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MEMORIALS 
 
 CEAFT OF SURGEEY 
 
 IN ENGLAND. 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 
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 Open Knowledge Commons 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/memorialsofcraftOOsout 
 
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 ARMS OF THE UNITED COMPANY OF BARBER SURGEONS. 
 
 (From the Grant made, (jy Sir (Hlhert Dethkk in 1,')69.) 
 
ME MORIALS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CRAFT OF SURGERY 
 
 IN ENGLAND. 
 
 I'ROM MATERIALS COMPILED BY 
 
 JOHN FLINT SOUTH, 
 
 TWICE PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND, AND SURGEON TO 
 
 ST. Thomas's hospital. 
 
 EDITED EY 
 
 D'ARCY POWER, M.A. Oxon., F.R.C.S. Eng. 
 
 WITH INTRODrCTION BY 
 
 Sir JAMES PAGET, Bart., F.R.S., 
 
 SERJEANT SURGEON TO HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. 
 
 WITH COLOUEEL PLATES AND ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited 
 
 LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK ^- 3IELB0URNE. 
 
 1886. 
 
 [.4.LL RIGHTS RESERVED.] 
 
%jUL 
 
 -^-L'l'l'hl^ 
 
 
THIS BOOK IS 
 
 IN AFFECTIONATE GRATITUDE HY 
 
 D'ARCY POWER 
 
 TO 
 
 HIS MASTER, THE PRESIDENT, 
 
 AND TO 
 
 HIS FATHER, A VICE-PRESIDENT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND. 
 
INTRODUCTION, 
 
 BY 
 
 SIE JAMES PAGET, Bart., F.R.S. 
 
 The history of Surgery had long been a favourite study 
 of Mr. South's, but he was past seventy when he began 
 in earnest to collect the materials from which he in- 
 tended to write a history of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons of England. Unable to resist that fascina- 
 tion of searching and collecting which, I suppose, 
 none feel more keenly than they who love to gather 
 the curious facts that are in old records, he accumu- 
 lated far more than he could arrange. " I read," 
 he said, " no end of useless things in hope of finding 
 something to my purpose ; " ^ and very many of these 
 " useless things " he not only read, but, with his usual 
 steadfastness of purpose and laborious accuracy, copied 
 and preserved. Still, together with the useless, he 
 gathered much that was excellent and well selected ; 
 and when Mrs. South, affectionately anxious that his 
 industry should not be fruitless, sent his volumes of 
 manuscripts to the College of Surgeons, and, at the 
 request of the Council, I examined them, I could not 
 doubt that there were in them materials which, if well 
 
 1 "Memorials of Jolm Fliut Soutli," by the Eev. C. L. Feltoe, p. 193. 
 8vo. 188i. 
 
viii MEMORIALS OF TEE CBAFT OF SUBGEET. 
 
 arranged, as tliey have been by Mr. D'Arcy Power, 
 would be a valuable contribution to a part of tbe history 
 of Surgery in England. Many of them, indeed, may 
 have a wider value, in that they minutely relate facts 
 which may help the general historians of our country to 
 estimate the methods by, and the measure in, which social 
 progress has been influenced, not by the prominent few 
 who are the heroes of our history, but by the constant 
 impetus of the mental powers and the ambitions of the 
 commonalty. 
 
 >Surgeons and students of surgery may certainly find 
 in these Memorials many facts of great interest, and, I 
 think, some useful lessons. Only, let it be borne in 
 mind that they are not full records of the progress of 
 surgery in the present usual meaning of the words. 
 They do not tell much of its progress as either 
 a science or an art, though they may help to the 
 understanding of this part of its historj^ if read 
 together with the writings of the successively con- 
 temporary surgeons. They are, properly, as the 
 title says, " Memorials of the Craft of Surgery," 
 that is, of its business and of the corporate life and 
 government of those who, in successive centuries, 
 practised it. We can trace in them, especially in the 
 last century, an earnest desire for the promotion of 
 surgical knowledge ; but, generally, they record events 
 which were of personal or corporate interest ; they tell 
 of the acquirement and defence of civil rights, the main- 
 tenance of dignity and discipline, the repression of 
 rivalry, the settlement of disputes. 
 
INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 Many of the things thus told must seem to us very 
 strange and, in this sense, amusing ; especially if we 
 only think of them as if they were occurring now, and 
 under the same conditions as we- are living under. A more 
 careful reading will show that the " strange " things were, 
 usually, fitted to the times and the circumstances in 
 which they happened ; and that, like the organs and 
 the changes in an embryo, and in spite of many errors 
 and defects of human management, they were in the 
 progress towards better things. 
 
 Whoever will study these Memorials as the history 
 of a development may find in them abundant interest.^ 
 Especially, he may trace the progress of medical educa- 
 tion onwards from the teaching of apprentices, who were 
 to be comely and to be able to read and write, and to 
 wear no beards, and to be well punished for their faults ; 
 or the progress of the teaching of anatomy, from the 
 custom of public demonstrations once or twice a year 
 onwards to the methods of our medical schools. Or 
 he may try to imagine, for he can hardly trace, the 
 contrast between the conjoint examination of the fellow- 
 ships of physicians and surgeons in the first half of the 
 fifteenth century and that which their descendants in 
 the Royal Colleges have happily arranged in the last 
 few years. He may wonder why so good a plan should 
 have lapsed for more than four hundred years, and may 
 find the bad reason for this and many other errors in 
 the maintenance of vested rights, as if they were better 
 
 1 The several subjects and facts referred to may be foiiud witli the 
 help of the index. 
 
X MEMORIALS OF TEE CBAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 
 
 than tlie promotion o£ knowledge. Or lie may wonder 
 that vv^omen were licensed to practise surgery in the 
 fourteenth century, and hindered in the nineteenth ; or 
 that in the sixteenth century licences were granted for 
 the separate practice of specialities ; and then, as in the 
 study of a development, he may consider whether the 
 abolition of those usages was like the timely cessation 
 of processes that had only an embryonic use. 
 
 Thus and in many other ways these Memorials may 
 be usefully, and, I think, happily studied. But I will 
 suggest attention to only one more subject, the rela- 
 tions that used to exist between barbers and surgeons. 
 They will be found, I believe, more fully illustrated here 
 than hitherto they have been, and the facts recorded 
 may correct some errors commonly prevalent. 
 
 The union of the barber and the surgeon in one 
 person, or even in the same corporation, may seem very 
 strange to us now, and in England. But it was quite 
 natural that when bleeding was deemed necessary for the 
 cure of most ailments, and even for the prevention of 
 many, and when the medical ecclesiastics were forbidden 
 to shed blood, they should turn for assistance to their 
 barbers, whom they knew to be dexterous with sharp 
 instruments, and with basins and towels ; and, of course, 
 when the barbers were thus admitted to the practice 
 of one piece of surgery, they constantly ventured fur- 
 ther, and, after a time, practised many parts of minor 
 surgery independently of the ecclesiastics. Something 
 of this kind was really necessary, because of the small 
 number of surgeons not being ecclesiastics who were in 
 
intbobugtion: xi 
 
 London ; for the whole fellowship in 1491 consisted of 
 only eight, and in 1513 of only twelve, members. And 
 the utility of the barber-surgeon may still be observed 
 in several parts of Europe ; especially in Eussia, where 
 the fully educated surgeons are far too few for the 
 vast and wide-spread population, and many of the 
 Feldshers, who are generally educated to be military 
 hospital attendants, become barber-surgeons in villages 
 and in the poorer parts of towns, and do good work in 
 both divisions of then' calling. 
 
 But, however useful the union of surgery and 
 " barbery " may have been in long past times in this 
 country, or may even now be in others, it is an error to 
 suppose that English surgeons are, in any fair sense, 
 the descendants of barbers. These Memorials will show 
 that, from first to last, and even during then- temporary 
 conjunction with the Barbers' Company, the real 
 surgeons held themselves apart as a distinct body. The 
 surgeons from whom we and our College can trace an 
 uninterrupted descent were not barbers. When the 
 barbers were first incorporated, early in the fourteenth 
 century, there were, and doubtless long had been, 
 surgeons who practised separately from them ; many of 
 whom had served in the army, and had, probably, 
 learned much of their art abroad. In and after 1368, and, 
 probably, for some time previously, these surgeons 
 formed a separate guild or fellowship, with license from 
 the City authorities; and about the year 1421 they 
 combined with the physicians, an evidence of their 
 good repute, for the physicians were then, as always. 
 
xu ME2I0BIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 among fhe most educated persons of their time. And 
 this evidence of their station is confirmed by the fact 
 that, like the physicians, the surgeons then, and for a 
 long time afterwards, were licensed to practise by the 
 Bishop of London or the Dean of St. Paul's ; for it was, 
 I think, only over the classes deemed learned that the 
 Church had such jurisdiction as these licences imply. 
 
 It does not appear how long the combination of the 
 physicians and surgeons lasted; but, after it was dis- 
 solved, the surgeons still continued separate from the 
 barbers and the barber-sui'geons or barbers practising 
 surgery. Each formed a distinct " fellowship," and the 
 incorporation of the Barbers and Surgeons' Company in 
 1540 scarcely affected the separation. Thesui'geons did 
 not, in an}" sense, become barbers or barber-surgeons. 
 That which is often called a union was, really, only an 
 official junction. It was, probably, a convenient means 
 of putting an end to the disputes as to what the few 
 barbers in or near London who still practised any kind 
 of surgery might do ; and it gave sanction and authority 
 to the agreement made between the barbers and sur- 
 geons in 1493, of which the chief effect was to give 
 the surgeons control over the practice of surgery by 
 the barber-surgeons. 
 
 There was no fusion of the two callings. The 
 Company had two distinct sections, and two names, 
 carefully maintained. Barbers a^/id Surgeons. In the 
 one section were the barbers, a few of whom practised 
 some simple parts of surgery, and many of whom, it is 
 probable, were then, as are all the present members 
 
INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 of the Company, barbers only in name. In the 
 other section were the surgeons. The surgeons were 
 not allowed to practise shaving ; the barber-surgeons 
 were not allowed to do more than draw teeth ; and if 
 any of them became surgeons it was after such educa- 
 tion as, in some measure at least, fitted them for 
 surgical practice. 
 
 This division of the Company was maintained by 
 ever}^ rule and custom. The surgeons were constantly 
 asserting their superiority in all things relating to 
 anatomj'- or surgery; they resisted all encroachments 
 from the barbers' side ; they resisted the control of the 
 physicians, and gradually superseded them as teachers 
 of anatomy in their own hall ; and, when any one was 
 to be admitted into the joint Company who had not 
 been apprenticed to any of its members, it was only as 
 a barber that he could be admitted. 
 
 At last, as the surgeons became more skilled and 
 influential, and surgery became a science as well as an 
 art, even the appearance of the union became intoler- 
 able ; and although the barbers were an influential body 
 of citizens in various lines of business, and had always, 
 as they said, " with the greatest deference, submitted to 
 the surgeons in all matters peculiar to them," yet the 
 surgeons insisted on separation. They gave up all 
 claim to any share in the property or other treasures of 
 the Company, and obtained for themselves the separate 
 Charter which preceded that by which their successors 
 are incorporated in the Eoyal College. 
 
 Thus these " Memorials of the Craft of Surgery " 
 
xiv MEMORIALS OF TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 will sliow tliat tliere is nothing discreditable or ridicu- 
 lous in its pedigree. Surgery, we may believe, has always 
 been an occupation of men who might be deemed well 
 educated and who held good social rank. All the more, 
 therefore, should it be maintained and taught as a 
 science and an art, of which both the study and the 
 practice may employ the strongest and most honest 
 minds. 
 
EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 After the death of Mr. South in 1882, Mrs. South 
 sent to the Eoyal College of Surgeons the various 
 manuscripts which her husband had laboriously collected 
 during the last ten years of his life. These papers were 
 examined by Sir James Paget, who considered them 
 worthy to be classified with a view to their subsequent 
 publication. He asked me to undertake this work, and 
 the result appears in the following pages. 
 
 So far as the present Memorials are concerned, I 
 found that in the first quarter of the present century 
 Mr. Carwardine, to whom we owe the discovery and 
 preservation of the original midwifery forceps manu- 
 factured by the Chamberlens, had projected a history 
 of surgery in England. From inability to obtain access 
 to the Barbers' records, however, he was compelled to 
 desist. Many years subsequently his manuscript appears 
 to have fallen into the hands of Mr. South, and it pro- 
 bably suggested to him the idea of carrying out Mr. 
 Carwardine's design. Mr. South entitled his work 
 " Historical researches into the rise and progress of 
 surgery in England, illustrated, by a re^dew of our early 
 medical literature." In pursuance of this design the 
 outline was slightly sketched in as far as the year 1450, 
 an epoch here and there being more fully worked out. 
 
xvi MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 These elaborated portions appear to have formed part of 
 the Hunterian oration, which he dehvered before the 
 Eoyal College of Surgeons in the year 1844. 
 
 More fortunate than his predecessor, Mr. South 
 gained unrestricted access to the valuable records of the 
 Corporation of Barbers and Surgeons, which are now 
 in the custody of the Barbers' Company at their hall in 
 Monkwell Street. These records he made the centre of 
 his work; and the most important, viz. the Court 
 Minute Books, he, with immense labour and indefatigable 
 industry, copied word by word, letter by letter, and 
 abbreviation by abbreviation, a toil which can only 
 be duly appreciated by those who have had experience 
 in deciphering the crabbed writings of clerks living 
 under the Tudors and Stuarts. The materials thus 
 obtained were supplemented by extracting from the 
 Letter Books and Repertories belonging to the City ot 
 London,^ as well as from the various state papers in 
 
 ^ The Letter Boots (Stow's "Books of Remembrances") are described 
 by the late Mr. H. T. Riley in his " Memorials of Loudon and London 
 Life in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteentli Centuries " as " a series 
 of folio volumes (the early ones of somewhat smaller size than those of 
 later date) in manuscript on parchment ; containing entries of the current 
 matters of the day in which the City has been in any way interested or 
 concerned, downwards from the early part of the reign of King 
 Edward the First. . . . Though for convenience' sake styled ' Letter 
 Books' since the latter part of the reigu of Edward the Third, the 
 earliest volumes were originally known as the ' Lesser Black Book,' 
 the ' Greater Black Book,' the ' Red Book,' and the ' White Book,' from 
 the respective colours of their original bindings, no doubt. From Novem- 
 ber, 1416, the proceedings in which the mayor and aldermen alone have 
 taken part, have ceased to be entered in the Letter Books, the Jouruals 
 having then superseded them for that purpose. At a later date the ' Reper- 
 tories ' were devoted to the record of proceedings in the Court of 
 Aldermen." 
 
PREFACE. xvii 
 
 the Record office, all that could be gleaned relating to 
 surgeons and their practice of surgery. It is of this 
 period of his life that Mr. South writes in a letter 
 dated Sept. lltli, 1868: "I . . . . pay visits 
 daily to the Record office, and read no end of useless 
 things in hope of finding something to my purpose." ^ 
 In regard to the City records, Mr. South appears to 
 have worked independently of the late Mr. Riley, as I 
 find no mention of the latter author's name ; and the 
 translations of the earlier notices of the Barbers and 
 Barber-Surgeons differ in many important respects from 
 the versions given by Mr. Riley in the " Memorials of 
 London and London Life." I am the more surprised 
 at this, as from the date of the above letter Mr. South 
 and Mr. Riley must have been working at the Gruildhall 
 almost contemporaneously. 
 
 In editing the following pages from the vast mass of 
 material left by Mr. South, I found that the first two 
 chapters had been finished, and were apparently ready 
 for the press. They are therefore printed almost as 
 they stood, and Mr. South must be held answerable for 
 the opinions expressed as to the scientific knowledge 
 possessed by the Druids and their immediate successors. 
 For the rest, I have followed as closely as possible upon 
 the lines which Mr. South had laid down for his own 
 guidance, though I have not hesitated to deviate from 
 them when by so doing it has been possible to give 
 greater effect to the work, or to render it more interesting 
 
 ^ " Memorials of John Flint Soiith," collected by the Rev. C. L. 
 Feltoe, M.A., p. 193. Loud. 1884. 
 
xviii MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 to the general reader. For this purpose, I have made 
 numerous extracts from the Court Minute Books of the 
 Barbers and Surgeons' Company in regard to matters 
 which, though not strictly relevant to the issue, ap- 
 peared to be of too great interest, as illustrating the 
 manners of the age, to be passed over in silence. These 
 extracts I have copied out verbatim et literatim, only 
 writing in full the contractions, and marking the 
 omitted letters by italics. I have throughout followed 
 Mr. Riley ^ in using the word " craft " or " trade " as a 
 translation of " mestera " or "mestier." For, as Mr. 
 Eiley points out, " the word 'mystery,' or its old- 
 fashioned and now obsolete form ' mistery,' as signifying 
 a trade, .... is in no way connected with 
 ' mysterium,' a * secret ' which the use of the misguiding 
 English word ' mystery ' as its representative might 
 easily lead the purely English reader to suppose." In 
 the translations of the older ordinances, of which the 
 originals are written in abbreviated Latin or Norman- 
 French, I have been careful to compare Mr. South's 
 rendering with that of Mr. Eiley. 
 
 The history of the Barbers and Surgeons is through- 
 out the history of the development of a guild into 
 a company. In the years succeeding the Norman 
 Conquest, the government of the City of London was 
 oligarchical. The aldermen were the hereditary gover- 
 nors, and their wards belonged to them by right of 
 purchase. In the names of many of the wards the 
 remembrance of this state of affairs is still left to us : 
 
 ^ Op. cit. p. 1. 
 
PBEFAGE. xix 
 
 thus Bassishaw, or Basingliall Ward, is the ward 
 belonging to the family of Basing ; and Farringdon 
 Ward takes its name from its last hereditary alderman 
 and owner, William de Farringdon, one of whose de- 
 scendants is mentioned as Sir Nicholas de Faryngdon in 
 the Barber's oath/ Cornhill and its ward, according to 
 Mr. Loftie,^ owes its name to the family of Cornhill, 
 who once possessed it. From these powerful landowners, 
 who were in all cases wealthy merchants, many of the 
 proudest families of the English peerage have taken 
 their origin.^ 
 
 At an exceedingly remote period, not only in 
 England, but throughout Germany, the followers of 
 trades had banded themselves together into fellowships 
 or guilds, partly for trade purposes, and partly for 
 the observance of religious duties. The guilds, at 
 first in complete subjection, gradually acquired power 
 until, after a long and very severe struggle with the 
 hereditary oligarchy, they conquered, and in London 
 at least converted the civic government into an elec- 
 tive representation. The details of this contest are 
 but little known, but it was less bitter in England 
 than in many of the German towns. It was" virtually 
 concluded in 1377, the year of the death of King 
 Edward the Third, the guilds of the more important 
 and wealthier trades becoming incorporated as com- 
 panies, from whose members alone the higher City 
 
 1 Page 14. 
 
 2 " Hist, of London," vol. i. p. 160. Ed. ij. 
 
 ^ The Coventrys, Earls of Coventry, and, at a much later date, tlie 
 Osborues, Dukes of Leeds, are cases in point. 
 
 A* 2 
 
XX MEMORIALS OF TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 officers could be selected. About the same time the 
 guilds of the meaner trades obtained, upon payment of 
 annual dues, the right to nominate their own officers, 
 and a formal confirmation of their craft-ordinances, which 
 transferred the manag-ement of all trade-concerns and 
 
 a 
 
 the settling of all trade -disputes to the guild with 
 which each was associated. A slight advance had been 
 made in this direction of guild-independence as early as 
 1272, when charters of incorporation were granted by 
 Walter Harvy, the Mayor, but the oligarchical party 
 was too strong, and the guilds relapsed for a time into 
 their former subordinate position. 
 
 The history of the Barbers as a guild can only be 
 traced back to the year 1308, when, in the reign of 
 Edward the Second, Eichard was chosen supervisor 
 of the Barbers. He probably held the position of Guild- 
 alderman or graceman, a post which is not to be con- 
 founded with that of ?oard alderman. Similar guilds 
 of Barbers existed in York, in Exeter, and in other 
 large towns, where they were associated partly for trade 
 purposes and partly for purposes of religion. They 
 assembled on a special saint's day, and, after attending 
 mass, dined together, and subsequently elected their 
 officers for the ensuing year. The death or marriage of 
 any of their members also caused them to meet. In 
 the Barbers' Gruild, as in nearly all other trade-guilds, 
 women as well as men might become members, al- 
 though they were not eligible to any of the higher 
 offices. In 1375 some of the Barbers had come to be 
 Barber-Surgeons and the Company consisted of two 
 
PBEFACE. xxi 
 
 portions, the Barbers who practised shaving, and the 
 Barbers who practised surgery. A similar separation 
 took place in the great guild of Weavers, who branched 
 off into woollen drapers and linen armourers, the latter 
 afterwards becoming the powerful company of Merchant 
 Taylors. 
 
 In the year 1415 the City authorities, "to prevent 
 dispute," nominated the wardens of the Barber-Sur- 
 geons' Gruild, and it is therefore probable that the guilds 
 had not as yet fully emancipated themselves. This 
 must have been one of the last years of the supremacy 
 of the City oligarchy, however, for shortly afterwards 
 the Barber-Surgeons succeeded in getting their ordi- 
 nances enrolled, and obtained the right of using a 
 particular livery. The livery had long been a distin- 
 guishing feature of the older guilds ; but in the reign 
 of Eichard the Second a determined but ineffectual 
 attempt had been made to limit its use. It was there- 
 fore only confirmed to those who could claim it by 
 prescriptive right. The Barber-Surgeons, as being one 
 of the less important or less wealthy guilds, did not 
 obtain their incorporation as a company so early as 
 many of the other guilds ; and it was only in 1460, the 
 year of the accession of Edward the Fourth, that they 
 took their place as one of the livery companies of the 
 City of London. 
 
 Side by side with the Barbers the Guild of Surgeons 
 existed. They were at first merely incorporated as 
 a confraternity, but at a later period they obtained 
 a charter. This guild appears to have been of 
 
xxii MEMORIALS OF TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY, 
 
 comparatively recent origin, and to have sprung out of 
 an association of the military surgeons who had been 
 trained in the hundred years' (1337-1444) war with 
 France. It was always a small body, and it was never 
 a guild in the older and truer sense of the word, like 
 that of the Barbers. Their smallness of numbers, how- 
 ever, was more than counterbalanced by the influence of 
 the members, who were the elite of the surgeons of the 
 time. After an attempted alliance with the physicians, 
 the Surgeons amalgamated with the Barbers' Company, 
 the two being united by a charter granted in the year 
 1540 by Henry the Eighth. 
 
 The United Company of Barbers and Surgeons thus 
 formed appears to have been peculiar amongst the other 
 City companies in the fact that non-freemen and 
 strangers were admitted either permanently or for a 
 time to the privileges of the Company upon payment 
 of somewhat higher fees than were required of those 
 who obtained admission by servitude in the ordinary 
 way, such strangers, unless actually licensed as sur- 
 geons, being accounted as belonging to the Barbers' 
 side of the United Company. The journeymen of the 
 craft, too, under the title of yeomanry formed a sub- 
 ordinate body within the Company, systematically or- 
 ganised, and possessing wardens with powers similar to 
 those exercised by the wardens of the Company itself. 
 
 In 1745, after a union of more than two hundred years, 
 the Surgeons severed themselves from the Barbers, and 
 established a new body called the Surgeons' Company, 
 founded on the exact lines of the pre-existing united 
 
PREFACE. xxiii 
 
 corporation. From small beginnings the Surgeons' 
 Company rapidly acquired considerable influence. By 
 a foolish blunder in 1796, the Charter was forfeited, 
 and failing to obtain an Act of Parliament for the 
 reconstitution of their Company, the Surgeons were 
 incorporated by a charter of George the Third in the 
 opening year of the present century as the Eoyal 
 College of Surgeons in London. 
 
 Exception may, perhaps, be taken to the title of the 
 present work, inasmuch as the history relates rather to 
 the craft of surgery in London than in England. The 
 following facts, however, will show that the general 
 regulations by which surgery was practised were the 
 same for England and Ireland, and probably, too, for 
 Scotland. Barbers' guilds, as has been already said, 
 existed in several towns in England, notably in London, 
 York, and Exeter. In some of these towns the sruild 
 remained as a religious body; whilst in others, as at 
 York, they allied themselves with the Surgeons, and 
 were active in managing the matters relating to their 
 craft. A manuscript volume of ordinances belonging to 
 the York guild is preserved in the Egerton collection at 
 the British Museum. The various details of this guild 
 appear to have been based upon the regulations of the 
 London Company, and to be so far identical that what 
 is here written of the one may be held as true of the 
 other : even the arms are similar. 
 
 In Dublin the Barber-Surgeons were incorporated 
 as a guild by a charter granted to them by Henry the 
 Sixth as early as 1446 (25 Henry VL). Surgeons 
 
xxiv MEMORIALS OF TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 not members of the guild associated themselves in tlie 
 same way as they did in London. In 1576 these 
 Surgeons were amalgamated by Queen Elizabeth with 
 the Barber -Surgeons and periwig-makers under the 
 title of the " Master, Wardens, and Fraternity of Barbers 
 and Chirurgeons of the Gruild of St. Mary Magdalene 
 within our City of Dublin."^ The united fraternity 
 for some time used the arms granted to the Barbers 
 and Surgeons' Company of London " with some small 
 difference, being a note of diminution or subordina- 
 tion," but they subsequently obtained from the Ulster 
 King of Arms a separate grant, thereby showing them- 
 selves to be independent of their neighbours. The 
 united confraternity was dissolved in opposition to the 
 wishes of the Barbers' side in the year 1784, and the 
 College of Surgeons was founded immediately after- 
 wards. 
 
 In Edinburgh the Barbers and Surgeons were united 
 in the year 1505, but I have met with no further 
 details of their history. 
 
 In conclusion, I must offer my best thanks to the 
 gentlemen who have materially assisted me in preparing 
 the present volume, and especially to Mr. Sidney Young, 
 of the Barbers' Company. Although he is engaged 
 upon a somewhat similar work, he has invariably replied 
 to my numerous questions with the greatest readiness 
 and courtesy, and has on many occasions devoted to me 
 
 1 Since the above was printed, a fuller account of tliis Guild is 
 announced in " The History of the Royal College of Surgeons in 
 Ireland," by Sir C. A. Cameron, but I have had no opportunity of seeing 
 the work. 
 
PREFACE. XXV 
 
 a far larger share of his valuable time than I as a 
 stranger could have claimed, or he need have granted. 
 His help has been invaluable, especially in matters of 
 detail relating to the Barbers' Company ; and his answers 
 have in many cases thrown light upon passages which, 
 in my ignorance of City customs, were obscure. I have 
 further to thank Mr. Young for giving me several 
 extracts relating to the Surgeons which he met with in 
 his reperusal of the books belonging to the Barbers' 
 Company, and which appear to have escaped the notice 
 of Mr. South. 
 
 To Dr. Norman Moore, the Warden of the College 
 in St. Bartholomew's Hospital, I must tender my grati- 
 tude for the kindness with which he read the proof- 
 sheets, correcting many minor errors. 
 
 Mr. Horace Noble has laid me under an obligation 
 by the care with which he has revised the paragraphs 
 and appendices upon the Company's heraldry, a science 
 of which, I regret to say, I am profoundly ignorant. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Mills kindly lent me the plate from 
 which the interior of the Barbers and Surgeons' Hall 
 has been re-engraved. 
 
 Lastly, Sir James Paget, by the readiness with 
 which he undertook, at my request, to write the intro- 
 duction, has added a valuable feature to the work, and 
 has rendered it of greater and more permanent value 
 than I could otherwise hope to" have made it. 
 
 D'AECY POWER. 
 
 Maij, 1883. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 A.D. 1308. First mention of tlie Barbers in the City records ; the 
 
 Barbers' oath. 
 ,, 1354. First mention of the Surgeons in the City records. 
 ,, 1368. Masters of the Guild of Surgeons (1) sworn. 
 „ 1375. Untrained Barbers intermeddle in Barbery and Surgery. 
 ,, 1387. The Barbers a livery guild. 
 „ 1389. Masters of the Guild of Surgeons (1) swom. 
 ,, 1392. Thomas Stodeley, Master of the Surgeons, sworn. 
 ,, 1409. Barbers authoi'ised to practise surgery. 
 ,, 1415. Overseers of the Barber-Surgeons appointed. 
 „ 1416. Overseers of the Barber-Surgeons again appointed. 
 ,, 1423. Union of the Guild of Surgeons with the Physicians. 
 „ 1424. Rector of Medicines sworn. 
 „ 1435. Ordinances of the Guild of Surgeons engrossed. 
 ,, 1450. The Guild of Barbers confirmed in the practice of 
 
 surgery. 
 „ 1452. Grant of arms to the Guild of Barbers. 
 „ 1462. Charter of Edward the Fourth, making the Guild of 
 
 Barbers a Company, with power to govern all 
 
 Surgeons acting as Barbers in the City of London. 
 ,, 1492. Grant of arms to the Guild of Surgeons. 
 „ 1493. Alliance of the Barbers' Company with the Guild of 
 
 Surgeons. 
 „ 1540. Act of Parliament incorporating the Barbers' Company 
 
 and the Guild of Surgeons as the Company of 
 
 Barbers and Surgeons. 
 „ 1745. Separation of the Surgeons from the Barbers. 
 „ 1745. Formation of the Surgeons' Company. 
 ,, 1796. The Surgeons' Company dissolved. 
 „ 1800. The Royal College of Surgeons in London established by 
 
 Royal Charter. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Medicine ix England from the Time of the Druids to the separ- 
 ation OF Medicine and Surgery in the Thirteenth Century 
 — The School of Salernum 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Division of Barbers into those practising Surgery and those 
 remaining as Barkers — The Fellowship of Surgeons a dis- 
 tinct Body 14 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 English Practitioners of the Eourteenth Century — John of Gad- 
 
 desden and John of Arderne 28 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Army Surgeons — The Conjoint College — The Fraternity of 
 
 Surgeons .46 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 The Barbers' Charter — Privileges of Surgeons — Eise of the 
 
 College of Physicians 73 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Holbein's Picture — Union of the Barber-Suiuieons and Surgeons 
 
 — Thomas Vicary 90 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Eegulations of the United Barbers and Surgeons' Company con- 
 cerning Apprentices and the Examinations for Licences to 
 Practise as Surgeons 106 
 
xxviii MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 PAGE 
 E,EGULATIOXS CONCERNING AnATOMY AND APPRENTICES IN THE UnITED 
 
 Company — Thomas Gale — William Bullein . . . .121 
 
 CHAPTEE IX, 
 
 The Barrers and Surgeons' Company under the Stuarts — Their 
 
 Pageants — Domestic Regulations 174 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Company becomes Bankrupt — Alderman Arris' Bequest . 203 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Teaching of Anatomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Cen- 
 turies — Rise of the Medical Schools in London — Separation 
 OF THE Barbers and Surgeons 231 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The Surgeons' Company . 269 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 Ordinance of the Barbers that no Unlicensed Persons should act 
 AS Barbers avithin the City of London. Two Overseers of 
 THE Barbers to be Appointed ...... 297 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 Regulations for the Government of a Conjoint College of 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons in the City of London . . . 299 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 Regulations made in the year 1435 for the Government of the 
 
 Guild of Surgeons • . 307 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Petition of the Guild of Barbers for the Regulation of their 
 
 Fraternity 321 
 
CONTENTS. xxix 
 
 APPENDIX E. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A Translation of the Charter granted by King Edward the IVth 
 
 TO the Barbers' Guild, making them a Company . . . 326 
 
 APPENDIX F. 
 
 Regulations governing the Alliance of the Guild of Surgeons 
 "WITH the Fraternity of Barbers and Barbers practising 
 Surgery. This Document is known as the " Writing of 
 Compositions" 331 
 
 APPENDIX G. 
 
 Ordinance of King Henry VIIth against Sunday Trading by the 
 
 Barbers 335 
 
 APPENDIX H. 
 
 Inspeximus Charter granted by King Henry the VIIIth to the 
 
 Barbers' Company 338 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 The Ordinances of the Barbers' Company ratified by Sir Thomas 
 
 More in 1530 .339 
 
 APPENDIX J. 
 
 Grants of Arms by Harvey to the United Company of Barbers and 
 
 Surgeons ..... ... ... 351 
 
 APPENDIX K. 
 
 Grant of Arms by Sir Gilbert Dethick to the United Company of 
 
 Barbers and Surgeons 356 
 
 APPENDIX L. 
 
 Draught of the Bill confirmed to the Barbers and Surgeons' 
 
 Company by Act of Parliament in 1604 . . . . ,361 
 
XXX 2imiOBIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 
 
 APPENDIX M. 
 
 PAGE 
 VARIOUS EEGrLATIOyS CONCERNING THE AnATOMY AND SvRGERY 
 
 Lectures in the United Company of Barbers and Surgeons . 365 
 
 APPENDIX N. 
 A Copy of the Bishop's Licence to a Surgeon 374 
 
 APPENDIX 0. 
 
 Table of the Fees Required for the various Grades in the 
 
 United Company of B.\rbers and Surgeons .... 376 
 
 APPENDIX P. 
 
 Proposals for Establishing a School of Anatomy' at Surgeons' 
 Hall, in order to raise both Profit and Reputation to the 
 Surgeons' Cojipany 378 
 
 APPENDIX Q. 
 
 Regulations as to the Anatomy Lectures at Surgeons' Hall . . 381 
 
 APPENDIX R. 
 
 Speech of Mr. Gunning relating to the Condition of the Surgeons' 
 
 Company during his Mastership in the year 1789 . . . 382 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 Arms Granted by Sir Gilbert Dethick to the United Company 
 
 OF Barber-Surgeons ....... Frontispiece 
 
 PLATE II. 
 .John of Arderne ... to face page 30 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 John of Arderne's Instruments for the Cure of Fistula in 
 
 Ano ........... to face page 43 
 
 PLATE 17. 
 
 Illustrations from John of Arderne's ^Ianuscript . . to face page 4-5 
 
 PLATE Y. 
 
 Henry VIII. presenting a "Charter" to the Barbers and Sur- 
 geons of London. (Frmn the Painting by Holbein.) . . to face page 92 
 
 PLATE YI. 
 The Interior of the B.iRBERS and Surgeons' Hall . to face page 211 
 
MEMORIALS 
 
 CEAFT OF SUEGEEY. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 MEDICINE IN ENGLAND FROM THE TIME OF THE DRUIDS TO 
 THE SEPARATION OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY IN THE 
 THIRTEENTH CENTURY THE SCHOOL OF SALERNUM. 
 
 The eleventh century may be taken as the starting 
 point from which to trace the rise and 
 
 ^ The rise of 
 
 progress of the medical profession in Eng- profesSnln 
 land. Its separation into distinct branches 
 has been the result either of the wants and expec- 
 tations of the people, or of the jealous vigilance and 
 narrow policy of public companies invested with ex- 
 clusive privileges under the power and authority of 
 charter and incorporation ; whilst its position has been 
 modified by the state and usages of society at different 
 periods. A slight sketch of the condition of surgery 
 before the incorporation of the fellowships of Barbers 
 and Surgeons will not be devoid of interest, and will 
 serve as a fitting introduction to these memorials. 
 
 The Druids, according to Pliny, were at once 
 priests, poets, and physicians. In the latter capacity 
 
2 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 thej acted partly, as became their priestly office, by 
 prayer and the laying on of hands, by 
 
 Medicine -, . . . , . 
 
 |,™^n|stthe divination, and by charm, and partly m 
 a more scientific manner. The numerous 
 human sacrifices which they must of necessity have 
 witnessed would lead to their acquiring a fair amount 
 of anatomical knowledge of the truest and best 
 kind, since it was derived from the actual inspection of 
 the bodies of men. They were well versed also in 
 medical botany, and their veneration for the mistletoe 
 is too well known to require more than a passing 
 notice.^ The marshwort and vervain were held in 
 high esteem, whilst the Britannica, whether the great 
 water dock or scurvy grass,'^ was known to the whole 
 civilised world and derived its name from the island 
 whence the supply was obtained. The Druids, moreover 
 were no mean pharmacists, since they could extract the 
 
 ^ In the words of Pliny (book xvi. chap. 44), "They call it in their 
 language All Heale (for they have an opinion of it that it cureth all 
 maladies whatsoever). And when they are about to gather it, after they 
 have well and duly prepared their sacrifices and festival! cheare under the 
 said tree, they bring thither two young bullocks, milke white, such as 
 never yet drew in yoke at j)Iough or waine, and whose heads were then, 
 and not before, bound by the home ; which done, the priest, arraied in a 
 surplesse or white vesture, climbeth up into the tree, and with a golden 
 hook or bill cutteth it off, and they beneathe receive it in a white 
 souldiour's cassocke or coat of armes. Then fall they to kill the beasts 
 aforesaid for sacrifice, mumbling many oraisons and praying devoutly, 
 That it would please God to blesse this gift of His to the good and benefit 
 of all those to whome he had vouchsafed to give it. Now this persuasion 
 they have of Misselto thus gathered, That what living creature soever 
 (otherwise barraine) doe driuke of it, will presently become fruitfull 
 thereupon ; also, that it is a soveraign countrepoison or singular remedie 
 against all vermine " (:= venom). Pliny, " Natural History," translated by 
 Philemon HoUand, p. 497 D. 1601. 
 
 2 See, upon this point, Paris' " Pharmacologia," p. 54, note 2. Ed. 8. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 3 
 
 juices of herbs and plants by bruising and steeping 
 them in cold water, whilst they prepared tinctures by 
 infusing in wine the juices thus obtained, and made 
 potions and decoctions by boiling the herbs in water. 
 Pliny further states that they administered drugs by 
 fumigation, and that they were well acquainted with 
 the art of making salves and ointments. 
 
 The Danish and Saxon leeches were perhaps more 
 ignorant than the Druids. As early as 
 
 , , , , . , . , Medicine 
 
 the seventn century, nowever, there were amongst the 
 
 •^ Saxons. 
 
 men who made the science of medicine a 
 study and who practised it as a profession. This advance 
 was owing to the influence of the clergy, who not only 
 introduced books from Eome, but often had in a monas- 
 tery a member of the community who was consulted 
 by the neighbourhood as a physician. Physicians are 
 mentioned by Bede, and amongst the letters of 
 Boniface there is one from a Saxon, desiring some 
 books de medicinalihus . He says that they had plenty 
 of such works in England, but that the foreign drawings 
 in them were unknown to his country and difficult to 
 acquire. The Saxon " leeclidoms," published in the 
 Rolls series,^ enable us to form some idea of the degraded 
 condition of medicine during the earlier part of this 
 period. 
 
 Gradually, however, these darker days passed away, 
 and we have a splendid instance of the attention which 
 was at a later time bestowed upon medical knowledge in 
 
 ^ " Leechdoms, Wort-cuuning, and Star-craft of Early England," 
 collected and edited by the Rev. Oswald Cockayne. Loud. 1864. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the Saxon treatise described by Wanley.* This treatise 
 may have been written in the time of Alfred, but Mr. 
 Cockayne attributes it to the former half of the tenth 
 century. The first part of it contains eighty- eight 
 remedies against various diseases ; the second part adds 
 sixty-seven more, and in the third part are seventy-six 
 prescriptions.^ Little is known of the surgical attain- 
 ments of the leeches of this period, but they do not seem 
 to have exceeded those common operations which every 
 people somewhat removed from barbarism cannot fail to 
 know and use. Venesection was employed, but in a 
 rude and unskilful manner which led to many accidents. 
 The lancet was known as the " oeder seax " or vein 
 knife, and its use was governed less by necessity than 
 by superstitions of the idlest kind. 
 
 In the years immediately preceding the accession of 
 rrx. o u , * William the Conqueror a stimulus was 
 
 The School of i 
 
 saiernum. ^-^^^ ^^ ^^le study of medicinc by the 
 
 medical schools of Saiernum, Naples, and Montpellier, 
 which were frequented by students from all parts of 
 Europe, who carried the methods and practice which 
 they had learnt to their various homes, and by impart- 
 ing their knowledge to others assisted greatly in the 
 spread of scientific culture. The School of Saiernum 
 is now best known by the Schola Salernitana, which for 
 many years served as a text-book of hygiene and 
 dietetics in western Europe. This work appeared very 
 
 1 " Catalogue of the Harleian MSS.," vol. j. 585. 4 ed. 1808. 
 " Sharon Turner's " History of the Anglo-Saxons," vol. iii. p. 44^ 
 (London, 1830), and transcribed in full in the " Leechdoms," vol. ii. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 5 
 
 early in an English form ; tlie original is believed to 
 have been dedicated to the eldest son of William the 
 Conqueror, though some authorities maintain that 
 Edward the Confessor is the king named in the first 
 lines of the work, which run as follows : 
 
 " Anglorum Regi scribit scliola tota Salerni : 
 Si vis incolumem, si vis te reddere sanum 
 Curas toUe graves, irasci crede profanum." 
 
 The reason for the dedication may have been 
 that Duke Eobert was under treatment at Salernum 
 for a sinus in his right arm, due to a wound received 
 at the siege of Jerusalem. The work appears to have 
 been edited by John of Milan in the name of the 
 whole community. It is written in verse, and exercised 
 a most extensive influence upon what has been termed 
 the " folk medicine " of this country. There is hardly 
 a scrap of proverbial wisdom handed down to us 
 from our ancestors upon the inexhaustible subject of 
 what is wholesome or unwholesome in diet, etc., which 
 may not be traced in one form or another to the 
 " Eegimen Sanitatis." The reputation which it acquired 
 was so great that more than twenty editions appeared 
 in Latin within a century after the invention of 
 printing, of which the earliest was published in 1480. 
 
 The School of Salernum, from which the work 
 emanated, was perhaps the greatest medical school of the 
 period. It conferred after examination a licence to prac- 
 tise, a privilege which was not possessed by any other 
 body, for even at Naples the college could only recom- 
 mend their students to the king or his chancellor as 
 
6 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 fit persons for tlie necessary licence. The statutes of 
 the school are worthy of attention, as well on account 
 of their antiquity as of their propriety. Licences to 
 practise as a physician, and, it appears from the following 
 statute, as a surgeon also, were granted by this college 
 as early as the eleventh century, whilst special measures 
 were taken for the supervision of the apothecaries. 
 The statute in reference to the licence in surgery is, 
 that " the person examined must be twenty-one years 
 of age, and must bring testimonials of having studied 
 physic for five years ; if to be admitted in surgery he 
 must learn anatomy for one year ; he must swear to be 
 true and obedient to the society, to refuse fees from the 
 poor, and to have no share of gains with the apothecaries." 
 The results of this long training were not, how- 
 ever, wholly satisfactory to the public, if we may 
 trust what John of Salisbury, living in the twelfth 
 century, says upon the subject. He writes^ of the 
 physicians of his own time, that "the 
 under the profcssors of the t/ieo)y of medicine are 
 
 Angevins. ^ 
 
 very communicative ; they will tell you all 
 they know, and perhaps out of their great kindness 
 a little more. From them you may learn the nature 
 of all things : the cause of sickness and of health ; 
 how to banish the one and preserve the other, for 
 they can do both at pleasure. They will describe to 
 you minutely the origin, the beginning, the progress, 
 and the cure of all diseases. In a word, when I hear 
 them harangue I am charmed; I think them not 
 ^ Joliaii. Salisburiensis ; Policraticus lib. ii. c. 29. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 7 
 
 inferior to Mercury or Jj]sculapiiis, and almost persuade 
 myself tliat they can raise the dead. There is but one 
 thing which makes me hesitate : their theories are as 
 directly opposite to one another as light to darkness. 
 When I reflect on this I am a little staggered. Two 
 contradictory propositions cannot be true. But what 
 shall I say of the practical physician? I must say 
 nothing amiss of them. It pleaseth Grod, for the 
 punishment of my sins, to suffer and fall too frequently 
 into their hands. They must be soothed and not 
 exasperated, that I may not be treated roughly in my 
 next illness. I dare hardly allow myself to think in 
 secret what others proclaim aloud." 
 
 In another work, however, the writer plucks up more 
 courage, and speaks his mind of the practical j)hysician 
 as freely as he had before done of his theoretical brother, 
 " They soon return from college, full of flimsy theories, 
 to practise what they have learned. Gralen and Hippo- 
 crates are continually in their mouths. They speak 
 aphorisms on every subject, and make their hearers 
 stare at their long, unknown, and high-sounding words. 
 The good people believe that they can do anything 
 because they pretend to all things. They have only 
 two maxims which they never violate : ' Never mind the 
 poor ; never refuse money from the rich.' " 
 
 The clergy were for many years almost the only 
 persons who taught and practised physic as 
 well as the other sciences, and there are but asLri^^ 
 
 physicians. 
 
 few names celebrated in the annals of medi- 
 cine at this period which are not those of ecclesiastics. 
 
8 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 This profession became so lucrative, and so many 
 monks applied themselves to the study and practice 
 of it, deserting their monasteries and neglecting their 
 own religious duties, that the eighth canon promul- 
 gated by the Council of Tours, in a.d. 1163, prohibited 
 monks from staying out of their monasteries above two 
 months at one time, and forbade them to teach or 
 practise physic.^ No restraint was at first laid upon 
 the secular clergy, and many of the bishops and other 
 dignitaries of the Church acted as physicians in 
 ordinary to kings and princes, a service by which they 
 acquired both riches and honour. These very reverend 
 physicians had received their education at Salernum, 
 and derived much of their medical knowledge from the 
 writings of Ehazes, Avicenna, Avenzoar, and other 
 Arabian writers whose works had been translated into 
 Latin at an earlier date by Constantine, a monk of 
 Mount Casino, near Salernum. 
 
 It is not improbable that the scientific method of 
 teaching and studying physic, which was introduced 
 into the medical schools of the eleventh and twelfth 
 centuries, gave rise to the separation in this country 
 of physicians and surgeons into two distinct classes of 
 practitioners. Be this as it may, however, the separa- 
 tion was complete by the end of the twelfth century, 
 when a contemporary poet, in describing the attempts 
 made to cure the wound received by Eichard the First 
 
 ' This ordinance was only one of a number to like purijose. The 
 second Council of Lateran in 1139 had previously enjoined a similar duty ; 
 and by a decree of Henry III. in 1216, the clergy and monks were 
 prohibited from exercising the profession of advocates and physicians. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 9 
 
 before tlie castle of Chalons, in 1199 a.d., clearly dis- 
 tinguishes the two professions, and assigns to each its 
 peculiar duties.^ About this period too, in England, 
 some applied themselves more particularly to the study 
 of the materia medica, and to the composition of 
 medicines, and were on that account termed apothe- 
 caries. In the annals of the Church of Winchester, 
 Eichard Fitz Nigel (de Ely), who died Bishop of London 
 in 1198, is said to have been apothecary to Henry 11.^ 
 Nor was the post of apothecary at this time a light 
 one, if we may judge from the complicated and artificial 
 mixtures which were prescribed. Theriac itself, which 
 was often combined with other substances, contained 
 more than fifty ingredients. 
 
 The clergy exercised the learned professions, and 
 the monasteries became the depositories of 
 
 ,. , 1 p 1 • 1 • SpoUationof 
 
 our literature, the spark or learning being themonas- 
 kept alive amongst us in those religious 
 foundations. But it was like the story of the lamp 
 burning in a sepulchre which expired when the 
 sanctuary was burst open by the rude violence of 
 Henry's agents. How ample, in bulk at least, were 
 these records of science and history, has been shown 
 by Bale, who says, " I have been also at Norwich, 
 our second city of name, and there all tlie library monu- 
 ments are turned to the use of their grocers, candle- 
 makers, soapsellers, and other worldly occupiers." ^ 
 
 ^ Interea regem circumstant undique mixtiin, 
 Appouunt meclici fomenta, secautqne cliirugi 
 Yuluus, lit iude ti-ahant ferrum leviore periclo. 
 
 2 Wharton's " Anglia Sacra," pars i. p. 304. Lond. 1691. 
 
 3 " The Laborious Journey in Search of J. Leland." Loud. 1549. 
 
10 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 And again, very mncli to the same purpose : ^ " Co^et- 
 ousnesse was at tTiat time so busie about private com- 
 modity that public Wealth .... was not anywhere 
 regarded. A number of them, which purchased those 
 superstitious mansions, reserved of those Library-books, 
 some to serve their jakes, some to scour their candlesticks, 
 and some to rub their boots ; some they sold to the 
 Grrocers and Sope sellers, and some they sent over sea to 
 the Book binders, not in small number, but at times 
 whole ships full. ... I know a Merchant-man 
 (which shall at this time be namelesse) that bought the 
 contents of two noble Libraries for fourty shillings 
 price, a shame it is to be spoken. This stuffe hath he 
 occupied instead of gray paper by the space of more 
 than these ten years, and yet he hath store enough for 
 as many years to come." Fortunatel}^ however, printing 
 had been in use for more than half a century prior to the 
 dissolution of the monasteries, and the majority of those 
 works were preserved to us which were considered as the 
 most worthy of being communicated to the public. 
 
 It will be necessar}' to retrace our steps after this 
 The Jews as digrcssiou, in order to show more clearly the 
 phj-sicians. nature and origin of such an apparently 
 incongruous association of ecclesiastics and physicians, 
 barbers and surgeons, grocers and apothecaries, as we 
 find at a somewhat later period. The Jews, next 
 to the clergy, perhaps possessed the largest share of 
 learning. The vagrant life to which this extraordinary 
 
 1 Fuller's " Cliurcli History," book vi. p. 335. Lend. 1655. Bale op. cit. 
 fol. B. i. 6. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 11 
 
 people was reduced afforded them an intercourse with 
 the different nations of the w^orld, and rendered them 
 in some measure a medium of communication both 
 in literature and science throughout the western hemi- 
 sphere. Benjamin of Tudela, in his Itinerary, written 
 about A.D. 1165/ enumerates the cities in which 
 the Jews had any settlement, and mentions their num- 
 bers in each place. He names many who were 
 physicians, and who practised not only amongst their 
 own tribes, but also amongst the Moors and Christians. 
 This learned Israelite, upon his return from his travels 
 over the greater part of the then known world, com- 
 mends the school at Salernum as the best seminary of 
 physic amongst the " Sons of Edom," as he calls the 
 western Christians.^ 
 
 The priests, as might be expected, looked with a 
 jealous eye upon the encroachments of the Jewish phy- 
 sicians and of lay surgeons. To exclude the former 
 from any participation in the honours and emoluments 
 of medical practice, they obtained, through their interest 
 at Eome, a formal excommunication against all who 
 committed themselves to the care of a Jewish physician, 
 and by the canon law no Jew might give physic to any 
 Christian. Yet so celebrated had these practitioners 
 
 ^ Translated from the Hebrew into Latin by Benedict Arias Montanus. 
 The first printed edition was in Hebrew : it was published at Constanti- 
 nople 1543. Of these travels and of this translation, however, Isaac 
 D'Israeli wrote : " He describes a jom-ney which, if ever he took it, mnst 
 have been with his nightcap on, beiug a perfect dream. . . . The 
 Travels of which we have a curious ti-anslation must have been apociyphal." 
 — Curiosities of Literature; Art., Literary hnpostures. 
 
 2 Freind, "History of Physic," ed. j. part ii. p. 227. 
 
12 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 become, and so ardent was the desire for liealtli and 
 long life, that even the power of Eome was ineffectual 
 in excluding- them from practice. The simple fact that 
 the Jews were masters of the Arabic language, at a 
 time when no translation of Hippocrates or Gralen could 
 be procured in Europe, was sufficient to ensure the em- 
 ployment of physicians belonging to this religion at 
 nearly every court in Christendom. 
 
 As the efforts of the clergy to restrain the prac- 
 tice of the Jewish physicians were to a great 
 vorced from cxtcut ineffectual, so they had a still more 
 
 physic. "^ 
 
 difficult task to perform with respect to the 
 lay surgeons, who were at this time very numerous. A 
 mastery over the principles of medicine as well as of 
 surgery is necessary to form a perfect practitioner in 
 either, and in England the priests appear to have been 
 disposed to preserve the two branches united. The 
 popes, however, jealous of such an interruption in the 
 duties of the clergy, and looking upon the manual part 
 of surgery as derogatory, made several attempts to pro- 
 hibit priests from the performance of surgical operations. 
 In 1215 the ecclesiastics were debarred by an ordinance 
 of Pope Innocent III. from undertaking any operation 
 involving the shedding of blood, on the plea that the 
 Church " abhorret a sanguine." 
 
 By two subsequent decrees, the one issued by 
 Pope Boniface the Eighth at the close of the thir- 
 teenth centuiy, and the second by Pope Clement 
 the Fifth about the beginning of the fourteenth 
 century, surgery was formally separated from physic. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 13 
 
 and the priests were absolutely forbidden to practise 
 the art. These measures must have abandoned surgery 
 entirely to the laity, who were as yet a wholly illiterate 
 race. The priests, however, still kept their hold upon 
 the art by making use of their servants the barbers, who, 
 having been employed to shave the heads of the priests, 
 and to perform the minor operations in surgery, were now 
 instructed to work entirely under the direction of their 
 masters. These men, quahfying themselves by the in- 
 struction of the clergy, assumed the title of barber- 
 surgeons, and became a confraternity or fellowship. 
 The more enlightened of the barber-surgeons again, in 
 the march of knowledge, by attending lectures and 
 practising dissection, began to spurn such a degrading 
 conjunction, and at last, freeing themselves from the 
 barbers, became a college of surgeons. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 THE DIVISION OF BARBERS INTO THOSE PRACTISING SUR- 
 GERY AND THOSE REMAINING AS BARBERS THE 
 
 FELLOWSHIP OF SURGEONS A DISTINCT BODY. 
 
 The first notice o£ the barbers wbicli I have found in 
 ^. , ^. , tlie City Records is rather indicative of 
 
 First notice of -J 
 
 barbers. ^^^ doubtful character of their morals ; an 
 
 imputation which is the less unlikely, if it be borne in 
 mind that in addition to their occupation of shavers 
 and hair and beard trimmers, they were also pro- 
 fessional bathers. The extract runs as follows, and may 
 be headed the Barber's Oath.-^ " Eichard the barber, 
 living opposite the church of All Hallows the Less, 
 was elected and presented by the barbers of London 
 on the Tuesday after the Feast of St. Lucy the Virgin 
 [Dec. 13th N.S.] in the second year of the reign of 
 King Edward son of King Edward \i.e. the Second, 
 1308], to Nicholas de Faryngdon, then Mayor of London, 
 John de Wengrave, and the other Aldermen, for the 
 purpose of keeping order amongst the barbers. And 
 he was admitted and sworn to make diligent search 
 through the whole of his craft every month, and if 
 he shall find any brothel keeper or other disreputable 
 
 ^ Letter Book C, fol. 96&. See also Riley's " Memorials of London 
 and London Life," p. 67. In regard to the Letter Books, see Editor's 
 Preface. 
 
MEMOEIALS OF THE CBAFT OF SUEGEEY. 15 
 
 folk to the scandal of the craft, he shall detain them 
 and cause them to be brought before the chamber." It 
 appears from this notice, and also by a journal which 
 was formerly kept in the Town Clerk's office of the 
 City of London, that a Barbers' Guild or confraternity 
 existed as early as 1308, though it did not attain to 
 the rank of a company for many subsequent years. No 
 records remain of its foundation, and we only find 
 scattered and incidental notices of its existence. 
 
 As early as 1354 the following inquisition by surgeons 
 as to the treatment of a wound occurs in the City records : ^ 
 "Be it remembered, that on the Monday next after the 
 Feast of St. Matthias the Apostle [24th February N.S.] 
 in the 28th year, etc., the Prior of Hogges, Master 
 Paschal, Master Adam de la Poletrie, and Master David 
 de Westmerland, surgeons, were sworn before the Mayor, 
 Aldermen, and Sheriffs, to certify them as to a certain 
 enormous and horrible hurt on the right side of the jaw 
 of Thomas de Shene appearing ; whether or not such 
 injury was curable at the time when John le Spicer of 
 Cornhulle took the same Thomas under his care to heal 
 the wound aforesaid. Who say upon their oath that if 
 the aforesaid John le Spicer at the time when he took 
 the said Thomas under his care had been expert in his 
 craft or art, or had called in counsel and assistance to 
 his aid, he might have cured the injury aforesaid; aiid 
 they further say, that through want of skill on the 
 part of the said John le Spicer the said injury under his 
 care became apparently incurable." In 1368, however, the 
 
 * Letter Book G, fol. xviii., quoted from Riley; op. cit. p. 273. 
 
16 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 surgeons are first noted as a distinct body wlio, like 
 all other persons following trades and professions, were 
 required to appear before the authorities of the City of 
 London to be by them licensed to practise within their 
 jurisdiction. This licence was conceded under promise 
 " well and truly to serve the people in their cures, to 
 take of them reasonable fees,^ to exercise their mystery 
 faithfully, to report to the Mayor and Aldermen any 
 surgeon neglecting his patients, and to give informa- 
 tion to the City officers of the hurt, wounded, or other- 
 wise in peril of death." 
 
 The f oUo^ang document is endorsed, " Admission of 
 Master Surgeons." In it the persons who 
 
 The admission in n -\r iait i. 
 
 of iiaster sur- camc Deiore the Mayor and Aidermen to 
 
 geons. 
 
 be sworn as Master Surgeons of the City 
 of London are simply termed Surgeoiis. From this it 
 is doubtful whether these persons only became Masters 
 in Surgery b}^ the authority of the court, after having 
 been previously licensed to practise surgery by the 
 Bishop of London or- the Dean of St. Paul's, as was the 
 common custom at this time, for the legal practice of 
 the art : or whether they were sworn as Masters of 
 the Gruild of Surgery within the City of London having 
 authority over their brethren of the craft. The latter 
 hypothesis seems the more probable, inasmuch as in the 
 
 1 The licence to practise surgery granted by tlie UniTersity of Oxford 
 is still very similai* ; it n^ns : " Primo, scilicet, quod quatuor saltern 
 pauperes gratis et intuitu caritatis (quumprimum sese occasio tulerit) 
 cui-es. . . . Secundo, quod fines artis tuEe non excedas, aut medieinam 
 practices. Tertio, quod niuiiuni pro salario non exigas ; aut curationem 
 aliquam retardes uberioris lucri intuitu.'' — Stat. Univ. Oxon. 1874; vi. (ix.) 
 vii. 8, p. 151. 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 17 
 
 foreign universities at this period the names of Doctor 
 and Master were only beginning to be known as specific 
 titles of honour, and were still used in their original signi- 
 fications for teachers and persons skilled in their art/ 
 In either case it is evident that all surgeons practising" 
 in the City were compelled to appear before the Court 
 of Aldermen to be sworn as surgeons. 
 
 The form of admission is also of interest, as showing 
 the care taken by the civic authorities for those maimed 
 or wounded, who must have been so numerous when 
 guild fights were of almost daily occurrence. The 
 formula runs as follows : " On the Monday after the 
 Teast of the Purification of the blessed Mary [Feb. 2nd], 
 in the forty-third year [1368] of the reign of King 
 Edward the Third after the conquest. Master John 
 Dunheued, Master John Hyndstoke, and Nicholas 
 Kyldesby, surgeons, were admitted at full hustings 
 before Simon de Morden [Mayor] and the Aldermen, 
 and were sworn as Master Surgeons of the City of 
 London, to deserve well and truly of the people in 
 doing their cures,^ to take from them reasonable pay- 
 ment, and truly to practise their craft, and to report 
 as often .as need be to the Mayor and Aldermen the 
 faults of those who undertook cures. To take charge 
 of the hurt or wounded, and to give true information 
 to the officers of the City about such persons whether 
 they be in danger of death or not, etc.,^ and to act 
 
 * " Regimen Sauitatis Salernitanum ; " Sir Alex. Croke. Oxford, 
 1830, p. 15. ^ Attending their cases. 
 
 ^ Mr. Riley remarks tliat the abbreviation etc. frequently occurs at 
 the end of a passage : it seems to have been used as a matter of course, 
 
 C ■ . 
 
18 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 upriglitly in all other tilings belonging to tlieir 
 calling."^ 
 
 The next admission of Master Surgeons is dated 
 1389, and although nearly identical in form with the 
 preceding, it presents two points of interest. In the 
 first place there is a distinct recognition of the practice 
 of women ; and secondly, amongst the Master Surgeons 
 admitted is the name of Master John Hynstok. The 
 practice of medicine by the opposite sex was not of 
 recent date, since there were several women whose 
 writmgs were held in high esteem at Salernum, as 
 early as the eleventh centuiy. Dr. William Moore,^ 
 of Dublin, has shown that in the Irish Gruild of 
 Barber- Surgeons, founded in 1446, women are recog- 
 nised as distinctly sharing in the privileges of the 
 foundation. The name of Master Hyndstoke is re- 
 corded in the previous admission twenty years earlier. 
 The John Hynstok here mentioned may be either 
 the same person or a relative. If the two are identical 
 it would give weight to the supposition that the 
 persons admitted as Magistri Surgici were not merely 
 Master Surgeons, but were actually Masters or Alder- 
 men of the Surgeons' Guild, and were thus publicly 
 placed in authority over their brethren. Office bearers 
 of this kind will by-and-by be found to be actually 
 
 in many instances without being needed by tlie context, but rather as a 
 sort of saving clause to cover any omission that might possibly have 
 been made. 
 
 1 Letter Book G, fol. 219. See also RUey ; op. cit. p. 337. 
 
 " " Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science," vol. vi. pp. 76 
 and 101 5 and vol. viii. p. 232, 
 
TEU GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 19 
 
 existing and to be elected time after time, tliougli not 
 at regular intervals. After an interval of twenty years, 
 however, the second John Hynstok might have been 
 the son or other relative of the previous one, and the 
 question as to the exact position of Magistri chirurgici 
 remains unsettled. 
 
 The document runs as follows : " On Monday the 
 tenth day of April, in the thirteenth year of King 
 Eichard the Second, Master John Hynstok, Master 
 GreofFrey Grace, Master John Brademore, and Master 
 Henry Suttone surgeons were admitted in the court 
 of Gruildhall in London, before William Yenour, Mayor, 
 and the Aldermen. They were sworn as Masters 
 Surgical of the aforesaid city, well and truly to serve 
 the people in working their cures, taking of them 
 reasonable recompense, etc. To practise truly their 
 trade, and to make faithful oversight of all others, 
 both men and women, occupied in cures or using the 
 art of surgery, presenting their lack both in practice 
 and medicines so often as needs be to the aforesaid 
 Mayor and Aldermen. They shall be ready when 
 warned thereto to take charge of the hurt or wounded, 
 etc., and to give faithful information to the servants of 
 the City of such hurt or wounded as are in danger 
 of death or not."^ 
 
 At a somewhat earlier period than this is a petition 
 to the Mayor and Aldermen from the unskufui bar- 
 Barbers of London, who, in 1375, com- ^^^'^^^^' 
 plain that "men barbers from Uppeland little skilled 
 
 1 Letter Book H, fol. 248&. See also RUey; op. cit. p. 519. 
 C 2 
 
20 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 in their craft, come into the City from day to day, 
 take houses, and intermeddle with barbery, surgery, 
 and to cure other maladies. Whereas they have not 
 known nor ever were taught how to do such things, 
 to the great danger and cheating of the people, and 
 grievous disgrace of all honest barbers of this City."^ 
 
 It appears from this that the barbers were practising 
 surgery as part of their craft as early as the reign of 
 Edward the Third, though it is not clear how far this 
 practice extended. It is certain, however, that they 
 were desirous of preventing any person using barbery 
 until, as their petition set forth, " they had been found 
 able and skilled in the said art by trial and examination 
 before certain barbers of the City." To this petition 
 the Mayor and Aldermen gave assent, and it was 
 enrolled as an ordinance in the Chamber of London. 
 
 In the year 1392 occurs the first record of a 
 " Magister chirurgorum," or Master of the Surgeons, 
 in the person of Thomas Stodeley, who was sworn on 
 the 7th of May, ^etqre Will: Standon, the Mayor.^ 
 
 The barbers, although considering surgery as part 
 of their craft, since it was recognised as 
 
 Barbers peti- " 
 
 miwarranted ^^^^^ ^J ^^^ Ordinance of 1375, either 
 
 supervision. pmtj -n- • i i • 
 
 tailed to prosper m their surgical practice 
 or found their authority of small avail, in consequence 
 of the existence of surgeons who were not shavers, and 
 over whose actions they had in consequence no control. 
 
 ' This document, on account of its qnaintness and importance, I Lave 
 translated as literally as possible from the Norman French in which it is 
 vrritten. See Aj^pendix A. Letter Book H, fol. 276. Riley, op, ctl p. 393. 
 
 2 Letter Book H, fol. 276. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 21 
 
 In 1409, therefore, the barbers again petitioned the 
 Court of Aldermen, appearing before them by counseL 
 The Court granted their petition, which set out more 
 fully the surgical aspect of the barbers' profession. It 
 appears that the Master Surgeons, thinking themselves 
 empowered to do so by their oath before the Mayor 
 and Aldermen, had interfered with those who practised 
 surgery, among whom were probably some of the barbers. 
 The minute of this petition and its confirmation 
 runs thus. " On Friday, the 7th day of the month 
 of March, in the eleventh year of the reign of King 
 Henry the Fourth from the Conquest (1409), there 
 came before the honourable man, Eichard Merlawe, 
 who was the Mayor of the City of London, good 
 and honest folk, barbers of the said City, by their 
 counsel, John Weston, in the private chamber. There 
 were then present John Shadwithe, Eobert Chichylly, 
 John Waryner, William Norton, Thomas Fauconer, 
 Walter Cotton, Henry Pountfreyt, Stephen Spillman, 
 Henry Barton, William Chichylly, Thomas Pyk, 
 Aldermen, and John Lane, one of the Sheriffs of the 
 aforesaid City. And did present a copy or transcript of 
 a certain petition formerly offered by their 23redecessors, 
 the barbers of the City of London, to the lords, the 
 Mayor, and Aldermen, in the 49th year of the reign of 
 King Edward the Third after the Conquest, John Ward 
 being then Mayor (1375).^ . " . . . And after their 
 petition, or rather ordmance, had been read before 
 Eichard, the Mayor, and the Aldermen and Sheriff, 
 
 1 See Appendix A, page 297. 
 
22 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and had been well considered by them, and had been 
 approved, ratified, and confirmed in each of its articles. 
 It was further unanimously agreed by the whole court 
 that the barbers, who are for themselves and their 
 successors barbers of the City of London, should for 
 ever peaceably enjoy the privileges contained in the 
 ordinance without scrutiny of any person of other craft 
 or trade than barbers. And this neither in shavings, 
 cutting, bleeding, nor other thing in any way pertaining 
 to barbery or to such practice of surgery as is now used 
 or in future to be used within the craft of the said 
 barbers. "■"• 
 
 The powers thus confirmed and increased to the 
 barbers at the expense of the practitioners 
 
 Appointment -^ 
 
 the^Barber-^* in surgcry do not seem to have been 
 
 Surgeons. m • j. p j.i • i 
 
 emcient, even so lar as their own members 
 were concerned, for in 1415 "it was tumultuously 
 reported to Thomas Fauconer Mayor and the court of 
 Aldermen that certain barbers of the city of Loudon, in- 
 experienced in the art of surgery, very frequently take 
 charge of sick and wounded persons with the intent of 
 fraudulently acquiring their goods ; whereby the sick were 
 often worse off at theu^ departure than at their incoming, 
 and on account of the unskilfulness of these barbers 
 were oftentimes maimed, to the scandal of the skilled, 
 and the manifest harm of the people of our Lord 
 the King." Wherefore the Mayor and Aldermen, 
 desirous of putting down such scandals and damage, and 
 also to apply fitting remedy, determined that " by the 
 
 1 Letter Book I, f ol. 94. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 23 
 
 majority of all the barbers practising surgery, and 
 dwelling within the liberties of the City of London, 
 there should be chosen two, the ablest, wisest, and most 
 discreet of all the barbers practising the surgical faculty, 
 to minister what in their opinion was wanting in cases 
 of death and maim,"^ where ignorant persons had the 
 control. 
 
 These masters, as often as they were elected, were to 
 present themselves to the Mayor and Aldermen to be by 
 them sworn. To prevent any dispute in regard to this 
 new procedure the Court of Aldermen took the first 
 election into their own hands. On the third day of 
 May, 1415, the Mayor and Aldermen, after careful 
 deliberation and counsel, "caused to be brought before 
 them the name of every barber practising the art of 
 surgery, and dwelling within the liberty of the City." 
 After due inquiry had been made " the names of Simon 
 Eolf and Eichard Wellys, citizens and barbers of Lon- 
 don, practising the faculty of surgery, were commended 
 above all others, as well for their science and probity 
 as for the divers difficult cures ^ wisely treated by 
 tnem throughout. The witness to their acts being 
 based on sound and undamaged information and good 
 faith." Precepts were therefore issued by the Mayor 
 and Aldermen to one of their sergeants that the said 
 Simon and Eichard should present themselves before 
 the court in the chamber of the Guildhall on Monday, 
 the sixth day of May. 
 
 Upon this Monday the two elect appeared together 
 
 1 Letter Book I, fol. 1496. Riley, op. cit. p. 606. ^ cases. 
 
24 2IEM0BIALS OF 
 
 before the Major, and were accepted aud sworn upon 
 the Holy Grospels of God over all the barbers practismg 
 the faculty of surgery, and dwelling within the City. 
 They took further oath well and faithfully to oversee 
 and superintend their brethren, to keep the rules and 
 ordinances of the craft, to spare no one for love, favour, 
 lucre, or hate ; diligently and without concealment to 
 present to the Chamberlain of the City all faults which 
 they might detect. At all times when called upon so 
 to do to superintend, as in duty bound, all wounds, 
 bruises, maims, and other ills, without asking aught for 
 their trouble. Finally, to do all other things which 
 " are fit and projDer for masters or overseers to perform ; " ^ 
 in good sooth a comprehensive oath. 
 
 Eauconer's ordinance, however, does not seem to 
 have been more effectual than that of Merlawe. In a 
 very short time after this arrangement had been made 
 it is noted that the barber-surgeons " pretending that 
 they w^ere wiser than the overseeing masters," refused 
 to call them to consultation. This may not improbably 
 have been a fact, as it is not unreasonable to believe 
 that the impressment of surgeons for the war w^hich 
 Henry Y. was waging in France ^ not only included 
 surgeons, but also those barber-surgeons who had at- 
 tained to any repute for their skill. Those who had 
 escaped the pressgang would, from their scarcity, be held 
 in high esteem by the neighbours requiring their ser- 
 vices. They would thus be liable to exaggerate their own 
 importance, and set the overseeing masters at defiance. 
 
 ^ Letter Book I, fol. 149&. - See page 47. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 25 
 
 Be this as it may, however, the offences and pretences 
 of these recalcitrant barber-surgeons and the penalties 
 enacted with a view to securing their better 
 
 11. f n f> 1 • 1 i. Presentation 
 
 behaviour tor the luture are amusinojiy set of the sick in 
 
 ^ "^ danger of 
 
 forth in the following ordinance dated July ^iSm"^ 
 4th, 1416. "It was stated on the autho- 
 rity of some trustworthy and discreet citizens of the 
 Craft of Barbers practising surgerj?-, as well as other 
 able, skilful, and worthy persons, that, in defiance of the 
 ordinance, very many unskilful persons of the said Craft 
 of Barbers indiscreetly presume and presumptuously 
 pretend that they are wiser than the overseeing masters 
 and with still less reason utterly disdain to call them to 
 any ailments, or to be by them discreetly advised or 
 diligently overlooked. Whence they desist not from 
 daily taking under their care persons sick and in instant 
 peril of death or maim, without shewing such sick 
 person and their ailment or danger to the overseeing 
 masters. Such sick, therefore, often fall into the 
 greatest danger of death or maim on account of the 
 presumption and unskilfulness of the barbers aforesaid." 
 Whereupon the Lord Mayor and Aldermen are prayed 
 that they would " so far as possible deign to provide 
 a sure remedy as well for the common good of the 
 whole realm as for the special honour- of the City of 
 London."^ 
 
 The result of this representation was that " the 
 Mayor and Aldermen being well disposed to the peti- 
 tion, both for its justice and reasonableness, after due 
 
 1 Letter Book I, fol. 149&. 
 
26 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 consideration, and seeing that many persons in these 
 times dread the loss or payment of money more than 
 the rule of honesty and of a safe conscience, ordain 
 and establish that no barber practising the surgical 
 faculty within the liberty of the City should presume to 
 take under his charge any sick person in actual danger 
 of death or maim without shewing him to the overseeing 
 masters. If such presentations were not made within 
 three days after receiving such sick person the barber 
 so offending was to pay a penalty of six shillings and 
 eightpence for each occasion on which he was found 
 acting contrary to the ordinance. Five shillings of the 
 fine to go to the use of the Chamber in the Gruildhall 
 and twentypence to the use of the barbers." The 
 system of the presentation of the more serious cases here 
 enforced was a jealously guarded privilege until a late 
 period in the history of the united and incorporated 
 barbers and surgeons. It was productive of much bene- 
 fit to the science of surgery ; and a somewhat similar plan, 
 as we shall see later on, is still pursued in one of the large 
 metropolitan hospitals in this kingdom.-^ On the 2nd of 
 October, 1416, John Parker and Simon Rolf were sworn 
 in as the overseeing masters of the faculty.^ 
 
 Barber-surgeons who had ceased entirely to act as 
 barbers must from henceforth be considered as a dis- 
 tinct class in the guild of barber-surgeons. The con- 
 trol over them, as well as the oversight of aE who 
 professed to practise surgery, devolved upon the • two 
 masters appointed by the ordinance of the Court of 
 
 1 See chapter viii. iJage 144. ^ Letter Book I, fol. 166b. 
 
TBE CBAFT OF SUBGFBY. 27 
 
 Aldermen. In like manner masters of the barbers 
 practising barbery were annually selected. But the two 
 officers in no case interfered with each other, and in the 
 records of the annual swearing in of the masters of the 
 barbers' guild (a fellowship which, as we have seen, 
 preceded by many years the foundation of the Barber- 
 Surgeons' Company, and is in no way to be confounded 
 with it) the two masters who are to govern the 
 barbers practising surgery are always designated as 
 Magistri barhitonsorum cirurg. facult. exercent., and as 
 such are distinct from the Magistri harhitonsorum. The 
 Magistri diirurgorum or Masters of the Gruild of Surgeons 
 were sworn separately, so they clearly had no con- 
 nection direct or indirect with the Gruild or confraternity 
 of Barbers. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ENGLISH PRACTITIONERS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 
 
 JOHN OF GADDESDEN AND JOHN OF ARDERNE. 
 
 In tlie reign of Edward the Third there lived in 
 Twopracti- England two very remarkable men belong- 
 
 tioners of the . . n • rr\i t i 
 
 fourteenth m^ to our proiession. Ine one was John 
 
 century. '-' ^ 
 
 o£ Gaddesden, a physician, the other John 
 of Arderne, a surgeon. They appear to have been men 
 of a very different type of character. Gaddesden was 
 a follower of Galen, and his book is WTitten upon 
 Galenian principles, with comparatively few cases, 
 whilst Arderne refers but seldom to Galen or any other 
 writer, and his work consists chiefly of the cases which 
 he had himself treated. 
 
 John of Gaddesden, or Johannes Anglicus, concerning 
 , , . whose life but few authentic facts have 
 
 John or 
 
 Gaddesden. ^^gachcd US, flourished about 1320 ; he was 
 a member of Merton College, Oxford, a doctor of physic, 
 as well as an ecclesiastic ; he was the first Englishman 
 employed at Court as a physician, and he appears to 
 have obtained the prebendal stall of Ealdland in St. 
 Paul's Cathedral. As physician to Edward the Second 
 and his son, Gaddesden may have met Chaucer, who 
 w^as one of Prince Lionel's personal attendants in the 
 year 1357, and was acting: as valet to the kin^ in 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 29 
 
 1307, whilst John was a young doctor of physic in 
 13.20. It would be interesting to imagine that the poet 
 and the physician had met ; in an^^ case, however, 
 the reputation of Gaddesden had reached the author of 
 the Canterbury Tales, who thus mentions him in his 
 Prologue-^ amongst the classical authors of medicine in 
 describing the learning of his doctor of physic : 
 
 " VVel knew he tlie olde Esculapius, 
 And Deiscorides and eek Rufus ; 
 Okl Ypocras, Haly, and Galien ; 
 Serapyon, Razis, and Avycen ; 
 Averrois, Damascien, and Constantyn ; 
 Bernard, and Gatesden, and Gilbertyn." 
 
 The work by which Gaddesden became celebrated is 
 the " Eosa Anglica," in which he treats of fevers and 
 injuries of all parts of the body, of hygiene, dietetics, 
 and materia medica. It became a text-book of medicine 
 throughout Europe. Although drawn largely from 
 previous writers, it is illustrated by the author's own 
 practice, and is interesting as a register of the medical 
 and surgical knowledge of the time at which it was 
 written. Such knowledge however, had not advanced 
 far if we may judge by the author's well-known 
 recommendation that a patient suffering from small- 
 pox should be wrapped in scarlet or some other red 
 cloth, " as," sa3'^s he, " when the son of the illustrious 
 king of England (Edward II.) had the small-pox, for 
 I took care that everything about his couch should 
 be red, and his cure was perfectly effected, for he was 
 restored to health without a trace of the disease." The 
 
 'Prologue, line 429. Ed. R. Morris, Oxford, 1874. Clarendou Press. 
 
30 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 style of the work is amusing, and the author quotes 
 verses on almost every page. 
 
 John of Arderne, or Arden ^ (Plate II.), was born 
 John of ^^ 1307. He practised in Newark from 
 
 r erne. 1349 to 1370, and being then sixty-seven 
 
 years of age, and having acquired a large practice and a 
 high reputation, he proceeded to London, whence, in 
 1377, he dates his book "De Cura Oculi." Arderne 
 describes himself as " chirurgus inter medicos " (a 
 surgeon amongst physicians), but he nowhere affords us 
 any information as to his place of study, or the means 
 whereby he attained his knowledge. He was a specialist, 
 devoting his attention to the treatment and cure of the 
 various fistulse which occur in the different parts of the 
 body, though he by no means confined himself to this 
 particular branch of his profession, and his chief work 
 treats of a great variety of surgical subjects. He shall, 
 however, tell his own story, and show how modestly 
 he could advertise his merits. His Latin work on 
 fistula was translated in the early part of the fifteenth 
 century. It is from this translation that I extract the 
 following :^ 
 
 " Of ye ploge of fistula in ano and of ye manere of 
 ye leche and of instrumentis necessary for 
 
 ye fistule. 
 
 " John Arderne fro the first pestilence that was in 
 
 1 Further particulars about John of Gaddesden may be obtained from 
 Freind's " History of Physic," ed. j. part ii. -pp. 277 — 293; and of John 
 Arderne in the same work, pp. 325 — 332. The date of the latter's birth is 
 fixed by the Sloane MS., No. 75, fol. 146. 
 
 - Sloane MS., No. 6, fol. 142 et seqq. 
 
j->-.-«.v' 'c!tcii/''"^ •^•■.^^■*W' 
 
 JOHN OF ARDERNE. 
 
 {b'rom, KU "Praxis MfAica" : Sloane Collection.) 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBT. 31 
 
 tlie 3ere^ of oure Lord 1349^ duellid in Newerk in 
 Notyngham sliire vnto^ the 3ere of oure lord 1370 and 
 ther I helid many men of fistula in ano, of Whiche the 
 first was sire Adam E;i5(?ryngham of Laxton in the clay 
 by side Tukkesford Whiche sire Adam forsoth Was in 
 Gascone with sir henry that tyme named Erie of Derby 
 and after was made Duke of Ian cast re a noble and 
 worthi lord. The forsaid sir Adam forsoth suffrand^ 
 fistulam in ano made for to aske counsel at all the lechez 
 and cirurgions that he my3t fynde in Grascone at 
 Burdeux atBressac Tolows and Neyrbron^ andPeyters^ 
 and many other places And all forsoke hym for 
 vncurable whiche yse'' and yherde^ ye forsaid Adam 
 
 1 The character 3 has various forms. At the beginning of a word it is 
 to be sounded as y, so that }ard is our modern yard ; in the middle of a 
 word it liad a guttural sound, still represented in our spelling by gh, as in 
 li;}t for light ; at the end of a word it either had the same sound or stood 
 for z. In fact, the character for z was commonly made precisely like it, 
 although sparingly employed; yet we find marchauyitz for marchaunts, 
 where the z, by the way, must necessarily have been sounded as s. This 
 use of the character is French, and appears chiefly in French words. In 
 early French MSS. it is very common, and denotes z only. (" Specimens of 
 Early English," by Morris and Skeat. Clarendon Press, 1879, part ii. p. xvi.) 
 
 2 24 Edw. III. 
 
 ^ The characters v and u require particular attention. The latter is 
 freely used to denote both the modern sounds, and the reader must be 
 prepared at any moment to treat it as a consonant. Thus the words haue, 
 Hue, diuerse are to be read have, live, diverse ; where it will be observed 
 that the symbol appears between two vowels. The former is used sparingly 
 (except when written in place of / in Southern MSS.), but sometimes 
 • denotes the modern ii, chiefly at the beginning of a word. The following 
 are some of the common examples of it . . . viz. vce or vse (use), 
 vtter (utter), vp (up), etc. (Morris and Skeat ; ojp. cit. p. xiv.) 
 
 * suffering from a. ^ Narbonue. '^ Poictiers. 
 
 "^ T, prefix answering to the German and Anglo-Saxon ge, is usually 
 prefixed to past participles, but also to past tenses, present tenses, 
 adjectives and adverbs. (Morris and Skeat ; op. cii. p. 483.) 
 
 ** seen and heard. 
 
32 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 hastied for to torne horn to his contre. And wlien he 
 come horn lie did of ^ al liis kiiy3tly clotliinges and cladde 
 mornyng clothes in j??z^rpose of abydyng dissoluyng 
 or lesyng of his body heyng ni3 to hym. At last I 
 forseid John Arderne ysou3t'^ and couenant ymade come 
 to hym and did my cure to hym and oure lord heyng 
 mene ^ I helid hym /'(?rfitely within half a 3ere. And 
 aftirward hole and sounde he ledde a glad lif by 30 
 3ere and more, fFor whiche cure I gatte myche honour 
 and louyng ^ t/iui^ ^ al ynglond. And the forsaid Duke 
 of Lancastre and many other gentilez wondred therof. 
 
 "Afterward I cured Hugon Derlyng of fowick of 
 Balne by Snaype. Afterward I cured John Schefeld of 
 Bri3twell aside Tekyll. Afterward I cured Sir Eeynald 
 G-rey lord of Wilton in Wale3 and lord of Schulond biside 
 Chesterfelde Whiche asked counsel at the most famose 
 leches of yngland and none availed hym. Afterward 
 I cured sir henry Blakborne clerk Tresorer of the lord 
 prince of Walez. Afterward I cured Adam Grumfray of 
 Shelforde byside Notyngham and sir John preste of the 
 same toune and John of holle of Shirlande and sir 
 Thomas Hamelden parsone of langare in the Yale of 
 Beuare. Afterward I hehd Sir John Masty, pc/rsone of 
 Stopporte in Chestre shire. Afterward I cured frere 
 Thomas Gun;?y custode of the frere niynor* ^ of 3orke. 
 Afterward in the 3ere of oure lord 1370 I come to 
 london and ther I cured John Colyn maire of Northamp- 
 ton that asked counsel at many lechez. Afterward I 
 
 ^ put aside. ^ tlie instrnmeut. ^ throngliout. 
 
 2 sought. * praise. *' miuors. 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 33 
 
 lielid or cured Hew denny ffisslimonger of london in 
 Briggestrete and William Polle and Eaufe Double 
 And one that was called Thomas Broune that had iij 
 holes by whiche went out wynde with egestious odour 
 that is to sey 3 holez of the tone party of the ersse and 
 7 on the tother side. Of whiche some holez was 
 distant fro the towelP by the space of the handbrede 
 of a man so that bothe his buttoke^' was so vlcerate and 
 putrefied within that the quitour ^ and filtlie went out 
 ich day als mych as an egg shel mi3t take. Afterward 
 I cured 4 frere3 prechowcs ^ that is to sey ffrere John 
 Britell, ffrere John Haket, ffrere petre Browne, ffrere 
 Thomas Apperlay and a 3ong man called Thomas Vske 
 of whiche forseid som had only on hoi y distaui>^te from 
 the towel by oon ynch or by two or by thre. And 
 other had 8 or 9 holez procedyng to the codde of the 
 testiclez And many other -msinners of which the tellyng 
 war ful hard. 
 
 " All these forseid cured I afore the makyng of this 
 boke oure lord Ihsu y blessid God knoweth that I lye 
 no3t. And therefore no man dout of this t/ioi al ^ old 
 isimous men and ful clere^ in studie haue confessed 
 tham that thei fande nat the wey of curation in this 
 case ; ffor god that is deler or rewarder of Wisdom 
 hathe hid many thingis fro wise men and sli3e^ whiche 
 he Youchessdet/i afterward for to she we to symple men. 
 Therfore al men t/isit are to "come afterward witte ' 
 thai that old maistere3 war no3t bisie ne p(?rtinace3 in 
 
 ^ anus. ^ preachers. ^ renowned. ^ umlei'stand. 
 
 ^ pus. * altliougli. ^ cunning. 
 
 D 
 
"34 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 sekyng and sercliyng of the forseid cure. But for thai 
 mijt iio3t take the hardness of it at the first frount, 
 thei kept it vtterly byhinde t/iair bak. Of whiche forsot/i 
 som demed it holy ^ for to be incurable others applied 
 doutful opinions. Therfore for alsmyche in hard 
 thingis it spedith to studiers for to j??prseuere and abide 
 and for to turne subtily thair wittes ffor it is opned not 
 to t}i?cm. that are passand ^ but to tham thdX ar perse- 
 uerand.^ Therfore to the honour of god almy3ti that 
 hath opned witte to me that I should fynde tresour 
 hidde in the felde of studiers that ^ long tyme with 
 pantyng breest I have swette and trauailed ful bisily 
 and p^rtinacely. 
 
 "As my faculte su^cef/i without fair spekyng of 
 endityng I haue brou3t for to shew it openly to tham 
 that cometh aftur, our lord beyng [nigh] me and this 
 boke, no3t that I shewe my self more worthi of louying 
 of suche a gifte than other, but that I greue not god 
 and for the dragme^ that he hath giJffen to me that I be 
 not constrejmed for treson. Therfore I pray that the 
 grace of the holy gost be to this werke that he vouche- 
 saf for to spede it : that the thingis whiche in wirking 
 trewly I am ofte tymes experte I may plenevly ^ explane 
 tham in this litel boke. It is lefuU forsoM for to sey 
 that '' is knowen and for to witnes that is seene. 
 
 " And this I sey that I know no3t in al my tyme ne 
 heard no3t in al my tyme of any man nof/ieY^ in yngland 
 ne in ^ariie^ bi3onde t/ie see, that kouthe cure fistula in 
 
 ^ -wliolly. ^ persevering. ^ draelima or talent. "' wliat. 
 
 2 passive. ■* in wliicli. " fully. * neither. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGFBY. 35 
 
 a??o outake ^ a frere minor that was wit/ie the prince 
 of Wale3 in gascon and gyan ^ whiche rosed and hosted 
 hym that he had cured the forseid sekenes. And at 
 london he deceyued many men. And when he mi3t 
 no5t cure som man he made suggestion to tham that no 
 man mijt cure tham and that affermed he with swering 
 that 3if the fistule was dried that the pacient at the 
 next schuld no3t eschape dethe whiche forsot/i ylefte 
 and ioYsake of hym I cured perfitely. And to remoue 
 false opinions of ignorant men for witnes I putte ex- 
 pmence. Avicen tovsofk seith experience ouercomet/i 
 reson and GaHen in pantegniis'^ ^<d\tli no man ovv for 
 to trust in reson aloon but 3if ^ it be proued of ex- 
 pmence. And he seith in anoMer place Exp<?rience 
 withoute reson is feble amd so is reson withoute ex- 
 pmence fest vnto hym.^ Ne^'/^erlesse I afFerme no3t that 
 I mi3t hele al ffistidce in ano ffor som hen vncurable 
 as it shal be seid within when I shal trete of tham." 
 
 The second extract from the same author is still 
 more interesting, and although somewhat lengthy, it 
 will well repay perusal. It shows what a thorough man 
 of the world John of Arderne must have been : the quaint 
 touches here and there are most humorous and graphic. 
 The fees which he charged for making his cures are 
 rather appal hng when it is taken, into consideration 
 that money at the time in which he wrote was at least 
 twelve times more valuable than it is at present, and even 
 for the nineteenth century the sums he mentions are 
 
 ^ except. ^ A well-known treatise by Galen. 
 
 2 Guieune. " except. '' to back it. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 considerable. The principles laid down by the author 
 for the guidance of the leech in regard to his patients as 
 well as in his dealings with his colleagues cannot be held 
 in too high estimation. It would surely be well if we 
 could at all times act in the same gentle manner towards 
 our brethren in the profession, and answer courteously 
 when asked of their practice, " I have nought hearde of 
 hym but gode and honest." 
 
 A fair estimate of a well-conducted medical prac- 
 titioner in John of Arderne's time, may be obtained 
 from his description 
 
 " Of ye manere ^ of te Leche. 
 " Ffirst it behoueth hym that^ wil profite in this 
 crafte, that he sette Grod afore euermore in alle his 
 werkis and euermore calle mekely with hert and mouth 
 his help. And somtyme visite of his wynnyngis poure 
 men after his my3t, that thai by thair prayers may gete 
 hym grace of the holy goste. And that he be no3t 
 yfounden temerarie ^ or bosteful in his seyingis or in his 
 dedes. And abstene he hym fro moche speche, and 
 most among grete men. And answere he slei3ly^ to 
 thinge^ yasked, that he be no3t ytake in his wordes. 
 rforsoth 3if his Werkes be oft tyme knowen for to 
 discord fro his Wordes and his byhestis,* he shal be 
 halden more vnworthi and he shal blemyssh his owne 
 gode fame : wherfore seith a versifio?(jr Vincat opus 
 verbum, minuit iactantia famam. Werke ouer come thi 
 Worde, for boste lesseneth gode lose.^ Also be a leche 
 
 1 behayiour. ^ -warily. s report. 
 
 2 rash. * promises. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 37 
 
 no3t mich. laughyng ne mich playing. And als moclie 
 as he may withoute harm, fie he ye felowshippe of 
 knafes and of vnaniste ^ persones. And be he eue?'- 
 more occupied in thingis that biholdith to his crafte, 
 outhir ^ rede he, or studie he, or Write or pray he, for 
 the exercyse of bokes Worshippef/^ a leche ; ffor Why, 
 he shal hot/i be holden and he shal be more Wise. And 
 aboue al t/iise, it profiteth to hym that he be founden 
 enermore sobre, ffor dronkenne3 destroyeth al vertu and 
 bringith it to not,^ as seith a Wise man. Ehrietas frang- 
 it, quicquid sapientia tangit. Dronkenes breketh what 
 so Wisdom toucheth. Be he content in strange places 
 of metes and drinkes thai yfounden, vsyng mesure in 
 al thinge-5; ffor the wise man seith Sicut ad omne 
 quod est mensuram poneie 'prodest : sic sine mensura, 
 deiperit omne quod est. As it profiteth to putte mesure 
 to al thingis that is, So without mesure iperisshetk alle 
 thingis that is. Skorne he no man ffor of that it 
 is seid Deridens alios non inderisus abibit : He that 
 skorneth other men shal not go away vnskorned, 3if 
 ther be made speche to hym of any leche nouther sette he 
 hym at nou3t, ne preise hym to mich or comw.ende hym 
 but thus may he curteysly answere, I haue no3t eny 
 knowleche of hym, but I lerned no3t ne I have not herd 
 of hym but gode and honeste ; and of this shal honour 
 and thankyngis of eche parij encresse and multiplie to 
 hym ; aftur this, Honour is in" the honorant ajid no3t in 
 the honored. Consider he no3t ouer openly the lady or 
 the dou3ters or other: fair wymwzen in gret men^^e's 
 
 ^ disreputable. ^ either. ^ nought. 
 
