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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/philippinemissioOOfarm 
 
The 
 
 Philippine Mission 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 KEY. HARRY FARMER 
 
 THE BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF THE 
 
 :methodist episcopal ciitrch 
 
 150 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 
 
 Price. Pen Cents 
 
PRINTED OCTOBER, 1910 
 
 4 
 
PHILIPPINE MISSION 
 
 THE COUNTRY 
 
 When Admiral Dewey cabled the news of the downfall of 
 Manila there were not many persons in the United States who 
 could tell just where the city of Manila and the Philippine 
 Islands were located. Xow it would be difficult to find any- 
 one, old or young, who does not know a great deal concerning 
 both the geography and the history of this country anti its 
 interesting people. About 100,000 .Vmericans have visited 
 the islands in different capacities — military, civil, and private 
 — and almost every community has had its representatives in 
 our over-sea possessions. 
 
 The Philippine Islands lie in the northwestern Pacific, 
 almost due south of the center of (,'hina and north of .\us- 
 tralia. Manila is seven days distant from Xagasaki, 
 Location two days from Ilong Kong, and five days from Singa- 
 and pore. The Philippine Archipelago extends from 4° 41' 
 
 Extent to 21° north latitude, and from 12ti° 20' to 117° west 
 
 longitude. This is the width over all the islands. In 
 the widest parts of the largest islaruls it is impo.ssible to reach 
 a point more than 100 miles from the sea. Some 3,000 islands 
 have been located, and more than 1,000 have already been 
 named, the important ones being Luzon, Mindoro, .Masbatc, 
 Panay, Xegros, Cebu, Samar, Leyte, Bohol, .Marinduciue, 
 Paragua, and Mindanao. The Sulu Archipelago, a small 
 group of islands off Mindanao, is also included in the Philippine 
 group. 
 
 In the Philippines is probably the most equable climate 
 in the world, and the most healthful of all to be found in the 
 tropics. It is warm all the year round, and from February to 
 May is extremely hot. Only two seasons are referred to — the 
 rainy season, from June to Xovember, and the dry season, from 
 5 
 
December to May. The variation in the thermometer is not 
 more than forty degrees throughout the year. There are months 
 when not a drop of rain falls, and there are weeks when 
 The it falls continually and voluminously. One missionary 
 
 Climate found by measuring that it rained thirty inches in 
 twenty-four hours. The rain is often accompanied by 
 terrific windstorms and cyclones, when thousands of the 
 houses are swept away. After one of these terrible storms 
 one of our bamboo chapels was blown down, and scarcely 
 
 enough of the pieces 
 could be found to con- 
 struct a small fence 
 about the lot which 
 contained it. The value 
 of building houses on 
 posts above the ground 
 is seen in rainy weath- 
 er. One of our mis- 
 sionaries, living in the 
 best house he could olv 
 tain in the town, found 
 it necessary' to keep a 
 boat to carry him to 
 the road. The heat 
 probably' will average 
 about ninety' degrees 
 during the middle of 
 the day throughout 
 the y'ear, but this ex- 
 treme heat is overbalanced by the cool nights. To those 
 not entirely acclimated the continuous heat is debilitating, 
 and, as a health resort, the American government established 
 a summer capital at Baguio, in the Benguet Mountains, 4,200 
 feet above sea level; this is a great relief to all who go there. 
 The army men have a two y’ear temr of service in the islands, 
 the civil government grants a furlough after three y'ears, and 
 the Methodist Episcopal ^Mission has established five y’ears as 
 a term of service before granting a furlough. Colonel Gorgas 
 
 6 
 
 A TREE FERX 
 
has said of Panama that the white man can live a healthy 
 life in the tropics if he is careful of his food and water and 
 obeys all sanitary and hygienic laws. And this is true of the 
 Philippines. The American is peculiarly plagued with cholera 
 and amoebic dysentery, both diseases being transmitted by food 
 and water, which must therefore be watched with special care. 
 
 Rice, sugar cane, hemp, and tobacco are the pi-incipal 
 products of the tillable soil. Fruit abounds in all parts of the 
 islands, such as the banana, orange, mango, chico. 
 Products papaya, custard apple, jack fruit, etc., and there is 
 plenty of fresh fruit all the year round. All kinds of 
 tropical palms are found; some producing fruit, as the cocoanut 
 and the betel; others used for manufacturing rope and a fine 
 grade of hats. The nipa palm, 
 which is a clump of branches 
 growing out from the ground, 
 is u.sed for the sides anil roofs 
 of houses. The mountains are 
 covered with a dense growth 
 of trees, many of them being 
 the finest hard woods found in 
 the world. Gold and copper 
 have been discovered in Luzon 
 and ^lasbate, and some coal 
 has been found in Bataan. 
 
 The fishing industry is very 
 large, but furnishes only a 
 local food supply, the people 
 depending largelj' on fish for 
 food. The pearl fisheries of 
 Sulu are becoming very im- 
 portant, both for the beautiful and valuable pearls found, and 
 also for the manufacture of buttons and other ornaments. 
 
 There are very few animals in the islands, either wild or 
 domesticated. In the mountains may be found deer and wild 
 boar, with a few wild carabao. In the Cagayan River 
 travelers have encountered some large crocodiles, a menace 
 to man and beast. The carabao, or water buffalo, is used 
 7 
 
 SPECIMEN OF P.\P.VY.V 
 
for the cultivation of land almost entirely, and for heavy 
 transportation both in city and country. For more rapid 
 transportation of heavy loads the vaca, or oxen, are 
 Animals used. A hardy little pony is found in all the islands, 
 and hauls tvvo-wheeled vehicles for passenger tran.s- 
 portation. 
 
 Added to the corroding and destroying power of the sun 
 and rain is the work of certain insects which infest the houses. 
 The ant should be put first because he is so numerous in 
 Pests species and quantity. lie is of all sizes and all colors. First 
 and foremost, he eats food; he smells it miles off. He occu- 
 pies a new house before the owner can move in. By way of 
 protection against him, the legs of tables and cupboards must 
 be set in tins full of oil and water and kept well covered. The 
 white ant, or anai, eats anything, but particularly wood, clothes, 
 books, etc. Fortunately, there is a large red ant which makes 
 a business of eating the white ant, and a royal battle ensues 
 when they meet. The red ant eats into human flesh also on 
 every opportunity. All ants are good scavengers, and imme- 
 diately begin removing cockroaches, molecrickets, mosquitoes, 
 flies, etc., which are killed in the house. The mosquito works 
 by day and night, probably in relays. Most of the bungalows 
 are too open to enclose with screens, so each bed has its 
 own net, and in some sections it has been necessary to use 
 nets over desks and tables by day. The cockroaches are very 
 large, most of them fly, and it is very difficult to keep them out 
 of pantries and iceboxes. The molecricket is an inch and one 
 half long, with a head like a horse and a slimy velvet fur; he 
 comes whenever the lamp is lit. And oftentimes in the early 
 evening the flying ant appears, making dining impossible for 
 a time. There are a few other pests, such as mice and rats, 
 who live in the ceiling instead of the cellar (because there is 
 no cellar!). The scorpions and centipedes find their way into 
 the houses from the ground and from the grass or nipa roofs. 
 Snakes are occasionally — though not often — found in houses 
 and beneath them. The friendly lizard is everywhere, running 
 over wall and ceiling, catching mosquitoes and chirping gleefully 
 whenever he captures a fat one. The foreigner living in the 
 8 
 
islands grows accustomed to these pests, and has a care for 
 them, kills them, makes provision against them, and then 
 forgets they are pests. 
 
 THE PEOPLE 
 
 The census of 1903 shows a population of 7,63.5,426, about 
 50 per cent of whom inhabit the island of Luzon. The so- 
 called Christianized portion of the inhabitants are called 
 The Filipinos; this name refers to those who have been 
 
 Filipino reached by the Spaniards and brought into subjection 
 to the State and Church. There are 7,000,000 of them, 
 and they live in all the 
 islands. They have been 
 more or less influenced 
 by Spanish civilization, 
 though only about five 
 per cent of them are said 
 to have been educated in 
 the Spani.sh language. 
 
 They speak some si.xty 
 different dialects and are 
 evidently descendants of 
 at least that many -Malay 
 tribes. In and about 
 Manila are the Tagalogs, 
 and from there north we 
 encounter the I’ampan- 
 gans, the I’angasinanes, 
 and the Ilocanos, and 
 perhaps a dozen lesser 
 groups, speaking different 
 dialects. The main dia- 
 lect of the southern is- 
 lands is the ^ isayan, divided into two main groups — the 
 I’anayan and the Cebuana. -\nother dialect of some impor- 
 tance is the Bicol, in southern Luzon. 
 
 The Filipino is short of stature, the average being but little 
 over five feet. He has the stiff black hair, flat brown face, and 
 9 
 
 .V FILIPI.XO GIKI, 
 
wide nostrils peculiar to the Malay. There has been much 
 intermarriage of the Filipino with the Chinese and Spaniard, 
 and this is shown in the stature, features, and mental char- 
 acteristics of the Filipino. lie is adept in all forms of cunning, 
 and this he may attribute to the diplomacy of the Spaniard. 
 He is polite, hospitable, and, as a rule, law-abiding. He has 
 a quick memory, and in some cases shows unusual reasoning 
 powers. He is vengeful, and deems it a duty to repay all 
 injuries to himself or relatives. The characteristics of the 
 Filipino are such as to give hope that he will become a valuable 
 member of the world family. 
 
 The Negritos are undoubtedly the aborigines and dwell 
 mostly in the Zambales Mountains, in western Luzon. The 
 mature adults do not exceed four feet in height. They 
 Non- live in trees, caves, and behind walls built to protect 
 
 Christian them from the wind and storms. They run away from 
 
 Tribes strangers, white or Filipino. Some of the children 
 have been captured and are found as slaves in the houses 
 of Filipinos and Europeans. This practice has now been stopped 
 by the American government. Recently an American school- 
 teacher succeeded in opening a public school among them. 
 They appear to be a decadent race. 
 
