COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX641 36884 QP265 .H72 Functional penodici RECAP L«r% lumbfa "(University m Contributions to Education J r 1 OV^^s Colttinbia Ituibcrisittp iiitljeCitpotl^ftogorK CHallr^r of Ipi^yairtanE anb ^urgrattfi S^partmr ttt of PlygHioIngQ FUNCTIONAL PERIODICITY An Elxperimental Study of the Mental and Motor Abilities of Women During Menstruation By LETA STETTER HOLLINGWORTH, PH. D. TEACHERS COLLEGE. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION, No. 69 PUBLISHED BY airarlyrrH (Hoiltgt. (Unlumbia IninprHttg NEW YORK CITY 1914 Copyright, 1914, by Leta Stetter Hollingworth CONTENTS PAGE Introduction v Review of Previous Literature 1 Aim, Scope and Method of the Experiment 11 Speed of Voluntary Movement (The Tapping Test) - - - • - 15 Tapping with Stylus. Tapping with Key. Steadiness - 32 Motor Fatiguability 38 Speed and Accuracy of Perception (Color Naming) 42 Controlled Association (Opposites Test) -.- 54 Learning (Typewriting) 66 Curves of Physiological Processes Compared with Curves of Mental AND Motor Performance 69 An Extensive Experiment 86 Conclusions 92 Bibliography 100 INTRODUCTION The present study concerns itself with the mental and motor abilities of women during menstruation, a question of special interest in the United States, where co-education and the higher education of women are well established. The literature of ethnology relates in variety and detail the ancient superstitions and primitive practices that center around the functional periodicity of women. Menstruation has always been the object of superstition and taboo, and is such even among the civilized peoples of to-day. As an instance of the long survival of savage notions it may be pointed out that The British Medical Journal as late as 1878 contains a long and serious correspondence and discussion as to whether a menstruat- ing woman will contaminate the food which she touches. One contributor puts himself on record as follows : " I thought the fact was so generally known to every housewife and cook that meat would spoil if salted at the menstrual period, that I am surprised to see so many letters in The Journal. If I am not mis- taken, the question was mooted many years ago in the periodicals. It is undoubtedly the fact that meat will be tainted if cured by women at the catamenial period. . . . Whatever the rationale may be, I can speak positively as to the fact."i Another contributor, opposed to medical education for women, exclaims : " If such bad results accrue from a woman curing dead meat whilst she is menstruating, what would result, under similar conditions, from her attempt to cure living flesh in her midwifery or surgical practice?" In reviewing certain of the primitive beliefs and rites that rose in connection with this phenomenon, Havelock Ellis,^ in a chapter on " The Functional Periodicity of Women," remarks : " It is not difficult to see how the menstrual function has given 1 W. Storey, Brit. Med. Jour., 1878, p. 633. see also pp. 324, 353, 590. It is only fair to the editors of The British Medical Journal to say that they countenanced these contributions only as an experiment, to see how widely superstition was rife among civilized and educated persons. 2 Ellis, Man and Woman, 1909, ed., p. 283. v vi Introduction origin to the erroneous notion that women are natural invaHds. Thus Galliani in his Dialogue stir les Fcmmes describes woman as ' un animal naturellement faible et malade.' " Galliani also refers to " the symptoms so well known in every race of man, and which make her (woman) an invalid for six days during every month, which makes at least a fifth part of her life. — They are caressing and engaging as invalids usually are. — Quickly irritated, they are promptly appeased. A mere nothing amuses them, like invalids." In the late seventies and the early eighties of the nineteenth century, when the question of higher education for women was much discussed, a great number of books and articles appeared setting forth women's unfitness to be educated. Many agitated prophets raised their voices to warn the public against the dangers of admitting women to the universities, and one of the strongest arguments against the movement was based on physio- logical grounds. Henry Maudsley,^ writing in 1874, shows the attitude typical of the time: " This is a matter of physiology, not a matter of sentiment ; it is not a mere question of larger or smaller muscles, but of the energy and power of endurance, of the nerve force which drives the intellectual and muscular machinery; not a question of two bodies and minds that are in equal physical condition, but of one body and mind capable of sustained and regular hard labor, and of another body and mind which for one quarter of each month, during the best years of life, is more or less sick and unfit for hard work." In 1883 W. LeC. Stevens'* collected data from the very few colleges which were then co-educational, to determine whether Columbia might admit women " without detriment " to the col- lege. Since " the physiological argument " was " that which is really of most importance," a questionnaire was sent to the presidents of co-educational colleges. President Andrew D, White of Cornell reported that on the whole the eflfect of co- education had been favorable to the health of women. Presi- dent Angell of Michigan declared, " Most women are more vig- orous at their graduation than on their admission." President Beach of Wesleyan said of women : " They are rarely ever on the sick list. I think in this respect they do much better than the young men." 3 Maudsley, Sex in Mind and Education, 1884, p. 29. * Stevens, The Admission of Women to Universities, 1883, p. 5. Introduction vii Quotations might be multiplied to illustrate the differences of expert opinion that arose and attained publication at this time. Over thirty years have passed since then, and women are grad- uating by thousands from the institutions of higher learning. Yet the literature of gynecology still abounds in inconsistencies, differences of opinion, and contradictory instances in the matter which is the subject of this research. In view of the interest of the subject for educators of women, and for women students themselves, especially under conditions of co-education, where the women compete with the men on a high level of intellectual efficiency, and on the same terms, it seems that the matter should be subjected to methods and instruments of precision, and that exact data should be collected. Nor is the matter of pedagogical import alone ; its sociological and economic implications are by no means negligible. The present study, therefore, represents an effort to treat objectively this phenomenon concerning which such a remarkable variety of folk-lore and superstition has survived among civ- ilized peoples from the days of savagery and magic. The work has extended over about three years. The method was adopted almost bodily from the monograph of Professor H. L. Holling- worth on " The Influence of Caffein on Mental and Motor Ef- ficiency." It was, in fact, first suggested to me by this mono- graph that the influence of functional periodicity on mental and motor work might be objectively tested. I am especially indebted to Professor Edward L. Thorndike, under whose supervision the work was accomplished, and who aided me with indispensable counsel and advice on matters of general and statistical treatment. To Miss Caroline E. Stackpole and Professor Maurice Bige- low, of the Department of Biology at Columbia University, I am under obligation for aid in securing subjects for the Exten- sive Experiment. My sister. Miss Ruth Stetter, gave me much help in the matter of taking records in the Extensive Experi- ment, and in various other matters. Mr. William A. Perlzweig, of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, translated for me the dissertation of the Russian, Voitsechovsky, without which my work would have been incomplete. The custom which is followed by the members of The New viii Introduction York Academy of Medicine of opening their library to the public every day for several hours has very greatly facilitated my labors, and it seems fitting that I should express my appreciation of this fact here. My debt is greatest to the twenty-five individuals who served for me as subjects. They were without exception busy women and men. Had they not been willing to give time and effort to this undertaking, without compensation of any kind, the work could not have been done at all. L. S. H. FUNCTIONAL PERIODICITY I REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LITERATURE^ There is almost no previous literature of this subject, if we limit our consideration to experimental reports. A few statis- tical studies, to be briefly summarized later, have been made, however, and scientific opinion has expressed itself frequently and freely. Michelet^ refers to the function as " the cause of a whole drama." IMarion^ declares, " We cannot but say that during the best part of her life, woman, even the most strongly constituted and perfectly balanced in mind and body, is subject to disturbances more or less grave, which are char- acteristic of her sex. She inevitably has periods of physical lassitude which may quite incapacitate her; of general weakness, semi-morbid in character; of nervous excitability, which tends to be abnormal, almost necessarily accompanied by a corresponding mental condition of vague sadness, restlessness and fear." Havelock Ellis* says, " It is but the outward manifestation of a monthly physiological cycle, which influences throughout the month the whole of a woman's physical and psychic organism. Whatever organic activity we investigate with any precision, we find traces of this rhythm. While a man may be said, at all events relatively, to live on a plane, a woman always lives on the upward or downward slope of a curve. This is a fact of the very first importance in the study of the physiological or psychological phenomena in women. Unless we always bear it in mind we cannot attain to any true knowledge of the physical, mental or moral life of women." 1 A complete survey of the various theories of menstruation, its cause, and its part in the organic economy, may be gained by reference to the appended Bibliography. It is no part of the present purpose to review these theories. 2 Michelet, L'Amour, 1859 (see Ellis, op. cit.). 3 H. Marion, Psychologic de la Femme, 1900, p. 59- * H. Ellis, op. cit., p. 284. 1 2 Functional Periodicity Max Runge,^ a g\'necologist of Gottingen, writes as follows: " Every twenty-eight days in the case of matured woman, a process takes place which is called menstruation. Its essential manifestations are local, but the general mental and physical condition of the woman, as all physicians know, almost always also suffers a change, distinct though subject to large individual differences, which may best be described as irritable weakness. Physiological experiments teach that the organic functions of woman are rhythmical. Temperature, blood pressure, motor power, and other functions are subject to a cycle, which in general rises before the beginning of menstruation and declines immediately before and with its beginning. Only the excitability of the nervous system and caloric radiation reach a climax with menstruation itself. "An experienced observer will be able to notice many interesting phases of the mental changes in woman at menstruation. Even though scien- tific experiments are as yet lacking, it may nevertheless be stated that a very great number of healthy women are mentally different during menstruation, especially on the first and second days. Thus woman needs protection during menstruation. All demands on her strength must be remitted. Every month for several days she is enfeebled, if not downright ill." Psychiatrists lay much stress on the significance of this func- tion in nervous diseases. In clinical pictures it figures frequently. Clouston" writes, " It has a psychology of its own, of which the main features are a slight irritability or tendency toward lack of mental inhibition just before the process commences each month, a slight diminution of energy or tendency to mental paralysis and depression during the first day or two of its continuance, and a very considerable excess of energizing power and excitation of feeling during the first week or ten days after it has entirely ceased." Marion'^ in this connection says, " It will suffice to say with the same author [Dr. Sicard*] that the mental condition of woman, under the influence of functional disturbances, may vary from simple malaise, from simple moodiness, to the complete loss of reason." 5 Max Runge, Das Weib in s. Geschlechtliche Eigenart, 1900, p. 3. ^ Clouston, ^Iental Diseases, 1887, p. 480. ■^ H. Marion, o/>. cit., p. 58. "II suffrait de dire avec le meme auteur (Dr. Sicard)^ — que I'etat mental de la femme, sous I'empire de troubles fonctionelles, pent varier du simple malaise, de la simple inquietude de I'ame jusqu'a I'alienation, a la perte complete de la raison, en modifiant la moralite des actes depuis la simple attenuation jusqu'a I'irresponsabilite absolue ! " 8 Dr. S. Icard is no doubt here intended, since this is a statement made by that author in his work on " La Femme Pendant la Periode Men- struelle" (See Bibliography.) Review of Previous Literature 3 The criminal psychologist also has his interest in the matter, and his opinion is quote-worthy. Gross® says, in discussing the value of women's testimony, " The menstrual period tends at all ages, from the youngest child to the full grown woman, to modify the quality of perception and the truth of description. . . . It is not improbable that a menstruating woman shall have heard, seen, felt and smelled things which others and she herself would not have perceived at another time." P. J. Alobius,^" in a somewhat testy little volume, remarks, " Moreover, the law should take account of the natural feeble-minded- ness of woman (psychiologisches Schwachsinn des Weibes). . . . To the considerations just mentioned must be added that woman during a considerable part of her life is to be looked upon as abnormal. I do not need to point out to physicians the significance of menstruation in mental life." Lombroso^^ indicates the fact that the madness of the female criminal lunatic becomes more pronounced at the time of men- struation, and Ellis remarks upon the frequency of the suicidal impulse at this time : " These facts of morbid psychology are very significant ; they emphasize the fact that even in the health- iest woman a worm, however harmless, gnaws periodically at the roots of life." These remarks and opinions are quoted to show the attitude of scientific men on the subject of the present inquiry. The im- plication certainly is that the functional periodicity of woman must profoundly influence her mental life and condition her intellectual effort. Indeed many explicit affirmations of this alleged fact are found in the literature. Engelmann^^ states that, " mental energy and acumen are as a rule diminished during the flow, at least as is affirmed by perhaps sixty-five per cent of the many questioned, who state * Gross, Criminal Psychology, 1911 (Trans, from 1905 revised ed.), pp. 312-315. i<> P. J. Mobius, t)ber den Physiologischen Schwachsinn des Weibes, 1908. p. 26. "Auch das Gesetz sollte auf den physiologischen Schwachsinn des Weibes Riicksicht nehmen. . . . Zu den bisher angestellten Erwag- ungen kommt noch das hinzu, dass das Weib wahrend eines betracht- lichen Theiles seines Lebens als abnorm anzusehen ist. Ich brauche vor Aertzen nicht iiber die Bedeutung der Menstruation — fiir das geistige Leben zu reden." 11 Lombroso, The Female Offender, trans. 1896, p. 294. ^2 Engelmann, The American Girl of Today, Trans. Am. Gjm. Soc, 1900, vol. 25, p. 32. 4 Functional Periodicity that mental exertion and study at that time are more difficult and wearing, and require greater effort." G. Stanley Hall^^ declares that " Women . . . can make less accurate and energetic movements, and the mental activities are less brilliant " at menstruation, and that they " can do less work with mind and body." Hall fixes the period of maximum effi- ciency after the hemorrhage ceases. He says further, " Relation of mind and body are nowhere more intimate than here (during the menstrual period) and a psychology that does not take care- ful account of this is defective." In discussing the matter of efficiency Ellis^* writes that there is greater impressionability, greater suggestibility, and dimin- ished self-control ; there is increased nervous tension and a greater muscular excitability. He thinks also that " The super- stitions regarding the evil influences exercised by women at their periods on the food, etc., may be supported by an actual decreased success in such operations at this time due to a physio- logical decrease in energy and skill." Unfortunately for the critical reader, these writers do not tell how they arrived at the facts and conclusions which they state, whether by common observation, questionnaire, or by exact experimental methods. There is, however, a group of statistical studies, made during the eighties and nineties. These were con- ducted with the aim of discovering the effects of college educa- tion on the health of women, and particularly on the function of menstruation. In 1885 The Association of Collegiate Alumnse^' completed the first comprehensive statistical study of the health of college women. A questionnaire comprising 40 questions was sent to a considerable number of graduates of 12 colleges, of whom 705 responded. It was found that of this number 239 abstained from physical, 2 from mental work, and 73 from both, during their periods. In 1886 John Dewey^" published a further analysis of the figures gathered by the Collegiate Alumnse, with comments and 13 G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence, 1907, vol. I, p. 472. ^* H. Ellis, op. cit, p. 291. 15 Association of Collegiate Alumnae, Health Statistics of Women Col- lege Graduates, 1885. 