b a A An e> ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. TRANSLATION AND RE MAR KS ON AN ANCIENT BUDDHIST INSCRIPTION KEU-YUNG K¥AN, IN NORTH CHINA. BT A. WYLIE. r V $ CC IC December, 1870. LINGUISTIC PUBLICATIONS OF TRUBNER 6c CO., f^rr tu^pth f^lT ^5T i f^n f^u*RR f^?rr uu t^rT f^n TT5W ufwr ff f^rrf^fN: ^ » Messes. TBUBNEIt & Co. respectfully solicit orders for all classes of Publications connected with the History, Antiquities, Geography, and Languages of the East, published abroad. Messrs. Trubner & Co. have established agencies in all parts of the East, of Europe, and America, and are thus enabled to furnish such publications with as little delay as possible, and at prices below the hitherto customary charges. Authors desirous of printing their own books may be furnished with Specimens, and Estimates for Paper, Printing, and Binding, and every facility will be afforded them, if works are intended for publication, of bringing the same advantageously before the public. lcock- — A Practical Grammar of the Japanese Language. By Sir Rutherford Aloock, Resident British Ministei at Jeddo. 4to., pp. 61, sewed. 18s. COCk- — Familiar Dialogues in Japanese, with English and French lj[’ranslations, for the Use of Students. By Sir Rutherford Alcock. 8vo., pp. viii. d -10, sewed. Paris and London, 1863. 5s. — A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, for the Use rly Students. By Theodore Benfey, Professor Publ. Old. of Sanskrit in the irsity of Gottingen, etc., etc. Second Edition, carefully revised and corrected. Royal 8vo., pp. xviii. and 296, cloth. 1 0.s. 6 d. Goldstiicker- — a Dictionary, Sanskrit and English, extended and im- proved from the Second Edition of the Dictionary of Professor H. II. Wilson, with his sanction and concurrence. Together with a Supplement, Grammatical Appendices, and an Index, serving as a Sanskrit- English Vocabulary. By Theodor Goldstuckkk. Parts I. to VI. 4to. 1856—1864. Each Part 6.«. « A j « 4 ^ ?s! \ sl'( ^ k w S? K» ra: p~r ^<{7^ du-jr 3 -'Hnferv^ m"**; n sKfow'nr u. ^'7 Kte leTHiactsv- sn etef'wn ied'j.' «i rr^e 6 t ( i'v c »«« v r w. w- ~.'i ■* X f V* « F5 « IT * *»*£*»*!*- «.« <£- * S3 * » *• 3*- !?: i« ife 1 4 |v SM 4 4 4 ‘,1 Sic B? «)»-® m v s^Rgn*'C5’» Eg (T^ilT 3 <5>c« vCT^ )C*1? .cv> ’^-HT 3 tarkV' 3 -f/X^'MI'. ife-eurt GKlrtr^sCCXlrtr' - ^v, «v»t -y >• *“ vr^pry - si » a 4 £ $ »!%(** * «*sg s <* « « »*a rt atf a£ '-8 «S «««>« £ jn*. *■ ^*4>5Sr «£*<£:*£ ^1?#* *4> «4 tfo 3 3*-^ (1 «* •< i i <■ V* KK' V4 * «t? lews wwwie-R ^ “ f? rriwGff/ZKfiiTfifriT **n 3«r & s »<. -4 >■! !&■£ s* at s* g * & « *w sw im***. * S , s*SS 1. i i * S -* 5 5s^ 4 t % $ "3 1 i .v,..*s-e Du «;,££ » no fe ® r * 19 ff'fcffrfmrffnr jf re w $ ^ 5 'i ie £6£ K R? I® Srf^ira w S ^ wrr W I* 15 K~ ^ k- 5 ITT k 5 mHi- KT e B I5W5 GTPSWITC lT7Cf f?T5tr7 SJKTfflH I^TK Cf r K S ST < 7 - *«. 1 fi » w <-Wyn T* < w y-« »- flyv . . •* 'K»- ■ ■ w ■ ). »- — ‘ ^!£3&3!SI«S£5£!&«ig3E3l ^ £ ' 4> IP JE -5. •vm rrrr^S^-,* ^ S si S| € ^ i' 5 ! ^ K^.k' I ***•? on prs *E 3 ^ ^ 7 » too s fT (SRwRPWuijjcW STS 6c W RJ Tj f* IV P5 f* try r*y+tfT 3 Sf^MT 3 *» •,'S ^ ^ £ ?; dU? ^ rildt ?T #*. 711 ;^^ /»HrKKj£?. WT? fTlS'5 fiLS^fK K HHO V ^CE-fn HT nJtf^ K IfT^ta. E QT •p**" SS ^ it « % W 5 ? ;s g d^._ rs 0 - - o- ?£ * 4 ; *g £ »wW *®*$ m#> £•*< *e «« &*»K a«t(t>; ft? igtst J®*#** U ^ < s i S 4 I S 's? jy«*/wy frt^Bifc-ifS’ry. ^s; m ^<5? p'Fcnrrc- g V -5 S' -S =5 tip Bt IV ^ <5 wu p- ir* ff ^t^Ot-OW-W >77 », *u> ^ HJ K' 5” K' r= »o|. W jJ ^pKT % ^dfWLa. ^ f£9 vr f^+Tr £ l^F?' 'KT P W7 fT^ 3 «'P' (^“fl'Diaiyi s hwts meEFij''' i/ttot utt- ^ in“r55 Lr7T u ra rtt ft? ?'9jri r j no ft >1^1 - A^t * t»- » ViVyVi. v v j\: i l c- f= » v, *-^ r l 2 *»<*£*$<>&. £ IB ^ 56 £ 3 $ s* 1 # ,31 k ?S Vi k J£ g <£ 3 * £ £ »>”'©!£ «o aj £ ^•■fe- 03 '(i 6 -%(im't^%<'S_ < ptm-^%i«fS-^a? &»*■£? s % <•* it * m *i s j ?. •* it -i m ■* i i kn ,^^-nr !V Far rr i» w fC PT w g WITI 5 SIB.I® OT ££17 DC H IP & .»j , r .ur >*~ Cl M #■ hr 3 S5 * M'-H-efi ?a (TCGSWKm ^~k « • e bl k ii fcSEWWT-Hrz ez^isr isnc £■?«»» •"’^"’^V' ^ y r-w v Aqct N T- A*«*cr * x^, • * nr m^w^v < ^ X •* i ^ s •§ f 'V I I S-^sL yyts?!^ < X»^ ^ FV nr ICpyfv'mclB nr t 2 Re «4 Fr d 2 « cc »°i>rr.i =PM O '&**'? -P ^ 3 SOPHS' ,.C" V g (K^j5]0(irf..rK te-ECWr E'iT » J g HGTSi BMaP&~ 5 BEH BCKF W/ 1 |/-FF- ■nvrr- ■ m -f v ty yr »*• <* ■■ y «— >yv»> ij - 4 > w v “ y. ' Tft r'f'VtTSfff It* 4 a S S2 •*£ ifi <>* -Si is <* ;S( •» i* % s ”'"‘ w £ •«• %• % tK
