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 Board of 
 
 Foreign tDi$$ion$ 
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 Presbyterian 
 
 Church 
 
 Historical 
 Sketch ?L£ 
 missions in 
 South 
 America 
 
 Seventh Edition 
 
 (rcviscd) 
 
 The Uloman’s foreign 
 missionary Society of 
 the Presbyterian Church, 
 lUitherspoon Building. 
 Philadelphia : 1917 
 
 Price, 10 Cents 
 
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 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 Columbia University Libraries 
 
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 https://archive.org/details/historicalsketchOOwoma_0 
 

 
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 OF TH E 
 
 Board of 
 
 Foreign Hlissions 
 of the 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Church 
 
 Historical 
 Sketch "" 
 IDissions in 
 South 
 /Imerica 
 
 
 Seventh Edition 
 
 ( R evi s ed) 
 
 The UJoman's Toreign 
 tDissionary Society of 
 
 
 
 the Presbyterian Church, 
 Ulitherspoon Building, 
 Philadelphia : 1917 
 
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SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 South America, a triangular peninsula 4,700 miles long 
 and over 3,000 miles w'ide, stretches from the Isthmus of 
 Panama, 12° north latitude, to Cape Horn, 56° south latitude. 
 It is nearly twice the size of Europe, including in its area 
 about 7,000,000 square miles, one-eighth the land surface of 
 the globe, with a coast line of 19,000 miles. It is divided into 
 fourteen countries, the smallest of which — Uruguay — is twice 
 the size of Ireland. The population of about 55,000,000 is 
 composed of a mixed people of Spanish, Portuguese, Indian 
 and Negro blood. 
 
 It is remarkable for its lofty mountains and noble rivers. 
 The Orinoco is greater than the Ganges, the Rio de la Plata 
 is 2,200 miles long, and the Amazon, with its 25,000 miles 
 of navigable course from the Atlantic Ocean to the foot of 
 the Andes, affords with its tributaries a matchless network 
 of water-way. The Andes extend 4,500 miles along the entire 
 western coast, with peaks of extraordinary height. 
 
 Within this extended territory we find every variety of 
 climate, varied and luxuriant vegetation, rich stores of mineral 
 wealth — a land on which Nature has lavished her best gifts. 
 
 Discovered by Columbus on his third voyage to the New 
 World in 1498, South America was claimed as a Spanish 
 possession, and in consequence occupied by the Roman 
 Catholic Church. Although her ! monarchies are now trans- 
 formed into Republics, the blighting effects of nearly four 
 hundred years of undisputed Papal sway are everywhere 
 evident in the retarded development of the country, and the 
 apathy, superstition and almost pagan ignorance in spiritual 
 things. 
 
 In this vast field the Presbyterian Board has missions in 
 only four of the fourteen countries — Brazil, Chili, Colombia 
 and Venezuela. 
 
4 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Brazil, the only monarchy in America for many years, 
 became a Republic in 1889. It occupies nearly one-half of 
 South America, and contains more than one-half of its arable 
 land. Lying between 4° north and 33° south latitude, nearly 
 the whole territory is within the Torrid Zone. It is over 
 2,600 miles long and 2,500 broad, and has a coast line of 4,000 
 miles. The area is 3,220,000 square miles; it is a little larger 
 than the United States, without Alaska. 
 
 Brazil is naturally divided into three distinct regions: the 
 lowlands along the coast, where are grand harbors and large 
 cities; the middle section, which has magnificent and fertile 
 plateaus formed by abrupt mountain ranges on the eastern 
 side, watered by the tributaries of the Amazon and those of 
 the River la Plata; and the vast and unexplored forest region 
 of the west. The climate is varied. Within the tropics, the 
 extreme heat is accompanied in some parts by great humidity; 
 but on the table-land the heat is modified by pure and refresh- 
 ing breezes, and back on the mountain slopes one may dwell 
 in perpetual spring. The table-lands and hillsides, with 
 unrivalled navigable streams for internal communication and 
 commerce, naturally fit it for agricultural purposes. There 
 are no active volcanoes, and earthquakes are very rare. 
 
 Brazil is probably unsurpassed in fertility, in climate, and 
 in variety of useful natural products — coflee, sugar, cotton, 
 India rubber, cocoa, rice, maize, manioc, bananas, beans, 
 yams, ginger, lemons, oranges, figs, cocoanuts, etc. There 
 are herds of wild cattle on the plains, game in the woods, and 
 fish in the waters, vast forests of rare growth and variety, 
 wood of great excellence and beauty for all kinds of cabinet 
 work, timber and lumber for all building purposes. Gold, 
 silver, iron, lead and precious stones are abundant; indeed, 
 the field for diamonds is one of the richest in the world. But 
 the vast wealth of the State is found, not in her rich stores of 
 precious minerals and metals, but in her fruitful soil and 
 exports of tropical productions. Her traffic in sugar and 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 5 
 
 coffee amounts to more in a single year than all the diamonds 
 gathered within this century. 
 
 The population is estimated at 22,000,000, including 
 2,300,000 full-blood Negroes and about 1,000,000 Indians. 
 There are nearly 3,000,000 whites of more or less pure Por- 
 tuguese blood, and about as many white immigrants, mostly 
 from Southern Europe, who have settled in the southern 
 extra-tropical States. The Negroes are mostly found in the 
 N. E. Atlantic States, the Indians in the unsettled interior; 
 while the mass of the population everywhere consists of a 
 mixture of these three elements in every imaginable propor- 
 tion. 
 
 The Portuguese language closely resembles the Spanish. 
 Mr. Blackford, of the Brazil Mission, says: “It is a beautiful 
 language, and has been appropriately styled the eldest 
 daughter of the Latin. It is compact, expressive, flexible and 
 well adapted for oratory and literature.” 
 
 During the monarchy, education in Brazil was very 
 deficient; notwithstanding the Emperor’s enlightened views 
 and policy, in 1874 only twenty-five per cent, of the children 
 were being educated. Since the establishment of the Repub- 
 lic, there has been marked progress in educational reform, 
 and the people are eager to accept every advantage for the 
 education of their children. 
 
 Brazil was accidentally discovered by Vincente Yanes 
 Pincon, a companion of Columbus, May 3, 1500, and was first 
 colonized by the Portuguese in 1531. 
 
 From 1531 to 1822, Brazil was a province of Portugal, 
 and was governed by a ruler from the mother country. 
 “When Portugal was invaded by the French in 1807, the 
 sovereign of that kingdom, John VI, sailed for Brazil, 
 accompanied by his family and court. Soon after his arrival 
 he placed the administration on a better footing, threw open 
 the ports to all nations, and improved the condition of the 
 country generally. On the fall of Bonaparte, the king 
 raised Brazil to the rank of a kingdom, and assumed the 
 title of King of Portugal, Algarve and Brazil. A revolution 
 in 1820 led the king to return to Portugal, and he left 
 Pedro, his eldest son, as regent. In 1822. Dom Pedro, forced 
 
6 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 by a desire on the part of the Brazilians for complete inde- 
 pendence, and not wishing the control of Brazil to go outside 
 of his family, declared Brazil a free and independent State, 
 assumed the title of Emperor, and was recognized by the 
 King of Portugal in 1825. A series of disturbances and 
 general dissatisfaction throughout the empire ended in the 
 abdication of Dom Pedro I, who left Brazil April 7, 1831, 
 leaving a son who was under age as his successor. The rights 
 of the latter were recognized and protected and a regency of 
 three persons was appointed by the Chamber of Deputies to 
 conduct the government during his minority. In 1840 the 
 young Emperor was declared of age, being then in his 
 fifteenth year, and was crowned July 18, 1841,” as Dom Pedro 
 II. In 1866, Dom Pedro emancipated the slaves of the gov- 
 ernment, and in 1871 the Legislature authorized a bill, the 
 effect of which would be gradual emancipation throughout 
 the empire. Freedom was proclaimed to all in 1888. 
 
 In 1876 the Emperor visited the L'nited States of America 
 and attended the great Exposition in Philadelphia, saw our 
 schools and our manufactories, studied our institutions and 
 civilization generally, and returned to apply his acquirements 
 for the nation’s good. The whole country made a decided 
 advance during his reign. 
 
 In i860 the population of Brazil was 9,000,000, including 
 more than 1,000,000 Negro slaves, but excluding Indians; 
 religious tolerance existed only in name; the Roman Church 
 was a department of State, and Jesuits controlled education, 
 hospitals and public charities; communication with the inte- 
 rior was by mule-back; there were only sixty miles of railroad; 
 two monthly steamers and a few sailing vessels afforded the 
 only communication with Europe; the postage of a letter to 
 the United States was forty-five cents, and the time forty-five 
 days. Now the population has more than doubled; there are 
 more than 10,000 miles of railway, 12,000 more of telegraph, 
 two trans--\tlantic cables, and twelve lines of trans-Atlantic 
 steamers. 
 
 Ou November 15- 1889, occurred one of the most remark- 
 able revolutions known in history; the monarchy was over- 
 turned with little ojiposition and no bloodshed, the Emperor 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 7 
 
 and imperial family were e>vilecl, Brazil was proclaimed a 
 republic, and the people quietly accepted the decrees of the 
 Provisional Government. 
 
 One year later the Brazilian Constitution, modelled upon 
 that of the United States of America, was adopted, a new 
 President and Cabinet elected, and the government of the 
 United States of Brazil established on a sure basis. The 
 new constitution authorizes “separation of Church and State; 
 secularity of public cemeteries; the right of civil marriage, 
 and religious liberty.” All religious denominations have 
 equally the right to liberty of worship. 
 
 In 1893-6 an attempt to overthrow the Republic was 
 made by monarchical sympathizers, backed by the priests. It 
 was frustrated by the energy of the government leaders after 
 a severe struggle, but the resulting political and financial 
 unrest was long continued. 
 
 The most important fact in the current history of Brazil 
 is the extraordinary influx of immigrants. Germans, Italians, 
 Portuguese, Syrians, Spaniards from Spain and the Philip- 
 pines are pouring in so that the population is becoming almost 
 as heterogeneous as that of the United States. New activity 
 is manifest on the part of the Roman priesthood, reinforced 
 by many members of the religious orders driven from France 
 and the Philippines. Nevertheless the opening of the doors 
 is wider than ever before, and the pure Gospel may be 
 preached and taught with absolute freedom. 
 
 PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN BRAZIL. 
 
 The first effort to evangelize Brazil was made by a colony 
 of the persecuted Huguenots of France, under the protection 
 of Admiral Coligny. They sailed from Havre de Grace in 
 1555, to what is now the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, and settled 
 on the' island of Villegagnon. Calvin and his friends at 
 Geneva sent them religious teachers; but the colony was 
 short-lived. Persecution did its work, and some returned, 
 some were put to death, and others fled to the Indians. 
 
 “Amongst the latter was one named Jean de Boileau, who is 
 noted, even in the annals of the Jesuits, as a man of considerable 
 
8 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 learning, being well versed in both Greek and Hebrew. Escaping from 
 Villegagnon, Jean de Boileau went to St. Vincente, near the present 
 site of Santos, the chief seaport of the province of Sao Paulo; the 
 earliest Portuguese settlement in that part of the country, and where 
 the Jesuits had a colony of Indians catechised according to their mode. 
 According to the Jesuit chroniclers themselves, the Huguenot minister 
 preached with such boldness, eloquence, erudition, that he was likely 
 to pervert, as they term it, great numbers of their adepts. Unable to 
 withstand him by arguments, they resorted to Rome’s ever-favorite 
 reasoning, and caused him to be arrested, with several of his compan- 
 ions. Jean de Boileau was taken to Bahia, about a thousand miles 
 distant, where he lay in prison eight years. V'hen, in 1567, the Portu- 
 guese finally succeeded in expelling the French from that part of iheir 
 dominions, the governor, Mem de Sa, sent for the Huguenot prisoner, 
 and had him put to death on the present site of the city of Rio de 
 Janeiro, in order, it was said, to terrify his countrymen, if any of them 
 should be lurking in those parts. The Jesuits boast that Anchieta, their 
 great apostle in Brazil, succeeded in winning the heretic to the papal 
 faith on the eve of his execution, and then helped the hangman dispatch 
 him as quickly as possible, so as to hurry him off to glory before he 
 could have time to recant .” — Sketch of Brasil Mission, by Rev. A L. 
 Blackford. 
 
 From 1624 to 1654, the Dutch settled along the northern 
 coast and did some mission work among the Indians, but the 
 work ceased with the expulsion of the Dutch. 
 
 In 1836 the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United 
 States sent the Rev. Mr. Spaulding to Rio de Janeiro. The 
 Rev. D. P. Kidder was associated with him in 1838-1840. In 
 1842 the mission was given up. 
 
 About 1851 Rev. J. C. Fletcher was sent to Rio by the 
 American and Foreign Christian Union, and the Seamen’s 
 h'riend Society, but he remained only a short time. 
 
 Dr. Kalley, a pious Scotch physician, went to Rio de 
 Janeiro in 1855 and began an independent work of circulating 
 the Bible and preaching. His labors resulted in two inde- 
 pendent Protestant churches, one in Rio and the other in 
 Pernambuco.* 
 
 The Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States 
 maintained a missionary in Brazil from i860 to 1864. In 1889 
 thev renew'ed the mission and occupy the State of Rio Grande 
 do Sul. They have also a missionary in Rio. 
 