16 John Dewey, Health and Sex in Higher Education, Pop. Sci. Mo., 1886. Review of Previous Literature 5 suggestions. He pointed out that of 290 college girls those who reported good health on entering college were 78.1 per cent; those during college, 74.9 per cent; those after graduation, 77.9 per cent. It must be remarked here in criticism that no control records were collected of the health of college boys before, dur- ing and after college; nor of girls during the same years who did not go to college. Dewey further noted the fact that during the pubescent period 53 per cent were subject to pain, irregularity, etc. ; during col- lege life, 66 per cent; after it, 64 per cent. Also here there were no control reports made by sisters or cousins who stayed at home. Of those who entered college one or two years after the beginning of menstruation, 20.5 per cent reported bad health ; of those who entered from three to five years after, 17.7 per cent; of those who entered five years or more after, 15.4 per cent. Of those who entered at sixteen or less, 28 per cent lost in health, and 17 per cent gained; of those who entered over twenty, 18 per cent lost and 28.5 per cent gained. Among female colleges 55 per cent said that they abstained from study or exercise during periods ; in co-educational institutions, 25 per cent. The fact that a certain number of girls abstained from work at periods is evidently taken to mean that the individuals were unable to work at such times. It has been pointed out by Dr. Clelia Mosher^" that the tradition that women must be incapaci- tated at periods strongly tends to increase the idea that effi- ciency is impaired. Indeed, it will have come within the ex- perience of almost any woman student or teacher that girls some- times remit work at periods, not because they are incapacitated, but because they have been instructed to do so. G. A. Preston^* found that of over 200 college girls, 57 per cent suflfered no prostration ; 29.8 per cent were free from pain ; 72.2 per cent were regular ; and only 2.75 per cent dropped out from ill health, as compared with 2.85 per cent of college boys from Amherst, ^^ Clelia Mosher, Normal Menstruation and Some of the Factors Modifying It, Johns Hopkins Hasp. Bull., Apr., May, June, 1901. i*" G. A. Preston, Influence of College Life on Health, Com. Mass. Med. Soc, 1895, p. 167. 6 Functional Periodicity Mary P. Jacobi/" on the basis of a statistical study, concluded that, " There is nothing in the nature of menstruation to imply the necessity or even the desirability of rest for women whose menstruation is entirely normal." She concurred in the conten- tion that there is nothing in university education that might be peculiarly injurious to the health of women. She ascribed the claim of many that they are better during college partly to change of climate, but more to the benign influences of inter- esting work, freedom from the routine of petty home cares, and increased knowledge of hygiene. Engelmann,''' previously quoted in this monograph, also used a questionnaire, and based his conclusions on the introspective (retrospective?) accounts thus obtained. But disparity between introspective judgment of performance and actual organic effi- ciency is a common finding. The objections to statistical studies in matters of this kind, and the well recognized sources of error, need not be rehearsed in detail here. In general, the replies to questions were based on introspection ; may have been influenced on the one hand by what is traditionally taught, on the other by unwillingness to confess weakness ; may be invalid as bases for conclusions be- cause college women may be a selected group with regard to health and endurance. Very recently a study of the effects of school work on men- struation has been made by Dr. A. E. Arnold,-^ who had as subjects normal school students over i8 years of age. Arnold says: " From my experience as a physician and teacher I was convinced that much of the incapacity claimed was of a fictitious nature, and that not only was exercise at this time not injurious, but on the other hand, directly beneficial." Acting on this conviction, it w-as determined to excuse from physical or mental work at menstrual periods only those girls in whose case there was some definite and discoverable difficulty. The study includes the records of 238 individuals for all periods for about two years. Each girl kept a carefully supervised ac- 18 Mary P. Jacobi, The Question of Rest for Women During Menstrua- tion, 1876, p. 26. 20 Engelmann, op. cit., p. 19. 21 A. E. Arnold, The Effect of School Work on Menstruation, Amer. Phys. Educ. Review, Feb., 1914. Review of Previous Literature 7 count of every menstrual period, with respect to the duration, amount of pain and state of general well being, under these con- ditions in which no respite was allowed from physical and mental work. As a conclusion Arnold states, " So far our investigation shows all improvement." Two investigations by exact methods have proceeded from St. Petersburg. The first of these, published in 1887, was physio- logical rather than psychological. This was the study of Finkel- stein-- who experimented on twenty subjects to determine the effects of functional periodicity on the field of vision. He reports a concentric narrowing of the field, beginning one, two or three days beforehand, the field reaching its minimum on the third or fourth day, and gradually expanding again, reaching normal on the seventh or eighth day after the beginning of the change. The second of the studies from St. Petersburg was published by N. V. Voitsechovsky"" in 1909. This dissertation has never been translated from the Russian, but the portions describing Voitsechovsky's experiment were read and summarized for the writer of this study by Mr. William A. Perlzweig, of the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons. Voitsechovsky had as sub- jects 6 women, 3 under 21 years of age and 3 over 21 years of age. All knew the purpose of the experiment ; some of them experienced pain at menstruation and some did not; 3 of them were well educated, and 3 were not. These women were tested daily for free association, immediate memory (digits and dissylla- bic concrete nouns), attention (Vaschide's method; Vaschide's table of 1,000 squares used), choice reaction, and simple re- action. Voitsechovsky does not present his data in such a way that the reliability of his conclusions can be calculated. He gives only curves. This is regrettable, for the normal fluctuations in curves of work such as are presented, can be disentangled from fluctuations due to any specific cause only with the greatest dif- ficulty and uncertainty by mere inspection of the graph. Voit- sechovsky announced his conclusions as follows: (i) Menstrua- tion has an unquestionable influence on women's psychical sphere, which may be stated in the objectively psychological way. (2) 22 o. Finkelstein, On Changes in the Field of Vision During Menstrua- tion, summarized in Opthalmic Review, 1887, pp. 323-326. 23 N. V. Voitsechovsky, The Influence of Menstruation upon the Ner- vous and Psychic Apparatus of Women, 1909. 8 Functional Periodicity Deviations of psychic activity, depending upon the menstrual process, cannot be explained by the accompanying sensations of pain, since no strict parallelism can be observed between the two phenomena, either in the sense of intensity, or in the time of appearance. (3) The indicated deviations in the psychic field are determined, evidently, by the variation of the character of internal excitations received by the brain cortex, which arise from the periodic fluctuations of metabolism and the vital ac- tivity of organs. (4) Simple reaction in the majority of cases does not exhibit definite fluctuations in connection with men- struation. (5) The average time of choice reaction is lengthened at the menstrual period, while its average variation is increased. (6) In view of the irregularity of variation of the simple re- actions, the increase in the case of the choice reactions must be leferred to delay in activity of higher brain centers. (7) The velocity of the current of freely arising associations is evidently somewhat arrested during menstruation. (8) Concentration (at- tention) is weakened during the menstrual period, especially in its qualitative aspect. (9) Mental work capacity is lowered dur- ing menstruation, especially qualitatively. (10) The revival of sound impressions (immediate memory) of words and figures remains without change in this period. These conclusions of Voitsechovsky are thus quoted at length because they are otherwise at present accessible only in the Rus- sian language, and because they result from the only strictly psychological investigation by exact methods that has hitherto been made for the express purpose of ascertaining the influence of menstruation on the psychic activities of women. The work came to the attention of the present writer only after she had completed the experiments recorded in this monograph, and it so happened that none of the specific traits investigated by Voit- sechovsky were re-investigated by her. Nevertheless it may be stated that in the opinion of the present writer the graphs pre- sented by Voitsechovsky scarcely bear him out in his conclusions. It is at least questionable whether the critical periods could be located on these curves if they were drawn entirely solid with- out any indication on the graphs themselves as to where these periods fall, and submitted to a number of judges. The con- Review of Previous Literature 9 elusions would certainly have gained in value if they had been supported by the complete data, showing their reliability. Voit- sechovsky gives no control curves made by human beings not subject to the phenomenon in question. It is also true that his subjects all knew the purpose of the experiment, and that their attention vvas especially directed toward the menstrual periods as crucial moments in the experiment by the fact that they were asked to introspect. Thus, even if the graphs unquestionably showed by inspection an effect of the menstrual period, no one could be sure that this was not the result of special agitation on the part of the subjects, caused not by menstruation, but by the realization that they were being tested at a crucial moment. In order to establish beyond question the validity of the con- clusions reached by Voitsechovsky, the traits tested by him would have to be re-tested, with subjects who were naive to the ex- periment. These subjects would have to be " controlled " by other subjects who were not characterized by the phenomenon in question. If the data thus obtained, when fully presented, showed a reliable difference between the curves of the na'ive women subjects and those of the control subjects (men), Voit- sechovsky's conclusions would be definitely established. Even in the many experimental studies of sex differences in mental and motor traits, as well as in other experimental work where women have been employed as subjects, it seems that no account has usually been taken of the presumably important in- fluence of periodicity. A recent investigation,^* it is true, of the influence of a drug on mental and motor processes in the case of both sexes, carefully noted the occurrence and duration of periods in the women subjects. We are left to assume that the investigator found no difference due to periodicity, since in the report of the results this factor is entirely neglected. With the exception of this one research, the writer of this monograph knows of no instance where the matter of periodicity in women, .=0 much emphasized by writers on the so-called " psychology of woman," has been taken into consideration by those engaged in original scientific investigation in psychology. .Several physiological investigations of variation in pulse rate, 2* H. L. Hollingworth, Influence of Caffein on Mental and Motor Efficiency, Arch, of Psych., No. 22, 1912, p. 13. 10 Functional Periodicity blood pressure, excretion and temperature are recorded in tlie literature of gynecology. These will be noted in the chapter which deals with the correlation between curves of mental and motor performance, and the curves obtained for physiological changes. II AIM, SCOPE, AND METHOD OF THE EXPERIMENT In planning this experiment it was deemed wise to select tests which have already been used by psychologists to measure relatively small differences, and which have been found to be susceptible to a wide variety of influences. Two motor tests were therefore selected on this basis, — the familiar tapping test, and a steadiness test; and two mental tests, — color naming and saying opposites. A measure of motor fatiguability was also in- cluded, and tests were made of speed and accuracy in typewriting. It would be, of course, highly desirable to perform experiments for sensory capacity, suggestibility, reaction time, endurance in working for long periods, but it was not possible to include all these within the scope of the present study. The tests were given daily, under uniform conditions ; at the same hour (immediately after dinner in the evening), by the sa;ne person, and in the same order. They were simply included among the regular routine duties of the subjects. Any unavoid- able departure from the strictly usual, such as a slight difference in the hour of testing, headache on the part of any subject, ner- vous strain during the day, such as a visit to the dentist, was recorded. It was impossible to get several subjects to undergo this long, rigidly conditioned series of tests during the same months. Subjects had to be taken when they could be had for several months without interruption, every day at the same hour. It was not easy to find normal women who could and would con- form to these conditions, without compensation and without information as to what the object of the work might be. The tests therefore extend over four separate series of months. The first series of tests (on subjects Mi, Fi and F2) began on December 21, 191 1, and ended March 30, 1912. One record was made daily for each subject in each test until March 3d. It was then thought that a more reliable measure of efficiency 11 12 Functional Periodicity on a given day could be obtained, and thereafter two trials daily were taken, the first at the same hour as previously, and the second just before retiring for the night. Thus after March 3d, each record is the average of tzvo trials. The second series of tests (on subject F3) began September 29, 1912, and ended January 7, 1913. Each daily record in each test for F3 is the average of tzvo trials. The test for fatigu- ability (on subjects Mi, F2 and F3) was also carried out during the same months in which the tests on F3 were made. The third series of tests (on M2 and F4) began on April 19, 1913, and ended on June 12, 1913. Each record in each test for M2 and F4 is the average of two trials. The fourth series of tests (on subject F6) began November 13, 1913, and ended February 5, 1914. Each record in each test for F6 is the average of two trials. There were eight subjects, six women and two men. Fi was a woman 23 years of age, a student and a teacher of music. She was entirely naive to the experiment, having no idea of the purpose involved. This subject never suffered at physiological periods. F2 was a woman 25 years of age, a university graduate stu- dent. She knew the purpose of the experiment, but had no preconceived notion as to how any particular test would be affected. This subject occasionally experienced some pain for a few hours on the first day of the period, and it may be added here that this was the case on January 5th and February ist, but not on the other first days included in this record. F3 was a woman 24 years of age, a college student whose profession was teaching. She, like Fi, was entirely naive to the experiment, having no idea whatever of the purpose of the tests. This subject very rarely experienced discomfort at physiological periods, and did not at any period included in this report. F4 was a woman 36 years of age, the mother of two children. This subject was also a teacher, and as such had led a profes- sional life for ten years before her marriage. She knew the purpose of the experiment, and had the preconceived idea that she would prove to be less steady during menstruation. She had no preconceived notion as to the outcome of the other tests. Aim, Scope, and Method of the Experiment 13 F4 regularly experienced an attack of neuritis just before eachi period, due to a pathological condition of which she was cogni- zant, and frequently had a premonitory headache. During the period itself this subject did not suffer. F5 was a woman 24 years of age, the mother of one child. She was a college graduate, but had never led a professional life. She knew the purpose of the experiment, but had no pre- conceived idea as to the outcome of the test. This subject took part only in the experiment on typewriting. She never suffered at menstrual periods. F6 was a woman 45 years of age. This subject had had one child. She was a university graduate, and before her marriage she had been a teacher. She knew the purpose of the experi- ment, but had no preconceived ideas as to the probable out- come of any of the tests. She was passing through the climac- teric, and to this fact is due the irregularity of occurrence and duration in the critical periods included in her record. This sub- ject reported " no pain " at every one of the three periods in- cluded. She reported " very tired " on the first day of the first period, and on the fourth day of the third period, the same report being also made on days when the subject was not menstruating. Two men took the tests in exactly the same way as the women subjects, thus yielding a control record. Mi was 31 years of age, and M2 was 37 years of age. Both were trained psycholo- gists, and both led professional lives. Both were in excellent mental and physical health. These women (except for the recurrence of neuritis in the case of F4) presented conditions of normal menstrual health, and all were in excellent mental health. None of them (except F4) ex- perienced headaches or other nervous symptoms at periods, and they were not accustomed to remit work or make changes in their usual programmes of occupation. F2 and F3 were sisters. Fi, F4, F5 and F6 were not related to them nor to each other in any way. The exact occurrence of physiological periods was indi- cated by placing a star (*) on the records taken on the days comprising each period. For Fi, F2 and F3 the period presum- ably affected was five days in duration; for F4, sometimes five and sometimes four days; for F5, six days; for F6, sometimes five and sometimes three days. 14 Functional Periodicity It is regrettable that daily records could not have been taken on a much greater number of subjects (both men and women). The intensive work with eight subjects is, however, supported and extended by similar experiments made on seventeen women, each of these subjects being tested on every third day for a period of thirty days. This additional work will be reported in a subsequent section of this monograph. The intensive study of the eight subjects who were tested daily is based on about 4,500 precise observations. The experiments were performed with the following questions in mind : (i) Will careful and exact measurement reveal a periodic mental and motor inefficiency in normal women? (2) If inefficiency be found, is it a function of physical suf- fering, or of profound psychological change, occurring inde- pendently of pain? (3) If inefficiency be found, is it characteristic of the whole period, or only of a part of it? (4) Is there greater or less variability of performance on days presumably affected? (5) Is it possible to discern a period of regularly recurring maximum efficiency in each month? (6) Is it possible to find, by methods of precision, the cycle referred to by Ellis and others? (7) Can any relation be established between the curves platted for pulse-rate, blood pressure, temperature, etc., and the curves of a daily mental or motor performance extending over several months ? Ill MOTOR TESTS SPEED OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT The Tapping Test (Part I) This is a familiar test, which has been used to study a great variety of factors, such as individual differences, fatigue, ef- fects of drugs, insanity, etc. For a complete list of investiga- tions carried out by means of this test, see Whipple's " Manual of Mental and Physical Tests," p. 114. G. S. HalP says of this test, " The greatest number of taps that can be made in a given brief time interval is an important determination . . . for accessory muscular control. . . . This measurement is very important, and marks one of the factors of motor ability. How rapidly two like simple volitional contrac- tions can follow each other is perhaps the best index we have of will time." The apparatus used for this experiment was the very familiar motor-board employed in the Columbia laboratory. The indi- . vidual sat before this board, which was placed on a table, and tapped 400 times at maximal speed, on a brass plate, with a small brass rod, each tap being registered by an electric counter. The subject began tapping at a signal from the operator, and the time of performance was recorded by the operator with a stop watch, in fifths of a second. Thus the amount of perform- ance remained constant, while the time varied. Whipple^ points out that " The use of an electric counter such as some investigators have employed — gives no indication of changes in speed during the trial." Also that the electric counter will miss a quick tap, and is therefore not absolutely reliable. In the present case no attempt was made to register anything except the gross speed of performing 400 taps, with the right 1 G. Stanley Hall, op. cit., p. 142. 