COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE .HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX00028630 ATWATER EXPERIl^ffiNTS ON THE MBITABOLISM. Columbia (HnitJers^ttp College of l^\)^^\tiwxsi mt ^urgeon£( Bulletin No. 69— (lievisf-a Kditiou) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ArxRICULFHRE, OFFICE* OF EXPERIMENT STATIONwS, A. C. TRUE, Director. EXPERIMENTS ox THE METABOLISM OF MATTER AND ENERGY IN THE HUMAN BODY. W. 0. ATA\ATER, Ph. 1)., AND F. (i. BENEDICT, PIu D. \\ ITH THE COOPKKATIOX (ft . , A. W. SMITH, M. S., AND A. P. BRYANT, M. 8. WASHINGTOi^^: GOVERNJMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1890. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS ON THE FOOD AND NUTRITION OF MaiM.' charts. Food iiud Diet. By W. O. Atwater. (Four charts. 2(5 by 10 inches.) I'riio per sot, iininoinitcd, 7") cents; nionnted, +1. Hill. I'l. Mt'tlioiis and Kisults of Investigations on the Chemistry and Economy of loud. Hy W. (>. Atwater. Pp. 222. Trice, 15 cents. Bui. 2M (Revised edition). The t'hemical Composition of American Food Materials. IJy \V. «>. .\twater and A. 1'. Bryant. I'p. 87. Price, 5 cents. Mill. 29. l)ietary Stndies at the University of Tennessee in 18ir>. By 0. !K. Wait, with couuuents by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. Pp. 45. Price, 5 cents. Bui. SI. Dietary Studies at the ruivcrsity of Missouri in 18it5, and Data Relatin>![ to Bread and Meat Consumption in Missouri. By 11. P.. Gibson, 8. Calvert, and 1). W. May, with comments by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woo. Food and Nutrition Investigations in New .Tersey in 1895 and 1896. liy E. B. Voorliees. Pp. 10. Price, 5 cents. Bui. :>7. Dietary Studies .it the Maine State College in 1895. By W. H. Jordan. Pp. 57. Price, 5 cents. Bui. :!S. Diitary Studies with Reference to the Food of the Negro in Alabama in I8!'5and 189H. Conducted with the Cooperation of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute and the Agricultural and Meehanieal College ot Alabama. Keported by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. l'i». 69. Price, 5 cents. Bnl. 40. Dietary Studies ill New Mexico in 1895. liyA.Goss. Pp.23. Price, 5 cents. Bnl. 43. Eos.se3 in Boiling Vegetables and the Composition and Digestibility of Potatoes and Eggs. By H. Snyder, A. J. Frisby, and A. P. Bryant. Pp. 31. Price, 5 cents. I^ii!. II. Keport of Preliminary Investigations on the Metabolism of Nitrogen and '.'arbon in the Human Organism with a Resi)iration Calorimeter of Special Construction By \V. O. Atwater, C. ]>. Woods, and F. 0. Benedict. Pp. 61. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 45. ,\ Digest of Metabolism Experiments in which the Balance of Im (tine an piiblieiitiouH to wliieli a jirico is allixed, a|)plic.ition should be made to the Hiiperintendent of Documents, L'nioii Buihling, Washington, I). C, the olTicer designated by Jaw to sell Govi.Tiiment publications. Bulletin No. 69— (ReviBed Edition.) 302 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A. C. TRUE, Director. EXPERIMENTS ON THE METABOLISM OF MATTER AND ENERGY IN THE HUMAN BODY. BY W. 0. ATWATER, Ph. D., AND F. d. BENEDICT, Ph. D. WITH THE COOPERATION OF A. W. SMITH, M. S., AND A. P. BRYANT, M. S. washi:n^gto:n^: GrOVERiSrMENT PRINTINa OFFICE. 1899. ".^r LEHER OF TRAN'SMriTAL. N'SM u. s. departisrent of agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington^ JJ, C, October i.o, inoa. SiE : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of six experi- ments on the metabolism of matter and enerj>y in the human body by W. O. Atwater, special agent in charge of nutrition investigations, and F. G. Benedict, expert assistant in the investigations, with the cooperation of A. W. Smith and A. P. Bryant. These experiments form a part of a series whicli are in progress at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., and were made with the Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter described in previous bulletins of this Office (44 and 63). The ulciraate object of this series of experiments is a study of the fundamental laws of nutrition. A necessary prelimi- nary to such a study was the development of apparatus and methods for the accurate measurement of the income and outgo of matter and energy. As the experimental data obtained show, the apparatus and method have now reached a degree of perfection which encourages the hope that they will yield results of the highest value when applied to the study of such questions as the functions of the different classes of nutrients, the demands of the body under different conditions, etc. An incidental feature of two of the experiments reported was a partial study of the food value of alcohol when used in limited quantities in the daily diet. The study of this question was undertaken at the instigation of the Committee of Fifty for the Investigation of the Drink I*roblem for the purpose of securing more accurate and scientific knowl- edge of the physiological action of alcohol. Financial aid for this work was furnished by the Committee of Fifty, from the Elizabeth Thompson and Bache funds, and from private sources. Special mention should be made of the valuable assistance rendered by Messrs. O. S. Blakeslee, H. M. Burr, and O. F. Tower in the prosecu- tion of the work here reported. The connection of Prof. E. B. Rosa with the development of the respiration calorimeter and the investigations made by its use is indi- cated by his joint authorship with Prof. VV. O. Atwater of the i)revious bulletin of this series (03), which describes the apparatus in detail and sniiimarizes the results of two of the experiments reported in detail in this bulletin. The report is respectfully submitted, with the recommendation that it be published as Bulletin No. C9 (revised) of this Office, the revision consisting of a few minor <',orrections in figures and an ex])lanation (p. 74) of the data obtained in experiment No. 7. HoHpeorted here, it has likewise rei)laced the equivalent sugar, starch, and fat, an7. *U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63. differed from the theoretical amount (generated in the chamber) in all cases by less than 0.5 per cent of the latter. In the average of all the tests made the two amounts are practically Identical. Table 1. — Summary of electrical tests. Test Ko. Date. Duration. 1897. Hour*. March 20 13^ March 25 ' 6 March 26 7J April 30 6 Total, 4 tests 32f 1898. I January 8 Total, 5 tests 36f 2, 785. 8 230.5 3, 016. 3 Heat measured. Calories. 992.9 522.1 1, 250. 9 21.4 Per cent. 100. 39 100 99.75 99.54 2, 787. 3 229.4 100. 06 3, 016. 7 100. 01 THE ALCOHOL TESTS. The conditions in the above tests differed from those which obtain in actual experiments with men in that there was no ventilating current of air passing through the chamber and no carbon dioxid or water was given oft" within it. The crucial test of the accuracy of the apparatus and methods must be made under circumstances closely similar to those of the actual experiments. In the burning of ethyl alcohol in air, carbon dioxid, water, and heat are produced. If known quantities of alcohol be burned inside the chamber while a current of air is passing through, the conditions approach very closely to those of the experiment with man. To make such experiments reliable as tests of the accuracy of the apparatus and methods, the combustion of the alcohol must be complete and the amount burned must be exactly known. THE COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF ALCOHOL. Previous to the selection of alcohol as the material to be burned as a means of generating known amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat, several other substances were tried, the object being to find one which could readily be obtained in a high state of purity, and could without difficulty be completely oxidized in the chamber. The use of stearine candles, so often resorted to by previous experimenters, had been shown to be objectionable because of the incomplete oxidation of the gases of combustion formed, if for no other reason. Several experiments in this direction were made with benzene, ether, and ethyl alcohol, each of which is readily obtained in sufficiently pure form. In order to avoid the use of a wick an attempt was made to convert the substances into a fine spray and thus secure the presence of a large amount of air in the vapor undergoing combustion. It was easy to produce a fine spray but the oxidation was incomplete, as was 10 shown by the sooty flames and odors. An attempt was made to secure a wick Iree from carbon by tbe use of asbestus, but owing to the poor capillarity of the latter a constant rate of combustion could not be maintained. Various nioditications of tlie method by the use of asbestus were tried, but without success. Hither the rate of combustion could not be regulated or the oxidation was not complete. The method of securing the com])lete combustion of ethyl alcohol, which proved most satisfactory and was afterwards used in the alcohol tests of the accuracy of the measurements of carbon dioxid, water, and heat in the calorimeter, was as follows: The essential feature of the Hame was a central draft of air. To secure this an ordinary small kerosene lamp with an Argand burner and chimnej' was found very satisfactory; that is to say, the alcohol was used in this simple lamp in exactly the same way that kerosene would be burned. The liame of tlie burning alcohol was nonluminous, but it still remained to show conclusively thai, there was no trace of unoxidized material in tlie vapors Irom the burning alcohol. If the supi)ly of oxygen is insuflicient, several i)roducts are, at least theoret- ically, capable of being formed. Such products are carbon monoxid, aldehyde, acetic acid, and hydrocarbons. In orlet('! oxidation of the alcohol are practically insoluble in caustic jKitasli solution, and their ju-esencM' in the air current freed from carbon dioxid is <'asily established by passing the air through a. short combustion tube containing granulated cupric oxid heated to red nesH, and finally throiigli a solution of barium liydroxid. In this way any incompletely oxidized gas would be oxidized to carbon dioxid, which wouhl proihn-e, a turbidity or j»recipitate in this latter solution. 11 A preliminary test was made by drawing ordinary room air through the apparatus in order to demonstrate the absence of any hydrocarbons or carbon monoxid. The barium hydroxid solution remained clear. The alcolio! lamp previously described was then placed under the funnel of the apparatus and lighted. The flame of the burning alcohol was nonlnminous. Two hundred grams of 90 per cent alcohol was burned at the rate of about 1 gram in two minutes. At the end of this period of nearly seven hours there was no cloudiness in the barium hydroxid solution, indicating that no products of incomplete combustion had passed the potassium hydroxid solution. While such a test as that just described indicates that no gaseous products of incomplete combustion are formed when alcohol is burned in a lamp supplied with an Argand burner, provided tlie flame is non- luminous, it is possible that a considerable amount of liquid products might be formed, and even a trace of alcohol might be volatilized unburned. In order to determine whether such compounds of incomplete oxida- tion were present, a second test was made, in which the products of combustion resulting from the burning of 500 grams of alcohol were passed through two flasks surrounded by a freezing mixture of salt and ice to condense all volatile nongaseous products. The condensed com- pounds, amounting to 150 cubic centimeters, were carefully tested for alcohol and for carbonaceous matter of any kind. A very delicate and easily applied test for small quantities of alcohol has been devised by E. W. Davy.' A few drops of the liquid supposed to contain alcohol is added to a solution of one part molybdic acid in ten parts of strong sulphuric acid and the whole gently warmed in a porcelain capsule. If alcohol is ])resent, a blue coloration apjjears immediately or after a few moments, even when the solution contains no more than 0,1 per cent of alcohol. Before applying this test to the condensed products of the combus- tion of alcohol the liquid was first subjected to two fractional distillations, thereby concentrating the volatile products, if such existed, to about 15 cubic centimeters. A few drops of this distillate was tested in the manner just indicated, but the entire absence of any blue coloration in the molybdic solution implied the absence of alcohol. The delicacy of the test was verified by means of a very weak alcoholic solution of known strength. Since the test is sufficiently delicate to show the presence of even 0.1 per cent of alcohol in a solution, it is evident that there could not have been as much as 15 milligrams of alcohol in the condensed i)roducts of the combustion of 500 grams of alcohol. In other words, if any were present, there must have been less than 3 parts in 100,000. It remained, however, to show the absence of any organic matter in the condensed liquid. Accordingly air freed from all traces of carbon dioxid was passed over the remaining portion of the distillate and the 'Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, 2. ed., Vol. I, p. 59. 12 vapors passed over hot cupric oxid, as in the first test. The air was then drawn through a tube containing- barium hydroxid, but no carbon dioxid was found. Such tests seemed to show conclusively that there could be no products of incomplete combustion in the burning of alcohol according to this method. As a final check on the accuracy and delicacy of these methods, one arop of 00 per cent alcohol, or about one-twentieth cubic centimeter, was mixed with 400 cubic centimeters of water and the whole placed in a freezing mixture until all but about 30 cubic centimeters had solidi- fied. This liquid was then poured off and tested for alcohol by means of the molybdic-acid solution above described. A very distinct blue coloration was obtained. A part of the remainder of this extremely dilute alcohol solution was then tested for carbon in the same manner as was employed with the condensed vapors from the burning alcohol, namely, by passing a current of the carbon dioxid free air over it and through the combustion tube with hot cupric acid, and finally through barium hydroxid solution. There was a marked cloudiness and white precipitate in the tube containing barium hydroxid. This shows that approximately 1 part of alcohol in 8,000 parts of water can be detected, and it is probable that alcohol and other organic compounds could be detected in a still more dilute solution. That is to say, a solution of one drop, or about 50 milligrams of alco- hol in 400 cubic centimeters of water was frozen until only 30 cubic cen- timeters remained in liquid form. A portion of this unfrozen liquid revealed tlie presence of alcohol by the molybdic-acid test. The remainder of this liquid was evaporated in a current of carbon-dioxid- free air which was passed over copper oxid in a combustion tube and then through a barium hydroxid solution. Tlie precipitate in the latter solution showed the presence of organic material in the liquid. This test indicated that the method could be used as a test for minute quan- tities of alcohol in a liquid. The inference is that any other organic comi)ound, such as acetic acid or aldehyde, that might be contained in the liquid evaporated in the current of air would have been oxidized in the combustion tube, and that its carbon would have appeared as barium carbonate in the barium liydroxid solution. The products of combuvstion of alcohol in the lamp were cooled by a similar freezing mixture. The resulting liquid was concentrated to a small bulk by fractional distillation. A portion of this distillate was