 *A society in Scotland. “Help for Brazil.” was formed to assist Dr. Kalley’s 
 work, and supports several missionaries in Rio and Pernambuco. Several other 
 societies have from time to time sent workers to Brazil. See “Protestant ^fissions 
 in South America.” 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 9 
 
 The first missionaries of the Southern Presbyterians 
 fU. S.) came to Brazil in 1869, and began their work at 
 Campinas. Their stations are in the States of Minas, Sao 
 Paulo, and Pernambuco. 
 
 The Methodist Church (South) began work in 1876, and 
 are located in the States of Rio, Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. 
 
 A representath’e of the Northern Methodists has labored 
 for some years at Para. 
 
 The Southern Baptists (1881) are working in Pernam- 
 buco, Bahia, Rio and Sao Paulo. 
 
 The South American Evangelical Mission (Liverpool) 
 reports eighteen workers in Brazil, with work in the States of 
 Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, Goyaz and Matto Grosso. 
 
 Among the most efficient pioneers in the missionary work 
 in Brazil, as well as all over South America, have been the 
 Bible Societies, British and American. Their agents travel 
 throughout the continent from Cape Horn to Darien, un- 
 deterred by persecution, imprisonment or even death, circu- 
 lating the Word of God. Since the establishment of their 
 work, at least 1,000,000 copies of the Bible, in whole or in 
 part, have been distributed in Brazil alone. Evangelists have 
 repeatedly found in remote places groups of Bible Christians, 
 eager to welcome the preacher of the truth which they have 
 learned by reading. 
 
 Rev. Hubert Brown says; 
 
 “Most of the colporteurs are natives ; many are simple-hearted 
 
 men of little education With little machinery and small outlay, 
 
 this magnificent business enterprise is carried on, and as fast as one 
 laborer drops from the ranks, another takes his place. On a trip 
 through the mountain or river valleys, along the tropical seacoast, or 
 over the high, bleak tablelands, we missionaries meet these men with 
 their packs, on horseback or afoot, always cheerful, taking what is 
 offered in bed or board, with Bibles or portions adapted to any purse, 
 and in type for eyes yet keen or eyes that are failing. Thus they sow 
 the seed, trusting God to give the increase.” * 
 
 Latin America, Hubert W. Brown, p. igg. 
 
lO 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS. 
 
 The history of Presbyterian work in Brazil falls naturally 
 into two parts. Begun just before the outbreak of our own 
 Civil War, it was carried on during the early years with small 
 means and an insufficient force. Yet the blessing of God 
 followed earnest effort, and in spite of all obstacles a real 
 and constant grow'th was manifest. 
 
 After twenty-eight years of work on the foundations, a 
 new period began for the Brazilian Church. In 1888 the mis- 
 sions of the Northern and Southern Presbyterian Churches 
 of the United States were united to form the Synod of Brazil. 
 Thirty-four churches were connected with our Mission and 
 eighteen with that of the Southern Church, making in all 
 fifty-two churches, which were divided into four Presbyteries. 
 This Synod met every three years, and was entirely inde- 
 pendent, having no relation to General Assemblies in the 
 United States. 
 
 It will be recognized that such an arrangement called for 
 great wisdom and forbearance on all sides. As years went 
 on many perplexing questions arose, and the growing diver- 
 gence of opinion, not on matters of doctrine, but of policy and 
 practical methods, became so acute that in 1903 seven minis- 
 ters and nine elders, with a large number of followers, with- 
 drew from the Synod and formed an independent Presby- 
 terian Church. This unfortunate schism, with its inevitable 
 accompaniment of strife and bitterness, has greatly retarded 
 the growth of the Brazilian churches, especially in the State 
 of Sao Paulo, where the prospects were brightest and the 
 opportunity greatest. 
 
 Both the Svnod and the Independents have grown since 
 the division. The former has now two Synods, with 8 Pres- 
 byteries, 120 organized churches, and 15,000 members. 
 
 The Independent Synod has 3 Presbyteries, 14 ministers 
 and 8,000 members. The constant wish and prayer of the 
 friends of Brazil is that the breach may be healed and the 
 Church reunited. 
 
 The first General Assembly of the Brazilian Church met 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 II 
 
 at Rio de Janeiro in January, 1910. The meeting was marked 
 by a spirit of great earnestness and intense desire for the 
 spread of Christ’s Kingdom. The Moderator, Rev. Alvaro 
 Reis, pastor of the church in Rio, was appointed to attend the 
 General Assemblies of the two Presbyterian Churches in the 
 United States, and request them to send more missionaries to 
 Brazil. 
 
 The purpose of the missions is to co-operate as effectively 
 as possible with the Brazilian Church, in evangelizing the 
 country. The pioneer work in opening new fields and organ- 
 izing churches is done by them. As soon as the churches can 
 be supplied with pastors and provide their own support, the 
 missionaries are released for further pioneering. 
 
 The Theological Seminary, formerly at Sao Paulo, is now 
 located at Campinas. There are three professors: Dr. J. R. 
 Smith, of the Southern Presbyterian Mission; Prof. Braga, 
 supported by the Synod, and Rev. T. J. Porter, of our own 
 Mission. Except for the salaries of the two missionary pro- 
 fessors, the Seminary is supported by the Brazilian Church, 
 which has done more than any church connected with our 
 missions for the training of its own ministry. 
 
 The work of our Church is now organized in two mis- 
 sions: the South Brazil Mission, in the States of Rio, Sao 
 Paulo, Parana, Santa Catherina, and Matto Grosso; and the 
 Central Brazil Mission, in the States of Bahia, Sergipe, and 
 North Minas. 
 
 THE SOUTH BRAZIL MISSION. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, the metropolis of Brazil, 
 RIO DE JANEIRO, with a present population of nearly a mil- 
 lion, now the capital of the Republic and 
 seat of the National Parliament, was wisely chosen as the 
 centre of the missionary operations inaugurated by our Board 
 in i860. 
 
 The first missionary was the Rev. Ashbel Green Simon- 
 ton, a man peculiarly qualified for the pioneer missionary 
 work, from his scholarly attainments, gentle manners, sturdy 
 and sterling Christian character. He was always deservedly 
 
12 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 popular with Brazilians, and to his wisdom and faithful founda- 
 tion work the success of the Brazil Mission is largely due. 
 
 In the following year Mr. Simonton was joined by his 
 brother-in-law, the Rev. A. L. Blackford, who afterward took 
 up the work in Sao Paulo, whence he returned to Rio upon 
 Mr. Simonton’s death in 1867. 
 
 From the beginning, the two principal lines of missionary 
 activity in the city of Rio have been the pulpit and the press. 
 As soon as he was able to speak Portuguese with some facility, 
 ]\Ir. Simonton began preaching in a small third-story room 
 in the centre of the city, his first audience consisting of two 
 men, who had been his pupils in English. From that small 
 beginning the work has increased, until now it is self-sustain- 
 ing, and large audiences gather every Sabbath in the beautiful 
 stone church, capable of accommodating some 700 people, in 
 tbe very centre of the city. There are always a number of 
 strangers present at the services, and in many cases those 
 from far-distant provinces, having come to Rio upon business 
 or in attendance upon the Parliament, have thus heard the 
 truth and carried the news of the Gospel to their far-away 
 homes. The Rev. Alvaro Reis is now the pastor. 
 
 At the very outset of his work, as a means of reaching 
 the public, Mr. Simonton commenced the publication of a 
 weekly religious journal, called the Imprcnsa Evangclica, or 
 “Evangelic Press,” which became a powerful instrument for 
 good. Frequent instances are recorded of individual con- 
 versions and even of churches established through its instru- 
 mentality. ]\Iost of the evangelical literature in circulation 
 was also published here and sent from the Mission book store 
 to all parts of the country. 
 
 Among those afterward stationed at Rio were the Rev. 
 Messrs. Schneider, A^anorden, Hazlett, Houston, Kyle and 
 Rodgers. Four young Brazilians, trained by Mr. Simonton 
 and his associates, were ordained to the ministry and did 
 good service to the infant Church. At different times three 
 converted priests have been connected with the church in Rio 
 and have taken more or less prominent part in the religious 
 work. 
 
 On the death of Mr. Simonton, his work was taken up by 
 
THE illSSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 13 
 
 Rev. George \V. Chamberlain, a man of fervent spirit and 
 wonderful energy, who was spared for nearly forty years of 
 dauntless service. The story of his life would be the whole 
 history of our Brazilian Mission. In every phase of the work, 
 in every part of the country, his burning zeal and heroic cour- 
 age were felt. Scorning threats and persecution, he traveled 
 everywhere preaching the Word. He built churches and 
 founded schools, giving lavishly of his own means and inspir- 
 ing others to give. His life was devoted to Brazil, and when 
 he knew that death was near, he asked to be carried back to 
 Bahia, that he might die there among the people whom he 
 loved. 
 
 The Rev. J. IM. Kyle, who for some years 
 NOVA FRIBURGO. was pastor of a church in Rio de Janeiro, 
 
 removed in 1891 to Nova Friburgo, a 
 health resort in the mountains, about forty miles east of Rio. 
 From this point as a centre, availing himself of the facilities 
 afforded by the Leopoldina R. R., wFich extends 1,200 miles 
 into the interior. Dr. Kyle did itinerant W'Ork in the neighbor- 
 ing portions of the States of Rio de Janeiro and Minas, having 
 also under his charge the church of Campos. During the tw'O 
 years when the Synodical Seminary was located tentatively at 
 Nova FriburgOj Dr. Kyle, associated wdth the Rev. J. R. 
 Smith, D. D., taught the half-dozen Brazilian youths who 
 came there for instruction. In addition to his other work. 
 Dr. Kyle made important additions to the Protestant the- 
 ological literature of Brazil. Barrow’s “Biblical Interpreta- 
 tion,” Hodge’s “Outlines of Theologv’,” and other works were 
 translated by him or under his direction, and published by 
 funds secured through his efforts. In 1898 a series of evan- 
 gelistic meetings, held by Rev. Alvaro Reis, of Rio, resulted 
 in a spiritual awakening by which the whole city was stirred. 
 A church of thirty-six members was organized, which has 
 grown steadily. Since Dr. Kyle left, in 1908, no missionary 
 has resided at Nova Friburgo. 
 
 The city of Sao Paulo is the capital of the State 
 SAG PAULO, of Sao Paulo. It w’as first occupied by Rev. A. 
 
 L. Blackford in 1863. At that time it was a city 
 of from 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants, without railways, gas or 
 
14 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 any of the appointments of modern civilized communities. 
 To-day it has 500,000 inhabitants and is a great railway centre. 
 It has daily railway service to Rio, 300 miles distant, and 
 several trains a day to Santos, the seaport, forty-five miles 
 away; and is sujiplied with gas, electric lights, water, street 
 cars and other appointments of a modern city. In place of the 
 old-time schools, held in private houses, and teaching only the 
 catechism and primary studies, we now find large and hand- 
 some public school buildings and a system of instruction 
 modeled upon that of the United States, as well as high, 
 model and normal schools, which compare favorably as to 
 buildings, equipment and teaching, with those of some of our 
 large American cities. 
 
 The State of Sao Paulo, with a population of 2,500,000, 
 a large proportion of whom are foreigners, is the great cofifee- 
 lu'oducing State of the Republic, having large tracts of the 
 inexhaustible red lands on which the coffee plant thrives. In 
 extent it is nearly equal to the combined areas of the States 
 of New York and Pennsylvania. The prosperity of the State 
 has attracted the best elements from the other States, and it 
 is one of the strongholds of the Republic. 
 
 The city, situated on the hills that rise from the banks of 
 the Tiete, was founded by the Jesuits in 1554. It is 2.700 
 feet above sea level, and is exceptionally healthy. The Pres- 
 bytery of Rio de Janeiro was organized here in 1865. consist- 
 ing of Revs. A. G. Simonton, A. L. Blackford, F. J. C. 
 Schneider and Senhor Concei(;ao, a converted Roman priest, 
 just then ordained. When IMr. Blackford left. Rev. G. Y . 
 Chamberlain remained in charge of the work at this point, 
 and ministered to the church through nearly the whole of its 
 history, until it became self-supporting and called a native 
 pastor. Rev. J. B. Howell was his co-laborer in this work 
 during ten years from 1874-84. 
 
 Being the seat of a large law school, attended by some 
 600 students from all parts of the country, and for other rea- 
 sons, Sao Paulo was early chosen as the educational centre of 
 the mission work in Brazil. The beginning in this line was 
 made bv IMrs. G. Chamberlain, who gathered a dozen or 
 more of the children of church people in one of the rooms of 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 15 
 
 her house. Native ladies were afterward employed as teachers, 
 and the attendance increased. Suitable buildings were erected 
 in 1875 from funds collected in the United States by Mr. 
 Chamberlain. During the succeeding ten years, under the 
 joint superintendence of Mr. Chamberlain and the Rev. J. 
 B. Howell, a primary, intermediate and high school course 
 was organized, and the attendance increased to over 150. 
 
 In 1877, Miss P. R. Thomas, a self-supporting missionary 
 under the auspices of the Woman’s Society of Philadelphia, 
 established a kindergarten in Sao Paulo, which was the first 
 school of the kind in Brazil. The school under Miss Thomas’s 
 direction was very successful in reaching many of the best 
 families in the city, and sowing seeds of gospel truth in places 
 which had otherwise been inaccessible. 
 
 The Girls’ Boarding School was opened in their own home 
 by the Rev. J. B. Howell and wife, assisted by Miss E. Kuhl, 
 in 1878, and continued under their care for three years. It 
 was then transferred to the mission building and put under 
 the care of Misses Kuhl and Dascomb, under whose efficient 
 management it continued until they removed to Curityba in 
 1891 to inaugurate the educational work for girls in the State 
 of Parana. 
 
