xraoman's Boarb of Missions 
 
 704 Congregational House, Boston 
 
 TURKEY 
 
 A COURSE OF TlVELl/E LESSONS 
 
 MRS. L. S. CRAWFORD 
 
 For the Cainmittee on Junior Work 
 
 PRICE, 5 CENTS PER COPY 
 
 P.OSTON 
 PRINTED FOR THE BOARD 
 
 1S99 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Explanation of Maj ■ 
 
 Introduc 
 
 ' — Historical Introductic 
 
 l-.i:i,ov II. — The Religions of Turl^ey 
 
 III. — American Board Missions in Turl, 
 
 IV. — Constanti: 
 
 ^Tiie Women of Turku: 
 -Tlie Cliildren of Turlv 
 VII. — Education in Turkey 
 l.i.baON' VUI. — Work among Armeni: 
 LES.SON IX. — Medical Work 
 J-y.:-'.ris X ";ng Greeks 
 
 l-:.-^'jx XI. — Uu.;. 
 
 i^aiViOus Names in Bulgarian History 
 Concluded) 
 
Woman's Boarb of ^IDissions 
 
 704 CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE, BOSTON 
 
 TURKEY 
 
 A COURSE OF TIVELVE LESSONS 
 
 ARRANGED BY 
 
 MRS. L. S. CRAWFORD 
 
 For the Committee on junior Work 
 
 PRICB, 5 C:^NTS PER COPY 
 
 BOSTON 
 PRINTED FOR THE BOARD 
 1899 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE MAP. 
 
 By the aid of the map we shall be able to locate the four stations of the Bul- 
 garian or European Turkey Mission, viz., Samolvov, Monastir, Philippopolis, and 
 Salonica or Thessalonica. 
 
 This mission was opened in 1 871, and includes in its territory ancient Macedonia 
 and Thrace. 
 
 The names uf the missionaries in each station are found at the end of the booU. 
 
 In the Western Turkey Mission, which was opened in 1831, we find seven 
 stations, viz., Constantinople, Brousa, Smyrna, Marsovan, Cesarea, Sivas, and 
 Trebizond. 
 
 The Central Turkey Mission, formed in 1856, has the two stations of Aintab 
 and Marash, wliile missionaries also reside in Adana, Hadjin, Tarsus, and Oorfa. 
 
 In the Eastern Turkey Mission (set off in i860) are the five stations of Har- 
 poot, Erzroom, Van, Bitlis, and Mardin. 
 
 By the word station we understand the city where the missionaries reside, 
 and where their work centers. 
 
 The fidd is the province through which the missionaries tour, establishing 
 churches and schools, and visiting and encouraging those already established. 
 Such places are called out-stations; e.g., Smyrna field, named after the city 
 of Smyrna, which is a station, and including a territory nearly as large as the State 
 of New York. 
 
 Brousa field is three times as large as Massachusetts. 
 
 Cesarea field is about the size of Illinois. 
 
 Tliyatira is one of the out-stations of Smyrna, Zeitoon of Marash, Tokat of 
 Sivas, etc. 
 
 There are 46 out-stations in the European Turkey Mission. 
 " >. 102 „ „ Western „ „ 
 
 " >> 44 >i » Central „ „ 
 
 ,, 87 „ ,, Eastern „ „ 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 It is designed that tlie accompanying pamplilct be used as a text-book 
 for leaders and older students. A copy should be put into the hands of 
 each member of the Society, and the lesson prepared by each one in 
 advance of the missionary meeting. Parallel lesson sheets have been 
 prepared for the children as an aid to their better comprehension of the 
 subjects treated. It is expected that each leader will see that the children 
 are provided with these lesson sheets, the cost of which is 3 cents for the 
 series. 
 
 Pray for the missionaries by name, and aim in the course of the year's 
 study to become thoroughly familiar with tlie work which is being done 
 in Turkey. 
 
 A wall map of Turkey will be found very helpful ; price, $2.00 on cloth, 
 $1.25 on paper. 
 
 Subscription price of Life and Lights 60 cents a year ; single coi^ies, 5 
 cents. Bound volumes of the Mission Dayspring, containing two full 
 years, 50 cents; single numbers, 2 cents. Subscription price per year, 
 one copy, 20 cents; ten copies to one address, fi.50; twenty-five copies 
 to one address, $3.00. 
 
 These publications will prove an invaluable aid in j^reparing for 
 meetings. 
 
 Mite-boxes are provided for collecting money for the work of the 
 Woman's Board, free of cost except express or postal charges. 
 
 A circulating library of missionary books may be found at the rooms of 
 the Woman's Board, volumes from which are loaned at two cents a day 
 and return postage. Send for a catalogue. 
 
 For above supplies and catalogue of missionary leaflets, apply to Miss 
 A. R. Hartshorn, Woman's Board of Missions, 704 Congregational House, 
 Boston, 
 
Lesson I. 
 
 Historical Introduction. 
 
 By Rev. L. S. CRAWFORD, Tkebizond, Turkey. 
 
 GYMNASIUM AT EPHESUS. 
 
 A peculiar interest attaches itself to any .study we may make of the 
 history of Turkey, for Palestine — "the Holy Land" — the land made 
 sacred and precious to us by so many scenes of Bible times, lies within 
 the boundaries of the Turkish Empire. 
 
 Going to the north, beyond the mountains of Lebanon, where Asia 
 IVIinor stretches away to the west, we come to our Central Turkey Mis- 
 sion. We first visit Antioch, the proud city of Antiochus the Great, 
 but more tenderly remembered as the place where "the disciples were 
 first called Christians." In Tarsus, the birthplace of St. Paul, we find a 
 flourishing boys' school, " St. Paul's Institute." We are now in old Cilicia 
 
 If we go north from Tarsus, we shall come to Cappadocia and Galatia 
 and Pontus. Now we know these places as the Cesarea and Marsovan 
 and Sivas and Trebizond fields of our Western Turkey Mission. It was 
 from Zilleh, of the Marsovan field, that Cae.sar wrote, " I came, I saw, 
 I conquered ! " {Veni, vidi, vicil) It was in the northwestern part of the 
 Cesarea field that Alexander cut the Gordian knot. 
 
 Turning towards the southwest and passing through old Bithynia, our 
 Brousa field, we come on to Mysia, where Paul at Troas saw the vision 
 of " the man of Macedonia." To reach there we shall cross the Granicus 
 and think of the battle in Alexander's days. 
 
 South from here, in the Smyrna field, we are in the region of " the seven 
 churches of Asia " and of the old Greek colonies along the shore. The 
 islands of Mitylene and Samos and Patmos and Chios are off from this 
 western shore. But we must turn east again and, crossing the Masander 
 River, go on by Colosse, Hierapolis, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, back 
 
 4 
 
to Antioch, and then east and north to our Eastern Turkey Mission. 
 We shall pass through Mesopotamia and then north to snow-capped Mt. 
 Ararat, passing in our journey beside and across the Tigris and the Eu- 
 phrates and through the land where many people think Adam and Eve 
 lived in their beautiful garden of Eden. And so if we would study the 
 early history of Turkey, we may turn back to the pages of the Old and 
 New Testaments and to the Apocrypha also. 
 
 There were the old Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, which conquered 
 the Jews, as the Jews had conquered the Canaanites and other peoples of 
 Palestine. Then the Medes and Persians conquered the Babylonians, and 
 some of the Jews were allowed to return and rebuild Jeru.salem, and then 
 came on the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, and as the Persians 
 yielded to them, so their successors yielded in turn to the Romans. The 
 Greek had been established as a common language ; the Roman legions 
 held the whole world in their control ; the gates of war were shut ; there 
 was universal peace when 
 
 "... In the solemn midnight 
 Centuries ago . . . 
 
 The fulness of the time was come and God 
 Sent forth his Son." 
 
 The Jews had made the Romans to feel that Jesus had come to take 
 away the power of CiEsar, and it was therefore natural that the Roman 
 emperors should persecute the followers of Christ. So bitter were these 
 persecutions, so many Christians were killed, that no one would have 
 thought that in less than three hundred years after the crucifixion of our 
 Lord, the Roman Emperor Constantine would accept Christianity and 
 proclaim it as the religion of the empire. Constantinople was built by 
 and named for this emperor, and when in after years there arose jealousies 
 between the people of Rome and Constantinople, and the great Roman 
 Empire was divided into the Eastern and Western Empires, Constantinople 
 remained capital of the Eastern, as it is now of the Turkish Empire. 
 
 In 622 MohaiTimed, the great Arabian prophet, began his life work. He 
 and his followers destroyed idolatry wherever they went, in Asia and in 
 northern Africa, but it was a warfare against Christianity also and 
 Mohammed was chosen in the place of Christ. It was against these that 
 the crusaders of Europe came down to rescue the holy places from the 
 hands of those who rejected our Lord. In the meanwhile there were com- 
 ing down from the northeast, from the tablelands of Central Asia, tribes 
 of Tartar origin, driving their flocks before them. The Arabs did not 
 conquer them, but they did teach them their new religion, and these 
 tribes, under their leader Seljuk, became the ruling people. By 1326, 
 lirousa was conquered by Osman (or Othman), a leader of other tribes 
 from the north and east. These Osmanli Turks mingled and mixed with 
 the Seljukian Turks, and became one great people. They conquered 
 Greece and Turkey in Europe, and in 1453 captured Constantinople. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 Historical and Biblical Associations with Turkey. 
 Constantine and Early Christianity in Turlcey. 
 Life and Work of Mohammed. 
 Growth of the Ottoman Empire. 
 The Crusades. 
 
 5 
 
Lesson II. 
 
 The Religions of Turkey. 
 
 By Rev. CYRUS HAMLIN, D.D. 
 
 DR. CYRUS HAMLIN. 
 
 The chief organized religions 
 of Turkey are Mohammedan- 
 ism, Judaism, and Christianity. 
 They have many subdivisions, 
 which will be briefly mentioned. 
 Islam is the true name of the 
 first, and will be used. 
 
 Its first great historic pecu- 
 liarity is its strength. It holds 
 its adherents with an iron 
 grasp, and has lost fewer mem- 
 bers by defection than any 
 other faith. Death and hell to 
 the renegade is the inflexible 
 law of Islam. It cannot now 
 be publicly e'.xecuted in Tur- 
 key, since the afi^air of Hova- 
 kim, in 1842; but neverthe- 
 les.s converts disappear, and 
 the faithful offer praise. 
 
 The divisions in the faith 
 are very numerous ; but the 
 chief ones which meet us in 
 mission work are the Sunnites 
 The Turks are generally .Sun- 
 The Sunnites claim to be the 
 is chiefly the missionary spirit. 
 
 and Shiites, the Sufis and the Dervi.shes. 
 nites. The Persians are mostly Shiites. 
 
 only orthodox Moslems, and with them _^ ^ 
 
 It is they who have converted such large portions of Asia and^ At*i-ica! 
 The Caliph ~- the Sultan — can always excite them to the most atrocious 
 deeds of crnelty for the faith. 
 
