints. Standard in weight, thickness, and quality. Machine-made Screw Joints: not requiring skilled labor. CAST-IRON PLUMBERS’ PIPE is Brittle : cracks easily from pressure, or a blow. Not uniform in thickness: depending on the skill of the molder. Not tested before placing on the market. Made in short lengths, 5 feet, necessitating frequent joints. Not Standard: is made ‘Tight,” “ medium,” and “extra heavy.” Cut by H and with a chisel; apt to crack in the operation. Joints made with lead, and depending for effectiveness on the skill and honesty of the workmen, the quality and quantity of lead used, and the favorable position of the pipes. 12 Durham System of House Drainage. Two pieces of wrought-iron pipe screwed into a coupling or fitting become, practi- cally, one piece; the joint is as strong as any part of the pipe. Opinions of Sanitary Authors. Col. Geo. E. Waking, Jr., C. E. : 44 Until quite recently I should have said that a soil-pipe jointed with calked lead was one of the most complete elements of satisfactory house drainage. Recent expe- rience in testing such pipe, by closing their outlets and filling them with water, has led to the conclusion that of all the lead-jointed iron soil-pipe now in existence in American houses, not one in a hundred would fail to leak under the tsst. 1 have recently had occasion to test the soil-pipes of a large house of the best class, where the greatest effort was made to secure tight work, where the joints were so exposed that there was no difficulty in calking them thoroughly, and when there was every reason to suppose that every joint was absolutely tight. On closing the outlets and filling the pipes with water, the whole system leaked like a sieve. In some cases in driving up the calking to make the joint tight, the pipes were split, owing to cracks previously existing, and which a casual hammer-testing would have discovered. The result puts an entirely new aspect on the whole question , and points clearly to a radical defect of the manner in which all our soil-piping is done.” Mr. J. Pickering Putnam: “ Extra heavy pipe and hubs are required to withstand the blows cf the calking tool. Lighter pipe cannot be made tight without danger of cracking the iron. It is now gen- erally recognized and acknowledged that the plumbers’ calked joint is rarely either air or water tight, though a vast amount of lead and labor is spent on them to make them so. When we reflect that the sole aim and object of a soil-pipe joint is to make a gas and water ti^ht connection between the joints, we see the method commonly employed is an absurdity, and reflects little credit upon human ingenuity. “ Even supposing that, by chance, a calked joint can be made to stand the test which is now properly required of it when new, its tightness is very' soon destroyed by the expansion and contraction of the pipes, caused by the passage through them of hot water or steam. The expansion of the spigot is in such cases greater than that of the Durham System of House Drainage. J 3 hub, because it is on the inside, nearer the heat, and not protected, like the latter, from the hot fluids passing through the pipes. Hence the lead is temporarily compressed between the spigot and the hub, and, not being elastic, does not resume its original bulk when the pipes cool again. A minute opening is thus formed all round the spigot, and the pipe leaks. “ * * * Still another very serious objection is the temptation this joint opens for fraud. The lead may be partially or wholly omitted without very great risk of detec- tion, since it is out of sight, and frequently immediately covered by a coat of paint. The calking may be still more easily slighted. If the hydraulic test is not demanded, a coat of paint or a little putty will easily make the joint stand the smoke or peppermint test. A few of the joints well with'n the reach of the house-owner may be tilled with genuine lead, while those which are covered with floor boards, or are not easily accessible, may be composed of paper and sand and covered with putty. “* * * Finally, the bell-and-spigot joint, when faithfully made, is very’ expensive, both in material and labor. “* * * The writer has found bell-and-spigot pipes, made by the best firms and sold for extra heavy weight, no thicker than a piece of thick paper on one side and half an inch on the other. “ * * * 1 1 is much more unusual to find pipes of equal than unequal thickness throughout. “* * * The strength and thickness of a line of piping is equal to its thinnest part, as the strength of a rope is equal to its weakest