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R nr * B 3K W 3 iT ff k or* 3 «W K7 P" CSHT - FT ^•J..rST5ET!f ft<© J'iTi5B e H^^HllrtCWOT' irKIS.I£OnH r rwsl^rl °s 55. l&mstu&m&tt t iS’teSCt* 496 *£ 51 *« i* “ 2i * 5# v ■ 1 1 w. ♦ yv» c T v ~y’ i » v ^ » v ^ yi ■ vr ^ rr-r^ $ $£*fc3?i;S <**}£■« $. «S4 S S8*I *"’WVS ii &i i/^gf g. -i^ 3f lEE -Sg- |Jr SS <>e- = <£-%• an tSS-%UW3. -$ as •*■%< HS. 3 '4 <4 ( 'i J M'* 4 « i k 1 W iy P5 Kr k 5 ^ ^ N ^ >| ,„*»»£ r nr W « i«l -wralfV 3 ? 3 K 7 ,,/%.• st SflT IT7TH^TC^7 FU KEfTWTC Mifnifi -- * * % — T? y y x*~- T V 'yr t *~ ffW |i ^ S 5£ <€ ^ S S& ^ ^ S * « ® a «C si « ^ sg. s& ^ ^ ^ ^ ‘"•ro^s ra H» ^ Si* H» 5 1 Si •*• SW IS ^ £ *S X 4* D* ^ *• ^ JS|^ -** 1 H t TF'jt-S SsiS^«£Sll ««U8 5>gi»J"S-?J&£ MS'iFft -4« 0*» -MS •">y s»iT npij-CK) cryj sS&uf) m ON AN ANCIENT BUDDHIST INSCRIPTION AT KEU-YUNG KWAN, IN NORTII CHINA. By A. WYLIE. Travellers from the city of Peking to the town of Kalgan on the great wall of China, must make the journey by the rumored defile known as the Nankow Pass. Five miles north of the entrance, where the village of Nankow stands, is the smaller village of Keu-yung kwan. Fortifications there run up the steep slopes of the mountains on both sides of the valley ; and besides arched gateways at the two ends of the village, the highway passes under a limestone archway of a much more striking appearance. This is covered with my- thological and symbolic sculptures of obviously Indian origin. The tradition of the natives in the neighbourhood asserts it to have been the basement story of a pagoda which stood there ; and the name by which it is still designated, m. m m Kw6 keae t'd, “ Pagoda crossing the street,” bears out the statement. We are told that this pagoda, though erected for the benefit of the locality, proved an object of such terror to the superstitious Mongols, coming south from their native wilds, that they could not be induced to pass under the ominous-looking structure ; and thus it was found necessary in the early part of the Ming dynasty, to remove the upper stories of the erection ; the policy of the government being to conciliate and attract these wild nomades. Keu-yung kwan was once a place of much greater pre- tension and importance than it is at present ; and it can boast of historical memories of considerable interest ; not the least being the fact that there Genghis khan was successfully resisted in his attempts to force the pass. Several Europeans who have passed that way, have noticed the village and the archway, in recounting their travels. Father Gerbillon, who was there on his way to Mongolia in 1688, says — “The village might pass for a little town. The l 2 gate by which it is entered is very like a triumphal arch. It is all marble, and about thirty feet thick, with figures in half relief up to the spring of the arch.” 1 The same father, returning that way in the suite of the emperor in 1697, remarks : — “ The heir apparent, accompanied by five of his brothers, and some magnates of the empire who had re- mained at Peking, came to meet the emperor in the middle of the Pass, in a village, named Kiu yum quart, where they remained some time.” 2 Bell of Antermony, who accom- panied the Russian embassy to Peking in 1720, speaks of it as the town of Zulin guang, where he says they passed the night of November 15th. 3 Timkowski, who headed a similar embassy in 1820, speaks thus of the place : — “ Here the road begins to be very difficult, especially for carriages, and does not change for a distance of about five verst, as far as the fort of Kiu young (kouan), the principal defence of this passage. The interior of the middle gate is ornamented with figures of heros sculptured on the walls.” 4 None of the preceding writers however, nor others who had been there, seem to have thought it worth while to direct attention to the inscription which is found on this archway ; and the first notice of it brought before the Euro- pean public, so far as I am aware, was in a paper by myself, published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for I860. 5 I had found it registered in a Chinese work on stone inscriptions, published towards the close of last century. 