2 Whipple, Manual of Mental and Physical Tests, p. 106. 15 16 Functional Periodicity hand. The apparatus seemed to be perfectly satisfactory for this purpose, and failure to record a tap was never observed. If the will power of an individual were remitted during an affected period, if muscular tonus were lowered, or the general motor ability decreased, this test would be expected to reveal the condition. Hollingworth^ found it to be sensitive to so small an influence as i to 2 grains of caffein. The complete daily records of the seven subjects are given in Table I, and require no comment. Table II gives the daily records converted into averages of five-day periods each. The five-day periods are determined in the case of the women by counting backward and forward from physiological periods. Thus a few " blocks " are formed by four or six days, instead of five, since the number of days between periods is not always exactly divisible by five. In the case of Mi and M2, the five-day blocks are determined by beginning to average parallel to the records of Fi and of F4, respectively. Thus are yielded two controls composed of five-day blocks arbitrarily determined, from records made by human beings not subject to the phenomenon in question. Examining the contents of Table II, we find that the records marked (*) form a consistent part of an ordinary practice curve. They show no tendency to rise above the records preceding, and thus to cause " breaks " of inefficiency in the down-sweeping practice curve. The record made by Fi on January 12-16 is an exception, however, this being 53.1* as compared with 50.9 and 51.2 for the two five-day periods preceding. Fi shows no such tendency in the other two critical periods included in her record, and F2, F3, F4 and F6 show no such tendency whatever. The control records also reveal averages which revert to a level of efficiency attained ten and fifteen days previously. The mean variation (M. V.) of records made during periods presumably affected shows no uniform tendency. It may be observed in passing that the M. V.'s for this test are very small, re'idering the figures exceedingly reliable. Table III gives the results of treating the figures as follows: The records are averaged in fives as in Table II, except that only three groups of periods are considered, i. e., the five days 8 H. L. Hollingworth, op. cit., p. 43. Motor Tests 17 preceding, the five days during, and the five days following the critical period. Also, in Table III the women are treated sepa- rately, and the control records are averaged in periods exactly corresponding to those of the subject under special consideration, which was not done in Table II. The averages for the days before and after are then averaged, and the result compared with the average of the five days during, to see if the latter will yield a uniformly poorer or better average. The control records are treated in exactly the same way. In this manner is obtained a standard of efficiency by which to measure the ability of the critical period, eliminating the factor of practice. This method of averaging preceding and following periods for purposes of comparison with a middle period to determine rela- tive efficiency assumes a uniform or nearly uniform rate of improvement in the practice curve. And the frequency with which the average of the periods preceding and following cor- responds exactly or nearly to that of the middle period seems to indicate that the rate of improvement, in this test at least, does tend to be uniform. Thus if the middle period were sub- ject to impaired efficiency, it would appear that averages com- puted in the way described should reveal the fact. Furthermore, Table III shows the average for four days of each critical period, excluding the first day, which has been said to be subject to greater impairment than the other days, and the record of the first day is given separately. The case of Fi is first considered in Table III. On the first month this subject, as already remarked, made a poor record at the critical period, the figures being 53.1* as compared with 49.9, the standard of efficiency for that period. On the other two months included, the averages compared are found to be identi- cal, indicating no influence whatever. Scrutinizing the record of F2, it is seen that the averages to be compared are identical for three out of the four months in- cluded, indicating no influence whatever. On the second month the average for the critical period is 38.5* as compared with 39.4, the standard of efficiency, but the difference is within the M. V., so no advantage is indicated for days presumably affected. The records of F3, F4 and F6 confirm the records of the other subjects. No influence of periodicity is indicated by the 18 Functional Periodicity average of performance. The very slight differences between the critical periods and the standards of efficiency fall in all cases well within the M. V. It must be said that these observations reveal no inlluence whatever on the average of performance. Table III fails to demonstrate greater impairment on the first day of menstruation. In fact the figures suggest an increased briskness of performance on the first day in the records of all the women. In eleven instances out of the fifteen herein ob- served, the first day's record exceeds in speed the average, not only of the five days in which it is included, but of the period follozinng. The amount of the apparently increased briskness is, however, very slight, and it is without doubt due solely to chance. F2 experienced some physical pain on the first day of the first two periods, and none on the last two. This fact seems to have made no difference in the records. As Hall remarks, " This process is always very rapidly fa- tiguing." Although no attempt w-as made to measure the dif- ference in time between the first 200 and the last 200 taps, it might be supposed that if the tendency to fatigue were consid- erably greater during an affected period, the total time of per- formance would be measurably increased by the last 200 taps. This does not appear. When curves are platted from Tables I and II, and are ex- amined with a view to determining whether a regularly recur- ring period of maximum efficiency is discernible within each month, we find no clear result. There does seem to be in this test a tendency to a rhythm of efficiency, but this tendency is just as clearly present in the case of Mi and ]\l2 as in the case of Fi, F2, F3, F4 and F6, and on the basis of this experiment is, therefore, not attributable to the phenomenon of menstrua- tion as a cause. It is not possible to say on the basis of these experiments whether the appearance of rhythm is accidental, especially since it is by no means clearly defined, but only vaguely suggested. The period of maximum efficiency (speediest per- formance) seems to fall just before and on the first day of the period in the case of the women subjects. At any rate the figures do not support the statement of expert opinion that fatiguability is much greater, will power weaker, and motor energy dimin- Motor Tei>ts 19 ished at this time. It will be well to point out in this connection that in any curve of work there will always be fluctuations which are of a more or less accidental nature, and which are not at all a matter of a fundamental " cycle " of efficiency. In the very nature of the case, regardless of concomitant phenomena, there will be high points and low points on the curve, within each month or within any limits of time we may wish to specify.* TABLE I Daily Record of the Tapping Test (Part I) Time required (in seconds) to make 400 taps, by individuals Ml, Fl, F2, F3, M2, F4 and F6. Menstrual periods are denoted by stars (*). Dec. 21. 1911- Sept. 29, 1912- April 19- Nov. 13, 1913- Date March 30, ] L912 Jan. 7, 1913 June 12, 1913 Feb. 5, 1914 Day Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 1 46.6 56.6 48.8 59.8 54.5 57.7 77.5 2 42.2 54.4 45.8 52.5 49.0 60.0 63.1 3 45.0 51.4 45.2 49.1 50.6 60.0 63.3 4 47.6 51.2 47.0 44.8 55.3 58.5 56.8 5 47.0 49.0 44.6* 57.0 51.5 59.0 58.2 6 49.8 48.6 46.0* 66.6 50.0 57.5 58.8 7 47.5 51.2 46.8* 55.6 50.8 57.3 56.4 8 46.2 51.6 46.2* 56.8 55.5 52.3 57.0 9 44.6 52.0 45.6* 55.0 53.2 56.5 57.1 10 43.0 51.0 46.6 56.0 55.5 54.5 60.2 11 43.8 50.0 44.0 49.4 53.2 52.5 57.2 12 44.2 51.0* 45.2 59.8 56.1 54.2 abs. 13 42.4 52.8* 46.0 50.2 54.3 54.1 58.7 14 41.0 56.8* 42.8 48.7 54.0 49.7 56.5* 15 43.4 54.8* 45.6 51.7 53.5 50.0 55.4* 16 40.8 50.0* 46.0 47.3 52.0 47.9 59.3* 17 40.8 50.4 43.2 52.0 52.0 47.7* 59.6* 18 41.8 46.4 42.4 50.1 53.4 48.4* 57.6* 19 42.4 50.0 40.0 45.6 51.0 47.5* 59.2 20 42.0 47.0 abs. 50.4 55.2 50.1* 58.0 21 40.4 49.0 abs. 45.7 53.1 49.5 60.5 22 41.6 49.8 41.2 46.0 51.7 51.5 58.7 23 41.6 49.2 38.4 45.0 54.4 49.8 62.0 24 43.6 48.2 39.2 41.7 52.3 46.8 62.5 25 42.2 48.4 40.0 40.6 54.4 45.2 61.4 26 40.0 48.6 40.2 39.9* 53.7 46.7 59.2 27 41.6 53.0 39.0 41.9* 54.9 45.7 58.9 28 42.0 47.8 38.2 42.0* 51.7 48.1 56.6 29 41.8 45.0 40.0 42.8* 53.0 48.0 59.1 30 42.0 44.8 39.6 41.5* 50.0 47.5 59.2 31 40.0 43.4 39.2 39.4 47.9 46.3 58.3 32 40.2 43.8 37.4* 39.9 49.7 46.1 61.3 33 38.6 43.4 38.6* 39.5 .50.0 46.8 55.1 34 43.8 45.0 36.4* 42.0 49.0 44.8 60.1 35 40.0 47.6 40.8* 41.9 48.3 44.4 59.5 * E. L. Thorndike, The Curve of Work, Psych. Rev., May, 1912, pp. 168-169. 20 Functional Periodicity TABLE I— (Continued) Dec. 21. 1911- Sept. 29. 1912- April 19- Nov. 13. 1913 Date March 30, 1912 Jan. 7. 1913 June 12. 1913 Feb. 5 .1914 Day Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 36 40.4 44.6 39.2* 44.7 47.5 44.7 56.8 37 37.5 44.6 40.8 39.1 49.3 46.8 58.7 38 39.6 44.8 39.8 39.8 47.9 45.2 59.3 39 38.8 43.4 38.2 43.2 50.9 47.4 58.9 40 38.8 42.6* 42.0 39.0 50.2 45.7 58.9 41 39.2 43.2* 37.2 39.5 48.0 48.1 60.7 42 39.0 47.4* 38.0 40.0 48.8 47.0 54.9 43 40.6 43.2* 39.2 40.6 46.8 46.9 51.3 44 37.6 44.4* 37.0 41.9 46.0 45.6* 59.8 45 36.2 42.4 37.8 46.0 46.3 45.2* 49.7 46 39.8 43.8 36.6 44.1 47.3 45.5* 53.6 47 36.4 42.6 37.6 42.2 49.1 46.5* abs. 48 39.0 43.8 39.4 41.9 49.7 46.6* abs. 49 37.8 43.8 39.4 40.5 50.0 46.4 abs. 50 39.4 43.0 36.4 43.7 47.6 45.2 abs. 51 40.6 44.2 35.0 40.3 47.8 47.0 52.8 52 39.6 44.4 36.0 38.1 44.0 44.5 53.9 53 38.2 46.0 36.0 38.5 47.0 46.5 57.1 54 37.8 41.8 35.4 37.1* 43.4 43.6 55.5 55 41.0 47.0 35.0 40.4* 43.0 44.2 54.8 56 39.0 45.4 39.6 41.0* 55.0 57 38.4 44.6 37.0* 44.3* 54.3 58 38.8 45.0 37.6* 40.0* 54.2 59 36.2 45.2 36.8* 38.8 abs. 60 36.6 44.2 36.4* 39.7 56.3* 61 36.0 44.8 35.4* 40.8 54.8* 62 37.4 43.2 38.8 36.8 50.8* 63 38.8 43.0 36.6 40.3 54.5 64 39.1 43.1 35.9 39.1 54.1 65 37.9 45.1 36.6 36.9 55.2 66 40.2 45.1 37.0 37.4 53.8 67 36.5 44.6 36.4 39.6 57.2 68 39.5 42.0 37.2 40.6 53.5 69 40.0 43.1 37.7 41.6 55.7 70 40.8 41.0 36.8 41.5 56.7 71 41.0 39.4 37.3 42.5 52.1 72 39.2 43.1 35.5 38.7 53.1 73 39.5 40.8* 36.9 39.9 abs. 74 39.7 42.0* 36.1 39.6 54.8 75 38.4 41.1* 37.3 40.9 53.3 76 39.6 41.3* 36.1 40.8 52.7 77 38.7 41.5* 36.6 38.6 54.5 78 38.2 39.2 35.4 42.4 53.9 79 40.2 40.8 37.1 38.5 53.9 80 39.3 42.4 36.2 42.3 52.8* 81 38.7 42.8 37.8 42.1 55.3* 82 37.7 39.7 36.2 41.2 50.9* 83 38.0 41.7 36.6* 41.3 54.1* 84 36.3 38.2 36.2* 38.6 55.7* 85 38.9 40.6 37.3* 39.7 50.4 86 38.2 37.9 37.4* 38.3 Motor Tests 21 TABLE I— (Continued) Date Day 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Dec. 21, 1911- March 30, 1912 Ml Fl F2 36 37 36 37 Sept. 29, 1912- Jan. 7, 1913 F3 39.0* 40.8* 37.8* 40.8* 40.0* 41.2 38.6 40.0 38.8 39.0 41.0 41.5 37.4 38.0 41.8 April 19- June 12, 1913 M2 F4 Nov. 13, 1913- Feb. 5, 1914 F6 22 Functional Periodicity K u ^ u id If) rt Q r/l O V) o W H kJ .J CQ m < H w M HH rt I— I & o ^ Co o - OS o u PS U2 P^ tCOMPJM ^ ^J ^ .-. r-. — . — — -H ^«.-i r^ » • * ooo^'-x-omwic^wx;r^t^*ccn«wino i-i-HNM . .rH.-(NcvlCO -Hl-1- > o e O O O l* rt O ZZ Q -^ , 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I'll c/)0 Z Q ^ ■ • ■ -x; Mtowo OTooirtMmt^iflrc^ot-»^!)• ;o Oi N . . • .,c (Olfi'ycO^'OlCT. 00(J>t^r^'.0'OtDt^«00C000M00 — c— (MM -<»-«MM Q^ LnMt--t^— i-S-INMOMMO-^tCOOt^lN cooM-irsxintoxtotO'-iMt^tocooM* I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I C^4t^M^^C^l^~•^tO■-<^0•-llOMt^eMt^Mt^ CM f-ir-iMM ■-HrtMCM ^>-lMN Ci^ Motor Tests 23 > 2^ co■^.-lT3•NONmm(0■-^-lrtooooo Oli-INNNCONi-nn^COOOCOOCVJCO'^NO coooN-*coooco05>-i^t^mO'-<'*'*towtno t£) '^^^,-1^ COCO<-1 ON <-y t>t^oinC^00U5U5CTlC0 ^lO'^TtTj'TfC^COCOO^C^G^ I I I i I I I -L ' J I .i_L IM^rt rt .-I — IrHrH ^ajLni/50iCiiocoNO)t~coM >Ot00Mt~N?0>- CON-H - u lrtNt~ tOON COt^t^ 10 >. 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" ■f W TtTr > < ^° <£><£! r-lO rtCM -HCO >6 OOt LOT)" • 0) ^C/) '"' '"' >. » » •a c ■*a) Olt^ in i5 XOl int^ ■ft >^ <; ^^- (OCO M(0 co^ rHCM >6 00 1>- toco S^ '^ ■"* cfl >. n 4; -1 ■*io 00 om (■^00 ..s inLfj ■cj CO t ■ >< n ■n u inc; > < ■* in 1 ^^ CM CO CM S^ •fl" CM in < * in CO in ♦ 00 CO in S- CM d ^ CM d in •Sa < CO 00 10 CO m CO in u 3 s c E J5 C e ■a c CM c c t. ) Motor Tests 27 The Tapping Test (Part II) In order to obtain a further and slightly different measure of voluntary speed, the time of performance for the first 300 taps in the experiment on fatiguability was computed and tabulated. (For description of method and apparatus see chapter on Motor Fatiguability.) Table IV gives the daily records for the three subjects (F2, F3, Mi). Table V gives the records averaged in five-day " blocks," as in Table II under Part I of this test. Table VI shows the figures computed as in Table III, and with the same purpose, i. e., to compare the average of the critical period with a standard of efficiency; to examine the average performance of four critical days, excluding the first; and to determine whether the first day shows a remarkable impairment. The results of this test are in agreement with those of Part 1. In Table V the records marked (*) form part of an ordinary practice curve, revealing no inefficiency. Table VI shows the critical average to be always slightly better than the standard of efficiency, but the difference falls in all cases within the M. v., so no genuine advantage for critical periods is indicated. Four out of six first days show a performance superior not only to the average in which they are included, but to the average following. The conclusion, therefore, is that in this test as in the other, no influence whatever on the average of performance is indicated for critical periods. 28 Functional Periodiciiy TABLE IV The Tapping Test. Part II (With Key) Time required (in seconds) to make 300 taps, by individuals Ml, F2 and F3. The menstrual periods are denoted by stars (*). Date Ml F2 F3 Date Ml F2 F3 Sept. 29 40.4 40.4 64.0 Nov. 19 33.2 39.2 48.2 30 39.4 39.2 58.4 20 33.8 41.0 52.8 21 30.4 38.4 47.2" Oct. 1 39.4 38.2 55.4 22 30.0 41.4 53.8- 2 39.2 40.2 54.0 23 34.0 39.8 58.0" 3 43.8 48.2 73.2 24 31.2 41.2 52.6" 4 40.2 40.8 58.4 25 33.6 39.6 50.0" 5 37.0 38.2 56.2 26 34.2 40.2 52.4 6 36.6 43.6 58.8 27 35.8 39.6 51.4 7 32.2 38.2 60.2 28 34.0 34.0 48.0 8 37.6 36.4 55.2 29 30.4 37.8 51.8 9 31.0 40.0 56.2 30 32.6 42.6 55.4 10 35.8 33.6 59.4 11 31.0 35.0 58.2 Dec. 1 30.0 40.0 48.6 12 32.8 36.0 58.2 2 29.8 41.4 42.2 13 34.8 36.8 62.4 3 31.8 37.8 48.2 14 33.2 33.2* 63.2 4 30.8 37.8 53.2 15 31.6 33.9* 63.4 5 31.2 35.8 50.4 16 33.2 39.2* 58.4 6 32.2 35.4* 47.8 17 33.8 37.2* 58.2 7 32.2 36.6* 52.2 18 30.6 35.2* 59.6 8 31.6 39.4* 56.8 19 32.6 39.2 64.2 9 32.8 40.0* 55.6 20 34.8 41.4 62.2 10 30.2 35.6* 56.6 21 32.8 38.0 62.8 11 29.6 45.0 45.2 22 33.8 36.0 60.6 12 31.2 40.2 49.6 23 31.8 35.8 62.8 13 38.4 40.4 61.6 24 33.6 38.2 63.2* 14 32.8 39.0 55.0 25 33.4 31.6 57.8* 15 30.0 42 2 62.4 26 34.0 39.8 58.8* 16 33.4 37^4 53.8 27 36.6 43.0 63.6* 17 31.6 36.6 53.0 28 35.8 39.2 63.2* 18 34.6 38.0 53.0 29 33.0 34.0 62.2 19 29.4 37.8 49.2 30 30.8 34.4 54.8 20 30.6 35.6 56.6 31 32.2 39.0 65.0 21 33.8 41.6 51.6 22 33.8 43.8 51.4 Nov. 1 33.0 38.6 60.8 23 33.2 37.2 60.8 2 38.6 36.2 66.2 24 31.0 34.6 45.6^ 3 33.8 39.4 73.2 25 32.6 31.0 56.8^ 4 34.6 42.4 51.2 26 34.2 38.2 50.8^ 5 33.4 39.0 48.4 27 28.6 34.4 58.6^ 6 32.6 38.2 50.6 28 29.0 38.8 54.8^ 7 33.2 34.6 52.4 29 32.2 34.0 54.2 8 31.0 38.4 49.4 30 30.2 34.2* 55.4 9 31.4 39.2 52.8 31 34.2 36.6* 50.0 10 31.8 39.4* 57.6 11 31.4 36.4* 54.0 Jan. 1 30.0 34.2* 45.4 12 37.4 36.0* 53.4 2 30.2 33.8* 53.0 13 30.8 35.8* 53.2 3 28.8 36.4* 57.8 14 30.0 40.0* 47.6 4 34.6 40.2 57.8 15 30.6 37.8 60.6 5 32.6 37.0 60.0 16 35.8 38.6 53.2 6 31.0 37.0 54.6 17 30.2 39.6 60.2 7 30.8 35.8 55.0 18 29.4 38.2 55.6 Motor Tests 29 K Tt u c < Id <1) O c3 o M Tl ei O Ul O >< <" Q u ^ > a T" t— 1 1— 1 & ^ c; H (Tl a XI < ?;; C U) y H CJ o >> 55 ^ 0. 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ID C (Nt^M t^opj C^JOOOO c O'CJ 'rt':;!-. t^OM 00 'HM o^-< S E .^|i co^on CO LOCO •*io^i c/) W ^ « ^'^ t-Tf t^ U5N0> ^fflOO TfrtM -HCOtO TfOiD >6 00^^ <0<0N t-OC^l i^ '- rtN rHlON « •T3 U rtLON t^t^OO ego-* uiH ooNn ocd^ -HlfiCVJ w COtOM coirtco rflOCO > < ^^^ CO to CO intcto ootoeq o Q mcoco Tft^W TftOeO o ^^ 05C^3.