Studies in American Social Conditions — 2 The Negro Problem Eldited by Richard Henry Edwards Madison, Wisconsin December 1908 Studies in American Social Conditions — 2 The Negro Problem Edited by Richard Henry Edwards Madison, Wisconsin December 1908 Copyright, 1908 by Richard Henry Edwards Outline PAGE The Social Problems Group Idea . . . . .5 Suggestions tor Use . . . . . .7 The Negro Problem . . . . .9 The Negro Problem General Bibliography . . . . . .15 1 Historical Resume : the Reconstruction Period and Recent Distinctive Developments in the Problem . . .18 2 How Many Negroes are there now in America?. . . 20 3 What IS the Negro’s Economic AND Industrial Condition? . 20 4 What are the Negro’s Social, Moral, and Religious Con- ditions? . , , . , .23 5 What is the Political Status of the Negro? . . .25 6 Crime among Negroes AND Lynching . . . .26 Proposed Lines of Solution General Bibliography . . . . . .28 1 Economic and Industrial Development . . . .29 2 Education . . . . . . .30 3 Legislation . . . . . . .31 4 Moral and Religious Influences . . . .32 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/negroproblemOOedwa The Social Problems Group Idea It is agreed among social workers that enough reliable information about our social conditions has been amassed to stir all thoughtful citizens, were the facts but gen- erally known. It is likewise agreed that enough lines of solution have been proposed to make effective war on the forces of greed, lust, and death, were those solutions but widely and earnestly attempted. It is an immediate necessity, therefore, to get the ear of all right-minded men and to direct their attention to the naked facts of our social conditions till they be stirred to intelligent and persistent action. The Social Problems Group Idea is aimed at this necessity. It embraces a definite and tested plan for the constructive study of American Social Ques- tions from the popular point of view. It connotes the wide spreading of reliable facts, the grip of those facts upon the social conscience, and intelligent action in clean- ing up bad conditions. It is in brief, this — that a group of men meet regularly from time to time to consider the salient facts of our leading social problems; that they candidly discuss those facts and the proposed solutions, and that they take individual or united action toward solving the problems acute in their community. The plan is adaptable to widely different types of mind and 6 American Social Studies to men of all schools in political, social, or religious faith. A group can be formed anywhere without formalities, through the mutual desire of a few men, the choice of a leader, and agreement as to time and place of meeting. An account of the original Group which was formed at IMadison, Wisconsin, in the fall of 1906 will be found in an article in Charities and the Commons for October 17, 1908. A reprint of that article, which tells how to prepare for and conduct the meetings and touches upon the duties of the leader can be secured from the address given below for ten cents post paid. In view of the fact that the original group met in a Christian church, the question of the reality and extent of the contribution made by the teaching of Jesus to the solution of each problem was considered. Those who desire to study the problems from this point of view are referred to “Christianity and the Social Crisis” by Walter Rauschenbush, Macmillan, New York, 1907, $1.50; to “Jesus Christ and the Social Question” by F. G. Peabody, Macmillan, New York. $1.50 (fifty cent edition Grosset and Dunlap, New York) ; to “The Social Significance of the Teachings of Jesus” by J. W. Jenks, International Committee, Y. M. C. A., 1906, 75c. and the books to which they refer. Parallel studies upon eleven problems will appear in the following order during the present winter as rapidly as the exigencies of editing and printing will permit : 1. The Liquor Problem. 2 . The Negro Problem. 3. Immigration. 4. The Labor Problem. The Negro Problem 7 5. Poverty. 6. Excessive and Concentrated Wealth. 7. The Divorce Problem. 8. The Problem of Clean Municipal Government. 9. The Boy Problem. 10. The Increase of Crime and the Administration of Criminal Justice. 11. The Treatment of the Criminal. These studies can be secured at ten cents apiece or one dollar for the series of eleven including a reprint of the Charities article. One hundred copies of any study (ex- cept the Labor Problem, for which no reduction can be made), or ten sets of the entire series will be sold at nine dollars. All orders for these studies and communica- tions in regard to the Social Problems Group Idea should be addressed to R. H. Edwards, 237 Langdon St., Madi- son, Wisconsin. Orders should be accompanied by cash. Suggestions for Use The use of this study upon the Negro Problem is in no way confined to Social Problems Groups. 1. It may also be used for personal study. References to concise statements of fact in readable form are given for those who desire a brief but orderly survey of the problem. Those who desire more scientific matter will find it under references marked with a *. 2. Interesting questions for club, high school, and col- legiate debates will be found in taking up the compara- tive eflfectiveness of proposed solutions. 8 American Social Studies 3. A survey course of instruction in American Social Conditions adaptable to varied institutions can be based on the material here furnished together with like ma- terial upon other problems appearing in parallel form. 4. It is especially adaptable to use in civic organiza- tions, social settlement clubs, betterment leagues, labor unions, Y. M. C. A. classes, granges, men’s clubs in churches, business men’s associations, and men’s clubs in general, where the basis for a constructive study of the problem is desired. For such organizations and for Social Problems Groups the following order of subjects by meetings is suggested, on the supposition that rapidity of treatment is desired, and that as many as eight or more problems be treated in the course of a winter. First meeting, topics 1 and 2 . Second meeting, topic 3. Third meeting, topic 4. Fourth meeting, topic 5. Fifth meetng, topic 6. Sixth meeting, proposed solu- tions 1 and 2 . Seventh meeting, proposed solutions 3 and 4. Many groups will prefer to make a more thorough consideration of the problem which