 The Dervishes are forms of .Sufism. Among the Bektashis, one kind 
 of Dervishes, are found many interesting characters, who seem not far 
 from the Kingdom. A very aged Bektash saint was being carried- past 
 the gate of Robert College. He was set down inside of the gate, and 
 his servant came to the writer and .said, " Our Shei;<h wishes to see you at 
 the gate." He was reputed to be one hundred years old. He said to me, 
 ■' All who love God are brothers. I love him — so do you. I am very 
 old; I shall not pass your gate again. I wish to give you my blessing, 
 and receive yours." He then pronounced his in Arabic, and I mine in 
 English : and the bearers took him up and passed on. 
 
 The four leading characteristics of the faith of Islam are Monotheism, 
 Fatalism, Ritualism, and Sensualism. The Koran prohibits wine, in- 
 culcates justice, hospitality, and kindne.ss to the poor and to animals, and 
 condemns fraud, falsehood, and cruelty. There are Moslems — alasi how 
 
few! — wlio obey these teachings, and are thoughtl'iil and pleasant neigli- 
 bors to have around you. The recent cruel slaughter of the Armenians 
 is the best commentary on the moral influence of this mighty faith. 
 
 THE GREEK FAITH. 
 
 It claims to be the old and only Apostolic, Orthodox, Greek Church. 
 It has the old orthodox confession of faith. It has the Nicene aijd the 
 Apostles' Creeds. It has a full .supi^ly of orthodoxy. But it has intro- 
 duced auricular confession, baptismal regeneration, transubstantiation, 
 and the worship of the Virgin and the Saints. We must look now to 
 the Greeks rather than to the Greek Church. Education and general 
 enlightenment have made great progress among them. Rome has made 
 proselytes among them, but has not shaken the mass. 
 
 THE ARMENIAN FAITH. 
 
 It is substantially that of the Greek Church, and has the same errors. 
 The Armenians were cut off from the Greek Cliurch as being Monophy- 
 sites, and as rejecting the Council of Chalcedon. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Armenians are the result of the missionary efforts 
 of Rome, begun in the sixteenth century. They became an organized 
 body in Turkey in 1828, in consequence of severe persecution from the 
 Armenian Patriarch. They have been faithfully [jrotected by France, and 
 have become a [jowerful body. 
 
 THE PROTESTANT ARMENIANS. 
 
 The mission of the American Board at Constantinople to the Arme- 
 nians was begun in 1S31. A body of enlightened evangelical Armenians 
 was the result of their labors, before any organization was allowed or 
 desired. The hope and aim was to evangelize the whole Church. In 
 1846, the first Protestant Armenian Cliurcli was organized in consequence 
 of persecution, and the number of churches is now more than 120. This 
 Church has endured severe persecution. Its influence upon education and 
 evangelical enlightenment has been very great. It has translated the 
 Bible into nearly all the languages and dialects of Turkey. Its colleges 
 and seminaries are supplying educated men and women for all depart- 
 ments of life. Its acknowledged influence is immense, and is to fill 
 the land. 
 
 The Protestant Greeks will be referred to in another lesson. 
 
 There are other religions of less note. Judaism exists in the places of 
 business in the seaports. Wlien the Jews were expelled from Spain, 
 they were received by the Sultan of Turkey. About 100,000 reside at 
 Constantinople. They have been faithful and useful citizens, and have 
 been treated better than in most of the Christian cities of Europe. 
 
 We might also mention the small body of the Jacobite Syrians, and 
 the Yezidees — fragments of old faiths; but we will convert the above- 
 named first, and afterwards come to them. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 The Affair of Hovakim. See Dwight's Christianity Revived in the East, p. 194. 
 Also Goodell's Forty Years in the Turkish Empire, pp. 291, 292. 
 The Nicene Creed. 
 The Council of Chalcedon. 
 
 7 
 
Lesson III. 
 
 American Board Missions in Turl^ey. 
 
 By Rev. JAMES L. BARTON, D.D. 
 
 In the report of the Prudential Committee of the American Board for 
 1819, «the following passage occurs : — 
 
 " In Palestine, Syria, the provinces of Asia Minor, Armenia, Georgia, 
 and Persia, though Mohammedan countries, there are many thousands of 
 Jews and many thousands of Christians, at least in name. But the whole 
 mingled population is in a state of deplorable ignorance and degradation, 
 destitute of the means of divine knowledge and bewildered with vain 
 imaginations and strong delusions." 
 
 On the twenty-third of September of the previous year, 1818, Pliny 
 Fisk and Levi Parsons were appointed missionaries to Palestine. Mr. 
 Parsons arrived at Jerusalem on the seventeenth of February, 1821, and 
 missionary work in Turkey under the American Board was inaugurated. 
 At that time this work was sustained by the combined efforts of the New 
 and Old School Presbyterians, the Dutch Reformed Church, and the 
 Congregationalists. 
 
 In 1820 but little was known of the great part of Turkey and Persia. 
 Travelers seldom penetrated into the interior of that vast country, which 
 was considered a dangerous region. With commendable rapidity mis- 
 sionaries were sent into Syria, Mesopotamia, Koordistan, Armenia, 
 Persia, Asia Minor, and Macedonia, who by their explorations and reports 
 soon introduced those different classes of peoples, with their great intel- 
 lectual, social, and moral needs, to the churches of this country. The 
 territory covered by the Turkish and Persian missions extends from 
 Greece on the west to the Caspian Sea on the east, and from the Black 
 Sea on the north to Arabia and Egypt on the south, comprising an area 
 of over one million square miles, or a half larger than the entire United 
 States east of the Mississippi River. Throughout this vast territory there 
 were no railroads, or in fact roads of any kind. The only method of 
 travel or of transportation was upon Ihe backs of camels or horses. 
 
 This entire area is thickly populated with sturdy races. These include 
 Turks, Koords, Syrians, Arabs, Persians, Armenians, Nestorians, Jaco- 
 bites, Greeks, Bulgarians, Jews, and many other races of less distinction. 
 These people have each their own distinctive language and religion. The 
 first four named are Mohammedans, although not in harmony with each 
 other, and all the rest named, except the Jews, are nominal Christians, yet 
 having nothing in common in their religious organizations and practices . 
 
 There is no accurate and reliable census of that country, but it is safe 
 to say that the missions as outlined above included not less than 30,000,000 
 souls. All of this vast country was and is yet under a Modammedan 
 government, the Sultan at Constantinople ruling all except Persia, which 
 is under the control of the Moslem Shah. 
 
 When missionaries entered the country there was no school system which 
 afforded privileges of education to the people and no literature to help 
 the few who knew how to read. It was the province of our missionaries 
 to create a Christian literature for all these races, and at the same time to 
 inaugurate a system of Christian education which should intellectually and 
 morally revolutionize the entire land. As there were no other Boards at 
 
work in that territory except a little work for the Jews in Palestine, the 
 mighty task must needs be undertaken by our missionaries alone. The 
 extent of the undertaking can be better realized when we remember the 
 variety and widely diverging languages. Witli surprising rapidity and 
 accuracy the Bible was translated by missionaries and printed by the 
 Bible Societies in Bulgarian, Armenian, Modern Greek, Arabo-Turkish, 
 Armeno-Turkish, Greeco-Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Syriac, and Koordish, 
 while at the same time text-books, hymn books, general Christian literature, 
 and a variety of Christian periodicals were issued in as many, if not more, 
 tongues. 
 
 In the creation and operation of an educational system for Turkey, men 
 of broad vision, strength, and devotion have labored. Through their 
 heroic efforts 30,000 pupils have been gathered into the mission common 
 schools, and out of these have come a multitude of high schools and 
 almost half a score of colleges which stand to-day monuments of their pro- 
 phetic vision and indomitable faith. The colleges in Beyrout, Constanti- 
 nople, Harpoot, Aintab, and Marsovan are now filled with students and 
 intrenched in the confidence and affection of the people for whose good 
 they were planted. The various theological seminaries have fitted a 
 vast number of the best young men of Turkey for Christian leadership. 
 These men have been mainstays of the evangelistic work. 
 
 When missionaries entered Turkey they found the condition of the 
 women most deplorably degrading. There were not only no schools for 
 girls, but the opinion prevailed that women were incapable of learning to 
 read. Persistent and united efforts were made by the missionaries to 
 reach the women, and in order to do this, schools for girls were estab- 
 lished, but amid great opposition. These efforts have received, in the 
 last thirty years, great impulse through the various Women's Boards. 
 The. battle was nobly fought and won, and to-day there are no more 
 popular institutions or better patronized than the schools for girls, includ- 
 ing the girls' high schools and colleges in Syria, Armenia, Anatolia, and 
 Constantinople. 
 
 In 1870, the other Boards having long since withdrawn, it was mutu- 
 ally agreed by the Presbyterian and Congregational churches of the 
 United States that they would divide the work, the Presbyterians wishing 
 to organize a Board of their own. This was accomplished to the satis- 
 faction of all parties, and Persia and Syria with their institutions were set 
 apart to the Presbyterian Board, and the American Board retained all the 
 rest of the Turkish field, except a small work in Northern Syria carried 
 on by the Reformed Presbyterian Church of America. 
 
 Turkey north of Syria is preeminently the field for Congregational 
 churches in this country to evangelize. If they fail, no other resource is 
 open to the country; if they succeed, the reward will be theirs alone. 
 The 55,000 Protestants and the more than 20,000,000 in Turkey yet un- 
 reached are waiting for us to give them an enlightened Gospel. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 Turkey Almost Exclusively a Field for American Congregational Missionary Effort. 
 Division of Territory between the Presbyterian Board and the A. B. C. F. M. 
 Evangelistic Work as carried on by Touring Missionaries, and Native Pastors, 
 Teachers, and Bible Women. 
 The Evangelistic Work at Gedik Pasha. 
 
 Present Facilities for Reaching Points in the Interior of the Country. 
 
 9 
 
Lesson; IV". 
 
 Constantinople. 
 
 By Mrs. LUCIUS O. LEE, ok Marash 
 
 Constantinople, the 
 capital of the Turkish Em- 
 pire, is magnificently situ- 
 ated at tlie confluence of 
 the Bosphorus and the Sea 
 of Marmora. N o t w i t h - 
 standing its narrow, dirty 
 streets and dilapidated 
 houses, no capital in the 
 Old or New World has a 
 finer location. Such are its 
 ivitural advantages that in 
 the hands of a good gov- 
 ernment it would soon 
 ROBERT COLLEGE. rank among the richest and 
 
 most commanding cities in 
 the world. The Bosphorus, the Golden Horn, and the Marmora fur- 
 nish every facility for commerce. The swift current of the Bosphorus 
 bears away the impurities which the Turks would never trouble them- 
 selves to remove, while the salubrious climate, the beautiful scenery, 
 and the charming villas on the water's edge make it an attractive place 
 of residence. 
 
 It has long been called " the Key of the East," and almost every nation 
 of Europe has coveted its possession, — none more than Russia. It is to 
 this day a Turkish city only because no European nation is willing that 
 any other should seize it. 
 
 Through the Dark Ages Constantinople was the center of European 
 learning. After the fall of the city before the Turks in 1453, the precious 
 manuscripts which had been so carefully preserved there by the monks 
 were scattered through Europe, and in a great measure caused the Revival 
 of Learning. 
 