-< t^CvjOO ooot^ rHC^-H l-ITtl-l —ICO >. « * * •oc t^toin in LOCO ■*00 00 I" i; lOOCVI t^lOCJ t^co-^ cousoo C0U5CO COIOCO >••« < ^S5 S t^t^Tj- (OIOIO TflDOl •"cegin COtCM lOUl-" >o t»<£iOO ,f. •Ss; coa>^ C^rtlO eg IOCS) (COO CO 00 CON OOC-H •^ coi/;m COIOCO CO-* CO >• <: o oi^ oW oti ti c OS 8r C o C 3 D R " Cfl CMCO« C^lCOi^ c o g c o B c o £ c ■V •-H N ro Motor Tests 31 o O • ♦ * ■w >. como N-*-* to (CO « rj """•O Moon f-OOO irjTf -H (OMCO Trmco 'J'MM ^-- M00f» MO■ « <" ■a >■ i: o 5"S -^mto o- -HOC in S^ n-HM -H^3l-l CO -H a •n u 00 TtOl 0OOO-* lOtO-* LOi! rttCCO -HOOPO rt -^rH M «OC < b. ^-^ S"^ OiM-'J' t>in<£i t^oooo O n Mt>CO in CM in t^usin o >6 •*00M oooo ^■^00 o S^ NNr^ M-H-H •. ♦ * « •o c COTl-t^ Mr-lOO co-*^ « t; ^00 ■* NO-H coin-" WMCO in-fl'co in CO CO >■« < ==^^ S"^ •fl't^C^ OOOOO rt-o t^OOlM OOOOO s^ '"' >. '1 in-HN NMin OICMCM c^oon ■*fflW COfflCM • x> <£>nn innco in CO CO > < u oi^ ■ny og a D Ir Ir l§ w bbS JS j: j: ^ c c o E B o E c •o 1 — 1 (N 1 £-3 11 IV STEADINESS This test is fully discussed in Whipple's " Manual of Mental and Physical Tests." It was carried out in the present instance exactly as described by Hollingvvorth^ in his recent monograph. The subject, standing, was required to hold at arm's length and unsupported, a brass rod, 2.5 mm. in diameter, in a hole 6 mm. in diameter, which was fomied in a brass plate. The time in this test remained constant, the subject being required to hold the rod for 30 seconds, making as few contacts as possible. Each contact was registered by an automatic electric counter. A measure of the involuntary movements of the right arm in a horizontal plane was thus obtained. Any increase in nervousness would, presumably, be apparent in the number of involuntary contacts registered. The complete daily records of the seven subjects are found in Table VII. In the case of F3 and F6 the fraction (always .5) was retained when averaging the two daily records; in the case of the other subjects it was dropped. This slight difference in treatment was simply incidental to the fact that the records were treated on different occasions. These records converted into averages as described in this paper in connection with the tapping test, are given in Table VIII. The variability of these averages is so great as to render them very unreliable, the M. V. being in a majority of cases above 20 per cent, and often reach- ing as high as 45 per cent. Hence any conclusions drawn from these records cannot bear great weight. The test is very apt to be affected by purely external and accidental factors, such as taking a breath, coughing, hearing a noise. According to expert opinion, as already quoted in this paper, we should expect to find greatly increased agitation at the critical periods in the case of the women subjects. An examination of the figures as they stand does not support this opinion. 1 H. L. Hollingworth, op. cit., p. 44. 32 Steadiness 33 A table similar to Table III under the tapping test was not compiled for steadiness, partly because the great variability of the averages would make such a table of little value, and partly because, owing to circumstances connected with starting the test, the records are somewhat irregular at the beginning. (See Table VH.) When curves are platted from Tables VH and VIII, and are examined to determine whether a cycle of efficiency is discerni- ble, it appears that there is no definite suggestion of such a cycle. It is true that in a practice curve of this kind there must always be fluctuations which are of a more or less accidental nature, and w-hich are not at all a matter of a fundamental " cycle " of efficiency. In the very nature of the case, regardless of concomitant phenomena, there will be high and low points on the curve, within each month or within any limits of time we may wish to specify. The pain suffered by F2 for a few hours on the first two first days seems to have had no characteristic effect. On the whole the only statement that may be made wath cer- tainty on the basis of the steadiness test is, that it does not indi- cate increased agitation at menstrual periods, TABLE VII Daily Record of the Steadiness Test Number of involuntary contacts made in 30 seconds by individuals Ml, Fl. F2, F3, M2, F4 and F6. The menstrual periods are denoted by stars (*). Date Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Dec. 21. 1911- March 30, 1912 Ml Fl 40 30 21 18 19 21 25 20 24 15 14 20 48 17 13 25 24* 28* 43* 30* 17* 13 44 18 19 22 32 38 40 F2 19* 23* 10* 12* 14* 8 23 19 42 10 9 7 16 25 21 Abs. Abs. 11 25 14 Sept. 29, 1912- Jan. 7, 1913 F3 44.5 43.5 32.5 40.0 26.5 16.0 20.0 26.0 11.5 18.5 18.5 14.0 10.0 14.0 12.0 15.5 19.0 8.5 9.0 15.0 April 19- June 12, 1913 M2 F4 6 10 12 20 12 9 16 17 15 20 7 13 9 12 11 9 2 5 8 5 22 19 20 17 24 30 35 20 15 15 12 8 5 6 15 11 17* 6* 4* 3* Nov. 13, 1913- Feb. 5 ,1914 F6 37.0 38.0 44.5 48.5 64.5 58.5 63.5 52.0 57.0 60.0 54.5 Abs. 55.5 55.0* 63.5* 54.0* 55.5* 55.0* 53.0 61.0 34 Functional Periodicity TABLE VII— (Continued) Dec. 21. 1911- Sept. 29, 1912- April 19- Nov. 13, 1913 Date March 30. 1912 Jan. 7, 1913 June 12. 1913 Feb. 5. 1914 Day Ml Fl F2 F3 ] M2 F4 F6 21 14 23 22 9.5 9 ] 61.0 22 13 40 23 8.0 2 5 60.0 23 12 49 26 10.5 5 1 44.0 24 18 31 13 14.0 3 10 58.5 25 24 54 15 11.0 7 6 53.5 26 14 41 20 4.5* 4 5 65.5 27 16 32 11 7.5* 4 7 57.5 28 15 40 8* 7.0* 4 5 50.0 29 12 40 11* 10 0* 10 1 57.0 30 8 25 17* 7.0* 3 9 63.5 31 13 25 17* 10.5 2 5 56.0 32 21 35 18* 8.5 3 4 53.5 33 12 39 15 6.5 8 7 57.0 34 3 15 32 9.5 8 6 55.5 35 16 32 23 4.5 5 5 54.5 36 11 25* 11 10.0 10 14 60.0 37 10 21* 27 11.0 9 3 52. S 38 11 34* 14 10.5 6 6 54.0 39 9 39* 21 9.5 7 7 61.0 40 8 38* 34 16.5 8 2 54.0 41 18 40 19 9.0 11 9 50.5 42 10 16 25 8.0 3 5 58.0 43 3 15 12 11.0 5 2 55.5 44 11 39 18 16.5 4 4* 55.0 45 15 33 26 7.0 5 1* 60.0 46 15 15 26 13.0 4 4* 65.0 47 9 17 15 4.0 7 4* Abs. 48 3 21 20 12.5 5 2* Abs. 49 6 25 12 5.0 4 7 Abs. 50 12 19 25 11.0 5 1 Abs. 51 6 17 19 6.0 3 3 55. S 52 8 28 18 20.0 7 2 65.0 53 2 17 14* 7.0 3 2 65.0 54 3 24 10* 5.0* 3 2 64.5 55 10 31 10* 5.0* 6 5 55.5 56 7 25 15* 7.0* 58.0 57 7 30 20* 5.0* 55.5 58 2 30 18 7.5* 61.0 59 8 11 13 9.5 Abs. 60 11 27 17 6.0 55.5* 61 12 30 10 7.0 61.5* 62 4 27 18 7.0 51.5* 63 9 19 17 7.0 58.5 64 3 18 8 11.0 56.0 65 10 19 12 5.5 57.5 66 11 21 10 7.5 53.5 67 3 14 20 7.0 55.5 68 6 8 12 11.5 54.0 69 9 20* 14 4.5 61.5 70 8 21* 11 11.5 51.0 71 9 21* 12 6.0 58.5 72 5 20* 10 10.5 59.0 73 7 16* 18 5.5 Abs. Steadiness 3! TABLE VII— (Continued) Dec. : 21. 1911- Sent. 29. 1912- April 19- Nov. 13. 1913- Date March 30, 1912 Jan. 7, 1913 June 12, 1913 Feb. 5, 1914 Day Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 74 7 15 11 9.0 56.0 75 7 13 10 3.0 61.5 76 9 8 12 7.5 51.0 77 3 21 16 7.5 60.0 78 8 10 16 9.0 61 . 5 79 7 13 9* 12.0 57.5 80 3 9 4* 6.0 55.0* 81 4 7 8* 6.5 55.5* 82 8 12 11* 6.0 51.5* 83 9 5 8* 12.5 59.5* 84 8 4 13 12.5 53.0* 85 7 23 10 8.0 51.0 86 1 28 4 9.5 87 8.0* 88 9.5* 89 14.5* 90 7.5* 91 4.5* 92 8.0 93 9.5 94 7.5 95 9.5 96 10.0 97 12.0 98 9.0 99 7.0 100 7.5 101 11.5 36 Functional Periodicity 1 m \ % 1 O Pi > o u > w _] a <; (d (d v> H (d H in in Id g 5 < w (d ts H fa O Q di O U (d > < Q 1 ■(J IS 1 i 1 -a & c -H a & c B o 73 H Id H tn Id Z H . T Si 55 1 1 2 CO b O u n 3 I/) ^- ooir>0'^N(Cin-*Mc^oocoaiN!Tio«>LnO'H tOO'sOC^CiOO >6 rot^MmmMa>oc>o^m- <0 M CM ro -H -. -H CM CJ •* •» — CMCM— iCMMN •-' in . CO ■< » » * ■«r-«'t^'TrcomooO'Tt~ooff>'^ C^00C0MOt^t^-. oor-i . -t CM 00 in 00 00 Oi t^ t~- o in — 1 o t~ ^c>doi£t^'odo-^-t«3ir)^aiaioc--c>d M ■» CO <; CM CM CM r: Oq CM ^ CM « CM CMCMCO O'^^ aicMOOOOM'-OCMOOOOOin-^M ioono<;m'vco(ominc«5cocO'^>-ico>-, . a < » » ♦ » OO tnOOCM'COTj-OOMCM-^OO^OOO o • -^ ■OLn<'CTit~-'*'^CMij>oocoLnco — loooo tOCM^^^'-H — rjCM'^'Hrt-^---^rt 1— ( »— 1 > CI ca Q aiTOi-HOi-iLnomoin^di— ''^cMc^o ^^CMCMM -H^CMCM . ^.^CMCMCO lllllllllllllllill inomocMt-'Hto^O'-iocMt^cMt--cooo rtrHCMCMCM rHrHCMM .^ -< CM CM ^ c^ 2 H O Id 3 3 if) S-' int^cMO)^ioco'TTCM'H«oaiiJicom CQ < CMOi'.OCMWO r-HCMCVlCO .-irHeMCM . r-i r-c CM CM M c •?> " CMt^CMh-^lAwtOl-VOllOCTlCOOOCOOO ^^CMCM r-lr-iCMCM ^.-HCMCM i U ca >:&? s CMCMOSOCMtOOOCMO-^COOCMtOCMCOCO '-ff)XCMO-?oco-rrcMi.o»c^-Hwro'M-HO nifi'HC>Jl/5TrM.-(CMW'' < • • ♦ coLninmmmLnunrjtc-flLniOLOioininifiifltn H O s Q Nov. 13-Nov. 15 Nov. 16- 20 21- 25 26- 30 Dec. 1-Dec. 5 6- 10 11- 15 16- 20 21- 25 26- 30 31-Jan. 4 Jan. 5-Jan. 7 8- 10 11- 13 14- 16 17- 20 21- 25 26- 30 31-Feb. 4 Feb. 5 ^^ t^MOt^tCOMirsOOOOO t>^ oi d ci^D oi !J> M d 00 d d CO • 2 a; Ifi M Irt t^ O lO Tf rf LO ■* M 00 in — ncc^jMioco-H.-(Corj>-i.-(f-H (iH in o > * * incMiocoininooMOOOOira n D April 19-April 22 23- 26 27- 30 May 1-May 4 5- 8 9- 12 13- 17 18- 22 23- 26 27- 31 June 1-June 5 6- 10 11- 12 >^ COMOVOOinOlOt^-fl-OCOCO coc^rJOO!Ot^-*iOMict^co r^,cgM'-icO'<3"roinMco-HCMCo M 2- OOC^MinMM■ omt^MOt^ooooioooo-*in c>jcorodLn'«i'inTft^(din-*'0' 1- n 4) n Q April 19-April 22 23- 26 27- 30 May 1-May 4 5- 8 9- 12 13- 17 18- 22 23- 26 27- 31 June 1-June 5 6- 10 11- 12 V MOTOR FATIGUABILITY It was desired to obtain a measure of fatiguability in order to gain further evidence regarding motor efficiency at critical periods. It has been seen that the average of performance in the case of voluntary speed of movement is unaffected by men- struation, when the amount of work done is 400 taps with the stylus. This would lead us to suspect that fatiguability is not greater for critical periods. For if fatiguability were greater then, there would undoubtedly be a measurable decrease in speed on the last 200 taps, and this would lower the total speed of performance at critical periods. However, this inference cannot be regarded as precise evidence, because (i) the amount of work done (400 taps) may not have been sufficient to produce a great enough fatigue; (2) the use of the stylus may have offered too much freedom of movement, so that the work could be shifted from one set of muscles to another during the trial. In fact the latter objection was at once seen to be valid in pre- liminary trials wdth the stylus, for very often the last 300 taps would be more rapidly executed than the first 300, owing to a shift at that point from one set of muscles to another. The method finally adopted for obtaining a measure of fatigu- ability was as follov^'s. A telegraph key \^as attached to the apparatus described under the tapping test, and each subject tapped with the first two fingers of the right hand on this key, resting the elbow, meanwhile, on the table. The electric counter was concealed from the subject by a screen, so that it could not be seen when each hundred taps was completed. No sub- ject knew how many hundred taps would be required at any trial ; thus the possible influence of the alleged " end spurt " was avoided. The time for each hundred taps w^as taken with a stop watch, the observer holding a stop watch in each hand, and starting one as she stopped the other. In computing the records the first 600 taps are used. The percentage of fatigue is deter- 38 Motor Fatiguahility 39 mined by finding the ratio of the last 300 to the first 300 taps, thus: A sample record as taken with the stop watch runs like this : ii.o, 1 1.6, 1 1.6, 12.4, 12.6, 13.6. The sum of the first 300 taps is 34.2 (seconds) ; that of the last 300 taps is 38.6 (seconds). Thus an absolute fatigue of 4.4 seconds is noted, i. e., the sub- ject took 4.4 seconds longer to complete the last 300 taps than to complete the first 300 taps. Now, dividing 38.6 by 34.2 we get the index of fatigue, i. e., ||^ = 1.128 (index of fatigue), or 12.8 per cent of fatigue. The purpose of the experiment is to determine whether the index of fatigue is higher, or in any way affected, at critical periods. If the index is found to be consistently higher it follows that fatiguahility is greater. Table IX gives the index of fatigue for each daily trial. Table X shows the average index of fatigue in five-day periods, count- ing backward and forward from each critical period. It is seen that the average of fatigue for critical periods does not differ consistently from that of other periods. For F3 the index is in all cases high at critical periods, but not higher than that often yielded by this subject at other times, and by the control subjects. F2, on the other hand, shows a low index of fatigue at critical periods, as compared with her index at other times. When curves are platted from Table IX and Table X, it is suggested that there may be a rhythm which includes longer cadences than the month, and is not concomitant with menstrua- tion, since the curves all tend to follow it, and the critical periods of F3 occur on its high places, while those of F2 occur where it runs low. As remarked, the rhythm is merely suggested, not clearly defined and may well be due entirely to chance. It will be desirable to take records of several more periods, and if possible on several more subjects, before stating any conclusion regarding fatiguahility. In the case of F3 the curves may well be inter- preted to mean greater fatiguahility at critical periods ; in the case of F2 the interpretation may well be exactly reversed. No final conclusion will be stated with regard to the matter in this mono- graph. A table like Table III under the tapping test was not compiled for fatiguahility, because there is no practice here. The standard remains the same throughout the course of the experiment (i.ooo), and does not vary as in a practice curve. 40 Functional Periodicity TABLE IX Index of Motor Fatiguability Ratio of last 300 taps to first 300 taps (time in seconds), for individuals Ml, F2 and F3. Menstrual periods are denoted by stars (*). Date Ml F2 F3 Date Ml F2 F3 Sept. 29 1.060 1.135 .950 Nov. 19 1.213 .964 1.140 30 .954 1.096 1.030 20 .947 1.005 .930 21 1.033 1.137 1.235* Oct. 1 1.087 1.037 .890 22 1.190 1.023 .990* 2 1.020 .980 1.198 23 1.030 1.050 .980* 3 1.120 1.160 1.070 24 1.295 1.022 1.088* 4 .966 1.050 .990 25 1.158 1.302 1.012* 5 1.087 1.116 1.028 26 1.074 1.178 .962 6 1.113 .982 1.040 27 1.005 1.043 .988 7 .970 1.210 1.000 28 .860 1.163 1.005 8 .975 1.078 1.070 29 1.068 1.116 1.023 9 1.102 .914 1.053 30 .975 1.093 .962 10 1.058 1.030 .982 11 1.133 1.057 1.025 Dec. 1 1.204 1.178 1.054 12 1.130 1.122 .988 2 1.154 .945 1.083 13 1.007 .956 .978 3 1.128 .932 .990 14 .995 1.100* .956 4 1.079 1.082 .955 15 1.070 1.190* .984 5 1.122 1.200 1.050 16 .976 .960* 1.058 6 .976 1.048* .992 17 1.174 .970* .930 7 1.160 1.040* .958 18 1.115 .982* 1.005 8 .970 1.070* .985 19 1.007 1.124 1.000 9 1.000 1.074* 1.005 20 1.110 1.145 .985 10 1.012 1.190* .930 21 1.068 1.147 .975 11 1.108 1.000 1.130 22 1.040 1.134 1.030 12 1.077 1.128 1.053 23 1.190 1.032 .975 13 1.038 .990 .990 24 1.095 1.118 1.030* 14 1.080 1.174 .951 25 .995 1.220 1.066* 15 1.000 1.028 1.005 26 1.080 .970 .982* 16 1.113 1.200 1.076 27 1.033 1.010 .972* 17 1.080 1.275 1.070 28 1.043 1.152 1.070* 18 1.000 1.105 1.022 29 1.055 1.083 1.130 19 1.135 1.190 1.134 30 1.028 1.108 1.050 20 1.005 1.173 1.080 31 1.080 .980 .935 21 1.005 1.122 1.060 22 .854 1.000 1.211 Nov 1 1.170 1.068 .975 23 .995 1.051 1.082 2 1.078 1.198 .940 24 1.032 1.080 1.241* 3 1.255 1.005 .920 25 .983 1.208 1.034* 4 .960 1.053 1.028 26 1.035 .995 1.110* 5 1.030 1.097 1.090 27 1.161 1.062 1.003* 6 1.005 1.073 1.030 28 1.118 1.090 1.073* 7 1.149 1.092 1.005 29 1.138 1.090 1.064 8 1.020 .988 .955 30 1.020 1.128* 1.030 9 1.116 1.013 1.050 31 .947 .917* 1.034 10 1.075 .900* 1.015 11 .995 .910* .910 Jan. 1 1.046 1.134* 1.086 12 .943 1.000* .935 2 1.159 1.031* 1.038 13 1.030 1.106* .865 3 1.193 1.000* 1.088 14 1.131 1.081* 1.140 4 .964 1.048 .843 15 1.117 .990 .935 5 1.080 .975 .855 16 1.098 1.106 .990 6 1.050 1.090 1.090 17 1.147 1.130 .870 7 1.050 .960 1.020 18 1.308 1.065 1.103 Motor Fatiguahility 41 a % 1 a i-, j/i a C o o m S bl Ut > < a o in o ta Uy O , rt m :3 o < o o X H 7; 43 W Q ^3 ►J Id rt « H en <1 a o H > V.-1 Z "73 o G o rt R •d HH M is .J ca a < JD H iyj b) c (d v> 3 U O ;3 o o >^ j- J3 < fe -a (I. c o (0 o E (H -4-> o (J '3 >> rt ^ to < ■s^ U •Sr ^1 Q OOOOOOOOOO-hOOOCOOOOO-h r^r^Oocc^r-oo»-i"OcO(MJ^PO'*'-iO\ior^ OOOOsOnOOOOsOOOC-. OOnOO'^OOOs f^^OOrOOOfOOOCSt^C^OOiOOtOOrtiOOfOOOCSt^ i-H »-t CN CSI i-HT-HCNCNfO ■•-H-r-li-ICSJCS C/2C Q > fo oooooooooooooooooooo 00C0'-l-Tf-HC^OL00^"^'fOt^00'O00O^"^■*■•-l OOOO^OOOOOO— lOOO-HOOO^ fOSOmoO^OO'^O^. ■^O'^0\i00'00i00f<^t^ T^ -rt p^ CO »-( th cs tN T-H >-i cs r^ ra Q OOOOOOOOOO^Ot-iOOOOOOO OCOOOOCOO^«-H— iOOOOOnOOO «-c '-I CN CN '-i •-» CN CN -H T-< CN CN ti o' ^ i VI MENTAL TESTS SPEED AND ACCURACY OF PERCEPTION The Color Naming Test The color naming test was conducted as follows : The card designed by W'oodworth and W'ells^ was placed face downward at each trial, before the subject. At a signal from the operator the subject turned the card over, and began naming the colors as rapidly as possible from left to right. No errors were al- lowed. If the subject made a mistake the operator, who held an identical card, quickly said " No," and the subject corrected the error before proceeding. Thus mistakes and confusions were accounted for in the time consumed by them. The time of per- formance was taken by the operator with a stop watch to the fifth of a second. The same order of the colors was used throughout after the first month, in the case of Mi, Fi and F2, since it was thought that some orders always yielded poorer records. In the case of all the other subjects the four orders of the colors were used in rotation, from trial to trial, through- out the experiment. The illumination was the same for all trials. This test has been used by various investigators. Holling- worth^ found that it was sensitive to so small an influence as I to 2 grains of cafifein alkaloid. To quote from this author, the test " is designed to measure the speed with which the name or idea can be brought to consciousness upon the sight of the object, which is in this case a color. ... As the experiment progresses it affords a measure of the individual's ability to improve by practice, his degree of interference as shown by the tendency of a preceding idea to inhibit or interfere with the correct per- ception and expression of the next stimulus." Table XI gives the complete daily records of all seven subjects 1 Woodworth and Wells, Association Tests, Psych. Mon., No. 57. 2 H. L. Holling\vorth, op. cit., p. 16. 42 Mental Tests 43 and requires no comment. Table XII gives the result of convert- ing these records into averages of five-day periods each, as described for Table II under the tapping test. In Table XII it is seen that the averages marked (*) form a consistent part of an ordinary' practice curve. They show no uniform tendency to rise above records preceding them, and thus to indicate inefficient performance. It will be noted, particu- larly after the first great drop in practice, that even.' average does not improve over the average preceding it. This is just as true for control records as for records marked (*), and is a familiar feature of practice curves without regard to sex.