tested by molybdic acid solution, but gave no reaction for alcohol. The remainder was evaporated in a current of carbon-dioxid-free air and ])asse(l over lirated copper oxid and through barium hydroxid solution, but gave no reaction for carbon. This negative test, taken in connec- tion with the previous one for the i)resence of gaseous products of inc()iii]>lete combustion of alcohol, which was also negative, implied the absence of any considciabic amount of incompletely oxidized products of combustion when the alcohol was burned in the lamp. 13 These tests appear to prove that, if the combustion of alcohol in this form of lamp is not complete, the products of incomplete combustion are so extremely small that they would affect the results, when alcohol is burned in the calorimeter for the production of a known amount of carbon dioxid, water, and heat, by less than 0.01 per cent, a value far within the limits of experimental error. THE RESULTS OF ALCOHOL TEST EXPERIMENTS. In the detailed description of these experiments in the previous bul- letin it was explained that ethyl alcohol of about 90 per cent was used. The theoretical quantities of carbon dioxid and water which would be produced by its combustion were computed from the known composi- tion of ethyl alcohol and water and the amounts of these materials in the alcohol actually used. The heat of combustion was determined by burning specimens of the alcohol with oxygen in the bomb calorimeter above referred to. Different determinations of the heat of combustion made by this apparatus agreed with tolerable closeness. The aver- age of the results was not far from that obtained by Berthelot. We can hardly believe that the heats of combustion as thus determined were very far out of the way.' In the test experiments the alcohol was burned inside the respiration chamber by use of the lamp above described. The general method of conducting the experiments was the same as followed in the metabolism experiments with a man inside the chamber. These tests were made from time to time during the progress of the metabolism experiments described beyond. Table 2 summarizes the final results of nine experiments thus made. Table 2. — Summary of nine alcohol test experiments tvifh respiration calorimeter. Date. 1897. April 27-29 May 10-11 May 26-27 October 27-28 November 2-3 December 2 1898. January 6 January 24-27 May 9 Totala Duration. Hrs. min. 52 31 29 33 34 35 11 Alcohol burned. Orams. 955.4 798.8 505.4 797.7 788.2 245.3 112.2 1, 607. 8 699.7 Carbon dioxid. Required. Orams. 1, 657. 2 1, 385. 6 876.7 1, 384. 8 1,365.1 423.1 193.5 2, 784. 4 1, 206. 9 9, 892. 5 Found. Orams. 1, 657. 6 1, 384. 4 887.8 1, 335. 7 1, 376. 7 417.6 193.5 2, 769. 7 1,198.9 Ratio of amount found to amount required. 9, 886. 2 Per cent. 100.0 99.9 101.3 [96. 6] 100.8 98.6 100.0 99.5 99.4 99. a Omitting the carbon diosid and water in test No. 4 and the water in test No. 3. ' For detailed results see U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63. 14 Table '2.—SumnMry of nine alcohol teat experiments rvith respiration calorimeter — Cont'd. Date. 1897. Duration, Alcohol barned. Hra. min. Gramn AprU 27-29 ... May 10-11 .... May2e-27 .... October 27-28 . November 2-3. December 2 . . . 52 31 955.4 29 56 798.8 33 50 505.4 34 33 797.7 35 09 788.2 11 39 245.3 "Water. 7 Janaary (> 8 January 24-27. 9 I MayO Total ' . . 5 50 , 112.2 77 57 1,607.8 35 55 699.7 Required. Found. Orams. Gramts. 1, 106. 1 1, 109. 7 924.8 925.0 585.1 627.9 925.7 1,007.9 912.3 920.8 283.7 287.5 129.8 131.3 1, 860. 8 1,881.6 809.3 807.9 6,026.8 6,063.8 Ratio of amount found to amount required. Per cent. 100. 3 100.0 [107.3] [108.8] 100.9 101.3 101.2 101.1 99.8 100.6 7 January 8 January- 24-27 9 Mav9 Total 5 50 77 57 35 55 317 20 112.2 715.7 1, 607. 8 10, 294. 7 099.7 I 4,463.4 41, 702. 8 731.1 10,268.5 4, 466. 102. 15 99.74 100. 05 41, 675. 4 99.93 ' Omitting the carbon dioxid and water in test Ko. 4 and the water in test No. 3. TbeHe experiments include all which were carried on up to the close of tho.se witli man tabulated beyond, with the exception of one or two which were ko vitiated by accident as not to be completed. The first of the tests reported was made the latter part of Ai)ril, 1807, immediately before metabolism experiment No. 5. Immediately pre per cent. Omitting the determination of carbon dioxid in test No. 4, the maximum variation was 1.3 per cent from the theoretical amount, and the average only 0.1 per cent. In test No. 7 the propor- tion of heat measured is larger than usual. It will be observed, however, that this test continued only through one period of six hours. Some time is required to get the ai)paratus into e(iuilibrium, and the heat measurements of the first experimental period are accord- ingly sometimes incorrect. It is, perhaps, hardly fair to include this test with tiie others, though the period was so short and the quantities involviMl so small that it doen not materially affect the total averages. If it be excluded from the averages the maximum difference between the theoretical and experimental amounts of heat is 0.8 per cent, and the average variation less tlian 0.1 per cent. In either case, the average variation is only 0.1 per cent. HUMMARY. The ;iccursyy of apparatus and methods for the determination of carbon dioxid, water, and heat, which have been previously described and which were used in tlie iiietal)oli8m experiments here reported, was tested with an electrical current by which known amounts of heat were produced in the chamber ol' the apparatus, and by burning alcohol in the chamlier and tlius j»roreliminary digestion experiment, about (».7 gram of lam})bla( k is taken with the food, in order to facilitate the separation of the feci'S of the preliminary experiment from those of the metabolism experiment proper (see p. 21). The subject enters the chamber on the evening preceding the beginning of the experiment, which commences at 7 a. m, 12388— i^o. 69—02 2 18 It is assumed that when the subject has essentially the same activity from (lay to day, sleeps regularly at night, and takes his meals regn larly. the hour just before breakfast will be the one at which the body will be most nearly in uniform condition from day to day. That is to j say, it is believed that at tliis hour there will be the smallest amount of ■ material in the aHmentary canal, and that the quantity of glycogen in the muscles and elsewhere will be most nearly the same. Furthermore, during the period of rest at night the evolution of heat, carbon dioxid, and water within the chamber is very nearly constant, and the amount of moisture adhering to the surface of the walls of the calorimeter and to the al)sorbers is probably less than at any other time. All the determinations begin at 7 a. m. on the day after the subjec enters the chamber, and from this time to the close of the experiment : record is kept of all observations which furnish data for computing the income and outgo of matter and energy. The experimental day thus begins at 7 a. m. In the experiments here reported the day is: divided into four periods of six hours each. ' INCOME OF MATTER AND ENERGY— POOD AND DRINK. The income of oxygen furnished by the air was not measured in these experiments, and only the income in food and drink are considered. The drink consisted of water and of " coftee." This coffee infusion is; counted as water, since it was found in two tests that it contained noi appreciable amount of nitrogen or organic matter. The food materials included lean beef freed from fat, dried beef, deviled ham, eggs, milk, bntter, bread and other cereal products, beans, sugar, fruit, and occasionally alcohol. PREPARATION AND SAMPLING OF FOOD. Considerable difficulty is experienced in preparing the food in such a manner and in such variety as to provide both for accuracy of sam- pling and palatability. Upon the accuracy in sampling depends the acl>earance as could be found, and each time 19 eggs were eaten one was taken for a sample. All the other food mate- rials were sampled by taking aliquot j)ortions at each serving. At the end of the experiment the separate samples of each material were united in a composite sample, which was analyzed in the usual manner. Experience showed tliis method of preparing and sampling the food to be open to several objections. It was not certain that the meat taken for analysis did not lose an appreciable amount of water while the por- tion to be eaten was being weighed. If there were such loss the por- tion weighed last would be the drier. Even if the weights of meat taken for eating and for analysis from day to day are the same, it does not necessarily follow that the composite sample for analysis will have exactly the same composition as the meat eaten. Another uncertainty has to do with the slight errors which occur if the sample of bread for analysis contained more or less crust than the bread eaten. Still more uncertaiu is the similarity of composition of two cans of fruit, even though put up by the same firm. While it is probable that the boiled eggs taken for analysis and those eaten were very nearly alike, weight for weight, exact agreement in composition is neither proven nor prob- able. Similar uncertainties as to the identity of composition of the portions taken for analysis and those eaten might be suggested for the other food materials. These and similar considerations suggested by the experience in experiments Nos. 5-8 persuaded us that an improvement in the method of ^preparation and sampling of the food materials was desirable. To this end a diet was selected which was intended to be (1) as simple as possible, (2) subject to little probability of variation from day to day, (3) easily prepared, and at the same time (4) as palatable and agree- able to the subject as practicable. Quantities of each material suffi- cient for the whole experiment, with allowance for analysis and for loss, were sealed in glass jars, each containing the amount for one meal, before the beginning of tlie experiment. The perishable materials were sterilized. The only material not thus treated was milk. This was pur- chased fresh each day and an aliquot sample taken and preserved with formalin. These daily aliquots were united and the composite sample analyzed. In this way the food for each meal was, with the exception of the milk, put in cans and held ready to be passed into the chamber when wanted. This method, it is believed, avoids a large proportion of the errors involved in the ordinary sampling of the food. Since the different food materials were all prepared and canned at the same time from the same lot of material, the contents of one jar or can could not vary greatly in composition from the contents of another jar of the same material. Several jars of each material were taken for analysis, and it is believed that these samples represent very closely the food eaten l)y the subject, and that the food from day to day would contain very nearly the same quantity of each element and compound. 20 TEMPKBATUBE OF MATEBIALS INTRODUCED INTO AND REMOVED FROM THE RESPIRATION CHAMBER. To insure the greatest accuracy in measurements of income and outgo of energy, the temperature of the food and drink as introduced into the chamber, as well as that of solid and liquid excreta as removed, sliould be known. The errors involved by introducing or removing such materials at temperatures varying but little from that of the chamber, which is usually about 20° C, are but slight, and would, perha])s, in the course of an experiment nearly counterbalance each other. The follow- ing precautions, however, were taken. The temperatures of the coffee, milk, and water were measured by inserting a thermometer in the liquid immediately before its introduction into the respiration chamber. Temperatures were read to tenths of degrees centigrade. Beef canned in glass jars was warmed in an ordinary water bath for one hour before use, and the temperature of the air in the water bath taken immediately before the beef was to be used. The bread, butter, cereal products, etc., were i)laced in a water oven at a temperature of about 20° C, the exact temperature being noted immediately before use. In later experiments the use of the water bath at the ordinary temperature was discarded, the materials being placed on a shelf against the wall of the room and the temperature of the air observed. The variations above or below 20° multiplied by the si)ecific heat of the substance gives a measure of the heat introduced in hot materials or the heat taken up by cool materials. The urine and feces were usually allowed to remain in the chamber until they attained the temperature of the latter. In some cases where the urine was removed shortly after it was voided its temperature was taken and the proper correction applied. ANALYSES OF FOOD. The methods of analysis were mainly those adopted by the Associa- tion of Oflficial Agricultural Chemists, but such modifications and changes have been made as experience has shown to be necessary or desirable.' OUTGO OF MATTER AND ENERGY— EXCRETORY AND RESPIRA- TORY PRODUCTS AND RADIATED HEAT. INTESTINAL EXCRETA. Tlir outgo ot matter in the feces includes both undigested material and metabolic i)roducts. In the experiments no attempt has been made to distinguish between these, and the feces are taken as representing matter and energy unavailable for use in the body.^ ' Sea diHcnwioD of tliiH aiibject and description of inetboilH of samyiling and of anal- JHIH in IJ. 8. \)i:]tt. Agr., f )fflfassing through suli)huri(! acid and the carbon dioxid removed by soda lime. After the urine had been brought nearly to dryness in the first flask, the standard acid in the second llask was titrated and the amount of nitrogen in the ammonia wliich had been absorbed by the acid was cahuilated. The increase in weight of the soda lime tube and the sulplinricacid tube immediately following it gave the amount of carbon dioxid that liad been given off from the urine. In two exi)eriment8 the projwrtions of nitrogen and of carbon dioxid giv(;n off conesi»ondc(l (piite nearly to the i)ro])ortions in ammo- nium carbonate, 'i'lie natnial inference was that it would be within the limits of error to assume that all the nitrogen and carbon lost in drying were in ammoninni <;arbonate. Of conrse this conld not be exactly true, becaus«^ there is a certain amount of free carbon dioxid iu the urine. 23 lu experiments Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8 the urine was dried in a partial vacuum at room temperature, and from the results of several special experiments in which the amount of ammonia given off was determined it was assumed that the loss of nitrogen in the drying was so small that it might be left out of account. In experiment No. 9 and those following, instead of drying the urine in a partial vacuum, as was done in experiments Nos. 5-8, 200 grams of fresh urine was evaporated iu a dish over a water bath. The nitrogen was determined in the fresh urine and iu the dried residue. The difference between the calculated weights of nitrogen iu the 200 grams of fresh urine and in the dried residue was assumed to be due to nitrogen carried away in combina- tion with carbon in the form of ammonium carbonate, and the corre- sponding loss of carbon was calculated. The loss of hydrogen was so small that it was left out of account. Heat of combustion of urine. — The heat of combustion of the solid constituents of urine has been determined by two methods, each of which has given, in general, fairly satisfactory results. The most satis- factory method is that described by Kellner.' This consists in satu- rating a cellulose "absorption block'' of known weight and known heat of combustion with a known amount of urine, drying in an oven at about 60° C, and burning in the bomb calorimeter. The total heat of combustion of absorption block and dried residue of urine, less that of the absorption block, gives the heat of combustion of the urine. The other method consists in drying the urine iu a partial vacuum at ordinary room temperature, or over a water bath, as described above, and burning the dried residue in the bomb calorimeter. As a matter of fact, the dried residue which was prepared for determination of car- bon and hydrogen was used for the determinations of heats of combus- tion. In the few cases iu which this method was followed allowance was made for the heat of combustion of the urea estimated to be lost as ammonium carbonate. The heats of combustion were determined in the urine of the four days of the actual metabolism experiment in each case, but not in tliat of the four days of the preliminary digestion experiment. The deter- minations were made in separate samples of the urine of each day and in composite samples of that of the four days. The heats of combus- tion were determined, both in the separate day samples and in the composite four-day samples, by the Kellner method. For the determi- nations in the dried residues, when made, only the composite samples were used. The results are given in the tables, for comparison with those obtained by the Kellner method. In the computations of energy of outgo the results from the individual day sami3les are used. The nitroyen lag.