part. Hence all the metal used in the piping of a house beyond the thickness of its thinnest part is thrown away. Of what use is it to pay for extra heavy pipes , zvhen otic side of most of thou is extra light ? ” Mr. Ernest W. Bowditch, C. E. (abstiact of a paper read before the Boston Society of Civil Engineers ; from The Sanitary News) : “ Mr. Bowditch said that, perhaps, the principal annoyance resulting from plumbing is due to the soil-pipe or some of its fittings. Second quality of iron, poor hanging, insufficient calking, careless mechanics, and putty, cement, rag, or paper joints are some sources of the trouble. He had specified tar-coated soil-pipe frequently, until one day he discovered a cracked elbow which had been tarred over. Since then he has specified plain pipe, and has subjected it to a test, which consists in swabbing out each pipe with raw linseed oil and allowing it to stand a few hours. Plain pipe is better to calk than tarred, because the lead clings to clean iron better than to tarred. Sand- holes and small cracks are not easily discovered in tarred pipe. Mr. Bowditch exhibited a length of ordinary ‘heavy 4’ plain commercial soil-pipe, which had been subjected to the oil-test, and upon which were shown the leaks and their area, marked by chalk lines. “ Concerning the statement that all soil-pipe is tested to a fifty-pound water-pressure by the manufacturers, Mr. Bowditch stated that he had seen a length of soil-pipe, five feet, that would not bear the pressure of a column of water its own height without leaking. 1 ' Mr. James C. Bayles: “In architects’ specifications we seldom find a suitable weight of iron called for. Consequently, the principal demand is for cheap and light pipes. As made, they are as hard as chilled iron — owing to the fact that they are cast so thin — and about as brittle and difficult to cut as glass. If dropped, they crack or break, and are utterly untrust- worthy at all times.” Mr. W. Pal l Gerhard, C. E. : “The better grades of soil-pipe, the heavy and extra heavy , the price of which is about double that of light pipe, are usually specified only for public or other large expensive buildings. My experience with extra heavy cast-iron soil-pipe warrants me in saying that even the latter is very often decidedly bad , having an uneven thickness of metal, and consequently being in its weakest part no thicker than light pipe.” WRY LIBRARY Columbia university 14 Some Special Drainage Fittings. Elbows. 2, 3, 4, 5. and 6 incll> 45 ° Elbow. 6o° Elbow. 90 0 Elbow. (Square and graded.) Long 45 0 Elbow. Soil-Pipe Elbow. Some Special Drainage Fittings. r 5 Tee. (Square and graded). 4,-inch W. C. Trap. For use with all water-closets requiring a trap beneath the floor. Plain. With Bath Inlets. Water-closet Tees, 3, 4, 5, and 6 inch. 1 b Right-hand Inlet this side. Durham System IN A CITY HOUSE (NO SCALE). A. Sewer. A-C. Drain; the portion between the sewer and the running trap, B, is called the “ sew'er connection.” B. Running trap, to prevent air from the sewer passing into the pipes within the building. B-K. Air-inlet pipe, for ventilation (see note, page 18). C. Soil-pipe elbow, with hand-hole for cleaning out, closed by screw plug. The drain must have a regu- lar fall, or grade, and this elbow provides for that. C-D. Rain water leader; not necessarily part of the Durham System. E and G. V branch, close-nipple and 45 0 elbow; connecting drain and vertical pipe. Serving same purpose as C. E-F. Soil-pipe, 3, 4, s, or 6 inches in diameter; pipes draining water-closets are called “soil-pipes,” those draining other fixtures “waste-pipes.” F and H. Roof connections (see note, page 18). G-H. Waste-pipe, 2 or 3 inches diameter; enlarged at upper end to prevent freezing in very cold climates. K. Air-inlet box (see note, page 18). 1 .. Double and single Y branches to receive waste pipes from baths, bowls, or sinks. The plumber makes this connection, always trapping the lead waste-pipe and then soldering it to a brass nipple screwed into the Durham fitting. M. Ventilation Tees and Y’s (see note, page 18). \ and O. Water-closet flanges (see note, page 23). p . Water-closet Tees, with right-hand bath inlet. R. An offset; these should be avoided when possible. i8 Durham System of House Drainage. Explanatory Notes. The Air- inlet can be arranged in a variety of ways. At pages 16-17, the air-pipe is shown running to an iron box, with grated cover, at the curb — as far front windows as possi- ble. At page 24, it is shown running to the face of an outer wall, finished with a brass grating screwed