 The Igorrotes Live principally in the Benguet Mountains, 
 in northern Luzon. They are as truly Malay as the Filipinos 
 of the plain. They are divided into distinct tribes, which are 
 at enmity with each other. In their combats it is the custom 
 of the victors to cut off the heads of the vanquished. They 
 cultivate rice, tobacco, sweet potatoes, coffee, and some vege- 
 tables. Their territory has been divided into separate prov- 
 inces, with American governors. Roads and trails have been 
 built and schools established in all parts with some gratifying 
 success. 
 
 In the island farthest south, Mindanao, are the Moros 
 (Moors), who are Mohammedans, the only tribes in the Archi- 
 pelago following the Arab prophet. They were never subju- 
 gated by the Spaniards, and only after the most strenuous 
 fighting and w'ork under General Leonard Wood was any sort 
 of civilizing process begun among them. Stable government 
 10 
 
A MOKO HORSEMAX 
 
 has been established, a school system inaugurated and success- 
 fully conducted. iMarkets or exchanges have been opened, 
 roads have been built, 
 and peace is now guar- 
 anteed. 
 
 The Filipino lives 
 mostly in groups; only 
 in rare instances 
 Native will a single hut 
 
 Homes be found. A small 
 
 group of houses is 
 called a barrio or vil- 
 lage, the most of the 
 houses being built of 
 bamljoo and nipa. The 
 smallest nipa shack 
 consists of four bam- 
 boo posts, with cross- 
 pieces joining the.se 
 about four feet from the ground. On these crosspieces rests the 
 bamboo floor, leaving room underneath for the pigs, goats, 
 chickens, and dogs. The siiles and roof of the house may be 
 made of either cogon grass or nipa, the windows and doors 
 being made of the same material. The whole house is fastened 
 together with bamboo pegs or tied with bejuco, a species of 
 rattan. Not an iron nail is to be found in the house. 
 
 The simplest furni.shings of a house woukl be a woodeti 
 bench along one side of the room, a wooden chest or box for 
 the clothes, several petates (palm mats) rolled up and placed 
 over the rafters, some cotton pillows stacked in one corner, 
 and in another corner an open earthen stove, the smoke from 
 which blackens the inner roof; there might also be several 
 earthen jars containing rice and water. Eggs, dried fish, and 
 other food supplies are suspended in bamboo baskets from the 
 rafters. The food is eaten out of cocoanut shells or porcelain 
 plates stretched in a line on the floor. .\t night the household 
 sleeps on the petates, which are unrolled and cover the floor. 
 Such a house is easily enlarged by adding more rooms built 
 11 
 
in the same way. Better houses of the same type are built by 
 using wooden posts brought from the mountains, and some- 
 times sawing out boards for floors and siding. In the pueblos, 
 
 A TYI’ICAL KESIDEXCE IX THE PHILIl’PIXES 
 
 or cities, some of these wooden houses are covered with corru- 
 gated iron roofing. 
 
 The Filipino feels no necessity for very hard work. His 
 needs are few and these easily satisfied. In Spanish times, 
 if he ever gained more than a competence, it was taken from 
 him by the exactions of the Church and State, and now, under 
 the American government, the higher ideals and the increased 
 cost of living take all he can make, though spurring him on to 
 greater efforts. 
 
 The simplest dress for men is a thin pair of trousers, with a 
 transparent shirt falling over them from the shouklers; both 
 garments may be woven and made up at home. The hat, 
 easily made from palm leaves, bound with bamboo, from one 
 to three feet in diameter, is good for both sun and rain. A 
 man with such a dress woukl probably go barefooted, except 
 12 
 
on special occasions, when he might wear a toe slipper, called a 
 chinela. A Filipino who has received some education, or at- 
 tained to some special position, uses a European coat 
 Costumes and trousers pulled on over the garments named 
 above, adding a European hat and shoes. On special 
 occasions he will even wear an American shirt, with collar, 
 necktie, and cuffs. 
 
 The women have a simple and beautiful costume, the style 
 of which never changes. It consists of a skirt with a long 
 train, gathered with a string about the waist. While working 
 in the fields, or walking along the road, the train can be tucked 
 in at the waistband. A cotton waist covers the body, with a 
 thin, loose, low-necked, large-sleeved outer waist pinned in 
 front over this, and a large, stiffly starched kerchief put on 
 over the head and covering the neck. This same style of 
 dress is worn by the wealthiest and best educated Filipino 
 women, the only difference being in the grade of material used. 
 The gannents of children from two years of age upward are 
 identical with those of their elders. 
 
 In most sections the usual way for the Filipino to eat is 
 with his fingers. IMost hou.ses have at least one spoon which 
 may be used in serving food. .V few barrios have been 
 Food visited where not one spoon could be found. The public 
 schools, together with the Protestant missionaries, have 
 
 A COUNTRY RESTAUR.VNT 
 
 13 
 
brought about many changes. Special rooms or curtained 
 partitions have been provided for the women and visitors; 
 tables, table covers, plates, cups, spoons, knives and forks, 
 and other cooking utensils are provided. 
 
 Tlie Filipino is a “good liver,” and yet he is easily satisfied. 
 He can subsist on a very little for days and weeks, saving up 
 for some great feast at the time of a baptism or wedding or 
 death or the celebration of some saint’s day. Ordinarily he 
 will eat rice and salt, with a little tlried fish or a decomposed 
 variety of fish ealled bogong or some meat made into a kind of 
 stew. On feast days he will have rice, with pork, beef, goat, 
 chicken, eggs, vegetables, custard, and fruit. He generally 
 ends the meal by eating a banana and drinking about a quart 
 of water from a large glass. 
 
 Each pueblo has a large market ])lace on the plaza, and a 
 market is held once or twice a week. Usually .seven pueblos 
 will be on a circuit, so that the merchants may go from 
 The one to the other. To these mai'kcts will come also the 
 Market farmers from the surrounding country, bringing rice, 
 tobacco, chickens, eggs, fish, meat, home-made petates 
 (palm mats), baskets, bolos (knives), and hats. 
 
 The business of the Philippines is largely in the hands of 
 the Chinese, of whom there are some 60,000 in the islands. 
 ^\'hole streets in Manila and in other large cities are given over 
 to them. Every small city has its Chinaman with his little 
 store (tienda), where he sells everything from a match and a 
 bottle of beer to a dress and a suit of clothes. The Filipinos 
 are only beginning this larger mercantile business, and many 
 are succes.sful. 
 
 The Filipino, like all Orientals, has a natural predilection 
 for gambling. Everywhere the children may be seen throwing 
 pennies at a mark. At home men and women will be 
 Diversions gathered about a mat on the floor, or a large table, 
 playing cards for larger stakes. The convents and 
 houses of the leading men will be full of gamesters for a week 
 at a time on fiesta occasions, when hundreds of pesos change 
 hands. Certain leading houses in every pueblo will have a 
 game every day in the week, and all day Sunday. All the 
 14 
 
games played by the Chinese and Spaniards have been learned 
 by the Filipinos, and undoubtedly many peculiarly American 
 games also. Many of the greatest gamblers are the women, 
 who neglect their households and their families and gamble 
 away everything owned by the family. 
 
 The vice of the cockpit (gallera) is the most pernicious of 
 all in its character-destroying results. Formerly it was per- 
 mitted on all fiesta or saints’ days, as well 
 as the day before and after, and as the 
 Church calendar was surcharged with 
 these holidays, about two thirds of the 
 year was given over to fighting roosters. 
 
 Wince the American occupation a new law 
 has been enacted, so that they cannot 
 have the cockpits open more than one 
 hundred days in the year. The Protestant 
 Church fights tlie.se evils openly, the public 
 school opposes them indirectly, and it is 
 hoped that the coming generation will 
 pa.ss a law abolishing the institution en- 
 tirely. The man of the house pets the 
 rooster more than he does his children; 
 he carries it in his anus on the street as he goes to work; the 
 carpenter has his rooster with him on the roof; the most com- 
 mon sight along the roadside is that of two or more men 
 squatted ilown on the ground training their roosters to fight. 
 The .Moral Progre.ss League, organized by the Rev. George A. 
 Miller, pastor of the American .Methodist Fpi.scopal Church in 
 Manila in IfiOf), instituted a great crusade against the cockpit 
 and horse racing. It had the approval of leading Filipino 
 officials all over the islands, and municipal boards voted out 
 the cockpit in their towns, but it did not seem strong enough 
 to gain the approval of the United States Commission. It is 
 interesting to note that the Insurrecto government of .\gui- 
 naldo, in 1S9S, had abolished the cockpit, and Jose Rizal, 
 leader in reform mov'ements and known as the George Wash- 
 ington of the Philippines, condemned it as the greatest vice 
 of his people. 
 
 15 
 
Some Native Superstitioxs 
 
 The superstition of the Filipinos is acknowledged bj' all, 
 and only a broader education and a better civilization will 
 serve to eradicate the ignorant and foolish beliefs which now 
 possess so many of them. 
 
 The sting-fish has a very long tail, which has an ivorj’ 
 barbed spear in it. This gives it a decided advantage in fight- 
 ing with an enemy. 'When this fish is captured and 
 The killed the tail is cut off and bamboo sticks are driven 
 
 Sting-Fish into the thick end, so as to make a handle. Many 
 native houses pos.sess such a tail, and in the time of 
 an earthquake, typhoon, or an epidemic, the head of the house 
 takes the tail anil slashes around through the house and yard 
 in an attempt to drive the devils out. 
 
 Sweating images of saints are very popular. They are 
 placed in dark corners of the Church, with wax spread over 
 their surface, and are to be approached only with large 
 Sweating candles. After the long prayer is concluded the wax 
 
 Images is melted, and the drops trickling down look like the 
 
 promised perspiration, showing that the prayer has 
 been heard. At a certain season of the year the priest sends 
 around the town a little doll image of the Christ which has 
 been particularh' blessed. The bearer takes it into each hou.se, 
 and the person coming to the door and looking at the doll 
 must drop a coin into the basket, or evil things will happen. 
 
 In the channel at Dagupan, where the river empties into 
 the bay, the tide sometimes forms a bar and at other times 
 removes it. It is said that a being, half man and half 
 A 'Water fish, lives there, and he is called the Water Demon. 
 
 Demon Should people talk while crossing the bar the demon 
 
 becomes angry and stirs up the water, often breaking 
 the boat and drowning the occupants. ^lany throw coins and 
 jewelry into the sea and promise masses at the church if de- 
 livered from this demon. 
 