is of course highly desirable. Several months might well be spent upon it. The Negro Problem 9 The Negro Problem The Negro Problem is a complex of problems, eco- nomic, social, political, and moral, inextricably inter- woven and entangled. Their unity consists in that they all arise about the Negro in his adjustment to and de- velopment within American life and they are therefore usually called the Negro Problem. Since both whites and blacks are involved, and since the working out of ad- justments between the two races is by far the greatest of our national race problems it is more properly called the American Race Problem. The present situation has arisen from the Negro’s nature and tendencies in their reaction to the historic forces which have played upon him since the Civil War, and from the conflict of widely differing conceptions as to his proper status in Ameri- can life. The American Negro has traced a zig-zag course. From indolent and irresponsible freedom in Africa he was brought to forced labor in America, and when slavery was followed by the chaos of war he was clothed with responsible freedom in the midst of an Anglo-Saxon civilization. In the turmoil of the Reconstruction he was given full citizenship in a form of government not fully mastered by Anglo-Saxons themselves, and his untrained 10 American Social Studies leaders were thrust into positions of responsibility with disastrous results. For the consequent determination of his proper status in American life the elapse of a con- siderable period of time was necessary during which a certain amount of racial friction was unavoidable. American Negroes have increased at a prolific rate since the Civil War, when their number was approxi- mately four and one-half millions. It is estimated that their total number is now in excess of ten millions. Their extraordinarily high birth rate is to a degree counter- balanced by their death rate, which is likewise high, es- pecially in cities, and remains high in contrast to the diminishing death rate of whites. In typical southern cities the death rate is ten to twelve per thousand among whites, but twenty to twenty-five per thousand among blacks. Real and praiseworthy as the advance of a portion of the Negro population has been their economic and indus- trial condition, as a whole, is still lamentably bad. Their industrial situation was not at the zero point in 1865, for in addition to the property of those who had gained their freedom previous to emancipation the Negroes were practically in control of the southern labor market. The Negro has now gained .some foothold in nearly all call- ings, but wherever he is forced into competition with white labor, as he is increasingly, he seems to be losing ground because of his lack of thrift and strict attention to business. The inertia of the mass still overwhelmingly outweighs the energy of the progressive few. The social and moral difficulties, however, are perhaps the most perplexing. “Of all the important constituent parts of our nation the Negro is by far the most ignorant; The Negro Problem 11 nearly half of the race are absolutely illiterate, only a minority of the other half have thorough common-school training, and but a few are liberally educated. The great deficiency of the Negro, however, is his small knowledge of the art of organized social life. He finds himself peculiarly weak in that nice adaptation of in- dividual life to the life of the group, which is the essence of civilization. This is shown in the grosser forms of sexual immorality, disease, and crime, and also in the dif- ficulty of race organization for common ends in economic or in intellectual lines.” Among the chief stimulants of racial friction, in addition to deep seated race prejudices, are the fear of Negro domination, the widespread im- morality and crime among Negroes, the antagonism of whites toward any assumption of race equality, the with- drawal of the suffrage, and political agitation. Racial antagonism finds its extreme expression in lynching which brutalizes whites and blacks alike, and becomes in turn the greatest provocation of race hatred. The political status of the Negro has greatly changed since the Reconstruction. He is now directly or indi- rectly disfranchized in the states of the solid south, and by various means deprived of the full rights of American citizenship as conferred by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. No careful student of the race problem has any gen- eral solution to offer. The more closely the facts are examined the more profoundly serious the situation ap- pears. By the very complexity of the accumulated eco- nomic, racial, and social difficulties which are involved it could not fail to be slow and grevious in its outworkings. And yet there are rays of light. 12 American Social Studies An unquestioned economic advance has been made by a considerable portion of the Negro population. Especi- ally is this true in southern agriculture where white com- petition is not acute and where the greatest industrial hope of the race seems to lie. In 1900 twenty one and eight-tenths percent of homes occupied by Negro families had come to be owned by the heads of those families. The work of industrial training, though its extent is still small in proportion to the mass, is having a real effect upon the situation. If the Negro can be trained to take advantage of the industrial opportunities now open to him, he may, with persistence and thrift, succeed in the economic struggle. It rests with him. While industrial education directed toward the attain- ment of adequate self support is beyond doubt the first essential, it must be remembered that the American na- tion has staked its faith upon efficient public schools for all its citizens. The deeper requirements of organized social life are not satisfied by the training of the hands alone. Even if immediate results were almost negligible, as they are not, still the training of Negro teachers and leaders would ultimately be as necessary as it is thor- oughly American. Although the reasoning which gave the Negroes full rights of citizenship was undoubtedly superficial and in- correct, and although the practical withdrawal of that citizenship is from many points of view unjust and un- American, there seems to be no hope of present advance- ment for the race in legislation or renewed agitation. It seems