 The present population is estimated anywhere from 800,000 to 1,000,000. 
 Only about one half of these are Turks ; the Greeks and Armenians are ' 
 supposed to number each 80.000 ; there are 70,000 Jews and the re- 
 mainder of the population consists of people- from every part of the globe. 
 It is the most cosmopolitan of cities ; and as one stands for a few moments 
 on the bridge over the Golden Horn, every variety of costume meets the 
 eye, and a jargon of languages strikes the ear. Dr. Riggs, in crossing 
 from his house to the other side of the Bosphorus, once counted nineteen 
 languages that he heard on the way. 
 
 Ever since 1830 Constantinople has been one of the largest and most 
 important stations of the American Board. A noble band of missiona- 
 ries laid the foundations of the work in those early days, and the names 
 Goodell, Schaufller, Dwight, Riggs, Hamlin, and Bliss are known to all 
 interested in missions. There is now public preaching every Sabbath in 
 thirteen different places, in Armenian, Greek, Turkish, and Spanish (the 
 
 10 
 
latter for the Jews, by the Scotch Mission). In several places tliere are 
 Sabbath-schools and evening meetings. Several of our ladies are engaged 
 in city mission work in different parts of the city. 
 
 But the strictly evangelical work is only a small part of that done by 
 the missionaries in this city. Constantinople being the center of the 
 whole Turkish Empire, the missionaries there are largely occupied with 
 work which has reference to all parts of the country. The publication 
 department niakes-and publishes school books and other books in various 
 languages, which are sold all over the empire, and publishes a weekly 
 paper in the same languages which conveys religious and secular instruc- 
 tion to many who never see another periodical. 
 
 Mr. Peet, the Treasurer of all the Turkey missions, sits in his office in 
 the J3ible House from morning till night, one of the hardest-working and 
 most valuable men iu all Turkey. 
 
 The Bible House, where all this kind of work is transacted, was built 
 through the efforts of Rev. I. G. Bliss, o.D. It is a fine substantial stone 
 building in old Staniboul, and seems to tell us that the mi.ssion work shall 
 be durable and lasting like itself. Here are the officers of the Bible So- 
 ciety whence Bibles are sent out all over the empire, the printing and 
 publishing rooms of the Publication Department, the Treasurer's office, 
 besides convenient rooms for assemblies, large and small. 
 
 The educational work in Constantinople has always been of a high char- 
 acter. ' Two institutions, of which we may justly be proud, occupy com- 
 manding sites on the Bosphorus, — the American College for Girls on the 
 Asiatic side, and Robert College on the European. An account of the 
 former is given in Lesson VII, and we pass on to Robert College. It was 
 fou-,ided in 1S62 by Mr. Christopher Robert, of New York, and its first 
 president was Dr. Cyrus Hamlin. The permit to build on the magnificent 
 site on which the college stands was obtained only after a seven years' 
 contest with the government carried on with indomitable perseverance by 
 Dr. Hamlin. He was himself the architect and builder of the fine solid 
 building, which looks down on the towers of Mehmet the Conqueror. 
 Youths of many nationalities have gone from this college to fill positions 
 of usefulness and influence. The course of affairs in Ijulgaria has been 
 largely shaped by the Bulgarian graduates of Robert College. The col- 
 lege is now full to overflowing, and in it and other institutions like it lie 
 the best hopes for the future of the down-trodden races of Turkey. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 Consttintinopie and Rome as Rivals. 
 
 The Fall of Constantinople. See Gibbon and The Prince of India. 
 The Result of that Fall in the Revival of Ijearning in Europe. 
 The Mosque of St. Sophia. 
 Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War. 
 
 11 
 
Lesson V. 
 
 The Women of Turkey. 
 
 By Miss HARRIET G. POWERS, of Constantinople. 
 
 We cannot say Turkish 
 women because the popula- 
 tion of the Ottoman Empire 
 is composed of many dif- 
 ferent races and religions. 
 Neither can we speak of the 
 average woman in Turkey. 
 Nothing is more misleading 
 than an "average." The 
 "average" woman has no 
 more real existence than the 
 " composite photograph " 
 woman. 
 
 Let us begin with the 
 Turkish or Osmanli woman 
 of high rank. What with 
 her husband's relatives, his 
 mother and perhaps sisters 
 and sisters-in-law, not to say 
 "his cousins and his aunts," 
 her children, her serva'iits 
 and slaves, her visitors and 
 hangers-on, she never knows 
 what it is to be alone, and 
 generally does not wish to. 
 Without habits of study or 
 even of reading, how intol- 
 erable it would be to be shut 
 up to one's own company ! There are some, however, who know only too 
 well what it is to be lonely. The American who engages in study finds 
 herself welcomed into a sympathetic society. The Turkish lady who en- 
 gages in study is likely to find herself isolated by her new interests. 
 Besides, it too often happens that the door of the temple of knowledge has 
 been opened only a little way, just enough for her to catch a glimpse of 
 splendors within, but not enough for her to really enter, so her new aspira- 
 tions are without opportunity, and serve only to make her discontented. 
 
 By way of contrast we have the religious woman and the conscien- 
 tiously philanthropic woman. One is always reading her sacred books 
 and is very scrupulous as to prayers and fasts ; the other open-handed 
 and sympathetic, gracious and lovable. 
 
 A few fortunate ones find food and pleasure in books. French ro- 
 mances are read and English books as well ; even Shakespeare has his 
 intelligent admirers. 
 
 Women of the middle and lower classes have much more liberty than 
 the higher classes. They have for many years been trying to emancipate 
 themselves from the suffocating " yashmak," the muslin which covers 
 
 13 
 
 TURKISH LADY. 
 
mouth and nose, leaving only the eyes free. They prefer a little veil 
 which can be worn over the face, but also can be thrown back, leaving the 
 whole face open. Every now and then the police are ordered to stop it, 
 and the women are obliged to buy and wear the "yashmak." It is. very 
 becoming and picturesque, but that does not seem to compensate for the 
 discomfort, and gradually they quietly return to their comfortable 
 " charshaf." 
 
 'I'here are not a few Turkish women who try to live up to the light they 
 have, and look forward to a better life beyond this. But all need the 
 peace which comes with a knowledge of the love of Christ, all have a 
 vacant niche in their hearts which is waiting and calling, though they 
 know it not, for the Son of God as the only one who can fill the void. 
 
 There is as much variety among the Armenian women as among the 
 Turkish. There is the city lady of refinement and a high school educa- 
 tion at least, and there is the peasant of some distant village far from 
 railroads and steamboats. The difference between country and city 
 homes is far more marked in Turkey than in the United States. While 
 the city woman wears a dress which is intended to be European in style, 
 the village woman, for the most part, wears the native costume. Clever 
 and stupid, pretty and homely, housekeepers whose floors are "clean 
 enough to eat off of," and slovenly gadabouts into whose houses you 
 would much prefer not to enter at all — you can find them all. Some 
 village women brouglit up amid the poorest and roughest surroundings 
 have a refinement of heart and sympathy and a gentle, helpful hand not 
 to be surpassed by women born to a higher civilization. 
 
 Space permits only a mention of Greek women, some of whom keep 
 ever a double goal in view, — the intellectual glories of the past and the 
 glorious Christian possibilities of the future. 
 
 There are Yuruk women whose whole housekeeping outfits — barring 
 the hand mill of two stones — can be carried on their shoulders when 
 they foot it ("yuruk" is one who goes afoot) to the highlands in the 
 summer and back to the valleys for the winter. There are Turcoman 
 women with a carriage that a queen might envy. Carrying burdens on 
 the head makes them straight. 
 
 Before closing, one word must be said for the pastors' wives who are 
 leading lives of earnest Christian activity — as far as home cares permit, 
 and often in circumstances of great difficulty. The close economy which 
 must go in company with open-handed generosity and hospitality, the 
 sacrifices made for the education of children, the life that must be lived 
 on a pinnacle, as it were, open to all criticism and the constant demand 
 made by all that she should be always beyond reproach, and a staff to all 
 weaker humanity — these should warm our sympathies toward the pastor's 
 wife in some remote and barbarous village and inspire our prayers for 
 her. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 The Attitude of the Koran towards Women. 
 
 Famou.s Women of Antiquity in the History of Asia Minor. 
 
 The Turkish Harem. 
 
 Condition of Armenian Women. 
 
 The Obligation of the Christian Women of America towards the Women of 
 Turkey. 
 
 13 
 
Lesson VI. 
 
 The Children of Turkey. 
 
 By Miss ELIZABETH B. HUNTINGTON, of Van. 
 
 When you speak of 
 the children of Turkey 
 there comes the mem- 
 ory of little Turks trot- 
 ting along the streets 
 of Constantinople with 
 their veiled mothers, 
 m u n c,h i n g sesame 
 cakes; of bits of 
 brightly-dressed Kurds 
 playing — but no, they 
 never seem to be really 
 playing, after all — be- 
 fore the great black 
 summer tents of goats' 
 hair on the high plains 
 of Turkey ; of dirty, 
 ragged Yezidees, the 
 children of the devil- 
 worshipers, sitting in 
 the sun by the door of 
 their mud huts. But 
 pleasantest to remem- 
 ber of all the children 
 of Turkey, perhaps 
 because I knew them 
 best, are the bright- 
 eyed, active Armenian 
 boys and girls. 
 
 It is for these Ar- 
 menian children, more than for the others, that American missionaries 
 have opened schools and kindergartens, because they are the most ready 
 and eager for education. And they are so happy in their kindergarten 
 work and play. It is like the entrance into a new world for them to come 
 morning by morning into the bright room with its plants and pictures 
 and music, and to find there teachers who are their sympathetic and 
 loving friends. Even those among them who come from well-to-do fami- 
 lies have very little at home to amuse or interest them — no toys nor pic- 
 ture books nor games. The fathers who appreciate what the kindergarten 
 will do for the little ones are glad to make a sacrifice to pay their wav 
 there. If all the parents who long for education for their children were 
 able to pay for it there would be no chance for American children to lend 
 them a hand. But in these days of robbery and poverty in Turkey gen- 
 erous help must come from this side to sustain these schools. 
 
 Children are very much alike the world over, and it is a wonderful thing 
 that the kindergarten meets the needs of the growing body, mind, and 
 
 14 
 
spirit of tliese far-away ones as completely as it does of the little brothers 
 and sisters here at home. It prepares them not only for later school life, 
 but for right living in the world. " God wants the children that he may 
 have the men and women." 
 
 It is eighty years since American missionaries first went to Turkey. 
 Now in twenty-six kindergartens scattered through the country even the 
 little children are learning the way of Life. 
 
