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 KOYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 AFEICAN EXPLOEATION 
 
 FUND. 
 
 13atrcin. 
 
 H.R.H. THE PRINCE OE WALES. 
 
 eCijaitman of iljc ^ommittcf. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 
 r Copies of this Ciroular may hs had of Edward Stanford, 55, Gluxring Cross, S.W., a7id at the Ofiae 
 
 of the Royal Geographical Society, 1, Savile How, W., at 1«. each. 
 
 
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AFEICAN EXPLOEATION. 
 
 §ltipl itagritpjjital Satitk 
 
 CIRCULAR hy the Special Committee appointed by the Council of the Royal 
 Geographical Society to administer the African Exploration Fund. 
 
 PATEON, H E.H. THE PEINCE OF WALES. 
 
 The Council of the Koyal Geographical Society have considered it a duty, on 
 grounds fully explained in the Minute appended to this Circular, to take their 
 appropriate part in the present great movement to lay open the whole interior of 
 Africa to civilisation and European commerce. 
 
 They have accordingly appointed a Special Executive Committee, with authority 
 to announce the formation of an African Exploration Fund, entirely separate from the 
 general income of the Society, towards which they have contributed a first grant of 
 500?., to initiate a national undertaking for the systematic and continuous exploration 
 of Africa. 
 
 Geographical investigation is the only part of the larger scheme of civilisation 
 that falls within the special field of the Eoyal Geographical Society; but being a 
 preliminary step to ulterior ends, it commends itself to the sympathy of many who are 
 not geographers. A vast waste of effort, life, and money will be avoided in the future 
 prosecution of philanthropic and commercial operations in Africa, if the Physical and 
 Political Geography of its interior be previously well determined. When the best 
 routes have been clearly ascertained, we may hope that it will not be long before 
 wagon roads—if not railways and telegraphic lines—will follow, tending gradually to 
 the extinction of the slave-traffic, which now depopulates some of the richest and 
 most productive territories to be found in any part of the world. 
 
 The attainment of adequate geographical knowledge is, however, a task of no 
 ordinary magnitude and cost, and the requisite means, being far in excess of those 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 now at the disposal of the Eoyal G-eographical Society, cannot be obtained except 
 through an appeal to the Public. 
 
 The accompanying Sketch-Map has been designed to show at a glance, by the 
 names inscribed on the routes traversing Africa in numerous directions, how' large a 
 portion of the great Continent, so far as priority of discovery is concerned, has been 
 appropriated by British travellers. It is true they have not been alone in this great 
 work; but the large share, in the exploration of those parts of Africa to which 
 public attention is now' especially directed, that may be claimed by Livingstone, 
 Burton, Speke, Grant, Baker, Gordon, and lastly Cameron, all British subjects, will 
 readily be traced. Wbat these have so well begun, it is now desired to complete. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that steam navigation is bringing Eastern Africa 
 into close communication w'ith Europe. . The mail services recently established, and 
 likely to be further developed, touch at various ports in Eastern Africa, and cannot 
 fail to stimulate European commerce with the interior, by affording increased 
 facilities of intercourse. 
 
 A trade has existed since a very ancient period between the opposite shores of 
 India and Africa; and it must be of importance that all hindrances to its increase 
 should be removed. A great development of enterprise along the Eastern coast 
 may also be expected on the side of our South African Colonies, if the productive 
 regions of the interior be opened up. The proposed scientific exploration of the 
 capabilities of Africa, and the discovery of the best means of reaching its interior 
 from the Eastern coast, will be a most serviceable step in this direction. 
 
 In the appended programme of routes suggested for exploration or more 
 careful examination, it is not to be assumed that the Committee bind themselves 
 to these, as necessarily the best or the only ones to be adopted, even at the present 
 moment. Before finally determining the details of any proposed Expedition, the 
 Committee will make it a practice of seeking information from the principal African 
 geographers and travellers, many of whom are already Fellows of the Eoyal Geo¬ 
 graphical Society. 
 