more proper to put the present emphasis at other points. Dire is the need of morality among the Negro popula- The Negro Problem 13 tion for their morals are separated by a discouragingly wide gap from their religious expressions. Any moral up- lift would seem of necessity to be a composite result in which education and the general improvement of condi- tions, especially in family life, would be the chief factors. To this result the Negroes themselves under competent leaders must make a vastly larger contribution in honesty, integrity, sex morality, and the training of children. Since the tAvo races share the problem each must share in the work of its solution. It is a common task of im- measurable difficulty demanding the joint exercise of high traits of character. Any real solution is dependent upon and must follow a prolonged working adjustment extend- ing throughout the relationships of life. For the success- ful maintenance of these mutual adjustments the most fruitful emphasis does not seem to be upon political rights and agitation for social equality, on the one hand, or upon white rule as such and imputations of Negro inferiority, on the other hand The more timely points of emphasis would seem to be — the realization of a common humanity and the mutual necessity for self con- trol ; the right of ever}- respectable man to be respected for his manhood ; the larger recognition of mutual inter- dependence, and the cultivation, wherever possible, of mutual trust ; the even administration of justice by im- partial men, and beyond these a spirit of magnanimous tolerance. Grateful acknowledgement is here made to Alfred Holt Stone, L. L. B., of Dunleith, Mississippi and to W. E. B. Dubois, Ph. D., of Atlanta University who have revised 14 American Social Studies and approved the following bibliography; to Miss Vera Sieg, class of 1908 of the Wisconsin Library School, who prepared it in fulfillment of the requirements of gradua- tion ; to the Wisconsin Library Commission for the loan of the type employed in its own publication of this bib- liography (American Social Questions No. 1), and to Miss Mary Emogene Hazeltine, Preceptor of the Wis- consin Library School, for her valued assistance in the preparation of this study. The Negro Problem General Bibliography * References marked thus are suergrested for a more scientific or detailed study of the oroblem Books Baker, R. S. Following the color line; an account of Negro citi- zenship in the American democracy. Doubleday, 1908. $2. ■' Popular e.xposition of the condition of the Xeerro in various sections of the United States, especiall.v with regard to his political, business, and social status. The facts and statistics have been carefully y'athered from many sources and are no doubt accurate. The treatment of the Question is sane and impartial.” .1. L. .1. Booklist. A large part of the book appeared serially in the .\merican magazine and these articles are also listed in this bibliography under their respective subjects. Bliss, W. D. P. ed. New encyclopedia of social reform. Funk, 1908. $7.50. See article on The Negro in the United States, p. 818-20. Bruce, P. A. Plantation Negro as a freeman. Putnam, 1889. $1.25. (Questions of the day). study of the effects of freedom on the Negro. Cable, G. W. Negro question. Scribner, 1890. 75c. Silent South. Scribner, 1895. $1. •A-uthor lived in the South and studied the problem at close range. Essays calling attention to the ethics of the southern treatment of the Negro. I’lea tor awarding the Negro his full rights as accorded by the constitution. Commons, J. R. The Negro (in his Races and immigrants in America. 1907. p. 39-62. Macmillan, $1.50). " Popular study with scientific basis. Race elements in relation to in- dustry. labor, crime, health, and politics.” A. L. A. Book list. *Du Bois, W. E. B. Philadelphia Negro. Ginn, 1899. $2.50. (Uni- versity of Pennsylvania publications. No. 14). Excellent as an example of the conditions of Negroes in northern cities. Souls of black folk. McClurg, 1903. $1.20. A humanly interesting book, one of the most popular of the day on the Negro problem. 16 American Social Studies *Finot, Jean. Race prejudice. Dutton, 1907. $3. An extensive argument to prove that there are no inferior or supe- rior races, but only races and peoples living outside or within the influ- ence of culture. Fleming, W. H. Slavery and the race problem in the South. Estes, 1906. $1. Haygood, A. G. Our brother in black. New York, Methodist Book Concern, $1. The creed of a liberal southerner. ♦Hoffman, F. L. Race traits, and tendencies of the American Negro. Macmillan, 1896. $1.25. Competent statistician dealing with the facts. One of the best scien- tific presentations of all phases. Treats of the amalgamation of the races, and similar social tendencies. Merriam, G. S. The Negro and the nation: a history of Ameri- can slavery and enfranchisement. Holt, 1906. $1.75. A good general statement of the problem. Miller, Kelly. Race adjustment: essays on the Negro in America. Washington, Neale, 1908. $2. Contains the best writings of one of the ablest exponents of the so- called radical school of Negro thought. Munsterberg, Hugo. Problems of population (in his Americans. 1904. p. 168-84. McClurg, $2.50). Comprehensive presentation of the problem in its varying phases. Murphy, E. G. The South and the Negro (in his Problems of the present South. 1904. p. 153-201. Macmillan, 25c.) Written in " the temper of a judge and the manner of a scholar.” Atlantic. Negro problem: a series of articles by representative American Negroes of to-day. Pott, 1903. $1.25. Contents: Industrial education for the Negro, by B. T. Washington. The talented tenth, by W. E. B. Ou Bois. Disfranchisement of the Negro, b.v C. W. Chesnutt. Negro and the Law. by W. H. Smith. Char- acteristics of the Negro people, by H. T. Kealing. Representative American Negroes, by P. L. Dunbar. Negro’s place in American life at the present day. by T. T. Fortune. New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, 1902-4. See article on the Negro, v. 12, p. 934-39. Page. T. N. The Negro: the southerner’s problem. Scribner, 1904. $1.