^ — As was stated above, the urine in these experi- ments is collected from 7 a. m. on the beginning of the experimental day until 7 a. m. the next day in periods of six hours. One purjDOse of ' Landw. Vers. Stat., 47 (1896), p. 297. 2U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 44, pp. 3.5,36. 24 this division into periods is to obtain information, if practicable, regard- ing the nitrogen lag, i. e., the interval of time during which the excre- tion of nitrogen l;»gs behind the nielabolisni in the body. We have found comparatively few data for determining the exact duiation of this lag. It is not known, for instance, at what time the nitrogen of the food eaten for bi eakfast begins to appear in the urine, nor when the nitrogen of the food eaten for supper of any given day is all metabolized and excreted. Still less do we know how long a period intervenes between the metabolism of nitrogen of tissue and its excretion. It is believed by some experimenters that, under ordinary conditions, the actual nitrogen consumed in the food is soon excreted. In previous experiments' of this series a lag of six hours is assumed in one case and twelve hours in another. One advantage in making the diet uni- form for the four days pre(;eding the metabolism experiments, as has been done in the cases here reported, is that during this time the sub- ject will reach approximate nitrogen equilibrium and that for the pur- pose of the experiment the "nitrogen day," i. e., the twenty-four hours during which the nitrogen is excreted may be taken as coincident with the exjjerimental day, thus allowing for no lag. This i)robably gives results as nearly coriect as would be obtained by any such arbitrary assumption. The data are, however, given in the tables by which the calculations can be revised to allow for a nitrogen lag of six, twelve, or, in some cases, tweuty-ftmr hours' duration. For this i)urpose the nitro- gen in the urine is determined for periods of from six to twenty- four hours after the end of each experiment. PERSPIRATION PRODUCTS — ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN. The amount of matter eliminated in the i)erspiration is not large. During several of the rest experiments it was found that the nitrogen thus eliminated amounted to less than 25 milligrams per day. In work experiments, on the other hand, as much as 0.2 gram of nitrogen was eliminated by the skin in a day. The nitrogen of perspirsition was determined as follows: The subject took an ordinary bath and afterward rinsed his body with distilled water before entering the chamber. His underclothing, which was of medium weight, was carelully rinsed witii distilled water after the usual washing. He had a clean suit of underclothes every night to replace the suit worn during the day. The latter suit was washed with dis- tilled water, which was then evaporated nearly to dryness and the nitrogen in the residue was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The nitrogen of the products of persjuration was thus determined in rest experiments Nos. 5 and 7, and in all the work experiments. RESPIRATION PRODUCTS- OARIJON AND HYDROGEN. In all the experiments the only res))iratory ])ioducts determined were carbon dioxid and water. I'Vom these the carbon and hydrogen were 'U. 8. Dept. Agr., OOice of Experiment Stations Bui. 44, pp. 49, 52, 61. 25 calculated. The amounts of intestinal gases, as methane, and of other volatile organic products given off from the body of the subject, were believed to be very small aud are here left out of account.' We hope, however, to find means later for determining these substances, and also for determining the amount of oxygen used from the air current. The method of measuring, sampling, and analyzing the air of the ven- tilating current was described in detail iu a previous bulletin.^ In brief, the volume is now measured by a meter pumj) of special construction, which serves the threefold purpose of maintaining the current, measur- ing and recording the volume automatically, and delivering aliquot samples of one-hundredths of the whole amount for analysis. In the experiments here recorded, however, samples drawn by aspirators were used for analysis. The aspirators, also described in the bulletin just referred to, are arranged to take samples of both the incoming and out- going air. The samples are drawn continuously during the six hour periods. Each sample represents not far from one oue-hundred-and- sixtieth of the total current. These analyses of both incoming and outgoing air were made in duplicate, save that in the earlier experiments, Nos. 5, (», and 7, the analyses of the incoming air were not duplicated. The justitication for omitting the duplicates is found in the fact that the carbon dioxid varies but little from day to day, and still less from six-hour period to six-hour period, and that the water is frozen out of the incoming air current before the sample is taken, so that the amount remaining in this curreut as actually analyzed is extremely small and quite constant. On this supposition, the analyses of the air of the four six-hour periods serve in a sense the purpose of duplication. In the later experiments, how- ever, duplicate samples of the incoming as well as the outgoing air were taken by the aspirators and analyzed. In still later experiments not yet described, samples of the outgoing air were taken by aid of the meter pumps and analyzed, so that the analysis of the outgoing air was made iu quadruplicate. The samples of incoming and outgoing air were taken by the aspira- tors from the current immediately before and immediately after it left the chamber of the calorimeter. The water in both the incoming and outgoing air was mostly removed by coolers before the samples were taken. This cooling was accomplished by passing the air through a "freezer" consisting of copper pipes immersed in cold brine, so that the temperature was reduced to not far from — 20° C. The freezers in which the outgoing air current was cooled were specially adapted for weighing. In this way the larger portion of the water of respiration and perspira- tion was condensed, and its amount directly determined. After passing 'See Billings, Mitchell, and Bergey, on the Composition of Expired Air and its Eftects upon Animal Life, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1895; aud Bergey, Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter in Air, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1896. ^U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63. 26 tbe freezer the air was sampled, and the carbon dioxid and the remain- ing- water were determined. Thi' determination of water was made by passing the sampk^ through a U-tiibe containing pumice stone saturated with sulphuric acid. The carbon dioxid was removed by soda lime contained in other U-tubes. The exact arrangement of tubes and details of calculations have been referred to in the previous bulletins above cited. THE DETERMINATION OF ALCOHOL ELIMINATED THROUGH THE KIDNEYS, LUNGS, AND SKIN. Since a portion of the alcohol ingested may be excreted through the kidiu^ys, lungs, and skin it is essential, in experiments on tbe metab- olism of matter and energy in which alcohol makes part of the diet, to determine the amount of alcohol which thus escapes oxidation.' It becomes necessary, therefore, to examine the urine, outgoing air cur- rent, freezer water, and drip water for the presence of alcohol. In the last two we should expect to find so much of the alcohol eliminated from the lungs and skin as was condensed with tbe water either on the absorbers or in tbe freezers. The remainder of the alcohol from the lungs and skin would be in the air current.^ The urine and the drip and freezer waters were subjected to fractional distillation to separate the alcohol, which was finally determined by oxidation with chromic acid by the method described by Bodliinder.' An aliquot sample of the main air current was drawn through bulbs containing concentrated sulphuric acid where all tbe alcohol vapor was absorbed.^ The alcohol thus retained was determined, as before, by oxidation with chromic acid. Tbe amount of alcohol thus estimated to be given oti" from tbe body nnoxidized was in each case very small. Tbe figures for tbe amounts thus determined in experiment No. 7 are given in Table 41. Similar deterniinations in experiment No. 10, as made by tbe modified method described beyond, are shown in Table 83. Tbe highest amount, somewhat over 4 per cent of the amount ingested, was observed on a single day in experiment No. 7. We have found, however, that these figures are not correct. The method used for the determination of the alcohol in experiment No. 7 involves at least two errors, both of which make the amount as deter- mined too lari^c. One error occurs in the determination of alcohol by tbe chromate method. Tbe other is due to the presence of reducing material, other than alcohol, in tbe air. This latter error also applies to tbe dcterniiiiations in exi)criment No. 10. l>oth of these sources of •It is Ikmt. assiiinod tliiit the feces would contain no considerable amount of the ah'ohol ing<'8t«Ml, though they ini^lit contain an appreciable amount of alcohol as a product of fcrmciitation. Sec Bodliinder in Arch. I'hysiol. [lMliif;crJ, 32, (1883), p. 424. ^It is hcrcaHHUiucd tiiat no conBidcral)lc amount of alcohol would bo absorbed and retained by tin; clothing. 'Arch. I'hyhiol. [I'liiiger], 32, (1883), p. 398. > u o "S 6 r TO Food material and feces. a . X Nitro- gen. Car- bon. Hydro- gen. Water. Pro- tein (NX 6.25) Fat. Carbo- hy- drates. Ash. Heats of combus- tion per gram, de- termined. 2792 Pears, canned Pears, average of 2779 and 2792 6 7 (') 5 6 7 8 9 10 Per ct. 0.05 .04 1.31 1.29 1.81 1.77 1.19 1.57 Per ct. 7.01 7.33 42.10 10.97 10.64 13. 43 14.90 12.60 13.44 Per ct. 1.18 1.18 6.48 1.47 1.56 1.77 2.04 1.74 1.82 Per ct. 81.4 80.5 Per ct. 0.3 .3 Per ct. 0.2 .5 Per ct. 17.9 18.5 Per ct. 0.2 .2 4.0 3.6 5.2 5.6 4.4 4.8 Calories. 0.759 .769 2786 2806 100.0 5.1 3.960 78.2 78.6 71.0 69.7 72.9 71.0 8.2 8.1 11.3 11.1 7.4 9.8 4.5 1.141 2808 do 4.1 5.6 4.9 7.6 5.9 7.7 3.9 11.4 4.2 10.2 1.194 2810 do 1.530 2825 ..do 1.643 2838 do 1.343 2848 do 1.445 Used in all the experiments. DETAILS OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 5.' A general description of the routine of the experiments and an expla- nation of the results as tabulated can best be given in connection with the details of one of the experiments. Number 5, the tirst of the series here described, will suffice for this purpose, although this, like others of the earlier experiments, is less satisfactory than those made after experience had been gained. This experiment began May 4, 1897, and continued four days. Tlie preliminary period, which is usually four days, was increased in this case to eight days, as unexpected circumstances delayed the starting of the experiment proper. The subject entered the calorimeter at about 9 o'clock on the evening of May 3. During the night the usual meas- urements of heat were made and the temperatures of the interior of the chamber — i. e., (1) the air inside, (2) the incoming and outgoing air cur- rents, (3) the two metal walls of the chamber, and (4) the air immedi- ately surrounding the chamber, were brought as near together as practicable; the temiierature and rate of flow of the water current were regulated so as to carry out the heat as rapidly as it was given off' by the subject, and other details of manipulation were arranged so that when the experiment began at 7 a. m.. May 4, everything was in satis- factory condition. The bed and bedding, chair, table, etc., were weighed before and after the experiments, but no appreciable changes in weight were observed. The diet was more varied than that of some of the later experiments. The methods of sampling were not satisfactory, which may account in part for the unusually wide discrepancies between ' Experiments Nos. 1 to 4 were reported in Bulletin 44 of this Office, metabolism of matter only was studied. In these the 32 the theoretical values for income and those actually found for outgo of energy. The daily menu in this experiment was as follows: Table 4. — Daily menu — Metabolism experiment Xo. 5. MeDu. Grams. BREAKFAST. Boiled eggs ' 95 Butter I 15 Milk 250 Rye bread 100 Sugar 15 Coffee 290 UINNKK. I Beef, fried j 120 Butter 10 Milk j 25 Kye bread 100 Menu. DiNNEB — continued Baked beans Canned pears Sugar Coffee SUPPER. Dried beef Butter Milk Bye bread Sugar Coffee Grams. 125 150 10 300 25 10 500 125 10 30C The beef was cooked in the form of "Hamburg steak;" i.e., finely choi)i)ed in a meat cutter and Iried. A little onion was added to make the meat palatable to the subject. The eggs were "hard boiled" and were eaten with salt and pepper. The quantity of pepper was too small to take into account in computing the income of organic matter. The dried beef was eaten cold without preparation other than cutting in thin slices. Ordinary creamery butter was used; it was kept in a refrigerator, together with the baked beans, the canned pears, and the milk. The milk was procured fresh each day, as was the bread, which was obtained from a local bakery. Three hundred grams of warm coffee infusion was served with each meal; it was prepared in the usual way. The following is the daily i)rogramme for this experiment, although, owing to lack of experience, it was not followed as closely as in the later experiments: Table .5. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiment No. 6. 7.0(1 a. m .. Rise, i>aH« urine, uei;^h self dressed, 6.30 p. m . . Sapper. collect drip, wi-i^jli iiltHorbers. 7.00 p. m .. Pass urine, collect drip, weigh ab- 7.30 a. m . . Urcakfant. sorbers. 1.00 p. m .. Pbhb urine, collect drip, weigh ab- 10.00 p. m . Pads urine, drink water, weigh self sorberH. dressed, retire. i.:jo p. Ill .. Dinner. 1.00 a. m .. Pass urine. 3.30 )i. m . . Drink water. 33 The diiiry of the subject was begun the second day. It is summa- rized in Table G. Table 6. — Sitmmari/ of diary — Metabolism experiment i\'o. 5. May 00 a.m. 45 a.m. 00 a.m. 00 m . . . 00 p.m. 00 p.m. 00 p. m . 50 p.m. 00 a. m . 00 a.m. 10 a.m. 30 a.m. 30 a.m. 30 p.m. 00 p.m. 30 p. m. 45 p.m. 10 p.m. 30 p.m. 20 p.m. 30 p. m. 00 a.m. ,10 a. m. .40 a.m. ,00 a.m. .00 m... ,00 p.m. ,00 p.m. OOj). m. ,10p.m. ,00 p. m. .00 p.m. .00 a.m. 10 a. m . 20 a.m. Time. 1807. "Weight of subject with clothes. Kilograms. 69.31 69.64 68.82 Pulse rate per minute. 