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AUTHOR: 
 
 BOISE, JAMES ROBINSON 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION 
 OF GREEK... 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 [CHICAGO] 
 
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 Boise, James Robinson, i:dl815-1895. 
 
 The pronunciation of Greek in this countryi:h[microf orm.l 
 [Chicago, i:cl876] 
 p. 480-483i:c24 cm. 
 
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 THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK IN THIS COUNTRY. 
 
 JAMES E. BOISE, PH. D., LL. D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GREEK, CUICAGO, IIX. 
 
 i 
 
480 
 
 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP EDUCATION. 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION OP GREEK IN THIS COUNTRY. 
 
 481 
 
 TH£ ΡΒΟΝΓΝ€ΙΑΤΙΟΝ OF GREEK IIV THIS COUNTRr. 
 
 JAMES R. BOISE, Ph. D., LL.D., 
 
 Profeeeor of Greek, Chicago, IlL 
 
 Three methods of pronouncing Greek have prevailed more or less in American schools: 
 
 1. The English system ; 
 
 2. The Modern Greek, called also Reuchlinian ; and 
 
 3. The method sometimes styled " Continental," sometimes "Erasmian." 
 
 Of the first, which was almost universal in this country fifty years ago, Goodwin, in 
 the Preface of his Greek Grammar, very justly and forcibly remarks, "That monstrosity, 
 the so-called * English system,' which saddled the Greek at once with English vowel 
 sounds and Latin accents, is now unintelligible to the majority of our scholars ; and it 
 is not likely that a system which requires the use of a foreign system of accentuation 
 will ever be generally adopted." 
 
 The second, the modem Greek pronunciation, while advocated by some very eminent 
 men, has been adopted in very few schools, and need not here be particularly described." 
 
 The third, the so-called continental or Erasmian method, is already widely preva- 
 lent, is every year rapidly gaining ground, and seems likely, very soon to become 
 almost universal in our American schools.! It is, therefore, this method of pronouncing 
 Greek which I propose here briefly to describe. 
 
 THE SO-CALLED CONTINENTAL OR ERASMLA.N METHOD OF PRONOUNCING GREEK. 
 
 L OF THE SOUNDS OF Tm£ VOWELS* 
 
 A, a, has the sound of a in father, 
 
 H, η, has the sound of a in gate, late, 
 
 E, ε, has the sound of e in men. 
 
 I, ij has the sound of i in machine. 
 
 Q, Qj has the sound of ο in tone. 
 
 O, 0, has the same sound as ω, with half the length. When followed by a consonant in 
 the same word, it is quite common to pronounce it like ο in log ; yet this sound 
 is not strictly correct, and should never be given to ο before another vowel, or at 
 the end of a word. It is sometimes, both in this country and in Germany, pro- 
 Eounced with an explosive, guttural sound, to indicate that it is short. Thus, 
 TO is pronounced almost as though it were written τόχ^ the last letter purely aspi- 
 rate. This sound should be carefully avoided. The same caution should also be 
 observed in pronouncing the other short vowel, ε. 
 
 *The modem Greek pronunciation was taught in Germany by the celebrated theologian Reuchlin 
 (bom 1455, died 1522) ; and at that time appears to have been in general use wherever the Greek l^knguago 
 was studied. The correctness of this pronunciation was first questioned by Erasmus of llotterdam 
 (bom 1467, died 1536) in a facetious dialogue between a lion and a bear (Dialogue de recta Latini 
 Graicique sermonia pronuutiationo, Basilea;, 1528). Erasmus seems not himself to have adopted the 
 «ystem proposed in the dialogue, but to have indicated his opinion that it was a near approximation to 
 the ancient pronunciation. From his time, however, the system which bfars his name has been con- 
 stantly gaining ground, and is now, with unimportant variations, the prevailing system in Germany 
 and many other countries. 
 