‘25. Popular treatment. Presents phases of the problem plainly, candidly, and temperately. Possibilities of the Negro. Symposium. Atlanta, Franklin Printing and Publishing Co. 1904. $1. Valuable collection of views from a wide variety of individuals. This is perhaps the only symposium by southern white men and Negroes. Smith, W. B. The color line. McClure, 1905. $1.50. States the prevalent southern opinion as to Negro inferiority. The Negro Problem 17 ♦Stone, A. H, Studies in the American race problem; with intro- duction and three papers bv Walter F. Willcox. Doubleday, 1908. $2. A notable work by an authority. Written with rare scientific poise, presenting a large amount of varied material in readable form, and re- flecting the most enlightened southern view. Thomas, W. H. American Negro. Macmillan, 1901. $2. Written b.v a Negro reared in freedom in the North, who dwells on the dark side of the situation, and writes in a critical vein. The book has been severely criticised as unjust b.v many students of the problem, among whom is one of our revisers. It is given a place here as repre- senting one point of view. ♦Tillinghast, J. A. Negro in Africa and America. Macmillan, 1902. $1.50. (American Economic Association publications. 3d series, v. 3, no. 2). Systematic treatise ba.sed on a comparison of the Negro as a savage with the Negro as a slave and an .American citizen. Washington, B. T. Future of the American Negro. Small, 1899. $1.50. Views of one of the best known representatives of the colored race. A hopeful forecast of the Negro’s future. I’p from slavery. Doubleday. 1901. $1.50. The story of personal achievement by a colored leader. Williams, F. B. A new Negro for a new century. American Publishing House, 1900. -An accurate and up-to-date history of the Negro in America. Periodicals Abbott, E. H. The South and the Negro. Outlook, May 21- July 30, 1904, v. 77. See index for paging. General observations upon the Negro situation in Maryland, District of Columbia, and North Carolina. Bailey, W. T. Negro problem stated. Fortnightly, May 1906 V. 85, p. 909-19. Good general statement. Cable, G. W. The freedman’s case in equity. Century, Jan 1885, V. 7, p. 409-18. An able plea that the black man be freed from suspicion and social oppression. Dillingham, Pitt. Settlement idea in the cotton belt. Outlook, April 12, 1902, v. 70. p. 920-22. Dowd, Jerome. Paths of hope for the Negro. Century, Dec. 1900, V. 61. p. 278-81. Pratical suggestions from the southern point of view. ♦Du Bois, W. E. B. Relation of the whites to the Negroes in the South. Annals of the American Academy, July 1901, y. 18, p. 121-40. Vivid description of the relation between the whites and the Negroes in the various lines. 18 American Social Studies Training of Negroes for social power. Outlook, Oct. 17, 1903, V. 75, p. 409-14. An able statement of the necessity for intelligence, skill, and better homes among Negroes. Hart, A. B. Conditions of the southern problem. Independent, March 23, 1905, v. 58, p. 644-49. An attempt to outline the salient causes of the problem, by one who has inve.stigated the conditions. Higginson, T. W. Intensely human. Atlantic, March 1904, v. 93, p. 588-97. A description of Negro qualities. Hyde, W. DeW. National platform on the race question. Out- look, May 21, 1904, v. 77, p. 169-70. Succinct statement of desirable principles by a northerner. Page, T. N. Great American question. McClure, March 1907, V. 28, p. 565-72. Consideration of the Negro problem in all its different aspects. Negro; the southerner’s problem. McClure, March-May 1904, vol. 22-23. See index for paging. A clean-spirited presentation of the .situation, both past and present, enlivened by the personal e.xperiences of a southerner. Schurz, Carl. Can the South solve the Negro problem? Mc- Clure, Jan. 1904, v. 22, p. 259-75. "His paper has the intellectual authority which comes from over forty year's practical dealing with a question, o.v a man of distinguished mind. It has the moral authorit.v which comes only from a man who has never allowed any consideration of policy to obscure the ethical meaning of the question with which he dealt.”— Nd. Shaler, N. S. Future of the Negro in the South. Popular Science Monthly, June 1900, v. 57, p. 147-56. Negro since the Civil war. Popular Science Monthly, May 1900, V. 57, p. 29-39. General observations on Negro t.vpes. Sledd, Andrew. Negro; another view. Atlantic, July 190'2, V. 90, p, 65-73. A southern plea lor justice to the Negro. 1. Historical resume: the Reconstruction period and recent distinctive developments in the problem Bookit Du Bois, W. E. B. Souls of black folk. 1903. See chapters on Of our spiritual strivings, p. 1-12; Of the dawn of freedom, p. 13-40; Of Mr. B. T. Washington and others, p. 41-59. The Negro Problem 19 Dunning, W. A, Reconstruction, political and economic. Har- per. 1907. $2. (Hart’s American nation series, v. 22). A strong comprehensive statement. ^Fleming, W. L. Documentary history of the Reconstruction: political, military, social, religious, educational, and indus- trial, 1865, to the present time. Clark, 1906-1907. 2 v. $10. A work of great value to the careful student. The Civil war and the Reconstruction in Alabama. Mac- millan, 1905. $5. (Columbia University Press series). *Garner, J. W. Reconstruction in Mississippi. Macmillan, 1901. $ 3 . Merriam, G. S. Negro and the nation. 1906. See chapters on the conditions during the Reconstruction, p. 267-390. Page, T. N. The Negro: the southerner’s problem. 1904. See chapters on Slavery and the old relation between the south- ern whites and blacks, p. 3-28; Some of its difficulties and fallacies, p. 29-55; Its present condition and aspect as shown by statistics, p. 56-85. Rhodes, J. F. History of the United States. Macmillan, 1906. $17.50. See chapters on the Reconstruction in v. 2 and 3. Able and comprehensive statements. Sinclair, W. A. Aftermath of slavery: a study of the condition and environment of the American Negro. Small, 1905. $1.50. Periodicals Camp, E. M. Our African contingent. Forum, Aug. 1886, V. 1. p. 562-71. Good statement of what the Negro has accomplished as a freedman. Chamberlain, D. H. Reconstruction and the Negro. North American Review, Feb. 1879, v. 128, p. 161-73. Gives a comprehensive resum6 of the conditions of the Negro In Re- construction times and after. Herbert, H. A. Conditions of the Reconstruction problem. At- lantic, Feb. 1901, V. 87, p. 14.5. Clear statement of the conditions. New slavery in the South. Independent, Feb. 25, 1904, v. 56, p. 409-14. Description of the present day peonage from the life history of a Georgia peon. Page, T. N. Southern people during Reconstruction. Atlantic, Sept. 1901, V. 88. p. 289-.304. Describes the treatment of Negroes during Reconstruction. Wilson, Woodrow. Reconstruction. Atlantic, .Tan. 1901, v. 87, p. 1-15. A general description of the period. American Social Studies 2Q 2. How many Negroes are there now in America? Books Commons, J. R. Growth of Negro population (in his Races and immigrants in America. 