 During Passion Week, all over the islands, men cut and 
 gash themselves in horrible fashion in order that by their 
 sufferings they may gain the blessings of the Church. Some 
 16 
 
tie their feet together with ropes and attempt to walk, when 
 they are thrown to the ground with their faces in the dirt; 
 this process is repeated until they are completely ex- 
 Self- hausted and are carried home. Others slash their 
 Torture backs with glass and then walk up and down the street 
 pounding their backs with sticks of bamboo tied on the 
 end of ropes. When they fall they are taken to the river and 
 bathed and given wine to drink, then to the church to be 
 blessed by the priest; and the night is spent in carousing. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Magellan discovered the Philippine Islands in 1521, landing 
 on the Island of Cebu, where he found natives trading with 
 China, Siam, and the Moluccas. He lost his life assist- 
 In the ing the Dato of Cebu, who was at war with another 
 
 Beginning tribe. The Cebuanas later proving hostile, the re- 
 
 maining Spaniards sailed away, one boat succeeding 
 in reaching Spain with eighteen men, out of five ships and 
 234 men who had set sail tliree years before. The first name 
 given to the islands was Islas del Poniente, or Islands of the 
 West, but when the expedition of ^'illalobos reached the- Island 
 of Samar, in 1542, he gave it the name of Fclipina in honor of 
 King Philip, which name finally came into general use for the 
 whole .\rchip(!lago. The real settlement and occupation began 
 in 1505, on the arrival of the tliird expedition under Legaspi 
 and the Augustinian friar Urdaneta. Manila was captured 
 from the Moro pirates in 1570, and the conquest of Luzon was 
 completed in 1570. Manila became the capital and seat of the 
 governor-general and the archliishop, ami the territory was 
 parceled out among the soldiers and the clergy. 
 
 The friar freciucntly became the leading official in local 
 governments and j)ossessed eleven different kinds of civil 
 functions. On the basis of his reports to the central 
 The Friars government men were shot or hanged. There was 
 constant friction between the archbishop, the friar 
 orders, and the governor-general, and the latter, though 
 powerful, was generally obliged to yield to the demands of his 
 enemies. tiovemor Bustamante, who attempted reforms, was 
 17 
 
killed by a mob of Spaniards, headed by the friars, in 1719. 
 (iovemor Anda, in 17t>S, addressed to the king a memorial 
 charging the friars with “commercialism, neglect of their 
 spiritual duties, oppression of the natives, opposition to teach- 
 ing Spanish, and interference with civil officials and affairs.” 
 The Augustinians had come first, in 1565, followed by the 
 Franciscans, in 1577. The Jesuits arrived in 1561, and the 
 
 RUIXS OF OLD ROMAX CATHOLIC CHURCH AXD COXVEXT 
 This was a retreat for the Spanish Friars and was noted for its 
 magnificence. It is situated about five miles from Manila. 
 
 Dominicans in 15S7. The last to arrive were the Recolletos, 
 in 1606. The Jesuits became the most successful in acquiring 
 property and wealth, so that they were envied and feared, and 
 in 1767 they were expelled and their property, valued at 
 1,320,000 pesos, was confiscated. They were allowed to re- 
 turn in 1S52, under condition that they would hold no prop- 
 erty, but devote themselves to missions in ilindanao and to 
 higher education of the Filipinos. 
 
 From the lieginning Spain made a mistake in the govern- 
 ment of the Filipinos. In the words of Dr. David P. Barrows: 
 ”-\ll classes of Spain’s colonial government were frankly in 
 pursuit of wealth. Greed filled them all and was the mainspring 
 of even.' discover^' and even.' settlement. The king wanted 
 revenue for his treasury-; the noble and the soldier, booty for 
 18 
 
their private purses; the friar, wealth for his order; and the 
 bishop, power for his Church.” Land was assigned to soldier 
 and priest, together with a certain number of natives, 
 A Policy with power to dispose of the one without the other, 
 of Greed We find thus that the inherent rights and liberties of the 
 people were taken away from them, together with the 
 land upon which God had placed them, and that they were 
 exploited for the benefit of their conquerors and oppressors. 
 It is no wonder that we read of constant insurrections on the 
 part of these down-trodden islanders. The later insur- 
 Resulting rections seemed to be directed against the friar, who 
 Unrest was the visible and only representative of Spanish 
 authority. The friar’s work had become materialized 
 by the possession of vast estates upon which his spiritual 
 charges lived and labored as tenants or dependents. One 
 revolt was led, in 1S41, by a young man of twenty-seven, who 
 had been educated for the priesthood. lie was driven into 
 rebellion by the friars, who feared his accompli-shments and his 
 ambitions. One thousand Filipinos were killed before the 
 revolt ended. The attem[>ted soldiers’ revolt of 1872 was 
 discovered and fifty-two soldiers and three native priests were 
 publicly shot in -Manila, while many prominent men were 
 sent into e.xile. 
 
 A secret organization called Masonrj' was formed about 
 this time and spread through the islands, having back of it 
 the idea of reform. Josd Rizal, a doctor and writer 
 Rebellions of great ability, was a leader in the reform movements. 
 
 Recause of his books and tracts on liberty, freedom, 
 and reform he was arrested, exiled, and finally shot in .Manila. 
 He has ever since been regarded as the Filipino national hero. 
 The most important secret organization arose in 1892, called 
 the Katipunan, headed by -Vndres Bonifacio, with the avowed 
 object of expelling the friars anti, if possible, gaining inde- 
 pendence. In 1896 the propo.sed plan of rebellion was dis- 
 covered through the priests and the confessional, and several 
 thousand prominent Filipinos were arrested and shot or exiled. 
 The center of the revolt was in Cavite, and was headed by a 
 young school-teacher, Emilio .Aguinaldo. The people were in 
 19 
 
arms everywhere, and, though defeated in open battle, the 
 government made peace with them by promises of reform 
 and the payment of (500,000 pesos to Aguinaldo, who withdrew 
 to Ilong Ko!ig with some of the leaders. When Dewey sunk 
 the Spanish ships, in May, 1898, Aguinaldo returned by per- 
 mission of the admiral, who furnished him some arms and 
 ammunition to assist in taking Manila. When the Filipinos 
 found that the Spanish government was to be replaced by 
 the American government they took the field, and more or 
 less active fighting was kept up until the capture of Aguinaldo 
 in 1901. All of the islands were occupied by American troops 
 until the leaders had been captured or had surrendered and 
 taken the oath of allegiance. Those refusing to take the oath 
 were exiled to Guam until ready to do so. 
 
 The new government was very liberal from the beginning, 
 and all offices hav'e been given to the Filipinos wherever pos- 
 sible. There are thirty-eight organized provinces or 
 The states, whose gov'ernors are elected by the people. 
 
 American There are some twelve hundred municipalities, whose 
 Policy presidentes, or mayors, and concejales, or aldermen, 
 are also elected. The islands have been divided into 
 districts according to the population, and delegates are elected 
 to the A.s.sembly, which acts jointly with the Commission in 
 the gov'ernment of the islands. A civil service has been estal> 
 fished, and the Filipino is given the preference over the Amer- 
 ican in any office for which he possesses the requisite ability. 
 In the judicial department there is a Supreme Court, with a 
 Filipino chief justice, and the judges of the courts of first 
 instance are both Americans and Filipinos. The justices of 
 peace in each municipality are all Filipinos. The public school 
 system is the wonder of the world. Schools have been estab- 
 lished in every part of the islands, including schools for Igor- 
 rotes, Negritos, and Moros. About one thousand American 
 and seventy-five hundred Filipino teachers direct this work. 
 Instruction is entirely in the English language, and it is pro- 
 posetl to make English the official language of the islands in 
 1913. The revenues of the islands are deriv'ed from taxation, 
 and customs duties amounting to more than $15,000,000 per 
 20 
 
year are collectetl. At different times the Congress of the 
 United States has voted appropriations to assist in the more 
 rapid development of the country. Each pueblo or city has 
 its own police, and in addition there is a force of constabulary 
 — native soldiers uniler American and Filipino officers — which 
 acts as a general police force for the islaiuls. The American 
 
 NATIVE COX3CADULARY SOLDIERS 
 
 army in tlic islands consists of about ten tliousand .Americans 
 and several thousand Filipinos, called scouts, under American 
 officers and governed by the regular army regulations. .V 
 large part of this force has been kept in Mindanao for the 
 subjugation of the Aloros. 
 
 The city of Alanila has been entirely made over. Its har- 
 bor has been enlarged and deepened and a sea wall built, 
 together with a wharf which will admit the largest 
 Public vessels. The moat about the walls and the low 
 
 Improvements places have been filled up, streets have been 
 widened and paved, parks and gardens have been 
 establi.shcd, new iron bridges have been built across the Pasig 
 Itiver, a fine sewerage system has been inaugurated, and a 
 21 
 
street railway has been built which is modern in every way. 
 Throughout the provinces concrete and iron bridges have 
 been built, and all main roads of travel have been maca<l- 
 amized. Buildings of strong materials have been constructed 
 for the provincial capitals and high schools, and bamboo and 
 wooden hou.ses erected in every pueblo and barrio for the 
 primarj- schools. 
 
 A summer capital has been established at Baguio, in the 
 mountains of Benguet, in Luzon, to which a stone road has now 
 been ljuilt through and over the mountains at great expense. 
 The only railroad in 1904 extended from Manila to Dagupan, 
 a distance of one hundred and twenty miles. This railroad 
 has now been built thirty-five miles into the mountains toward 
 Baguio, and also fifty miles along the coast northward into 
 Union Province, and is later to be extended to Laoag, in Ilocos 
 Xorte. Southward from Manila the road extends to Cavite 
 and Batangas and northeast to ,\ntipolo. Another company 
 is now building railroads in the islands of Cebu and Panay. 
 Regular boats ply between all islands under guaranteed mail 
 contracts with the government, and boat service is main- 
 tained on important rivers, while several automobile lines 
 connect interior towns. All parts of the islands have their 
 cable, telegraph and telephone connections and receive 
 through the Post Office Department regular deliveries of mail. 
 Large sums have been appropriated for an extensive irriga- 
 tion system, and the work of reclaiming waste land has been 
 begun. More than fifty artesian wells have been dug, and the 
 people thus provided with pure water. A leper colony has 
 been established on the Island of Culion, where hundreds of 
 lepers have been segregated, anti the people are being edu- 
 cated up to the point of desiring all lepers to go there. It 
 is safe to say that more has been accomplished in ten years 
 of American occupation than would have been accomplished 
 by the Filipinos if left to themselves in fifty or a hundred 
 years. 
 