 It is not proposed by the Committee to confine their operations to the further¬ 
 ance of Expeditions under their entire control. They will be willing to consider 
 the propriety of assigning a grant in aid to secure good geographical results from 
 any Expedition, missionary or commercial. It will be their endeavour to collect 
 and diffuse the latest geographical information; to procure its early discussion before 
 the Eoyal Geographical Society; to point out the more immediate desiderata in 
 African Geography; to prevent waste of effort in desultory or unimportant explo¬ 
 rations ; and to turn the large resources of the Society in books and instruments, and 
 especially in the willing services of its Fellows who are authorities on African 
 matters, to helpful account. 
 
 In such a work the Fellows of the Eoyal Geographical Society are sure to 
 sympathise; and to them, in the first instance, as a large and influential body, the 
 
( 3 ) 
 
 Committee would appeal, to further, by subscriptions or donations, no less than by 
 their influence throughout the country, tlie objects contemplated. 
 
 The Committee are confident that the public generally will not be asked in vain 
 for means to prosecute with vigour such explorations as may promote objects, which 
 history shows to have enlisted on many occasions the warmest sympathy of the 
 Nation. 
 
 They would say in conclusion that, in seeking to promote a national undertaking 
 which may assume very large proportions, they propose to begin with such funds as 
 they have in hand, and to persevere to the extent which these and further contri¬ 
 butions will allow. The difficulties to be anticipated in efforts to civilise Africa 
 must not be underrated, considering how large has been the proportion of unsuccessful 
 attempts. But they feel convinced that persistent and simultaneous explorations from 
 many sides, and of a scientific character, offer the best hope of ultimate success. 
 
 The object of the present Circular is to invite public attention to the subject, 
 and to afford an opportunity to those who are already interested in African Explo¬ 
 ration, or may from various considerations desire to promote its systematic prosecution, 
 to come forward and give such pecuniary support to the Committee as will enable 
 them to work with adequate means, and without interruption, until the necessary 
 information is obtained. 
 
 RUTHEBFOIID ALCOCK, Chairman. 
 
 H. W. BATES, Secretary to the Committee. 
 
 1, Savile Bow, London, W. 
 
 May 16, 1877. 
 
 Boutes in Eastern Africa that have been suggested for Exploration or careful 
 
 Examination. 
 
 1st. From the Grold Fields in South Africa, past the south end of Lake Tanganyika, 
 to Unyanyembe. 
 
 2nd. Along the East face of the coast range, between the Zambesi and the Equator. 
 3rd. From the East coast to the north end of Lake Nyassa. 
 
 4th. Between the north end of Lake Nyassa and the south end of Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 5th. From the coast opposite Zanzibar to the south end of Lake Victoria; thence 
 to the north end of Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 6th. From Mombasa, by Kilimandjaro, to the south-east shore of Lake Victoria. 
 
 7th. From Formosa Bay along the valley of the Eiver Dana, by Mount Kenia, to 
 the north-east shore of Lake Victoria. 
 
 No. 1 Route. Gold Fields to Unyanyemhe. —This route would cross the Zambesi 
 aboye Tete, and would connect the furthest point reached by Baines (17^° s. lat. 
 
( ^ ) 
 
 and 30-|° e. long.) with Livingstone’s route in 1866-67. In its entire length it extends 
 through twelve and a half degrees of latitude, and it leads along the high land that 
 separates the three lakes, Bangweolo, Nyassa, and Tanganyika; a healthy hilly 
 country from 4000 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. It is of much consequence that 
 the character of the people, and the products of the land, as well as the physical 
 features of the whole of the country traversed by this route, should be fully ascer¬ 
 tained. If all these prove to be favourable to the undertaking, a line of overland 
 telegraph might be opened from Cape Town, through the Gold Fields to Unyau- 
 yembe, and thence in time to Egypt and Europe. 
 