^ Table XII shows that out of the fifteen critical averages herein noted, nine are slightly better than, four are slightly worse than, and two are the same as the average preceding. This is about what would be found in the case of any twelve averages taken at random in the table. The mean variability- of records made during critical periods is neither uniformly greater nor uniformly less than that of other records. The M. A'.'s in the color naming test are greater than in the tapping test, but they are small enough to demonstrate the reliability of the figures. Table XIII was compiled in the same way as Table III in the tapping test. The purpose of Table XIII was the same as that of Table III, i. e.. to compare the average of the critical period with a standard of efficiency C which is the average of the aver- ages of periods immediately before and after if) ; to examine the average performance of four critical days, excluding the first ; and to determine whether the first day shows a remarkable impairment. Fi is first considered in this table. The critical period is once worse than the standard ('33.8*-3i.6'). and twice slightly better than the standard (36.7*-38.2, and 27.5*-28.i, respectively). In the case of F2 the critical average is twice slightly worse than the standard of efficiency ('4i.9*-40.7. and 28.6*-28.i, re- spectively), the difference being both times within the M. V., and twice slightly better than the standard (44.4*-44.9, and 34.3*-34.7, respectively), this difference also being well within the M. V. In the case of F3 the critical average is once the same as, ' E. L. Thorndike, op. cit., p. 168-169. 44 Functional Periodicity once slightly worse than, and once slightly better than the stand- ard of efficiency (40.3*-40.4, 37.i*-36.6, and 33.2*-34.i, re- spectively), these differences all being within the M. V. F4 shows both critical averages included in her record slightly worse than the standard, the difference being well within the M. V. (43.7*-43.2, and 40.8*-40.2, respectively) ; and F6 shows practically no deviation in either direction from the standard of efficiency at critical periods. It must be concluded that this experiment shows no real in- fluence, either adverse or favorable, on the average of perform- ance for critical periods. An examination of the control records will give the same result that is yielded by the critical records. Table XIII demonstrates that first days of critical periods bear about the same relation to the averages in which they are included and to the averages preceding as is to be found in the case of the pseudo-first days of the control. When curves are platted from Tables XI and XII, the men- strual periods do not rise in " blocks " of inefficient performance. In only one case out of twelve is the critical " block " high be- tween the " blocks " preceding and following, i. e., the second period in the case of Fi. This one instance is typical of what we should expect to find in all cases, or at least in a great ma- jority of cases, if there w^ere marked impairment during men- strual periods. On the whole, the performances of Fi, F2, F3, F4 and F6 follow the uninterrupted course of the familiar practice curve. They are distinguished from the performances of Mi and M2 by no peculiarities. It may be objected that this test after scores of repetitions became automatic, and that the processes of perception, inhibi- tion, association, etc., were no longer truly measured ; or even, since the same order of the colors was used in some cases, that these subjects must have memorized the colors in order. There- fore five trials were made with each subject after the experiment was entirely finished, as follows. The names of the colors were typewritten on a piece of white paper from left to right, so that reading them would involve the same number of eye movements as the naming had previously involved. The subject was then required to read the colors in the same way as he or she had Menial Tests 45 previously named them. This performance, though by no means purely automatic, was undoubtedly much more nearly so than the naining of the colors. The time in seconds of each of the six individuals for this test is given below. The records show how far the color naming was from being a memory feat or a purely automatic performance, even after a hundred and twenty- seven trials and more. Reading Colors Trial Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 1 24.0 sec. 20.8 sec. 19.0 sec. 29.0 sec. 27.0 sec. 29.0 sec. 25.4 sec. 2 24.6 " 20.4 " 20.0 " 27.4 " 26.5 " 26.4 " 26.2 " 3 23.0 " 23.2 " 19.0 " 28.2 " 26.8 " 25.4 " 25.4 " 4 21.8 " 19.6 " 20.4 " 29.4 " 26.8 " 25.4 " 24.8 " 5 21.8 " 20.8 " 19.0 " 28.2 " 26.4 " 25.6 " 24.0 " TABLE XI Daily Record of the Color Naming Test Time required (in seconds) to name 100 colors, by individuals Ml, Fl, F2, F3, M2, F4 and F6. The menstrual periods are denoted by stars (*). Dec. 21. 1911- - Sept. 29. 1912- April 19- Nov. 13, 1913- Date March 30, 1912 Jan. 7, 1913 June 12 , 1913 Feb. 5 ,1914 Day Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 1 40.2 57.8 45.0 47.7 57.3 47.5 72.0 2 45.6 40.8 45.6 48.2 51.9 47.4 75.3 3 39.0 44.8 46.6 47.8 51.0 47.9 64.2 4 37.4 39.8 46.0 47.1 51.6 45.7 60.8 5 39.6 41.0 46.6* 49.4 51.0 46.0 62.3 6 41.0 42.0 47.2* 46.7 51.6 45.9 62.5 7 42.4 42.4 47.6* 49.7 48.5 46.0 55.3 8 43.0 41.6 47.8* 46.6 47.4 48.8 62.4 9 43.2 41.6 46.4* 46.7 51.0 45.3 59.6 10 36.6 38.2 42.2 46.6 52.2 45.6 57.0 11 37.2 39.8 42.6 44.5 50.9 45.8 58.2 12 37.8 41.6* 43.0 45.0 54.0 42.9 Abs. 13 42.0 37.0* 43.0 46.1 49.7 42.8 57.3 14 35.0 36.6* 43.8 47.3 51.7 42.8 56.6* 15 40.6 40.2* 43.4 41.7 49.0 43.5 55.9* 16 37.2 34.6* 42.0 45.7 45.5 41.3 54.4* 17 41.6 39.0 44.0 44.7 46.0 45.5* 57.8* 18 38.8 34.6 44.0 43.7 49.4 42.1* .54.3* 19 40.8 35.0 46.4 44.8 42.7 43.2* 52.1 20 34.2 37.2 43.2 41.7 52.9 44.0* 53.1 21 44.0 38.6 47.2 39.9 45.9 45.4 54.1 22 41.6 37.2 44.6 43.9 48.6 42.9 53.4 23 40.8 42.0 Abs. 42.0 45.1 44.3 54.0 24 34.0 .34.2 Abs. 41.0 45.1 42.5 52.8 25 37.6 38.6 44.2 39.4 47.7 41.9 52.0 26 35.2 35.6 42.2 41.3* 47.2 41.9 54.0 46 Functional Periodicity TABLE XI— (Continued) Dec. 21. 1911- Sept. 29, 1912- April 19- Nov. 13, 1913 Date March 30, 1912 Jan. 7, 1913 J une 12, 1913 Feb. 5, 1914 Day Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 27 32.0 34.8 41.2 38.8* 46.6 41.5 56.0 28 36.0 36.6 41.6 43.2* 48.1 44.0 50.6 29 32.2 39.0 41.2 40.0* 47.1 43.5 51.2 30 35.0 39.4 45.4 38.1* 42.4 41.4 55.5 31 34.6 36.8 43.0 39.6 40.9 41.6 54.9 32 35.0 36.0 42.2* 41.0 48.5 41.5 55.4 33 33.6 34.6 40.0* 40.5 42.3 41.5 53.9 34 34.4 36.0 39.4* 39.6 42.3 41.5 56.5 35 35.0 31.8 39.8* 38.0 44.9 39.5 56.5 36 33.0 32.6 43.4* 41.7 43.4 39.6 51.0 37 34.6 31.8 38.8 39.0 44.7 39.7 50.2 38 40.2 37.0 42.2 39.5 40.3 39.2 52.0 39 34.2 31.4 45.4 38.5 44.] I 40.8 53.4 40 34.6 29.2* 40.0 39.4 46.9 41.3 52.4 41 34.4 31.8* 40.4 39.3 46.5 41.4 49.7 42 37.6 32.6* 36.4 35.8 45.0 43.8 51.0 43 36.8 34.0* 41.8 36.4 43.1 [ 38.7 52.6 44 34.4 34.0* 38.4 39.1 45.4 40.2* 51.6 45 36.0 35.6 39.0 39.5 43.9 40.2* 53.3 46 33.0 31.4 36.4 38.8 42.3 42.9* 48.8 47 31.6 34.2 41.0 37.9 43.8 40.5* Abs. 48 36.2 31.0 38.8 40.9 42.8 40.1 * Abs. 49 33.0 32.8 39.0 40.3 41.2 39.4 Abs. 50 32.0 30.4 37.4 36.8 46.6 38.7 Abs. 51 39.0 31.4 37.2 38.3 40.8 39.2 50.3 52 36.4 28.0 34.4 36.5 39.9 36.9 49.3 53 29.0 36.8 33.6 36.5 39.9 41.8 52.6 54 39.2 29.6 39.2 33.9* 39.0 36. I 50.6 55 33.4 31.4 35.2 39.9* 45.8 37.8 49.3 56 32.0 30.4 36.2 37.3* 53.5 57 38.0 33.4 35.8* 36.1* 51.1 58 31.6 35.0 35.6* 38.2* 53.7 59 36.8 34.6 41.0* 36.9 Abs. 60 32.8 32.8 32.8* 37.0 52.1* 61 35.2 28.8 31.4* 37.1 50.3* 62 39.2 34.2 33.0 35.7 51.7* 63 38.4 28.8 33.4 33.6 48.7 64 33.6 31.4 34.6 35.3 51.8 65 31.8 31.4 33.6 38.3 50.5 66 30.7 30.5 33.2 37.5 49.8 67 32.7 31.6 32.2 31.7 49.7 68 34.8 32.2 31.6 33.9 53.2 69 34.1 31.3 31.9 33.1 50.6 70 34.4 30.2 31.7 37.1 48.8 71 37.9 29.7 29.7 39.7 49.1 72 30.9 28.9 30.8 35.9 50.0 73 33.1 30.6* 30.3 36.1 Abs. 74 32.9 27.6* 30.0 37.6 48.3 75 32.3 38.7* 30.4 34.0 46.3 76 28.6 27.3* 28.0 35.2 49.7 77 32.4 27.0* 28.4 33.8 49.3 Mental Tests 47 TABLE XI— (Continued) Dec. 21, 1911- Sept. 29. 1912- April 19- Nov. 13. 1913- Date March 30, 1912 Jan. 7. 1913 June 12, 1913 Feb. 5. 1914 Day Ml I Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 78 28. ? 27. 2 30.5 34.4 51.0 79 27. a 27. 5 28.4 35.2 46.8 80 27. 7 28. 2 29.6 36.0 52.3* 81 30. 5 29. 2 29.0 34.0 49.4* 82 29. 3 25. 7 26.7 32.8 49.2* 83 27. < ? 26. 5 29.2* 32.2 47.7* 84 30.8 25. 3 28.7* 34.0 48.3* 85 29.3 27.. 5 28.8* 39.7 47.7 86 26. 1 27. I 25.6* 35.4 87 29.6 29.' 1 30.0* 32.1* 88 29.4 28.6 29.8 35.5* 89 29.9 29.5 28.9 31.7* 90 26.7 24.8 29.9 33.4* 91 28.3 26.7 26.9 33.5* 92 23.6 25.6 26.4 31.7 93 35.5 94 33.7 95 32.5 96 33.1 97 34.3 98 30.7 99 33.5 100 33.7 101 36.2 48 Functional Periodicity If) O) § ^ O a: C 2 g Q U H piS > o u o >-. H , 30C^C»5t^ /i< •? rs « Q Z Q >-> ^i o i i £i £ COt>-VN'H . .-no 0> •* 00 M •* CO O M in ^D (S t^ OT Lfl5O'*minj3CMtC--iC100;OTTT?<^TjNM . .-I.-1MCMM I I 11 il I I I i I i i I I I I 1 I J, .-iMinOinONC~'HCO>-iul)-HOMC~Mt~COOO QQ>^ fa S M ■q"«>Lf5-*mirtco«Mt~LnT)'r-cc<5'HTr«N oot>y3t>ooff);aMcccooocv)aimMcvji.oowt^ io-coco-^Md-^ lONC^tOlO-fl'OlOgt^lNOONt^XCMOiO C^r-l^-irtCON rt -H r-( CO M W 'H rH r-l rH C^J oooot>ooo>'.om'«j'(ooc^oomt~'-iowc^'-< o^t^wao-fl"viotnT}'CT*oevj-* — ooo>c>- TfTtcocococococococoMcoconcococac^pj -Hc^c^rqr^c Mental Tests 49 o X w PQ < 5^ otflin— "•-ioo'*ooco>-iT)'r-n/5-*f40oifi'«'o (On-HN-HMN-^NMNCON-HNMrHMMO 1 < ♦ ♦ ♦ ooooirsmcoTfco^^o^N'Hoooooaic^ c~toinLOiommi/:irtmi/3iOLOinmm-fl"T«-<3'Tr 5 w Q wowoinoinoirtO'^c^OMiooino'^ Z Q ^ fc ^'-^ t^-HOt^-H^O'*NNO)i-iOO -«-< rt.-■ < rH'i'oitoc^oo < OWOOlt^CMCOCOCO'^Ot^M' ir50>c^joor~'^t^conir)cor-.M 13 u 2 April 19-April 22 23- 26 27- 30 May 1-May 4 5- 8 9- 12 13- 17 18- 22 23- 26 27- 31 June 1-June 5 6- 10 11- 12 50 Functional Periodicity « rt ( > -1" rt Id s* O la is a i$ > o M ,j J (■■) b XI >< < x; O >. lO u m +j H k< Q «5 S^ O •< XI -tJ WJ c M •d D 3 a o to X >> — 1 Q O ex I-. •— 1 o n'l « "3 t— 1 X z S w IS o t- >, z 5 < < n u w H en Sl^ H d Z Tv U tn s s.s -?.y « o d ^ * • II w >< M-TVO occoc t^TTCO W (0 •"H-O OMO ■V-"V MON •>?•«• 'I' n-vn NMCO ^-° ir!r~0 lOT'* t^OOin •"TNT COMT Nin >■ ►< <" •n >. >> V- rt c •Sf?,^ NO.-* «0!BTf ^toto c -J M l^'TI OOMOO ^ain OC{J)-H B s .^'^ CTfl-CO Mroco CMNCO UJ U < " >.• cviwa> (C — N NCOO Lonoi CONt^ •VM-* =^a oino) -HOOW -HOON S^ N'-M ^ N - -< w •OS 00O05 Mwin OJOM inii t^inoo OOC? t^OOOl n rOTTM COCCM NCMM > < r- ■"3-OOW OMtO tOTtt» (ONCO MT?-.t -hco\d >6 COO-* Ot>(B -too S^ ^-^^ -H-H^ -^ * •o c C^OlOO 0OM'05 PTTCO MMC3 MCVIM >•= - < >. MC-.tO 01 ^D-- CCOCO TT Tj- inin(0 «NLn >d (OTft^ 05MN o^ooo ^c^ ^ -" -HNN r-l rH CO re 4) (COlt^ ■"fOlN Ninoo OONW NOtO OlOCO Cj'fl'M CTree C^MCO > < o n^ TJti oS ca £ 5 o CO £SS fcfcs c c c E E •u T3 •-I N M Mental Tests 51 u *J >> ♦ 00 (BO ooooo OtOOO » 00 to CO '^•a CO coco Ti !>[>[> OOt^tO CM -100 MMLO TtlOtO ■-I1XO LOCO CO WMCO oa>Ti> tO'*-* LO05-< i-i^M N^N CM CM -, - . o > X * to cor- wood CM COLO ■^COCO * t^CM-* N-o> 00 00 00 CM CM CM ■S 5- « c ■a— u c/5 W 4JT3 oooco •vcoco t^inoo ■*CMCO CO CO CO rH'*00 ootot^ CM CM CM s- ■^inoo -HCOLO 00 to to CMt^Ol rtTtCO ■*->J'CO CMthcO LOCMOl >6 ■ o tocsin to^rcq oincM ■*c^to -^^ ^-H^ '-' -H CM " 11 NlrtOl rjioto oc^c^ t^OCM > < MIXJJ TCCOCO CO CO CO COrHCM CO CO CO ^•Lo^o CM CM CM i'^ 05 0)'* OOi-* tow* CMCO>-l ■*CSHO L0-* W C^I>lfi ^ COCO NMcn -itOOl C-TfO CM05O) MrtN NrHrH CM CM CM ^ >> CO bo ■o C * » 05 01 Tj< * COOOLO * to LOO < -HCV3 10 ^ CO CO Ttrt to CO CO CO 00 00 CD CM CM CM 2 iM^rt ■^•^(N CM CO to LOCM— ( F-lCOt^ ■*COrt CO to 00 eM-*T)> to CO 00 00 CM-* -HrHO t>-HCM r-IlM ^rx .-ICMCO -,-, < f-0«5 otoin TfCOOO tooco CM to-* ■*coco toco-* CO CO CO oor~o> CM CM CM 5 3 D C Eb ^ 11 CM If I! £2 CM If II i to c E T3 C CI c o E •a CO c o E •* 52 Functional Periodicity 3 .s c o U X VI CO » CO CO CO * CO ^^ o CO o CO o c^ o * o d * CT> CO ♦ in CO CO •2 ^ « c C 0-- d d CO CO >. o o CO o CO 00 1 o (0 " < d n CO CO CO CO ^-° o <£> CO CO >6 ■ o «> t~ -: "0 c < * CO d CO CM CO CO ^-° CO <£> CO d >6 • 0) TC <£> CM CM < N •* O t> CO 00 CO H O Id n D C/3 (I. c<- c^ c E c E C CM c E •g CO • » w >, Ll!0 CM'* "■O irfS> oin TT-T •f* 5- «5 00 • ^t- CM-< >6 t^OO ot^ T^ CO "* T3T3 w * * ^co OlCM CO 00 oco TtTt •TI' > X <" T3 >. M 6 -HN -^o . V 2C/5 rt-H •-IM >. n 00 CM NC^ LOCi cote CJl-H n ■q""? CO't > <: >.o LO-H CM-H s" CM CM >d -c-01 2C/3 -ICO to >. » * ■Oc t^t> 00 to UO i; cot^ oco t TJ" Tf* >■= < ^^ ot^ 0>0i -^co CM CM >o t~00 CM CO ■ u gc/^ -1 -H-< 0) >. « oj A «oo> CM>-I CM 00 -Hlrt ^^ TTTf TtTT > < o O u n 5 c o c o C/3 CM •CM is a^ j: .d c o E c T) -< CM " Menial Tests S3 u * 1 » « w >> to rt M oj ro -ht3 CD N to >.o 00 "* W ^J o t^ t> ■ u ^c« ^ B.S * * » to o t> -?=^ in ,_f OO' . -o in in ■q" > ?= <^ •o >> to u O CC flj o ra c •a j-t: in ■* 5 £ in w trt M i-^ ~^ o S ^ N >o <£> ^ ■ V ^^ '-' to •a •OS n M LOii n d ^o. > m in ^i ^ < u £ >vO rt CO ■* O s^^ M -'^ pj Q a: >d N t~ CM o ■ o s^ '" '^ K >. c« bo * * « T3 = 00 • 10 in T)< < i^° 10 in in S "* CM CO >j CO t^ • o S'-^> '" '"' m >. CO V "1 o ■V to 00 ei 00 in m •^ > < 1- u b) ffl D W t£J . cit., p. 5, 59. 3 Stern, Die Uiffcrentielle Psychologic, 1911, p. 488. * E. L. Thorndike, op. cit., pp. 168-169. 56 Ftinctiotial Periodicity be found in the case of any twelve averages taken at random from the table. The mean variability of records made during critical periods reveals no uniform tendency. The M. V.'s for the opposites test are greater than those for the tapping test ; yet they are low enough to demonstrate that the figures are (juite reliable. Table XVI was compiled in the same way as Table III, described under the tapping test. The purpose of Table XVI, as of Table III in the tapping test, is to compare the average performance of the critical period with a standard of efficiency (which is the average of the averages of periods immediately before and after) ; to examine into the average performance of four critical days, excluding the first ; and to determine whether the first day shows a remarkable degree of impairment. Fi is first considered in this table. On the first month, while the records were more variable than later, owing to the great amount of practice, the record of Fi for the critical period is 38.9''' as compared with 37.0, the standard of efficiency for that particular period. The difference is, however, within the M. V. On the remaining two months the records of the critical periods equal the standards (30.i*-29.8, and 2y.2*-2y.Q, respectively). In the case of F2 the first two periods do not measure up to their standards (3i.2*-29.8, and 27.7*-26.3, respectively). The difference between the first of these, however, is within the M. V. On the remaining two months the records of the critical periods equal the standards (24.5*-24.3, and 23.9*-23.7, re- spectively). In the case of F3 the critical period is twice the same as the standard (32.7*-32.8, and 29.8*-29.8, respectively), and once slightly worse than the standard (39-9*-39-3), the difference being within the M. V. The record of F4 shows the critical period to be twice slightly worse than the standard (33.7*-32.9, and 25.2*-24.5, respec- tively), the difference being both times within the M. V. The record of F6 shows the critical period to be slightly better than the standard in one of the two cases where the record for the whole month was completed (54.8*-56.o), and in the other instance to be slightly worse than the standard (39.5"'-38.6), these dififerences being well within the M. V. Controlled Association 57 It must be concluded that this experiment discovers no real influence, either adverse or favorable, on the average of per- formance for critical periods. An examination of the control records will show the same result that the critical records yield. Turning now to the first days, it is seen in the case of Fi that all records for first days are very slightly worse than the aver- ages in which they are included, as well as slightly worse than the averages that precede them. The first two months for F2 show first days considerably worse than the averages in which they are included, and worse than the averages preceding them. On the last two critical periods for F2 the first days equal the averages in which they are included. The record of F3 shows one first day worse than the record in which it is included, one the same as the record in which it is included, and one slightly better than the record in which it is included. F4 shows one first day worse and one first day better than the average in which it is included. F6 shows one first day better and two first days worse than the averages in which they are respectively included. This general result would seem to indicate a degree of im- pairment on first days in the opposites test, nine first days out of the fifteen herein recorded being worse than the averages in which they are respectively included, as well as worse than the average which precedes. But a scrutiny of control records shows the same " worseness " on pseudo-first days, as witness for example the record of Mi (control for F2) on the fourth month, or the record of F2 (control for Fi) on the first month. This fact, combined with the smallness of the differences, ren- ders the conclusion very doubtful that there is genuine impair- ment on first days. The only degree of " worseness " which is noticeable is in the case of the first two first days for F2, and it must be remembered that on these days F2 suffered pain for a short time. It seems not at all improbable that the opposites test was adversely affected by this suffering, especially since F2 shows no impairment whatever on the two remaining first days, when no pain was experienced. When curves are platted from Tables XIV and XV, the menstrual periods are not characterized by inefficiency. The curves follow the downward direction of the ordinary practice curve, as they did in the case of the color naming. No period 58 Functional Periodicity of maximum efficiency recurring regularly in each month and no " cycle " are revealed, even after the curves have attained a fair practice level. On the whole, the performances of Fi, F2, F3, F4 and F6 follow the same course as those of Mi and M2, and are distinguished from the latter by no peculiarities. As in the case of the color naming, it may be objected that this test, after many repetitions, became automatic, and that the processes of association, inhibition, etc., were no longer truly measured, although the varying order of the words did pre- clude the possibility of pure memory work. Therefore five trials were made with each subject when the experiment was entirely finished, as follows. The opposites to the words on the card were typewritten in exactly the same way as the words them- selves, in two vertical columns. The subject then read the opposites, turning the card over, and performing exactly as he or she had done previously. The records for these trials are given below. They show how far the process