 The Boys’ Boarding Department is located about a mile 
 from the central school buildings, on property given to the 
 mission by Dr. and IMrs. Chamberlain. These schools are not 
 now controlled by the Mission. 
 
 In 1886, Horace M. Lane, D. D., was sent out by special 
 appointment to superintend all the educational work in Sao 
 Paulo. Under his wise and efficient direction the “Eschola 
 Americana” has become a factor of permanent value in the 
 intellectual life of Brazil. The system of graded schools is 
 crowned by Mackenzie College, designed to give to Brazilian 
 youth such advantages as American colleges offer. Mr. J. T. 
 Mackenzie, of New York, was so much impressed by the 
 need in Brazil of a college founded on Bible principles that 
 he offered the funds needed for the buildings, and the college 
 perpetuates his name. In 1896 the buildings were completed 
 and the first classes opened. The college, though in closest 
 harmony with the Mission, is not controlled by it. Two of 
 
i6 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 the directors, all of whom reside in the United States, are 
 members of the Board of Foreign Missions, which contributes 
 a certain sum annually toward the professors’ salaries. The 
 lower schools are self-supporting, and embrace primary, inter- 
 mediate, secondary and high school courses, closely graded, 
 w'ith manual training shops and athletics, all on the American 
 plan. The present enrolment in all grades is over 800. 
 
 Since the death of Dr. Lane in 1912, the Rev. W. A. 
 Waddell has been the President. 
 
 The government educational officials are deeph’ inter- 
 ested in Mackenzie College, which practically sets the pace in 
 Brazil for higher education of the modern type. 
 
 Dr. A. W. Halsey says; 
 
 “From Panama to Curityba we saw no such group of buildings, 
 no such equipment as at Mackenzie. With few e.xceptions they were 
 well planned, well built, well adapted to college purposes. A new 
 dormitory is now being erected, and we were assured that it would 
 be filled as soon as ready. The college equipment was the best we saw 
 anywhere. Good desks, excellent blackboards, well-equipped chemical 
 and physical laboratories, most modern instruments in physics, chemis- 
 try and engineering — a first-class,' up-to-date, modern college in the 
 heart of Brazil. The opportunities for Christian service there, it seems 
 to us, are larger than in any single institution in all Latin America. 
 
 Curityba, about 300 miles southwest of 
 STATE OF PARANA. Sao Paulo, is the capital of the State 
 of Parana. During two successive 
 vears. Rev. Robert Lenington made various tours through 
 this State, with such encouraging results that the capital was 
 occupied in 1885 by Rev. G. A. Landes and wife. The church, 
 which was strong and thriving, was much crippled by the 
 division of 1906. 
 
 A small school, begun by Mr. Landes, has developed 
 under the care of Misses Kuhl and Dascomb since 1892 into 
 an important and flourishing institution, numbering about 
 300 pupils. Nine nations are represented, and a very import- 
 ant part of the work is to teach these children of immigrants 
 the language of their adopted country. Four languages are 
 taught in the school- — Portuguese, German, English and 
 French. There are three departments: Primary, Intermediate 
 
 * Panama to Parana. A. W. Halsey and G. H. Trull, p. 6o. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 1 / 
 
 and Secondary; beside a special course for teachers. Many 
 of those entering now are children of the first pupils. The 
 buildings occupied are quite inadequate for the needs of the 
 school. New property recently purchased provides a board- 
 ing department for about thirty girls, with room for new 
 buildings. Mrs. W. H. Hallock is now in charge of the 
 school, relieving Miss Kuhl and Miss Dascomb, after their 
 long years of devoted service. 
 
 Castro, 120 miles from Curityba, was occupied by Rev. 
 G. L. Bickerstaph in 1895. There is a growing church and a 
 large itinerating circuit, reaching three churches and eleven 
 groups. The principal work at Castro is the “Christian Insti- 
 tute of Practical Arts,” opened in 1914 under the care of 
 Mr. H. P. Midkifif. This school occupies a tract of 600 acres 
 outside of the town, where the students are taught farming 
 and various industries, supporting themselves by their labor. 
 All the buildings have been erected and furnished by the stu- 
 dents. The design is to train the sons and daughters of 
 Christian parents in all that makes a useful life. 
 
 Guarapitava, under Rev. G. A. Landes and afterward Rev. 
 J. B. Kolb, is the centre of a large itinerating field, with a 
 radius of 100 miles. Mr. Kolb travels some 2,000 miles dur- 
 ing the year, visiting three churches and twelve groups. He 
 finds many who hear the Word gladly. 
 
 Ponta Grossa, two hours from Castro, is a city of 15,000 
 people. It is a central position from which to reach many 
 villages and towns where there are little groups of evangelical 
 believers. A small church has been organized at Ponta 
 
 Grossa, but there is no church building. 
 
 The first station in the State of Santa 
 
 FLORIANOPOLIS. Catharina, lying south of Parana, with 
 
 250,000 people, was opened at the capital 
 by Rev. J. B. Rodgers in 1898. When ■ Mr. Rodgers was 
 
 transferred to Manila in 1899, to open the new mission there, 
 
 his place at Florianopolis was taken by Rev. R. F. Lenington 
 and Rev. J. T. Houston (1900). Florianopolis is another 
 centre of evangelistic work, from which Rev. A. C. Salley 
 travels constantly among the smaller churches of the province. 
 
j8 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Ciiyaba Station, in tlie State of Matto Grosso, is a citv 
 of 30,000 inhabitants. It is in charge of the Rev. Philip S. 
 Landes, and was transferred from the Central Brazil iNIission 
 to the South Brazil Mission in 1915. Services are held on 
 Sunday in the city, and there are large opportunities for 
 tonring work. 
 
 THE CENTRAL BRAZIL MISSION. 
 
 The Central Brazil Mission is at work in three fields f the 
 State of Sergipe, with several independent parishes, together 
 with the station of Estancia: the coast region of the State of 
 Bahia, comprising the large and flourishing congregations of 
 Bahia City, Cachoeira and Cannavieiras, with their adjacent 
 localities: and the vast interior (Sertaoj region, including the 
 district of the Villa Nova station, the diamond districts of 
 Lavras, and the Sao Francisco A’alley. The 400,000 square 
 miles of territory contain about 3,000,000 inhabitants. It is 
 a region of scanty and uncertain rainfall, and the frequent 
 diamghts often result in distressing famines. 
 
 Nearlv all the places first occupied by our mission forces 
 are now cared for In* the Brazilian Church, and new stations 
 have been opened in more needy localities. 
 
 In 1909 work was established 600 miles inland up the 
 river Sao Francisco, the headquarters being first at Carin- 
 hanha, and about two years later removed to Caetete. 
 'Fliroughout the wide region falling under the care of this 
 centre, there has been bitter opposition on the part of the 
 Roman Catholic Church against the evangelicals. In spite 
 of this there has been gratifying progress. 
 
 Vork was established in the State of Minas Geraes in 
 1912. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church 
 in Brazil asked the Mission to occupy iMatto Grosso, a world 
 in itself, with over 500,000 square miles, or one-sixth of the 
 Cnited States. A mission Avas begun here in 1913. It was 
 transferred to the South Brazil Mission in 1915. 
 
 The work of the Central Brazil iNIission is notable for the 
 plan followed: instead of making fixed stations, the mission- 
 aries carrv on their 'evangelistic work liy frequently changing 
 
THE MISSIOXS IX SOUTH AI^IEKICA. 
 
 19 
 
 the place of residence. The missionary force is thus not an 
 entrenched army, but a mobile force. 
 
 Baliio, 750 miles northeast of Rio de Janeiro, is the 
 BAHIA, oldest city in Brazil, having been founded in 1549, 
 and was originally the capital. It is the capital of 
 the State bearing the same name, and ranks next in size to 
 Rio de Janeiro, having a population of nearly 250,000. The 
 harbor is one of the best in South America, admitting ships 
 of the largest size. The State of Bahia produces and exports 
 cotton, coffee, sugar, manioc, tobacco, dye-stuffs, fancy 
 woods, horns and hides. It also contains valuable mines of 
 gold, silver, copper, lead and iron, with deposits of potash, 
 alum, manganese, etc. The commerce, however, is small 
 compared with its possibilities, on account of the want of 
 enterprise of the inhabitants. 
 
 This port was formerly the headquarters of the African 
 slave trade, and the population consists largely of Negroes and 
 their descendants. There are two iMohammedan mosques 
 and thirty fetish temples. The raising of goats for sacrifices 
 is said to be a profitable industry. 
 
 The Archbishop of Brazil has his residence here, and the 
 ecclesiastical element is largely dominant. 
 
 The pioneer missionary in this field was the Rev. F. J. C. 
 Schneider, who labored here from 1871 till his withdrawal 
 from the mission in 1877. Other laborers were: Rev. R. 
 Lenington, Rev. A. L. Blackford (till his death). Rev. W. E. 
 Finley, Rev. J. B. Cameron. Rev. E. ]\I. Pinkerton, Rev. G. 
 W. Chamberlain, Rev. J. B. Kolb and Rev. W. A. Waddell. 
 
 j\Irs. Kolb, and afterward. -Miss Hough and IMrs. \Vaddell. 
 did much good by visiting and holding meetings and classes 
 for the women in different parts of the city. The church 
 built up by the labors of these early workers has now its own 
 building, with an earnest pastor, and is steadily growing in 
 power. 
 
 A day school of high grade was opened in 1894 by Miss 
 Laura Chamberlain CMrs. Waddell). It was maintained under 
 varying forms for more than twelve years, and finally closed 
 for want of a teacher. 
 
20 
 
 HISTOKFCAL SKETCH OF 
 
 At Cachoeira the growth of the church, which is now self- 
 supporting, was largely due to the excellent school begun bv 
 Miss Axtell (Mrs. H. J. McCall) in 1899. It has now been 
 transferred to the control of the Brazilian Church. 
 
 The State of Sergipe is one of the smallest in the 
 SERGIPE. Republic and also one of the poorest, owing to the 
 lack of rain. The principal industry is cattle 
 raising. Work in this State was opened at Larenjeiras, where 
 a church was organized in 1884. There was much fanatical 
 opposition at first; Bibles were burned and ministers were 
 mobbed, but the truth has quietly won its way. There is now 
 a good congregation, which has built a church for itself. 
 
 An excellent school under the care of Miss Hough and 
 Mr. Finley was maintained at Laranjeiras for several years. 
 In 1899 Mr. Finley was transferred to Aracaju, the capital 
 of the State, fifteen miles distant, and it was thought best to 
 remove the school to that point. It is now under the care of 
 the local church. 
 
 Estancia, 180 miles from Bahia, was opened by Rev. C. E. 
 Bixler and Mrs. Bixler in 1902. The opposition has been 
 constant and bitter, but substantial growth is manifest. The 
 ])eople have recently built themselves a new church quite free 
 from debt. 
 
 A'illa Nova da Rainha, 250 miles by rail from 
 VILLA NOVA. Bahia, under the energetic supervision of Rev. 
 
 Pierce Chamberlain, became the centre of 
 itinerating tours extending 100 miles east and 200 miles west. 
 It is a sparsely settled region, often blasted by drought and 
 famine. More than a score of preaching places have been 
 opened, some of them in fanatical and intolerant communi- 
 ties, others among those whose hearts have been prepared by 
 the Spirit for the message. Rev. Alexander Reese reports 
 that the outlook for the field was never more promising. 
 
 Near Lengoes is the farm school at Ponte 
 PONTE NOVA. Nova, founded by Rev. W. A. Waddell as a 
 self-supporting training school for the boys 
 and girls of the interior churches — a Brazilian version of Park 
 College. The girls do all the housework, the boys the out- 
 door work, d'he brighter girls are trained as teachers; the 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 21 
 
 boys who are able will be prepared for the theological class 
 of the Presbytery. It is a journey of five days from Bahia 
 City; by boat to Cachoeira, a narrow-gauge railroad of 104 
 miles to Sitio Novo, and thence on muleback more than 100 
 miles, through desolate plains and lonely forests, to Ponte 
 Nova. Mr. Speer says: 
 
 “We felt like men who had emerged from Central Africa as we 
 rode over the Utinga and up to the door of the old ranch house where 
 Dr. Waddell stood in the midst of this school. The property is about 
 ten miles long, with a frontage on the river which runs across it of 
 three-quarters of a mile. It is wedge-shaped, with the river crossing 
 the narrow end, and contains some 4,600 acres, 500 of it in pasture, 
 the rest in forest. One hundred acres of the land is irrigable, and 
 the fall of the stream will give water power. The ranch house is 
 commodious, and the girls are housed there with the superintendent’s 
 family, while the boys live in a house on the opposite bank of the river. 
 .\11 eat together in the great dining room of the ranch house. There 
 are good corrals, the beginning of an excellent garden, and it seems 
 
 to be an ideal property for the purposes of the school The whole 
 
 enterprise is most encouraging. Every one that knew of it com- 
 mended it.” 
 
 The school work, as organized under Dr. Waddell, seeks 
 to meet the crying need for education by uniting the resources 
 of the church and the mission. The school at Ponte Nova 
 trains the teachers for primary schools in villages or on 
 ranches where their support is provided. In some places our 
 teachers are employed in the public schools, which gives them 
 a wider fi^ld of usefulness. 
 
 In 1914, Dr. Waddell was chosen President of Mackenzie 
 College, and Rev. C. E. Bixler and Mrs. Bixler took charge 
 of the school. It has a prospect of fruitful service among the 
 evangelical Christians of the region. The touring work from 
 this centre reaches .two churches and thirteen groups. 
 