 No. 2 Route. Exploration of the Eastern face of the Coast Range. —We only 
 know this at intervals, where it has been crossed by a few travellers—mostly at the 
 same “ passes.” The contours of the rauge should be explored either from the sea- 
 face or from the plateau side, with the view, first, of determining the points where 
 the range is nearest to the sea, as it is of material importance to get quickly away 
 from the unhealthy coast to higher and consequently healthier regions; secondly, 
 with the view of finding the most convenient lines of access to the interior. 
 
 No. 3 Route. From the Eastern coast to the North end of Lahe Nyassa .— 
 Portions of the district to be traversed by this route were visited by Dr. Roscher 
 and Baron von der Decken, and more recently by Bishop Steere. There appears to 
 be a natural highway across it, through which slave-caravans have travelled for many 
 years. A route from the East coast to the North end of Nyassa would be important 
 as a main line, whence connections might hereafter be made with the South end of 
 that lake, and with the South end of Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 No. 4 Route. From the North end of Nyassa to the South end of Tanganyika .— 
 Livingstone crossed this route in 1872, but beyond this we are almost entirely 
 ignorant of its nature. It would connect two great lakes, on one of which a 
 Missionary Station is already established, and it would solve many vexed geo¬ 
 graphical questions, one of which is the real distance between the lakes. It would 
 be important to learn the capabilities of the country for a wagon-road to connect 
 Tanganyika with the anticipated trading dej)6t at the north end of Nyassa. 
 
 No. 5 Route. From opposite Zanzibar to Lake Victoria and the North end of 
 Tanganyika. —The Church Missionary Society have established a station this year at 
 M’papwa, 200 miles from the coast, and their parties for Karagwe and Uganda will 
 probably be at their destinations by Midsummer. The experiences of the Bev. Roger 
 Price, of the London Missionary Society, have shown that the tsetze fly did not injure 
 cattle last year on the route to M’papwa ; and Mr. Price reports so favourably upon 
 the physical features of this portion of the country, that a large party are now 
 being equipped with bullock-carts, in which they are to proceed to Ujiji. It is 
 proposed, however, to explore a nearer way to Lake Victoria than that by M’papwa. 
 The western third of the route, extending from the south point of Lake Victoria 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 to the north end of Tanganyil<a, is as yet untraversed by Europeans, and lies across 
 the high land that appears to divide the Nile from the Congo. 
 
 No. 6 Route. From Momhasa, by Kilimandjaro to the South-east Shore of Lake 
 Victoria .—We know but little of this route through the travels, reports, and hearsay 
 of Dr. Krapf, Baron von der Decken, and the Rev. Messrs. Wakefield and New, as 
 none of these gentlemen have penetrated further than the snow-capped mountain 
 Kilimandjaro (about 19,000 feet in height). It is a long-established caravan-route, 
 and leads in a direct line to the south-east shore of Lake Victoria. 
 
 No. 7 Route. From Formosa Bay, by the Dana River and Mount Kenia, to the 
 North-east Shore of Lake Victoria. —This, route passes through a mountainous 
 country, and may therefore be expected to be subject to no great heat or malaria, 
 although it lies only 2° south of the Equator. The district it traverses is certainly well 
 watered, and is probably fertile. The late Captain Speke strongly recommended a 
 route from east to west at 1° north of the Equator, but the one already mentioned 
 is shorter, and has at least equal advantages. The River Dana has been found to 
 be navigable for 100 miles, and might prove to be so for many more. Dr. Krapf 
 reports that it was 7 feet deep at 50 miles to the east of Mount Kenia, but that it was 
 rocky. It is said that the Samburo people, to the north, employ camels and horses; 
 if this report be true, the explorer or trader would be independent of porters. This 
 route has many recommendations; the famous Mount Kenia, capped like Kili¬ 
 mandjaro with snow, lies on the way, and the earlier portion of the journey might 
 be made by water. 
 
 In addition to these specific lines of exploration, and in connection with 
 a trunk-road across the Continent, efforts should be made to explore the great 
 extent of unknown country to the north of the Lualaba, so as to connect Equatorial 
 Africa with Darfur, with Lake Tchad, and with the valley of the Ogowe. 
 