into the coup- ling at the end of the pipe, and presumably away from the vicinity of windows. Ordinarily the current of venti- lation is inward, but a heavy discharge of water above will momentarily drive the air outward. The London /.nncct insists upon the extension of the air-pipe upward to the roof from B, but this would interfere somewhat with the circulation of air. In country houses both the trap and air-inlet can be placed at a distance from the house, inclosed in a brick man-hole, with ventilating cover. (See page 28. ) In extremely cold climates the air-pipe should join the drain a few feet distant from the trap. Trap Ventilation Pipes are not shown ill the engravings. Authorities disagree as to their value. They are commonly considered necessary to prevent siphonage, but the objection to them is that they cause the loss of water seal by evaporation. If a reliable non-siphoning trap exists it would be better to use it. We always insert the necessary fittings to receive vent-pipes, and if not used they can be plugged. We put up these pipes if desired, or, if more convenient, furnish the necessary material to the plumber. j Roof Connection. — This is an iron cap to screw down over the upper edge of a lead or tin Jlns/ting (made / by a roofer j which l|r|i , i : ;‘ \ .iJIjiylfHj is dropped over the 1 end of the pipe and has a lower flange or base which can be soldered to a tin roof, or covered with slates or shingles. A coupling is screwed on over the roof connection if it is desired to run the pipe higher, which is cut off about 8 inches above the line of the roof on the upper side. Running Trap (B) should al- ways be accessible without trouble. Just inside the foundation wall is the most convenient location for it. If placed outside of the house, a man-hole should be built around it, with an iron cover. (Page 28.) Durham System of House Drainage. J 9 Within the house wrought-iron pipes and screw joints only should be used. If the drain must be placed under the cellar floor, we advise the use of wrought instead of cast iron pipe, as being in every respect more satisfactory. Outside the house the iron pipe should be carried just as far as it is desired to prevent leakage, especially past wells. There is nothing to be saved by using clay pipe, although the first outlay is less. In the best work we run the wrought-iron pipe all the way to Brass soldering nipples must be used to connect the short lead waste-pipes from baths, bowls, sinks, etc., with the Dur- ham screwed fittings, and also to connect the trap ventilating pipes. Lead pipe can be sol- dered to brass, but not to iron. These nipples can be purchased from the Company or Ircm any dealer in brass goods. Water-*closetS of any make can be used with the Durham System. YVe must know what closet is to be used in order to drill the iron flanges of the water-closet elbow to fit the flange of the closet. YVe always fur- nish clamps or set screws to fasten the closet Use a stiff mixture of red-lead and putty Grade of drain. — Our fittings are cut to a fall of one-half inch per foot, but any grade desired can be obtained by a combination of fittings. One-quarter inch per foot should be a minimum fall. Tops of soil-pipes should be left open, and not obstructed by a return bend. If there is danger from leaves falling into the sewer or cessi to our fitting securely, between the latter. pipes, copper or galvanized iron wire baskets can be used. Nothing is gained by using any contrivance for increasing the upward current of ventilation in a soil-pipe. Fuller information furnished on any point by cor- respondence. Drainage plans and estimates of cost submitted without any obligation on the part of the inquirer. 20 Solid Bearing for \\ ater-Closets. the united brass c£ NEW TOP^I Illustrations of Water-Closets, and the Method of Supporting and Connecting them. Any kind, of water-closet can be used with the Durham System. Where a peculiarity exists, as in the case of the “ Dececo,” which re- quires the wier under it to complete the siphon, we prepare special patterns. r Our patented method of supporting the closet on a rigid branch from the soil-pipe, instead of resting it on the floor, insures permanently tight joints between the closet and the soil-pipe. Note;: For the convenience of customers, we will supply plumbing fixtures at Ste PnCC . S - ' he F - n « 'he - Dececo," with iron cUterTpufl, S a ,?d E War’in? Tr g a a nH ■ 8 ^' S l hc . “ r) ««o " is the invention of Col. Of >rge ** arin S* J r -i and is considered the best siphon closet. Ihe United Brass Co. 79 Fulton