 Work in the Sao Francisco Valley 
 CAETETE, VILLA BELLA was inaugurated by Rev. H. J. 
 
 DAS UMBURANAS. McCall and Mrs. McCall in 1909 at 
 
 Carinhanha, 600 miles up the river. 
 The towns are small and isolated, and traveling is extremely 
 difficult. West of this valley there is no missionary work 
 the whole width of the continent. Caetete is now the head- 
 quarters for work. The opposition is very bitter, but constant 
 

 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 advance is made. An excellent school is one of the strongest 
 factors in making friends. 
 
 Air. Graham and Mr. Landes have for some 
 NORTH MINAS, years made extended tours through this 
 agricultural province, and have gathered 
 small congregations in a number of places. Their preaching 
 services are largely attended, and gladly welcomed. A’ery few 
 physicians are found in this vast region, and sanitary and 
 hygienic conditions are often of the worst. A physician has 
 recently gone out, the first in Brazil under onr Board! to 
 begin medical work. 
 
 The great interior provinces of Amazonas. 
 THE ABORIGINES. Matto Grosso and Goyaz, comprising 
 about one-half of the country, are in- 
 habited mostly by Indians. Their nnmbers are variouslv esti- 
 mated from 200,000 to 1,300,000, though so little is known of 
 them that all estimates must be largely based on conjecture. 
 About half of them are Iiidios braz'os, that is, wild or inde- 
 pendent tribes roaming through the forests of the Amazon 
 basin. The remainder, known as Indios niaiisos (tame), are 
 settled or semi-civilized tribes, and live by agriculture or 
 grazing on the open uplands. The viansos mostly speak the 
 lingoa gcral (general language), a dialect of the Tupi-Guarani 
 stock, made current throughout the interior of the continent 
 by the Jesuit missions of the seventeenth century. 
 
 The wild tribes vary greatly in intellect and development. 
 Some are cruel and degraded cannibals, while the Guajas of 
 Alatto Grosso are skilful hoat-builders and raise sugar cane 
 and cotton, from which they weave cloth. Xo Protestant 
 mission work has yet been established among these Indians. 
 
 The Brazilian Government has recently organized a de- 
 partment for the protection and employment of the Indians. 
 Alen are sent out to establish agricultural and industrial cen- 
 tres, where the scattered tribes may be instructed. In Alatto 
 Grosso manv have been induced to work in constructing the 
 telegraph lines which are now being extended into that region. 
 The laws grant perfect liberty of religious propaganda among 
 them, and the government looks favorably on any attempt to 
 uplift them. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 ^3 
 
 STATIONS, 1917. 
 
 SOUTHERN BRAZIL MISSION. 
 
 Castro: About 480 miles a little south of west from Rio: opened 
 as a Mission Station in 1895. Missionaries — Rev. G. L. Bickerstaph 
 and Mrs. Bickerstaph, Rev. H. P. Midkiff and Mrs. Midkiff. 
 
 Sao Paulo : 250 miles w'est-southwest of Rio : capital of the State 
 of the same name; occupied as a Mission Station in 1863. Mission- 
 aries — Rev. M. P. B. Carvalhosa, Rev. W . A. Waddell, D. D., President 
 of Mackenzie College, and i\Irs. Waddell. 
 
 Curityba : About 445 miles southwest of Rio : occupied 1885. 
 Missionaries — Rev. R. F. Lenington and Mrs. Lenington, Miss Ella 
 Kuhk Miss Mary P. Dascomb, Mrs. Mary H. Hallock. 
 
 Florianapolis : Capital of the State of Santa Catharina, on an 
 island off the coast; occupied 1898. Alissionaries — Rev. A. C. Salley 
 and Mrs. Salley. 
 
 Guarapuava ; Far interior towm in Parana, about 200 miles west 
 of Curityba ; occupied 1908. Missionaries — Rev. J. B. Kolb and IMrs. 
 Roll). 
 
 Campinas : Site of Theological Seminary, about 50 miles northwest 
 of Sao Paulo ; occupied 1910. Missionaries — Rev. T. J. Porter, Ph.D., 
 and Mrs. Porter. 
 
 Ponta Grosso : Important railroad center south of Castro ; occupied 
 1913. Missionaries — Rev. G. A. Landes and Mrs. Landes. 
 
 IMatto Grosso Field: Occupied 1912. (Transferred in 1915 from 
 Central Brazil to Southern Brazil.) Rev. Philip S. Landes, and Mrs. 
 Landes. 
 
 CENTRAL BRAZIL MISSION. 
 
 Bahia: Founded in 1871; 165 miles from Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Villa Nova: Founded in 1900; 250 miles northeast of Bahia. 
 Missionaries — Rev. Alexander Reese and Mrs. Reese, Rev. A. F. Mc- 
 Clements and Mrs. AlcClements. 
 
 Estancia, Sergipe: Founded in 1902. Port 180 miles northeast of 
 Bahia. Missionaries — Rev. H. C. Anderson and Mrs. Anderson. 
 
 Ponte Nova: ( P. O. address, Lenqoes, Bahia, Brazil.) Founded in 
 1906. School on farm 230 miles northwest of Bahia. Missionaries — 
 Rev. C. E. Bixler and Mrs. Bixler, Miss Carrie L. Jayne. 
 
 Caetete : Founded in 1909. Interior town 400 miles south of west 
 of Bahia. Missionaries — Rev. H. J. McCall and Mrs. McCall. 
 
 North Minas Field: Founded in 1912. Missionaries — Rev. F. F. 
 Graham, Walter W. Wood, M. D., Mrs. Wood. 
 
 Umburanas: Founded in 1913. Interior town, 30 miles south of 
 Caetete. Sub-station. I\lissionary — Miss E. R. Williamson. 
 
^4 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OE 
 
 Chile 
 
 Chile, one of the most 
 enterprising- and prosperous 
 Republics of South America, 
 is situated on the western 
 slope of the Andes. It ex- 
 tends from 17° to 55° south 
 latitude, or from the Ray of 
 Arica to Cape Horn, and 
 from 65° to 75° west longi- 
 tude. It has a coast line of 
 2,625 miles, with an average 
 width of 90 miles. The area 
 is estimated at 291,500 scjuare 
 miles. Shut in between the 
 mountains and the Pacific 
 Ocean, it is isolated from the 
 main thoroughfares of com- 
 merce. 
 
 In a country extending 
 from the tropics nearly to the 
 Antarctic Circle, and varying 
 in altitude from the sea level 
 to 14,000 feet above it. there 
 is naturally room for every 
 extreme of heat and cold, 
 moisture or aridity. The northern part is a hot, parched 
 desert, where rain scarcely ever falls; the south is cold and 
 foggy, with abundant rains, and covered with forests of 
 gigantic trees. Between the two is a fine agricultural region, 
 abounding in all tbe products of temperate and sub-tropical 
 countries. The climate is in general healthful, and the heat 
 on the seacoast never extreme, being tempered by the cool 
 .\ntarctic current which bathes the shores. 
 
 About twenty per cent, of the surface is aralile land, the 
 rest being desert, mountain, pasture or forest. Wheat is the 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 25 
 
 most important product. Barley, maize, potatoes, beans, 
 hemp and forage plants are also largely raised. Fruit of all 
 sorts is abundant and excellent. 
 
 There are numerous lakes, though none are very large. 
 The rivers are generally mountain torrents, most valuable for 
 irrigation. The Biobio, 220 miles in length, and a few others, 
 are navigable for a short distance. 
 
 Rich mines of copper, silver and coal abound, and valu- 
 able deposits of nitrates are found in the northern deserts. 
 
 The population, mostly of Spanish descent, though 
 largely mingled with Indian blood, was given by the census 
 of 1907 as 3,249,279. About 100,000 of these are foreigners. 
 There are still some Araucanian Indians and a few thousands 
 of savage Patagonians, but most of the native stock has been 
 absorbed into the general population. 
 
 The Roman Catholic religion is established by law, but 
 there is greater liberty than in almost any other Republic of 
 South America. The Press is free and a recognized power, 
 and the importance of advancement in education is understood 
 by both government and people. 
 
 The agricultural classes live in a very simple and primitive 
 manner; in the towns and among the upper classes, social life 
 and habits are much the same as in European countries. A 
 new era for Chile was inaugurated in April, 1910, when the 
 Transandine tunnel was opened for travel. This remarkable 
 piece of engineering, two miles long and two miles above sea- 
 level, forms the final link in the transcontinental railway (888 
 miles), connecting Valparaiso with Buenos Ayres. Another 
 line connects Antofogasta with La Paz, Bolivia, and will be 
 extended to Buenos Ayres. 
 
 The northern part of the region now known as Chile was 
 conquered by the Incas of Peru about 1433, and remained 
 subject to them until the Spanish conquest. The first Spanish 
 expedition, under Almagro, was driven back by the valor of 
 the Araucanians. Angered at this repulse, Pizarro despatched 
 Don Pedro de Valdivia with a large force, and was preparing 
 to follow in person when he was assassinated in 1541. Val- 
 divia founded Santiago and the city which bears his name, 
 and was finally killed in battle. The Araucanians, driven to 
 
26 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 the south, kept up a brave resistance until 1722, when they 
 consented to a treaty fixing the River Biobio as a boundary 
 between them and the ’Spaniards. 
 
 The exactions of the Spanish officials, who regarded their 
 offices only as means of personal aggrandizement, so exas- 
 perated the Chileans that they determined to throw off the 
 hated yoke. When Spain was helpless in the grasp of 
 Napoleon, they seized the opportunity to depose the Spanish 
 Governor, and declared their independence September 18, 
 1810. After eight years of war and many reverses, they 
 finally defeated the Spanish forces, and established a Repub- 
 lican Government in 1818. The first Constitution was 
 adopted in 1828, and the present one in 1833. 
 
 MISSION WORK. 
 
 The first Protestant Mission in Chile was established by 
 the “American and Foreign Christian Union,” and was trans- 
 ferred to the Presbyterian Board of Foreign jNIissions July 
 14, 1873. It operates from four centres: Valparaiso, San- 
 tiago, Concepcion, and Copiapo. 
 
 Wlparaiso is the principal seaport not only 
 VALPARAISO, of Chile, but of all the west coast of South 
 America. The open harbor has been im- 
 proved by the government at great expense. The city is built 
 on nineteen hills, some of which are separated by deep ravines, 
 and from the narrow strip of level land along the sea many 
 winding roads, stairways and elevators lead up through the 
 city. In 1854 the city contained only 52,000 inhabitants; 
 there are now about 200,000. It is the principal outlet for a 
 large territory of rich and productive land. Gold, copper, 
 lead, hides, nitrates and flour, are its exports, and it has direct 
 communication with Europe and the United States by Ger- 
 man and English steamers, and with the South American 
 Republics on the west coast by the steamers of Chilean, English 
 and German lines. Eoreigners form an influential section of 
 the population, and the English language is largely used. 
 
 In 1846 the citv was occupied by Rev. D. Trumbull, D.D., 
 sent thither liv the Seamen’s Eriend Societv and the American 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 27 
 
 and Foreign Christian Union. Dr. Trumbull labored mostly 
 for the English-speaking people of the city, but did much for 
 the Chileans through the Press, and also in connection with 
 our mission, with which he co-operated actively and efficiently 
 until his death in 1889. In 1866 Rev. A. M. Merwin was sent 
 to take charge of the Spanish work in the city. He began to 
 preach in 1868, and a church was organized in 1869. 
 
 The Rev. W. E. Dodge was sent out by the Board in 
 
 1882. He was soon called to be associate pastor of the ETnion 
 Church of English-speaking residents, but like Dr. Trumbull, 
 was from the first identified with our mission. During 1883 
 a flourishing Y. M. C. A. was established. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Merwin was forced to retire from the mission 
 work in 1883 on account of ill-health, and later Mr. Dodge for 
 the same reason. 
 
 Rev. James E. Garvin and Mrs. Garvin succeeded them in 
 
 1883, and carried on for twenty years the work so well pro- 
 jected in its different departments. Mr. Garvin built up the 
 large Escuela Popular, the Sheltering Home, and the exten- 
 sive propaganda, besides being Mission Treasurer and 
 Managing Editor of the Hcraldo Evangelico. 
 
 The San Martin Church, with a missionary pastor and 
 a Chilean evangelist, is enlarging its work from year to year. 
 In 1905 the old church was sold and a new one begun in a 
 better location. The building was seriously injured by the 
 earthquake of 1906, but was rebuilt and completed in 1907. 
 A training class for Christian workers is held weekly, and the 
 members maintain nine preaching places in different parts of 
 the city. Two other churches and four groups are connected 
 with Valparaiso Station. 
 
 The Escuela Popular, the first Protestant school in Chile, 
 is realizing more and more each year the purpose of its 
 founder, Dr. David Trumbull, that of giving the boys and girls 
 of the middle classes an education that will fit them for life. 
 
 The new, modern, three-story building has room for 400 
 boys and girls as day pupils, and a boarding department for 
 twenty girls. Beginning with the kindergarten, the course 
 of study continues for eight years, and by the last year the 
 pupils are ready to do all their work in English. The boarders 
 
28 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 live as members of the family of Miss Beatty, the principal, 
 and are instructed in domestic science at the same time that 
 they are inspired by the example of her devoted Christian life. 
 
 The success of this school was so marked that six branch 
 schools have been opened in different parts of the city, and 
 the total enrolment reaches about 700. 
 
 Though but a small number of the children are Protest- 
 ants, the Bible is taught every day, and on Wednesday of each 
 week one of the missionaries or a native pastor goes to each 
 school and conducts a special Bible class or preaches a sermon 
 for the children. 
 