 Mrs. Fowle, of Cesarea, thus writes of the kindergarten in that city : — 
 
 " Kindergartens are a great blessing in America, but how much greater 
 in such a country as this ! According to the ideas of the people here, a 
 good child is one who will sit silent and still and do nothing. Hence the 
 slow, stupid, dull child will be considered ' good ' ; while the active;, 
 joyous, wide-awake child has a hard time. He is not encouraged in 
 simple and innocent amusements and games ; his parents will not stand! 
 the litter and disorder, or the noise he might make, and so he rushes into' 
 the street for companionship, and soon is beyond the control of parents,, 
 and fast growing worse. I cannot paint the picture dark enough or sad 
 enough. In many of their homes their parents do not know anything 
 about controlling themselves or their children. Their commands are ac- 
 companied by curses, rough threats, cuffs and poundings, while the chil- 
 dren are as disobedient and troublesome as they dare to be, screaming 
 and kicking, and striking their mothers, and often getting their own way 
 in the end. To children from such homes, and to the parents of such 
 children, the kindergarten is a perfect marvel and mystery." 
 
 Many of the kindergarten teachers now working in Turkey have at- 
 tended the Kindergarten Normal Training-School in Smjrna. In that 
 city, and in Constantinople, there are kindergartens for Greeks, as well 
 as for Armenians. Miss Bartlett tells us the following, about the Smyrna 
 kindergarten : — 
 
 "When the children were told about a mission band they wanted to 
 form a little society of their own, and do good with the money they should 
 earn. Some have bought little things and sold them at an advance; 
 some of the little boys are making reins with worsted, pins, and a spool ; 
 and one little girl has made two pieces of patchwork and sold them. In 
 two months they have bought a pair of shoes for a little boy, and have 
 helped to pay a poor woman's rent. Thus they are learning how giving 
 makes one happier than receiving." 
 
 This is what one Smyrna kindergarten child has done for the temper- 
 ance cause : — 
 
 "One of our little boys, seven years of age, is starting right in tem- 
 perance. Some time ago he was asked to be godfather at the baptism of 
 a little baby. Not having consulted any one, he told his mother that the 
 only condition upon which he would comply with this request was that no 
 wine or strong drink should be served. As it is the universal custom 
 here, among rich and poor, to treat the priests and friends with wine or 
 whisky, or both, at the house after the ceremony, which is performed in 
 the church, you can imagine what was the impression made when only 
 sweets and coifee were served at this time." 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 Conditions of Home Life in Turkey. 
 Native Ideas of Education. 
 
 Results of Kindergarten Training on the Child and in the Home, 
 
 19 
 
Lesson Vil. 
 
 Education in Turkey. 
 
 By Miss SUSAN H. OLMSTEAD. 
 
 AMERICAN COLLEGE FOR GIRLS, CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 Previous lessons 
 have shown us the 
 extent of the Otto- 
 man Empire and the 
 varied character of 
 its people ; it will 
 therefore be readily 
 understood that edu- 
 cational work in Tur- 
 key has many and 
 varied forms. The 
 census is never care- 
 fully taken in that 
 country, and such a 
 thing as an accurate 
 report of the Depart- 
 ment of Public In- 
 st r u c t i o n is not 
 
 known. Briefly summed up, however, educational agencies are of two 
 kinds — (i) Native and (2) Foreign. The former comprise all Moslem 
 schools, and schools under the direction of Hebrews and the various 
 Christian sects of the country, Armenians, Greeks, Slavs, and others ; 
 the latter comprise the schools established under missionary and other 
 auspices, both Protestant and Roman Catholic. 
 
 As to the Moslem educational system, it is very incomplete : girls are 
 taught but little ; boys ordinarily receive but a military, religious, or com- 
 mercial training, far from liberal. Still, we should notice a growth even 
 here, and the existence of medical, naval, and' other schools, including a 
 school of Fine Arts in Constantinople. Wealthy Moslem families employ 
 foreign tutors and governesses. The various systems under non-Moslem 
 auspices are broader; most of the schools are graded, and the teaching 
 is in many instances excellent. 
 
 As to the foreign schools, all are well organized, and are in spirit and 
 method characteristic of the people under whose patronage they have 
 been built up. Of this class, the schools of the English, Scotch, Ger- 
 mans, and French are located for the most part in the larger coast cities, 
 Constantinople, Smyrna, and Salonica. The Jesuits have spread their work 
 to some extent in the interior, and the Germans are now establishing 
 schools in a few interior towns, in connection with their orphanages. 
 The broadest scheme of education in Turkey, however, is that under the 
 direction of Americans. A steady growth of many years, there are, 
 to-day, schools of every grade scattered all over the land, from the valley 
 of the Euphrates to the Adriatic, and from the Black Sea to the Medi- 
 terranean. The chief centers of American education are the following 
 cities : Constantinople, Marsovan, Harpoot, Aintab, and Marash ; in 
 each of these places there are, in addition to excellent elementary and 
 
 16 
 
secondary schools, institutions for the higher education of young men 
 and young women. At Smyrna, Adabazar, Talas, and Hadjin there are 
 large high schools for girls. There are also American schools at Bitlis, 
 Van, Erzroom, Adana, Oorfa, Tarsus, Sivas, and. Brousa. Industrial 
 schools have been established at Bardezag and Marsovan. There is a 
 boys' school at Smyrna, also a training-school for kindergartners ; at 
 Marash, Marsovan, and Harpoot there are theological seminaries. 
 
 You are referred to Lesson IV for an account of Robert College, in 
 Constantinople. Next in importance as to scope and equipment is the 
 American College for Girls, also located at Constantinople. In its student 
 body it numbers young women not only from all parts of the Ottoman 
 Empire, but from' many foreign lands, near and distant; its sphere of 
 inriuence is therefore wider than that of any other institution of its kind 
 the world over. 
 
 The aim of American education is twofold — symmetrical development 
 of mind and character, and training for efficient life work. Due attention 
 is therefore given to every side of the child's nature — physical, intellec- 
 tual, spiritual, and social. Systematic study of the Bible is required in all 
 our schools, and the many forms of Christian activity among the pupils 
 speak for the earnestness of their religious life. 
 
 Thousands of boys and girls have come under the influence of American 
 teaching, for a longer or shorter period ; whether they have completed 
 their studies or not, it is safe to say that no boy or girl has ever left au 
 American school without a purer faith and nobler aspiration for right 
 
 living. i , ,, ■ 
 
 There never was a brighter outlook for our schools and colleges in 
 Turkey than there is to-day. Some of the signs of the times are the 
 following : first, there has been of late a large increase in attendance, 
 despite the unsettled condition of the country since the Armenian mas- 
 sacres ; second, a general desire on the part of students, who have 
 met with adverse circumstances, to work their way through school ; then, 
 too, standards of requirement are being gradually raised, and this move- 
 ment in every case meets with enthusiastic response both from students 
 and their friends; there has been of late, also, frequent demand for 
 American trained teachers for native schools; and lastly, we note a 
 marked interest in the subject of an endowment for some of our larger 
 institutions; for example, a few women in Marash, friends of the girls' 
 school there, have subscribed, out of their scanty income, over jSioo to 
 start a fund for an endowment; and the Alumnae Association of the 
 American College at Constantinople has lately rai.sed neariy $3,000 
 toward the endowment of their Alma Mater. These facts indicate the 
 character of our educational work in Turkey, the high esteem in which 
 it is held by the people for whom it has been established, and the grow- 
 ing desire to have it placed upon a permanent financial basis, so that its 
 continuance may be assured. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 The Education of Women in Turkey. See Forum, June, 1899. 
 
 Tlie American College for Girls at Constantinople. See New England Magazine, 
 March, 1898. ^ ,. 
 
 The Historv of Robert College. See My Life and Times, Cyrus Hamlm. 
 
 Preface to the American Edition of Impressions of Turkey, by Professor Ramsay, 
 of Aberdeen, 
 
 17 
 
Lesson Vill. 
 
 Work among Armenians. 
 
 By Mrs. SUSAN A. WHEELER, of Hakpoot. 
 
 The Armenians trace their 
 origin to the tenth cliapter of 
 Genesis, called the "Begin- 
 nings of the Nations." To- 
 garmali, the great-grandson 
 of Noah, was the founder of 
 their race. The Bible speaks 
 of them as the " House of 
 Togarmah.'' Their country 
 is also mentioned in the Bible 
 as Armenia or Ararat. Here 
 we tind tlie famous rivers of 
 Eden, the Euphrates and the 
 Hiddekel, and the Garden 
 cannot be far away. The 
 high mountains and fruitful 
 valleys make this country 
 picturesque and often beau- 
 tiful, and the climate, for a 
 large part of the year, is per- 
 fect. 
 
 Armenia is in the north- 
 eastern part of what is called 
 Asia Minor, with Russia on 
 the north, and Persia on the 
 ARMENIAN WOMEN SPINNING. east. At the present time, 
 
 the Armenians do not number 
 more than two and one half millions, and these are not alone in Armenia, 
 but scattered all over the Turki.sh Empire. They are, as a people, 
 shrewd, sensitive, and enterprising. Until the third century they were 
 fire-worshipers like their neighbors, the Persians. Tiridates, one of their « 
 kings, through the influence of his secretary, Gregory, becoming a Chris- 
 tian, made Christianity the state religion. His nobles, aided by the 
 Persians, refused to accept Christianity. 
 
 The king, after several bloody battles, was victorious, and Armenia had 
 the honor of being the first Christian nation, of which she is justly 
 proud. 
 
 Monasteries and churches were built throughout the land, and Gregory 
 did much to make the nation truly Christian. The principles of Chris- 
 tianity were so firmly footed that the overthrow of Armenian political 
 power, by the Mohammedans, in the fifteenth century, could not blot it out. 
 
 In the fourth century, Mesrob, a learned monk, gave the Armenians 
 their present alphabet, and translated the Bible into their language. This 
 Bible was not printed until eight centuries later, but the beautiful manu- 
 script copies of the Bible may still be found among the people, many of 
 them written on vellum, and bound with considerable artistic beauty, their 
 
 18 
 
covers oi namenteci with silver and precious stones. Having no scliools 
 save tlie monasteries, tlie most of the people could neither read nor write. 
 Many superstitions and errors crept into the Christianity that had come 
 down to them from the third century. 
 
 In this condition, IVIessrs. Goodell and Dwight, sent out by the Ameri- 
 can Board, found them in 1830. 
 
 Some of the ecclesiastics of the Armenian Church at first received the 
 missionaries kindly, but others looked upon them as innovaters that had 
 no business among their flocks. They openly cursed the missionaries in 
 their churches, and threatened to excommunicate all who had anything to 
 do with them. A few of the more intelligent found their way to the men, 
 who had come to them with the open Bible. 
 
 The missionaries met them kindly and read them what their owir Bible 
 said. They bought Bibles, and studied for themselves. The Holy Spirit 
 became their teacher. They were convinced that their own Bible required 
 that their lives should be more in conformity with Christ's. Thus the 
 work began with the more intelligent, thinking classes, and could not be 
 kept back by the priests or vartabeds. 
 
 The missionaries' room was soon too small to admit all who wished to 
 hear. No one dared to rent a larger room to tlie missionary lest his own 
 father, mother, or even wife .should ostracize him. Unlooked-for aid came 
 from the Sultan himself, who was induced by the English Ambassador to 
 throw his protection over the evangelical cause. Schools and churches 
 sprung up all over the empire, and the mission to the Armenians was most 
 helpful and encouraging. 
 