1907. p. 53-58). ■^United States-Census bureau. Negroes in the United States. (Bulletin No. 8). Very important collection of Negro statiMics. Periodicals Bryce, James. Thoughts on the Negro question. North Ameri- can Review, Dec. 1891, v. 153, p. (341-GO. Rapidity of Negro increase, from the statistics of 1890. Commons, J, R. The Negro. Chautauquan, Nov. 1903, v. 38, p. 2.30-32. A few important statistics of population. Miller, Kelly. Expansion of Negro population. Forum, Feb. 1902, V. 32, p. 671-79. Statistics, showing the increase in population by decades since 1790 in the United States, southern states, and individual states. Our Negro population. Independent, Jan. 2, 1902, v. 54, p. 57. An editorial showing the growth of Negro population by states in the last half century, taken from the census of 1900. Race census at the South. Nation. June 11, 1901, v. 73, p. 24. Statistics showing the rapidity of Negro increase in the black belt of Alabama. *Willcox, W. F, Census statistics of the Negro and the probable increase of the Negro race in the United States. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Aug. 1905, v. 19, p. 548-72, and Review of Reviews, Sept. 1905, v. 32, p. 347-48. Scientific and readable discussion concerning the present numbers and probable future growth of the Negro race in the United States. The article in the Re\dew of Reviews is a digest. The same material will be found in Stone’s Studies in the American race problem, p. 476-530. 3. What is the Negro’s economic and industrial condition? Books Brackett, J. R. Progress of the colored people of Maryland since the war. Baltimore, Hopkins, 1890. $1. A supplement to his A’egro in Maryland. The Negro Problem 21 Bruce, P. A, Plantation Negro as a free man. 1899. See chap- ters on The Negro as an agricultural laborer, p. 175-92; Mate- rial condition of the laborer, p. 193-210; Renters and land owners, p, 211-27; Mechanics, p. 228-40. Commons, J. R. Negro artisan (in his Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 349-70. Ginn, $2.50). A symDOsium by authorities on labor Questions, discussing’ local con- ditions in Texas. Employment of skilled Negroes in the South. Atti- tude of organized labor. *Du Bois, W. E. B. ed. Economic co-operation among Negro Americans. Atlanta University Press, 1907. $1. (Atlanta University publications, no. 12). * ed. Negro artisan. Atlanta University Press, 1902. 50c. (Atlanta University publications, no. 7). * ed. Negro in business. Atlanta University Press, 1899. 25c. (Atlanta University publications, no. 4). Statistics valuable for a technical study of the problem. * Negro landholder of Georgia. United States Labor bureau. 1901. (Bulletin no. 35). * Occupations of Negroes (in his Philadelphia Negro. 1899. p. 97-146). * and Stone. A. H. Economic future of the Negro (in Amer- ican Economic Association publications. 1906. p. 219-94). Ingle, Edward. Negro in the District of Columbia. Baltimore, Hopkins, 1893. $1. Reiwrts careful investigations. Kelsey, Carl. The present situation (in his Negro farmer. 1903. p. 29-60. Chicago, Jennings, 50c.). An excellent chapter on the present economic situation of the Negro farmer in the different districts. Spahr, C. B. America’s working people. Longmans, 1900. $1.25. See chapters on Negro as an industrial factor, p. 72-90; Negro as a citizen, p. 91-119. Based on a personal study of conditions in southern factory towns. *Stonc, A. H. Negro in the Yazoo- Mississippi delta {in American Economic Association publications. 1902. 3d series, v. 3, p. 246-78). An authoritative statement of the social and economic situation in the black belt of Mississippi, by a resident of that section. Same mater- ial will be found in Stone’s Studies in the American race problem, p, 81- 124. *Tillinghast, J. A. Negro as a free citizen (in his Negro in Africa and America. 1902. p. 176-93). Information as to his industrial progress. 22 American Social Studies Washington, B. T. Negro in business. Chicago, Hertel, 1907. $1.50. The purpose of this book is to set forth examples of Negro success which may serve to encourage others of the race to go forward in busi- ness directions. Periodicals Baker, R. S. Negro’s struggle for survival in the North. Amer- ican Magazine. March 1908, v. 65, p. 473-85. Mr. Baker’s series of articles in the American Magazine is a graphic statement for popular use. Barry, Richard. Slavery in the South today. Cosmopolitan, March 1907, v. 42, p. 481-91. Good for an understanding of peonage. Bulkier, W. L. Industrial conditions of the Negro in New York city. Annals of the American Academy, May 1906, v. 27, p. 590-96. Presents the conditions in the northern cities. Daniels, John. Industrial conditions among Negro men in Bos- ton. Charities, Oct. 7, 1905, v. 15, p. 35-39. Graphic description of the occupations of Negroes in Boston, as typical of the North. ■*Du Bois, W. E. B. Relation of the whites to the Negroes in the South. Annals of the American Academy. Juh’ 1901, v. 18, p. 124-28. Vivid description of the relations of the whites and blacks in the various lines. Savings of black Georgia. Outlook, Sept. 14, 1901, v. 69, p. 128-30. Fleming, W. L. Immigration and the Negro problem. World To-day, Jan. 1907, v. 12, p. 96-97. Describes the economic inefficiency of the average Negro laborer and expresses the hope that increased immigration in the South will stimu- late him. Irwin, M. F. The Negro: a business proposition. Outlook, Nov. 30, 1901, v. 69, p. 815-20. This writer believes Negro can be employed to good advantage. Kelsey, Carl. Evolution of Negro labor. Annals of the American Academy, Jan. 1903, v. 21. p. 55-76. Enlightening, detailed description of the conditions of the Negro laborer in early slave daj's and some lines along which there has been development. Miller, Kelly. Negroes’ part in the Negro problem. Forum, Oct. 1904, V. 36, p. 289-304. A plea for the Negro, discussing his character and what he has accom- plished in business. Ovington, M. W. Fresh