Street, N. V'., are the agents. Durham System of House Drainage, 2 I In old-style work the water-closet rests on the floor, and is connected with the soil-pipe by means of lead pipe and lead joints ; the shrinkage or settling of the floor breaks the joint. The illustrations clearly show the simplicity, economy, and durability of our method of construction. The branch to the water-closet has a grade, or rise, of one-half inch per foot from the water-closet tee to the water-closet elbow. The flange of the latter is level, and adjustable in any direction. A stiff paste of red -lead and putty should be used between the flange of the fitting and the base of the water-closet, to neutralise the inequalities of the latter. Note: The Sanitas Mfg. Co. 207 Tremont Street, Boston, manufacture the plumb- ing fixtures invented and developed by Mr. J. Pickering Putnam. The “Sanitas” closet is flushed (noiselessly) by the discharge of the water held in the service pipc y for a height of six feet — instead of from a service box. This closet is of the first class. The price is $41, boxed f. 0. b. at Boston, for the closet and cistern valve. Solid Bearing for Water-Closets. Method of securing and supporting “wash- out ” closets. If preferred, set-screws can pass through the holes in the base of the closet, in which case the flange must be drilled in place, by the plumber, to fit each closet. Features of the Durham System. The J. L. Mott Iren Works, 88 and 90 Beckman Street, N. Y. furnish imported earthenware wash-out closets, as follows : Inodoro (back-outlet), $38 ; Triplex (side- outlet), $36; Dolphin, ivory tinted (front-outlet), $41, with iron cistern, pull, chain, and brackets, boxing and cartage. These are the best examples of this popular type of closet. Durham System of House Drainage. 2 3 “LONG HOPPER” Water-closet, supported directly from soil- pipe, independently of floor, with interven- ing trap. All screw-jointed. This type of water-closet is rarely used in dwellings. The “Short hopper” closet is shown on page 8. Features of the Durham System. Note : The branch to the water-closet has a grade, or rise, of one-half inch per foot from the water-closet tee to the trap. The W. C. flange, on which the closet rests, is level. 24 Durham System of House Drainage. The Durham System. Diagram of a simple system cf screw-jointed house drains of 4-incli wrought-iron pipe. A. Air-inlet pipe. B. Running trap. C. Soil-pipe elbow, with hand- hole. D. Water-closet trap and flange. E. Water-closet tee, with right- hand bath inlet. F. Water-closet elbow and flange. G. Tee for ventilating the trap under fixtures. H. Roof connection. Durham System of House Drainage. 2 5 Drainage for Shipment. The Durham House Drainage Company are pre- pared to fill orders for complete systems of Durham Drainage for shipment to ANY PART OF THE WORLD, ready to be screwed together in the building. We have shipped work to 34 States and Territories. On receipt of rough sketch, showing about what is wanted, and giving approximate distances, roe will send a diagram and quote a price for the complete work, with all pipes cut to exact measure, ready for erection. We never have any difficulty in sending work to fit the place intended for it. The advantage of using the Durham System where it is difficult to secure skilled labor, in the country or abroad, aside from its sanitary superiority, consists in the fact of its being quickly and easily erected by common labor. The joints are practically made in the machine shop. The work shown on the opposite page could be put in place in 5 hours by a man and helper. The threads being covered with a paste of red-lead, and the pipe screwed home , there can be no question of the strength and tightness of the joint. The measurements required are from floor surface to floor surface upward to the roof, and the distance outward from the soil-pipe through the outer wall. Also the height above drain of the air-inlet. We also require to know what make of water-closet is to be used, and full particulars of all fixtures which are to be connected with either the soil- pipe or drain. Fittings to receive waste-pipes from sinks, bowls, or baths can be provided at any point. Examples of Cost. — The amount of work shown on page 24 can be furnished, free on board in New York, for $62.00, in 3-inch, and $80.00 for 4-inch, with 50 lineal feet of asphalted pipe. With fittings for one water-closet only, the prices would be $52.00 and $70.00. Three-inch pipe is the size ordinarily used for dwellings, except in cities with plumbing regulations, when 4-inch is the minimum size allorved for cast-iron soil-pipe, and, of course, for wrought-iron pipe also. Workmen furnished to put up work at cost of wages and traveling expenses. 