 In each school a Sunday school is organized, and a large 
 proportion of the pupils attend. 
 
 The teachers of these schools are gladly received in the 
 homes of the pupils, and in this way many people are reached 
 who would not attend a service in a chapel. It is a hopeful 
 sign to see 700 children study the Bible daily. 
 
 The Sheltering Home for orphan children was established 
 by Dr. Trumbull and Mr. Merwdn. Jt has thirty-five inmates 
 from different parts of the country. A commodious building 
 was erected in 1893. The property belongs to an incorporated 
 society, two of whose directors are chosen from the Presby- 
 terian Mission in Chile. 
 
 The Valparaiso Bible Society, representing the British 
 and Foreign Bible Society, has been wonderfully successful, 
 and is one of the most efficient agencies in helping forward 
 the w’ork in this field. 
 
 Santiago, the capital of Chile and the third 
 SANTIAGO. largest city of South America, is situated on a 
 plain 1,706 feet above the sea, at the foot of the 
 majestic snow-covered peaks of the Andes. It is a beautiful 
 city and is connected with Valparaiso by a railroad 114 miles 
 long. It was first occupied in 1861 by Rev. N. P. Gilbert, 
 who, in the midst of many discouragements from foreigners 
 and natives, perseyered until he was able to organize a church 
 and erect a building in a central position. When Mr. Gilbert 
 retired from the field in 1871, he was succeeded by Rev. J. J\I. 
 Ibanez-Guzman, a native of the country, whose promising 
 ministry was soon cut short by death. He was followed by 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 29 
 
 Re\c S. J. Christen, who in turn was relieved of this charge 
 by Rev. W. H. Lester about 1884, in order to give up the 
 greater part of his time to educational work. In 1889, during 
 Air. Lester’s ministry, the church was burned down. It was 
 occupied by the English and German congregations as well 
 as by the Chilean church. Within a year a new and better 
 building was erected, partly througb the generosity of friends 
 in Santiago. The same year Rev. Francisco Diez of Spain 
 was brought to Chile, and placed in charge of the church, of 
 which he is still the pastor. A new building recently com- 
 pleted gives increased accommodation. 
 
 In 1904 a second church was organized by Rev. W. B. 
 Boomer and reports over 100 members. 
 
 Rev. Edson A. Lowe, during his life in Santiago, began a 
 systematic work of city evangelization by means of chapel 
 services in different quarters, conducted by a band of lay 
 evangelists, whom he trained with great care. Since his death 
 the same work has been continued. 
 
 A weekly religious paper, El Hcraldo Ez'aiigclico, founded 
 in 1884, has a large circulation in Chile and the adjoining 
 countries, and is read by many people who could not be other- 
 wise reached. It has lately been unitecl with the paper of 
 the INIethodist Church, El Cristiauo, and now bears the name 
 El Hcraldo Cristiauo. 
 
 The Institiito Internacional, a boarding and day-school for 
 boys, was begun in 1876 by Rev. S. J. Christen. It soon out- 
 grew its quarters, and in 1894 a commodious building was 
 erected through the efforts of the Rev. J. M. Allis, D. D.. 
 whose name is commemorated by a tablet on the walls. 
 After many years of earnest service, Mr. Christen returned t^ 
 Switzerland, and the school was rc-organized and re-opened 
 March, 1898, under the charge of Rev. W. E. Browning. 
 The name was changed to Institiito Ingles, and its patrons 
 were offered the inducement of a thorough course of study 
 carried on in the English language, under teachers of high 
 moral purpose and character. The school has prospered 
 steadily, and is wholly self-supporting, with nearly 300 pupils. 
 A large wing was added in 1901, and within a week of its 
 opening everv room was filled. The students come from 
 
HISTORrCAL SKETCH OF 
 
 30 
 
 influential families in Chile, Bolivia and Peru, and receive 
 thorough moral and religions instruction. Eight American 
 teachers live in the building and give all their time to the 
 school. The graduates find ready employment in banks and 
 business houses, where they are always in demand. 
 
 As a result of the Panama Congress, the Presbyterian 
 Board was asked to surrender Dr. Browning to the general 
 work of Superintendent of Education for all Latin America. 
 After careful consideration, the Board decided to accede to 
 this request. The school is now superintended by Rev. Jl H. 
 IMcLean. An Associate Principal wdll be appointed as soon 
 as a suitable man can be found. 
 
 In 1914 the INIethodist and Presbyterian Missions united 
 in organizing a Theological Seminary open to students from 
 all evangelical churches. The control was vested in the gov- 
 erning authorities of the Alissions, and each set aside one of 
 its missionaries for this distinctive work. 
 
 Erom Curico. an out-station of Santiago, work is carried 
 on through four churches and one group. 
 
 The central zone of Chile, comprising the 
 CONCEPCION, provinces of Curico, Talca. Linares, Nuble, 
 Concepcion and Malleco, with a total popula- 
 tion of about 500,000, is the richest agricultural region of the 
 country. Its largest city is Concepcion, on the Biobio River, 
 about ten miles from Talcahuano Bay, the best harbor on the 
 coast. On account of the rich coal fields near by, Concepcion 
 has become one of the chief manufacturing centres of the 
 Republic. The railroad from Santiago to AMldivia traverses 
 the interior valley, giving easy access to the principal towns. 
 
 The church in Concepcion was founded in 1880 by two 
 brothers, Robert and Eneas McLean. After their return to 
 the United States, Rev. S. W. Curtiss, Rev. J. F. Garvin, 
 Rev. W. B. Boomer and Rev. J. H. IMcLean succeeded each 
 other as residents at the station. A substantial church is 
 well attended, and there is a flourishing day-school. 
 
 The out-stations are: Chilian, Talca, Traiguen, and three 
 smaller towns. 
 
 Chilldii is a citv of 24,000 inhabitants, about 240 miles by 
 rail south of Santiago. It is situated in the midst of a wide 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 31 
 
 plain, fertile and well cultivated, and is famous for its weekdv 
 fair or market day. This cattle market is the largest in the 
 country, and attracts people even from the Argentine Repub- 
 lic. At the foot of Mt. Chilian are the well-known thermal 
 baths, with a great reputation for curing rheumatism and 
 gout. The church is in charge of an earnest Chilean minister. 
 
 The northern provinces of Atacama and Anto- 
 COPIAPO. fogasta lie in the rainless district, and depend for 
 their wealth on the mines and nitrate works. The 
 field of our mission covers about 21,000 square miles, with 
 79,000 people. The distance between the extreme points 
 reached is about 300 miles. Copiapo, the largest town, 400 
 miles north of \’alparaiso. has no communication with the 
 outside world but by sea and through mountain passes. It is 
 a beautiful city in an almost rainless valley : its port of entry 
 is Caldera. A'ork was started here many years ago by Rev. 
 S. J. Christen, and was followed up for a time by Rev. S. 
 Sayre. Afterwards the IMethodists entered and then gave up 
 the field, and the Presbyterians upon invitation of the group 
 of Christians there re-entered. 
 
 Rev. Jesse S. Smith and i\Irs. Smith are now stationed 
 here. The church is prosperous and growing. Regular 
 tours are made among the mining towns of the interior, which 
 open large opportunities. 
 
 •Tocopilla, an out-station of Copiapo, is one of the chief 
 ports for the nitrate trade. INIr. Henry Fraser, an English 
 business man, held services for some years for the English 
 residents, with excellent results. In 1895 the Rev. Dr. Allis 
 and i\Ir. Emilio Olsen, a colporteur of the \'alparaiso Bible 
 Society, visited the region. A church of fifty members was 
 organized in 1900. It is now one of the most flourishing- 
 in the mission, under the charge of an energetic Chilean 
 evangelist. 
 
 Taltal, another out-station, is also a port in the nitrate 
 region. Largely through the efforts of a Chilean workingman 
 who was converted by the reading of the Scriptures, a group 
 of Christians was formed here. The work was strengthened 
 and encouraged by itinerating missionaries until Rev. E. 
 Jorquera was stationed there in 1895. AVithin the two years 
 
3 ^ 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 following, a small chapel was erected and a church organized. 
 Other centres of w'ork are Chanaral, Carrizal and Cerro 
 Blanco. 
 
 i\Iost of the mining officials are glad to give every facility 
 for the work among the men. i\Ir. Schmalhorst says: 
 
 “In many ofickias rooms are fitted up and furnished for the 
 meetings at the Company's e.xpense. Entertainment is given at the 
 house of the Administrator, and a free pass over the railroads. They 
 tell me: ‘Your converts are our most reliable workmen; they give least 
 trouble in any way.’ If you could see these poor fellows crowded in 
 their comfortless little shelters, with the thermometer often below 
 freezing point, surrounded only by the squalid iniquity of a mining- 
 camp, you would think no trouble too great to carry them the blessed 
 news of a Heavenly Father’s love.” 
 
 In 1883 the Presbytery of Chile was erected 
 ORGANIZATION. l)y the General Assembly, consisting of six 
 ministers and three churches. There are 
 at present connected with the Presbytery 171 churches and 
 17 groups of believers. The Presbytery directs the work of 
 publishing tracts and the weekly religious paper, El Heraldo 
 Cristiano. 
 
 In 1888 the government granted the mission a charter, 
 whereby “those who profess the Reformed Church religion 
 according to the doctrines of Holy Scripture, may promote 
 primarv and superior instruction, according to modern 
 methods and practice, and propagate the worship of their 
 belief obedient to the laws of the land;” and “this corporation 
 mav acquire lands and buildings necessary for the expressed 
 object, and retain the same by act of the Legislature.” This 
 special charter was one of several important steps taken by 
 the government in the direction of religious liberty, and ren- 
 ders the tenure of property more secure than formerly. 
 
 'I'he principal missions for Chileans beside our own are 
 those of the I\Iethodist Church (North), with stations from 
 Punta Arenas in the extreme south to Iquique in the north, 
 and those of the Christian and Missionary Alliance in and 
 around Valdivia. 
 
 The South American [Missionary Society has a mission to 
 the Araucanian Indians, with headquarters at Temuco, and 
 another among the remnant of the Tierra del Fuegians at 
 
THE MISSIONS IX SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 33 
 
 River Douglas, not far from Spaniard Harbor, where Allen 
 Gardiner fell. 
 
 STATISTICS, 1916-1917. 
 
 Stations 4 
 
 Out-stations 26 
 
 Missionaries 21 
 
 Native Workers 60 
 
 Churches 17 
 
 Communicants 1.014 
 
 Pupils in Schools • 1.298 
 
 Pupils in Sunday Schools 3.343 
 
 CHILE MISSION. 
 
 Santiago; Capital of Chile, at the foot of the Andes Mountains; 
 connected by rail with Valparaiso, which is ninety miles west, on coast. 
 Missionaries — Rev. W. H. Lester, D. D., and Mrs. Lester; Rev. W. E. 
 Browning, Ph.D., and Airs. Browning; Rev. James H. McLean and 
 Airs. AIcLean ; Rev. W. B. Boomer and Airs. Boomer; Rev. David R. 
 Edwards and Airs. Edwards: four American teachers in the English 
 Institute and eight other teachers : one out-station. 
 
 Valparaiso; The principal port of Chile, on the coast, ninety miles 
 west of Santiago. Alissionaries — Rev. C. AT. Spining and Airs. Spining, 
 Aliss F. E. Smith, Rev. Robert B. Elmore and Airs. Elmore, Aliss 
 Alartha A. Beatty; five other teachers in the school. One out-station, 
 Vina del Alar. 
 
 Copiapo ; Capital of the Province of Atacama, about 440 miles 
 north of Santiago. Alissionaries — Rev. J. S. Smith and Airs. Smith. 
 One native preacher. Out-stations: Tocopilla, Taltal, Chanaral, and 
 many other groups. 
 
 Concepcion ; In Province of Concepcion, 500 kilometers southwest 
 of Santiago. Alissionaries — Rev. J. F. Garvin and Airs. Garvin. One 
 native preacher. Out-stations; Chilian, Talca, Traiguen, and three 
 other places. 
 
Xongitude "West 
 
 from Greenwicli. 
 
 |CWnega\ ^ 
 S. %e ilarV^' 
 
 Maracayl^ 
 
 ailed 
 
 ^Tenerife ^ ^ ' . 
 
 Jak^Iompox 
 
 ilamar ' 
 
 ^ainatany:qu< 
 
 ' /y Hlajagual 
 5y ( of 
 r { Sitnitio 1 
 eCarcrcs 
 Zar^gMa 
 f r^^Bdcai 
 
 ' Ketnedios 
 
 luaragua 
 
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 PariU 
 
 
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 ‘if 4 ?! S. 
 pihtioqu’ial j\redeliix( 
 
 - (n 
 
 aij|\QujbdoS > 
 
 rh/o yplSJ.la^of 
 
 Arauca 
 
 iTunj^^o 
 
 Hbndi 
 
 ■uco 
 
 iBOGOTA 
 
 S.Juaii de 
 ’losXlanos 
 
 ViruBa 
 
 
 "R. Jnirda 
 
 Pp-payan oii>r 
 Iscuaiidet v 
 
 ^w/l ohu ppi //a'^ 
 
 Slocoa^ 
 
 Jay'Upnrx\^ 
 1 \ 
 
 larliiasoas 
 
 »3Iacura ‘^'-rUpcs 
 
 Cumbah^^°'^ 
 — Iljarra^.',,'^^^ 
 Octiivalof^ 
 
 UATOR 
 
 ptSl^SsiSS 
 
 “ Sta 
 
 himb^zdi^^ 
 
 O f \l ^<Pf' f • C!‘>iclos 
 
 Jipijkpri( liioba)n'Ui£""~\ 
 
 , liVtlo £•'■•■.• Xl’indtx -^. 
 