was from being automatic, even after more than a hundred and twenty-five trials. The subjects could articulate the opposites when placed before them, about twice as rapidly as they could call them up by association and articulate them. Reading Opposites Trial Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 1 13.8 13.2 14.0 13.2 14.0 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.2 13.6 15.6 14.8 14.0 15.0 12.4 16.0 17.0 16.8 16.0 16.8 13.8 14.2 13.0 12.8 13.8 14.4 13.0 12.4 13.0 12.8 15.2 2 14.6 3 14.0 4 13.6 5 14.2 Controlled Association 59 TABLE XIV Daily Record of the Opposites Test Time required (in seconds) to give 50 opposites, by individuals Ml, Fl, F2, F3, AI2, F4 and F6. The menstrual periods are denoted by stars (*). Dec. 21, 1911- Sept. 29, 1912- April 19- Nov. 13, 1913- Date March 30, 1912 Jan. 7, 1913 June ] 12, 1913 Feb. 5 ,1914 Day Ml Fl F2 F3 M2 F4 F6 1 48.4 73.8 35.4 60.6 92.0 81.7 131.6 2 42.2 62.8 33.0 53.5 64.0 64.7 78.7 3 45.0 67.0 32.2 54.1 63.4 55.3 83.2 4 51.4 63.2 30.6 65.6 64.0 53.3 73.6 5 45.6 52.0 33.8* 51.1 55.9 50.0 62.4 6 43.2 51.6 32.0* 60.2 62.1 46.0 80.1 7 39.0 47.2 31.4* 54.6 57.7 42.9 62.8 8 42.2 40.0 36.2* 62.4 62.0 40.0 63.6 9 46.0 38.0 33.0* 48.8 53.2 41.7 63.0 10 39.0 41.0 30.6 50.3 59.0 38.1 59.6 11 39.4 39.4 28.8 49.8 51.3 41.6 60.4 12 39.6 37.8* 27.2 51.4 56.6 37.6 Abs. 13 41.8 39.2* 28.6 50.9 49.7 37.8 56.6 14 42.0 39.6* 29.4 48.4 53.4 33.2 57.8* 15 33.4 40.0* 29.6 46.0 48.5 31.5 53.2* 16 39.6 41.8* 25.6 44.6 48.2 35.4 57.5* 17 39.0 35.4 26.6 46.6 50.0 35.0* 52.1* 18 32.4 39.0 31.8 48.2 50.5 32.7* 53.4* 19 35.6 38.6 24.0 42.1 44.1 33.4* 57.5 20 36.0 33.0 29.6 42.4 50.1 33.5* 57.2 21 35.0 39.0 31.0 43.6 53.8 33.7 48.5 22 39.0 32.2 26.6 38.1 45.6 31.7 47.7 23 34.0 37.0 Abs. 43.4 41.0 30.4 49.5 24 31.8 32.0 Abs. 44.7 44.0 29.5 49.1 25 34.0 40.0 26.2 38.9 43.5 27.7 47.9 26 38.0 32.0 28.0 43.4* 42.0 29.3 46.1 27 30.2 32.8 28.0 38.9* 39.3 27.1 50.0 28 37.0 37.4 30.4 39.0* 45.2 28.4 47.4 29 30.8 33.6 29.4 40.0* 45.8 26.0 48.1 30 37.0 31.6 27.4 38.1* 36.0 27.2 46.8 31 30.8 36.0 26.4 37.4 39.3 26.0 49.2 32 26.6 31.0 26.6* 34.7 39.2 28.0 48.0 33 35.0 34.2 27.0* 38.6 38.0 27.2 47.0 34 41.4 34.4 27.4* 37.9 39.3 27.2 48.1 35 37.6 31.0 30.4* 36.0 37.5 26.9 45.9 36 35.2 32.0 27.4* 34.6 45.7 26.0 45.8 37 33.8 30.2 27.0 34.7 45.7 25.9 44.5 38 32.8 32.4 26.4 32.1 36.0 27.2 45.6 39 33.2 31.0 27.2 37.5 42.0 26.0 44.8 40 32.4 31.8* 25.8 33.4 45.2 25.5 44.7 41 30.6 29.0* 27.0 31.8 42.7 25.4 40.6 42 29.0 28.4* 24.4 36.0 41.2 23.6 42.9 43 30.8 32.0* 26.0 31.6 38.9 26.2 38.5 44 30.0 30.4* 24.6 34.6 35.3 24.5* 40.2 45 33.4 30.2 28.4 33.2 36.7 25.6* 42.8 46 34.2 31.4 26.4 32.2 33.0 23.8* 40.4 47 32.4 26.4 27.4 30.1 39.7 27.2* Abs. 48 31.2 29.4 27.6 30.3 38.6 24.7* Abs, 49 28.0 30.2 23.8 33.3 29.7 23.8 Abs. 50 31.4 30.2 27.0 34.8 35.2 24.8 Abs. 60 Functional Periodicity TABLE XIV— (Continued) Date Day 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Dec. 21. 1911- March 30, 1912 Ml 35.4 37.6 35.4 31.6 31.6 31.0 30.2 29.8 37.8 28.6 26.6 29.8 27.4 29.2 28.8 30.6 30.2 31.2 28.9 31.8 32.3 30.8 34.0 31.9 28.2 28.3 29.7 32.7 28.3 28.3 29.3 29.9 32.5 29.0 33.5 32.4 35.7 29.7 31.8 29.4 Fl 31.6 29.2 30.8 30.8 30.0 25.2 30.0 28.2 30.8 27.8 27.8 32.8 29.6 31.8 29.0 26.8 29.7 26.1 29.0 29.6 27.4 27.5 30.6* 27.9* 24.0* 27.8* 26.1* 25.5 30.1 26.6 25.2 26.6 29.0 25.3 26.5 26.9 26.7 25.9 25.3 24.0 29.3 23.4 30.4 24.9 29.2 25.8 F2 23.4 27.0 25.2 24.4 24.6 22.4 27.6* 22.0* 22.8* 24.0* 24.2* 19.6 27.0 28.0 23.0 24.0 25.3 22.4 28.5 24.4 23.4 24.0 27.0 23.5 21.4 23.0 23.7 22.6 26.3 24.7 22.5 24.0 26.2* 23.0* 23.7* 23.6* 24.3* 25.0 22.8 24.1 23.1 23.1 24.0 Sept. 29. 1912- Jan. 7, 1913 F3 33.8 29.4 30.9 32.6* 31.4* 36.7* 31.2* 31.6* 33.4 32.8 34.4 33.6 32.2 32.6 31.1 31.8 34.4 29.5 31.9 30.7 29.9 29.6 34.7 33.3 30.9 33.6 31.6 29.5 28.0 30.2 32.3 31.0 26.9 27.2 30.7 30.4 29.5* 31.4* 30.1* 29.7* 28.1* 26.5 32.3 32.9 29.0 32.0 31.1 31.1 26.3 29.4 28.6 April 19- June 12, 1913 M2 33.3 36.1 31.7 32.9 36.2 F4 22.4 23.2 24.0 20.3 21.5 Nov. 13, 1913 Feb. 5. 1914 F6 43.3 40.4 43.1 39.4 44.6 41.5 41.0 41.0 Abs. 39.0* 39.1* 40.6* 36.0 36.9 36.1 39.4 36.2 37.9 34.3 34.4 36.8 36.8 Abs. 34.4 32.9 36.6 37.5 31.9 33.8 35.4* 33.3* 33.8* 34.7* 35.0* 34.3 Controlled Association 61 > S < •o c .^ •<: c3 d) M to •n a o o (4 Id a a< "rt i" a < ^ m § O s Cft d) O 'C < o a •c u OJ > o, <: g 03 i-i z en o C H B E H > o w ?: M o H o V) > g H t-c to X o 2 O s t3 c CQ 1 o CI] H ^ b) tXQ H '■5 (A (3 U) 3 O o O >, Cm XI O M c g E § (A TJ Q •c tJ a . < Q :^ :^ mt-'^01MOO»H.-(lrti-lLOO)00'H.-c>tcOCJI>MOO ococooot^owiO'^mcMc^MOi'^'^ONoomco «rt.-(NM c/}0 .D ^ rH Mf-(N<;>-I •"! 1-1 rH N N N --I — I -H r-( NONlOtO . rf 05 t~ ;D C~ ■* O) to W LO --t O O) ■<1' 05 -.oOX100COf~inOLOMT)<-*--(tONt^Nt>noo ii I I moooO'-iooo—i'-it^c~0(0'*oaiNt^coirtN ini-odirJwoot^c^'S"*^0(CoeQ'-i-oo coin •-1NCM--I "Hi-I rt rt r-l i-H .-H i-H 1-1 t»00-^OHONTf*-Hi-i-HTtlrtTjiO)lONlOOOr- --INt^Nt^Nt^^ -Mt~ 1q4 62 Functional Periodicity c o U > X H U III ffi U5 i^ ooooN^ininoiNt^oorocoo-nOTjiteoo P5O5«t00M— i-HLONN'^rO'^-HTfrOLfJCMO >6 in •c^oofoevjNC~oiN'^e>jooot»^t~esjoit*o NlO<-iM'*-H evj.-. M •o in o > < » • • ooino)oo^^oooco^£»5oooinMO>iO'^-^M s s c^ooai-jrtN'^^onoioin>*-»f'»f 0)<£iinininTf»fTj"«)"Tf4CO ^ ^ i -2 coti'-i^is-Hti-Hiirt^i.-iLAoo-HTj.t^^ii^ir ^ ^ S •£ Z Q ^ fc m >. ooTtt^-H-HinNOimoooooi Ot^t<£>NTJ6 oicoW'Ht^ ■ 05 m CO-HN ' ' —1 " (0 « •o Ifl >' < * • oot^ooinc^cot^-iincoNtoo MTf'oi'^M — t>."t^(DininMO <£>-<)'MMCO«CMlMpgNNNPq a Q April 19-April 22 23- 26 27- 30 May 1-May 4 5- 8 9- 12 13- 17 18- 22 23- 26 27- 31 June 1-June 5 6- 10 11- 12 u u 3 D ^^° s a)Tfi-not^intDO)Oiooinoo5 (otoooooMOio-Hinwoot^ •a in o < doiindoddcood-HNiDc^TjI t>minm-^-wm-v^nnn 01 Q April 19-April 22 23- 26 27- 30 May 1-May 4 5- 8 9- 12 13- 17 18- 22 23- 26 27- 31 June 1-June 5 6- 10 11- 12 Controlled Association 63 « H O z <: o" Q tn >< G H - ° s U o ™ a. "^ 3 Qi r^ »- t^ '^ -tJ CO C;f; o c G Q cj ca "4-1 O 4) o C y C . S'H o o o <- rt C t-i o 'w o_>, « « « II 4-1 >. OtDTj" OOOO oooco ■-"O OOIM MOO r^cooo •<3"(Mc«: MMCO C^PJC^ >.» •tOlM •VLOO inOiO TfoOt^ IrtTji^q. intlO >SJ t~-*t> tOCJCO LONlrt ^" -HNN ^^^ » ♦ ♦ t-~Ot^ (£>t>U5 -ICO 00 Tf 3^ OOt^lD O-.IDN r-'^O) u WNCO N x <« •o >> >. u u. O T3 "ii OOOO r^OO ooo c o'G "'"^_! t^05t^ OtCM t^Tf^ ra g ^^ c MCMM COIN CO C^JC^ICO c/) U < "« ^^ ooC^5 OOCMLft t^min -HtCCft CO-d r~ioo) ust^o OOt^ :§=^ N-H,-l ^co -H^-^ >. •OS «5-HN -HOOt^ IfJOOO wt; rfOiin OlOC^l U5C0O (0 CONM COC^JCO CJC^JCO > < ^MM LfJ-HfO i>or~ T)>OH> •^Tyq" UlinTt >o oin'xi Tt-HTJ. tJ>NtJ" ^^ ^NIM '-"■"-' -,-,-. # * # •o C OlOO r^tON c^j-d ^>o^3 Tj-om Tj"lOt> ^ 9; 15 c« '~' i-lt-Crt t-Ct-d-H 0) >. "1 rfOiV -IrHCO Lnocj OlOOO otr>^ r^-^-H COCM-* COCVICO cqpqco < 8,^ S^ oS 03 §§ u l« fcfcS fcfciS bblg c c o E c o E •B T3 "^ N CO 64 Functional Periodicity a a o U > X w < » ^ • * w >> MOM TtOlO OOOXi lOOi-V '"-0 500M O-ir- ■*r~oo COtfiM rj-^-* CO CO CO MMM MM,"0 ^- -t-HO) ^tOT COOIO in-(0 (fJCOTf —IMM ^m-r Mro<0 >6 OlMO CO 00 00 00 00 CO (OOO-i ^ rtrtM M-H-H M ta.5 * * * • 05^0 O'tOO C^COCO ^int^ OlO'H t^^ro •tooo Tfin^ Nco- !:* <« n >. >. t. u ^s,^ rt c oo^~o COOl t roioo t^tfiM s U n ^"S-, Olf-M lO-HN 'too— 1 COIOO 3 te .^^ evjT}..^ MCOCO MMCO MMCO Cfl M < ^ j- 00f~- lOMin CO I" CO OO-q-M fHCOrt oin-* 00 COO ocoo> •fl-ooin r-I^M ^^ M-< >. « •o ^* LnMM ^OCO^O (O-HOl TftXO m£ r^OiO) inoo ■^ooa> co-*o> . « MCOM MCOCO MMM MMM > < > 00«5Oi OlMCO oocot^ MIOC^ OOMt roM-..-< Tt rrooo COIO^ coco-^ MCOCO MCOM MMCO t.-° < i- UllOf- Tf.-cr- TfOlM MOO to MM'O -HlrtM OOlOt^ TITO in ^^ OO^O •-,-. CO >> •Sa; OMOO OlTj-M (JiOO-< oinoo MOT SDCOtJ- COOOM ■*^oo ■^ nm-^ MCOCO MMCO MMCO > < oti p^ oe oti 3 §§ go Ir n w ^c^SS M^^ (I.&,2 fcU-2 c o E c o E c o E c o E •a •o A I-" M CO •* 1 to C n c: <** » o CO * M CO ♦ 00 oi M ■2 t a c C u CO oi CO 00 CO 00 an M ^^ ■* 00 M . a; lO «5 M C^i a > < CO CO CO CO in d CO >. 00 CO to M ii in to 00 ■a c < ♦ CO • M CO * 00 M >. M in M to >6 ■ CI «5 M M 00 (0 < M M CO M oi M o u 3 C/5 u. c^ c 6 1 E j: c E ■a u c^ Controlled Association 65 > i < » ♦ *- >. oo w^o to c3 '-00 r-<00 lO CO'-O >tj MOO .-HW ^t/) c^ ^(N n.S ^ ^ NN CO 00 MOO W<£) CO-^ fJCO > X <** 73 >. >> t- 03 C Ol^ wto C O'u "'':^_ (MOO -*t~ •2 £ .J&^ CO-* NCO en M i - ^- in in oo TfW coys >J ■tfOl c-o . u ^cn rHCO eg >. M ■°s rO'H «3CV1 uiH rttO coco . " CO-* rqco > < rHt> ow c^^ -*w >o C^CO oo s^ N ^Cvj CO >. (Q tuO ♦ » •o c t^t^ csit~ CO 00 w« CO-* CvJCO < ^- rtto 00 00 !£>C0 PJCO >u -hX t^«D . (U gen C^-H '^ CO < WO COO ■*o in CM cow C^Jt o o O Id i; n 3 c C o o il^ (is J= ^ c 1 c E T3 — C-I 1 ♦J >. * 00 w * o oi CO * •* LO CO s- CO CO o o CM s- 00 00 t^ ''I » -* w ♦ (Jl CO • CM * CO T3 >> « c O w to 00 CO ^-° o oej - gen C<1 * -* CS ■as wii > < CM w CO to M 1 ^1 i- CM -* t> q CM >6 . 4; gen CO CM t^ t^ cfl to ■a c ^'§ < * 00 -* w w CO ♦ -* •* CO s" o CO o d w w >6 ■ v gen 00 q d <3i 0! < cji w o ■* •* CO u a en c o 6 5 E ■o s CM c E •o CO VIII LEARNING Typewriting As a test of ability to Icatvi during physiological periods type- writing was chosen, for three reasons: it combines all of the simple processes already tested here ; it affords a task easy to standardize; subjects will consent to spend time and effort on it, because they are learning something of benefit to them- selves, whereas they excuse themselves from learning nonsense syllables, multiplying, etc. Three subjects took part in the type- writing experiment, — F2, F3 and F5. F2 was already some- what proficient ; F3 was familiar with the mechanism of the typewriter, but had used it only a few times previous to the beginning of this experiment ; F5 was also familiar with the mechanism, but had just begun to operate the machine. F5 learned by the touch method. F2 and F3 learned by the sight method. The task was to write each day at approximately the same hour, for 28 days, a page from Oscar Wilde's " De Profundis." This book was chosen for the purely incidental reason that it happened to be at hand in a cheap edition which could easily be torn apart. About the same number of words was printed on each page. The subject recorded the time of each perform- ance to the half minute. The number of corrected and of uncorrected errors was counted afterwards. Table XVII gives the record of each subject in full. Figures I, 2 and 3 show these records graphically. No rise in the time required is noted at menstrual periods. The process of learn- ing goes forward unarrested in so far as these records indicate. 66 Learning 67 TABLE XVII Learning: Typewriting Time required (in minutes) to write one page of "De Profundis," together with corrected and uncorrected errors, for individuals F2, F3 and F5. The menstrual periods are denoted by stars (*). Trial 1 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 F2 Time C. Uc. Errors Errors 6.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.5" 5.0" 5.0"' 5.0'' 5.0" 5.0 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.5 F3 Time C. Errors 15.5 14.0 13.0 11.0 10.0 13.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 9.5 9.0" 9.0" 9.0" 9.0" 8.5" 9.0 10.5 8.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 Uc. Errorc 3 6 3 4 3 1 5 4 6 5 3 3* 3* 4* 6* 6* 5 6 7 3 6 6 3 7 6 6 7 5 Time 13.0 11.0 10.5 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.5 10.5 9.0 11.0 9.0* 9.0* 8.5* 8.0* 8.0* 9.0* 8.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 F5 C. Errors 4 2 7 5 7 6 3 10 4" 1" 6" 1" 6" 6" 6 3 4 6 7 2 4 9 8 10 5 1 Uc. Errors 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1* 2* 1* 0* 0* 1* 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 f /a II /J. /J /♦■ yj- /« /7 II /f ju jti Jx a a* jr ** 2.? if Figure i. — Subject F2. Typewriting. 68 Functional Periodicity Q^Y I i 3 y >" t 7 t t /» /I It- f» '* 'y /* n /s /9 i» It tt. 21 IV t.i- zjb xi z» "■y Figure 2. — Subject F3. Typewriting. IS- 0*J I 'Z 3 Y ■>' 6 7 t ■J /" ^^ IX 'i I*- /y /t O // 19 JL» ii 2JL a i^ int X7 i$ Figure 3. — Subject F5. Typewriting. Figures i, 2 and 3. Explanatory notes. Curves A = corrected errors. Curves B =1 uncorrected errors. Curves C = time of performance (in minutes). IX CURVES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES COM- PARED WITH CURVES OF MENTAL AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE In 1882 Stephenson^ published a number of curves platted from Jacobi's figures, which he analyzed according to a method fully set forth in his article on the subject. Jacobi's records comprised observations on temperature, pulse and the excre- tion of urea. These curves are reproduced in Figure 4, page 78. The line O represents the course which would have been fol- lowed by the functions measured if they had not fluctuated, but had maintained the average straight across the month. When the curve dips below the line O, the function measured falls lower than the average; when the curve rises above, the func- tion is above the average. The curves begin on the first day of the menstrual period. Of the two curves platted along the same average the solid line represents temperature and the broken line pulse. The curves indicate in a fairly uniform way a fluctuation within each month, and both Jacobi and Stephenson connect this fluctuation with menstruation as a cause, or at least as a closely related and coincident phenomenon. The chief criticism on these data is that no control records were taken on men of the same age and same general condition in life, to determine whether this fluctuation in vital functioning is peculiar to women. In a general way these curves by Stephenson agree with Van Ott's curve, Figure 12. Van Ott^ also found that the highest 1 Stephenson. On the Menstrual Wave, Am. Jour. Ohstet., 1882, vol. 15. 2 Van Ott, Des Lois de la Periodicite da la Fonction Physiologique dans I'Organisme Feminin, Nouv. Arch. Obstet., 1890. " Outre rccherches sur la temperature, le pouls, la pression sanguine Cspygmanometre de F>asch) nous avons entrepris des nouvelles recherches sur la chalcur rayonnant. la force musculairc, la capacite pulmonaire, la force d'inspiration et d'expiration, sur I'etat du systeme nerveux, en nous bassant sur le temps de reaction des reflexes tendineux." . . . " I. Rayonnement Calorique. — Les experiences ont porte sur 4 femmes 69 70 Functional Periodicity point for physiological functions was reached just before men- struation. A quotation from his address dehvered before the International Congress in Berlin in 1890 follows: "In addition to researches on temperature, pulse, blood pressure (Basch spygmanometer), we undertook to make pioneer experiments on caloric radiation, muscular force, pulmonary capacity, inspiration and expira- tion, and on the state of the nervous system, using the reaction time of the tendinous reflex." The experiments are described separately thus : " I. Caloric Radiation. — The experiments were made on 4 women, com- prising 10 periods. The thermofugostope of Arnshen was used. The tests were always made at the same point on the chest. "2. Muscular Energy. — 16 women and 20 menstrual periods. Measure- ments made with both hands with the Collin dynamometer (with 2 pointers). " 3. Vital Capacity and Vital Force. — 19 women and 19 periods. Hutch- inson spirometer and Waldenburg pneumometer. "4. Reaction Time of the Tendinous Reflex of the Knee. — ^4 women and 4 menstrual periods. Experiments performed by means of a small hammer especially invented for researches of this kind by Dr. Daniel. (See 'Seances et Memoirs de la Societe de Biologic,' 1882, p. 595.)" In summing up the results of his experiment Van Ott says, " We found that the energy of functic«is of the female organism is augmented before the beginning of menstruation, and dimin- ished immediately before or with the onset of the hemorrhage. et 10 periodes menstruelles, pratiquees avec le thermofugostope d* Arnshen ; elles ont toujours ete faites sur un seul et meme point de la poitrine. " 2. Force Musculaire. — 16 f emmes et 20 periodes menstruelles. Mesures prises aux deux mains avec le dynamometre de Collin (avec 2 aiguilles). "3. Capacite Pulmonaire et Force de VExcursion Puhnonaire. — 19 femmes avec 19 periodes menstruelles. Spirometre Hutchinson et pneu- mometre de Waldenburg. "4. Temps de Reaction du Reflexe Tendineux du Gennu. — 4 femmes avec 4 periodes menstruelles. Experiences pratiquees avec un petit marteau invente specialement pour ce genre de recherches par le Dr. Daniel. (Comptes rendus des Seances et Memoirs de la Societe dc Biologic, 1882, p. 595-)" . . . " Nous avons trouve que I'energie des fonctions de I'organisme feminin augmente avant le debut de la menstruation et diminue au contraire immediatement) avant ou avec de debut de I'hemorrhagie. " Je ne veux pas, Messieurs, vous f atiguer par I'enonce des details et par I'enumeration de tons les chiffres, car ils seront relates dans un travail plus considerable qui paraitra sur le sujet. " Quoique j'ai deja dit que ce schema represente le type des oscilla- tions de toutes les fonctions sur lesquelles ont porte nos recherches. je dois faire observer que I'excitabilite maxima du systeme nerveux reste parfois un peu au-dessous, tandis qu'elle atteint son summum pendant la menstruation elle meme ; ceci est confirme par I'ensemble de tous les cas observes. II en est de meme du rayonnement calorique, qui atteint son maximum pendant I'ecoulment menstruel." Curves of Physiological Processes 71 " I will not tire you, gentlemen, with a recital of the details and the enumeration of all the figures, for these will be given in a work much more considerable on this subject." Unfortunately this promised book never appeared, so far as the present writer is able to discover, and no figures whatever are given in this address. We are not told who were his sub- jects; whether they were women in the hospital or women who were perfectly well, and normal as to menstruation ; whether they knew the purpose of the experiment, or were naive. For these several reasons it is impossible to examine and analyze Van Ott's data, for purposes of comparison with the present study. The curve which he constructed (Figure 12) is a mere schematic presentation of the general drift of the results (" ce schema represente le type des oscillations"), and is not platted from any actual figures. Moreover it represents the com- bination of all four experiments, and it is therefore not known what happened in the case of any individual test; though the author does state that the excitability of the nervous system reaches its climax during menstruation, and that the same is true of caloric radiation. In the light of these last two state- ments it is somewhat difficult to understand how his " schema " comprising all four tests can indicate such a great drop during menstruation, since in two of the tests the curve reaches its climax at that time. In short, it is regrettable that the data collected by Van Ott are not available. Clelia D. Mosher,^ working over ten years later than Van Ott, took daily records of blood pressure on women and men, thus avoiding an error of previous investigators, who neglected to use as a control human beings not subject to the phenomenon in question. Dr. Mosher's experiment is quoted as follows: "Method. — Daily records of the blood pressure were made on 14 persons, — 9 women and 5 men. The women were selected as repre- senting normal conditions of menstrual health. The men were all healthy adults, and four were athletic. An attempt was made to continue the record long enough to cover at least two periods of change in pressure; 8 Mosher, Normal Menstruation and Some of the Factors Modifying It, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull, Apr., May, June, 1901. Note.