 fThe inquiry has often been made of the Commissioner of Education, "Can yon inform me what ie 
 the prevailing pronunciation of Greek and Latin in this country I" In order to answer this inquiry 
 satiftfactorily, letters were sent to fu\ the leading classic al professors, asking them for a brief statement 
 of their metbod of pronunciation. The letters relating to the pronunciation of Greek were placed In 
 my hands. I have examined one hundred and twenty-tive, taken at random from a considerably larger 
 number, and the result was as follows: Two professors, out of the entire number, teach the modem 
 Greek pronunciation ; eighteen tt ach the English system ; four teach partlv the English and partly 
 the continental system ; and one hundred and one the Erasmian method only. It thus appears that 
 the pronunciation of Greek in this country is far more uniform than that of Latin. The fact is worthy 
 of special notice that of the twelve oldest and best known New England ooUegee— two in Maine, one in 
 New Hampshire, two in Vermont, three in Massachusetts, one in Rhode Island, and three in Connec- 
 ticut—not one of the entire number any longer retains the English pronunciation of Greek, although 
 several of them still retain the English pronunciation of Latin. The example of tjl^e New England 
 colleges alone must have great weight in settling the usage in all the younger institutions and in the 
 newer States. The fact is also worthy of note that in nearly all the colleges of this country the change 
 fi-om the English to the Erasmian method has been made chiefly within the last quarter of a century. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ih' 
 
 T, V, like the French u or the German w. Often, however, owing to the diflSculty we 
 find in giving this sound, ν is pronounced like the English u in lucidj or like mv 
 in few. 
 No distinction in pronunciation is usually made between a and a, i and t, Ό 
 and V ; e. g.^ άρα and άρα, καλός (Epic) and καλός (Attic), Ισος (Homeric) and Ισος (At- 
 tic), λϋ- and λν- in the verb λυω, are pronounced alike. 
 
 In actual practice, α and t are usually shortened a little when followed by a 
 double consonant or by two single consonants in the same word ; e. g., the ι in ϊστημι 
 is usually pronounced like i in history^ the α in κάλλος like a in callous ; but ν is not 
 thus shortened, e. </., ν in νψος and νστερος is sounded like υ in wo, ΰδωρ; also, ν in 
 έκρυψα like υ in έλνσά, never like u in lamp. 
 
 Π. OP THE SOUNDS OF THK OffHTHONGS. 
 
 In at both vowels are sounded, nearly as in αίβΖβ, or aye (expressing a^ent). 
 
 et, like ei in height.* 
 
 oLj like oi in toii, oil. 
 
 αν, like the German au, or the English ou in housCf our, 
 
 eVf like eu in neutral.] 
 
 oVf like ou in courier; i. e., like oo in boot, 
 
 vif like wi in tcintery or ui in quit. 
 
 ^, Vi 9y are pronounced like a, 7, ω ; i. e., the iota is not pronounced at all 
 
 ην is pronounced like et;. 
 
 uv is pronounced like ου, 
 
 m. OF THE BOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 B, /3, like h. 
 
 Γ, 7, like g hard, never g soft ; but y before a palatal (/c, y, χ, or ξ) has the sound of 
 Η in anger ^ and was represented by η in Latin ; e. gi., άγκυρα^ Latin ancora, anchor, 
 The mistake is sometimes made of pronouncing y like ng before μ; as in λέλεγμαι^ 
 wrongly pronounced lelengmaiy correctly pronounced lilegmai. 
 
 Δ, δ, like d. 
 
 Z, ζ, is generallv in this country pronounced as the English z. It is also pronounced 
 thus by the modem Greeks. Some American scholars, however, pronounce ζ as 
 dz; e. g.f σώζω, pronounced sodzo. This pronunciation is recommended generally 
 in the best German grammars, and Hadley, in his Elements of the Greek Lan- 
 guage («J 11, a), remarks: " It is supposed that ζ had at first the sound of dz.^^ 
 
 Θ, -df Θ, is pronounced, in this oountry and in Great Britain, always, I think, like th in 
 thick, thin. 
 
 The modern Greeks pronounce this letter as we do. The Germans have great 
 diflSculty in giving this sound; and Georg Curtius (Erlauterungen zu meiner 
 griechischen Schulgrammatik, p. 19) says of this letter, " It is not advisable for 
 us [Germans] to accustom ourselves to a pronunciation which is foreign to us, and 
 which can be shown also not to be the ancient pronunciation." It is quite possible 
 that the ancient Greeks, in pronouncing all three of the rough mutes, φ, χ, and θ, 
 made the initial sound sharper and more like the corresponding smooth mutes, π, κ, 
 and r, than we do. This seems to be indicated by the sounds they have in Sanskrit, 
 j)'Aa, λ'Αα, Vha ; also by the Roman mode of representing these letters, at least by 
 writing ph, instead of /, in words of Greek origin. But if the Germans content 
 themselves with their pronunciation of and χ, we have equally good reason to be 
 satisfied with our pronunciation of Θ. It is one of those nice points about which 
 we need not be over anxious. 
 