 Lah LI M \ 
 
 R, Cainar^. 
 
 OFarmha 
 
 ssu m pc i 0 n 
 
 i Andoas^ 
 
 ,sj^ '-ikTacas^ 
 
 ^uenc^^: '' 
 
 j y^iladolid 
 
 Pevas 
 
 S Cal^allococlia 
 
 Reruate.. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTEI AMERICA. 
 
 35 
 
 Colombia 
 
 After the wars which freed South America from Spanish 
 domination in 1819, the nortliern section was constituted a 
 Republic, embracing the present States of Ecuador, \"ene- 
 zuela and Colombia. The natural diversity of the jiopulation 
 soon caused a division into the three Republics which now 
 exist. 
 
 The Republic of Colombia, first known as New Granada, 
 and later as the United States of Colombia, has an area of 
 450.000 square miles, nearly four times that of California. 
 The chief rivers of Colond^ia flow into the Caribbean Sea; the 
 Pacific coast is mountainous and destitute of good harbors. 
 
 The climate is hot along the coast; most of the country 
 consists of an elevated jilateau of the Andes, where the heat 
 is modified by the altitude. Yolcanic eruptions and earth- 
 (piakes are of frequent occurrence. The soil is fertile, and 
 all tropical and temperate products can be produced through- 
 out the year, but the means of communication and transport 
 are so limited that there is no inducement to develop the 
 unbounded agricultural resources. A'aluable minerals and the 
 precious metals are found in great abundance. The popula- 
 tion is estimated at 5,000,000. (df these the great majority 
 are of more or less mixed Spanish descent, with a small pro- 
 portion of Negroes and Indians. The language is Spanish, 
 and the Roman Catholic religion is established by law, though 
 other religions are permitted so long as their exercise “is not 
 contrary to Christian morals or the law.” 
 
 IMr. Robert E. Si)eer, who visited Colombia in 1909, says 
 of it; 
 
 “Colombia i.s the Soulli American Persia, without Per.sia's e.xcuse. 
 It is a ricli and fertile country, not a desert. There is scarcely anything 
 that it cannot produce, from the fruits of the tropics to the grains of 
 the temperate zones. .And yet this rich country is one of the most 
 backward and decrepit nations in the world. She has a few little rail- 
 roads, the longest of them only ninety-three miles, and all of these 
 were Iniilt and many are ownefl by foreigners. She has only three or 
 four highwa_\-s, and two of them, the most important of all, are falling 
 
36 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 into ruin. The foreign trade is about one-tenth that of Chili, with its 
 smaller area and population." 
 
 The causes of this backwardness are twofold: First, the 
 predominance of venal and incompetent politicians, who are 
 content to hold office and draw salaries without using their 
 power to develop the resources of the nation and guide it into 
 better things: and second, the control of an unscrupulous 
 ecclesiastical hierarchv. 
 
 “In the first half of the last century, the State asserted for itself 
 a large freedom. In 1888, the Church came back into power through 
 a concordat with the State. Since Ecuador threw off the domination 
 of the Church, there is not one South American country where the 
 influence of Rome is so powerful as in Colombia. The Archbishop and 
 the Papal Delegate in Bogota are the most conspicuous figures after 
 the President. The Papal Delegate is the head of the diplomatic corps, 
 and it is said by many that there is nothing which the Church desires 
 that it cannot do. Tlie Church controls education, and while the con- 
 stitution proclaims religious liberty, the Church exercises its authority 
 to see that as far as it can order matters the liberty shall not be 
 exercised by the people." * 
 
 The Colombian.s are willing, industrious and cordial. 
 One meets everywhere with good will and politeness, as well 
 as with much want and stiffering. Sanitation and hygiene are 
 sadly neglected.. The death-rate is abnormally high, and there 
 is little provision for medical care. 
 
 The marriage laws, and the state of morals induced by 
 the nearly universal disregard of the same, are the greatest 
 hindrance to the evangelization of the people of Colombia. 
 There can be no really binding marriage covenant save as 
 celebrated by a priest of Rome, who usually demands a fee 
 bevond the pow’er of the masses to pay. Even civil contracts 
 of marriage are made null on certain easy conditions. As a 
 consequence, polygamy, wdthout the sanction of even Moslem 
 law, is more common than in Moslem lands. 
 
 MISSIONS. 
 
 The chief Protestant mission work in Colombia is that 
 of the Presbyterian Church (North) of the Cuiited States. 
 
 ■•Hissions in South America: Report of Robert E. Speer, pp. 91-95. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 37 
 
 with its five widely isolated stations. The Kansas City 
 Gospel Union has three missionaries on the western coast. 
 The British and Foreign and the American Bible Societies 
 co-operate heartily with the missionaries, and their colpor- 
 teurs go into many regions imreached by others. 
 
 Progress is hindered by the great distances and the ex- 
 treme difficulty of communication. Of our five stations, no 
 two are within a week’s journey of each other. Each occu- 
 pies a distinct section of the country, separated from the 
 others by natural divisions and local customs. 
 
 The capital of the country is situated in the high 
 BOGOTA, mountain regions, at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 
 feet. The trip from the coast takes eight or ten 
 days, and is so expensive that few ever go. 
 
 Rev. Horace B. Pratt, the first missionary sent to 
 Colombia, reached Bogota June 20, 1856. At that time the 
 government interposed no hindrances; but the swarming 
 priests were prodigal of impediments, and the ignorance of 
 the masses greatly retarded the circulation of the truth 
 through the Press. “He found among the youth and the 
 men no love for the Church, but a widespread deism; he 
 found a low standard of morality everywhere prevalent, the 
 utter absence of spiritual life, and a resting only in outward 
 ceremonials for an inward preparation for the life to come.” 
 
 In 1858 this mission was reinforced by Rev. Samuel M. 
 Sharpe and his wife. Soon after their arrival, services in 
 Spanish were begun. This called out bitter papal opposition, 
 which was quelled by the authorities, and for the time the 
 rights of toleration were vindicated. But the priests threat- 
 ened all Catholics who should attend any Protestant services 
 with excommunication and all its terrible consequences. 
 About this time a night school, a Sunday school and a Bible 
 class were opened. 
 
 In i860 Mr. Pratt returned to the United States to aid 
 in the revision of the New Testament in Spanish. 
 
 During his absence the Rev. W. E. McLaren and his wife 
 joined the mission, and had scarcely reached Bogota before 
 Mr. Sharpe was taken ill, and soon after called to his rest. 
 A civil war was raging, which greatly hindered all work. Eor 
 
38 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 a time the Romish party held the capital; then it was taken 
 by the Liberal party, the Jesuits were banished, monastic 
 orders restricted, and other means taken to reduce the politi- 
 cal power of the papal party. 
 
 A church was organized in i86i, with six members. A 
 girls’ school was opened in 1869. 
 
 The climate of Bogota is extremely trying, and the mis- 
 sion suffered greatly from the impossibility of maintaining 
 an adequate staff of workers. Yet the church and school 
 grew slow'ly, in spite of discouragements. The bitter opposi- 
 tion of the priests was less harmful than the apathy and irre- 
 ligion of the people. The intelligent classes are largely 
 indifferent or skeptical: the poorer people appallingly igno- 
 rant. It is not unusual for men to come asking the mission- 
 ary to buy their souls for money, which the priests tell them 
 he is commissioned by the devil to do. 
 
 From 1899 to 1902, the country was devastated by civil 
 war. Bogota remained in the hands of the government 
 forces, so that no personal danger was feared by the mission- 
 aries: but the popular excitement and the augmented distrust 
 of foreigners, and especially of Protestants, required the 
 utmost caution in working. Communication rvith the coast 
 Avas almost cut off. The currency became incredibly depre- 
 ciated, and the consequent high prices and scarcity of food 
 reduced the poor to literal starvation. Yet the church ser- 
 vices were kept up and all the help and comfort possible given 
 to the poor people. The secession of Panama in 1903 and 
 its prompt recognition by the United States aroused a strong 
 feeling against Americans, which for a time rendered the 
 position of the missionaries very difficult. But by kindliness 
 and tact they retained the good will of the people, and the 
 crisis passed over without serious consequences. 
 
 ScJwols . — In all Roman Catholic countries, the school 
 work is one of the best missionary agencies. In Colombia 
 there is especial need for schools of high standard and thor- 
 ough equipment, because both the government schools and 
 those under control of the Roman Church are of a very lorv 
 order. There are no normal schools for the training of 
 teachers, and no real attempt to provide primary education 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 39 
 
 for the people. The history of our schools, which have sur- 
 vived and grown through all the vicissitudes of civil war and 
 political disturbance, in spite of insufficient support and an 
 inadequate teaching staff, shows that the people will respond 
 to an earnest effort for their children’s good. The girls’ 
 school, begun in 1869, was successively under the charge of 
 Miss McFarren, Airs. Caldwell and iMiss Franks (Airs. Ladd). 
 After the marriage of the latter, the boarding department was 
 closed for a time. The day-school was efficiently carried on 
 by Aliss Pradilla, one of the graduates. The boarding-school 
 was reopened in 1893 under Aliss Hunter, who was succeded 
 by Aliss Xevegold (Airs. AI. W. Graham), Aliss Riley and 
 Aliss Scott, and was fairly prosperous until interrupted by the 
 war. Since then it has been faithfully maintained through 
 obstacles of every sort, though with varying numbers. It is 
 now superintended by Aliss Leila W. Ouinby. There are fifty 
 boarders, and a large number of day pupils. The school 
 building is an old convent of the Sisters of the Concepcion, 
 well situated in the heart of the city. 
 
 A school for boys was opened in 1890 by Air. Caldwell 
 and Air. Allies. This was the signal for furious opposition 
 from the priests, who know well that the future belongs to 
 those who gain the boys. But their efforts have not prevented 
 the success of the school, though it has had to fight for its life 
 continually. It has a large and comfortable building, with a 
 fine playground. At one time there were 200 boys, but the 
 years of civil war and the subsequent disturbances greatly 
 reduced the attendance. The present numbers are as large 
 as can be comfortably accommodated. 
 
 A monthly paper in Spanish, El Evangelista Cristiano, is 
 largely circulated through the Republic. 
 
 Barranciuilla is the chief commercial centre 
 BARRANQUILLA. of Colombia, lying at the mouth of the 
 
 Alagdalena River, which is to Colombia 
 what the Nile is to Egypt. It has 40,000 inhabitants, and is 
 growing vigorously. There is a line of steamers direct to 
 New York. The large foreign population creates a freer 
 atmosphere than in the inland towns, but there is more than 
 the usual license and immorality of a seaport. 
 
40 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Work was begun here in 1888 by Rev. T. H. Candor and 
 Mrs. Candor, who brought to their new station the experience 
 of six years of efficient labor in Bogota. They were assisted 
 by the kindness of Mr. A. H. Erwin, an Englishman, whose 
 school for boys was for more than twenty years a centre of 
 Christian influence in Barranquilla. A church was organized 
 and a Sunday school established. 
 
 In 1891, Rev. T. S. Pond, formerly of Syria, arrived in 
 Barranquilla. Mrs. Pond joined him after a year, but was 
 unable to endure the climate and returned to the ETiited 
 States in 1894. 
 
 The climate of Barranquilla is very warm and exception- 
 ally trying to foreigners. Of nine new missionaries sent out 
 between 1895 and 1899, only Rev. W. S. Lee and Mrs. Lee 
 and Miss Buxton were able to remain. In 1907-1908, Rev. 
 M. W. Graham and Mrs. Graham had charge of the church 
 and the city work, but since their departure the whole bur- 
 den of the station, including the two large schools, has been 
 borne by Mr. and Mrs. Lee, Miss Scott and Miss Quimby, 
 with the assistance of two faithful Colombian elders. The 
 services are largely attended, so that the building has been 
 recently enlarged, and there is no limit to the opportunity if 
 only the number of workers were adequate to it. 
 
 Schools . — A day-school for girls was opened by IMrs. 
 Candor in 1888. After two years a boarding-school was 
 called for, and Mrs. Ladd (Miss Pranks) came from Bogota 
 to take charge of it. Lender her faithful care, with the assist- 
 ance of iMisses Hunter, Smith and Buxton, it developed into 
 a flourishing school of high character, which maintained itself 
 even during the disturbed years of the war, and is greatly 
 esteemed in the community. . There are now more than 100 
 girls under the charge of Miss Hunter and iMiss jMorrow. 
 
 ]\Ir. Pond taught for a time a small school for boys in 
 connection with the mission. After his departure and iMr. 
 Erwin's death, there were many requests from parents for a 
 bovs’ boarding-school. It was opened in Pebruary, 1899. 
 under the supervision of Mr. Story and Miss Hunter, with a 
 registration of loi boys. During the disturbances of 1900 no 
 suitable building could be obtained except at an exorbitant 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 41 
 
 rent, and it became necessary to close the school. In the 
 spring of 1901 it was reopened with 104 boys under the care 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Lee in the only building available. This was 
 on low ground, and two extraordinary floods during the rainy 
 season made it almost uninhabitable. The need for suitable 
 buildings became so pressing that Mr. Lee made a vigorous 
 efifort and secured from friends in Barranquilla and elsewhere 
 funds to put up a good building. The ecclesiastical authorities 
 straightway persuaded the governor to refuse a permit for 
 the reopening of the school, on the ground that it was con- 
 trolled by foreigners and Protestants. After the loss of sev- 
 eral months, permission was finally secured by the intervention 
 of the United States Consul. The school is the largest in the 
 city in spite of constant opposition. 
 