 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 
 
 Following the war, the Roman Church found itself in a 
 demoralized condition. All the friars and Spanish priests 
 22 
 
SCENE IN THE MOHNTAINS OK MKNGUET PUO\TNC'E ON THE HOAD HEADING TO BAGUIO 
 
were driven into i\Ianila because of the hatred of the people. 
 Churches had been destroyed or burned. More than three 
 million Fihpinos had organized an Independent Filipino 
 After Church, repudiating the authority of the Pope, but 
 the War clinging to many of the practices of the Church. They 
 elected Gregorio Aglipay, an Ilocano, as the archbishop. 
 In hundreds of places they took possession of the Homan 
 churches. Many other Filipinos repudiated the Church. At 
 the present time only small numbers attend regularly, since 
 they are no longer forced to do so. A nominal Romanist, a 
 leading citizen of Manila, recently stated that no more than 
 thirty per cent of the people were real followers of the Pope. 
 Archbishop Harty and the American priests have done much 
 in the way of reorganization. He has been obliged to appeal 
 to his Church in America for missionarj^ funds, as he has 
 received none of the money paid to the friars for their land. 
 A Roman Catholic governor-general in office for over three 
 years, by his close affiliation with the Church officials, has 
 done much to cause the people to believe that Church and 
 State are one. In the presence of one hundred thousand peo- 
 ple, and under the Stars and Stripes, he took an active part in 
 crowning a doll as patron saint of Manila. 
 
 The Roman Church has not greatly changed its tactics. 
 The priests still have their concubines and drink and gamble. 
 Children must be baptized by the priest; young people 
 Evil must be married by the priest; the dead must be buried 
 
 Practices by the priest, and for each service a price must be 
 
 paid. Mass must be said for the repose of the soul, 
 prayers must be offered to mitigate punishment in purgatorj^ 
 and for deliverance therefrom. In this way the Church taxes 
 the living and the dead. It is the only profitable business 
 in many a Filipino town. 
 
 The Taft Commission found that the land question was one 
 of the causes for the burning hatred of the people toward the 
 priests, and Mr. Taft was sent on a special pilgrimage to Rome, 
 where, through the Pope, he negotiated the purchase of all 
 friar lands for .S7, 000,000, with the understanding that the 
 friars were to leave the islands. The latter condition was not 
 24 
 
agreed to by them, and, after a great deal of haggling, they 
 accepted this sum, but held out some very valuable land from 
 the contract. A Manila paper recently said that 
 Friar Lands more than two hundred and seventy-five additional 
 friars had entered the islands since American occu- 
 pation, and the number seems to be increasing rather than 
 decreasing. The friars are gradually going back to the prov- 
 inces. In Cebu a Spanish priest led a mob in an attack on a 
 Presbj'terian chapel, in which the Filipino pastor was killed. 
 The Spanish priest was tried and convicted of manslaughter. 
 While at liberty under appeal bond his bishop appointed him 
 to another parish, which he served until his appeal was denied. 
 
 The Bible was practically unknown before the coming of 
 the American missionary". An ex-priest and a German col- 
 porteur brought some Pangasinan Gospels to Manila a 
 The Bible few years before American occupation. Both men were 
 poisoned at the hotel, the Spaniard dying and the 
 German escaping to a warship and recovering. The Roman 
 Church has now put some Douay versions of the Bible in 
 Spanish and English on sale. 
 
 The Roman Church undoubtedly possesses great power 
 with the government, and because of this power it is accord- 
 ingly feared by the people. The Church has always 
 Romanism been an encmj' of liberty and education, and it does 
 and the not favor the present school system nor does it en- 
 
 Schools courage the aspirations of the people to govern them- 
 
 selves at some time, for the Church can handle a 
 foreign government better than it can manage a free people. 
 The Church sought at first to secure the appropriation for 
 education to use through its parochial schools. Failing in 
 that, it has attempted to control the public school. Through 
 its efforts large numbers of Roman Catholic school-teachers 
 have come to the islands. -\t one time a law passed the Com- 
 mission to give over the education of children under eight or 
 ten years to private schools, allowing them grant in aid. This 
 was opposed by the Evangelical Union and was recalled. Dr. 
 David B. Barrows, Director of Education, wrote a hi.storj" of 
 the Pliilippines for use in public schools, based largely on 
 25 
 
histories written bj'- Spanish friars and on public documents. 
 Because it stated unwelcome truths, protest was made by l.o- 
 man Catholic officials, and it was not permitted in the school 
 curriculum. Dr. Barrows was asked to suppress the circula- 
 tion of the book, which he refused to do. It is said that this 
 action on his part caused him to lose an appointment as a 
 member of the Commission. 
 
 An oialer has been issued by the Commission to all school- 
 teachers not to affiliate with any Church. This, of course. 
 
 EO^r.VX C.\THOLIC CATI.EDR.VL, 1I.\NIL.\. 
 
 strikes at the personal liberty of the individual, but, as it 
 carries with it the threat of dismissal, many literally carry 
 out the order. .\n .\merican who had taught in one town for 
 eight years, ha\'ing the most successful school in the island, 
 was complained of because he attended a Protestant church 
 on Sunday and taught in the Sunday school. Though he 
 obtained affidavits from Filipino municipal officials that he 
 had not taught Protestantism in the schools, and had never 
 attacked the Roman Church, the Commission ordered him 
 to stay away from the iUethodist Episcopal Church or he 
 26 
 
would be dismissed. Appeal to the President failed to secure 
 any relief. 
 
 It cannot be said that the Roman Catholic Church in the 
 Philippines is a Christian Church. It denies an open Bible 
 and does not preach the Gospel; it teaches the infal- 
 Decadent hbility of the Pope and worship of images, saints, 
 Christianity and the Virgin Mary; it offers the mass, absolution, 
 the confessional, burning of candles, and counting of 
 beads in place of direct worship ami prayer to Jesus Christ, 
 the only Mediator between God and man. It offers husks 
 instead of true grain. It has done nothing to improvo the 
 morals of the people, and its main influence has been to crystal- 
 lize and harden their vices, making it more difficult to evan- 
 gelize them. For this its leaders must give an account unto 
 God whom they ignorantly teach and falsely worship. 
 
 PROTESTANT MISSION WORK 
 
 There was no mi.ssion work from the Protestant standpoint 
 until the arrival of the American army. The first preaching 
 was probably done by Mr. Arthur W. Prautch, form- 
 Earliest erly a Methodist Episcopal missionary in India, but 
 
 Protestant then in business in Manila. lie was assisted in the 
 
 Work l)eginning by army and navy chaplains and Y. M. C. A. 
 
 secretaries Large erowds waited on these impromptu 
 meetings and many earnest seekers came to his home for 
 further instruction. 
 
 Bishop James M. Thoburn, Methodist Episcopal Bishop in 
 India, arrived in Manila in .March, 1899, and preached the 
 first sermon in the Philippines delivered by a regularly ac- 
 credited repre.sentative of any Protestant missionary society. 
 In opening the mission work in Singapore, in 1888, he had 
 prayed fervently for a similar opportunity in Manila, and it 
 was therefore peculiarly fitting that this prophet and sainted 
 bishop should be chosen to inaugurate the work in the 
 Philippines. 
 
 The British and Foreign Bible Society began its work 
 through Mr. Randle, who arrived in the fall of 1898, and the 
 American Bible Society sent the Rev'. Jay C. Goodrich as its 
 27 
 
agent in November, 1899. The Rev. James B. Rodgers, a 
 Presbyterian missionary, formerly in Brazil, reached IManila 
 April 21 1899. The first missionaries sent out by 
 First the Methodist Episcopal Church were the Rev. 
 
 Missionaries Thomas II. Martin, who arrived in March, 1900, and 
 the Rev. Jesse L. McLaughlin, who came in May, 
 1900, the latter becoming later presiding elder of the Philip- 
 pine Islands District of the Malaysia Conference. 
 
 The other Churches founding missions in the islands were; 
 Baptist, United Brethren, Episcopal, Disciples of Christ, and 
 
 A TYPICAL OPEN-AIR MEETING 
 
 Congregational — all sending missionaries before the middle 
 of 1901. 
 
 Representatives of these different missions came together 
 in Manila, April 24-26, 1901, and organized the Evangelical 
 Union of the Philippine Islands, with the avowed 
 Practical object of securing comity and effectiveness for their 
 Federation missionary operations. The following is a part of 
 the resolutions adopted as to division of territory: 
 
 “Be it resolved, that each mission now represented on the 
 field accept the responsibility for the evangelization of certain 
 28 
 
well defined areas, to be mutually agreed upon, such agree- 
 ment to be open to revision at the end of three years by the 
 Evangehcal Union at its regular meeting, and 
 
 “Be it resolved, that in the Island of Luzon the Methodists 
 shall become responsible for the work in the provinces of 
 Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Xueva Ecija, Pangasinan, 
 Division of Bataan, and Zambales; the Presbyterians for the 
 Territory work in the provinces of Morong, Laguna, Batangas, 
 Cavite, Tayabas, north and south Camarines, and 
 Albay; the United Brethren for the work in the provinces of 
 La Union, Ilocos X’orte, and llocos Sur.” 
 
 Later the Methodists were given the Cagayan Valley, Ilocos 
 Sur, and Abra, and a part of Rizal. The Baptists agreed to 
 work in the islands of Negros and Panay in connection with 
 the Presbjderians, the latter also doing work in Cebu and 
 Bohol. The missionaries of the Disciples of Christ did not 
 sign the agreement, but accepted Ilocos Norte as their field. 
 Later they came into Ilocos Sur and Abra, where the Meth- 
 odists were already at work. They have also done some work 
 in the Cagayan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, and 
 Cavite provinces. Claiming as they do to be the Christian 
 Church, they did not feel they could agree to confine them- 
 selves to any particular territory. The Episcopal Mission also 
 did not sign the agreement, as they did not intend to work 
 among the so-called civilized Filipinos, but e.xpected to direct 
 their efforts among the Igorrotcs and .Moros. Manila was to 
 be considered common territory for all missions, and the 
 Presbyterians, Methodists, Disciples of Christ, and Episco- 
 palians have established American and Filipino churches there. 
 
 THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL MISSION 
 The first attempt on the part of Methodism to establish its 
 work in the Philippines was made by the Woman’s Foreign 
 Missionary Society. Four ladies were appointed and 
 First arrived in Febniary, 1900. They were Miss Julia E. 
 Attempt Wisner, Miss Margaret F. Cody, Mrs. Cornelia Moots, 
 and Dr. Annie Norton. They undertook to open a 
 boarding school for girls, but the effort failed, as there was at 
 29 
 

LungituUo E!i»t froui Oreouwich 
 
that time no Protestant constituency, and the government 
 had already opened a complete system of free public schools. 
 These ladies were transferred to other fields or returned home. 
 
 ONE OF THE EARLY METHODIST CHAPELS 
 
 Dr. Xorton returned later to the Philippines, and now lives 
 in i\Ianila and is doing good work among the people of 
 Santa ^lesa, though no longer connected with a missionary 
 society. 
 
 On the arrival of i\Ir. McLaughlin, referred to above, the 
 organized work of the i\Iethodist Episcopal Church in the 
 Philippines was begun. Street and house meetings 
 Organized were started in Manila, and the most strategic points 
 Work were chosen and ■visited regularly. In 1903 Mr. 
 
 Begun McLaughlin reported: “Definite work has been under- 
 
 taken in about fifty different places, ■with forty or- 
 ganized congregations. The average weekly attendance is 
 from twenty to twenty-five thousand.” 
 
 32 
 
Growth of Manila District 
 From Manila the work spread in all directions through 
 natural causes. During the insurrection thousands of people 
 had come to Manila for safety, and some of these, becoming 
 converted, returned to their homes with the good news, carry- 
 ing Bibles and tracts with them. Other Manila members, who 
 had relatives in the provinces, visited them from time to time 
 and established new centers of the Gospel light. 
 
 Mr. McLaughlin was greatly assisted by Filipino workers, 
 whom he appointed exhorters as soon as he had proved that 
 they possessed gifts and graces for the work. As fast as 
 Filipino preaching places were established they were regularly 
 Helpers supplied by these Filipino preachers, who pu.shed the 
 work with great zeal. When i\Ir. ^IcLaughlin went to 
 the United States on furlough, in Februaiy, 1905, he left 
 2,441 members and probationers, 41 exhorters, 5 Sunday 
 schools with 770 scholars, and 15 chapels. After his furlough 
 at home he returned as agent of the .\merican Bil)le Society, 
 in which work he has since luul remarkalile success in printing 
 and distrilniting the Scriptures. 
 
 Dr. Homer Stuntz (now First Assistant Corresponding 
 Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions), who had been a 
 missionary in India (1888-95), was appointed pre- 
 Early Days siding ekler of the Philippine work and pastor of the 
 
 of the American Church, arriving in Manila April, 1901. 
 
 Mission He was of untold value to the work in its beginnings 
 
 because of his ripe judgment and c.xperience, his 
 power as a preacher, his missionary zeal, his fearlessness in 
 denouncing wrong and upholding right, and because of the 
 great respect in which he was held by all government officials. 
 On no one of our mission fields had the work proceeded so 
 rapidly or successfully, and new questions as to methods of 
 procetlure were arising daily. Property was needed, and the 
 best locations for churches, institutions, and resiliences must 
 be selected. The Church at home needed to be informed as 
 to the work. Dr. Stuntz visited the Lmited States in 1902, 
 and the Church responded to the call with special gifts and an 
 33 
 
additional appropriation of So, 000. He also represented the 
 mission before the General Conference of 1904, which heard 
 the petition of the missionaries to be formed into a Mission 
 Conference with the privilege of organizing an Annual Con- 
 ference at the end of the quadrennium. This was done in 
 1908, under the presidency of Bishops Robinson and Oldham. 
 Dr. Stuntz is largely responsible for the prohibition of the 
 opium traffic in the Philippines. Mlien the Commission pro- 
 posetl a law regulating the sale and use of this drug he or- 
 ganized the Christian forces and pleaded the case before the 
 Commission. A law was passed to curtail its use gradually 
 and to prohibit the sale and use after three years. The islands 
 are now free from the blight, and all smugglers and users are 
 apprehended and punished. Dr. Stuntz was superintendent 
 of the mission in 1904 and 1905, and in December of the latter 
 year returned home on account of ill health. 
 
 The Rev. Marvin A. Rader, D.D., came to the Philippines in 
 1903, being assigned to Malabon, a city of 40,000 people, five 
 
 KNOX MEMORI.\L CHURCH, M.\XrL.\ 
 Largest Protestant Church for Filipinos in the Islands 
 
 34 
 
miles north of Manila. In two years the work spread throughout 
 that region to such an extent that at the Conference of 1905 
 he was able to report 2,005 members, with ten exhorters and 
 ten chapels. Dr. Rader has served as pastor of the American 
 Church, and as agent of the Publishing House, and for five 
 years has been superintendent of the Manila District. 
 
 The Rev. Charles W. Koehler came from the Southern 
 Illinois Conference in October, 1907, and, after a few months 
 in the Bulacan Province, was assigned to the Manila 
 A Successful District, where he has been very successful as an 
 Evangelist evangelist. During the two weeks Bible Institute 
 for preachers and workers at Caloocan, in 1909, 
 ]\Ir. Koehler held daily Pentecostal services which resulted in 
 many marvelous experiences. This is undoubtedly the be- 
 ginning (jf a great revival movement which is .spreading 
 throughout the churches, (piickening old members and con- 
 verting hundreds of others. Mr. Koehler has also had an 
 interesting work among the soldiers at Port McKinley, near 
 Manila, where more than one hundred and thirty men have 
 begun the new life. 
 
 The -Manila District com])rises, besides the city, the prov- 
 inces of Rizal, Bataan, and Zambales. Until recently there 
 has been practically no mis.sion work in Zambales be- 
 In the cause of lack of funds to send workers there. In 1909 
 Hands of two gentlemen of -Minneapolis, the Rev. S. M. Dick 
 Natives and .Mr. V. Bohrnstedt, agreed to undertake its 
 evangelization by sustaining ton Filipino preachers. 
 M’ork h as been opened in a large number of towns, resulting 
 in the -securing of several hundred converts the first year. 
 Bataan Province, though without a resident missionary, has 
 progressed under the leadership of the Rev. Simeon Bias, who 
 works without salarj'. He is an ordained local elder and a 
 succe.ssful business man, who gives most of his time to Gospel 
 preaching. 
 
 There has been a great deal of persecution in the last few 
 years due to the growing power and reorganization of the 
 Roman Church. In Pasay church services were stopped by 
 the town band practicing in the rear of the church directly 
 35 
 
behiiKl the pulpit, and giving concerts at the chapel entrance, 
 the town officials refusing to interfere in the interest of peace 
 and order. At Xavotas American missionaries, with 
 Persecution Filipino preachers and members, were thrown into 
 prison for street preaching, under a woniout Span- 
 i.sh law, the police and justice working at the instigation of 
 the Roman priest. The mission work so thrived, however, 
 that at the present time — le.ss than two years later — the ma- 
 jority of the city officials elected are Protestants. At Mecau- 
 yan the Roman priest struck a Protestant over the head 
 and eye for refusing to bow to an image, and on trial 
 the priest was absolved from blame by the local justice. 
 These are some examples of outward forms of persecution; 
 there is another sort in which the convert loses friends, he is 
 ostracized from society, he loses his employment, threats are 
 made against his life, he is falsely accused, and in many other 
 ways pressure is brought to bear to cause him to give up the 
 new life. 
 
 In 1909 there was a defection led by the Rev. Xicolas 
 Zamora, which seemed at first to be serious. Mr. Zamora was 
 the first ordained Filipino preacher and had occupied 
 The Zamora the largest pulpits. He became dissatisfied with his 
 Defection salary, the slowness of his rise in the Conference, 
 and the growing importance of his fellow Filipino 
 preachers. He took with him the lai'gcr part of the member- 
 ship of the Tondo church, which he was serving, and a few 
 members from each of the i\Ianila churches, making about 
 twelve hunilred in all. At the first meeting of this independent 
 church Zamora was elected bishop. There were also a few 
 followers in the provinces where preacher or people had some 
 slight grievance. Some of the seceders have returned to their 
 former churches, and many others have ceased to attend any 
 church. The schism was caused partly by the spirit of the 
 times in the Philippines and partly by the personal ambition 
 of one man. The Filipino papers are full of independence 
 talk and it is the theme of the politician’s address. Every- 
 where the people are told that they can run their ov\-n affairs 
 without interference of outsiders. Under these circumstances 
 36 
 
it is surprising that the Zamora movement received so little 
 support from the great mass of our Filipino preachers and 
 people. 
 
 The Mission I’ress was started by the Rev. J. S. ^IcLaughlin, 
 in 1901, with a very small outfit. It has since developed into 
 the Methodist Pul)lishing House, with a building of 
 Publishing its own, doing a printing, bookbinding, and photo- 
 House engraving business. It prints the Christian .\dvocate 
 
 in English, Tagalog, Parnpanga, Pangasinan, and 
 Ilocano, as well as Sunday school literature and tracts in these 
 ilifTerent dialects, amounting to several million pages each 
 year. It is a powerful evangelistic agent, and supplements in 
 
 TYI’ESETTEUS AT WORK IX THE PUBLISHI.XG HOUSE, .M.VXIL.V 
 
 a A'erv’’ nece.s.sary way every part of the missionary’s work. 
 The work is hampered l>y lack of ]>roper up-to-date equipment 
 and by the small amount of the funds in hand for literary 
 output. The Rev. Fred .V. McCarl gave several years of 
 service to the Press, and it has been in charge of the Rev. 
 Arthur E. Chenoweth since 190.'), except during a furlough 
 period spent by him in the United States. A large building 
 has been purchased, encumbered by a debt of SIS, 000, the 
 37 
 
interest on which sum is met Iiy income from rentals and job 
 work. Could this purchase sum be paid, in part at least, the 
 yearly income might be used for the i)roduction of literature. 
 The building is in a fine location in the busiiies.s district and 
 furnishes a good hcad(iuarters and center for all religious 
 activities. 
 