6 While on my return from England to China, via Siberia and Mongolia, in 1863, I first saw this arch. 7 At that time 1 Du Haldc. “ Description Geographique, Historique, Chrono- logique, Politique, et Physique de la Chine, etc.” Hague. Tome iv. p. 108. 2 Ibid. Tome iv. p. 447. 5 Travels, vol. i. p. 350. 4 Voyage a Peking a travers la Mongolie. Tome i. p. 315. 5 Vol. xvii. p. 346. * lift MSI Tscen yen Vang kin shlh wan pa wet suh. “Supplement to the Tseen-yen Hall metal and stone inscription appendices,” by Tseen Ta-hin. 7 The ltev. J. Edkins, of Peking, in anticipation of my arrival, 3 I could only succeed in getting an impression on paper of a portion of the inscription on the west side of the archway ; which was exhibited at the first meeting of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society at Shanghae, in 1864. A short paper on the same was published in the Society’s Journal for that year. 1 had come to the Mongolian plateau to meet me, but being a fort- night too early, he left a note for me at Kalgan, which, however, I never received. In that note he called my attention to the inscrip- tion on the arch, which he had observed in passing. An engraving of the arch has recently been published by Professor Pumpelly, who saw it in the spring of 1863. In his new work, “ Across America and Asia,” he thus describes the place: — “The next morning, leaving the plain, we entered the narrow valley, winding for several miles through a desolate gorge, enclosed by lofty walls and yellow cliffs of limestone. The mountain torrent, which at certain seasons dashes wildly through the valley, makes the con- struction of a durable road almost impossible, and it was only with difficulty, and with faith in the sure feet of our horses, that we managed slowly to pick our way through the long and narrow valley of sharp-edged boulders and masses of fallen rock. After several miles of this work we came to a point where the remains of an ancient road rising some distance above the bed of the valley was preserved along the mountain side. Ascending this by a long flight of steps, of highly polished blocks of limestone, granite, and por- phyry, we passed through a gateway in an inner branch of the great wall, and came soon after to a beautiful white marble arch built during the Chin dynasty. This structure is remarkable from the fact that while its blocks are cut for a circular arch, the inner sur- faces are hewn to produce a ceiling of semi-hexagonal form. It is interesting also to the student of the Chinese language, from the fact that the interior contains inscriptions in an ancient Chinese character. As Dr. Pogojeff wished to photograph this monument, we remained here till the next day, etc.” In the Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, vol. ii. p. 190, are the following remarks in the journal of a missionary lady who lately passed Keu-yung kwan on her way to Kalgan : — “ The inner line of the great wall is at the entrance to the Nahkho, and three or four branches cross it. We passed throngh ten gateways. These are double, as is customary with cities. The wall is dilapidated in some places, but the gateways are all solidly built, and in good re- pair. One was very fine, having much carved work, and inscrip- tions in six different languages. One of these European scholars cannot read.” 1 Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New series, No. 1 , pp. 133-136. 4 As there stated, the inscription is engraved in the cha- racters of six different nations, and covers the greater part of the inner facing of the structure on both sides, from the basement to the spring of the arch. Two of the parts are inscribed in horizontal lines at the top, in antique Devanagari and Tibetan characters respectively, twenty feet long on each wall. Below these are four compartments inscribed respec- tively in Mongol, Ouigour, Neuchih and Chinese characters, all in vertical lines. In the spring of 1867, when on a visit to the north of China, I succeeded in completing my impression of the four last-named parts of the inscription, but could not get the Sanscrit and Tibetan portions, on account of their great height from the ground. At a subsequent period, however, these were procured by Mr. Edkins, and he has kindly sent me a hand tracing by a Chinese, from his impression. It will be seen that the great interest of this inscription is the large and correct