 At Cartagena, the seaport, a Colombian evangelist opened 
 services, and gathered a congregation of over fifty communi- 
 cants, almost all of them Negroes. Miss Jessie Scott, of the 
 Barranquilla Mission, assisted in the work, and built up a 
 flourishing day-school before her failing health obliged her 
 to leave. 
 
 Medellin is an important city, the second in 
 MEDELLIN, size and wealth in Colombia, and the centre of 
 the gold mining region! The work here was 
 begun by Rev. J. G. Touzeau and Mrs. Touzeau in 1889. 
 During their stay a congregation was gathered and a church 
 organized, an excellent day-school carried on and much 
 evangelistic work done. They were compelled to leave by 
 failure of health in 1907. The little church maintained its 
 services, and in 1911 the prayers of the faithful members were 
 answered by the coming of Rev. T. E. Barber and Mrs. Bar- 
 ber, and Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Warren. Mr. Barber has been 
 able to itinerate extensively in the province, and was w'ell 
 received in the chief towns. An out-station was established 
 at Antioquia. 
 
 The mountain region north o.f Bogota is 
 BUCARAMANGA. very much isolated, and extremely difficult 
 of access. In 1911 Rev. C. E. Williams 
 and Mrs. Williams w’ere appointed to Bucaramanga, the 
 capital of the province, an inqiortant city of 72,000 inhabitants. 
 
4 ^ 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Ihe journey of 200 miles from .Bogota must be made mostly 
 on horseback. j\Irs. Williams says: 
 
 Two nights we were obliged to sleep out on the hillside, and a 
 
 third on the floor of an Indian hut The city is larger than we 
 
 supposed. Living is much higher than in Bogota. Milk is twelve cents 
 a bottle. Flour comes from the United States. Even the water has 
 to be brought on burro-back, and enough for a bath costs fifteen cents. 
 The city is very unsanitary, and it is easy to see why so many funerals 
 take place every day. There is no sewer, of course, and no collection 
 of garbage, as in Bogota. But there is no such poverty^ here as e.xists 
 in the capital city.” 
 
 The only house obtainable was unsanitary and badly 
 located. Religious services were begun and a school started. 
 After three years of heroic labor a good foothold seemed to 
 be gained, but the health of both missionaries was so impaired 
 that a furlough was imperative. Funds have been given to 
 provide a suitable residence for them on their return. 
 
 In the valley of the Sinn River, about twenty-four 
 CERETE. hours by boat from Cartagena, an American, Mr. 
 
 Horace C. Coleman, has large plantations and 
 cattle ranches, employing great numbers of Colombians. 
 His interest in their welfare and that of the people in the 
 valley led him to secure the services of Rev. and Mrs. John 
 L. Jarrett as missionaries among them. In 1912 Mr. Cole- 
 man proposed to the Board of Foreign Missions that they 
 should take over this work, under the name of Cepete Station, 
 promising to be responsible for its entire cost. It reaches a 
 scattered country population, very illiterate and without any 
 Christian teaching. The door is open for every kind of 
 Christian work, and there is no serious opposition. Services 
 are now held in four places, and everything is prepared to 
 build a church in Cerete. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 43 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Venezuela, although nearly equal in area to Germany. 
 France and Spain combined, consists largely of unexplored 
 plains and uplands, inhabited only by nomad trilies. The 
 population, mostly concentrated in the highlands near the 
 Caribbean coast, is estimated at about 2,700,000, including 
 326,000 pure Indians. Endowed with a delightful climate 
 and unbounded natural resources, this Republic needs more 
 than words can express, a new principle of life, which can 
 come only through the knowledge of the truth that gives real 
 freedom. Our own Church, with six missionaries, is the only 
 organized representative there of evangelical Christianity. 
 
 The following paragraphs are summarized from the 
 reports of the Panama Conference, 1916: 
 
 “A population one-third that of Loiidon is distril:>uted over a region 
 three times larger than the British Isles. Besides the work of the 
 Bible Societies, the Scandinavian Alliance Mission in Maracaibo, one 
 Presbyterian Station (Caracas) with a small force, and three small 
 groups of independents, represent the sum total of Protestant religious 
 work. Intermittently German Lutherans have the attention of a pastor 
 to officiate at baptisms, deaths and marriages. The Anglicans have a 
 chapel in a house in Caracas, and a rector ministering to English subjects 
 of all colors and classes, and another clergyman at El Callao in the 
 Orinoco. In all the history of this land, there was never built at 
 public or private expense one school house of any grade, except the 
 Military Academy. 
 
 “One-fourth of the children die under two years old, another 
 fourth do not reach the age of five. There are absolutely no trained 
 nurses in the country. 
 
 “One of the smaller agencies has a chapel. The Presbyterians have 
 a church building in Caracas, but no school houses, no boarding-school, 
 no press, no clinic. They have five Venezuelan helpers and a training 
 class of two.” 
 
 Occupied 1897; as a station, 1912. Early in 1897 
 CARACAS. Rev. T. S. Pond and Mrs. Pond were transferred 
 from Barranquilla to open a tentative work in 
 Caracas, a city of 72,000 people. The field was unoccupied 
 by any regular mission, though evangelical services were 
 
44 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 more or less regularly held by the agent of the American 
 Mible Society, while for two months Sr. Ferrando, formerly 
 a Capuchin monk, had held Bible classes in his own house. 
 'I'he scattered members of a disbanded church organization, 
 once under the care of the Methodist Board (South) warmly 
 welcomed the new missionaries. 
 
 Caracas is a beautiful city, situated in the mountains, 
 2,900 feet above the sea, with a remarkably pleasant and 
 healthful climate. It is two miles in a straight line from La 
 Guayra, the seaport, and is reached by a circuitous railroad, 
 twenty-three miles in length. There are the usual difficulties 
 incident to ungodliness and Romanism; yet the moral atmos- 
 phere is no worse than that of most South American cities, 
 while constant communication with North America and 
 Europe has brought some degree of enlightenment and 
 liberality. The rights of free speech, free assembly and free 
 press make the work of preaching and publishing more en- 
 couraging than in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. 
 Moreover, the Protestant labors under no civil disability as 
 in those States. The great obstacle of ecclesiastical marriage 
 is wholly absent, civil marriage being recognized by the law. 
 There is no separate or consecrated cemetery, all having the 
 rights of burial in the same plot. Plence the native Christian 
 is not hindered at every step as in Colombia. 
 
 The chief external difficulties encountered have been the 
 long-continued disturbances of civil war and political strife, 
 with the resulting poverty and suffering, and the recurring 
 epidemics of vellow fever and bubonic plague, putting a stop 
 to trade and industry. 
 
 The moral and intellectual needs of the country can 
 hardly be exaggerated. There is not a common school build- 
 ing in the land. The public schools are held in private houses : 
 any person, no matter how incompetent, who can provide a 
 room and produce a list of thirty pupils, can become a teacher. 
 But in case of a revolution or a depleted treasury, these 
 schools are closed. Only one-third of the people can read, 
 much less write. 
 
 The ignorance of sanitary matters is no less dense. 
 .\ccording to the rector of Caracas University, the mortality 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 45 
 
 of Venezuela is above the maximum of civilized States, and 
 the birth-rate falls below the lowest. More than two-thirds 
 of the children born are illegitimate. 
 
 The saddest feature of all is that many priests of the 
 Roman Church, who ought to be the leaders in righteousness, 
 are a by-word among the people for their evil lives and 
 mercenary spirit. 
 
 A church was organized in 1900. Great difificulty was 
 experienced in finding a place to hold the services. Six times 
 within a few years the little congregation was forced to move, 
 and the search for a chapel room seemed hopeless. In 1912 
 the hopes of years were crowned by the dedication of a beau- 
 tiful church building, with a sweet-toned bell. The same year 
 Rev. F. F. Barley and Mrs. Barley joined the mission, and 
 in 1916 Rev. M. A. Chappel and Mrs. Chappel were added 
 to the force. 
 
 A property purchased by the Woman’s Boards of Phila- 
 delphia and New York in 1916 provides residences for the 
 missionary families. A day-school for children, begun in 
 1900, has developed into the Colegio Americano, a high 
 school for girls and young women. There is great need for 
 a good school for boys. An industrial class for women, man- 
 aged by Mrs. Pond, has kept many families from sore distress. 
 
 The British and Foreign Bible Society has an agent in 
 Caracas, and is pushing its work in every direction. In many 
 villages the residents have never seen a Bible, and are quite 
 ignorant of its contents. In spite of steady opposition, the 
 sale of the Scriptures has increased fifty per cent, in the last 
 few years. 
 
 STATISTICS, 1917. 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Churches and Groups 
 
 . . ; 2 
 
 
 22s 
 
 Pupils in Sunday Schools 
 
 Pupils in Day Schools 
 
 78 
 
46 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 The Congress on Christian Work 
 in Latin America 
 
 The scope of the World Missionary Conference held at 
 Edinburgh in 1900 did not permit the consideration of the 
 problems of South America. Those delegates most inter- 
 ested in that continent met together and agreed that a special 
 conference should be held to consider its claims. At subse- 
 quent meetings held in New York in 1913-1914, representing 
 practically every missionary agency at work in Latin America, 
 it was decided to hold such a conference at Panama, February 
 10-20, 1916, followed by regional conferences in all parts of 
 the continent. 
 
 Most careful and exhaustive efforts were made during 
 the intervening time to secure the presence of representative 
 men from all parts of the field, and to prepare the subjects 
 to be brought before them. Eight commissions were 
 appointed to bring in full reports on the various branches of 
 mission work for consideration by the Congress. The follow- 
 ing invitation was adopted and sent to leaders of the different 
 churches, including the Roman Catholic: 
 
 “All communions or organizations which accept Jesus 
 Christ as Divine Saviour and Lord, and the Holy Scriptures 
 of the Old and New Testaments as the revealed Word of 
 God, and whose purpose is to make the will of Christ prevail 
 in Latin America, are cordially invited to participate in the 
 Panama Congress, and will be heartily welcomed.” 
 
 In response to this in^dtation, more than three hundred 
 delegates and official visitors from twenty-one different 
 nations, met together, and for ten days devoted themselves 
 to the study of the religious problems of Latin America. A 
 remarkable spirit of unity and harmony pervaded all the pro- 
 ceedings. “In the vast amount of information imparted, in 
 the zeal, earnestness and consecration manifested by all who 
 had part in the proceedings, and .in the breadth of its plans 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 47 
 
 for Christian work in Latin America, the Panama Congress 
 marks an era in the history of evangelical Christianity.” 
 
 A series of Regional Congresses followed the Congress 
 at Panama. Of these, the ones at which Presbyterian work 
 was especially considered were those at Santiago, Barranquilla 
 and Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 The reports of the Congress, published in five volumes, 
 give a vivid idea of the immense task lying before those 
 “whose purpose it is to make the will of Christ prevail in Latin 
 America.” 
 
48 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 MISSIONARIES IN BRAZIL, 1859-1917. 
 
 Died. Figures, Term of Service in the Field. 
 
 Anderson, Rev. H. C., 1910 
 -Anderson, Mrs., 1910 
 
 Bickerstaph, Rev. G. L., 1894 
 Bickerstaph, Mrs., 1894 
 Bi.xler, Rev. C. E., 1896 
 
 Bixler, Mrs., 1899 
 
 ■^Blackford, Rev. A. L.. 
 
 1860-1876' 1880-1890 
 ^Blackford, Mrs., 1860-1876 
 
 Blackford, Mrs., 1881-1891 
 
 Cameron, Rev. J. B., 1881-1883 
 
 Cameron, Mrs., 1881-1883 
 
 Carriel, Rev. C. A., 1911-1917 
 
 Carriel, Mrs., 1911-1917 
 
 Carrington, Rev. W. A., 1890-1892 
 'A'arrington, Mrs., 1890-1891 
 
 ^Chamberlain, Rev.G.W.. 1866-1902 
 Chamberlain, iMrs., 1868-1904 
 Chamberlain, Miss M., 1876-1879 
 Chamberlain, Rev. P.A., 1899-1908 
 ' Chamberlain. Airs., 1901-1908 
 Cory, Miss E., 1905-1908 
 
 Da Gama, Rev. J. F., 1870-1891 
 
 Da Gama, Airs., 1870-1891 
 
 Da Gama, Aliss Eva, 1876-1895 
 Dascomb, Afiss AI. P., 
 
 1869-1876; 1880 
 
 Eells, Air. B. G., 1905-1908 
 
 Eells, Airs., 1905-1908 
 
 Finley, Rev. \V E., 1889-1907 
 
 Finley, Airs., 1892-1907 
 
 Graham, Rev. F. F., 1910 
 
 llallock. Airs. W. H., 1914 
 
 Hazlett, Rev. D. AI., 1875-1880 
 
 Hazlett, Airs., 1875-1880 
 
 Hough, Aliss Clara E., 18^-1902 
 
 Kyle, Rev. J. AI., 
 
 Kyle, Airs., 
 
 Landes, Rev. G. A., 
 
 Landes, Airs., 
 
 Landes, Rev. Philip, 
 
 Landes, Airs., 
 
 *Lane, H. AL, AI. D.. 
 