26 Death-Rate of Pullman. Mechanics Houses in Pullman. — From Harper* s Magazine. A Street in Pullman. — From Harper's Magazine. The City of Pullman has now been in existence six years, and its population is about 9000 — a period sufficiently lon£ and numbers great enough to eliminate any exceptional conditions which might obtain. The death-rate of the town of Hyde Park — of which Pullman is legally and territorially a part, in which the same natural con- ditions ex'st, and which is occupied by substantially the same kind of population as that of 1 oilman — averages fifteen per thousand annually, according to the last report of the State Board of Health. In Pullman, the deaths have ranged from 6.9 to 7.6 in every thousand of population — or less than one-half the deaths in the territory immediately surrounding the town. 1 he average for American cities is over three tunes this number, and the average annual death-rate of the world is thirty-two out of every 1000 of population. The average death-rate in the city of Mexico is fifty-six per 1000, or eight times the rate in Pullman. The healthful conditions here arc unequaled by those in any city in the world. The lowness of the death-rate is remark- able \\ ith one-quarter of the physicians that ordinarily minister to a population of this size, Pullman has only a little more than one-quarter of the deaths usual in the same number of people.”—/;/ Oscar C. De Wolf, Commissioner of Health, Chicago, before the American Institute of Architects. All of 1 lie Buildings in Pullman were furnished with the [IIHIHAIH SVSTKAI . Durham System of House Drainage. 2 7 Blair Lodge, Lake Forest, Illinois. From the American Architect and Building News. The Country Seat of Mr. \V. C. Larned. W. L. B. Jenney, Architect. Furnished with the Durham System of Houser Drainage. Mr. Benezette Williams, C. E., who had charge of the 'drainage and water supply at Pullman, says of the Durham System: “ I advised its use for the reason that I consider it the nearest perfect of any work used for such purpose, owing to the absolute certainty of securing tight joints, if ordi- nary care is used; and for the further reason that the material used, and the method of supporting the closets, are superior to what is in ordinary use. “ Great satis/action has resulted from the use of the work at Pullman.'' The Pullman Company recognized the advantage of securing PERMANENTLY PERFECT house drainage work; the sav- ing in repairs (which results) makes the Durham System the most economical work to adopt. STANDARD DRAINAGE. The Durham System means one thing: price depends on quantity only, the quality is always the same. The drainage of the mechanics’ houses at Pullman was of the same materials and class of workmanship as that in the magnificent residence shown above, costing thirty times as much. Uniformity of workmanship is a natural result of the use of machine work in place ot skilled labor, — which is possible only with the SCREW JOINT. 28 Durham System of House Drainage. Perforated Man-hole Lid and Frame. 17 INCHES DIAMETER; FRAME, 3 INCHES WIDE, 2 ^ INCHES DEEP. Weight, 44 lbs. ; price, $4.00. This lid and frame will be found useful when running traps are placed in man-holes outside of buildings, as by its use a special air-inlet pipe can be dispensed with. It is also cast solid, to use for cess-pool coverings. Air-inlet Box. 12X12 INCHES ON TOP; IS INCHES DEEP. This box has been de- signed for use under city pavements and near the curb-stone, in order to re- move the air-inlet to the drain, as far as possible from front windows. The hole for the air-pipe is cut in the casting to suit each case from template furnished by the purchaser. The box is made of sufficient depth to project beneath a flag- stone of ordinary thickness covering a vault. When an air-tight connection is de- sired, it can be effected by using a union flange and bolts. When set in the ground, a hole is drilled in the bottom for drainage. The grate is fastened by brass screws, so as to be easily removable for clean- ing out dirt. Weight, 54 lbs. ; price, $6.00, including the cutting of the hole. Partial List. The Durham System has been furnished to the following Corporations, Firms, and Individuals, to all of whom we refer. We have no dissatisfied customers. United States. New Pension Building: Washington, D. C. ; Gen. M. C. Meigs, U. S. A., Superintending Engineer and