air work among colored children in New York. Charities, Oct. 13, 1906. v. 17, p. 115-17. Holds that by training children in the way of justice and sympathy the race problem will ultimately be solved. The Negro Problem 23 * Negro in the trades unions in New York. Annals of the American Academy, May 1906. v. 27, p. 551-58. Statistics showing the number of Negroes who are members of the various unions in New York. Presents their condition as favorable in comparison with the white man’s. *Stone, A. H. Plantation experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, June 1905. v. 19, p. 270-87. The failure to keep the Negroes on this plantation, goes to show that they are notional, whimsical, restless, and migratory. This material will also be found in Stone’s Studies in the Americaii race problem, p. 125^8. Washington, B. T. American Negro and his economic value. International Monthly. Dec. 1900, v. 2, p. 672-86. States with a few statistics the typical lines of Negro business in dif- ferent portions of the South. National Negro business league. World’s Work, Oct. 1902. V. 4, p. 2671-75. Some interesting facts about the commercial and industrial rise of the Negro as shown by the results of this league. Wright, R. R. Negro in times of industrial unrest. Charities, Oct. 7, 1905. V. 15, p. 69-7H. Shows the value of Negro labor in Chicago, principally as strike- breakers. Bruce, P. A. Plantation Negro as a freeman. 1889. See chap- ters on religion, p. 9.3-110; Superstition, p. 111-25; General I characteristics — moral, p. 126-42. Resum6 of social conditions in slave days and the relations at present between blacks and whites: a description of their homes, their religious l>eliefs. and moral attitude. Du Bois, W. E. B. Philadelphia Negro. 1899. See chapters on Negro family, p. 164-96; Organized life of the Negro, p. 197- 234; Pauperism and alcoholism, p. 269-86; Environment of the Negro, p. 287-321; Contact of races, 322-67. * ed. Negro church. Atlanta University Press, 1904. .50c. (Atlanta University Publications, No. 8). * Negro in the black belt. United States Labor bureau, 1899. (Bulletin No. 22). Interesting social sketches. Souls of black folk. 1903. See chapters on Of the black belt, p. 110-34; Of the quest of the golden fleece, p. 135-62; Of the faith of the fathers, p. 189-206. Describes their daily lives and their religious beliefs. 4. What are moral, and religious conditions ? Books 24 American Social Studies Kelsey, Carl. Social euvironment (in his Negro farmer. 1903. p. 61-66). Concise statement of the characteristics of the Negro, his mode of liv- ing and the factors that go to make his social life. Riis, J. A. Color line in New York (in his Row the oth&r half lives. 1903. p. 148-58. Scribner, $1.25). Picture of the social condition of the Negro in New York. *Stone, A. H. Mulatto factor (in his Studies in the American race problem. 1908. p. 425-42). Strong presentation of an element which is little treated. * Studies in the American race problem. 1908. See chap- ters on Race friction, p. 211-41; Mr. Roosevelt, the South, and the Negro, p. 242-350. Admirable discussion of the present situation. *United States Labor bureau. Condition of the Negro in vari- ous states. (Bulletin, No. 10). Periodicals Baker, R. S. Color line in the North. American Magazine, Feb. 1908, v. 65, p. 345-57. Ostracized race in ferment. American Magazine, May 1908, V. 66, p. 60-70. Tragedy of the mulatto. American Magazine, April 1908, V. 65, p. 582-98. Commons, J. R. The Negro. Chautauquan, Nov. 1903, v. 38, p. 223-33. Brief statement of the Negroes’ immorality, the causes and results. *Eliot, C. W. Problems of the Negro. International, June 1904, V. 9, p. 285-91. His social status from the northern and southern points of view. Fernandis, S. C. Social settlements in South Washington, Charities, Oct. 7, 1905, v. 15, p. 64-66. Shows how they live in Washington, aud what is being done to im- prove the conditions. Negroes in the cities of the North. Charities, Oct. 7, 1905, V. 15, p. 1-96. A special number of Charities devoted to the subject with many ad- mirable articles. Pendleton, H. B. Negro dependence in Baltimore. Charities, Oct. 7, 1905, V. 15, p. 50-58. Describes the Negro’s manner of life. Phillips, H. L. Social condition of the Negro. Charities Re- view, Feb. 1900. V. 9, p. 575-78. Conditions in Philadelphia. The Negro Problem 25 Platform of the Niagara movement. Outlook, Sept. 1, 1906. v. 84, p. 3-4. Concise statement of the five principles which comprised the platform of the Niagara movement in 1906, the second annual meeting. Race social equality. Gunton, Sept. 1903, v. 25. p. 189-94. Reasons why social eauality is impossible, from the southern view- point. Tayleur, Eleanor. Social and moral decadence. Outlook, Jan. 30, 1904, V. 76, p. 266-71. Describes the condition of the Negro woman of to-day. Author con- siders her an important factor in the problem. Williams, F. B. Social bonds in the black belt of Chicago. Charities, Oct. 7, 1905, v. 15, p. 40-44. Vivid description of the social life, which consists in connection with the church and various secret orders. 5. What is the political status of the Negro? Books Cable, G. W. Silent South. 1895. See chapters on Freedman’s case inequity, p. 1-.39: Silent South, p. 43-112. Plea for awarding the Negro his full rights as accorded by the consti- tution. Murphy. E. G. South and the Negro (in his Problems of tJie vresent South. 1904. p. 188-201). Brief summary of the political auestiou from the Civil war to the present time, with suggestions for solution. Page, T. N. Partial disfranchisement of the Negro (in his The Xegro: the Southerner’s problem. 1904. p. 120-62). Sinclair, W. A. Aftermath of slavery. Small, 1905. $1.50. Deals e.vtensively with suffrage in Reconstruction times and after. *Stone, A. H. N egro in politics (in his Studies of the American race problem. 1908. p. 351-424). Careful and comprehensive discus,sion of the subject. *Tillinghast, J, A. Negro as a free citizen (in his Negro in Africa and America. 1902. p. 217-27). Washington, B. T. Future of the American Negro. 1899. A clear statement of the political pha.se of the problem will be foimd on pages 127-56. Up from slavery, 1901. See index under Franchise for references giving Mr. Washington’s hopeful views of the sit- uation. 