 The Committee may also have to indicate to their travellers convenient places 
 of rendezvous—such as Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, and Nyangwe, on the Lualaba, 
 with others to be fixed hereafter—in the respective dominions of the Casembe, 
 the Kassongo, and the Muata Yanvo. Nyangwe, as being at present the most 
 advanced post of African exploration, is especially important as a depot. 
 
 Other measures might be suggested to be carried out when favourable oppor¬ 
 tunities should occur, such as to place a steamer on the Congo above the falls, for 
 purely exploratory purposes. 
 
 A comparison has been made of the length of each journey in Africa, in a few 
 recent instances, with the cost of making it. It appears that the total expense of 
 despatching a well-equipped exploratory Expedition from England may be roughly 
 reckoned at the rate of IZ. 10s. for each geographical mile of country travelled over 
 in Africa, supposing the Expedition to return to the place whence it set out. In 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 through journeys, the rate is, in many cases, nearly twice as great. The aggregate 
 length of the seven specified routes is about 7700 geographical miles ; consequently, 
 the total cost of the proposed Explorations, at the above rate, would amount to 
 about 11,550Z. It is needless to dwell on the fact that this is an exceedingly rough 
 estimate; nevertheless, it serves to give some useful idea of the expense contem¬ 
 plated. The annexed Table enters more into detail:— 
 
 
 Route. 
 
 Approximate 
 Distance in 
 Geographical 
 Miles. 
 
 Cost, if 
 reckoned at 
 £l 10s. 
 per Mile. 
 
 
 
 1. Goldfields to Unyanyembe, and back . 
 
 2000 
 
 £ 
 
 3000 
 
 
 
 2. East Coast Eange, Zambesi to Equator*. 
 
 1400 
 
 2100 
 
 
 
 3. East Coast to North of Nyassa, and back. 
 
 500 
 
 750 
 
 
 
 4. North of Nyassa to Tanganyika, and back f. 
 
 400 
 
 600 
 
 
 
 5. Zanzibar to Lake Victoria and Tanganyika, and back .. 
 
 1600 
 
 2400 
 
 
 
 6. Mombasa by Kilimandjaro to Lake Victoria, and back .. 
 
 900 
 
 1350 
 
 
 
 7. Formosa Bay by Kenia to Lake Victoria, and back 
 
 900 
 
 1350 
 
 
 
 
 7700 
 
 £11,550 
 
 
 * This is a through route, but its cost is estimated at a single rate. 
 
 f If conducted independently fi-om Lake Nyassa, and not in connection with Route 3, the cost would be increased. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Minute of Council, March 12ih, 1877. 
 
 1. The Council of the Royal Geographical Society, being of opinion that the time 
 has arrived when it becomes their duty to organise means for the systematic and 
 continuous exploration of Africa, and recognising with sympathy and admiration 
 the enlightened efforts of the King of the Belgians to give a new impulse to such 
 exploration;—desiring, moreover, that the work it is proposed to carry out should 
 be in harmony with the views of His Majesty, and of societies established in other 
 countries for the purpose of exploration and new discovery,—resolve to spare no 
 efforts to endeavour, by friendly interchange of information and assistance, to 
 combine the energies and sympathies of all the civilised nations of the world in 
 furtherance of the object which the King and the Geographical Society alike are 
 desirous of promoting. 
 
 2. Looking, however, at the subject from a practical point of view, the Council 
 of the Geographical Society are of opinion that African Exploration will be more 
 effectually prosecuted by England, and the necessary funds more readily obtained, 
 through national enterprise than by international association. 
 
( 7 ) 
 
 
 3. The Council, therefore, in view of these considerations, propose, as the best 
 course of action for the Koyal Geographical Society, to assist in the establishing 
 of a national fund, to be called the “African Exploration Fund.” 
 