38 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 houses ne profre tliam no3t to kisse, ne touclie no5t 
 prmely ne a^ertely ^ thair pappes ne tliair handes ne tliair 
 share, that h.e renne no3t in to the indignacion of the 
 lord ne of noon of his. Inasmoche as he may, greue lie 
 no seruant, but gete lie thair loue and thair gode Wille. 
 Abstene he liym fro harlotrie als wele in wordes as in 
 dedes in euery place, for 3if he vse him to harlotery in 
 priue places, som tyme in opene place tlier may falle 
 to him vnworship of yuel ^ vsage aftir t/iai it is seyde 
 I^ede super coUes, pedes vbi pedere nolles. And it is 
 seid in diXiother place, Shrewed specbe corruprith. gode 
 -m2i\iners. 
 
 " When seke men forsoth or any of thair bysyde ^ 
 QOTneth to the leche to aske help or cou;zsel of hym be 
 he no3t to ///am 02ier fewe ne oner homely, but mene in 
 beryng after the askyngis^ of the persone3, to somi? 
 reuerently, to some comonly, ffor after ^ Wise men, ouer 
 moche homelynes brede//^ dispisyng. Also it spede//^ 
 ///at he haue semying excusacions ^ that he may iio3t 
 incline to /y^air askyng without harmyng, or without 
 indignacion of som gret man or frende, or for necessarie 
 occupacion. : or f eyne '' he hym hurt or for to be seke or 
 som other couenable ^ cause, by whiche he may likly be 
 excused. Therfor 3if he will fauvoz/r to any ma;aies 
 askyng, make he couenant for his trauaile and take it 
 byfore liande3. But avise the leche hym selfe wele, 
 that he giffe no certayn answer in any cause but he se 
 
 ^ openly. 
 
 * requirements. 
 
 '' feign. 
 
 2 evil 
 
 ^ according to. 
 
 * convenient. 
 
 3 relatives. 
 
 6 proper excuses. 
 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SURGE BY. 39 
 
 fust ike sikenes and t/ie maner of it ; and wliau he 
 h.3i,t/i seen and assaied it, //^ofal * liym seme that the seke 
 may be heled ne^'/^lesse he shal make j!?ronosticacion to 
 t/ie pacient f/ie perile} to come 3if the cure be difFerred. 
 And jif he se fke pacient perseiue bisily the cm-e, Man 
 after t/iai the state of t//e pacient asketh, aske he boldly 
 more or lesse but euer be he warre of scarse askyng?^ 
 ffor ou6'r scarse askyngz^ seiief/i at not both t/ie 
 markette and t/ie thing. Therfore for the cure oifstida 
 in ano, when it is curable aske he co?;«petently of a 
 worthi man and a gret an hundred marke or fourty 
 pounde, with robez and feez of an hundred shillyns, 
 terme of life, by 3ere. Of lesse men fourty pounde, or 
 fourty mark^5 aske he, without feez. And take he no3t 
 lesse //^an an hundred shillyns ; fltor neuer, in alle my 
 lyf, toke I lesse than an hundred shillyns for cure of 
 that sekeness. ^e^er/esse, do another man as hym 
 Mink better and more spedefulle. 
 
 "And 3if the pacientes or thair frendez or seruantz 
 aske by how moche tyme he hopeth to hele it, euer 
 more lat the leche byhete ^ the double, Mat he supposeth 
 to spede, by half, that is 3if the leche hope to hele ye 
 pacient by twenty wekes, that is the comon course of 
 curing, adde he so many euer ; ffor it is better that the 
 terme be lengthed Man the cure ; for jyrolongacion of 
 the cure giffeM cause of dispairyng to the pacientes ; 
 when triste ^ to the leche is moste hope of helthe. And 
 3if the pacient considere or wondre or aske, Why that 
 he putte hym so long a tyme of curyng, siMe Mat he 
 
 ^ although. - uame. ^ trust. 
 
40 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 heled hym by the halfe ? Answere he, that it was for 
 that the pacient was strong herted and sufFred wele 
 shsLYj) t/iingis, and that he was of gode complexion, and 
 hadde able fleshe to hele, a??d feyne he other causes 
 pleseable to the pacient for pacientez of sjche wordez 
 are proude and delited. 
 
 " Also dispose a leche him, that in clothes and other 
 apparalyngis he be honeste no3t likkenyng him self in 
 ajDparalyng or beryng to mynstrallez ; but in clothing 
 and beryng sewe ^ he the maner of clerkes ; ffor why it 
 seemeth any discrete man ycladde with clerkes 
 clothing for to occupie gentil menez hordes. Haue the 
 leche also clene handes, and well shapen nailez a?id 
 clensed fro all blaknes and filthe. And be he curtaise ^ 
 at lordez bordez, and displese he no3t in wordes or dedes 
 to the gestes syttyng by. Here he many t/imgis, but 
 speke he but fewe, ffor a wise man seith. It semeth 
 more to Yse the eres than t//e tunge. And in anot/ier 
 place, 3if thou had bene stille thou had bene holden a 
 philosophre. And whan he shal speke, be the wordze 
 short, and als mich as he may, faire and resonable and 
 withoute sweryng. Beware that ther be neuer founden 
 double worde in his mouthe ; ffor 3if he be founden trew 
 in his wordes, fewe or noon shall doute in his dedez. 
 
 "Heve also a 3ong leche gode jorouerbez pertenyng to 
 his crafte in coumforty;?g of pacientez. Or 3if 23acientes 
 pleyne that ther medicynes bene bitter or sharp or sich 
 other ; than shal the leche sey to the pacient thus : It is 
 redde in the last lesson of matyns of the natiuitie of oure 
 
 1 follow. ^ courteous. 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 41 
 
 lord, tliat oure lord Jhesti wiste come into this world for 
 the heltlie of mannes kynd, to the maner of a gode leche 
 and wise. And when he cometh to the seke man he 
 sheweth him medicynes some li3t and som hard. And he 
 seiz^// to the seke man, 3if you wilt he made hole, t/dse 
 and t/dse shal thou take. Also in another place, in an 
 omely ^ vpon the gospel of the sonez of Zebedee, wher 
 t/tev moder askid seying, Lord sey t/isiit my two sones 
 sitte in thy kyngdome t/ie tone on t/d ri3t hand and 
 the iot/ier on the lefte. And Jhesu answeryng seid, 30 
 wote ^ neuer what 3e aske. 7%an seid he to the sonez of 
 Zebedee, may 3e drinke the chalice that I am to drink, 
 t/iSii seid to hym We may. As 3if he seid to t/isun, 3if 
 30ure soule or mynd couate t/isii delite drinke ye first 
 t/iSii soYYowet/i ^ or aket/i : And so by bitter drinke of 
 confeccion^ it is come to the ioyes of hel///e. 
 
 " Oner that hym ow to comforte the pacient in mony- 
 sshyng hym, that in anguisshes he be of gret hert ; ffor gret 
 hert Taaket/i a man hardy and strong to suffre sharp t/dngis 
 and greuous. And it is a gret vertue and an happy ; 
 ffor BoEcius seit/i, De disciplina scolarmn, he is no3t 
 worMie of the poynt of swetnes that kan no3t be lyrned 
 with greuyng of bitternes ; ffor why, a strong medicyne 
 answereth to a strong sekenes. And thereon seit/i a wise 
 man. Be no cure sene heuyor greuous to the, to whiche 
 iolowet/i ane helefuU effecte. And in anot/ier place it 
 is seid, Happy or blessid be t/isii day t/mt ordeyneM 
 mery 3eres. And anoMer seith, He may neuer be in 
 reste of body Mat is oute of reste of soule. I will suffre 
 
 1 homily. ^ know. ^ i.e. what causetli sorrow. * drug. 
 
42 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 iesse t/dngis t/isii I suffre nojt more greuous. It semet/i 
 a gret herted man for to sufFre sharp t/iingh ! lie iorsotk 
 tka,i is wayke of hert is no3t in way of curacion : fFor 
 why, foYsot/ie in al my lyf I haue sene but fewe 
 laborante in t/ds vice heled in any sikenes. Therior it 
 is to bewar to wise men t/isit thei entremette ^ nojt with 
 sich : fFor whi, tliQ wise man ^Qith, AUe tJdngi% ar hard 
 to a waik hert man, for th^i trow euer more yuellez ^ to 
 be ny3e to th2dm.; thei drede euermore, t/isd suffre no 
 t/dngis, tlidd are uermore vnstable and vnwise ?f/^erfor a 
 versifio«i(r seiyth of them, Qiiamvis nil pacior, paciendi me 
 tetiet horror, tlidui is, Thoi al I sufFre no^/ang vgglynes of 
 sufFryng holdeth me. 
 
 "Also it spedeth titdii a leche kanne talke of gode talez 
 and of honest that may make the pacientes to laugh, as 
 wele of the biblee as of other tragediez a7id any other 
 ^/^ingis of whiche it is no3t to charge whilez that they 
 make or induce a li3t hert to the pacient or the sike man. 
 
 " Discouer neuer the leche vnwarJy ^ the cou^sellez of 
 his pacientez als wele of men as of wymmen ne sette 
 no3t oon to 2iiiother at no3t, thof al he haue cause ^^at 
 he be no3t gilty of coui^sell, fFor 3if a man se ye hede 
 wele a nother man^^es counsel he will wist better in ye. 
 
 " Many thmgis forso///e bene to be kept of a leche 
 withoute* these that ar seid afore ?f//att may no3t be 
 noted here for ouer moche occupying. But it is no3t to 
 dout thdii if the forseid be well kepte Mat ne Mai shal 
 giffe a gracious going to the vser to the ]ib,ie of Worship 
 and of Wyn;^yng, for Caton seiM Virtutem prwiam imputa 
 
 1 intermeddle. ^ evils. ^ unwarily. * in addition to. 
 
John of Arderne's Instruments for thf, curk of 
 Fistula in ano. 
 
 {Sloane MSS.) 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBT. 43 
 
 compescere linguam.. The first virtu trow you to be to 
 refrayne ih^ tong." 
 
 After this account of the line of conduct to be 
 adopted by the fourteenth century surgeons, there 
 follows a short account " of instrumentis necessary for 
 the fistle/' with the rude figures appended, which are 
 represented in Plate III.^ " Aftur al z'/ase it houeth that 
 he knowe ///e names of ili^ instrumentis tlid^i perteneth to 
 th^ cure of th% fistule withoute whiche a leche may no3t 
 wele spede hym. Of which tliQ first is called Seqiiere me 
 folowe me, whose shap is showed where tliQ instru- 
 mentez are paynted [PL III., Fig. 1]. And it is called 
 sequere me for it is iliQ first instrument pertenyng 
 to tlidbi work, for a lech ow for to serche //^erwith the way 
 of the fistule Whider it ^oeth, y\[\\etlier by the middez of 
 longanon^ or no3t. And it ow ^ to be made on the same 
 vaminer as Wyw^men M^eth in zf//air heuedez ^ and of tlie 
 same metal, and it ow to be smal tli2ii it may lijtly be 
 plied ^ and replied.^ And be tlie heuedez als little as 
 thai may wele be ellez tlid^i mijt no3t wele entre tlie 
 mouM of the fistule for the streitnes of it. Ffor wh}- 
 oftymez fistulge in ano hath ri3t smale holez. . . 
 
 "Aftward is titer 2in.other instrument //^at is called 
 Acus rostraia a snowted nedle [PL III., Fig. 2j for it hath 
 the tone heued like a snowte and in the i' other an 
 y3e ^ like a nedel by v^hich ///redes ow to be draweh 
 agayn by middez of the fistule as it shal be seid agayn 
 in his place. And it ow to be of siluer as it is paynted, 
 
 ^ Sloane MS., No. 2002, fol. 24, in the British Museum Library. 
 
 2 the rectum. ^ ought. * heads. ^ bent. ^ rebent. " eye. 
 
44 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and it ow to be no gretter ne longer in t/ie snowte t/iaja. 
 as it is paynted but it ow to be longer atte the left 
 t/mi it contene in al 8 vnclies in lengf/ie. 
 
 " T//e t/did instrument is called tendicula and it ow 
 to be made of boxe or of anoMir competent tree nouz'/^er ^ 
 lenger ne greter f/zan Ms sbap is paynted [PL III., Fig. 
 3j. And it ow to haue an bole z'/a-ugb^ in th^ side as it 
 is peynted. In wbicbe bole be z'^ere putte in a wrayst ^ 
 by middez of wbicbe wraiste in tM ouer * end sbal be a 
 litel bole ?'//rugb wbicbe sbal be putte iliQ two endes of 
 grete f/^-ede four folde goyng atte firste by tli^ towel ^ 
 and iliQ bole of tlm fistule w^bicbe zf/a^ede is Q,2iS\.^Afrenum 
 cesaris [PL III., Fig. 4] and tbe wbicbe also goyng atwyx 
 fJiQ wraiste in wraistyng the skynne atwyx the towel and 
 the fistule be faste constreyned aboue the snowte of the 
 nedel unto f/^at kutyng^ be done. 
 
 " Biringa is an bolow instrument by the middez, and it 
 ow to be made of tbe sbappe as it is peynted bere [PL III., 
 Fig. 5] YLOVither greter ne longer but even after the sbappe 
 as it is peynted bere, ne baue it no3t but oon bole in. 
 tbe ne///er ende or smaller ende as it is peynted bere." 
 
 Towards tbe end of tbe manuscript Englisb translation 
 of Jobn of Arderne's work in tbe Britisb Museum '' are 
 tbe series of little drawings reproduced in Plate lY. 
 
 Tbe explanatory lines in tbe plate run as follows : 
 
 Above tbe top row of figures tbe first line is lost, 
 but tbe second remains, as : 
 
 " & resonalole ^ go"ue?'na/ice of law & of lynyng." ^ 
 
 1 nothing. ^ twist. '° anus. '' Sloane MS., No. 6, fol. 1756. 
 
 ^ thrcngh. "^ other. ^ cutting. * reasonable. ^ living. 
 
f- -)■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -45'- 
 
 u^ 
 
 "W) 
 
 
 
 il.l.USTKATluNS I'ROiM JoHN OF AkDERNe's MANUSCRIPT. 
 
 (Sloaiie A/SS.) 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 45 
 
 Above the second row of figures to the left are the 
 lines : 
 
 "j^sculapms helyd vaemie witA 
 fernice*^ ^ & medicines." 
 
 Whilst to the right may be deciphered : 
 
 " AscliepiMS ' taught to geder ^ rots ^ 
 And herbez, flourw, & froiez." ^ 
 
 Whilst above the bottom line of figures on the left 
 is written : 
 
 " Ascliepiws schewed mesures 
 And qua?itities, weglitez & wases."^ 
 
 In the middle : 
 
 " Asclepiws techefh 
 to mak pulueres '' 
 [Conieccionis &, electuaries." 
 
 And finally on the right-hand side of the page is 
 
 " Ypocras & galen schewetJi certeyne 
 Qua??tities in reseyuyng." ® 
 
 ^ ferns. ^ gather. ^ fruits. ^ powders. 
 
 ^ -i^sculapius. * roots. ^ bundles: tow. * receiving (?). 
 
CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 TEE ATIMY SURGEONS THE CONJOINT COLLEGE THE 
 
 FRATEENITY OF SURGEONS. 
 
 In the spring of 1415, Henry V. crossed the Channel to 
 The army engage in that campaign which terminated 
 
 SUrSfGODS 
 
 during the SO successfuUv for Eng^knd on Oct. 25th 
 
 hundred years -^ o 
 
 ^^^' at the field of Agincourt. The army 
 
 medical arrangements during this expedition are pre- 
 served in the indentures^ made by the king with 
 his physician Nicholas Colnet and with his surgeon 
 Thomas Morstede. The indentures are dated April 29th, 
 1415, and they set forth that ISTicholas Colnet was to 
 accompany Henry for a year into Guienne and France. 
 As physician to the forces he was to be attended by 
 three archers for a guard, each archer receiving sixpence 
 a day, whilst Colnet drew twelvepence for his own pay. 
 Thomas Morstede like his colleague had three archers 
 assigned to him. He too received twelvepence a day 
 in addition to the usual allowance of one hundred marks 
 a quarter — the pay, it is stated, for thirty men-at-arms. 
 The surgical department, however, from the nature of 
 the warfare, which produced many lacerated wounds, was 
 placed upon the more extensive footing, for whilst a single 
 physician was considered to be capable of attending to 
 the wants of the army, the surgeon was directed to take 
 
 lEymer, "Foedera," p. 237, vol. iv. p. 117. Ed. 1740. 
 
MEMORIALS OF TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 47 
 
 with him twelve of his own craft. Each subordinate 
 surgeon was to receive the pay of an archer (sixpence 
 a day), and as a pledge for the punctual payment of the 
 daily and quarterly allowances, Colnet and Morstede 
 were permitted to take certain jewels belonging to the 
 king. 
 
 On May 26th, 1415, shortly after his appointment, 
 Morstede ^ petitioned the king to command and assign a 
 sum of money for the purchase of such things as were 
 necessary for his office so long as the campaign should 
 continue. He also desired that the king would command 
 such persons to act under Morstede, and that he would 
 pay them such wages as that surgeon should appoint ; 
 and that in his wise discretion he would assisfn all kinds 
 of conveyance necessary for the service, viz. one chariot 
 and two waggons. The petitioner further inquires 
 in a discreet manner, what war wages he is to receive 
 for himself and for the other persons whom he engages 
 to serve under him, and how many attendants are to be 
 allowed him during the campaign. The answer to the 
 petition runs : " The king has granted twelve persons 
 of the craft, one chariot and two waggons." This 
 cannot be considered as an overwhelming surgical staff 
 for an army which, at the outset, consisted of six 
 thousand men-at-arms, and twenty-four thousand foot, 
 mostly archers. In a second petition, which is undated, 
 Morstede prays the king " to grant his letters of Privy 
 Seal directed to your Chancellor of England to cause him 
 to deliver to your suppliant, letters of commission under 
 
 1 Rymer, "Fcedera," vol. iv. part 2, p. 123. Ed. 1740 
 
48 MmiOBIALS OF 
 
 your great seal, by force of wliicli he sliould have power 
 to press, as well within as without franchise, twelve 
 persons of his craft such as he should choose to ac- 
 company him and serve your most sovereign lord during 
 your campaign." 
 
 The impressment of surgeons for military service ap- 
 
 impressment pears hcrc f or the first time, but it was pro- 
 of surgeons for 
 
 the army. bably uot a uovcl idea, and was frequently 
 
 employed in those times when wars were frequent and 
 surgeons' assistants few. The practice was continued 
 for many subsequent years, and not only were the 
 Barbers and Surgeons' Company and the Corporation of 
 Surgeons after them called upon by Government in 
 time of war to choose surgeons out of their own body 
 to serve in the army and navy, but the physicians were> 
 from time to time subjected to the same regulation. 
 
 In accordance with the petition of Morstede, the 
 following writ^ was issued in 1416. 
 
 " The King to our beloved Thomas Morstede and 
 William Bredewardyne our surgeons. Health. 
 
 " Know ye, that we have appointed to you, conjointly 
 and severally, surgeons and other workmen to take and 
 provide without delay for the making of certain instru- 
 ments necessary and fitting for your mystery such as 
 may be required for our present campaign beyond the, 
 sea, wherever they can conveniently be found, as well 
 within the City of London as elsewhere. 
 
 " And therefore we warn you that ye may dili- 
 gently attend to and execute these premisses in manner 
 
 1 Rymer, "Fcedera," vol. iv. part 2, p. 166. Ed. 1740. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 49 
 
 aforesaid. But we grant to all and every slierifFs, 
 mayors, bailiffs, constables, and other officers, our ser- 
 vants and lieges, as well within the liberty as without, 
 that they should consult and assist you as is fitting, 
 according to the tenor of these presents, effectually in the 
 execution of these premisses, in the commands which 
 are to you and each of you entrusted. 
 
 " In witness The King at Westminster, the four- 
 teenth day of June. " Per Ipsum Eegem." 
 
 The medical and surgical knowledge of this period 
 was at a very low ebb. The physicians, as Rise of the 
 has already been shown, were mostly eccle- physicians. 
 siastics, reading the Latin medical authors, and writing 
 fluently. The universities of Italy taught both physic 
 and surgery mo?'e antiquorum, but merely as copyists 
 and commentators, adding nothing to the general 
 stock of knowledge. The surgeons were in some 
 respects rather worse, whilst in others they were 
 much superior to their brother practitioners. Few of 
 them knew any language save their mother tongue, 
 whilst those who were more learned carried on the old 
 surgical notions and practice, rejoicing in knowing some- 
 what of the professional secrets of the physicians. The 
 majority of the unlettered surgeons who really became 
 surgeons in the true sense of the word, or handicrafts- 
 men, were empirics. As empirics, however, they thought 
 and acted for themselves, and laid up much useful 
 knowledge. 
 
 About 1421 the physicians began to claim a 
 recognition of their social position, and evinced a 
 
 E 
 
50 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 desire to free tliemselves from these ignorant impostors 
 »,, , . . , wlio liad for too long- been classed with 
 
 The physicians' o 
 
 petition. their more respectable members. For this 
 
 purpose the following petition was presented. " Hey 
 and most myghty Prince/ noble and worthy Lords 
 Spirituelx and Temporelx, and Worshipfull Com- 
 monen : for so moche as a man hath thre things to 
 governe, that is to say Soule, Body, and worldly Groudes, 
 the whiche ought and shulde ben principaly reweled^ 
 by thre Sciences that ben Divinite, Fisyk and Lawe, 
 the Soule by Divinitie, the Body by Fisyk, worldly 
 Goudes by Lawe : and these conynges ^ sholde be used 
 and practised principaly by the most connyng men in 
 the same Sciences, and most approved in cases neces- 
 saries to encrese of Vertu, long lyf and Groudes of 
 fortune to the worship of God, and common profyt. 
 But worthy So?^vraines, as hit is knowen to youre hey 
 discrecion, many unconnynge and unapproved in the 
 forsayd Science practiseth and specialy in Fisyk, so that 
 in this Eoialme is CYerj man be he neuer so lewed,* 
 taking upon him practyse, ysuffred to use hit, to grete 
 harm and slaughter of many men. Where if no man 
 practised theryn,^ but al only connynge men and approved 
 sufficiently ylerned in art, filosofye and fisyk as hit is 
 kept in other londes and roialmes, then shulde any man 
 that dyeth for defaute of help lyve, and no man perish 
 by unconnyng.^ Wherfore pleseth to youre excellent 
 wysdomes that ought after youre Soule have mo ^ 
 
 1 Henry "V . ^ learnings. ^ therein. ^ more. 
 
 ■^ ruled. * ignorant. ^ want of skill. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 51 
 
 entendance to your body, for tlie causes above sayd to 
 ordeine and make in Statuit perpetualy to be straytly 
 yused and kept, that no man of no vasinner of estate, 
 degre or condicion practyse in Fisyk from this time 
 forward, but he have long tyme yused the scoles of 
 Fisyk withynne som Universitie, and be graduated in 
 the same .... undur payne of long emprisone- 
 ment and payinge xli ^' to the Kyng ; and that no 
 woman use the practyse of Fisyk undre the same 
 payne. . . . Also, lest that they whiche ben able 
 to practise in Fisyk ben excluded from practysing, the 
 which be nought graduated.^ Plesith to your hey'^ 
 prudence to send warrant to all the Sherrefs of England 
 that eYe?y practysor in Fisyk, nought graduated in 
 the same Science, that will practyse forth, be withynne 
 one of the Universities of this lond by a cez-teine day, 
 that they ben able ^ and approved after trewe and 
 streyte examinacion be receyved to theyr degree, and 
 they that be nought able to cese from the practyse 
 unto the tyme that they be able, or never more entre- 
 mette ^ thereof, and that thereto also be iset a peyne ^ 
 convenient." 
 
 The last clause is apparently a liberal one, and 
 shows that the physicians were willing to admit into 
 their ranks the more skilful of the unlicensed, although 
 but -few would care to accept the privilege thus extended 
 to them. The reply to this petition^ directs the Lords 
 
 ^ on account of their not being graduates. * intermedrlle. 
 
 2 high. ^ penalty. 
 
 3 skilful. 8 " Rot. Pari.," tome iv. p. 1.30. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of the Council to see that the various recommendations 
 therein contained are duly executed, but there is no 
 evidence that any further steps were taken by the 
 authorities in reference to the unlicensed practice of 
 physic. 
 
 It may therefore be assumed that the physicians 
 took the matter into their ovm hands, 
 
 Conjoint . . 
 
 Sedans and associatiug thcmselvcs for this purpose into 
 surgeons. ^ socicty which was to co-operate with the 
 
 pre-existing fellowship of surgeons. The conjoint college 
 thus consisted of physicians and surgeons, each to be 
 independent of the other as to their rights and pri- 
 vileges. The physicians appointed for their government 
 two surveyors of physic to correspond with the two 
 masters of the surgeons. The entire college, however, 
 was under the control of a common head, bearing the 
 title of Eector of Medicines. This officer was to be 
 president or ruler of each of the associated bodies. It 
 seems, however, that he was only to have been appointed 
 occasionally as a dictator when there was urgent need 
 for a common government. To bring the association 
 more prominently into notice it was proposed to acquire 
 an authorised place of resort for its members. With 
 this purpose in view the City authorities were asked to 
 assign to the community three houses situated within 
 the City of London : one, to be furnished and desked 
 for readings and disputations in philosophy and medi- 
 cine, and to serve as a common hall ; a second, for the 
 congregations, elections, and consultations of the phy- 
 sicians ; and the third for similar use by the surgeons. 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 53 
 
 The exact date at which the conjoint scheme was 
 estabhshed is unknown, but it was at some time between 
 May, 1421, and May, 1423. When the physicians 
 petitioned the king and parliament at the former date 
 it is certain that neither surveyors of physic nor rector 
 of medicines was in existence, and yet in May, 1423, 
 these officers, in common with the masters of the 
 surgeons, presented a joint petition to the Court of 
 Aldermen. During the months which had elapsed 
 between these two dates events of considerable impor- 
 tance had occurred in England. Henry the Fifth had 
 died, and his infant son had succeeded to the throne. 
 The political difficalties which thereupon ensued were 
 such as to leave little hope that the regent or parlia- 
 ment would assist so trivial a scheme (for thus it 
 would appear in those days) as an increased provision 
 for public health. Moreover, there is no lack of proof 
 that then, as now, all classes of society were ready and 
 willing to trust their lives in the hands of ignorant and 
 impudent pretenders. Under these circumstances the 
 physicians and surgeons very wisely resolved to obtain 
 the concurrence and authority of the Mayor and 
 Aldermen of London for the furtherance of their pro- 
 posed purpose of improving the professional acquire- 
 ments and social position of themselves and their suc- 
 cessors. It cannot be doubted that the desire of the 
 physicians and surgeons to place themselves under the 
 powerful authority and countenance of so important a 
 body as the Mayor and Aldermen of London then were 
 was most sagacious. The execution of such laws for 
 
54 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the control of the medical and surgical professions as 
 the joint college might resolve, and the Mayor and 
 Aldermen approve, was thereby ensured. The establish- 
 ment of a college of physicians and surgeons in 
 London had also this further advantage, that the larger 
 concourse of people of all classes, the great assemblage 
 of handicrafts of all kinds, and the frequent street fights 
 which occurred at this period, would afford much 
 greater scope for practical experience, practical teaching, 
 and practical improvement than can even now be afforded 
 by some of our justly venerated Universities. 
 
 If it be granted that the master surgeons^ previously 
 The fellowship ^lludcd to wcrc uot aldcrmcu of a surgeons' 
 o surgeons. guild, Thomas Stodeley,^ in the year 1392, 
 is the only person admitted as master of the surgeons, 
 until in 1422 Thomas Morstede and John Harwe 
 were sworn as supervisors of surgery. The surgeons, 
 therefore, appear to have been a society distinct not 
 only from the barbers proper, whose masters had 
 been sworn before the Mayor and Aldermen almost 
 uninterruptedly from the year 1378 ; but also from those 
 of the barbers practising the faculty of surgery, over 
 whom Simon Eolf and Richard Wellys were selected 
 to act as overseers. The surgeons must therefore have 
 been a society distinct from either the barbers or 
 barber-surgeons, and they most probably originated 
 in the association of the military surgeons, of whom, 
 from the warlike proceedings of the age, there must 
 have been no inconsiderable number, and who, by the 
 
 1 Page 16. 2 Letter Book H, fol. 276. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 55 
 
 very nature of their service, must have been persons 
 held in considerable repute. Thomas Morstede and 
 John Harwe had been surgeons to Henry the Fifth, 
 and, as has been already mentioned,^ the former had 
 been with him at Agincourt. They were doubtless, 
 therefore, men of importance amongst their fellow 
 citizens. Indeed, Morstede afterwards became surgeon 
 to Henry the Sixth, and subsequently a sheriff of the 
 City. 
 
 It is not improbable, therefore, that the petition 
 of the Associated Physicians and Surgeons to obtain 
 authority from the Corporation for the foundation of 
 their joint college was backed by the interest of such 
 influential persons as Morstede, and that the success of 
 the petition was in great measure due to them. Be 
 this as it may, however, in the year 1423 the surgeons 
 were a distinct body worthy of being associated with 
 the physicians in obtaining from the Lord 
 
 Ti/r TA1-I o -T ^ Regulations of 
 
 iViayor and Aldermen oi L/ondon a very the conjoint 
 
 •^ _ ^ ^ ^ faculty. 
 
 remarkable ordinance, having for its object 
 the foundation of the conjoint college. By the regu- 
 lations of this body, physicians and surgeons prac- 
 tising in the City of London and its liberties were 
 required, after due examination, to become members 
 of the Commonalty of Physicians and Surgeons. The 
 examination of the physicians was conducted by the 
 rector and the two surveyors of physic, or by the 
 surveyors and the majority of the physicians, whilst 
 the rector and the masters, or the masters and the 
 
 ^ Pago 47. 
 
56 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 majority of tlie surgeons, carried out the surgical 
 examination. As in tlie Barbers' Guild so in 
 the new college, both physicians and surgeons were 
 bound to report their cases within three or four 
 days, the former to the rector and surveyors, the latter 
 to the rector and the masters. In neither case, how- 
 ever, could the rector come to any decision without the 
 concurrence of the physicians or of the sui-geons, nor 
 could he make any ordinance or constitution affecting 
 either without their consent. Any physician convicted 
 of bad practice or of open fault was to be reported by 
 the rector and surveyors to the Mayor, who awarded 
 the punishment for the offence. The surgeons also, 
 under like circumstances, w^ere to be reported for 
 punishment by the rector and master. 
 
 Poor people who could not afford to pay for medical 
 assistance might have a physician or surgeon assigned 
 to them, without incurring any expense, on application 
 to the rector and surveyors or masters. Care also was 
 to be taken that neither physician nor surgeon should 
 receive more than the patient could afford. 
 
 The rector, surveyors, and masters with two apothe- 
 caries assigned to them, were to visit all apothecaries' 
 shops, throw away bad medicines, and bring the apothe- 
 cary who had kept them before the Mayor and Aldermen. 
 
 No person was to be admitted as a graduate in 
 medicine into the commonalty of physicians without 
 letters of record or other proof of graduation, and all 
 admissions were to be reported to the Maj^or. 
 
 The rector, surveyors, and masters were to swear to 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 57 
 
 observe all the constitutions of their offices, " all hate, 
 favor, or negligence left." The physician was to swear 
 to practise " well and truly ; " not to give " wittingly 
 noxious medicines," nor to assent to any giver of them ; 
 neither should he neglect any sickness, although unknown 
 to him ; nor employing any medicine should he resort to 
 sophistication or untruth. If he should know any 
 person so acting or not admitted to the practice of 
 physic, he was to report him to the rector and sur- 
 veyors. 
 
 The surveyors in like manner were to swear not to 
 employ any noxious medicines nor any sophistication 
 nor untruth, neither were they to neglect any sick- 
 ness, sore, or hurt ; and knowing any person so doing or 
 not admitted to the craft, report was to be made of them 
 to the rector and masters. 
 
 The physicians were also to appear at the call of the 
 rector and surveyors, and the surgeons at that of the 
 rector and masters, in all lawful and honest causes, saving 
 always the privileges, statutes, and customs of London 
 commendably used. 
 
 In reference to penalties received as forfeits, " made 
 in the faculty of physic " and the like " in the craft of 
 surgery," the one half in either case was to be paid into 
 the Chamber of London, and the other to the faculty ,or 
 the craft, " as it best seemeth to the rector, surveyors, 
 masters and their commonalty to be done." 
 
 To this ordinance the Mayor and Aldermen gave their 
 sanction, retaining, however, the power to add or take 
 away any article or " all " the ordinance " to put away 
 
58 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 as it to them most needful and speedful seemetli." This 
 document is so interesting and so important in the 
 history of English medicine, that it has been added ^ 
 entire as extracted from the City records. The ordi- 
 nance was granted on 15th May, 1423, and the surgeons 
 lost no time in acting upon it ; for on the 23rd May, 
 " Magister Gilbert Kymer, rector of the faculty of 
 physicians, Thomas Morstede and John Harwe, the 
 supervisors of surgery, were presented and sworn before 
 the Lord Mayor." The physicians were more tardy, for 
 it is not until the 27th of September, 1424, that Master 
 John Sumbreshede and Master Thomas Suthwell were 
 presented and sworn supervisors, Gilbert Kymer, 
 doctor of physic and rector of medicines being again 
 sworn on the same day. 
 
 The establishment of a college of medicine and 
 surgery within the liberties of the City of London was 
 thus confirmed by the Mayor and Aldermen. No notice 
 has been found, however, of the assignment to them of 
 the houses for which they asked. But whether this re- 
 quest was granted or not there is no doubt that the 
 college speedily enforced the power which they possessed 
 not only to govern their own members, but to interfere 
 with all who appeared to them ignorant and unauthor- 
 ised practitioners. Amongst the latter class the college 
 chose to include those barbers who practised the faculty 
 of surgery. The barber surgeons soon became aware of 
 the danofer which thus menaced their very existence, for 
 within eighteen months of the establishment of the 
 
 1 See Appendix B, page 299. 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 59 
 
 college they obtained a fresh confirmation ^ of the power 
 to practise surgery which had been granted to them in 
 1415 during the mayoralty of Thomas Fauconer, " not- 
 withstanding the false accusation of the rector and over- 
 seers of the physicians and the masters of surgery." 
 
 There is no evidence to show how long the joint 
 college existed ; it has not even been ascertained 
 whether it continued up to or after the assumption by 
 Dr. Kymer of holy orders and his appointment to the 
 Deanery of Salisbury, which took place in 1449. After 
 September 27, 1424, there is no further notice of the 
 swearing-in of the Eector of Medicines, nor any record 
 of the existence of the conjoint college. We can only 
 conjecture that the scheme was not found to work in 
 practice, and that the enmity which existed for many 
 subsequent years between the two branches of the pro- 
 fession was suflicient to prevent the physicians working 
 in harmony with the surgeons. It is probable, however, 
 that the rupture was not a violent one, as a few years 
 later we find the physicians aiding the barber-surgeons 
 to obtain a charter. 
 
 Nothing has yet been met with in the City records 
 to show that any action was taken by the physicians to 
 establish their society. The surgeons do not appear to 
 have been much troubled by the reconfirmation of the 
 barber-surgeons' privileges, for they steadily pursued 
 their plan of consolidating the craft; and in 1435 they 
 appear as an established body with a code of laws for the 
 government of their society. At this date they consisted 
 1 Letter Book K, fol. 27b. 
 
60 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of seventeen members, a not inconsiderable number if tbe 
 time and place be taken into consideration. Their laws 
 and regulations, contained in a small quarto volume 
 written on vellum, are now in possession of the Barbers' 
 Company, who probably came by it on their incorpora- 
 tion with the surgeons in 1540. The same book also 
 contains a record of the laws of the Barbers' Company as 
 established by the charter of Edward IV. in 1461, by 
 which barbers practising surgery were confirmed in the 
 privileges previously conceded to them by the mayor 
 and aldermen ; the craft of surgeons proper being wholly 
 ignored. It would be needless to make any apology for 
 printing in full this very interesting document, as it is 
 really the standpoint of English surgery, and proves 
 that although its practitioners had not escaped the 
 narrow notions of the age in which they lived, their 
 purpose was to improve the social position of the profes- 
 sion, and at the same time to provide for the maintenance 
 of their poorer brethren.^ 
 
 This remarkable document states that : "In the 
 tenth day of May, the year of our Lord a 
 
 Ordinanoes of ., ,„ , ,, iji-if 
 
 the Fellowship tiiousana tour hundred and tmrtv-nve, m 
 
 of Surgeons. ^ 
 
 the year of King Henry YI. 13. By the 
 good advice of the worshipful men of the craft or science 
 of surgery in the City of London and all the com- 
 minalty of the same craft, a composition or an ordin- 
 ance in this matter is made and assented stably^ to 
 stand ever hereafter." 
 
 The craft were to meet yearly on St. Cosmo and 
 
 ^ Appendix 0, page 307. ^ firmly. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 61 
 
 St. Damien's Day (.27th Sept.)^ to choose four masters 
 " as old custom was " to rule and govern tlie craft and 
 to hold the treasure and common goods, to be handed 
 on by them to the succeeding masters, at the same time 
 giving also an account of the same ; and each of the 
 outgoing and incoming masters was to receive six shil- 
 lings and eightpence at this audit. At every yearly 
 election two of the former masters might be retained, 
 but other two from them were to be elected to make up 
 the full number. But no master after two years' service 
 could be elected for the next coming year " against his 
 will." Every master within ten days of his election was 
 to " be presented and take his charge," under penalty 
 " to the box of the craft of thirteen shillings and four- 
 pence," without provable cause, and then another master 
 to be elected by the four men chosen from the fellowship 
 for the same year, who together with the old masters 
 were to present him within ten days or each of them " to 
 pay to the box of the craft t/iree shillings and four pence T 
 Every surgeon of the fellowship was " to paj^ yearly 
 twopence a quarter to the box, that is eightpence a year 
 to the profit and worship of the craft and in helping 
 and relieving the need of the poor men of the same fel- 
 lowship, "to be collected by the masters with one of the 
 four men with them ; " and a book of account was to^ be 
 kept in which also were to be entered all fines received, 
 
 ^ Two brothers, who practised as physicians in Cilicia, and were 
 martyred in the early part of the fourth century. They are supposed to 
 have been the first practitioners who refused fees. For this reason perhaps 
 they were selected as the patron saints of the guild. At a later period St. 
 Luke fulfilled this function. F. Boerner, "De Oosma et Daiuiano." 
 Helmstadt, 1751. 
 
62 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 All the craft were to meet " once a quarter of duty," 
 besides on election day, "to hear and learn the good 
 ordinances, rules, and governaunce of the said craft, and as 
 oft as it be needful at other times." For non-attendance 
 at the quarterly meetings there was a fine to the box of 
 sixpence, at other meetings of fourpence, unless reasonable 
 excuse could be given. The masters were to call the 
 duty meetings, and if they failed to do so, or were absent 
 from the meeting, in either case each offender was fined 
 three sliillmgs and fowyence, but in regard to other 
 meetings each time twelvejpence, excepting on reasonable 
 cause. In the event, however, of reasonable absence " of 
 the masters or their deputies, or of any of the other four 
 men chosen for the fellowship whether it be one or 
 two of them of either party the other ^ to proceed with 
 their business. And if any one of the eight shall be 
 proved to have made false excuse for absence he is to 
 be fined double of his penalty set afore." 
 
 None " of the four masters, neither any other 
 person of the said fellowship of the craft of surgery," is 
 to " put any man out of his cure ^ otherwise than the 
 honesty ^ of the craft will,^ but that each of them be 
 ready if need be or by any of the parties called thereto 
 then honestly ^ to help each other with counsel or deed, 
 that worship, profit, and honesty of the craft and 
 helping of the sick be done on all sides " (a noble 
 maxim occasionally forgotten in the present times), " and 
 if any of the said craft do the contrary, that each such 
 
 ^ the rest. ^ honour. ^ honourably. 
 
 ^ filch his patient from him. * allows. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 63 
 
 content ^ with the owner of the cure ^ to the value of 
 all the cure and over to pay to the hox siaj shillings 
 and eig]itpe7ice for his trespass." 
 
 If any of the fellowship of the craft " disclaunder 
 or deprave ^ any of the fellowship unrighteously or un- 
 honestly," on proof by witnesses he shall " pay to the 
 box three shillings and fourpence, and over that make 
 amends to the person he hath disclaundered after the 
 judgment of the honest masters and their fellowship 
 note fault herein." ^ 
 
 No freeman of the craft of surgery was permitted 
 to employ " a foreigner ^ over a month " unless within 
 that time he brought him before the masters and fellow- 
 ship for examination, who being satisfied allowed him 
 to covenant with his employer for three years subject to 
 the control of the craft. If the freeman disobeyed he 
 was fined " to the box tioenty shillings and to discharge 
 his servant." 
 
 Any one of the fellowship having a case " likely 
 to result in death or maiming or which to him may 
 be unknown," ^ was bound to show it to the masters 
 under penalty of " thirteen shillings and fomyence." 
 And if the master did not attend he was to be fined 
 " as oft as he was herein faulty ^ six shillings and 
 eightpence." 
 
 ■ Whatever " profit or advantage of gift come to any 
 of the four masters " from being called in as above or from 
 
 ^ make pecuniary arrangement. * a non -freeman. 
 
 ^ case. 3 slander or run down. ^ that lie did not understand. 
 
 * think faulty. ^ inattentive. 
 
64 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 any other source was to be divided equally among the 
 four masters or their deputies. 
 
 Every examination or adjudication appertaining to 
 the craft was to be " done and performed evermore 
 honestly ^ by the four masters and their deputies and 
 freemen of the said fellowship." 
 
 Any foreigner was to be received into the craft and 
 made free by redemption with " the assent of all the 
 four masters and at the least two of the four men 
 chosen for the fellowship," and he was to pay " to the 
 four masters their fees and a certain [sum] to the box 
 and a dinner to the craft." 
 
 No person was to be made a master within seven 
 years of his entering the craft and unless he had been 
 " proved good and honest of governance and secret " ^ 
 during that time. 
 
 When apprentices were made free of the craft they 
 were to be called before the four masters to receive the 
 charge of being ruled and governed by the craft, 
 and then " as be goodly ^ give t/iree shillings and 
 fourpence to the box. But no person shall become a 
 master till six years after his admission, during which 
 time he must be proved well governed and honest, 
 wise and secret, else he [shall] not be received to the 
 oflB.ce of mastership within other six years. And 
 if he be not found in the twelve years well ruled 
 in the manner forsaid he [is] never to be chosen 
 master." 
 
 No one was to go to law with another " for no cause 
 
 ^ honourably. ^ discreet. ^ proper. 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 65 
 
 longing * to the said craft, on penalty of tioenty sliillincjs 
 to the box " if "he inform not the four masters, who 
 are to take it into their hands and duly and truly 
 examine it [the matter] and redress it, righteously 
 and conscientiously for both parties of them within 
 forty days at the most or farthest." If the dispute, 
 however, occurred between a master and one of the craft, 
 then the master might appoint in his own place " one 
 of the four chosen for the fellowship " as one of the 
 judges in his room. 
 
 The masters were yearly to visit, " as oft as it is 
 needful, the householders of the craft," to ascertain 
 what apprentices or covenant men they have, whether 
 they be ruled and governed after the franchise of the 
 City and their oath, and if they be found disobedient 
 to the ordinances, " to make it known to the Mayor 
 or Chamberlain as custom and manner of the City 
 wills." 
 
 Should it be advisable that any penalties, then or 
 thereafter enjoined, should be moderated, this was to be 
 done by the masters and four men " to the furthering of 
 the peace, profit, health and welfare of God's people and 
 the king's." But if they could not " accord within the 
 said fellowship, the masters [were] then to have recourse 
 to the Mayor or Chamberlain ... to correct them 
 that are misgoverned against the good ordinances of the 
 craft, and also untrue ^ workers "in the craft, of the same 
 fellowship and so proved [to be]." 
 
 Great caution was shown as to any proposal "of 
 
 ■^ belonging. ^ dishonest. 
 
 P 
 
66 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 amenclLDg and addition o£^ the composition," as tlie 
 following law fully shows. 
 
 •' And if [at] any time to come hereafter it seem to 
 the craft anything in this foresaid ordinance and com- 
 position to be too much or too little, that then the said 
 craft by one assent, and after their good advice and 
 discretion it is to be commouned ^ discreetly, that is to 
 say, that the matter be duly examined by^ good advice 
 in a convocation of the fellowship [for] four or five days, 
 and that by^ a copy had out of the original of the 
 matter, and to be answered by profitable reason and 
 writing, and otherwise not to be received at any time 
 to come hereafter. And if any ordinance in this manner- 
 wise is thus approved, afterward be it not impugned." 
 
 Not unwisely for the social benefit of the craft, for 
 meeting old friends, and rubbing off any little asperities 
 which might arise among its members, it was " ordained 
 that every freeman of the craft of surgery pay yearly 
 to the dinner of the craft, that is to say, on the day of 
 Saint Luke, each man [an equal sum], whether he be 
 present or absent, except our own poor, and the over- 
 plus thereof not spent, if any such, is to be kept and 
 spent on the next great day." 
 
 The masters were to be bound " in a plain obli- 
 gation " for the property of the craft, and of the four 
 men chosen for the fellowship, and " truly keep it for 
 the use of all the craft " during their year of office, and 
 at the end thereof " to yield their account of the pro- 
 perty to the foresaid four men, and they [being] content 
 
 1 to. - considered. ^ witli. 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 67 
 
 . then tlie bonds of tlie masters to be broken or 
 stand for nongbt. And in the same manner wise be 
 bonnden the four men chosen for the fellowship to the 
 said masters, in an obligation of two marks for none 
 other intent but to hear and receive again the said 
 goods of the craft, and hear their account and allow 
 them that." ^ After which their bond to be discharged. 
 And so on for ever at every change of the masters or of 
 the four men. 
 
 Every person admitted into the craft was to be 
 sworn in the following words : " Ye shall swear that 
 ye shall well and truly behave you in the working^ 
 of the craft of surgery in saving of God's people and 
 the king's. And all the good ordinances and rules 
 and secrets of the said craft, ye shall well and truly 
 keep within the said craft. And to all the lefull 
 and lawful biddings of the masters of this said craft 
 that now are and hereafter shall be, ye to be thereto 
 ever continually obedient when ye be called, and never 
 it to forsake but to fulfille. So God help you and all 
 Saints." A holy and honourable engagement upon all, 
 whether they think reverentially or lightly on their 
 invocation of God. 
 
 In the ordinance. " Of penalties of misgovern- 
 ment,"^ many provisions excite a smile, as whoever 
 has had the chance to be among the members of a 
 like deliberative body must have seen a representation of 
 precisely the same conditions, with the simple exchange 
 of the president's knock of his hammer for the fine. 
 
 1 it. " the practice. ^ penalties for disobedience. 
 
 r .2 
 
68 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 '' When tlie masters at any time sit in judgment, 
 or in examination, or in communication of ^ the said 
 craft, with the whole fellowship or parcel thereof as 
 place cause and time requireth, that then every person 
 of the said craft that time present Jceep silence at the first 
 bidding or commandment of the said Masters, and not without 
 license of them had, again to s^eak. And if any will not 
 at the first bidding cease, for the second time (of them) 
 bidden to cease to pay for the said fault twelvepence, 
 and if he will not yet cease for the third warning two 
 shillings, for the fourth time a noble, and if he will not 
 then cease at the fifth time to be taken for a rebel." 
 
 Personal quarrels among the craft were punished. 
 No one was to be malicious or excite malice, " which " 
 might be cause of disturbance of the good peace among 
 the fellowship of the said craft, upon pain to pay to 
 the box twelvepence. If " any draw any weapon in 
 violence or unlawfully menace any person of the said 
 craft to pay therefor a noble. And if any of them 
 smite another of the same craft to pay to the box 
 twenty shillings, and over that the parties to be justified 
 by law or by ordinance of the craft." If the masters 
 or either of them offended as above, they were " to pay 
 the double of the pain^ set afore." And "if any of 
 the said fellowship revile, or menace either falsely any 
 of the masters, or upon them unskilfully complain, he 
 [is] to pay two nobles at each time, and as oft as any of 
 them so doeth." 
 
 "The intent of this ordinance is thus for to 
 
 ^ with. ^ penalty. 
 
TEE CBAFT OF 8UB0EBT, 69 
 
 undirstonde that all tlie said craft and every person 
 thereof, be well ruled and governed within themselves, 
 that is to say, both the masters and their fellowship and 
 all the thmgs that shall among them be done or said, 
 that is, the Masters patiently their matters to hear and 
 wisely and truly there to see, and the said fellowship in 
 time reasonable to ask,^ and in their complaints and 
 sayings honestly to be mesurable,^ and to ^ silence meekly 
 to obey after the discretion of the masters as is afore- 
 said, by virtue and ordinance of this City ordained to 
 masters and wardens to ^ crafts." 
 
 " The Charge and the Oath that the Old Masters 
 GIVE TO the New. 
 
 " Ye shall swear that ye shall well and truly govern 
 the craft of surgery, and the fellowship of the same 
 craft after your cunning ^ and your power as long 
 as ye be master for this year. And also ye [are] to 
 keep and see to be kept all the good rules and ordi- 
 nances of this said craft now made, and that none of 
 you any other ordinance to make, neither to your 
 knowledge suffer to be made without the assent of all 
 the fellowship, and that also with condition and manner 
 as it is before ordained and written." 
 
 " The conclusion of this composition above written 
 is this, that no person of the said craft presume in any 
 wise to break this said ordinance, neither any other to 
 break it on pain^ of an hundred sMllings^ into the time 
 
 ^ to inquire of. ^ in. ^ knowledge 
 
 - not unreasonable. * of. ^ penalty 
 
70 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 that a better ordinance be founded or made, and so 
 of the craft received." 
 
 The City records do not show any further disputes 
 between the surgeons and the barbers practising sur- 
 gery. It would, therefore, seem probable from the 
 lists of the masters of cirurgy of the conjoint college 
 before alluded to, and of the master barbers exer- 
 cising the faculty of surgery already given and their 
 days of swearing in before the Mayor and Aldermen 
 being separated by the interval of a few weeks, that 
 there was no attempt at fusion between them, but most 
 probably some sort of truce was agreed upon. 
 
 In 1450, as appears by the probate of his will, 
 Thomas Morstede died, a rich and influential man, who 
 had been surgeon to Henry YI,, Henry Y., and prob- 
 ably also to Henry lY. His death must have been 
 a great loss to the surgeons, whether the college had 
 been previously broken up or not. As regards Mor- 
 stede's position, it may be noted here that in the first 
 Patent EoU of the 16th of Henry YI., 'No. 22 is the 
 patent appointing *' Thos. Morstede Scrutator omnium 
 navium ac batellorum in portibus London : ac omnibus 
 aliis crykes ex vtraque parte vsque Grravesend." And 
 it does not seem very improbable that this was our 
 Thomas, for it was by no means uncommon in those 
 times to fit a round peg into a square hole, when profit 
 and place were assigned to a favourite whether he were 
 fitted for it or not. But Morstede's public services had 
 entitled him to be rewarded with an appointment the 
 actual duties of which might be done by deputy, as 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 71 
 
 allowed by the patent, whilst he reaped the profit of 
 the ojSice. Thomas Morstede was buried by his own 
 order in the church of St. Olave Up well in the Jewry, 
 to which, as Stowe says, he had built a fair new aisle 
 during- his lifetime. 
 
 By his will, after leaving money for masses for the 
 souls of himself and his wives, as well as for those of 
 such as were connected to him by family ties or friend- 
 ship, money for the poor of parishes in Surrey and in 
 Essex, with sundry bequests of church plate and of money 
 to various persons, he bequeaths the whole of the rest of 
 his property to his second wife Elizabeth, the daughter 
 of John Michel. Among the bequests is the following : 
 
 " Item : I leave to Eoger Brynard, my apprentice, ten 
 marks sterling (£6 13s. 4d.) meum librum Anglicanum 
 ligatum cum duabus latitudinibus, omnia Instrumenta 
 meaCu'urgie cum omnibus suis pertinentibus, meum cornu 
 Argento ornatum et meum magnum pyxidem argenti." 
 
 Shortly after his death, in the year 1452 the 
 Barbers' Gruild obtained a grant of arms in the fol- 
 lowing terms : 
 
 Grant of Arms to the Gtuild of Barbers of 
 THE City of London, 30 Henry YI. 
 
 ** Be itknowen to all men that y Clarensew Kyng of 
 Armes of the South Marche of Englond Consideryng 
 the noble estate of the Cite of London by the name of 
 Erie & Barons as in their ffirst Charter by scripture 
 appereth and as now called mayre and aldermen and by 
 good avyce of all the aldermen and the noble citezenis 
 of London that euery alderman shuld haue a ward by 
 
72 MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 
 
 hyraself to governe and rule to tlie Worship of the cite 
 and the maires power to haue euerj alderman in his 
 Ward with correccion of the mair beyng for the tyme 
 and so notablie ordeyned to be custumed euery Craft 
 clothyng be hem self to knowo[ne] Craft from another and 
 also synes of Armes in baner wyse to beer conueniently 
 for the worship of the realme and the noble cite and so 
 now late the Maisters of Barbory and Surgery within 
 the craft of Barbours John Strugge ^ Thomas Wyllote ^ 
 Hugh Herte & Thomas Waleys ^ come & praying me 
 Clarensewe Kyng-of Armes to devise hem a conysauns 
 & syne infourme of armes vnder my seall of myn Armes 
 that might be conveniently to ther Craft And where y 
 Clarensewe Kyng of Armes considerying the gode dis- 
 posicion of them y haue devysed a Conysaunce in fourme 
 of Armes that is to sey A felde sabuU a cheveron 
 bytwene iij flemys of siluer the which syne of armes y 
 Clarensew gyve the same conysaunce of Armes to the 
 forsaid Crafte and none other Crafte in no wyse shall 
 not here the same. To the which witenesse of this 
 wrytyng y sette my seall of myn armes & my syne 
 manuall wreten atte London the xxix day of the monthe 
 of September the xxxth yere of the regne of our 
 souerayne lord Kyng Henry the Sixt 
 
 " By Claransew Kynge of armes. "^ 
 
 1 John Strugge or Struge was Master of the Company in 1449 and 
 again in 1452. ^ Thomas Willot, Master in 1458 and 1466. 
 
 3 "Wardens of the Company at the date of the grant. 
 
 * See also Appendices J and K and page 124. The arms portrayed m 
 the frontispiece are those granted to the United Company of Barber- 
 Surgeons, which consisted of the old Guild of Surgeons incorporated 
 with the Company of Barbers. The first and fourth quarteruigs in 
 that shield show the arms here granted to the older Barbers' Guild. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE barbers' charter PRIVILEGES OF SURGEONS RISE 
 
 OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. 
 
 Whatever may have been the condition of the college, 
 or of the surgeons alone if the college The barber- 
 had been dissolved, the barbers in their ^^s®°°^- 
 vocation had been growing into an important civic 
 body. In 1450 they desired the sanction of the 
 Mayor and Aldermen to a code of laws of great 
 length and stringency for the government of their 
 own members and the protection of the craft. They 
 insisted on their right to practise surgery by the 
 insertion of a clause ordaining "that no barber nor able 
 person using barber}^ shall inform any foreyner nor him 
 teche no wise in eny manner of point that belongeth to 
 the crafts of barbery or surgery." The entry commences, 
 as is usually the case, in Latin ; but the petition, which 
 is a curious production, and the laws themselves are in 
 English, whilst the ratification of them by the Court of 
 Aldermen is again in Latin. The ordinance runs as 
 follows : " Be it remembered that on the xxvth day of 
 February in the twenty-ninth year of the reign of King 
 Henry the Sixth after the Conquest (1450), the masters 
 and wardens and other honest folk of the craft of 
 barbers came hither into the king's court of Guildhall, 
 
74 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and laid before Nicliolas Wifold, tlie Mayor, and 
 the Aldermen of the City, a certain Bill or suppli- 
 cation." -^ 
 
 An important epoch in the history of the English 
 barbers was now at hand. Those members of the guild 
 to whom such frequent reference has been made as 
 practisers of surgery, either improved their surgical 
 attainments, or, as is the more likely, sided with the 
 popular party according to the wont of the citizens of 
 London. For in the first year of the reign of Edward 
 lY., the people's favourite, they received a charter 
 granted to them no doubt as one of the rewards which 
 were showered on the City in return for the readiness 
 with which the citizens had espoused his cause, and for 
 the acclamations with which they had received him 
 after the battle at Mortimer's Cross. The charter was 
 granted on Eeb. 24, 1462, before Edward was firmly 
 established on his newly won throne, and whilst he 
 was yet a friend of the Aldermen. Ostensibly the 
 charter was granted to the barbers as a class, but 
 ostensibly only, for the shavers and the trimmers of 
 beards are passed over in silence as if the " Barbitonsor " 
 was to exist in name only, whilst his place was taken 
 by the modest barber-surgeon. Both surgeons and 
 barbers had been licensed, as we have seen, by the City, 
 though till this date they had neither of them obtained 
 a royal charter. The barbers, as appears from their 
 records and from a journal kept in the office of the Town 
 Clerk of the City of London, were a guild in the second 
 1 Letter Book K, fol. 250. See Appendix D, page 321. 
 
THE CEAFT OF SURGERY. 75 
 
 year of King Edward II., 1308, whilst they were a 
 livery guild in 1387. 
 
 The charter^ begins by reciting how our "beloved, 
 honest, and free men of the trade of r„, ^ , . 
 
 ' The Barbers 
 
 barbers of the City of London using the ''^^''''• 
 craft or faculty of surgeons have for a long while 
 diligently and laboriously occupied themselves with the 
 wounds, bruises, hurts, and other ailments of our 
 lieges, in tending and curing our lieges, as well as 
 in bleeding them and in drawing their teeth." Bar- 
 bery, i.e. the shaving and trimming of beards and 
 the cutting of hair, is not mentioned. On account of 
 the ignorance of those who practise surgery, both 
 surgeons and strangers who do not belong to the 
 brotherhood or freemen of the City, " other of our lieges 
 have gone the way of all flesh, whilst others from the 
 same cause are sick and incurable." At the humble 
 petition of the aforesaid beloved honest freemen, the 
 members of the craft are constituted one body and 
 community. The two principals of the community well 
 skilled in the art of surgery, with the assent of 
 twelve or at least of eight of its members were annually 
 to choose and make two masters or governors most 
 skilled in the art of surgery, " to oversee, rule, and 
 govern the craft and community aforesaid, and all 
 men of the said craft and their affairs for ever." It 
 seems probable that by the words " all men of the said 
 craft," these barbers who acted as surgeons, and were 
 
 1 See the charter in full in Appendix E, page 326 ; with the confirm- 
 ations by Henry VII. in Appendix Gr ; and by Henry VIII. in Appendix H. 
 
76 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 truly barber- surgeons, hereby obtained tbe power of 
 being alone elected masters of the Company of barbers 
 or shavers and trimmers of hair and beards. The whole 
 community, however, obtained a corporate seal, power 
 of holding property to the amount of five marks 
 [66s. 8d.], ultra reprisas, of pleading and impleading, of 
 holding courts and making statutes for the government 
 of the Company without hindrance from the king, etc., 
 so long as they were not contrary to the laws of the 
 land. They also had the power to oversee, scrutinise, 
 and govern all freemen surgeons who acted as barbers 
 in the City of London, and all strangers ; whilst they had 
 the oversight of all instruments, plaisters, and medicines 
 for curing wounds. The powers of fine and imprison- 
 ment were also conferred upon them, a privilege which 
 was only possessed by a few of the other city companies, 
 whilst they were relieved from the duties of serving on 
 juries and inquests. 
 
 The charter was enrolled by the Court of Common 
 Council shortly after it was granted by the following 
 ordinance. " At a Common Council, held on Friday, the 
 sixth of May, in the 3rd year of the reign of King 
 Edward the Fourth after the Conquest (1463), it was 
 agreed that certain letters patent lately] granted by the 
 king," etc., should be em'oUed, with the provision that 
 anything enacted contrary to the liberties of the City 
 should be wholly null and void. 
 
 From the provisions of the charter it is quite evident 
 that the barber- surgeons had made for themselves a 
 position which they did not relinquish but continued to 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SUBGEBT. 77 
 
 improve until tliey finally became surgeons, when tlie 
 Barbers' Company and the Guild of Surgeons were 
 united by Henry VIII. 
 
 The regulations of the Company in regard to the 
 binding of the apprentices in the reign Berbers' ap- 
 of Edward IV. have been preserved. They ^^^^ ^^^^' 
 are dated 1483, and ordain that " no fraunchesed harbour 
 wit/dn the Citee [of London] shall take any man or 
 child to be his apprentice before that he hath presented 
 the same man or child unto the maister and wardeyns " 
 of the craft that they may "duely examyne, ouersee, 
 serche, and beholde by the colour and complexion 
 of the said man or child if he be avexed or disposed 
 to be lepur or gowty, maimed or disfigured in any 
 pctrties of his body, Whereby he shall fall in dis- 
 deyn or lothefulnesse unto the sight of the King's 
 liege people. And also to be examyned of his birth 
 and of his kyn[d]rede, or if there be on hym any bonde 
 claymed. And if he be founde defectif in any of thise 
 poynts that than no fraunchesed Barbo?«5r of the saide 
 Citee shall take hym to be his apprentice vppon payne 
 to pay v''." ^ 
 
 The victory at Bos worth and the consequent union 
 of the rival roses found the Barbers' Company in the 
 same state of disorder and disagreement as other classes 
 of society. A petition of 1486 declares that " they of 
 longe tyme haue been in di-scorde and not of oon ^ 
 conformitie but euery man in efiect of the saide craft or 
 science hathe taken and folowed his owne singuler way 
 
 1 Letter Book L, fol. 174. ^ one. 
 
78 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and apetite," ^ and tliey desire of the Mayor and Court 
 of Aldermen certain articles for the better governing of 
 their Company. The articles were that none but enfran- 
 chised barbers should keep open shop within the City 
 under a penalty of a forty shilling fine. Not more than 
 two " stranger " servants were to be kept by each barber, 
 and these only on condition that they were presented 
 before the master and wardens of the Company within 
 three days of their coming into service. The fine for 
 acting contrary to this ordinance was £5, and such im- 
 portance was attached to its enactment that those 
 masters and wardens who did not see it duly enforced 
 or connived at its disregard were themselves subjected 
 to a fine of thirteen shillings and eightpence. Each en- 
 franchised barber might instruct three apprentices, but 
 no more, except " that it shal be lefuU to every suche 
 persone oon yeere before the tyme of the apprentishode 
 of any of his apprentices be expired to take another ap- 
 prentice in the stede of hym that is n3^gh commynge 
 oute of his tymes of apprentishode to th' entent that the 
 same newe apprentice may haue his erudicion and larn- 
 yng in the said crafte or science of harbours before the 
 tymes of the other ajjprentice " be expired. " Also if 
 any persone of the said craft or science selle away his 
 apprentice to another manne . . . that then it 
 shall not be lefuUe to any suche persone so sillyng 
 away his apprentice to take any newe in his stede dur- 
 yng the tyme to come of apprentishode of that appren- 
 tice so sold. Yet neuertheles if it fortune any apprentice 
 
 1 Letter Book L, f ol. 235b. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 79 
 
 to dye witliinne the tyme of his apprentishode that then it 
 shall be lawf nil to the Maister of that apprentice so dying 
 to take another in his stede whensoeuer it shall lyke hym." 
 The next notice of the surgeons in the City records 
 is of interest, as it forms the beginning of gur^eons 
 a long-continued struggle between the P^^'^^^es. 
 authorities and the surgeons. At their enfranchise- 
 ment the surgeons had obtained an exemption from the 
 keeping of watch and the bearing of arms, a privilege 
 which the City would not recognise without compulsion, 
 and which required constant petitions and unabated energy 
 to maintain. A shadow of the immunity remains in 
 the exemption from serving on juries which the medical 
 profession still enjoys. Even now the Chairman of the 
 Court of Examiners at the Eoyal College of Surgeons 
 in Lincoln's Inn Fields, when admitting new members, 
 enumerates amongst the privileges conferred by the 
 diploma of that body that its holders are exempt from 
 service in the militia. The humble petition of these 
 surgeons in 1491 is, " that whereas they and their pre- 
 decessours from the tyme that no mynd is to the con- 
 trary as well in this noble Citie as in alle other 
 Cities and Burghes within this Realme or elk-swhere 
 for the contynuell seruice and attendaunce that they 
 daily and nyjtly at alle houres and tymes geue to the 
 kjnges liege people for the releue of the same Accordyng 
 to their science hath ben exempt and Discharged from 
 alle offices and besynesse Wherein they shuld use or 
 here any TRSLuner of armure or Wepyn.^ And in like 
 
 1 weapon. 
 
80 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 priueleage hafcli ben entreated as heraudes ^ of Armes 
 as well in batailles and ffelds as other places therefor 
 to stonde unharnessed and nnwepened According to 
 the lawe of Armes, because that they be persons that 
 neuer used leaies of werre ^ nor ought to use but only 
 the besynesse and exercise of their said science to the 
 helpe and comfort of the kynges liege people in the 
 tyme of their nede. And in this noble Citie from the 
 time of their first incorporacion When they haue been 
 many more in nomber than they nowe be were neuer 
 called nor charged to be on quest, Watche, nor other office 
 whereby they shuld use or occupie Any Armure or defen- 
 sible geere of warre, where thrugh they shuld be un- 
 redy and letted^ to practise the cure of menne beyng 
 in perill. Tille nowe of late at the last eleccion 
 of constables oon of theym hath ben called uppon 
 and [isj likely to be compelled to Le a Constable 
 contrary to the priuelage of their science as is abouesaid. 
 . Please it, therefore, [to your lordship and 
 maisterships] considerynge the smalle nombre of your 
 said suppliante^^ in Eegarde of the greate multitude of 
 pacients that be, and daily by infortune increseth in this 
 Citie. And also that if your said oratours shuld be 
 compelled suche offices to occupy, that other at many 
 tymes the kynge's liege people sodenly wounded and 
 hurt for Defaut of helpe in tyme to theym to be shewed 
 
 1 heralds. ^ war. 3 hindered. 
 
 * Who were, as the earlier part of the petition recites, " jour poure 
 oratottrs the Wardeyns and other gode ffolkes of the ffelisship of 
 surgeons enfraunchised in this Citee not passyng in nombre of \'iij 
 persones." 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 81 
 
 sliuld/'(?risslie as godde forbede;^ to enacte and establisshe 
 that from liensforth your said suppliaunt(?<§ may be Dis- 
 cliarged of Constablesliipp, Watche, and of alle other 
 maner of offices beryng ^ any Armure, and also of alle 
 enquestes jurys within this Citie. And to contynue 
 as they haue don<? in tymes passed and also that they 
 may haue the Serche of alle the fforeyns that within 
 this Citie usen the feate of Surgery to thentent that 
 no man shuld occupie but such as your said oratours 
 sliuld thinke to be able^ and hauing cunnyng and 
 expmence in the said science, and this to be auctorised 
 by 3^our noble Court and your said suppliaunts shalle 
 dewl}^ pray for the preseruacion of your worshipfuUe 
 lordship and maisterships." The petition passed un- 
 animously and became an ordinance.* 
 
 In 1492 arms were granted to the Guild of Surgeons. 
 The original grant still remains at the 
 Barbers' Plall beautifully enwossed on to the surgeons' 
 
 •^ ° Guild. 
 
 vellum. It commences : " The 3ere of 
 owre lord, mcccclxxxxii att the goyng ovyr the see of 
 oure soueyn lord kyng Harry the YIP'^ in to Fraunsse. 
 Thes armys were geuen on to the crafte of surgeons of 
 London the vii*^ 3ere of his reyng in the tyme of Hewe^ 
 Clopton, Mayor." 
 
 From this time it appears certain that the barbers 
 who practised surgery and the surgeons who w^ere 
 members of the guild lived amicably together. The 
 former indeed had the superiority in position and 
 
 ^ This passage is involved, tliougli the meaning is clear enough. 
 
 2 bearing. ^ skilful. ^ Letter Book L, f ol. 293. » Hugh. . 
 
 G 
 
82 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 power by virtue of tlie cliarter granted to tliem by 
 ^^ ^ , Edward the Fourth. The sura^eons, liow- 
 
 The barber- ^ ' 
 
 EXl^hip ever, probably held a better social position, 
 although they were only enfranchised by 
 the City authorities. It can hardly be doubted that 
 they were of superior professional attainments to their 
 brethren of the Barbers' Company. The craft had 
 probably originated in the association of military 
 surgeons, and would thus be composed of men who had 
 seen service in Prance and Italy, and who must thus 
 have been brought into contact with the surgeons of 
 these countries, in which medical knowledge was at its 
 highest development. Proof of the superior position 
 held by the members of the surgeons' craft is to be 
 found in a document which will be quoted almost im- 
 mediately, and in which precedence of the barbers 
 practismg surgery is given to the surgeons. This im- 
 portant document is the " Wrytyng of Composicyons "^ 
 which concedes to the surgeons all the chartered 
 privileges of the barber-surgeons, with the exception of 
 admission to the freedom of the Barbers' Company. No 
 e^ddence remains to show how this combination between 
 the two sets of practitioners was brought about, or who 
 were the chief agents in effecting it. There is no doubt, 
 however, that it benefited both parties. The craft of 
 sm-geons was a small but energetic body, whilst the 
 barber-surgeons, though numerous, lacked that ex- 
 perience which could be obtained from their more 
 practical brethren. The Writing is dated the twelfth of 
 
 ^ Appendix F, page 331. 
 
THU CRAFT OF 8URGEBY. 83 
 
 July in the year of our Lorde God 1493, and is " of 
 Composicyons made betwixt tlie ffelisliippis of surgeons 
 and tlie ffelisliippis of barbours surgeons and surgeons 
 barbours."^ 
 
 Nothing further of importance seems to have 
 occurred in the history of the barbers 
 
 1 j_-i j_i nrj.! ^ d -f\ Civic position 
 
 and. suro-eons until the liitn day oi i)e- of the Barbers' 
 
 " ' "^ Company. 
 
 cember, 1499, being the fifteenth year of 
 the reign of King Henry the Seventh, when the charter 
 of Edward the Fourth was confirmed at Westminster 
 under the great seal to Richard Heyward, James 
 Holand, John Eobertson, and John Boteler, the masters 
 and governors of the craft of barbers and surgeons. 
 Only a portion of this charter now exists,^ but it is 
 recited by the first charter of Henry the Eighth ; it 
 appears to have confirmed the previous charter of 
 Edward the Fourth in every respect, and to have in- 
 creased the number of masters from two to four. At 
 the coronation of Henry the Eighth and Catherine, his 
 consort, the barbers stand twenty -fifth in " tliQ ordor of 
 crafts as they shall stond (when the kyng and the 
 Queyn shall passe by towards their coronacion) in the 
 Chepe a litell from the olde Chaunge ende."^ On the 
 same occasion they were rated to make " xiv yerds of 
 rayles at their prime* costs for their stondyngs." This 
 order of precedence was the source of many pretty 
 quarrels, which it required all the authority of the 
 
 ' See Appendix F. 
 
 2 Letter Book M, fol. 216. 
 
 2 Journals x, fol. 37U6. See Editor's Preface in regard to Journals. 
 * personal. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Mayor and Court of Aldermen to adjust. In course of 
 years tlie Company obtained a liigher place, for in 1532 
 it is ordained that tlie barber-surgeons shall " go in all 
 processions, goings, standyngs, rydyngs, and other 
 assembles for the worship of this Cite," and that they 
 should be ranked as the xviiith. of the City companies. ^ 
 Two years later the Conrt of Aldermen " ordered the 
 wardeyns of the mystery of barber-surgeons that theyre 
 company sball no more goe yn processions, standyngs, 
 etc.,"^ and that "the harbours shall be tbe xviith 
 Company immediately to goe afore the company of 
 cutlers."^ In 1535 they were still ranked as the xviith 
 company.^ 
 
 No improvement seems to have taken place in the 
 Licensin of practico of surgery as a result of tlie new 
 surgeons. Charter, nor does the practice of medicine 
 
 appear to have been in better plight. Accordingly, in 
 the third year of the reign of Henry the Eighth 
 (1511) an Act was passed forbidding any person "in 
 the City of London or within seven miles of the 
 same to take upon him to exercise or occupy as a 
 physician or surgeon except he be first examined, 
 approved, and admitted by the Bishop of London or 
 by the Dean of St. Paul's for the time being." 
 Each of these dignitaries was to associate witb him- 
 self four doctors of physic before granting a licence 
 in medicine; and for surgery, other expert persons in 
 
 ^ Repert. viii, fol. 287&. See Editor's Preface for an account of tlie 
 City repertories. 
 
 2 Repert. ix, fol. 79. ^ Repert. ix, fol. 99. " Repert. ix, fol. 145. 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UEGEBY. 85 
 
 that faculty, wlio were to certify after due examination 
 as to the fitness of the candidate to practise his art. 
 In other parts of the countrj^ the bishop of the diocese 
 or his vicar-o^eneral acted as licenser. 
 
 By the passing of this Act the surgeons raised up 
 for themselves a host of enemies. A petition was at 
 once got up against it, which stated that " the Com- 
 pany and Fellowship of Surgeons of London, minding 
 only their own lucres and nothing the profit or ease of 
 the diseased, have sued, troubled and vexed divers honest 
 persons, as well men as women, whom God hath endued 
 with that knowledge of the nature, kind, and operation 
 of certain herbs, roots, and waters, and the using and 
 ministering of them to such as be pained with custom- 
 able diseases, etc. And yet the said persons have not 
 taken any money for their pains or cunning, but have 
 ministered the same to the poor people only, for 
 neighbourhood and God's sake and charity. And it is 
 now well known that the surgeons admitted will do no 
 cure to any person but where they shall know to be 
 rewarded with a greater sum or reward than the cure 
 extendeth unto. For in case they would minister their 
 cunning to sore people unrewarded, there should not so 
 many rot and perish to death for lack of surgery as 
 dail}'^ do." So powerful were the agitators that " it was 
 ordained, established, and enacted of this present Parlia- 
 ment that at all times from henceforth it is lawful to 
 any person being the king's subject, having knowledge 
 or experience of the nature of herbs, etc., to minister in 
 and to any outward sore or wound according to their 
 
86 MEMOniALS OF 
 
 cunning." This enactment was practically a repeal of 
 the former statute, and must have given a great blow to 
 the legitimate practice of surgery in this country. 
 
 In 1513 the surgeon's guild again applied to Parlia- 
 ment, but on this occasion with a different object, viz. 
 to be " discharged of constableship, watch, and all 
 manner of office bearing any armour, and also of all in- 
 quests and juries within the city of London." And as 
 proof of their continued friendship with the barber- 
 surgeons, they pray that this exemption may extend to 
 all barber-surgeons, admitted and approved to exercise 
 the mystery of the surgeons " according to the form 
 of the statute lately made in that behalf, so that it 
 exceed not, nor be at one time above, the number 
 of twelve persons." They thus raised again the old 
 question, and their petition was granted by Stat. 5, 
 Henric. YIII., cap. 6, enacting that surgeons shall 
 be exempt from attendance at inquests, assizes, etc. The 
 bearing of arms and the keeping of watches, was no 
 light matter as may be gathered from the following 
 precept addressed by the Mayor to the wardens of 
 each City company about this date : " We will and 
 charge you that for the honour of this citie ye do 
 ordeyn and prepare against the watches to be kept 
 within this citie in the nights of the vigilles of 
 Seint John Baptist and Seint Peter no we next com- 
 ynge . . . honest and comely persones suche as ye 
 Avill answer for, with Bowes and Arrowes clenely 
 harnyssed and arrayed yn jaketts of whytte having the 
 armes of this citie, to wayte and attende upon vs in the 
 
TEE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 87 
 
 sayde watclies and to come to Blackewell hall and there 
 to be sett fortlie. Not fayltynge hereof as ye tendre the 
 honor of this citie, and also will answere at your 
 perylles." The barbers are rated at four men. The con- 
 cession thus obtained by statute was, as we have seen, 
 and as the records of the Gruildhall testify, the outcome 
 of many bitter civic quarrels, which even this statute did 
 not completely settle. The barbers ultimately became im- 
 portunate, for in October 8th, 1545, it is recorded " The 
 barber-surgeons have day over until this day seven night 
 for their olde matter of dyscharge from offices, etc." ^ 
 
 In 1518 the College of Physicians was founded, 
 fifty-seven years after the granting of the Thecoiiegeof 
 Charter to the barbers and barber- sur- ^ysicians. 
 geons by Edward IV., and thirteen years after the 
 acknowledgment of the wardens and fellowship of the 
 craft and mystery of surgeons as a distinct body. In 
 1522 the physicians' charter was confirmed by Act 
 of ParHament. Linacre, the first president, used his 
 position to interest the Universities of Oxford and 
 Cambridge in his scheme of medical education. So 
 lasting was his influence that in 1674 Charles the 
 Second was induced to send a mandate to the col- 
 lege, ordering that no person should be admitted as 
 a fellow who had not graduated in one of these uni- 
 versities. This mandate was obeyed until the last few 
 years, and to its observance is due in great measure the 
 high social position which the College of Physicians 
 
 1 The matter was temporarily settled iu their favour by a special 
 ordinance in the year 1545, as may be seen at large in Repertory xi, f ol. 324. 
 
88 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 has always lield, and tlie learning for which its fellows 
 have been famous. 
 
 It is painful to turn from the College of Physicians 
 and to compare the esteem with which its members 
 were, even at this period, regarded, to the surgeons, for 
 whose benefit it was necessary to make the following 
 enactment : 
 
 "Whereas dyvers Estatutes penall heretofore have 
 
 been made ageyn straungers artyfycers for 
 
 CTSyngBakere' cxercysyng of handcraftes wythyn this 
 
 Bruers, Sur- -i-, i i p i r* i 
 
 gens, and Scry- Kcaime and tor kepyns" oi houses, ap- 
 
 veners. 22 i. J n ± 
 
 ^^"TosoT^^^" ' prentyses and servaunts estraungers as by 
 the sayde severall Estatutes more playnly 
 is rehersed. Sythen the makying whereof, here ^ bruers 
 and bakers whiche bene comon vitaylers and also surgens 
 and scryveners beyng straungers inhabyted and dwellyng 
 wythin this realme, hathe bene putte to trouble and 
 great vexacion by occasion of informations brought 
 ageyne them upon the sayde Estatutes, supposyng that 
 Straungers usyng bakyng, bruyng, surgerye or wrytyng 
 shulde be handcraftesmen, upon the which information 
 great doubtes and ambiguytes have rysen, whether [by] 
 straungers usyng any of the sayde mysteres or sciences 
 shulde be understande such handcraftesmen as were 
 entended by any of the sayde Estatutes : For playne 
 declaracion whereof hit is enacted by the Kyng oure 
 Sovereign Lorde, and the Lordes Spirituall and 
 Temporall, and the Commons in this present parliament 
 assembled, and by auctoyty of the same, that no person 
 
 1 beer. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGE BY. 89 
 
 nor persones straungers beyng a comon baker, brner, 
 surgen, or scryvenour, sbal be entei'pret or expounded 
 hande craffcesmen, in for or by reason of usyng any of 
 the sayde mysteryes or scyens of bakyng, bruying, 
 surgery, or wrytyng. And tbat all informations, sutes, 
 accions, and processe bad taken, or bereafter to be taken 
 upon eny of the sayde Estatutes agayn any sucbe 
 straunger or straungers beyng bakers, bruyers, surgeons, 
 or scryveners, sball be by auctoryte of tlie present acte 
 voyde and of none effecte. Eesponsio Eegis. Le Eoi le 
 voult." 
 
 In 1530 tbe Barber-Surgeons' Company obtained 
 from Sir Thomas More, on bebalf of tlie king, a ratifica- 
 tion of certain ordinances which established their cor- 
 poration upon a new and firm basis. These ordinances 
 it has been deemed well to print in full ; ^ they are still 
 preserved fairly engrossed at the Barbers' Hall, and 
 they have appended to them the autograph of Sir 
 Thomas More. 
 
 1 Appendix I, page 339, 
 
CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 Holbein's picture — union of the bahber-suegeons 
 and surgeons thomas vicary. 
 
 Although the barbers and the surgeons had been long 
 Incorporation united in practice, it was not until 1540, or 
 ship of °'^" the 32nd year of the reisfn of Henry YIII., 
 
 Surgeons with '' o J • 
 
 sur^eoS'^' that a formal Act of Parliament was passed 
 ompany. ^^ unite and incorporate the two bodies. 
 
 The bill was passed on July 12th, and received the 
 royal assent on Sunday, July 24th. The preamble 
 states : " that the king and parliament duly pondering 
 that it is very needful to provide men expert in the 
 science of physic and chirurgery, for the health of men's 
 bodies when infirmities and sickness shall happen, etc. 
 Yet, forasmuch as within the City of London, 
 where men of great experience, as well in speculation as 
 in practice, of the science and faculty of chirurgery be 
 abiding, there are now two distinct companies exercising 
 chirurgery, one the barbers incorporated, the other the 
 chirurgeons not incorporated, nor having any manner of 
 corporation, which two are necessary to be united. To 
 the intent that by their unity and often assembly 
 together, the good and due order, exercise and knowledge 
 of the said science, or ifaculty of chirurgery, shall, as 
 well in speculation as in practice, by their learning and 
 
MEMORIALS OF TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 91 
 
 ripe information, be more perfect. Therefore it is 
 enacted tliat tlie barbers and chirurgeons be henceforth 
 united, and as such to enjoy all privileges at any time 
 befere granted by the Charter, 1st K. Edw. IV." 
 These privileges are then confirmed to the united 
 Company, and several additional ones are conferred. 
 Thus they are allowed to take the " Bodyes of fFoure 
 condemned persons yerely for Anatomies," etc. No 
 manner of person within the City of London, suburbs, 
 and one mile therefrom using any barbery, shall occupy 
 any surgery, letting of blood, or any other thing be- 
 longing to surgery except drawing of teeth, nor any 
 practising of surgery shall use any shaving." Power is 
 also given to the four masters to have "the punishment, 
 correction, and management of all defaults and incon- 
 veniences amongst the company using barbery and 
 surgery, their authority to extend over freemen and 
 foreigners, aliens and strangers." It is impossible to 
 ascertain the exact circumstances under which the union 
 w^as formed ; it aj^pears certain, however, that the 
 physicians were favourable to it, and that their college 
 assisted in the passing of the Act. Be this as it 
 may, its delivery by the king to the incorporated Com- 
 pany has given rise to a celebrated painting by 
 Holbein, a copy of which is here presented to the 
 reader [Plate V.]. Of this picture, Mr. Carwardine 
 gives the following account. 
 
 The chief treasure of the Barbers' Company is their 
 fine picture, which is considered to be the best of Hol- 
 bein's undoubtedly English works. The barbers having 
 
92 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 had wit and taste enough to retain it in their posses- 
 Hoibein's ^^^n when they were separated from the sur- 
 
 ''^ '^^* geons under the Act of George the Second in 
 
 1745. It now^ adorns the council room of their hall 
 in Monkwell Street. The bluff monarch sits m his 
 pride of place sumptuously apparelled with jewelled 
 rings; the sword of state in his right hand. With- 
 out condescending to look at his humble lieges who 
 are kneeling on either side, with his left hand he 
 " reaches " the statute to Thomas Vicary, his sergeant 
 surgeon, who was master of the Company for the time 
 being. Yicary, with fourteen of his brethren arrayed in 
 two rows, kneels to the left of the king, whilst to the 
 right are three other figures. Thirteen of these worthies 
 in the original picture have their names legibly printed on 
 them in goodly Eoman letters of white, done by some 
 barbarian of a later age. These thirteen are Thomas 
 Vicary, of whom more anon, with John Aylyf,^ who 
 take precedence of the rest as being surgeons to the 
 king ; next to them are Nicholas Symson and Edmund 
 Harman, the king's barbers. It is probable that these 
 persons being much about the Court had sufficient 
 influence to compel the other surgeons to yield them 
 precedence. Monforde and Pen, Alcocke and Ferries, 
 complete the lower row ; whilst Salmon and Tylly are 
 the only two persons with labels in the upper row. 
 The three figures on the right of the king represent 
 
 ^ Written about 1825. Tlie picture has since been removed into the 
 HaU itself. 
 
 2 First Alderman of Bridge Ward Without in 1551. He was a 
 knight. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 93 
 
 Master J. Alsop, the royal apotliecary/ and Dr. John 
 Chambre, with Dr. (afterwards Sir William) Butts, who 
 was at this time physician to the king. It was owing to 
 the influence of the latter with his master and his fidelit}'' 
 to his friend, that Cranmer owed his safety, whilst it 
 gained for himself an undying memorial, true almost to 
 the letter, in the pages of Shakespeare.^ Dr. John 
 Chambre was also physician to the king. He is men- 
 tioned first of the five physicians to whom the Charter of 
 the College of Physicians was granted in 1518; and 
 he was in attendance on Queen Anne Boleyn during her 
 confinement of Elizabeth. He was in orders and held 
 several church preferments. 
 
 The picture, which is an oak panel measuring within 
 the frame ten feet two inches in width by about six feet 
 in height, is finely coloured and elaborately finished. It 
 is painted with the grave, unimaginative truthfulness so 
 peculiar to the artist. The likeness of the king is re- 
 garded as the most perfect ever produced of him, and 
 there is an autograph letter of James I. preserved in 
 the Company's archives to the following purport : 
 
 " James E. 
 
 " Trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. 
 Whereas we are informed of a table of painting in your 
 hall, whereon is the picture of our predecessor of famous 
 
 ^ In tlie Priv^y Council Register, vol. ij. p. 583, tliere appears under 
 date ix September, 1549, a " warrant to Mr. Peckham for xiij li. to Alsojje, 
 poticary, for poticary stuff." In Novemloer of the same year Mr. Aylyf 
 and Mr. Fferris are mentioned, a clear proof that the medical staff about 
 the Court had not undergone many changes in the inten'cniug nine years. 
 
 2 King Henry YIII., act v. sc. 2. 
 
94 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 memory King Hemy tlie YIII., which, being very like 
 liim and well done we are desirous to have it copied. 
 Wherefore our pleasure is that you presently deliver it 
 unto this bearer, our well-beloved servant Sir Lionel 
 Cranfield, knight, one of our masters of requests, whom 
 we have commanded to receive it of you, and to see it 
 with all expedition copied and redelivered safely, and 
 so we bid you farewell. 
 
 " Given at our court at Newmarket the 
 13th day of January, 1617." 
 
 There is a tradition that the Company had refused 
 to take for their picture as many broad pieces as would 
 cover its surface, and knowing that the memories of 
 kings are apt to be treacherous when they borrow of 
 their subjects, their worships declined to comply with 
 his Majesty's requisition until he had deposited a pledge 
 somewhat approaching to the value of the work. In late 
 years Prince Albert visited the picture more than once, 
 and at his desire (the Company proving more compliant 
 than in days of yore) it was sent to Buckingham 
 Palace, where it remained for more than a month. The 
 following extract from Pepys' diary is well known, but 
 will bear repeating here : "Aug. 29th, 1668. After 
 dinner Harris and I to Chyrurgeons'-Hall, where they 
 are building it new, very fine ; and there to see their 
 theatre which stood all the fire, and, which was our 
 business, their great picture of Holbein's, thinking to 
 have bought it by the help of Mr Pierce for a little 
 money : I did think to give £200 for it, it being said 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. . 95 
 
 to be worth £1,000." And then his opinion of it : 
 " But it is so spoiled that I have no mind to it, and it 
 is not a pleasant though a good picture." Baron was 
 employed by the Company to make an engraving from 
 this picture, and the following entry occurs in the 
 minute-books of the Company in regard to this transac- 
 tion : " 27th Aug., 1734: Copper-plate of Holbein's 
 picture ordered of Mr. Baron for 150 guineas; 50 
 guineas on finishing the drawing, 50 guineas on 
 delivery of the plate, and 50 guineas on 100 prints." 
 The engraving is well and boldly executed in line, and 
 the likenesses are faithfully preserved. The face of the 
 copper plate, however, has been made to correspond with 
 the picture, and the figures are consequently reversed 
 in the impressions when struck off, so that the king is 
 handing the Act to his sergeant surgeon with his right 
 instead of his left hand. This plate is stated to be the 
 property of the masters or governors of the mystery 
 and community of barbers and surgeons of London. 
 It was published on the 15th day of October, 1736. In 
 the usual place in the corner of the print is written, 
 " B. Baron, del. et sculp., 1736." 
 
 The council room of the Company contains a beau- 
 tiful drawing in red chalk, corresponding in size with 
 the print, about two feet six inches by about seventeen 
 inches ; it is probably the drawing on a reduced scale 
 made by Baron from the picture before he engraved it. 
 The delicacy of the touch recalls that of Holbein him- 
 self. It seems in place here to notice also the curious 
 preliminary design for the original picture which is now 
 
96 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 in tlie possession of tlie Eoyal College of Surgeons in 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. The cartoon liangs against tlie 
 library wall on the staircase of the college. It is 
 placed at a considerable height, and the light falls upon 
 it in such a manner as to render a close scrutiny of it 
 almost impossible. I have, however, recently made a 
 somewhat careful examination of it. The principal por- 
 traits bear testimony to the masterly hand of Holbein. 
 The back row of figures on the left of the king are evi- 
 dently by an inferior artist, as they bear no resemblance 
 to those of the finished picture in Monkwell Street, 
 some of the heads being quite grotesque, and more like 
 caricatures than the faithful portraits of Holbein. Van 
 Mander, and more recently Mr. Cunlett, state that Hol- 
 bein expired without finishing the panel in the possession 
 of the Barbers' Company, and Mr. Black has shown that 
 he died somewhat suddenly of the plague in the parish 
 of St. Andrew Hndershaft in the year 1543. The 
 cartoon, moreover, is shorn of its fair proportions, being 
 curtailed at each end so that it only measures nine feet 
 two inches across, thereby docking oif Master Alsop on 
 the right, and Richard Ferris with the nameless one 
 above him towards the extreme left of the king. It 
 differs also from the panel in the colour of the drapery. 
 The portraits are taken upon four pieces of paper which 
 are jomed together upon a canvas to form the picture. 
 Saunders,^ in confirmation of this view, states that the 
 " portraits are separate pieces of paper pasted in their 
 proper places and are evidently the original studies 
 
 ^ Kniglit's " London," vol. iii. p. 182. 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 97 
 
 made by Holbein from tlie life." ^ In the panel there is 
 a piece of suspended drapery occupying a certain space 
 at its upper part, and containing a long inscription. 
 Some 3^ears ago Mr. Clift, who was then Conservator at 
 the college, found, on cleaning the cartoon, in the corre- 
 sponding space a window in place of the drapery ; through 
 the window could be seen the old church of St. Bride's. 
 This appears to show that the event commemorated by 
 the painting took place in the palace of Bridewell. 
 