26 American Social Studies Periodicals Baker, R. S, Black man’s silent power. American Magazine, July 1908, V. GO, p. 288-300. Negro in politics. American Magazine, June 1908, v. 66, p. 169-80. Bowie, S. J. Southern representation in congress. Independent, June 18, 1906, v. 60, p. 151-54. Case is stated in a favorable form, for the stringent provision in- tended to reduce the Negro vote. Grimke, A. H. Why disfranchisement is bad. Atlantic, July 1904, vol. 94, p. 72-81. Hood, J. W. Enfranchisement no blunder. Independent, Aug. 27. 1903, V. 55, p. 2021-24. Resume of enfranchisement in Reconstruction times and after, and argument that disfranchisement is the wrong method of solving the problem. Negro suffrage in the South. Outlook, June 13, 1903, v. 74, p. ,399-403. Clear statement of the conditions in the various states. Page, T. N. Disfranchisement of the Negro. Scribner, July 1904. V. 36. p. ir>-24. General article on e.xisting conditions. 6. Crime among Negroes and lynching Books Bruce, P. A. Negro and criminal law (in his Plantation negro as as a freeman. 1889. p. 77-92). Campbell, R. F. Some aspects of the race problem in the South. Asheville, Citizen’s Co. 1899. 5c. A discussion of three causes of Negio criminality will be found on p. 15-22. Cutler, J. E. Lvnch law. Longmans. 1905. $1.50. Includes the l.vnchingof all races in the United States. Interesting facts about the causes alleged for lynching, and the public view of that crime. See index under Negroes. Du Bois, W. E. B. Negro crime. Atlanta University Press, 1904. 25c. (Atlanta University publications, No. 9). Negro criminal (in his Philadelphia Negro. 1899. p. 235- 68 ). Gives a brief history of crime in the city, comparative statistics.and the nature and causes of crime. The Negro Problem 27 *Kcllor, F. A. Experimental sociology, descriptive and analyti- cal; delinquents. Macmillan, 1901. $2. Social study ot Negro delinquents. Murphy, E. G. South and the Negro (in his Problems of the pres- ent South. 1904. p. 173-82). Some of the causes, and the Negro’s opinion, of crime. Page, T, N. The lynching of Negroes, its cause and its preven- tion (in his Negro: the Southerner' s problem. 1904. p. 86-119). Washington, B. T. Future of the American Negro. 1899. Brief but pointed discourse on lynching, some of its causes and reme- dies, will be found on p. 185-99. *Willcox, W. F. Negro criminality (in Stone, A. H. Studies in the American race problem, p. 443-75). Careful and readable discussion of the facts and issues involved. Periodicals Barnett, I. B. W. Lynching and the excuse for it. Independent, May 16. 1901, v. 53. p. 1133-36. Plain statement. Tables showing the crimes for which the Negro has been lynched. Cause and cure of lynching. Outlook, Aug. 15, 1903, v. 74, p. 927-29. A portion of President Roosevelt’s letter to Governor Durbin. Kellor, F. A. Criminal Negro. Arena, .lan.-May 1901, v. 25. See index for paging. Excellent study of the influences which go toward making the Negro a criminal, and his treatment as such in the various southern states. Medicine for the mob. Outlook, Feb. 2, 1907, v. 8.5, p. 249-50. Concise statement of the cau.ses of and possible cures for lynching and riots. Page, T. N. Lynching of Negroes. North American Review, .Ian. 1904, v. 178, p. 33-48. Excellent, popular account of the causes, extent, and cure of lynch- ing. Sledd, Andrew. Negro: another view. Atlantic, July 1902, V. 90, p. 65-73. Impartial statement of facts to be considered in the problem: the in- feriority and fundamental rights of the Negro. Waring, J. H. M. Causes of criminality among colored people. Charities, Oct. 7, 1905, v. 15. p. 4.5-49. Comprehensive article containing six important causes of Negro criminality and the evident results. 28 American Social Studies The Proposed Lines of Solution* General Bibliography Books Merriam, G. S. Looking forward (in his Negro and the nation. 190G. p. 391-411). Brief, optimistic presentation of the different lines of solution. Periodicals Andrews, E. F. Where the race problem has solved itself. Cen- tury, April 1907, v. 73, p. 961-62. An example showing what has been done. Baker, R. S. What to do about the Negro. American Magazine, Sept. 1908, V. 66, p. 463-70. Colquhoun, A. R. Future of the Negro. North American Re- view, May 1903, v. 176, p. 657-74. Discusses the various methods of solution already tried. Author be- lieves there must be a change of attitude on the part of the whites. Dowd, Jerome. Paths of hope for the Negro. Century, Dec. 1900, V. 61, p. 278-81. Elihu Root on the Negro problem. Harper’s Weekly, Feb. 21, 1903, V. 47, p. 306-7. Forceful presentation of the problem and the iwsslble solution by de- portation to Mexico. Hart, A. B. Remedies for the southern problem. Independent, May 4, 1905, v. 58, p. 993-96. Clear statement of remedies along the lines of peonage, industrial education, race separation, and the slow uplifting of the Negro. Hyde, W. D. National platform on the race question. Outlook, May 21, 1904. v. 77, p. 169-70. Concise statement of the various lines of solution. Northern, W. J. Negro situation — one wav out. World To-day. Sept. 1907, V. 13, p. 893-96. A line of solution in Georgia. Page, T. N. Southerner on the Negro question. North American Review, April 1902, v. 154. p. 401-13. Holds that the solution will be natural: the best of the Negroes will be absorbed, .some will go back to Africa, and residue will perish under conditions of life unsuited to progress. *]\Iost of the works in the genej’al bibliography on the problem contain suggestions upon the lines of solution in their concluding chapters. The Negro Problem 29 1 . Economic and Industrial developments Books Richings, G. T, Evidences of progress among colored people. 1896. Latter half of book takes up the business and professional develop- ment of the Nc^ro using personal illustrations. *Stone, A. H. Economic future of the American Negro (in his Studies in the American race problem. 