 Almost from the beginning of the mi.ssion the need of 
 training native preachers was seen to be of first importance, 
 and every missionary began the work in his own home. 
 Bible Through the help received from special gifts, Bible 
 
 Seminary Institutes were held each year from two weeks to a 
 month in each missionary’s district. In 1905 a gift of 
 $10,000 was received from .Mr. G. E. Nicholson, of Kansas, 
 for the erection of a Bible seminary building. location was 
 not found until 1907 and the building not completed until 
 190.S. Previous seminary work had been done in Dagupan 
 
 FLOHENCE ]J. XICHOLSOX BIBLE SEMIX.VRY, M.VNIL.V 
 
 and Manila, and in 1907 the Rev. Harry Farmer was regularly 
 appointed president of the Florence B. Nicholson Bible Sem- 
 inary, and work was begun with twenty-five students. The 
 seminary has been carried on jointly with the Presbyterian 
 38 
 
SEUVILI.VNO CASTRO 
 Student in the Seminary 
 
 Mission. The course requires three years, and work is done in 
 Spanish and English. Twenty of the twenty-seven members 
 of the Conference have attended the seminary, and other 
 former students are svipplying cir- 
 cuits as local preachers. A library 
 of over a thousand volumes has 
 been secured in the two hinguages. 
 Perhaps no other institution of the 
 Church has such an influence upon 
 its future life, for the leaders in the 
 Church will largely determine the 
 character of its life and influence. 
 The seminary is without endow- 
 ment, and consequently the annual 
 expense of .$2,500 has to bo pro- 
 vided. The support of a young 
 man studying for the ministry, to- 
 gether with his necessary books, 
 involves an expenditure of $50 a year. 
 
 Preaching to the .Vmerican soldiers and civilians had been 
 carried on from the beginning of 
 the American occupation by 
 American chaplains, Y. M. C’. A. sec- 
 Church retaries, missionaries, and 
 others. The American Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church was organ- 
 ized in Manila in 1901, and in Oc- 
 tober the official board purchased 
 an excellent comer lot in a desir- 
 able location. temporary struc- 
 ture was erected and tledicated, free 
 from debt, in December of the same 
 year, and the Holy Communion 
 administered on Christmas day. 
 
 Dr. Stuntz served as the first pas- 
 tor, and in the spring of 1902 the Rev. William Brown 
 arrived to take charge. The work developed so rapidly that 
 the building was enlarged and made more permanent. The 
 
 LEON CARINO 
 Another Student 
 
 39 
 
Rev. Marvin A. Rader served as pastor in 1904 until the arrival 
 of the Rev. George A. Miller. During this pastorate a new 
 cement block church was erected and dedicated. While some 
 financial assistance has been received from the homeland, the 
 largest part of the burden of building has rested upon the 
 Christian men who live and labor in the islands. It stands as 
 a monument to their faith and zeal, and is a large force in hold- 
 ing up the standard of righteousness in our far-away posses- 
 sions. The Rev. Isaac B. Harper served the church from 1907 
 to 1910 with large success, keeping in touch with the Ameri- 
 cans throughout the islands and lifting the last vestige of in- 
 debtedness. lie was succeeded by the Rev. George C. Cobb, 
 who had served as pastor of the English Church in Singapore. 
 
 The women made a second aiul a permanent entrance into 
 the riiilippines in 1903, when Miss Winifred Spaulding arrived 
 and opened in itlanila a training school for Filipino 
 Women’s women and girls, which has been sviccessful from the first. 
 Work It is now known as the Harris Memorial Deaconess Train- 
 ing School, and has from forty to fifty young ladies in 
 attendance each year. The graduates are working in the 
 
 METHODIST WOMEN WORKERS IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1908 
 
 40 
 
different churches all over the island of Luzon and are much 
 sought after by the preachers and members. They estabhsh 
 junior leagues and women’s meetings and maintain classes in 
 the Sunday schools. 
 
 On the arrival of Dr. Rebecca Parish, in 1906, the Bethany 
 Hospital and Dispensary was opened, and in 1908 the ^lary J. 
 Johnston Hospital was erected, the gift of Mr. S. D. B. 
 Hospital Johnston, of St. Paul. This is the only women’s and 
 for children’s hospital in Manila and fills a large place of 
 
 Women usefulness, being unable at times to receive all those 
 applying for entrance. There are from fifteen to twenty 
 Filipino girls constantly in training there as nurses, who have 
 theoretical instruction and practical work in caring for the 
 sick. 
 
 Cextral District 
 
 The four provinces of Bulacan, Xueva Ecija, Pampanga, 
 and Tarlac comprise the Central District. The first missionary 
 work was begun in 1901 by the Rev. Thomas II. Mar- 
 in Tarlac tin, who finally located at Gerona, Tarlac, where he 
 Province labored with success for three years. He learned to 
 preach in the Ilocano dialect and translated the first 
 song book into that tongue. He also wrote a History of Prot- 
 estantism in Spanish. Ill health causetl his return in 1904, 
 but his influence is still felt through the men whom he con- 
 verted and trained. After he left, the work in Tarlac Province 
 was superintended by the missionaries in Pangasinan until 
 the coming of the Rev. William II. Teeter, in November, 1904. 
 He took up his headquarters at Tarlac, the capital, from which 
 center he itinerated throughout the province and established 
 work in most of the main towns. It is a difficult field to work, 
 as the four principal dialects of Luzon are spoken among the 
 inhabitants, sometimes all of them being u.sed in different 
 sections of the same town. The province has many rivers, 
 creek.s, and marshes, with only paths through miles of tall 
 grass, frequently the home of robbers. Two of our local 
 preachers had been robbers and bolo men (users of the bolo, a 
 kind of knife) when converted, and afterward valiantly trav- 
 eled the hardest circuits. Mr. Teeter became superintendent 
 41 
 
of the district in 1906 and moved to Malolos, Bulacan. He 
 succeeded in bringing all of the churches into a harmonious 
 organization. The Rev. Hex R. Jloe, of Nebraska, arrived in 
 November, 1907, and was sent to the Tarlac Province, where 
 he was joined by iirs. Moe in 1908. They frequently travel 
 together visiting the churches, and are much beloved by the 
 people. 
 
 The first missionary in Pampanga Province was the Rev. 
 William G. Fritz, who had formerly been in South America 
 and knew the Spanish language. He hteraUy wore 
 Pampanga himself out in his zeal. It was his custom to start 
 Province out on a trip with a small bundle of clothes and eat 
 and sleep wherever he found himself. His health soon 
 gave out, and after a little more than a year’s work he was 
 obliged to return to the homeland, leaving almost a thousand 
 converts. His place was taken by the Rev. William A. Brown, 
 who had been pastor of the American Church in Manila. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Brown were greatly beloved by the people and added 
 another thousand to the Church. They went home in poor 
 health at the end of 1904. The Rev. Robert Johnson spent 
 two years in Pampanga, and was indefatigable in labors, 
 carrying the Gospel into every part of the province. His 
 aggressive policy brought on a great deal of persecution, and 
 he knows what it means to be stoned and cast into prison. On 
 the occasion of one visit of Bishop Oldham to Pampanga Mr. 
 Johnson had ten chapels ready to be dedicated. On account 
 of Mrs. Johnson’s health they returned home in 1906, and for a 
 few months the work was in charge of the Rev. Otto Carlson. 
 The Rev. Edwin L. Housley eame in 1907, and has done much 
 toward putting the work on a substantial basis. He has built 
 a residence and chapel at the capital, San Fernando, and has 
 brought many young men into the ministry. There are now 
 six thousand members and twenty-one chapels. Some of the 
 leading men of the province are members of the Church, in- 
 cluding the provincial secretary and some city mayors. The 
 people, for the most part, are intelligent and they have a rich 
 and fertile country. 
 
 The Roman Church is particularly bigoted in this province, 
 42 
 
UEVIV.VI, MEETING IN SAINT PAUL’s METHODIST EPISCOPAL CIllTIU’H, TONDO, MANIL.' 
 
and continues to delude many of the people. In the town of 
 I.ubao a Protestant meeting was announced to be held in a 
 .small house on a side street. Under the direction 
 Persecution of the priest and the town mayor, the constabulan," 
 soldiers were ordered to raid the place. On their 
 arrival the preacher invited them to come to the meeting and 
 observe that it was only for the worship of God. Instead of 
 accepting this invitation, the people were ordered out of the 
 house and the preacher had some ribs broken by the jab of a 
 musket. They were placed in prison, and when the mi.ssionary 
 arrived, tlemanding their release, he was also put in prison, 
 where the 3 ’ aU remained until the governor, hearing of the 
 affair, ordered their release. 
 
 The Rev. Willard A. Goodell was the first Methodist mis- 
 sionarj' in Bulacan Province. Mr. Goodell lived in Hagonoj’ 
 for six months, where he built a chapel and received 
 Bulacan more than two hundred members. He Ijecame verj’ 
 Province fluent in the use of both Spanish and Tagalog, and was 
 known as the most correct user of the Tagalog dialect 
 among the foreigners in the islands. He lived at Malolos from 
 1902 until li)0G, when he returned to the United States on 
 account of ^Irs. Goodell’s health. He received more than a 
 thousand members into the Church, besides being very active 
 in translating books and training preachers. His general 
 method of travel was to visit each congregation during the 
 j'ear for two weeks at a time, living in their homes and thor- 
 oughh' teaching and training them. The Rev. Arthur E. 
 Chenoweth was assigned to eastern Bulacan in 1902 and sta- 
 tioned at Baliuag, where he built up a strong work and opened 
 the waj' for the evangelization of the large neighboring prov- 
 ince of Xueva Ecija. Mr. Chenoweth Imilt a substantial church 
 in Baliuag, which was the first one of its kind in the jtrovinces. 
 