54 73 Tempera- ture. °F. 97.4 97.8 98.8 99.0 99.6 99.6 99.2 96.2 98.0 98.9 99.6 99.2 99.0 99.0 98.8 96.6 98.6 98.8 96.8 Hygrometer. Dry bulb. °C. 20.5 20.3 20.7 20.8 21.0 21.4 20.9 20.7 21.0 20.6 20.3 20.7 20. 21.0 21.0 20.8 20.9 21.1 20.8 21.2 20.7 21.0 21.2 22.2 21.2 20.8 21.0 "Wet bulb. °0. 16.9 15.9 16.4 16.6 16.7 16.9 17.9 17.2 16.9 16.5 16.0 16.8 17.2 16.9 16.8 16.0 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.2 16.1 16.0 16.6 19.6 18.0 17.0 16.4 The subject weighed himself on a platform scale sensitive to 10 grams with a weight of 75 kilograms and capable of weighing 100 kilograms. In this experiment the weight of the subject without clothes was not taken. Inasmuch, however, as it was a rest experiment and the sub- ject did not perspire greatly and the clothes were the same at the dif- ferent weighings, the figures are probably not far out of the way as indications of the changes of body weight. The body temperature was taken by the subject with a registered clinical thermometer. 12388— :^o. 09—02 3 34 EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF INCOME. The experimental data may be divided into two groups — (1) those pertaining to matter and energy of income and (2) the same factors of outgo. The resnlts of the determinations of income are shown in Tabk' 7. These data inchide the determinations of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and water, and of protein, fats, carbohydrates, and mineral matters in the food. The weights of food materials used each day are shown in the table, and the weights of the difterent elements and com- pounds are calculated by means of the figures for the percentage composition shown in Table 3. Table 7. — Weight, composition, and heats of combnation of foods — Metabolism experi- ment No. 5. Lab- ora- torv No. Food niat-erial. 2782 Beef, fried 2783 Beef, dried . 2781 Eggs 2785 Butter 2784 Milk 2802 Bread, rye .... 2786 Sugar 2780 Beans, baked . 8779 Pears, canned . Total .... ^eight'^ per day. Orams. 120 25 95 35 775 325 35 125 150 Orams. I 77.0 15.0 70.8 I 2.8 } 661.0 \ 143.0 Pro- tein. Grams. 34.4 6.1 12.0 .4 27.9 27.9 86.0 119.3 11, 174. 9 119. 1 Fat. Grams. 6.6 1.9 10.5 30.9 41.8 1.0 .7 1.3 Carbo- Grams. 38.0 148.2 35.0 25.8 28.5 275.5 Nitro- gen. Carbon. Orams. Grams. 5.51 .98 1.92 .06 4.50 4.45 1.57 .06 19.05 22.80 4.39 14.15 23.39 58.75 82.29 14.74 16.91 11.47 Hydro- gen. Grams. 3.23 .56 2.17 3.66 8.83 11.60 2.27 2.33 1.77 248.89 36.42 Heats of combus- tion (deter- mined). Calories. 253 51 169 282 690 786 139 168 117 2,655 EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF OUTGO. The data of outgo are given in Tables 8 to 12. Table 8 shows the Freight of fresh fe(-es and of the elements and compounds determined. These weights are calculated from the figures for percentage of composi- tion shown in Table 3 and the total weight of fresh feces. Inasmuch as the feces from the food of one day can not readily be separated from those of the preceding or following day, we can do nothing else than assnme that the undigested residue and metabolic products of which they are composed are essentially uniform from day to day. Even 11 there were irregularities from day to day, they would hardly be large enough to atlect materially the results for each day, nor can they at all affect the average for the whole experiment. Tablb 8. — JVeif/ht, composition, and heats of combustion of fresh feces — Metabolism experiment No. 5. Lab- ora- tory No. Weight. Wat«r. Pro- tein. Kilt. Oarbo- I'.v d rates. Nltro. gen. Carl)On. Hydro- gen. Heataof com- bustion (deter- mined) . 2806 Total,4day8 Average, 1 day .. Oram^. 502 126 Oram*. 392.6 98.2 Orami. 41.2 10.3 Orams. 22.6 5.7 Grams. 25.6 6.4 Grams. 6.58 1.65 Orams. 55.07 13.77 Orams. 7.38 1.85 Calories. 573 143 35 Table 9 shows the amount, specific gravity, and percentage composi- tion of the urine in six-hour periods for the time of the experiment and the twenty-four hours subsequent. From these data are calculate. III. to 7 ]>, 111 7 p. ni. to 1 a III 1 a. Ill to 7 a. Ill ToUl 1, 307. 1 13.87 8.03 37 Table 9. — Amounts and composition of urine — Metabolism experiment No. 5 — Cont'd. Dale. Period. Hydrogen. Beats of combustion. Per gram. Total. 1897. May 4-5 Per cent. Grams, Per cent. Orams. Calories. Calories. 4.09 2, 007. 3 .071 148 6-6 Total - 3.52 2, 223. 4 .052 119 6-7 1 p. m. to7 p. m^ ! 7 p. m. to 1 a. mi 1 Total / 3.46 2, 174. 3 .055 123 7-8 1 1 1 1 Total 3.52 2,427.6 .049 122 Total for 4 days, by 512 Composite for 4 days. . 0.16 14.59 96.84 8, 832. 6 .056 1511 8-9 i 1 Total 2.79 1,251.8 .056 73 ' Total heat of combustion as determined in dried urine gives 556 calories (see p. 23). As the dried sample did not suffice for a repetition of this determination we have no explanation to offer for the discrepancy between the determinations by the two methods. The determinations of carbon dioxid and water exhaled by the sub- ject are given in Tables 10 and 11. The methods of calculation are explained by the small letters above the headings of each column. Table 10 shows the amount of air which was drawn through the cham- ber of the calorimeter during each six-hoar period, and the milligrams per liter of carbon dioxid in the incoming air and in the outgoing air. These values are shown in columns a, b, and c. The diflerence between the last two gives the excess of carbon dioxid in the outgoing air current, 38 which, multiplied by the total number of liters of air in the ventilating current gives the total weight of carbon dioxid exhaled, as shown in column (\ Column /' shows the weight of carbon in the carbon dioxid exhaled. In Table 11 are similar data for the water given off by the subject. The plan of this table differs from that of Table 10 in that the major part of the water is condensed in the freezers. The amount not so condensed is determined the same way as the total amount of carbon dioxid exhaled and is .shown in column d, while column /gives the total amount of water exhaled. Table 10. — Jiecord uf carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — MetahoUsm experiment No. 5. Period. Volume of ^ ventilating »■ air current. Carbon dioxid per liter^ (e) S.Si o o * 2.£fx (/) Date. (6) at. S.9 M (c) o bO fl.S M (rf) Sot-.:. aj Ml'S-o o ^ n « Total weight of carbon ex- haled in car- bon dioxid (e X A). 1897. May 4-5 Liters. 25, 936 26, 203 26, 307 26, 154 Mgs. 0.611 .781 .640 .634 Mgs. 10.510 10. 144 9.547 5.737 Mgs. 9.899 9.363 8.907 5.103 Orams. 250.7 245. 9 235.2 133.5 Orams. 70.0 07.1 64.1 36.4 Total 104, 750 871.3 237.6 5-6 26, 158 26, 885 27, 110 26, 792 .671 .816 .620 .709 9.037 10. 303 0.868 5.733 8.366 9.547 9.248 5.024 218.8 256.7 250.7 134.5 59.6 70.0 68.4 1 a. m. to 7 a. lu 36.7 Total 106, 945 860.7 234. 7 6-7 26, 426 26, 861 27, 273 26, 100 .704 .551 .578 .894 8.781 9.358 8.761 5.833 8.077 8.807 8.183 4.939 213.4 236.0 223.2 128.9 58.2 64.5 60.9 1 a. m. to 7 a. lu 35.1 Total 106, 660 802.1 218.7 7-8 25, 577 26, 045 26, 240 26,9.38 .628 .731 .657 .605 9.290 10.464 10. 313 5.650 8.662 9.733 9.656 5.045 221.5 253.5 253.4 135.9 60.4 1 p. in. to 7 p. in 69.1 69.1 37.1 Total 104, 800 804.3 235. 7 Total for •» daj-» 423, 155 3,398.4 926.7 39 Table 11. — Record of water in ventilatimj air current — Metabolism experiment No, 5. Period. Volume of ventilating -g- air current. ■-' Water per liter— (e) U u a i i (3) |1 =" a bo 'S a ga a {h) Date. (6) be a a o o a a M (c) u ■3 SB a 6* 1 (d) n '3 11 c"3 3 . g be 1 .a « . l| o 1897. ! May 4-5 7a.m.tolp.m 1 p.m. to 7 p. m 7p.m. to ] a.m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Liters. 25, 936 26, 263 26, 397 26, 154 Mgg. 1.171 1.050 1.038 .874 Mgs. 1.329 1.210 1.230 1.006 Mgs. 0.158 .160 .192 .132 Gram». 4.1 4.2 5.1 3.4 Grama. 233.8 237.2 252.1 223.6 Grams.' Grams. 194.4 — 4.8 — 71.0 ' Total 104, 750 16.8 946.7 118.6 1 1,082.1 5_6 ' 7 o m +r> 1 T. m 26, 158 1. 022 26, 885 . 992 27, 110 I 1. Oil 26,792 1 .924 1.118 1.284 1.215 1.178 .096 .292 .204 .254 2.5 7.8 5.6 6.8 220.6 244.9 275.2 209.8 1 p.m.to7 p.m 7p.m. to 1 a.m 1 a.m.lo 7a.m Total 56.7 62.2 50.9 106, 945 22.7 1 950.5 169.8 1,143.0 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 1 040 1 212 6-7 26, 426 26, 861 27, 273 26, 100 179. 4 6 1 950 2 .922 .895 .786 1.134 .212 1.115 .220 . 941 . 155 5.7 6.0 4.0 245.4 227.6 196.3 26.7 55.9 — 32.8 106, 660 20.3 891.5 49.8 961.6 7 a. m. to 1 p.m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7p.m. to 1 a.m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 1 7-8 25 577 ' "Qfi 1.187 1 .301 1.064 .166 1. 074 . 261 . 927 . 234 7.7 4.3 6.9 6.3 202.6 218.0 272.1 226.3 26, 045 26, 240 26, 938 .898 .813 .693 17.5 28.2 63.2 104, 800 25.2 919.0 108.9 1, 053. 1 Total for 4 days. 423, 155 85.0 Is. 707. 7 447.1 4,239.8 1 1 Upon the surface of the absorbers, see p. 53 under description of experiment No. 6. The details of the calorimetric measurements in these experiments are far too extensive to be given here. Their nature is explained and illustrations are given in another j)ublication.' The fundamental data are given in Table 12. This shows in column a the amount of heat measured in calories by the current of water at the average range of temperature of the water currents shown in column h. In column d this heat is corrected to calories at 20° C, the temperature to which all the measurements are reduced. Columns e to g show the correc- tions for the heat capacity of the apparatus and for the temperature of food and dishes. Column h shows the quantity of water vaporized in the calorimeter and column / gives the amount of heat calculated as having been used to vaporize this water and thus carried out with the 1 U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 63. 40 vapor in the outgoing air current. In these calculations the factor 0.592 is used as representing the latent heat of vaporization of water.' Column A' shows the corrected amounts of heat carried out of the apparatus — i. e., the excess of the amount carried out over that brought in during the period named. Taiu.e 12. — Sunniiarif of calorimetric measurements — Metaholism experiment No. 5. Date. Period. (a) n . += S t« u o o Average range in temperature be- tween incoming ^ and outgoing "^ water fj to t-t. 3 ('0 = So a° p a S O 1897. May 4-5 Calories. r,82. 4 49G. 1 520.1 265.7 Degrees. 4. 78-13. 99 4. 34-14. 31 4. 93-15. 63 10. 36-15. 85 1. 0033 1. 0032 1. 0026 1.0016 Calorics. 584. .T 497.7 521.5 266.1 Degrees. —0.20 + .65 — .30 .40 7 p. m. to 1 a. m Total 1,864.3 1,869.0 7 a. m. to 1 p. Ml 5-0 522.7 557.1 528.6 318.2 3. 30-14. 26 3. 24-14. 80 4.59-16.07 6. 91-15. 21 1. 0036 1. 0035 1. 0030 1. 0026 524.6 559.1 530.2 319.0 + .40 -1- .75 1.20 1 a. in. to 7 a. m Total — .20 1, 920. 1, 932. 9 6-7 489.0 537.6 494.3 309.4 3, 90-14. 34 3. 57-14. 42 4. 19-14. 93 9. 02-15. 82 1. 0035 1.0036 1. 0033 1. 0020 490.7 539.5 495. 9 310.0 -I- .35 + .80 .70 .30 Total 1, 830. 3 1 1, 830. 1 ' 7-8 483.4 513.4 514.8 284.4 3.13-15.51 ;t. 21-16. 59 4. 46-16. 68 10. 67-17. 26 1.0035 1,0033 1. 0028 1. 0014 485.1 515.1 516. 2 284.8 -1- .70 4- .30 .55 1 a. m. to7 a. ni Total , — .05 1,796.0 1,801.2 Total tor 4 (lay H 7,417.2 7, 439. 8 'For a (liscnsHioTi of tliiH value, see U. tS. Dcpt. Agr., Oftice of Experiment Stations Bui. G3, i». 57. 41 Table 12. — Summarn of calorimefric measurements — MetahoJism e.rperiment No. 5- Coutiuucd. Date. Period. (/) o . o§ ■-mX o « o ® >sS 11 Correction due to tem- perature of food and S; dishes. "" Water vaporized, equals total amount ^ exhaled less amount s- condensed in cham- "^ ber. (1) o • " o (k). 1 2 + ^5s i$ "ci o H 1897. May 4-5 Calories. —12 + 39 —18 —24 Calories. — 21.3 -17.5 — 10.6 Oramg. 237.9 241.4 257.2 227.0 Calorics. 140.8 142.9 152.3 134.4 Calories. 691.8 662. 1 645.2 376.5 Total -15 — 49.4 963.5 570.4 2, 375. 6 5-6 +24 +45 —72 —12 — 20.3 — 9.6 — 12.5 223.1 252.7 280.8 216.6 132.1 149.6 166.2 128.2 660.4 744.1 7 p. in. to 1 a. m 611.9 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 435.2 —15 — 42.4 973. 2 570.1 2,451.6 6 7 +21 + 48 -42 —18 — 13.6 — 14.7 — 1?.. 8 226. 8 251.1 233.6 200.3 134.3 148.6 138.3 118.6 632.4 721.4 578.4 410.6 Total + 9 — 42.1 911.8 210.3 222.3 279.0 232.6 539.8 2, 342. 8 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 7-8 + 42 + 18 —33 — 3 — 17.8 — 4.9 — 15.3 124.5 131.6 165.2 137.7 633.8 659.8 633.1 419.5 Total +24 — 38.0 944.2 559.0 2, 346. 2 + 3 —171. 9 3, 792. 7 2, 245. 3 9, 516. 2 COMPUTED DATA OF INCOME AND OUTGO. FroDi the experimental data just recorded the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, jirotein, fat, and energy are comi)uted. Table 13 shows the comj)uted income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon in metabolism experiment No. 5. The values in columns a, b, and c are taken from Tables 7, 8, and 9, respectively. The quantities in column d represent the gain or loss of nitrogen for each day and for the whole experiment. Since the subject had been upon the same diet for four days previous to the commencement of the experi- ment, it was to be expected that he would be in approximate nitrogen equilibrium. This expectation was realized, as the figures show. There was a slight loss of nitrogen, 2.8 grams, the first day; the remaining three days there was almost exact equilibrium. We find it often the case that the loss of nitrogen is greater or the gain less on the first than" on the succeeding days. Assuming that the nitrogen lag is short, this 42 may perhaps be connected with the slight mental excitement which accompanies the accommodating of the snbject to the conditions of life in the chamber. The average for the four days shows a loss of 0.7 ol a gram of nitrogen per day. The data for income and outgo of carbon are likewise obtained from previous tables, and the values in column k show the computed loss ol carbon for each day and during the whole experiment. It will be seen that the subject was nearly in carbon as well as nitrogen equilibrium. Tablk 13. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment No. 5. ^ Nitrogen. Carbon. (a) (6) (0 (d) (e) . to 7 a.m. 19.1 1.6 20.3 -2.8 248.9 13.8 13.0 237.6 -15.6 5-6 do 19.0 19.) 19.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 17.4 17.2 17.4 — .1 + .3 — .1 248.9 248.9 248.9 13.7 13.8 13.8 11.2 11.1 11.2 234.7 218.7 235.7 —10.7 6-7 do + 5.3 7 8 do -11.8 Total, 4 days... 76.2 6.6 72.3 -2.7 995 6 55.1 46.5 926.7 —32.7 Average, Iday. 19.1 1.7 18.1 — .7 248.9 13.8 11.6 231.7 - 8.2 In this experiment the subject was allowed drinking water whenever and in such quantities as he desired. The coffee infusion, as already stated, contained practically no nitrogen, the amount per liter being found by analysis to be less than 0.05 gram. This quantity, amount- ing to less than 0.2 gram of nitrogen for the whole experiment, has been ignored, and the coffee infusion lias been considered simply as so much water. The amounts of coffee infusion and of water consumed on tlie different days of this experiment are as follows: Record of water and coffee consumed — Metabolism experiment No. 5. Date. Cofifee infusion. Water. Total drink. May 4 Grams. 862.3 897. 6 890.9 894. 5 Grams. 870.6 849.8 665.0 977.6 Grains. 1,732.9 1, 747. 4 6 1,561.9 7 1,872.1 Total 3,551.3 3, 363. 6, 914. 