Architect. Officers’ Quarters Willet’s Point, L. I. ; Teale df Cregin. Mess Hall David’s Island; New York Harbor. Naval Hospital: Chelsea, Mass. ; Frank O. Max son, C. £., U. S. A r . New York City. City of New York Dept, of Docks; Office Building at Pier A. Columbia College School of Mines; Mr. C. C. Haight. Brooks Brothers : Store, 22d St. and Broadway “ “ Down Town Association “ “ New York Cancer Hospital “ “ Mr. John E. Parsons, Pres. ; Mr. Joseph W. Drexel, Treas. Presbyterian Hospitai Dispensary; J. C. Cady &• Co. Gallatin Bank: io-story office building “ “ St. George Apartment House “ “ The Randolph Apartment House T. M. Clark. Suburban Rapid Transit Co J. J. R. Croes, Chief Engineer. Hoffman House New Extension; John B. Snook. The De Vinne Press (printers of Century Magazine); cor. Lafayette Place and 4th Street; Babb, Cook & Willard. Roswell Smith: Residence; “ “ Charles A. Dana Residence ; Madison Avenue and 60th Street. Charles Buek & Co. : 6 Residences ; Madison Avenue and 60th Street. Messrs. Farley & Son : 8 Residences; 80th Street; Thom Sr Wilson. John C. Goodridge, Jr Residence; 113 East 25th Street. “ “ “ 115 East 25th Street. George W. Da Cunha 3 Residences; West 83d Street. G. W. De Bevoise Residence; 24 West 124th Street. James M. Cumings. . .Residence; 151st Street and St. Nicholas Place. George Taylor Residence; W. B. Tuthill. John W. Aitken Lawn Tennis Court; “ “ William Pickhardt, Esq.: Private Stable; East 75th Street; Mr. E. S. Philbrick, Consulting Engineer. Miss Ann L. Livingston Residence; A. L. Webster, C. E. New York State. Richard Prescott, C. E Residence; Adamsville. S. W. Thomas “ Bay Ridge. James Otis Hoyt Babb, Cook & Willard; Bellport. Albert Steiner Apartment House; Brooklyn. William Macbeth Residence; A. Hcrwe, Jr., “ Note: Name of architect in italics. 29 3 ° Durham System of Drainage. J. J. Albright E . B . Guthrie , C . E . ; Buffalo. Mrs. M. A. Ransom « •< E. N. Cook « « Dr. Roswell Park « « George H. Dunbar “ *< N. V. West Shore & Buffalo Rv. Co Depot, Canajoharie. “ “ Canastota. “ “ “ “ Cornwall. William Constable, Jr Residence; Cooperstown. Dr. James H. Jackson Dansville. N. V. West Shore & Buffalo Ry. Co., Depot; Frankfort. Fultonville. E. B. Clark Residence; Greenport. W. Bayard Cutting C . C . Haight ; lslip. N. V. West Shore & Buffalo Ry. Co., Depot; Mohawk. Wm. A. Miles IVm . B . Tubby; Mt. Vernon. E. A. Newell IE S. Rapelye ; Mrs. Mary W. IIowe : (2) .... “ «» J. H. Bf.lding “ “ Jules Dardonville “ « Dr. Robert H. Howe Me Kim, Mead & White; “ Mrs. E. M. Howard W. B. Tuthill ; New Brighton. Rev. C. F. Canedy F. Carles Merry ; New Rochelle. Prof. H. T. Vulte 4 houses; “ Joseph F. Waller North Yonkers. N. V. West Shore & Buffalo Ry. Co., Depot; Port Jackson. Dr. L. E. Felton Residence; Potsdam. Brooks & Bickneli Block ; “ Ives Bros « « N. I.. Stone « O. G. Howe “ Mrs. S. A. Loveland « (Ladd Loveland, Licensed Agents for Potsdam). Lieut. Aaron Ward, U. S. N Roslyn. John R. Lockwood Rye. N. V. West Shore & Buffalo Ry. Co., Depot; Syracuse. Rowland Hazard (Peace Dale, R. I.) “ N. T. Bacon “ E. B. Cobb Residence; Paul Beck ; Tarrytown. William Smith Brown Residence; “ OAKWOOD CEMETERY: Lodge; Fuller, Wheeler cr Prescott; Troy. S. H. Fancher Residence; Walton. William Reynolds Brown Residence; White Plains. Dr. Robert Stone Pal/iser, Palliser Co., Yonkers. Chicago. Pullman’s Palace Car Co. : The entire city of Pullman : 1600 build- ings ; Mr. S. S. Beman, Architect. Pullman’s Palace Car Co. : Office building/ S. S . Beman. First National Bank Office building; Burling & Whitehouse. Chicago, Bur. & Quincy R. R. Co.: Office building Burnham & Root. Rialto Building Office building ; “ “ Commerce Building •• “ “ “ “ Traders Building “ « “ “ Home Insurance Co. (N. Y.). . . “ “ W. L. B. Penney. Durham System of Drainage. 3 1 City Hall North Chicago City Ry. Co Dearborn Street Union Depot Marshall Field & Co Brevoort House # Dr. Almon Brooks Palmer V. Kellogg Henry W. King John Wilkinson W. K. Ackerman O. W. Potter George L. Dunlaf James Bolton Henry W. Bishop E. C. Darned C. C. Wheeler Theodore Sheldon Benezette Williams, C. E. ... John R. Walsh W. T. Baker Hugh R. Wilson Arthur Caton Augustus Byram H. H. Shufeldt W. C. Egan Joseph Sears J. C. Black Sidney A. Kent W. F. Cobb J. W. Brooks Henry Field Samuel M. Nickerson J. W. Doane Van H. Higgins J. M. Adsit Anson Stager Robert T. Lincoln Edward F. Lawrence S. S. Beman N. S. Jones J. B. White Estate Walter C. Larned Dr. Robert N. Tooker William S. Potwin J. G. McWilliams Henry I. Cobb James G. Gore James A. Davidson J. J. Glessner ... Egan