 The Rev. R. Y. B. Dunlap was the first resident missionarj' 
 in Xueva Ecija Province, being stationed at San Isidro in 
 190.3. He was obliged to return home after a little more than 
 a year’s work, during which time he received some six hun- 
 dred members into the Church. This field was left without a 
 missionarj' until the Rev. Daniel H. Klinefelter was sent to San 
 44 
 
Isidro in 1907. lie had been mission treasurer and missionary 
 to the Chinese since coming to the islands in 1905, and pro- 
 vincial work was new to him. lie was constant in his 
 Nueva Ecija journeyings, visiting every part of the province, and 
 Province in three years received more than two thousand 
 members into the Church. This province is a 
 difficult field to travel on account of the rivers and marshes. 
 Tlie northern part of the province has but few roads, is thinly 
 populated, and is the home of carabao thieves. In 1!)09 .Mr. 
 
 A .MI.SSIO.X IIO.MK A.M) TK.Ml’OUAKV (ll.M’EL l.\ NCKV.A E(IJA 
 
 Klinefelter was appointed district superintendent and sta- 
 tioned at Malolos, and a new missionary, the Rev. J. \V. 
 Cottingham, was sent to San Isidro. 
 
 On the arrival of Miss IVilhelmina Erbst, in 1!)09, she Avas 
 assigned to the Central District, since which time she has been 
 studying the language and visiting the different centers 
 Woman’s of work, helping in Bible Institutes, and flirecting the 
 Work work of the Filipino deacones.ses. There is at present 
 no institution of the M’oman’s Foreign Missionary 
 Society on the Central District. It is hoped that a deaconess 
 45 
 
home and training school may be established in the center 
 of this large field of 14,000 members. 
 
 Residences for missionaries have been built at Tarlac, San 
 Isidro, San Fernando, and Malolos, their total value being 
 $10,000, and on these there is a present indebtedness of 
 Mission $6,000. The interest on this loan is smaller than the 
 Homes excessive rents asked. It is therefore cheaper to build 
 our own mission homes. 
 
 Northern Dlstrict 
 
 The Northern District is the largest in extent and popu- 
 lation, comprising the provinces of Pangasinan, Ilocos Sur, 
 Abra, Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Viscaya, with over a 
 million people, speaking Ilocano, Pangasinan, Zambale, Tin- 
 guian, Ibanag, Gadang, Isanay, and several minor dialects. 
 The district was created in 1905, with the Rev. Ernest S. 
 Lyons as superintendent. He has held this position ever since, 
 except during a year and a half in the United States, when the 
 work was in charge of the Rev. Harry Farmer. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas II. Martin located in Dagupan in 1901, 
 but after six months he transferretl to Tarlac, as there seemed 
 to be no opening, and nothing definite was done until 
 Pangasinan the arrival of Mr. Lyons in 1903. Pangasinan is a 
 Province large province, with many large and rapid rivers, 
 and has a population of almost 500,000. ]\Ir. Lyons 
 early visited all parts of the province, finding the people ripe 
 for the Gospel, and during the first year he organized eight 
 diflerent congregations. He had alreatly been a missionary in 
 Singapore for three years, and the constant travel broke his 
 health. This necessitated his transfer to Manila, where he 
 took charge of the Chinese work and became mission treasurer. 
 Mr. Farmer arrived in .\pril, 1904, and immediately began 
 traveling through the province. So eager were the people to 
 receive the Gospel message that it was impossible to accept all 
 of the invitations to preach and organize churches. M hile 
 there was some persecution, there was great readiness to re- 
 ceive the Gospel, and more than 2,000 persons were added to 
 the Church the first year. The province was di\dded into 
 46 
 
four districts, which were visited as regularly as the weather 
 permitted, and a large number of small circuits were formed 
 and put in charge of local preachers and exhorters. In order 
 to care for these new Christians a paper was published twice a 
 
 THE REV. TEOUORO B.VSCOXCII.LO 
 A native preacher and his family in Pangasinaa Province 
 
 month and sent to a large number of subscribers in each con- 
 gregation. .V Bible Institute was held, attended by fifty men, 
 who were traine<l in simple Bible truths and in the conduct of 
 Church ser\'ices. 
 
 The Rev. Ernest A. Rajmer arrived in 1906 and took charge 
 of the work in western Pangasinan, living at I.ingayen, the 
 capital of the province. He was the first missionarj- to preach 
 in the Pangasinan dialect and has been verj' successful in his 
 work. lie eflits the Pangasinan .Advocate and Sunday school 
 literature, and has issued a number of tracts and special pro- 
 grams. He has also had charge of the Bible Seminarj' in 
 Manila for one year. The Rev. Harrj" C. Bower, formerly a 
 missionarj- in Malaysia, came to eastern Pangasinan in 1907, 
 47 
 
and was stationed at Binalonan, where he built a church, and 
 from which point he has traveled over a large territory and 
 
 THE TLAZA AT LIXGAYEX MISSlOX lU ILDIXGS TO THE RIGHT 
 
 supervised the work in fifty congregations. He returned home 
 in 1910 on account of illness. 
 
 The Rev. Berndt O. Peterson reached the islands in July, 
 1904, being appointed to ^'igan, Ilocos Sur. Vigan is the 
 seat of an Episcopal See of the Roman Church, with 
 Ilocos Sur an American bishop and a number of American priests. 
 Province and Mr. Peterson found the opposition strong and 
 well organized. lie became our best preacher in the 
 Ilocano dialect, and, by his persevering travel and preaching, 
 succeeiled in gathering together a number of well-organized 
 churches of 1,650 members during his five years’ service. His 
 work as translator and eilitor of Ilocano hterature has been 
 invaluable. After a year’s furlough in the United States he 
 has returned to the islands and is stationed at Binalonan, 
 Pangasinan. 
 
 The Rev. Oscar Huddleston, of Kansas, was sent to the 
 Cagayan ^’alley in 1907, after six months’ service in Ilocos 
 Sur. ^^■ork had been begun by Mr. Lyons, who made several 
 visits through the valley and locateil some Filipino preachers. 
 i\Ir. Huddleston describes his territory as follows: “It is some- 
 48 
 
thing like 200 by 80 miles, with mountains on the east and 
 west and a broad and fertile valley lying in the center, sloping 
 to the north, tlu’ough which the Rio Grande de Cagayan 
 The flows. In this valley the mountains and some of the 
 
 Cagayan lowlands are covered with forests of hard wood, the 
 Valley value of which has never been computed. The ducks 
 flock by the waters, the mountains are full of wild 
 boar and deer, the trees are literally black with chattering 
 monkeys, while the rivers are alive with alligators.” There 
 is a population of 100,000 lying along the river, very difficult 
 to reach, as the river is veiy rapid and means of communica- 
 tion meager. It takes a montli or six weeks to visit all points 
 of the district. Some 1,700 members have been gathered 
 together. 
 
 In 190!) Mr. Huddleston was transferred to Vigan, and his 
 place was taken by the Rev. Alva L. Snyder, who reports: 
 ‘‘During the year I traveled in all kinds of ways and weather 
 1,290 miles, being absent from home 89 days. I baptized 85 
 adults and 49 ehildren, and the preacliing places have increased 
 from 24 to 41. ^^'e have l)egun to learn how to suffer hard- 
 
 ship with the Gospel according to the power of God.” In 1910 
 Mr. Sn}-der moved with his family to Tuguegarao, 100 miles 
 further up the valley, leaving the sea])ort town of .Vparri to 
 the new missionary, the Rev. S. II. .Vrmand. This is probably 
 our most difficult field, being the most remote, tlie least civ- 
 ilized, and the most difficult to travel. 
 
 Dr. Milton II. Sehutz was our first medical missionary, and 
 after two years’ work was obliged to return home on account 
 of ill health. His work was so successful that it should 
 Medical encourage the support of at least three doctors of evan- 
 
 Work gelistic spirit throughout our Philippine field. Dr. 
 
 Sehutz reports at the Conference of 1910: “The thousands 
 of people in these provinces are heir to all the ills that infest 
 a tropical climate, and, being in ignoranee of the simplest 
 rules of hygiene, they are in great need of hygienic instruction 
 and medical attention. During the year I have traveled 
 2,950 miles, have treated 1,000 distinct cases, and have lec- 
 tured on health subjects to many audiences. For centmdes 
 49 
 
the Filipinos have been suffering physically from superstition, 
 malformation, false ideas of health, and the progress of 
 disease. One out of every eight or ten natives is afflicted with 
 tuberculosis, and to 
 them that word spells 
 death.” The people 
 are very grateful for 
 medical attention, 
 and, besides being a 
 work of mercy, it 
 greatly aids our mis- 
 sion work. 
 
 An orphanage has 
 been started at Dagu- 
 pan, Pangasinan, a 
 large bamboo 
 Orphanage house near 
 the mission- 
 ary’s residence having 
 been rented for the 
 purpose. Twelve lit- 
 tle mestizo, or half 
 caste, children were 
 received the first year. Everj-where throughout the provinces 
 may be found these little pale children whose American 
 fathers have tlied or have deserted them. With proper build- 
 ing and grounds the orphanage could become self-supporting. 
 
 In 1906 ^liss Louise StLxrud was assigned to the Xorthern 
 District, and for the first year she studied the language and 
 looked after the women’s and children’s meetings in 
 Women’s three cities and the surrounding villages. In 190S she 
 Work was transferred to Lingayen, and there opened a train- 
 ing school for women workers, which has been a great 
 success from the start. She was assisted at first by Miss INIabel 
 L. Crawford, a W. F. M. S. worker from Iowa, until the latter 
 became Mrs. Bower. During two years Miss Stixrud has had 
 the help of Candida Mejia, a graduate of the Manila Deaconess 
 School, who can speak English, Ilocano, and Pangasinan. Miss 
 50 
 
Elizabeth Parkes has been the evangelist of the Northern 
 District since her return in 1907. 
 
 In this district the superintendent has a residence at 
 Dagupan, where there is also a substantial church. At Lin- 
 gayen there are one residence and a dormitory, while 
 Mission the Woman’s Foreign Jlissionary Society has a large 
 Buildings re.sidence used for a training school. In Aparri there 
 is a fine missionary’s house, built by the IMcPherson 
 District (Southwest Kansas Conference), and at ^'igan there 
 are a residence and a dormitory. Two additional residences 
 are needed to house the missionaries more comfortably and 
 to offer an adequate plant for the work. 
 