 The following entry in the minute book of the 
 Surgeons' Company explains how the cartoon was ob- 
 tained : " At a Quarterly Court of Assistants on the 
 6th of July, 1786. The master (Mr. Watson) in- 
 formed the court that having been informed that in a 
 late sale of pictures of M. Desenfans a large and 
 capital picture was exposed to sale, being a cartoon 
 painted by Hans Holbein representing King Henrj^ 
 YIII. delivering the Charter to the barber-surgeons in 
 the year 1535, and having examined the same, and 
 being satisfied of its undoubted authenticity, and that 
 it was the original picture of that subject, and Mr. 
 Grindall having also examined it, and being of the same 
 opinion, and thinking such an opportunity of procuring 
 the possession of such a picture should not be missed, 
 and being of opinion that the same might be procured 
 for a reasonable price, they had treated for the purchase, 
 and having reduced the terms to fifty guineas, they had 
 purchased the same on the account and for the use of 
 
 ^ Mr. Womum tliiuks that this picture is the copy made by order of 
 King James I., which was mentioned above. 
 
 H 
 
98 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the Company, and tlie Court of Examiners had issued 
 the price of it out of the Company's cash. 
 
 " Resolved that this court doth highly approve of the 
 conduct of the Master and Mr. Grrindall upon this 
 occasion, and return their best thanks for their at- 
 tention to the concerns of the companj^." So far the 
 matter seems to have been discreetly managed, but 
 three years later for want of a little business-like 
 caution on the part of the court, there appears to have 
 been a determined attack upon the finances of the Com- 
 pany, which was met by a remedy worthy of the drastic 
 measures then in vogue. The circumstances of the case 
 are reported in the minute books of the Company under 
 the date July 2nd, 1789, Mr. Watson being still master. 
 
 " Mr. Lloyd, who had been employed to clean and 
 repair the picture of King Henry YIII. presented a 
 bill of his demand upon that occasion amounting to 
 £400, which demand the court considering as highly 
 enormous, came to a resolution offering him fifty guineas 
 and no more. And he being called in was acquainted 
 with such resolution, when he said he begged some 
 time to consider of it and would call again. 
 
 " Ordered that if Mr. Lloyd shall signify his accept- 
 ance of such offer, the Clerk be authorised to pay him the 
 said sum of £52 10s." Three months later, at the next 
 quarterly meeting, " The Clerk reported that Mr. 
 Lloyd had at length accepted the £52 10s. offered him 
 by the court, and that the Clerk had paid him the 
 same, and taken his receipt in full of all demands." 
 
 The exact date of the painting is not known, nor 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 99 
 
 can it be decided on wliat grounds tlie Surgeons' 
 Companj speak of Henry presenting a charter to tlieir 
 predecessors in 1 5 3 5 . The Act of Parliament was passed 
 in 1540, but there is no allusion in the preamble to the 
 Charter having been granted so long before. The king, 
 too, did not often visit his palace of Bridewell after the 
 trial of Queen Catherine and his marriage with Anne 
 Boleyn; both of which events took place in 1533. If 
 Sanders' conjecture be correct, therefore, and the Charter 
 was really granted in Bridewell, the date of its presenta- 
 tion must have been previous to 1535, unless, indeed, this 
 palace was used as a place for state pageants. The position 
 of Thomas Yicary, too, is suggestive that the actual date 
 of the event is not the one usually assigned. He was 
 master of the Barbers' Company in 1531, and of the 
 united crafts in 1542, as well as on several subsequent 
 occasions. From his actually receiving the document 
 from the hands of the king it is most probable that he 
 was master for the year, and the date must therefore be 
 assigned to one of these two j^ears, and I am inclined to 
 believe that it was in 1542, and that the event commemo- 
 rated was not the granting of a charter, but the final 
 delivery of the Act of Parliament into the hands of the 
 new Company. It is possible, however, that the painting 
 is merely commemorative, the separate studies being 
 incorrectly pieced together after Holbein's death. 
 
 To return to the Act, however, the intention of the 
 union was " that by the often assembling 
 
 The Barber - 
 
 toc^ether, the e^ood and due order exercise and sururcons' m- 
 
 ^ corporation. 
 
 knowledge of the said science or faculty of 
 H 2 
 
100 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 surgery should be rendered more perfect as well in specu-? 
 lation as in practice, both, to (tbe members) themselves, 
 and all their servants and apprentices brought up 
 under them . . . than it hath been or should be if 
 the two companies of barbers and surgeons should con- 
 tinue severed asunder ... as they before this time 
 have been, and used themselves not meddling together." 
 How the due order, exercise, and knowledge of surgery 
 was to become more perfect by the union and often as- 
 sembling together of barbers and surgeons is a puzzling 
 matter to explain, especially as, by a subsequent clause, 
 each party was bound to the practice of its own pro- 
 fession. " No manner of person within the City of 
 London," runs the Act, " or the suburbs thereof, or 
 within one mile compass of the same, after the feast of 
 Nativity of our Lord Gfod next coming, using barbery 
 or shavmg or that, shall hereafter use barbery or 
 shaving . . . neither he nor they nor none other for 
 them to his or their use shall occupy any surgery, 
 letting of blood, or any other thing belonging to 
 surgery, drawing of teeth only except. And further- 
 more, in like manner, whosoever useth the mystery or 
 craft of surgery, shall in no wise occupy nor exercise 
 the feat or craft of barbery or shaving, neither by him- 
 self nor by none other for him to his or their use." 
 
 Although the improvement of those practising surgery 
 " in speculation and practice," was not likely to be very 
 great by " their often assembling " with those who were 
 forbidden " to occupy any surgery," yet the surgeons 
 were gainers by the union, inasmuch as they now shared 
 
TEE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 101 
 
 by right in all those municipal and corporate advantages 
 which they had hitherto possessed only in part and on 
 sufferance. It was further ordained " there shall be 
 chosen .... four masters or governors of the same 
 company, two of them shall be expert in surgery, and 
 the other two in barbery." The study of anatomy was 
 also encouraged by the clause, enacting that " the said 
 masters or governors of the mystery and commonalty of 
 barbers and surgeons of London and their successors 
 yearly for ever, after their said discretions at their free 
 liberty and pleasure, shall and may have and take 
 without contradiction, four persons condemned, ad- 
 judged, and put to death for felony, by the due order of. 
 the king's laws of this realm, for anatomies, without any 
 further suit or labour to be made to the king's highness, 
 his heirs and successors for the same. And to make 
 incision of the same dead bodies, or otherwise to order 
 the same after their said discretions at their pleasures ; 
 for their further and better knowledge, instruction, in- 
 sight learning and experience in the said science or 
 faculty of surgery." 
 
 The first master of the United Company was 
 Thomas Vicary,^ sergeant chyrurgeon to Thomas vicary. 
 Iving Henry the Eighth, and overseer^ of all the 
 
 1 For many interesting particulars of Thomas Yieary's relations with 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital, see an excellent paper by Dr. iN'orman Moore, 
 entitled, '' The Physicians and Surgeons of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 
 before the time of Harvey ; " published in the St. Bartholomew's Hospital 
 Keports, vol. xviii. pp. 333 — 358. 
 
 ^ In this position Dr. Norman Moore points out Yicary was inter- 
 mediate in authority between the Master of olden times, and surgeons 
 who were subsequently appointed. 
 
IOl ME2I0BIALS OF 
 
 officers within tlie newly restored hospital of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, in Smithfield. He was the author in " The 
 English-mans treasvre with the true Anatomie of Mans 
 body," of the " Profitable Treatise of Anatomy." This 
 work was published in 154S. "A little treatise," he 
 calls it in his preface, " for all suche young Brethren 
 of his felowship practising chirurgerie. Not for them 
 that be expertly scene in the Anatomie; for to them 
 Galen the Lanterne of all Chirurgions hath set it 
 foorth in his canons to the high glory of Grod, and 
 too the erudition and knowledge of al those that be 
 expertly scene and learned in the noble Science of 
 Chirurgerie. And because al the noble Philosophers 
 Avryting vpon Chirurgerie doo condemne al such persons 
 as practise in Chirurgerie not knowing the Anatomie." 
 In the first chapter he declares " three poyntes very 
 expedient for al men to knowe, that intend to vse or 
 exercise the mysterie or Art of Chirurgerie. The 
 first is, to knowe what thing Chirurgerie is ; The 
 second is how that a Chirurgion should be chosen; 
 And the thirde is, with what properties a Sui'gion 
 should be indued." ^ 
 
 This description of " what properties and conditions 
 a man must have before he be a perfect Chirurgion " 
 clearly proves that had surgical education been carried 
 on as he proposed, the standing of English surgeons in 
 society would have been much higher than for many years 
 after it had attained, and if, as is not improbable, Mr. 
 Thomas Vicary was not a very learned person, he had 
 
 ^ "A Profitable Treatise of tlie Anatomie of Maus body." Loud. 1577. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGE BY. 103 
 
 sufficient common sense to perceive that only by general 
 education was his profession to be raised. Of the " foure 
 thinges moste specially that euery Chirurgion ought to 
 haue "... "The first (I sayde) he ought to be learned 
 and that he knowe his principles, not onely in Chirurgerie 
 but also in Phisicke, that he may the better defende his 
 Surgery ; Also he ought to be scene in natural 
 Philosophic, and in Grraw^mer, that he speake congruitie 
 in Logike, that teacheth him to proue his proportions 
 with good reason. In Eethorike, that teacheth him to 
 speak seemely and eloquently : also in Theorike, that 
 teacheth him to know thinges naturall, and not naturall, 
 and thinges agaynst Nature. Also he must know the 
 Anatomic, for al Authors write against those Sur- 
 gions that worke in mans body not knowing the 
 Anatomic, for they be likened to a blind man that 
 cutteth in a vine tree, for he taketh more or lesse than 
 he ought to doo. And here note wel the saying of 
 Gralen, the Prince of Philosophers in his Estoris ! 
 
 " That it is as possible for a Surgion (not knowing 
 the Anatocnie) to work in man's body without error, as 
 it is for a blind man to carue an, image. & make it 
 perfyt. The ijd, I said, he must be expert : for 
 Rasus sayth he^ oughte to knowe and to see other men 
 work and after to haue vse and exercise. The thirde, 
 that he be ingenious or witt}'- : for al things belonging 
 to chirurgerie may not be written nor with letters set 
 foorth. The fourth (I sayde), that he must be wel 
 manered, and that he haue al these good conditions 
 here folowing," among which are some it were well 
 
104 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 always to follow, viz. " That a Chirurgeon must take 
 heed he deceiue no man, with his vayne promises, nor to 
 make of a smal matter a great, because he woulde be 
 accounted the more famous. . . . Likewise, they 
 shal geue no counsayle except they be asked, and then 
 say their aduise by good deliberation, and that they be 
 wel aduised afore they speake, chefly in the presence 
 of wise men. Likewise they must be as priuie and 
 as secrete as any Confessour of al thingis that they 
 shal eyther heare or see in the house of their pacient. 
 . . And see they neuer prayse them selues for 
 that redoundeth more to their shame and discredite 
 than to their fame and worship : For a cunning and 
 skilfull Chirurgion neede neuer vaui^t of his dooings, for 
 his works wyll euer get credite ynough. Likewise that 
 they despise no other Chirurgion wdthout a great cause : 
 for it is meete that one Chirurgion should loue another, 
 as Christe loueth ys al. 
 
 "And in thus dooing they shal increase both in 
 vertue & cunning to the honour of god, and worldly 
 fame, to whome he bring vs al. Amen." 
 
 Yicary, as we may see from these extracts, was, if 
 not gentle by birth or by profession, one of nature's 
 gentlemen, with the best possession, "an honest and true 
 heart," overflowing with kindly feelings towards his 
 fellow men, and earnestly desiring to lead his professional 
 brethren along that path which could alone raise them to 
 the station he was anxious they should attain. That 
 Yicary's intentions were duly estimated, and that his 
 " Profitable Treatise " became a great favourite is pretty 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 105 
 
 clearly proved by its having attained a ninth edition in 
 1641 (ninety-three years after its original publication). 
 The surgeons of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, William 
 Bedon, Eichard Story, Edward Baily, and William 
 Clowes, thought it " so learned a worke of Anatomic," 
 as worthy to be by them " students in Chyrurgerie, not 
 without our great study, paines, and charges, newly 
 revived, collected and published abroad to the commodity 
 of others " long after the death of the author. 
 
CHAPTEE VII. 
 
 REGULATIONS OF THE UNITED BARBER-SURGEONs' COMPANY 
 CONCERNING APPRENTICES AND THE EXAMINATIONS 
 FOR LICENCES TO PRACTISE AS SURGEONS. 
 
 The Company of barber-surgeons formed in 1540 was 
 The barber- ^ Hverj companj. Tbe Mayor and Sheriffs 
 iivOTy°com- as Well as certain of tbe City companies 
 
 pany. 
 
 wore liveries on days of festivity or public 
 business. Each company might find its own livery, or 
 if they wished to wear that of the Mayor, the clerk of 
 the company was to collect the dues which " must 
 amount to 20 shillings at the least, put into a purse with 
 their name that gave it, and the wardens were to deliver 
 it to the Mayor by the first of December in each 3^ear. 
 For the which every man had then sent him four yards of 
 broad cloth, rowed or striped athwart with a different 
 colour to make him a gown, and these were called ray 
 gowns, which was then the livery of the Mayor, and also 
 of the Sheriffs, but each differing from the others in the 
 colours." This is the account given by Stow,^ who 
 mentions several alterations which subsequently took 
 place. The money paid to the Mayor for the livery he 
 calls a "benevolence " and "this is got from 20s. to 40s. 
 But Sir Thomas Lodge gave instead of four yards of 
 
 1 "Survey of London," p. 196. Ed. J. Thorns, 1876. 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 107 
 
 broadcloth three yards of satin to make them doublets, 
 and since that the three yards of satin is turned into a 
 silver spoon, and so it holdeth." At the Mayor's feast, 
 which, as may be supposed, was the chief public festival 
 of the year, the representatives of each company were 
 placed according to precedence and were grouped into 
 "messes." The chirurgeons at the Mayor's feast in 
 1531, shortly before their union with the barbers, 
 were reckoned the thirtieth of the City companies, the 
 wardens and two persons to attend making one mess. 
 The barbers on the same occasion ranking as the thirty- 
 second company, the wardens and four persons being 
 present and making two messes. 
 
 The records of the Barbers' Company do not com- 
 m.ence until some time after the union had 
 taken place. The earliest minute book at of the united 
 
 ■*• Company. 
 
 present existing is a thin folio measuring 
 15 J inches in height by 11|^ inches in width. It is 
 bound in a limp parchment cover bearing an almost 
 effaced inscription. Tlie writing is generally clear 
 and distinct, but of different styles. The spelling 
 is that of the period and is good ; abbreviations are not 
 very numerous, and the subject matter is well ex- 
 pressed ; with marginal indices of the matters re- 
 corded. The volume commences on the " xxvi'^'^ day 
 of Auguste in the fowerthe yere of the reigne of 
 our Soaereigne Lorde Kynge Edward the Syxte," and 
 " within the tyme of Maister Greorge Geen, Thomas 
 Jhonson, Thomas Stockdall, and Mathevv Jhonson, 
 Maister and Wardens of the Company and fellowship of 
 
108 2IE2WBIALS OF 
 
 Barbers Surgeons of London." It contains too " Orders 
 and Awardes." The earlier written pages liave their 
 several sentences widely crossed with erasure lines 
 giving the idea of their having been transcribed into 
 some other book, but the Barbers' Company have no such 
 book at the present time. The greater number of pages 
 are not crossed in this manner. The book is in a good 
 state of preservation, though the lower corners of the 
 leaves are worn as if frequent reference had been made 
 to it. One of the first entries is in relation to the elec- 
 tion of the master, who was to be chosen by ballot, 
 " every man to pry eke as his mynde dothe serve him 
 wiMout any telling, and when every man hathe prycked 
 about ^ the Courte, then the byll to be broughte to the 
 M.aster and he that hathe the moste pryckes to have the 
 roome of Waster the yere ensuinge." The same proceeding 
 was to be carried out for the election of the upper 
 warden, the second warden, and the youngest warden. 
 In 1551 the second warden was ordered to receive the 
 " rente of the Landes and all maner of Eeceits " and he 
 is henceforward known as the Renter Warden. In the 
 same year a dentist was admitted into the Company, 
 the entry being, " John Brysket toothe drawer " hath 
 been admitted for a brother into this house. 
 
 On and after "the xxvi*^ daye of November 1551 
 the Kinge Maijestye's Barber or Barbers and also 
 his ~MsiiJesf^e's surgeons shall syt next to the Laste 
 M.aster up on the benche where the Master nowe 
 usually doo sitt." During the greater part of the reign 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 109 
 
 of Edward YI. and for the first two or three years 
 of the reign of Philip and Mary the annals of the 
 Company are a series of personal details such as the 
 settlement of various demands, the appeasing of quarrels 
 amongst the members, the regulation of the craft and 
 the ordering of apprentices. 
 
 In 1554 a slight mark of the troublous times in 
 which it was written occurs in the following 
 
 An Order (for 
 minute : a Masse and 
 
 other ... .)' 
 
 " Memorand : Tt is understanded and ^ge^'liltSoT 
 agreed the xijth day of August w/iich was theLyveryeto 
 the ellection daye at the chosing of the 
 newe Masiev and Wardeins . . . that there shall be 
 a solemne (masse or) ^ other dy vyne and godly preyer sayd 
 and songe, that the Mastei be chossen and the hole lyvery 
 to be thereat in their best clothing and to meet at the 
 hall at or before the bower of IV of the clocke, and he 
 that f aylleth his hower to paye xijd for his fyne wzthout 
 any redempcyon or gaynesaying. The sayed masse to 
 be at the chardges of the Company." 
 
 The years 1555 and 1556 were actively occupied by 
 the Company in the rearrangement of their • 
 g-uild, the results of which are formulated trading inter- 
 
 o ' dieted. 
 
 in a series of ordinances. Of these the first ^ 
 relate to the establishment of a yeomanry within the 
 Company, similar in its constitution to that of the 
 corporate body itself, to wit, wardens, beadles, and clerk. 
 The second series proscribed in the following words 
 the shaving or trimming of any man upon Sundays : 
 1 Erased. ^ See note, page 217. 
 
110 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 "From this daye forwarde there shall no man, ffree- 
 man, fforeiner, or Straunger of the clothinge or wit/i- 
 out the clothing/ shave, wasshe a Bearde or tryme 
 any man w^th any Instrument, as to make cleane teathe 
 upon the Sondayes ... in his owne house, or in any 
 man's house or Chamber, or in any place els. He shall 
 forfayte, at every tyme, beinge dewly proved, for a fyne 
 to the halP the sum of xl s. And further that no fforeyner, 
 being no fFreman, shall carry out any Bathe, or clothe, 
 or Instrument to make cleane teeth, to shave poll, or 
 wasshe a bearde, or to tryme any man but wii/tin the 
 Lybertye where he dwelleth," under the same penalty. 
 The remaining articles are of less interest, until we reach 
 one which shows us that unrestricted freedom of speech 
 was as little appreciated by the majority as it has been in 
 the late Parliament. The minute is headed " An article 
 for the payment of a ffyne if any man of the Assistance 
 doo talke or interrupte any matter or questyon that 
 shalbe moved in the sitting of the x4.ssistaunce wy^2ch shal 
 be touchinge the comodytie of the Company." It 
 enforces under pain of fine the authority of the master, 
 and lays down rules of precedence for the speeches. 
 
 On the 5th of March, 1555, an order is made 
 " againste the letting out or lending of the hall to kepe 
 bridalls or any other games in yt, whereby the sealinge 
 or other things being broken in the hall or kitchen 
 shall redowne to the Losse of the Company. Yf, there- 
 fore, the sayed Master and gouernors for the tyme being 
 doo lett out the hall to any bodye to the intent af oresayed 
 
 ^ livery. ^ of the Company, 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. HI 
 
 without the consent of the hole howse to be called for, 
 the same shall forfayte and paye at every tyme so 
 doying to the hall for a fyne xl s. And the sayed 
 Clercke of the Companye for so letthig the hall to any 
 bodye as aiorsaid shall lykewise forfayte and paye to 
 the hall at every tyme so doyinge xx s." Yet as a 
 special act of favour, in 1568, " Yt is . . . agreed 
 by the authoritie of this courte that . . . the 
 Masters mayde shalbe maryed in to the hall wit/toui any 
 penaltie to the Master and gou(?rnors and clarke, any 
 other acte notw2thstondynge." And again, upon the 
 xxvij*^ day of January, 15G7, "In this court Eich: 
 Hughes is graunted to have the Hall to kepe a maryage 
 in upon Sonday co7ne a sevenight next onsuinge the date 
 above wrytten." 
 
 In the reign of King Philip and Queen Mary several 
 important sets of resolutions were passed 
 
 ,.-■ p /Y«'j_'j_ j_ji j_- Regulations 
 
 which are OI SUmCient interest to be tran- concerning ex- 
 aminations. 
 
 scribed at length from the records of the 
 Company. The first series relates to the examination 
 of persons for the Company's licence to practise. The 
 mOre especially interesting articles run as follows : 
 
 " MEMOEANDUM the V™ Date of Marche in the 
 
 YERE OF OUR LORDE GoD 1555, AND IN THE SECONDE 
 AND THIRDE YERE OF THE REIGNES OF OUR SoVEREIGNE 
 
 LoRDE AND Lady King Philip and quene Mary. 
 
 " Yt was fully undestanded and agreed by the Master 
 and governors then being, Thomas Knot, Mr. Thomas 
 Gayle, John Smith, and Thomas Fferrys, Governors, 
 
112 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 with tli'assent of tli'assistannce of the same Companye 
 being there present, Mr. Vycary, Mr. HoUande, Mr. 
 Geen, Mr. Lambe, Mr. Sprignell, Eobert Brommell, 
 Thomas Stockdall, John Barker, Thomas Wittingham, 
 Wilham Grreen, James Wade, Eichard Ellyot, Henry 
 Lymocke, and John Bonar to these articles hereafter 
 following, which be to the rmmheT of XIII, as hereafter 
 
 may and doth appear 
 
 " The Seconde Artycle is that there shalbe chosen 
 
 XIII examiners, whereof iiij to be alwayes present to 
 
 examyn all suche as experte in Surgery, the 
 
 ^eliSioi^^ Maszfer and governors being present, where- 
 
 and chosinge . -, , j j n ■ 
 
 of the xm upon the saved examyners may sette their 
 
 examyners. ■*- ^ ^ ^ 
 
 hands w«th the consent of the ^asfev and 
 governors hearing the mater. And that the sayed 
 examyners shall not examyn nor give Letters of lycense 
 but that the 'M.aster and governors shalbe privy thereof. 
 " And that there maye be a booke made wherine 
 every man's name that have Lycense to occupy Surgery 
 being approved to be enrolled and what ys the yeare 
 that ys to him or them appointed. And yf they take 
 upon them to doo otherwise, then there ys given them 
 the blame to redowne to him or them that so doo, and 
 not to the examyners nor to the blaster and governors and 
 that there maye be alwayes at every courte daye two 
 at the leaste of the sayed examyners during a month 
 and so afterward monthely two of them to 'be there 
 whose chance the monthe shall fall too yf there 
 besiness be not the greater: because the ^astev and 
 governors shoulde not be to seke if any bodye shoulde 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 113 
 
 be examyned there. And for Default of men being 
 there, having no reasonable excuse, to lose to the hall 
 ij s. if he doo not send worde or come himself being 
 in the Cytie of London, or desyre another examyner to 
 be there for him when his course ys at every courte 
 Daye, because we should not be w^thout them who can 
 answer the matter touching Surgery." 
 
 " The Nyenth Artycle ys that there be chosen every 
 year two for the Anathomye, and other two 
 also to be chosen for to be Stewards : so reMnguf^ 
 
 anatomy. 
 
 that two always shall stande for ij yeres, 
 because they that doo not worke of the Anatomy the 
 one yere being Stewards for the provysyon of the 
 vyctualls thy shall worke the other yere ^^ Article for 
 following. And they that shalbe chosen of*theM°asters 
 
 and Stewards 
 
 shalbe alwayes for first yere Stewards, °^j,-^j'^^'^°'"J' 
 because that they shall see the makynge of 
 them the yere before that they may be the more 
 practysed in the doynge the next yere the sayed 
 Anathomye, that after it may appeare by the work- 
 manship that they be the dooers, Yf the Master and 
 governors do goo about to breake the same acte they 
 shall lose for a fyne to the hall xl s." 
 
 Of the further duties of the stewards of anatomy 
 more will be said in a subsequent chapter. 
 
 The second series of ordinances relates chiefly to the 
 apprentices. In 1556, regulations were 
 
 T P n 1 • ^ n r Regulations 
 
 made tor the physical as well as tor relating to 
 
 ■■■ "^ apprentices 
 
 their moral welfare. Of these articles 
 
 the first is "that all prentyces of the Companye as 
 
114 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 well of the Clothinge as of the yeomanry shall weare 
 no beardes during the tyme of his prentisshippe, the 
 same to begynne at Whitsonday next. And if the 
 sayd prentys doo weare any the M.aster to lose vj s. viij d. 
 for every such defaulte. The sayed prentis not to weare 
 a bearde past xv dayes growing upon payne of the 
 forfayture aforesayed." Other articles relate to the actual 
 granting of the Company's licence. In many points 
 they bear a close resemblance to the conditions under 
 which the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge confer 
 their medical degrees at the present time : 
 
 "The Seconde Artycle is that from the feaste of 
 Saint Michaell tharchaungell [29 SepfJ next comynge 
 . . ,. , no barber Sursreon that dothe occupye the 
 
 An Article '-' ■•• "^ 
 
 barber-sur- mystcry of Surgcry in the Clothinge or out 
 ing surgery of the Clotliing-e sliall take or have any 
 
 shaJl take no '-' «^ 
 
 prentice but prcutys But that he can skyll of the Latin 
 
 suche as hathe i i / i j i i 
 
 some know- tongfo and understand the same and can 
 
 ledge in the " 
 
 Laitm tonge. wryte and reade suffycientlye : and yf they 
 or any of them doo take any that can not doo the same 
 they that offende shall paye to the hall for a ffyne xl s. 
 " The Thurde Artycle is that prentisses that shalbe 
 made ffree after Michelmas next comynge that doo 
 An Article occupyc the mystery of Surgery and all 
 
 that aU pren- , , ii j. i j x i.1, 
 
 tizes that here- othcr men that doo desyre to occupy the 
 
 after shalbe ^ ■"■ "^ 
 
 do^o'^en^tend^'J.*^ Same and to be a brother wiih us, to be ex- 
 
 occupye sur- j j i. j- i. ±\ j 
 
 gery shalbe amvncd and to passe according to the order 
 
 examyned and "^ _ 
 
 firsTprefer^ of tliis housc as a preferment of a yeare to 
 o grace, -j^^^ giucu as the order hereafter foUoweth 
 as he shalbe demaunded and apposed. 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 115 
 
 " The iiij*^ Artycle is that after Michelmas next 
 comyng all prentices when they are made ffree must be 
 demaunded by the M.aster and g'ove'rnors and 
 
 ^ '-' An Article 
 
 the iiij examyners what he intendeth to pr^ulzes'shal- 
 
 , Pi 1 • J f 1 J.1 1 m be examyned. 
 
 doo alter he is made tree, whether he will 
 occupye the Mystery of Surgery or no w«thin the Cytie 
 of London, yf he saye, ye, Then to be examyned what 
 he can doo towards yt, how he knoweth what ys Sur- 
 gery and also what an Anatomy ys and how many parts 
 it ys ; of what the iiij elements and the xij signes be, 
 w/«'ch ys the firste part of examynac2on for a prentyce and 
 for other that wilbe brother with us as the examyners 
 shall see cause for having of their preferment of their 
 fyrste grace to them to be given. 
 
 " The fyfte Artycle is that when he hathe answered to 
 the firste article provinge that he hathe some Learninge 
 or practyse Then to have his firste prefer- ^n Article 
 
 , f» 1 c\ 1 j_i tliat upon his 
 
 ment oi grace to occupye burgery by the examyconof 
 space of so many yeres or tyme as the M.aster Ig^n hTv Sis 
 
 1 1 j_i in preferme?it of 
 
 and governors and the examyners shall iraceandifhe 
 
 or they can 
 
 thinke meete and as his Industrye shall serve ^^f^teriy an^ 
 to receyve the grace of Grod and by his dilli- ^p^^*^®- 
 gent travell to study in the same and for an homage 
 thereof if he be learned or can wryte to bring in an 
 Epistell every half yere : and to reade it himselfe openly 
 at the day of Lecture before the hole house that they 
 may see his furtheraunce how he hath profyted in his 
 dilligent Labor and studye : and the unlearned that can 
 not wryte nor reade to be examyned half yerely what 
 they can doo in the practyse because they be unlettered 
 . I 2 
 
116 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 by the Islaster and goiiernovs and the examyners how they 
 have taken payens in their studye to practyse because 
 they be unlettered for the Savegarde of the kz«g and 
 queues majesijs people : (upon payen of a ffyne to the 
 ball for neglecting to do their dewty a spone waying 
 one ounce at every default.)^ 
 
 " The Sixte Article is that any man occupyinge the 
 
 mystery of Surgery being made free and 
 
 that any man dcsircth to havc his firste preferment of 
 
 desyring to •"■ 
 
 preferme/!t^of yearc shall paye to the clercke of the Corn- 
 grace shaii r il J T IT J2 T 
 
 paye to the panvo lor the wrvtynsre inromn2: nndm? 
 
 Clercke etc. r J ^ ^ J a & & 
 
 Tvaxe to seale it and for the having of 
 the Seale viij d. 
 
 " The Seventhe Artycle ys that no man of the Com- 
 panyie after the feaste of Saint Michell tharchaungell 
 
 next coming^ shall call for the Bushoppes 
 
 An Article ° ^^ 
 
 occup^S^"^ seale, which ys the confyrmacon of a Surgeon 
 sue for" the uutill sucho tvme as he hath passed his firste 
 
 Bushoppes •^ -*- 
 
 be^admit°ted^l preferment of grace and the Seconde ad- 
 surgerybythe myssvon to be admvtted to be a Sure^eon, 
 
 Master and. -^ "^ -^ & ' 
 
 fhJmfex?'^ and a Maister of Anathomye : and to paye 
 for the ha^dng of the Seconde admissyon 
 a spone of an ounce of Silver, and his name to be 
 wrytten upon it to the hall, and the Clercke of the 
 Company for the wryting and findinge waxe and 
 enrolling of yt in the boke viij d., and if the person 
 doo not this passe orderly he to paye for a ffyne to the 
 hall xl s. 
 
 ^ Erased. 
 
Temporary 
 licence to 
 
 as a 
 
 THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 117 
 
 "The Order of the ffyrste preferment of 
 grace of the admissyon of practycyoners 
 that have been prentyces and be made free 
 what they shall have fyrste toward their 
 preferment. 
 
 "Fforasmoclie as yt is expedyent that no man occupye 
 the worthy e Scyence of Surgerye but suche 
 as shalbe thonghte apte and industrious practise 
 to execute the same truely and accord- 
 ingly as well for the comodytie and profFyt of the 
 comonwelth as also for the avoyding of the Incon- 
 venyences and slaunder that otherwise mighte happen 
 by the rashness and unconning of such lewde per- 
 sons as taketh upon them to exercyse Surgery being 
 neither expert nor of us admytted to the same. And 
 forasmuche as it is not possyble that any shall attayne 
 to the same wz't/^out instrucz'ons firste learned of conning 
 and well exercysed men of that facultie: being brought 
 up therein as a practycyoner or otherwise under some 
 well skylled 'M^aster for certayne yeres in whiche tyme he 
 mighte applye his mynde to learne perfectly the rules 
 and speculatyve part thereof. The Maister and governors 
 of the Barbors and Surgeons of London wz'th the foure 
 examyners and the rest of the hole assistaunce have 
 thoughte it good after such tyme and terme of yeres 
 expired every such prentis or otherwise Sarvaunt being 
 made ffree of the sayed Companye and fellowship shall 
 also have a tyme appointed by us and the rest of the Com- 
 pan^^e to practise and put in use suche knowledge as he 
 hathe that we in tyme afterwarde havinge intelligence 
 
118 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of Ms connynge and well Doyings may constitute 
 him a Maister of Surgery if his deserving so require. 
 Wherefore we the sayed Maisters and Grovernors and the 
 iiij Examyners wzth the rest of the hole assistaunce here 
 at this instante doo admitt A. B. as a practycyoner who 
 hathe served as aprentis with. E. Gr. Maister authorissed 
 of this Company the space of ^ yeares and now 
 
 being a freeman of this Company to practise Surgery in 
 all places according to his knowledge for the space of 
 ^ yeares as A trj^all and a proofe of his knowledge 
 may be had. In witnesse whereof of the premisses we 
 have caused this Jjettre to be sealed with, our seale of our 
 hall touching the firste admission of his fyrste pref erme?2t 
 of grace : the xxiiij Day of Julye Anno Dni 1556." 
 
 " The Order of the Admissyon of Maisters of 
 Surgery and of the Anatomye to be con- 
 
 FYRMED FOR EVER BEFORE THEY HAVE THE SeALE 
 OF THE BUSSHOP W^JCH MAKETH UP THE HOLE 
 CONFYRMACION OF A MASTER OF SuRGERY AND 
 
 OF Anathomye. 
 " We Thomas Knot 'Master Thomas Grayle John 
 Final Kcence Smythc and Tliomas flBshe Grovernors 
 
 to practise as 
 
 a surgeon. Thomas Yycary George Hollande Greorge 
 
 Green and Eichard fferres Masters and Examyners of the 
 
 Company of Barbours and Surgeons of London w/th 
 
 the rest of the whole assistaunce of the 
 
 The Dede of 
 
 S V'MSslro^f same Companye To all men to whome this 
 
 wrytyng shall come greting We certifye 
 
 youe by this Ijetter that whereas o^<5r welbeloued in Christ 
 
 ^ Left blank in the original. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 119 
 
 T. A. ys not only a man of honest fame and good be- 
 haveor but is also expert connynge and well exercysed in 
 the arte of Surgery as bis well deserved Cures and pros- 
 perous successe w/u"cb cannot be dooen wft//out maturate 
 iudgement and Learning Dotlie make thereof moste 
 certejTQe truith and be a sure witness, ffurtbermore 
 we are assured by the experyence we have of the man 
 that he is not only substancyally well exercysed in the 
 curing of infyrmities belonging to Surgery of the 'parts of 
 man's bodye comonly called the Anathomye. "Wherfor 
 we as well in the behalf of Equyte reason and consyence 
 as also for the preferment of Learninge knowledge and 
 experyence Doo thynke yt mete convenyent and reason- 
 able to constitute the same T. A. bothe a Maister of 
 Surgery and also of the Anathomye and willeth him 
 so to be taken for ever hereafter and to have authoritie 
 to exercyse and occupye as well the one as the other 
 wheresoever he shall come w«t/^in this Eealme or ellswhere 
 of the premisses. In witness whereof we have caused 
 this Lettre to be sealed wit/i the great co^^mon seale of 
 our hall the xxiij Daye of July Anno Domini 1556. 
 
 " In Wytnes and confyrmacion of the sayde 
 Artycles aforerehersed and of the Order 
 
 OF THE preferment OF A PRACTYCYONER AND 
 ADMISSION OF A MaISTER OF SuRGERY WE THE 
 SAID MaSTIJU AND GoVERNERS AND THE REST OF 
 THE ASSISTAUNCE AFORE NOMYNATED HAVE PER- 
 TYCULERLY SUBSCRYBED OUR NAMES AND MERKS 
 THE DAY AND YERES AFORE WRYTTEN. 
 
 " Thomas Knot Thomas Gayle John Smithe Thomas 
 
120 MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 ffyslie Thomas Yycary George Hollande Ei chard Bowie 
 Eobert Sprignoll Thomas Stockdale James Woode 
 Eichard Elliot and Hugh Lymeweke." 
 
 The ordinance requiring apprentices to be learned in 
 the Latin tongue did not find favour with the majority 
 of the Company, or else led to inconvenience, for it was 
 repealed at the next court day, August 26th, 1557. 
 
 Before the end of the year the Company was in 
 monetary difficulties, as is cAddenced by the minute, 
 " Mr. Thomas Vicary shall paye and dyscharge the debts 
 of the house . . . and shall have the plate of the crafte 
 in pawne or pledge, untyll such tyme as the sayde 
 sumes of mony be unto hym payde agyne." 
 
CHAPTER VIIl. 
 
 REGULATIONS CONCERNING ANATOMY AND APPRENTICES IN 
 THE UNITED COMPANY— THOMAS GALE— WILLIAM BULLEIN. 
 
 The proceedings of the Barbers' and Surgeons' Company 
 contain but little of interest as regards tlie tj^^ Barber- 
 
 n 1 • n • r* Surgeon's 
 
 progress oi surgery duringr the reigns oi company dur- 
 
 ^ <-> CD J o o ing the reign of 
 
 Edward VI. and Queen Mary. From the ^uzabeth. 
 latter sovereign, as well as from her sister Elizabeth, 
 the Company obtained charters. The headings of 
 their charters are reproduced on the next page. 
 
 The court minute books in the years immediately 
 preceding the reign of Elizabeth are full of remarkable 
 passages illustrating by quaint details the times in which 
 they were written, and which carry us back to the days 
 when the City was so small that each member of the 
 Company residing within it knew every detail of his 
 brother craftsman's life and practice ; to a time when 
 the guilds actually possessed absolute sway over their 
 members, and when the Lord Mayor and his brethren the 
 Aldermen formed the final court of appeal, and had the 
 sole right of taxation within the liberties of London ; to 
 a time when the rules and ordinances of the Company 
 could be enforced by fines under pain of arrest and sub- 
 sequent detention in the Compter. And yet, again, to 
 times when life was easier and merrier, since, in spite of 
 
MEMORIALS OF 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGE 11 Y. 123 
 
 modern cavillers, England was " merry England " in 
 those days, for over and over again may be read the 
 records of pageants to be held at " any noble pere his 
 comyng throughe the cytie oute of aney fforeyne contrey 
 or lande," or a precept of the Lord Mayor directing 
 " the master and wardens of the company to provide 
 eight of the most grave persons apparelled and horsed 
 to attend upon her highness' [Elizabeth's] royal person 
 from the towne of Chelsey unto her princely palace at 
 Westminster. And after that her Majestie shall be 
 entered into her palace they doe attend with lightes and 
 keepe such like goode order homewarde in quiet manner 
 in their severall degrees and places." Frequent entries 
 occur during the reign of Elizabeth about the barge ; 
 amongst others that the Company shall use "the may- 
 dens of honors barge or the lyke in length and bredth." 
 Enactments, too, had to be repeated against using the 
 " hall of the Mysterie to kepe weddinge sportes or 
 games therein, or playes or dauncinge, or for any other 
 like entente " without due licence. " Provided alwaies 
 .... that every one who hath borne [the] offyce of a 
 M.a-sfer shal be and may for the marriage of his child or 
 kinsman or woman use the same with the consent of the 
 master and governors onlie." There is an ordinance also 
 that "whereas the whole body of the yeomanrye of this 
 Mystery were compelled under a certeine fyne and pen- 
 altye to meet theire wardens at a certeine place by them 
 appointed, beynge by the beadle warned, to go to offre 
 at the weddings of their Brethren at all times when any 
 of them weare married, w/dch. was to their great trouble 
 
124 
 
 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and Divers inconvenyence and grieve thereof as absence 
 from service and sermons one sonday mornyngs and 
 other unmeete and Inconvenient metinges." Wlierefore 
 it is decided that there shall be no more any such 
 meetino-s. 
 
 In 1561 during the mastership of Thomas Gale, and 
 again in 1562 grants of arms were made to the Company 
 by the CJarencieux herald, but as the heraldry was 
 
 INITIAL LETTEE, FROM GRANT OF ARMS TO THE TNITED COMPANY OF BAB.BER- 
 SrRGEOXS BY SIR GILBERT DETHICK, GARTER, JUNE 2nD, 1569. 
 
 deemed bad it was modified in 1569 by Sir Gilbert 
 Dethick, here represented in his Tabard, who made a 
 gift of the arms portrayed in the frontispiece.^ 
 
 The literature of surgery during this period is chiefly 
 Thomas Gale, associatcdwith the name of Thomas Gale, who 
 was born in 1507 and studied under Richard Ferris some- 
 time sergeant surgeon to Queen Elizabeth. Like all the 
 best English surgeons of his day he served in the army, 
 
 ' See also page 71, aiicl Appendices J and K, pages 351 — 360. 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 125 
 
 He was witli the troops of Henry VIII. at Montreuil in 
 1544, and with those of King Philip at St. Quintin in 
 1557. During the latter part of his life he settled in 
 London, where he was living in 1586. In 1563 he pub- 
 lished "An institution of a chirurgian conteyning the sure 
 Groundes and Principles of Chirurgiry moste necessary 
 and mete for all those that will attayne the arte per- 
 fectly : " a well digested work intended to ground the 
 young student in the principles of his profession and to 
 expose that empirical kind of practice which busied itself 
 with the mere collection of remedies without any ade- 
 quate knowledge of their properties and application. It 
 is interesting as being the first book on surgery pub- 
 lished in the English tongue. It seems that things 
 went but sadly with surgery when Gale wrote, for he 
 observed in his introduction that " The greatest number 
 of Chirurgians (I meane those that are there unto lawfully 
 called) are so rude and unskilful! in their art because 
 they have no methode, no exact waie, or yet order in 
 learnynge the grounds and principles of Chirurgery. . . . 
 So that they are confused in their studies and make rather 
 a rude chaos than a perfecte arte of Chirurgerye. For 
 nowe it is come to thys pomte that if they can get thys 
 recepte and that recepte [prescription] as they terme it, 
 they thynk they nede no farther stodye. So that the 
 more recepte s he hath the greater Chirurgian h^ thinketh 
 hymseKe to be : such Ignorance now raygnes that re- 
 cepts beareth the bell : theorike of Chirurgerye is quit 
 forsaken or not regarded. . . . Wherefore we nowe 
 accordynge to oure smalle poure and symple knowledge, 
 
126 ME2IUBIALS OF 
 
 wayinge the promisses and hartelye wlsshynge the re- 
 dresse of the same, haue sette oute the Theorike part of 
 Chirurgerye in thys presente volume conteynynge the 
 principles and sure groundes of the arte, in such order 
 and methode as shal be most conuenient for the yonge 
 student." The Institute then proceeds by way of dia- 
 logue between the author and his fellow pupil, John 
 Feilde, who are required " to enter into some talke of 
 chirurgerye " with one John Yates. Gale observes^ that 
 " chirurgerye is free for all persons, the more is the 
 pitye, when as so muche hurte and damage doe daylye 
 spryng, through the abuse of so noble an arte, so that I 
 am more than halfe perswaded that Chirurgerye wyll 
 hardly e, or neuer gather strength agayne, and liorishe : 
 excepte the prynce hauinge compassion of poore de- 
 plorated Chirurgerye, doth by vertue of lawes driue 
 awaye from her theis her forenamed enemyes." To this 
 answers John Yates, "But yet I doe meruayle at those, 
 whyche are as it were Chirurgians by profession, know- 
 ynge themselues voyde of a number of the poyntes 
 required in a chirurgian that for loue to their contrye, 
 and conscience sake : they wil not yet at the leaste 
 chose suche seruantes, as had some of the fornamed 
 vertues. Whyche, yf they dyd there were yet some 
 hope that Chirurgirie slioulde hereafter iloryshe." 
 
 Feilde" replies : " Their aunswere is, that when the skey 
 fall we shall haue larkes. They thynke that they shoulde 
 not haue servantes to serue in that vocation. For few, say 
 they, that haue well brought up thezr sonne, will put hym 
 
 J- " An Institution of a Chirurgian," fol. 10. Loud. 1563. 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 127 
 
 to the arte, because it is accounted so beggerlj and vile." 
 In .another place Grale complains, after witnessing the 
 surgical practice at the Royal hospitals of St. Bar- 
 tholomew and St. Thomas in 1562, that "it was saide 
 that Carpinters, women, weuvers, coblers and tinkers, 
 did cure more people than the chirurgians." The first 
 English mention of syphilis occurs in the Institution of 
 Thomas Grale, and in referring to it he gives an account 
 of the unlettered condition of his brethren in the fol- 
 lowing words, after discussing the various classes of 
 tumours : " Yet amonge all theis I here you make no 
 mention of morbus, whiche I thyncke is to be numbred 
 amonge tumours against nature." To which John Feilde 
 replies, "I do not well understande your meanynge, for 
 manye a tumour is called morhus, for morbus is a Latine 
 worde, and all sycknes and infirmyties be called morbi!'' 
 " Yea," says Yates, " but I meane that scabbe whiche 
 the common Chirurgians calleth the morbm and the 
 morbus cause, and the better lerned nameth it morbus 
 Gallici.'"^ "It is a great thynge to be trayned up in 
 ignoraunce or barbarous doctrine," replies Thomas Grale, 
 " one rude Empirike called it the morbus and a nombre 
 foloweth hym in his folly, and another because he wolde 
 seme connynger then the rest, wyth as muche ignorance, 
 nameth it morbus Gallici, brekynge. the olde Pricians 
 head, and yet wil not or cannot gyue h3^m a plaster. 
 But if you will vse that usu'all name you might haue 
 named it morbus Gallicus or Lues venerea, and so have 
 obserued co;^gruitie in spekyng."^ 
 
 ' " Office of a Chirargian," fol. 32&; 1586. 2 Gale, " lust. Cliiruj?.," fol. 30 
 
128 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 The surgeons of his time must of necessity have" 
 been ignorant, for even the few and instructed surgeons 
 can only have been taught by the very small number 
 of those who were acquainted with Latin, and who were 
 content to lecture and comment upon the classic writers ; 
 or of the still smaller number who had improved their 
 book learning by the surgical experience which they had 
 gained in the wars. In the Institution already quoted. 
 Gale gives the following account of the qualifications 
 which he considers necessary for a surgeon. The extract 
 is of interest, as illustrative of the views of a well edu- 
 cated surgeon of the sixteenth centur}^ in regard to the 
 position his profession should hold. 
 
 " Gruido requyreth iiij thinges in hymthat is or shoulde 
 be a Chirugian. First, that he shoulde be lettered, 
 secondly, that he shuld be expert, thyrdlye, that he 
 be iugenious, and last, that he be vertuous and well 
 maneryd. . . . And as touchyng theis iiij pointes, note 
 first wher Guido sayth he must be lettered, he doth meane 
 he shoulde be lerned, and that chefelye in suche doctrine 
 as is in his art requisite. That is at the lest, that he 
 can wright, red, and understande the mynde of latyne 
 authour. If he had knowledge in geometrie for 
 makynge his incision, for curynge fractures and luxa- 
 tions, and also in curinge malignant ulcers ; knowynge 
 what figure would moste spedely unite, and loyne 
 the lyppes of the ulcere ; it ware very commendable. 
 Naturall Philosophic is a goodlye ornature to the 
 Chirurgian, for it showeth hym what resulteth whan 
 as there is diners and sondry simples mixed to gether. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 129 
 
 But I will go to the seconde pointe, he must be 
 experte, that is, he muste be garnished wyth muche and 
 longe experience, vvhiche is excogitated be firme and 
 certayne reasons, and by them also confirmed, otherwise 
 he is to be accompted rude, and an empericke if he hath 
 not reason annexed and ioyned to his experience. 
 
 " Thirdlye, sayth GruiDO, He must be ingenious, unto 
 whiche there are fyue thynges principally required. 
 Fyrst is the redye and good conceyuynge ; then a firme 
 and sure memorye, nexte a sounde and ryght judgement, 
 after a easey callynge thinges to mynde whyche he have 
 harde or sene, and laste a lyuelye and sharpe redynes in 
 findynge and inuentynge remedyes. The maners whyche 
 GruiDO woulde haue in a Chirurgian are reconed of 
 Hippocrates and Celsus, whiche briefelye I wyll numbre ; 
 they muste be bolde and wythout feare in suche cures as 
 are without peryll, and whereas necessitye requireth. 
 Also in cures that be doutful, not to be raishe and 
 hastie, to be gentle and courtyous towarde the sicke 
 pacient, to be frendlye and louyne towarde those of hys 
 profession. Also wyse and circumspecte in Prognostica- 
 tions, last of all, he muste be chaste and temperate of 
 body, mercefull towarde the pore, and not to gredy 
 of mony, and this is sufficient touchynge the descrip- 
 tion of hym that must be admitted in Chirurgerye." \ 
 
 In relation to his patient Grale observes that " The 
 Chirurgian must also in tlieis his operations obserue 
 six thynges principally ; First that he doeth it safelye, and 
 that wythout hurte and damage to the pacient ; secondl}^, 
 
 ^ Gale, " Institutiou of a Cliirurofian," fol. 11. 
 
130 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 that lie do not detracte tyme or let slepe good occasions 
 offered in workyng, but with suche spede as arte wylle 
 soffer, let hym finishe his cure ; Therdlyi that he worke 
 iently, courtyously, and wyth so lytle payne [to] the 
 pacient as conueniently you may, and not roughly, 
 butcherly, rudlye and wythoute a comblenes. 
 
 " Forthly, that he be as free from crafte and deceyte 
 in all his workynges, as the East is from the Weast. 
 Fiftly, that he taketh no cure in the hande for lucre 
 or gaynes sake only, but rather for an honest and com- 
 petent rewarde with a godly affection to doe his dili- 
 gence. Laste of all, that he maketh no warranty se of 
 suche sickness as are incurable, as to cure a Cancer not 
 vlcerate, or elephantiasis confirmyde : but circumspectly 
 to consider what the effecte is, and promyse no more 
 than arte can performe ; and you shall doe theis thynges 
 muche the better (yea withoute theis, you can not any 
 thynge profit your pacient) yf you understande the 
 maner and exacte wayes of stichynge woundes, of 
 makyng tentes, splanes, stuphes, bolsters and conuenient 
 roUynges." ^ 
 
 After reading these accounts of Gale's ideal of a 
 wniiam surgeon, it will not be uninteresting to 
 
 Buueme. compare them with that formed by his con- 
 
 temporary, William Bulleine.^ The rules laid down by 
 
 ^ Gale, op. cit. fol. 46&. 
 
 2 Educated at Cambridge ; after travelling in Germany and Scotland, 
 he practised in Norwich, and afterwards in Durham, where he was tried 
 for murder, but acquitted. He finally moved to London, where he ob- 
 tained a large practice. He died Jan. 7, 1576, and was buried iu St. Giles', 
 Cripplegate. 
 
THE CBAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 131 
 
 tliese two surgeons may be compared with those of John 
 of Arderne, Jiving two hundred and fifty years pre- 
 viously, whom we have already quoted in a previous 
 chapter. The first extract is from a work by William 
 Bulleine, entitled " A little dialogue betwene twoo men, 
 the one called Sorenes and the other Chirurgi : con- 
 cernyng Apostumacions and Woundes their causes and 
 also their cures (1562)." His notion of a surgeon is, that 
 " He must begin first in youth with good learning 
 and exercise in thys noble arte, he also must be clenly, 
 nimble handed, sharpe sis^hted, preernant 
 
 ^ ^ . . Eight thinges 
 
 witted, bolde spirited, clenly apparailed, pi- ofagood*^^^^ 
 tefull harted, but not womenly afieccionated ^ y^'^sia.n. 
 to wepe or trimble, when he seeth broken bones or 
 bloodie woundes, neither muste he geue place to the 
 crie of his sore Paciente, for soft Chyrurgiatns maketh 
 fowle sores. Of the other syde, he male not plaie the 
 partes of a Butcher to cutte, rende or teare the bodie of 
 manne kynde. For allthough it be fraile, sore, and weake, 
 yet it is the pleasure of God, to cal it his Temple, his 
 instrume;^t, and dwelyng place, and the Philosopher[s] 
 dooe call it Orbiculus that is, a little world." ^ 
 
 The following rules for apothecaries are appended 
 to the same author's " Booke of Compouds " : 
 
 "i. Muste first serue God, forsee the ende, bee 
 
 clenly, pitie the poore. 
 " ii. Must not be suborned for money, to hurt man- 
 
 kinde. 
 
 ^ " A Dialogue betwene Sornes and Chyrurgi," f ol. viii.] 
 
 J 2 
 
132 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 " iii. His place of dwelling, shop to be clenly to 
 
 please the se^xces withal. 
 " iiii. His garden nnist be at hand, w^th plentie of 
 herbes, sedes, and rootes. 
 "v. To sow, set, plant, gather, preserue and kepe 
 
 them in due tyme. 
 " vi. To reade Dioscoeides, to know the natures of 
 
 plantes and herbes, etc. 
 " vii. To inuente medicenes, to chose by coloui', taste, 
 
 odour, figure, etc. 
 " viii. To haue his morters, stilles, pottes, filters, 
 glasses, boxes cleane and swete, etc. 
 " ix. To haue Charcoles at hande, to make decoctions, 
 
 syrupes, etc. 
 " X. To kepe his cleane wares close, and cast awaie 
 
 the baggage. 
 " xi. To haue two places in his Shoppe, one most 
 "^ct??^' cleane for the Phisicke and a baser place for 
 Chirurgi stufie. 
 " xii. That he neither increase, nor diminishe the Phisi- 
 cians bille,^ and kepe it for his owne discharge. 
 " xiii. That he neither buie, nor sell rotten drugges. 
 " xiiii. That he peruse often his wares, that thei corrupt 
 not. 
 '' XV, That he put not in quid ^ro quo, without aduyse- 
 
 ment. 
 " xvi. That he male open well a vein for to helpe the 
 
 pleurisie. 
 " xvii. That he medle onely in his vocacion. 
 
 ^ prescription. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGE BY. 133 
 
 " xviii. That lie delite to reade Nicolaus Myrepsi, • 
 Valerius Cordus, Johannes Placaton the 
 Lubik etc. 
 
 " xix. That he doe reme;;zber his office, is onely to be 
 
 the Physicia;zs Coke. 
 " XX. That he A^se true measure and waight. 
 
 " xxi. To remember his ende, and the iudgement of G-od ; 
 and thus I doe commende him to Grod, if he be 
 not coueitous or craftie sekyng his owne lucre, 
 before other mennes health succour & cow^fort." 
 
 During the mastership of Robert Balthrop, who 
 attended Henry YIII. to the Field of the Baithrops or- 
 Cloth of Grold, and was subsequently sergeant 
 of surgeons to Queen Elizabeth in 1566, were enacted, 
 constituted, and ordained the Laws, Acts, and 
 Ordinances, under which, with little variation, the united 
 Company of Barbers and Surgeons exercised their 
 authority for many subsequent years. The Acts were 
 ratified by the Lord Treasurer, Chancellor, and chief 
 justices of either bench. The most interesting facts for 
 the present purpose' are those which, more especially 
 relate to the surgeons. Thus "yt is ordayned that 
 there shalbe hereafter none examinacions had or made 
 of any person to be admitted in Surgery except it be in 
 the common hall of the saied Mysterye, and that there be 
 then and there present three of the examyners with, the 
 M.astev and governoures for the time beinge, and some 
 one or more of the saied M.aster and governoures at the 
 Leaste." " Also yt is ordayned that none of the saied 
 
134 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Misterie shall at any time hereafter bring or procure any 
 pacient to come into the saide hall of the said Mysterye 
 uppon any courte Daye uppon payne to forfet and paye 
 for euerye suche offence iijs. iiijd." From this it is 
 evident that the personal examination of patients by 
 the candidates for the licence was not considered a 
 necessary or desirable feature at this period. 
 
 Public demonstrations and dissections were held in 
 , , the hall, and to preside over them, as we 
 
 Anatomy re- ' J: ' 
 
 guiations. l^ave seeu, two masters and two stewards of 
 the anatomies were annually chosen from amongst the 
 members of the Company. There was an important 
 clause, however, which for years retarded the progress 
 of anatomy in this country, and which ran as follows. 
 " Priuate Anathomyes and other Anathomyes by any 
 of the mysterye shall not be made or wroughte at any 
 time hereafter in any place or places, but onely within 
 the comwon Hall of the said Mysterye. And f mother 
 that uppon speciall Lycens graunted by the blaster and 
 examiners for the t3"me beinge any person or persons of 
 the fellowshippe exercising Surgery lawfully may .... 
 Take forth and bring home into the said Hall the Ded 
 bodyes for Anathomyes, and then and there to make 
 and worke the same for their knowledge and more 
 connynge. And that all priuate Anathomyes shall 
 reverently henceforth be buryed as publick Anatho- 
 myes for the worshippe of the said mysterye. Any 
 skelliton to be made onelye excepted upon payne of for- 
 feture of ten poundes." This regulation was strictly 
 enforced, and for acting contrar}^ to it, " John Deane 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 135 
 
 was appointed to bring in his fine of x^\ in that he had 
 an Anathomye in his house." At a somewhat later 
 period it was the constant practice for the masters to 
 dissect a body in private before they performed the 
 public anatomy. 
 
 In addition to the masters and stewards there 
 was a reader in anatomy. For many years the 
 reader was a physician. The exact date at which the 
 office was founded is not known. Wadd, however, 
 mentions briefly that Dr. Willm. Cunningham lectured 
 in 1563. The same Cunningham who "put in the 
 Grreek and Latin words in such sort as he thought good " 
 to Grale's Enchiridion, as the author confesses that he 
 " himself had not perfect understanding of the tongues." 
 In 1577 "Mr. Thomas Hall of this companie [who 
 was also a physician] is graunted to Desect Thanatomies 
 private or publick for the terme of Tenne yeres that 
 shall happen to be wit/iin this howse, and that there shall 
 be yerelie forewer one private Anathomye at the leaste 
 and one publick, yf some cause reasonable be not to the 
 contrarie. The same pryvate alwaies to be Desected 
 before the publicke. And the same to be allwaies 
 fetched from the place of execucion by the Master and 
 Stewards for the tyme being. And that as well the 
 same Stewardes as Masters shalbe attendant upon -the 
 Desector During the tyme of any Desection." Masters 
 and stewards of the anatomy, however vigilant, could 
 not repress certain irregularities which occurred during 
 the dissections. And the following minute shows that 
 even at this period there existed that morbid taste for 
 
136 2IE2I0RIALS OF 
 
 curiosities wMcli gave origin to tlie tanneries of 
 Meudon ^ during the Frencli Eevolution. " Yt is 
 agreed and condescended that no j??erson or persons 
 of this Companie do presume at anie tyme or tymes 
 hereafter of Anathomies to take and carrie awaie or cause 
 to be taken or carried or conveyed awaie any jjcu'te of 
 the skynn of any bodie which shall at any tyme there- 
 after happen to be wrought uppon within the hall of the 
 misterie, and the same tann or cause to be tanned like 
 lether. Upon the pajTie of v^." 
 
 As it would seem from the foUomng article great 
 
 care was taken of the reader of anatomy, 
 anatomy.'''' °^ ^^^ ^'" I>octor here mentioned. The article 
 
 is one of the series already quoted at 
 page 113. 
 
 " The Enleventh Article is that they which be ap- 
 pointed for the Anathomye for the yere next following 
 
 and must sarve the Docter and be about the 
 
 An Article that 
 
 tiieMflsfei-s bodvc. he shall se and provyde that there 
 
 and btewards J I J 
 
 mye'shiii^pro- bc cvcry ycrc a matte about the harthe in 
 
 Wd-G 3.11(1 SG 
 
 au things the hall that M^ Docter [bel made not to take 
 
 necessary for L -> 
 
 i?further^con- coldc upou Ms fccte uor other gentelmen 
 that doo come and marke the Anatomye to 
 learne knowledge. And further that there be ij fyne 
 white rodds appointed for the Docter to touche the 
 bodye when it shall please him and a waxe candell to 
 loke into the bodye and that there be alwayes for the 
 Docter two aprons to be from the sholder downwarde : 
 and two payr of Sleaves for his hole Arme with tapes 
 
 ^ Carlyle, " Freucli Revolutiou,"' vol. iii. bk. v. cliap. vii. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 137 
 
 for cliaunge for tlie sayed Docter and not occnp3^e one 
 Aporne and one payr of Sieves every day which ys 
 unseemly. And the Masters of the Anathomye that be 
 about the bodye to have lyke aprons and sieves every 
 daye bothe white and cleane, yf that the Masters of the 
 Anathomye t/iai be about the Docter doo not see these 
 thinges ordered and that there knyves probes and other 
 instruments be fayer and cleane accordingly with 
 Aprons and sieves if they doo lacke any of the said 
 things afore rehersed he shall forfayte for a fyne to the 
 hallxls." 
 
 The following interesting and quaint document tells 
 its own story, it is entitled the " Form of the Busi- 
 ness at the time of a Publick Demonstration of 
 Anatomy." It is evidently the directions given to a 
 new clerk of the Company, but at a date long sub- 
 sequent to the period now under consideration. It 
 runs as follows : 
 
 " So soon as the body is brought in deliver out your 
 Ticketts which must be first filled up as foUoweth 4 
 Sorts. The first fforme to the Surgeons who have served 
 the office of Master you must Say Be pleased to attend 
 etc, with which Sumons you send another for the Demon- 
 strations; to those below the Chaire you say Our Masters 
 desire your Company in your Grown and flatt Cap etc 
 with the like notice for the Demonstrations as you Send 
 the Antient Master Surgeons. To the Barbers if 
 Ancient Masters you say, Be Pleased to attend in your 
 Gound only ; and if belowe the Chaire tlien Our Masters 
 desire etc as to the others above without the Tickett for 
 
138 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the Demonstrations. The body being by the Masifers of 
 Anatomy prepared for the Lecture (the Beadles having 
 first given the DocfoY Notice who is to read and taken 
 Orders from the Master or Upper Warden of the Surgeons 
 Side concerning the Same) you meet the whole Court of 
 Assistance in the Hall Parlour where every Grentleman 
 cloathes himself and then you proceed in form to the 
 Theatre (Viz*) The Beadles going first next the Clerk 
 then the Doctor after him the Severall Grentlemen of the 
 Court and having come therein the Doctor and the rest of 
 the Company being seated, the Clerk walks up to the 
 Doctor and presents him with a [wandPJ,^ and retires with- 
 out the body of the Court until! the Lecture is over, when 
 he then goes up to the Doctor and takes the [wand] from 
 him with Directions when to give Notice for the reading 
 in the afternoon which is usually at five Precisely and at 
 One of the clock at Noon, which he Pronounces with a 
 Distinct and Laudable Voice by Saying, This Lecture 
 Gentlemen will be continued at 5 of the Clock Precisely, 
 having so said he walks out before the Doctor, the rest of 
 the Company following down to the Hall Parlour, where 
 they all Dine The Doctor Pulling off his own Eobes and 
 putting on the Clerks gownd first, which has been 
 always usuall for him to Dine in, and after being Plenti- 
 fully regalied they proceed as before untill the end of 
 the 3^ Day, which being over (the Clerk having first 
 given notice in the fforenoon that the Lecture will be 
 continued at 5 of the Clock Precisely at which time the 
 
 ^ This word is indistinct in the original ; I have, therefore, supplied 
 the hiatus here as well as in the next line. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 139 
 
 same will be Ended) he attends the Doc/or in the Cloath- 
 ing Eoom where he presents him folded up in a Piece of 
 Paper the Sume of 10^' : : 0, and where afterwards 
 he waites on the Masters of Anatomy and presents 
 each of them in the like manner with the sum of 
 3^ : : which Concludes the Duty of the Clerk on 
 this Kccotmi. 
 
 "NB The Demonstrator by Order of the Court of 
 Assistants is allowed to read to his Pupills after the 
 Pablick Lecture is over for 3 days and untill 6 o' the 
 Clock on each day and no longer after which the 
 remains of the body is decently interred at the 
 Expense of the Masters of Anatomy w^hich usually 
 Amounts unto the Sum of 3 : 7 : 5 as by a Bill in the 
 G^OY&mmeni Dotation book will more plainly Appeare."^ 
 
 The difference between a surgeon and a barber, and 
 between one who has passed the chair and one who has 
 not yet attained so high a dignity, is exquisitely defined 
 by the different w^ording of the summons in each case. 
 The performance of the public anatomy was always kept 
 as a high festival by the Company, and was celebrated 
 by a dinner, which was second only to that held at the 
 election of the master and wardens. It was the duty 
 of the stewards of anatomy to provide this dinner after 
 the lecture, and at first, as the tenth article shows', it 
 was a perquisite of the clerk's office to provide the 
 necessaries for it, but the privilege was abused. 
 Therefore 
 
 " The Tenthe Article is that where at the Anatomye 
 
 1 See also pages 227 and 228. 
 
140 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the clercke of the Company [Apulton] clamith for a 
 An Article that Custoni that he shoulde fvnde of liis own 
 
 The Masters "^ 
 
 oFfhl^'^"^^'^^ all maner of naperye and vessell and a coke 
 bi?ng°iS m^k^ to dress the meete which lie is not able to 
 
 vessells plate 
 
 and'afsoT'"® doo bnt for a lytle lucre of monye and to 
 t'hatApuiton the dislioncstye of the Crafte. Therefore yt 
 
 shall clayme 
 
 c^To°mforThe ^^ Ordered understanded and agreed that 
 upon piyn^^of hereafter he shall not claym any such 
 
 vayment of a 
 
 ifjne, custome but that they which be appointed 
 
 for the Anatomyes maye every yere bring all maner of 
 vessell that they will, and also all maner of napery and 
 plate, and to have the coke which pertaynetli to the hall 
 when they list which may bring his stuflfe with him ; and 
 to have the occupying of the kitchen buttery and there 
 to laye their wood and cole that they mygt dresse their 
 nieate clenly and honestlye because of worshipf uU M^^^^'s 
 comyng ther unto : yf therfor the Clercke will not observe 
 this order he to paye to the hall for a fyne his haK 
 3'ere's wage which is xP. 
 
 " In 1596, M^ Docto?^' Paddy ^^s chosen to be the de- 
 secto^(;r of our Anothomies yf yt shall pleas him to accept 
 of the same. And also xx^ ys geven yerely to the Anatho- 
 mists more than they were accustomed to have, in regard 
 that suche Doctoz<^rs of Phisick as shall associate the 
 said M^ Docto^A' shalbe invited to Dyner at the good 
 liking of the masters or governo?(;rs from tyme to 
 tyme." 
 
 The duties of the Anatomists, however, were not 
 always easy. The masters and stewards had to bring 
 the bodies from the place of execution, and from certain 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 141 
 
 complaints made by Clowes/ it is clear that this was by 
 no means a pleasant task. Indeed, Clowes enters a 
 formal protest against the illegal action of the Sheriff 
 and his servants, in putting up for public sale the bodies 
 of malefactors, and actually procures the dismissal of 
 one of the servants on this ground. Useful anatomies, 
 too, might be lost in other ways than through the 
 rascality of the sheriff's officers. For it was " agreed 
 That yf any bodie w/nch. at any tyme hereafter happen 
 to be brought to ot(Y Hall for the intent to be wrought 
 uppon by th' anathomistes of our Companie shall revyve 
 or come to lyfe agayne as of late hathe ben sene. The 
 charges aboute the same bodie so revivinge, shal be 
 borne levied and susteyned by suche jcerson or persons 
 who shall so happen to bringe home the Bodie. And 
 further, shall abide suche order or ffyne as this House 
 shall Award." Either the executions were not conducted 
 with proper care, or else evil-minded resurrectionists 
 endeavoured to make a profit out of the Company, by 
 selling to them subjects which could not be wrought upon. 
 Grreat care was taken that all things should be 
 done decently about the anatomy, for in addition to 
 the orders about burial and against tanning, there 
 is another bearing date 1567, "that there shal be 
 buyldynge don and made about the Hall for seates- for 
 the Company that cometh unto every publyque 
 anothomy, ffor by cause that every joerson comynge to 
 
 ^ An eminent surgeon who practised in London and was on the staff 
 of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. His son was. sergeant-surgeon to James 
 I., and Master of the Barber-Surgeons' Company in 1626 and 1638. 
 
It2 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 see the Same maye have good prospect over the Same ; 
 and that one sholde not cover the syghte thereof one 
 frome another, as heretofore, the Company hiath. much 
 co??^p]ayned on the same. . . . And also there shal 
 be pyllers and rods of Iron made to beare and drawe 
 Courteynes upon, and aboute the frame where wzthin 
 the Anathomy doth lye, and is wrought upon for 
 bycause that no person or persons shall beholde the de- 
 sections of the body, but that all may be made cleane 
 and covered wifli fayer clothes, untyll the doctor shall 
 com and take his place to read and declare upon the 
 parts desected. And also, yet fordermore, that there 
 shal be a case of weynscot made with paynters worke 
 upon, as semely as may be done ffor the skellyton to 
 stand in. That for the worshyp of the Company all these 
 to be made through and don at the charges of the 
 mistery and Comwzon boxe of the Hall." 
 
 The attendance at the Anatomies here spoken of was 
 not voluntary. Since by an ordinance of 1572, "every 
 man of the company usinge the mystery or facultye of 
 surgery, be he frema?^, fforeyn, or alian straimger, shall 
 come Unto the Anathomye, being by the Beadle warned 
 thereunto. And for not keepinge their houre both in 
 the forenoone and also in the afternoone, and beynge a 
 ffreeman shall forf ayt and paye at euery tyme iiij'^. The 
 fforeyn in Like maner, and the Straunger euerje tyme yj*^. 
 The said fynes and forfaytes to be employed unto the 
 Anathomysts for the tyme beynge, towards theire charges 
 within the tyme of the sayed Anathomye. And also for 
 not comynge in all the tyme of the Anathomye (having 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 143 
 
 Lawful occasion of Absence), the Freema;2 sliall pay vj^, 
 the fforreygne viij*^, and the Straunger xij*^, to be em- 
 ployed in manner and fourme aforesaid. And also iij^ 
 and iiij^ to the M.asters and Grouernoures of the said 
 Mystery, for their sommons brakinge Notwithstanding. 
 Provided also that they come well and Decently ap- 
 pareyled, for their own honestye, and also for the 
 worshippe of the companye." 
 
 In the yeare 1579, " was a motion before the courte 
 of the company concerninge a Lecture in Surgerj^, to be 
 had and made in our Hall, and of an Anuytie of x^^ to be 
 geven for performance thereof yerelie by M.aster Docto^/r 
 Caldwall, ^ Docto^^r in phisick ; but yt was not concluded 
 upon nether was any further speche at that tyme." 
 Nor indeed at any other, as far as can now be under- 
 stood, for no subsequent reference is made to the 
 proposal. In 1582, however. Lord Lumley, at the 
 instance of Dr. Caldwell, founded in the College of 
 Physicians the lectureship which is still known by his 
 name. The surgeons thus appear to have lost a noble 
 benefaction which should of right have belonged to them. 
 
 ".Upon the xxvij of June, 1568, in this Courte John 
 ffrende is comytted to warde for a pacient dying under 
 his hand and not presented." And on the presentation of 
 seconde of December, 1572, " Here was John s^"°^^ <=^^^- 
 ffrend and was commanded to lay down his fynefor not pre- 
 sentinge Mr.Watsonof theTower,w/zzchd3^ed of Gangrene 
 in his fote. And he p«zd xx^." This wholesome rule of 
 " presenting " patients in danger of death or maim was 
 
 ^ See further upou tliis subject, pages 184 to 190, uote. 
 
144 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 therefore in full force. As we liave seen/ it had been 
 handed down to the united Company from an early period 
 in the history of English surgery. The regulation was 
 an eminently satisfactory one, and when we consider the 
 small number of the surgeons at this period, it was one 
 which could be readily carried into effect by a little 
 judicious management. The practitioner was bound to 
 call in and consult with the master and wardens of the 
 Company in all serious cases which he attended. He 
 was thus enabled to shift the responsibility, whilst he 
 derived benefit from the ex]3erience and suggestions 
 of his seniors in the craft; they in turn added to 
 their stock of knowledge from the various cases which 
 they would thus see during their term of office. The 
 exact words of the ordinance are perhaps worth quoting. 
 " Also yt is ordayned That hereafter no manner of 
 person of the mysterye shall take any Sicke or hurte person 
 to his cure w/^2'ch is in perill of maym or dethe. But that 
 he shall shewe and present the same sicke or hurte 
 person within three Dayes next after any by hym re- 
 ceyved unto the Wab'ter of the Companye for the tyme 
 beinge. And the said M^aster withe his governoures shall 
 then go in theire owne j^ersonages or appoynte suche 
 
 ^ Chapter ii. page 26. A somewliat similar plan is still pursued, or 
 rather has been of late years revived, at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In 
 this charity all surgical cases of an interesting or doubtful nature, or which 
 are likely to result in serious operation, are brought into the operating 
 theatre every Thursday afternoon, and are there publicly examined by the 
 surgical staff. The surgeon in charge of the patient first introduces the 
 case with a brief account of the symptoms, his colleagues, after examina- 
 tion, then give their opinions as to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, 
 the senior surgeon speaking first. When all have spoken, the surgeon in 
 charge sums up and declares the method of treatment he intends to pursue. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 145 
 
 persons as at tlieire Discressions shall seeme most con- 
 venyente and experte in the said facultie of Surgerye, 
 to go with them, or deputies in iAe absens of any the 
 said governours. . . . And if any profitt ad- 
 vantage gyfte or rewarde, come or be geven unto 
 any the said M"" Grovernoures, or Deputies, be it 
 throughe caUing and visitinge any person as is afore- 
 said, That euermore it be by the M.astev for the 
 tjme beinge Departed and Devided by even porcions 
 amonge the said Waster governoz<?rs or Deputies. 
 . And whoe offendeth in any of these twoe 
 poyntes or cases, shall, for euerye tyme paye and forfeit 
 to the use of this said mysterye for a fyne xx^." Then 
 follows an ordinance against any person taking upon 
 himself the office of visitor in any presentation, unless 
 he be duly called thereunto by the master. And lastly 
 there is a very proper rule, " That hereafter yf the said 
 iS/Laster and govornoures at any time within theire said 
 office, be desyred to goe and see any sicke or hurt person 
 or p(?ysons as aforesaid and Do denye or make refusall 
 but that he be rewarded for his or theire paynes 
 takinge, shall for e?/ery such Default forfet and paye 
 for a fyne xx^. Provided alwais that the said M^asfer 
 and governoures for the tyme beinge .... shall 
 at any tyme hereafter take paynes goe and see p'er- 
 formed and geve theire goode counsell for the helth, 
 as well of the poore for charitie as to those that are 
 of ability. And beinge by any of the said com- 
 pany usinge surgerye Desyred thereunto,, bothe for 
 the health and curacion of the greeved pacient, the 
 
 K 
 
146 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 worshippe of the said mystery e, and also for the Dis- 
 charge of the surgeon," 
 
 The apprentices appear to have been a fertile source 
 of trouble both to the Company and to their 
 
 Apprentices. 
 
 masters, for numerous ordinances were at 
 divers times enacted about them, and the court books are 
 full of references, some of which are of great interest. 
 The ordinances of 1566, when Robert Balthrop was 
 master, enter very fully into questions of apprenticeship, 
 although the subject had been discussed at large only ten 
 years previously.^ In this second series of regulations 
 " yt is ordayned that none of the said mystery occupyinge 
 surgery shall at any tyme hereafter teache any the said 
 scyence of surgery but his apjorentice, nor shall take any 
 to be ap/^rentice but such as at leaste can write and reade 
 uppon payne of forfeiture of v^." "Nojoerson beinge 
 in the clothinge of Lyverye shall have any more appren- 
 tises or servauntes retayned by covenant or otherwise to 
 serue hym at one tyme but only foure." Other 
 members of the Company who were not of the livery to 
 have only three apprentices. Care was taken that the 
 apprentices should be at least physically good, for none 
 of the mystery are hereafter to " take any apprentice 
 excepte he fyrste doe present the same ap/jrentice unto 
 the, Master and gouemouies , . . and that they Do 
 uppon the syghte of hym allowe hymm to be clene in 
 person and Lymm and mete for the exercysinge of the 
 same mysterye, science, or arte." Perhaps it was in con- 
 sequence of this rule that more than one entry occurs in 
 
 ^ Chapter vii. page 113. 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 147 
 
 the books which reflects in very severe terms upon the 
 wives of those members of the Company who possessed 
 unusually attractive apprentices. 
 
 Apprentices were protected from unjust treatment 
 at the hands of their masters by the enactment that 
 " no persomie of the said mysterye doe or shall at anye 
 tyme hereafter for frendshippe, Lucre or any other 
 respecte put any his ap/;rentice awaye or out of his 
 service untill his terme of ap/?rentishz/> be fallye ended 
 without reasonable cause, to be tryed and approved be- 
 fore the M.aster and governoures . . . Uppon payne 
 of forfeture of xP for euery suche offence." A good 
 instance of such reasonable cause appears shortly after- 
 wards. " Here was Henry Lushe and wittnessed how 
 that hys ap/irentice Rafe Soda ranne awaye ffrom hym, 
 and did contract hymself to three wemen and was 
 Asked at Westminster in the church. And also had 
 Delt unhonestly w^th his maydeservaunt. Whereuppon 
 he DeljYe)'ed his Indenture to his father." As a 
 corporate body the Company on occasion were con- 
 strained to act with apparent harshness towards their 
 erring apprentices by following an ancient adage, as 
 the following extract shows, and as Wm. Fyshe must 
 have experienced only too sadly. " Upon the xxij daye 
 of August, 1569, . . . here was Rich. Upton playntyf 
 against his appr^ntis Wm. fyshe for that he is runne 
 awaye frome his said ^lasfer the xxi^* of the same 
 moneth, and tooke with, hym certen instruments of sur- 
 gery and other things more. W/iich. pa?'tjc\i\eYs were 
 here jz?resently sene and by the said Wm. fyshe confessed 
 K 2 
 
us MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and that he had no cause to go from his said l!^lastev but 
 that he wolde have gon to the sea. And according to 
 his desert had correction and punyshment unto auncyent 
 custom w«th roddes." The which we will hope did not 
 cure hiin of his longing, but the rather confirmed him 
 in it, so that he might become a worthy follower of the 
 renowned captains of his day. 
 
 The Company appear to have acted with the utmost 
 impartiality, how^ever, for on another occasion " The ap- 
 prentice of Thomas Insoll complayned on his master 
 Ifor mysusing his ap/»rentice in beatinge hym unreason- 
 ablie as he sayed, and not gevinge him sufhcient meat and 
 drynke. And yt was ordayned that the saied Thomas 
 Insoll should use him as he oughte to be used, and not 
 to geve him any correcf/on for this complaynt." And 
 again soon afterwards, " John the apprentice of Thomas 
 Wayte was brought before the court for abusing Eoger 
 Laborne and his wyf, and his master agreeing he had 
 favorable correction for his offences." And ^^et again, 
 " Here Markes Gresvile compla^med of his ^l.astev for 
 geving him a blowe, and he was wiled to go home and 
 serve w/th his Tuasfev deligently, and so departed." 
 Master Laborne, too, was not happy in his apprentices, 
 for on "the Laste of June 1574 here was the ap/jren- 
 tice of Eoger Laborne and complayned one his lsl.astei 
 ffor beinge evill entreated by his M«-5/(?r requiring to 
 be released from hym because he would not teache 
 his scyence. And he was commaunded to serve his 
 ^lastev agayne and his ^astev to geve h3'm corection 
 for his evill behaviour, and also not to allowe h3^m half 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. l49 
 
 his lettynge bloucle and Drawinge teethe, but geve hym 
 
 reasonable apparell as becometh an ap/>rentice. And he 
 
 submytted hymself one his knees before his M.asier and 
 
 ]^/ps." ^ later entry shows the strict rule under which 
 
 the apprentices were kept. " This daye it is ordered 
 
 that Willm : Webbe apprentice or servant to Henry 
 
 Needham was appoynted to bee cow^mitted to the 
 
 Compter uppon my Lord Maiors commaundeme;^t for 
 
 being collared as an apprentice and yet marryed and 
 
 ha\dnge children." The following entry, too, is of 
 
 interest as it gives an inventory of the worldly goods of 
 
 an apprentice in the year of grace 1600. As a result of 
 
 some controversy, " Edward Want did turne over his 
 
 apprentice to Peter Ledsam for the residue of his terme 
 
 to come. And did 2lIso promise to deliver such apparreli 
 
 as hee had of the sayd apprentice . . . viz. one 
 
 pair of hose, one pair of linnen drawers, twoe shirts, 
 
 certeyne bandes, a new plaister boxe or salvatory, a 
 
 splatter,^ a payre of mulletts,^ a pair of pincers, sl 
 
 punche, a pair of crosse billes, fower bokes a?td one 
 
 fflute." A truly miscellaneous collection, and worthy of 
 
 the renowed Master Simon Tappertit. 
 
 Throughout Elizabeth's reign the Company appear 
 
 to have maintained one scholar in the Uni- The company 
 
 . . and the Uni- 
 
 versities of Oxford or Cambridge at an versities.- 
 
 expense to themselves of xP a year. The exhibitioners 
 
 thus provided for were generall}^ the sons or other 
 
 relatives of prominent members of the Company. As 
 
 early as 1506 " Yt is Ordayned that Thomas Hall 
 
 ' spatula (?) ^ Small pincers for curliug the liai'r. 
 
150 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 shall have an excibicyon of fortie shyllyngs by the 
 yere and yerely Towardes his studye (in Mawdelyn 
 Coledge) in the nnyversytie for Surgery anexinge 
 physycke therunto, and thereby hereafter to perfet 
 his other brethren beynge of this mystery ... by 
 Eeadynge Lectures unto them in Me com»zon hall, and 
 otherwyse by his councell, conynge, and knowlege." And, 
 as we have already seen, Dr. Hall held the post of 
 examiner in 1576, and reader in anatomy in 1578. 
 These grants of money, however, do not seem to have 
 been given solely to promote the study of surgery, for in 
 1578 " Yt is agreed that Nicholas Straugnishe, the 
 Sonne of Henrie Straugnishe of our misterie shall haue 
 ffourtie shillinges by the yeare so longe as he shall con- 
 tinue his studie in the vniversitie of Oxforde in the 
 learninge of deuinitie Duringe the good pleasure of this 
 Companie and his well Doinge. And the same payment 
 to begin ymediatlie after his admittance into some 
 Colledge there." The university career of Master 
 Straugnishe can be traced throughout, for in 1584 
 "Nicholas Straugnishe, scoUer in Oxforde, shall haue 
 his penczon of xP yerely paid unto him Duringe the 
 good pleasure of this howse : and also xxx^ w/nck is behind 
 unpaid of his said penc^on." In 1582 " Yt was agreed 
 that Whereas there was sent unto Henry Straugnishe 
 for his sonnes preierm.ent to procede Bachelo?<{r of Arte 
 xP, that he shall have the same wit/iouie any reclayme 
 frielie geven him." In 1586 " M"" Straugnishe nowe 
 l^laster of Arte in the universitie of Oxforde, shall haue 
 his yerely stipend no longer then untill michelstyde next 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 151 
 
 and then Willm. Parys, the sonne of Humfry Parys 
 who is student in Cambridge, shall haue that penc/^n 
 Duringe the good pleasure of this Companie." Finally, 
 in 1587, as the quondam exhibitioner had made good use 
 of his natural abilities, there was " a consent unto the 
 gevinge of xx^ to M"" Straugnishe, Preacher and Student 
 in %pists Churche in Oxford, and somet3nne Exhibitioner 
 of this Companie." " Thomas Yates, sonne of M^ 
 Warden Yates shall haue yerelie duringe the well 
 plesaure of the M^aster and gOYernoiirs of this misterye 
 towardes his maintenance in studie in the universitie of 
 Cambridge yerelie the some of xP and xx^ in hand to buy 
 him bookes." ^ 
 
 By the regulations of the Company the licences to 
 practise sursrery were g-ranted after examina- ^ ■ . 
 
 ^ O J O Ldcences to 
 
 tion for the space of so many years as the practise. 
 M.aster and governors with the examiners should think 
 fit. The examination appears to have been conducted 
 fairly, and upon the results of it the licence was granted 
 permanently if the candidate did well, or for a longer or 
 shorter term of years if the results were less satis- 
 factory. On very rare occasions, indeed, the aspirant 
 was " referred " for a further period of study. The fees, 
 however, appear to have been calculated on a sliding 
 scale adapted to the rank and position of the applicant. 
 The following minutes will illustrate these points, and 
 
 1 This custom of granting presents of books and money to students 
 at the Universities is still kept up by the City companies, as the editor is 
 able to testify, for whilst a student at Oxford he has more than once 
 experienced at the hands of the Merchant Taylors' Company a kindness of 
 this natui-e. 
 
152 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 will show that even the permanent licence was liable on 
 occasion to be revoked : " Here was one Johnsonne 
 a straiinger and required to be a brother of our company. 
 And he was willed to come the next court Day." 
 Accordinp-lv at the next meeting^ " Here was Johnson 
 the Surgeon in Crowchett ffryers to make answere 
 accordynge to his promyse the last Tuesdaye. And yt 
 was agreed that he shoulde paye xxx^ in hand and x^ a 
 quarter, and uppon Thursdaye nexte to be admytted." 
 Johnson being already in practice was probably admitted 
 to practise under the seal of the Company after passing 
 a modified examination. " This daye ^ Eichard Banester 
 of Slyford in the County of Lyncolne Surgeon was ex- 
 amyned and approved before the Maskrs of this Company 
 by M"- Wood, M^ Baker, M^ Thorney, and M^ Will"^ 
 Martin concerninge his skill in the practize of surger3^ 
 And was found an liable^ and fitt man to use the 
 same." " This daye Raphe Barret at his humble suite 
 was examined concerninge his skill in Surgery before 
 the M^asters by . , . the examiners in that 
 behalf appoynted. And was admitted a?id sworne." 
 On another occasion : "At the Request of M^ Doctor 
 Julio, Grabriell Petiolio is Lycenced to exercyse and use 
 Surgery for one hole yeare payeing the quarterage as 
 other brethren strayngers do." " This daye Will°^ 
 Pilkington paid to the ^lastex towards his examinaczon xP 
 and was comaunded to geve his attendance at this hall 
 on Thursday next to be examined." On the following 
 Thursday : " Will™ Pilkinton uppon his examinac2on 
 
 1 July Sth, 1602. ^ ^gkilful 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGE BY. 153 
 
 was tolerated to practize surgery for five yeares next 
 ensuinge, Provided that liee paie quarterly to tliis howse 
 ij^ vi^, and that hee the said Pilkinton doe joyne with 
 him in euery cure ^ he shall have in dang(?r of Death 
 or mayme some expert surgeon of this Company. 
 A very provisional licence indeed, and one that was 
 scarcely worth having, and not far removed from the 
 state of affairs noticed under the date 17th day of 
 Jan., 157f, when " Grilbert Scofeld made his request to 
 have his le/fevs under the scale of the house, but 
 upon his examinac^'on being founde unable ^ he was 
 wil'd to stale a while longer untill he had red more." 
 We gather from a previous minute that Gilbert's 
 ignorance arose from lack of apiDlication rather than 
 from want of brain power, for on the 27th day of 
 May, 1575, " John 'Wh.ecker complayned at this Co^^^rte 
 of Grilbert Scofeld, for that the said Gilbert refused to 
 paie unto the said Whecker for heling of a broken 
 hed Don by the saide Scofeld. So he was at this Courie 
 awarded to paie to the saide Whecker wz'thin one ff'ort- 
 night iiij^." The next extract, on the other hand, 
 appears to point to want of ability rather than to want 
 of will. It afibrds a curious instance of the multifarious 
 duties of the coroner's quest. " This daye John Ffoster 
 a poore and unskylful man of this Company made' his 
 appearance before the M.asteYS of this Compan}^, And 
 was examined concerninge his skyll in tlie arte of 
 surgery, and was found altogether unskilfull in all the 
 pa7'tes thereof. Whereuppon it is ordered that M"^ 
 
 ^case. ' unskilful. 
 
154 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Wilbraham Coroner to this Cytie be warned to be here 
 wzth the Coroners Inquest on Thursdaye next by tenne 
 o£ the clock in the forenoon to be satisfied by their 
 owne hearinge of the unskilf nines of the said ffoster." 
 
 The following are instances of the partial and 
 complete revocation of licences : " Here was a Com- 
 plainte determyned upon w/^2ch was made against 
 Thomas Hoole. And for that he was founde ignorant he 
 is bounde in xP never to medle in any matter of S^gery 
 but suche as he shall call some better experienced 
 surgeon than him unto at tliQ seconde dressinge. 
 This daye OYmeY Peacock brought in his fine for not 
 presentinge his Cure beiage no we Dead. And it was 
 mittigated to five shillinges. And it is further added 
 that he practize surgery no more." " This daye John 
 Smith appeared before the lAaster^ of this Company 
 who was discharged by them from the practise of sur- 
 gery. This daye one Will™ Cell practiconer in surgery 
 lykewise appeared before the Islastev^ and was forbidden 
 to practize any more in surgery." 
 
 The licence of the Bishop of the diocese or in London 
 The Bishop's of tlic Dean of St. Paul's was sufficient 
 to qualify for the practise of surgery ; 
 this was found to interfere very materially with the 
 efforts made by the Company to improve the status of 
 the profession. In 1599 it was found expedient to 
 come to an understanding with the Bishop upon this 
 question. Accordingly, " The Maister of the Companye 
 made his petic2on to the lorde Bishopp of London that 
 noe person shoulde be admitted to practice Surgerie, 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 155 
 
 but suclie person as shoulcle haue the seale of tliis 
 house to testifie his examiDacfon before the Maisters : 
 which was graunted, and order sett downe for the 
 same." The matter was not however settled so easily, 
 as will be seen at a later period, for succeeding bishops 
 did not so readily forego their privileges. 
 
 From the subjoined entry it would appear that the 
 freedom of the Company carried with it until 1582 a 
 right to practise surgery. For " it was agreed and 
 thought necessary that no ffreeman of this company 
 hereafter to be made shall be put into the lecture bill 
 although he have been broughte up in surgerie, unless 
 he first be examined and have the seal of o^^r house for 
 his credit, which he shall have gratis paying for the 
 wrytyng of his letters to the dark iij^ iiij*^. 
 