 •' One has well said, ' Every nation has its hour.' This is emphatically 
 true of Turkey to-day. The late massacres within the Turkish Empire 
 may become a means for the moral and religious uplift of the whole coun- 
 try. During the past year there have been no serious outbreaks. The 
 Armenians have shown a recuperative power that is wonderful, and the 
 eagerness with which they are seeking education for their children is un- 
 precedented. The mission colleges and schools are crowded as never 
 before by those who are willing to pay for the training they may receive." 
 — American Board Almanac, iZof^j. 
 
 " Time to withdraw from Turkey! God forbid the thought. If there 
 was one reason for remaining and enlarging three years ago, there are a 
 thousand reasons now. A large number of those who had been raised 
 up, educated, and equipped in our schools, and who would naturally be 
 the workers to-day in their own districts and the messengers to the regions 
 beyond, are now taken away from us. What will become of the fifty 
 thou.sand orphans who are pleading for support, God only knows. VVe 
 make an appeal that your missionaries shall be supplied with func.s to keep 
 their schools in operation so that there may be homes and guardians for 
 these orphans." — v^«'Z/. L. S. Crawford, in Life and Light, May, 1898. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 A Christian Nation's Need of Missionaries. 
 
 Tiie Present Condition and Needs of tlie Armenian People. 
 
 Effect of the Massacres ; — 
 
 On the Armenians, 
 
 On the Turkish Nation, 
 
 On Missionary Work. 
 
 The History and Doctrines of the Armenian Church. 
 19 
 
Lesson IX. 
 
 Medical Work. 
 
 PATIENT llliINC TARliN T. ) 1 II JSI'llA I , l\ .M A k>i )\- A N , 
 
 Medical mission worlc in Turliey meets witli some difficulties not 
 encountered in other fields. Our physicians have been hindered in, and 
 sometimes prevented trom, obtaining government pei mission to practice 
 their profession. Added to this, there is tlie jealousy and opposition of 
 native physicians, well educated in Constantinople, Athens, or Paris. In 
 spite ot these obstacles, our medical work has commanded oreat respect 
 and the ho.spitals established in Aintab, Cesarea, and ivfarsovan have 
 materially broadened tlie influence of the missionary work in those 
 localities. 
 
 Dr. Cyrus Hamlin was not a physician, but tlie " Hamlin Cholera Mix- 
 ture" IS well known on both sides of the sea. Dr. West, who labored in 
 Turkey from 1859 to 1876, is still remembered with warm love and appre- 
 ciation. He literally gave his life to the people, for the fever of which 
 he died was contracted on account of the weariness and loss of sleep 
 resultant on his work. The hospital at Aintab is a memorial of another 
 oved physician — Dr. Azariah .Smith. Some of our medical missionaries 
 have given only a part of their time to medical work. This is true of 
 Dr. Parmelee, of Trebizond, and yet we read of his visilino- three hun- 
 dred cholera patients, when that disease was prevalent in the city a few 
 years ago. Dr. Thom has long carried on a successful practice in the 
 region of Mardin. Dr. Raynolds' time has been divided between a multi- 
 plicity of duties ; but after the massacres, both he and Dr. Grace Kimball 
 were able to do a work among the wounded and suffering in Van, which 
 no one without a medical training could do. Dr. Raynolds once 'proved 
 his surgical skill when, after being attacked, wounded, robbed, bound 
 and left in the wilderness, he and those with him extricated themselves' 
 and he, with the aid of a pocket mirror, sewed on the end of his own 
 nose, which had been cut off by the robbers ! 
 
 30 
 
"the medical work in Bulgaria is under the charge of E)r. Kingsbury, 
 of Samokov. 
 
 Dr. Shepard, Dr. Caroline Hamilton, and Miss Elizabeth Trowbridge 
 are the American names which we associate in recent years with the hos- 
 pital at Aintab. Besides these, there are native physicians and assistants. 
 
 Miss Trowbridge writes of ninety-nine patients received in three 
 months. This does not include the many who come from outside for 
 treatment. The hospital is full — too full to receive all applicants. 
 
 Miss Trowbridge writes : " One pleasant feature of the hospital work 
 has been the friendly relations maintained between patients of different 
 races and creeds." 
 
 Much is done for the people beside healing their bodies. There are 
 many children in the hospital, and a little school has been opened for 
 them. Of this Miss Trowbridge says: "The little hospital extension 
 has been going on bravely, though some of its members have found it 
 hard to study when the aches were bad. Tliey have gone on with their 
 reading, spelling, and writing, learning hymns and passages from the 
 Bible, and arithmetic has been begun in a very simple fashion. 
 
 " On Sundays I have conducted a little Sunday-school for the children, 
 which has also been generally attended by the women patients.. For a 
 good part of the year I have been able to give a certain time every week 
 to reading the Bible with the patients. 
 
 " Often on sitting down by one patient, others would gather around, and 
 those in bed would sit up, or stop conversation to listen. 
 
 " There is preaching three times a week to the outdoor patients, and 
 on Sundays services for the indoor patients, conducted by three young 
 men from the College Young Men's Christian Association, with sometimes 
 a special 'sing' in the evening. The patients enjoy the services very 
 much ; and those who can read are glad of the Bibles and other books 
 we have for them. The Bible pictures from the Sunday-school lesson 
 rolls, sent us by kind friends, have interested many." 
 
 Throughout the land, medical mission work brings Mohammedans 
 under the influence of Christianity. 
 
 Dr. Dodd, of Cesarea, writes : " Every morning, prayers are held witli 
 the in-patients and their friends, Mohammedans as well as Armenians 
 and Greeks being present and listening with deep attention. Our wagon- 
 driver, himself a Turk, has told us that Turkish friends have said to him 
 that wliat has impressed them most has been the seeking help from the 
 Lord before all operations, and the ascribing of success to his blessing, 
 and that they would not be absent from the daily prayers if they could 
 help it." 
 
 The illustration at the head of the lesson represents a patient coming 
 to our new hospital at Marsovan. This hospital, under the care of Dr. 
 Carringlon, is not yet three years old, and yet we hear the same story of 
 turning patients away for lack of room. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 The Difficulties in the Way of Medical Mission Work in Turkey. 
 Its Effects Other than Physical upon the People and upon Other Forms of Mission- 
 ary Effort. 
 
 Points where we have Medical Work in Turkey. 
 
 Phases of Medical Work: The Hospital; The Dispensary; House-to-House 
 Visitation. 
 
 81 
 
Lesson X. 
 
 Work among Greeks. 
 
 Bv Mrs. L. S. CRAWFORD, of Trebizond. 
 
 The first missionaries of tlie 
 American Board to Turkey went 
 out in i8ig. Tliey soon discov- 
 ered tliat the nominally Christian 
 nations offered the most hopeful 
 field of labor. We must not 
 tliink that these Christians were 
 all Armenians. Many of them 
 were Greeks. Constantinaple 
 alone contained some 150,000 
 Greeks, and they were scattered 
 all through what is now known 
 as the Western Turkey Mission. 
 Smyrna station was opened in 
 1826, with a view to work among 
 the large Greek population there. 
 Dr. Jonas King, Dr. Elias Riggs, 
 Rev. Nathan Benjamin, and 
 others were sent to Greece. 
 Work was begun there, and for 
 a short time prospered. This 
 was about the time of the Greek 
 Revolution, 1821-32, and for a 
 few years then a very kindly feel- 
 ing prevailed among the Greeks 
 toward Americans, on account 
 of help sent from America for 
 sufferers from the war. But after 
 Greek independence was estab- 
 lished, and the young king, Otho, 
 became of age, in 1835, it was 
 evident that the Greek Church 
 and nation were not ready to 
 GREEK PEASANTS. receive foreign missionaries, so 
 
 they turned to the more acces- 
 sible Armenians. Dr. King alone remained in Athens until his death. 
 
 Since then, the American Board has not resumed work in Greece. It 
 has been carried on there by the Episcopalians and Southern Presby- 
 terians, and especially by Dr. M. D. Kalopothakes, who is still in active 
 service. 
 
 But the Greeks who were scattered all through the western part of Asia 
 Minor were influenced by the work that went on among the Armenians. 
 As the years went by, certain Greeks were found among our Protestant 
 communities and in our schools. During the past thirty years, there has 
 been a decided growth in the work among the Greeks of Turkey, and this 
 in spite of the fact that they are very proud of their nationality, and cling 
 
 38 
 
to the forms and superstitions of the Orthodox Greek Church, as they 
 cling to their nation. 
 
 A Greek lay sick in the little village of Demirdesh, near Brousa. His 
 mother placed a Bible under his pillow, as a charm against his disease. 
 As he grew better, he took the Bible from under his pillow and read it. 
 The entrance of the Word gave light, as it has so often. That light grew 
 brighter and reached others, and in that village was formed, in 1864, the 
 first Greek Protestant Church in Turkey. Up to that time our mission- 
 aries had used chiefly the Armenian and Turkish languages. In sonie 
 places, as the region of Cesarea, where Turkish was the universal 
 language, the Greeks were perfectly accessible through that language. In 
 other places, Turkish was understood by the men, but not by women and 
 children. The Greek language is much more used now among the Greeks 
 of T\irkey than it was thirty years ago, and since 1870 missionaries and 
 missionary teachers have found it necessary to learn it in order to do the 
 best work. In Constantinople, Brousa, Smyrna, and Magnesia, where 
 especial attention has been given to the education of Greek girls, valuable 
 teachers and workers have been trained. Retrenchment once seemed 
 likely to kill the Greek work. At that time. Revs. George Constantine 
 and George Kambouropoulos were inspired to form, in 1883, the Greek 
 Evangelical Alliance, which assumes the care of and responsibility for 
 work among the Greeks, contributing largely to its support, though still 
 receiving aid from the A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 Many Greeks are found among the students and graduates of Robert 
 College and the American College for Girls in Constantinople. Greek 
 preaching is heard every Sunday in three places in the capital, and inany 
 Greeks attend the Sunday and day schools in Stamboul. 
 
 Smyrna has an active Greek Protestant Church. There are Greek chil- 
 dren in the kindergarten, and Greek girls and boys in the higher schools. 
 
 Dr. Riggs, a distinguished scholar in ancient and modern Greek, was 
 obliged to turn aside to other work. He has done valuable literary work 
 in Greek, as in other languages — a work which he still continues in his 
 old age. His son and granddaughter have now abundant exercise for 
 their Greek tongues in Marsovan, where there are nearly fifty Greeks in the 
 college, and as many in the Girls' School, with a Greek department in the 
 Theological Seminary. 
 
 Greek girls are found in increasing numbers in our schools at Talas and 
 Adana. Within a year, a boys' school has been opened at Talas, with 
 twelve Greeks already among the Armenians. 
 
 The Black Sea coast is swarming with Greeks. At Ordoo is a large 
 and growing Greek Protestant Church, with a Young Men's Christian 
 Association, and corresponding societies among the women and girls. 
 Work has begun in other towns and villages in the vicinity. 
 