 4. The fund to be appropriated to the scientific examination of Africa (especially 
 the central part of that continent) in a systematic and organised manner, with 
 a view to the exploration of the regions yet unknown to civilised Europe, the 
 attainment of accurate information as to climate, the physical features and resources 
 of the country, the character of the inhabitants, the best routes of access, and all 
 such other matters as may be instrumental in preparing the way for opening up 
 Africa by peaceful means. 
 
 5. The Council propose that the African Exploration Fund should be kept 
 entirely separate from the general income of the Society, and that the contributions 
 annually made by the Society itself should from time to time be carried over to the 
 account of the Fund. To secure the appropriation of the Fund to the special 
 objects for which it is raised, the Council of the Geographical Society will name 
 out of their body a Special Executive Committee, whose duty it will be, subject to 
 the control of the Council, to see that the explorations set on foot are conducted in 
 such a systematic manner as to prevent a wasteful expenditure of money or energy 
 in repeating the investigation of places or subjects which have already been 
 sufficiently investigated by British or foreign explorers, or in undertaking expe¬ 
 ditions which other Societies may have already projected and be prepared to carry 
 out in a satisfactory manner. 
 
 6. The Executive Committee will have authority to announce the formation of 
 an African Exploration Fund, with the above-named objects; invite the support 
 and co-operation of the public, and of any branch associations or committees already 
 formed, or which may hereafter be constituted, in the United Kingdom or the 
 Colonies, and generally to take such steps as may seem necessary for promoting 
 the establishment of the African Exploration Fund and carrying into effect its 
 objects. 
 
 7. Subject to the confirmation of the Council of the Geographical Society, and 
 to any special rules for their guidance that may from time to time be laid down, the 
 Committee will make regulations for the conduct of their proceedings, and generally 
 in relation to any other matter which may be required to be provided for the 
 establishment of the African Exploration Fund and the carrying its objects into 
 effect, provided the regulations so made are not inconsistent with the above- 
 mentioned provisions. 
 
 8. The Council of the Eoyal Geographical Society will from time to time, and 
 at least once in each year, summon a meeting of the subscribers to the Fund, for 
 the purpose of explaining the progress made in exploration, the mode in which the 
 Exploration Fund is being dealt with, and ascertaining, as far as practicable, 
 the views of the subscribers in relation to such Fund. 
 
 9. The subscribers of one pound and upwards will be entitled to receive 
 copies of any reports or proceedings published by the Committee. The Eoyal 
 Geographical Society retain the right of priority of publication of any maps, 
 geographical reports, or other similar information furnished by explorers supported 
 by the Fund, but copies of such published reports will be sent in exchange to all 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 national and local societies, whether British or foreign, constituted for the objects 
 of the African Exploration Fund. 
 
 10. The Treasurer and Bankers of the Eoyal Geographical Society will act on 
 behalf of the African Exploration Fund, opening a separate account under that 
 head. 
 
 11. H.R.H. the Prince of Wales has, at the request of the Council of the 
 Royal Geographical Society, signified his pleasure that he will allow his name 
 to be associated with, and accept the office of Patron of, the African Exploration 
 Fund. 
 
 12. The following Members are nominated as constituting the Executive 
 Committee of the African Exploration Fund :— 
 
 The Pkesident of the Society for the time being. 
 
 Sir Harry C. Verney, Bart., 
 
 Sir T. Fowell Buxton, Bart., 
 
 Sir Rawson W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., C.B., 
 
 Colonel J. A. Grant, C.B., F.R.S., 
 
 General C. P. Rigby, 
 
 Francis Galton, Esq., F.R.S., 
 
 and the ex-officio Members of Committees. 
 
 13. The sum of 500/. will be carried over from the funds of the Society to the 
 separate account of the African Exploration Fund. 
 
 Donations and Annual Subscriptions may he paid to the Chief Clerk of The Royal Geographical 
 Society, 1, Savile Boiv, W., or to Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, & Co., 43, Charing Cross, 
 London, S. W., to the Credit of the African Exploration Fund. 
 
 
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