specimen it offers of the Neuchih character, the national writing of the Kin dynasty Tartars, the knowledge of which is now absolutely lost in China, and very few specimens are known to exist or to be accessible. The great age of this piece of art however, — more than five centuries, — taken into consideration, it is not surprising that it has suffered much from various causes ; large portions of the stone have dropped out in many places ; the surface, especially towards the base, is much chipped and defaced, and in some places the characters have become so filled up with hard matter, as scarcely to give any legible impression on the paper. The numerous lacuna) thus produced form the chief difficulty in the decipherment. A slight comparison of the different parts was sufficient to show that they were all transcripts of a Sanscrit original. On the eastern wall the correspondence for the greater part is tolerably close throughout. That on the western side is much less regular, no one version being the exact counter- part of any other, gaps and redundancies occurring in many places, especially in the latter part. The present paper then will be occupied specially with the eastern side of the arclnvuy, leaving the opposite one as a subject for future investigation ; as I find each side is com- plete in itself. Outside the original inscription, there is an intimation in smaller Chinese characters, on the right-hand border, to- wards the top, to the effect that the structure was “ repaired with funds given by the meritorious and believing official Lin P’oo-heen, on the 15th day of the 5th month of the year 1445.” It is to be noticed, that this is exactly a century after the date of the original inscription, 1345, which by a singular accident is preserved, in a line where little else is legible. As the Chinese characters were more easily intelligible to me than any of the others, and consequently promised the readiest key to the mystery, I naturally turned to that part of the inscription first. Unfortunately I found it specially faulty and illegible ; and it was necessary to supply large lacunce by analogy, and with the aid derivable from the transcripts in the other characters. There are twenty-one columns of large characters, which are succeeded by twenty columns of a smaller size ; and with the exception of the Sanscrit, which consists entirely of large characters, all the other compartments have, like the Chinese, part in large characters and part in small. Of the large character portion, which it w r as at once obvious was a mere transcript of Sans- crit sounds, I have lately found another rendering in a Chinese ritual, the # PI 0 II S/ien munjih sung, “Daily recitations of the Shen sect ;’ n in which it is spelt out with a set of characters differing almost entirely from those on the inscription ; so that it is only by the phonetic approximation that the identity can be detected. The title of the piece, as given in the ritual, — but omitted in the inscription, — is ft W W- 0 A H & Full ting tsun shing ta to lo ne, “ Great dhdrani of the honoured diadem on Buddha’s cra- nium.” 3 It may be remarked that in every instance where a 1 Mr. Edkins identifies the Shen sect with the Jains of India. 2 In another ritual, the [U Yu kea yen how, “ Flam- ing mouths of the Yoga,” in the possession of W. Lockhart, 6 compound character is used in the Sanscrit, — and such in- stances are very numerous, — the same is expressed by two Chinese characters in the column, followed by two smaller ones, — - pj* urh ho, “two combined,” placed horizontally. This practice is invariable, both in the inscription and in the ritual. The copy in the ritual is marked off by stops, into words or clauses throughout. By the discovery of this duplicate, I have been enabled to fill up the gaps in the Chinese part of the inscription almost without the chance of error. Having ascertained that all the different portions were transcripts or transliterations of a Sanscrit original, the importance of restoring and analyzing this original was apparent ; and for this purpose I have turned to account the tracing sent to me by Mr. Edkins. This consists of five horizontal lines of characters, each two inches in depth and twenty feet in length. Besides being in an obsolete form of the Devanagari, the Chinese copyist, as might be expected, has