 We have now, in Turkey, beside the congregations where Greeks and 
 Armenians unite, .some ten or twelve distinctly Greek congregations, with 
 preaching in their own language. Many of these are organized churches. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 History and Doctrine of the Greek Church, 
 Characteristics of the Greek People. 
 History of Greek Independence. 
 Present Facilities for Work among the Greeks. 
 23 
 
Lesson XI. 
 
 Bulgaria. 
 
 By Dr. F. L. KINGSBURY, of Samoko 
 
 BULGARIAN WOMEN. 
 
 feast.? . 
 
 The early lii,story of 
 Bulgaria ia mythical. 
 Whence the inhabitant.s 
 came or from what race is 
 not clear : possibly from 
 some non-Slavic, Asiatic 
 tribe. Perhaps their early 
 home was near the Volga, 
 the people taking their 
 name from the river or 
 giving the river their name. 
 In early times many dif- 
 ferent nations overran Bul- 
 garia, each for brief pe- 
 riods. Later the Goths 
 and Huns ravaged the land. 
 A series of pictures, each 
 more terrible than the one 
 before, is presented. 
 
 In the latter half of the 
 seventh century the Bul- 
 garians crossed the Dan- 
 ube, occupied the country 
 and named it Bulgaria. 
 Old legends claim princes 
 ruling more than a century 
 each, some even rivaling 
 Methuselah in age. As- 
 paruch, the first king, came 
 to the country in 679. 
 Kroom, another early king, 
 conquered the Greeks, cut 
 oif their emperor's head, 
 and used the skull, covered 
 864 Boris and his subjects 
 
 with gold, as a goblet at 
 Ijecame Christians. 
 
 Simeon brought the country the golden era of its history. It then in- 
 cluded all Bulgaria, as it is at present, most of Servia and Macedonia, and 
 a part of Greece. In the latter part of the fourteenth century, during the 
 reign of Ivan Shishman III (John the Fat), the Turks conquered the 
 country, after which the people lived for nearly five hundred years under 
 Turkish rule. 
 
 In 1835, through the ' influence of Venelin, a Russian, a school was 
 founded at Gabrovo. Within ten years fifty-three schools were founded. 
 In 1876 a slight uprising, led by .schoolmasters and priests, occurred. 
 Russia now helped Bulgaria and the treaty of Berlin gave her freedom. 
 
 34 
 
Alexander was chosen Prince. During liis reign Eastern Roumelia 
 was added to Bulgaria and victory gained over Servia. Alexander was 
 carried off by Russopliiles and forced to resign, and Ferdinand, the pres- 
 ent ruler, chosen. Bulgaria has made great advancement in the twenty 
 years of freedom — in education, in railroads, in building cities, and in all 
 things relating to modern life. 
 
 Some Famous Names in Bulgarian History. 
 
 In Crusading times Kalojan dubbed himself "Emperor of Bulgarians 
 and Wallachs." Constantinople had been taken by the blind Doge Dan- 
 (lolo, and Count Baldwin of Flanders elected to the imperial throne. 
 Kalojan sought an alliance from the Franks, offering an army to tlie Cru- 
 saders. Baldwin contemptuously called him a slave, whose possessions 
 were part of the Byzantine Empire. The Greeks, hating their new mas- 
 ters, turned to Kalojan. A great battle was fought near Adrianople on 
 April 15, 1205, between the Greek allies and the Franks. Kalojan gained 
 an overwhelming victory. Baldwin fell into his hands and probably died 
 in tnis captivity. 
 
 Among teachers in Slavic countries none are more honored than Cyril 
 and Methodius. These gifted brothers gave their lives to the work of 
 elevating tlie Bulgarians and other Slavs, especially the Moravians. They 
 invented the alphabet, called Cyrillic, used by Russians, Servians, and 
 Bulgarians ; were authors of the Slavic translation of the Scriptures, pub- 
 lished in the ninth century, and are patron saints of literature and educa- 
 tion. Born in Salonica, they are supposed to have led the king of the 
 Bulgarians to the Christian faith about 865 A.D. 
 
 " It "is worthy of notice that a peculiar and remarkable providence is 
 discernible at many points in the narrative of the re-introduction of the 
 Gospel into lands long possessed by the Moslem. How fortunate beyond 
 e-xpression, that when the fanatical Arabs made their conquests, and also 
 afterwards when the Turks entered into supreme power, the Christians 
 were not all put to the sword, were not even compelled to accept the 
 Koran, but the only demand was for submission to political rule. And 
 only let these Christians, or even a large proportion of them, be turned from 
 their serious errors and their lamentable shortcomings, let the pure light 
 which once shone be rekindled, and the ancient flame of love and zeal 
 and devotion, and then the day of redemption for Mohammedans will be 
 at hand. Why .should the Turks accept such scandalous perversions and 
 caricatures of Christianity as have been from the beginning presented to 
 their gaze? Why .should they not despise and abhor the superstition and 
 idolatry and moral corruption which have universally been identified with 
 those who claimed to be representatives of New Testament piety? And we 
 cannot but believe the signs of the times unite to inspire the blessed ex- 
 pectation that it is the glorious mission of the Oriental churches, reformed, 
 renewed, refilled with life divine, to play for the Turkish Empire the part 
 performed on a scale so vast by the Jews in the early spread of the Gos- 
 pel." — Rev. D. L. Leonardos " A Hundred Years of Missions. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 Conditions of Turkish Rule over Subject Peoples. 
 The Golden Era of Bulgarian History. 
 
 Distinctive Characteristics Manifested by the Bulgarian People. 
 History of Bulgarian Independence. 
 
 85 
 
Lesson XII. 
 
 Bulgaria (concluded). 
 
 By Dr. F. L. KINGSBURY, of Samokov. 
 
 Since King Boris accepted 
 Christianity, the Bulgarians 
 have been a part of tlie 
 Greek Church. Theydislilte 
 the word Greek, because 
 that church has tried to force 
 out the Bulgarian, substitut- 
 ing the Greek language in 
 churches and schools, so 
 that in any future division, 
 Greece could secure the 
 country. Persons who 
 sought to introduce the Bul- 
 garian language in Philip- 
 jjopolis, many places in 
 Roumelia, and almost the 
 whole of Macedonia were, 
 formerly, often accused to 
 the Turks of treason. Thou- 
 sands purchased the Bulga- 
 rian Testament, published 
 about 1856. This Amer- 
 ican Christians interpreted 
 as a call for Christian work. The American Board occupies the country 
 south and the Methodist Mission north of the Balkans. About 1858 
 Miss Ann Marston, of England, gave nearly $1,500 to each Board for 
 mission schools. Such were opened by the American Board in Philip- 
 popolis and Eski Zaghra. A wonderful revival followed and many were 
 brought to Christ. Both institutions are now in Samokov. We have 
 also a high school for girls at Mohastir, Macedonia. The Girls' Schools 
 have sent out Bible women and teachers, and the Collegiate and Theo- 
 logical Institute, at Samokov, has furnished most of the liberally educated 
 preachers. Both have been important evangelical agencies. An indus- 
 trial department, doing printing and cabinet work, in connection with the 
 institute, was started in 1871. This has enabled the trustees to reduce 
 the number receiving aid about sixfold. Those not ready to help them- 
 selves will not be inclined to help others in temporal or spiritual things. 
 This department is in great need of money. 
 
 Missionaries have relieved much suffering in times of war and massacre. 
 Preaching has at times met vigorous opposition. Evangelical books have 
 been excluded from schools and homes. Worshipers have been stoned 
 and insulted, missionaries have been driven from place to place, at times 
 suffering violence, at times sent off in derision with band and bagpipe. 
 In many of these very places the Gospel is firmly established. The Bul- 
 garian Evangelical Society has been uniting Christians in evangelical effort 
 for twenty-four years. The Temperance Union is doing good work. 
 
 36 
 
 PROTESTANT CHURCH IN SAMOKOV. 
 
While infidelity and intemperance are undermining the character of a 
 noble race, many sincere patriots are looking to the Gospel of Christ for 
 the uplifting of their people. Nearly 2,000 have accepted Christ, hun- 
 dreds of whom have gone to their reward in heaven. 
 
 Salonica, Macedonia. 
 
 In 1847 Dr. William G. SchaufHer, from Constantinople, visited Salon- 
 ica and established a station of the American Board for work among the 
 Jews. This city, the Thessalonica of the Acts, has a long and remark- 
 able history. It had had three names, when, it is said, Cassander, the 
 husband of the sister of Alexander the Great, rebuilt it and named it Thes- 
 salonica for his wife. Here Xerxes encamped with his great army on his 
 way to Greece. Cicero spent some time here when in banishment. An- 
 thony and Octavius rested here after the battle of Philippi and made it 
 " a free city." Here Paul walked, preached, and founded a church. We 
 find here old towers, mosques, and churches, some of them built in the 
 first centuries after Christ, and a few even before the Christian era, one an 
 old temple of Venus. Opposite the city, across the bay, rises the lofty 
 Olympus, fabled home of the gods. 
 
 Always a city of importance, it now becomes very interesting to Ameri- 
 can Christians, for in 1894 the American Board reopened its work here, 
 the earlier work having been given up in 1856. Rev. E. B. Haskell and 
 wife reached the city in October, 1894; J. Henry House and family in 
 November, and Mi.ss Ellen M. Stone later. This station is one of the 
 centers for the work in Macedonia. The city contains about 120,000 in- 
 habitants, two thirds of whom are Jews. About 5,000 Bulgarians live in 
 the city and many more in the surrounding villages. Railroads reach out 
 to the north, east, and west, making it easy to reach a large outlying 
 population within the influence of this station. Work has been passed over 
 to this station from Samokov station in the northeast, and from Monastir 
 station in the northwest, so that now more than sixteen out-stations are 
 connected with it. Paul's repeated visits to this city, together with his 
 sufferings here for Christ's sake, entitle it to the name of the Apostolic 
 City. Several hundreds have been brought to Christ in this field since the 
 reopening of the station. The work is so hopeful and promising that it 
 appeals to all who love our Lord for sympathy, prayer, and money, that 
 this beginning may develop into a glorious fruitage. 
 
 TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY. 
 
 Dominance of Greeks over Bulgarians. 
 
 The Power of tlie Christian Press in the Bulgarian Mission. 
 
 PossibiUties for Development of Missionary Work in Bulgaria. 
 
 " There are now fourteen churches under the care of this mission, with 
 a membership of over one thousand, and twice as many adherents. The 
 American force numbers twenty-five, and is ably assisted by eighty trained 
 Bulgarians, pastors, teachers, colporters, and Bible women. The people 
 gave out of their poverty, during the last reported year, over six thou.sand 
 dollars toward the support of the work. , It would be hard to find any- 
 where in the word a finer body of consecrated Christian men and women 
 than the Evangelical Churcfi of Bulgaria. Beacon lights have been 
 kindled on the Balkans which will some day illumine the entire peninsula. 
 God speed the day ! " 
 
 27 
 
Additional Sketch. 
 
 Medical Work in Aintab. 
 
 By Dk. CAROLINE F. HAMILTON. 
 
 The stranger in Aintab inquiring for tlie liospital finds every one able 
 and willing to direct him. Indeed, were he to ask about Aintab in any 
 city or town situated within a radius of 200 miles (seven days' journey) 
 he would not fail to hear first of all that the Khasta Khanu, " house for 
 the sick," was to be found there. 
 