 In regard to the various payments necessary for 
 licences, there are numberless entries show- Fees for 
 ing that not only did they vary for different 
 grades in the Company, as might be expected, but even 
 for different persons of the same grade. It is amusing 
 to observe how a little present judiciously selected 
 and offered at an appropriate opportunity to the Com- 
 pany as a corporate body, would facilitate the delivery 
 of letters of admission, or would smooth over any little 
 hitch or difficulty which might occur. A curious entry 
 in regard to these money - matters occurs Sept. 15, 
 1576. "Whosoever sholde request to be a brother of 
 this howse, yt is agreed that they shall paie redy 
 money, otherwise not to be admitted." The difference 
 in the fees occasioned from time to time subject for 
 
156 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 scandal, thus it appears that " Greorge Baker com- 
 playned one Arthure Welborn forasmoche as the said 
 Arthare hath reported to ffraunces Eosier that where he 
 payd y^^ for his Admjttaunce he wonld have nndertoke 
 to have gotten the said Admyttannce for xP, and also 
 a licens from my Lord Keper to occupye surgery for 
 vj pounds. And alsoe he reported that he was ad- 
 mytted onely uppon the report of George Baker with- 
 out examynacion, w/iich. is untrue to the slaunder 
 of the Waster and gouernores and the hole howse. Not- 
 W2thstandynge the matter was left in suspence tyll some 
 other t^^'me that the ~Miaster and gouernoures think good 
 to call on yt." As regards gifts in 1 572, " Here was one 
 Thomas Hall of Howsbourne Crawley in the County 
 of Bedfourd a brother of this House Admytted in the 
 tyme of Mr. Mason^ Beinge master, and had his Le^res 
 of Admyttaunce corrected and Amended and newe 
 seled. . . Ffor the w/iich he hath joromysed to send 
 to the howse a pece of fflesh againste the Dynner Daye." 
 And in the same year, " Mr. Bannester of Nottingh<2m,^ 
 gentleman, was sworne and Admitted a Brother of this 
 mystery. Whereuppon hee hath graunted to the howse 
 yerely xx® so long as he Lyveth, and to be Liberall and 
 co^^modious to the house in what he may : and will send 
 yearly a buck or twoe and hath payed all . . . in hand 
 X®, and shall have his Jjettev of Licence." Also, " This 
 daye Bog^. Jenkins, a freeman of the Company of 
 Weavers and an admitted brother in the practize of 
 Surgery, for and in respect of the love he beareth to 
 
 ^ A.D. 1567. ^ Johu Banester the celebrated surgeon. , 
 
TEE GRAFT OF 8UB0EBY. 157 
 
 this Company became an humble suitor to this Courte, 
 that they would be pleased uppon his discharge from the 
 said Company of Weavers to incorporate him amongst 
 them : w/iich his request they willingly graunted. 
 Whereuppon he freely gave to the M.asfer to the use of 
 the said Company the somme of tenne pounds in gowld, 
 w/uch the said Courte did very kyndely receawe of. 
 And in respect thereof and for that the said Roger 
 Jenkins was of the Lyvery and one of the Assistants 
 of his Company they ordered, that uppon his translacxon 
 from his said Company to out hee shal be admitted into 
 the Clothinge, and further ordered that for and in respect 
 of his yeres hee shal be by theis presents dischardged 
 of the office of Master and Steward of the Annothomy." 
 For the honour thus conferred upon him the worthy 
 member of the Weavers' Company was mulcted according 
 to custom, for "it is ordered that the Assistance w/iich 
 were present at the last Court of Assistance shal be 
 warned to be at dynner with. Roger Jenkins on Thurs- 
 daye next beinge the appoynted tyme for his translaczon 
 from the Company of Weavers to this Company." 
 " Grarrett Key ^ a straunger appeared before the Masters 
 of this Company and in respect hee hath vndertaken the 
 cure of his patient, one ffeake a gowldsmith beinge in 
 danger of death, wzthout makinge p?-^sentac?on thereof to 
 the Masters of this Company, did voluntaryly geve 
 to the said Masters to the use of the poore of 
 the same Company iij^. And thereuppon they have 
 
 ^ Dr. Norman Moore suggests that the nou-freeman was au Irisliman, 
 and that his real name was Cxearod Mc Aeth, 
 
158 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 acquited him of all former offences done to this 
 Company." 
 
 The quacks ^ who ahounded in the sixteenth and 
 seventeenth centuries were treated by the 
 
 Quacks in the ^ -ii ii i / • i i^- 
 
 sixteenth cen- uompanv With the utmost consideration. 
 Each and all who offered themselves were 
 examined, and those who possessed even a minimum of 
 knowledge were granted a temporary licence, whilst 
 those who knew absolutely nothing were alone cast into 
 outer darkness. There was also an attempt made to 
 classify by means of the licences, thus : " Here was a 
 letter directed to the M.astev and gouernores ffrom the 
 eaile of Lyncolne with. Divers other gentlemens hands 
 thereat in the behalf of one Henry Esthorpe of Sam- 
 bringh^m in the county of Lyncolne Surgeon towchinge 
 his well Doynges in Surgery in those parts as by the 
 said letter uppon the fyle doeth appeare. Whereuppon 
 he was Admytted a Brother and had a letter of 
 Admittance as uppon theire reports able to Deale there 
 in, but not allowed as examyned and aproved there- 
 unto, as by the forme and coppye of his letter in 
 the boke of recordes of those Letters Doth playnely 
 appere." The greater number of the extra-professional 
 practitioners of this period were the cutters for stone, the 
 healers of ruptures, and the couchers of cataracts, who 
 were tolerated and admitted to fellowship, though the 
 Company could not away with clerks of parish churches 
 
 ^ For an interesting account of the examination of a quack, see John 
 Hall's " An HistoriaU Expostulation against the Beastlye Abusers, bothe 
 of Chyrurgerie and Physike, etc.," fol. bbb. iii. a. Lond. 1565. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 169 
 
 and sextons, concerning whom there is the following 
 ordinance : "At a Courte holden the Second Daie of 
 Novembre 1570 . . . it was Decreed and fullie there- 
 upon agreed . . . that from hensforth after the Date of 
 thies joresents, no officer of church namelie Clarke or 
 Sexton serving any perish church shall beare any office 
 in this mysterie ether in the clothing or in the yeo- 
 manrie ; " and the ordinance is, " to remain in full 
 strength and virtue," in 1573. 
 
 But to return to the quacks ; on Dec. 2nd, 15G7, 
 " Here was one John . . . deucheman for settinge up 
 bylls frome the Blacke fryars gate Loodgate unto West- 
 mynster ; and so he was examyned upon his byll but he 
 colde not answer none, w/iich. bill is upon the fyle. 
 And for t/mi he is not found able ^ nor suffycient he is 
 lynguyshed and dysmyssed frome usynge or occupyng 
 any -parte of Surgery wz'thin the citie of London or 
 Subourbes and one myle compasse upon payne of the 
 forfeyture of the statute in tkat beholf ordayned." 
 Surely, to examine a man upon his own bill, and to 
 find that he could "answer none," must have been as 
 diverting an entertainment as could be provided ; and 
 yet the test was a just one, and effectual withal, for the 
 Dutchman, whose very name the clerk was unable to 
 record, never appears again before the court. "Here 
 was one Robert Scrottell a Straunger and cutter for the 
 Stone admytted a Brother and paid iij^' in hande and 
 standeth bound in x^^ to pay the rest by x^ per quarter. 
 And also it is to be remembered that he is appointed 
 
 1 skilful. 
 
160 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 to repayre liytlier agayne at Ester to be examyned." 
 " John Grardener of ^m^hani in the countye o£ Sussex 
 Surgeon, a healer of the rupture and stone was Examyned 
 and had his \eftQV of Admyttaunce and payed xP, and 
 the other xP to be payed at the viii*^ Daye of Sep- 
 tember [1573] next following." The next extract 
 affords an instance of a temporary licence granted for 
 the performance of specified operations : " Whereas 
 James Yanotten and Nycholas Bowlden are this daye 
 become humble suiters to this Company to be tollerated 
 and joermitted to practize as Surgeons we'thin this Cytie 
 of London for and durynge the space of Three months 
 next ensuinge onely for the couchinge of the catarack, 
 cuttinge for the rupture, stone, and wenne. It is uppon 
 considerac^on of their severall suites ordered by consent 
 of this courte That hee, the said James Yanotten, 
 shal be joermitted to practize for the couchinge of the 
 Catarack, cuttinge for the rupture, stone and wenne for 
 the space of three monthes next ensuinge w2thout con- 
 tradicc^on or denyall of the 'Mastex^ or Gouernors of 
 this Company." On payment, of course, of the usual 
 fees. " Provided," the minute goes on to say, " that 
 neyther they nor eyther of them shall presume to 
 hange oute any banners or signe of Sm'gery in any 
 place other then where they shall lye and make theyre 
 abode wz'thin the tyme aforesaid, or practize in any 
 other poynte of snrgery then before is specified w^th- 
 out further lycence of the lsiastev& or Governors 
 of this Company for the tyme beinge firste had and 
 obteyned." Mathias Jenkinson, however, was not 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 161 
 
 sufficiently versed in the science of his profession, for he 
 was " examyned concerninge his skyll in the arte of 
 Surgery and was lycenced to cut for the hernia or 
 Rupture to touch ^ the catarac, to cut for the wry neck 
 [and] the harelip, provided that he call thej??r^sent Islastevii 
 of this Company to every such cure, or such of the 
 Assistants as are examined & approved as the said 
 '^lasfevs in such case shall appoynt. And is to enter 
 into hond in xP for jyerformance hereof. And paid to 
 the jy;Tsent M^-s/cts xP. And is to paye xP more at 
 midsomer next." He failed, however, to act up to his 
 promises, for on June 20th, 1609, a year later, "Mathias 
 Jenkinson is dischardged from his practize in surgery 
 for that he hath not observed the articles of his 
 tolleraczon and for his evell and unskilful! practize." So 
 also " Edward Stutfeyld a practiconer in bone settinge " 
 " Josper Johnson practiconer in the Cure of a fistula " 
 and " John of Mounepilier in ffrance " were at divers 
 times " tollerated to practize for three monethes." Pro- 
 vided, as in the first case, " that they hang not oute 
 their banners or other shewes and signes of their pro- 
 fession in any other place then at the liowse where they 
 shall from tyme to tyme lye." 
 
 In some cases the Company appear to have been 
 called upon to judge of monstrosities, as witness the 
 following letter : 
 
 " This daye was j??r(?sented to this Courte by Humfrey 
 Bromley a letter from the Lord Mair of occasional 
 
 ^ . « -r 1 1 IP duties of the 
 
 this Cittie or London the tenor whereof company. 
 is as folio weth. 
 
 ^ couch. 
 
162 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 " To the lAasteY and Wardeins of tlie Companie of 
 Barber Surgions Whereas Sz'r Henry Herbert Knight 
 Master of the Revells hath authorised the bearer hereof 
 Humfrey Bromley to shew a child presented to be natur- 
 allie borne haveing Twoe heades ffower armes and three 
 leggs w/«'ch I suppose not to be borne of any woeman or 
 to be the perfect substance of a child in respect whereof 
 I forbeare to p(?rmitt the said Humfrey Bromeley to 
 make shewe thereof within the liberties of this Cittye 
 vntill such tyme as I maye be truele satisfied from 
 you whether the same child be of the substance as is 
 pretended. Therefore I desire you that upon advised 
 view of the said child you truly certifie mee in writing 
 vnder jour hand whether the same be really a child as is 
 presented to thend I maye not inadvisedly suffer his 
 ma/e^ty's subjects to be deceyved thereby. This second 
 of November Anno Domini 1627 Hugh HamersleyMaioz^r 
 Whereupon the vew of the supposed body as aforesaid 
 it is ordered that this answere be returned to the Lord 
 MaioOT as foUoweth viz. Eight Honorable According 
 vnto jour JjordsMp's reference vnto us directed, dated the 
 second of November 1627 wee have taken a deliberate 
 vewe of the supposed monstrous birth presented vnto 
 us to be vewed as from your hono2(;r by one Humfrey 
 Bromley And although wee cannot possitively affirme it 
 proceeded not from a woeman yet vnder favor, wee 
 conceive and soe deliver our opinions that the said 
 supposed monstrous shape hath beene, either by Arte 
 soe compozed and put together, from unnaturall and 
 untimely birthes of children, or from other animalls, as 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 163 
 
 apes, munckeyes, or the like, w/iich have a greate resem- 
 blance of manns bodye, in many of their partes, and soe, 
 by the cunninge subtiletye of the composer made into 
 a monster, thereby to delude the worlde, and haveing 
 a Bodye of Antiquitie cannot safely receive a llatt 
 and manifest contradiction ; And wee are induced the 
 rather to suspect it, for that the producer thereof hath 
 noe testimonye from any learned or judicious men ; 
 neither from any magistrates of the partes where it is 
 pretended to have bene borne, which such offendors use 
 aboundantly to be furnished vdthall. And in con- 
 clusion compareing his printed demonstrac2on of his 
 monster, with the Author he siteth, and others, that 
 have written of such and the like monsters. Wee finde a 
 great deale of addition, and a manifest disagreem^i^t 
 w>^2ch is a playne badge of fixion and falsehoode. All 
 w/^«ch our opinions wee humbly submitt to your hono?a's 
 grave wisdome, to be further considered of." 
 
 From time to time the Company made strenuous 
 efforts to keep the professions of barbers 
 and surs'eons distinct from each other, of the barbers 
 
 ^ . ■ and sui-geous. 
 
 Thus in 1568 "None shall call or name 
 the hall but the barbo^/rs and Chirargeons Hall," under 
 a penalty of xx®. On June 5th, 1583, stringent regu- 
 lations were made b}^ the Lord Mayor and Court of 
 Aldermen, which enforced the separation of the two 
 crafts, probably on account of the increase in deaths 
 from infectious disease, and a fear lest the surgeons 
 should spread the contagion. " Mr. Banckes, the 
 master, w«th his gouerno?^rs .... went into the 
 
164 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Guildhall and in tlie Counsell howse before the Jjord 
 lonsiioiiY and Aldermen did provide that all suche of 
 oure Companie which Did Deale in Barberye should not 
 medle or Deale with any sick of the plague or infected 
 cum morbo Gallico, and that he wolde take obligacz'ons of 
 eueryone to that end, w/nch was jo^rformedaccordinglie, 
 and euerj one Did enter into bond to o^^fr saide M^asfer 
 governoz^'s and their successoz«5rs." Individual members 
 of the Company, however, were inclined to side with 
 those who practised both arts. In 1597 a court was 
 held at the request of certain members of the Company 
 " who were by one Holmes, an Informer, put into her 
 ma;>-5'ties Corte of the exchequour for using both Barbery 
 and Chirurgery. Whereupon yt was motioned what 
 co?<5rse was to be taken ether to j^^rosecute to a tryall 
 or ells to agree wiih the informer. This 
 being pro-pounded, the said parties were called into the 
 parlor,^ and their owne opinions being demaunded, they 
 made their request to consider thereof in the hall, and 
 they wold presently make their answere. Whereupon 
 the said masters or governoz^rs and whole Corte consented. 
 And they being in the Hall agreed among themselves to 
 
 ^ A room of peculiar sanctity in which the Court of Assistants sate. 
 In the ordinances dated 1566 may be read, "Ytis Oi'dayned 
 none befng out That none of the ffelowshippe other than the Master and 
 of th' assistants ffoveruoures Assistants and Clarke of tlie saved companye 
 com7)!e into the ? n t • i • ii i i • • ^ 
 
 parler except oe [hej withm the clothmge or without the Clothmge shall 
 
 ^\ey e ca e ^^ j^^ p^-esume at anye time hereafter to come into the 
 perloure of the said fEellowshippe at any such time as 
 any courte of the said companye shall then and there be sett or kept 
 excej)t he or they be first called in by the Clarke of the said Mysterye 
 upon payne of f orfeture for euery such default ijs." 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 165 
 
 agree w/tli the said informer, w/iich. tliey related to the 
 whole Co^^rrte. Whereupon the Courte rose, and the said 
 jo^rties made their owne agreament privately wzth the 
 said informer to his best likinge." At this period there 
 was e^ddently a section of the Company who were quite 
 willing that the two callings should be carried on by 
 the same individual, and a few years later this party had 
 gained the ascendency. In 1601 "uppon hereing of 
 the Controversie betwixt John Howe cmd his apprentice. 
 It is ordered that hee shall take home his said apprentice 
 and vse him well hereafter. And whereas the said 
 apprentice hath complayned for that the said Howe 
 doth not exercyse the said apprentice in his trade of 
 Barbery and Surgery. It is further ordered that if the 
 said Howe shall not take a shoppe and vse his trade 
 before Christmas next, that the said apprentice shalbe 
 turned over to another of the same arte." Thus the 
 class of barber-snrgeons is distinctly recognised by the 
 Company. 
 
 The lot of the surgeon, however, was often no more 
 to be envied in the days of Elizabeth than surgeons' dim- 
 in those of Victoria. Trying and difficult 
 cases would arise, and when ajDpeal was made to the 
 Company the surgeon was not always supported by 
 his brethren. " Here came Willm. Goodnep . and 
 complayned of Willm. Clowes for not curing his wief 
 de morbo gallico. And jt was awarded that the 
 saide Clowes sholde either geve the said Goodness xx^ 
 or elles cure his saied wief, w/tich. Clowes agreed to 
 pay the xx^. And so they were agreed and eche of 
 
166 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 tliem made acquittance to other." A wise man was 
 Clowes, and one who knew the world as well as his 
 profession when he agreed to forfeit twenty shillings of 
 good English money rather than undertake to cure a 
 woman who could not be cured, and who was disagree- 
 able to boot. The principle of underselling, too, in its 
 meanest forms was rife at this time^ for " M^ Ffenton 
 complayned of Eobert Money for supplantinge him of 
 diuers cures. And for slaunderinge him in his pro- 
 fession. And also for his evell practize, and was for 
 his said abuses fined at v^ w/iich hee is to bringe in at 
 the next Court or els to be committed to the Compter." 
 And at the next meeting of the Courte "It is ordered 
 that Eobert Money shal be com^;^itted to the Compter 
 for his Contempt." Cash, too, appears to have been 
 scarce, as the payments for professional services were 
 often made in kind. Thomas Adams once " complayned 
 againste John Eadice who had receyved certayn money 
 in hand, and a gowne in pawne for the remamder, to cure 
 the daughter of the sayed Thomas, which daughter 
 died." The master and governors ordered that " the 
 gown should be redelivered to the father," who should 
 in return " geve unto Jo. Padice for hjs boat [hire] which 
 he spent in going to the mayde at Putney v^." And 
 again " Peter Wallis complayned againste James 
 Wanadge, who had taken to cure the wyef of the saide 
 Peter, and had taken xx^ in money and one pillowe of 
 Arrace work worthe iiij^, and did her smal gode." 
 
 This chapter may be fitly closed by quoting a few 
 extracts which, whilst they do not relate so nearly to 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGtJBY. 167 
 
 the practice of surgery as those already given, are yet of 
 interest from the insight they afford us into the times 
 in which the minutes were written. " Yt is ordayned that 
 no p(?rsonne of the Mysterye exercysinge fleabothomye 
 or blond lettinge at any time hereafter shall ^^ ^^^^^ 
 sett his measures or vesselles with, blonde out lett any^woud 
 
 stand to the 
 
 or Avithin his shoppe windowe but to hange f^^^'peopie'^ if), 
 or set his measures or vesselles cleane on ""^ 
 the outsyde of the shoppe wyndowe and whoso Dothe 
 contrary to this acte shall for ew^rye suche Default for fett 
 and paye iij^ iiij'^." This was a very old and nasty 
 custom of the barbers, for in the Liber Albus,^ under 
 the date 1273 is an injunction " That Barbers shall not 
 place blood in the windows." And again, " That no 
 barbers shall be so bold or so daring as to put blood in 
 their windows openly, or in view of folks, but let them 
 have it carried privily into the Thames under pain of 
 paying two shillings ■ unto the use of the sheriffs." 
 "Also It ys ordayned That god callyng oute or 
 frome this Trancytory vale or worlde any of this 
 saide Company decessed and beynge wzMin the cloth- 
 ing or lyvery of the same his best hood shal be layed 
 upon the hearse, and unto the churche and t/ierc 
 upon yt shall remayne untyll the takynge off of the 
 saide fine cloth^ w/iich is used at the goyng forth of the 
 Master gou(?rnours and company of the clothinge oute 
 of the churche and the corps goynge to be buryed. 
 
 1 Lib. iii. pt. 2. 
 
 2 This is the 'state pall or hearse cloth kept by each of the City 
 comj)aiiie8 to celebrate the obsequies of its deceased members. 
 
168 MEMOEIALS OF 
 
 And tlien and t/iere tlie clarke of the saide Company 
 shall take the same hood and shalbe his /jroper owne of 
 dewtie. Be jt Provided allwayes That yf the wyf or 
 executoz^'s of an}'- person decessed as aforesaide will not 
 depa)'te^ wzth the same sayd best hood that then they 
 or any of them shall paye unto the saide clarke in redy 
 Inglishe money YJ^ viij'^ And for the buryall of any 
 woman beyng or t/mt hath been wyf unto any of the 
 said clothing- the company of the clothing beynge 
 warned to the same the clarke shal have — xij*^ and 
 also the bedell for the caryeng of the Masters clothe 
 at euerj bury all shall have iiij*^ " 
 
 The answer made by the Company to a royal 
 commission in 1576 was laconic, and put an end to 
 further inquiries in the same direction. " At this 
 Co?i5rte yt was agreed that whereas there was a precept 
 directed unto owr Companie in the Queenes maiesties 
 name comw;aunding the },lasfeY and Wardens to send in 
 unto guildhall a true note of the revenue of out Landes 
 and goods whiche Do belong unto out Companie. And 
 the Answere was that the true revenue of the Landes 
 was xxij markes wherof the moste pa?'ie went forthe 
 and is disbursed in pencions and that we had no goods." 
 And, indeed, this statement was in great measure true, 
 for the Company was abundant in charity to its poorer 
 members. Thus, " W°^ Eden Clark of this misterie shall 
 have yerelie the soTa7?ie of six poundes in benevolence 
 over and aboue the ffee of iiij^^ in consideracion of the 
 smalness of his hyringe." The following extract, too, 
 
 ^ part. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBGEBT. 169 
 
 shows tliat tliey were not harsh creditors, for " Whereas 
 Willm: Ben our Clark ys indebted unto the howse in 
 the some x^' w/^zch he should pay this yere yet in regard 
 of the hardnes of the tyme and his greate charge he 
 shalbe forbowrne this yere (1596) and to be paid after- 
 wards notwithstanding; this forbearance." Six months 
 later " There was geven unto Wilh'«m Ben Clark of the 
 Companie in regarde of his greate charge and the 
 scarcitie of the tyme the some of v^ And for the x^^ 
 w/^«ch he owetli he ys to pay the same as god shall 
 inhable him." 
 
 The dinners at the annual election day and after 
 the public anatomy lecture appear to have 
 
 ■^ *^ ^ ^ Election feasts. 
 
 been a constant source of worry to the 
 worthy brethren. For after complaints had been lodged 
 and due investig-ation made of certain alleg-ed abuses 
 occurring on these occasions, the following remark- 
 able ordinance was published in 1600 : " Whereas on 
 the fifteenth dale of August wee Richard Wood, 
 John Leycocke, James Bates, and Lewis Atmer were 
 by consent of the Courte of Assistaunce appoynted to 
 sette downe some order for reformacion of Abuses com- 
 mitted at the fieastes holden at the Com?;2on hall 
 of this mistery both by some of the lyvery of this 
 Companye and by their servaunts and apprentices. 
 Wee therefore having taken deliberate consideracion of 
 the premisses and finding as well of our owne experience 
 as otherwise that the bodye of this Company hath 
 sustayned much disparagement by reason that some of 
 the Livery and others noe white at all res^Dectinge the 
 
170 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 worshipp of this Company haue not onely by themselves 
 but alsoe by their servants and apprentices disfurnished 
 the tables att fFeastes whereat they have sytten to pleasur 
 their private frendes contrary to all modestie and good 
 government, Doe therefore order for reformacion thereof 
 by the aucthority aforesaid, That noe joerson of the 
 Lyvery of this Company beinge not of the Assistaunce 
 of the same shall not att any tyme hereafter suffer any 
 of his children, frendes, servants, or apprentices to staye 
 or attende uppon him or his wiefe att any ffeastes to be 
 keepte in the said Co^zmon Hall of this mistery. Other- 
 wise than to attend uppon him or his wiefe onely to the 
 said Hall and soe to departe till dynner be ended." 
 It is easy to realise the scene ; the worthy citizen 
 and his wife seated in the hall of their guild with 
 their children, apprentices, and servants grouped behind 
 them ready to scramble for the dishes as they were 
 removed, and to finish them up to the very last 
 mouthful. 
 
 There were brave doings, too, upon the election day, 
 which took place once a year. Certain electors were 
 first chosen from the livery of the Company, " which 
 electors [Aug. 14, 1598] after they had their chardge 
 given them by the Maisters or Governors of this 
 Companye, and their severall rules for the eleccon 
 delivered unto them, after longe and deliberate con- 
 sideraczon had, did electe for the Master John Ley- 
 cocke, and for the Upper governor John Burgis and for 
 the second Govornor John Pecke and for the 3^oung- 
 este governor Roberte Johnson. Whiche saide John 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 171 
 
 Leycocke beinge not there present the garlande^ accor- 
 dinge to the manner and custome of the house was by 
 the Maister for the yeare paste placed uppon the 
 heade of M"" Doctor Browne as deputye for the saide 
 John Leycocke. After which another garlande was 
 likewise placed uppon the heade of the saide John 
 Burgis by the upper governor. And a like garlande 
 tendered to the said John Pecke which he utterlye 
 refused. And for the same was fined at ffortie shillings 
 which fyne he paide Accordinglye. Likewise another 
 garlande was placed by the youngeste Governor uppon 
 the heade of the saide Eoberte Johnson and by him 
 gratefullye accepted. And the said Maister Burgis and 
 M"" Johnson were sworne standinge for the due execuczon 
 of their offices. Afterwarde a new elecczon was made by 
 the saide Electors of the seconde Grovernor and therein 
 Lewis Atmer was chosen, and the garlande proffered 
 
 ^ Mr. Shoppee, in his Description of the pictures and other objects 
 of interest in the hall and Court Room of the worshipful Company o£ 
 Barbers, Lond., thus writes of the successors to the garlands here 
 mentioned. There are " four [three of which are visible lying upon the 
 table behind the fire-screen in Plate YIII.] very handsomely wi-ought and 
 chased silver garlands or wreaths for crowning the Master and Wardens, 
 which are still used and worn by them on Court days in receiving 
 guests. . . . Each of these is silver with the Company's arms 
 and badges (the rose and crown) and other devices well rendered, 
 and all mounted with silk velvet. The • Master's, Prime "Warden's 
 and Middle Warden's being red and the Third Warden's being green." 
 In the court minutes 20th June, 1629, is the following entry : 
 "It is alsoe ordered that there shalbe made fower Garlands of silver 
 enamelled garnished and sett forth after the neatest manner according to 
 tho discretion of the pi'esent governors for the choice of new Maisters and 
 the coste thereof to be borne of the stock of this house." The green 
 colour of the third warden's garland perhaps signified his office of rent 
 collector, at a time when tlie Company owned green fields. 
 
172 ME2I0EIALS OF 
 
 unto him but refused, and therefore was fined at xP 
 which he willinglve paide Accordinglye. After which 
 refusal a newe eleccz'on was made and therein was chosen 
 Thomas Thorney whoe willinglye accepted of the 
 garlande and was sworne standing for the due execution 
 of the place." 
 
 The Company, however, hke all the guilds of the 
 time, had its trade secrets, which its members were 
 bound to respect ; thus, " At this Coz^te John Yates, 
 Thomas Lamkin and Edward Parkes were Dismist from 
 their places and Yote of the Assistance for rerelinge of 
 secretes contrarie to a rule in that casej^rovided." The 
 last entry that shall be made in this chapter is curious. 
 It occurs under the date March xvi^^ 1573. " Here was 
 WillzVzm Carrington and put in a complainte agajmste 
 Edward Parke for that he warned hym to the Courte of 
 conscience without Lycens of the Islastex and Gro- 
 verno?^rs, for that the wiei of the said Park had taught 
 his children to playe one the yirginalles.-' And order 
 was taken that AYill/«m Carrington should paye v^ at 
 Ester nexte, and so withdrawe his suite." ^ In modern 
 language, Parke brought an action in the county court 
 against Carrington for the amount due for teaching 
 
 1 An obloncf spinet. 
 
 ^ In 1518 the Common Council of the City of London passed an act for 
 the recoTery of debts under forty shillings due to citizens, by a court to be 
 called a Court, of Conscience, held in Guildhall ; and the debtors who 
 refused to obey the award of that court were to be imprisoned in one of 
 the City compters until they complied, although it were durante vita. In 
 1605 the powers of that court were established by act of parliament." 
 "The State of the Prisons in England and Wales," p. 239; by John 
 Howard, F.R.S. Warrington, 1784. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 173 
 
 music to the children of the latter. Both were members 
 of the same company, and Carrington by a mean sub- 
 terfuge sheltered himself behind the bye-law common 
 to all companies at that date, that no member should 
 prosecute another without first obtaining permission 
 from the superiors of his company. The Company, 
 however, decided that Carrington should pay, on con- 
 dition that Park withdrew his suit. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE BARBERS AND SURGEONS' COMPANY UNDER THE STUARTS 
 THEIR PAGEANTS DOMESTIC REGULATIONS. 
 
 Times cKanged witli the barbers and surgeons under 
 tbe altered succession. They no lons^er 
 
 Barber-sur- "^ " 
 
 pany^imder ^^o^® witb tlicir sovercign or lived in bro- 
 therly love witli each other. The com- 
 mittals to the compter became daily more numerous, 
 until after the execution of Charles I. and in the 
 gloom of the Puritan period all trace of the Com- 
 pany's proceedings is for ever lost. To inaugurate 
 this epoch the craft in its innocence and gaiety of 
 heart contributed in April 1603 the magnificent sum 
 of £12 10s. " towardes the supportaczon of the Chardges 
 to be disbursed by this Citie as well for the receiveinge 
 of the Kinges most excellent Ma/V^tie at his first and 
 next repayreinge from his realme of Scotland to this 
 his highnes Citie and chamboz^^r of London his im- 
 periall crowne as towards his honorable coronac?on 
 and all such solempnities and disburse me^zts as are to 
 be j»erformed." A fiicker of the times which were 
 fast passing away, to give place to the solemn league 
 and covenant amongst the people, whilst the festivities 
 
MEMORIALS OF TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 175 
 
 were confined to the court, is to be found in the order of 
 the Mayor and his brethren the Aldermen for a pageant 
 in which " not onelie o^selves but the full number of 
 five hundred of the best and gravest cittizens should 
 according to owr dueties wayte and attend uppon [the 
 king's] royall person at his approchment to this Cittie 
 in greater number and more statelie and sumtious 
 shewe then hath bene at any time heretofore within the 
 memory of man in the like case jcf^rformed. Towards the 
 accomplishme/zt of which, number youre Company is ap- 
 poynted to /provide the full number of twelve persons of 
 the most grave and Comlyest j??^rsonages . . . everie 
 one of them to be well horsed and apparrelled wz'th velvet 
 Coates and w^'th sleaves of the same and chaynes of gold. 
 And not onelie yourselves but every of the saide pe?'Son^ 
 to have one comely joerson well apparelled in his dublet 
 and hose to attend uppon him one foote. All which 
 j^ersons to be in a rediness well and substanciallie horsed 
 apparrelled and appoynted as aforesaid w/thin one dales 
 warneing to be signified unto you to attend on mee and 
 my Brethren the Aldenonen." And the order is still 
 further emphasised by the injunction that " you are to 
 have in regard that noe man for insufficiency in any 
 respect be turned back to the disgrace and discredit of 
 youre company as a man vnfitt furnished and appointed 
 for so honorable a service.''^ Truly the mantle of the 
 
 ^ This pageant was never carried out, howeTer, for in ^e minutes of 
 the Carpenters' Company (Jupp, p. 67) the following occurs under tlie 
 date July, 1603 : "By means of God's visitation for our sins, the Plague of 
 Pestilence then reigning in the City of London and suburbs (the Pageants 
 and other shews of triumph, in most sumptuous manner prepared, 
 
176 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 distressed Netherlanders who were in their palmy days 
 
 such masters of the art of pageant making seems to 
 
 have fallen upon our citizens at this time. And as if 
 
 to heighten the gaiety of the scene, the next precept 
 
 tells of death and disease, and that as in life so in the 
 
 reigns of princes, 
 
 " Optima quasque dies miseris mortalibus sevi 
 Prima fugit ; subeunt morbi tristisqiie senectus ; 
 Et labor et dur^e rapit inclementia mortis."-^ 
 
 " Whereas I and my Brethren the aldermen duly con- 
 ^j^g sideringe ourselves the present infecc/on of the 
 plagve amongst us so greatlie dis;?ersed in all 
 partes of this Cittie liberties and Suhm-bs and the greate 
 multitude of poore people w/dch. by reason of the saidin- 
 fecc/on have theire howses shut vpp and restrayned as 
 well from goinge abroad as theire daylie trade and labors 
 wherewzfh theie were accustomed to mayntaine them- 
 selves, theire wives and families, and doe at thisj^resent by 
 reason thereof endure greate wante and extremities, have 
 thought fitt that all publique ff easting and common 
 dinners at every the severall Halles and Com;;?on meet- 
 ings of corporaczons and Companies W2thin thys Cittie 
 shall duringe the ijme of god's visitac/on amowge us be 
 
 but not finislied), tlie King roade not from the Tower througb the Citie 
 in Royall manner, as had been accustomed, neither were the Citizens per- 
 mitted to come at Westminster, but forbidden by Proclamation, for 
 f eare of infection to be by that meanes increased, for there dyed that weeke 
 in the City of London and suburbs of all diseases 1,103 ; of the plague, 
 857." This was the plague of 1603. It went on increasing year by year 
 until its vindence cidmiuated in 1609, a year in which 4.0U0 were said to 
 have died in London alone. It broke out again in 1625, in 1636, and 
 finally in the great plague of 1665. (See Lottie's " History of London," 
 vol. i. p. 355; ed. 2.) 
 
 ^ Virg., Georg., iii. 66. 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 177 
 
 wliolely forborne and left of. And that one third parte of 
 the chardges and expences intended to be bestowed and 
 spent uppon the said feastings and dinners shalbe whole- 
 lie bestowed and geven for and towards the reliefe of the 
 most miserable poore and needie persons, whose house 
 it shall j)lease almighty god to visit." And again in 
 October 1603, " Tlieis are to will and require you that 
 you take speciall knowledge herby that for avoydinge of 
 infecc/on by assemblie of people this tyme of god's 
 visitaczon, It is thoughte meete ther be noe shewe made. 
 The morrowe after Simons and Judes dale next it is 
 intended that youre Companie be dischardged thereof 
 for theire attendance for that tyme." Four years later 
 the pestilence, still gathering force, manifested itself in 
 the very Hall of the Company, since it is recorded 
 that " fforasmuch as Francis Eowdon clerk of this 
 Company hath lately buried his child of the plague, 
 wV^/ch [i.e. the child] was carried through the gate of 
 the hall of this company ; by reason whereof there is 
 express commandmei'zt from the Lord Mayor that 
 neyther wee, the said Waster nor assystants nor smj of 
 o^^r officers should [meet therein] for the space of 2S 
 days after the bmyall of the said Child. Therefore it is 
 ordered by this Court that the audit of the Wasfev's 
 account . . . shall be howlden and taken at the new 
 dwellinge howse of Joseph Fenton scituat in St. Bar- 
 tliolomewes court." 
 
 The order of precedence was strictly observed by the 
 companies, and any oversight in regard to this matter 
 was bitterly resented by the offended guild. In IGO-i 
 
178 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 " the barbers and surgeons complayn of having been 
 through ignorance misplaced at the king's and queen's 
 passage through the city on the 15th of March last. 
 Ordered (by the Court of Aldermen before whom the 
 complaint was laid) that as since their placing in the 
 mayoralty of Sir Stephen Pecock as the seventeenth 
 company, the stockfishmongers have been dissolved, the 
 masters or governors of the Commonalty of Barbers and 
 surgeons henceforth be reputed, taken, and placed as the 
 sixteenth company in this city." 
 
 In 1606 another pageant was held, and this was the. 
 last for many subsequent years. The pre- 
 
 Pageant. ^ . , *^ . . -^ 
 
 cept authorising it states that it is " IFor 
 the bewtefieinge of the streets and lanes wfthin this 
 Cittie against the passage of the Kinge[s] most excellent 
 Ma/e^tie and the Kinge of Denmarke their nobilitie and 
 trayne from the Tower through this Cittie. Theis are in 
 his Ma;>5ties name straightlie to charge and command 
 you that all delayes and excuses sett apart you have and 
 provide yo^^r rayles in a readiness for the livery of yoz^r 
 company to stand in, . . . And likewise that jout 
 railes ... be hanged wxth blew azure cloth and 
 garnished wxth banners and streamers in the most bew- 
 tif ule manner that may be. . . . And that you likewise 
 have and provide sixe whifflers ^ at the least to euerj 
 score of joicv livery well apparelled W2th white staves 
 
 - Halliwell, in Ms " Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words," 
 defines wifflers as pipers and hornblowers who headed a procession and 
 cleared the way for it. Dr. Norman Moore tells the editor that in pageants 
 at Norwich they flourished a sword in front of a procession and so cleared 
 the way. 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 179 
 
 in their liandes to stand with, their backs to the common 
 railes over against jour companies railes for the better and 
 quieter orderinge of the streets through which his 
 M^ajesiie shall passe." The Company's share of the ex- 
 penses of this pageant was five pounds, so that it was 
 not as gorgeous by a half as the earlier one with which 
 they proposed to welcome the arrival of their king to his 
 new throne. In regard to this procession there is another 
 characteristic entry, " Memorand^<5^ that the king's 
 ma/V^tie with the King of Denmarke and the Prince of 
 Wales came through this Cittie fromwardes the Tower 
 of London, attended uppon with the Lordes and gentry 
 of this Land on the last day of this instant moneth of 
 July. Att which tyme Mr. Foxe beinge one of the Com- 
 mittee for placeinge of the Companies standings would 
 have displaced us ; But by the Lord Maior's order we 
 were placed in the Seventeenth place accordinge as we 
 ought to be placed." 
 
 The growth of luxury keeping pace with the increase 
 of wealth amongst the burgher class is shown in the 
 entry dated May 22nd, 1604: "It is ordered that 
 from henceforth the Clark of this Companie shall 
 against euery Courte dale bestowe iiij*^ in hearbes and 
 flowers," or more probably the herbs were used as a 
 prophylactic measure to ward off the infection of the- daily 
 increasing plague. Under the new monarch 
 
 T . in TCJ1 'i 1 Prohibition of 
 
 and owing to the spread oi the puritan doc- Sunday trad- 
 trihes amongst the people, the edicts against 
 trading on the Sabbath were rigidly enforced. The barbers 
 appear to have been great offenders in this respect, so that 
 M 2 
 
J 80 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 an ordinance was issued upon tlie subject as early as 
 1413 by the Arclibishop of Canterbury/ During the 
 reign of Elizabeth penalties for Sunday trading were 
 only occasionally enforced, whilst in the reigns of James 
 and his son such entries as " This day, William Stan- 
 throp was fined for workinge on the saboth day and it 
 was mittigated to xij*^ " occur on each page of the minute 
 books. If the fine were not paid a worse evil befell the 
 nnhappy barber, for " it was ordered " npon the same day 
 as the last entry, " that Widdow Evans' man shalbe 
 co^wmitted to the Compter for workinge on the Saboth 
 unlessse his M^^ bringe in her ■ fine at the next 
 Courte." 
 
 The ordinance " none to supplant or take another's 
 
 cure from him on pain of v^^ " was carried 
 
 pany's esprit out to tlic letter, durins^ the whole exis- 
 
 de corps. 
 
 tence of the Company, although the fine 
 was frequently reduced according to circumstances. 
 Thus, "It is ordered that one Palmer, a practisioner 
 in Surgery, dwellinge in Holborne, shall pay unto 
 Humfrey Grorston ii^ iiij*^ for and in respect he 
 hath defrauded Grorston of a patient, which money the 
 said Palmer promised to satisfie accordinglie." Whilst 
 the esprit de corps was kept up by such notices as 
 " John Udall complayneth against Pichard Gyle for 
 takeing away his patient wz'thout seeing him satisfied 
 for his paynes about the said patient." Por which 
 offence Gryle at a subsequent period paid v® to Udall. 
 On another occasion : " It appearing that William 
 
 ^ See also Appendix G, page 335. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 181 
 
 Baker did take away Thomas Hart pacient to Nicolas 
 Boorne and William Watson before they were satisfied 
 for theire paynes is thereupon fined at xx^" Presu- 
 mably, therefore, this was a more flagrant case of 
 filching than the one last recorded, and on that account 
 deserving of a more severe punishment. Malpraxis, 
 too, was treated somewhat summarily : "This daie in the 
 Controversy between Will™ ffisher and Stephen Browne, 
 It is ordered for that it appeareth to this Court that the 
 said Browne hath uot behaved himself well in a cure 
 w/iich he undertooke of the weif of the said Willz<3;m 
 ffisher. That therefore the said Browne shall repaie vnto 
 the said Wilh'^m ffisher the some of Twentie shilliugs 
 of a more some w/u'ch tofore the said Browne hath 
 receaved of the said ffisher. And by a later order the 
 social position of WilP ffisher is revealed as " Stephen 
 Browne is to pay at this hall xx^ w/^z'ch he is ordered to 
 repay to the Parson of Hamm -w/iich tofore he had 
 receaved of the said Parson or ells he is to be Committed 
 to the Compter." ^ 
 
 The power of summary committal, as M^ Sidney 
 Youne^ points out, seems to have been a pri- 
 
 ^ ^ _ J- The Com- 
 
 vilege enjoyed by very few of the City com- of'lunimarf 
 
 -f, -, , in committal. 
 
 panics, it was possessed, however, by the 
 
 Society of Apothecaries^ as well as by the College of 
 
 ^ The Compter here referred 'to would be the one iu Wood Street, 
 Cheapside. Its predecessor iu Bread Street was disused after 1555 ou 
 account of the difEctdty the City authorities experienced in getting rid of 
 Richard Husband, who had bought for himself the office of Master of the 
 Compter, and who scandalously abused his authority. 
 
 2 " The Apothecary, Ancient and Modern," by G. Corfc, M.D. Black- 
 friars, 1885. 
 
182 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Physicians. The authority was conj&ned to committal for 
 minor offences, and did not extend to imprisonment in 
 Newgate, for which an order from the Mayor or Court 
 of Aldermen was required. Thus, in the records of the 
 Court of Aldermen,^ Walter ffaxon Citizen and Barber 
 Surgeon of London was . . . for his wilfuU disobedience 
 to the Wastem and Grovernours of the Company of 
 Barber Surgeons . . . and refusing to conforme himself 
 to the orders of the same company . . . and also for 
 his contempt shewed to this courte commytted to the 
 Groale of Newgate there to remayne during the pleasure 
 of this Courte." And " Hugh Ward Citizen and Barber 
 Surgeon . . . for his obstinate carriage and misde- 
 meanor towards [his company] and refusing to pay a fine 
 of forty shillings ymposed upon him . . . was now by 
 this court for that his offence committed to the Graole 
 of Newgate there to remayne untill he conforme himself, 
 or other order bee taken for his inlardgment." ^ As 
 a further instance of the troubles resulting from mal- 
 praxis : " whereas Edwarde Knighte hath by his ignor- 
 aunce in the Arte of Surgery maymed one Eichard 
 Robinson a poore man it is ordred and the said Knighte 
 hath undertaken to procure Robert Money to finish 
 the cure.^ Whilst such unqualified practitioners are 
 being considered, it is interesting to note that " Henry 
 Groodwin a Sorcerer was by the Master forbidden to 
 practize any more in the Arte of Surgery ; " and that 
 " William Wryghte as well for diuers contempts by 
 him co^wmitted and done contrary to the good orders 
 
 ^ Repert. sxix. fol. 177. ^ Repert. xlix. fol. 254. ^ case. 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 183 
 
 o( this Company, as also for liis abuses and ignoraunce 
 in the practize of the arte of Surgery is discharged of 
 his practize in the Arte of Surgery, and is crossed out 
 of the Lecture bill of Surgery." 
 
 From the recurrence of such cases it was con- 
 sidered advisable in 1606 to reconstitute Reconstruc- 
 
 the surojeons' portion of the United Com- surgeons- side 
 
 ^ ^ of the Com- 
 
 pany. " Fforasmuch " therefore " as divers p^°^" 
 
 persons ffreemen of this company who have very litle 
 
 or no skill at all in the Arte of Surgery do neverthe- 
 
 lesse make a publique profession of the said Arte, and 
 
 thereby comitt many errours to the great disparagment 
 
 of the worthie and experienced professoz^rs thereof and 
 
 to the hurte of divers of hys Majesties loveinge subjects. 
 
 It is ordered that from henceforth no man be permitted 
 
 to have his name entered downe for a Surgeon into the 
 
 lecture bill except by the consent of the W.aster^ or 
 
 governours of the mistery or Comin2li\Q for the tyme 
 
 beinge. And that it shalbe lawfull for the presente 
 
 M.asteY or governours to dismisse out of the lecture bill 
 
 the names of- such persons as they shall think fitt to 
 
 be put out : which persons dismissed and put out shall 
 
 line out of the protexion of this Company for and in 
 
 respect of their practize in the Arte of Surgery untill 
 
 they shall by them be thought fitt to practice in 
 
 that Arte and admitted into such bill upon their 
 
 humble suite." But against " disobedient obstinate 
 
 or stubborne" persons who persisted in practising in 
 
 defiance of this ordinance "suite in law was to be 
 
 />r^sented." 
 
184 ME2I0EIALS OF 
 
 The teacliing of surger}^ was not quite neglected, 
 Surgery lec- foi' attendance on a surgery lecture was 
 ^'^^' strictly enforced; and in 1604 " M"" ffenton 
 
 presented to tliis Courte 500 bookes of Horatius 
 Morus tables translated into Englisbe and delivered 
 tliem to the Master of this Company in the name 
 and behalf of M"" Deputie Caldwell ^ whoe freely gave 
 
 1 Richard Caldwell was bom in Staffordshire in 1513. He was 
 educated at Oxford, and was a Fellow of Brasenose and Christ Church. 
 He subsequently studied physic, and was chosen censor of the College of 
 Physicians. In 1570 he became president. Lord Lumley was by his 
 influence induced to found and endow with a liberal salary a lectureship 
 on surgery, which is still known as the Lumleian bequest. Caldwell 
 translated into English the " Tables of Surgery," by Horatius Morus, a 
 Florentine physician, copies of which still exist in the Bodleian Library, 
 in the British Museum, and in the Libraiy of the Medico-Chirurgical 
 Society. The work was published in the year after his death, 1585, and is 
 dedicated posthumously by his son or nephew, the M"" Deputy Caldwell 
 spoken of in the text, in the following words : 
 
 "To THE COMPANIE OF SuKaEA:N"S WITHI^^f THE CiTIE OF LOXDOX, 
 MUCH HEALTH, WITH GOOD SUCCESSE IN THBIE PRACTISES AND 
 CURES. 
 
 " He which translated these tables of surgerie into our rulgar toong, is 
 entred (as you know) the waie of all flesh, and dooth now rest (I hope) 
 with the faithfull. That he was one, who sought by suudrie meanes 
 to promote learning, and to doo the countrie good, which bred him up, manie 
 deedes of his doo clearlie witnesse, and are confirmed as Tudoubted 
 testimonies thereof to continue vnto the verie end of the world. Againe, 
 if you knew the man weU in his latter dales, you cannot be ignorant, 
 how feeble and crazie he appeered in the state of his bodie, and how 
 well neere spent his spirits were : and yet, euen in that extreme 
 weaknes, he toiled himself both night and day, and was a most painfull 
 student for your fiu-therance, not refusing, beyond the strength of his drie 
 and withered carcase (numbering then almost fourescore yeeres) to giue 
 liimseH up to the compiling and writing of diuerse commentaries and 
 other woorks, all which concerned your art onelie and profession, not 
 A-nlike herein to the candle or lampe, that wasteth it seHe whilest it giueth 
 light to others. Although (to confesse simplie what I thought) I haue 
 oftentimes wished with all my hart, that either hee had not at all giuen 
 himselfe to writiuff. namlie of such obscure and darke matters, so late : or 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 185 
 
 tlieni to this company to be distributed amongst the 
 professors of Chirurgery freemen of this Company." 
 
 The Company exercised a censorship over the 
 writings of its members, for as early as 1588, " yf any 
 man of this misterie shall at anye tyme hereafter make 
 any Booke or Bookes of Surgerie the same shall not be 
 published unles the same booke or bookes be firste pre- 
 sented unto the masters governozi^rs and examinoi^rs of 
 this Companie for the tyme beinge upon payne of x^\" 
 
 The rights of the masters over their apprentices 
 were upheld during the Stuart dynasty Apprentices. 
 with much greater severity, even when the masters 
 
 els, had begun it 20 yeeres sooner, what time, for freshnes of memorie, 
 wit and reading, he was far more readie and pregnant for such 
 an enterprise. Which thing was manifested in the seqixele. For not 
 long before his end, acknowledging his owne defects, feeling in himselfe 
 the assured signs of an rfcterlie decaied nature, and forseeing that his 
 dales would be ended, before his bookes were finished, he gaue me verie 
 streightlie in charge to gather his notes and writings diligentlie together : 
 to reduce them into that method which he intended, and wherewith he 
 made me throughlie acquainted : to commend them to' some deere familiar 
 friends of his, whome he named vnto me, to be perused, censured, and 
 allowed, and so foorthwith to be committed to the printer's presse. Not- 
 withstanding that I haue not published anie of his dooings, before this 
 time, diners iust occasions haue restreined me, but especiallie two aboue 
 others : whereof one is the great ingratitude and negligence you shew to 
 be in your selues, in not frequenting the lecture which he founded onelie 
 for your sakes : and so much the more is your fault therein aggrauated, 
 sitliens he hath procured so rare and excellent a learned man as M. D. 
 Forster is, to be your reader; whose eloquence (in my opinion) is of 
 sufficient force to allure you to his schoole, if men, of purpose, were not 
 wiK ullie bent to giue occasion to be' thought more froward and obstinate 
 than those craggie rocks and hard stones, which were mooned witli the 
 musicke of Orpheus harpe, to come and couch themselues in the building 
 of the walls and towers of Thebes. Againe, his method, pcrspicuitie, and 
 plainnesse in teaching is such, tliat there is no man so simple and 
 grossewitted, but that he may seeme to be capable of the doctrine which 
 he deliuereth. Seeing therefore the paines is wholio liis, and tlic profit 
 
186 3IE2IORIALS OF 
 
 acted liarshly and unjustly towards them, than it had 
 been during the reign of Elizabeth. In the follow- 
 ing case the Company clearly sided with the apprentice, 
 and yet were constrained for the sake of example to up- 
 hold his master : " Whereas it pleased the right honorable 
 the Lord Maior of this Cittie by his order bearinge date 
 the seaventeneth dale of this instant December [1604] to 
 refer the hearinge and endeinge of all controversies 
 betwixt WUliam. Wrighte of thone pa?'ie and Thomas 
 Marston his apjorentice of the other parte to us the 
 M-asteis and governo?/rs of the Misterie and Comminaltie 
 of Barbers and Surgeons of London. We . . . doe finde 
 that the said Marston bound himself apprentice to his 
 
 wholie TOUTS, if you ■will accept thereof, who can deuie, but that you, 
 in all equitie, ai-e as well bound to lieare, as he to read ? The other cause 
 is a reuerend feare and conscience which I haue, least happilie by my 
 rashnes and ignorance I might some waies in the edition of the old mans 
 woorks, discredit or disgrace the great learning, grauitie, and iudgement 
 of liim now dead vnto whom, by nature and dutie I was most bounden 
 whilest he lined. Wherrpon (to tell the truth) I durst neuer haue 
 ventured to haue medled with the cumbersome and difficult knitting of 
 Oribasius knots, nor with the cunning and comelie rolling of Galens 
 bands : no nor so much as once to haue been tempering with Hippocrates 
 and Heliodorus instruments most ingeniously deuised for the helpe of 
 luxations of ioints, and fractures of bones (which the hand onelie cannot 
 performe) had not a singular learned man iucouraged, or rather drawen 
 me on with a most friendlie promise, to lend me such a clew of thred, I 
 meane his good helpe and counseU, as should be able to direct and lead 
 me through all those labyrinths and mazes into which I might Tnaduisedlie 
 [unadvisedlyj cast my seMe by vndertaking a charge of so great weight 
 and so farre beyond my reach. Hauing therefore confidentlie entred into 
 the matter by these meaues, I thought good first to begin with the printing 
 of this short treatise, because it conteineth in a few leaues verie com- 
 pendiouslie the summe of all surgerie : and fui'thermere I am minded to 
 make triall, by this little tast, how the residue of his greater trauels 
 [works] are like to be accepted when they come abroad. "Which thing 
 (God willing) shall be accomplished with such conuenient expedition as 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. ]87 
 
 Piaster by Indenture bearinge date the last of June anno 
 dom : 1601 and gave to his Wasfer the somme of eight 
 pounds in money and three suits of apparrell, w^'th whom 
 hee contynued a diligent s<?rvant and was of his said 
 Waster soe accompted of, till the daie of the solempnisacmn 
 of his hig^hnes coronacfon last when the said Wrig-hte 
 pretendeinge That his said apprentice had robbed him 
 did bringe his said app?-entice before one of his Ma;>^ties 
 Justices of peace who committed the said apprentice 
 
 may be Ysed. And tliiis crauing earnestlie at your hands, that you 
 would hencefoorth studie to deserue well of him, who was at such great 
 cost, and tooke such intollerable paines for your benefit and advance- 
 ment, I bid you hartilie farewell. 
 
 "ED. OALDWALL. 
 "From my lodging at Ludgate Hill 
 16 Jvlie 1585." 
 
 " Tables of STrgerie by Horatius Morns, a Florentine Physician, and 
 Faithfullie Translated out of Latiue into our English tooug, by Richard 
 Caldwall doctor of physicke. At London 1585 " (p. 32). 
 
 Holinshed, in his " Chronicles " (ed. J. Hooker, vol. iii. p. 1,349), 
 gives the foUowing interesting account of Dr. OaldweU, and the foundation 
 of the Lumleian lectures on surgery : 
 
 " This yeare, 1582, was there instituted and first founded 
 
 a publike Lecture or Lesson in Surgerie, to begin to be ture of Sur- " 
 
 read in the College of Physicians, in London, in Anno ^^^j'^ founded 
 
 -I ro 1 • 1 /> -n/r • • • r> in London and 
 
 1584, the sixt day of Male, against that time new reedified presentlje red 
 
 in a part of the house that doctor Linacre gaue by testa- ufe^f the ^ 
 ment to them, by John Lumleie, Lord Lumleie, and Richard Founder) by 
 Caldwell, doctor in Physicke, to the lionour of God, the to his high 
 common profit of hir Majesties subjects, and good fame, credit. ^^ 
 with increase of estimation and credit, of all the Surgians 
 of this realme. The reader whereof to be a doctor of physicke, and 
 of good practise and knowledge, and to haue an honest stipend no 
 lesse than those of the vniversities erected by King Henrie the eight, 
 namelie, of law, diuinitie, and physicke, and lands assured to the said 
 college for the maintenance of the publike lesson; whereunto such 
 statutes be annexed as be for the great commoditie of those which shall 
 give and incline themselues to be diligent hearers for the obteiniug of 
 knowledge in surgerie, as whether he be learned or unlearned that shall 
 
188 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 close pr^soner for seaven daies. And findeing as yt sliold 
 seeme noe iust cause to detaine liim hee was discliardged 
 as wee understand. And afterwards his said M-asfer 
 arrested him uppon an acc^'on of trespas for carrjinge 
 away with, him (when his M.asfer had geven him leave to 
 
 become an auditor oi' liearer of the lecture, lie may find himselfe not to 
 repent the time so imploied. First, twise a weeke through out the yeare, to 
 wit, on Weduesdaies and Eridaies, at ten of the clocke till eleueu, shall the 
 reader read three-quarters of an houre in Latine, and the other quarter in 
 English, wherein that shall be plainlie declared for those that vnderstand 
 
 not Latine what was said in Latine. And the first yeare 
 What exer- to read Horatius Morus Tables, an Epitome or briefe 
 
 followed in the handling' of all the whole arte of surgerie, that is, of 
 th!fw°li'^of^the swellings or apostems, wounds, ulcers, bonesetting, and 
 Founder. The healing of broken bones, termed commonlie fractions : 
 ercises. ^^^ to read Oribasius of knots, and Galen of bands, such 
 
 workes as haue beene long hid, and are scarselie now a 
 
 daies among the learned knowen, and yet (as the Anatomies) to the first 
 
 enterers in surgerie and nouices in physicke ; but amongst the ancient 
 
 writers and Grecians well knowne. At the end of the yeai-e, in winter, 
 
 to dissect openlie in the reading place, all the bodie of Man, especiallie the 
 
 inward parts, for fine daies togitlier, as well before as after Dinner ; if the 
 
 bodies may so last without annoie. 
 
 ^, _, " The second yeare to read Tagaultius Institutions of 
 
 L 116 second 
 yearesexer- surgerie, and onelie of swellings or apostems, in the winter 
 
 ^^^^^- to dissecte the trunk onelie of the bodie, namelie, from the 
 
 head to the lowest part where tlie members are, and to handle the muscles 
 
 especiallie. The thirde yeare to read of wounds onelie of 
 The Third . . 
 
 yeares and Tagaultius, and in winter to make publike dissection of 
 
 fourth yeares i}^q liead onelie. The fourth yeare to read of vlcers onlie 
 exercises. •' . 
 
 the same author, and to anatomize or dissect a Jeg and an 
 
 arme for the knowledge of muscles, sinewes, arteries, veines, gristles, 
 
 „, „„, T ligaments, and tendons. The fift year to read the sixt 
 
 The flft and t ^ t-, i * . , . . 
 
 sixt yeares ex- booke oi Pauius Aegmeta, and m winter to make anatomie 
 
 to*cout'inue ^° ^^ ^ skeleton, and there withall to show and declare the 
 
 •with Repetitis yse of certeiue instruments, as Scamnum Hippocratis, and 
 
 other instruments for setting in of bones. The sixt yeare 
 
 to read Holerius of the matter of surgerie, as of medicines for surgians to 
 
 use. And the seventh yeare to begin again and continue still. A godlie 
 
 and charitable erection doubtlesse, such as was the more needfull, as 
 
 hitherto hath beene the wante and lacke so hurtf uU : sith that onelie in ech 
 
THE GBAFT OF SURGERY. 189 
 
 goe into tlie Cuntry) a lytle unguent in liis plaister Boxe 
 worth some twoepence fFor w/^/cll hee recou(?red fortie 
 shillings Costes and dammages, Whereupon hee detained 
 him in pn'son hy the space of fifteene weekes. . . And 
 afterwards uppon the apprentice Conplainte to the 
 
 A^uiversities by the foundation of the orclinarie and publike lessons, there 
 is one of physicke, but none of surj^erie, and this onelie of surgerie and not 
 of physicke, I mean so as physicke is now taken separative from surgerie 
 and that part which onelie vseth the hand as it is sorted by the apothecarie. 
 So that now England may reioise for those liappie benefactors and singular 
 welwillers to their countrie who furnisheth hir so in all respects, that 
 now she may as compare for the knowledge of physicke, so by means to 
 come to it, with France, Italic, and Spaine, and in no case behind them, 
 but for a lecture in simples, which God at his pleasure may procure, in 
 mouing some hereafter in like motion and instinct to be as carefull and 
 beneficiall as these were to the helpe and furtlierauce of their countrie. At 
 the publication of this foundation, which was celebrated with a goodlie 
 assemblie of doctors, collegiats, and licentiats, as also some masters of 
 surgerie, with other students, some whereof had beene academicall ; Doctor 
 Caldwall, so aged, that his number of yeeres, with his white head adding 
 double reuerence to his person (whereof I may well sale no lesse than is left 
 written of a doctor of the same f acultie verie famous while he lined 
 
 Conspicienda setas, sed et ars prouectior annis, 
 Famaque Poeonio non renuenda choro) . 
 
 Euen he, notwithstandiughis age and impotencie, made an oration in Latine 
 to the auditorie, the same by occasion of his manifold debilities unfinished 
 at the direction speciaUie of the president (Doctor Gifford) who (after a 
 few words, shortlie and sweetlie, vttered) gaue occasion and opportunitie 
 to D Forster, then and yet the appointed Lecturer, to deliuer his matter, 
 which he discharged in such methodicall manner, that ech one present 
 indued with iudgement, conceived such hope of the doctor, touching the 
 performance of all actions incident unto him by that place, as some of 
 them continued his auditors in all weathers and still hold out ; whose dili- 
 gence he requiteth with the imparting of further knowledge than tlie said 
 publike lecture doth afforde. When the assemblie was dissolued, and the 
 founder accompanied home, diligent care was taken for the due preferring 
 of this established exercise : insomuch tliat D. Caldwell and D. Forster, 
 to furnish the auditors with such bookes as he was to I'ead, caused to be 
 printed the epitome of Horatius Moms, first in Latine : then in English, 
 which was translated by the said doctor Caldwall. But before it was half 
 perfected, the good old doctor fell sicke, and as a candle gocth out of it selfe. 
 
190 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Masters of this Companie of that and other wronges by 
 the said Wrighte done to the said apprentice It was 
 thoughte fitt by the Masters of this Companie to dis- 
 chardge the apprentice from his Master unles hee wold 
 
 or a ripe apple falling from the tree, so departed he out of this world, at 
 the doctors Commons where his vsuall lodging was ; and was verie wor- 
 shipf ullie buried (but of his death hereafter in the yeare 1584, where the 
 dale of his decease being mentioned, matter worth the reading shall be 
 remembred)." 
 
 Page 1369 : " 1584, in this yeare and the twentieth dale of Maie, de- 
 parted out of this life, that famous Father of physicke and surgery, the 
 Englisli Hippocrates and Galen, I mean doctor Caldwell, and was buried 
 on the sixt of June, immediatelie folio wing at S. Benet's Church by Paides 
 Wharfe, at the vpper end of the chancell. His Bodie was verie solemnlie 
 accompanied to the Church wdth a traine of learned and graue doctors, 
 besides others of that facultie, the heralds of armes doing him such honor 
 at his funeral as to him of dutie apperteiued. Of this mans rare lone of 
 his countrie hath beene spoken before, where mention is made of the 
 institution to a surgerie lecture perpetuallie to be continued for the common 
 benefit of London, and consequentlie of all England : the like whereof is 
 not established nor vsed in anie vniversitie of christendome (Bononie 
 and Padua excepted), and, therefore, the more to be esteemed. Indeed, 
 the like Institution was in towardnesse whiles Francis the French of that 
 name the first lined ; but when he died, as the court that he kept in his 
 time was counted an vniversitie, but after his deth made an exchange 
 thereof with another name, so likewise discontinued or rather vtterly brake 
 off that purposed institution of a surgerie lecture at Paris, so that in 
 this point London hath a prerogative excelling the vniversities." 
 
 The Chronicle goes on to tell of numerous charitable bequests, etc., 
 and among them " He left large sums of monie to be emploied by his 
 executors at their discretion where charitie moued ; as also to the publish- 
 ing of such learned bookes of physicke and surgeiy (with sundrie chargeable 
 forms grauen in copper and finislied in his life), as he meant (if he had 
 lined) to see extant." 
 
 In the margin it mentions : ." His commentaries upon some part of 
 Paulus Aegineta and other bookes." Holinshed further states that there 
 is a monument erected to his memory in St. Benet's, with his arms, and 
 the arms of the College of Physicians under it. " On either side of this 
 latter scutchion are set certeine binding bands and other instruments of 
 surgerie in their right formes, with their proper vse, also to be practised 
 upon ech member ; be the same head, leg, arm, hand, or foot, all worke- 
 manlie wrought." 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGE BY. 191 
 
 use him after that tyme well and as an apprentice 
 ought to he used: wh2ch he then joromised to doe. And 
 thereuppon the said apprentice wente horn w«th the said 
 Wright. And yet neuerthelese sithens that tyme as 
 wee vnderstan and finde hee hath keapt him in his 
 house more lyke a prisoner then an apprentice manace- 
 inge and threathing ^ him that hee wold hange him, 
 and employeinge him for the most pa?'ie in the makeinge 
 of wastcotes and Stokenges heiuge not the trade where- 
 vnto hee was bound, and lytle or noe whit at all 
 in the arte of Barbery or Surgery, and useinge unfitteiDge 
 correction wxthout any cause at all for ought wee can 
 joerceive, . . Ffor which causes and for that wee find 
 the said Wright very maliciously bente against the 
 apprentice and more lyke to doe him some mischief then 
 to use him as becometh an apprentice . . . wee doe order 
 . . . that the ffather of the said apprentice . . . paie 
 to the said Wilh'^m Wrighte the some of fortie shillinges 
 of lawful money of England. And in Considerace'on 
 thereof the said Wright is to deliz^er up;?e to the M^^/ers 
 of this Companie his said apprentice Indenture and all 
 such thinges as hee hath of the said apprentice. . . 
 And also wee further order and award that Wright 
 shall not from henceforth for any cause or former 
 matter troble or molest the said apprentice. And also 
 wee doe injoyne . . . the said apprentice to Carry 
 himself duetifuUy towards the said Wrighte." 
 
 The said Wrighte had been shortly before ordered 
 to " bringe in his fyne at the next Courte for his 
 
 ^ tlireatening 
 
192 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 absens from Lectures," perhaps because Ms time was 
 fully occupied in setting bis apprentice to work on tbe 
 waistcoats. Be tbis as it may, bowever, at tbe next 
 court day " Tbe fatbi?r of Tbom^zs Marston tbe Appren- 
 tice of Willmm Wrigbte paid to tbe use of tbe said 
 Wrisrlite tbe somme of ffortie sbillina-es w/iich tbe said 
 Wrio'bte tben refused to receive, and also to stand to tbe 
 order of tbe Islasfevs . . . according to a referrence to 
 tbem by tbe lord Maior referred. "Wberefore it is 
 ordered tbat for bis said Contempt bee be committed 
 to tbe Couipter uppon tbe Lore/ Maior's command." 
 Tbis committal appears to bave brougbt bim to bis 
 senses, for at tbe next court, " according to a former 
 order ~\Yilb'<2m Wrigbte batb deliu(?red upp to oz-^r 
 'Master tbe Indenture of Thomas Marston bis ap- 
 prentice . . . wbereuppon tbe 'Mastex paid unto tbe 
 said Wrio'bte xP wV//cb be bad receaved of tbe fatber 
 of tbe apprentice." Tbis ^vould bave settled tbe matter 
 in an ordinary case, but AYrigbte was litigious, and on 
 tbe first opportunity be " appeared before tbe Masters 
 of tbis Company and required a Coppie of tbe order 
 betweene bira and Tbow^^s Marston bis late apprentice. 
 To w/nch the Masters answered Tbat tbey w^ould be 
 ready to sbowe tbat Order w^ben and wbere tbey 
 sliould be called by autboritie." And so tbe matter 
 ended as far as tbe Company is concerned, since no 
 further entry occm-s in tbe minute books either about 
 Wrigbte or Marston, who, we will hope, went their 
 respective ways in peace, and ceased from troubling 
 each otlier. 
 
THE CBAFT OF SUBGEBY. 193 
 
 An entry which is of interest as showing the ages 
 of the apprentices at this period, occurs when " Peter 
 Saunderson certiefied the Court that hee had offered 
 to inroll his apprentice before the Chamherlen and 
 it was Denyed him because the apprentice could not 
 at the end of his terme accomphshe the age of xxiiij 
 yeres." There was still the old objection to having any 
 but comely apprentices, as "it is ordered for that John 
 Knott hath taken John Doweinge a decrepitt boy to be 
 his apprentice for the terme of vij yeres ... he shall 
 kepe and maynetayne the said apprentice with sufficient 
 of meat drinck and apparell during the said terme 
 although he shall contynew lame or decrepitt. And 
 he is to be bound in obligacion for the performance 
 hereof." 
 
 The ecclesiastical authorities maintained their rio-ht 
 of licensinsr, which brouo^ht them into colli- mu ^ ^ ■ 
 
 o' o The bishops 
 
 sion with the Company. In 1607 the fol- "''^"'• 
 lowing entry occurs, which shows that the examiners 
 were not so incorruptible as they had hitherto proved 
 themselves, and that they had listened to the sugges- 
 tions of the bishop's officers, and had examined persons 
 who did not belong to their Company, " No examiner 
 shall presume to examine and approve any 
 person in the Arte of Surgery w2thout the consent 
 and orders of the M.asters or governors of this Com- 
 pany". . . . nor shall they "present any person 
 practisinge surgery to the Bishop of London or to 
 the Deane of Pawle's to the intent to get or pro- 
 cure such Surgeon Lycence or admission to practize 
 
 N 
 
194 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Surgery nnlesse such Surgeon at sucli tyme shall have 
 his letter of admittance from this company under the 
 Common seale of the same testifieing his admision to 
 practize Surgery, uppon payne to forfyt his [i.e. the 
 examiner's] places and degree in this Company." The 
 ceremony of presentation to the bishop appears to have 
 borne the same relation to the Company's examination 
 as the formal graduation in the older universities bears 
 to the public examinations, and it was necessary to 
 render valid the surgeon's licence to practise. Thus 
 " Roger Jenkins heretofore examined and ap/roved in 
 the Arte of Surgery was presented before the Deane of 
 Pawles and his letters of admittance from the said 
 Deane " were read. And at the same time Abraham 
 Allen was lykewyse admitted by the said Deane." 
 
 The Company was a mystery,^ in the more recent 
 „, ^ sense of the word, for " Mawris David ap- 
 
 The Company ' -t^ 
 
 a mystery. peared bcfore the ISILastei's and was rebuked 
 
 for shewinge the copie of our Charter to a scriv- 
 ener." In 1606 a special ordinance was made, 
 " ffor avoydinge of giuing Controversy and debate 
 in this Company. It is ordered by this Court that 
 if any Assistant of this Company shall malitiously 
 or otherwise at any tyme hereafter reveale report or 
 publysh to any person being not an Assistant of this 
 Company any sensure, order or decree . ... of this 
 Company .... whereby any person, sensured or 
 ordered may be ympeached or hurt in his name or 
 creditt," he shall be fined. 
 
 1 See Editor's Preface. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 195 
 
 Partial licences were granted as in the reign of 
 Elizabeth. " Garrett van Kettwick Stranger Partial 
 
 IiC6IlC6S> 
 
 practitioner in Surgery accordinge to a 
 former order was examyned concerninge his skill in the 
 Art of surgery, . . . And upon his said examynacon 
 he was tollerated by the ^asteY'& and Governo^i^rs of this 
 Company as much as in them is to practize in Surgery 
 untill he shalbe of riper experyence in the same Art : 
 Provided that in all Difficult cases that he shall under- 
 take he ioyne w?th him an approved Surgeon. And 
 that he present to the M.astev^ of this Company for 
 the tyme beinge all such Cures w/^^ch he shalbe pos- 
 sessed of w/^^ch shalbe in danger of death or mayme. 
 And whereas in considerac2on of his said tol- 
 lerac2on he hath paid to the Piaster?, and Governoz^^rs of 
 this Company the some of ffortie shillings towards the 
 mayntenance of the pore of the same, It is ordered 
 that upon further tryall of his better practice and ex- 
 peryence in the saide Art hee shall upon his humble 
 suite be examyned agayne. . . . And if then he 
 shalbe thought fitt upon his examynac^on to be abso- 
 lutely admitted he shall haue his letters of admittaunce 
 under the scale of this howse, Payeing three pounds 
 more to the ^astet^ of the Company to the use of the 
 pore of the same, and payeinge the Clarke of - this 
 Company his fee ° for the same." The inference to be 
 drawn from this paragraph appears to be that Kettwick 
 was a quack with an extensive and lucrative practice, 
 from whom the various members of the Company hoped 
 as advisers and consultants to derive a rich harvest of 
 N 2 
 
196 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 fees, whilst the adventurer derived benefit from the 
 position given to him by the licence of the Company. 
 
 The following is an interesting note of the early 
 Midwifery. practice of midwifery as a speciality : "31st 
 Jan, 1610. This daie James Blackborne was examined 
 touchinge his skill in the generatyve pa^'ts of women and 
 bringenge of women to bedd in their dangerous and difii- 
 cult Labors. And he the said Blackborne was found fitt 
 and alloued to practize (in that chirui'gicall -parte of Sur- 
 gery touching the generatyve parts of women and bring- 
 inge them to bedd in their dangerous and difficult 
 Labours) by letters under the scale of the house beinge 
 the date above wrytten. And was at this court sworne 
 and admitted a fforayne brother ; and in consideracion 
 thereof he paid to the presenie Masters att this 
 court x^V 
 
 The first two years of James' reign in England were 
 Charter gran- fii^ies of auxicty and expense for the united 
 
 ted by James I. r^ p t ■ ,-, • - t n 
 
 Company, tor during this period they were 
 struggling to obtain a fresh charter, and in the end 
 they were successful. As early as 1588 it was felt 
 that increased powers were required by the Company 
 for the purpose of coping with that remarkable growth 
 of quackery which occurred during the later years of 
 Elizabeth's life. A Bill was therefore promoted in 
 Parliament, as appears from the following entiy, dated 
 March 10th, 1588 : "Also yt ys agreed that the Bill 
 w/iich ys to be exhibited into the parliament howse 
 shall procede and shall be borne at the charge of the 
 howse, proYided nevertheles that yf the said Bill happen 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 197 
 
 to passe and be allowed of, and tlie charge growe 
 unto some large som^e of money tlien yt shall be borne 
 upon and at the particnlei charges of the Companie." 
 Persons were also appointed to prefer and present 
 this bill, but as no further entry occurs about it, we 
 must suppose that it failed to become law. On the 
 accession of James I., however^ the agitation was 
 recommenced in good earnest, and the first ordinance is 
 dated Feb. 9th, 160f, to the effect that ''a bill be 
 preferred into the j?j(a;rliament howse for reformac^on of 
 abuses co»^mitted against the weale of this Company ac- 
 cording to that bill w/iich. was preferred in the tyme when 
 M^ Baker [15 9|] was Maister. . . . And it is ordered 
 that M"^ Recorder of this cytie and M"" Wilbraham be 
 reteyned for our councell." And " after they have 
 finished and ended our -present suite in the j»«rliament 
 howse, or when they shall think it fit, that they/rocede 
 for the confirmac«on of otir Charter and ordinances." 
 That the project was carried out with zeal may be 
 concluded from a minute which occurs three or four 
 months later, and which shows that then, as now, it 
 was no inexpensive matter to obtain special legislation. 
 " This daye it is thoughte fitt by this Courte that thear 
 be no greate Election Dinner holden in the hall this 
 yere for that the Company are lyke to be at great 
 chardges in obteyneinge their ordinances and renewinge 
 the Charter. Yet the ordinary allowance is to be spent 
 uppon a small pittance uppon the Company that shall 
 then be here." 
 
 In October of the same year (1604) the bill had passed 
 
198 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the Commons, for it is recorded, " tliat tlie 'Kasters 
 of this Companie shold j^jrocede with, the reneweinge of 
 the Charter of this Company accordinge as they shall 
 thinke fyt, and shold contynnue the articles hereafter 
 expressed or so many of them as it shold please the 
 Jjords to whom the same is referred to geve 
 allowance of" The draught charter ^ is interesting, as 
 it affords a picture of the customs of the profession 
 at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It relates 
 almost entirely to the surgical side of the Company, and 
 gives to the surgeons a better position than that which 
 they previously occupied. The clause ^ relating to the 
 idea that " the openinge, searinge and embalminge of the 
 dead corpes [was] properly belonginge to the science of 
 barbery and surgery " is remarkable ; whilst the conclu- 
 sion of the paragraph gives us a curious idea of the under- 
 takers of the period, for it says that " the same is intruded 
 into by Butchers, Taylors, Smythes, chaundlers and others 
 of divers trades unskillful in Barbery or surgery ^ and 
 unseemely and unchristianlike defaceing, disfiguringe and 
 dismemberinge the dead corpes so that by their unskill- 
 fuU searinge and embalming the corpes corrupteth and 
 groweth presently contagious and ofensive to the place 
 and persons approachinge." 
 
 ^ Appendix L, page 361. ^ Clause xvi. 
 
 ^ The chandlers appear to have been especially busy in acting as eni- 
 balmers, for, " Oct. 26, 1612. This daie it is ordered that at the chardges 
 of the house the presente Masters with the Clark shall seek in the Rowles 
 for the Charter of the wax chaundlers and to tak a coppie of that parte of the 
 Charter touchinge the libertye gyven unto them for the embalmynge of 
 dead bodyes. And as they shall finde the same soe to tak the advice of 
 my lord chief Justice about the same at the chardge of the house." 
 
TEE CBAFT OF SUBGEBY. 199 
 
 The bill became law in the second year of James I. 
 It enacts that there shall be four governors [of whom two 
 are to be surgeons] and twenty-six assistants in the mys- 
 tery of the barbitonsors or polers. The masters to be 
 chosen annually, the assistants for life. The masters are 
 chosen from among the assistants, and the assistants 
 from amongst the most worthy members practising in 
 London. The masters or governors to have the super- 
 vision and correction of all persons practising the craft 
 of the barbitonsors in London or within three miles 
 of it. They also were to possess authority to enter into 
 any shop in London, or within the same radius of it, 
 belonging to a surgeon, for the purpose of inquiring 
 into the quality of the medicines, plasters, instru- 
 ments, etc. ; to examine all persons who practise in 
 London, or to restrain them by virtue . of the power 
 granted by former charters. At the formal request of 
 the master and governors, the Mayor, Sheriffs, and other 
 authorities were to commit to ward persons who prac- 
 tised without licence until security was given for their 
 appearance at the assizes. It will thus be seen that the 
 bill had not undergone any very important modifica- 
 tions in its passage through the two Houses, with the 
 single exception of the limits set to the authority of 
 the Company. In the draft bill the radius over 
 which they sought power was seven miles, whilst in the 
 act it is reduced to three miles round London. 
 
 Within two years of the passing of the act the 
 Company appear to have been assailed with doubts about 
 their privileges, for, " it is ordered that advice be taken 
 
200 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 bj CouEcell concerning the valedity of out Charter and 
 Acts of Parliament." And as a result of this inspection 
 " it is ordered that another Bill be preferred unto the 
 Parliament Howse by advice of Councell to the same 
 effect that the other Bill was. . . And that part of 
 the Bill w/iich concerneth the practize of Phisick is to 
 be shewed to the Phisic^'ons." No further action, how- 
 ever, appears to have been taken in the matter, but a 
 general act of parliament was passed in 1607 " for the 
 confirmaczon of the landes of this and the rest of the 
 severall Companyes of this cytie," into which the special 
 bill of the Company may have been absorbed. 
 
 The Company, never very wealthy, and which once 
 Monetar bef orc had been compelled to apply for relief 
 
 troubles. ^^ ^^g ^£ ^^g members (Mr. Thomas Vicary), 
 
 appears to have again fallen on evil days. From the 
 accession of James to the Eestoration, the minute books, 
 so far as they exist, bear tokens of the most desperate 
 money straits taking the form of endless defaces for pro- 
 curing cash. As early as 1603 the King's demand for a 
 loan was met by the answer "We have no money." 
 This, however, was probably a mere subterfuge, for in 
 spite of it the Company were assessed by the Pri^^y Seal 
 at £7 5 J two-thirds of which they were constrained to 
 borrow of Mr. Thomas Thorney. Three years later 
 " M"^ John Pecke Master of this Company for the better 
 accomphshment of the necessarie business of this Com- 
 pany the same now beinge in want of money, did of 
 his voluntarie good will, proffer to lend to this howse 
 P gratis for a yeare . . . which was by this Court 
 
TEE CEAFT OF SUBGEBY. 201 
 
 thankf ullie accepted." On the same occasion " M^ Joseph 
 ffenton fowerth or youngest 'Master or gOYerno?^r of tliis 
 Company knowinge this howse to be indebted did of his 
 owne free will proffer to lend . . . the somme of c^' 
 gratis for one whole yeare . . . towards the payment of 
 the debts of the same, if the howse shall please to accept 
 thereof. Which his kind offer was kindlie accepted by 
 this Courte," The scarcity of money experienced by 
 the Company at this period appears to have resulted 
 from expenses incurred in altering their hall and erecting 
 additional buildings. They were harassed, too, by con- 
 tinual demands of money from the Parliament. So 
 poor were they in 1606 that "for the avoydinge of 
 charges It is ordered that no publique Anothomy shal 
 be holden in the Comi/7^on hall of this mistery for the 
 space of theis three yeares now next ensuinge. Yett 
 notw^thstandinge . . . the Master and Stewards of the 
 Anothomy . . . shall once in everie yeare . . . dissect 
 a private Anothomy in the Comw^on hall of the said 
 mistery for their better experience and cunninge." So 
 that even in their utmost need the guild took care, 
 so far as in them lay, that the poor little spark of 
 anatomical lore which they kept alive should not suffer 
 eclipse. 
 
 The following is a good instance of the way in which 
 the City guilds became possessed of their ^he company's 
 renowned plate: "August xix. 1605 This p^^'*'' 
 day M'' Peter Proby a very lovinge member to this 
 Company did out of his love and affection to this. 
 house of his owne voluntarie good will give unto this 
 
202 MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 
 
 company a very fayre large and serviceable Standinge 
 Cup of silver and double gilte waygbinge xxx ounces 
 and a penny waight w^'tb a cover unto it wbereupon 
 are bis armes placed. And bath tbis supscription 
 ingraven upon it. (Tbis cup is given to tbis ball 
 by Peter Proby gentleman free of tbe same. A 
 seruant to Queene Elizabetb and to Kinge James and 
 for botb armees keeper of tbe recordes in tbe Tower of 
 London, 'postmaster for tbe service of Ireland, and for 
 speciall Service a pentioner for leife, wbo was twice of 
 tbe bigbe courte of Parliament.) Wbicb cup was kindly 
 accepted by tbis Court. And in gratificacion tbereof It 
 is by tbis Court ordered tbat tbe said Peter Proby sbalbe 
 excused and discharged from all ffines witbin tbis com- 
 pany, except tbe office of l^laster or GrOvernO(!/r of tbis 
 company. And from all otber attendances for tbe seruice 
 or affaires of tbe said Company. And wben it sball 
 please bim to come to tbe ball be is to be kindlie and 
 friendlie intertayned." 
 
 "Finis coronabit opus." 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE COMPANY BECOMES BANKRUPT ALDERMAN ARRIS* 
 
 BEQUEST. 
 
 In the last chapter we saw that money was becoming so 
 scarce with the Company that they were ^^ ^^ ^^ g^ 
 obliged to postpone the lectures on anatomy. ^^^^^• 
 But now in the later years of the reign of King James I., 
 and in those which followed upon the accession of his 
 son, derbands for money came pouring in with the most 
 alarming rapidity. Of these, one which bears the date 
 January 30th, 1632, is interesting as being a letter from 
 " your very loving ffriend Gruil : London : of London 
 house " written by William Laud, subsequently the 
 famous Archbishop, and pointing out " the decayes of 
 St. Pawles Church here in London, being the mother 
 Church of this Citty and Diocess and the greate Cathe- 
 drall of this kingdome : " a church which he loved so 
 well, and which he endeavoured so manfully to bring 
 back to its historic state of mao^nificence. " A g-reate 
 Dishonor," he proceeds, " it is not onely to this 
 Citty biit to the whole State to see that auilcient 
 and goodly Style of building soe deca3^ed as it is. 
 . . . Theis are therefore hartily to pray and desire 
 you, the Maister, Wardens, and other Assistants of 
 this worthy Company of the Barber Surgions to 
 contribute out of yo«r publicke Stocke to the worke 
 
204 
 
 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 aforesaid, what you out of jotiv Cliaritye and devosion 
 shall thinke fitt, and to pay the summe resolued on 
 
 MOTTEWlElilL STMIEUET. 
 
 J'ub!!sh(d.Scp':s_i)''jSo,>.l>vJ,'!m M.insfln.^TSTaUMiU. 
 
 by you into the Chamber of London at or before our 
 Ladyday next, praying you that I may receave by any 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGE BY. 205 
 
 servant of yo^^r Company a note what the Summe is which 
 you resolve to give. And for that Charity of yo^^rs 
 whatsoever it shall prove to be I shall not onely give 
 you harty thankes but be as ready to serve you and 
 every of you as you are to serve God and his Church " 
 "And thereupon this Court deepely considering the 
 contents of that letter together with the presente mines 
 and dilapidacz'ons of the said Church, and as faithfull 
 and charitable members obliged largely to contribute to 
 soe pious and religious a worke Doe now order that out 
 of the Stock and revenue of this house there shal 
 be paid into the Chamber of London towards the said 
 repaire x^ presentely and x^^ yearely for nine yeares 
 following to make it upp compleate a c^^ as of the 
 free gift of this house. And if att any tyme hereafter 
 the worke doe cease then our payments to cease like- 
 wise." The cost, too, of erecting their second hall, 
 which was built in 1636 by Inigo Jones, must have 
 been a serious drain upon the resources of the Company. 
 The annexed representation of the appearance which its 
 exterior presented towards the end of the last century, 
 immediately before its fine theatre was pulled down, 
 is taken from the interleaved copy of Pennant's 
 " London," ^ now in the print room of the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Ten years later, in 1642, "it is ordered that 400" 
 shalbe taken uj) upon the Scale of this The company 
 howse and payd over for the reliefe of money. 
 L'eland," i.e. for the relief of the people who had been 
 
 iPartviii.pl. 211. 
 
206 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 ruined by the rising of October, 1641. This was the 
 beginning of woes unutterable ; from henceforward the 
 minutes are filled with endless devices for raising 
 money to pay the interest on this sum. The Company, 
 however, were not responsible for the debt, as they were 
 constrained to borrow, for " by order of the Lords and 
 Cowzmons in Parliament assembled Our company was 
 proporczoned to pay and lend 800" at 8" per cent 
 towards and for nothing else then the releife of Ireland. 
 Upon which our Company did humbly certifie the 
 Lord Maior of the Citty of our inability to pay any 
 part of the said 800", yet for that the present occasions 
 forceiug for present Eeleife, It was ordered that 400" 
 should be taken up at Interest and payd over into 
 the Chamber of London for that and noe other pur- 
 pose. And that nowe the Company would take up 
 such a quantity of money but cannot obteyne soe 
 much. It is now Ordered that the King's Cupp and 
 Cover shalbe kept and that the IslasfeYS, Wardens shall 
 take out all our plate and view it and see which of it is 
 fitt to be sold ; and that [of] every parcell of that plate 
 Which shall be sold a patterne or fashion of it shalbe 
 drawne in paper and the perticuler Letters, Writeings, or 
 Gravenings shall likewise be written on that paper. 
 To the Intent that when the said Ifoure Hundred 
 pounds with the Interest at 8" p centum shalbe payd, 
 the said Plate shalbe made agayne in the same ffashions 
 and writeings upon them as now they are : Which this 
 court doth Order shall fully and really be performed 
 accordingly." What a picture this would form, the 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 207 
 
 quaint figures in their old world habits looking with 
 eager eyes at the ancient plate which they had so often 
 used, and which they were now compelled to sell 
 in order to assist in quelling the great Irish rebellion. 
 The money, however, was urgently needed, as the reports 
 from Ireland became daily worse, so that very shortly 
 after these efforts on the part of the Company, "it is 
 peremptorily Ordered that the 400^^ shalbe payd into the 
 Chamber of London on Munday next in the morneing." 
 Well might an old man seek rest in these troub- 
 lous times, as did M^ Thomas Walton, who wrote : 
 " To the worshipfuU the Master Wardens and As- 
 sistants of the ComjDany of Barber chirurgeons : I 
 Thomas Walton a member of that Company haveing 
 formerly desired at severall Courts and once by Peticion 
 in writeing doe hereby once againe make it my request 
 being now very sick and soe have continued by the 
 space of six weekes and small likelyhood as yet of 
 my recovery. Therefore heareinge by a messenger 
 from the honorable the Lord Maior that you were with 
 him and did warne mee there to appeare, I thought good 
 to lett you know my willingnes to give you content- 
 vaeni. And that is, that you wilbe pleased to shew 
 mee now at the latter part of my dayes, being aged 
 68 yeares in this next moneth it cannot be likely 
 my time can be long in this World, That I may obteyne 
 to have my Writt of ease and not be any more warned 
 unto more courts. And that you wilbe pleased to 
 take in one other into your Assistants in my place 
 fitter for it. j^nd this my request I hope I shall obteyne 
 
208 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 before God dotli take mee out of this World. And soe 
 I do here now heartily pray to God for your health 
 and Union together in love and fFriendship." The 
 request of the old man was granted, and we may hope 
 that his end was peace. 
 
 The Company, however, were spared the indignity 
 Mr. Arris. of Selling their plate, owing to the liber- 
 
 ality of one of their number, M^ Alderman Arris. 
 The name of this worthy member is still com- 
 memorated in the Arris lecture at the College of 
 Surgeons, founded by him for the study of Anatomy, 
 whilst his portrait adorns the walls of the Barbers' Hall. 
 The Alderman advanced of his substance the sum of 
 £214, and the plate remained intact, since the credit 
 of the Company was sufficient to enable them to 
 borrow the £186, which was required to make up the 
 £400. At the following court, therefore, "The Orders 
 made at the last Court were read and confirmed saveing 
 the Order for selling the plate which is adnullated." 
 The plate, however, was hardly yet secure, for the Com- 
 pany had no sooner paid over this large sum than they 
 were again assessed. In May, 1G43, "Whereas this 
 Company is assessed at 8^^ per weeke for 3 moneths 
 which they are noewayes able to pay In regard wee are 
 so much in debt and that the Hall may be preserved from 
 violence. . . . It is now Ordered that the plate in 
 the Hall that is not guilt plate shalbe by the blaster 
 and Wardens delivered over at the best rate to deliver 
 soe much amounting to 96'V This order was actually 
 executed, and the plate was pawned. 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 209 
 
 In tlie autumn of 1643, the Company, apparently 
 driven to desperation by repeated assess- Bankruptcy of 
 ments, deliberately declared themselves ^^^ ompany. 
 bankrupt in the following terms : " This Court being 
 sensible of those vast Debts they are involved in 
 Doe desire that a Certificate be drawne up of our 
 Debts and the House Seale passed beyond its 
 ability and creditt and therefore not able to lend 
 and soe to be delivered unto the Lord Maior." 
 And yet, as the very next entry at the same court 
 shows, they had money in hand, for, " Whereas there is 
 40^ per annum gathered of the ffreemen of this Com- 
 pany to be adventured into Ireland this Court is willing 
 and doe Order that the said moneyes soe collected shal 
 be made up [to] 50^' and by way of adventure that 50^^ 
 shalbe payd into the Comw^ittee at Grocers Hall haveing 
 formerly adventured 50^\" The speculation appears to 
 have been a successful one, for the Company still pos- 
 sess and derive a small part of their revenue from 
 estates in Ireland, and to this day a map of their 
 possessions in that country is suspended, in the ante- 
 room to their hall. The seal, too, was not passed 
 wholly beyond its credit, for in November, 1643, " the 
 'Master and Wardens may take up One hundred pounds 
 at Interest upon the commoTi seale of this Company for 
 the paying of interest money and dischargeing other 
 necessary payments." In this little matter the Company 
 were accommodated, as appears from a subsequent 
 entry, by " Eobert Whitchurch Citizen and Butcher of 
 London." 
 