3 At esu'M meal a vessel containing 300 grams of unsweetened coffee infnsinn wns jjasscd in to the, subject. The amoujit a(;tually consumed depended upon the (carefulness with which the vessel was drained. It 43 was determined by weighing the vessel when it was passed in and when it was taken out, the diflerence between these weights being tlie amount consumed. In Table 14 the income and outgo of water and hydrogen are com- puted. Column a shows the amount of water in the food materials consumed each day, and column h the amount consumed as drink, either as water or in the form of coffee. The values in columns e, d, and e are taken from previous tables and serve in the calculations of the apparent loss of water shown in column f. Tlie quantities in this column are always negative, since the water given oft' in the respira- tory products is derived not only from water taken into the system in food and drink, but also from the oxidation of hydrogen of organic compounds. The quantities in column g, Ji, and i represent the amounts of hydrogen in organic combination in the food, feces, and urine, and the values in column / show the apparent gains of hydrogen. The quantities in this column are always positive, owing to the fact that tlie most of the hydrogen in organic combination in the food is elimi- nated, not in organic combination in tlie feces and urine, but in the form of water in the urine or respiratory products. The gain or loss of hydrogen for the experiment is calculated by adding together the hydrogen apparently lost as water (column /) and the hydrogen in organic combination apparently gained (column I). This total gain or loss of hydrogen is shown in column 7i. There was thus a small cal- culated loss of hydrogen during the experiment, which would correspond to about 185 grams of water per day. These estimates of quantities of hydrogen here and elsewhere in the present bulletin are given for what they are worth. We hope to be able later to study this and other details bearing upon the correction of the estimates. Table 14. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiment No. 5. Period. Water. Date. (a) tS H (6) p 'u a M (c) i a (d) 6 a 'E 3 a M (e) o © p. a M 2.1 1897. May 4-5 5-6 Gram,s. 1, 174. 9 1, 174. 9 1, 174. 9 1, 174. 9 Grams. 1, 732. 9 1, 747. 4 1,561.9 1,872.1 Grams. Grams. 98.2 2,007.3 98.1 2,223.4 98. 2 2, 174. 3 98.1 2,427.6 Grams. 1, 082. 1 1. 143. 961.6 1. 053. 1 Grams. 279.8 do 542 2 6-7 do 497.3 7-8 do Total for 4 days Average for 1 day — 531.8 4, 699. 6 1, 174. 9 6, 914. 3 1, 728. 6 392. 6 8, 832. 6 98. 2 2, 208. 2 4, 230. 8 1, 059. 9 -1,851.1 — 462.8 44 Tablk 14. — Tncomr and ouii/o of uaiir (i)nl Inidrofien — Meiahort»m e.rperiment No. /i- Contiuued. Hydrogen. (S) (h) (i) (I) (m) («) ^ a ^-^i iJate. Period. bti^ ft i+ go §.|. .9 '^ r^ a to 1 o o a^ "ffl OD M H a M < o ►4 O O 1897. Orams. Orams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Mav 4-5 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.5 h 30.4 + 31.1 + 31.0 4- 31.1 — 31.1 — 60.2 — 55.3 — 59.1 — 0.7 5-6 do —29.1 6-7 do —24.3 7-8 do —28.0 Total for 4 days 145.6 7.4 14.6 1 +123.6 —205. 7 —82.1 Average for 1 day 3C.4 1.9 3.7 ' +30.9 — 51.4 —20.5 111 Table 15 are calculations of the gain or loss of protein, fat, and water in tliis experiment. If nitrogen is gained, a corresponding gain of protein is assumed; if nitrogen is lost, a correspouding loss of i^ro- tein is likewise assumed. The protein compounds are here assumed to contain, on the average, 10 per cent of nitrogen, 53 per cent of car- bon, and 7 per cent of hydrogen. Accordingly the gain or loss of pro- tein is computed by multiplying the gain or loss of nitrogen by 6.25, and is shown in column 1/. Whatever protein is gjiined or lost must contain certain proportions of carbon and hydrogen, the computed amounts of which are shown in columns d and h. Tahlk 15.- -dain or Ions of j}7-otein (N X C>. 35), fat, and icater — Metabolism experiment No. 5. (a) W (c) (d) (0 (/) .- .-^ « S C 5-i r ^ X o-^ c, 1 o ° ■|S ~ « Date. Period. C! ~ . a ^ 1 = otal gahie lost (- I'll C3 CO 'A~ Ph H Gratiis. Grams. ^..2 1897. Orams. Orams. Oramt. Orama. May 4-5 5-6 2.8 —17.5 —15.5 9.3 — 0.2 — 8.2 do — .1 + .3 — .1 — .6 + 1.8 — .0 -10.7 + 5.3 -11.8 + 1.0 — .3 — 10.4 + 4.3 —13.7 0-7 do 1- 5.7 7-« do - --- —11.5 —15.1 Totnl for 4 < iiyn 2 7 — Ui.i) -32.7 —8.9 -23.8 —31. 3 A viiriiKti lor 1 day - .7 — 4.2 — 8,2 2. 'J — 6.0 - 7.8 45 Table 15. -(lain or Josh of protein, (N X ().35), fot, and water- No. 5 — Continued. -Metabolism experiment Date. 1897. May 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 Period. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m do do do Total for 4 days Average for 1 day . to) Orams. — 0.7 —29.1 —24.3 —28.0 —82.1 —20.5 s+T ft—— ■s a c tracling from the heat of coniljustion of tlni food eaten the sum of that of the urine, feces, and protein ami fat gained by the body. 'J'his is done in calculating the \'alues given in column/. It is to be noted that as the protein and fat are lost, the corresponding values used in I In- calculations are negative. In (rolumn as8 urine; collect drip, weigh 1.50 p.m. Begin work. sliielda and absorber.s ; weigh self, 3.50 p. m . Kest ten minutes, weigh self, drink Btrippcd and dressed. 200 grams water. 7.45 a. Ill . . Breakfa.st; weigh self. 6.00 p.m . Stop work ; weigh self. 8.20 a. Ill .. Begin work. G.30 p. m . Supper; change underclothes; weigh 10.20 a. m .. Best ten minutes, weigh self, drink self, stripped and dressed. 200 grams water. 7.00 p.m . Pass urine, collect drip ; weigh shields 12.30 1.. Ill .. Stfij- work. and absorbers. 1.00 p. Ill .. Pass urine, weigh self, collect drij); 10.00 p.m . Weigh self, drink 200 grams water, weigli shields and absorbers. retire. 1. 1.0 1.. III.. Dinner; weigli self, drink 200 grams 1.00 a. m . Pass urine. water. U. S. Dipt. Agr., Otlicti of Experiment Stationis Bui. 63, pp. 74-85. 49 Table 10 summarizes the observations made and recorded by the sub- ject in the chamber during the experiment. Table 19. — Summary of diary — Metaboliavi experiment No. 6. "Weight of subject. Pulse rate per minute. Temper- ature. Cyclom- eter reading. Hygrometer. Time. Without clothes. "With clothes. Dry bulb. ■Wet bulb. Mav 18 1897. Kilograms. 66.19 Kilograms. 70.22 70.61 60 OF. 97.0 Miles. °0. 22.0 oG. 18.2 18 8 15 a m 18 323.0 337.0 18 18 70.29 68 98.8 21.9 22.2 18.6 18 l** 35 p m 351.0 19.8 18 70.54 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 364.0 376.5 86.40 70.37 7 30p m 80 78 59 98.9 98.4 96.4 22.5 22.5 22.0 21.0 10.20 p. m 70.25 69.43 70.25 19.6 65.59 18.8 8 20 am 377.0 390.0 10 30 a. m 10 40 a. m 70.00 69.43 70.49 70.11 69.54 21.4 22.2 18.5 12.25 p. m 77 99.0 401.5 19.2 1.40 p. m 3 50 pm 415.0 429.0 6.00 p.m 6.15 p.m 88 99.5 21.6 19.2 66.65 70.50 10 10 p. m 66 98.6 28.5 19.4 10 20 p m 70.01 69.52 70.56 69.12 70.31 69.92 69.33 70.29 70.03 7.00 a. m 65.04 68 96.2 21.9 18.8 8 10 a m . 12.35 p.m 77 98.5 456.0 21.5 19.0 3.45 p.m 468.0 480.0 79 99.2 22.0 19.6 66.42 10.00 p.m 98.4 21.6 22.0 21.6 19.4 1 00 a.m 19.4 7 00 a m 64.83 68.64 18.6 61 97.2 483.0 506.0 69.56 70.11 21.7 19.0 508.0 521.0 534.0 69. T2 69.45 70.51 70.25 69.50 79 98.9 21.6 19.0 7 30 p. m 66.49 10.00 p.m 61 60 97.2 96.8 21.5 21.9 19.0 66.65 18.4 123.S.S— No, 'i'.l 02 4 50 The daily income in the food is shown in Table 20. The calculations are made as explained in rt. To avoid tin's the outer clothing was removed during the working periods and the subject wore only his underclothes. These were changed each day after the work was done, and the amount of water ab8f)r])ed by Miem was determined. In the description of the work, ex|)«'iini<'nts on page 24, it was explained that the underclothing was carefully waslicd in distilled water, dried, and weighed before being passed into the (;liaiiiber for use. The underclothes were again weighed as soon as removed from tin; chamber and the increase in weight recorded as watei', the amount of solid material absorbe remain for a consiilerable time, from twelve to twenty four hours, in the atmospheie of the box, in order that the water condensed np(»n its surface might accommodate itself to the condition of moistunr and t<'mj)crature. The dinereiices in weight were assumed to represent ditlerenees in the amounts of water condensed upon the 8orfa<;e. The extreme differences found in these experiments amounted > U. S. Dept. Agr., OUice of Expuhnient StatioDS Bui. 63, pp. 37, 65. 65 to less than 3 centigrams per square meter of surface. This would correspond to 0.54 gram for the whole 18 square meters of the inner surface of the chamber. It seems to us extremely improbable that such variations in the amounts of water condensed ujjon the whole interior surface of the respiration chamber and air pipes between the points where samples were taken for analysis would be sufficient to aifect materially the results of the experiments. It may, however, become necessary to take these variations into account in future efforts to secure more accu- rate determinations of water and hydrogen, but at present we consider the errors here involved as less than the unavoidable errors in the determinations of water and hydrogen in the food and excretory products. The results of the measurements of the residual carbon dioxid and water are summarized in the following table: Table 24. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at the heginnimj and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabo- lism experiment INo. 6. End of period. Carbon dioxid. Water. Date. .a CJ a a Gain (+) or loss (— ) ovei- precedin g p e - riod. tw a = 3 3i| H li r2 3 O CJ P + P, B >.2 ce O in = ± ■Ul M.a re 9 5? « ^2.2 o S 1" .a cs a 1 'u o Totalamountgaiuod (+) during the period. 1897. May 18-19 Grams. 34.3 104.2 115.6 63.4 33.8 Grams. Grarns. 63.6 67.3 73.9 73.2 63.5 Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. + 69.9 + 11.4 —52.2 —29.6 +3.7 +6.6 - .7 —9.7 +214 + 31 — 35 — 35 339.7 688.9 134.9 134.9 + 557.4 + 726.5 + 99.0 + 90.4 7 p. m 7 a. m Total - .5 — .1 + 175 1,298.4 + 1,473.3 19-20 110.2 106.4 45.8 32.4 +76.4 - 3.8 —60.6 13.4 68.8 71.8 71.5 64.6 +5.3 + 3 — .3 —6.9 +102 — 10 — 98.5 — 98.5 343.5 566 139 139 + 450.8 + 559.0 + 40.2 + 33.6 Total — 1.4 : + 1.1 —105 +185 — 45 — 38 — 38 1, 187. 5 + 1,083.6 122.9 89.1 48.0 37.6 20-21 +90.5 58.6 —33. 8 68. 4 41. 1 1 67-7 —6.0 +9.8 — .7 —3.3 319.6 620.5 80.6 80.7 + 498.6 + 585.3 + 41.9 + 39.4 —10.4 64.4 Total + 5.2 — .2 + 64 1,101.4 +1, 165. 2 21-22 112.2 79.7 29.7 30.5 + 74.6 -32.5 —50.0 + .8 + .8 70.2, 63.5 59.9 Sfi 8 +5.8 —6.7 —3.6 —3.1 + 61 + 49 — 43.5 — 43.5 190.9 511.6 102.5 102.5 + 257.7 + 553.9 + 55.4 + 55.9 7 p. ni 1 a. m ., 7 a. lu Total — 7.1 —7.6 + 23 907. 5 + 922.9 Total for 4 days... 3.8 —6.8 + 157 4, 494. 8 , +4, 645. 5(; The records of carbon dioxid and water vapor iu the ventilating air currtMit have been given in detail in the account of this experiment in the i)revious publication already referred to.* The results in daily periods are summarized in Table 25. These have been corrected for the amounts of residual carbon dioxid and water, drip, etc., and show the total amount of carbon dioxid and water exhaled by the subject during each day of the exi)eriment. For the details by six-hour periods refer- ence may be made to Tables 25 and 27, pages 79 and 81 of Bulletin No. 03. Tahi.io 25. — Summari/ of varhon dioxid and neater in ventilatlnf/ air current — Metabolism experiment No. 6. '3 bjo Carbou dioxid. o 1^ Water. 1 >i 6 -a 5 bD s S ^ 2 M 3 C "% ts -^ s-y !3 (C ns 19 g A Date. Period. Is a 01 'c3 o a 1/ .a o a . •^ u m ci o c .2 IS a; i |i (B O (-1 s 5 1 « cS sa O o « t> H o"* o H H o O H 1897. Liters. Orams. Orams. Orams. Orams. Orams. Orams. Orams. Orams. May 18-19* 7a.m.to7 a.m.. 91, 273 1,334.9 —0.5 1, 334. 4 364.0 29.7 1,080.9 1, 473. 3 '2,583.9 19-20 do 94, 260 1, 255. 8 -1.4 1, 254. 4 342.1 32.5 1, 109. 3 1, 083. 6 2, 225. 4 20-21 do 91, 958 1,200.5 -1-5.2 1, 265. 7 345.1 40.7 1, 099. 9 1, 165. 2 2, 305. 8 21-22 do Tota],4day8.... 95, 889 1,215.1 —7.1 1, 208. 329. 5 25. G 1, 125. 8 922.9 2, 074. 3 373, 380 5,066.3 —3. 8[ 5, 062. 5 1, 380. 7 128.5 4,415.9 4, 645. 9,189.4 Average, 1 day.. 93, 345 1, 265. 6 345.2 2,297.4 'The valae given in Knlletin 63 for th'o water exhaled was 2,513.4 grams. This did not include 70.5 grams "drip." The details of the calorimetric observations by six-hour periods are given in Table 29, page 82 of Bulletin No. 63. They are summarized for individual days in Table 20 herewith. TABI.E 26. — Summary of calorimstrio measurements — Metabolism experiment No. 6. fi i. o lUi o p. 41 eo^s '^ 9 o n o " .a Dat«'. I'.ri.Hl. g| ^..S 2 S'S 2 k O C 4' 9 .a 3 *' 3 o: it ¥ r- n (3 " « o H o o u P^ H P4 1897. Calorifs. negrce.s. Calories. Calories. Orami. Oalorii's. Calories. Calories MnylH 10 7 a. ni. to 7 n. m . . :t, n.i:i. h -<-0.15 ■ 1-9 —40.5 1,110..'-) 057.4 3, 969. 7 270 10-20 do 3, 025. 2 — .02 — 1 —31.7 1,141.8 075.9 3, 668. 4 230 ao-21 do 3,091.1 — .13 -8 —47.9 1, 140. 6| 675. 2 3, 710. 4 26(- 21-22 do Total, 4 dayn 2,897.6 -»- .11 +7' -29. 4 1,151.4 681.6 3, 550. 8 255 12,857.7 1 .n -1-7 —149.6 4,544.3 2,690.1 14, 905. 3 1,023 Average, 1 day.. 8,080.4 1 672.5 3, 726. 3 25fl 1 1 ' U. 8. Dept. Agr., Oflico of Experiinoiit HtatioiiH Bui. 63, pp. 79, 81. 57 Table 27 vshows the coinpated income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon. The methods of calculation are the same as those akeady described under similar tables in connection with experiment No. 5. Table 27. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment Xo. 6. Nitrogen. Carbon. (a) («-) (c) (d) («) (/) (.';) (h) (k) Date. Period. i =2 a H i 9 a a M o tr It a O o =2 a H § a a M o u A Si ■0 a M 1 1897. Oral. 6mi. Qms. Omx. Oms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. May 18-19 7 a. m. to 7 a.m. 19.1 1.5 17.5 +0.1 336.7 12.3 13.1 364.0 — 52.9 19-20 do 19.1 1.5 16.6 + 1.0 336.7 12.4 12.6 342.1 — 30.4 20-21 do 19.1 1.5 15.4 +2.2 336.7 12.4 11.7 345.2 — 32.6 21-22 do Total, 4 days... 19.1 1.5 16.5 + 1.1 336.7 12.4 12.5 329.4 — 17.6 76.4 6.0 66.0 + 4.4 1,346.8 49.5 49.9 1. 380. 7 —133. 5 Average, 1 day. 19.1 1.5 16.5 +1.1 336.7 12.4 12.5 345.2 — 33.4 •Including nitrogen of perspiration (see p. 53). In this experiment the subject was allowed a definite amount of water each day in addition to the coffee infusion which, as above explained, is here considered as consisting entirely of water. The amounts of coffee infusion and drinking water consumed on different days of this experiment are as follows : Record of drinking water and coffee — Metabolism experiment Xo. G. Date. Cottee infusion. Drinking water. Total drink. May 18 Grams. 876.1 894.7 886.8 868.5 Grams. 800 800 800 800 Grams. 1, 676. 1 19 1, 694. 7 20 1, 686. 8 21 1, 668. 5 Total . 3, 526. 1 3,200 6, 726. 1 The reason for the slight variation from day to day in the amount of coffee is found in the failure of the subject to drain the entire 300 grams served from the vessel containing it. The drinking water was drained much more completely, and the amounts left in the tiask in which it was served in this experiment were not sufficien t to weigh. 58 The com])uteil iucoine aud outgo of water and hydrogen in experiment N<>. (> is shown in Table 28: Tahlk I'S. — Income uinl ontijo of water and hiidroi/eii — MelabitHnm experhnent No. • I- w AO ££ A. a M Grams. 2,614.9 2, 248. 7 2, 331. 8 2, 096. 6 (./■) CD 7 O -r- a + si 1897. May 18-19 Crows. 1, 384. 1, 384. Grams. 1, 676. I 1, 694. 7 1, 680. 8 1,668.5 Grams. 91.3 91.4 91.4 91.4 Gram,s. 1, 275. 1,037.9 967.4 1,233.5 Grams. — 921. 1 19-20 do — 299. 3 20-21 21-22 do do Total, 4 days 1,384.0 1,384.0 — 319.8 - 369.0 5, 536. 1,384.0 6, 726. 1 1,681.5 365.5 4. 51.S. 8 9, 292. 2, 323. —1,909.2 Average, 1 day 91.4 1,128.4 - 477. 3 Date. 1897. May 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 Period. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . do do do Hydrogen. Total, 4 days... Average, 1 day. ' lucludiiig water iu ])urspiratiou (see p. 53). 59 The gain or loss of protein, fat, ami water in experiment 'Ro. 6, com- pntert as in the previous experiment, is shown in Table 20: Taiu.e 2W. — (lain or loss of protein (.V X 6.25), fat, and water — Metabolism experiment No. C. (a) (6) (c) (d) (<') (/) ^ ^ _, _ . ^ o + On » 1 1 n>n Date. Peril )(1. + 4) — .2 1 a e a . _a — 2r m o +s M^ J§ ■" + ^•1- g ° 1 u^^ n ^ o 5§ o o "3 n s ^3 ' a .^ O— ' o 5S MCi e QO p 05 ~ 5^ S . 5'^ u, U1-- a — ■" + fctX I-'o = Date. Period. go a J, aj rsX ^ + g.ax 2° sis 3^ '^.mS '3 + e« H w W M ^ 1897. Gram,!