 Lenington, Rev. R., 
 
 Lenington, Airs., 
 
 Lenington, Rev. R. E., 
 
 Lenington, Airs., 
 
 Lenington, Aliss E., 
 
 AIcCall, Rev. H. J., 
 
 AIcCall, Airs. (Aliss 
 Axtell), 
 
 AIcCIeinents, Rev. A. F., 
 AIcCIements, Airs., 
 
 AIcKee, Rev. H. \V., 
 
 AIcKee, Airs., 
 
 AIcLaren, Rev. D., 
 
 AlcPherson, Aliss Belle, 
 
 1901-1910; 1912 
 Alidkiff, Air. H. P., 1911 
 
 Alidkiff, Airs., igii 
 
 Alitchell, Aliss E. J., 1902-1910 
 
 *Pinkerton, Rev. E. N., 1891-1892 
 Pinkerton, Airs., 1891-1892 
 
 *Perkins, Rev. F. J., 1891-1895 
 
 Perkins, Airs., 1892-1895 
 
 Pires, Rev. E. N., 1866-1869 
 
 Porter, Rev. T. J., 
 
 1889-1896; 1907 
 Porter, Airs., 1889-1896; 1907 
 Reese, Rev. A., 1909 
 
 Reese, Airs., 1909 
 
 Rodgers, Rev. J. B., 1889-1899 
 
 Rodgers, Airs., 1889-1899 
 
 1882-1909 
 
 1882-1909 
 
 1880 
 
 1880 
 
 1912 
 
 1915 
 
 1885-1912 
 
 1868-1886 
 
 1868-1886 
 
 1896 
 
 18^ 
 
 1903-1912 
 
 1902 
 
 1899 
 
 1914 
 
 1914 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 1867-1870 
 
 1885-1889 
 
 1875-1885; 
 
 1900-1902 
 
 Salley, Rev. A. C., 
 
 1910 
 
 diouston. Airs., 
 
 1875-1881 
 
 Salley, Airs., 
 
 1910 
 
 Houston, Airs. (Aliss S. 
 
 Schneider, Rev. F. J., 
 
 
 .A Dale, 1881), 
 
 1883-1891 
 
 1861-1877 ; 
 
 1886-1890 
 
 Howell, Rev. J. B., 
 
 1873-1890 
 
 Schneider, Airs., 
 
 1861-1877 
 
 Howell, Airs., 
 
 1877-1890 
 
 Scott, Aliss AI. K., 
 
 1891-1915 
 
 Jayne, Aliss C. L., 
 
 1913 
 
 Short, Rev. E. C., 
 
 1915-1916 
 
 Johnson, Rev. W. G., 
 
 1907-1909 
 
 Short, Airs., 
 
 1915-1916 
 
 Koll), Rev. J. B., 
 
 1884 
 
 *Simonton, Rev. A. G., 
 
 1859-1867 
 
 Kolb, Airs. (Miss Gas- 
 
 
 ••^Simonton, Airs. Helen, 
 
 1863-1864 
 
 ton, 1883), 
 
 1884 
 
 Stoner, Aliss Jean, 
 
 1916 
 
 Kuhl, Aliss Ella, 
 
 1874 
 
 *Thomas, Aliss P. R., 
 
 1877-1890 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 49 
 
 Van Orden, Rev. E., 1872-1876 
 
 Van Orden, Mrs., 1872-1876 
 
 V'addell, Rev. W. A., 1890 
 
 *\\'addell, Mrs. (Aliss 
 
 J\I. Lenington), 1891-1893 
 
 Waddell, Mrs. (Miss L. 
 
 Chamberlain, 1893), 1897 
 Williamson, Miss E. R., 1890 
 Wood, W. W., M. D., 1916 
 Wood, Mrs., 1916 
 
 MISSIONARIES IN CHILE, 1873-1917. 
 
 * Died. Figures, Term of Service in the Field. 
 
 *Allis, Rev. J. Til., D.D., 1884-1899 
 
 Allis, Mrs., 1884-1899 
 
 Beatty, Miss M. A., 1912 
 
 Beatty, Aliss Cora, 1913 
 
 Boomer, Rev. Whn. B., 1887 
 
 Boomer, Mrs., 1887 
 
 Browning, Rev. W. E., 
 
 Ph.D., 1896 
 
 Browning, Airs., i8g6 
 
 Cameron, Rev, D., 1884-1886 
 
 tChristen, Rev. S. J., 1873-1897 
 
 tChristen, Airs., 1871-1897 
 
 Curtiss, Rev. S. W., 1875-1886 
 
 Curtiss, Airs., 1875-1886 
 
 Dodge, Rev. W. E., 1883-1893 
 
 Dodge, Airs., 1885-1893 
 
 Edwards, Rev. D. R., 1913 
 
 Edwards, Airs., 1913 
 
 Elmore, Rev. R. B., 1908 
 
 Elmore, Airs., igo8 
 
 Garvin, Rev. J. F., 1884 
 
 Garvin, Airs., 1884 
 
 t*Gilbert, Rev. N. P., 1861-1871 
 
 t*Ibanez-Guzman, Rev. 
 
 J. AL, 1872-1875 
 
 Jarvis, Aliss AI. D., 1910-1912 
 
 Lester, Rev. W. H., 
 
 1882-1895; 1900 
 
 *Lester, Airs., 1883-1884 
 
 Lester, Airs., 1886-1895 ; 1900 
 *Lowe, Rev. E. A., 1^2-1900 
 
 Lowe, Airs., 1895-1900 
 
 AIcLean, Rev. Eneas, 1878-1883 
 AIcLean, Airs., 1878-1883 
 
 AIcLean, Rev. Robert, 1877-1883 
 AIcLean, Airs., 1877-1883 
 
 AIcLean, Rev. J. H., 1906 
 
 AIcLean, Airs., 1906 
 
 tAIerwin, Rev. A. AL, 1866-1886 
 fAIerwin, Airs., 1866-1886 
 
 Robinson, Rev. W. H., 1887-1895 
 Robinson, Airs., 1887-1895 
 
 tSayre, Rev. S., 1866-1877 
 
 *Sayre, Airs., 
 
 Schmalhorst, Rev.W.L., 1896-1904 
 Schmalhorst, Airs., 1898-1904 
 Smith, Rev. J. S.,’ 1903 
 
 Smith, Airs., 1903 
 
 Smith, Aliss F. E., 1903 
 
 Spining, Rev. C. AI., 1895 
 Spilling, Airs., 1895 
 
 Strout, Aliss Alyra H., 1884-1886 
 Thompson, Rev. J. AL, 1885-1886 
 t*Trumbull, Rev. D., 1846-1889 
 
 t*Trumbull, Airs., 1846-1893 
 
 Wilson, Rev. J. C., 1890-1898 
 
 Wilson, Airs., 1890-1898 
 
 f Transferred from American and Foreign Christian Union. 
 
 MISSIONARIES IN COLOMBIA, 1856-1917. 
 
 * Died. Figures, Term of Service in the Field. 
 
 Allan, Rev. A. AL, 
 Allan, Airs., 
 
 Austin, Rev. E. C., 
 Austin, Airs., 
 
 Barber, Rev. Thos. E., 
 
 1910 
 
 1910 
 
 1915-1916 
 
 1915-1916 
 
 1910 
 
 Earlier, Airs. (Miss 
 1 . Towle), 
 
 Birtchet, Rev. G. C., 
 Birtchet, Airs., 
 Blinka, Aliss j.. 
 
 1910 
 
 1916 
 
 1916 
 
 1903-1904 
 
50 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Blue', Rev. R. J., 
 
 Blue, Airs., 
 
 Buxton, Aliss E. W., 
 Cahill, ATiss E. (Airs. 
 
 R. W. Fenn), 
 Caldwell, Rev. AI. E., 
 Caldwell, Airs., 
 
 Candor, Rev. T. H., 
 Candor, Airs., (Aliss AI. 
 
 Ramsey, 1880), 
 Cruickshank, Air. J. H., 
 Cruickshank, Airs., 
 Douglass, Rev. C. A., 
 Douglass, Airs., 
 *Findlay, Prof. W. W., 
 Graham, Rev. AI. AV., 
 Graham, Airs. (Aliss 
 Nevegold), 
 
 Hastings, Aliss L., 
 Hoogstraat, Aliss C. A^., 
 Hunter, Aliss AI. B., 
 
 1892-1904; 
 Jarrett, Rev. J. L., 
 Jarrett, Airs., 
 
 Ladd, Mrs. E. H. (Aliss 
 Franks), 
 
 Lee, Rev. AV. S., 
 
 Lee, Airs., 
 
 Alacintosh, Aliss E. E, 
 AIcFarren, Aliss Kate, 
 AlcLaren, Rev. AAhn. E 
 AIcLaren, Airs., 
 
 Aleeker, Rev. AAA C., 
 
 I9II-I9I3 
 
 Aleeker, Airs., 
 
 1905-1907 
 
 I9II-I9I3 
 
 Aides, Rev. A. R., 
 
 1890-1903 
 
 1899 
 
 Aides, Airs., 
 
 18^-1903 
 
 
 Alontgomery, Rev.D.C., 
 
 1895-1898 
 
 1890-1892 
 
 Alontgomery, Airs., 
 
 1895-1898 
 
 1880-1894 
 
 Alorrow, Aliss J. R., 
 
 1915 
 
 1880-1894 
 
 Pitkin, Rev. P. H., 
 
 1866-1872 
 
 1882 
 
 Pitkin, Airs., 
 
 1866-1872 
 
 
 Pond, Rev. T. S., 
 
 1890-1897 
 
 1884 
 
 Pond, 'Airs., 
 
 1890-1897 
 
 I9II 
 
 Pratt, Rev. Horace B., 
 
 1856-1860 
 
 I9II 
 
 Quinliy, Aliss L. AAA, 
 
 1907 
 
 1915 
 
 *Ramsey, Aliss A. C., 
 
 188^1889 
 
 1915 
 
 Riley, Aliss C. J., 
 
 1893-1904 
 
 1889-1889 
 
 *Scott, Aliss Jessie, 
 
 1896-1915 
 
 1894-1907 
 
 *Sharpe, Rev. S. AL, 
 
 1858-1860 
 
 
 Sharpe, Airs. Alartha, 
 
 1858-1860 
 
 1893-1907 
 
 Sharp, Rev. Alexander, 
 
 18^-1902 
 
 1904-1907 
 
 Sharp, Airs., 
 
 1899-1902 
 
 1916 
 
 Smith, Aliss F. E., 
 
 1895-1899 
 
 
 Stor39 Rev. Alfred L., 
 
 1902-1903 
 
 1910 
 
 Touzeau, Rev. J. G., 
 
 1886-1907 
 
 1912 
 
 Touzeau, Airs., 
 
 1886-1907 
 
 1912 
 
 AA'alker, Rev. R. AAA, 
 
 1904-1906 
 
 
 AA'^allace, Rev. T. F., 
 
 1862-1875 
 
 1883-1904 
 
 AVallace, Airs., 
 
 1862-1875 
 
 1898 
 
 AVeaver, Rev. AAA, 
 
 1874-1880 
 
 1898 
 
 AA'eaver, Airs., 
 
 1874-1880 
 
 1886-1888 
 
 Warren, Air. C. E., 
 
 1910 
 
 1869-1883 
 
 AA'arren, Airs. (Aliss AI 
 
 
 1860-1863 
 
 L. Freeman, 1904), 
 
 1910 
 
 1860-1863 
 
 AA^illiams, Rev. C. S., 
 
 1907 
 
 1905-1907 
 
 AA'illiams, Airs., 
 
 1907 
 
 MISSIONARIES IN VENEZUELA, 1897-1917. 
 
 Chappel, Rev. AI. A., 
 
 1916 
 
 Darley, Airs., 
 
 1912 
 
 Chappel, Airs., 
 
 1916 
 
 Pond, Rev. T. S., 
 
 1897 
 
 Darley, Rev. F. F., 
 
 1912 
 
 Pond, Airs., 
 
 1897 
 
THE MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 51 
 
 BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 Around and About South America. F. Vincent. 1908. 
 
 A Summer Journey to Brazil. A. R. Humphry s. 1900. 
 
 Brazil and the Brazilians. Fletcher and Kidder. 1866. 
 
 Brazil, the Amazons and the Coast. H. H. Smith. 
 
 British Guiana. Rev. L. Crookall. 1898. 
 
 Chile. G. F. Scott-Elliott. 1907. 
 
 Chile. International Bureau of American Republics. 1909. 
 
 Latin America. Rev. Hubert W. Brown. 1900. 
 
 Makers of South America. Margarette Daniels (young people). 1916. 
 Religious Liberty in South America. John Lee. 1907. 
 
 Reports of the Congress on Christian Work in South America, 1916 
 (five volumes). 
 
 Report of a Visit to the -Missions in South America. Robert E. 
 Speer. 1909. 
 
 South America; Its Missionary Problems. Bishop Thos. B. Neely. 1909. 
 South America: Observations and Impressions. James Bryce, Vis- 
 count. 1915. 
 
 South American Neighbors. Bishop Homer C. Stuntz. 
 
 South America: The Dark Continent. Rev. E. Olsson. 1899. 
 
 South of Panama. Edward A. Ross. 1912. 
 
 Stanford’s Compendium of Geography and Travel. Volume 1 . South 
 America. 1900. 
 
 Story of Commander Allen Gardiner. J. W. Marsh. 
 
 The Bil)le in Brazil. H. C. Tucker. 1902. 
 
 Tlie Colombian and Venezuelan Republics. William L. Scruggs. 190S. 
 The Continent of Opportunity. Rev. Francis E. Clark, D. D. 1907- 
 The Land of the Golden ]\lan. Anita B. Ferris (children). 1916. 
 
 The -Living Christ for Latin America. Rev. J. H. AIcLean. 1916. 
 
 Tlie Other Americans. Arthur Ruhl. 1908. 
 
 The South Americans. Albert Hale. 1907. 
 

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