1908. p. 149-210). Points out the economic door of hope. Periodicals Edwards, H. S. Negro and the South. Century, June 1906, v. 72. p. 212-15. Stride towards the elevation of the race, because of the Negroes own- ing their own homes and receiving higher salaries. Light from a southern source on the Negro problem. Harper’s Weekly, March 4, 1905, v. 49, p. 303. Concise statement of gratifying Industrial conditions of the Negro in the Yazoo Delta district, the heart of the black belt where there is the greatest political and social inequality; goes to prove that the solution will be solved by transforming the Negro into a land-owner. Miller, Kelly. Economic handicap of the Negro in the North. Annals of the American Academy, May 1906, v. 27, p. 543-50. States the effect of unfriendly environment, with which the Negro has to contend in the North, and suggests methods of solution along Industrial lines. Shaler. N. S. Future of the Negro in the southern states. Popu- lar Science Monthly, June 1900, v. 57, p. 147-56. Discussion of the needs of the Negro and the lines of work open to him. Author believes the time has come for co-operative work between the North and South. Smith, R. L. Village improvement among the Negroes. Out- look, March 31, 1900, v. 64. p. 733-36. Interesting account of the work done by the Farmers’ Improvement Society in Te.xas, and the hearty co-operation of the white race. Washington, B. T. Agricultural Negro. Arena, Nov. 1902, V. 28, p. 461-63. In the consideration of the problem, the author is convinced that for many years, at least, the Negro should be encouraged to own and culti- vate the soil. Land-hunger in the black belt. Lippincott, .Tune 1906, v. 77, p. 757-63. Tells of the struggle the Negroes are making to better their own con- ditions. Willey, D. A. Negro and the soil. Arena, May 1900, v. 23, p. 553-60. Several Illustrations are given, showing the success of the Negro in agricultural pursuits. 30 American Social Studies 2. Educarion Books *Du Bois, W, E. B. College-bred Negro. Atlanta University Press, 1901. 25c. Some convincing results of the higher education for students. * ed. Common school. Atlanta University Press, 1901. 25c. (Atlanta University publications, no. 6). Excellent material for a detailed study of the educational phases of the problem. * ed. Negro artisan. Atlanta University Press, 1902. 50c. (Atlanta University publications, no. 7). Detailed study of the methods and results of the industrial schools. Souls of black folk. 1903. See chapters on Of the training of black men, p. 88-109; Of the meaning of progress, p. 60-74; Of the wings of Atalanta, p. 75-87. Acknowledges the good work of schools like Tuskegee, but contends for the higher education and the political rights of the Negro. From servitude to service. Boston, American Unitarian Asso- ciation, 1905. $1. 10. Presentation of Negro progress. *Richings, G. T, Evidences of progress among colored people. Philadelphia, Ferguson Co. 1896. $1. Deals extensively with the schools which have been built for colored people and managed by whites, and the schools managed by colored people, with short sketches of the educators. Sinclair, W, A. Rise and achievements of the colored race (in his Aftermath of Slavery. 1905. p. 259-90). Washington, B. T. ed. Tuskegee; its people, their ideals and achievements. Appleton, 1905. $2. Scope of the school work is outlined, and definite information given as to what the graduates are doing with their education, by autobio- graphical sketches. Working with the hands. Doubleday, 1904. $1.50. Author’s experiences in industrial training at Tuskegee, presenting the many phases of work done there. Periodicals Baker, R. S. New southern statesmanship. American Maga- zine, Aug. 1908, V. 66, p. 381-91. Benson, W. E. Kowaliga: a community with a purpose. Char- ities, Oct. 7, 1905, V . 15, p. 22-24. Negro school where a common school education is afforded along with manual and industrial training. The Negro Problem 31 Bonham, M. L. Answer to the Negro question: education. Education, April 1908, v. 28, p. 507-10. Author believes that when the Negroes are educated, they will realize that social eauality is an impossibility, and will emigrate. Scarborough, W. S. Negro and the higher learning. Forum, May 1902. v. 33, p. 349-55. Stratton, J. R. Will education solve the race problem? North American Review, June 1900, v. 170, p. 785-91. Rather pessimistic view. Excellent statement of Negro morals. Washington, B. T. Education will solve the race problem. North American Review, Aug. 1900, v. 171, p. 221-32. Very hopeful view of the solution by education along industrial lines. Negro college town. World’s Work, Sept. 1907, v. 14, p. 9301-67. Interesting description of the college at Wilberforce. and the com- munity which is made up almost entirely of prosperous Negroes. Washington, B. T. Salvation of the Negro. World’s Work, July l!i01, V. 2, p. 961-71. Value of the work of Hampton Institute as it has been tested by time. Work and education. Outlook, March 7, 1908, v. 88, p. 526-27. Evidences of thrift and progress in social welfare, brought out in the annual Negro conference at Tuskegee. 3. Legislation Books Stone, A. H. The Negro in politics (in his Studies in the Ameri- can race problem. 1908. p 351-424). Suggestions as to advisable lines of action. Periodicals Farm for juvenile Negro offenders. Current Literature. Feb. 1905. V. 38, p. 101-2. Holds that this would be one of the first steps towards solution, if it were put into practice throughout the South. Mob or court? Outlook, April 4, 1908, v. 88, p. 768-69. An editorial holding that the civil right of every Negro to trial by juries open to Negroes, has been upheld in Florida. Reconstruction and disfranchisement. Atlantic, Oct. 1901, v. 88, p. 433-37. Demands of the South to apply to both races equally the qualifica- tions for the exercise of franchise and for holding office. 32 American Social Studies 4. Moral and religious influences Periodicals Abbott, E. H. Religious tendencies of the Negro. Outlook, Dec. 28, 1901, v. 69, p. 1070-76. Brings out the effect of religion on the Negro. States that there are two kinds of churches — those which believe the emotional charisteris- ticsof the Negro ought not to be suppressed, but educated and guided; and those which believe the emotional characteristics should be minimized by the magnifying of intellectual and ethical motives. Griffin, M, K, St. Mark’s and its social work for Negroes. Charities, Oct. 7, 1905, v. 15, p. 75-76. Brief statement of what is being done in one church in New York city for the betterment of the Negroes. Wright, R. R. jr. Social work and influence of the Negro church. Annals of the American Academy, Nov. 1907, v. 30, p. 509-21. Statement of what is being done by the Negro church in the towns and cities both in the North and South, and the great need of social work through this medium.