made numerous errors in his endeavours to extricate the complex characters from the half-obliterated legend on the stone. So great was the confusion thus produced, that it would have been hopeless for any but a Sanscrit scholar to have succeeded in restoring the half-obscured forms. At this stage I was under obligation to Dr. E. Haas, of the British Museum, who kindly identified the greater number of the characters for me. Having this clue to start with, by a comparison of the several transcripts, I was able to make an approximate restoration of the whole, and wrote out the same in English letters. Being in Gottingen shortly after, I showed this transcript to Professor Benfey, who readily gave me a partial translation, and pointed out many errors in the proposed restoration ; although a failure of eyesight, from which he was at the time suffering, prevented him entering so minutely into the details, as he otherwise would willingly have done. Theso hints however put me in tho way of Esq., the same is given with the abbreviated title T&un shing chow, “Prayer to the honoured diadem.” 7 making numerous corrections ; and after repeated amend- ments, in which Dr. Haas has taken much trouble to assist me, I am indebted to that gentleman for a complete and in- dependent translation of the whole ; which is subjoined here after the phonetic transcript. A few places, and only a few, have persistently refused to submit to the rigour of gram- matical laws ; and it is not surprising, in the case of a dead language being traditionally preserved for centuries among a people by whom it is not understood, that a few errors should creep in. It is rather to be wondered at, and indicates a remarkable veneration for the sounds of the sacred language, that the text as preserved should be able to give out such a complete and intelligible meaning. TEAXSLITERATIOX. 1 Om namo bhagavate sarvatrailokyaprativisishtaya buddhaya te namah tadyatha om bhiir om bhur om bhur om sodhaya sodhaya viso- dhaya visodhaydsama samantdvabhdsdvarana gatigaganasvabhavavi- suddhe abhishinchen 2 tu maw sarvatathdgata s?• Z IM Ga like - Ma ” fift Ri $1 Ta ' • 29 « supplied) ; pd, 1 ; srd, 1 ; id, 2 ; tha, 7 (one of which I have supplied) ; yd, 1 ; and twice it is found against the long vowel u ; i.e. in bhu, 1 ; pu, 1. Seven times it is found appended where there is no long vowel in the Sanscrit, of which four of the syllables end in a ; i.e. na, 1 ; ra, 1 ; ta, 1 ; ya, 1 one ends in e ; i.e. ddhc; and two end in i, i.e. ddhi, 1 ; and ti, 1 (which I have supplied). From the preceding analysis of 39 occurrences of this character, I am disposed to think that it is a sign indicating the lengthening of the vowel in the syllable to which it is attached, and that the seven (or perhaps six) exceptions are irregularities. Such is the result of the inscription on the east side of the arch, and the decipherment of the west side would probably add a few more to the number of the identified vocables. From an examination of these 81 characters, I am convinced that the Neuchih writing was pre-eminently syllabic, and not alphabetic, as I inferred on a former occasion. The selection of symbols appears to me to be the most arbitrary, nor can I see any approach to principle or mutual relation in comparing the one with the other. Not only do we find the utmost diversity in the forms of any series of syllables we may select, classified either according to their initials or finals, or any other principle that I can think of ; but there are also characters nearly similar in form, which express widely different sounds. Thus the characters ra and xca, although nearly allied phonetically, are yet totally unlike in every part. If there is any difference in sound between man and man, it is merely one of tone, as indicated by the Chinese equivalents ; and yet their forms would never lead any one to suspect a phonetic connection. So also the two characters for ga and llffl. although so utterly dissimilar, yet they represent precisely the same syllable. Again, if we have diversity of forms corresponding to similar sounds, there are also similar forms answering to very different sounds ; thus hi only differs by one stroke from va. 1 It is doubtful if this syllable ought not to be yd. 30 It would seem as if a number of Chinese characters had been selected to represent