 K, K, like k, or c hard. 
 
 A, λ, like I. 
 
 M, μ, like m. ' 
 
 N, V, like n. 
 
 H| ξί like ks. Each sound, even at the beginning of a word, should be distinctly heard. 
 Thus, ξένος should not be pronounced as though it began with ζ, but with the 
 palatal sound κ at the beginning distinctly audible. So, also, Βενοίρών should 
 not be pronounced in Greek as Xenophon in English, but with κ and σ both audi- 
 ble. This is not difficult after a little practice. 
 
 Π, π, like J). 
 
 * This is the usual pronunciation both in Germany and in this country ; but Professor Sophocles, in 
 bis work on "The Greek Alphabet and Pronunciation," and Professor Packard of Yale College, in an 
 articje in the liew Englander (January, 1871), propose for ei the sound nearly of si in freight, rein. 
 Curtius favors the distinct utterance of both vowels β and t, which would yield" nearly the sound of ei 
 in rein. Kiihner, on the other hand, argiies in favor of the present pronunciation, and thinks it α near 
 approximation to that of the classic period. If we pronounce it like ei in height, we must be careful to 
 distinguish between ει and at ; if like ei in rein, to distinguish between it and 1?. 
 
 i The German pronunciation of this diphthong, which makes it nearly identical with 01, English 0% 
 in boU, is not to be recommended, and is not favored by Cartioe. 
 
 31 Ε 
 
482 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 
 
 P, p, like r in the laDguages of continental Enrope ; that iR, stronger and more dietinot 
 than in English. The sound of r is almost if not quite inaudible as many per- 
 sons pronounce uar, liberty, and many other English words. This fault should 
 be carefully guarded against in pronouncing Greek. Another fault, even more 
 common, cannot be too carefully avoided, that of pronouncing ep like the English 
 er in perfect, peisuude, sei-ve, &c. It should always be sounded like er in merry, 
 ferry, error. Thus, έρχομαι should never be pronounced urchomai; έργον, never urgon. 
 The rough breathing over ρ at the beginning of a word, and in some editions over 
 tne second p when doubled in the middle of a word, is thought by some scholars 
 to indicate simply the rolling of the letter. (Of. History of the Greek Alphabet by 
 Prof. E. A. Sophocles, p. 115.) To most Americans the rolling of the letter is some- 
 what difficult, and in practice is not generally attempted. In fact, I doubt 
 whether the rough breathing was intended for this purpose. I think we very 
 naturally utter au initial ρ with a perceptible aspiration, and it is not improba- 
 ble that the rough breathing was intended to indicate this. Such is the opinion 
 of Kilhner (cf. AusfUhrliche Grammatik, erster Theil, erste Abtheilung, $ 6). 
 1, a, ς, like « in %\r', i. e., always sibilant, never like z. There is a strong tendency to 
 pronounce σ, ς, like ζ in many Greek words, as in μονσα, τής, ύς. In μούσα, the 
 analogy of the English word mu8e may account for this tendency. It should be 
 caiefully avoided, and σ, ς, always be made purely sibilant. 
 T, r, always like t. Thus Βοιώτως should never be pronounced Boia-she-us, but always 
 Boi-o-ti-os; although the English word Boeotian is usually pronounced Bee-o-ake- 
 an. 'Ύπατια is pronounced Hu-pa-tta (French u in the first syllable) ; although 
 in English we say Hy-pd-nhe-a. 
 Φ, ^, like ph in philosophy. 
 
 X, χ, like the German ch after a, o, or m, as in sprachen, machen ; or like the Scotch ch in 
 loch ; not like the German ch after e, i, or y, as in ich, nicht. It is frequently pro- 
 nounced in this latter way by the Germans, and sometimes in this country ; but 
 this sound is, I think, certainly false, as it is not palatal. The true sound is 
 somewhat difficult for an American who has not learned German. It is a strong 
 aspiration in the palate, distinguishing this letter at once from κ, the corr^ 
 sponding smooth mnte. Thus, έχϋος and εκτός would be distinguished not only 
 by the lingual (r-mute) and by the accent, but also, and equally, by the palatal 
 («-mute): ouxand ονχ are alt*o readily distinguished. 
 Ϋ, ip, likeps, with both sounds distinctly heard ; at the beginning, not less than in the 
 middle, of a word. 
 N. B.— Particular care should be taken in pronouncing the double consonants, or two 
 single consonants, at the beginning of a word, to give each letter its. proper sound; 
 as, rrvtu, ττνενμα, κνέφας, κτ?/αα, πτολεμαίος, Ϋ^ίσις, ξ€ο>, rljau, pronounced pneo, pueuma, 
 knephas, &c., with the ρ or the k distinctly sounded. Avoid also putting in a vowel 
 sound after the initial consonant. Not peneo, ke-nephas, &c., but the two consonants 
 in close succession. This is not difficult to those who are familiar with German. 
 