210 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 In 1644 a commission sate at Grrocers' Hall, and to this 
 TheCompanv's commission the Company made application, 
 p ate pawned. gl^Qwing the amount of their debts, which 
 amounted to " Three Thousand pounds or thereabouts. 
 And that one Thousand pounds borrowed of M^ Watson 
 and more vizt: In all Twelve hundred pounds and upwards 
 have bin lent by the said Company (in expectation 
 to have bin long since reimbursed of the same againe) 
 unto the publique uses of the Kingdome Whereof not 
 any part principall or Interest hath been repayed." 
 Vain hope, when the whole nation was ablaze with civil 
 war ! Poor Mr. Watson (" auncient master oiour Com- 
 pany," as he is styled) fared but badly in these times, for 
 the WasfeY and Wardens were required to pay to the 
 Committee the money acknowledged at the last Court 
 of Assistants to be due to M"^ Watson " being adjudged 
 to be a Papist and a delinquent to the State." " This 
 Court findeth that they are altogether unable to pay 
 the same money unlesse the money by them disbursed 
 to the publique be repayd." Yet the commission had 
 its will, " since the Company was required forthwith to 
 pay 400^' and 100^^ more to be secured to them at 
 2 yeares by our Cowzmon Scale in composic/on for the 
 said Debt, or else doe threaten a most extreame Course 
 for recovery of the whole. This Court doth consent 
 That the 400^^ may with all possible speed be raised and 
 that the Scale may passe for payment of the said 100^^ 
 2 yeares hence as is Demanded." To obtain this money, 
 " the Court did pawue all the Companyes plate both 
 guilt and white weighing 1120°^ -^"^^ or thereabouts 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. ' 211 
 
 unto Mary Crosse of London widdow for the sum of 
 280^ . . . with a provisoe of redempcion." The sale of 
 the plate thus enforced was much more extensive than 
 the previous one had been, and it included the king's 
 cup, which was specially exempted on the former 
 occasion. The latter, however, was bought back by Mr. 
 Arris, who was subsequentlysurgeon to St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital, who presented it to the Company in 1647, by 
 which time the rest of the plate had been redeemed. In 
 1648 the plate was sold for the third time, the king's cup 
 being again restored to the Company after the accession 
 of Charles 11. , by John Knight, one of its members. 
 
 The cup here mentioned as the " King's cupp " (seen 
 in Plate VI. as the smallest of the three The King's 
 cups standing upon the table behind the fire- 
 screen),^ was presented to the Company by Henry 
 YIII. to commemorate the union of the barbers with 
 the surgeons. M"" Shoppee describes it as "a silver 
 grace cup and cover weighing 26|^oz., elaborately 
 chased with the Eoyal Badges of England and France, 
 viz. the Tudor rose, portcullis and fleur de lys, and 
 with the arms of France and England, quarterly, the 
 lion and greyhound as supporters, and crown imperial 
 on the cover." 
 
 " The design of this cup is quite in the style of 
 Holbein, and in all probability was from his studio. 
 There are four pendant bells, and the custom which is 
 
 ■^ The larger cup, surmounted with the crown, is known as the Royal 
 Oak Cup ; it was pi-esented to the Company by Charles II., in 1676. The 
 tliird cup, with a Roman soldier standing upon the cover, was presented 
 by Alderman Frederick in 1654. 
 
 2 
 
212 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 referred to by Pepys, is that each person drinking from 
 the cup empties its contents, and in handing it to his 
 neighbour rings the bells. " Among other observables 
 we drank the King's health out of a gilt cup, given by 
 King Henry VIII. to this Company, with bells hanging 
 at it, which every man is to ring by shaking after he 
 hath drunk up the whole cup." ^ 
 
 As M^ Shoppee has pointed out,^ " This cup has 
 passed through many vicissitudes of fortune. The 
 Company's minutes of the date of 11th November, 1615, 
 give the following record. . . . 'At this Court our 
 M^ acquaytinge them how unf ortunatlie it hath happened 
 that the Hall on Tewsdaie night last beinge 7 November 
 was broken open and what losse the howse susteyned 
 thereby. Whereupon it was presentlie considered and 
 then ordered that a present Course be taken for the 
 spedie repaieringe of the howse and tresory howse and 
 that the same shalbe forthwith stronglie horded and 
 
 made up at the charges of the howse 
 
 Note that the xj*^ daie of November Thomas Lyne con- 
 fessed how he was the plotter for the Eobbinge of o"^ Hall 
 and how o^ plate was carried to.Westm' and our monie 
 was devided amongst the theues who were these Thomas 
 Jones, Nicholas Sames and Water ffoster,w^^ did break 
 open the hall. Whereupon the Clarke haveinge order 
 from o^ M^ went to Westm' and upon search there made 
 found our plate locked up in a trunke in the howse of 
 
 1 " Pepys' Diary/' 27tli February, 166|. 
 
 2 " Description of tie Pictures aud other Objects of Interest in the Hall 
 and Court Room of tlie Worshipful Company of Barbers," by C. J. Shoppee, 
 Master in 1878. Lond. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 213 
 
 one ^ a shoemaker xj^ xviij^ of the monie M"" 
 
 Warden Coop found the same dale in the howse of one 
 ffulses in Fleete Stret. About the xvj*^ of Nov. then 
 foUowinge Thomas Jones was taken who beinge brought 
 to Newgate in December foUowinge Jones and Lyne 
 were both executed for this fact. 
 
 " ' In January foUowinge Sames was taken and 
 executed. In April 1616 ffoster was taken and executed. 
 Now letts pray Grod to blesse this howse ever from any 
 more of these damigees. Amen.' " 
 
 Throughout the subsequent years of its existence 
 the United Company lived in a perpetual 
 conflict with its neighbours the College the coiiege of 
 
 " " Physicians. 
 
 of Physicians. Under the Tudor dynasty 
 there had been occasional disagreements between the 
 two branches of the profession, but they had on the 
 whole lived amicably together. In 1616, however, in 
 consequence of the incorporation of the apothecaries 
 as a separate company, the College of Physicians 
 obtained a new Charter from James I., which conferred 
 several additional privileges upon them, and amongst 
 others, that of proceeding against all persons who 
 administered any "inward medicines." Under this 
 clause the surgeons were constantly brought before 
 the college and were as constantly fined. When the 
 physicians endeavoured to -get their Charter confirmed 
 by parliament the barber- surgeons petitioned against 
 the " grant whereby they did not only seeke to have a 
 superintendancy over the Pettioners in theire owne 
 
 * Blank in the original. 
 
214 2IE2I0BIALS OF 
 
 profession, but also to abridge and restraine them from 
 useing part of their art [viz. administering any internal 
 remedies,] whicli tbey have served for and bave done 
 and doe lawfully use, and without which many times 
 they cannot performe their cures, nor give such ease and 
 remedy to their patients as is fitt. They therefore pray 
 that such graunt may not be confirmed by Act before 
 they be heard, or that a provisoe may be inserted that 
 the petitioners may not be thereby restrained, but in all 
 things use their profession as they have heretofore 
 lawfully done. On which petition the king, the 4th of 
 fieb., 1620, ordered that the petitioners should be left 
 to seeke any lawfull remedy either in Parliament or 
 other wise."^ The Company accordingly presented a 
 petition to the House of Commons, in 16.24, who ordered 
 "that the physitian's patent should be brought into the 
 committee of grievances, and that both parties should 
 be heard by their counsel. The consequence of this 
 was that the Physitians proceeded not with their bill." 
 In 1629 the Company obtained a newcharter by which. 
 Charter of amougst many other provisions and declara- 
 
 tions, it was enacted that no person, whether 
 free-man, foreigner, native of England or alien, should 
 exercise the science or ai-t of surgery within the Cities of 
 London or Westminster, or within seven miles of them, 
 for private lucre or profit, without first undergoing an 
 
 1 The account of tlie disputes between the physicians and surgeons is 
 in great part taken from a manuscript apparently written during the reign 
 of James II., and endorsed, " Observations on the Charters Concerning 
 the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, and Eemarks on the Legall State 
 of the Practice of Surgery." 
 
TEE GRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 215 
 
 examination by four examiners in the presence of two 
 or more masters of the mystery. Freemen and surgeons 
 so examined and admitted might lawfully use the art of 
 surgery in an}^ city, town, borough, or place in the 
 kingdom of England. By the same Charter it was 
 enacted that no one should go out from the port of 
 London or send out any apprentice, servant, or other 
 person from the same port, to act as surgeon to any 
 ship whether in the service of the Crown or of a 
 merchant, unless they, their instruments, and their 
 chests had first been examined and allowed by two of 
 the governors of the mystery. No member of the 
 Company was to receive any apprentice but such as 
 upon trial could readily construe any Latin author pro- 
 posed to him. A lecture on surgery was to be given 
 every week to such persons as the masters should permit 
 to attend. A penalty of forty shillings was incurred by 
 every surgeon who within London or seven miles thereof 
 should have a patient under his care so ill as to be in 
 danger of death, and who yet failed to consult with the 
 masters of the craft in regard to his case. These were 
 ample powers, and the Company would have done well 
 if it could have retained them. They roused the 
 jealousy of the College of Physicians, however, who in 
 June, 1632, procured an order of council with a clause 
 to the effect that no chirurgeon " doe either dismember 
 Trephan the head, open the chest or Belly, cut for the 
 stone, or doe any great opperation with his hand uppou 
 the body of any person to which they are usually tyed 
 to call their Wardens or Assistants, but in the presence 
 
216 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of a learned physitian one or more of the College or of 
 his Maj*^®^ physitians." To reinforce this iniquitous 
 order the physicians afterwards exhibited a bill in the 
 Star Chamber. The surgeons successfully petitioned 
 against it, and Charles I. ordered the petition to be 
 expunged in 1635. 
 
 The Barber- Surgeons' Company by this time 
 hated the physicians most heartily, and their wrath 
 was apt to vent itself in a variety of ways. A 
 ludicrous instance of this kind appears in the following 
 minute -. " Whereas by Order of the honourable house 
 of Cowzmons assembled in Parliament of the 28th of 
 June last (1644) the President of the Colledge of 
 Physitians was appointed to call this Company before 
 them and to tender the Coven^aint to them. This Court 
 conceiveing their Priviledges to be thereby infringed 
 . Doth Order [after advice with counsel] that a 
 Petic2*on be framed to be preferred by all the Assistants 
 that are now present or the Maior part to the House of 
 Comwzons to have the tendf^ring of the Covenant them- 
 selves to theire owne Members, and the chardge to be 
 allowed out of the Comi^on Stock." The covenant here 
 spoken of was of course that solemn league which, 
 during the Commonwealth, was eagerly subscribed by 
 persons of all ranks, and which in the reign of Charles 
 II. was as solemnly burnt by the hangman in West- 
 minster Hall. 
 
 The surgeons, as we have seen, considered themselves 
 to be the superior members of the united Company, 
 and they were bent from time to time to act as such. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBGFRY. 217 
 
 and to resent any slights wliicb. might be put upon 
 them. Thus in 1625 Mr. William Clowes 
 
 The position of 
 
 addressed the following letter to the fn^i'eTn'itld 
 authorities of his Company. " Eight °"^p^^y- 
 worthie Maister and Governors and Assistants of the 
 Companie of Barbers and Surgions in my true love I 
 wish all health and florishinge government of jour 
 company to the glory of God, the honor of the kinge 
 and the goode of God's people, Amen. ]S[ow whereas I 
 have bin not only by many Brothers advertised, but 
 also of yo^<;r officer legally by (letter and otherwise), 
 given to understand that you had chosen me renter 
 warden of the yeomanry ^ from the w/iich election I 
 desired ... I might be freed yett could not. I then 
 knew well that in Duty I owed you an answere which 
 might well beseeme my reverence to yo^<!r Authoritye, 
 and my tender regarde of the Kinge my M.aister's honor. 
 And nowe not once questioninge the troublesome- 
 nes of the place nor other hindrances w/iich God Almighty 
 did then sende ; I this answer (because I will be free 
 of Ambition or pride), that if you can make that appeare 
 upon jour Records that any of my predecessors did beare 
 the office of Warden after he was sworne Serieant Suro'ion 
 to any of the l^m^s or Queens of England I shall humbly 
 serve it ; if not, I must praj^e jour pardon, for I must not 
 soe poorly value the Kinge- my Master as think him less 
 mighty, less absolute a Prince than any kinge whichso- 
 ever hath raigned before him. And so as his servant 
 
 ^ A comparatively humble position in tlie Company, since the yeomanry 
 were freemen below the rank of liverymen; they consisted of the journeymen. 
 
218 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 I expect from the Companye as good respect as any 
 Sergeant Surgion heretofore hath had for my M.asters 
 honor. . . . And further because I am many tymes 
 summoned to jouv Courts and other meetings whch 
 service I am very willinge to performe when I shall knowe 
 my place in the Company which I must leave to jouv 
 grave considerac^on only if you please to take notice how 
 the College of Physicians and the Company of Apothe- 
 cary es of London have ranked the King's physitians 
 and Apothecaryes, you may thereby guess what place 
 I expect." From no one could such a request have come 
 better than from William Clowes the younger, whose 
 father had been sergeant surgeon to Elizabeth, and who 
 would therefore be thoroughly imbued with court tradi- 
 tions, and with all points of the etiquette which pertained 
 to his high office. The Court decided that " whereas he 
 was chosen renter Warden of this Companie for this yere 
 ensuinge w/«'ch place by reason of this contagious tyme 
 and other respects he is not able to execute. It is there- 
 upon ordered by this courte that he shal be discharged 
 from the said place of youngest warden and seconde 
 warden of this Company. And it is further ordered that 
 he shall take place next unto the youngest of our 
 Assistants that hath served the place of Upper Warden." 
 Disputes in the Company, however, were not always 
 Intestine dia- couductcd in the samo gentle spirit, and the 
 putes. plainness of speech which characterised 
 
 Cromwell was too often heard at the Court of Assistants. 
 Thus in 1642, " Mr. Lawrence Cotton summoned for his 
 absence from 4 courts of Assistants . . . was fined at 5s. 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUEGEBY. 219 
 
 a time for eacli. . . And being further questioned by 
 the Court he gave ill language and wilfully left the 
 Court, who being then but 1 5 in number, could dispatch 
 noe busines till afterwards more Assistants appearing." 
 For this insolent behaviour he was fined vj^ viij*^. 
 At a subsequent court " Mr. Cotton layed downe his 
 ffine imposed on him at the last Court of Assistants, 
 viz* xxvj^ viij*^. The M.aster of the Company moveing by 
 the consent of the last Court Mr. Cotton to withdraw 
 himself e according to Orders and Custom, he gave this 
 court this peremptory answer. I will not goe out of 
 Court nor the Master hath noe power to bidd one goe out, 
 and that the court had noe power to line him. Then he 
 threatened Mr, Warden Arris as he sat in Court saying 
 Winter will come. Alsoe he abused Mr. Dye in his 
 delivery of speech to this court that his speeches were 
 rotten speeches, and thwarted him to the generall 
 disturbance of the Court. And to Mr. Martin Browne 
 threatening him I will make you know it better in 
 another place. Alsoe he sought to disable the Masters 
 hand which was signed to Ticketts for his own and 
 other appearances at the Hall for defaults saying they 
 might choose to appeare or not. Alsoe he told the 
 Court with high language, I will not be dismissed." 
 For these misdemeanors " this Court doth dismisse Mr. 
 Cotton out of and from his place of an Assistant and 
 being an examiner." 
 
 Fifteen months and later Mr. Cotton's ardour had died 
 away, and he writes : " To the Worshipful the Masters, 
 Wardens and Assistants of the Worshipf uU Company of 
 
220 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Barbers Surgeons tlieis, gentlemen my true respectes 
 presented unto your wor^^^'ps. It is a trouble and 
 greife to me to be deprived of the wonted Society I 
 once bad with you after soe long experience you had of 
 my care and endeavoure to the utmost of my power for 
 the generall Good I am imputed as a greate offender. I 
 desire your worskiips to take mee into your serious Con- 
 siderac«on. I was not conscious then of what I stood 
 upon, My choler being such at that time That it trans- 
 ported mee beyond myselfe. And that which was im- 
 posed on mee I confess may be my just demeritt. Should 
 I speak much for myselfe, yet could not I speake more 
 than yourwor^/w'ps know (though a cholerick yet an honest 
 man). My request is that I may be by your good leaves 
 and favours readmitted to my place, Which as heretofore 
 soe shall it still oblige mee in an Obligacz'on of care and 
 thankfullness. Thus waiteing your wors/nips answer to 
 these my lines, I take my leave and rest your loveing 
 Brother Lawrence Cotton, March 18th, 164|." The 
 Company bore no ill will, and doubtless knowing that 
 Mr. Cotton was as he described himself an honest man, 
 decided that " Mr. Cotton submitting himselfe to this 
 Courte concerneing his ffines . . . and layeing downe 
 the same in this Court and acknowledging here in open 
 Court to have done Mr. Martin Browne wrong, This 
 Co?(5rt doth thinke fit, and soe Order that Mr. Lawrence 
 Cotton be restored into his place in the Assistants againe, 
 and doe remitt unto him his said ffines except xx^" 
 
 Another fertile source of those intestine dissen- 
 sions which did so much to weaken the power of the 
 
TEE CBAFT OF SUBGEBY. 221 
 
 Company duriDg this period is to be found in the 
 following minute, dated Jan. 17th, 1643, which sums 
 up in a few words the entire matter. " Whereas the 
 Grovernment of this Company doth consist of 4 M.asters 
 or Gfovernours to be yearely eligible, whereof two to 
 be expert in Surgery, and the other two in Barbary, 
 other freemen of the said Company exercising any other 
 Arts Sciences trades or misteryes than surgery have 
 bin of ancient time past reputed and taken for Barbers, 
 and elected into the said office of M.asters or Governo?<;rs. 
 Which usage in elecczon of Masters or Grovernozijrs 
 hath been continued and observed till of late our 
 Soveraigne Lord the King that now is through his 
 princely care ... by his letters mandatory under 
 his signett beareing date at his highness Pallace of 
 Westminster the three and twentieth day of March in 
 the ffourteenth yeare of his Majesiies Eaigne [1638] 
 . . . did streightly charge and cownnand them that 
 from henceforth it be duely observed . . . that none 
 be chosen into that Government but two expert in 
 Chirurgery, and the other two in Barbary. . . And 
 the same have been ever since observed and performed 
 accordingly. But now [1643] forasmuch as this Court 
 hath by sad experience found that this new change 
 and alteration of electing Masters or Gouernours hath 
 (contrary to his Msijesties gracious Intentions) proved 
 very hurtfull and preiudiccall to this Company, there 
 haveing thereby arisen great Controvers3''es and dis- 
 contents betweene severall the Members thereof, and 
 other great inconveniences occasioned tending to the 
 
222 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 disquieting of the ancient peace and amity among tlie 
 Brethren of this Company, and to the greate Impover- 
 ing of the same. And whereas among other the Acts 
 or Ordinances of this Company examined and approved 
 
 . according to the statute of the 25th of January 
 In the 19th yeare of King Henry the Seaventh [1503] 
 
 . It is ordained that all such ffreemen of the 
 said Mistery and Comw^inalty as shall use or exercise 
 any Art Science Trade or Mystery whatsoever (Except 
 the said Art or Science of Surgery) shalbe accepted, 
 reputed, adjudged and taken for Barbers and shall and 
 may be (as by the Custome anciently they have bin) 
 elig-ible into the office of the said M-astevs, or Governours 
 Or into any such other place or office as Barbers without 
 any penalty. . . . This court doth therefore for the 
 remedy of the present Evills and pr(?vencion of greater 
 Mischiefs that may befall this company, and calling to 
 mind the happy condic^'on and flourishing estate of the 
 same when the said recited Ordinance was duely ob- 
 served Doth this day upon the whole matter thinke fitt, 
 and soe order . . . that hereafter in the Election of 
 'Wasteis, or governours ffreemen of this Company of what- 
 soever Trade, Science, Art or Mysterye (except Surgery) 
 shall be reputed and elected as Barbers." The union, 
 however, was not a happy one, and in spite of this return 
 to the old order the good times could not be recalled. 
 
 As we have had occasion to notice, the statutes 
 „^ „ , prescribed that " a dinner should be made " 
 
 The Company s -T 
 
 dinners. upou Certain occasions of festivity, such as 
 the admission of a new assistant, or the translation 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBaEBY. 223 
 
 of a brother from another company. This statute 
 was religiously enforced ; thus, " ffredericke Stevenson 
 appeared before the Masferfi of this Company, and 
 prayed to be translated to this Company from the 
 Company of sadlers. Whereupon it was decreed that 
 he shall make his suite at the next Court of Assist- 
 aunce, And payeinge for the dynner of such of the 
 Assistaunce as shalbe at such Court, and the ordinary 
 charges due to the howse he shalbe made free of the 
 same." At the next court of assistance accordingly, no 
 less than nineteen members felt it incumbent upon them 
 to be present, whilst at the ten preceding courts the 
 averasre numbers of assistants in attendance was but 
 eleven. At this court the unfortunate Stevenson was 
 further mulcted, according to custom no doubt, for in 
 addition to " payinge for the dynner of this whole 
 court of Assistants and paying his ordinary charges," 
 he is to give "a spoone of sylver dubble gylt." 
 
 In 1645, however, " Mr. Ralph Foster being complay- 
 ned of by the present Grovernours,for refuseing to make his 
 Dinner upon his admission into the Assistants, did utter 
 certain Words to the disparagement of the Grovernment 
 of this Court, and tending to the moveing of separac/on 
 and affection betweene the Barbers and Chirurgeons. 
 Whereupon this Co?^rt proceeding to pronounce sentence 
 against him for the same, according to the Ordinance in 
 that behalfe, Mr. ffoster confessed his Errour and 
 humbly submitting himselfe to the Judgem^;?t of this 
 Court, promising conformity hereafter in all things con- 
 cerning an Assistant and to make his dinner at the 
 
224 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 appointment of tlie present Governours. This Court 
 doth forbeare to prosecute the Ordinances against him ; 
 and doth Order that none henceforth shall speake any- 
 thing to the disturbing of the Union now settled betweene 
 the Barbers and Surgeons, upon paine of fForfeiting of 
 vj^ viij*^ of lawful! money of England." 
 
 In 1643 "It is ordered That in respect of the greate 
 The Arris be- troublcs and distractious of these times, 
 quest. there shall be noe publique Anatomy this 
 
 yeare dissected." The troubles, however, were national 
 rather than corporate, for in the following year "this 
 Court doth think fitt and soe Order That a Sermon 
 be made on the next Election day, of thankesgiveing 
 to Almighty God for peace and amity which is now 
 begun to be restored among the members of this 
 Company." And that M^ Sharpe be desired to per- 
 forme the same. And in 1645, as if to commemorate 
 this period of peacefulness, " M^ Edward Arris," 
 who had deserved well of his Company on more 
 than one occasion, and had been at divers times reviled 
 by cholerick persons, "acquainted this Court that a 
 person, a friend of his, (who desired his name to be as 
 yet concealed), through his greate desire of the increase 
 of the knowledge of Chirurgery, did by him freely offer 
 to give unto this Corporac^'on for ever the sum of 250^^ 
 to the end and upon condic/on that a humane Body be 
 once in every yeare hereafter publiquely dissected, and 
 six lectures thereupon read in this Hall if it may be had 
 with Conveniency, and the Charges to be borne by this 
 Company. The said worthy. Overture is thankfully 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 225 
 
 accepted by this Court." This benefaction forms the 
 basis of the lectureship on Anatomy, which is still 
 delivered yearly at the Eoyal College of Surgeons in 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. The benefactor lived for many 
 subsequent years, and was no less a personage than the 
 worthy Alderman himself, for in 1675 "Mr. Edward 
 Arris a worthy member of this Company having 
 formerly settled by deed £30 a year for a dissection of a 
 body yearly and reading on the Muscles desired that 
 deed might be given up to him in consideration of £500 
 he is willing to give the company to go on with that 
 work themselves." The Court decided to leave it to 
 himself to give what he thought fitting, and he offered 
 " freely to give to them £10 in addition, and the court 
 thereupon ordered the £510 to be accepted and his 
 deed to be delivered up to him cancelled." The reason 
 for this change appears to have been that the old 
 alderman did not repose any very great trust in the 
 charitable disposition of his son, Dr. Thomas Arris, and 
 as the sequel showed he was correct. 
 
 In 1676 Edward Arris died,^ and was succeeded by 
 Thomas Arris, one of his 23 children, who was a doctor 
 in Physic, fellow of the College in London, Justice of 
 the Peace in the county of Hertford, and a member of 
 the honourable House of Commons. This worthy 
 appears to have quarrelled at once with his father's old 
 Company, for in 1677 the masters and governors made 
 the following reply to his proposals : 
 
 "This Court having heard and considered the pro- 
 posals of the 5th of December in the presence of the 
 
 ^ He had been examiued and admitted to practise surgery on April 30, 1629. 
 P 
 
226 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 honourable the Master of the Eolls, in the Cause then de- 
 pending in Chancery between Dr. Thomas Arris Plain^f/'ff, 
 and this Company, Defendants, do answer and say That 
 Mr. Edward Arris, deceased, the Plaintiff's father, did 
 voluntarily and of his own accord, without any request 
 made to him by the said Company, or any Person in 
 their behalf, offer them £510, to deliver up and cancel a 
 Deed and Settlement of the I^ands mentioned in the Pro- 
 posals for Payment of the rent charge of £30 per annum 
 for a muscular dissection yearly urging this as his rea- 
 son, Yiz. that his only Son and Heir, the now Dr., had 
 and did then receive the profits of the said Lands to his 
 own use, upon Condition, and under Promise, to pay the 
 said £30 per annum for the said dissection, but he found 
 that he did never pay one Penny of it, or ever would do, 
 when he, their Benefactor was dead without Trouble, and 
 suit : with some severe and sharp expressions, which we 
 will by no means mention, although they were the very 
 words of the Father spoken of the Son. And further we 
 say that Mr. Arris, our pious Benefactor, did nor could 
 expect any other security from us for the performance 
 of the said muscular dissection, than a Covenant under 
 our Common Seal, for that he knew, being an antient 
 member, and sometimes Governor of our Society, that 
 we could not secure it by any Lands of our own, nor had 
 we Stock enough to buy Lands sufficient to make any 
 other Security for the five hundred and ten pounds, the 
 settlement we parted with, being really worth a hundred 
 pounds more. And if we should to pleasure the plaintiff, 
 although against his Father's express Will and Intent, 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 227 
 
 who was our Benefactor, return the said Five hundred 
 and ten j^ounds again, it would be looked upon as a great 
 neglect, perhaps a Breach of Trust, as we humbly con- 
 ceive to agree to take other than the same Lands, and 
 less than the whole, which was formerly settled by the 
 cancelled Deed, which Premises considered, we do hope 
 that the honourable the Master of the Eolls will give 
 us that Credit, which the Donor of this worthy Gift was 
 earnest with us to do when alive, though his son be not 
 so willing to trust us, and that the Doctor may be decreed, 
 without return of the money, to take a Covenant, under 
 the Defendant's Common Seal, for securing the Trust re- 
 posed in us, according to the Agreement made with his 
 Father at a Court of Assistants Feby. 29, 1675, and 
 likewise pay the Charges of the Company, which they 
 have or shall be put to by this troublesome and unneces- 
 sary suit, which doth so much shew what they must 
 expect from him hereafter, if they should part with the 
 Five hundred and Ten pounds." 
 
 To my friend Mr. Sidney Young I am indebted for 
 the following extract, which shows that the 
 
 „ ,. . , , 1 j_i -1 Expenses of 
 
 expenses oi dissectins!: a body at the period dissecting an 
 
 ^ o .y i- anatomy. 
 
 of Mr. Arris' benefaction were very con- 
 siderable. The entry occurs in the book of expenses 
 during the year 164^, and is headed : 
 
 " The charges of the Anathomye betweene Micha^i.- 
 MAs AND Christmas last. 
 
 Paid for Carryeing the Cophin to New- 
 gate 00 00 00 
 
 p 2 
 
228 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 ffor horseliire to the place of Execuczoii. 00 02 00 
 If or the ffees at the place of execuczon . 00 05 06 
 if or expences at St. Gyles xij*^ to the 
 
 Carman xij^ and for washing the 
 
 bodye xif . . . . . 00 03 00 
 ffor Perfumes xij*^ wax candles ij*^ and 
 
 soapef . . . . . 00 01 03 
 fFor lynnen for the Bodye . . . 00 06 08 
 
 To the Beadles Assistant in taking the 
 
 Bodye 00 01 00 
 
 Paid the Parsons dutye for the buriall 
 
 ij^ for ye grave xij*^ for the Gierke 
 
 and Sexton xxij^ .... 00 04 10 
 To the Bearers ij^ and espended at the 
 
 buriall ij' yf . . . . 00 04 06 
 
 ifor a Cophin to burye the bodye in . 00 03 04 
 To Doctor Godard for reading six 
 
 lectures . . . . . 06 00 00 
 To M^ Nicholas Brothers and M^ 
 
 William Watson who desected the 
 
 bodye xP appeece . . . . 04 00 00 
 Paid for 3 dynners for the M.asteYs or 
 
 Governo^^rs Assistants Reader and 
 
 desectors 10 00 00 
 
 ffor Candles for 3 mornings . . . 00 11 11 
 
 To the twoe Beadles their ffee for three 
 
 dayes attendance . , . . 00 10 00 
 
 With the two following extracts we shall close 
 this chapter. The first relates to the barbers : 
 
THE GRAFT OF 8UBGFBY. 229 
 
 " Fforasmuch as Midleton barber liath com?«enced 
 
 a Suite in the Maior's Court against Monsieur de Roth 
 for useing the art of Drawing of Teeth within the 
 ffreedome and hath prosecuted it very farr before he 
 acquainted this Court with his proceedings ; This Court 
 doth thinke fitt that he may goe on with his said 
 Suite if he please without the Assistance of this Court. 
 And this court reprooved the said Monsieur de Roth for 
 his exerciseing the said Art and hanging forth his banner 
 of significac2on against the Ordinances of this howse and 
 required his reformacz'on thereof." The second relates 
 to the practice of midwifery, for " Thomas Bowden 
 was this day elected to be one of the Stewards of 
 the Anatomy for 2 yeares .... who appeareing 
 in Court humbly prayed that he might be discharged 
 from that place as alsoe from M^aster of the Anatomy, 
 for that although he was willing to doe the duty, 
 yet his ivn^lojiodeni in Midwifery being of uncertaine 
 accidente would be. a greate hinderance in his per- 
 formance thereof and submitted to this Court." 
 Finally Mr. Sidney Young has sent to me the fol- 
 lowing interesting extract copied from the book of 
 the Company's expenses for the year 163^. It shows 
 that the barber-surgeons possessed the nucleus of a 
 good library, and it would be a matter of great interest 
 to know what has become of the MSS. and printed 
 books here mentioned, for the present College of 
 Surgeons has in its library no volumes belonging to 
 its predecessors, nor even one of the 500 copies of 
 Morus' tables. They were all sold for a few pounds 
 
230 MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 by tlie Barbers' Company after the secession of the 
 
 surgeons. 
 
 1638—1639. 
 
 " The charge and settinge upp our bookes and 
 
 AUNTIENT MaNUSCRIPTES IN OUK NEW LiBRARY. 
 
 Paid for 36 yards of chaine at 4*^ the 
 
 yard and 36 yards at 3"^ the yard 
 
 Cometh to . 
 Paid to the Coppersmith for castinge 
 
 80 brasses to fasten the chaines to 
 
 the bookes ..... 
 To porters at severall tymes to carry 
 
 these books .... 
 
 Paid to the booke bynders for new 
 
 byndinge 15 books 
 Paid for Claspinge 19 large and small 
 
 bookes andfasteningeallthe brasses 
 
 to the chaines to Three score and 
 
 foure bookes 8^, setting on old 
 
 bosses j^ mending ould Claspes ij^ . xxxj® viij^ 
 Paid for makeinge Einges, swiffles, and 
 
 fittinge all the iron Chaines . xij' 
 
 xxij^ 
 
 ,jd 
 
 xiij^ 
 
 iiij" 
 
 ij" 
 
 
 xlviij^ 
 
 -f 
 
 I'S 
 
 Somme is . yj^ xviij^ " 
 
CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 TEACHING OF ANATOMY IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHT- 
 EENTH CENTURIES RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS 
 
 IN LONDON SEPARATION OF THE BARBERS AND 
 
 SURGEONS. 
 
 The records of tlie Barber-Surgeons' Company during 
 tlie latter half of tlie seventeenth century are un- 
 fortunately missing. Its history has therefore to be 
 eked out from a variety of sources. One of the greatest 
 troubles of the Company appears to have been the con- 
 stantly increasing difficulty which was experienced in 
 obtaining the subjects necessary for the annual dissec- 
 tions required by the Charter. Many and bitter were 
 the representations made to the Court of Aldermen 
 about ttie conduct of the sheriff's offi.cers, and others in 
 charge of executions, as the following extracts will show. 
 In 1639, by an order of sessions for " Groale De- 
 livery within the Citty of London . 
 upon the humble petition of the Masters or obtaining 
 
 -'■ anatomies. 
 
 Grovernors of the Mystery and Co?iiinsilij of 
 Barbers and Surgeons of London, shewing that notwith- 
 standing the Statute made, 32nd, Henry VIII. (1540) 
 concerning Anotomyes and the Veiioners Charters and 
 Ordinances, diverse persons inhabiting in London and 
 the Suburbs, and diverse Aliens, fforeyn^rs, Mountebanks, 
 Imposters, and Empiricks have of late indirectly 
 
232 ■ MEMORIALS OF 
 
 obteyned many dead bodyes from the place of Execnczon 
 without any lawful! warrant or power for the same, but 
 only by bribing or giving money to some Officers at the 
 place of Execuc2on, who convey those bodyes into 
 diverse partes of this Citty, and dissect them in private 
 Dwelling-houses to the shame and Scandall of the 
 Governm6'5'zt of this Citty and to the Damage of the 
 Peiifw?iers and the Generall Grievance of the Coramon- 
 wealth by Smothering men murthered in private places 
 and dissecting them in private houses, giving the word 
 forth that they are Anotomyes which may prove of 
 dangerous consequence. 
 
 " It was there ordered by the said Court that noe 
 Officer or other person whatsoever thereafter instructed 
 with or attending the Execution of any Malefactor or 
 attainted person should presume to cause or permitt any 
 Dead body to be brought or conveyed from the place of 
 Execution to any private house or other place to be 
 dissected but only to the Petitioners Comw/on Hall being 
 a settled publique place and fittest for the purpose." ^ In 
 1G73 it was found that as this order of sessions had 
 not been effectual " by reason of Sheriffes officers who 
 attend such Malefactors to their Execution refusing to 
 countenance and assist the person employed by the said 
 Company to bring to their Com^won Hall the dead bodyes. 
 It is thought fitt and ordered by this Coui-t 
 [of Aldermen] that from henceforth all such officers 
 
 . shall at the request of the Beadle of the said 
 Company or other person by them employed to carry off 
 
 ^ Repert. Ixxix. fol. 67. 
 
THE CBAFT OF SUBGEBY. 233 
 
 tlie dead bodyes of sucli MalefactO(!^rs without faiie assist 
 him or them for that purpose, and goe along with and 
 attend every such dead body to the Comi^on Hall of the 
 said Company, as they will answer the same at their 
 perills. For which the said Company are content to 
 allow and pay each time unto such officers vj^ viij*^ 
 more than the ordinary ffees." ^ 
 
 Even this order was not effectual, for in the very 
 next year, 1674, "Upon complaint made unto this Court 
 by the Company of Barber Surgeons against Edward 
 Barber and Wilh'^m Jacob, the Sheriffes officers that 
 notwithstanding severall Orders of this Court . 
 the said Edward Barber and WilhV^m Jacob attending 
 the Malefactors at the last Execution refused to execute 
 and comply with the said orders ; and that the said 
 Willmm Jacob did publickly trafficke for their Bodyes 
 and disposed of them to other private persons,^ who 
 would give most money for them." Which matter being 
 now clearly proved . . . "this Couii doth therefore 
 
 ^ Repert. Ixxix. f ol. 68. 
 
 2 The following entry shows that the private persons here alluded to 
 were in some cases distinguished surgeons, who occasionally allowed their 
 thirst for knowledge to outstrip their consideration for the Company of 
 which they were members. " At a Court of Assistants of the Comx)any of 
 Barbers and Surgeons held on the 25th March, 1714. Our Master 
 acquainting the Court that Mr. William Cheselden, a member of this 
 Company, did frequently procure the Dead bodies of Malefactors from the 
 place of execution and dissect the same at his own house, as well during 
 the Company's Publick Lectures -as at other times without the leave of 
 the Governors and contrary to the Company's By law in that behalf. By 
 which means it became more difficult for the Beadles to bring away the 
 Companies Bodies and likewise drew away the members of tiiis Company 
 and others from the Public Dissections and Lectures at the Hall. The 
 said Mr. Cheselden was thereupon called in. But haAdng submitted himself 
 to the pleasure of the Court with a promise never to dissect at the same 
 
234 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 thinke fitt to suspend tliem from their said places, and 
 the Execution and proffitts thereof." ^ 
 
 These difficulties in the way of obtaining bodies 
 for dissection continued for many subsequent years, 
 and as time went on the disorderly scenes enacted 
 at executions became more and more scandalous. 
 Thus in 1706, "Upon a Complaint now made, unto 
 this Court by severall Members of the Barbers' and 
 Surgeons' Company That their Beadle was at the 
 place of execucion on Wednesday last, and demanded 
 one of the Bodyes of the Malefactors then executed for a 
 Public Dissection having a warrant from the Sheriffes as 
 usuall grounded on Act of Parliament for his doing 
 thereof. And required the Assistance of the Sheriffes 
 officers, who were prevented therein by about one 
 Hundred and ffifty soldiers as the said officers now 
 Declared there gathered together and Armed with 
 Swords and Staves (and as it appeared to this Court) 
 corrupted to do the same, who did in a Riotous and 
 tumultuous manner cutt down all the executed Bodyes 
 and carryed them away in coaches. It is ordered that 
 . the officers that were present at the said 
 execucion do use their utmost endeavour to find out and 
 discover the names of the said Soldiers or as many as 
 they can, together with what Regiments they belong to, 
 that Care may be taken to bring them to Condign 
 
 times as the Company had their Lecture at the Hall, nor without leave of 
 the Governors for the time being, the said Mr. Cheselden was excused for 
 what had passed with a reproof for the same pronounced by the Master 
 at the desire of the Court." 
 ^ E-epert. Ixsis. fol. 193. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 235 
 
 Punishment and prevent the like Disorders in time to 
 come." ' On October 12th, 1708, " Charles Bernard, Esq., 
 Sergeant Surgeon to Her Majestie and other Members of 
 the Company of Barbers and Surgeons," complained to 
 the Court of Aldermen that ..." the officers suffered 
 other persons to take the body away." This appears, how- 
 ever, to have arisen from a misunderstanding, for " the 
 Court was informed that the Company was desirous to 
 have the Body, but had given leave to y® Relations of 
 the Malefactor to take it away, which was the reason the 
 officers suffered them so to do." It was, therefore, 
 ordered to prevent " the like Disappointment and misun- 
 derstanding hereafter that whenever the Company is 
 minded to have a Dissection they do timely acquaint M^' 
 Sheriffes therewith, that so the Body may be delivered to 
 their proper Officer and not otherwise disposed of by them ; 
 and M^ Sheriffes now present were required to take care 
 that this Order be punctually observed for the future." 
 
 In 1728 the same trouble was experienced, and a 
 precept was obtained from the Mayor, Sir Eobert Baylis, 
 and the Court of Aldermen, wherein it is set forth that 
 " Great numbers of loose and disorderly Persons do often 
 assemble themselves at the Place and Times of execution 
 of the Condemned Malefactors, and that the proper 
 Officers appointed to attend such executions are frequently 
 insulted and molested in the Performance of their Duty. 
 . This Court doth therefore order that the 
 Under Sheriff of Middlesex and the Officers of the two . 
 Compters who are to attend to see the Execution 
 
 1 Repert. cxj. fol. 836. 
 
236 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 performed do take special care to prevent any sucli 
 Disturbances and Insults. . . And that if any person 
 or persons do in any manner oppose or Hinder the 
 carrying away any such Body that the said officers do 
 seize and apprehend such person or persons and carry 
 him or them before a Magistrate to be dealt with 
 according to Law. And if any Persons to the Number 
 of twelve or more shall obstruct or hinder the said 
 officers in their duty, that then the Under Sheriff of 
 Middlesex shall read the Proclamation in the Act of the 
 First of King George the Pirst to disperse such dis- 
 orderly persons. And if they continue together in 
 such disorderly manner for the space of an hour after 
 such proclamation, that then the said officers do appre- 
 hend such offenders. . . . And it is further ordered 
 that this order be printed and published in some of the 
 Publick Newspapers and affixed at Newgate, the place of 
 Execution, and other Publick places within this City 
 and Liberties thereof." Such a method of dealing with 
 disorderly persons should have been effectual, but that 
 it was not so is shown by the fact that the following 
 remonstrance was shortly afterwards presented to the 
 Court of Aldermen. 
 
 " Some Few Facts humbly represented To your 
 Lordship and Worships whereby It is appre- 
 hended The Companys Beadles and Officers 
 
 ARE obstructed IN THE EXECUTION OF THEIR 
 
 Duty at the Place of Execution. 
 " First : The Masters or Grovernors of the said Com- 
 pany do take the Liberty to represent That the night 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 237 
 
 before the Execution several Sand Carts Bricklayers 
 Carts and other Carts and Waggons are planted round 
 the Grallows On pretence of Eeceiving and Griving the 
 spectators a Place on the Day of Execution And for 
 which they pay Twopence Threepence and Sixpence 
 apeice. From this Practice the Gallows is so blocked 
 up That your Petitioners Beadles cannot bring away 
 the Body without danger of their Lives nor the Sheriffs 
 Officers assist them in the Doing of it. 
 
 " That there seldom are, as your Petitioners are in- 
 formed by their Beadles, above Six or Seven Officers of 
 each Compter who constantly assist your Petitioners in 
 Taking the said Bodys, the Eest dispersing themselves 
 into divers places Tho' the whole Number would be 
 hardly sufficient for that Purpose. 
 
 " That the High Constable of the Division is so infirm 
 a Man as not to be able to come out of his Coach to 
 comand his inferior Officers to assist your Petitioners 
 Beadles in the Execution of their Duty. 
 
 " That it is become a late Practice to sell the Bodys 
 of such Malefactors to private Surgeons and others, which 
 always stirs up a Contest about the Body to be delivered 
 to your Petitioners Beadles And is a means whereby the 
 knowledge of Anatomy will be confined to a very few 
 hands. 
 
 " That the Common Executioner himself is likewise 
 as your Petitioners have been informed frequently 
 engaged in such unwarrantable Sales Whereas He or 
 such other Persons have no Property in the Bod^^s of 
 such Malefactors. 
 
233 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 " That the Middlesex Officers are of little or no use to 
 your Petitioners Beadles. And one in particular whose 
 name is Brock At the last Execution very much abused 
 your Petitioners Beadles and Officers in Doing their 
 Duty And swore they should not have the Body they 
 had then pitched upon And encouraged and protected 
 those Persons who took the same from them with open 
 Violence And even M^ Watson the Samoning Bayliff in 
 Middlesex do's (as your Petitioners are informed) permit 
 the said Sand and other Carts to be planted about the 
 Gallows Tho' j^our Petitioners give him a Pee on pre- 
 tence of his Assisting their Beadles in procuring a Body 
 for their public Dissections." 
 
 Even this remonstrance failed, however, for in 1739 a 
 fresb petition was presented to Sir John Salter, Mayor, 
 and his brethren the Aldermen, wberein, after citing the 
 various charters granted to the Company, it is shown 
 that " numbers of riotous and disorderly Persons have 
 frequently Assembled themselves at the place of Ex- 
 ecution, and with open Violence forced the Dead Bodies 
 from your Petitioners Beadles, altho' Assisted by the 
 Sheriffe of the County. . . . That your Petitioners 
 have prosecuted sundry of the said Eioters at Law from 
 time to time, but it is so very difficult to find out the 
 Names and places of Abode of the Persons who thus 
 interrupt your Petitioners Beadles in the Execution of 
 this Bight . . . and such prosecutions are attended 
 with so great an Expence . . . that they cannot 
 hope to suppress this growing evil by any Method within 
 their own power," The Company therefore prayed that 
 
TEE GRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 239 
 
 the laws might be better enforced for the future, basing 
 their request on the ground that from a want of 
 anatomical knowledge on the part of surgeons, the 
 common weal would suffer. This petition probably 
 had no better issue than the former, and these dis- 
 orderly scenes continued, until the supply of subjects 
 became so scarce that recourse was had to resurrec- 
 tionists. Fortunately in our own days, the Anatomy 
 Act properly administered has done away with the 
 necessity of obtaining subjects by stealth, and anatomy is 
 the most thoroughly taught of all the sciences cognate 
 to medicine. 
 
 The readership of anatomy ^ founded, as we have 
 seen, in the early part of the reign of ^j^^ ^.^j^ ^^^ 
 Elizabeth, was for a long series of years an tureship. 
 office conferred exclusively upon physicians. As late as 
 1711, Dr Mead held the post of reader of the muscular 
 lecture, as the Arris lecture was called, with Dr. Freind 
 as his coadjutor for the visceral, and Dr. Wadsworth for 
 the osteological or Gale lecture. The Gale lectureship 
 was founded by Dr. Gale, who left an annuity of sixteen 
 pounds a year for this purpose. On June 30, 1698, it 
 was " ordered that there be an Anatomy lecture called 
 Gale's Anatomy. Dr. Havers and Dr. Hand being put 
 in nomination for reading of the same, Dr. Havers was 
 chosen for three years, and to read on the second 
 
 1 For an incomplete list of the readers of anatomy the Editor is in- 
 debted to the kindness of Mr. Sidney Toung, who obtained it for liim 
 from the records of the Company. As it is too long- to insert here it 
 will be found as Appendix M, page 365. 
 
240 
 
 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday in July next by 3 
 o'clock in the afternoon, and to have 30s. for his pains." 
 Dr. Havers was specially qualified to fill the post of 
 osteological lecturer, since his work on the structure of 
 bone (" Osteologia Nova "), in which he described those 
 canals which have since been associated with his name, 
 was published in 1C91. 
 
 Griimpses of the methods of procedure at these lectures 
 can be obtained from the Company's records ; thus, "such 
 Anatomy readers as shall be present at any Public 
 dissections, shall sit one on each side of y® table, and if 
 one reader only be present he to be placed on y® Barber's 
 side on y® left hand of y® M^aster." In addition to the 
 dearth^ of subjects, the Company had to contend with 
 
 ^ The expenses attendant upon a dissection were, as has been shown, 
 not inconsiderable ; this is corroborated by the following account, for which 
 the Editor is also indebted to Mr. Sidney Toung : 
 
 " Anatomy. 
 
 " 1725. The charges to be paid by the Masters and 
 for procuring a body : — 
 Horse hire 
 
 Stewards of Anatomy 
 
 £ s. d. 
 ..026 
 
 For a coach ... 
 
 ..0 6 
 
 
 
 For expences in fetching the Body 
 To the sherift'es' officers 
 
 ..0 2 
 .. 13 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 To the Beadle's assistant 
 
 ..0 1 
 
 
 
 For washing the Body 
 
 For a Coffin 
 
 ..0 1 
 ..0 5 
 
 
 
 
 To Parson, Ground, Clark and Sexton 
 
 ..0 5 
 
 10 
 
 To the Bearers 
 
 ..0 2 
 
 
 
 Funeral expenses 
 
 For a certificate 
 
 ..0 2 
 ..0 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 The Clark's fees ■ . 
 
 .. 10 
 
 
 
 The 2 Beadles' ffees 
 
 .. 10 
 
 
 
 For a Link 
 
 ..0 
 
 3 
 
 To the Chairwoman 
 
 ..0 5 
 
 
 
 
 £3 7 
 
 5" 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 241 
 
 a variety of minor troubles before they could render 
 their lectures satisfactory. Great difficulty was ex- 
 perienced in procuring fit persons to fill the subordinate 
 posts of masters and stewards of anatomy, and heavy 
 penalties had to be inflicted to enforce the acceptance of 
 these offices upon persons who had been duly selected 
 in their turn to fill them. After officers had been ob- 
 tained, their petty thefts were a constant source of 
 annoyance to the Company, so that it was enacted that 
 " No Master or Stew<3;rd shall carry away any part, 
 member, fflesh, or skin of any body dissected [in the com- 
 mon Hall], without the consent of 2 atoresaid Masters, 
 nor shall publickly or privately dissect any Anatomy out 
 of the common Hall upon y® penalty of 10^\" In 1739 
 it was further ordered, that " the demonstrator shall not 
 for the future continue his lecture longer than three 
 days after the public lecture is over ; and on no account 
 longer than six o'clock at night on those days." The 
 following document, dated 17th September, 1734, will, 
 be read with interest, as it shows the method of con- 
 ducting a course of anatomical and surgical teaching at 
 this period. It is endorsed 
 
 " Order for the new Regulation or the 
 Demonstrations. 
 
 " The Court taking into Goiisideration how necessary 
 it is as well for the benefit of Mankind 
 
 Anatomical 
 
 as for the Honour and Dignity of the feLljhinlS'' 
 Company and the advantage of each par- 
 ticular Member That all that are Educated in Surgery 
 Q 
 
242 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 should be thorougUy versed in the Knowledge and 
 Exercise of Anatomy and sufficiently acquainted with 
 the manner of performing all the Chirurgical Operations 
 in practise for the better Encouragement and Advance- 
 ment of their Members in Knowledge of those parts of 
 their Profession do order 
 
 " That one or more examined Surgeons be chosen 
 yearly by the Court of Assistants on the Election day 
 out of the Livery to be Demonstrators or Teachers of 
 Anatomy and Surgery for the ensuing year. 
 
 " That he or they in their Turns do assist y® Masters 
 and Stewards of Anatomy for the time being in prepar- 
 ing the bodies for the publick and private Anatomys if 
 they so desire it or do not make the preparations them- 
 selves. 
 
 " That every day after the bodies have been made use 
 of for the publick and private Anatomys he demonstrate 
 the parts more particularly and such chirurgical Opera- 
 tions as shall not deface the Body and make it unfit 
 for the publick Lectures for 2 hours esic/i day at least. 
 
 " That the seYeral ensuing days so long as the Body 
 can be preserved he shall dissect in the presence of his 
 Auditors all the parts that are to be demonstrated and 
 work and read upon them during 2 hours eack day at 
 least Showing not only their seYe?'al uses but also as 
 much as may be the Diseases they are lyable to and the 
 Operations consequent upon them. 
 
 " That in Order to Illustrate his Demonstrations the 
 System of the Arteries and Veins or as many of them as 
 shall be found necessary shall be injected with colour'd 
 
TEE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 248 
 
 wax and that he prepare also the Apparatus necessary 
 for every Yes'pectiye Chirurgical Operation to be demon- 
 strated at the same time with the Operations. 
 
 " That as oft as may be the Dissection of the parts 
 shall be showed upon one side of each Body and the 
 Chirurgical Operations on the other so that the parts 
 rote ^ upon may be compared, their Uses and Functions 
 showed, and the Distempers and Operations they are 
 liable to. 
 
 " That the Subject Matter of the Anatomical and 
 Chirurgical Lectures be changed every Lecture till the 
 whole Doctrine of Anatomy and Surgery is -discussed 
 according to a Syllabus and that when - Flesh is removed 
 from the Bones he then shew upon each - Ligaments of 
 the Bones their respective Articulations and their Grian - 
 d-ulse Mucosae, and save such of the Bones as may be 
 necessary to show the Receptacles, Vessells, and Diseases 
 of the Marrow and Cavernous parts of the Bones ; and 
 that he also treat of such distempers of the Bones with 
 the Method of Cure as the circumstances will admit of. 
 
 " That in the Summer Season he, and "if more than 
 one each, shall shew the human Skeleton and all and 
 every distinct Bone, the Fractures, Dislocations and other 
 Distempers of the Bones with the Apparatus for each 
 and their respective methods of Cure : one Demonstrator 
 giving as many Lectures as he shall think necessary for 
 such Introduction before the Public Lectures of Oste- 
 ology and the other in the same manner after them. 
 
 " That each of the 2 Demonstrators shall have the 
 
 ^ wrought. 
 
 Q 2 
 
244 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Dissecting and preparing one private and one publick 
 Body, and shall not therein interfere with each other 
 otherwise than to assist each other for the publick 
 
 service and that - first in nomination shall have - 2 
 
 y y 
 
 first Bodies. 
 
 " That all the Demonstrations shall be made in the 
 publick Theatre, to which all the Members of the Com- 
 pany of the Surgeons side may be admitted, as well as all 
 [such] Apprentices as have served 3 compleat years and 
 have been bound at the Hall, they bringing a note signed 
 by their respec//ve Masters and date[d] with the day of the 
 month and year that he gives them leave to come : the 
 notes are to be filed and left open for the Inspection of 
 any Members of the Company that desire it, and that no 
 other person be admitted Except the Apprentices and 
 Pupills of the Demonstrators, so that the aforementioned 
 Apprentices be not hindered thereby. Whereof Notice 
 shall also be given in the Daily Post and in the S* 
 James^ Evening Post as oft as those Demonstrations are 
 made when also the publick Lectures may be Advertized. 
 
 " That according to his Discretion at convenient 
 times he prepares such parts of the Bodies as shall be 
 most useful at the public and private Demonstrations ; 
 and that such Demonstrations, and such others as shall 
 be given to this Company, be kept in y® Livery Grallery 
 to be inspected by any Member of the Qiompany at such 
 times of Demonstrations, but not at any other without 
 leave of the Masters or Grovernors, and that the name of 
 the Donor shall be written in every such preparation 
 and preserved by the Company. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 245 
 
 " That all the Members of the Qompany of the Sur- 
 geons side as well Foreign Brothers as ffreemen, and any 
 other Surgeon or Friend as any of the Court of Assistants 
 shall bring with them shall be at liberty to be present 
 at such Demonstration, but the Grentlemen of the 
 Barbers side of the Court of Assistants are not to bring 
 y® same person more than once to the Demonstration, 
 
 "That Notice of the Publick Lectures and of y® 
 Demonstrations shall be Inserted in the Daily Adver- 
 tizer and London Evening Post from time to time for 
 the year ensuing, and afterwards in such newspapers 
 as the Master for the time being shall think fitt. 
 
 " That the Beadles of the Company, the Instrument 
 Maker, and other Serv«i'2ts attend and assist as at the 
 private Anatomies. 
 
 " That for the encouragem(?;^t of such Demonstrator 
 and Demonstrators as shall duly and Zealously dis- 
 charge the Trust reposed in them and distinguish 
 themselves in the service of the Company, a Medall 
 shall be given yearly to such Demonstrator or Demon- 
 strators with a ffine Stamp in Eelievo of the most 
 excellent Picture of this Company by Hans Holbein 
 of King Henry the 8th giving the Charter to the 
 Company on one side, On the Eeverse the fine Ana- 
 tomical Theatre of the Company built by Inigo Jones 
 with a Body dissected on the Table and a proper 
 Inscription Expressing the Intention and Motive for 
 Establishing the same. 
 
 " These Orders to be put in fframes in the Hall and 
 a copy of them to be sent to every Demonstrator." 
 
246 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 In 1742 a notice occurs that " the advertising of 
 dissections as formerly used shall be discontinued ; " the 
 anatomies were thenceforward employed more for teach- 
 ing purposes than for shows, as had previously been the 
 case. 
 
 The surgery lectures were at times read by physicians 
 and at times by members of the Company, though there 
 appears to have been a bias towards electing the latter, 
 since whenever a vacancy occurred a surgeon was always 
 proposed to fill the post. In 1646, however, the matter 
 was settled by an order that "the eldest assistant" 
 should read the lecture on the first Tuesday in each 
 month. 
 
 The authority of the United Company appears to have 
 been on the wane for many years previous to its final 
 dissolution. In 1684 the Company, in common with 
 many companion guilds, was obliged to surrender its 
 Charter " praying his Majesty to pardon wherein they 
 have offended, and wholly submitting themselves to his 
 Majesties Royal will and pleasure as to their charter." 
 In reply " His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer the 
 consideration of this petition to Mr. Attorney-Greneral 
 to report upon to his Majesty." About the same period 
 the Company formed an alliance with the Periwig makers, 
 by which the latter were to be admitted under certain 
 conditions into the Barber Surgeons' Company. 
 
 In October, 1695, complaints were made by many 
 Rise of inde- brethren " against breeding soe many lUiter- 
 
 pendent medi- i-npi i n^^ 
 
 cai schools. ate and unskillful pretenders to Chyrurgery 
 att St. Thomas's hospitall or wherever else y® like ill 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 247 
 
 Practises are used. Where contrary to y® oath of our 
 Company and of y® Citty of London y® Chyrurgeons 
 pretend to qualifie any person how unfitt soever in 
 half a year or a year for the expert practise of our 
 art. Which injustice in them being attended with a 
 considerable profitt is maintained by a pretence of service 
 to the publick, Whereas in reallity itt is directly con- 
 trary, and an absolute overthrow to our Company, 
 subverting the very fundamentalls of y® Legall Educa- 
 tion by way of apprenticeship." The Company no 
 doubt suffered considerable pecuniary loss from the 
 establishment of medical schools at St. Bartholomew's 
 and St. Thomas' hospitals. " For," as the Memorial 
 just quoted proceeds, " is it reasonable to suppose y^ 
 any person will give soe much money as we generally 
 require and a seaven years apprenticeship, when for a 
 fourth or less and in the Space of one year at furthest 
 they become such proficients as to practise for themselves 
 either about the town, in the army or navy or elsewhere 
 with y® reputation of being bred in an Hospital. Nay 
 soe far has this mischiefe extended ittself thai . . . one 
 if not two of y® very master Chyrurgions of thai Hospital 
 had noe Education but what was Spurious and of this 
 sort." The matter being thus brought formally before 
 the Company, some notice had to be taken of the prac- 
 tice. Accordingly, before, the next meeting of the 
 Court, the matter had been fully investigated, and the 
 results of the inquiry are formulated in the following 
 minute. 
 
248 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 " At a Court held at Baubers and Chiruiigeons Hall 
 London the 5th of November 1695. 
 
 " The Court being informed that the Chirurgeons 
 of S* Thomas's Hospitall in Southwarke did teach the 
 Art or Mistery of a Chirurgeon contrary to the Lawes 
 of the Company, and they appearing and alledging that 
 they nor any of them ever did take an apprentice for 
 less terme than seaven yeares, and that the cause of 
 complainte Sigainsi them as they supposed was that they 
 admitted young men to dresse under them being not 
 bound to them or any of them, as an apprentice though 
 bound to another Chirurgeon or such as had served a 
 considerable tim'e to a Chirurgeon in the country and for 
 bettering their Judgements in the Art came to London 
 to see the practice of the Hospitall ; and whereas it 
 appeares that young men bred in the Country have not 
 that thorough knowledge in Chirurgery as they ought 
 to have whereby to preserve the lives and limbes of his 
 Ma/Vsties subjects, and the said Chirurgeons engaging 
 for the future that they will not take any person to 
 dress under them or any of t/ieTa other t/mn as above 
 speccified, and will before they admitt them to their 
 practice perduce good certificates under the hands of 
 two or three credible persons of the service of the said 
 party or parties, w/iich. said certificate to bee affiled with 
 our Clarke, as also that good security shall be given to the 
 Governo^^rs of the Company for the time being that such 
 person or persons shall not at any time hereafter (unless 
 first admitted into the Company) practice or use the 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 249 
 
 art of Chirurgery within the Citty of London or seaven 
 miles thereof. Upon due consideration had, its Ordered 
 that they shall have liberty to make use of such young 
 men a.s above, they performing the severall particulars 
 before mentioned, as also that they shall before they 
 admit an apprentice to a freeman of the Company in 
 the Hospitall to see their practice perduce in Court his 
 Indenture that an Entry thereof may be made by our 
 Clarke for the time being for which purpose its ordered 
 a booke be kept, etc." 
 
 Indorsed 
 
 " Case of Chirurgeons of S* Th.o?nas' Hospitall 
 in regard to taking Pupills." 
 
 In 1702 the Governors of St. Thomas's Hospital took 
 the matter of the teaching into their own hands, and 
 whilst recognising the right of the surgeons to take 
 pupils, ordained that " none shall have more than three 
 cubbs at one time, nor take any for less than a year." 
 
 In 1713 the Company became embroiled with the 
 Bishop of London, who pretended " to a ^^^^ ^^^^^ .^ 
 concurrent power with the Governors of ^°®°'^®- 
 this Company to licence ^ persons to practice sur- 
 gery." But the inconvenience of such a practice 
 was represented to his lordship, who promised not to 
 license any persons for the future except such as 
 had been examined in the ordinary manner. In order 
 to prevent the Bishop " from being misinformed 
 touching the Qualifications of any Persons who shall 
 
 1 A copy of such a licence is in Appendix N, page 374. 
 
250 . MEMORIALS OF 
 
 apply for his licence," it was determined that five guineas 
 should be annually paid to the Eegistrar as caveat 
 money. Thus was an old grievance renewed, although, 
 as we have seen, efforts had been made by the Company 
 to supersede the power of the Bishop in this respect. 
 In 1689, when a proposition was made to obtain anew 
 charter, a special clause was to have been introduced to 
 the effect " that in case the Bishop of London or Dean 
 of St. Paul's shall oppose the Company in having full 
 power and Authority in licencing chirurgeons, that then 
 application be made to put in a clause to this effect : viz. 
 That no person whatever shall be capable of being 
 allowed by them untill they shall produce their letter of 
 admission under the seal of the Company subscribed 
 by two or more of the Masters or Grovemors." In 
 course of time the payment of caveat money appears 
 to have been stopped, for in 1715 a fresh attempt 
 was made by the Bishoj) to bring the surgeons to his 
 visitation. The attempt, however, was frustrated by 
 Mr. Thos. Bernard, who addressed the following letter 
 to his lordshijD : 
 
 "' S^, — All the Members of our Company as well 
 those who already have the Bishopp of London's 
 Licence as those who have only our Diploma are sumond 
 to attend the Bishop of London's Visitation the 13th 
 instant. Now S"" I thought (as to those who have our 
 Diploma) and who I am pretty sure you cannot oblige 
 to take your Licence It had been agreed between you & I 
 that I would send you all I could by persuasion & that 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 251 
 
 you would not endeavour to compell 'em The Company- 
 is so alarum*^ at this extraordinary proceeding that if you 
 persist in it we must of necessity engage in a Suite at 
 Law whereby to settle this point 
 
 "I am Sir 
 " y^ most obedient Servt 
 
 "THO BERNAED 
 " Barbers and Surgeons Hall 
 
 "Oct: S*^^ 1715." 
 
 Frequent collisions occurred throughout the whole 
 of this period between the Company and 
 the Collesje of Physicians. In 1663 " The the coiiege of 
 
 " *^ Physicians. 
 
 Court hearing that the College of Physi- 
 cians are about renewing their charter and confirm- 
 ing it by Act of Parliament do order that the Master 
 and Wardens for the time being ... be a committee 
 to consider and advise with counsel how to prevent any 
 mischief which may come to the surgeons of the Com- 
 pany by it." In 1689 the clerk of the Company was 
 directed to attend Mr. Trevor, and "have it under hand 
 to answer whether the surgeons of London have power 
 by Law to give internal medicines to their chyrurgical 
 patients. And also whether the Bill now . passing 
 in Parliament by the College of Physicians be a con- 
 firmation of their Acts of . Parliament and the charters 
 they now enjoy? or whether it be prejudicial to the 
 chyrurgeons of London ? " Again, when counsel was 
 employed to draught a new charter for the Company in 
 the same year, it was proposed that every person who 
 
252 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 had been duly examined and admitted, should be 
 authorised " to give all sorts of internal medicines to 
 his chyrurgical patients, as he shall think most conducive 
 to the health and quicker recovery of the said patients, 
 . . . and that the giving internal medicines in all such 
 cases shall be taken and deemed practising chyrurgery." 
 This bill was never proceeded with, but as time went 
 on it became daily more evident that some restriction 
 of this nature was needed to check the growing 
 authority of the physicians. In the Annals of the 
 College such notices as the following are constantly 
 recurring: " M^ Atkinson appeared and conf est that he 
 had given physic to M""^ Brent and M"^ Corner. . . . 
 Then the president told him the penalty was five 
 pounds a month which he ought to pay or be prose- 
 cuted for it. 
 
 " Ordered that Atkinson be prosecuted at law." 
 The Company, however, never obtained free licence 
 to prescribe for their patients, and there are persons 
 still living who remember the time when the name of 
 the physician was placed conjointly with that of the 
 surgeon upon the board of a hospital patient who 
 required more than a black draught. It was not until 
 the opening years of this century that the surgeon was 
 emancipated from such thraldom, and it is to the ener- 
 getic protests of Abernethy upon this subject that he 
 is now permitted to have entire control over his own 
 case. 
 
 Another grievance of the Company was that the 
 physicians declined to consult with surgeons. The 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 2^3 
 
 Company, therefore, desired that " no one of the College 
 of Physicians of London shall at any time hereafter 
 refuse to consult with any chyrurgeon examined and 
 approved as aforesaid in any case of Physic whatso- 
 ever." These quarrels attained such a height that 
 in 168S the Lord Chancellor Jeffries visited the College, 
 and instituted a searching inquiry into the alleged 
 grievances of the surgeons. The result does not appear, 
 but that it was not wholly favourable to the physicians 
 may be surmised from the fact that on the next occasion 
 of a surgeon being complained of for giving pills, 
 boluses, diets, etc., for which he charged \&\ as no ill 
 practice was laid to his charge, the censors did not 
 hold themselves judges of his demands. 
 
 As early as 1684 the surgeons were feeling their 
 union with the barbers to be disadvan- 
 
 Separation of 
 
 tageous, and they presented a petition to from^the*^^^ 
 the king praying for a dissolution of the ^^'^^°"^- 
 United Company. This petition and the king's answer 
 run as follows : 
 
 " Upon the Petition of the Surgeons of the Citty 
 of London praying in regard it is found by experience 
 that the Union of the Surgeons with persons altogether 
 ignorant of the Science or Faculty of Surgery (as the 
 Barbers are) who were heretofore a different Company 
 from the Surgeons doth hinder and not promote the 
 ends for which they were united, that his MajV-sty would 
 make them and aR Surgeons within 7 miles distance 
 thereof a Body Politick under such Eegulations as his 
 Maje.S'ty shall think fit. 
 
254 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 "At a Court at Whitehall Mat 15, 1684. 
 
 "His Majesty is graciously pleased to referre this 
 Petition to tlie E* Hon^^® the Lord Keeper of the Great 
 Seale of England and the ' Lord Chief Justice of the 
 Kings Bench to consider thereof and report what may 
 be fit for his Maje^^ty to do in it Whereupon etc 
 
 " Sunderland/' 
 
 The movement, however, does not appear to have 
 gone further than this petition, for, as has been shown, 
 in 1689 the United Company proposed to obtain further 
 powers, the additional clauses being, however, entirely 
 in regard to points affecting the surgeons, who were by 
 this time an influential body, whilst the barbers cared 
 little or nothing for the common good. Things, how- 
 ever, pursued their old course, and time progressed until 
 the surgeons found themselves sufficiently strong to 
 make a fresh attempt, which was in the end successful. 
 The final effort was made in 1744, when, on the 20th of 
 December, the gentlemen on the surgeons' side of the 
 Court of Assistants of the United Company of Barbers 
 and Surgeons gave notice of their desire to separate, and 
 produced a case which they proposed to lay before the 
 House of Commons. A committee from both sides of 
 the court was appointed to report upon these pro- 
 posals, and their report was read in the succeeding 
 January court. The barbers objected to the separa- 
 tion of the two crafts, and drew up the following 
 protest : 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUEGEBY. 255 
 
 "The Case op the Barbers of London. 
 
 "The Barbei's^ oi London were a Fraternity before the 
 Time of Edward the Second, and by Letters-Patent of 
 Edward the Fourth were made a Body Corporate, and 
 invested with several Powers and Privileges. In the 
 3 2d Year of Henry the Eighth, the publick Policy 
 thought proper to unite them with another Company (not 
 then incorporated) called the Surgeons of London, in 
 order, (as is most probable) to transfer those Powers 
 and Privileges to" the latter, without directly appearing 
 to wrest them from i\iQ former to whom they had been 
 originally granted. 
 
 " This Coalition of the two Companies having now 
 subsisted above Ta^o LLundred Years, the Barbers are 
 surpris'd to find an Attempt made by the Surgeons 
 to dissolve it, by Authority of Barliament, without their 
 Participation or Consent. 
 
 " The principal Reasons assigned by the Surgeons., in 
 their printed Case, to induce the Legislature to this 
 extraordinary Act of Power, are, 
 
 " First, That the Barbers, in the Time of Henry the 
 Eighth, were all Surgeons, and that the Parliament, 
 by uniting them with others of superior Abilities, 
 intended their Improvement in that Profession ; but 
 that they having, long since, ceased to intermeddle with 
 any Branch of Surgery, this Lntent of the Act is frus- 
 trated, and the laudable Purpose of the Union at an end.' 
 
 ^ Througliout this document the words here printed in italics occur 
 in the oriarinal in italics. 
 
256 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 "Secondly/, That by this Alteration of the Circum- 
 stances of things, the Junction of the two Companies 
 (how advantageous soever in former Times) is now 
 become highly inconvenient. 
 
 " ThircVy, That the Surgeons, if distinctly incor- 
 porated, would be encouraged to meet and communicate 
 to one another their Experiments and Successes. 
 
 " And Fourthly, That the like Separation has taken 
 place at Paris, Edinburgh, and Glascotv. 
 
 " BUT the Jlrst of these Reasons is grounded on 
 a Mistake in point of Fact ; for tho' it be true that 
 the Barbers were all originally Surgeons, and incor- 
 porated as such, yet long before the Union in question, 
 most of them had quitted the actual Exercise of that 
 Profession, and the Big Jit itseK of exercising it in 
 virtue of their Charter, had been ^ taken away by 
 Parliament : And tho' in the Freamble of the uniting 
 Act, both Companies are stiled Surgeons, yet from the ^ 
 Enacting Part (which expresly restrains the Barbers 
 from occup3dng any part of Surgery, except Tootli-draw- 
 ing) it is evident the Legislature did not consider them 
 as real Surgeons, nor could intend their Improvement in 
 a Science they were forbid to practise, so that the Cir- 
 cumstances of Things are 7iot altered from what they 
 
 ^ 3 JT. 8, cJi. 11. No Person -n-itliin the City of London, nor witliin 
 seven Miles, shall occupy as a Surgeon, excej)t he be first examined, 
 approved, and admitted by the Bishop of London or Dean of St. PauVs. 
 
 2 32 H. 8, ch. 42, sect 3. No Person within the City of London, 
 Suburbs of the same, and one Mile Compass of the said City, using any 
 Barbery or Shaving, shall occupy any Surgery, Letting of Blood, or any 
 other Thing belougiug to Surgery, Drawing of Teeth only except. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 257 
 
 t/ien were, or from what tliey manifestly were designed 
 to be ; and therefore the Barbers ha^nng no Relation to 
 the Surgeons, or their Art (as it was then deemed no 
 Objection to their Union) cannot now, with any Propriety, 
 be insisted on as a Reason for their Separation. 
 
 " With regard to the Inconveniences complained of, as 
 the Charge is general, this general Answer only can be 
 given. That the Barbers have always, with the greatest 
 Deference, sicbmitted to the Surgeons in all Matters 
 peculiar to them, and chearfully contributed, out of their 
 common Stock, towards every Expence which tJiey have 
 declared necessary for the Honour or Advancement of 
 their Profession. And since none of these Inconve- 
 niences have been of Consequence enough to deserve 
 being particularly pointed out, we may venture to pro- 
 nounce them inconsiderable., and unworthy the Attention 
 and Eedress of Parliament ; and the rather, as all of 
 them put together, have not prevented the Surgeons 
 of London from carrying the Improvement of their 
 Art, both in Speculation and Practice, to a greater 
 Height than has been done in any other Place or 
 IS^ation. 
 
 " That the frequent Meetings of ingenious Men, and 
 their free Communications on the Subject of their Pro- 
 fession, may tend to the Benejit of Mankind in general, 
 and to the Honour of their Country in particular, is not 
 denied : But surely the Constitution of the united Com- 
 pany is no obstacle to these laudable Purposes. The 
 Barbers have for many Years, at their Monthly Courts, 
 submitted to withdraw at a stated Hour, and resigned 
 
 R 
 
258 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the Parlour to the Surgeons : And if this Condescension 
 is not supposed to afford them sufficient Time for Con- 
 versation on these particular Days, nothing liinders them 
 from holding separate Assemblies at the Hall almost 
 every other Day in the Year. 
 
 " As to what is said to have been done at Paris, 
 JEdinhurgh, and Glascow, no particular answer can be 
 given, unless it appeared by what Means, for what 
 Reasons, and upon what Terms the Separations in those 
 Places were brought about. In London there are but 
 two Instances of Separations of Companies, viz. that of 
 the Feltmalters from the Haherdashers in 1604, and that 
 of the Apothecaries from the Grocers in 1617 ; but both 
 these were effected by mutual Consent, without the 
 Intervention of Parliament ; and it may be proper to 
 observe, that the Peltmakers miscarried in a former 
 Application for an exclusive Charter in 157 6 for want of 
 the Haberdashers Consent. 
 
 "Upon the whole, therefore, the Barbers humbly hope 
 the foregoing Reasons will be deemed insufficient to 
 induce the Legislature to destroy an JJnion they them- 
 selves thought proper to form, an Union which two 
 hundred Years Existence has rendered venerable, and 
 which, by the Lmprovements above-mentioned, appears 
 to have answered all the Purposes for which it was 
 established. 
 
 " But if for other Seasons (which the Surgeons say mag 
 be given) the Parliament shall be inclined to favour 
 them in this part of their Bequest ; the Barbers, from 
 the scrupulous Eegard and Tenderness which that 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 259 
 
 Auffust Assemhly has always shewn for private Property , 
 cannot but hope they shall be continued in the Enjoyment 
 of all their present Possessions, without any Division 
 whatsoever, and that, for the following Reasons : 
 
 "First, Because most of the united Company's Lands 
 and Tenements, (particularly the Site of their Hall, 
 Parlour, etc.) originally belonged to them, and by the 
 uniting Act^ seem with great Justice to have been 
 intended to remain to their sole and separate Use, tho' 
 in fact the Surgeons have hitherto been indalged in the 
 equal Enjoyment of them with the Barbers. 
 
 ''Secondly, Because the Surgeons Share of what may 
 have been acquired since the Union, will scarce be an 
 adequate Becompence to the Barbers for the above 
 Indulgence, much less for the unmerited Loss of a 
 Brotherhood now so honourable and advantageous to 
 them. 
 
 " Thirdly, Because the Expences of the Barbers when 
 distinctly incorporated, can fall but very little, if any 
 thing, short of those of the united. Company, so that a 
 Reduction of Income must subject them to verj'- great 
 Difficulties, which (considering that they neither desire, 
 nor have given the Surgeons just Cause to desire a 
 Separation) would be extremely hard and unreason- 
 able. 
 
 '^Lastly, Because the '^ice^eni Jlouiishing Condition of 
 
 ' 32 H. 8, ch. 42. The united Company shall have, possess, and ■ 
 enjoy, to them and their Successors for ever, all such Lands and Tene- 
 ments, and other Hereditaments whatsoever, wliieh the said Company or 
 Commonalty of Barbers have and enjoy, to the Use of the said Mystery 
 and Commonalty of Barbers of London. 
 
 1? •> 
 
260 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the Surgeons, (the only real Alteration in the Circum- 
 stances of Things) will sufficiently enable them to 
 support the Dignity of their new ■8,tA favourite Institu- 
 tion with becoming Splendor, without distressing their 
 less happy Brethren the Barbers!' 
 
 The surgeons, however, were steadfast in their pur- 
 pose, and on the 31st of January, 1744, 
 
 Separation of -^ j ' 
 
 fronftife'bar- ^ petition was presented to Parliament 
 by the surgeons of London praying that 
 they might be separated from the barbers. This 
 petition was referred to a Committee under the charge 
 of Dr. Cotes. On February 27th Dr. Cotes reported 
 to the Commons that the Committee had examined 
 the matters contained in the petition, and had heard the 
 surgeons as well as the barbers through their counsel. 
 He then read the report of the Committee, and leave 
 was given by the House to bring in a Bill, Dr. Cotes, 
 Mr. Carew, Mr. Knight, and Mr. Bacon being ordered to 
 prepare it. On March 8th " Dr. Cotes presented to the 
 House, according to order, a Bill for making the surgeons 
 of London and the barbers of London two separate and 
 distinct corporations, and the same was received and 
 read the first time." On the 13th of March it was read 
 and discussed a second time. On the 20th inst. it was 
 ordered that " it be an instruction to the Committee 
 . to receive a clause exempting the surgeons 
 from parish offices, etc." Subsequently, provision was 
 made that " the examiners of the said Company are to 
 examine all persons who shall be candidates to be sur- 
 geons or surgeons mates in his Majesty's army." On 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SUBOEBY. 261 
 
 the 26tli of Marcli the Bill was read a second time, after 
 which it was adjourned till the following day, and it 
 was " ordered that the Bill with its amendments be en- 
 grossed." On the 28th the engrossed Bill was read a 
 third time, " ordered that Mr. Carew do carry the Bill 
 to the Lords and desire their concurrence." The Bill 
 was read on the same day in the House of Lords, and 
 was committed on the following day. Lord Sandys re- 
 ported from the Committee on the 2nd April, and the 
 Bill subsequently receiving the Royal Assent became law 
 on May 2nd, 1745. 
 
 It does not appear distinctly who were the prime 
 movers in this chang-e, which, although „, „ 
 
 o ' ' o The Surgeons 
 
 seemingly important, really consisted in ^Jompany. 
 little more than a simple separation of the sur- 
 geons from the barbers. The provisions of the old 
 Act of Incorporation were retained in nearly every 
 point by the new Act, which established the Com- 
 pany of Surgeons. Mr. Cheselden, now surgeon to 
 Queen Caroline and to Chelsea Hospital, and Mr. Eanby, 
 sergeant surgeon to King Greorge 11. , with whom he 
 had been present at Dettingen battle, were probably 
 the mainsprings of the movement. The exertions of 
 Mr. Ranby in promoting the separation were rewarded 
 by his nomination as first Master of the newly 
 founded Surgeons' Company, a special favour, as he 
 had not been a member of the old corporation. Mr. 
 Sandford and Mr. Cheselden took office under him as 
 wardens. 
 
 From the evidence offered to the Committee of the 
 
262 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 House of Commons during the passage of this Act, the 
 following facts have been gathered as to the state of the 
 old Company at the time immediately preceding its dis- 
 solution. The Master was elected yearly, and was alter- 
 nately a barber and a surgeon. He with the wardens 
 present at the examination of a candidate signed the 
 diplomas, the examination itself being conducted by one 
 or more of the ten examiners. Two barbers were always 
 present, but they never interfered in any way with the 
 examination. The Master if a surgeon interposed his 
 judgment in the examination of surgeons, but if a 
 barber he only put the formal question, " Whether the 
 person examined shall be allowed ? " This passive action 
 of the barbers in such matters was borne out by an in- 
 dependent witness, Mr. Burril, a surgeon, who stated 
 " that two barbers were present at his examination and 
 signed his diploma. That one of the said barbers (Mr. 
 Fradin) expressed some resentment against him (the 
 witness) for not previously waiting upon him, but that 
 he did not interfere m the examination, the whole being 
 managed by the surgeons." At the monthly meetings, 
 too, the barbers, as they alleged in their petition, 
 always withdrew at a certain hour, that the surgeons 
 might discuss professional topics with the greater 
 freedom. 
 
 Certain ludicrous inconveniences sometimes attended 
 inconveni- "the holding of tlio United Company's 
 ing the union liccnce to practice. Mr. Neil Stewart, 
 
 of the barbers ■"- 
 
 and surgeons. liowcvcr, had better tell his own story 
 as he related it before the Committee of the House of 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 263 
 
 Commons. " Being examined, lie said that he was ap- 
 pointed surgeon of his Majesty's ship, the Looe, and 
 being in his return home taken prisoner in a merchant 
 ship by the French and put into the common prison at 
 Brest, he petitioned the superintendent of the place to 
 be removed to an open hospital at Dinan along with the 
 surgeon and his mate of the Northumberland man-of-war. 
 That he enclosed his warrant from the Navy office in 
 his petitionary letter. And some days afterwards in- 
 quiring of the linguist about the success of his petition, 
 he was told that the superintendent did not know by 
 his warrant whether he (the witness) was a barber or 
 a surgeon. That upon desiring the witness to read the 
 warrant over, by which it would appear he was a sur- 
 geon, the linguist replied it might be so, but that if the 
 witness had been taken on board one of the King of 
 Great Britain's ships, it would have been out of doubt. 
 Whereupon the witness, concluding his warrant would 
 be of no service to him, made application by another 
 channel, and was ordered to go in a draught appointed 
 some time after." 
 
 The barbers were usually present at the four public 
 lectures of Anatomy, two of which were delivered at the 
 expense of the Company, and the other two at the 
 expense of the surgeons. The annual expense incurred 
 by the Company on account of these lectures amounted 
 to about one hundred guineas, towards the defraying of 
 which they received the interest of £510, given by Mr. 
 Alderman Arris for a muscular lecture, and an annuity 
 of £16 bequeathed by Dr. Grale for an osteological lecture. 
 
264' MEMORIALS OF 
 
 For tlie visceral lecture the master and stewards of 
 anatomy, who were chosen for two 3'^ears, were bound 
 to find four bodies during their term of office ; in many- 
 instances, however, they were only able to procure one 
 or two, and in such cases the Company and stewards 
 alternately provided the others. 
 
 Barbers were obliged to become free of the Company 
 before they could commence their business in London; 
 with each apprentice they commonly received about £10, 
 whilst each apprentice to a surgeon paid .£250. The 
 great expense of the feasts and the charges attendant 
 upon the taking of the freedom of the Company de- 
 terred many surgeons from joining the Livery, and 
 compelled them to remain as foreign brethren.^ It 
 was, therefore, thought (and as the event showed with 
 good reason) that if the surgeons could be con- 
 stituted a company distinct from the barbers, many 
 of the foreign brothers would join the new company, 
 thereby rendering its freedom more reputable as well 
 as less expensive. 
 
 The licensing of naval surgeons had always been an 
 important branch of the United Company's 
 
 Licensing . , r, ji i • e 'j. ' 
 
 naval sur- work Bveu irom the time or its mcorpora- 
 
 geons. 
 
 tion in Henry VIII. 's reign : The Charter 
 of Charles I. expressly empowers "the 'Masters to ap- 
 point in any part of England proper surgeons for the 
 King's ships to be sent out to sea, to take medicines, 
 etc., from such as are not sufficient to serve personally 
 
 1 For the various payments required of barbers, surgeons, and foreign 
 brethren, see Aiajoendix O, page 376. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 265 
 
 on board, paying a proper price, and to examine sur- 
 geons chests for sea service. And no person who 
 practices within London or seven miles shall go or 
 send ont any apprentice from the port of London as a 
 surgeon m the King's ships or in the ships of any 
 merchant unless he is approved of by the Masters or 
 Governors, and his medicines, plaisters, etc., have been 
 examined." Ample provision was thus made for the 
 securing of competent surgeons for both the navy and 
 the merchant service, and the powers entrusted to the 
 Company appear to have been, on the whole, well 
 employed. 
 
 The following is one amongst many entries of a 
 similar nature occurring in the minute books of the 
 United Company: "On the tenth day of March, 1606. 
 This dale Thomas Garrett intending a voyage at sea 
 was by M^ Warden Mapes examyned in surgery, and 
 his chest and furniture liked and allowed of." The 
 service which the Company thus rendered to the country 
 was sometimes utilised as an argument for obtaining a 
 better supply of subjects for anatomical, purposes. In 
 a petition to Sir J. Salter, Lord Mayor in 1739, upon 
 this matter, it is stated that ''your petitioners do 
 without any Reward or Benefit to themselves, employ a 
 great Portion of their time in the Service of his Majesty, 
 as their Predecessors have done for some hundred years 
 past in the services of his Majesty's Royal Predecessors 
 Kings and Queens of this realm, by Examining at their 
 Public hall all the Surgeons and Mates who serve on 
 board the Royal Navy ; and by viewing all their Chests 
 
266 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of Medicines, Instruments, and Journals, as also by 
 viewing all sucli Officers as are maimed in Fight at Sea 
 and for Superannuation." These examinations, although 
 wholly acts of charity, as the Company would have us 
 believe, brought in a considerable sum of money annually 
 to the corporate coffers. Mr. Hay ward, a former Master 
 of the Company, " being examined " by a committee of 
 the House of Commons, "as to the money usually 
 given to the poor's box by sea surgeons at the time of 
 their receiving a qualification, said that it is always 
 expected, but that if they are not in a capacity (to pay) 
 it is not insisted upon ; and that he never heard of any 
 persons being denied a qualification for refusing to pay 
 it. That the qualification is delivered to the party 
 sealed up, to be carried to the Navy office, and that the 
 Master commonly signifies to him what fees are expected. 
 That the said box is examined every month ^ and 
 distributed by the master and three wardens in about 
 nine parts in ten of the money to the poor of Barbers. 
 Being asked what proportion the barbers pay to the 
 poor's box, he said that the greatest part of the 
 
 ^ In it was found as derived " from the sea surgeons alone " during 
 the year : 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 1739 34 11 
 
 1740 110 2 6 
 
 1741 95 2 6 
 
 1742 85 2 6 
 
 1743 46 8 
 
 1744 68 9 
 
 For these six years the Company obtained an average revenue of £73 
 per annum from this source. 
 
THE CBAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 267 
 
 income applied to that use arises by examinations of 
 
 sea surgeons, but that the apprentices of the barbers 
 
 (who are as twenty to one) always pay when bound at 
 
 the hall, and at their admission to their freedom, as well 
 
 as the surgeons." 
 
 In a few cases the results of the examination were 
 
 unsatisfactory, if we may judge from the following letter 
 
 sent to the Company : 
 
 "Navy Office 6 June 1740 
 " Gentlemen 
 
 " Captain Vincent of his Majestys Ship the 
 
 S* Albans, having given Admiral Cavendish an Account 
 
 of the Insufficiency of Samuel Cowling his Second 
 
 Mate, We send you enclosed an Extract of his Letter, 
 
 and, if what it contains is fact, you must have been to 
 
 Blame We are 
 
 "Your affectionate friends 
 
 " E*^ Haddock Fred Acworth Tho Sharpe 
 
 J Hawler G Crowe Jn° Phillipson 
 
 " Qualifyed the 15*^ of Aprill 1740 for 2^*^ Mate of a 
 
 4*^ Bate. 
 
 " (Extract of a Letter from Cap* Vincent of the 
 S* Albans dated 3*^ June 1750) 
 
 " The Surgeons Second Mate (who is now on Shore 
 as bad as any of the rest) being a raw unexperienced 
 Lad not capable of even letting blood and the Men con- 
 cealing their Complaints rather than come under his 
 hands, so that it appears to me, that his Relations or 
 Friends obtaining a Warrant for him, intended only by 
 
268 MEMORIALS OF TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 it to receive the benefit of his pay and the further one 
 of putting him in a good way at no Expence of Learn- 
 ing his Business from the Practice and Experience of 
 the Surgeon. 
 
 " Navy Office. Directed 
 
 " To the Master and Wardens of Surgeons Plall." 
 
CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 THE surgeons' COMPANY. 
 
 By tlie Act o£ Parliament passed in 1745 (Stat. 18, 
 Geo. II., c. 15), the surgeons of London and ^j^^ sur<^eons' 
 the barbers were made two separate bodies. company. 
 The surgeons were incorporated by the name of the 
 Masters, Governors, and Commonalty of the Art and 
 Science of Surgery, with a power of holding lands in 
 mortmain to the amount of 200^ per annum. The 
 corporation was to consist of twenty-one assistants, of 
 whom one was master, two were wardens, and ten were 
 examiners. The master and wardens were selected either 
 from the examiners or the assistants, the examiners from 
 the assistants, and the assistants from the freemen. 
 There was an annual election for the choosing of master 
 and wardens. The examiners and assistants were ap- 
 pointed for life, unless removed for some valid reason. 
 The power of making bye-laws and elections was vested 
 in the master, wardens, examiners, and assistants. 
 
 The actual gain to the profession of surgery by the 
 establishment of a separate company was that the fees 
 were fixed upon a much lower scale than they had been 
 amongst the united barbers and surgeons, whilst the more 
 expensive offices in the older Company were abolished, 
 thereby enabling the corporation to reduce the fines to 
 the younger members. Those who joined the new 
 Company were thus entitled to all the privileges and 
 
270 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 advantages enjoyed in the older corporation, with certain 
 additional ones, for less than a quarter the sum of money 
 they would have heen obliged to pay as members of the 
 Barbers' and Surgeons' Gruild. Under the old Company 
 the expenses of each member seldom fell below one hun- 
 dred pounds before he had served or been fined for all the 
 offices, or in other words, before he had become exempt 
 from further service in the Company. The privileges 
 enjoyed by the members of the united craft having been 
 granted in different reigns, and being often supported by 
 insufficient documentary evidence, were during the latter 
 years of the Company found to rest upon a very insecure 
 basis. The courts of law several times decided against 
 the Company, and compelled the members to serve ex- 
 pensive city offices, from which they had formerly 
 considered themselves exempt. Under the new Act 
 these privileges were especially claimed, and the mem- 
 bers of the new Company were exempted from the 
 several offices of constable, scavenger, overseer of the 
 poor, and all parish, ward, and leet offices, as well as 
 from being put into or serving upon any jury or inquest. 
 The expenses of the sea surgeons were also very con- 
 siderably reduced, and instead of the numerous exami- 
 nations which they were formerly obliged to submit to, 
 however well qualified each man might at first appear, 
 the Court of Examiners was now to grant to every man 
 to the full extent of his merit. The examiners were 
 also called upon to select surgeons for the army, as they 
 had hitherto done for the navy. 
 
 Pending the erection of new buildings, the Stationers' 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 271 
 
 Company generously placed their hall at the disposal of 
 the surgeons. In Stationers' Hall, accordingly, on 
 July 1st, 1745, the first meeting of the Court of 
 Assistants, of the Master, Governors, and Commonalty 
 of the Art and Science of Surgeons of London was held, 
 Mr. Eanby, the master, being in the chair, with Mr. 
 Sandford and Mr. Cheselden as his wardens. At this 
 court Mr. Eanby was presented with the freedom and 
 livery of the Company, taking the usual oath of a free- 
 man as well as that of principal master. In return for 
 the favour thus shown to him, he presented a handsome 
 silver cup to the new corporation, for which he received 
 due thanks. For many subsequent years Mr. Eanby 
 served the Company well and truly ; he was re-elected 
 Master in 1751, when the Company entered into occupa- 
 tion of their new theatre in the Old Bailey, and for a 
 third time in 1752. 
 