<. Grams. Grams. GcaHis. Grams. May 18-19 7 a. m. to 7 a. m —57.0 +0.1 — 8.3 -48.8 —439.2 19-20 do + 12.1 + 10.3 + 4.4 + 0.4 +0.9 + 0.5 5 2 +16.9 + 15.6 + 7.2 + 152.1 + 140.4 + 64.8 20-21 do 6 2 21-22 do -3.3 Total, 4 days —30.2 +1.9 —23.0 — 9.1 — 81.9 Average, 1 day — 7.5 + .5 — 5.7 — 2.3 — 20.5 60 The computed iiMoinc and (uitiio of energy is given in the following table: Tablk 'SO.—Jnvome and outgo of eneriiu—MciaboHxm ejjjeriment Xo. il (o) (6) (c) (d) ('■) (.0 ^(9) (h) (0 o c ifj 11 o a i 2 . S !•'*-■"' O-j © i- vere considerable. We are inclined to think that the heat measurements uiuhn- these circum- stances were less accurate tiian usual, and that minor modifications in apparatus and manipulation, which have been i)rovided for in later experiments, have helpeeriiiient determinations of alcohol eliminated as such in the urine and in the respiratory products. These determinations are shown in Table 41. 'J'aiu.k 81. — Daily menu — MelaboUum experiment No. 7. Menu. BHEAKFAST. BoUed egg8 Butter Milk Bye bread Coffee and .alcohol DIN.NEU. Beef, fried Butter Kyo bread Grams. Menu. 50 30 150 170 5 45 DINNER— continued . IJaked beans Canned pears Coffee and alcohol SUPPEK. Dried beef Butter Milk w. Ryo bread Coffee and alcohol Grams. 125 150 250 25 5 525 75 250 Besides the coffee and alcohol consumed at the regular meals, 100 grams was consumed in the middle of the forenoon, 100 grams in the middle of the afternoon, and the remainder — about 100 grams — ^^just before retiring. Taiu.k '.V2. — Dailif programme — Metabolism experiment No. 7. 7.00 a.m. l.l*) -A. lU. 10.00 a. ni. 1.00 ji. III. 1.30 p. ui. 3.30 p. in. Rise, paitit urine, weigh self Htrip])ed 6.30 J). III. Supper. and drc'BBed, collect drip, M-eigh 7.00 ]>. III. I'ass urine, weigh Helf strippi-d and a)i8orbcrH. dressed, colliH't drijt, weigh ab- lircakfiiHt. , Horbers. Drink ulcoliol. (1(1 p. rii. Drink remainder of alcoliol. I'lUtH urine, collcvt drip, wei);h lib- 10.00 ]..ni. Drink .100 grams water, weigh self HorberH. dressed. Dinner, 2(K) graniH wator 1.00 a. III. Pass urine. Drink alcohol. 63 Table 33. — Summary of diary — Metabolism experiment No. 7. Time. 8, 7.00 a. m 8, 9.00 a. m 8, 11.00 a. m 8, 1.00 p. m 8, 3.30 p. m 8, 5.30 p. m 8, 7.00 p. m 8, 7.30 p. in 8, 9.30 p. ni 8, 10 00 p. ra 9, 1.00 a. m 9, 7.00 a. m 9, 9.00 a. m 9, 11.00 a. in 9, 1.00 p. m 9> 3.00 p. m 9, 5.00 p m 9, fi.30 p. in 9, 7.00 p. in 9, 9.00 p. m 9, 9.45 p. in 10 1.00 a. 111 10 7.00 a. m 10, 7.30 a. m 10 9.50 a. m 10 11.30 a. m 10 1.00 p. m 10 1.35 p m 10 3.30 p in 10 5.30 p 111 10 7.00 p m 10 7.30 p ni 10 9.30 p in 10 10.00 p m 11 1.00 a. m 11 7.00 a. m 11 7.30 a. m 11 9.30 a m 11 11.30 a m 11 1.00 p m 11 1.35 p m 11 3.10 p m 11 5.10 p m 11 7.00 p in 11 , 7.15 p m 11 , 9.35 p ni 11 , 10.00 p m 12 1.00 a m 12 , 7.00 a m Weight of subject. Without clothes. Kiloijrains. 66.08 With clothes. Kilograms. 70.74 66.88 65.80 66.86 65.98 70. 52 71.48 71.40 70.82 70.71 69.79 70.40 69.90 Pulse rate per minute 69.95 71.11 70.75 70.00 Temper- ature. Hygrometer. Dry bull). •F. 95.7 98.8 98.6 98.6 98.2 98.0 22.0 21.5 21.5 21.8 21.0 21.5 99.0 98.0 97.2 96.2 98.8 98.4 99.4 99.2 99.0 99.6 99.0 98.0 96.7 97.8 99.0 98.9 99.2 99.3 100.0 98.7 97.4 96.1 97.0 99.1 98.8 99.0 99.7 99.0 21.8 21.9 21.5 21.5 21.7 21.8 21.6 21.8 21.5 21.8 21.7 21.8 21.6 21.0 21.8 21.5 21.7 21.5 22.0 21.5 21.4 21.4 21.6 21.7 21.8 Wet bulb. 21.6 22.0 18.2 17.6 17.4 17.9 18.0 17.8 18.2 18.6 20.0 19.0 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.6 18.4 18.6 18.8 19.6 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 18.4 17.8 18.7 18.8 17.4 17.4 17.0 17.9 18.0 18.4 18.5 19.4 18.6 64 T.\HLK :^4.- JVei'ihl, ronijiosilion, and heats of combiiation of foods — Metabolism ciperi- mint 2s 0. 7. Labo- ni- ton- No. Food material. Weight per day. "Water. Pro- tein. Carbo- Fat. hy- drates. Nitro- gen. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Heats of combus- tion (deter- mined). 2795 2796 2798 2801 Beef, fried Beef, dried Eggs, boiled Butter drama. 169.0 25.0 141.0 15.0 575.0 150.0 45.0 125.0 150.0 Grains. 112.9 1C.4 112.7 1.5 500.2 63.6 Grams. 43.1 6.1 14.1 2 20.1 12.6 Grams. 11.3 . 7 12.8 12.9 27.6 .9 Grams. 22.4 70.5 45.0 24.9 27.6 Orams. 6.90 .98 2.25 .03 3.22 2.01 1.25 .06 Chrams. 29.22 3.58 15.45 9.41 38.87 38.57 18.95 15.70 11.00 Grams. 4.38 .54 2.50 1.47 5.69 5.30 2.92 2.23 1.77 Calories. 340 40 201 119 2800 Milk 427 2804 2786 Bread, rye 373 178 2797 Beans, baked ... Pear.s, canned... 88.6 120. 7 7.7 .5 1.2 .8 157 115 ToUil Alcobol 72.5 1, 010. 6 104. 4 68.2 190.4 1 10.70 '123.0 1 180. 75 26. 80 37. 78 9. 52 1,950 512 Total 1,016.6 1 104.4 1 68.2 1 313.4 1 16.70 2 18. .53 36.32 2,462 ' One gram of alcohol calculated as isodynauiically equivalent to 1.7 grams carbohydrates, this being the ratio of the heats of combustion (4.1 to 7.1). Tablk 3.5. — Weight, composition, and heats of comhuation of fresh feces — Metabolisvi experiment No. 7. Labo- ra- tory No. "Weight. "Water Pro- tein. Fat. Carbo- hy- drates. Nitro- gen. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Heats of combus- tion (deter- mined). 2810 Feces, 4 days Average, Iday.. drams. 198.0 49.5 Grams. 140. 60 35.15 Grams. 22.4 5.6 Grams. 9.7 2.4 Orams. 15.1 3.8 Orams. 3.58 .90 Grams. 26.59 6.65 Orams. 3. .51 .88 Calories. 303 76 65 Table 36. — Amounts and composition of urine — Metabolism experiment No. 7. Date. Period. Amount. Specific gravity. Nitrogen. Carbon. 1897. Juno 8-9 Orams. 473.3 318.7 480.0 185.4 1.025 1.026 1.017 1.025 Per cent. 1.37 1.34 . 1-14 1.79 Grams. 6.48 4.27 , Per cent. Grams. 5.47 3. 32 1 a.m. to 7 a.m Total.... Total by composite. . . 1,457.4 1,457.4 19.54 19.53 14.64 1.34 9 10 649.0 732.0 659.0 162.8 1.015 1.016 1.012 1.024 .79 .72 .72 1.62 5.13 5.28 4.74 2.64 !ft-ll 11-12 12-13 Total 2, 202. 8 2, 202. 8 17.79 17.84 13.33 Total by composite. . . .81 437.1 439.2 321.9 301.0 1.016 1.023 1.020 1.019 .92 1.00 1.23 1.23 4.02 4.39 3.96 3.70 Total 1,499.2 1, 499. 2 16.07 16.19 12.04 Total by composite. . . 1.08 273.5 392.0 531.0 181.5 1, 378. 1, 378. 6, 537.4 6, 537. 4 1.024 1. 022 1.017 1.024 1.37 1.25 1.05 1.68 3.75 4.90 5.58 3.05 Total 17. 28 17.37 12.94 Total by composite. . . Total for 4 days, by 1.26 70.68 70.60 Composite for 4 days. 1.08 0.81 52.95 271.6 330.4 221.0 287.3 1.026 1. 029 1.026 1.023 1.42 1.32 1.48 1.38 3.86 4.36 3.27 3.96 Total 1, 110. 3 15.45 11.82 12388— ;N'o. 60—02- 66 Table 36. — Ainouni» and compoxilion of urine — Metabolism experiment No. 7 — Cont'd. Period. Heats of combustion. Date. Per gram. Total. 1897. Jane a-9 Per cent. Graww. Per cent. Gramt. Calories. Oalories. Xotal 3.97 1, 382. 0.103 150 9-10 Total 3.62 2, 134. 2 .057 l'>6 10-11 Total 3.27 i, 437. 2 .090 135 11-12 Total 3.52 1,311.4 .093 128 Total for 4 days^ by 538 Composite for 4 days. 0.22 14.38 95.83 6,264.8 .087 '569 13-13 1 7 p. in, to 1 a.m i Total 3.20 1, 049. 1 . 115 1 12K ' Total beat of combustion as determined in dried urine gives 562 calories (see p. 23). 67 Table 37. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism experiment No. 7, End of period. Carbon dioxid. "Water. Date. a a aa cS o H ii — . o - « (1 » > c 'cS O Ph O §.s "s a ►^ J, el o « ^ o -^ Q, . + 13 a » n Soft O S'' ■ MOT o £ o cS i .9" 's-i .a I ii| 1897. June 8 9 Grams. 30.8 44.9 48.6 46.7 30.0 Grams. Grams. 52.2 53.6 59.8 60.9 57.6 Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. + 14.1 + 3.7 — 1.9 —16.7 + 1.4 + 6.2 + 1.1 — 3.3 + 42 + 48 + 14 + 14 50.8 12.7 12.8 + 43.4 +105. + 27.8 + 23.5 Total — .8 1 + 5.4 + 118 76.3 +199. 7 9-10 43.4 57.8 43.8 26.3 + 13.4 +14.4 —14.0 —17.5 53.8 58.9 64.7 53.6 - 3.8 + 5.1 + 5.8 —11.1 + 17 + 17 — 13 — 12 21.3 21.3 47.8 47.8 + 34.5 + 43.4 + 40.6 + 24.7 Total — 3.7 — 4.0 + 9 138.2 + 143.2 10 11 59.3 49.8 35.1 26.2 +33.0 — 9.5 —14.7 - 8.9 57.5 56.3 61.7 50.7 + 3.9 — 1.2 + 5.4 -11.0 + 8 + 32 — 12 — 12 21.5 48.3 46.3 46.4 + 33.4 + 79.1 + 39.7 + 23.4 Total — .1 j — 2.9 + 16 162.5 + 175.6 11-12 41.6 48.2 33.0 24.7 +15.4 + 6.6 —15.2 — 8.3 42.3 45.2 46.5 40.6 — 8.4 + 2.9 + 1.3 — 5.9 + 6 + 12 — 29 — 29 34.9 58.6 44.5 44.5 + 32.5 + 73.5 + 16.8 + 9.6 7 a. m Total — 1.5 —10.1 — 40 182.5 + 132.4 Totalfor4days — 6.1 —11.6 +103 559.5 + 650.9 68 Table 38. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current — Metabolism experimem No. 7. Period. (a) be _a S "t O u a =s a > Carbon dioxid per liter. 4 s ■2 5 1 n 0.5 (<7) ih) Date. (6) u 'S bt a 1 a (c) '3 bS a O O a M I- ° i at 'a m bD g.9 a a 2 = i-S iTS H 1897. Jane 8-9 7 .1. 111. to 1 p. m 1 p.m. to7p.ra 7 p.m. to la. m 1 a. m. to 7 a.m Total Liters. 23, 060 22, 639 24,249 24, 530 Hgs. 0.506 .510 .491 .519 Mg.i. 8.872 9.355 9.977 6.525 Mgs. 8.366 8.845 9.486 6.006 Orams. 192.9 200.2 230.0 147.3 Grams. +14.1 + 3.7 — 1.9 -16.7 Grams. 207.0 203.9 228.1 130.0 Grams. 56.5 55.6 62.2 35.6 94, 478 770.4 — 0.8 769.6 209 9 7 a.m. to 1 p. Ill 1p.m. to 7p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 1 a. m. to 7 a.m Total 17914 9.508 9.265 6.021 »-10 22, 951 22, 656 24,094 25, 812 .705 .503 .458 .458 9. 619 10.011 9.723 6.479 204.6 215.4 223.2 155.4 +13.4 + 14.4 —14.0 -17.5 218.0 209.8 209.2 137.9 59.4 62.7 57.0 37.6 95, 513 1 798.6 — 3.7 794.9 216.7 7a.m. to 1 p.m ' 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 1a.m. to 7 a.m Total 1 10-11 22, 143 23, 301 26, 107 25, 221 .828 .548 .512 .535 9.358 9.795 10.447 5.927 8.530 9.247 9.935 5.392 188.9 215.4 259.4 136.0 +33.0 — 9.5 —14.7 — 8.9 221.9 205.9 244.7 127.1 60.5 56.2 66.7 34.7 96, 772 799.7 — 0. 1 1 799. 6 218.1 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7p.m. to 1 a.m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 11-12 23, 347 23, 596 27,040 25, 773 .706 .931 .663 .697 8.458 9.769 9.725 6.270 7.752 8.838 9.062 5.573 181.0 208.5 250.5 143.6 + 15.4 + 6.6 —15. 2 — 8.3 196.4 215.1 235.3 135.3 !J3. 6 58.6 C4.2 36.9 100,356 783. 6 — 1.5 782.1 213.3 Total for 4 days. 387, 119 3, 152. 3 — 6.1 3, 146. 2 858.0 69 Table 39. — Record of water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment No. 7. Period. (a) II Is > Water per liter. («) 2X ^ p o «) H (/) o o 9 a o (U) .2 -9 (h) Date. (6) 'S bt a a o o a a M (c) u '3 to fl 1 3 O a M (d) Id H ■ 1 H 1897. June 8-9 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total Liters. 23,060 22, 639 24,249 24, 530 Mgs. 1.103 1.049 1.057 1.011 Mgs. 1.432 1.579 1.432 1.430 Mg». 0.329 .530 .375 .419 Gramg. 7.6 12.0 9.1 10.3 Grams. 220.9 216.0 265.0 255.6 Grams. 43.4 105.0 27.8 23.5 Grams. 271.9 333.0 301.9 289.4 94, 478 39.0 957.5 199.7 1,196.2 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 9-10 22, 951 22, 656 24,094 25, 812 I.OIH 1.142 1.000 1.039 1.394 1.486 1.553 1.545 .376 .344 .553 .506 8.6 7.8 13.3 13.1 224.8 235.7 266.2 264.1 34.5 43.4 40.6 24.7 267.9 286.9 320.1 301.9 Total 95, 513 1 42. 8 1 990. 8 143.2 33X 79.1 39.7 23.4 1 176.8 10-11 7 a- m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7p.m. tol a.m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 22, 143 23, 301 26, 107 25,221 1.116 1.147 1.150 1.049 1.519 1.616 1.692 1.480 .403 .469 .542 .431 8.9 10.9 14.2 10.9 218.2 225.9 292.1 250. 2 260. 5 315.9 346.0 284.5 Total 96, 772 44.9 986.4 175.6 1, 206. 9 7 a.m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Total ... 11-12 23, 347 23, 596 27,640 25, 773 1.202 .993 1.202 1.202 1.419 1.499 1.494 1.399 .217 .506 .292 .197 5.0 11.9 8.1 5.1 215.5 235.0 304.6 251.6 32.5 73.5 16.8 9.6 253.0 320. 4 329.5 266.3 100, 356 1 30.1 jl,006.7 132.4 1, 169. 2 Total for 4 days. 387, 119 156.8 1 3. 941.4 650.9 4, 749. 1 70 Tahlk 40. — Summary of calorimetrii measurements — Metabolism experiment No. 7. Bate. Period. (a) •si io go 1 Average range in tem- perature between in- -~ coming and outgoing -^ water, <, to t^. (c) u a 4 (d) m o 2« S g 1 W o grams consumed in the food, or about 4 per cent. Later experiments (see ]>]). 27, .109) lead us to doubt whether the actual amount of alcohol eliminated irom the body could have been much more than half that found by the method in this experiment. It shonld be added that quantitative tests gave; no evidence of the presence of aldchydi; or other pro) (c) (d) (e) (/) (fl-) (A) (i) (k) Date. o .o o =2 a J, + 1 o =2 s ■ a 3 u c u -^ —1 o as S) O 1 II "is It •S 1 a n H M o M a d M M a O 1897. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Gram,s. Grains. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. June 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. na 16.7 0.9 19.6 —3.8 218.5 6.6 14.7 209.9 1.5 -14.2 June 9-10, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 16.7 .9 17.8 —2.0 218.5 6.7 13.3 216.7 1.5 —19.7 June 10-11, 7 a. lu. to 7 a. ni 16.7 .9 16.2 — .4 218.5 6.6 12.0 218.1 1.9 —20.1 Junell-12, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 16.7 .9 17.3 —1.5 218.6 6.7 13.0 213.3 1.3 —15.7 Total, 4 days 66.8 3.6 70.9 —7.7 874.1 26.6 53.0 858.0 6.2 —69.7 Average, 1 day.. 16.7 .9 17.7 —1.9 218.5 6.6 13.3 214.5 1.5 —17.4 ■ Including nitrogen in perspiration. The underclothes of the subject at the end of experiment were extracted with distilled water and the nitrogen determined, which amounted to 0.19 gram N. (See p. 24.) The amount of water in the mixture of coffee infusion and alcohol and the amount of drinking water actually consumed each day during this experiment are shown in the following table. The alcohol mixture was made by adding to 875 grams of cottee infusion 45 grams of sugar and 80 grams of 90.67 per cent alcohol, thus making a total of 1,000 grams, containing 882.5 grams water. Becord of drinlcing water and coffee — Metabolism experiment No. 7. Dat«. Coffee infusion. Drinking water. Total drink. Gram,s. 882.5 882.5 882.5 882.5 Grams. 300.0 500.0 526.5 500.0 Grams. 1, 182. 5 9 1, 382. 5 10 1, 409. 11 1, 382. 5 Total 3, 530. 1,826.5 5, 356. 5 To avoid loss of sugar and alcohol the coffee was carefully drained out of the vessel in which it was passed into the chamber, so that the whole 882.5 grams of water were drunk each day. The amount of 74 drinking water served the first day proved to be insufiflcieut for the satisfying of the subject's thirst, so larger amounts were served on the following days. Tablb 43. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiment No. 7. Period. "Water. Bate. (a) 1 a M (6) n 'u a M (c) go e o •2 a M (d) « a 'C s a M (e) n a Si « + a » u 1897. June 8- 9 9-10 7 a. m. to7a. m.. do O-rams. 1,016.6 1, 016. 6 1, 016. 6 1,016.6 Orams. 1, 182. 5 1, 382. 5 * 1,409.0 1, 382. 5 Orams. 35.1 35.2 35.1 35.2 Growl*. 1, 382. 2, 134. 2 1, 437. 2 1,311.4 Crows. 1, 201. 2 1,182.8 1,211.9 1, 176. 2 Orams. — 419.2 — 953. 1 10 11 do — 258.6 11-12 do — 123. 7 Total, 4 days... Average, 1 day. 4, 066. 4 1, 016. 6 5, 356. 5 1, 339. 1 140.6 35.2 6, 264. 8 1,566.2 4, 772. 1 1, 193. —1, 754. 6 - 438.7 Hydrogen. (ff) (^0 (t) (t) (0 (m) (n) Date. Period. <•« a J, W (I) ~X •9? >' 1897. June 8- 9 Grams. —15.5 —74.5 + 2.9 + 17.9 Gram,s. —1.7 — .9 — .2 — .6 Grams. - .2 —2.0 —2.9 —1.7 Gram,s. -13.6 -71.6 + 6.0 +20.2 Grams. —122.4 9 10 do —644.4 10 11 do + .54.0 11-12 do +181.8 Total, 4 days —69.2 -17.3 —3.4 — .8 —6.8 —1.7 —59.0 -14.8 -531.0 —132. 