 Under this head may be mentioned the breathings, rough (spiritus asper) and 
 smooth (spiritus lenis). The rough breathing, placed over the initial vowel (as ΰν), 
 corresponds to the letter h in his ; the smooth breathing, also placed over an initial 
 vowel (as δν), indicates the absence of the aspiration, and might bo very useful to 
 such careless or ill educated persons as would in English confound all and hall, is and 
 his, oh and hoe, &c. Every word beginning with a vowel or diphthong had one or the 
 other of these breathings, which, however, in the case of a proper diphthong, was 
 placed over the second vowel. 
 
 rV. OF THE ACCENTS. 
 
 As ie known to every scholar, there are three forms of accent in Greek ; but it is not 
 now customary to make any distinction in sound between them. Thus, καλός, πατ/φ, 
 as they would bt» written at the end of a sentence, are pronounced like κηλύς, πατ7φ, 
 as they would be written in the middle of a sentence ; and νε^, νε<~), or λεώ, λεό», as they 
 are variously written, are pronounced alike. ' ' ' * 
 
 The written accents indicate in all cases the syllable on which the stress of voice 
 falls. A proclitic should be pronounced as an unaccented syllable of the following 
 word, and an enclitic as au unaccented syllable of the preceding word. Thus, d 
 άνθρωπος, άγαι9όν τι, αντ<'ς φημι, should each be pronounced with but one accented sylla- 
 ble; ΰν^ρω-ός τις, παΐόίς τίνες, each with two accented syllables. In εΐ τις μοί (ρησί ττοτε 
 and similar combinations, the accent should be carefully observed. ' 
 
 It is sometimes objected to the use of the written G^eek accents that we cannot at 
 the same time that wo observe them, make the quantity of the vowels apparent. But 
 it seems not to be thought of that this objection applies with equal force to the Latin 
 rule for the accent. In the Latin, scholars generally make no distinction between the 
 penult of stare (infanitive of sio) and that of dare (infinitive of do)', or between 
 vxensa ? nd menm, nominative and ablative ; and so in numberless other instances. Take 
 for example, this sentence from Cicero : Nunc vero, quw tua est ista vita Τ The quau- 
 tity of not one of these syllables, unless it is a diphthong or long by position, is indi- 
 
 " 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK IN THIS COUNTRY. 483 
 
 cated in the pronunciation. The objection is really of no weight whatever ; and while 
 in Latin it applies to all the vowels, in Greek it applies only to the three doubtful 
 vowels a, i, and v. It is not difficult, and is actually customary, to distinguish between 
 ε and j?, ο and ω. Thus, every careful teacher and scholar will make the difference be- 
 tween λνομαι and λνι^μαι, between λίεται and λνηται, quite apparent. Nor is it very 
 λίσαι *^ *^*' proper quantity of the penult in such words as άνθρωπος, λίχΛμι, 
 
 Again, it is said we cannot observe the written accents in reading poetry as such 
 t. e., metrically. This objection is equally short sighted with the preceding•, since it 
 applies with equal force to the Latin rule for the accent. Let any one undertake to 
 scan a verse in Virgil, and make the metrical accent (the ictus metricus, as it is some- 
 times called) coincide with the accent according to the rule for prose. He will at 
 once find that the two are entirely independent of each other. The same is true in 
 Greek poetry, showing that poetry among the Greeks and Romans was farther removed 
 Irom prose, more artificial, more like song, than with us. 
 