 Our patients come not only from our own city and from the towns and 
 villages round about, but Arabs from the great plains be3-ond the Eu- 
 phrates find their way thither, Koords from the mountains far to the 
 northeast, Jews from Aleppo, and gypsies from anywhere and everywhere. 
 On questioning a woman who appeared at the clinic, clad so strangely that 
 my curiosity was aroused as to her native place, she replied, " You would 
 not know if I should tell you. I have been journeying ten days to get to 
 you." Sometimes they come in a palanquin or in a mouhafifah, some- 
 times in a basket or on a rude stretcher, more often on mule or donkey, 
 and far too frequently they come limping in, with not a para for food or 
 lodging. That the hospital can accommodate only thirty-three patients 
 means nothing to them. They are sick and poor. Wliy should they not 
 be taken in ? Our hearts ache for them as we turn them away, and we 
 ask the Christians at home if they can answer the question of these suffer- 
 ing people. 
 
 Last year, a one-story building with four rooms was put up just outside 
 the walls, as a shelter for those who needed treatment, but who could not 
 be admitted to the wards, and in a few weeks the rooms were filled. A 
 soup-kitchen was also opened in the city, where these strangers, and also 
 destitute patients treated in their homes, could get milk, soup, and bread. 
 Thus the work grows — limited only because there is no more money. 
 
 The hospital is open for nine months of the year, and during the 
 autumn and spring there is never a quiet moment within its gates. As 
 there are only thirty-three beds, the majority of those who come must be 
 treated as otit-patients. Seven mornings in the week, out-door surgical 
 cases come for dressing of their wounds ; every morning except Sunday 
 eye cases are treated. There is a general clinic every afternoon, a special 
 clinic for women three- times each week, and operations two or three 
 afternoons weekly. Last year, 1897-98, the hospital staff consisted of 
 two American physicians, an American trained nurse, two Armenian 
 ]jhysicians (one of these held an afternoon clinic three times a week only) , 
 a druggist, and a surgical assistant. 
 
 During the year, 4,272 new patients were registered, making 29,300 
 calls for examination and treatment; 184 patients were admitted to the 
 wards, and 385 important surgical operations were performed, resulting 
 in 364 cures. Many of these operations are difficult and tedious, and 
 with few assistants, poor instruments, and an operating room that can 
 never be surgically clean, it is a marvel that such results are possible. In 
 addition to the dispensary and ward work, the physicians have a large 
 city practice which takes much time and strength. 
 
 While the educational work in the Central Turkey field is necessarily 
 limited to the Armenians, Greeks, and Syrians, the medical work reaches 
 
 88 
 
men and women of many races and of various creeds. In the hospit.d 
 wards the Turk lies beside the Armenian, and there, side by side, can be 
 found Moslem and Protestant, Jew and Catholic. No distinction is made ; 
 and not only is there no quarreling, but the bond of pain and suffering 
 binds them together, so that it is no unusual sight to see a Turk giving a 
 glass of water to an Armenian, or an Armenian hobbling about willi 
 wash-basin and towel, cheerfully assisting some bed-ridden Turk or 
 Koord. Truly, they seem to understand that it is God's house, and that 
 tliey are children of one Father while there. When the dressings are 
 removed for the first time after a serious operation, there is a great Inisli 
 through the ward, and if the doctor pronounces the result satisfactory, a 
 whole chorus of congratulation will go up from all over the room. 
 
 It is worth many a hard and anxious day to see the joy of some poor 
 soul who has long given up hojje of recovery, and who finds healing in 
 the hospital. Last winter, a poor woman who had been fearfully inj mud 
 at the time of the massacres, and who had been operated upon by native 
 physicians ten or twelve times, begged her way to Aintab. When she 
 was finally told that she was sound and whole once more, she simply 
 could not believe the good news for joy. And it is heartrending to see 
 the faith of some other poor sufferer who comes when it is too late for 
 any interference. Sometimes their faith is appalling. An Arab mother 
 brought her little boy with the following history : The child had fallen 
 from a tree, and the medicine man had said that the arm was broken, 
 and had bandaged it so tightly that gangrene set in. The hand dropped 
 oft", and when the little child was brought to Aintab, the bones of the 
 forearm were hanging bare of any muscles, and the little fellow was 
 poisoned through and through. Some neighbors had told the woman 
 that if she would bring her child to the hospital, the arm would be made 
 sound as before — and she had believed this. 
 
 That these sick ones are in need of help from the Great Physician is 
 not forgotten. To the dispensary patients the Gospel of Christ is 
 preached, and in the wards there is not only preaching, but personal work. 
 The children are most responsive, and there is a special service for them. 
 Last year they became interested in missionary work in other parts of the 
 world, and their interest was so genuine that it overflowed to the other 
 patients. The evening hour, after the work of the day is done, and all 
 who can hobble or crawl about have gathered in the large ward, is the 
 best of all the day. They all greatly enjoy the singing and never seem 
 to tire of the hymns, and many listen attentively to the Bible reading. 
 God only knows how hard and rocky much of the soil is upon which the 
 seed is sown. It is ours to work on with much patience and prayer and 
 love. 
 
 " The Iiealing of the seamless dress 
 Is by our beds of pain ; 
 We touch Him in life's throng and press 
 And we are whole again." 
 
 !i9 
 
STATIONS AND PRINCIPAL OUT-STATIONS OF THE 
 A. B. C. F. M. IN TURKEY. 
 
 EuiiOFEAN TUUKEY MISSION (1858}. 
 
 Baiisko (bahii'sko) 45 S. of Sainokov. 
 Ha.skeiiy (ha;i'keii-y) 45 S. E. of rhilippopolis. 
 Kortcha (korl'cha) 50 S. W, of Moiiastir. 
 Monasiir (mon-as-t(»er/) 400 W, of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Perlepe (piee'lep) 25 N. of Monastir. 
 Pliilippopolis (phil-ip-pop'u-lis) 240 W. N. W. 
 
 of Constantinople. 
 Panagui ishte (pan-a-gu-rish/le) 45 W. N. W. 
 
 of Philippopolis, 
 Pazariljik (pa-zar-jik'J 20 W. of I'liilippop- 
 
 olis. 
 
 SaKmica (sa-Ion'i-ca) 320 S. of W. of Constan- 
 tin<>]jlc. 
 
 S;i[nok()v (sam-o-kov'O 300 \V. N. W. of Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 So/ia (.s<vfce/;ili) 35 N. N. W. of Sainokov. 
 
 Strii7iinitZ(i (slrouiii-iiil/za) yo N. 1'^. of Mon- 
 astir. 
 
 Vamboiil (yam-bool'J 100 V.. N. E. of Plulip- 
 popolis. 
 
 Western Turkey Mission (iSiy). (Malta, 
 1819. Smvhna, 1820.) 
 
 Adabazar (a-da-ba-zar') 75 E. of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Aideu (ai-din) 2G0 S. W. S. of Constantinople. 
 
 Amasia (ali-mali/sia) 100 N. W. of Sivas. 
 
 Angora (aii'go-ra) 180 N. W. of Cesaiea. 
 
 Baglichijik (bagh-che-jik'') 50 E. S. E. of Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 13ardezag (bar-de-zag/) 50 E. S. IC. of Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 Honrdour (boor-door) 250 K. of Smyrna. 
 
 Jirousa (broo''sa) 57 S. S. E. of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Cesarea (ses-a-ree'a) 370 E. S. E. of Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 Constantinople (kon-slan-te-no-p!) . 
 Mam'sa (man-e-sah') 200 S. W. of ("onstaiiti- 
 nople. 
 
 Marsovan ( mar-so- vahn') 350 E. of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Nicomedia (nick-o-meMi-a) 55 E. S. E. of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Ofdoo (or-doo') 100 W. of Trebizond. 
 Rndosto (ro-dos-tO'') 80 W. of Constantinople. 
 Samsoon (sam-soon') 500 E. of Constanti- 
 nople, 
 
 Scutari (scu/ta-ri) opposite Constantinople. 
 Sivas (se-vahs') sooS.ofE. of Constantinople. 
 Smyrna (sniyr'na) 200 S. W, of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Talas (tah-lalis') near Cesarea. 
 Tocat (to-cat/) 60 N. N. W. of Sivas. 
 Trebizond (trcb-e-zond') 640 E. of Con.slantl- 
 nople. 
 
 Vozgat (yoz'2^*li0 9° N. of Cesarea. 
 Zi'iie (zill^ee) 50 S. E. of Marsovan. 
 
 Central Turkey Mission (1856}. (Aintau 
 
 IN 1S47.) 
 
 Adana (aMa-nah) 126 S. W. of Marash. 
 Aintab (ain-tabV) 105 E. N. E. of Alexan- 
 dretta. 
 
 Aleppo (a-lep''po) 85 S. E. of Alexandretta. 
 Antioch (an'te-ok) 36 S. of Alexandretta. 
 Hadjiu fbad/jeen) 96 N. \V. of Marash. 
 Kessab (kes-sahV) 36 W. of Antioch. 
 Marash (mah-iahsli') 112- N. E. of Alexan- 
 dretta. 
 
 Oorfa (oor'fah) 90 E. of Aintab. 
 
 Eastern Turkey Mission (1860). (At 
 Trebizond in 1836.) 
 
 Arabkir (ar-ab-keer') 55 N. W. of Harpoot, 
 I5itlts (bit-lis') 325 S. E. of Trebizond. 
 Diarbekir (dee-ar-be-keer/) 90 S. E. of Har- 
 poot. 
 
 Egin (a^gin, g hard) 85 N. W. of Harpoot. 
 Erzingajt (er-zin-gahn^) 96 \V. of Erzrooin. 
 Erzroom (erz-room/) 171 S. E. of Trebizond. 
 Harpoot (har-poot'') 400 S. E. of Samsoon. 
 Kars fkars) 108 N. E. of Erzroom. 
 Malatia (ma-la'ti-ya) 60 S. W. of Harpoot. 
 Mardin (mar-deen') 280 E. N. E. of Alexan- 
 dretta, 
 
 Midyat (niid-yatO 50 E. N. E. of Mardin. 
 Moosh (moosh) 45 N. W. of Hitlis. 
 Red-wan (red- wan/) 160 S. E. of Harpoot. 
 Van (vahn) 350 S. E. of Trebizond. 
 
 MISSIONARIES OF THE 
 
 EUROPEAN TURKEY MISSION. 
 
 (Open mail, via London.) 
 
 John W. Baird, Sainokov, Bulgaria. 
 Ellen R. Baird. 
 
 Agnes M. Baird, Samokov, Bulgaria, 
 Lewis Bond, Mouasiir, Turkey in Europe, 
 
 via Salonica, Austrian Post. 
 Fannie G. Bond. 
 
 James F. Clarke, d.d., Samokov, Bulgaria. 
 William P. Clarke, Samokov, Bulgaria. 
 Harriet L. Cole, Monastir, via Salonica, 
 
 Turkey in Europe. 
 Henry C. Haskell, d.d., Samokov, Bulgaria. 
 Margaret B. Haskell. 
 