8 76 Tablk 45. — Income and outgo of eiienjy — AfetaboUsm experiment No. 7. (a) (6) (c) (m) {d) {e) (/) (9) ih) (») Date. a o a o i i a P o a O i o a to 4) "43 p o o « S o 0! .5 1 • Hi -SI w W W W P^ &; W w w w 1897. Calo- Oalo- Oaio- Oalo- CaZo- Galo- CaJo- Calo- Cato- Per June 8-9, 7 a. ni. ries. nes. nes. rtes. nes. nes. net. ries. jtes. CCJlt. to 7 a. m 2,462 75 150 20 —134 — 20 2, 371 2,388 + 17 +0.8 Juno 9-10, 7 a. ni. to7 a.ni 2,462 76 126 21 — 71 -163 2,473 2,425 — 48 —1.9 JunelO-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,462 76 134 26 — 14 —236 2,476 2,431 — 45 —1.7 June 11-12,7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,462 76 128 17 — 53 —134 2,478 2,332 — 96 —3.9 Total, 4 days... 9,848 303 538 84 —272 —553 9,748 9,576 —172 Average, 1 day. 2,462 76 134 21 — 68 -138 2,436 2,394 — 43 -1.7 111 tlii.s experiment the average daily income of energy, i. e., the estimated heat of combustion of material actually oxidized in the body, averaged 2,4.36 calories per day; and the outgo, i. e., the heat given off from the body and measured, was 2,394 calories. This measured outgo was thus 08.3 i^er cent of the theoretical income. This discrep- ancy of 1.7 per cent Avas smaller than that of either of the two preced- ing or the next succeeding experiments. DETAILS OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 8. The subject entered the chamber of the calorimeter on the evening of November 7, 1897, and the experiment proper commenced as usual at 7 a. m. the following morning. The experiment was a so-called rest experi- ment — that is, the subject engaged in no muscular work other than that rcfjuired in the regular routine of observations outlined in the daily programme. The diet contained no alcohol, but water was supplied at regular intervals during the day, so that the total amount of drink was about the same as tliat in No. 7, when alcohol was taken in successive portions. The amount of water vapor in the chamber was not sufficient to cause an ai)preciablo amount of drip. The explanation of the small amount of drij) here as compared with the larger amount in experiment No. 7) also a rest exijcrimcnt, is doubtless to be found in the higher temperature of the water as it entered the absorbers in this experiment. As in ])revious ex|)eriments. the furniture and bed Carbon dioxid per liter. (e) .Sx c (/) a . g «i g.s ■S3 0^ (9) 'A g.p.= (h) Date. (6) '5 to a a o o .2 a M (c) ■3 a 1 s a id) .ar a ^ « a . (OV 1897. Nov. 8-9 7 a.m. to 1 p. m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Total Liters. 23, 923 23, 736 26, 939 25, 307 Mg. 0.706 .655 .603 .501 Mgg. 9.602 11.574 9.356 5.656 Mgs. 8.896 10. 919 8.753 5.155 Orams. 212.8 259.2 235.8 130.5 Orams. + 15.3 - 2.8 —14.6 + .2 Oram.s. 228.1 256.4 221.2 130.7 Orams. 62.2 G9.9 60.3 35.7 99, 905 24, 219 24, 281 27, 724 27, 413 838.3 — 1.9 836.4 225.0 232.5 145.0 228.1 7a.m.tol p. m lp.m.to7p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Total .584 .594 .607 .607 9-10 9.140 9.653 10.010 5.905 8.556 9.059 9.403 5.298 207.2 220.0 260.7 145.2 +20.5 + 5.0 -28.2 — .2 62.1 61.4 63.4 39.5 103, 637 833. 11 2. 9 1 830 2 220.4 10-11 7a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 1 a. m. to 7 a.m Total 24, 537 24, 094 27, 382 27, 149 ^564^ .564 .570 .633 ~876%" 9.492 10. 518 5.643 8.132 8.928 9.948 5.010 199. 5 215. 272.4 136.0 + 19.9 +18.9 —40.7 — .3 233.9 231.7 135.7 5978 63.8 63.2 37.0 103, 162 822. 9 1 2. 2 820. 7 223.8 7 a.m. to 1 p. m 1 p.m.to7 p.m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 11-12 26, 248 23, 659 26,341 26, 784 .650 .501 .563 .683 8.606 9.302 9.892 6.056 7.956 8.741 9.329 5.373 208.8 206.8 245.7 143.9 + 11.3 +22.4 —30.3 — 1.9 220.1 229.2 215.4 142.0 60.0 62.5 58.8 38.7 103, 032 805.2 3, 299. 5 + 1.5 — 5.5 806.7 3, 294. 220.0 Totalfor4daj'8. 409, 736 898.3 83 Table 54. — Record of water in ventilating air current — Metaholitm experiment No. 8. Date. 1897. Nov. 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 Period. (a) S =* S bo Water per liter. (6) 7 a.m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p. m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Total 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Total Totalfor4day8 Liters. 23, 923 23, 736 26, 939 25, 307 Mg. 0.973 .960 .865 .699 99, 905 24, 219 24, 281 27, 724 27, 413 .778 .712 103, 637 24, 537 24, 094 27, 382 27, 149 103, 162 26, 248 23, 659 26, 341 26, 784 .795 .766 .675 .632 .749 .872 .799 .714 103, 032 409, 736 (c) Mgt. 1.254 1.186 1.122 .972 1.256 1.038 1.081 .932 1.004 .926 .941 .866 1.014 1.098 1.076 .906 id) a — ilg. 0.281 .226 .257 .273 .358 .152 .303 .220 («) Chrams. 6.7 5.4 6.9 6.9 (/) (?) Oramt. 215.0 197.5 280.1 254.8 Oramt. 18.8 101.3 22.9 20.0 25.9 947.4 163.0 ih) -s n Chrams. 240.5 304.2 309.9 281.7 .209 .160 .266 .234 .285 .226 .277 .192 8.7 3.7 8.4 6.0 26. 5.1 3.8 7.3 6.4 7.0 5.3 7.3 5.1 100.0 214.2 214.5 283.0 273.0 984.7 208. 8 212.2 284.6 252.7 958.3 229^ 216.2 270.6 263.1 979.4 3, 869. 8 5.2 36.2 4.7 5.4 51.5 -3.8 47.3 14.7 12.0 18.4 44.5 — 2.6 -11.1 49.2 333.9 1,136.3 228.1 254.4 296.1 284.4 1, 063. 210.1 263.3 306.6 271.1 1, 051. 1 266.0 275.3 257.1 84 Table 55. — Summari/ of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experivient No. 8. Date. 1897. Nov. 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 Period. 7 a. m. to 1 1 p. m. to 7 7 p. ni. to 1 1 a.m. to 7 Total 7 a. m. to 1 1 p.m. to 7 7 p. m. to 1 1 a. m. to 7 Total 7 a. m. to 1 1 p. ID. to 7 7 p.m. to 1 1 a. m. to 7 Total 7 a. m. to 1 1 p. m. to 7 7 p.m. to 1 1 a. m. to 7 p.m. p. m. a.m. a. m. p. m. p. m. a.m. a. m- p. m. p.m. a.m. a.m. p. m. p.m. a.m. a.m. Total Total, 4 days (a) S a) •*^ s a) B Oaloriet. 537.8 551.2 487.8 219.3 1, 796. 1 (6) a o MM '" .= .5 a MO) e O'^ MX '-' "^ r Degrees. 6. 63-11. 78 7. 03-12. 68 7. 29-14. 53 12. 69-17. 05 516.6 528.9 457.0 239.5 509.2 481.9 503.9 246.6 1,741.6 444.7 527.8 457.9 251.5 1, 681. 9 6,961.6 7. 00-12. 59 5. 71-12. 43 9.99-14.93 13. 09-17. 18 5. 67-12. 08 7. 52-13. 68 7.68-14.25 12. 02-16. 42 7.73-14.19 6. 91-14. 14 7. 92-14. 68 12.37-16.98 (c) 1^^ 1. 0033 1. 0031 1. 0026 1.0011 id) -OX So a ° 1iB Calories. 539.6 552.9 489.1 219.5 I. 0031 1. 0033 1. 0019 1. 0010 I. 0035 1. 0027 1.0025 1.0013 1. 0025 1. 0028 1. 0024 1. 0011 1,801.1 518.2 530.6 457.9 239.7 1, 746. 4 511.0 483. 2 505.2 246.9 445.8 529.3 459.0 251.8 1, 685. 9 6, 979. 7 §)£| B 3 (S 85 Table 55. — Summarg of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiment No. 8- Continued. Date. 1897. Nov. 8-9 Period. 10-11 7 a.m. to 1p.m. 1 p.m. to 7p.m. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. Total , 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 7 p.m. to 1 a. m. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. Total 7 a.m. to 1p.m. 1p.m. to 7p.m. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. Total 7 a. m. to 1p.m. 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 7 p.m. to 1a.m. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. Total Total, 4 days. (/) .fe'S Calories. +12.0 —33.0 -1-21.0 + 6.0 — 6.0 + .6 — 6.0 5.4 (3) Calories — 14.3 — 28.1 42.4 'a 5 a h a! ee Grains. 205.5 197.6 295.4 267.2 965.7 49.9 +24.0 —28.8 + 6.0 + 1.2 20.4 12.9 212.1 218.4 290.9 280.3 1,001.7 209.1 225.0 288.4 252.9 + 3.0 — 3.0 19.7 24.6 + 3.0 + 3.0 44.3 975.4 232.5 229.5 280.8 262.6 1, 005. 4 — 1.2 3, 948. 2 (i) ID > 3=" w; Calories. 121.7 117.0 174.9 158.1 (t) a . SI ■*'^ 2 + Calorie*. 659.0 641.8 631.0 398.6 571. 7 2, 330. 4 125.6 129.3 172.2 165.9 593.0 123.8 133.2 170.7 149.7 577.4 137.6 135.9 166.2 155.5 595.2 2, 337. 3 636.2 617.6 630.7 399.6 2, 284, 1 614.4 627.5 647.1 402.6 2,291.6 566.7 637.6 625.2 410.3 2, 239. 8 9, 145. 9 Table 56. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment No. 8. Nitrogen. Carbon. (a) (b) (c) id) (e) (/) (7) (h) (*) Dat«. Period. i 1 6 p 7.+ +T a 13 S 5 a o ll A o u 1 + II .si a M a M £ O a M a 1—1 s M o 1897. Orams. Orams. Orams. Orams. Orams. Oram.s. Qram,s. Orams. Orams. Nov. 8- 9 7 a. m. to 7 am. 20.8 1.3 20.9 —1.4 270.7 10.5 14.9 228.1 +17.2 9-10 do 20.7 1.2 18.9 + .6 270.7 10.6 13.4 226.4 +20.3 10-11 do 20.8 1.3 19.0 + .5 270.7 10.6 13.6 223.8 +22.7 11-12 do Total, 4 days . . 20.7 1.2 19.2 + .3 270.7 10.6 13.7 220. +26.4 8.3.0 5.0 78.0 .0 1082. 8 42.3 55.6 898.3 + 86.6 Average, 1 day 20.8 1.3 19.5 .0 270.7 10.6 13.9 224.5 + 21.7 86 The record of the water consumed each day during this experiment is shown in the following table. The water supplied in the coffee infu- sion was 900 grams per day, but on some days it was not completely drunk, as the figures show. Record of drinking water and coffee — Metabolism experiment Xo. 8. Date. Coflfee infusion. Drinking water. Total drink. Nov. 8 Chram.*. 882.4 876.1 900.1 898.0 Oram». 596.4 600.0 599.2 600.1 Orams. 1 478 8 1 470 1 10..." 1 499.3 11 1 498. 1 Total 3, 556. 6 2, 395. 7 5, 952. 3 Table 57. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiment No. 8. Teriod. Water. Date. (a) 1 a H a •c H (0 00 '^ Mo Si G^awis. —142.7 — 30.1 + 5.5 + 19.1 (l) Gram*. —1, 284. 3 — 270.9 + 49.5 + 171.9 —148. 2 I —1, 333. 8 — 37. 1 — 333. 5 Table 59. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiment No. 8. (a) (6) (c) (d) ie) (/) (9) (h) (0 i i a S + 3 H ±1 c a Date. Period. o § •-3 . o o .2 C'~' •" 2 °.2 .« S 12.2^ ■6 Si 1^ 3 1 m 3 s o 73 p-^ •^1 0-3 + a It 25 'o til o o e3 1.1 « HI ffl t- a 3 5-^ w a W i^ w « W w w 1897. Calo- Galo- Calo- Calo- Calories. Calo- Calo- Calo- Per c«. ries. rtes. ries. ries. rie*. ries. ries. Nov. 8- 9 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,897 116 157 -49 + 273 2,400 2,330 - 70 —2.9 9-10 do 2,897 117 152 +21 +18 +10 + 229 + 265 + 319 2, 378 2,356 2,291 2,284 2, 292 94 4.0 10 11 do 2,897 2,897 117 141 64 2.7 1-12 do 117 160 2,240 — 51 —2.2 Total, 4 days 11, 588 467 610 + 1,086 9,425 9,146 —279 Average, 1 day . 2,897 117 153 + 271 2,356 2,286 — 70 —3.0 88 The average daily income of ener,c:y in tliis experiment — i. e., the esti- mated heat of combustion of material actually oxidized in the body, averaged 2,356 calories per day, and the outgo — i. e., the heat given off from tlie body and measured, amounted to 2,286 calories. The meas- ured outgo was thus 97.0 per cent of the theoretical income. This dis- crepancy of 3.0 per cent is larger than we are able to explain. We have been at pains to repeat a large number of the analyses of the food materials and excreta, although they had been previously made in duplicate or triplicate. Similar repetitions were made of a considerable number of the analyses of experiments ISTos. 5, 6, and 7, but although the work was done with the greatest care the results failed to give data which would show any closer agreement of income and outgo of energy than the figures here given. The most plausible explanation, it has seemed to us, might be found in the faulty sampling of food materials, an assumption which is favored by the much more satisfactory results obtained in the succeeding experiments in which different methods of preparation and sampling of food were adopted. These new methods are described under the details of experiment No. 9. DETAILS OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 9. Some of the details of this experiment have already been given in the previous publication above referred to and will not be repeated in this place. The subject entered the chamber on the evening of Jan- uary 9, 1898, and the experiment proper began at 7 a. m. the following morning. During the interval between this and experiment No. 8, the method of preparation and sampling of food materials was so changed as to enable us to obtain, we believe, more accurate samples than had hitherto been i)Ossible. The method of sampling was that already described, in which the food materials were i^ut up in jars before the beginning of tlie experiment (see page 19). The experiment was a rest experiment, and very nearly a repetition of experiment No. 8, but with a slight reduction of the amounts of protein and energy. No alcohol was included in the diet. , PREPARATION OF THE FOOD. The beef was round steak, nearly freed from fat. It was passed through a meat chopper, by which it was cut in very small pieces and well mixeerceutage of carbon in the wator-free tirine 16.89 inst 0.082 { 152 11-12 1 1 1 j Total 3.41 1, 906. 6 .081 160 12-13 1 1 i \ 1 1 Total 3.33 1.441.5 095 143 13-14 1 1 1 1 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. nj. to 7 a. m Total 1 3.26 1 291.2 Total bv composite. . . .102 139 Total for 4 days, by periods 594 Composite, 4 days 0. 20 13. 41 95.84 6, 423. 6 .089 597 94 Table 66 shows the results of the determinations of residual carbon dioxid and water within the apparatus and the changes in weight in the absorbers and the drip. The amount of drip was only 70 grams for the whole experiment, and this accumulated on the last day. In the calculations of the tables it has been assumed that it collected uni- formly during the last four periods of the experiment, though it is probable that the accumulation was less during the period of sleep than at other times. Tablk 66. — Comparison of residual aviounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamier at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism experiment Xo, 9. Bnd of period. Carbon dioxid. Water. Date. a 2 '^ ea a a o Gain (+) or loss (—) over preceding period. ® a « 'i . S a u P' S S 1^.2 Gain( + )orloss(— ) over preceding period. Change in weight of absorbers. Gain ( + ) or loss •£ o ai .P a2 o » M P< •c Total amount gained (4-) or lost (— ) during the period. 1898. Jan. 10-U Oram*. 26.9 30.0 44.9 30.2 27.7 Grams. Orams. 44.9 31.4 46.7 49.8 42.9 Orams. Grams. Orams. Grams. + 3.1 +14.9 -14.7 — 2.5 —13.5 +15.3 + 3.1 — 6.9 + 14 +22 — 9 — 9 + 0.5 + 37.3 — 6.9 -15.9 Total + -8 — 2.0 +18 + 16.0 11-12 39.0 44.3 31.7 26.5 + 11.3 + 5.3 —12.0 — 5. 2 43.4 45.6 50.2 40.5 + .5 + 2.2 + 4.6 — 9.7 + 3 — 1 —11 —10 + 3.5 + 1.2 — 6.4 —19.7 Total — 1.2 — 2.4 —19 -21.4 12-13 45.7 46.0 35.4 27.3 + 19.2 + .3 —10.6 — 8.1 44.3 44.8 55.3 40.2 + 3.8 + .5 + 10.5 —15.1 +13 + 4 — 4 — 4 + 16.8 + 4.5 + 6.5 —19.1 Total + .8 — .3 + 9 + 8.7 13-14 ~~487f 48.8 34.8 25.7 +21.2 + .3 —14.0 — 9.1 44.1 46.4 51.8 40.2 + 3.9 + 2.3 + 5.4 —11.6 + 11 + 7 — 5 — 6 +17.6 + 17.5 + 17.5 + 17.5 +32.6 +26.8 + 17.9 — .1 Total — 1.6 + 7 +70.1 +77.1 - 1.2 — 4.7 +15 +70.1 +80.4 The tables showing the experimental data for carbon dioxid and water vapor in the ventilating air current have already been given in detail in a previous publication of this series,' and only the total amounts for each day are here shown. ' U. 8. Dept. Agr., OflBce of Experiment Stations Bui, 63, p. 79. 95 Table 67 — Summary of carbon dioxid and water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiment No. 9, '3 Carbon dioxid. Water. tc ^^ be ^^ Date. Period. a P > a (D s .3 o .w 3 O a s« o IS "tS §5 a. 5 o ^ "3 a « II 53 ■^^ a ■Si si .Sfa •5-3 a '3 a o a . "3 i _a •« a a t^ ■a IS ii 11 si 1 SS .a H a § a "3 o o "S ?^ O o % > H j^cs O H ^ o o H 1898. Liters. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams.Grams. Orams. Orams. Grams. Jan. 10-11 7 a.m. to 7 a.m... 104, 549 830.3 + 0.8 831.1 226.7 43.1 898.8 +16.0 957.9 11-12 do 105, 598 814.6 —1.2 813.4 221.8 48.3 864.8 —21.4 891.7 12-13 13-14 do 104, 144 104, 542 808.5 827.6 + .8 —1.6 809.3 826.0 220.7 22.=;. 3 47.1 48.9 850.0 885.5 + 8.7 + 77.1 905.8 do Total, 4 days... 1, 009. 5 418, 833 3,281.0 —1.2 3, 279. 8 894.5 185.4 3, 499. 1 +80.4 3, 764. 9 Average, 1 day . 104, 708 820.0 223.6 941.2 Table 68 summarizes the calorimetric measurements of which the details are given in the previous publication referred to. Table 68. — Summary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiment No. 9. Date. Period. no tS e . a'S -^ a « got; ® s eg o o o a '3 S p< t« o Correction due to tempera- ture of food and dishes. Water v apor- ized. Eq ui valent heat of water vaporized. i fa '3 ^ H 1898. Jan. 10-11 11-12 7 a. m. to 7 a. m do Calories. 1, 854. 5 1, 766. 5 1, 819. 4 1, 827. 9 Degrees. —0.08 + .12 + .08 — .06 Calories. —4.8 +7.2 + 4.8 -3.6 Calorie*. — 59.7 — 51.2 — 53.0 — 50.5 Grams. 939.9 910.7 896.8 932.4 Calories. 556.4 539.1 530.9 552.0 Calories. 2, 346. 4 2, 261. 6 12-13 do 2, 3C2. 1 2,325.8 13-14 do Total, 4 days... Average, 1 day. 7, 268. 3 1, 817. 1 + .06 +3.6 —214. 4 3, 679. 8 2, 178. 4 9, 235. 9 2, 309. 96 In the following tables, 69 to 72, are shown the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, protein, fat, water, and energy in this experiment: Table 69. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiment No. 9. Nitrogen. Carbon (a,) (6) (0) (rf) (e) to (9) {h) ik) Date. Period. 1 1 6 a 'u o «■ It i i t2 o t2 6 c u p. |i s. .2-t- o + ±1 a *" a M M a M C5 M a h-t O 1898. Grams. Grow*. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Qram,s. Grams. Grams. Jan. 10-11 Ta.m.toTa.m. 19.1 1.2 18.7 -0.8 261.5 13.3 12.8 226.7 + 8.7 11-12 do 19.1 1.3 18.8 —1.0 261.6 13.4 12.8 221.8 + 13.6 12-13 do 19.1 1.2 18.3 — .4 261.5 13.3 12.5 220.7 + 15.0 13-14 do Total, 4 days.. 19.1 1.3 17.9 — .1 261.6 13.4 12.2 225.3 +10.7 76.4 5.0 73.7 —2.3 1, 046. 