 V. OF THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK PROPER NAMES. 
 
 But one question remains for us to consider in this paper ; and it is by no means a 
 question easy to settle. How shall we anglicize Greek proper names ? The conven- 
 tional method IS this: to write the Greek word with Roman letters, thus giving it the 
 form of a Latin word, and then to pronounce it with the English sounds of the letters 
 and the Latin ru e for the place of the accent. Thus, ^ενοψών (with the accent on the 
 ultima and the double consonant Ε pronounced as ks) becomes Xenophon (with the 
 accent on the antepenult and the initial consonant pronounced as z) ; Σωκράτης (accent 
 ^oniuN^^wl* fi°^ continental sound of the a) becomes Socrates (accent on the ante- 
 penult). Whether we write the Greek κ in Latin as a c or a fc; and ει as ei or e or i : 
 and a^ as at or ae; and oi as oi or oe, the above rule still holds good ; the vowels and 
 ii?i Τ?κ consonants are pronounced as in English, and the Latin rule for the 
 
 place of the accent is applied. Whatever objections may lie against this method of 
 deahrg with Greek proper names, and though something else mty be substituted for 
 It before very long, it is at least the prevailing method at present. It may require some 
 care on meeting such a word as ^Αλκιβιάδης in a Greek sentence, to give it the proper 
 ?ir^rj*j 7°°. ^w* ^^*^^;^^^^J and then, on rendering the sentence into English, to call 
 the word Alcitiades or Alkihiadts, with Laiin accent and English sounds of the vowels. 
 But the same care is required in Latin and in the modern languages. No one who 
 pronounces the c in Cicero hard in a Latin sentence would pronounce it Kikiro in 
 ΪΙ&: r^x """^ pronounces the words Paris, Lyons, etc., the same in French and in 
 Englisb. Those who meet the words Wien, Munchcn, Koln, in a German sentence 
 Thn?JtT''^^i¥r°' 9^"?f \y ill German, call them in English Vienna, Munich, Colognel 
 Those who visit Venice, if they speak German, French, Italian, and English learn for 
 runnilTr^li}l^ ^^"^"ί'η^β ':^"^ΐ^. ^^riise^ ^enezia, and Venice; and if they speak 
 modern Greek they will have also the word Βενετία, all five names diftering greatly in 
 tbeir sound. It is no more difficult or inconsistent to change in a similar way ancient 
 nr«^!L^r^ n""""" η • ^ ?* requires care and discrimination to do this ; but those qualities 
 are continually called m requisition in the study of any foreign language ; and in this 
 fact lies one of the many benefits derived from the study of languale. 
 
 in tbe toregomg statements, which have been prepared in compliance with the re- 
 2!! fS ""-^"^ teachers in different parts of this country, I have not sought to give any 
 SnlitanT? Γ^Γκ*'"^ *^^ pronunciation of Greek, but simply to present what I 
 understand to be the most approved usage in this country, without any long arrav of 
 arguments or learned discussions. Minute points of difference in the sounds both of 
 J!^r.^^■n^^ "^^^l^^ consonants undoubtedly prevail and will ever prevail in pro- 
 nouncing Greek, and not less in pronouncing our own language ; but the general svs- 
 
 th^.t which prevails in Germany, so that those who have learned this system here, and 
 who go to Germany for the further prosecution of their classical studies, will nek to 
 T.f^i!'i?"1 only unimportant, changes, in order to understand and be understood, 
 fnili Η !"■ ί^^'Γ *^, P"T® ^^'^ «"^J*^^* i'arihev will be well repaid bv reading care- 
 fuUy the article already referred to in The New Englander for Januarv, 1?^71, by Pro- 
 fessor Packard ; also the work of Professor Sophocles, History of the Greek Alphabet 
 and Pronunciation, published by George Nichols, Cambridge, Mass., 1848; also two 
 ihlVV ^iVu^ '" Ψ9^^Χ^ Essays (New York, Holt & Williams, 1873 , one "On 
 
 nnni^oHnn ^f^/i ^^ ^''Π: ο ^^« ^^^^^ Acccnt;" the othcr "On the ByzaAtine Greek Pro- 
 nunciation of the Tenth Century, as illustrated by a Manuscript in the Bodleian Library." 
 ili if- ^.^""^^ language, consult especially Kiihner^s AusfUhrliche Grammatik der 
 griechischen Sprache, erster Theil, erste Abtheilung, $ 3 ; Georg Curtius's Erliiuterung- 
 en zu mcner griechiRchenSchulgrammatik,Cap.l; also an article by the same, Ueblr 
 die Aussprache der griechischen Vokale und Diphthonge, in Zeitschrift lur die cester- 
 reii hischen Gymnasien, 1852, 2. Heft. t ui uie ussier 
 
 University of Chicago, January, 1876.