— Ellis (Man and Woman, 1909 ed., p. 286) characterizes Van Ott's curve as "the most accurate." Hall (Adolescence, Vol. I, p. 487) also reproduces Van Ott's curve without critical comment, but mistakenly attributes it to Engelmann, who has reproduced it in his work on " The American Girl of Today." (See Bibliography.) 72 Functional Periodicity in some cases the observations extended over 49 days. . . . The blood pressure records were made with the spygmanometer of Mosso. The tracings were taken daily at the same hour, and under uniform conditions, perfect relaxation being secured and all variable factors excluded as far as possible. " Conclusions. — That a rhythmical fall of blood pressure, at definite intervals, occurs in both men and women. The daily records of the blood pressure with the spygmanometer of Mosso on both men and women under similar conditions of life and occupation give curves apparently indistinguishable in character. The fall in pressure in women occurs near or at the menstrual period. In all of the 14 series of records the fall of blood pressure was gradual from the mean average pressure. This from day to day shows oscillations within rather definite limits. The maximum fall of pressure may extend over two or three days and the corresponding rise to normal average pressure is gradual. There is usually a preliminary rise, above the normal average pressure; this occurs from 3-5 days before the onset of the main fall of pressure, which constitutes the principal feature of the rhythm. In every case there was a preliminary fall, abrupt and definite, but usually not so extensive as the main fall of pressure; this preliminary fall was fol- lowed by a return to the normal or higher pressure, before the principal fall occurred. In 4 cases there was a distinct rise above the normal after the main fall of pressure, before the return to the normal daily oscillations. These variations were not peculiar to either sex." Mosher gives no figures and no curves. This article was published as a preliminary report, but, so far as the present writer is able to discover, no subsequent publication of data has been made. It is thus impossible to compare the records in any definite way with the figures of the present study. The fact that the fluctuating curves of the women subjects were " apparently indistinguishable in character " from those of the men subjects gives rise to the question, whether the fluctua- tions found by Mosher and previous investigators are to be connected with menstruation as a cause. This, it may be added, is a point which seems to have escaped nearly all writers who have quoted Mosher.* * Howell (Text-Book of Physiology, 1908, p. 879") notes that Mosher obtained similar curves for men and women, and suggests that this points to a reproductive cycle in men as well as in women. F3 had 15 preliminary practice trials previous to Sept. 29. In platting the curves of F4 individually two menstrual periods are included, in spite of the fact that the first month is much affected by practice, causing the whole curve to take a decided downward slope. In platting the combined curves for all the women subjects, however, only the second menstrual period for F4 is included. These remarks apply also to the pseudo-periods for M2. Curves oj Physiological Processes 73 To obtain from the present study curves of mental and motor performance which would be comparable with those platted for physiological functioning, the following method was used. Be- cause of the great amount of practice during the first thirty days, which when superimposed upon records for the other months, would skew the curve, the first four weeks of work for each subject were thrown out. This left the record of two menstrual periods for Fi, of three menstrual periods each for F2 and F3, and of one menstrual period for F4. The figures for each test for each individual were then arranged in columns, with the five days of the menstrual period at about the center of the series, as in Van Ott's curve, thus: Section from the Record of F2: Tapping lstmo.,-etc. 40.0 39.6 39.2 2d mc.-etc. 35.4 35.0 39.6 3d mo.,-etc. 36.2 37.8 36.2 37.4* 38.6* 36.4* 40.8* 39.2* 37.0* 37.6* 36.8* 36.4* 35.4* 36.6* 36.2* 37.3* 37.4* 36.9* 40.8 39.8 etc. 38.8 36.6 etc. 37.9 36.7 etc. The corresponding days in each monthly period for a subject in a test were placed one beneath the other as shown above, and the average for each day of the 28 was then computed. Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 were platted from these averages. It is evident that these curves (except the curve for fatiguability) will be slightly inclined downward, from the first of the month toward the last, because there was some practice, even after excluding the records of the first thirty days. The curves for Fi, F2, F3 and F4 are platted separately, to show the individual differences which might appear. The curve for each test is platted separately. The result agrees in no case with the curve of Van Ott (Fig- ure 12). Nothing Hke a "wave" is discernible. The curves pursue their course straight across the month, with the familiar irregular variations which are characteristic of all curves of mental and motor work. The curves of Mi and M2 (Figures 9 and 10), platted in the same way as those of the women, from chance series of 28 days each, yield results characteristically differing in no way from those yielded by Fi, F2, F3, and F4. In order further to mass the data it was desired to combine the curves of the four women" in each test, i. e., to determine 5 The record of F6 is not included in these composite curves on account of the irregularity in the occurrence and duration of menstrual periods. 74 Functional Periodicity the composite curve of Fi, F2, F3, and F4 (i) in tapping, (2) in steadiness, etc. It is evident that in order to effect a proper statistical synthesis of these records it will be necessary first to reduce the records of the three individuals to a common ratio. It v^^ill not be productive of reliable results to make use of absolute amounts, as was done when the individuals were con- sidered each by herself. This fact becomes at once clear when we take up a sample from the records. In the steadiness test, e. g., the averages for the first day of the series run thus; re- spectively: Fi — 37.0 (contacts), F2 — 20.0 (contacts), F3 — 9.3 (contacts), F4 — 5.0 (contacts). Now, if these four absolute amounts be averaged to obtain the combined curve, it is seen that Fi will have nearly twice as much influence upon it as F2, and four times as much influence as F3, etc. Thus Fi will determine the shape of the curve, merely because she as an indi- vidual is much less steady than any of the other subjects ; whereas F3, whose record is the most reliable of the four, be- cause it includes the greatest number of trials, will have but little influence in determining the shape of the composite curve, merely because she as an individual is four times as steady as Fi, and twice as steady as F2. This principle is applicable in all the tests (except for fatiguability, where the records are already in terms of per cent). For instance, in color naming the slowest person will exert more influence on the composite curve than the most rapid person, merely because her record will be greatest in absolute number of seconds. Fi is like her- self from time to time, but unlike F2, F3 and F4 in the traits here measured; F2 is like herself, but unlike Fi, F3 and F4, and so forth for the other subjects. Therefore absolute amounts may be averaged to determine a composite curve for a single individual in a single trait ; but absolute amounts may not be used to determine a composite curve for many individuals in a single trait. This was the method of combining the curves. The averages for each individual for each test, used in platting the curves found in Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 were taken. Each figure was reduced to a per cent of the first figure in its series. Thus, for example, the record of Fi in steadiness, which in absolute amounts runs 37.0, 30.5, 42.0, 26.0, etc., becomes loo.o, 82.4, Curves of Physiological Processes 75 1 13.4, 70.3, etc.; the record of F2 for steadiness, which in absolute amounts runs 20.0, 21.5, 19.3, 12.3, etc., becomes loo.o, 107.5, 96-5, 61.5, etc.; the record of F3 for steadiness, which in absolute amounts runs 9.3, 8.3, 10.2, 13.31, etc., becomes lOO.o, 89.3, iio.o, 141. o, etc.; the record of F4, for steadiness, which in absolute amounts runs 5.0, 4.0, 7.0, 6.0, etc., becomes lOO.o, 80.0, 140.0, 120.0, etc. These records may now be combined into a curve on the shaping of which each individual exerts an equal fraction of influence. In this curve all individual differ- ences will tend to be equalized, all accidental differences will tend to disappear; and if there be a genuine characteristic effect produced by a phenomenon to which all the women are thus made simultaneously subject, that effect will tend to emerge and lend itself to clear definition. The curves thus platted are found in Figure 11. These curves (except fatiguability) are all slightly inclined downward from the first of the month toward the last, because of practice. To consider them one by one: Curve A (Tapping with the Stylus) shows no effect due to menstruation, except that the record which falls on the first day is equalled only once again during the 28 days, and that on the 28th day, after 14 days of practice which, as may be noted, brings the whole curve gradually downward. This apparent effect is in all prob- ability, however, due solely to chance. Otherwise the curve proceeds straight across the period and across the month with the familiar irregularities indistinguishable from those found in the curves of Mi and M2. Curve B (Tapping with the Key) follows the irregular course of the ordinary practice curve. It is more irregular than Curve A because it is composed of the records of but two individuals (F2 and F3). Curve C (Steadi- ness) shows that the subjects were very steady on the first two days of the critical period. The record of the second day is the steadiest of the 28. These conclusions regarding a genuine characteristic effect on any day are, however, to be advanced with much caution. The curves of Mi and M2 also show "lowest points," as for example, in Mi's curve for steadiness the day preceding the pseudo-critical period is distinctly the best record of the 28, and if it occurred on the curve of the women might well be said to indicate maximum steadiness on the day preceding menstruation. 76 Functional Periodicity The curves for speed and accuracy of perception (Curve D), for controlled association {Curve E), for fatiguability (Curve F), show no extraordinary deviations whatever during menstru- ation. The curves proceed as the ordinary practice curve does, slightly inclined downward, and suggesting neither remarkable inferiority nor remarkable superiority of performance on the first day nor any other day of the critical period. No clear and valuable result would be expected from averag- ing all curves for all individuals for all tests together to deter- mine the presence of a " cycle " or " wave," because there is no reason to assume that if menstruation exerted a real influ- ence upon the processes here measured, that influence would be the same on all processes. For instance, menstruation might cause a subject to tap more rapidly, but to associate more slowly, and thus a real " wave " might be established in each of these processes. But to combine them would obviously just equalize the differences, and obscure the form of the " wave." However, a total curve composed of Curves A, B, C, D, E, and F was platted for purposes of comparison with Van Ott's Curve, which pur- ports to show the combined behavior of several physiological processes. (See Figure 12.) This composite curve is designated as Curve G and is found in Figure 12, running beneath Van Ott's " schema." Each point on it is the average of 66 figures. Van Ott gives no satisfactory account of the statistical treat- ment of his figures. He does not give any mathematical dem- onstration of his results, leaving these, as he says, for a subse- quent publication, which was never made. Consequently it is impossible to compare his curve and Curve G unit for unit. Indeed it is not at all clear that Van Ott's curve is mathematically true in any sense, even in the preservation of relative propor- tions. Nevertheless Curve G is given graphically in company with Van Ott's curve. It is at once evident that the only con- sistent tendency which Curve G shows is the slight gradual descent due to practice between the first and last of each month. It is not uninteresting to observe that the figure indicating greatest average efficiency in all tests chances to fall, as a matter of fact, on the second day of the critical period. Curve G' is a composite curve showing the total performance of Mi and M2 for four pseudo-cycles (3 cycles for Mi and i cycle for M2) of 28 days each, in six various kinds of work. Curves of Physiological Processes 77 The averages used in platting Figures 9 and 10 were converted into per cent of the initial day in each test, exactly as in the case of the women, and then were combined into a total curve which corresponds exactly to Curve G, and is comparable with it unit for unit. Curve G' thus may be, and is, platted on the same base and scale as Curve G. (See Figure 12.) We have now a graphic presentation of the monthly curve of work for the women, as compared with that for the men, and with Van Ott's curve. Curve G follows the same trend as Curve G' ; they constantly touch and cross throughout their course. Curve G' is, of course, not so regular as Curve G because it is composed of the records of but two individuals, and accidental differences are not so well equalized. As an illustration of the ease with which the investigator may be led into deducing false conclusions in studies of this kind, note that Curve G' shows a considerable drop just before the critical period. Had this occurred on the curve of the women, the conclusion would have been suggested that this must be ascribed to approaching menstruation as a cause. It must be concluded that the curves platted for mental and motor performances do not correlate- with those previously platted for physiological functioning. An interesting confirma- tion of the reliability of this conclusion is found in the work of Frederick Lyman Wells.® In order to determine the relation of practice to individual differences he experimented with ten subjects. He describes his experiment as follows: "A group of ten subjects underwent these tests daily, six days in the week, for a period of thirty experimental days. The subjects were nurses in the McLean Hospital, five men and five women, of ages vary- ing from 21 to 35 years. The work performed each day consisted of five minutes of addition, and on the first ten days one record of the number-checking test; while on the succeeding twenty days, five records of the number-checking test were executed each day. The times of day were the same for each subject." 8 F. Lyman Wells, Relation of Practice to Individual Differences, Am. Jour. Psych., Jan., 1912, p. yj. Note. — Wells platted his curves in terms of amount of work done, the time remaining constant; hence his curves showing improvement run upward, while the practice curves of the present study run downward because they are platted in terms of the time of performance, the amount of work remaining constant (except in the steadiness test, and here the practice curve also runs downward because the effort was to do as little as possible, that is, to make as few touches as possible, instead of as much as possible). 78 Functional Periodicity The curves from Wells's study are reproduced in Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16. Wells took no note whatever of the occurrence of menstruation in the five women subjects, so we do not know where on their curves these periods fell ; and it is impossible to tell by inspection in any case which were the days presumably afifected. The curves of the women show no characteristic lapses from efficiency, but are quite indistinguishable in course and form from those of the men, as in the case of the present study. ^^Y J J. i f i- 7 t 1 l» II JX 13 >•* li /L /7 IS /f Jit JU XI 2i Figure 4. — Samples of Stephenson's Curves, after Jacobi. Reproduced from Anier. Jour. Obstet., 1882, Vol. 15. Cwrve' ^ ^ Temperature (average 99.31). Curve B = Pulse. Curve C = Urea (average 25.2 grms.). These are the average curves of three total cycles of twenty-three days each. The records indicate the daily deviations above and below the average. Curves of Physiological Processes 79 Td}>j>'in^ Ody f *■ * y J" 6 ' * f /* » /x (t /i^ /J- /t ff. /t /r It If a a iM txu. zt 2s Figure 5. — Fi. Average Monthly Course of Each Test. fkppin^St-ylus) I J f J- t 1 t t r» /» It. li I* "' 't n // >f J.' z/ n a if ui- jt -It iM Figure 6. — F2. Average Monthly Course of Each Test. 80 Functional Periodicity ■■■■«'■■ I I I I I I— i- Pd. // n /i t¥ /r /i // it if jt n ji jj zi x* jt. xi z$ Figure 10— M2. Average Monthly Course of Each Test. Functional Periodicity Figure ii Curve A: Tapping with Stylus. (Subjects Fi, F2, F3 and F4.) Abscissas indicate successive days ; ordinates indicate speed of perform- ance on successive days in terms of per cent of the initial day. Curve B: Tapping with Key. (Subjects ¥2 and F3.) Abscissas indi- cate successive days; ordinates indicate speed of performance in terms of per cent of the initial day. Curve C: Steadiness. (Subjects Fi, ¥2, F3 and F4.) Abscissas indi- cate successive days; ordinates indicate number of involuntary move- ments (tremor) per 30 seconds, on successive days, in terms of per cent of the initial day. Curves of Physiological Processes 83 Figure ii — (Continued). Curve D: Color Naming. (Subjects Fi, F2, F3 and F4.) Abscissas indicate successive days ; ordinates indicate speed of performance on successive days, in terms of per cent of the initial day. Curve E: Opposites. (Subjects Fi, F2, F3 and F4.) Abscissas indi- cate successive days ; ordinates indicate speed of performance on suc- cessive days, in terms of per cent of the initial day. Curve F: Fatiguability. Tapping with Key. (Subjects F2 and F3.) Abscissas indicate successive days; ordinates indicate degree of fatigue on successive days in terms of the index of fatigue. ^--a' Figure 12 Curve G: Composite curve composed of Curves A, B, C, D, E and F. Shovi^s total performance of Fi, F2, F3, and F4; includes ten cycles of 28 days each, and six various kinds of performance. Composed for purposes of comparison with Van Ott's Curve {Curve V), and with the composite curve of Mi and M2 {Curve G'). Curve G' : Composite curve showing the total performance of Mi and M2; includes five pseudo-cycles of 28 days each, and six various kinds of performance. Abscissas indicate successive days; ordinates indicate performance in terms of per cent of the initial day. Thus Curve G and Curve G' may be and are platted on the same base and scale. Curve V : Van Ott's Curve of the monthly cycle, showing the com- bined behavior of blood pressure, temperature, pulse, caloric radiation, vital capacity, and reflex action. (See p. 70 of this monograph.) 