 Edward B. Haskell, Salonica, Turkey in 
 
 Europe, via Austrian Post. 
 Martha H. Haskell. 
 
 A. B. C. F. M. IN TURKEY. 
 
 Mary M. Haskell, Samokov, Bulgaria, 
 
 J. Henry House, u.D., Salonica, Turkey in 
 
 Europe, via Austrian Post. 
 Addie B, House. 
 
 Frederick L. Kingsbury, m.d., Samokov, 
 
 Bulgaria. 
 Ltiella L. Kingsbury. 
 
 Esther T, Maltbie, Samokov, Bulgaria. 
 George D. Marsh, Philippopolis, Bulgaria. 
 Ursula C. Marsh. 
 
 Mary L. Matthews, Monastir, via Salonica, 
 Turkey in Europe. 
 
 Elias Riggs, d.d,, Lt.D., Constantinople, 
 Bible House, Turkey. 
 
 Ellen M, Stone, Salonica, Turkey in Eu- 
 rope, via Austrian Post. 
 
 Robert Thomson, Samokov, Bulgaria. 
 
 Agnes C. Thomson. 
 
WESTERN TURKEY MISSION. 
 [General postal address — TurkeyJ\ 
 (Open mail, via London and Constantinople) 
 
 Theodore A. Baldwin, Brousa. 
 Matilda J. Baldwin. 
 
 Annie M. Barker, Con6tiiiiiiii(>ple> Bible 
 House. 
 
 Henry S. Barnuni, Constaiitiiiuple, Bible 
 
 Honse. 
 Helen P. IJarnuni. 
 Lyman Bartlett, Smyrna. 
 Cornelia S. Bartlett, Smyrna. 
 Mary E. Brewer, Sivas. 
 Fanny E. Burrage, Cesarea, 
 Thomas S. Car7-ingto>ii m.u., Mareovan. 
 Pliebe W. Carrington. 
 Robert Chambers, d.d., Bartlezaj;. 
 Elizabeth L. Chambers. 
 Sarah A. Closson, Cesarea, 
 Lyndon S. Crawford, Trebizoiid. 
 Olive N. Crawford. 
 Phebe L. Cull, Marsovan. 
 Isabella F. Dodd, CoiiBtantinople, liiblc 
 
 House. 
 
 William S. Dodd, M.D., Cesarea. 
 Mary L. Dodd. 
 
 Henry O. Dwight, ll.d., Constantinople, 
 
 Bible House. 
 Laura Farnham, Ada1>azar. 
 Wilson A. Farnsworth, d.d., Cesarea. 
 Caroline E. Farnsworth. 
 
 Flora A. Fensbam, Constantinople, Jiible 
 
 House. 
 James L. Fowle, Cesarea. 
 Caroline P, Fowle. 
 Frances C. Gage, Mar&ovaii. 
 Martha J. Gleason, Constantinople, Bible 
 
 House. 
 
 Joseph K. Greene, d.d., Constantinople, 
 
 Bible House. 
 Mathiide M. Greene. 
 
 George F. Herrick, d.d., Constantinople, 
 
 Bible House. 
 Helen M. Herrick. 
 Mrs. Emma R. Hubbard, Sivas. 
 Susan C. Hyde, .Adabazar. 
 Anna B. Jones, Constantinople, Bible 
 
 House. 
 
 Mary E. Kinney, Adabazar. 
 
 Mrs. Etta D. Marden, Constantinople, 
 
 Bible House. 
 Alexander MacLachlan, Smyrna, 
 Rose H. MacLachlan. 
 Emily McCallum, Smyrna. 
 James P. McNaughton, Smyrna. 
 Rebecca G. McNaughton. 
 Minnie B. Mills, Smyrna. 
 Cora A. Nason, Cesarea. 
 Moses P. Parmelee, m.d., Trebizond. 
 Julia F. Parmelee. 
 
 Mary M. Patrick, Constantinople, Bible 
 House, 
 
 William W. Peet, Constantinople, Bible 
 
 House. 
 Martha H. Peet. 
 Henry 1'. Perry, Sivas. 
 Mary H. Perry. 
 Clarabel Piatt, Smyrna. 
 Use C. Pohl, Smyrna. 
 
 Harriet G. Powers, Constantinople, Bible 
 House. 
 
 Ida W. Prime, Constantinople, Bible 
 House. 
 
 Elizabeth S. Redfern, Constantinople. 
 
 Edward Riggs, Marsovan. 
 
 Sarah H. Riggs. 
 
 Susan D. Riggs, Marsovan. 
 
 Mrs. Laura T. Seelye, Cesarea. 
 
 Marion E, Sheldon, Adabazar. 
 
 Mrs. Sarah E. Smith, Marsovan. 
 
 Charles C. Tracy, d.d., Marsovan. 
 
 Myra P. Tracy. 
 
 George E. White, Marsovan. 
 Esther B. White. 
 
 Cliarlotte R. Willard, Marsovan, 
 Henry K. Wingate, Cesarea. 
 Jane C. Wingate. 
 
 Johanna Ziinmer, Constantinople, Bible 
 House. 
 
 CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION. 
 
 [General postal address — Turkcy.'\ 
 
 (Open mail, via London.) 
 
 Eula G. Bates, Hadjin, via Mersiu. 
 I'Mlen M. Blakely, Marash, 
 Effie M, Chambers, Oorfa. 
 Thomas D. Christie, d.d., Tarsus. 
 Carmelite B. Christie. 
 
 Mrs. Josephine L. Coffing, Hadjin, via 
 
 Mersin. 
 M. Myrtle Foote, Oorfa. 
 Lucile Foreman, Aintab. 
 Americus Fuller, D.D., Aintab. 
 Amelia D. Fuller. 
 Meda Hess, Marasli, 
 Clarissa D. Lawrence, Adaiia. 
 Lucius O. Lee, Marash. 
 Clara H. Lee. 
 
 Frederick W. Macallum, Marash. 
 
 Henrietta M. Macallum. 
 
 John C. Martin, Hadjin, via Mersin. 
 
 Mary I. Martin. 
 
 John E. Merrill, Aintab. 
 
 Ellen M. Pierce, Aintab. ' 
 
 Charles S. Sanders, Aintab. 
 
 Corinna Sliattuck, Oorfa. 
 
 Mrs, Margaret R. Trowbridge, Aintab. (P. 
 
 O. address, Constantinople, Bible House.) 
 Elizabeth M, Trowbridge, Aintab. 
 Lizzie S. Webb, Adana, via Mersin. 
 Mary G. Webb, Adana, via Mersin. 
 
 EASTERN TURKEY MISSION. 
 
 [General postal address — via Consiantiiioplc, 
 Turkey. \ 
 
 (Open mail, via London.) 
 
 Orson P. Allen, Harpoot. 
 Alpheus N. Andrus, Mardin. 
 Olive L. Andrus. 
 
 Herman N. Barnum, d.d., Harpoot.- 
 
 Mary E. Barnum. 
 
 Emma M. Barnum, Harpoot. 
 
 Elizabeth F. Barrows, Van. 
 
 John K. Browne, Harpoot. 
 
 Leila Browne. 
 
 Caroline E. Bush, Harpoot. 
 Ruth M, Bushnell, Erzroom, 
 
MISSIONARIES IN TVRKEY —concluded. 
 
 William N. Chambers, lllrzroom. 
 Cornelia P. Chambers. 
 Royal M. Cole, Bitlis. 
 Lizzie Cole. 
 
 Mary L. Daniels, Harpoot. 
 Willis C. Dewey, d.d., Mardiii. 
 Seraphina S. Dewey. 
 Laura Ellsworth, Harpoot, 
 Charlotte E. tly, Hitlis. 
 Mary A. C. Ely, BitUs. 
 C. Frank Gates, d.d., Harpoot. 
 Nellie M. Gates. 
 Johanna L. Graf, Mardiii. 
 Klizabelh B. Huntington, Van, 
 Theresa L. Huntington, Harpoot, 
 
 George P. Knapp, Bitlis. 
 Anna J. Knapp. 
 Grace H. Knapp, Bitlis. 
 Agnes M. Lord, Erzroom. 
 Clarissa Pratt, Mardin, 
 George C. Raynolds, M.D., Van. 
 Martha \V. Raynolds. 
 Harriet Seymour, Harpoot. 
 Robert S. Stapleton, Erzroom. 
 Ida S. Stapleton, Erzroom. 
 DauielM. B. Thorn, M.D., Mardin. 
 Helen L. Thom. 
 
 Clarence D. Us-sher, m.d., Harpoot. 
 Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler, Harpoot. 
 Emily C. Wheeler, Harpoot. 
 
 HELPS IN THE STUDY OF TURKEY. 
 
 * Among the Turks. Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, D.D. 
 
 * By Far Euphrates. D. Alcock. 
 Constantinople. Prof. E. A. Grosvenor. 
 
 * Forty Years in Turkish Empire. Rev. E. D. G. Prime, D.ii. 
 
 * Greek Islands and Turkey after the War. Rev. Henry M. Field, d.d. 
 History of tlie Eastern Church. Dean Stanley. 
 
 Home and Work by the Rivers of Eden. IVIoses P. Parmelee, m.d. 
 
 * Hundred Years of Missions, A. Rev. D. L. Leonard. 
 
 * Impressions of Turkey during Twelve Years' Wanderings. Prof. 
 W. M. Ramsay. 
 
 Land and the Book, The. William IVI. Thomson, d.d. 
 
 * Letters from Armenia. J. R. Harris. 
 
 * Letters from Eden. Rev. C. H. Wheeler, D.D. 
 
 Life Scenes among the Mountains of Ararat. Moses P. Parmelee, m.d, 
 
 * Missions in Eden. Mrs. Susan A. Wheeler. 
 
 * Mission Stories of Many Lands. Articles taken from Missiomiry 
 Herald. 
 
 * My Life and Times. Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, d.d. 
 
 * Modern Missions in the East :■ Their Methods, Successes, and Limita 
 tions. Rev. Edward A. Lawrence, d.d. 
 
 * On Horseback in Cappadocia. Rev. J. O. Barrows. 
 
 * Our Journey around tlie World. Rev. F. E. Clark, d.d. 
 
 * Romance of Missions. Miss Maria A. West. 
 Story of the Nations. Turkey. Stanley Lane Poole. 
 
 Story of the Nations. The Byzantine Empire. C. W. C. Orman. 
 
 * Talks on the Veranda. Rev. C. C. Tracy, d.d. 
 Turkish Life in Wartime. Rev. H. O. Dwight, ll.d. 
 
 * Women of the Orient. Rev. R. C. Houghton. 
 
 Historical Sketch of the Missions of the American Board in Turkey. 
 Rev. S. C. Bartlett, d.d. Pamphlet pubhshed by the A. B. C. F. M. 
 Price, .six cents. 
 
 Condensed Sketch of the Missions of the American Board in Asiatic 
 Turkey. Rev. E. E. Bliss, d.d. Published by the A. C, ,F. M. 
 Price, three cents. 
 
 * In the Woman's Board Missionary Library, Loaned at two cents a day, 
 
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