 Episcopal Supervision 
 
 The mission has been greatly helped by the visiting bishops. 
 Bishop Warne, of India, made two visits in the early days, in 
 which he held Conferences and conducted a number of special 
 revival services. Bishop Henry W. Warren represented the 
 
 PHIUI’PINE ISLANDS CONFERENCE 
 Se.s.sioii of 1909. Bishop Oldham in center of front row 
 
 Board of Bishops in 1903, and gave the benefit of his ripened 
 experience. Bishop .lohn E. Robinson, of India, presided over 
 the first session of the Annual Conference, in 1908. The 
 Philippine Mission has been particularly blessed with the con- 
 51 
 
tinned oversight of Bishop William F. Oldliara, who held his 
 first Conference in 1905. He has made a number of visits 
 each year, and has traveled through the island of Luzon, 
 visiting the various stations and churches, and has been of 
 the utmost help by his timely ad^■ice and direction. 
 
 Education 
 
 The large attention given, to the public school system by 
 the government has made it unnecessarj' for the missions to 
 enter the educational field to any extent. There are 
 A Need primary, intermediate, and high schools in all the 
 in Manila islands, with almost the full quota of trade schools. 
 
 Manila has a normal school, a commercial school, a law 
 school, and a medical school, and plans for college work have 
 been made. There are a number of friar schools in Manila 
 doing work in Spanish, but these are not equal to the govern- 
 ment high schools. In Dumaguete, Xegros, the Presbj’terian 
 ilission has established the Silliman Institute for academy 
 and college work, which has met with the greatest success, 
 being unable to receive all the students apphang. There is 
 need for such a school in Manila at present. The coming of 
 the Americans has been like a new birth to the Filipino people, 
 and e^■en■^vhere young men and women are turning toward 
 higher ideals and looking for the means of better development 
 of their minds and characters. It is estimated that ten thou- 
 sand students yearly come to Manila to pursue an education, 
 and if ilethodism possessed an educational institution worthy 
 the name it would receive its full share of patronage. In 
 coimection with the Florence B. Xicholson Bible Seminarj’, 
 ttiirty acres of land have been secm-ed as a site for a future 
 Christian school of higher etlucation. This offers to our Chris- 
 tian philanthropists an unusual opportunity for investment. 
 
 In connection with the government high schools in the 
 provincial capitals, the aim of the missions has been to estab- 
 lish Christian dormitories for young men and women. 
 Dormitories who may thus be surrounded with Christian in- 
 fluences while away from home. This has been done 
 successfully in Lingayen and Mgan, and could be done in ten 
 52 
 
other capitals if the means were at hand. Manila itself offers 
 the greatest opportunity for dormitory work, and a substantial 
 $20,000 dormitory building coukl be filletl with students at 
 once. 
 
 SOME FILIPINO PREACHERS 
 
 The history of tlie early Filipino iMethodist Church will 
 record the heroic work of Filipinos who sought salvation and 
 wrought righteousness by an entire devotion of their lives to 
 Jesus Christ, and they will not be found to be behind the 
 saints of any other race. 
 
 The story of Xicolas Zamora, so well known to American 
 Methodists, and the names of the other men who were led 
 away with him, will not be forgotten, and it may be they will 
 yet be found to fight on the Lord’s side against sin ami un- 
 righteousness, forgetting amliitions for earthly glory and will- 
 ing to sacrifice self in order to win their brother Filipinos to 
 Christ. 
 
 Simeon Bias, of .Malabon, was one of the first to join him- 
 self to the 1’rote.stants, being a real protest-ant against the 
 Roman Church, which 
 An Owner luul so oppressed his 
 of Cockpits people. lie was the 
 owner of two cockpits, 
 which he kept open for the 
 fighting of roosters even on the 
 Sabbath day. As he began 
 preaching the new doctrine he 
 was appointed an exhorter, but 
 after the Chvirch service he 
 would return to the cockpits, 
 where he had an income of from 
 •‘5.),000 to .$10,000 per year. 
 
 The other members murmured 
 against him because he did not 
 give up this evil business. He 
 attended the exhorters’ training 
 class twice a week in the home of the missionary, and one 
 day, after an earnest lesson on the new birth, while all were 
 53 
 
 THE REV. SI.MEON BL.VS 
 
on their knees pleading for the new blessing, the change came 
 to Simeon, and he arose with tears in his eyes to make con- 
 fession of his sins. The cockpits were closed, and he has ever 
 since lived a clean life, proclaiming a full salvation from sin. 
 He is unceasing in his labors for men, being constantly 
 burdened for the souls of his fellow Filipinos. 
 
 Felipe ^larquez is an Ilocano who was brought to Manila 
 while a chikl to live with his grandparents. He speaks Spanish 
 and Tagalog as fluently as his own dialect. During the 
 Enduring Spanish times he had been a chief clerk in a branch 
 Hardship of the war department, and had a good income and a 
 well furnished home. He heard the Gospel preached 
 on the streets and became a Ijeliever and was baptized. He 
 gave such clear and eloquent testimony that he was soon 
 maile an exhorter, and when there was a call for a man to go 
 north to preach to the Ilocanos he volunteered, giving up a 
 good position in Manila. His wife and family have been as 
 consecrated as he. Piece by piece articles of furniture were 
 disposed of and also other things of value, but he never fal- 
 teretl. Several children died, and then his wife passed away, 
 but always back to his itinerating work he went. He has 
 brought many souls into the Kingdom, but his greatest work 
 has been in building up and edifying the believers. Besides 
 his pastoral work, he is now one of the teachers in the Bible 
 Seminary. One son is in high school and another is in America 
 studying medicine. 
 
 Candido ^lagno is a Tagalog and has always lived in JIanila. 
 He was one of the first conv'erts at Santa Mesa, when he was 
 earning a good salary as a boxmaker. He gave up 
 Pastor of his work in order to give himself entirely to the 
 
 First Church ministry, being supported at first largely by his 
 father. His persevering zeal and the loving service 
 of his life endear him to all the members and attach many 
 outsiders to him. After four years of study he was graduated 
 in the first class from the Bible Seminary, and is now pastor 
 of the First Church in Manila (Knox Memorial), a handsome 
 church building in a most important field. The membership 
 is not so large as that of some other churches, but there are a 
 54 
 
large floating congregation and great opportunities. He excels 
 as a pastor and is untiring in his devotion to the needs of his 
 people. He has suffered much per- 
 secution and made many sacrifices, 
 but all these have only aided him 
 in reaching a higher experience in 
 spiritual things. 
 
 Filomeno Galang was bom in 
 Gerona, Tarlac, of a Tagalog father 
 and a I’angasinan mother. 
 
 A School- He had some education in 
 Teacher Spanish and early learned 
 English, being one of the first 
 teachers in the American public 
 schools, in which vocation he supported himself and helped his 
 parents. All of his spare time was given to preaching, and 
 from Saturilay to Monday he was filling appointments in the 
 villages about his town. ,\t the age of twenty he gave up his 
 work as a teacher and went north to Ilocos Sur as traveling 
 evangelist, for he had learned to speak and preach in the 
 Ilocano dialect. Here he was unusually successful in securing 
 converts to the Master. In the second year he was sent to 
 .\parri, in the Cagayan "N'alley, the most northern city in the 
 island. Some six hundred members were received the first 
 year in this new field. The ne.xt year he was sent further up 
 the valley to the capital, Tuguegarao. From this it can be 
 seen that he possesses the missionary spirit, as it is an unusual 
 thing for a Filipino to leave his home to go to a strange place 
 to live. He is now an ordained deacon and member of Con- 
 ference, and gives promise of great usefulness to the Church. 
 
 Mauricio Loria is an Ilocano from the province of Pan- 
 gasinan. Pie had been clerk in the office of the justice of 
 peace, and often practiced as a lawyer before the 
 A Prosperous same court. He belonged to one of the best fam- 
 Lawyer ilies and was received ev'erywhere. In traveling on 
 
 a small boat from Dagupan to Ilocos Sur he met 
 Filomeno Galang. who led him into the light of the Gospel, 
 and Mauricio at once began teaching others. On his return to 
 55 
 
 CANDIDO MAGNO 
 
his home town of Alcala he was appointed an exhorter, and 
 the church soon grew from twenty to seventy-five members. 
 After a year in the seminary he was given an important cir- 
 cuit, and the following year he was made a member of Con- 
 ference on probation, ordained deacon under the missionary 
 rule, and sent into the province of Xueva \'iscaya, seven days’ 
 journey distant. After three years’ labor he had organized 
 several congregations, with a total 
 membership of eight hundred. In the 
 meantime his wife died, and his two 
 children were taken by their grand- 
 parents. He too knows what it means 
 to sacrifice and suffer and conquer. 
 
 Arcadio de Ocera comes from San 
 Fernando, Pampanga, and since the 
 American occupation has de- 
 A Gifted voted himself to the study of 
 Preacher the English language. He has 
 enjoyed great advantages under 
 the American missionaries, who have directed his studying 
 and reading, and he has a fine library of English books. 
 He speaks English fluently and has an unusual gift of elo- 
 quence in his native tongue. His forte seems to be pulpit 
 work, and there are always large audiences that wait on his 
 ministry. The simplicity of his life, the sweetness of his 
 temper, and his persevering zeal in his work give him great 
 power for the Master. He has had many temptations to 
 step aside into a more lucrative employment, but he prefers 
 to serve Christ. 
 
 56 
 
STATISTICS OF METHODISM IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1909-10 
 
 Methodist missionaries *16 
 
 Wives of missionaries *16 
 
 A\'. F. M. S. missionaries 8 
 
 Filipino members of Conference 28 
 
 Filipino deaconesses 23 
 
 Number of members aiul probationers 29,044 
 
 Number of adherents 24,190 
 
 Number of Sunday school scholars 7,737 
 
 Number of hospitals 1 
 
 Number of W. F. M. S. training schools 2 
 
 Number of theological schools 1 
 
 Number of churches and chapels 127 
 
 Number of local preachers 351 
 
 * Three missionaries and their wives are on furlough; one missionary is 
 pastor of the American Church. 
 
 57