 Mr. Eanby was appointed sergeant- surgeon and 
 principal surgeon to the king in 1740 ; he 
 died in 1773. In 1 744 he published " ' The '"'"'" ^^''''^' 
 Method of Treating Gunshot Wounds,' a little piece " 
 which, he says, "was penned in a camp," and which he sub- 
 sequently speaks of as "a bare recital of his own practice." 
 It is an eminently practical work, and such as we should 
 expect to come from the pen of a surgeon who had 
 actually seen service in the field. In after years Mr. 
 Eanby gave great offence to the physicians by publish- 
 ing a narrative of the last illness of Sir Eobert Walpole, 
 in which he utterly condemned the use of such edged 
 tools as the Lithontryptic Lixivium ; an opinion in 
 
272 
 
 MEMORIALS OF 
 
TEE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 275 
 
 which one is inclined to agree, on hearing that Dr. Jurin 
 assured his lordship that it was four times stronger than 
 the strongest soap lye. 
 
 The surgeons, when they separated from the harbers, 
 seem to have carried absolutely nothing ^^^^ surgeons' 
 away with them except the Arris and the 
 Grale bequests, to which they were clearly entitled. 
 Hall, library, plate, everything remained with the barbers, 
 and the new Company had to make an entirely fresh start 
 for themselves in the world. As soon as possible, there- 
 fore, after their foundation, negotiations were entered into 
 to secure a proper meeting place for the members. A 
 site in the Old Bailey was leased from the City authori- 
 ties, at the comparatively low rental of £53 6s. 8d. per 
 annum, and the Court of Assistants ordered " unani- 
 mously that a theatre be the first part of the new intended 
 building, and that the same be erected with all possible 
 dispatch." The theatre was built (" the ground being 
 first piled ") from designs originally furnished, as it ap- 
 pears, by Mr. Kent, though it was erected under the 
 superintendence of a Mr. Jones, " who was chosen our 
 Surveyor, and who has full power to light the Theatre after 
 his own manner, and give Orders for such proportions in 
 all parts of that Building . . . without being con- 
 trouled by any power but that of a Court of Assis- 
 tants.", He was " to receive fifty Gruineas for his former 
 and future Care of this Building, by making drawings 
 and measuring." He was not, however, so successful 
 as his illustrious namesake, Inigo Jones, who had 
 built the theatre for the United Company in 1636 in 
 s 
 
274 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 sucli a way as to make it one of the sights of London. 
 Workmen of the last century ajjpear to have borne a 
 close resemblance to those of our own time, for " it was 
 resolved that when the Scaffolding is erected for the 
 Plaisterer's work at the Theatre, Mr. Steere be desired to 
 re-measure the Bricklayers' and Carpenters' Work already 
 done .... and make his report thereof in writing to 
 the Court .... and if it shall appear that any person 
 employed has wilfully defrauded the Company, they be 
 Immediately discharged all further service." This 
 suspicion of roguery, however, was not confirmed, as the 
 suspected persons continued in the employment of the 
 Company. Every effort was made to urge on the com- 
 pletion of the theatre, and all other building was 
 postponed till it should be ready for use. The cost of 
 the buildings erected amounted to £4,000, which the 
 Company raised by the issue of bonds to those members 
 who chose to take them, bearing interest at the rate 
 of 4 per cent, per annum. 
 
 The first Court of Assistants was held in the newly 
 
 built theatre in August, 1751, though it was 
 
 teaching not uutil 1753 that the first masters of 
 
 anatomy. 
 
 anatomy were selected. The result of the 
 first election was a brilliant one, Mr. Pott and Mr. 
 Hunter being the masters, Mr. Crane and Mr. Paul 
 the wardens, and Mr. Hewitt and Mr. Minors the 
 stewards of anatomy. Of these officers, Mr. Paul 
 desired to be excused on account of ill health, and 
 was exempted on paying his fine of £21 ; whilst Mr. 
 Crane desired to be excused as he had been fined for 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 275 
 
 not serving the same office in the old Company; his 
 excuse was held to be valid. 
 
 As soon as these elections had been made, the Court 
 proceeded " to consider of the Disposal of the Bodies 
 of three Persons v^ho, it wsls expected, v^ould in a few- 
 days be Executed for Murther, and sent to the theatre 
 pursuant to the late Act of Parliament (1752), when 
 It was Resolved that one of them should be delivered 
 to IVP Hewitt to be by him dissected. And he be 
 desired to make such Preparations of the bones as to 
 render them useful in any future Osteological or other 
 Lectures, and to return them after they had been so 
 prepared to y® theatre. And that the Masters, Wardens, 
 and Stewards of Anatomy be desired to dissect the 
 other two, and to make such preparations thereout, 
 either Muscular or Vascular, as may hereafter be of 
 service at any Public Lectures." At the next Court 
 *•' The duties of the Masters, Wardens, and Stewards of 
 Anatomy lately elected were determined, and the Court 
 came to the several following Resolutions, Vizt. That it 
 be the particular Duty and Business of the Masters of 
 Anatomy (unless otherwise ordered) to read such Lectures 
 in Anatomy as shall be appointed by the Court of Assis- 
 tants. That it be the particular Duty and Business of 
 the wardens of anatomy to be Demonstrators to the 
 Lectui'er, and to take Care that everything be Conducted 
 during the time of the lecture with Decency and Order. 
 That it be the particular Duty and Business of the 
 Stewards of Anatomy to dissect and prepare the Bodies 
 for the Lecturer." 
 s 2 
 
276 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 The utmost difficulty appears to have been ex- 
 perienced in getting persons to fill these offices, for even 
 after the first election the Court had "to insist that 
 M^ Hewitt the Junior Master of Anatomy do read the 
 lectures," and the clerk was " ordered to endeavour to 
 procure one of his colleagues to read them in case of 
 M^ Hewitt's refusal or non-attendance ; " and finally, it 
 was " ordered that the master and wardens have power 
 to dispose of the Body in case no Person can be procured 
 to read the lectures." The excuses offered to the Court to 
 evade these duties were as varied as they were ingenious. 
 Thus " M^ Dowdall, who was elected one of the Stewards 
 of Anatomy [in 1762] . . . requested that he might 
 be excused either from serving or fining for such Office, 
 on account of his having been called upon to serve 
 several offices in the Barbers' Company ; and likewise 
 of his having quitted the business of surgery, and 
 residing entirely in the Country. Whereupon, being 
 desired to withdraw, the Court took such his Applica- 
 tion into Consideration, and Resolved that the reasons 
 urged by him in support of his request were not 
 sufficient to induce the Court to comply therewith." 
 The other steward of anatomy on this occasion requested 
 " That his serving of the said office might be dispensed 
 with for the remainder of the ensuing year, on account 
 of some particular Law Business he was engaged on. 
 
 . The Court, having duly considered his request, were 
 unanimously of Opinion that it could not be complyed 
 with. Of which resolution he, being called in, was 
 acquainted by the master." In July, 1776, Mr. David 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 277 
 
 Irish, who had been elected one of the stewards of 
 anatomy, desired that " on account of his being afflicted 
 with the GoTit, and the Distance of his residence, he 
 might be excused from serving the said office for one 
 year. Eesolved that the clerk do acquaint the said 
 M^ Irish that as there will not be any business for him 
 to do till Michaelmas next, they hope his disorder will 
 be removed. And that his place of residence is not at 
 a greater distance than that of Several other Members 
 who have been chosen into the same office, nor will be 
 less another year, and . . . they expect he should 
 abide by the Election, and either Serve the said Office or 
 ffine for the same." At another Court " the clerk read 
 a letter from M^ Francis Tompkyns . . . desiring 
 to be excused on account of his being in the army on 
 half-pay; and the same being read it was ordered that 
 the clerk do acquaint the said M^ Tomkyns that this 
 Court can't admit of his plea, and expects he should 
 either serve or ffine for the said office." So great was 
 the difficulty experienced in this matter, that at length 
 it became the custom to elect a number of persons 
 to be successively stewards in the place of these de- 
 faulters, and in this way alone could the succession be 
 ensured. 
 
 In 1776 it was decided to elect a committee " t6 con- 
 sider of an effectual Plan- for improving the Lectures, 
 and rendering them more creditable to the Company 
 and more easy to the Members." As a result of the 
 labours of this committee the two masters of anatomy 
 were abolished, their place being taken by "a member 
 
278 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of the Company of known abilities, wlio should be 
 annually appointed, under the character of professor of 
 anatomy." His office was to teach anatomy three days 
 in each week throughout the year to all such of any 
 profession who should enter with the consent of the 
 master and wardens. The salary attached to the post 
 was £120 per annum, with a share in the profits derived 
 from the fees of the pupils. ^ He was further requhed 
 to read six lectui-es on the muscles and six lectures on 
 the viscera between Michaelmas and Lady Day, the 
 lectures, as it is expressly stipulated, " to be read in a 
 gown." Mr. Henry Watson was elected the first pro- 
 fessor of anatomy in 1766, and he was succeeded by 
 Mr. Joseph Else. As might have been expected, this 
 change did not meet with universal approval. " A 
 memorial w^as presented to the Court of Assistants 
 by M'^ Arnaad, one of the present Masters of 
 Anatomy, setting forth his apprehensions that if, in 
 consequence of the late resolution of the Court to elect 
 a Professor of Anatomy, he should be excluded from 
 reading Lectures, his reputation in his profession might 
 be injured. And that as he had received notice to 
 prepare Muscular Lectures, and had prepared them ac- 
 cordingly, his not reading them might be prejudicial to 
 him." Mr. Arnaud, therefore, had leave given him to 
 read his lectures between Michaelmas and Christmas, 
 provided any subject could be obtained Avithin that 
 period. 
 
 ' The details of this scheme, which probably originated with Cheselden, 
 will be found in Appendix P, page 378. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 279 
 
 Amongst the bodies brought to the theatre for 
 dissection was that of Lord Ferrers, who was executed 
 for the murder of his steward in 1760. In reference to 
 this event the foliowino- minute occurs in the books of 
 the Company : " The Master having laid before the 
 Court a Letter he had received from Lady Huntingdon 
 in respect to the treatment of Lord Ferrers body,^ 
 And the same and part of the late Act of Parliament 
 relating to Murderers having been read . . . It 
 was resolved that it be left to the Master and Wardens 
 to dispose of the Body of Lord Ferrers. And to give 
 such directions in respect to applying for a Guard and 
 other particulars as they shall think proper." The 
 guard here mentioned was probably for the purpose of 
 keeping order in the hall during the exposure of the 
 body after the execution.^ It does not appear that any 
 dissection was performed upon him, and he was buried 
 in Old St. Pancras Church. 
 
 During the earlier years of the Company's sepa- 
 rate existence they were constantly disput- 
 
 . , T I -, , I • 1 p The army and 
 
 ms; with surg-eons who had retired irom navy sur- 
 
 '-''-' - geons. 
 
 the army and navy, and who sought 
 
 to make practices for themselves without taking 
 
 the diploma of the Company. The old army surgeons 
 
 * The sheriff, Vaillant, had promised before the execution that the 
 Earl's body should not be stripped. 
 
 2 Of this ceremony there still exists a print, lettered " Lord Ferrers, 
 as he lay in his coffin at Surgeons' Hall." It appears that the public were 
 admitted to the hall to view the bodies previous to their dissection, in 
 much the same manner as is common in the Morgue at Paris. Special 
 provisions were made for preventing the undue intrusion of the mob, as 
 may be read in Appendix Q, page 381. 
 
280 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 sheltered themselves behind an Act passed in the' second 
 year of the reign of George the Second, entitled " An 
 Act to enable such officers, mariners, and soldiers as 
 have been in his Majesty's service since his accession to 
 the throne to exercise Trades." In 1782 the matter 
 was set at rest by the Company stating a case for the 
 consideration of the law officers of the Crown, who 
 decided against them. 
 
 The examination of surgeons for the army and 
 navy long continued an integral part of the functions of 
 the Company, and in its capacity of examiners for the 
 services two persons of note came before it. The one, 
 in real life, was unsuccessful ; the other, in fiction, was 
 happier. " Oliver Groldsmith presented himself in a 
 new suit (not paid for) to be examined as to his 
 qualifications for being a surgeon's mate, on the 
 21st December, 1758, and in the minutes of the Court 
 of Examiners held on that date the entry occurs -. 
 James Bernard, mate to an hospital ; OKver Goldsmith, 
 found not qualified for ditto." ^ The second and no 
 less famous person, although non-existent, is Eoderick 
 E-andom, who has left us a most interesting and graphic 
 description of what passed at the examination ; an 
 account which is the more interesting when we reflect 
 that his creator, Smollett, had received his qualification 
 as surgeon's mate from the Company, probably after 
 undergoing a somewhat similar ordeal.^ 
 
 1 "Life and Times of Oliver Goldsmith," by J. Foster, vol. i. p. 166. 
 Ed. ii. 
 
 2 "Works of Tobias Smollett," vol. i. cliap. xvii. pp. 97 et seqq. 
 Ed. V. in six vols. ; Edin. 1817. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 281 
 
 The Company does not appear to have done more 
 than pay its way during the earlier years of 
 its existence, for in 1780 it became almost Srcompaiyi' 
 insolvent, owing to the bankruptcy of its 
 clerk, to whom the Company had incautiously advanced 
 £300 ; a large sum, considering that its available funds 
 at the time only amounted to £518. The clerk 
 resigned, and Okey Belfour was appointed in his place. 
 At the first audit after this change the Company's 
 balance was £75 2s. 6d. Under the able management 
 of Mr. Belfour the former position was rapidly regained, 
 and was soon far surpassed, since in 1795, within 
 fifteen years of this date, the Company had £15,000, 
 and the receipts during the quarter had amounted to 
 £1,750. This large sum was in great part acquired 
 by the energetic action of the clerk, who compelled all 
 the members of the Company punctually to discharge 
 their quarterly dues ; whilst the examination fees con- 
 stituted a steadily increasing revenue. The affairs of 
 the Company appear to have been grossly mismanaged 
 before the appointment of Mr. Belfour, for in 1781 it 
 was " ordered that the Clerk do search in the Books of 
 the Company, and make such other enquiries as may be 
 necessary respecting the donation of £510 given to this 
 Company by the late Alderman Airis (Arris), to see 
 how the same has been disposed of and what is become 
 thereof. And report the result of such inquiries to the 
 next Court of Assistants." The very name of the 
 worthy alderman was in danger of perishing, and his 
 benefaction, which had been made over to the surgeons 
 
282 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 at the separation of the united Company, had been 
 misappropriated ; but not beyond recall, for it still exists, 
 and forms a part of the stipend of the Arris and Grale 
 lectures, which are delivered yearly. The clerk, as a 
 result of his investigations, reported " that in the 
 Company's Accounts for the year 1746 he found an 
 Entry that the sum of £510, with a further sum of 
 £15 17s. Id. for Interest thereon, was received from the 
 Barbers' Company, in pursuance of the directions of the 
 Act of Parliament." 
 
 In 1786 a general meeting of all the members of 
 the Company residing within seven miles of London 
 was convened to receive the pleasing intelligence that 
 as the debts of the Company incurred for building the 
 theatre and other works had been paid, the quarterly 
 dues would in future be reduced to half-a-crown. To 
 ensure punctuality at the meetings of the Court of 
 Assistants, it was decided as early as 1746 "that every 
 person who attends punctually at the time of his 
 Summons at any Court of Assistants before St. Paul's 
 clock strike the hour mentioned in such Summons shall 
 have half-a-crown apiece. And the same rule shall be 
 observed at any Court of Examiners when it shall 
 happen there shall be no examination for the Grand 
 Diploma." In 1787, as the finances of the Company 
 became more flourishing, this sum was raised to half- 
 a-guinea. In 1782 the same means were taken to en- 
 sure punctuality at lectures, for it was decreed that 
 " every Member of the Court of Assistants who should 
 attend at any of the Lectures hereafter to be read at 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 283 
 
 the Theatre should be entitled to and receive the Sum 
 of five shillings out of the cash of the Company." 
 
 The rules of the Company in regard to transla- 
 tion were strictly observed. In 1784, "William 
 Osborn, a Member of this Company," obtained a licence 
 from the College of Physicians to practise midwifery 
 without being disfranchised from the Company or 
 previously obtaining the leave and consent of the Court. 
 By this action he incurred a penalty of £20, which he 
 declined to pay, endeavouring to justify himself. 
 Counsel's opinion was taken upon the subject after 
 much debate, and the matter then dropjDed, probably 
 because the opinion was against the Company. 
 
 Occasional entries occur in the minute books re- 
 lating to John Hunter. In October, 1786, 
 
 . John Hunter. 
 
 " the Clerk reported that he had received 
 from M^ John Hunter 3 Books as presents from him 
 to the Company, two of them being the Natural 
 History of the Human Teeth, and the other a 
 Treatise on the Venereal Disease, with a letter from Mr. 
 Hunter, which was read. It was resolved that such 
 present be accepted, and that the thanks of this Court 
 be given to Mr. Hunter for the same." In November, 
 1793, " The Master reported that since the last Court 
 of Assistants, Mr. John Hunter, a member of the Court, 
 had departed this life, and declared a vacancy in the 
 Court of Assistants in pursuance of such death." The 
 vacancy thus caused was filled by the election of M^ 
 John Heaviside. Originally both brothers were mem- 
 bers of the corporation, but in 1756, "Dr. William 
 
284 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Hunter, a Member of this Court [of Assistants], was 
 desirous of being disfranchised on such terms as the 
 Court should agree on." It was thereupon " ordered that 
 the Clerk do deliver him the Instrument of Disfranchise- 
 ment under the Seal of this Company, on his paying 
 down 40 Gruineas for the same." It does not appear, 
 however, that this payment was ever made, as in 1758 
 Dr. Hunter paid a fine of £20, " being the penalty he 
 had incurred by becoming a member [i.e. licentiate] of 
 the College of Physicians without the previous consent 
 of the Court." It appeared, however, that the doctor 
 was ignorant of the bye-law which enforced this point, 
 and his fine was therefore remitted to him. 
 
 At the election in 1789 Mr. Gunning was declared 
 master of the Company, in place of Mr. 
 
 Mr. Gunning. . 
 
 Watson ; he had for his wardens Mr. 
 Grrindall and Mr. Lucas. Mr. Gunning had been 
 elected steward of anatomy in 1773, but had paid his 
 fine rather than serve; in 1789 he had been elected 
 an examiner, to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
 of Percival Pott. He was, no doubt, an active and 
 sturdy opponent of abuses, but until the year 1789 no 
 signs of his activity remain. His accession to the 
 mastership, however, was signalised by a firm efibrt to 
 re-organise the Company. He first attacked the system 
 of dining in the following memorial to the Court of 
 Assistants : " The expenses of your annual dinner, as 
 well as that of the other Dinners held on the Meeting of 
 your two Courts, the Court of Assistants and the Court 
 of Examiners, having been of late years so increased as 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 285 
 
 to make an Enquiry into Them necessary, to retrench 
 for the present and to prevent an accumulation. . . . 
 To begin with the dinners provided for the entertain- 
 ments of these two Courts. . . It appears that they 
 have been summoned to such Dinners from no printed 
 or written Authority, but by the bare discretion only of 
 the Masters and Wardens. That they have been 
 unlimited in number. That whenever they have met 
 on y® business of the Company a Dinner has been ordered 
 of course. . . , That the highest number of Meet- 
 ings within the year has been 25, and the lowest 13, 
 each of which has been attended by an Expensive Dinner 
 at the sole charge of the Company. That from this 
 mode of proceeding as many Members have been 
 summoned and as many Dinners directed for those 
 members, Strangers, and others, as the Master and 
 Wardens have thought proper. That for many years, 
 from the Establishment of the Company in 1745, the 
 Members belonging to the two Courts were content to 
 be entertained at the moderate Expence of 4s. and 5s. 
 per head, and less. That in the years 1774 and 1775 it 
 exceeded 10s. per head; that it was contracted again 
 in 1779 and 1780 to 8s. per head, and that in the sub- 
 sequent year it fell back to 10s.; and that from the years 
 1781 and 1782 to the years 1787 and 1788 it has been 
 increasing rapidly from 10s, to 19s. . . . That during 
 the last 8 years and one half the Expence of these Dinners 
 for the Court of Assistants and the Court of Examiners 
 only have exceeded the sum of £1,300. . . . Re- 
 specting the meeting of the Master and Wardens or 
 
286 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Audit, it is an Appointment for the regulation of tlie 
 Annual Dinner only, and entertains the four Grentlemen 
 concerned, the Master, Wardens, and Clerk, at the 
 Expence of between 20s. and 30s. per head." The 
 result of this memorial was that " the same having been 
 read and debated, it was moved and seconded that for 
 the future there shall be no more than Twelve Dinners 
 in the course of the year at the Expence of the Company, 
 that is to say, four for the Courts of Assistants and 
 Examiners, and eight for the Court of Examiners only ; 
 and that for the future the Company shall not in any 
 case pay more than £12 12s. for the Courts of Assistants 
 and Examiners together, nor more than £6 6s. for the 
 Dinner of the Court of Examiners only. And that if the 
 expence upon any occasion shall be greater than these 
 sums, the surplus shall be paid by the Grentlemen them- 
 selves." 
 
 At the end of Mr. Grunning's year of office he 
 delivered a philippic, which is so interesting, and at the 
 same time so important, as showing to how low a 
 condition the management of the Company had fallen, 
 that I have thought it worth while to transcribe the 
 whole, lengthy as it is. ^ In this scathing address the 
 following lines occur : '"' You have a theatre for your 
 lectures, a room for a Library, a committee room for 
 your Court, a large room for the reception of your 
 communities, together with the necessary accommoda- 
 tions for your Clerk. . . . Your Theatre is without 
 Lectures, your Library room without books is converted 
 
 1 Appendix R, page 382. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 287 
 
 into an office for your clerk, and your committee room 
 is become liis parlour, and is not always used even in 
 your common business, and when it is thus made use 
 of it is seldom in a fit and proper state." The reproof 
 was taken in good part by the Company, and a 
 committee was appointed to inquire into the truth 
 of the allegations, and a series of resolutions were 
 ultimately embodied reforming the more flagrant 
 abuses. 
 
 In 1790 it was deemed expedient to appoint a 
 professor of suro^ery, and Mr. John Grunninsr „ „ , . 
 
 i- o J ' iD Professorship 
 
 was selected as the first occupant of the new °* su^sery. 
 chair, with Mr. Abernethy as his colleague in the chair 
 of anatomy. After holding the professorship of surgery 
 for a short time, Mr. Grunning resigned it, on the plea, 
 that it occupied too much of his time, and there is no 
 evidence to show that any new appointment was ever 
 made. 
 
 In 1793 Pennell Hawkins, a former master of the 
 Company, died, and Mr, David Dundas, of Richmond, 
 was appointed to be one of the king's sergeant-surgeons 
 in his stead. Mr. Dundas beins^ onlv " a surg-eon and 
 apothecary," or, as we should now say, " a general 
 practitioner," his appointment to so important a post 
 gave great offence to the Company. By the traditions 
 of the Company the person appointed sergeant-surgeon 
 was elected into the Courts of Assistants and Examiners 
 at the first vacancy, and was afterwards made principal 
 master of the Company at the election next ensuing 
 upon his appointment at Court, unless he had already 
 
288 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 passed the chair. By a bye-law of the corporation, 
 however, it was enacted that " no person practising as 
 an Apothecary, or following any other trade or occupa- 
 tion besides the profession or business of a surgeon, 
 shall be capable of being chosen into the Court of 
 Assistants, or if he be one of the Court of Assistants, 
 be eligible to the still higher office of Master." The 
 Company was therefore in a dilemma. A special Court 
 of Assistants was called, and, as might have been 
 expected, the exclusive party carried the day, and it 
 was ruled that no apothecary could hold office in the 
 Company, and that Mr. Dundas was ineligible for the 
 posts of assistant, examiner, or master. Mr. Dundas 
 protested against the decision, and the Company took 
 steps to defend themselves in case the matter should be 
 tried at law ; but it was never followed up, and we 
 may therefore suppose that Mr. Dundas was content 
 to hold his appointment without intruding upon the 
 Company. 
 
 The following notice, occurring in the books of the 
 Company during the year 1793, carries our thoughts to 
 France during the period of the Eevolution. " The 
 Clerk produced a letter from the parish officers of 
 S* Martin's, Ludgate Hill, requesting a contribution 
 from the Court towards the relief of the French refugees. 
 . Resolved, that as the Members of the Court 
 have all of them contributed to that fund at their 
 respective residences, they do not think fit to comply 
 with the request contained in such Letter." 
 
 On the 19th of May, 1796, "The Master informed 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 289 
 
 the Court that in consequence of a Survey and Exami- 
 nation made sometime since by M"^ Neill, 
 
 . p ,■, , The Corpora- 
 
 a surveyor, called m tor that purpose, tion of smge- 
 
 •^ -'--'- ons annulled. 
 
 it appeared that the Hall and Theatre 
 were very much out of repair, and that the first 
 Estimate for these repairs exceeded £1,600. That the 
 Tenure by which they are held is only about 55 
 years, subject to a ground-rent and taxes amounting 
 to £240 a year. It had frequently been a subject 
 of Consideration among the Members of the Court of 
 Examiners whether it would not be for the benefit of 
 the Company to dispose of the Hall and Theatre, and to 
 erect new premises upon freehold ground." This report 
 of the surveyor appears to have decided them upon the 
 subject, and directions were accordingly given to the 
 clerk to sell them by public auction, if a profitable 
 bid could be obtained. A committee of six members, 
 endowed with plenary powers, was selected to carry out 
 the business. The property was offered for sale, but in 
 July, 1796, Mr. Gunning reported from the committee 
 that as no one had bid within £200 of the price 
 fixed upon, the premises had been bought in upon 
 the Company's account. At the same court at which 
 Mr. Grunning made this announcement Mr. Cline was 
 elected a member of the Court of Assistants, in place 
 of William Walker, who had died whilst holding the 
 office of warden. This court, held on July 7th, 1796, 
 is remarkable in that it terminated the legal existence 
 of the Corporation of Surgeons. 
 
 By the Act of Incorporation, ISth Geo. II., the 
 
 T 
 
290 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Court of Assistants of the Company was to consist of a 
 master, or chief governor, and two governors, or wardens, 
 with, other members, of whom it was enacted that the 
 master and one governor, together with one or two 
 members, should form a court for the despatch of 
 business. It happened that William Walker, one of 
 the governors, died in May, 1796, wiiilst the other 
 governor, John Wyatt, was lying blind and paralysed 
 in Warwickshire, and though, his son was sent, at great 
 expense, to bring him to London, he w^as too ill to be 
 moved. At the meeting of the court, therefore, there 
 were present the master, William Cooper, and seventeen 
 members of the Court of Assistants, but not one of the 
 governors, as ordained by the Act. The meeting was 
 therefore not legally a court. The persons present, 
 however, determined on proceeding to business, and, as 
 just mentioned, they elected Mr. Cline into the court, 
 besides transacting the usual business of an election 
 day. This was not, however, the first occasion tliat 
 such an informal court had been held, for a similar 
 occurrence took place at tw^o successive courts in 1762, 
 when the master was absent, though both wardens were 
 present. In 17h4 the corporation had become more 
 careful, for " A Quarterly meeting was summoned to 
 meet at the Theatre as usual on the 1st day of April, 
 1784. But neither of the Wardens being present, and 
 it being Impossible to hold a Court without the presence 
 of one of them, the Master adjourned the Court to the 
 Shakespeare Tavern, in Covent Garden, to be there 
 assembled Immediately, and the Beadle was sent to 
 
TEU CRAFT OF SURGERY. 291 
 
 desire the attendance of the Wardens, or one of them. 
 Whereupon both of the wardens immediately came to 
 the Shakespeare tavern, and in consequence thereof the 
 usual quarterly meeting was held." In 1796, on the last 
 occasion of holding an informal meeting, the Compan}^ 
 soon found that they had got into a very serious scrape, 
 and on laying a case before counsel, there was no doubt 
 that their corporation was destroyed by the illegcil 
 construction of the Court of Assistants. 
 
 A bill was therefore brought into parliament to 
 leg-alise those acts of the corporation ^ ^ 
 
 o J- Endeavour to 
 
 which, though not morally, were le- f^^^lZT'''' 
 
 , . ,, Company. 
 
 gaily wrong, and to give tne corpora- 
 tion greater power over the profession. This latter 
 attempt excited great wrath in those who prac- 
 tised without the diploma of the corporation, and a 
 violent opposition to it was set up. It is probable, 
 however, that the opposition would have been over- 
 come, for the bill had passed through the Commons 
 and got into committee in the Lords, where it was 
 lost by the influence of Lord Thurlow, owing, it is 
 believed, to the hatred he bore the Surgeon-Glen eral 
 Grunning, who, in reply to that noble brute's observa- 
 tion, " There's no more science in surgery than in 
 butchery," had promptly and spiritedly answered : 
 " Then, my lord, I heartily pray that your lordship 
 may break your leg, and have only a butcher to set it, 
 and then you'll find the difference between butchery 
 and surgery." Well, the bill went into committee, the 
 Bishop of Bangor (Dr. J. Warren) was in the chair, and 
 T 2 
 
292 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Thurlow, soon finding tliat lie was not strong enongh. at 
 that time to oppose, urged on tlie honest cliurcliman 
 the propriety of further consideration of the bill at a 
 future day, hoping then to carry his point. The 
 college secretary (Belfour) being present watching the 
 bill, and guessing the object of Thurlow, urged the 
 bishop to bring the matter at once to a decision, es- 
 pecially as he had the Book of Numbers in its favour. 
 " Why," said the bishop, " you don't suppose my 
 Lord Thurlow will play me a trick, do you ? " " Tricks 
 have been played in this House, my lord," was the 
 secretary's quick reply. The bishop, however, yielded 
 to Thurlow's suggestion ; the consideration of the bill 
 was deferred, and when it was next taken up in com- 
 mittee, on July 17th, 1797, Thurlow had taken care to 
 be better supported, and threw it out by carrying his 
 motion, that the third reading of the bill be put off to 
 this day three months. 
 
 The ready passage of the bill through the Lower 
 House was, no doubt, in great measure due to the able 
 advocacy of Mr. Erskine, " who, as being of Counsel for 
 the Court, had declined bringing the bill into the House 
 of Commons, but had signified his readiness to assist the 
 Court and the Company, and by all the means in his 
 power to support and promote the success of the Bill." 
 For these services he would take no fees. On the 
 refusal of Mr. Erskine to introduce the bill, Mr. Main- 
 waring undertook to do so, but being unexpectedly 
 prevented from attending at the proper time, Mr. Eose 
 actually laid the bill before the House. At the same 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 293 
 
 time, Mr. Earle obtained from the king the privilege that 
 the college should be called The Eoyal College of Surgeons. 
 After the failure of the sale by auction, the Company 
 cast about for some means of grettino: rid of 
 
 " '-' New premises. 
 
 their property in the Old Bailey, and it was 
 sold to the City authorities for the sum of £2,100. In 
 the meantime they had purchased for £5,500 a freehold 
 house inLincoln's Inn Fields, belonging to a Mr. Baldwin. 
 Part of the opposition in the House of Lords to the new 
 bill was based on the fact that the Company occupying 
 these premises being so far from the usual place of 
 execution, great inconveniences, it was apprehended, 
 would arise from the conveying of bodies through the 
 streets, and dissecting them in the neighbourhood of 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. To obviate this objection, a 
 clause was added to the bill giving power to the 
 Company " to provide a convenient house or building as 
 near as can be procured to the place of execution, to 
 which house the bodies of all persons who shall be 
 executed for murder, and shall be sentenced to be 
 dissected and anatomised . . . according to the Act 
 entitled, An Act for the better preventing the horrid 
 crime of Murder, shall be conveyed." The clause, 
 however, did not save the bill. In the meantime, as the 
 Company were not provided with a place for dissection, 
 "Mr. Chandler," in July, 1797, "a member of this 
 Court, in the most polite and ready manner offered his 
 Stable for the Reception of the Bodies of the two mur- 
 derers who were executed last month : which offer the 
 Court thankfully accepted." 
 
294 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 The loss of the bill entitled "An Act for erect- 
 ing the Corporation of Surs^eons of Lon- 
 
 Consequences tj x o 
 
 of theTew*^^"^ don into a College, and for granting and 
 confirming to such College .certain rights 
 and privileges," exposed the Surgeons' Company to great 
 mortification, and not a few insults. Many of the 
 members of the Company declined to pay their quarterly 
 dues, and the routine of business came to a standstill, 
 since no assistants or examiners could be elected. The 
 examination of the navy surgeons was undertaken by 
 the Sick and Hurt Ofiice, and the Company found itself 
 in a most deplorable and degrading situation. As an 
 instance of this, " Mr. Lucas informed the Court on 
 Oct. 5th, 1797, that a gentleman who had been examined 
 at a Court of Examiners on the 7th day of September 
 last, and had been passed for a 2nd mate of a third rate, 
 had called upon him, and informed him that the day 
 following on his going to the sick and hurt ofiice for his 
 qualification he had been required to undergo, and had 
 undergone, another long examination in Surgery there, 
 and that the Commissioners of that ofiice had certified 
 him to be qualified for a first mate of any rate, and that 
 he had actually gone to sea in that capacity." 
 
 At a Court of Assistants held at the Company's 
 
 house in Lincoln's Inn JFields on November 
 
 a College of 22nd, 1797, the master reported that a 
 
 Surgeons. ■*• 
 
 committee from the Company had met 
 a deputation from the committee appointed by the 
 members who had opposed the bill, and had received 
 from them the conditions upon which they were inclined 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 295 
 
 to withdraw their opposition, and to co-operate with 
 the Company in obtaining a new Act of Parhament. 
 The names of the opponents do not appear. The chief 
 clauses in the proposed new Act were that the Company 
 be converted into a college, with a council of thirty mem- 
 bers, a president, and four vice-presidents. That the 
 council were to be divided into three examining com- 
 mittees : one for surgery, a second for midwifery, and 
 the third to examine the army and navy surgeons in 
 medicine. That the jurisdiction of the college should 
 be unlimited in point of area, and that all practitioners 
 in England and Wales should be subject to the exami- 
 nation of the Court of Examiners or to a deputation from 
 that body. That the lectures on anatomy and surgery 
 should be on a more extended scale, and that there 
 should be no disqualifying bye-law so far as regards the 
 practice of midwifery and pharmacy. That a library 
 and museum should be formed, and that surgical 
 transactions should be published periodically. The 
 members who petitioned against the former bill there- 
 upon consented to contribute towards the expense of 
 supporting Mr. Hunter's museum. 
 
 After numerous committee meetings and much de- 
 liberation, it was proposed to present a new bill during 
 the ensuing session of Parliament, when it occurred to a 
 member of the Court whose name is not recorded that " a 
 charter from the Crown will be preferable to a Bill in Par- 
 liament." A petition for this purpose was therefore 
 presented to the king through the Duke of Portland, 
 and a draft of the intended charter was submitted to 
 
296 MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 
 
 tlie consideration of tlie Attorney and Solicitor- Greneral. 
 Some opposition, however, was made to this proposal, for 
 " a caveat was lodged by the committee of members who 
 had opposed the late Bill," but it was unsuccessful. 
 
 On March 22nd, 1800, the Royal College of Surgeons 
 in London was established by a Charter of George the 
 III., which reinstated the Company in its former position 
 on condition that it resigned its municipal privileges. 
 The titles of master and governors, however, which had 
 belonged to the older corporations, were retained, and 
 only gave place in 1821 to the more high-sounding 
 titles of president and vice-presidents when the college 
 received a supplemental charter from George IV. It 
 was not until the year 1843, by a charter from the 
 Queen, that -the name of the College was changed to 
 that which it still retains of The Royal College of Sur- 
 geons of England, with its present constitution of 
 President, Yice-Presidents, Council, Fellows, and 
 Members. 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 OKDINANCE OF THE BARBERS THAT NO UNLICENSED PERSONS 
 SHOULD ACT AS BARBEES WITHIN THE CITY OF LONDON. TWO 
 OVERSEERS OF THE B4.RBERS TO BE APPOINTED. 
 
 On the sixth day of October, in the 49th year of the reign of 
 King Edward the Third, after the Conquest [a.d. 
 1375] John Warde being Mayor. To the honor- S^Bartel:? 
 able and wise Lords the Mayor and Aldermen of 
 the City of London ; the good folk Barbers of the said city show 
 that from day to day there come from Uppelande,-^ Men, Barbers, 
 little skilled in their craft, into the said city, and take houses and 
 intermeddle with barbery, surgery, and with the cure of other 
 sicknesses, whereas ihey know not how to do such things nor ever 
 were qualified in that craft to the great damage and cheating of 
 the people and to the great scandal of all the honest barbers of the 
 said city : wherefore the said good folk pray that it would please 
 your honorable lordships for God^s sake and in the work of 
 charity to ordain and establish that henceforth no such stranger 
 coming into the said city from Uppelande or from any other 
 part, whatever be his condition should occupy house or shop of 
 Barbery in the city itself before he has been found hable and 
 skilled in the said art and craft of barbery and that by trial and 
 examination of the good folk barbers of the city itself. And 
 that you would please to ordain and establish that from hence- 
 forth there should be for all time two honest persons of the said 
 trade chosen by common assent to be guardians of the said craft. 
 That these two should be presented to the Mayor, Recorder 
 and Alderman of the said city and sworn before them well and 
 loyally to rule their mystery to the best of their j)Ower and 
 skill. And that the masters should oversee the tools of all the 
 
 ^ The general name for country i^laces (Eilcy). 
 
298 MEMORIALS OF TEE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 
 
 said art that they be good and fitting' for the use of the people 
 to avoid the peril which might happen. And that on the 
 complaint of the two masters all rebels from the said craft shall 
 be made to come before you and whoever shall be found in 
 defiance of this ordinance shall pay to the chamber xl^. And 
 that henceforth no men of this craft shall be received into the 
 franchise of the city if he have not witness for honesty and 
 ability by good examination before you, and that no stranger 
 shall hold house or shop of this craft within the said city nor 
 within the suburbs thereof. And that this ordinance be enrolled 
 in the chamber of the Gyhalle [Guildhall] of London to endure 
 for ever. 
 
 Which was granted to them. 
 
 And therefore Laurence de Westone 
 John de Grantone 
 were chosen Masters of the Barbers and were sworn well and 
 truly to govern their mystery etc and duly present defaults.-^ 
 
 1 Letter Book H, fol. 275. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 REGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OP A CONJOINT COLLEGE OP 
 PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS IN THE CITY OP LONDON. 
 
 The XV Day of may ye yere of kyno-e Henvy ye sixte after ye 
 
 conquest ye first (1423), Maister Gilbert Kymer 
 
 maistre of art Doctour of medieyns and Reetour awnceand 
 
 p f. . -jcti ■ I t 1 Articles of 
 
 or medicynes nr ye cite or Jjondon maistre John Phisic/ons 
 
 r^ I , . ^-, . -, . -, . , withiiine the 
 
 bumbeshete Uomensour m medieyns and maister cite of London 
 Thomas Southwell Bacheler in medieyns ipetieioners of the same 
 Surueiours of ye faculte of Physik in ye same 
 Cite : And Thomas Morstede and John Harowe ye two maistres 
 of ye crafte of cirurgy with alle ye eirurgeans wirkyng in ye 
 crafte of eirurgy Withinne London comen here and putten up 
 to ye maire and Aldermen a bille or a petie^'on in Englissh con- 
 cenyng ye honeste of ye ffaculte of Phisyk and ye honeste of ye 
 crafte of cirurge and ye common proffit of ye cite in these Wordes 
 
 Noble Lordes forasmoche t/ia,t ye glorious konnyng of Phisyk 
 and the crafte of Cirurgy er ' fro Day to Day gretlich Dis- 
 claundred and sorrowfully skorned and grete parte of ye peple 
 spiliide ^ be Wreeches and j^rijsumptuous practisours in phisyk 
 nought knowyng ye treuthe or ground of t/iat 'K&enlte of phisyk 
 And be Unkonnynge Wirkers in cirurgy nought knowyng ye 
 welbe?';e_^ [of the] crafte of cirurgy, like u;^to your lordships for 
 ye Disclaundre of so high a ffaculte of Phisyk and so worthy a 
 crafte of cirurgy to be putte awey And that mahkynd be 
 nought begiled from hennes forward bi ye Disceites of 
 Unkonnynge practisours in phisyk and unkonnynge Wirkers in 
 ye crafte of cirurgy withinne ye boundes of your ffraunches ^ 
 to stable yordinance underwriten ener more to be obserued 
 
 In ye first please it you Ordeyne t/isit fro hennes forward [for] 
 ^ are. - failing. ^ liberties. 
 
300 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 alle Phisicians and cirurgeaiis withinne ye libertees of London 
 praetisyng in Pbisyk and Wirkyng incirurg-y as oon Co?/^»^i?^alte 
 be oon Reetoui' of Medicyns and two Surueiours of ye ffaculte 
 of Pliisyk and two Maistres of ye erafte of cirurg-ye mowe ■*• be 
 gouerned in maner and fourme suynge ^ That is to say tbat 
 oon place be hadde withinne ye cite of London contenyng atte 
 lest^ thre bowses seuerall. Whereof oon be rehaued and desked 
 for redyng- and Disputacons in Philosophye and in medicyn And 
 that other for congreg-ac^'ons elecczons and counseils of alle 
 phisicians practisyng' in Phisyk for all man;^e;• of articles to be 
 decided oonly ^jertenynge to ye ffaculte of Phisyk And ye third 
 for congregaczons elecczons and counseils of alle cirurgeans wirk- 
 yng in ye erafte of cirurgy for all manner of articles to be dealed 
 oonly pertenynge to ye erafte of cirurgye So t/ia^t the Rectour of 
 medicynes be at bothe if he be present in towne as/;r(?sident and 
 Hewler And if he be notjyrt'sent f/ism ye ffaculte of Phisyk and ye 
 erafte of Cirurgy precede as he ware present eche by hymselfe 
 oonly in alle manner of poynts t/isit longeth to ther konn}nage. 
 
 Also please you to ordeyne t/i?it ye said co?nm[naltie of all 
 Phisicians and cirurgeans of London eiiereche * yere of hem- 
 self e mowe chose and presente to ye mair of the cite for ye 
 tyme beynge oon Rectour for ye ffaculte of medicyn by hym to 
 be rewled And ye saide phisicians euereche yere of hemself 
 mowe chose and jijr^sente before ye mair of the cite of London 
 for ye tyme beyng two Surueiours for ye ffaculte of Phisyk to be 
 governed And ye cirurgeans of London euereche yere of 
 bemself mowe ebose and jfjresente to ye mair of the cite of London 
 for ye tyme beyng two maistres for ye Craf te of Cirurgy to be 
 gouerned by Alwey excepte t/isit none be chose Rectour of 
 medicyns bot he be Doctour of Medicyns maistre of arte and 
 Philosophic or a bachiler in medicyns of long tyme in Vertu and 
 konn}Tige approued if eny suche may be found. And if non 
 suche may be found ne be present fJian ye ffaculte of Phisyk be 
 go?ierned oonly by ye Surueiours of ye same ffaculte. And ye 
 Crafte of cirurgy by ye two maistres of ye same erafte eche by 
 
 1 may. - ensuing. ^ least. * every. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 301 
 
 hjmself unto tyme t/ia^t suclie a Doctour may be found or a 
 Baehiler. So Mat ye Bachiler ne occupie y office of ye Rectour 
 langer t/ien suche a Doctour of ye condic/'ons afore reliersed may 
 be founde Also excepte Mat non be cbose/i Rectourne Surveiours 
 of Phisike ne maistres of cirurgye bot t/iet be born withinne ye 
 Roiaume of England wisest ablest and most discrete of long 
 tyme also in vertu and konnynge yproued 
 
 Also please it you to ordeyne that no persone withinne ye 
 liberte of ye Cite of London presuvae in eny wise to practise in 
 Phisyk onlesse Man he be examined and found able iheveto bi 
 ye Rectour and two Surueiours of Phisyk and ye holer partie of 
 Mat ffaculte And Man admitted bi ye mair and Aldermen on 
 peyne of C° to paie to ye Chambre of Gyldhalle for ye commone 
 proffit of ye cite [and] Mat no^jersone withinne ye saide liberte of 
 London /^resume to wyrke in ye Crafte of Cirurgie owlesse Man 
 he be examined and found able if to be ye seide Rectour in 
 medicynes and two maistres of ye Crafte of Cirurgie And ye 
 more and holer partiQ of ye same Crafte And than admitted 
 be ^ ye Mair and Aldermen on ye peyne before rehersed paiable 
 in ye same maner 
 
 Also please it you to ordeyne M^at no Phisician withinne ye 
 ffraunchise of London resceive no cure upon him Despi?/*ate or 
 Dedly bot he showe it with alle ye circuw^stance to the Kectour 
 of Medicyns or to oon of ye Surueiours of Phisyk withinne two 
 or three dayes Mat it may for the remedy Merof if eny be 
 possible be eomuned with alle ye Commmdltie of Phisicians ne do 
 noMnng be way of medicyne to no paciente by ye whiche it is 
 lyke to hym or doubte Mat ye paciente myght stande in^^nlle 
 Also M^at no Cirurgian withinne ye boundes of London resceive 
 no cure into his hande of ye whiche may f olowe Dethe or. mayme 
 without Mat he shewe it to ye Rectour of Medicyns if he be 
 /(resent in towne and to oon of ye two maistres of cirurgy 
 withinne thre or foure Days Mat hit may be eomuned with ye 
 Discrete parte of cirurgians nor he shal not make eny kutyng or 
 cauterizac?'on Where of may folowe Deth or mayme without 
 
 1 by. 
 
302 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 t/i&t he shewe it afore to ye Rectour of Medicyns if lie he preser\t 
 in towne and to ye two maistres of cirurgy iAat it may be 
 comuned With ye discrete parte of Cirurg-eans for saluae^on of 
 ye paeiente and worship of ye Crafte of Cirurg-y With that the 
 Rectour Surueiours and Maistres aforeseid be alwey redy when 
 that they be required to ouerse and decide ye matters aforesaid 
 without eny thing takyng for her ^ labour on peyne of xx^ Alwey 
 obserued ?^/^at ye Rectour of medicyns gif no dome ^ in eny case 
 of cirurgie W?'t/^out consent of ye two maistres of cirurgie or of 
 oon of hem with ye discrete ])artie of ye Comminaltie of ye Crafte 
 of Cirurgyans nor he shal not make non ordeyna^mce nor no 
 eonstituc^ons that perteneth. to ye Crafte of cirurgy withoute 
 ye consent of ye two maistres of cirurgy or of oon of hem and 
 ye discrete ur^af tie of cirurgeans And nether of ye two maistres 
 of ye Crafte of cirurgy Do ye same without hym aud he be 
 present And ye same article be obserued in ye ffaculte of Phisyk 
 
 Also please it you ta ordeyn and stable t/isit if eny phisician 
 before ye Rectour of medicynes and ye two Surueiours of 
 Phisyk trewly and lawfully be conuicte of false practicke in 
 Phisyk or of any other open Defawte Disclau^dres and worthy 
 accusacion by two or thre trewe men this Dooen anone relac^on 
 thexeol. made to ye mair of the cite of London he be punysshed by 
 ye saide mair without delay with peyne pecunier or prison or 
 puttynge out frow^ alle practyk in Phisyk for a tyme or for 
 euermore after ye quantite and qualite of his trespas as to ye 
 mair and Aldermen by examinac/on of ye treuthe and informacion 
 of ye Rectour and Surueiours of Phisyk may be found. Also if 
 any Cirurgian before ye Rectour of medicyns and ye maistres of 
 cirurgy trewly and lawfully be conuicte of false wirkyng [etc.] . 
 
 Also please it you to ordeyne tli^t e2<ereche seke man 
 nedyng ye practyk of Phisyk or ye Wirkyng of cirurgy fallen 
 in such pouerte tli^t he sufficeth not to make good for ye 
 labours of his Phisician or of his cirurgean if ye cause perteygne 
 to physik if he will pleyne hym to ye Rectour of medicyns or to 
 oon of ye Surueiours of Phisik a gode practisour shal be 
 
 1 their. ^ opinion. 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 303 
 
 assigned by oon of hem besily to take hede to hym without eny 
 expense resceivyng for his labour upon resonable peyne to 
 be sette by ye counsell of Phisyk And if it be a cause of 
 cirurgy if he will pleyne him to ye Rectour of medieyns or to 
 oon of ye two maistres of cirurgy a good worker of ye same 
 crafte shal be assigned by oon of them besily to take hede 
 to hym without eny expense resceivyng for his labour upon 
 resonable peyne to be sette by the Rectour and ye two maistres 
 of cirurgy and ye holer partie of ye same Alway outake ^ t/iat 
 none of ye Phisicians ne cirurgeans take otcev moche more or 
 unresonabely of eny seke bot after ye power of ye seke man and 
 mesurabely after ye deseruyng of his labour. 
 
 Also please it you to ordeyne t/mt if eny false medieyns or 
 sophisticate or made untrewly be found to selle be ye Rectour of 
 Medieyns and ye two Surueiours of Phisyk and ye two maisters 
 of cirurgy and two Apotecharyes assigned iAereto in ye Shoppe 
 of eny Apotechary or elles where withinne ye bound es of 
 London in euet'eche onersej'mge of her medieyns t/mt t//ei be 
 demed ^ alwey to be caste awey by ye Rectour and ye six 
 ji;efsones afore rehersed And ye Apotechary or other seller 
 holdyng with hym suche medieyns be punisshed by ye mair as 
 to ye mair and Aldermen be examinac/on of ye trouthe and 
 informac?'on of ye Rectour and sixjoersons afore rehersed may be 
 found. 
 
 Also please it you to ordeyne t/iai non be admitted at London 
 for a graduate man in ye fi'aculte of Medieyns into ye 
 Comunaltie of Phisicians bot he bryng before ye Rectour and 
 two Surueiours of Phisyke lettres of Recorde of sufficiente 
 auctoritie or other sufficiente Witnesse of his graduacion 
 And t/iaxine nedeful tk'mges done asked before y admission he be 
 admitted to practise And after ye Worthynes of his Degre and 
 tyme of Admission holde a place as other men done; in ye conseil 
 of Phisicians so i/isit ye names of eue^-eche admitted for a 
 graduate man be sent be ye saide Rectour to ye mair. 
 
 Also please it you to ordeyne f//a.t ye Rectour of Medieyns 
 ^ except. - judged or condemned. 
 
301 . MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of London and bothe ye Surueiours of the ffaeulte of Phisyk and 
 bothe Maistres of ye Crafte of eirurgy in ye time of t/isiir 
 admission be bound to swere t/i?it inasmoche as in tkeva is 
 alle and eicereche constituc?ons to ^^air office belongyng-e shal 
 obserue or Do to be obserued alle lone hate fauour and neglig-ence 
 lefte as God and ye holy gospels f/iem shall helpe And ye 
 Rectour be sworne to be indifferente ^ to bothe ye konnynges And 
 also t/mt euereche Pliisician in his admission to ye practyk of 
 Phisyk in London before ye mair of ye cite in Guyhall swere 
 ^>^at he shall practise in phisyk well and trewly not in g-evyng" 
 wityngly nocious medicyns to eny man nor consentyng to ye 
 geuer ne he shal entermete of eny sekenes after his trewe 
 estimac^on unknowyng to hym in eny maner nor in medicyns 
 doyng or makyng- he shal not use eny vigilyng eny evyle 
 sophisticac^on or uutrouthe so god hym helpe and ye holy 
 Euflwngeiles And if he knowe eny m.a,nne use eny untrouthe of 
 ye forseide malices or not admitted to ye practise of Phisyk 
 withinne ye boundes of London hym that he knoweth so to 
 practise in Phisyk he shalle shewe without caryinge to the 
 Rectoiir of medicynes and to ye two Surueiours of Phisyk and 
 to ther counsel And he shal appere without eny gensayinge at ye 
 callyng of ye E-ectour and ye two Surueiours of Phisyk and 
 her" counseill in alle maner of causes lawfull and honest to her 
 konnynge j^ertenynge And eicereche cirurgean in his admission 
 to ye Crafte of cirurgye without fraude welle and trewly nat in 
 gevyng layng or usyng eny noious medicyns to ye crafte of 
 cirurgye joertenynge nor he shall nat entermete of sikenes sore or 
 hurtejoertenynge to ye Crafte of Cirurgy after his trewe esti- 
 mac?'on unknowynge to hym in eny maner nor he shall nat use 
 eny vigilyng eny evile sophisticac/on or untrowthe so god hym 
 helpe and ye holy gospels And if he knowe eny persone use eny 
 untrouthe of ye forseid malices or nought admitted to ye crafte 
 of cirurgy withinne ye boundes of London hym t/i&t he knoweth 
 so to wirke in cirurge he shall shewe without carynge to ye 
 Rectour of Medicyns and to the two maistres of ye crafte 
 ' impartial. ^ theii*. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 305 
 
 of cirurgye and to her counseil And he shalle appere without 
 eny gensaynge atte callynge of ye Rectour of medicyns and of 
 ye two maistres of ye crafte of eirurgy and her counseill in alle 
 maner of causes lawfull and honest to her crafte pertenynge 
 Sauynge alwey priuileges statutes and custumes of London 
 comendably vsed. 
 
 Also please it you to ordeyne tAsd> ye halvendele^ of ye 
 money comynge of ye peynes that ben received be a Sergeant^ 
 parte ordeyned for forfetes made in ye ffaculte of Phisyk 
 t'one halvendele to ye chambre of ye cite of London And 
 that other halvendele to ye ffaculte of Phisyk as it best semeth 
 to ye E-ectour and to ye two Surueiors of Phisyk and to her 
 cot/imiualtie to be don And halvendele of ye mone^ comynge of 
 ye peynes that ben received by ye Sergeant af orseid for forfetes 
 made in ye crafte of cirurgye tone* halvendele to ye chambre of 
 ye cite of London and t/ia.t other halvendele to ye crafte of 
 cirurgy as it best semeth to ye Rectour and to ye two maistres 
 of cirurgy and her commifialtie to be done. 
 
 The whiche bille after tksit hit was redde herde and diligently 
 understande by ye mair and Aldermenwe forasmoche as all and 
 euerye the articles contened thexevaxxe semed good and honest 
 and acordyng to open Reason Therefor it is graunted by ye 
 forsaid mair and Aldermen tJidX, ye forseid articles from hennes- 
 f orward be holde [n] stedf astly and be kept without varia?^^nce and 
 putte to execuc?'on Outake alway that if eny tyme to come hit 
 seme here to tlii^ Courte eny article aforseide to be unproffitable 
 or harmefull So that in alle or in joarcelle it nedeth to be 
 corrected or amended or hoolly to be adnulled be ye discrecxon 
 of ye mair and Aldermen for ye tyme beyng be hit lefull whenn 
 that same article by way of correcc?*on to adde or take away 
 that fro or all to putte away as hit to hem most nedefull and 
 spedefuU semeth. 
 
 This Ordinance speedily came into action, as appears by the 
 following entry : 
 
 ^ lialf. 2 i.e. belonging to the City sergeant, an officer of the Mayor. 
 
 3 money. ^ the one. 
 
 U 
 
306 MEMORIALS OF TEE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 Magister Gilbert Ktmee Rector ffacultat?'^ pliisicorwm 
 
 Thomas Morstedb ) ,, . ^. 
 
 ^^ V Supermsores Lirurgie 
 
 JoHES : Harwe ) 
 
 Jurat : XXVIII die Mail, A° H. VI p° jur. 
 
 The next entry in the 3 Henr. VI. presents the swearing in 
 o£ the rector and supervisors of the physicians : 
 
 Mage : Gilbertus Kymer Doctor Medicinarwwi et Rector 
 Medicorwm presenta^^^r ; per phi^/cos et cirurgicos et jur : 
 XXVII die septembr. Anno R.R. henrici sexti post conquests wi 
 tercio. 
 
 Magr: JouANims Sumbreshede") Superuisores Jurats eodem die 
 Mage": Thomas Suthuell j et joresenta;e^wr per phi*?'cos/ 
 
 1 Letter Book K, fol. 62*, ei seqq. 
 
APPENDIX 0. 
 
 REGULATIONS MADE IN THE YEAR 1435 FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF 
 THE GUILD OF SURGEONS. 
 
 i. In prfmis tli2X 3eerli^ tliQ craft come togidere. 
 ij. Item of quarterage. 
 iij. Item of th^ quarter dales. 
 iiij. Item noon schal take ano^^^eris cure. 
 V. Item of gouernaunce of foreyns. 
 vj. Item of schewynge of curis. 
 
 vij. Item of euene porciou/is of tliQ maistris aua2<;ntage5. 
 viij. Item of foreyns resseyued. 
 ix. Item of prentisis maid free. 
 X. Item how noon slial enplete dXiatJier. 
 xj. Item of visitynge of housholders. 
 xij. Item how peines schulew be moderat & bi whom, 
 xiij. Item of amending & addicions of tho, composicion. 
 xiiij. Item of payment to tlio. dyner. 
 XV. Item of condiciounis of tliQ boondis. 
 xvj. Item of tliQ charge and ooth. 
 xvij. Item of peyne of mysgouernauwee. 
 xviij. Item of the^ ooth of tlio, maistres. 
 xix. Item ^/^at noman presume breke th\s, ordinau?^ce. 
 XX. Item of tymes & houris sett of comy^zge togideris. 
 xxj. Item for the?;^ that laketh^ on St. luke is day at masse. 
 xxij. Item for them tli'dX laketh on tM day of cosme & damyan. 
 xxiij. Item for thewx that [lake] on t1iQ day of ;3resentac«on 
 hauywg know [ledge j. 
 
 ^ 3 isa corruption of tlie Anglo-Saxon g. It is found in English MSS. written 
 after the twelfth century, and sometimes answers to our g, sometimes to y, and 
 sometimes to gh, and also to a mute consonant at the commencement of a woi'd. 
 In the middle of a word it occasionally stands for i. 
 
 ' lacketh, i.e. is absent. 
 
 u 2 
 
308 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 In the name of God amen In the tenthe dai of may the 
 yeer of oure lord a thousand eccc & xxsv in the 
 ^eer of kyng- herry the vj the xiii Bi the good 
 advys of the worschipful men of the craft or science of cirurg-ie 
 in the citee of london & al the com;;^ounalte of the same craft 
 a eomposicioun or an ordinauwce in this mater is maid & assentid 
 stabilli to stonde euere here aftur 
 
 % Ffirst that 3eerli the seid craft come togidere on the dai 
 of Seint Cosme & Damian afore noon & chese hem^ iiij maistris 
 for the 3eer as oold custum was to rule and gouerne wel & 
 truli the seid Craft And that tho- maistris haue the tresour 
 & comoun godis of the same craft or feloschip in gouernaunce 
 the seid 3eer and thei to be bounden therefore after the 
 valu of the seid godis to iiij men of the seid craft chosen 
 bi the assent of al the felowschip And that the iiij men 
 deliuere the seid comoun godis of the craft to the forseid Maistris 
 for the 3eer whanne thei hen homiden therfore And at the 
 eende of the 3eer aforeseid or in the dai of hem asigued that is 
 to seie euere withinne the dai of seint luke next folowinge the 
 seid maistris to come & 3eld accountis of the godis a3en to hem 
 & trewe rekenyng therof & of alle other mercementis & dutees 
 longing to the seid craft of the which it bilongith hem bi this 
 eomposicioun to gadere & to 3elde accountis of as it is ordeined 
 & seid of withinne And that tho iiij men aforseid chosen 
 for the felowschip be^ bounden also to the forseid iiij maistris 
 & ech of hem bi hi;«silf i» vj^ & viij"^ to come at the 
 dai asigned to resseiue & to heere the acounte of the seid 
 maistris Alle maner of costis or expensis doon resonable 
 for the seid craft or felowschip & bi her^ assent to be alowid 
 hem & the ouerplus to be delyuerid to her successouris if 
 newe be chosen for the 3eer following aftir And so tkat 
 euerie 3eer aftir othir contynueK al the seid craft come togidere 
 at the dai aforseid asigned of Seint Cosme & Damian And if 
 it like thanne the seid felowschip to chaunge her maistris or 
 s\xmme of hem that thanne the seid maistris chese"* two newe 
 ^ them. 2 the. ^ their. '' choose. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 309 
 
 of the seid felowschip & after that if it Hke the felowsehip 
 chese thei ij men of the olde And othir wise also if the felow- 
 schip like the olde maistris or sumw^e of hem for her good 
 gouernaunce to stonde a 3eer lenger thei to chese those of hem 
 newe And also if the seid felowschip biseine spedeful to 
 chaunge alle the olde maistris at the ^eeris eende^ or at the two 
 3eeris ende to be leueful to hem to chese alle newe in the maner 
 forseid And in al maner wise as it is ordeined or is spedeful in 
 chesinge of the iiij maistris for the 3eer aforseid in the same 
 maner of wise be the chesing of the iiij men for the felowschip 
 on the forseid dai or withinne viij days aftir And whoso euere 
 hath been maistir two 3eer togidere that he be not compellid 
 a3ens his will to be stille the iij 3eer aftir But whatsoeuere 
 he be that is newe chosen & was not the 3eer tofore & he that is 
 chosen of the olde in the maner aforseid thei to be presentid & 
 to take her charge withinne X dales aftir the chesinge And 
 whoso ener it be of the seid maistris thus chosen as it is biforseid 
 & wole not obeie him to his charge of maistirschip withinne the 
 dales forseid that he paie to the box of the craft xiij^ & iiij*^ 
 withouten prouable cause founden of the contrarie And thanne 
 anothir to be chosen in his stede for whiche cause of eithir it be 
 bi the iiij men chosen for the felowschip for the seid 3eer And 
 also that tho iiij men for the felowschip forseid so chosen & 
 the olde maistris witA hem presente alwei the newe maistris to 
 her charge withinne the seid X dales & ellis ech of hem fauti 
 bi himsilf to paie to the box of the craft iij'' & iiij^ And in, what 
 maner of wise that thei ben chosen as it is rehersid aboue 
 that eueri 3eer thei be newe presentid & chargid as ordinauwce 
 of this Citee is • 
 
 Of Quarterage 
 
 Also it is ordeined & assentid in this composicioun that eueri 
 Cirurgian of the f elowschipe in the craft of Cirurgie 
 to paie 3eerli ij^ a quarter to the box that is viij"^ 
 a3eer to the profit & worschip of the craft in helping and releuying 
 the nede of pore men of the same felowschip And the iiij 
 
310 - MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Maistris to gadere it or do gadere it of al the forseid felowscliip 
 with oon of the iiij men with hem & eithir partie to haue a book 
 to counterolle ech othir of hem And so to the same entent 
 gadere thei alle othir mercementis peynes of fynes maad ^ or 
 doon for ony defautis doon or ony persoone withinne the seid 
 felowschip 
 
 Of the (Quarter dales 
 
 And also it is ordeined in this same composicioun that al the 
 
 craft come togidere oonys a quarter of dutee that is 
 
 to seie iiij tymes a 3ere viith outen the dai of ches- 
 
 inge aforsed to heers lerne the good ordinauncis rulis and gouern- 
 
 aunns of the seid craft And as ofte as it is nedeful othir tymes 
 
 the maistris to calle the seid craft to come togider thei to come And 
 
 he that is of the craft forseid & cometh not at the quarter day 
 
 asigned to paie to the seid box vj ^ And for ech other ty me that he 
 
 is warned to come & cometh not that he paie iiij*^ except resonable 
 
 cause prouable & due warnyng had afore And if the maistris 
 
 warne not neither do warne the seid felowschip to come togidere 
 
 oonys a quarter of dutee as it is aforseid Or if thei warne hem to 
 
 come & thei come not there hemsilf for ech of these ij defautis 
 
 ech of hem fauti hi hem silf to paie to the seid box iij^ & iiij*^ And 
 
 for ech othir tyme that thei warne the felowschipe to come 
 
 togidere & the seid maistris come not there hem silf that thanne 
 
 the seid maistris or tho fauti of hem to paie at ech tyme xijd 
 
 But euermore at alle tymes resonable cause except with due 
 
 warnyng had afore the tyme And if ony sich cause falle to 
 
 ony of the maistris or her deputees or to ony of the othire iiij 
 
 men chosen for the felowschip whether it be to oon or ij of 
 
 hem of whethir partie that it be the othere of hem to procede 
 
 for all the othere present for the tyme beinge with deputees 
 
 present of the seid maistris absent And if ony of hem viij or 
 
 ony othir of the felowschip be proued untrewe or feyned in his 
 
 excusacioun or in his absentynge or comynge togidere rehersid 
 
 afore & aftir bi ij or thre witnessis that he paie double of his 
 
 peyne sett afore 
 
 1 made. 
 
THE CBAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 311 
 
 How noon schal take ano^heris acre 
 
 Also in this composicioun it is ordeined that noon of the iiij 
 maistris neithir ony othir persoone of the seid 
 felowschip of the craft of Cirurgie putte ony 
 man of the felowschip out of his cure Otherwise than honeste 
 of the craft wole but that ech of hem be redi if nede be or 
 by ony of the parties called thereto thanne honestli to helpe 
 ech other with counseil or dede that worschip profit & honeste 
 of the craft & helpinge of the sike be had" & doon on alle 
 sidis & that as wel to be seen to of the nedeful helpers 
 therto of the seid felowschip or of the maistris whether 
 that it be of hem as resoun wole hem to be rewarded And if 
 ony of the seid craft do the contrarie that ech sich doere 
 contente the owner of the cure to the valu of al the cure & ouer 
 that to paie to the box vjs viij*^ & for his trespas ^ Or if ony 
 persoone of the seid felowschip of the craft disclaundre or 
 dispraue ony of the felowschip vnri^wysli ^ or unhonestli if it mai 
 be proued on h\m bi two or thre witnessis that he thanne paie to 
 the box iij^ & iiij"^ & ouer that make amendis to the seid per- 
 soone that he hath disclaundrid aftir the iugemtnt of the honest 
 maistris & her f'elowschipe nott fauti herinne 
 
 Of ffoicernaunce of foreyns 
 
 Also moreouer it is ordeined and assentidinthiseomposiciown 
 that no freemen of the craft of Cirurgie resseuie no 
 Cirurgian that is a foreyu ouer a monethe to occupie 
 hiwi in the craft of Cirurgie bi no maner of colour but that he bringe 
 him first withinne the dai forseid tofore the maistris of the seid 
 craft And that thei with her felowschip examyne Mxm dueli of his 
 craft And if thei fynde him able ^ hi kunnynge of the seid craft 
 than thei to suffre him thre 3eer to abide with the seid Cirurgian bi 
 couenaunt maad aftir the advys of the maistris & aftir that he to 
 be rulid & gouerned bi the craft And if ony persoone of the seid 
 
 1 UTLi-ighteously. ^ skilful. 
 
312 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 felowscliip do tlie contrarie with ony sicTi forein that he paie to 
 the box xx^ And also forthwith to leeue the forseid seruaunt 
 or Cirurgian 
 
 Of schewynge of curis 
 
 And more ouer if ony persoone of the seid felowsehip haue 
 ony cure disperat of the which is lykli to falle into 
 deeth or mayme or to him unknowen that he 
 schewe it to the maistris or to su»^me of hem withinne foure 
 or fyue daies upon peine to paie to the box xiij^ & iiij*^ 
 And if ony of the forseid maistris be required hi ony of the 
 felowsehip to se sich a cure disperat & he wole not come there 
 to se it either for comfort of the sike and honeste of the 
 craft that he paie to the box at ech tyme & as ofte 
 as he is herinne fauti vj^ & viij*^ And if ony man of the 
 maistris forseid for the 3eer falle thus \n ony peine aboue 
 ordeined if he wole not paie it withinne the dai of his offise of 
 maistirschip that thanne hise successouris that is to seie^ 
 the maistris aftir Yam g-adere it of him as thei g-adere it of othir 
 personys of the same felowsehip or craft. 
 
 Of euene porciouns of the maistris avauntages 
 
 And if ony profit or avauntage of gifte come to ony of the 
 foure maistris whethir it be thoruth^ callinge & 
 visiting of ony persoone as it is aforseid or thoruth 
 ony othir cause aparteynynge to the office of the seid maistris 
 that euermore it be departid in euene porciouns amongis \xem iiij 
 And if ony sich caas thoruth nede falle ony tyme to ony of 
 the iiij deputees for the seid maistris absent that thanne the seid 
 depute haue his part thereof as oon of the maistris pres,eni 
 IT And eueri examinacioun or iugeme^^t that is to be had or to be 
 doon at ony tyme of ony mater aperteynynge to the craft of 
 Cirurgie that it be doon & parfoormed euermore honestli bi the 
 iiij maistn's or ther deputees & fremen of the same felowsehip 
 
 say. 2 thouQ-h. 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 313 
 
 How foreyns hen ressyued 
 
 And if ony man shall be resseyued into the craft & maad 
 free bi redempcioun that it be doon bi the asse?it 
 of alle the iiij maistris for the tyme beynge & at 
 the leeste ij of the iiij men chosen for the felowschip with hew 
 & that the seid persoone 3eue ^ to the iiij maistris her fees & a 
 certein to the box & a dyner to the craft. And also that no 
 persoone be made maistir of the craft withinne vij 3eere after 
 his entrynge neither ony tyme but that he bi proued good & 
 honest of gouernaunce & secreet at the seid teerme of vij 3eer 
 
 Of prentisis maad free 
 
 And eueri prentys whanne he is maad free that thanne the 
 maistris of the craft for the tyme bei^zge schal calle 
 the seid persoonne to he?^ & ther to 3eue hi;» 
 his charge to be rulid & gouerned bi the seid craft And 
 thanne as he goodli mai to 3eue iij^ & iiij*^ to the box And 
 also that no sich persoone be mac/e mastir of the craft withinne 
 the teerme of six 3eer aftir his entringe & in al the seid terme 
 he be proued wel gouerned & honest wys & secreet & ellis he 
 not to be resseiued to here the office of maistirschip withinne 
 other vj 3eer And if he be not founden bi tho xij yeeris wel 
 rulid in manner forseid he neuere to be chosen maistir. 
 
 How noon of hem schal enplete'^ ano\M\r 
 
 And also it is ordeined that no persoone of the same craft of 
 Cirurgie schal enplete another of the same felow- 
 schip for no cause longynge to the seid craft on the 
 peyne of xx^ to the box at ech tyme that he so doith withouten 
 that it be maad knowen first' to ye maistrw with her cause in 
 bothe parties And than the maistrz's to take it into her hand 
 & thei dueli & truli to examine it & redresse it ri3twysli^ & 
 consciensli for bothe ;)arties if thei withinne fourti dales at the 
 
 1 give. - implead. ^ righteously. 
 
314 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 moste or fertliest And i£ ony sich caas falle ony time bitwixe 
 ony of the maistris & ony othir of the seid felowschip that 
 thanne the seid maister chese for hi;;^ in this cause to the othir 
 maistris oon of the foure chosen for the felowschip and thei 
 to make an eende therof in the maner as it is aforseid And 
 moreouer if ony sich persoone or persoones so discordid of the 
 felowschip as it is bifore rehersid haue the maistris or ony 
 of hem suspect of untrouthe that thanne in ony sich caas the 
 maistris & the foure men chosen for the felowschip to gouerne it 
 in the manner forseid And if ony of the foure men chosen for 
 the felowschip be partie in ony sich cause of discord aforseid 
 that thanne he chese for him & for his cause if he wole oon 
 of the felowschip to the othir persoones that schulen trete for his 
 cause And if the maistris ia the maner forseid mai not make 
 an eende for the parties neithir with the other mew chosen for 
 the felowschip withinne the seid fourti daies that thanne 
 if ony of the parties have not unresonabli absentid hem for 
 to varie the seid arbiterment thanne thei to lete the mater 
 stonde at large alwei except the maters & causis aparteynynge 
 to the secretis of the same seid craft 
 
 Of the visitynge of housJiolders 
 
 And also it is ordeined that the maistris eueri 3eer & as ofte 
 as it is nedeful visite the householderis of this seid 
 craft or tho-*- of hem that hau seruauntis how thei 
 haue hem or holde hem whethir it be prentys or couenaunt man 
 and that the holderis oE siche sehewe the maistris the coue- 
 nauntis & dentouris^ of the seid seruauntis so that thei moun wite 
 and knowe that all siche seruauntis and prentisis & ther maistris 
 be rulid & gouerned after the fraunchise of this citee and her 
 ooth & if thei fynde ony sich persoone or persoones of the craft 
 that wole not obei this ordinaunce or ony othir leueful or lawef ul 
 ordinaunce afor writen thei to make it knowen to the mair or 
 chaumbirleyn as custum & maner of the Citee wole 
 
 1 those. ^ indentui'es. 
 
TEU CRAFT OF SURGERY. 315 
 
 How paines shal he moderaied 8f bi whora 
 And if ony ordinaunce that is made or hereaftir is to be 
 maad of ony peyne sette aboue or hereaftrr is to 
 be sett is ony tyme spadeful to be moderatid that 
 thanne the foure maistris with the foure men chosen for the 
 felowsehip thei to moderate it aftir her best advys to the for- 
 theryng- of the present profite helthe and welfare of goddis peple 
 & the kingis 
 
 IF And if it so be that thei mai not in this maner of wise 
 acorde withinne the seid felowsehip the maistris thanne to haue 
 recours to the mair or Chaumbirlein as fredom & ordinaunce of 
 this citee wole & so in this maner wise for to correcte he?» that 
 ben misgouerned a3ens the good ordinaunce of the craft aforseid 
 & also untrewe worchers^ m the craft of the same felowsehip and 
 so proued 
 
 Of amendynge and addicioun of the composicioun 
 
 And if ony tyme to come hereafter it biseme to the craft ony 
 thing in this forseid ordinaunce & composicioun 
 to be to miche or to litil that thanne the seid 
 craft bi common assent & aftir her good advys & discreciouns 
 it to be comowned disereetli that is to seie that the mater be 
 dueli examined bi good advys in comunicacioun of the felow- 
 sehip bi foure or v dales & that bi a copi had out of the original 
 of the mater & it to be answerid bi profitable resoun & writinge 
 & otherwise not to be resseiued at ony tyme to come hereaftir 
 And it ony ordinaunce in this manner wise is thus aproued after- 
 ward be it not empungned 
 
 Of payment to the dyner 
 And also it is ordeined that euery free man of the craft of 
 Cirurgie paie jeerii to the dyner of the craft that 
 is to seie oonys a3eer on the dai of Seint luke ech 
 man lich mich^ whether he be present or absent except noun'^ 
 ^ -workers. ' equally. ^ no. 
 
316 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 power ^ & the ouerplus thereof not spendid if onj sleli is be 
 it kept & spendid on the nexte [quarter ?] dai And also that 
 eueri free Cirurg-ian mainteine & supporte in alle tymes aft?V 
 his kunninge & his power the honeste of the seid craft : & neithir 
 for occacioun of displesaunce or ony othir cause neuere the seid 
 craft or the honest felowschip thereof to leeue ne to forsake 
 in ony wise withoute resonahle cause & openli knowen to the 
 seid craft 
 
 Condicioun of the hoondis 
 
 And also in this forseid ordinawnce & composicioun is specified 
 wit/ioute ony fraude the maner of the boondis 
 
 xv ... 
 
 & condiciouns how & in what man^'r & for what 
 cause the maistris schulde^z be bounden for the comoun goodis of 
 the craft forseid & also of the foure me^ chose^z for the felow- 
 schip to be also bounden to the maistris that is to sei the 
 mais?!res to be bounden in a plain obligacioun of the suwzme or 
 sumwhat more of the value of the seid goodis for noon other 
 entent but thei schulden trali kepe it to the uss of al the craft 
 al the seid 3eer & at the eende of the 3eer forseid or in the dai 
 asigned the seid maistris to ^elde her acounte of tho goodis to 
 the forseid foure men for the felowschip & thei contente af tir 
 the truthe & maner of this forseid ordinaunce that thanne the 
 forseid boondis of the maistris to be broken or to sto^de for 
 nouthe & ellis it to sto^zde in strenkthe & vertu And in the 
 same msiuner wise be bounden the foure men chosen for the 
 felowschip to the seid maistris in an obligacioun of ij mark 
 for noon other entent but to heere & resseue s^^en"^ the seid 
 goodis of the craft & heer her acounte & to alowe hem that 
 that is n3t^ and so fulfille the composicioun with the seyd 
 maistris for the whiche thei ben chosen for the 3eer forseid 
 And this ordinazmce content that thanne the seid boond storade 
 for nou3t & ellis it to stonde in strenkthe & vertu And thus 
 continueli euermore her aftir 3eerli this rule & ordinaunce to be 
 kept & fulfillid at eueri chaunge of the maistris or of the 
 
 ^ poor. ^ again. ^ nought. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 317 
 
 chaunginge o£ the foure men for the felowschip w^Yhouten ony 
 variaunce in al maner wise as it is rehersid & bifore writer in 
 this composicioun 
 
 The charge and ooth 
 
 This is the foorme & maner of the charge that the maistris 
 schulen 3eue to the persoones in the bigynnyge 
 that ben newe resseiued into the craft ^ ^e shal 
 swere that ^q schal wel & truly bihaue you in worchinge of the 
 craft of Cirurgie in sauinge of goddis peple & the kyngis 
 And alle the good ordinauncis & ruHs & secretis of the seid craft 
 36 schule?^ wel & truli kepe withinne the seid craft And to alle 
 the leueful & laweful biddingis of the maistris of this seid craft 
 that now ben & here aftir schulen be ^e to be therto euere con- 
 tinueli obedient whanne 36 hen callid & neuere it to forsake but 
 to fulfille so god 30U helpe and alle seintis. 
 
 Of peynes of mi/sgouernaunce 
 
 Also it is ordeined & assentid in this composicioun that 
 whanne the maistris at ony tyme sitte in iugement 
 or in examinacioun or in cominicacioun of the seid 
 craft with the hool felowschip or parcel thereof as place cause & 
 tyme axith that thanne eueri persoone of the seid craft that 
 tyme present kepe scielence at the firste biddinge or comaunde- 
 ment of the seid maistris & not withoute license of hem had 
 a3en to speke And if ony of he?;^ wole not- at the firste 
 biddinge ceesse (for the secund tyme boden to ceesse) to paie for 
 the seid faute xij<^ And if he wole not 3ut ceese thanne for 
 the iij warnynge ij^ And for the fourthe tyme a noble And 
 if he wole not thanne ceesse at the fifthe tyme to be take for 
 rebel *\ And moreouer that no persoone of the seid felowschip 
 or craft reuile^ ne lieue ne sohewe occasioun of malice ne 
 stiringe to malice ony to othir [or do whatsoever] mi3te be cause 
 of disturblaunce of the good pees among the felowschip of the 
 seid craft upon peyne to paie to the box xij^ at ech sich 
 
 ^ revile. 
 
318 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 defaute % Also furthermore it is ordeined that if ony of the 
 seid felowschip drawe ony wepene in violence or unlawfulli 
 manace ony persoone of the seid craft to paie therefor a 
 noble % And if ony of hem smite anothir of the seid craft 
 to paie to the box xs.s and ouer that the parties to be 
 iustified aftir lawe or bi ordinaunce of the seid craft as it is 
 bif ore ordeined ^ And if the mastr?'s or ony of hem trespas in ony 
 sich unresonable cause & unlawful aforseid ihin^ ech of hem 
 fauti to paie the double of the peine sett afore And if ony of the 
 seid felowschip reuile or manace either false ony of the maistris 
 or upon hem unskilfulli complayne he to paie ij nobles at eche 
 tyme & as ofte as ony hem so doith T[ And so it is to knowe that 
 the entent of this ordinaunce aboue writen is thus for to undir- 
 stonde that al the seid craft & eueri persoone therof be wel rulid 
 & srouerned withinne hemsilf that is to seie bothe the maistris 
 & her felowschip & alle thingis that schal amongis hem be doon 
 or seid that is to wite the maistris paeientli her maters to heere 
 & wysli & truli tkia therto seie & the seid felowschip in tyme 
 resonable resonable to axe & in her complayntis & seyngis ^ 
 honestli to be mesurable and to scielence mekeli to obeie aftir 
 the discrecioun of the maistris as it is aforeseid bi vertu & 
 ordinaunce of this citee ordeined to maistris & wardeynes to 
 craftis ^And to alle these rulis & ordinaunces bif ore writen 
 euery persoone of the seid craft bi hi??zself & alle thei togidere 
 hau consentid that it schal be holde & kept alwei contynueli fro 
 tyme to tyme & fro 3eer to 3eer & as longe as the maistris for 
 the tyme beinge & the felowschip of the seid crafte bisemeth it 
 spedef ul & profitable to be kept. 
 
 0/ thd charge ^ the ooth tha^ the olde masters ^eue to the newe 
 
 This is the ooth that the olde maistris eueri ^eer shal ^eue to 
 
 the newe whanne thei ben chosen ^ ^e schal swere 
 
 that 3e schal wel & truli goueme the craft of 
 
 Cirurgie & the felowschip of the same craft aftir 3oure kunnynge 
 
 & 30ure power as longe as 39 hen maisters for this 3eer And 
 
 ^ then. ^ sayings. 
 
TEE CBAFT OF SUBGEBY. 319 
 
 also 36 to kepe & se to be kept alle the good rulis & ordinau?ecis 
 of this seid craft now maad & that noon of 30U ony other ordi- 
 naunce to make neithir to 30ure knowleche suffre to be maad 
 withouten the assent of • al the felowschip & that also with 
 condicioun & maner as it is bifore ordeined & writen 
 
 Tha^ no man jirestime to breke the ordinance. 
 
 The conelusioun of this composicionn aboue writen is this 
 thsut no persoone of the seid craft presume in ony 
 wise to breke this seid ordinauwee neither ony 
 other to breke it on peyne of an hundrid schilingis in to the 
 time that a better ordinaunce be founden or maad & so of the 
 craft ress}Tied 
 
 ^ The names of the f orseid ordinau nais grauntynge ben these 
 william Bradwardin John hatfelde John Corbi John fforde 
 Robert wiltone William Wellis John Cosyn John Barton 
 Thomas hertford John Policy Thomas Warde herri Stratforde 
 Gefferei Costantyn Robert Braunche Richard Saxton herry 
 Arschbourne And Thomas Morstede 
 
 Of tymes ^ houris sett of comynge togidere 
 
 And as for tymes & houris sett of cominge togidere it is to 
 be noted & also the maner of speche thereof as 
 if it be seid to come at oon of the clocke or 
 at ij or bi oon or bi ij etc it is than alwei to under- 
 stonde to be there at the same hour or bi half an hour after 
 & not to passe & if it be seid bitwene oon of the eloeke & ij 
 etc it is to be kept alwei bi the laste hour named or anoon ^ upon 
 And so of dute half an hour is to be abiden if it be nede 
 And that is more is of curtesie of ponyschable 
 
 In the name of god amew In the 28 day of September the 
 .3ere of owre lord 1503 and in the -^ere of kjmg 
 harry the 7th the 19 by the aduice of the worship- 
 full men of the science of Surgery \n all the comynallte ys made 
 
 & to sto^de for exxer 
 
 ^ immediately. 
 
320 MEMORIALS OF TEE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 
 
 First it is ordeyned tliat from hensforth. is alowed owte of 
 tke comon box m t/ie worship of god and seynt Luke for tke 
 syngers 
 
 Also it is ordeyned that at masse ij^ what ^;ersone of tke 
 
 sayde felishipp beyng in towne tAat lakes ^ of the 
 
 day of saynt luke at x of the cloke at the masse & 
 
 so contynue to masse be done and to brynge tke wardens wher 
 
 t/iej shal dyne & they shal pay for this defaute ij* 
 
 Also what person of tke seyde feliship beyng in towne lakes 
 at Coripus Xpc^ chapell at tke day of cosme & 
 damya^^j therfor to chese thee wardens at x of the 
 cloke shal pay for this defawte viij*^ 
 
 Also what persone beyng hi towne tkat lakes at the pres- 
 sentasion of ther warde/zs knowyng wher or whera- 
 shal pay for this defaute xij*^ 
 Also at the presentacton enerj man that hath a wyfe shal 
 pay for his djTier ij^ And he that hath non xx*^ 
 
 1 lacks. ^ Ckristi. - 
 
APPENDIX D. 
 
 PETITION OF THE GUILD OF BAEBEES FOE THE REGULATION OF 
 THEIR FRATEENITY.l 
 
 Me-MOEandum q"^ xxv*° die ffebruarii Anno regni Reg-is Henrici 
 sexti post conquestum vicesimo nono [1450] venerunt hie in 
 Curiam Regis in Camera Guyhald Ciuitatis london : coram 
 Nichoi^as Wyfolde Maiore & Aldermannis eiusdem Ciuitatis 
 magistri & Gardiam : neenon et probi homines mister^Ve ; barbi- 
 tonsor7«;e Ciuitatis jsredictse & porrexerunt d^'cto Maiore & Al- 
 dermannis quandam billam siue supplicaeione;^. . . . Unto 
 the ryght Worshipfull and Worshipfull lord and SoU(?raignes 
 Mair and Aldremen of the Citie of London 
 
 Besechen most mekely alle thejfjersones enfr^unchised in the 
 craft and mistier of Barbours wythin the said Citee That it 
 please unto your lordshippe^ and Bight wise discresions for to 
 consider ho we that forasmoche as certein ordina?^nces been 
 establisshed made and entered of Record in the Chawmber of the 
 3eldhall of the said Citee ail j^^ersonnes of the said Craft haue 
 fully in opinion to obeye observe and kepe them and noon other 
 in eny wise So been there many and diue rse defaultes often tymes 
 amonges your said beseechers not duely corrected for default of 
 such other ordinances to be made and auctorised sufficiently of 
 record in the said Cha?<mber like it therefore vnto your said 
 lordshippe and grete wisdom of your blessed disposicon for the 
 perpetnell Wele and good Rule of the said Craft for to establish 
 and make these ordinaunces here following /perpetually to endure 
 and soe to be observed and putte in due execucion in the same 
 Craft And to be auctorised of record in the said Chaz^mber for 
 ener And your said besechers shall j)ray God for you 
 
 1 Letter Book K, fol. 250. 
 
322 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 ffirst that euery barbour enf ;-a2mcheised houseliolder and other 
 occupier of the same craft holdyng eny shoppe of barberye wy- 
 thin the Citie of London shall be redy att all xasmner [of] sommons 
 of the Maisters and Wardeins of the same Craft for the tyme being- 
 that is to say the Kyng- the Mair or for eny worshippe of the 
 said Citee And 3ef eny man occupying the said craft in manner 
 and fourme aforesaid absent him from eny such sommons 
 wythoute cause reasonable And thereof duely convict than he to 
 pay at the chaumber of the ^eldhall xiij^ iiij"! That is to say vj^ 
 viij*^ to the same eh.a,umhev and other vj^ viij*^ to the almes of 
 the said craft Also euery man enfrauncheised under the fourme 
 above said that disobeyeth and kepeth his house of his som«2ons 
 at eny time wz'thoute cause reasonable and 3ef duely convict shall 
 paye to the almesse of the said craft at euery tyme t/iat he maketh 
 such defaute ij<i And 3ef eny of them whatsoever he be of the 
 same craft that disobeye this ordinavnce he shall paye to the 
 Cha?^mber of the 3eldhall iij^ iiij^^ at euery tyme that he maketh 
 such default 
 
 Also that 3ef eny msitter of debate or difference be betweene 
 enyjoersoones of the said craft which God defend that none of 
 them shall make eny pursuyt at the common lawe unto the tyme 
 i/mt he that findeth him ag-greved in that partie hath made his 
 compleint unto the Maister and Wardeins of the same Graft for 
 the tyme being and they to fPynyssh the msitter and the cause of 
 the said compleint Wythin vj dayes after such compleint made 
 and 3ef the [y] conclude not and ffynyssh the same matter Whithin 
 the said vj dayes that then it be lefull to either j^^r tie to take 
 the benefice of the Common Lawe "Wythin this Citee so alwayes 
 that the partye ageinst whom the compleint is made be not 
 f ugityf And what ;5er sone of the said craft doth contrarie [to] 
 this Ordina^mce shall paye at euery tyme at the Cha?«mber of the 
 3eldhall xiij^ iiij*i that is to say vi^ viij*^ to t/ie said Cha?^mber 
 and other vj^ \uj^ to t/ie almesse of t/ie said craft 
 
 Also that noon ablejoersohe of the said craft enfrauncheised 
 shall refuse eny man office or clothing joertinent to the said craft 
 whan and what tyme that he be by his bretheren beabled and 
 
TEE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 323 
 
 elect therein upon pein to paye at the clia^i^mber of the 3eldhall 
 xl^ that is to wete xx^ to the same chaumber and other xx^ to 
 the said almesse. Also what man of the said craft that absente 
 him fro the said eleccion Wythoute cause reasonable or absent 
 him fro the dyner to be made the same day and will not paye 
 therto his pariQ thanne he shall paye at the said eha?^mber 
 iijs \\vf- to the Almes of the said craft 
 
 Also that the Maisters and Wardeins of the same craft that 
 nowe be or in tyme to come shall be shall not take admitte or 
 resseiue enyjoersone into the bretherhede or clothing- of the same 
 craft Wythoute the com?;?on assent of the bretheren of the said 
 craft or the more part of them upon pein of fyne for such 
 maisters or wardeins that doth contrarie to this ordina?mce 
 xx^ that is to say x^ to the Chawmber and x^ to the Almesse of 
 the said craft 
 
 furthermore it is ordeigned that from hens forward 3ef eny 
 man occupying the said craft be imfouled & of euell Will and 
 malice so be unavised to revile or reproof eny man of the same 
 craft that is to seye for to lye him on wyth other dishonest 
 Wordes misgouerne him in presence of the said Maisters and 
 Wardeins or in eny otJiex places and 3ef by the report of the 
 said Maisters and Wardeins [he] be duely convict Whatsoeu«?r 
 he be of the same craft that is so misgouerned at eny tyme shall 
 paye at the said Chaumber for euery such default v^ viij^ that 
 is to say to the same Chaumber iij^_ iii]*! and to, the Almes of 
 the said craft iij^ iiij"^ 
 
 Also it is ordeigned that e?fery manner [of] man enf ra7mcheised 
 of the said craft under fourme aforesaid shall assemble with his 
 ffelaship^e of the same craft by thassignement of the said 
 Maisters and Wardeins being for the 3eer in a certein place 
 limited by theim at iiij tymes .of the 3eer And at merj such 
 quarter day in the 3eer euery brother enfr<3!?mcheised and being of 
 the clothing thereof shall paye to the almes abovesaid iiij^^ And 
 euery man that is so enfrauncheised of the same craft and is not 
 of the clothing of the same shall paye to the same almes j^. 
 Which iiij dayes be these that is to saye the tewesday next after 
 v2 
 
324 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 all hallows day the tewesday next after caudelmas day the 
 tewesday next after Trinite sonday and the tewesday next after 
 lammas day to thentent that the said Maisters and Wardeins 
 shall enquere amongs the said compaignye so assembled that 3ef 
 eny default ranker or discord be hadd or amongs theim that 
 thanne the said Maisters and Wardeins shall sett theim at rest 
 accord and in vnite to that they canne or may after the fourme 
 and custoume as have been before vsed And what parsoune of 
 the said craft be absent eny of the said dayes wythoute cause 
 reasonable he shall paye for euery such day iiij"^ to the expenses 
 of the said Maisters. 
 