the sounds in the Neuchih lan- guage, on the plan adopted by the Japanese, but abbreviated and disfigured after a fashion of their own, to which we have now no key. While the original or Large Neuchih characters, of which the specimen at Keen-chow has been published, show some traces of the form of Chinese, this latter invention of the Small Neuchih characters appears to be a more elegant and abbreviated form, in which the slight traces retained in the earlier invention are altogether obliterated, and the faintly- pictorial forms of which each character was made up are represented by merely conventional collocations of strokes. Thus we have all the cumbrous variety of a pictorial system adapted to the expression of a simple series of vocables. The scheme is, probably, unique in the history of chirography, and is not a little suggestive in reference to the condition of the people among whom it took its rise. It seems strange that a complex syllabary like this should have been adopted by a people living so near the tribes who were using the simple Ouigour alphabet, and would imply a very restricted intercourse with such tribes. Instead of wondering that such a method of writing should be neglected and become obsolete, we may rather be astonished that it was able to maintain its ground for two centuries and more, as is proved by this inscription. It is probable that the eighty-one signs here given are but a small portion of the Neuchih syllabary, as it is not at all likely that the simple sounds of the Sanscrit alphabet would anything like exhaust the vocables of the Neuchih language. Accordingly we find in the twenty-one lines of small cha- racters at the end of the large, a great number of new ones which do not occur in the preceding portion. Now as every several character has to be learned by itself, and the know- ledge of any one or more gives no clue to what is the sound of another, here is a study of a much more difficult nature. I have mentioned that each of the parts except the Sanscrit concludes like this, with some lines in a smaller size cha- racter. On looking over the Chinese part, I saw at once that 31 that was not a mere transcript of foreign sounds, but a verit- able piece of composition in the Chinese language. Although very much defaced and obliterated, I have been able to get an approximate sense out of the several detached fragments, though the omission of so many links necessarily prevents a perfect translation even of what remains. Having shown the Tibetan portion to Professor Foucaux, at Paris, I ascertained from him that that was in the Tibetan language, and not a transliteration from another tongue. From a cursory inspection of that hopelessly imperfect por- tion, he could give me the meaning of such fragments, that I felt assured, if it was not the exact translation of the Chinese, it was at least the same in substance. A superficial examination of the Mongol portion satisfied me that that was also in the Mongol language ; and the Ouigour portion seems to be in the Ouigour language. Under these circumstances, the presumption is almost a cer- tainty that the small-size Neuchih is a specimen of the Neu- chih language as well as writing. This imparts an additional interest to it ; and while the difficulty of interpretation is thereby increased, its philological value is greatly enhanced. Appended is an interlinear restoration of the inscription, and the sounds of the syllables given in Latin characters, according to the Sanscrit. The columns coincide in length and number with the original lines of the Neuchih portion, and the corresponding syllables in each of the six lines are placed horizontally opposite, as near as the peculiarities of the respective systems will admit. The portion in black is what is preserved of the original inscription, and the missing parts which have been supplied are represented by the red . 1 1 A reduced facsimile of the four vertical portions of the inscrip- tion, produced by photo-lithography, from the original rubbing, will appear in Col. Yule’s forthcoming work on Marco Polo. ' - . I Linguistic Publications of Triibner Co. 3 Goldstiicker. — Panini : His Place in Sanskrit Literature. An Investigation of some Literary and Chronological Questions which may he settled by a study of his Work. 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