2 53.4 50.3 894.5 +48.0 Average, 1 day 19.1 1.3 18.4 — .6 261.6 13.4 12.6 223.6 + 12.0 The record of the water actually consumed each day is given in the following table: Record of drinking toater and coffee — Afetaboliavi experiment No. 9. Date. i Coffee infusion. Drinking water. Total drink. Jan. 10 Grams. 892.6 Grams. 600 400 400 400 Grams. 1,492.0 11 889. 7 1,289.7 12 899.3 1,299.3 13 899.6 1, 299. 6 Total 1 3..';81.2 1,800 5, 381. 2 97 Table 70. — Income and outgo of naier and hydrogen — Metabolism experiment Ko. 9. Date. 1898. Jan. 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 Period. 7 a. lu. to 7 a. m do do do , Water. (a) Qrams. 921.0 921.0 921.0 921.0 Total, 4 days Average, 1 day 3, 684. 921.0 (6) Grams. 1, 492. 6 1, 289. 7 1, 299. 3 1, 299. 6 5, 381. 2 1, 345. 3 ic) (d) Grams. 77.2 77.3 77.3 77.3 309.1 77.3 Grams. 1, 784. 3 1,906.6 1, 441. 5 1, 291. 2 («) (/) Grams. 957.9 891.7 905.9 1,009.5 Grams. — 405.8 — 664.9 — 204.4 — 157.4 6,423.6 I . 3,765.0 i —1,432.5 1, 605. 9 941. 2 — 358. 1 Hydrogen. (3) CO (t) (l) {>») (") a t. ^^-, Date. Period. +j + 1 II 00 i ID o a ^ O o o^ " M M ; "3 ^A EH 189S. Grams. Grams. Gram,s. Grams. 1 Gram,s. Gram.s. Jaii.lU-11 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 38.1 1.8 3.4 +32.9 — 45.1 —12.2 11-12 do 38.1 1.9 3. 4 -f 32. 8 t — 73.9 -^1.1 12-13 do 38.1 1.8 3.3 -f- 33.0 — 22.7 + 10.3 13-14 do Total, 4 days 38.1 1.9 3.3 ^ +32.9 — 17. 5 +15.4 152. 4 7.4 13.4 -f-131.6 —159. 2 —27.6 Average, 1 day 38.1 1.9 3.4 + 32.9 — 39.8 — 6.9 Table 71. -Gam or Joss of protein {XxO-.^o), fat, niid natvr — Metabolism experimeut Xo. 9. Date. 1898. Jan. 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 Period. 7 a.m. to 7 a. lu. do do do Total, 4 days . . . Average, 1 day. (a) -2.3 - .6 (6) C o rams. Grams. — .8 ' — 5.0 —1. i — 6. 2 — .4 — 2.5 — .1 — .6 —14.3 — 3.6 (c) Grams. + 8.7 +13.6 + 15.0 + 10.7 +48.0 + 12.0 (d) ^.+x t. ■-, o (e) Grams. —2.7 —3.3 —1.3 — .3 Grams. +11.4 + 16.9 +16.3 + 11.0 —7.6 +55.6 —1.9 j +13.9 (/) Gra)ns. + 15.0 + 22.2 + 21.4 + 14.5 + 73.1 + 18.3 12388— No. 09—02- 98 Tahlk 71. — Cain or losn of protein (Nx6.?5), fat, and water — Metabolism experiment y'o. 9 — Coutiniied. (g) (h) (0 (*) (0 A fci • -— » ^_^ So £=P .,'5 Ooo s+4 +£■ «*„ a^o n ea "^ "^x Uate. Period. 2 + 13— . a'3 « •il « M» . tn^ •O q; J, bjSyj^ bde 1st o-> I'aJ uj £-5§ ydro etc., or 1 ■ H H w M 1898. Grams. Grams. Grams. (rraTTM. Orams. Jan 10-11 12.2 .4 +1.8 +2.6 13.6 —122. 4 11-12 do —41.1 — .4 -43.3 -389. 7 12 13 do -1-10.3 .2 +2.5 + 1.7 + 8.0 +- 72. 13-14 do + 15.4 .0 + 13.7 ^ 123. 3 Total 4 days 27. 6 1 +8.6 +2.2 35.2 —316.8 — 6.9 — .3 — 8.8 — 79.2 Tahi-e 72. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism experiment No. 9. (a) (6) (c) (d) (e) (/) l9) (ft) (i) %-. > 1 .S «3 E 5- li^ 0^ III o •s u^ o « C3 a ■■£ H ?„ Mn .5'^^ ^ "S + « « +« K'^ Ml 01 ©>u « w w K M » W A W w Oalo- Oato- Oalo- OoJo- Calo- Calo- Calo- Calo- /•fr 1898. net. Txea. nes. rte«. ries. ries. rie*. ries. cent. Jan. 10-11 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,717 143 152 -28 + 143 2,307 2,340 + 39 + 1.7 11-12 do 2,717 142 160 —35 + 212 +204 +138 2,238 2,242 2,302 2,202 2,302 2,326 + 24 + 60 + 24 + 1.1 12-13 do 2,717 142 143 14 + 2.7 ia-14 do 2,717. 10, 868 142 139 — 4 + 1.0 Total, 4 daya . . . 5G9 594 -81 +697 9,089 9, 236 + 147 Average, 1 day . . 2,717 142 149 —20 + 174 2,272 2,309 + 37 ■H 6 The average daily income of energy in this experiment — 1. e., the estimated heat of crunbu.stion of material actually oxidized in the body — averaged -,272 calorics i)er day, and the outgo — i. e., the beat given oil" from the body and measured — amounted to 2,309 calories. The meas- ured outgo was tlius 1.0 pei- cent larger tlian tlie theoretical income. It is noticeable tliat with (;hange in the method of sampling an agree- ment of income and outgo is closer than in exi)eriments Nos. 5 and C, and, furthermore, that the measured energy of outgo slightly exceeds the theoretical energy of income. 99 DETAILS OF EXPERIMENT NO. 10. This experiment was intended to be a dnplicate as nearly as practi- cable of experiment No. 9, except that a portion of the fats and carbo- hydrates of the diet sufficient to furnish approximately 500 calorics of energy per day were replaced by an isodynamic amount of alcohol. The amount of protein was the same as in the preceding experiment. The subject entered the apparatus on the evening of February 14, 1898, and the experiment proper began at the usual time, 7 o'clock the next morniug. The alcohol was the same in kind and amount and administered in the same way as iu experiment No. 7 (see p. 61), and the experience there gained was used to advantage in improving the arrangements for this exi^eriment. The amount of alcohol eliminated as such from the body was determined by the method described on page 27, with results as shown in Table 83. The daily menu, programme, and summary of the diary and the determined and computed results of income and outgo are shown in Tables 73-83. Table 73. — Daihi menu — Metabolism experiment JVo. 10. Menu. Grams. BREAKFAST. Bfif fried 120 5 160 50 50 10 Butter Bread 175 DINNEH. ncif fried 150 5 200 Menu. DINNER — continued. Bread Coffee and alcobol SUPPER. Bread Wheat breakfast food Butter Skim milk Ginger snaps Sugar Coffee and alcohol Grams. 50 200 25 50 5 390 60 15 200 Besides the coffee and alcohol consumed at the regular meals, 125 ^inms Avas consumed in the middle of the forenoon, 125 grams in the iiiddle of the afternoon, and 115 grams just before retiring. Table 74. — Daily programme — Metabolism experiment No. 10. 7. (HI a m .. 7.4? ri Ill .. 0.30 a m .. l.iiOi) m . . 1.30]. m . . Bise, pass urine, weigh self stripped, 3.30 p. m . collect drip, weigh absorbers. 6.30 p. m . Breakfa.'^t (including 175 grams alco- hol and coflee). 7.00 p. m . Drink 125 grams alcohol and coflee. Pass urine, collect drip, weigh ab- 10.00 p. m . sorbers. Dinner (including 200 grams alcohol and coffee). || 1.00 a.m. Drink 125 grams alcohol and coffee. Supper (including 200 grams alcohol and coffee). Pass urine, collect drip, weigh ab- sorbers. Drink remainder of alcohol and coflee, weigh self stripped, take cap off food aperture, retire. Pass urine. I 100 Taulk 75. — Sammary of the diuri/ — Mctaholixm experiment No. 10. Time. 1898. Feb. 15, 7.00 a. 15, 7.45 a. 15, 8.30 a. 15, 10.45 a. 15, 1.00 p. to. 1.45 p. 15, 6.00 p. 15, 10.00 p. 16, 7.00 a. 16, 7.30 a. 16, 11.00 a. 16, 2.30 p. 16, 6.00 p. 16, 9.30 p. 16, 10.00 p. 17. 7.00 a. 17, 7.30 a. 17, 11.00 a. 17, 2.30 p. 17, 6.00 p. 17, 9.30 p. 17, 10.00 p. 18, 7.00 a. 18, 7.30 a. 18, 11.00 a. 18, 2.30 p. 18, 6.00 p. 18, 9.30 p. 18, 10.00 p. 19, 7.00 a. "Weight of subject. ■Without clothes. "With clothes. Kilograms. Kilograms. 67.45 ! 71.11 C8.51 67.87 68.59 67.81 68.23 67.52 68.12 07. 59 Pulse rate per minute. 71.21 Tempera- ture. °F. Hygrometer. Dry "Wet bulb. bulb. °0. ' °C. 21.5 16.6 97.4 21.5 ' 21.6 98. 8 { 21. 5 99. 21. 9 96.8 98.2 99.0 99.4 99.0 96.4 98.8 98.6 98.4 98.6 21.7 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.7 96.4 21.4 98. 8 1 21. 5 99. 21. 5 99.0 I 21.5 98. el 21. 6 21.5 21.8 21.5 22.0 22.2 16.6 16.8 10.7 17.2 16.5 16.2 16.6 17.0 17.6 1G.3 16.4 16. 6 j 16.4 16. 8 i 16.2 16.6 16.8; 17.C 18. 17.2 101 1 ABLE 7ti. — TTeifiht, composition, and heats of combustion of foods — Metabolism experiment Xo. 10. 2 Food material. 1 bo 1 'S I i t •a >, .a ■g O a 1 i .a 3 t W o a u 2839 2840 2841 2842 Beef "Wheat break- fast food Ginger snaps ... Maize breakfast Gram,s. 270 50 60 50 15 125 750 70 Grams. 182.5 3.6 2.6 2.5 Grams. 73.4 5.4 3.5 .=>.9 Grams. 8.9 .7 3.7 4.1 13.1 .3 .8 Grams. 39.7 48.5 36.7 61.2 41.3 70.0 Grams. 11.72 .88 . 55 .94 .02 1.66 3.98 Grams. 44.04 20.60 25.67 22.25 9.66 32.69 31.13 29.47 Grams. 6.32 3.02 3.88 3.25 1.50 4.80 4.58 4.54 Calories. 490 203 255 222 2843 Butter 1.5 .1 51.4 10.4 678. 24. 8 120 319 2S44 Bread 2816 Skim milk 311 277 Total Alcohol Total 1,390 72.5 922. 1 123. 5 31.6 297.4 ' 123. 19.75 215. 51 37.79 31.89 9.52 2,197 512 922.1 123.5 31.6 420.4 19.75 253. 30 41.41 2,709 1 One gram alcohol calculated as isodynamically equivalent to 1.7 grams carbohydrates, this being the ratio of the heats of combustion (4.1:7.1). Table ll.—WeigM, composition, and heats of combustion of fresh feces — Metabolism experiment Xo. 10. r S "S o 9^ "§ 1 o o a 1 a o .a a 4) 1 ■2-2 a a p s e8 p 2848 Total, 4 days.... Average, 1 day.. Grams. Grams. 351 j 249.2 87. 8 I 62. 3 Grams. 34.4 8.6 Grams. 14.7 3.7 Gram,s. i Grams. 35. 8 5. 51 9.0 1.38 Grams. 47.18 11.80 Grams. 6.39 1.60 Calories. 508 127 102 Tablk 78. — Amuuiits and compoaUion of urine — Meldholism experiment No. 10. Date. Period. 1898. Feb. 15-16 7 a. m. to 1 p. m. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m . 7 p. m. to 1 a. m . 1 a.m. to7 a. in. Amount. Orams. 203.6 332.6 370.1 149.3 Specific gravity. 1.027 1.029 1.026 1.028 16-17 Total Total by composite. . 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7p. m. tol a.m ' 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 1, 115.6 1,115.6 1.027 17-18 Total Total by composite. 7 a. m. to 1 I), m . 1p.m. to 7 p.m. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. 18-19 l»-20 Total Total by composite . 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p.m. to 7 p. m 7p.m. tol a.m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Total Total by composite.. Total, 4 days, by pe- liods Composite, 4 days . . . 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1p.m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total. 20-21 7 a. m. to 1 p.m. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m. 7 p. TO. to 1 a. m. 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. Total 276.6 434.9 4G8.3 153. 1.027 1.024 1.020 1.027 Nitrogen. Carbon. Per cent. 1.73 1.78 l.«l 2.21 Grams. 4.5C 5.92 5.96 3. .30 Per cent. Orams. 1.76 19.74 19.03 1.81 1.53 1.24 2.03 5.01 C.65 3.11 1,332.8 ;. 1, 332. 8 I 1.023 1.56 20.58 20.79 14.28 285.8 433.1 819.7 163.5 1.026 1.018 1.014 1.024 1.67 1.12 .85 1.69 4.77 4.85 6.97 2.70 1,702.1 1. 1, 702. 1 I 1.018 1.15 19.35 |. 19.57 !- 249.0 452.2 325.8 166.4 1.024 1.021 1.026 1.024 1.70 1.29 1.52 1.85 1,193.4 . 1,193.4 i 5, 343. 9 5, 343. 9 lils 198. 8 332.3 279.0 994.6 220.5 223.6 389.4 294.8 1, 128. 3 1.52 4.23 5.83 4.95 3.08 18.09 18.14 1.45 1.80 1.80 1.42 1.40 1.29 1.20 1.61 .76 77.70 77.49 ^.32 3.58 4.72 3.91 15.53 2.84 2.68 5.88 2.24 13.64 103 Table 78. — Amounts and compoaition of urine — Metaholism experiment No. 10 — Cont'd. Date. Period. WvflT Water. Heatsof combustion. Per gram. Total. 1898. Feb. 15-i() Per cent. Orams. Per cent. Orams. Caloiies. Oalorie.i. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. lu 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 3.26 1, 049. 8 0.126 140 16-17 1 p.m. to 7 p. m 7p. m. tol a. m '"' Total 3.40 1,264.2 .122 162 17-18 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 18-19 Total 3.19 1, 637. 6 Total by composite.. .087 148 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7p. m. tol a. m i 1 Total 2.98 1, 133. 1 Total by composite. . .116 139 Total, 4 days, by pe- riods 1 589 Composite, 4 days . . . 0.24 12.83 95.15 5, 084. 7 .110 .588 104 Tablk 79. — Comparison of residual amonnia of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism experiment Xo. 10. End of period. Carbon dioxid. Water. Date. i Si a a *=' . ^ a i 1 o Gain ( + ) or loss (— ) over preceding pe- riod. Total am ount of vapor remaining iu cham- ber. Gain (+) or loss {—) over preeediug pe- riod. = + S a 9 to != It aSi .^.= 2 ^ U fO bco o o a) X: 2 a .2 A 11 HI 1898. Feb 15-16 7 a. m 1 p. m Grams. 23.9 36.0 39.6 28.5 26.0 Grams. Grams. 40.2 41.9 44.5 48.8 39.3 Grams. Oram.s. Grams. Grams. +12.1 + 3.6 —11.1 — 2.5 + 1.7 + 2.6 + 4.3 — 9.5 +80 + 15 —13 —13 + 81.7 + 17.6 1 a. m — 8.7 — 22.5 'j'oial + 2.1 — .9 +69 + 68.1 1 p. Ill 16-17 41.2 42.5 30.5 24.3 + 15.2 + 1.3 —12.0 — 6.2 41.9 43.6 50.8 38.5 + 2.6 + 1.7 + 7.2 —12.3 + 23 + 2 — 3 — 4 + 25.6 + 3.7 + 4.2 — 16.3 'I'otal — 1.7 - .8 + 18 + 17.2 , 17-18 38.9 43.7 30.7 24.5 +14.6 + 4.8 —13.0 — 6.2 40.1 43.4 44.2 37.5 + 1.6 + 3.3 + .8 - 6.7 + 9 + 3 + 10.6 + 6.3 — 6.2 — 14.7 Total + .2 — 1.0 -3 — 4.0 18-19 39.4 43.2 35.9 26.3 +14.9 + 3.8 - 7.3 — 9.6 43.7 46.3 49.0 40.7 + 6.2 + 2.6 + 3.3 — 8.9 +11 !■: —10 7 G 6 G + 24.2 + 24.0 H- .3 — (2.9 Total + 1.8 + 3.2 + 8 25 + 30.2 Total for 4 days... + 2.4 + .6 +92 25 + 117.5 105 Table 80. — Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current— Metabolism experiment No. 10. Period. (a) bs a fl a 4) O o o a« I Carbon dioxid per liter — (e) (/) P . S X u p, .2-2 6^ Corrected weight for carbon dioxid exhaled g by subject (e+/). """ (h) Date. (6) u 01 p a o o a a (c) (i "3 a 'a a O a M n 30 3 o a 6 M a . O X — . a o Total weight carbon exliahd in carbon di- oxid (f/A j^). 1898. Feb. 15-16 7 a. m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Liters. 26, 823 27,192 27, 655 27, 705 Mg. 0.610 .567 .547 .569 Mgs. 8.349 8.199 7.972 5.547 Mgs. Grams. 7. 739 207. 6 7. 632 207. 6 7.425 205.2 4. 978 137. 9 Grams. + 12.1 + 3.6 — U.l — 2.5 Grams. 219.7 211.2 194.1 135.4 Grams. 59.9 57.6 52.9 37.0 Total 109, 375 758.3 210.7 229.9 211.8 139.1 + 2.1 i 760.4 207.4 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m 16-17 26, 458 26, 86(j 27, 228 27, 114 .634 .698 .738 .6,32 8. 597 7. 963 9. 255 8. 557 8. 518 7. 780 5.763 1 5.131 + 15.2 1 225.9 61.6 + 1.3 221.2 60.3 —12.0 20X8 57.2 — 6. 2 1 132. 9 36. 3 Total 107, 666 791.5 - 1 7 789.8 215 4 17-18 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 26, 986 27, 254 27,251 27, 426 .585 .586 .656 .598 8.689 8.702 8.471 5.515 8.104 1 218.7 8.116 221.2 7. 815 ! 213. 4.917 134.9 +14.6 + 4.8 —13.0 — 6.2 233.3 63.6 226. ' 61. 6 200. 54. 6 128.7 35.1 Total 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a.m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 108, 917 1 787.8 , + .2 788.0 1 214.9 1 18-19 27, 065 27, 223 27, 368 27, 013 .521 .640 .559 .600 8. 649 8. 128 9. 06G 8. 426 8. 860 8. 301 5. 639 5. 039 220.0 -1-14.9 229. 4 + 3. 8 227. 2 — 7. 3 136. 1 — 9. G 234. 9 233.2 219.9 126.5 64.1 63.6 60.0 34.5 108, 669 812. 7 + 1. 8 814.5 222. 2 Total for 4 days. 434, 627 3, 152. 7 859.9 106 Table 81. — Record of water in ventilating air current — MetaboHavi experiment Xo. 10. Period. (a) Water per liter— (e) s . to tSi r-i P O H (/) 4> 0) E ■sS a« > (6) '3 .a i o a a M (0 '5 fct 3 1 3 O H (d) = 1 a St i-i.S 1 o H 1898. Feb. 15-16 7 a. m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m.to7 a. m Liters. 26, 823 27, 192 27, 655 27, 705 Mg. 0.848 .772 .750 .718 Mgs. 1.446 1.002 .999 .910 Mg. 0.598 .230 .249 .192 QraWiS. 16.0 6.3 6.9 5.3 Qrami. 216.0 217.2 227.2 221.9 Orams. + 81.7 + 17.6 -8.7 — 22.5 Chrams. 313.7 241.1 225.4 204.7 Total 1(19. H75 34.5 882. 3 + 68.1 984.9 1.025 .974 .996 .919 .268 .196 .208 .226 16-17 7 a. m. to 1 p. ru 1 p.m. tc 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to7 a. m 26, 458 26, 866 27. 228 27,114 .757 .778 .788 .693 7.1 5.3 5.7 6.1 198.3 210.7 238.4 222.6 + 25.6 + 3.7 + 4.2 - 16.3 231.0 21!). 7 248.3 212.4 Total 107,660 24.2 870.0 + 17.2 911.4 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m 17-18 26, 986 27,254 27, 251 27, 426 .650 .701 .694 .673 1.035 .996 1.088 .991 .379 .295 .394 .318 10.2 8.0 10 7 8.7 205.5 212.5 218.9 205.7 + 10.6 -f- 6.3 — 6.2 - 14.7 226.3 226.8 223.4 199.7 Total 108, 917 27,065 27, 223 27, 368 27, 013 1 37.6 12.4 8.3 11.6 6.5 842.6 202.7 231.5 252.9 217.5 — 4.0 876.2 .466 .305 .427 .240 ia-19 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1p.m. to 7 p.m 7 p.m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Totjil .711 .757 .738 .748 1.171 1.062 1.165 .96 + 24.2 f 24.6 + .3 — 12.9 239.3 264.4 264.8 211.1 108, 669 1 38.8 904.6 M99T + 36.2 979.6 Total tur 4 days 1 434,627 1 135.1 + 117.5 3.762.1 1 107. Table 82. — Summary of calorimetric measurcmenta — Metabolism experiment No. 10. Date. Period. (a) 1 (CO .3'>), f