 Also it is ordeigned and establisshed that no harbour nor 
 other able personne vsing barbourye shall enfourme eny foreyn 
 nor him teche in no wise in eny man^^er [of] point that belongeth 
 to the craft of barbourye or snvgerye Whereby the same foreyn 
 shall percejve and take by his own capacite and exercise unto the 
 tyme that the same foreyn be bounden apprentice to a persone 
 harbour or other persoxuxe able enf rauncheised using the same 
 craft wythin the Citee of London upon peyn to paye at the 
 chaumber of the 3eldhall [for] e^iery such defaute iiij marc that 
 is to say to the same chaumber xxvj^ viij^ and to the almes of 
 the said craft other xxvj^ viij*^ 
 
 And also that no harbour nor other able persoone occupying 
 the same craft shall take eny Alien nor straunger into his 
 Ser?dce unto the tyme that the same alien or straunger be 
 examined by the maister and Wardens of the same craft of his 
 abilite and Connyng and therupon the Maister and Wardeins 
 with other vj or viij of the moost able and Kunnyng ^jersonnes 
 of the craft shuld taxe him after his abilite after that hit semetli 
 that he be worthy to take yeerly for his salarie And also that no 
 harbour shall take eny alien or straunger that hath been or 
 sernice wyth an other harbour enfrcmneheised before that he 
 knowe well that the same servaunt hath complete his eouenasntes 
 wyth his former maister upon pein to paye to euery such 
 defaute at eatery tyme that he be founde defective a3enst eny 
 of these ordinaz/nces at the said ch^umber xiij^ iiij^ and to the 
 
THE GRAFT OF SUBGFBY. 325 
 
 said almesse vj^ viij^ and also make restitucion of the damage 
 unto the paj'tie that findeth him greved 
 
 And also that no man occupying the said craft shall procure 
 eny other mannes sevuaxmt oute of semice upon the peyn 
 aforesaid and damage unto the partie pleintif And also it is 
 ordeigned that from hensforward that no harbour enf rasunchised 
 nor eny other able jtjersoons occupying the said craft shall not 
 take into his semice eny str^junger or forein for lasse t^'me than 
 a 3eere And what persone enf/'aunchised or occupying the said 
 craft disobeys this ordinrn^nce shall receiue in the pein of xiijs 
 iiij*^ that to be devided in manner and fourme aboue "said 
 
 And also that no persons of the said craft of harbours nor 
 other able persone occupying the same craft huyre no fOraun- 
 chised man of the same craft oute of his shopp ne dwellyng 
 place upon pein of xl^ that is to wete to the said chtzumber 
 xx^ And to the Almesse of the said Craft other xx^ 
 
APPENDIX E. 
 
 THE COPPYE OP THE CORPOEACION GRAUNTED BY KINGE 
 EDWARDS THE FOWERTHB BY HIS LETTERS PATENTES AS 
 FEOLLOWETHE. 
 
 Edwarde by the grace of god kinge of Englande and ffraunce 
 
 Lorde of Irelande Greateth all those to whome these presenes 
 
 shall come knowe ye, that we consyderinge howe 
 Letter patent ., niix i j_ii!P n 
 
 F 4 Barbiton- the welbeloued unto us honest and itreemen or 
 
 the mysterye or Crafte of Barbours of our Cytie 
 
 of London using the Mysterye Crafte or ffacultye of Surgerye 
 
 as well about woundes Cutts Sores hurtes and other infyrmyties 
 
 of our leige people there to be cured and healed^ as in lettinge of 
 
 bloode and drawinge of Teeth of this our leige people, haue of 
 
 longe tyme susteyned and supported and cease not daylye to 
 
 sustayne and supporte greate and manyfolde attendaunee and 
 
 Labours Howe also throughe the ygnoraunce neglycence and 
 
 follye of manye of theise Barbours as well ffreemen of our sayd 
 
 Cytie as of other Surgeons forrynours and no freemen of the 
 
 sayed Cytie resourtinge daylye to the same Cytie and in the 
 
 mysterye or crafte of Surgerye not instructed, throughe suche 
 
 Barbours and Surgeons very manye (and as you woulde say) 
 
 infynite evell before this tyme by their defaulte hath happened 
 
 to dyuers of our liege people in healing and curinge their 
 
 woundes Cuttes Sores hurtes and other their infyrmyties of the • 
 
 whiche some of our Liege people for that cause have dyed. 
 
 And some other for the same cause hathe ben lefte and forsakan 
 
 of all as insauable and incurable. And yt ys greately to be 
 
 feared that in this case the semblable or lyke evell or rather 
 
 worser may in tyme to come happen onles convenyeut remedye 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 327 
 
 for this by us be quyckely provyded for We intending and 
 effectually consyderinge that such evells are wonte to happen to 
 our leage people for the defaulte of dewe ouersig-hte searche 
 corrections and pounyshement of suche Barbours and Surgions 
 not suffycyentlye learned and instructed in the same Mysteryes 
 crafts or facultyes aforesayed^ at the humble petyc?'on and 
 supply cation of our sayed welbeloued unto us honest and ffremen 
 of the sayed my[s]terye Crafte or facultye of Barbours in our Cytie 
 aforesayed, haue graunted unto them tkat the Mysterye and all 
 men of the same mysterye Crafte or facultye of the sayed Cytie 
 maye be bothe in effect and in name one boddye and one 
 pefpetuall ffelloweship or Communytie And that ^ Barbors cor- 
 two of the cheffeste and pryncipallest of the same Siecon'^of Mr' 
 f elloweship or Communytie together w^'th thassent ^. ^jP/^^e^ctfeifest 
 of xij or viij at the leaste of the same f eloweship vii^.^'^s?!^ Mrs or 
 or Communyte maye elect and chose euerye yere governors. 
 men verye expert in the mystery Crafte or facultye of Surgerye 
 and take out of the same fellowship or Communytie two 
 Maisters or Governours verye experte in the mystery or facultye 
 of Surgerye to oversee rule and Governe the mystery Crafte and 
 Communytie or felloweship aforesayed and all the men of the 
 same mystery or Crafte and their affayers forever. And that 
 the same Masters or Governors and Communytie and ffelloweship 
 maye haue perpetuall successyon and a comw^on 
 
 CI ^ (' ^ PC o ^ r\ • Succesion per"- 
 
 beale tor the affayers oi the same Comunytie petuaii 
 
 1 comon Seale 
 or ielloweship to serue roreuer And that they and 
 
 their Successors maye at all tymes be persons able and haue 
 
 Capacytie in the Lawe to purches and haue in possessyon in ffee 
 
 and- perpetuytie Landes Tenements Rents and other possessyon s 
 
 whatsouer they be to the value of ffyve marks by the yeare' over 
 
 the repryst And that they by the names of Maisters or 
 
 Governors and of the Comunytye or ffelloweship of the mysterye 
 
 Crafte or facultye of the barbours of London maye pig^de 
 
 pleade and impleade before all manner of iudges in ^'^ impleaded ■ 
 
 all manner of Courts and actyons And that the saide Maisters or 
 
 Governors and Communytie and ffelloweship and their Successors 
 
328 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Lawfullye w^t/^out damage occation or impedyment of us our 
 heyers or Successors Justyces Eschetours, Shreaves Crouners or 
 other oiir Baylyffs or mynisters or of our heyers or Successors as 
 o£te and whensoeuer neede shalbe maye make honest and lawful 1 
 A embUes assembles or congreg-ac^'ons of themselues And 
 
 MakeLawes ^^igQ ordeyne and make Lawes and ordenazmce* for 
 the wholsome gouernment oversyghte and correction (as nede shall 
 requyer) of the forsayed mysterye or felloweship so that those 
 ^^ , , Statutes Lawes and ordi&naunQes be in no wyse 
 
 The laws not -^ 
 
 impugninge ye ao-ainste the Lawes and customes of our Eealme 
 
 Lawes of y^ => 
 
 reaime of Englande Moreover we wyll and graunte for us 
 
 our heyres and Successors as moche as in us ys that the 
 Masters or Governors of the said felloweship for the tyme 
 beinge and their Successours maye & alwaye have ouer- 
 oversight sighte scarche correctyon and Government of all 
 
 correccion and singular ffreemen of the sayed Cytie Surgeons 
 
 vsinge Barbery usiug the mysterie Crafte or facultye of bar- 
 Forrens bours in the same Cytie And other Surgeons 
 
 fforryners whatsoever they be frequentinge or vsinge by any 
 waye the mystery Crafte or facultye of Surgerye within the 
 sayd Cytie or Suburbes of the same And the pounyshement 
 of the same as well of ffreemen as of fforryners accordiDge 
 to their facultyes in not executinge doyinge and vsinge the 
 mysterye Crafte or facultye and also the over- 
 Search of siffhte and searche of all maner of Instruments 
 
 mediciries ^ 
 
 playsters and other Medycynes and receipts that 
 by the sayed Barbour s or Surgeons are geven layed and vsed 
 amonge theis our leige people for to heale and cure their 
 wounds sores Cuttes and suche other infyrmyties as ofte and 
 whensoeuer neede shall requyer for the com/^odytie and vtylitie 
 of theis our leige people So that the pounyshement of 
 
 suche Barbours vsinge the sayed mysterye 
 punishmeritby q£ Crafte or facultye of Surgerye and of suche 
 amerciament Surgeons forryners offendinge in the premysses 
 
 Imprisonme?!.^ & j & r j 
 
 ys to be executed by ifynes mercementes and 
 impreysonments of their boddyes and by other reasonable 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 329 
 
 and convenyent wayes and that no Barbour vsing" the 
 mystery Crafte or faeultye of Surgerye wit/zin the sayed Cytie 
 or Suburbes of the same or any other Surgeon fforryner whatso- 
 euer he be be admytted hereafter to execute dooe and frequent or 
 exercyse by any waye or means the same mysterye Crafte or 
 faeultye of Surgery in the same Cytie or in the Suburbes of the 
 same onles he be fyrste approved learned able and 
 sirffyeyent in that Mysterye Crafte or faeultye by fppfoved° ^^ 
 the sayed Maisters or Govemours or their Succes- proved^ *^^' 
 sours. And for his full profe in that behalf let fhSS*'' 
 him be presented by these Maisters or Goveno2(;rs 
 appointed thereunto to the Mayor of the sayed Cytie for the 
 tyme beinge. 
 
 Also we wyll and graunte for us our heyers and Succesours 
 as moehe as in us ys that neyther the sayed Maisters or Govern- 
 ors and the Comwxvnytie or ffellowship of the sayed 
 Mysterye or faeultye of Barbours nor their Sue- ??ionedupon 
 
 p ^ , in, i • 1 none Inquests 
 
 eessors nor any or them shall at any time here- Assize 
 
 Jurats 
 
 after for any maner of thino^e in our sayed Cytie inquests 
 
 '^ 1 11 • Attaints 
 
 or Suburbes or the same be sum^;2oned or be put m Recogniz- 
 
 aunce 
 any assyses Jurats Inquests attents or recog- 
 
 nysaunces hereafter in the sayed Cytie or suburbes of the same 
 before the Mayor Shreves or Crowners of our sayed Cytie for 
 the tyme being, or by any olfycer or Mynister of his or their 
 mynisters or olfycers be attached or sumw^oned thoughe the same 
 Jurates enquests or recognysaunee hathe ben somoned by Wrytte 
 or Wryttes of us or of our heyers de Recto that the sayed 
 Maisters or Governours and Com;;^unytie and ffellowship of the 
 Crafte o;- mynisterye aforesayed and their Suceessours and euery- 
 one of them bequyte and utterlye discharged againste us ' our 
 heyers and Succesours and againste the Mayor and Sheriff^.? of 
 our sayed Cytie for the tyme beinge and againste all other their 
 offycers and mynisters for euer by this presence And further- 
 more we by considerae/on of the premysses of our specyall grace 
 have graunted for us our heyres and Suceessours the forsayed. 
 Maisters or Governours and the Communytie and ffelloweship 
 
330 MEMORIALS OF TEE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 of the sajed Mjsterje or Crafte of barboui-s & their Successors 
 
 this lybartye to wyte that they at all tymes may admytt and 
 
 receave into the same Crafte or mysterye able 
 
 wee may persons and suffycyently learned and enf ourmed in 
 
 make of our- ^, ^ ^^ no i i .1 
 
 selves forrem the savd Mvsterve or burgrerye and by the same 
 
 surgeons free •j j j n j j 
 
 of owr Com- Masters or Governors of the sayd Mystery or Crafte 
 a Covirt of for the tyme beinge approved in forme aforesayed 
 
 Forren and to the Mayor of the sayed Cytie for the tyme 
 
 brotliers . . '' j j j 
 
 beinge beinge as ys aforesayed presented to haue 
 and enioye the lybertyes of the sayed Cytie And no other 
 persons whatsoeuer they be not otherwise by any comaundement 
 or request of us our heyers or Successors by letters wrytten or 
 otherwise howesoeuer yt be made or to be made to the contrary e 
 notwz'thstandinge And thoughe the same M^ or Governors and 
 Comwmnytie and fEelloweship and their Successors shall vse this 
 Lybertye contynually hereafter agaynst any comaundment or 
 request of vs our heyers or Successours or any other whatsoeuer 
 he be in the forsayed forme to be had or made yet they nor 
 noon of them shall by no meanes by that occasyon incurre any 
 ffyne Contempte dommage or into any other evell in their goodes 
 or bodyes against other whatsoeuer they be and that wit/iout ffyne 
 or ffee for the premysses or sealinge this presence to vs to be 
 made payed or otherwise to be Delyuered any statute ordynaunce 
 or other to the contrarye heretofore sett out made ordeyned or 
 provyded notwzt/^standinge In Wytnes herof we haue caused 
 these our Jjeitres to be made patently Wytnes ourself at 
 Westm[inster] the xxx Daye of Ifebruarye in the ffyrste yere of 
 our reigne 
 
 Ex*^ xxvi*° Aprylys Anno Dni xv^ lvj^° cum Originali 
 j)er me Thomam Knot being M^ of the Company 
 
APPENDIX F. 
 
 THE WRYTYNG ENDENTED OP COMPOSICYONS MADE BETWIXT THE 
 FFELISHIPPIS OP SURGEONS, AND THE FFELISHIPPIS OE BAU- 
 BOUES SUEGEONS AND SURGEONS BAEBOUES.^ 
 
 This present wrytyng endentyd of composicyons made the 
 xii day of Juli in the jere of owyr lord God mcccclxxxxiij and 
 the viij*^ 3ere of the reyne of kyng- harry the vii*^ William 
 Martyn then heyng mayre of this cyte of london, betwixt the 
 ffelishippis of surgeons, enfraunchessid within the cyte of 
 london on that on partye And the felishippis of barbom's 
 surgeons and surgeons harbours enfraunchessid in the seyd cyte 
 on the other parte witnesyth that the sayde felyshippys of ther 
 comon assent and more mocyons ben condescendyd and agreyd 
 together the day and the 3ere abouesayd, in maner and fourme 
 folowyng That is to sey that euery person and persons of the 
 faculte or scyens of surgeons admyttyd and sworne to eythir of 
 the sayde felyshippis from hensforward shall stond and abyde 
 with ther felyshippis as they now do and dyd before thys pre- 
 sent composicyon. 
 
 Also that from hensforth non of the sayde felyshippis shall 
 admyt nor reseyue into ther felishipyys any alyent straunger 
 or foreyn usyng the sayde faculte or scyens of surgeiy with- 
 owten knowlege or consent of the wardens of bothe the seyd 
 felishippys. Allso for the welth and suerte of the kyngs' lege 
 people, and the honour of the seyde felyshippys, It is agreyd 
 betwixt the same two felyshippys that non alyent straunger nor 
 foreyn shall use nor ocopy the seyde faculte or scyens of surgy 
 withyn this cyte or subbers^ of the same unto suche tyme' 
 as he shew hymselfe to the mayer for the tyme beyng, and 
 
 1 This heading is not in the original. " suburbs. 
 
332 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 by the iiij wardeyns o£ bothe the saide felishippis that is to say, 
 of eyther of the sayde felishippis, tweyn, and other suche as by 
 theyr wysdomys they will call unto them, be dewly examjoied 
 and approuyd to be suffieyeut of conyng and habilyte in the 
 sayde faculte And yf any suche person or persones bi the 
 sayde iiij wardens as is aforesayde be taken reputed and alowed 
 to be sufficient of konyng and habylite in the seyd faculte or 
 scyens of surgery that then the person or personys so knowen 
 and admyttj^d shalbe sworne to all the good rewlys and orde- 
 nans of the seyd faculte or scyens of surgery and to be under 
 the correccyon of the iiij wardens for the tyme beyng to the 
 entent that at all tymes he may be under due correcyon for 
 the sauegard of the kyngis lege people And if any suche alyent 
 straunger or foreyn of presumpcion refuse to be examyned of 
 the seyde wardens in maner and f ourme as is af oreseyd ; 
 Or if any such straunger or foreyn so examyned be the 
 seyde wardens be Juged onsufficient of conyng and neutheles 
 takyth upon hym to occupy or use the seyde faculte of surgy 
 ^7ith}^l the seyde C}"te or subburs of the same. Then take the 
 name of hym or them so doyng and present hym by the sayd 
 iiij wardens to the mayer for the tyme beyng, to the entent that 
 by his w}^sdom and advice of hys honerabyll brethern may set 
 suche direccyon as shall be thought resonabil formacion thereof, 
 restrayne hym from the ocupaeion of the same scyens within 
 the sayde cyte. Also it is agreyd and compoundyd betwyxte 
 the sayde felyshippys that from hensforth euery of the seyde 
 felyshippis and seuerally by them selfe, Chese of them selfe two 
 discrete persons usyng the fete of surgery to be seually wardens 
 of the sayd seuall felishippis and that these iiij wardens for the 
 tyme beyng when and as oftyn as nede shall requere Shall haue 
 the syght and good gounance of the seide faculte of surgery And 
 euery person or personys of euery of the sayde felyshippis that haj)- 
 penys or shall fortune to haue any Jeopde ^ or dowtefull cure 
 dredyng deth or may he or they hauyng euery tyme to come 
 shall shew and present the cure or curys in as short tyme as 
 
 ijeopardj-. 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 333 
 
 nede sliall be required And at the leste at the thyrde dressyd 
 to the said iiij wardens for the tyme beyng or any other person or 
 personys that is to seye^ to one o£ yche of the seyde felishippis. 
 and the same wardens 3if them seme nedefuU shall call unto 
 them ij or iij or more if nede require of the wysest and beste 
 experte men of the said felishippis occupyeng" the said faculte of 
 surgery as them semeth most expedyent for the cause or causis 
 aforesayde. Also in this composicyon yt is ordeyned and agreyd 
 that none of the iiij wardens for the 3ere beyng neyther any 
 other person of the sayde felishippis ocopyeng the crafte of surgi 
 Put any man of thes sayde felishipis oute of ther cure otherwyse 
 then the honeste of the crafte wolle but that yche of them be 
 redy 3ef nede be to helpe eche other with counsell or deed that 
 worship, profite and the honeste of the crafte and helpyng 
 of the seke be had and done on all sydes. And if any of thes 
 iiij wardens for the tyme beyng or eny other person or personys 
 of the seyde felyshippis do the contrary that eche suche doer 
 content the valuye of the cure after discressyon and Juge- 
 ment of the same iiij wardens for the 3ere beyng. And also for 
 his tresjDas to paye after discression and Jugement of the iiij 
 wardens. Also if any person of the sayde felishippis dislaunder 
 or depute any of the said felishippis onrightfully ounonestly 3ef 
 it so may be prouyd upon hym by two or thre witnesse that he 
 paey for that trespas iij^ [& iiij'^] and ouer that to make amendis 
 to the seide persons the whiche he hath so dislaundered aftur 
 Jugement of onest men of the seyd felyshippis not founden in 
 non suche defaute. This composicyon was made the daye and 
 3ere abowe wreton by Roberd taylour, Rob* Halyday, Thomas 
 Koppesley, Thomas Thornton, Jhon Herte : John Martun Roberd 
 Beuerley : James Stote : James Ingoldsby : John Taylour 
 Richard Suodenham Nicholas Leueryng John Wilson. Inrowlid 
 in Raffe Osterigis^ tyme mayer. 
 
 Immediately after the Composiicyon comes the following 
 rule, which probably had been omitted by accident : 
 
 Also that what person or personys of the seide ij craftes or of 
 
 1 dressing. 2 g^p Ralph Astrie, Mayor in 1493. 
 
334 MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 ony of them from liensforward breke or do the contrary to any 
 articules of thordenauns abouesaide The same person or per- 
 sonys so brekyng or doyng the contrary as ys abovesayde shall 
 f orfayt and pay at the tyme x^ the on half e thereof to be applied 
 to use of chambyr of london and the other halfe therof to the 
 use of the seyde craf tys and at the second tyme to f orfait and 
 pay xx^ to deuyded and applyed to uses afore rehersyd. At 
 the iij*^ tyme that any person or persones breke or do the con- 
 trary as above saide he or thei so doyng to be punysshyd aftur 
 the discrecion of the mayre and aldyrmen for the tyme beyng. 
 
APPENDIX G. 
 
 THE COPPYE OF THE LETTKES PATENT^S FOR THE COXFYRMAC/ON OF 
 THE CORPORAC/ON GRAUNTED BY KING HENRY THE SEVENTH.^ 
 
 Henrye by the grace of g-od kinge of Eng-lande and ffraunce 
 and Lorde of Irelande Greateth all men to whome these present 
 he fives shall come Knowe ye that we haue pervsed certaine bulk.s- 
 of the moste holye ffather Eug-enyus^ by godde* mercye highe bus- 
 shop sealed under his leaden scale sayinge this : Eugenius Busshop 
 servaunte of the servaunt^.s of god sendethe greatinge and 
 Appostolycall benedyction to the reverent bretherne Arche- 
 busshop of Canterburye Busshop of Winchest[er] and our beloved 
 Sonne Beane of the churche of London We doo willingly agree 
 to the honest requestij-s of our supplyanti?^ and convenyently favor 
 the same because of late Marteine of happye memorye of that 
 name the ffyrste our predecessour being-e enfourmed on the 
 behalf of our beloved sonnes Kepers and Wardeyns of the arte 
 or mysterye of Barbours dwelling in the Cytie of London that 
 seing in tymes paste yt was set fourthe in a provyncall Councell 
 kept and celabrated by Thomas of good memorye Archebusshopp 
 of Canterburye and prymate of Englande and Legate of the 
 Sea Appostolicall and his bretherne Archebusshoppes Sufferegans 
 and other prelate-s of the provynce of Canterburye that the 
 barbours of the Cytyes Townes and plac(?5 of the sayed proyynce 
 and namelye of the sayed Citie also of the suburbes of the same 
 contrary to the Lawe of god and Canonycall Decrees and 
 publyke honeste had presumed to kepe their bowses and shoppes 
 
 1 This is the heading given to the document as it stands at the end of the 
 first volume of the Court Minutes belonging to the United Company, though it 
 is clearly not the document referred to in Appendix H. 
 
 2 Eugenius IV., elected 1431, deposed by the Council of Basel. 
 
336 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 for the exereyse o£ their crafte open publykelye to esercjse the 
 same arte upon Sondayes on the whiche God ordeyned to 
 absteyne from servyle work^5. The sayd Thomas prymat w^tti 
 the councell and assent of those Suffrigans prelats and Clarge 
 had determyned and ordeyned that those harbours shoulde be 
 from thensforthe cohersyd from suche presumpceon by publycke 
 inhibycons undere greavous peynes and censures of the Cannon 
 Commyttinge and commaundinge the Ecclesyastyeall persones 
 then expressed that they shoulde euery Sondaye and ffestyvall 
 daye pubHsshe solemplye and cause to be publisshed the same 
 statute and ordyn«2mce in their Churches Also to inhybyte or 
 cause to be iuliibyted the sayd Barbours under the payne of 
 excommunycation that they shoulde not onely on the forsayed 
 Domynieall dayes kepe open or cause to be kept open by anye 
 meanes their bowses or shoppes for the sayed exereyse And 
 successyvely our sayed predecessour being humbly requyered on 
 the behalf of the sayd Kepers and Wardeyns that he wolde 
 withe save of the appostolycali bennigenytie supporte wif/iia the 
 fortyfycaczons of the apostolycall power the sayed statute and 
 ordyn(2?mce Our sayd predecessour through supplycation being 
 inclyned ratyfyed and by the apostolycall authorytie confyrmed 
 the sayed statute and ovdynaunee and whatsoeuere shall thereopon 
 followe and w^ththe deffence of his wrytynge bathe made stronge 
 commaundinge by the processe of his Liettves all & singular prelats 
 and j5e;-sones of the churches of the sayed provynce that they 
 shoulde solemplye publishe the same authoritie the statute and 
 ordynaunce and the contents and effect of the same Liettves where 
 and when they see it to be expedyent And cause the same statute 
 and ordyncz«nce yerefragably to be obserued by ecclesyastyeall 
 Censures and other convenyent remedyes of the Lawe Also 
 shoulde publishe shewe and cause to be shewed on the forsayed 
 Sondaye and festyvall Dayes when the greate parte of the people 
 are gathered together to dyvyne service all and singuler of those 
 Barbours being present or shall come whome they certaynely 
 knowe by occasyon of transgressyon of the same statute and ordy- 
 naunce have incurred into suche sentence of excomwumy cation 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 337 
 
 as often as they be lawfully requyered thereunto on their 
 behalf to whome yt belongeth to be excommunycate and to be 
 exempte from alli? men untyll thys commycates mergyt to ob- 
 tayne the benefyt of absolutyon for the sayed sentence as yt is 
 conteyned more f ullye in the Le^^^^res of our sayed predecessour 
 made for that purpose And seying (as the pettycx'on made vnto 
 us of late on the behalf of the sayed kepers and wardeyns dyd 
 conteyne) manye of the same arte and mysterye dwelling wit/iin 
 the plac^i- and lymytte^ of the Churches and monastery es of the 
 provynce and Cytie and Dyoces of London and specyallye of the 
 Churche of greate saynt jMarteyns of London and of the 
 Monastery of Westm [inster] of the sayed Dyoces Alleging suche 
 exemples that were made as well as by the Appostolycall as by 
 the kinges authoritie Also vylepending under the pretence and 
 cloke of suche exemption by Statute ordyn«?mce and mandate 
 doo presume to kepe open their forsayd howses and shoppes on 
 the forsayd dayes for the exercyse of their forsayd Arte We 
 therfor reproving the rasshe presumption of suche Also by the 
 proees of the letters decernyng and declaring the exempte 
 ji3(?rsons and suche exempte places of theyrs to be comprehended 
 under the statute and ordjnaunee aforesayd doo geve in charge 
 to your dyscressyons by the Appostolycall wrytynge that 30ue 
 or ij or one of yowe by your selues or by other or others gooe see 
 the same Statutes and ordjnaiinces to be kept yrefragablye by 
 suche exempt parsons aforesayed in suche exempte places of 
 theirs or ellswhere according to the mandate forme and tenour 
 of the Letters of our predecessour Dated at Rome. 
 
 Exd: the XXV Jti^ Daye of Apryll Anno Dni XV^ LVJ^o 
 being M^ of the Companye And agreeing w*^ the 
 verye Origiuall jjer me Thomam Knot. 
 
 w 
 
APPENDIX H. 
 
 THE COPPYE OF THE CONFYEMACON OF THE COEPORAC/ON 
 GEAUNTED BY KINGE HENEY THE EIGHTE BY HIS LiSTTEES 
 PATENT^^r AS FOLLOWETH 
 
 Heney by the grace of god Kinge of Englande and ffraunce 
 and Lorde of Irelande Greatetli all men to whome these present 
 Jjettres shall come We have pervsed the Letters patent^s of oui" 
 Souereigne Lorde Henrye the seventhe late kinge of Englande 
 our welbeloued father of confyrmac/on made in theis wordes 
 Henrye by the grace of god Kinge of Englande and ffraunce and 
 Lorde of Irelande Greateth all men to whome this present Jjettres 
 shall come "We have ^jeyvsed the lettres patentee of Edwarde 
 the iiij*^ of moste worthye memorye late kinge of Englande our 
 progenytor made in theis wordes Edwarde by the grace of god 
 kinge of Englande and ffraunce and Lorde of Irelande Greateth 
 all men to whome theis present Jjettres shall come Knowe ye 
 that we consyderinge howe the welbeloued unto us honest and 
 ffremen of the Mysterye or crafte of Barbours of oiir cytie of 
 London vsynge the Mysterye crafte or facultye of Surgery wit//- 
 as before in the other Jjettres patentee unto thende In witnes 
 wherof we haue caused theis our Jjettres to be made patent^-? 
 Wytnes ourself at westm[inster] the xij*^ Daye of Maye in the 
 xviij*^ [1526] yere of our Heigne 
 
 KYEKEBYE 
 
 Ex"^ xxvj**^ aprylys Anno Dni xv° lvj*° Concordat : cum 
 Originali per me Thomam Knot being M'^ of the 
 Companye 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 THE COPPYE OF THE ACTES STATUTES AND 0RDYN.4C/NCES 
 CONFYRMED RATYFYED AND ALLOWED BY SIR THOMAS 
 MORE KNIGHTE CHAUNCELOR OF ENGLANDE THOMAS 
 DUKE OF N0RFP[0LK]e AND THREASAUROR OF ENGLANDE 
 JOHN FFIT[z]iAMES AND ROBERT NO [r] WICHE KNYGHTES 
 CHEIFFE JUSTICES OF THE TWO BENCHES 
 
 To all trewe Christen people to whome this present wrytyng 
 shall come Syr Thomas More knighte and Chauncelor to our moste 
 drade soureig-ne Lorde Kinge Henry the Eighte kinge of Eng-lande 
 and of ffraunce defensor of the ffaythe and Lorde of Irelande 
 Thomas Duke of Norif[olk]e and Threasauror of Englande 
 John Fitziames knighte Chief Justyce of our sayd soureig-ne 
 Lorde his benche and Robert Norwiche knig-hte oheif Justyce of 
 the eomjj/on benche Sende gretinge in our Lorde god euerlastinge 
 Where [as] in a certain Acte in the Parlyament holden at west- 
 minsfev the xxv daye of Januarye in the xix*^ yere of the moste 
 noble kinge of famous memorye kinge Henry the vij^^^ [ad 1508] 
 made and ordeyned for the weale and proffyt of his subiects yt was 
 amonge other thing(?.9 ordayned establysshed and enacted that no 
 Maister wardeins or fellowship of Craf t^5 or Mysteryes or any of 
 them or any Rulers of Glides or ffraternyties shoulde take upon 
 them to make any acti?*' or ordynaunc^-s ne to execute or vse any 
 Sides or Ordynaunctf* by them heretofore made in disinhery tinge or 
 dymynicion ^ of the kiuges prerogatyve or any other or againste 
 the cowmonweale and proffyt of the kinges Suhiectes and leige 
 people but yf the same Actes or Ordyn(a!?(!nc«?-9 be examyned 
 appointed and admytted by the Chauncelor and Threasauror of 
 
 ^ diminution. 
 
 w 2 
 
340 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Englande and the cheife Justices o£ eyther benehe or thre of 
 them or ells before Justices of Assize in their Circuyte or 
 progresse in that Sheire where suche Actes or ordynaunce.? be 
 made upon payne of forfayture of X l?"bri for euery tyme that 
 they dooe there unto contrarye as in the sayd Aetes yt dothe 
 more playnely appere 
 
 The Maister and Wardeyns of the Mysterye or Crafte of 
 Barbor Surgeons of the Cytie of London willinge and desyer- 
 inge the sayd Acte in euery behalf to be obserued and kej^t the 
 xx*^ Daye of October in the xxij*^ yere of the reigne of Souereigne 
 Lorde kinge Henry e the viij*^ haue exhibyted and presented 
 their petycon therupon made with a Boke conteyning dyuers 
 Statutes actes and Ovdyuaunces heretofore devysed ordeyned and 
 made for the ffellowship of Barbours Surgeons and their 
 Successors and for the Coramon weale and conservac?'on of the 
 good estate of the sayd Crafte and Mysterye of Barbors 
 Surgeons aforesayd and for the better Rules and ovdynaunces 
 of the same fellowship establysshed ordeyned and vsed And 
 thereupon instantly e haue desyered us that we all and euerye 
 the sayed Statutes ordyna^^nc^^ and Othes by the same maister 
 and wardeyns and their predecessors to the forsayd entent made 
 ordeyned and establyshed woulde ouersee and examyn and the 
 same and euery of them correct reforme and amende after 
 the mangier and due forme convenyent and as the forsayd acte in 
 the sayd parlyament made requyereth We wel perceyvyng the 
 sayd Supplycacion to be good and acceptable accordinge to their 
 petycyons and desyers aud by auctorytie of the sayed Acte of 
 Parlyament to vs com;;^ytted All and enereye their Othes Actes 
 and Ordynatmces in the sayed Boke specyfyed haue perfectlye 
 scene the same well and ripelye vnderstande and theym all and 
 exiereye of them examyned corrected and reformed the tenore as 
 hereafter followeth. 
 
 The othe of enereye ffreman ffurste ye shall swere that ye 
 shalbe good and trewe mito our Leige Lorde the 
 
 fremans othe l,. tj^i-i i- p-mii i 
 
 kmg and to his heyers kinges or Lnglande and. 
 obedyent to the Mayor and his bretherne the Aldermen of 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 341 
 
 the Cytie o£ London And also ye shalbe obedyent to the 
 Maisters or Governors that nowe be or that hereafter shalbe 
 of the Crafte of Barbor Surgeons whereof ye be nowe made 
 free Ye shall also obey kepe and observe all the g-ood orders 
 Rules and ordyn(2?mc(?5 of the sayed Crafte heretofore made 
 and not repelled and hereafter to be made, so helpe youe god 
 and all Sayncte-y and by this Booke. 
 
 The othe of the Master or Governors Ye shall swere that ye 
 shall obsei've kepe and mayntayne the worship ^^ „ ^^^ ^ 
 proffyt and co;;zmen weale of the Crafte of Bar- norsothe2 
 bors Surgeons in all pointer lawfuU and leafull as good and 
 proffytable Maisters or Governors and Rulers oughte to dooe 
 after your good connynge good dilligence & power Also ye 
 shall kepe and maynteyne and doo to be kept and mayteyned 
 duringe your tyme as farre forthe as youe lawfully maye As 
 well all soche good Vsages Customes Lybertyes and Ordyn- 
 atmces of the same Crafte and at this Daye vsed approved 
 and contynued and all and singular pointe<s eonteyned in 
 the premysses duely and treuely when ye shall put in execueion 
 and as often as the ease shall requyer Duringe your tyme And 
 also ye shal duelye and treuely make your Serches 
 throughe all the Companye of the same Crafte 
 within the Cytie of London and Suburbes of the same And 
 therupon as the case shall requyer all the defaultes and 
 neglygenc^-s of comytemente^ and inconvenyenc^<s that may 
 happen or ffall to be founde in the Crafte of Barbory or 
 Surgerye in your tyme ye Dilligentlye shall reforme and 
 sett in good Rule and trewelye correct and punyshe accordinge 
 to the power and Rules for the reformac^on had & made 
 for the same in the sayed Crafte And for and Duringe 
 your tyme correct and lawfully ponnyshe after the qualytyes 
 and gravyties of and upon the Demearyttes of and defaults* 
 founden in the same after your connynge and power. Also ye 
 shall not admytte any fforrein to be of this mysterye whieh'e 
 hereafter shall sue to be ffreman of this Cytie by Redempcion 
 and to be enfraunchised in this Mysterye wit/iont thassent of 
 
342 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 the xxiiij^i Assistant(?.5 of the same Crafte or the more parte of 
 them And over that ye shall not chardge the hole bodye of this 
 fellowship by puttinge the com;;2on Seale of the same mysterye to 
 any maner wryting cause or matter whereby the same Companye in 
 any wyse may be ehardged. hm'ted or hindered Also in all the 
 premysses and other thingi?^ necessarye concernynge the weale and 
 proffyt of the sayd Crafte t/mt shall truely la\vfullye dilligent- 
 lye and indifferentlye behave your self after your connynge and 
 power and nether for Love meede favour affecc^on nor for dreade 
 mallice hatred or envye otherwise procede rule or conclude to or 
 with, any person or persons w^th whiche ye shall have to 
 dooe by reason of your sayd Offyce then the good Vsages 
 Rules lybertyes and ordnaimces for the good order of the 
 same Crafte heretofore made and not repelled and hereafter to 
 be made Also at thende of your Offyce ye shall geve vnto 
 the Maisters or Governors that shall succede youe next in the 
 
 same occupac/on this present othe So that they 
 Keevenbyoid shall duelye and truelye in all thjnges duringe 
 
 the tyme that they shalbe in lyke offyee performe 
 and f ulfyll the same othe so god you helpe and all Saincte^ and 
 by this Booke. 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that euery person enfraunehysed in the 
 same Crafte shalbe readye at all maner of Sommons of the 
 Maisters or Governors of the sayed Crafte for the tyme beinge 
 And yf any suche person absent him from any suche Som;;2ons 
 wit/iont cause reasonable to be tryed by his othe before the 
 
 Masters or Gou^rnors yf they thynke yt necessarye 
 summon^ fine Then he to paye for euery so dooynge iij^ iiij*^ 
 
 the one half to the Chamber of London and the 
 other to the Almes of the Crafte Also that euery man enfraun- 
 ehysed in the sayed Crafte beinge duely warned or sommoned 
 
 that kepeth not his hower according to the 
 
 hower of Sum- ^ ® 
 
 mons i Som/«ons w/thout cause reasonable to be fixed in 
 maner and forme aforesayed for euery tyme so doying shall paye 
 to the Almes of the sayd Crafte YJ^ And he or they that dis- 
 obeyeth this ordyn«?mce shall paye for his or their disobedyence 
 
THU CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 343 
 
 in that behalf for eueiy tyme so offeudinge iij^ iiij'^ to be 
 devyded in forme aforesayd. 
 
 Also yt ys enacted and ordeyned that euery man in the 
 Clothinge of the sayed mysterye shall paye Liverie quart- 
 quarterly to the Mayntena/aice of the comw^on oniieYivcrie^* 
 Charges of the same vj*^ And euery man oute ing'qvmrtei^^ 
 of the Clothinge and euery wydowe keping an to°be"demaun- 
 oj)en Shoj) iij*^ And this to be payed quarterlye ® 
 vpon payne and forfayture at euery tyme offending or doying 
 the contrarye iij^ iiij"^ the one half therof to be applyed to the 
 vse of the Chamber of London and thother half to the Alnies 
 of the sayd f£elloweship so alwaies that the sayed quartrage be 
 lawfully demaunded. 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that no person enfraunchised in the 
 savd Crafte shall take any Apprentyce unto the 
 
 everie appren- 
 
 tyme that he furste present the same pe?'son before tice to be pre- 
 
 /-^. . 1 . sented before 
 
 the masler and Governors for the tymebemge that he be bound 
 
 '' ^ payne xls. 6 
 
 they may see he be clene w/t/^out contynuall 
 Dyseases or grevous infyrmyties whereby the kings leige people 
 mighte take hnrte upon payne for euery tyme so doing of xl^ 
 to be applyed in maner aforesayed Also it ys ., 
 
 ordeyned that euery person of the sayed ffellowe- ^J^- ^^^' '' 
 
 ship shall paye towards their charge for euery Apprentice that 
 he taketh ij^ vj*^ to be payed at the presentac?"on and allowyng 
 of euery Apprentice 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that no person of the sayed ffellawship 
 being in the Clothinge or lyverye shall have any none of ye 
 more servauntes apprentices or fforeins vsing the above^uij ser-^ 
 faculty e or mystery of Barborye or Surgerye tjme^^^^^'^ 
 together at ones above the nomber of iiij persons pa-y^c^^s. 8 
 provyded alwaye that w?'t^in half ayere of the goying out or 
 endinge of the terme of one of the sayed iiij persons yt shalbe 
 leaf uU to euery suche person to take or have another Apprentys 
 or servant the sayd Acte notw^'thstonding and he that offendetli 
 in Breking of this Acte shall forfayte and paye xl^ to be 
 devyded and applyed in forme aforesayed 
 
344 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Also yt is ordeyned that no maner of parsoa of the same 
 
 ffellowship beinar out of the Clothing-e shall have 
 oute of the ■ ^ i f ^ i 
 
 liverie above tosTithers at ones above the nomber of three 
 
 iij 9 
 
 Apprentices or SCTvauntes to oeeupye the sayed 
 mysterye and faeultye provyded. as ys provyded in the latter 
 Artyele and upon lyke payne 
 
 And also yt is ordeyned that no parson of the sayed ffellowe- 
 
 ship shall take to his servyce as servaunte Alowes 
 servants any Englishe fforein or Aliaunt Straung-er to 
 
 oeeupye the faeultye of Barborye or Surg-erye 
 but the said pet'son shall present the same person servaunt 
 witkin iij Dayes next after his comyng to the sayd person 
 to and before the sayd Masters and Governors of the sayed 
 ffelloweship for the tyme beinge to thentent that he before 
 them maye be cessed what wages he shall take And yf he be an 
 Alyaunt straunger borne to paye yerelye of his wages to the 
 Almes of the ffelloweship iij^ iiij^ And that monye to be taken 
 quarterlye of the Maister of the same Straunger and of his 
 wages and who t/iat doeth contrary to this rule shall forfayte at 
 euery tyme so dooyng xl^ to be devyded and payed as ys 
 aforesayed 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that no person of the sayd Crafte shall 
 
 entyse or desyer any servaunt from his maister 
 awaieof nor shall take any forrein into his servyce for 
 
 lesse terme then for one yere and he to be sessed 
 or rated for his wag"es by the Maisters or governors of the 
 same mysterye and this to be dooen yerelye euery yere 
 upon payne for euery tyme doying the contrarye of xiij^ iiij^ 
 Thone half to be applyed to the vse of the Chamber of 
 London and the other half to the vse of the Almes of the sayd 
 ffellowship 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that no parson of the same ffelloweship 
 no freemen to ^^ter that he be admytted and sworne a ffreman 
 before^e'be ^^ ^^^® Cytie afore the Chamberlaine presume to 
 lycenced 12 open his shop wyndowes before he hathe presented 
 hymself to and before the masters or governors of the sayd 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 345 
 
 Mjsterye for the tyme being- and w^'th them haue agreed in 
 
 payinge his Dutye accustomed that ys to saye to the vse of the 
 
 Company iij^ iiij"^ and to the Clarke xij'^ to 
 
 the mayntenrt!unce of their com?».on charg-e and ^y'' 
 
 in taking his othe afore them according* to the lawdable custome 
 
 and order in the same mysterye of olde tyme vsed upon payne to 
 
 Lose forfayt and paye xl^ to be devyded and applyed in forme 
 
 aforesayd. 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that no person enf raunchy sed in 
 
 the sayed mysterye shall enfourme or charge 
 
 any fforrein other then his apprentyce any pointe anyWsscience 
 
 of his crafte belonging* to Barborye or Surgery e prentic^s^" 13 
 
 upon payne for euery tyme so doying xl^ to 
 
 be applyed in fourme aforesayed Also yf any matter of Stryfe 
 
 or debate hereafter be betvvene eny person of the sayd Crafte as 
 
 god forfend That noen of them shall make any 
 
 -i • ii T 1-1 not to sue one 
 
 pursuit m the comyMon Lawe but that he whiche another at i/ie i 
 
 /.-,,,. Tinp II- common Lawe 
 
 lyndeth him agreved shall ryrste make his com- before com- 
 playnt to the Maisters or Governors of the sayd 
 Crafte for the tyme being to thentent that he shall order the 
 sayd matter or cause of complaynte so made yf they C2in.ne And 
 yf it fortune that the can not nor doo not order and appease 
 the same matter within xiiij dayes then next ensuyng That 
 then it shalbe leafull to the partye agreved to take his advaun- 
 tage at the Comon Lawe So alwayes that the partye agenist 
 whome the complaynte ys made be not fug-ytyve and who 
 so dothe the contrary herof shall paye for euery tyme so 
 Doyinge xiijs iiij^ to be devyded and applyed in fourme 
 aforesayd 
 
 Also that no parson of the sayed fellowship shall revyle rebuke 
 nor reprove another of the same ffellovvship by any 
 vnryttmg opprobrius condyc^ons or dyshonest opprobrious 
 wordes in the presens of the Masters or Governors 
 or anye of them nor before any other /(arsons in any other places 
 and he that offendeth in this behalf and due proofe therof had 
 shall paye for euery suche defaulte vj^ viij*^ to be dev^-ded and 
 
34e 3IZAfOElALS OF 
 
 appljed in forme aforesayed Also that no parson of tlie saved 
 nopei^on Crafte sliall refuse to be of tlie Clotliinge of the 
 
 !r6Jfns6 Ito Ib^ o£ 
 
 yeLiverie sajed Mysterye or to heare offyce in the same 
 
 liiverie to be at anv tvme when lie by the sard JNlaisters or 
 
 by CoXUt of " 1 rm • Pi' 
 
 A^istauts 16 (iovernors and Ihassistants of the same mysterye 
 or the more jpa>ij& of them shalhe ahled therto upon payne to 
 paye xl^ to be applyed in fourme aforesayed And that the 
 maisters or Goveinors of the said mysterye for the tyme being 
 shall not take nor admyt any ^<?/-son into the Clothing or h-verye 
 of the same mysterye w^t^ut the eom;;ion assent of the xxiiij 
 Assistants of the same or the more parte of them upon lyke 
 payne as ys aforesayed for euery t^^ne so*? Doyiug to be devyded 
 and applyed in fourme aforesayed And where by Dyvers liighe 
 anthoryties for the honor and reverence of the Soudaye it ys 
 
 ordeyned and enacted of olde antiquitie that no 
 \vasheorshaTe Barbonr dwelling w/t^^in the Cytie or Suburbes of 
 
 the same nor ells who shall oeeupye shavinge on 
 the Sondayes nejther w/tiin their house nor w/tioute prevelye 
 nor apertlye It is nowe therfore ordeyned and enacted that no 
 jieison free of the sayd Companye from hensforthe oeeupye any 
 Shaving on the Sondayes w/t^in this Cjiie nor lybertyes of 
 
 the same upon payne and forfeyture for enery 
 
 time so doA^inge xl^ the one half therof to the 
 Chamber of London and thother half therof to the Almes 
 of Tile savcle Cralte 
 
 Also vt ys ordeyned that no manner parson being free 
 
 of the sayd fellowship shall take any seke or 
 
 eacjTTiiTu-t^r- hui-te parson or parsones to his Cure whiche 
 
 Ms lyf e to the is in perrelle of Deathe or Mavme but A-f he 
 M^ & Gorem- , ^ ^ , ' ^ '^ • 
 
 orswiiiiin shewe the same secke or hurte parson by nun 
 
 receaved to the ]SIaisters or Governors of the saved 
 
 Mysterye or two of them for the Savegarde ol the kinges Liege 
 
 people and that within iiij dayes next after the receyving of the 
 
 said secke or hurte person upon payne for euery tyme do^Tig the 
 
 contrarye of xx^ to be devyded and applyed in maner and forme 
 
 aforesayed 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 347 
 
 Also yt is ordeyned that euerye man enfraunchysed in 
 the sayd fellowesliip occupying" Surgery e shall 
 come to their Hall to the reading of the Lecture to reacio his 
 
 Lecture when 
 
 concernyno" Surererye every Dave or Assemble his turne 
 
 "^ ^ ^ -^ ,. Cometh or 
 
 therof and euerv man after his course shall reede flnde a suffi- 
 
 •' cient man 19 
 
 the Lecture himself or eWes fynde an able man of 
 
 the sayd ffelloweship to read [for] hym and not to absent himself 
 
 at his Daye of the same readinge w/'tAout cause reasonable and 
 
 withowt he geve lawfull warnynge therof before the daye upon 
 
 payne to forfayte and lose for euery tyrae doyinge 
 
 the contrarye xx^ to be devyded and applyed in 
 
 fourme aforesayed 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that no man of the sayed fellow- 
 ship shall take any cure from another of the 
 
 „.,,,. 1 , ,, nonetodeceiue 
 
 same itellovvship nor supplant one another nor another of his 
 
 geve or speke any slanderous wordes in dis- 
 ablinge him of his Scyence or conninge but be rather in a 
 readynes to geve good counsell to helpe the kinges people And 
 euery man offending in this behalf to pay at euery tyme so 
 offendinge xiij^ iiij"^ thone half thereof to the Chamber of 
 London and thother half to the Almes of the sayd ffellowship 
 provyded that yf the pacyent fynde himself agreved with his 
 Surgeon that then the same pacyent paying to his fyrste 
 Surgeon reasonablye for his Labour shall and may take and 
 have any other Surgeon at his Lybertye and pleasure 
 
 And whereof olde Custome yerelye upon the Sonday 
 next ensuyinge the feaste of Saint Barthelmewe ^ ,, ^^^ 
 the Appostell ^ a Dynner ys kept and provyded for nJ^p^e'^Dinners 
 them of the lyverye of the sayed Companye in their Darnian aiid'^' 
 com;Mon Hall called Barbors Hall And on the daye J^^bTon^'S- 
 of Saint Cosme and Damian ^ yf it be not on the '^"^ 
 Satterdays A Dynner for them of the same Companye oute 
 of the lyverye It is ordeyiuid and enacted that r/te upper Mr • 
 euery man that hathe been, upper Maister or upper his wief viij<t 
 Governor of the sayed Companye shall paye at hiJwicHv'i'"' 
 1 24 Aug. 2 27 Sopt. 
 
348 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and for the same dyimer xij'i for himself and viij'^ for his 
 wyffe yf they come And euery other man beinge of the 
 Ijverye of the same Companye shall paye in lykewyse for himself 
 viij"^ and for his wyffe yf she come iiij'^ Provyded alwaye that 
 the Maisters or Governors of the sayd Companye 
 ors nothinge for the tyme beeng shall paye nothing-e for their 
 
 for their wives ,, i j_t -r\ n ±^ j_ n 
 
 wyies com^wyng-e to the JJynner tor that yere lor- 
 asmoche as their wyffs must of neeessitie be there to helpe that 
 euery thyng there be sett in order. And that euery man of the 
 Every other ^^Y^ Companye beinge out of the lyverye shall 
 vlyd^ws^wief P^y® ^^ ^^^^ f^^ ^^^s dynner on the said morrowe 
 ^'^'^' viij*^ and for his wyfe yf she come iiij*^ 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that at euery assemblie holden in the 
 Nonetomui- com?«en Hall of the sayd mysterje no man being 
 at^Assembies there present shall multiplye language in the 
 assemble tyme that is to saye yf any mans othere 
 speke mor wordes or multeplye more Language in the Assemble 
 then the Maisters or Governors for the tyme being then present 
 thinke to be good and neeessarye That then yf they or one of 
 them comaunde him to kepe sylence that then he shall so doo in 
 keping his obedyence 
 
 And also no man eommynge to any of the sayd Assem- 
 bles shall departe from thens Duringe the Assemble 
 without tyme w^t/^out lycence of the Masters or Gover- 
 
 Mrs or one of nors then present or one of them and the offender 
 in anye of the sayd ij pointes or cases to forfayte 
 and paye at euery tyme so offending xx*^ to be devyded and 
 applyed in fourme aforesayd 
 
 Also yt ys ordeyned that no man of the Clothinge of 
 g . . the sayd Companye presume to gooe one afore 
 
 be observed 23 another of theym in proeessyons buryalls or 
 Annyversaryes nor in sytting in their Assembles or in their Hall 
 at Dynner or other repastes their ^ or in any other honest 
 place to be had otherwise than he is in Auncyetie ^ in the same 
 Companye and according to the true enteraunce therof in the 
 ^ there. ^ antiquitj'. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 349 
 
 Bedylls Skroll Nor that any of them of any scrupulosytie 
 frowardnes ne pusyllaniinytie refuse to take his owne rome or 
 place according to the order aforesayd but that euery man in 
 theis ij cases kepe and occupye his owne roume and place in 
 fourme aforesayde wyll he nyll he in good obedyent maner And 
 he of them that offendeth in breakinge the order in any of 
 the sayd ij Cases shall forfayte and pave at euery tyme of 
 offendinge xij*^ to be apply ed and devyded in fourme aboue 
 reliersed. 
 
 All whiche ordenaunces and othes in maner and fourme 
 afore specyfyed at the request of the sayed Maister Wardeyns 
 and ifellowship by aucthoritie of the same Acte of Parliament we 
 the sayd Chauncelor Threasouror and Chief Justices of eyther 
 benche aforesayd for good La?^dable and lawfull ordensiimces 
 estatutes and othes doo accept and admytte by theis presentes 
 as moche as in us is ratyfye lawde and approve Provyded 
 alwayes and forseen that theis OYdena?i,nces witkin this booke 
 expressed or any of them in no wyse extende nor be preiudycyall 
 or hurtefull to the kinges prerogatyve nether to the hurte of any 
 graunte or graunte.? by the kinge or his moste noble /jrogenytors 
 made to the sayd Cytie of London or any other or any lawdable 
 custommes nowe used in the same Cytie and in case any Article 
 or artycles in this boke expressed be preiudycyall or hurtefull 
 as ys abouesayd to be voyed cassate and of noen effect Any 
 thinge by vs the sayd Chauncelor Threasourer and ij Justices in 
 this behalf Dooen or made to the contrary notw^thstanding 
 Provyded alwayes that for dyvers consyderac?"ons as well for the 
 welthe of the king^<s leige people as for the honestye of the sayde 
 Crafte yt is now condescended and agreed that from hensforthe 
 no parsons of ffelayship after he or they be made ffree of the 
 sayd Company e shall presume to sett open any Shoppe of Bar- 
 borye unto suche tyme as he or they be abled by the sayd 
 Maister or gouernors witAont he be of the clere value of his owne 
 proper goods to the value of Tenne markes sterlinge upon payne 
 of fforfay ture of xP the one half to the Chamber of London 
 and the other half to the Almesse of the sayd Crafte In wytnes 
 
350 MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 "whereof to this present Booke we liave sett our Signes 
 roanuells the xiiij*^^ Daye of '^laye in the xxij^* yere of the 
 reyne of onr Sonereir/zi Lorde his reigne King Henrye the 
 Eighte.^ 
 
 Exd the xxvi^^^ Daye of Apryll Anno Dm : xv" Ivi^^ - being^ 
 the ]Mi' of the Companye and Agreeing witli the 
 Original jjer me Thomas Kxot. 
 
 1 A.D. 1530. 2 2 Philip and 3 Mary. 
 
APPENDIX J. 
 
 HARVEY^S GRANTS OF ARMS TO THE UNITED COMPANY OF 
 BARBERS AND SURGEONS.^ 
 
 To all and singular as well Kings heralds and Offycers of 
 Armes as nobles gentilmen and others which these presents shall 
 see or here ~ Willm Hervy Esquyer otherwyse called Clarencieulx 
 principall herulde and Kinge o£ armes of the southe East and west 
 parties of this Eealme of Englande Sendethe due comendac^'ons 
 ■^ "^ * And whereas in this citty of London thexperience and 
 practise of the science & faculty of surgery is most requiset and 
 dayly exersysed and experimented * ^ ^ And foreasmoche as 
 within this said Cyttie of London there were two severall companies 
 the one by the name of Barbors and the other by the name of 
 Surgeons The Barbores beinge Incorporated and thother not 
 and both occupied the arte of surgery e whervpon greate con- 
 tention Dyd arise & for that yt [was] thought moste mete 
 and necessarye that the said two Companyes shulde be vnited 
 and made one bodye corporate to thentente that by ther vnyon 
 and often assemblie togither the exereyse & knowlege of ther 
 science myght appeare as well yn practice as yn speculacion not 
 onelye to themselves but to others vnder them so that yt was 
 thought most mete & convenient uppon graue & great considera- 
 cion To vnite and Jouyne the said two companyes into one as 
 maye appeayre by acte of p^rrb'ament in a° xxxij of henry 
 theight with these wordes ffolowinge Be it enacted by the 
 King * * * & for that it pleased the said Kinge henry 
 theight not onely to vnytie and incorp [or] ate the two Companyies 
 togyther by acte of Parlement but also hath Ratyfied & con- 
 fermed the same by his Letters patentes under the great scale 
 of Englond & wheras Thomas Gaele at this present beinge 
 
 1 I. C. B., No. 101, 20, in the Heralds' College, Loudon. - hear. 
 
352 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 M^ Alexaunder Mason John Stondon and Robert Modesley 
 governors of the said corporac?'on mystery and comunalty of 
 Barbors & surgeones being-e Desyrous to have some Signes 
 & tokines of honour added & augmented to their olde auncient 
 amies for a perpetual memory as well of that famous prince 
 kinge henry theight the?'r founder & patronne as also a 
 deelaraeion of the vnytinge of those t[w]o compaynes together 
 hath instantly Required me the said Clarenciulx To consyder the 
 premyses and to shew my indevour herein in considerac?"on 
 wherof and findinge theyr request to be just & lawfull I the 
 said Clarenciulx kinge of armes by power & authoritie to myn 
 offyce annexed & graunted by Letters patents vnder the great 
 Sealle of Englande for a testimony & further encrease of ther 
 worshepes haue graunted & assigned vnto them for an augmen- 
 tac/'on to ther old and aunscint Armes (which is sables a chevrone 
 between thre flumes ^ argent) a chef paly argent & vert on a pale 
 goles a lyon passant regardant gold betwene two spatters argent a 
 roze gewles crowned golde & to ther creast vpon the heal me an 
 opinacus ^ golde standinge vpon a wreath argent and sables 
 manteled gewles dubled argent as more playuely appereth depicted 
 in this margent which armes with the said augmentaceon helme 
 & creaste I the said Clarenciulx kinge of armes baue Ratyfied 
 confirmed gy van & graunted & by thes presents do ratyfie 
 and eonferme gyve & graunt unto the said Thomas 3ale at this 
 present Masiev Alexander Mason John Stondon Robert Modesley 
 governers of the corporac«on mystery & cominallty of Barbors 
 and Sourgeons & to ther successores & to the hole assistance 
 company & felowshipe of the said corporacon mystery and 
 comynalty of Barbors & surgeons within this cyttie of London 
 and to ther successores for euer more and the same to vse beare 
 
 ^ fleams or lancets. 
 
 2 An " Opinicus " is an heraldic beast ha%Tng the hody and legs of a lion, the 
 neck and head of an eagle, the tail of a camel, and the wings of a gi-iffin. My 
 friend, Mr. Horace Noble, suggests that this animal was probably selected in 
 allusion to the qualities required by a good siirgeon, viz. the boldness of a lion, 
 the keen vision of an eagle, the swiftness of a griffin, the patience of a camel. 
 [Ed. note.] 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 353 
 
 and sliew in shelde seall and banner banners or banerroles or 
 standards penon or penons pensill or pensilles to ther honor & wor- 
 shipes at their Lybertis & pleazure without Impediment let or 
 intervpeion of any person or persones In wittines wherof I the 
 said Clarenceulx kinge of armes have subscribed my name & 
 set hervnto the seall of myn office & the seale of myn armes 
 the x*^ day of July in the yere of our Lorde god 1561 and in the 
 third yeare of the Reinge of our dread souvrayne Lady Eliza- 
 beth by the grace of god quene of England fraunee & Irland 
 Defender of the ffeath etc. 
 
 The amended grant of arms to the united Company appears 
 in the following form : 
 
 In consyderacion Whereof and for that it dothe appeyre a 
 thyng most Requyset for the vnityng of theys two Companyes 
 to gether and ifor that the Occupacion of harbors surgeons byeng 
 Incorporatyd hath synce the xxx yere of kyng henry the 
 Eygt vsed and borne armes that is to say sables a cheveron by 
 twyne iij flewmes argent which armes were vnto them assinyd 
 onely by the gyf te and assignement of clarenceoulx kyng of armes 
 as by the patent thereof Dothe and maye more pleanly appere 
 and since the vnityng of the sayd two companyes theys armes 
 of the sayd Corporacion of barbores Surgeons hath byne vsed 
 and none other yet notwythstandyng the late Kyng henry the 
 eyght of ffamous memory assined and gave unto the Companye of 
 the Surgeons onely a cougnisance w/dch is a Spatter theron a Rose 
 gules crouned gold ffor ther warrant in ffylde butt no Auctoritye 
 by warrant ffor the bayryng of the same in Shylde as Armes and 
 ffor that it pleased the same King henry the eyght not onely to 
 vnyte and Incorporate theys two companyes together by acte of 
 parliament but also hath Ratifyed and Confyrmed the same by 
 Letters patents vnder the great Seale of England and so lately 
 confyrmed by the queues maigesty that now is. 
 
 And whereas thomas Galle in the thyrde yere of the queues 
 
 maigestyes Reigne that now is, byeng master, Allexaunder 
 
 Mason, John Stondon and Robert Mudesley governores of the 
 
 same Corporacion mysterye Comunaltye of barbores and Surgeons 
 
 X 
 
354: MEMORIALS OF 
 
 bveng- Des}a'us to Laue some seniles and tokenes of honor 
 Addyd and augmentyd to the olde and auneient amies of the 
 harbour Surgeons not onely ffor a perpetuall memory as wele of 
 that ifamous prynce Kyng henry the Eyght there founder and 
 patron but also ffor a ffiirther Declaracion of the unyting 
 of theys two companyes together Dyd Instantly require the late 
 Clarencieulx harvy to consider the primases^ and to shew his. 
 Indevor then in Consyderacion whereof he ff}Tidyng there 
 Request Just and lawfull Dyd graunt and gyue vnto them by 
 the name of master and gouernors of the mysterye and Com- 
 munaltye of barbores and Surgeons and to there Suceessours 
 byeng mester and governours of the same Corporacion of 
 barbores and Surgeons by his letters patents vnder his hande and 
 seale bayryng date the x*^ of July in the yer of ouer lord God 
 15 til and in the thyrd yere of the Kaynge of the queues 
 maigesty that now is Augmentacion in chyffe to ther olde and 
 auneient amies wyth helme and creast to the same which chyffe 
 was paly argent and vert on a pale gules a lyon passant regardant 
 golde bytwyne two Spatters argent and on each a Dobell Rose gules 
 and argent crowned gold and to theyr creast on a torsse sylver 
 and sable a Opyinacus gold manteled gules Dobeled argent and 
 further in the tynie that Robart balthrope Esquyer and Sargent 
 of the Surgeons to the queues maigestye then byeng Mester of 
 the sayd mysterye and Communaltye of the barbores and 
 Surgeons and George Vaughan Ryehard hughes and George 
 Corron governors of the same Corporacion the sayd Clarencieux 
 harvy Dyd graunt vnto the sayd corporacion of harbors and 
 Surgeons two Supporters to theyr armes which by ffore he had 
 o-yven vnto them that wais two lynxe in their proper Collor about 
 there necks a croune w^th a cheyne argent as now pleanly apperyth 
 by the sayd letters patents of armes. 
 
 Yet notwythstandyng vpon Dyvers and Soundrye Con- 
 
 svderacions shewin vnto vs the sayd Kinge of armes and at the 
 
 Instante request of Richard Holmewood mester - of the sayd 
 
 mystery and Cominalty, Nicolas Archenbolde Thomas Burston 
 
 1 premises. " a.d. 1568. 
 
TEE GRAFT OF STIBGEBY. 355 
 
 and John ffelde goveruoures of the sayd eorporaciou wyth the 
 sayd garter Clarencioulx and Norre}^ Kyngs of armes by power 
 and actority to vs comm}i:ted vnder the greate Seale of 
 England haue not onely at there Just and resonable request 
 after consydered the primases but ffor our further testimonys and 
 Increase of their worshype haue Ratifyed and Confyrmed theyr 
 armes creastes and supporteres Biffore mencionyd in suche maner 
 and fforme as here after folowys ,that is to save quarterly the 
 ffyrst sables a cheveron b^-twyne iij flewmes argent the Second 
 quarter perpale argent and vert on a Spatter of the fyrst a 
 Dobele rose g-ules and aro^ent crowned or over all on a crosse 
 gules a lyon passant Regardant or, and to their creaste vpon the 
 helme on a torsse argent and sable a Opinacus or, in his mouthe 
 a .... ^ vert the flower sable manteled gules Dobeled 
 argent suppurted with two lynxe in there proper coller" 
 aboue there neckes a crowne w^'th a chene argent as more clearly 
 apperyth Depictyd in the margent w^hich armes creaste and sup- 
 porters we the sayd kyngs of armes haue confyrmed Ratyfyed 
 gyven and grauntyd and by theys presents Do ratifye confyrme 
 gyue and graunte vnto the sayd Rechard Holmewood master of 
 the sayd mysterye and Comunalty nicolas Archenbold Thomas 
 burston and John ffelde governours of the sayd Corporaciou 
 mystery and comunalty of barbores and Surgeons and to their 
 Successors by the name of mester and governours and to the holl 
 assistaunce company and ffeloshype of the sayd corporacion 
 mystery and Comunaltye of harbors and Surgeons within the 
 C^yty of London and to their successors ffor ever more and the 
 same to vse bayer and shew in shy Id sealle banner or banner- 
 rolls Standard or Standards penon or penons. 
 
 ^ I have been unable to decipher the name of the flower, but it is unim- 
 portant, as it is not mentioned by Dethick in the final and existing grant given 
 in full in Appendix K. 
 
 2 colour. 
 
 X 2 
 
APPENDIX K. 
 
 GRANT OF ARMS BY SIR GILBERT DETHICK TO THE UNITED - 
 COMPANY OP BARBERS AND SURGEONS. 
 
 To all and sing-uler as well kino-es heraudes and officers of 
 Armes as nobles g-entlemen and others to who me these presentes 
 shall come be seene, heard read or vnderstand We Siv Gilbert 
 Dethicke knighte also Garter principall kinge of Armes Robert 
 Cooke Esqiiyr also Clarencieulx kinge of Armes of the Southe 
 partes of Eng-land and Willm flower Esquyre also Norroy kinge 
 of Armes of the northe partes of England sendithe gretinge in 
 our Lord god euerlastinge forasmuche as aunciently from the 
 beginninge the valiaunt and vertuose actes of excellent persones 
 haue been commendid to the world and posteritie with sondry 
 monumentes and remembraunce of their good Descartes Amongst 
 the whiche the cheifest and most vsuall haue been the bearinge 
 of shyldes called Armes which are none other thinges then 
 demonstracions and tokens of prowisse and valoris diuersly 
 distributid accordinge to the quallitie of the personnes meritinge 
 the same To thentent that such as haue donn commendable 
 seruice to their Prince or contry either in warre or peace or other- 
 wyse by laudable and couragiouse Enterpryses or proceedinge of 
 eny personne or personnes in the augmentacion of their estate or 
 common weale of their Realme and Contrey might therby receiue 
 due honor in their lyves and also deryve and continue the same 
 successivly in their posterity and successores for euer And 
 whereas in this Citye of London thexperience and practyse of 
 the faculty and Science Chyrurgery is most requisit and dayly to 
 be exersysed and experimented for the preservacion of many and 
 by occasion of the practyse many expert psonnes be brought vpp 
 and experimented to the reliefe succour & health of an infinyte 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 357 
 
 number of personnes And forasmuche as within this Citye o£ 
 London there were two seuerall Companyes one by the name of 
 Barbours Chirurgeones and the other by the name of Chyrurgiones 
 onely [the one] beinge incorporated and thother not. And both 
 occupyeinge the arte of Chirurgery whervppon great controuersy 
 did aryse and for that it was most meet and necessary that the sayd 
 two companyes should be vnyted and made one sole body and s,~) 
 incorporatid to thentent that, by their vnyon and often assembly 
 together the exercyse and knowledge of their scyence and mystery 
 might appere as well in practyse as in speculacon not onely to 
 them selues but also to others vnder them so that it was thought 
 most meet and conuenient vppon graue and great consideracion to 
 vnyte and ioyne the said ij companyes in one which was donne 
 as may appeer by an act of Parliament in Anno xxxij of henry 
 theight with these wordes Be it enacted by the Kynge oiix Sou- 
 uerayne Lord and the Lordes spirituall and temporall and the 
 commones of the same that the sayd seuerall and distinct two 
 companyes that is to say bothe the Barboures Chyrurgiones and the 
 surgiones and euery persone of theim beinge a freeman of either 
 of the said Companyes after the accustome of the sayd Cyty of 
 London and their successores from hensforthe Immediatly be 
 vnyted and made one entiere and whole body corperate and one 
 ssociety p(?rpetuall^ which at all tymes hereafter shalbe called by 
 the name of M-astex^ and gouernours of the mistery and commimalty 
 of Barboures and Surgiones of London for euermore and by none 
 other name. In consyderacon wherof and for that it dothe 
 appeere A thynge most requysyt for the vnitinge of these two 
 companyes togither : and for that the occupac^'on of the Barboures 
 Surgiones beinge incorporate hathe since the tyme of Kynge 
 henry the sixt vsid and borne Armes viz sable^ a cheueron 
 betweene three flewmes argent which Armes were vnto them 
 assigned onely by the gifte and assignement of Clarencieulx 
 kinge of Armes as by the patent thereof dothe and may most 
 playnely appeere. And since the vnitinge of the sayde two com- 
 panyes these Armes of the corporac^on of Barboures Surgiones 
 haue been vsed and none other yeat notwithstandinge 
 
358 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 of late king-e lienry the eiglit of famous memory assigned and 
 jjaue vnto the company of Surgiones onely a reeognisaunce 
 v>']iich is A spatter thereon a Rose gules crowned gould T\nth 
 their warrant in field but no authority by warrant for beary- 
 nge the same in shyld as Armes^ and for t/iat it pleased the 
 same Kynge henrj- the eight not ■ onely to xnjte incorporate 
 these two companyes togither by Acte of Parliament but also 
 hath ratefyed and confirmed the same by his letters patentes 
 vnder the great seall of England and also lately confirmed by 
 the Queues majestie that nowe is And whereas Thomas Galle in 
 the third yeare of the Queues ma/is-sties Reigne that now is beinge 
 ISP Alexander Mason John Stondon and Robert Modesley gouer- 
 noures of the same Corporacxon^ mistery and commuualty of 
 Barboures and surgiones beinge desyrouse to haue some signes 
 and tokenes of honor added and augmented to the ould and 
 auncient Armes of Barboures sourgiones not onely for a per- 
 petuall memory as well of the famous prince Kinge henry the 
 eight their founder and patron but also for a further declaracon 
 of the vnvtinge of these two companyes togither did instantly 
 requyre the late Clarencieulx harvy to consyder the premisses 
 and to shew his indeuore therin who fjTidynge the request iust 
 and lawefull did graunt and gyue vnto them by letters patentes 
 vnder his hand and scale bearinge date the x^^ of July in the 
 third yeare of the reigne of the Queues mayV-stie that nowe is an 
 auermentacion in cheife to their ould and auncient Armes with 
 healme and creaste to the same which cheife was paly Argent 
 and vert one a pale geules a lyon passant gardant gold betwene 
 two spatteres argent one eche a double rose geules and argent 
 crowned gold And to their creaste one A torce silver and sable 
 an Opinacus gold mantled geules doubled argent. And further 
 in the tyme of Thomas Balthroppe Esquyre Sargent of the 
 Queues ma;'esties. Surgions then beinge maister of the sayd mistery 
 and communalty of Barboures and Surgiones and George 
 Yaughan Richard hughes and George Correy gouernours of the 
 same corporac/on the same Clarentieulx harvy did graunt vnto the 
 sayd corporac/on two supporters to these Armes before gyven 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 359 
 
 them wliich were two linx in thex" propper colour about ther 
 neckes a crowiie with a cheyne argent pendent therat as now 
 playnely doth appeere by the sayd Jjetfves patentes Yeat not- 
 withstandinge forasmuche as it dothe playnely appeere vnto vs 
 the sayd Garter Clarentieulx and Norroy kinges of Armes that the 
 aforesayd Armes in some respectes were not onely contrary to 
 the wordes of the corporacion of the sayd Barboures and 
 Chirurgiones but that also in the same Patent of Armes ther are 
 sondry other thinges contrary and not agreinge with the auncient 
 Lawes & rules of Armes we the sayd kinges of Armes by power 
 and aucthority to vs committed by lettres patentes vnder the 
 great scale of England haue confirmed geuen and graunted the 
 aforesayde Armes creast and supporters heertofore mentioned to 
 be borne in manner and forme heerafter specified viz quarterly 
 the first Sables a chevron between three fleumes argent^ the 
 second quarter par pale argent and vert one a spatter of the first 
 a double rose geules and argent crowned gold the third as the 
 second the fourth as the first ouer all one a cross geules a Lyon 
 passant gardant gold and to their creast vppon the heaulme one 
 A torce argent and sable an Opinacus gold mantled geules 
 Doubled argent supported with two linx in their propper colour 
 about ther neckes a crowne with a cheyne argent pendent thereat 
 as more playnely appeereth depicted in this margent. ^ which 
 Armes creast and supporters and euery part and parcell therof we 
 the sayd kinges of Armes haue ratefyed confirmed geuen and 
 graunted vnto Richard Holmwoed maister of the sayd mistery 
 and communalty nicholas Archenbold Thomas Burston and John 
 feild gouernours of the sayd mistery corporation and communalty 
 of Barbo?^rs andsurgiones and to their successores by the name of 
 'blasters and gouernours and the hole assistauntes company and 
 felowshippe of the sayd corporaczon mistery and communalty of 
 Barbours and surgiones within this city of London and to their 
 successores for euermore And they the same to haue hold vse 
 beare enioy and she we forth in shyld scales banner or banner- 
 roles standert or standertes penon or penones pencil or pencilles 
 ^ See the Frontispiece. 
 
360 MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 or otherwyse to ther honors and worsliippes at all tymes and for 
 euer hereafter at their lyberty and pleasures without the im- 
 pediment lett molestacon or interruption of any other personne 
 or personnes In Witnesse wherof wee the sayd Garter Claren- 
 tieulx and Norroy kinges of Armes haue signed t/iese presentes 
 with o?^r handes and sett thereunto o?^r seueralL seales of Armes 
 the second daye of June in Anno 1569 and the eleuenth yere 
 of the raigne of o^^r souueragne Lady Elizabeth by the grace of 
 god queue of England fraunce and Ireland Defender of the 
 fayth etc.^ 
 
 1 Sir Gilbert Detiick's Guifts, 162, p. 99; in the College of Heralds, London. 
 
APPENDIX L. 
 
 A SUMMARY OF SUCH THINGS AS THIS COMPANIE DOE BESECH TO 
 HAUE CONTAINED IN 'LETTEB.S PATENTS EROM HIS M^ JESTIE 
 [jAMES 1ST, OCT. 5TH, 1604]. 
 
 1 . It recyted the acte of 33° Henry the Eighth, which in- 
 corporateth and uniteth the Companie of Barbors of London and 
 the Companie of Chirurgeons of London into one body Corporat 
 and comminalty, by the name of M.astevs, or Governors, and 
 Commmalty of Barbers and Surgeons of London, And giveth 
 power to Chose yearly fower Masters or Governors. 
 
 2nd. It ratifieth vnto them by the Kinges Majestie ail grants, 
 priviledges, powers, authorities, benefits, advantages, and other 
 things whatsoever by former statutes or letters patents graunted 
 vnto them, by anie name or title whatsoe?'er. 
 
 3rd. It giveth explanaeion of former graunts and farther 
 supplies ^ in the jj arts here ensuinge, viz. : 
 
 4th. That in respect of the greate enormytyes by vnskillful 
 praetizers of Surgerie, And for the suppressinge tryall and 
 discovery of such, and well orderinge of the corporac^on, 
 
 5th. There shal be yearlie chosen xij of the Jjiuerj of that 
 Companie as theie haue accustomed, which twelve shall Chose 
 4 of the Livery to be the M-Usters or Governors for one yeare, 
 of w/iich fower there shall twoo be professors of Surgery. 
 
 6th. That the fower Governors shall and maye take & vse, 
 new search, examinae^on, imprest, correccion, and goner'mnent 
 of all freemen and others useinge the Misterie of Barbers or 
 Surgeons within London, the liberties, suburbes, or seaven myles 
 compasse any waye. 
 
 7th. That the Gouernors, or anie of [them] w^'th one or twoe 
 of thassistahts, shall haue poure to enter into shoppes, howses, 
 
 ^ prays. 
 
362 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 etc.j o£ those useinge Barbery or Surgery w?"tliin those lymmitts, 
 as well to trye theire skill and experience as their instru- 
 ments, vnguents, implaisters, medicynes, and recepts, and how 
 theie do vse or misvsen, or not rightly vse or applye, the same. 
 
 8th, And to give tollerac?on or allowance to the skillfull in 
 such parts wherein he shall so be found skillfull, so as theie 
 submit themselves to the government of the Companie, accordinge • 
 to his M.2ijestys pleasure signified, And shall paie quarteridge as 
 the freemen shall doe. 
 
 9th. And to suppresse the insufficient and vnskillfull, and to 
 burne or destroy the vnguents and playsters, instruments, etc., 
 w/«'eh theie shall find corrupt, vnwholsom, or not fytteinge to be 
 vsed. 
 
 10th. The 'Mastexs or Governors, by themselues or others, by 
 warrants under three, or twoe of theire hande.? and seales, to 
 attach and imprison the eontemptious infringer of theire ordi- 
 nances, and the resister, refuser, or denier of search, etc. 
 
 11th. That such j/jerson so to contynue imprisoned, and be 
 received and deteyned by the gaolers, till hee shall haue sub- 
 mytted himself and become bounden to the IKastevs or Gouernors 
 in ' poundes, neuer to vse anie such vnwholsom or vnfytteinge 
 vnguents, playsters, etc. 
 
 12th. It ordayneth and establisheth an assistance of xxvi 
 of the said Company from tyme to tyme, to contynue for theire 
 seue/al lives, except removed uppon iust occasion by the IKastexs 
 and assistance, or the greater j'jart of them. 
 
 13th. The fower M-astens or Governor.^ to be yearely chosen 
 oute of the xxvi. 
 
 14th. The now present fower M-astevs, or Gouernors, after theire 
 yeare expired, to be and contynue of thassistance, to the ende 
 that there shalbe alwayes xxvi besides the fower M-astevs or 
 Governors, and no more, except for necessitie some of the 'M.asters 
 or Gouernors shalbe chosen oute of the Livery, not beinge of 
 thassistance, and then such, after his yeare expired, to contynue, 
 notw^'^^/^standinge, of thassistance. Uppon death or remove of 
 ^ Left blank in the original. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 363 
 
 anie of thassistance, another to be chosen by the Islastevs, or 
 twoe of them, and the greater 7; «rt of Assistance. 
 
 15th. Item it giveth power of assemblyes of the lAasters, 
 GougrnorSj and Assistance, when the je shall appoynt ; and the 
 same to be called a Courte of Assistance. 
 
 16th. It sheweth the opeuinge, searinge, and embalmeinge 
 of the dead corpes to be properXj belongeinge to the science of 
 Barbery and Surgery, and the same intruded into by Butchers, 
 Taylors, Smythes, Chaundlers, and others of divers trades, un- 
 skillfuU in Barbery or Surgery, and vnseemly and vnchristian- 
 lyke defaceing, disfiguringe, and dismemberinge the dead corpes, 
 And so that by theire unskillful! searinge and embalmeinge the 
 corpes corrupteth, and groweth^resentlie contagious, and ofensive 
 to the place and persons approachinge. 
 
 17th. Wherefore it j^ro'hibiteth all persons from so medling 
 therein. Except such only of the said incorporacion as doe actually 
 and vsually exercize the facultie of Barbor and Surgeon, and are 
 allowed and approued accordeinge to the Statute. 
 
 18th. And giveth power to the '^•iastexs and Gouemovs to 
 arrest and imprison such as doe to the contrary, till theire sub- 
 mission unto such fyne as shalbe payable by the said orders of 
 the said Company confirmed, or to be confirmed accordinge to the 
 statute of the 19 th H. vii. 
 
 19th. For the better goiiQvnvaent of the said Companie, by 
 reason of the increase and multitude of them, It giveth power 
 to the Islastexs or Gouemors and Corte of assistance to con- 
 stitute a yeomanry and rules for the better gouernment of them 
 and the comminaultye of the said Companie. 
 
 20th. For the better enforceinge of obedience to the rules 
 and ordinance-s' of the said Companie, The said Charter giveth 
 further power to the 'Masters or Goiiemors to make ordinanc^".!^ 
 for the good of the Companye in and by theire Cortes of 
 Assistance. 
 
 31st. And the Gouerr\o?'s to ponish freemen foraynes and 
 strangers wif/iin the Lymmytts for offences contrary to theire 
 ordinances made or to be made. 
 
364 MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 22nd. And to leveye fynes and amercemen;?^ by distresses and 
 Commytt offenders to prz'son till submission. 
 
 23rd. And in defalt of paim^'^jt -wit/i'm xx dayes, then to 
 sell the distresses and retayne to the value of the fyne and 
 ChardgeSs and deliuer the. rest to the owner. 
 
 24th. It freeth every ej!;erson of this Society or incorporacion 
 from constableships watch, waz-de, all office or duety of bearinge , 
 axms, inquests^ Juryes^ appearinge at musters, fyndeinge of men 
 by sea or land^ and taxe or assessme?tt toucheinge such levies. 
 
 25th. Where a Charter of E. iv° ^ gave them power to 
 purchase lands to the value of five marks per sbunum ; when 
 theie weare onelye the Companie of Barbers ; when by reason of 
 the vniteinge of them and the Surgeons into one Company, and 
 theire mayntenance and relief of the poore, and other occasion of 
 Chardge and expence. This Charter confirmeth vnto them all 
 lands graunted vnto them by anie name or tytle, and to receive 
 other lands to the value of ^ pounder per simmm, not holden 
 
 of his 'Maj'estie in capite or knight''s service. 
 
 26th. In respect of the lykely occasion of the Kinges Majesty 
 and his successors for his service in the warres of skillfull Surgeons 
 whose skill is best knowen to the Surgeons of London, this 
 Charter giveth poure to the Islaster?, or Gou^rnor^, uppon notice 
 given vnto them, to Chardge and empress w^thin the aforesaid 
 Lymmytts hable men for such service, and to take from the vn- 
 hable to serve such instrnTaents and stuffe of Surgery, as theie shall 
 think fytt and necessary for the f urnisheinge of them so impresst 
 to service ; and to such purpose to allowe or disallowe the pro- 
 vision of Surgery of the /persons imprest. 
 
 27th. And to such purpose, the 'Piasters or Gouernors, by 
 themselves or other hable jy arsons authorized to take view of the 
 Chests, Caskets, and jorovisions, from London to Lee, of anie 
 person so imprest, or to be ymployed, and to take away all 
 Defective stuffe, and the same to destroy, that noe abuse be 
 therby in the sayd seruice. 
 
 1 King Edward the Fourth. 
 - Left blank in the original. 
 
APPENDIX M. 
 
 VAEIOUS REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE ANATOMY AND SURGERY 
 LECTURES IN THE UNITED COMPANY OF BARBERS AND SURGEONS. 
 
 Jan. xiiijt^ 1566 ^ — Here was Mr doctor Julys & he made 
 requeste y* he myghte have the work of the anathomy these iiij 
 or five years so y* the coledge of the phicysions sholde not put 
 hym from us. 
 
 Jan 17*^^ 1574 — It was agreed by the whole house that 
 M*" Docto^ Smythe sholde worke upon Thanatomye ffor the 
 space of thies iiij yeres next coming and yf he be sick or oute of 
 Towne to take there choyse where they will. 
 
 11 July 1596^ — D"" Paddy appointed reader of the Anathomy 
 Lectures. 
 
 23 Nov: 1609 — S"* William Paddy kn;! surrendered his place 
 of reader of the Anathomyes Lecture and M'^ Doctor Gwynn 
 appointed in his place. 
 
 28 Mar: 1609— Di- Gwynn [M. Gwinne] read a Lecture 
 upon a Body dissected. 
 
 17 Sept: 1612 — This day it is ordered upon- a motion by the 
 Master propounded touching that one of the Colledge should read 
 in this House the Weekly Lectures of Surgery on Tuesdays 
 That the Master shall confer with M^ President of the Physicians 
 College to see whether they will give consent that Doctor Davi[e]s 
 or some other sufficient physician whom the Comp^ shall please, 
 shall read the weekly lectures in our house. And if the presi- 
 dent of the College shall not consent hereto then this house is to 
 deal or to compound with some other of our own Company to 
 read their Lecture in this House whereof the M.asters are to make 
 
 1 1563, Dr. Will. Cunningham. 
 
 2 Dec. 20tli, 1677, "Mr. Thomas Hall to dcsect the Anatomies." 
 
366 MEMORIALS 01 
 
 certificate unto the said M^ President or to take sucli order that 
 the house may not anywise be charged towards the same 
 Lecture. 
 
 6*^ Oct: 1612 — Doctor Gwyn appointed reader of the 
 Weekly Lectures with a stipend of £10 p^ Ann™. 
 
 13 Dec^ 1627 — Death of Doctor Gwyn reported to the com- 
 pany, weekly lectures to be read according to ancient custom 
 by the surgeons of the C° approved according to law to begin 
 with the antientest Mast^ M^ Rich*^ Mapes & soe after every 
 Surgeon in his antiquity and degree in the Company. 
 
 9*^ April 1632 — This Court taking into [conside?'ation 
 the great care and pains of M^ Doctor [R] Andrews his 
 agitacxons & yearly reading of our lectures in time of the dis- 
 sections of the public Anathomys for this four years past do now 
 order that there shalbe given him £13 • 6 • 8 as of the free gift of 
 this House for his pains therefore. 
 
 7 June 1632 — Also as concerning reading Lectures in surgery 
 this Court upon reading the order made for that purpose doth 
 order M"* Mapes shall begin and read his lecture in surgery, & 
 so every approved surgeon to read in his turn & ancientrye in 
 the Companie. 
 
 6*^ Jan^J" 1632 — And so concerning the order for reading of 
 lectures in Surgery by an approved surgeon of this Companie 
 this court did againe deliberate upon the same & every one of 
 the Assistants declared his opinion thereupon, & the plurality of 
 voices was to have the lectures read by the approved surgeons 
 of the house according to our ordinances & by a Doctor of 
 Physick, 
 
 20^^ Nov^^^ 1632 — Doctor Andrews appointed Weekly 
 Lecturer in Surgery in consequence of a Letter from King 
 Charles. 
 
 28 Dec: 1632 — Doctor Andrews excused Lectur^ and D^ 
 Read appointed. 
 
 28 Dec: 1637 — Memory «dum Upon the rising of the Co*^ of 
 Assist^ it was concluded & agreed by the Examiners & Assist^ 
 Surgeons that M^ Doctor [O.] Meverell an Ancient Physician of 
 
THE CBAFT OF SUBGEitY. 367 
 
 the College shall be reader of an Anatomicall Lecture at 
 the next public dissection to be held in the new erected 
 Theatre. 
 
 8 Nov: 1638— D^ [O.] Meverell excused Lecf & D"- Pruieon 
 appointed. 
 
 19 Aug-* 164^1 — Also it is ordered that' henceforward the 
 Tuesdays Lectui-es shall be deliv'^ by the surgeons of this 
 C° themselves and not by a Doctor & that the examiners shall 
 meet & consider of the names. 
 
 23 Sept: 1641 — Also that the Examiners are desired to meet 
 & consider concerning Lectures on Tuesday next & that in regard 
 of the present sickness this Court doth order that no Tuesday 
 courts or Lectures be held till after the fortnight within the 
 next Term. 
 
 30 Sept: 1641 — This day the examiners taking into their 
 consideration the manner of the reading of Lectures in surgery 
 have thought fit & ordered that the surgery lecture should be 
 read by approved surgeons only & the Lecture to begin by the 
 first surgeon that is approved next to the Examiners & so every 
 one by his turne to read the Tuesdays Lectures. 
 
 D*" Pruieon to read the Six Public Anathomy Lectures 
 this year. 
 
 37 Oct: 1645 — This day M^ Edward Arris acquainting this 
 Court that a person a friend of his who desired his Name to be 
 as yet concealed through his great desire of his increase of the 
 knowledge of Chirurgery did by him freely offer to give unto 
 this Corp'^ for ever the sum of £250 to the end & upon condition 
 that a human body be once in every year hereafter publicly 
 dissected and six Lectures thereupon read in this Hall if it may 
 be had with convenience and the charges to be borne by' this 
 Company. And if no human body may be had nor conveniently 
 dissected in one year, then the C° to distribute one half of the 
 sum of the usual charges of a public Anatomy to our own poor 
 & the other half to the poor of S* Sepulchre^s. The said worthy' 
 overture is thankfully accepted by this court & it is ordered a 
 Draught be drawn by our Clerk against the next Court of 
 
368 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Assist^ for the performance thereof. And to that purpose a Rent 
 charge of £20 per annum be granted out of our Lands at Holborn 
 Bridge. 
 
 24 Nov: 1645 — This Court taking into consideration in what 
 manner the pubhc Bodies hereafter shall be dissected and by 
 whom that Anathomy which is now newly about to be established 
 shall be performed doth think fit & so order that the present. 
 Mas^^ of Anathomy or such others as shall be appointed by the 
 two Mas^ Surgeons for the time being and the more part of the 
 Examiners shall performe the same and that the manner of 
 dissections of every public Anathomy shall be such as they 
 the s*^ two M^^ or Governors for the time being & the Examiners 
 & the more part of them shall direct. 
 
 13 Jani"y 1645 — The Draught of the Instruments for 
 establishing an Anathomy to be yearly hereafter betwixt the 
 feasts of S*' Michael the Archangel & of the Birth of our Lord 
 God having been perused by the Comm^^ on the part & behalf of 
 the Company and of the Donor is read & allowed of. And do 
 order that the present exam^^ shall be the feoffees to be joined 
 with the donor in the deed. And that the same be engrossed 
 and sealed with the Common seal of an ordinary Court upon 
 payment of the £240. And the Donors and Feoffees sealing the 
 Counterp* there of. 
 
 6 ¥eh^ 1645 — This Court being informed from the Counsele 
 that forasmuch as the Deed for the setting of the new Anatomy 
 cannot be granted to all the Examiners as Feoffees Two of them 
 being two of the present Governors unless the Deed be first made 
 to a particular person & afterwards conveyed to them. This 
 Court doth refer the manner of the Conveyance to the Donor his 
 Councell whether it shall be granted to all the Examiners or to 
 those Eight that are not now governors or to any other Brethren 
 of this Company. 
 
 20th ^eb: 1645 — This Court doth agree that the Deed of an 
 anmiitj formerly granted to the use of the new public 
 Anathomy be made for £24 upon the consideration of £300. 
 And it is promised by M^ Arris on the behalf of the Donor 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 369 
 
 that if the £300 shall be restored within 12 years he or his 
 heirs shall grant unto this Comp««y for the same use the like 
 sum of £2i per annum out of some of his Lands or Tenements. 
 And do nominate & appoint for feoffees M"^ Dunn M'' Collings 
 Mr Kings Mi- Pinder M^ Fleete M^" Arris M^ Boone feM'' Bennett. 
 
 24 Mar: 1645 — This day M^ Edward Arris paid the sum of 
 £300 to the use of this Comp^ and is the purchase money for the 
 annuity of £24 per Annum for the use of the new Public 
 Anatomy. Whereupon the Deed of Grant of the S^ Anny & for 
 establishing the s*^ new Anatomy was sealed with the Common 
 Scale & delivered to the Donor and the several Peoffees intrusted 
 in the matter. 
 
 17 July 1646 — Whereas £300 hath been worthily given to 
 this House for the discharge of all expences to be laid out in & 
 about a public Anathomy to be henceforth had yearly for ever 
 between the Feasts of Mich^& Xmas in every year. And for 
 that D^ Prudion [Prujean] who formerly read the Anatomical 
 Lectures hath desired to be excused from reading the lectures on 
 the next Anathomyes to be dessected between Mich^ and Xmas 
 next, this Court doth think fit that D^* [L. ?] Wright be desired 
 to performe the same. And the M'' of the Anathomy for the 
 time being when the said Anatomy shall be dissected do always 
 in their several & respective times of Mas^^ of Anatomy dissect 
 the s*^ Anatomy. And this Court doth think fit that the dis- 
 section of the s^ Anatomy be of the Muscles of the Body. 
 But that the manner thereof be left to the Judgm* of the 
 readers and the Dissectors. 
 
 21 Sep* 1646 — Our Master acquainting the Court that 
 Doc"^ Prudion [Prujean] & divers other learned Physicians have 
 recommended Doctor [J"°] Goddard as a man well qualified & 
 very able to read the Anatomical Lectures, this Court doth order 
 that D'' Prudion be requested to perform the Lectures on the 
 next puljlic Anatomy himself: but if he shall deny it, that then 
 D^' Goddard or such other as D^ Prudion shall think more fitt be" 
 desired to read the Lectures. 
 
 7 Jan: 1646 — Whereas this Court is well satisfied that 
 Y 
 
370 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 D^ Prudion is desirous to be excused from reading the next 
 anatomical LectureS; this Court doth order that Doctor Goddard 
 be desired to performe the same. 
 
 15 Ffeb 1646— This Court doth think fit & so order that the 
 Tuesday lectures be again revived & read by surgeons freemen of 
 this CompJ' in their turnes according to their Authority in the 
 Livery, The Eldest Ass* Surgeon to read the first lecture^ & 
 that to be on the first Tuesday in May next, and the other to be 
 from thence monthly & no oftener viz The first Tuesday in every 
 month. Provided nevertheless, that when as any such Tuesday 
 shall not be within the time limited in & by an order of a Court 
 of Assist*^ of the 11 Aug 1563 in that behalf e or shall happen to 
 be on any the days thereby excepted that then every such Tues- 
 day be no Lecture day, 
 
 29 March: 1647 — This Court doth explain the order of the 
 last Court of Assis'^s concerning the Tuesdays Lectures That it is 
 the meaning of this Court and the Coi-* doth accordingly order 
 That the s'^ Lectures be read as well by the ancient Masters 
 Surgeons & Exam^^ in then* course as by any others, 
 
 7 July 1647 — This day M'" Coppinger moved this Court That 
 inasmuch as two of our ancient Masters having been appointed 
 to read the Tuesdays Lectures in their turns & had not read those 
 lectures according^J" That this Com-t would be pleased to honor 
 him so much as to permit him to read the next Lecture. This 
 Court answered him that the next Lecture will not be till after 
 Mieh^ next & in the meantime it should be considered of. 
 
 23 Sept: 1647 — Doctor Prudion excused reading the next 
 Anatomicall Lectures & D^ Nurse appointed. 
 
 14 Jan: 1647 — D"^ Nurse appointed constant Anatomical 
 reader. 
 
 8 Oct: 1649 — This Court taking into consideration 
 several werthy Physicians of whom one might be elected reader 
 of the Anatomicall Lectures at the public dissections of tliis C° : 
 do think fit that D^ Scarborough be elected thereunto, who being 
 desired to come to this Court appeared during the sitting thereof 
 & declared himself very willing to perform the same & rendered 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 371 
 
 thanks to this C" for their good opinion of him. Tuesdays 
 lectures again revived. 
 
 12 Oct: 1649 — D^ Scarborough elected Anatomical reader. 
 
 23 Oct : 1649 — Surgery lectures revived & to be performed 
 according to ancient practice the most ancient Masters reading 
 the first lecture. ^ 
 
 •30 June 1698 — Ordered that there be an Anatomy Lecture 
 called Galea's Anatomy. D^ [Clopton] Havers & D^ Hand being 
 put in nomination for reading of the same D"^ Havers was chosen 
 for 3 years & to read on the 2^ Tuesday, Wednesday & Thursday 
 in July next by 3 of the Clock in the Aft° & to have 30s for his 
 pains & the rem^ to be dysposed of by the Committee. 
 
 Oct 19*^ 1699 — Ordered that two Doctors readers to this 
 Society for the future shall be elected for no longer terme than 
 4 years only at one time. D^ Hand appointed reader in the 
 room of D^ [E.] Tyson. 
 
 15 Ap^ 1708— Dr [T.] Wadsworth chosen- reader of the 
 Osteology Lecture. 
 
 16 Aug: 1711 — The Court proceeded to the election of 
 Headers for the Muscular Venter & Osteology Lectures & 
 D"" Mead; D^ Freind & Wadsworth the present readers were 
 unanimously chosen readers of the s*^ severall Lectures for the 
 four ensuing years. 
 
 On the 24, 26 & 27 days of Dec 1711 was held at the Hall 
 a public Lecture upon the Muscles performed by D^ R. Mead 
 being Alderman Arris''s gift. 
 
 7 July 1712 — D"^ Freind chosen reader of the Muscular 
 Lecture. 
 
 D^ Comer [H. Cohner?] reader of the Venter Lecture. 
 
 18 Sep* 1712 — D"^ Henry Plumtree chosen reader of the 
 Muscular lecture in the room of D^ Mead. 
 
 D^ [J.] Douglas reader of the Osteology lecture. 
 
 J 5 Dec : 1715 — D^ [J.] Douglas elected reader of the Mus- 
 cular lecture. 
 
 D'' [W.] Wagstaffe upon the Viscera. 
 
 * 1662. Dr. Tearne. See " Pepys' Diary," Feb. 27, 1662-3. 
 Y 2 
 
372 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 13 Mar: 1716— D'' [W.] Barrowby elected reader o£ the 
 Osteolog-y Lecture. 
 
 6 Nov: 1717 — D^ Plumtree chosen reader upon the muscles 
 in the room of Dr Douglas resigned. 
 
 20 Aug: 1720 — D^ WagstafE chosen reader of the Muscular 
 Lectures. 
 
 D^ Barrowby upon the Viscera. 
 D^ Jewin [James Jurin ?] upon the Bones. 
 30 Oct: 1721 — TF Jewin chosen reader upon the Viscera in 
 the room of TF Barrowby resigned. 
 Dr Cha^ Bale Osteology. 
 29 Mar: 1722— D^ Bale being in France, D^ [W.] Rutty 
 elected reader of the Osteology lecture. 
 
 20 Aug: 1724 — D'' Jewin elected reader upon the Muscles. 
 D^ Butty upon the Viscera. 
 D'' Deodate [John Diodati] upon the Bones. 
 
 6 June 1727— Di" [E.] Wilmot elected Osteology Lect^ in 
 room of D^ Deodate deceased. 
 
 15 Aug: 1728 — D^ Butty elected Muscular lecturer. 
 D^ Wilmot Viscera. 
 D^ Martlett [Lawrence Martel ?] Osteology. 
 
 7 April 1730— D^ Goldsmith [J^^o Gouldsmith ?] chosen 
 reader of the Osteology Lecture in the room of D^ Martlett 
 resigned. 
 
 13 Aug: 1730— D^ Wilmot resigned & D^ [F.] Nicholls elected 
 visceral Lecturer. 
 
 D^ Goldsmith elected Muscular Lecturer. 
 D^ [R.] Nesbett Osteology. 
 13 Aug: 1730 — M^ Joshua Symmonds chosen Demonstrator 
 or Teacher of Anatomy for 3 yeers. 
 
 5 Mar: 1730 — M^ Symonds resigned & D^ Nourse elected 
 in his room. 
 
 17 Aug: 1732 — D^ Nesbitt chosen reader on the Muscles in 
 the room of D^ Goldsmith decea.se'd. 
 
 D'' Ruffiniar Osteology Lecturer. 
 5 Mar: 1733 — D^ Nourse resigned the Demonstratorship. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 373 
 
 17 July 1735 — D^ Kicliolls appointed Osteology Lect'^ in the 
 room of D^ Euffiniar resigned. 
 
 21 Aug: 1735— Mr Ab°i Chovatt & M^ Peter Maccullock 
 appointed Demonstrators of Anatomy. 
 
 19 Aug: 1736 — D^ Nicholls elected Muscular Lecturer 
 (Arris-* Lecture). 
 
 D^ Nicholls elected Osteology Lecturer (Gale-'s Lecture) . 
 M'^ Chovett resigned the office of Demonstrator & M'' 
 Macculloch & ^M"^ Hawkins elected. 
 
 7 Dec: 1738 — D^ [R.] Banks elected Viscera Lecturer. 
 
 16 Aug: 1739— M"^ Macculloch elected Demonstrator. 
 
 10 July 1744 — M^ W. Bromfield elected demonstrator in the 
 room of M'" Macculloch deceased. 
 
APPENDIX N. 
 
 A COPY OF THE BISHOP^S LICENCE TO A SURGEON. 
 
 Gilbert by the Providence o£ God Bishopp of London to all 
 Xtian people to whom these presents shall come 
 
 J.A. I1C6IICG 
 
 granted to Mr. sendeth Greeting" Whereas heretofore for the avoide- 
 
 Samuel Hoi- . „ . • i v t t • 
 
 ditch, mg- 01 many grievous accidents daylie appearing to 
 
 many of his Ma*^^^ louving subjects by the un- 
 skilful practicers of the Arte and Science of Chirurgery It 
 was carefully provided by an especiall Act of Parliament made 
 for the refotmacon thereof in the third yeare of the Reig-ne of 
 our late Soveraigne Lord King Henry the Eight of famous 
 memory That itt should not be lawf uU for any person within this 
 Realme of England to use or exercise the arte or science of 
 Chirurgery except he were first examined approued & admitted 
 according to the tenor of the said Statute Know ye therefore 
 that wee the Bishopp aforesaid having received sufficient testi- 
 mony (from John Erederick Esq^- Thomas Allen Abraham 
 Gierke & Thomas Bowden M^^- in Chirurgery heretofore approued 
 & admitted according to Lawe to use and exercise the said Arte 
 & Gouno'^ formerly of the mistery and cominaltie of Barber 
 Chirurgeons of the Cittie of London incorporated) of the due 
 examination and Tryall of Samuel Holditch a Freeman of the 
 said mistery and cominalty & one of the cloathing of the said 
 Corporation and findeing- by the opinion of the said John Fre- 
 derick Esq^- and Thomas Allen Abraham Gierke and Thomas 
 Bowden that th^ said Samuel Holditch is a skilfull sufficient and 
 able Chirurgeon and a very fitt man to use and exercise the said 
 Arte and Science He being first examined by the examiners 
 appointed and authorized according to Lawe for Examinacion and 
 approbac«on of Chirurgeons (as by a testimoniall under the common 
 seale of the said Corporacion a true coppie whereof remaineth 
 in our principall regis^^y more att large may appeare) Doe now 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 375 
 
 by these presents approue of the said Samuell Holditch to be an 
 able & sufficient Chirurgeon (He being- first solemnly sworn 
 before John Exton Doctor of Lawes Surrogate of the right 
 Wor^^- M^- Richard Chaworth Doctor of the Laws and our Chan- 
 cellor to the Supremacy of the King^s most excellent Ma^^® And 
 by these presents wee doe admitt him the said Samuel Holditcb 
 to use & exercise the said Arte or science of Chirurgery soe f arre 
 forth as by the Lawes and Statutes of this realme of England 
 wee may lawfully admitt him In witnesse whereof wee have 
 caused the scale of our said chancellor (w/iioh we use in this 
 behalf) to be hereunto affixed Dated the fifth day of July in 
 the yeare of our Lord One thousand six hundred sixtie one 
 And in the first yeare of our consecracion 
 
 Ri Butler 'Regisfrarns. 
 ■ Jo Exton Ex<=- 
 
APPENDIX 0. 
 
 TABLE OF FEES REQUIRED FOR THE VARIOUS GRADES IN THE 
 UNITED COMPANY OF BARBERS AND SURGEONS. 
 
 Payments. 
 
 For the freedom by purchase 
 
 For the Livery's fine ... 
 
 For the fines for all offices to the Parlour 
 door, the fines on the other side in- 
 eludedj except the fine for the Ladj^s 
 feast ...... 
 
 For every examination for the g-reat 
 diploma ...... 
 
 For the fine for the f om- several offices of 
 Master & the 3 Wardens of the Com- 
 pany which the Surgeons often pay, 
 but the barbers never do, sometimes 
 30 guineas : but oftener . 
 
 For the fine for the Master and Stewards 
 of Anatomy when called upon in turn 
 & if they serve the expence is rather 
 more ...... 
 
 Surgeon's 
 
 pay. 
 & s. d. 
 
 10 10 
 
 Barber's 
 
 pay. 
 & s. d. 
 
 6 6 
 
 LO 0\ 
 
 
 9r^ 
 
 
 
 6 6 0' 
 
 £131 16 £71 
 N.B. The Clerk & Beadle are not included. 
 
 
 
 40 40 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 Payments to the Poor's Box. 
 
 
 
 Paid by Everyone taking the freedom 
 For the admission of a foreign brother 
 
 surgeon ..... 
 For the Livery .... 
 For the diploma of Surgeon . 
 For the fine to the Parlour door 
 For Master & Stewards of Anatomy 
 
 1 
 5 
 10 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 1 
 
 £4 3 6 £1 8 6 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 r,7 
 
 For ejrpences of admiUivg fore 
 
 For the examination fee . . . 
 The Poor's box . . . ' . 
 The Gierke's. fee for diploma & bond . 
 The Beadle's fee . 
 
 'gn hrotli 
 
 ers. 
 
 
 
 
 . 7 
 
 s. 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 . ] 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 £10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
APPENDIX P. 
 
 PROPOSALS FOE ESTABLISHING A SCHOOL OP ANATOMY AT SUR- 
 GEON^S HALL, IN ORDER TO RAISE BOTH PROFIT & REPUTA- 
 TION TO THE SURGEONS^ COMPANY. 
 
 First that a Professor be chosen out of the Members of the 
 Company by the Master, Wardens & Court of Assistants. His 
 Office shall be to teach Anatomy three days in the Week, through- 
 out the whole Year to all such of any Profession, who shall enter 
 with the Consent of the Master & Wardens. For which his 
 Salary shall be £120 per anmcm. 
 
 The Price to each Pupil shall be Five Guineas for a Year : 
 five Shilling's of which shall be paid to the Beadle for attending 
 all Lectures, & giving such other necessary Assistance as the 
 Professor shall require, & the other Five Pounds shall be 
 equally divided with the Company & the Professor. 
 
 That the two Masters, two Wardens & two Stewards of 
 Anatomy that are annually appointed, each of them do their 
 respective Duties by dissecting, demonstrating & reading twelve 
 Lectures in the Year, on the four public Bodies allowed by Act of 
 Parliament, otherwise on refusal to fine as by the By-law of the 
 Company, on the said refusal the Professor to give the said public 
 lecture. The Professor to make such preparations as shall be 
 necessary for carrying on the Lectures, which shall be deposited 
 in the Library from time to time. 
 
 The Professor may be at liberty to make what Advantage he 
 can by any preparations over and above what shall be necessary 
 for the Lectures, & all dissecting pupils to be for the Professor-'s 
 sole advantage. 
 
 The Professor to be at equal Expence with the Company in 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 379 
 
 the purchase of any Bodies that may be necessary to be had over 
 & above those allowed to the Company. That all Members of 
 the Company may be present at every private or public lecture, 
 paying- ten shilling's per annum each : the Masters^ Wardens & 
 Stewards of Anatomy excepted. 
 
 That each Person obtaining the Grand Diploma pay towards 
 Anatomy two guineas, for which he shall have the Priviledge of 
 attending- all the Courses of Anatomy in that year. That each 
 apprentice bound at the Hall pay one guinea towards Anatomy. 
 
 That each Person examined in order to qualify himself for the 
 Navy, Army or East India company pay towards Anatomy five 
 shillings. 
 
 That the Wardens & Stewards of Anatomy attend at the 
 appointed Hour of giving every Lecture to demonstrate the 
 Parts read upon, & to keep all Things in order during that Time. 
 
 At all Dissections etc : none to be present but the Members 
 of the Court of Assistants and those employed in preparing the 
 Parts for lecture. 
 
 The Number of Compleat courses in the Year will be three 
 to be given by the Professor, besides twelve public Lectures by 
 the Masters of Anatomy. 
 
 The Expences attending the foregoing plan : 
 
 & s. d. 
 
 Professor's salary . . . . . . .12000 
 
 Six adult subjects for the 3 coTU'ses at £'2 2^ for 
 
 muscles . . . . . . • . 12 12 
 
 Three small ditto at £1 P for the Viscera . .380 
 
 „ „ „ „ Bloodvessels . 3 3 
 
 „ „ 10^ 6d „ Nerves . . 1 11 6 
 
 Injections, glasses for preparations, subjects, etc. . 40 
 
 Allowance to the Beadle out of [say] 50 pupils at 
 
 5s each 12 10 
 
 Porter to clean & bury the flesh . . . .550 
 
 Total of expences . £198 4 6 
 
380 MEMORIALS OF THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 
 
 By the foregoiDg- plan it is supposed that Fifty £, s. a 
 
 pupils enter the first year at £5 5^ each . . 262 10 
 Suppose out of the appointed Masters, "Wardens & 
 
 Stewards of Anatomy, three should refuse . 63 
 
 Suppose twelve Grand diplomas in the year at 
 
 £2 2s each \ . 25 4 
 
 Suppose twelve Apprentices in the year at £L 1^ each 12 12 
 Suppose Fifty from the Navy, Army & East India 
 
 Company at o^ each . . . , . 12 10 
 
 Suppose 200 Members of the Company to pay lO^- 
 
 each ....... 
 
 . 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 £475 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 £198 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Expences ....... 
 
 Total of Expences . 
 
 Clear profit to be divided between the Company & £ s. d. 
 
 the Professor 277 11 6 
 
 One half of which is 138 15 9 
 
APPENDIX Q. 
 
 REGULATIONS AS TO THE ANATOMY LECTURES AT SURGEONs' HALL. 
 
 At a Commit-tee appointed to prepare conveniences for the 
 Lectures the 12*^ July 1753. 
 
 Present — M'' Singleton 
 
 M^ M. Hawkins 
 M'' Nourse 
 M^ Pott Mr Crane M^" Hewitt 
 
 Mi- Minors M^ Hunter. 
 
 To procure a proper table for the body in the dead room. 
 
 To make a door opposite the passage to the Theatre for the 
 mob, & part off the passage to prevent them coming to the steps. 
 
 To have proper hatches or bars to separate y® members of 
 y^ Co : in y® Hall from ■ the Court of Assistants & prevent them 
 getting into y® Theatre till y® Court are seated. 
 
 To fix iron spikes in the Theatre to prevent, the Mob getting 
 over the outer rail. 
 
 To fix an iron chain from the top of the Theatre, 
 
 To take away the present Table in the Theatre & gett a new 
 one after the model of M"^ Hunter^s or M^ Minors.' 
 
 To alter the reader^s seat in the Theatre & make room to it. 
 
 To gett board to bring the- Body in. 
 
 To line & make shelves to the closet in y^ dissecting room. 
 
 To have new gowns for the Court of Assis*^. 
 
APPENDIX E. 
 
 SPEECH DELIVERED BY MR. GUNNING AT THE END OP HIS YEAR 
 OF OFFICE AS MASTER, AT A QUARTERLY COURT OP ASSISTANTS 
 HOLDEN AT THE THEATRE ON THE 1ST DAY OP JULY, 1790:- 
 
 Present : Messieurs Gunning, Lucas, Hawkins, Pyle, Warner, 
 Watson, Minors, Harris, Pitts, Graves, Patch, Walker, 
 Cooper, Wyatt, Hunter, Earle, Grindall, Long, Wathen. 
 
 The Minutes of the last Court o£ Assistants holden on the 
 1st day of April last were read and confirmed. 
 
 The Master reported that since the last meeting of the Court 
 of Assistants he had with the concurrence of the Wardens, 
 purchased the sum of £500 3 "^ C^- Consolidated Bk Annys on 
 the Company^s Account which at 73 and '^/g '^ C*- and Com- 
 miss" had cost the Sum of £370, and which purchase makes 
 the w^hole Sum of Bank Ann?/?';^ies belonging to the Company to 
 be £6300. 
 
 The Master from the Committee of Accounts reported that 
 since the last report made on the 1^* day of April last the Com- 
 pany's receipts including the Balance of £489 : 5 : 8, then in 
 hand had amounted to £1084 : 6 : 2 & the expenditure including 
 the money paid for the said £500. Bank Annuities to the sum of 
 £774 : 18 : 7 and that the balance now in hand exclusive of 
 £6300 three "^ Cent Bank annuities & the Int* due thereon is 
 £309 : 7 : 7 and that every Bill Tax & Salary is paid up to this 
 time. 
 
 The Master read to the Court several observations relating to 
 the affairs of the Company which being read it was moved and 
 seconded that the same be entered upon the Minutes of this 
 
MEMORIALS OF THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 383 
 
 Court and the question being" put it was resolved in the aihrma- 
 tive and such observations are as follows. 
 
 Upon the point of taking leave of you Gentlemen on the 
 expiration of my Office, it is necessary for me I think to tell 
 you, that if I have been in any respect deficient in my duty, 
 it has been owing* rather to an Error in my Judgment than 
 to any want of Industry, or intention to serve you. 
 
 By means of some regulations which were proposed by me 
 and which you were pleased to approve of, I have the pleasure 
 of informing you, that next Year the Sum saved in the Article 
 of Dinners only will be found to be £170 & upwards when 
 compared with the charge on that Account in the years 1788 
 and 1789, & if to this is added the sum of £50 or £60 being 
 heretofore expended in a matter, which can never happen again, 
 the whole will then amount to £230 independently of what 
 may arise from retrenching all other unnecessary Expences, 
 and this Sum will be nearly sufficient for your extraordinary 
 expences should you come to any resolution of providing for them. 
 
 With respect to the Cash I have left very little in Bank, 
 having funded all that I could ; but what is of much greater 
 moment, I have ordered all Bills Salaries & Taxes to be paid up 
 to this day, that the Company may for once know what their 
 necessary expences in one year really are. 
 
 Before I retire from my Office I will beg your indulgence 
 for half an hour whilst I lay before you some Observations 
 relating to the present state of the Company, & I am induced to 
 do this from a hope that it may tend to bring forward a more 
 particular enquiry into your affairs. 
 
 When I entered on my Office, I determined to make myself 
 as well acquainted with the affairs of the Company as I could, 
 & finding it difficult to obtain sufficient Information from those 
 who had gone before me in this place, I was obliged to have 
 recourse to your Books & papers & having spent as much time 
 in reading & examining them as I could spare from my other 
 avocations I shall think myself well rewarded if anything I shall 
 suggest, may conduce in any degree to improve the present 
 
884 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 System & enable us the better to answer the end of our Insti- 
 tution. 
 
 The remarks I intend to make shall be principally confined 
 to the five following- heads. 
 
 1st Committee — 2^ the Hall — 3^ Servants 
 4*^ Anatomy — 5*^ Charities. 
 
 Committee. 
 
 Our Books have been in general kept in a very irregular 
 manner, tho^ I am ready to acknowledge that our present Clerk 
 has paid more attention to this point than any of his Predecessors. 
 
 No Entries have been ever made of what passed in the Court 
 of Examiners & as to the Minutes of the Court of Assistants 
 they have never been signed by the Master, and the drawing & 
 posting them have been left almost entirely to the Clerk. It 
 has not been usual to enter at large any Motion or proposal till it 
 has been confirmed by a subsequent General Court ; so that 
 when any motion happens to be rejected nothing is to be found 
 in your Books concerning it ; & as a Motion tho^ rejected at one 
 time, may, in the whole, or in part, be of use at another, this prac- 
 tice may prove very prejudicial to us, & ought to be altered. 
 
 No punctuality has been observed in the discharge of your 
 Bills & at present they are not so regularly paid as they ought 
 to be. This made it very difficult to ascertain the precise ex- 
 penditure of each year, as it often happens that a Bill for an 
 Expence incurred in one year, has not been paid till a year or 
 two after. 
 
 The nature of your Constitution Gentlemen, respecting your 
 Accounts seems to be this Viz*- That the Clerk is responsible to 
 the Governors of each year, the Governors to the Court of 
 Assistants, and the Court of Assistants to the Company at 
 large, and it appears from the Books of Accounts from the year 
 1745 to the year 1778, that the Master & Wardens, or Governors 
 as they are sometimes called, did on quitting their Office crave 
 an allowance for Sums expended by them, for that is the form 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 385 
 
 of their prayer & those are their Words. Auditors from 3 to 8 
 were appointed on the annual chang-e of Officers for the examina- 
 tion of Accounts & g'iving- discharges. 
 
 They met in July to examine the Accounts of their Officers 
 of the preceeding year, whose Duties terminated in the beginnino- 
 of the same month ; sometimes earlier in the month, sometimes 
 later. Within a short space of time they deferred this Report 
 till August & soon afterwards till September ; at length it was 
 deferred till the February & March of the succeeding year & 
 sometimes later, & this Order, if it can be so called was observed, 
 till the Resolutions of 1778. 
 
 There were amongst others, two considerable defects in this 
 plan. Your Officers were dismissed before their Accounts were 
 passed & Avhen properly speaking they were not responsible, you 
 subjected, them to an Enquiry. In fact these Officers or 
 Governors or Servants, which ever you please to call them, 
 ought not to have been dismissed till they had made up their 
 Accounts ; & there was no regularity in the Audit, late as it 
 took place, whether on the 1^*^ month or on y® 9^^. To the 
 above respecting your Accounts or Bills, I must add, that there 
 is scarce any instance on your Books of Check, Complaint, or 
 Defalcation, or prompt payment. The Bills were brought in 
 late, paid late, & audited late ; at last they scarcely made their 
 appearance at all. 
 
 However and at length, whether there was a Suspicion or not 
 that things were going on wrong with respect to their late 
 Clerk to whom the conduct of almost every thing had been 
 trusted I cannot tell, but the Coui't of Assistants came to certain 
 resolutions on the 2<^- July 1778 which had they been duly 
 observed would have saved the Company from the loss which 
 soon followed. The resolutions were these ; P*- That the Court 
 of Examiners should be a standing Committee of Accounts with 
 an Auditor General, the Master or Auditor with any two to be 
 a Quorum. 
 
 2ndiy That they should meet every Month at ^1,2 an hour 
 after 2 o'Clock that their business might be done before Dinner, 
 Z 
 
386 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 so as not to interfere with the common business of the 
 Day. 
 
 3rdiy Tj^^^ ^i^g QYev^ should lay before the Committee, all 
 Bills whatever to be examined before they were paid, and an 
 Order signed, if approved of, for their payment. 
 
 4thiy That no repairs of the Hall should be directed without 
 the consent of the Committee. 
 
 ythiy That the Beadle should give an Account of what he 
 had received for the Quarterage. 
 
 gthiy That the Clerk should report at every Meeting what 
 Sum of Money remained in his hands. 
 
 jthiy That this Committee should be empowered to order 
 Bonds to be purchased or any other public Securities they shall 
 think proper with the Money over and above what may be 
 thought necessary for the current Expences. 
 
 These Resolutions were in most instances very good, but 
 they were deficient in two capital points : they did not direct an 
 immediate payment of the Bills when they became due, or a 
 comparing of the present Bills with those of the preceeding 
 year that they might have checks the excess had it be- 
 come necessary. Your resolutions however had this further 
 effect, that they lessened the responsibility of your Governors, 
 and threw it upon the Examiners and their Committee at 
 large. 
 
 Would you suppose. Gentlemen, however with the above 
 regulations that within a space shorter than two years, the 
 Company should have suffered their Clerk such was their blind 
 confidence, to abscond with 8 or £900 of their Money the very 
 Security for his Fidelity in his own possession. 
 
 To be short, Monies were received & suffered to remain in 
 his hands ; few or no Bills were brought in, & the Sum of £300 
 was even advanced by the Company on his own Bond. At 
 length within the course of a few ^Months some reflection took 
 place, the Monies were called for, and the confidential Servant 
 was called for also ; but he was not to be found. 
 
 Perhaps, Gentlemen, you will think that all this has nothing 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 387 
 
 to do with the present Accounts, and that it is a painful and 
 ungracious retrospect at the best. 
 
 I reply ; that it is a transaction which should be always 
 before your Eyes as no one till this deficiency happened was 
 thought to stand on higher ground than the Servant now 
 alluded to. 
 
 I assure you Gentlemen, I am astonished that this supineness 
 in the responsible part of our Company, was not made the 
 subject of an Enquiry. 
 
 It is easy enough to point out what ought to be done for 
 y® ceconomical conduct of your affairs, & for your Security. The 
 Bills should be sent in as soon as due. They should be examined 
 compared & chequed and ordered for payment at every monthly 
 Court; they should on that be immediately discharged, & at 
 every quarterly Court an Account should be produced, & a 
 balance struck. Any sum beyond what is necessary for the 
 expenee of the ensuing month should be funded, and no Monies 
 should be left useless in the hands of a Banker. And these 
 Directions differ very little from what you yourselves have 
 enjoined. 
 
 I cannot however, dismiss this Article without proposing to 
 you something further, you have done a great deal in regulating 
 the number & expense of your Dinners but you may do still 
 more, & I am confident the alteration will be extremely beneficial 
 to you, it is, that the Court of Examiners, & your Committee of 
 Accounts instead of meeting at 1/4 before 4 at the Tavern 
 & dining almost immed^ afterwards should meet at their own 
 Hall at ^/2 an hour after 5 precisely, an hour before the Exami- 
 nation begins, a period of time which will give them sufficient 
 leisure for the inspection of your Accounts, that the 8 Dinners 
 which you have allowed in the year for the Court of Examiners 
 separately, sho'i be abolished, & that in lieu of them each 
 of the Gentlemen who attend should receive the usual ffee of. 
 half a Guinea, which is paid to the Court of Assistants at 
 large. 
 
 The utility of this is obvious. To many the half Guinea is 
 
 z 2 
 
388 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 preferable to the Dinner. It would be ratlier a saving* to the 
 Company^ as the charo-e for each Dinner would seldom be less 
 than £6 and this could never exceed 5 Guineas & be sometimes 
 less. Your Accounts would be well inspected, & yoit wo*^ be less 
 heated & sooner ready for your Examinations. Every thing- 
 that is really for the good of the Company you have the power 
 to do, tho'' nothing to its prejudice. 
 
 To the alteration of a Custom so much to your advantage, 
 no solid objection can be made. You have encreased your own 
 Fees, you have added others & you have raised the Emoluments 
 & Gratifications of your Servants in points not quite clear & 
 rather problematical. 
 
 The Meeting 4 times a year of the Court of Assistants, the 
 governing part of our Society, seems to be quite sufficient to 
 answer any solid purposes ; and the proposed alteration, which is 
 certainly for the good of the Company, being a matter which 
 principally relates to the Court of Examiners, did they but agree 
 to it, I should hope that the Court of Assistants at large could 
 have no objection. 
 
 But if the Gentlemen should be of a contrary opinion & 
 prefer the usual custom to the method now proposed, I should 
 then think that a Committee of 3 should be appointed to meet 
 quarterly on the Thursday proceeding the Meeting of the General 
 Court, to inspect^ regulate and check the Bills, & that their 
 Members should be paid the usual ffee for such attendance. 
 
 I apprehend that such an appointment, even at this expence, 
 would prove good management upon the whole, & that it would 
 fully answer the purposes of its Institution. 
 
 If Gentlemen will not be prevailed on to do their duty with- 
 out being paid for it (a custom very frequent now in much 
 higher concerns than ours) let any reasonable allowance be made 
 to them. I am confident it will be much to your Interest to 
 invite Miem in this manner to do their duty. After having 
 resolved in the year 1778 that the Court of Examiners which 
 met every Month sho^ be a Committee of Accounts, why did 
 they not pay some attention to this important matter. 
 
THE CRAFT OF SUBGEBY. 389 
 
 How many Hundred Pounds (I am inclined to think 1500 or 
 2000) would have been saved by this means ? But nobody as 
 an Individual being interested in it & the attendance being" 
 inconvenient no regard was paid to this salutary measure. If 
 the present ffee for such an attendance be tho* insufficient let it 
 be doubled, as I am convinced that the resolution is a wise one, 
 & if properly pursued will produce the happiest consequences. 
 
 And now taking leave of the Accounts as far as they relate 
 to y^ Committee I propose that the Bills, if they are not paid 
 monthly, should be paid quarterly at the furthest; that no 
 money should be left with any Banker, nor more in the hands of 
 your Clerk, or in your Chest, but what is necessary for one 
 Months Current Expence. 
 
 You will by these means know the Expences incidental to 
 each year, you will discharge them all -within the year ; and you 
 will have your articles cheaper for prompt payment. 
 
 To this care of your Account succeeds the consideration of 
 retrenching many unnecessary Expences, or at least the not 
 suffering them to be continued. 
 
 The Expences incidental to your Committee have on an 
 Average for the last 4 years amounted to about £420 or £430 
 "^ Ann. For the succeeding four I hope and believe they will be 
 within £250 each Year if we proceed with due care and caution. 
 
 I have further to recommend to you Grent. to insert the 
 Summons in the Minutes of each Court of Assistants, & to suffer 
 no Business to be transacted but what is expressly mentioned in 
 the Summons ; to enter at large whatever comes before you by 
 way of Motion, & to keep Minutes of the transactions of the 
 Court of Examiners. That all Minutes be signed by the Master 
 in the course of the ensuing Week if not immediately. I recom- 
 mend it to you likewise that a Book be made out containing all 
 the rules & customs which are not printed but which ought to be 
 known, that we may not be obliged to depend on any one for 
 the information of the moment. 
 
 I will close this Article but with one observation more. I am 
 confident Gents that you are insensibly led into many Expences 
 
390 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 from not having" had time given you to consider them I there- 
 fore really think that no Donation^ or Gratuity or repair, or the 
 purchasing" of ffurniture or any Expence of what kind soever 
 sho*^^ be incurred not only without a previous Notice being given 
 in the Summons but that such measure should not operate till 
 the determination of one General Court has been confirmed by 
 that of the succeeding one ; such a proceeding as this would suffi- 
 ciently guard us against the ill effects arising from surprize. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Respecting the Hall, Gentlemen, If there be no substantial 
 repairs wanting (which a Surveyor should be appointed to 
 examine & to make his report to you thereon) your annual 
 expence on this head may amount to £250 including Taxes & 
 what may be necessary after having put it into complete repair 
 to preserve it so. 
 
 But this is but a part, & the smallest part of the chai'ge for 
 including the original Expence of 4 or £5,000 in the Building, 
 this House may be estimated as costing" you £500 '^ Ann. & 
 upwards. 
 
 You have in it a Theatre for your Lectures, a Boom for 
 a Library, a Committee room for your Court, a large room for 
 the reception of your Communitys together with the necessary 
 accommodations for your Clerk. 
 
 But how great soever your intentions were I am sorry to 
 observe they have been but very ill executed. 
 
 Your Theatre is without Lectures, your Library Boom with- 
 out Books is converted into an Office for your Clerk, and your 
 Committee Boom is become his Eating" parlour ; and is not 
 always used even in your Common Business & when it is thus 
 made use of, it is seldom in a fit & proper state. 
 
 Every body on the least reflection must see & feel a great 
 indecency in all this. The Court want these Booms for them- 
 selves, I do not mean to have them shut up, but I wish to have 
 the proper use of them, and that they should make the proper 
 appearance. To continue to use them for other purposes than 
 
THE GRAFT OF SURGERY. 391 
 
 those for which they were originally designed will cause a great 
 increase of expence in your furniture^ your Coals, your Candles ; 
 but what is still more detrimental, the lower part of your 
 House is by this means uninhabited, & I need not observe what 
 damage the whole Building may receive from hence in a short 
 space of time. 
 
 If your Committee Room is to be converted into an Eating 
 Parlour, why should we not eat in it ourselves ? — Your Dinners 
 at the Tavern are exceedingly inconvenient & expensive & 
 attended with a great loss of time. 
 
 You meet at the Hall, You adjourn to the Tavern, you 
 return to the Hall again, & all this, when you have a House of 
 your own inhabited at a great expence to you & where if you 
 have not already all the conveniences you want you may at any 
 time be furnished with them. 
 
 If Gentlemen, you make no better use of the Hall than what 
 you have already done, you had better sell it, and apply the 
 Money for the good of the Company in some other way. \ our 
 Hall has cost you a Sum during the last 4 years very little less 
 than £1,200 & the Bills for repairs, independently of the Taxes 
 and Ground Rent have amounted to upwards of £250 within 
 the last two. 
 
 I could wish Gentlemen, on this head, that the laying out 
 any Sum of Money beyond 5 or £J may not be left to a Com- 
 mittee of 2 or 3 as has been usual I believe to the Master and 
 Wardens chiefly — But that a Surveyor should be appointed, who 
 in the Month of March every Year should inspect your Building 
 and report its condition to the Master by whom it should be 
 brought to the Court of Assistants, on the first Thursday in 
 April every Year so that the subsequent General Court held in 
 the beginning of July may be in good time to confirm & direct 
 the immediate execution of such repairs as may be wanting The 
 great business in matters of this kind is not to be led into 
 unnecessary expences from precipitation. 
 
392 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Servants. 
 
 Respecting your Servants Gentlemen^ The Clerk and the 
 Beadle are objects of very great importance. I see with much 
 surprize, the expence of this estabhshment increasing upon you 
 very fast indeed. The original Salaries remain the same, and so 
 do the Gratuities as they were settled formerly but of late you 
 have appointed additional Servants, and allowed extra Gratuities. 
 You have submitted to many new Articles of Expense, & as far 
 as I can learn no perquisites have been asked, which have not 
 been granted, without your shewing the least inclination to 
 resist, and without taking any time to examine or compare. 
 These Excesses appeared first in the year 1786 and have increased 
 so rapidly since that time, that the perquisites now are in general 
 one-third greater than they used to be in some cases twice as 
 much ; and these irregularities, enormous as they are, have been 
 suffered to continue, without the least endeavour on your part 
 to reform them. 
 
 Two Years before this period, the Establishment of the Clerk, 
 including the Salary, Gratuity & perquisites of Coal, Candle, 
 Wood, & Turnery amounted to £160 or £170 "^ Ann. and even 
 then the allowance for some of the Articles was too great. In 
 the year 1786 an additional Sum of £25 was allowed to the 
 Clerk for a Servant, so that his Establishment amounted then to 
 £180 f Ann. and upwards. In 1787 & 88 it amounted to £195 
 in 1788 and 89 to £225 ; in 89 and 90 to £230 nearly. 
 
 The original Establishment of 'your Clerk is as follows (viz*-) 
 He accepts his office to hold it, and does hold it, during your 
 pleasure only. He was at first allowed £60 '^ Ann. and it was 
 expressly stipulated that he should have no perquisite of any 
 kind whatever. To this Stipend of £60 '^ Ann. the Y^early Sum 
 of £40 was added by way of Gratuity, then an Apartm* within 
 the House was granted him, and an allowance of the two articles 
 of Coal and Candle. 
 
 Besides the Apartm* which was at first granted to the Clerk 
 he has now the use of the Library & Committee Room. To his 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 393 
 
 perquisites of Coal & Candle that of Turnery is added & 
 he has also an ample allow^e for a Serv*- & many other 
 advantages. 
 
 The Coal and Candle are extended (deducting- what is neces- 
 sary for your Committee Rooms) greatly beyond the Expence of 
 most private Families. What think you of a charge of £84 for 
 Coals Candles Wood & Turnery during this last year on the 
 Clerk^s own account only ? I am ready to acknowledge that his 
 place ought to be a good one^ sufficient to retain a Man of Credit 
 and Ability in your service^ but at the same time it ought, 
 . I think, to bear some proportion to your Income and his trouble. 
 Perquisites are in all cases improper, and therefore it would be 
 adviseable for you to give your Clerk a competent Salary, and 
 allow him no more perquisites. 
 
 The Apartments in the Hall as they were originally granted 
 must be equal to £70 "^ Annum as Taxes and repairs of every 
 kind are charged to your account. 
 
 Now what ought our Company whose whole expenditure 
 sho<i not exceed £900 "^ Ann., and if the proposed alterations 
 take place, can never greatly exceed that Sum ; what, I say, 
 ought such a Company to allow their Clerk for assisting them 
 at their Meetings, paying their Bills & collecting their Revenue. 
 Is not a Stipend of 25 "^ C*- with the advantages of such 
 apartments rather too much ? I really think it is. 
 
 Your Beadle also has been indulged in the same manner as 
 your Clerk since to £33 : 5 "^ Ann. being the Sum which was 
 paid four years ago for the Beadle^s Salary Gratuity and Dinners 
 you have added a second and third Gratuity of £5 : 5 : each; 
 and besides these he is permitted to have many other advantages, 
 of the propriety of which, little or no enquiry was ever made. 
 I am of opinion that your Beadle ought to be put on a good 
 footing, as good an one as your Clerk, allowance being made for 
 the difference of their situations ; and as you should pay your 
 Beadle properly, so have you a right to his services. I could 
 wish that the distinct duty of your Servants was a little better 
 explained, as well as many other points relative to our Customs 
 
394 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 and Examinations, which I have mentioned before and which 
 do not make an Article either in your Books or your printed 
 Laws. 
 
 If the Beadle is paid at the rate of £35 "^ Ann. which is 
 rather at an hig-her rate than he stood 4 years a,:^o, it is beyond 
 a doubt that you pay him very liberally for his real Services & 
 there is not the shadow of a pretence for such an extravagant 
 augmentation in so short a space of time as from £33 to £44. 
 He has perquisites of a doubtful nature, & his time is not wholly 
 taken up in our Business. 
 
 Gentlemen, I cannot blame your Servants for asking, when 
 they know you are always ready to give, the Evil originates 
 with yourselves. If in giving" a detail of facts, I appear to 
 accuse, it is an accusation of our own remiss conduct, rather 
 than theirs. However I hope that the Gentlemen who are to 
 succeed me in office will finish these Enquiries, that they will 
 sift everything to the bottom, that they will do their best 
 towards cutting off all unnecessary Expences, and lastly that 
 they ascertain what is the duty of our Servants, and proportion 
 the reward to their real services only. 
 
 Anatomy. 
 
 The first thing that I shall remind you of on this head is, 
 that you have a Fund for the support of Anatomical Lectures of 
 £1B "^ Ann., besides the Interest of £500, being what was 
 appropriated to us, when our Company was separated from 
 the Barbers, and this Fund is constantly increasing by means of 
 the penalties which all our Members pay, who do not in their 
 turns serve the Anatomical offices; but notwithstanding this 
 encouragement lam sorry to observe that you have instituted 
 Lecteres neither in Surgery, nor indeed in anatomy of any 
 degree of importance ; nor have you held out any Gratification 
 or reward for rising Merit. Even the feeble attempts which you 
 have already made, tho' found in the end to be totally inadequate 
 and ineffectual, yet have been shamefully expensive. 
 
 Three Lectures in 1786 and 87 a period of one Year only, and 
 
THE CBAFT OF SURGERY. 395 
 
 given, I think upon the Bones, cost you upwards of £30 without 
 the expenee of subjects or dissection — That of the succeeding 
 year in 1787 & 88 cost you upwards of £40. There were indeed 
 6 Lectures given in that year as there were in the succeeding 
 one of 88 & 89, and their expences amounted to £46 and 
 upwards. It would be scarcely credible if it did not appear upon 
 your Books, with what needless Expences, & with what exactions 
 it has been usual for every thing of this kind, to be deducted. 
 In the present year a charge is made of £3 to Men who attend 
 Executions, a mere Imposition ; and what is more extraordinary, 
 this allowance is made, at a time, when no Lectures at all have 
 been given. 
 
 In 178^ you voted a Crown '§ head to all those Members of 
 the Court of Assistants who should be present at these Lectures 
 by way of encouraging the attendance of others by their own 
 appearance ; so that every Lecture, putting their right of doing 
 this out of the question, would cost the company, if the whole 
 number attended, an additional expenee of 5 Guineas to what 
 they had originally done, & what Man of sense would advise the 
 company to be at the expenee of 7 or 8 Guineas for each Lecture 
 unless the Lectures were given on the most useful subjects in 
 Surgery, and delivered by Gentlemen of the first experience in 
 the profession. 
 
 I know it will be said that our Hall can never be a School of 
 Anatomy the situation of the different Hospitals, the extent of 
 the Town, together with its interference with private courses 
 prohibit it. 
 
 I admit this mode of reasoning to be in most respects true, 
 but there is a time of the year, in May & June, when the 
 Anatomical Lectures should be over, & before the Students have 
 left the Town, when a number not exceeding 15 Lectures in 
 Surgery might be given gratis by Men of Experience in the 
 profession, on those points which tend only to real practice and 
 the establishment of good principles. Lectures so conducted 
 could not fail of being highly useful to the Students as well as 
 beino" honourable to ourselves. 
 
98 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Were the Gentlemen to give up their insignificant Fees on 
 this occasion or to confine them altogether to the usual one o£ 
 half a Guinea to be given to the Master and Wardens only, 
 who should be under the necessity of being present at such 
 Lectures, it would I think sufiiciently answer the intended 
 purposes. 
 
 And as an incitement to emulation it would be advis- 
 able for the Compy to. give every year a Gold Medal of the 
 same value as that which is presented to your professor, to 
 any Student who should produce the best Treatise in the 
 Judgment of the majority of the Court of Examiners on any 
 given subject. 
 
 The whole expence of this Establishment (all needless ex- 
 pences and exactions being removed) would not exceed the Sum 
 of £140 '^ Ann. The Lectures should be read by such Members 
 fi'om your Court of Assistants as are in practice, and are 
 Surgeons to Hospitals, and for which they should be liberally 
 paid. 
 
 I cannot dismiss this subject without making one more 
 remark. From the construction of your Hall as well as from the 
 Names and nature of the offices founded in your Body it 
 plainly appears that one great object of your Institution was 
 to raise a School for Anatomy. Why it failed in the begins 
 I cannot readily conceive, why it fails now, I can readily 
 explain. 
 
 I find from your Books that a proposal was made by a very 
 respectable Member of this Court for establishing a School of 
 Anatomy here in 1775, about two years after your attempt 
 began. This proposal was ordered to be printed, & then it was 
 referred to the consideration of the next General Court who 
 resolved that the then mode of conducting the Anatomical' 
 Lectures had not yet been allowed a proper length of time to 
 prove its insufficiency. 
 
 I cannot approve of this resolution of the General Court, as 
 there was certainly room to suspect that the mode was excep- 
 tionable in which the Anatomical Lectures were then conducted ; 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 397 
 
 for if that had not been the case, why should any proposal of 
 this kind have been made. Indeed whoever considers but the 
 bare outline of your plan must be satisfied, that it could not be 
 attended with success. For this business was put under the 
 management of no less than 6 persons, 2 Masters, 2 Wardens & 
 2 Professors, & how could an Establishment of so mixed and 
 complex a nature be properly carried on ? and accordingly your 
 Lectures were bad or your demonstrations were bad, or your 
 parts were ill prepared, or ignorant persons were appointed who 
 disgraced you by acting, or thought themselves hardly treated 
 by being obliged to fine. 
 
 But tho^ you rejected the proposal yet you took the blame 
 and suspecting that your plan was capable of further improve- 
 ment ; you directed that your Lectures should be read at fixed 
 times, between Michaelmas & Christmas and between Christmas 
 and Lady day. The first period assigned was for those to be read 
 on the Muscles, and the last for those on the Viscera. The 
 Osteological Lectures were to be read in June. But still the 
 mode of giving them remained unaltered & their number was 
 undetermined. 
 
 The Committee of Anatomy which had been appointed to 
 meet on this Business continued to proceed, and they appear no 
 where to have been dismissed. 
 
 But your plan, with these improvements, did not answer, and 
 after giving it the long Tryal of 13 years, in the year 1766 
 I think, you came to the following resolutions, viz*- : That the 
 present mode of giving the Lectures not having ans*^- the 
 intended purposes, a Professor should be appointed annually, to 
 be rewarded with a Gold Medal, who should read his Lectures 
 at fixed times, as specified in your resolution of 1775 and that 
 the whole number to be given, should be 15. 
 
 This was an improvement on the 2*^ plan inasmuch as an 
 Annual Professor was to be appointed of known ability (which 
 took place) and a certain number of Lectures was stipulated to 
 be given, which I believe did not take place; and this plan well 
 executed would have been of real use to the Public. 
 
398 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 But this plan was never likely to be well executed : 1^*^ 
 because no adequate reward was provided for the Professor, — 
 '•Z^y Because a Condition was annexed which, was of itself suffi- 
 cient to destroy the whole. The Condition was as follows : Viz^* 
 That these Lectures should be so read, at such times, within 
 the above mentioned period, as the Master & Wardens for the 
 time being- sho*^ appoint. 
 
 This alteration, ostensibly I believe (for it does not appear 
 that the proposed Lectures were read) took place for the present 
 moment; but in the succeeding- year of 1767, you determined, 
 (really I believe without taking the trouble of informing your- 
 selves of what had passed the year before) that the 12 Lectures 
 as above mentioned (for you forgot the 3 Osteological) should be 
 now varied, for that is the expression, and that such Professor 
 for the time being should be obliged to give (an implication that 
 they had not yet been g-iven) such a number of 6 Lectures on the 
 Muscles, and 6 on the Viscera, as the Master and Wardens for 
 the time being shall from time to time appoint, and so this 
 Business, for all the purposes of efficacy, has been given up, 
 & in that whimsical state at the expiration of another 13 
 years it now continues ; nor can I find that either the I'Z or 15 
 Lectures have ever in any one year been given. In 1779 indeed 
 6 Lectures in Surgery were added to the usual anatomical ones, 
 but whether they were given in that or any other year I cannot 
 tell. 
 
 Should you revise these plans. Gentlemen, as you can 
 hardly avoid to do, to preserve the Spirit, or rather to rouse the 
 Spirit of your Institution, & indeed to apply properlj- the Income 
 of Funds, created as it were for these specific purposes, should 
 you direct 15 Lectures to be given only as above stipulated, on a 
 solid & permanent foundation, after having determined on their 
 nature; you will take care I hope never to lose sight of two 
 Objects — the One that your Professors are properly qualified for 
 the intended purpose ; the Other that you provide for them an 
 adequate reward. 
 
 I am apprehensive. Gentlemen, that you will think me rather 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 399 
 
 tedious on this subject, but I thoug-ht it necessary to give even 
 an imperfect account, than no account at all. 
 
 Charity. 
 
 Respecting- your Charities, I am sorry to observe these have 
 decreased. They were 3 years ago at the rate of £93 & upwards, 
 for the next £34, the succeeding one £38, and the present £67. 
 
 This Expence seems to have decreased in proportion as others 
 have increased. I hope if Gentlemen are of opinion that the 
 Company's affairs are in so flourishing a state as to make a 
 further accumulation unnecessary, which some I know have 
 thought ; that they will be more liberal in this article. 
 
 The Widows and Children of Surgeons who may be left in a 
 distressed condition are much more proper objects of your atten- 
 tion than others which have been so much insisted upon, and 
 which surely are objects of a very inferior consideration. These 
 have the true claim to be benefited from the overflowing of 
 a Fund, created in some respects by the Industry of their 
 Fathers. 
 
 I could wish therefore that the sum of £80 '^ Ann. at the 
 least, might be put aside, to estsblish a Fund for this purpose, 
 to be disposed of wholly by the majority of this Court. I think, 
 however, that the persons in question, to whom this Charity is 
 given, should attend once a year, with what Certificates may be 
 proper, that we may be subject to no imposition, which some 
 times are practised on such occasions. 
 
 Lihrary. 
 
 Having finished my observations, Gentlemen, on five of the 
 points before you, I must no\v mention what I early thought 
 right and what many Gentlemen here agree with me in, which 
 is, that this Society ought to be possessed of a. Library, which 
 when completed, should under certain Restrictions, be open 
 to the Students in Surgery, for their Information. 
 
 I could wish that a Sum not exceeding- £80 ^ Annum mio-ht 
 
400 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 be appropriated for the completion of this purpose, & I hope the 
 
 Gentlemen \yill think this a proper way of disposing of their 
 
 Money likewise. 
 
 Co}icliisio7i. 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 The savings on the whole in your Dinners to the amount of 
 £150 '^ Annum, & in other Articles, I trust to the amount of 
 £50 more, by the reduction & limitation of unnecessary Charges, 
 will go further than to enable you to appropriate the Annual 
 Sum of £300 for the purposes of your Lectures your Charities & 
 a Library, together with such a suitable reward as you shall 
 think fit to bestow on merit. And if I am right in my estimate 
 the annual expenditure of 1000 Guineas (your Hall once repaired) 
 will allow even for contingent expences and will be found to be 
 an establishment fully sufficient to answer all your intended 
 purposes. 
 
 When Moneys are expended judiciously, & liberally for the 
 public good, as well as for the private Emolument of the 
 governing part of this Society, no Enquiry will be made even if 
 we should exceed the bounds of what strictly speaking, we have 
 a right to do. 
 
 But at present I am afraid, we are rather differently circum- 
 stanced, I recommend it therefore to the consideration of this 
 Court, either at this, or at a short period of time from the present 
 to appoint a Committee consistiog of the Master and Wardens 
 of the ensuing year, with any 3 others of the Court of Ex- 
 aminers, that the Gentlemen shall name, for the purpose of 
 examining and retrenching the present expences where they 
 have been found to exceed what is just and necessary, and of 
 adopting and offering to your consideration either the above, 
 or any other plans that may appear to them more eligible, 
 for forwarding & effecting the above mentioned purposes, and 
 that they will make a report of the same to the next General 
 Court. 
 
 Believing further that when these plans are put into Execu- 
 tion, and when unaided by Royal Donations or the public, we 
 
THE CRAFT OF 8UBGEBY. 401 
 
 have put ourselves on the footing of a liberal, of an humane, & 
 learned Society and so beneficial a one to the public, from the 
 proper Exertions of our own private Fund ; we shall have a 
 better pretence to ask for an extension of those powers from 
 Parliament, which we have discovered a disposition to execute so 
 much for the advantage of the Community. 
 
 Besolved that a Committee of Seven Members of this Court 
 be appointed to consider of the above Observations and make 
 their Report thereon to the next Court. 
 
 Resolved that the Master and Wardens M'^ Warner M^ 
 Grindall M^ Minors, & M"" Gunning be of that Committee 
 and that any three of them do make a Quorum, And that 
 such Committee do meet for the first time on Tuesday next 
 the 6*^ instant at 6 o^Clock in the Evening, and that such 
 Committee be paid the usual ffee of half a Guinea for each 
 attendance. 
 
 This being the Day appointed by the Act of Parliament for 
 the choice of a Master and Wardens for the ensuing year the 
 Court proceeded to elect a Master ; And Cha^ Hawkins Esq"* one 
 of His Majesty's Principal Serj* Surgeons was in conformity to 
 the Bye Laws [declared] to he. unanimously chosen Master for 
 the year ensuing. 
 
 The Court then proceeded to the election of Wardens for the 
 year ensuing which Elections being by Ballot, upon the examina- 
 tion of the Votes by the Master M"-' W"^ Lucas appeared to be 
 and was declared duly eleOted first or Upper Warden & M"^ 
 Edmund Pitts the second or Junior Warden To have hold & 
 enjoy the said several & respective Offices of Master & Wardens 
 for one whole year according to the said Act and the Bye Laws 
 of this Corporation & the said Master & Wardens took the 
 Oaths appointed by the Bye Laws to be taken by the 
 Master & AVardens & their respective Seats in the Court ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 A A 
 
402 MEMORIALS OF 
 
 Resolved that the thanks of this Court be given to the late 
 Master & Wardens for their very diligent & punctual attendance 
 during the past year and their strict & impartial discharge of 
 their duty. 
 
 The Court then proceeded to elect a professor of Anatomy for 
 the ensuing year when jSF John Abernethy was unanimously 
 elected to that office. 
 
 The Cou'-t then proceeded to elect two Wardens & two 
 Stewards of Anatomy for the ensuing year when M^ Wetherall 
 & M^ Eden were unanimously elected Wardens & M^ Tho^ White 
 & M'' Rice Ben}'on Stewards of Anatomy for the ensuing 
 year. 
 
 Ordered that the Court do acquaint those Gentlemen of such 
 their Elections to the aforesaid several Offices. 
 
 The Court then elected W™ Norris Henry Fearon W™ Breach, 
 James Ward Rob^ Porter & George Davidson to be successively 
 Stewards of Anatomy for the ensuing year in case any of the 
 above Gentlemen shall die or pay their ffines. 
 
 Resolved that the disposal of the Bodies of all Murderers be 
 left to the Master and Wardens for the ensuing year. 
 
 Ordered that a Gratuity of £40 to the Clerk and £10 to the 
 Beadle be given to them for the past year. 
 
 Ordered that all Drafts on the Company^s Bankers be signed 
 by the Master and Wardens this day elected or any two of them. 
 
 Ordered that the Quarterage Book be made out and signed 
 by the Master and Wardens. 
 
 The Clerk reported, that in pursuance of the directions of the 
 last Court he had caused a Copy to be made of the jMinute Book 
 of the Court of Assistants and also Copies of all the accounts of 
 all the receipts and payments on account of the Company from 
 their separation from the Barbers up to this time which Books 
 he produced ; but that he had not been able to make out the 
 other Book then ordered being an account of the receipts and 
 paym^s from the 1^^ d^y of July 1779 up to this time classed 
 under the different heads as mentioned in the Resolution of the 
 last Court because the Book from whence it must l^e taken had 
 
THE CRAFT OF SURGERY. 4U3 
 
 been some time in the possession of the Master for his perusal 
 and since that had been copying as Ordered by the last Court 
 but that he would make out the same before the next Court 
 of Assistants. 
 
 Ordered that 20 Guineas be paid to the Clerk for the Ex- 
 pences which he has been at in preparing" the Books agreeable to 
 the directions of the Court of Assistants. 
 
 C. Hawkins. 
 
 A A 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abemethy, John, Professor of Anatomy 
 
 in Sm-geon's Company, 287. 
 Admission of Masters of Surgery and 
 
 Anatomy, Formula for, 118. 
 All-heal, the Druid name for Mistletoe, 
 
 2 (note). 
 Anatomy amongst the Druids, 2. 
 , Arris Lecture on, 224-227, 239, 
 
 273, 281, 367, 394. 
 
 , Compulsory attendance at, 142. 
 
 - — - Demonstrations conducted with 
 
 decency, 142, 275. 
 
 Demonstrations, Notices of, to be 
 
 given in the newspapers, 244, 245. 
 
 Demonstrations, Notices of, to be 
 
 discontinued, 246. 
 
 Demonstrators, Medal for, 245, 
 
 396. 
 
 , DifSculty in obtaining Subjects, 
 
 231—239. 
 , Difficulty in obtaining Teachers, 
 
 241, 275-277. 
 , Dinner after public Lectures, 
 
 113, 138. 
 , Expense of, 139, 227, 228, 240 
 
 (note), 263, 379. 
 , Foiin of business at a public 
 
 Lecture on, 137, 138, 240, 241, 242. 
 
 , Gale's Lecture on, 239, 263, 273. 
 
 , Irregularities in conduct of, 136, 
 
 141, 241. 
 
 Lectures to be improved, 277, 
 
 396. 
 
 , Masters of, in the United Com- 
 pany, 113. 
 
 , Masters of, Formula for admission 
 
 of, 118. 
 
 , Masters in the Surgeons' Com- 
 pany, 275. 
 
 Masters abolished, 278. 
 
 Masters, Difficulty in obtaining, 
 
 276. 
 
 Masters, Duties of, 275. 
 
 Masters, Excuses of, 276. 
 
 , Muscular, Lecture on, 239, 263. 
 
 , no public Dissection, 201, 224. 
 
 , Osteology, Lecture on, 239, 263. 
 
 A A 8 
 
 Anatomy, Private Demonstrations of, 
 
 135, 201. 
 
 , Professor of, 278, 378. 
 
 , Provision for the Teaching of, 
 
 in the United Company, 91, 101. 
 
 , Public Demonstrations of, 134. 
 
 , PubKc Dissection postponed, 201. 
 
 , Readers in, 135, 239, 365. 
 
 Readers, Care taken of, 136. 
 
 Readers, List of, 365—373. 
 
 , School of, at Surgeons' Hall, 
 
 378—380. 
 
 , Stewards of, in the United Com- 
 pany, 113, 134. 
 
 , Stewards of, Duties, 139, 141, 
 
 275. 
 
 Teaching in Surgeons' Com- 
 pany, 274. 
 
 Theatre, Alterations in, 381. 
 
 , Vicary's profitable Treatise of, 
 
 102. 
 , Visceral, Lecture on, 239, 263, 
 
 264. 
 Anglicus, Johannes, 28. 
 Apothecaries, Bullein's Rules for, 131. 
 
 Society, power of committal by, 
 
 181. 
 
 Apothecary appointed Sergeant Sur- 
 geon, 287. " 
 
 unable to bear office in Sui'geons' 
 
 Company, 288. 
 
 Apprentices, Age of, 193. 
 
 in the United Barbers and Sur- 
 geons' Company, Balthxop's Ordin- 
 ances concerning, 146. 
 
 , Expenses of, 264, 376. ' 
 
 Indentures cancelled, 147. 
 
 , Inventory of effects, 149. 
 
 punished, 147, 148, 149. 
 
 ■ in Barbers' Company, 77. 
 
 in the Surgeon's Guild, 64, 313. 
 
 in the United Barbers and Sur- 
 geons' Company, 113. 
 
 to be able to read and write, 146. 
 
 to be comely, 77, 146, 193. 
 
 to be taught Barbery and Sur- 
 gery, 165. 
 
406 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Apprentices to be examined, 114. 
 
 to know Latin, 114, 120, 215. 
 
 - to wear no Beards, 114. 
 
 upheld, 148, 185—192. 
 
 warned, 148. 
 
 whipped, 148. 
 
 Arderne, John of, 28, 30. 
 
 , Account of a Model Practitioner, 
 
 36—42. 
 
 , His account of himself, 30. 
 
 , Instruments necessary for the 
 
 treatment of Fistula in Aiio, 43. 
 , His Treatment of Fistula in 
 
 Ano, 34, 39. 
 Arms granted to the Barbers, 71. 
 Arms gi-anted to the Surgeons' Guild, 
 
 81. 
 Arms granted to the United Company, 
 
 124, 351—360. 
 Arris, llr. Alderman, advances Money, 
 
 208. 
 
 , His Bequest, 224-227, 281. 
 
 Lecture, 224, 239, 263, 281, 367, 
 
 394. 
 
 , Dr. Thomas, 225. 
 
 Assizes, Surgeons exempted from at- 
 tendance at, 86. 
 
 B 
 
 Bale's Account of the Spoliation of 
 
 Monasteries, 9. 
 Barber, King's, his position in the 
 
 United Company, 108. 
 Barbers acting as Barber-Surgeons, 20, 
 
 22, 26. 
 
 and Surgeons, Inconveniences at- 
 tending the union of, 257 — 262. 
 
 - Charter, 75, 326—330. 
 
 Charter confii-med by Henry VII., 
 
 83, 335. 
 
 Charter confirmed by Henry 
 
 VIIL, 338. 
 
 , Civic position of, 83, 84, 107. 
 
 Company ally themselves with 
 
 the Surgeon's Guild, 82, 331—334. 
 
 Company, their Painting by 
 
 Holbein, 91. 
 
 Company united with the Sur- 
 geons' Guild, 90, 331—334. 
 
 , Exemptions of, 329, 364. 
 
 , First notice of, in the City 
 
 Records, 14. 
 
 Guild becomes a Company, 74. 
 
 Guild confirmed, 339—350. 
 
 Guild, Ordiaances of, 21, 297, 
 
 321—325. 
 
 , Overseeing Masters of, 23. 
 
 Petition in 1375, 19. 
 
 Barbers' Petition against their separ- 
 ation from the Surgeons, 255. 
 
 , Position of, in the United Com- 
 pany, 257, 262, 263. 
 
 Separated from the Surgeons, 
 
 253, 269. 
 
 , Supervision of, 22. 
 
 Barbers and Surgeons, United Com- 
 pany of formed, 90. 
 
 , Anatomical Teaching in, 113. 
 
 , Arris advances Money to, 208. 
 
 , Arris' Bequest to, 224 — 227. 
 
 , Bankruptcy of, 209. 
 
 , Barbers may be others than those 
 
 practising Barbery, 222. 
 
 , Bishop's licensing power and 
 
 the, 84, 85, 116, 154, 193, 249, 
 250. 
 
 , Blood not to stand, 167. 
 
 , Burglary at Hall of, 212. 
 
 , Burial of Members of the Com- 
 pany, 167. 
 
 — - — , Censorship over "Works on Sur- 
 gery, 185. 
 
 , Charity of, 168. 
 
 , Charter of Charles I., 214. 
 
 , Charter granted by James I., 
 
 196—199, 361. 
 
 , Charter surrendered, 246. 
 
 , Ci^ic position of, 179. 
 
 ■ , Compter, Power of Committal to, 
 
 181, 182. 
 
 , Crafts to be distinct, 163. 
 
 , Dentist admitted, 108. 
 
 — — , Dinner to be made at Election, 
 169. 
 
 , Dinner at Election not to be 
 
 made, 176, 197. 
 
 , Dinner to be made after Anatomy 
 
 Demonstrations, 139. 
 
 , Dinner to be made on admission 
 
 to the Assistants, 222. 
 
 , Dinner to be made on translation 
 
 to, 157, 222. 
 
 , Disputes in, 218—222. 
 
 , Duties of the Wardens of, 108. 
 
 , Early records of, 107. 
 
 , Election by ballot, 108. 
 
 , Election Day, Proceedings en, 
 
 170. 
 
 , Election Garlands, 171 (note). 
 
 , Estates of, 209. 
 
 , Examination of Apprentices, 
 
 115. 
 
 , Examination for the Licence, 
 
 151—154. 
 
 , Examination of Surgeons by, 
 
 112, 151, 183. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 407 
 
 Barbers and Surgeons, Examination of 
 Surgeons, method of conducting, 
 262, 263. 
 
 , Examination of Surgeons pro- 
 vided for. 111. 
 
 Feasts (see Dinnbbs), 139, 157, 
 
 169, 197, 222. 
 
 , Fees for the Licence, 155, 376. 
 
 , First Preferment of grace by, 
 
 114, 117. 
 
 formed, 90. 
 
 , Grace, Preferments of, 114, 117, 
 
 118. 
 , Grants of Arms to, 351—360. 
 
 Hall not to be used for Marriages 
 
 without licence, 110, 123. 
 
 , Inconveniences attending the 
 
 existence of, 257, 262. 
 
 , Interruption at the Courts pro- 
 hibited, 110. 
 
 , Judges of a Monstrosity, 161— 
 
 163. 
 
 , King's cup. Account of, 211, 
 
 212. 
 
 , Letter from an ancient Member 
 
 of, 207. 
 
 , Letter from William Clowes to, 
 
 217. 
 
 , Library of, 229. 
 
 , Licences granted to Naval Sur- 
 geons by, 215, 263—268, 364. 
 
 Licences granted to Specialists, 
 
 158—161. 
 
 Licences to be recorded, 112. 
 
 , A Livery Company, 106. 
 
 — — Loan for the relief of Ireland, 
 
 206. 
 
 • Malpraxis, Treatment of, 181. 
 
 — — , Members to be discreet, 172, 194. 
 , Members not to supplant each 
 
 other, 180. 
 , Members of the Court to be 
 
 elected by ballot, 108. 
 
 — , Midwifery Licence granted, 196. 
 
 , Modified Licence granted, 160, 
 
 161, 195. 
 , Monetary Troubles of, 120, 200, 
 
 206, 208, 210. 
 
 , Money borrowed, 120, 205, 209.' 
 
 , Naval Surgeons licensed by, 216, 
 
 263—268, 364. 
 , Pageants contributed to, 123, 
 
 174, 175, 178. 
 , Parish Clerks and Sextons to 
 
 hold no office, 158. 
 
 Parlour to be private, 164 (note). 
 
 , Periwig Makers aUied with, 246. 
 
 Petition to James I., 360—364. 
 
 Barbers and Surgeons, Physicians, 
 Quarrels with, 213—216, 251, 253. 
 
 , Plague attacks the Clerk's family, 
 
 177. 
 
 , Plate belonging to, 201, 202, 
 
 211, 212. 
 
 Plate, Sale of, 120, 206, 210. 
 
 , Position of Apprentices in, 113 — 
 
 115, 185—193. 
 
 , Quacks, how treated by, 158, 161. 
 
 , Ready money required, 155 — -157. 
 
 , Reformation of abuses at din- 
 ners, 169. 
 
 , Repair of St. Paul's, Contribu- 
 tion towards, 203—205. 
 
 Representation to City authori- 
 ties about Executions, 236 — 238. 
 
 , Revealers of secrets punished, 
 
 172, 194. 
 
 , Revenues of, 168. 
 
 , Second Preferment of grace by, 
 
 118. 
 
 , Separation of, 253—268. 
 
 , Serious Cases to be presented to, 
 
 143—145, 215. 
 , Solemn League and Covenant 
 
 subscribed by, 216. 
 
 , State Pall of, 167 (note). 
 
 , Sunday Trading interdicted in, 
 
 109, 179, 180. 
 •, Sorcerer forbidden to practise 
 
 by, 182. 
 
 , Surgeons' side reconstructed, 183. 
 
 , Surgery Demonstrators appoin- 
 ted, 242. 
 , Surgery ]\Iedal to be awarded, 
 
 245. 
 , Surgery, Teachers of, their duties, 
 
 243. 
 , Temporary Licences granted by, 
 
 117, 152, 158. 
 , University Scholars maintained 
 
 by, 149—151. 
 
 , Vicar y, first Master of, 101. 
 
 , Yeomanry of, 123, 217. 
 
 Bede, Physicians mentioned by^ 3. 
 Binding, Cost of, in the 1 7th century, 
 
 230. 
 Bishop's Licence, The, 374, 375. 
 
 licensing power, The, 84, 85, 116, 
 
 155, 193, 249—251, 374. 
 
 Blood not to bo allowed to stand, 167. 
 Britannica, tho herb, its nature, 2. 
 Bullein, William, Account of, 130 
 
 (note). 
 
 , Ideal of a Surgeon, 131. 
 
 , Extracts from his Works, 130 
 
 —133. 
 
408 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 C 
 
 Caldwell, Richard, Account of, 143, 
 
 180, 184, and note. 
 Chandler's Company as embalmers, 198 
 
 and note, 363. 
 Charter confirmed to the Barters' 
 
 Company by Henry VIII., 83, 
 
 338. 
 Charter granted to the Barters' Gruild, 
 
 75, 326—330. 
 Charter of Barbers Company confirmed 
 
 by Henry VII., 83, 335. 
 Charter of Charles I. to United Com- 
 pany, 214, 215. 
 Charter of Henry VIII., Presentation 
 
 of, to the Barber-Surgeons, 99. 
 Charter of James I., 197—199, 360— 
 
 364. 
 Cheselden, Mr., censured, 233. 
 , Warden of the Surgeons' Com- 
 pany, 261, 271. 
 
 , Anatomy, Scheme of, 378. 
 
 Chirurgion, Institution of a, by Thomas 
 
 Gale, Extracts from, 125—130. 
 Clergy as early Physicians, 7 — 9. 
 Clergy restrained from practising, 8, 
 
 12. 
 Clowes, 'William, 140 and note, 165, 
 
 217. 
 College of Physicians founded, 87. 
 Compositions, Writing of the, 82, 330 
 
 33^ 
 
 Compter, Committal to, 149, 181, 182. 
 Conjoint Faculty of Physicians and 
 
 Surgeons, 52—70, 299—306. 
 Conscience, Court of, 172 and note. 
 Constableship, Surgeons claim to be 
 
 exempt from, 81. 
 Constantino, translator of the Arabian 
 
 medical -writers, 8. 
 Coroner required to be present at an 
 
 Examination for Licence, 153. 
 Cosmo and Damien, S.S., 61 (note). 
 
 D 
 
 Damien and Cosmo, S.S., 61 (note), 
 308. 
 
 Dean of St. Paul's licensing power, 
 84, 194. 
 
 Dentist elected, admitted into the Uni- 
 ted Company, 108. 
 
 Dethick's, Sir Gilbert, Grants of Arms, 
 356—360. 
 
 Dinner after the public Anatomy Lec- 
 ture, 139. 
 
 to be given on becoming an 
 
 Assistant, 222. 
 
 • to be made on Election Day, 169. 
 
 Dinner to be made on translation to 
 
 United Company, 157, 222. 
 Dissections, Public, 134. {>'See Ana- 
 
 TOIIT.) 
 
 Draught Charter of James I., 360 — 
 
 364-. 
 Druids as practitioners of Medicine, 2. 
 Dundas, ]Mr., ineligible to hold office 
 
 in Surgeons' Company, 287, 288. 
 
 E 
 
 Ecclesiastics, the early Physicians in 
 England, 7, 9, 12. 
 
 Edward IV. grants Charter to the Bar- 
 bers' Guild, 75, 326—330. 
 
 Election Day, Proceedings on, 170. 
 
 Feast, 169. 
 
 Garlands of United Company, 
 
 171 (note). 
 
 Embalming, Clauses in regard to, 198, 
 
 363. 
 Examination of Apprentices, 115. 
 
 of Surgeons in the United Com- 
 pany, 111, 151—154. 
 
 Examiners of Surgeons selected, 112. 
 Executions, Scenes at, 231 — 239. 
 Exemption of Surgeons from Ci-vic 
 duties, 79, 86, 260, 270. 
 
 Faryngdon, Nicholas de. Mayor of 
 
 London, 14. 
 Fauconer's Ordinance in regard to the 
 
 Barber-Surgeons, 22. 
 Feasts after Anatomy Lect-ores, 139. 
 
 at Election, 169. 
 
 on translation of Members, 157, 
 
 222. 
 
 on admission of Assistants, 222. 
 
 Fees in the United Company, 376. 
 Fistula in Ano, Treatment of, 34, 39. 
 , Instruments used in, by Ardeme, 
 
 43. 
 Fitz-Nigel, Richard, Apothecary to 
 
 the King, 9. 
 Foster, Dr., First Lumleian Lecturer, 
 
 185 (note), 189 (note). 
 French Refugees, Support of, 288. 
 
 G 
 Gaddesden, John of, Account of, 28. 
 , his Treatment of Small-pox, 
 
 29 ; mentioned by Chaucer, 29, 
 Gale, Thomas, Account of, 124. 
 , Extracts from his Works, 125 
 
 —130. 
 
 , his Ideal of a Surgeon, 128. 
 
 Gale Lectures, The, '239, 263. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 4uy 
 
 C4arlancls, Election, of the United 
 Company, 171 (note). 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, Examination of, 
 280. 
 
 Grace, Preferments of, 114, 117 — 
 119. 
 
 Giiido, his Model of a Surgeon, 128. 
 
 Gunning, Mr., appointed Professor of 
 Surgery, 287. 
 
 , his Mastership of the Surgeons' 
 
 Company, 284. 
 
 , his philippic against the Sur- 
 geons' Company, 286, 382 — 401. 
 
 H 
 
 Hall of the United Company, Burglary 
 
 at, 212. 
 Hall of the United Company not to be 
 
 used for routs, 110, 123. 
 Hall, Stationers', lent to the Sur- 
 geons, 271. 
 HaU, Surgeons', The, 271, 289, 390. 
 Harvey's Grant of Arms, 351 — 355. 
 Havers, Dr., appointed Osteological 
 
 Lecturer in United Company, 239, 
 
 371. 
 Holbein's Picture, Account of, 90 — 
 
 96. 
 
 , Cleaning of Cartoon, 98. 
 
 , College of Surgeons, Cartoon of, 
 
 96—99. 
 
 engraved by Baron, 95. 
 
 , Letter of James I. in regard to, 
 
 93. 
 
 , Pepys' estimate of, 94. 
 
 Hernia, License granted for operations 
 
 in, 160. 
 Hunter, John, 274, 233, 381. 
 
 , Museum of, 295. 
 
 Hunter, William, 284. 
 
 Hynstok, John, sworn as Magister 
 
 Surgicus, 18. 
 
 Imprisonment, The power of, pos- 
 sessed by the Barbers' Company, 
 76. 
 
 Inquest at an Examination, 153. 
 
 Inquests, Surgeons exempted from 
 attendance at, 86, 270. 
 
 James I., 'Letter of, in relation to 
 
 Holbein's Picture, 93. 
 James I., Petition of United Company 
 
 to, 3G1— 364. 
 Jewish Physicians, 10. 
 
 K 
 Kymer, Dr. Gilbert, ajjpointed Euctor 
 
 of Medicines, 58. 
 , Ordinances of, 299—306. 
 
 Lateran, Council of, 8 (note). 
 
 Laud, Bishop, Letter from, 203 — 
 
 205. 
 Lectui-es on Anatomy, 134, 142, 237, 
 
 263, 365—373. 
 
 • on Sm-gery, 241—246. 
 
 Lectureship on Surgery founded in 
 
 College of Physicians, 187—189 
 
 (note). 
 
 offered to United Company, 143. 
 
 Leech, On the behaviour- of a, 36 — 42. 
 Leechdom's Wort-cunning and Star- 
 craft quoted, 3. 
 
 Librarj- of the L^nited Company, 229. 
 Licences, Apprentices', 115. 
 , Fees for, 116, 155. 
 
 granted to Naval Surgeons, 215, 
 
 263—268, 270, 294, 295, 364. 
 
 Granted to Surgeons after Ex- 
 amination, 112, 151, 154, 183. 
 
 Granted to Surgeons by the 
 
 Bishop of London, 84, 116, 154, 
 193, 249, 250, 374. 
 
 , IMidwifery, 196. 
 
 modified, 160, 161, 195. 
 
 • refused, 153. 
 
 revoked, 154. 
 
 , Temporary, 117, 152, 158. 
 
 Linacre, Founder of the College of 
 Phj'sicians, 87. 
 
 Lithotomist licensed to Practise, 159. 
 
 Liverj', Account of the meaning of 
 the word, 106. 
 
 , Grant of, to the Baibers' Guild, 
 
 75. 
 
 London, Power of the Bishop of, to 
 grant JMedical and Surgical Licen- 
 ces, 84, 116. 
 
 Lumleian Lectureship founded, 187 — 
 ' 189 (note). 
 
 M 
 
 Magister Barbitonsorum, 22, 26. 
 
 (Jhirm-gorum, 20, 26. 
 
 Magistri Surgici sworn, 18. 
 Malpi-axis, how remedied in the United 
 
 Company, 181. 
 
 Mass to be solemnised before the 
 Members of the United Company 
 on Election Day, 109. 
 
 Master of Anatomy, Formula for ad- 
 mission of, 118. 
 
410 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Masters of the Barber-Surgeons ap- 
 pointed, 22, 54. 
 Master of Surg-ery, 118. 
 
 of the United Companj^, how 
 
 elected, 108. 
 
 Surgeons, Admission of, 16, 
 
 18. 
 
 Medical Schools, Rise of, 246—249. 
 Medicine, Rector of, 58, 299, 306. 
 
 among the Danes, 3. 
 
 among the Druids, 2. 
 
 among the Saxons, 4. 
 
 at Salernum, 4 — 6. 
 
 under the Angevin Kings, 6. 
 
 Medicines, Surgeons prohibited from 
 
 administering, 213, 251 — 253. 
 Merlawe's Ordinance concerning the 
 
 Barbers, 2 1 . 
 Meudon, Tanneries of, 136. 
 Midwifery Licence granted, 196. 
 Milan, John of, possible author of the 
 
 " Regimen Salernitanum," 5. 
 Military Service, Surgeons impressed 
 
 for, 48. 
 
 Surgeons in the Hundred Years' 
 
 "War with France, 46 — 49. 
 
 Monasteries, Spoliation of, 9. 
 
 Monstrosity, Reference of, to United 
 Company, 161 — 163. 
 
 Montpellier, Medical School at, 4. 
 
 More, Sir Thomas, coniirms the Bar- 
 bers' Corporation, 89, 339—350. 
 
 Morstede, Thomas, 46—48, 70, 306. 
 
 , His will, 71. 
 
 Morus, Horatius, Introduction to 
 Tables of Surgery, 184—187 
 (note). 
 
 Muscular Lecture, 239, 263, 371. 
 
 Naples, School of Medicine at, 5. 
 Naval Surgeons licensed, 215, 263 — 
 
 268, 270, 279, 280, 294, 295, 364. 
 Surgeons, Income derived from, 
 
 266. 
 Newgate, Committal to, 182. 
 
 
 Oculists licensed to practise, 160. 
 Ordinances of the Barbers, 21, 297, 
 
 298, 321—325. 
 of the Fellowship of Surgeons, 
 
 60-70, 305—320. 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, 55 — 
 
 60, 299—306. 
 Osteological Lecture, 239, 263, 371. 
 
 Pageant?, 83, 123, 174, 175, 178. 
 
 Parish Clerks to hold no office in Uni- 
 ted Company, 158. 
 
 Paul's, St., Power of the Dean of, to 
 license medical practitioners, 84, 
 194. 
 
 , Letter from Laud in regard to, 
 
 203—205. 
 
 Pepys' Estimate of Holbein' s picture, 9 4 . 
 
 account of King's cup, 212. 
 
 Periwig-makers allied with United 
 
 Company, 246. 
 Petition of the Physicians against 
 unlicensed practitioners, 50. 
 
 of Surgeons' Guild, 79—81. 
 
 Physic separated from Surgery by 
 
 Papal edict, 12. 
 Physicians, College of, founded, 87. 
 
 College to tender the Solemn 
 
 League and Covenant, 216. 
 
 and Surgeons distinct prac- 
 titioners, 9. 
 
 and Surgeons, Ordinances of, 
 
 299—306. 
 
 and Surgeons, United College of, 
 
 53. 
 , Early, were ecclesiastics, 7. 
 
 examined, 84. 
 
 , Jewish, 10. 
 
 , John of Salisbmy's opinion of, 6. 
 
 Licensed by the Bishop of Lon- 
 don, 84. 
 • , Petition of, to Parliament, 50. 
 
 to present the sick, 301. 
 
 Quarrels with Barber- Surgeons, 
 
 213, 251, 253. 
 
 to be present at certain opera- 
 tions, 215. 
 
 Refuse to Consult with Barber- 
 Surgeons, 253. 
 
 , Social Importance of, 49. 
 
 Plague, The, 176 177. 
 
 Pliny's Account of the Druids, 2 (note). 
 
 Presentation of the maim and sick to 
 the authorities, 17, 19, 24, 143, 144 
 (and note), 154, 157, 215, 301,312. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quacks in the sixteenth centurj^, 158 — • 
 161. 
 
 recognised by Parliament, 85. 
 
 tolerated by the United Com- 
 pany, 195. 
 
 R 
 Ranby, Mr. John, 261, 271. 
 Random, Roderick, Examination of, 
 280. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 411 
 
 Rector of Medicines appointed, 58. 
 
 ■ • of Medicines, his duties, 56. 
 
 " Eeginaen Sanitatis Salernitanum," 
 
 the text-book of medicine, 5. 
 
 ■ -, To whom dedicated, 5. 
 
 Regulations of the Surgeons' Guild, 
 
 GO— 70, 305—320. 
 Renter Warden, his duties, 108. 
 Richard de Ely (Fitznigel), Bishop of 
 
 London, 9. 
 Richard the Barber appointed Super- 
 visor of the Craft, 14. 
 Robert, Duke of Normandy, possible 
 
 dedication of the " Regimen 
 
 Salernitanum'' to, 5. 
 Rolf, Simon, one of the first Masters 
 
 of the Barber-Surgeons, 23. 
 Rosa AngUca, 29. 
 
 S 
 
 Salernum, The Medical School of, 4. 
 
 Salisbury, John of, his opinion of 
 medical pi-actitioners, 6. 
 
 " Schola Salernitana," to whom dedi- 
 cated, 4, 5. 
 
 Sea Surgeons, Licensing of,-215, 263 — 
 268, 270, 279, 280, 294, 295, 364. 
 
 Sextons to hold no office in United 
 Company, 158. 
 
 Smollett, Tobias, Reference to, 280. 
 
 Sorcerer forbidden to practise, 182. 
 
 Specialists licensed to practise, 160, 
 161. 
 
 Stationers' HaU lent to the Sur- 
 geons, 271. 
 
 Sunday Trading prohibited, 109, 179, 
 335—337. 
 
 Supervisors of Surgeons appointed, 
 58. 
 
 of Surgeons, their duties, 57. 
 
 Surgeon, Advice to, by Ai'derne, 
 36—42. 
 
 , Advice to, by Bullein, 131. 
 
 , Advice to, by Gale, 128. 
 
 , Advice to, by Vicary, 102 — 105. 
 
 Surgeons combine wdth the Physicians, 
 52, 55—60. 
 
 Distinct from Physicians, 9. 
 
 Surgeons' Company, Anatomy teaching 
 in, 274, 378. 
 
 ■ , Army Surgeons examined by, 
 
 270, 279, 280. 
 
 Surgeons' Company, Arris Bequest re- 
 tained by, 273. 
 
 , Cup presented to, 271. 
 
 -, Dilliculty in obtaining Anatomy 
 
 teachers, 275—277.' 
 
 , DinniTs of, 284—286, 387, 391. 
 
 Surgeons' Company, Dissolution of, 
 
 289, 291. 
 , Dissolution of, its consequences, 
 
 294. 
 
 , Examinations of, described, 280. 
 
 , Exemptions claimed by, 79, 86, 
 
 260, 271. 
 
 , Fees reduced, 282. 
 
 , Financial position of, 281. 
 
 -, Formation of. 261, 269. 
 
 , Gale Bequest retained by, 273. 
 
 , Goldsmith examined by, 280. 
 
 , Gunning's account of, 284, 382 — 
 
 401. 
 , Navy Examinations held by, 
 
 270, 279, 280, 294, 295. 
 , Proposed School of Anatomy at, 
 
 378, 380. 
 
 , Ranby, first Master, 261, 271. 
 
 , Reconstruction of, 291. 
 
 , Rejection of Bill for, 291, 292. 
 
 , Theatre built, 273. 
 
 , Translations from, 283. 
 
 , Hall, Building of, 271. 
 
 , Hall, Sale of, 289. 
 
 , Exemptions of, 260, 270. 
 
 Surgeons, Dr. Caldwell's address to, 
 
 184—187 (note). 
 • examined before receiving the 
 
 Bishop's Licence, 84, 250. 
 exempt from Watch and Con- 
 
 stableship, 80, 270. 
 , Fees received by, in the reign of 
 
 Elizabeth, 166. 
 , Guild or Fellowship of, 54, 60— 
 
 70, 78—81, 307—320. 
 , First notice of, in the City 
 
 records, 15, 16. 
 
 Guild allied with the Barbers' 
 
 Company, 82, 331—334. 
 
 Guild, Civic position of, 107. 
 
 Guild, Grant of Arms to, 8 1 . 
 
 Guild incorporated with Barbers' 
 
 Compan}^, 90. 
 
 Guild, number of members, 80 
 
 (note); 86. 
 
 Guild, Ordinances of, 307—320. 
 
 , Immunity of, from Civic Duties, 
 
 79, 86, 270. 
 
 licensed by the Bishop of Lon- 
 don, 84, 85, 116, 154, 193, 249, 250, 
 374. 
 
 , low Esteem in which they were 
 
 held, 88. 
 
 not to be returned as handi- 
 craftsmen, 89. 
 
 not to give internal Medicines 
 
 251, 252. 
 
412 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Surgeons only to perform serious oper- 
 ations in presence of a Physician, 
 
 215. 
 
 , Prescriptions of, not valid, 252. 
 
 ■ , Sea, Licences of, 218, 263— 
 
 268. 
 Separated from the Barbers, 253 — 
 
 268. 
 , the King's, position of, in the 
 
 United Company, 108, 217. 
 , King's, privileges of, in Surgeons' 
 
 Company, 287. 
 to present their Cures, 17, 19, 24, 
 
 143, 144 (note), 154, 157, 215, 312. 
 — — , Qualified, alone to practise, 
 
 183. 
 , Regulations of the Fellowship 
 
 of, 60—70, 307—320. 
 , Eoyal College of, founded, 295, 
 
 296. 
 Surgery, Demonstrations of, 242 — 246. 
 
 divorced from Physic by Papal 
 
 edict, 12. 
 
 Lectureship founded, 187 — 189 
 
 (note), 215. 
 
 Lectureship offered to United 
 
 Company, 143. 
 
 Lectures to be read by the eldest 
 
 .Assistant, 246, 371. 
 
 , Licence to practise, gi-anted by 
 
 L'niversit}' of Oxford, 16 (note). 
 , Lumleian Lectui-eship on, 184 — 
 
 189 (note). 
 
 • Medal to be awarded, 245. 
 
 , Professor of, 287. 
 
 , Teachers of, appointed, 242. 
 
 , Teachers of, their duties, 243. 
 
 , Teaching of, by the United 
 
 Company, 184. 
 Surveyors of Medicines, their duties, 
 
 57, 302. 
 
 Trading on Sundavs prohibited, 109, 
 
 179, 335—337. 
 Translation Dinners, 157, 222, 223. 
 
 Translation from Saddlers' Company, 
 
 223. 
 — '■ — from Surgeons' Company, 283. 
 
 • fi'oni Weavers' Company, 157. 
 
 Tours, Council of, 8. 
 
 Tudela, Benjamin, of his Travels, 11, 
 
 and note. 
 
 U 
 United Barbers and Surgeons' Com- 
 pany. ('See Barbers and Sur- 
 geons, United Cosipany of.) 
 
 I formed, 90. 
 
 separated, 253—268. _ 
 
 Universit}' Scholars maintained by the 
 United Company, 149 — 151. 
 
 V 
 Vicarv, Thomas, Account of, 101 — 105, 
 120. 
 
 , his Treatise on Anatomy, 102. 
 
 Visceral Lecture, 239, 263. 
 
 W 
 
 Walpole, Sir P., Death of, 271. 
 
 "Wardens of the United Company, how 
 elected, 108, 170. 
 
 Watches, City, what they implied, 86. 
 
 , Surgeons exempt fi-om, 79, 86. 
 
 Weavers' Company, Translation of 
 Member from, 157. 
 
 Wellys, Richard, one of the first 
 Masters of the Barber-Surgeons, 
 23. 
 
 Women admitted into the Lrish Bar- 
 bers' Guild, 18. 
 
 Writing of Compositions, its contents, 
 82, 331. 
 
 Y, as a prefix. The use of, 31 (note). 
 Yeomani-\" in the L^nited Company, 
 123, 217. 
 
 3, Meaning of the Symbol, 30 (note), 
 307 (note). 
 
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