84 Functional Periodicity ittrt IX* SO ko /5rfJ Ita 10 ly 3.0 2.sr 30 Figure 13. (Wells) — Number-checking Test — Women. The score indicates the number of o's checked in one minute, on each of 30 successive daj's, by five different individuals, each curve repre- senting a single individual. Score f¥9 Day I ta It ly io xi' ^^ Figure 14. (Wells) — Number-checking Test — Men. 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ON -^o ococ^oin oin-^ ^«, NO NO c^coqq^ qin-: S" ++ ++ +++ 1 1++ ++ 000 mm NOlNN CO 00 N OCOt^ —03 ++ ++T++1+7+ iT+ iT 000 NC^tDC0a>Oat-(£)NOC^-' Coo iDfH N^OO^incOLO^t-NOOlt-- ^^ 1 1 +++T+TI 11 + 11+ 11 OOt^NaiOOC'-'a'O-HNCOOONN Olrt qqcofo^q^qr^uninN^^moq inn +t+++TT°T+TT+TT+ tt ■-! 00 "^ ca 10 to f- 00 -^ 01 CO 1- i-H Ti- ooo ooait^it-inocoin^iccoM-or-^Nt- ^^n itt?tttTTTTr?tti tt > - »-} tom^ tcS -cfN ^ K ■^S ^ ' r-;dd dd dd d r^ nd +3 ++I ++ 1+ + + ++ ^ = t^ootoONoiro^otNin ooncooi t^Tf +j KcoNOoo~-^oc-ino (o-^coin* coo S ^ ^dd^dw.-^»-;pdd d-^eod.-J dd ++++++ 1 111+ T+I++ ++ § Sg £ t^-s-eousinin 010 i>o(D in idci 11 [l j0^t£jNNrH oqoq o-oo-^ Ti< ;dco II II + 1 ^ddf-^d-H dd d>-<^ th -^d ++++++ 1+ ++I + ++ £ § gomSo S5 rnoSS 32 + ++ 1 II ++ 1 ++ u c;;S !2?? S£ Sgg SS ^d --lo 90 o"« cod ++ ++ 1+ ++I ++ a £ P5^ OCO r-^ iflCT-.CO W* n '^.'". "? cDi>co a)rt ■ rtrH IN d^^r dd + ++ 1 l+l ++ W K go 2'" "" ""o" SS + + + ++ z I/) rH CDCO CO in oo-^r + + ++ § S5 Sd + + ++ go : : g - ■ga ■g 2 << An Extensive Experiment 89 There are two columns of numbers in the critical period be- cause for about one-half of the subjects two of the five days of the menstrual period chanced to be included. When the records for the seventeen subjects had been all arranged (as may be seen in Tables XVIII, XIX, and XX) the columns were added algebraically, and the average efficiency of the group as a whole at every trial was found. Tables XVIII, XIX, and XX present the complete data as thus treated, and show the individual records, as well as the performance of the group as a whole. Table XVIII gives the record of the steadiness test. If there were a characteristic inefficiency at critical periods for the group as a whole, we should expect that the average performance of the group at the critical period would be registered as poorer than on any or most of the other days. Inspection shows that on 7 of the 17 ordinary days the records were the same as or poorer than the record of the group at the critical period. Tapping The tapping test was exactly the same as that described in the intensive experiment under Pai I of the tapping test. (See p. 15.) The data were treated and are presented exactly as in the case of the steadiness test just described. Table XIX includes all the records made in the tapping test, each record here being presented as a multiple of the Mean Variation of the group. Inspection shows that on 11 of the 17 ordinary days the records were the same as or poorer than the record of the group at the critical period. This result indicates no influence either favorable or detrimental on speed of voluntary movement at the menstrual period. Opposites The opposites test was exactly the same as that described under the intensive experiment. The data were treated and are pre- sented in Table XX, in exactly the same way as in the steadiness and tapping tests just described. Inspection shows that on 6 of the 17 ordinary days the records were the same as or poorer than the record of the group at the critical period. In 4 out of the 6 cases the performance of the group on ordinary days was much poorer than at the critical period. 90 Functional Periodicity Miscellaneous Observations At each sitting every subject recorded answers to the following questions : 1. Did you retire at the usual hour last night? 2. Were your evening occupations of the usual sort? 3. Did you sleep as well as usual? 4. Did you rise at the usual hour? 5. Did you lunch as usual ? Was your diet of the usual kind ? 6. Have you had any digestive disturbance? 7. Have you taken exercise to-day? Usual amount? Un- usual ? 8. Have you experienced any emotional disturbance in the last 24 hours ? Irritation ? Depression ? Excitement ? Anger ? etc. 9. Have you suffered in any way during the last 24 hours ? 10. Note the beginning of menstruation. 11. Note the end of menstruation. Many of these questions have no direct bearing on the psycholo- gical problem of determining mental and motor efficiency at a given time. But the long list of questions served to divert at- tention from the last two questions in the case of those who did not know the exact purpose of the experiment, and all of the questions were important as bearing on measurements of blood pressure, temperature, and pulse which were taken throughout the month by Miss Stackpole. The purpose of this study, as has been stated, was simply to determine whether there is any measurable change in efficiency in mental and motor processes during menstruation. It was no part of the original aim to go into the matter of introspection, or to discuss the affective processes. However, a brief summary of the replies obtained from these questions will not be entirely out of place here. Of the 17 subjects, 4 reported physical disturbances on critical days, as follows : Subject K — " Abdominal discomfort, and slight headache." (Headache also reported by this subject on days when she was not menstruating.) Subject I — " Very slight abdominal pain." An Extensive Experiment 91 Subject D — " Headache." (Also reported on many other days, when not menstruating.) Subject A — " Headache," on the fourth day of the period. (Never reported when not menstruating.) Of the remaining 13 subjects, 12 simply entered the word " no " under the question, '* Have you suffered in any way ? " on critical days, and one subject had " a cold in the head " on the criti- cal day. Of the 17 women only two reported emotional disturbance of any kind on or near the critical day. Thus Subject I — "Worry." (This subject's sister was very ill.) Subject D — " Depressed and uncomfortable on account of the cold." It is to be noted that both of these subjects reported physical disturbance also on critical days. The remaining 15 subjects simply entered the words " no " or " none " imder the question, " Have you experienced any emotional disturbance within the last 24 hours ? " on their critical days. None of the 17 subjects reported that her occupations had been different, except that some of them " went to the theater," or to some social affair, as was frequently reported at other times. As for exercise, none of the 17 women reported any change at critical periods. Those who did not exercise on other days did not on critical days ; those who took exercise on other days did so on critical days. Thus for example, Subject B reported " moderate walking " during menstruation, the same report being made on other days. Subject I reported, " Just came from the Gymnasium." Subject L reported, " Walked to 132nd Street and back, as usual." Briefly, the replies to the miscellaneous questions which were submitted to the subjects fail to yield any positive result. Had the replies been written without any key to the occurrence of critical days, the investigator would have been utterly unable to determine from the replies when these critical days occurred, with the possible exception of two cases. XII CONCLUSIONS What, now, are the results of this investigation? And what are the factors that detract from the value of those results as conclusive evidence on the question herein treated? It may be objected that these records for all tests measure only momentary efficiency. The subject gathered her energies, and the figures show only what can be done on a " spurt." It is true that no tests for long endurance were made. It was impossible to include this within the scope of the present experiment. It is to be hoped that experiments will be made to ascertain the comparative rate of motor fatigue during periods, for long continued work. The matter of determining comparative mental fatigue presents great difficulties, since it would involve almost continuous mental labor at one task every day for several months, — a truly heroic undertaking. Moreover, the existence of a purely mental fatigue, entirely apart from physical fatigue, has never been satisfactorily demonstrated. However, since these subjects did not lessen their usual amount of work in any conscious way during periods, it might be reasonably inferred that if endurance were less at such times, the subjects would be unusually tired by nightfall, and that this fatigue would manifest itself in poorer records. But the figures do not show that this was the case. That which may be fairly claimed for these tests is that they yield a sample of the individual's efficiency, at a given time, in the traits which they are designed to measure. That is, if the actual maximum speed of movement were lessened, if the qual- ity of perception, inhibition, and association were impaired, these tests would reveal the condition. It is not likely that any greater effort was put forth during critical periods than on other days, especially in the cases of Fi and F3, and some of the sub- jects in the extensive experiment, who knew nothing of the purpose of the tests, and whose attention was in no way called 92 Conclusions 93 to the fact that they were being tested at a critical moment. It is also true that when the nervous system is in a state of real agitation, increased effort to control the resulting confusion only increases the agitation, and the individual has little power to conceal his or her true condition in such a test as that for steadiness. This also holds for the other tests here used. It is stated by various scientific workers and others (see chapter on Previous Literature) that the sense of well being and the feeling of efficiency is diminished among normal women at catamenial periods. It is evident that these tests do not touch upon this point. They measure only sensori-motor and asso- ciational processes ; the affective and volitional processes are left unmeasured, except in so far as the negative results indi- cate no unfavorable influence on volitional and affective proc- esses during critical periods. The most important objection to any general conclusion drawn from the data presented is, of course, that the subjects studied were but twenty-three, and that the subjects studied intensively were but six. This objection is admissible, but the difficulty of obtaining a large number of subjects who can and will give up a stated hour every day for several months, without compensa- tion and without information as to what the object of the work may be, is obvious. However, it must be noted that the records of all the women here studied agree in supporting the negative conclusion here presented. None of them shows a characteristic inefficiency in the traits here tested at menstrual periods. And there is no reason to suppose that they do not constitute a fair, though small, sample of the world of normal women. They ranged from 20 years to 45 years in age, the mode for the group falling between 24 and 34 years. They were engaged in both professional and domestic work. They had, to be sure, in com- mon the fact that all had undergone the process of professional training. It may be argued that this fact in itself shows them to be a group highly selected on the basis of physical strength and endurance, and therefore more likely than women in general to show negative results in these tests. On the other hand it may be argued that, far from making of them a selected group likely to show negative results at menstrual periods, this factor of strict professional training would lead us to expect a very 94 Functional Periodicity marked disturbance at such times, since, according to the views quoted (see chapter on Previous Literature), strict professional training acts to produce far-reaching and disastrous effects upon this function. These records, of course, tell nothing about what may be true in pathological cases, which in themselves offer an interesting opportunity for investigations similar to this. Data concerning the latter would be much more easily gathered than in the case of normal women, since pathological persons are collected for long periods in institutions, and are available for experiment which requires a stated hour every day. It is obvious, therefore, that the present study by no means covers all phases of the question of the mental and motor abili- ties of women during menstruation. It does cover the traits of voluntary speed of movement, steadiness, speed and accuracy of perception, and controlled association. It is suggestive, also, beyond the specific traits which are definitely measured, in that it shows what happened in the only cases where the mental and motor abilities of women during menstruation have been investi- gated by rigidly controlled experimental method, and by means of instruments of precision. The results may be briefly and specifically stated as follows : (i) Careful and exact measurement does not reveal a periodic mental or motor inefficiency in normal women. (2) No part of the period is affected. (3) Physical suffering seems to affect associational processes adversely, judging from the two instances here recorded where suffering was experienced on the first day. (4) The variability of performance is not affected by physio- logical periodicity. (5) No regularly recurring period of maximum efficiency within each month is discernible. (6) The " cycle " referred to by Ellis and others is not dis- covered by methods of precision. (7) No agreement is established between curves platted for pulse, blood pressure, temperature, caloric radiation, etc., and the curves of work for the mental and motor traits here tested. It is astonishing how little support is found in these results Conclusions 95 for the statements quoted earlier in this paper. It is difficult to understand such striking disparity between what has been ac- cepted and the figures yielded by scientific method. Yet several factors come at once to mind, which may have contributed to the situation. In the first place, the tradition emanating from the mystic and romantic novelists, that woman is a mysterious being, half hysteric, half angel, has found its way into scientific writing. Through the centuries gone those who wrote were men, and since the phenomenon of periodicity was foreign to them, they not unnaturally seized upon it as a probable source of the alleged " mystery " and " caprice " of womankind. The dogma once formulated has been quoted on authority from author to author until the present day. A more immediate source of error is to be noted in the fact that the greater part of the evidence quoted on this subject is clinical in character, — the contribution of physicians. But it should be obvious to the least critical mind that normal women do not come under the care and observation of physicians. To investigate the matter experimentally has been somewhat difficult, because until very recently all investigators were men, and the taboo put upon the phenomenon by men and women alike, rendered it a more or less unapproachable subject for experiment by men who were not physicians. And since physi- cians are seldom acquainted with the interests and methods of experimental psychology, the matter has not been undertaken by them. In addition to the difficulties caused by the taboo, the conditions of a conclusive and thorough research are so tedious that this problem might not suggest itself for experimental solu- tion as readily as many others. A quotation from Icard's lengthy treatise,^ published in Paris 1 S. Icard, La Femme Pendant la Periode Menstruelle, 1890. "La fonction menstruelle peut, par sympathie, surtout chez les pre- disposees, creer un etat mental variant depuis la simple psychalgie . . . jusqu'a I'irresponsabilite absolue. Telle est la proposition que je formule, et ce que je vais essayer de demontrer. "J'ai longuement et consciencieusement etudie mon sujet. Ce travail est le fruit de plusieurs annees d' etude. Je citerai a I'appui de ma these I'opinion des auteurs les plus celebre. Je ferai parler les anciens . Apres avoir entcndu les maitrcs nous laisserons la parole aux faits; ... a dessein j'appoite peu d'observations personnelles . . . " J'ai consulte avec soin des alienists distingues, des pretres con- 96 Functional Periodicity in 1890, is interesting and instructive as an illustration of the kind of data formerly collected, and the manner of collecting data. The following occurs in the Introduction to that book, " The menstrual function may, especially in the case of the predisposed, induce sympathetically a mental state, varying from a slight psychosis — to absolute irresponsibility. Such is the proposition which I lay down, and which I shall endeavor to demonstrate. " I have studied my subject long and conscientiously. This work is the fruit of many years of study. I shall cite in support of my thesis the opinion of the most famous authors. From time to time I shall let the ancients speak. . . . Finally I shall give some of my per- sonal observations. . "I have consulted with care distinguished alienists, father confessors, and directors of convents, superintendents of boarding schools and homes of refuge, mid-wives, women of the world. . " I can do no better than to resay badly in prose what Alfred de Musset has said so well in verse: " 'L'ame et le corps, helas! ils iront deux a deux, Tant que le monde ira, pas a pas, cote a cote, Comme s'en vent les vers classiques et les boeufs, L'un disant : ' Tu f ais mal ! ' et I'autre, ' C'est ta f aute.' " On the basis of data thus collected, Icard- concludes : " The psychical and physical state of woman during the menstrual period seems to me to constitute one of the chief reasons why she should not administer public affairs. Indeed, one cannot depend upon a health so fragile and so often disturbed ; thf* errors of judgment and the false evaluations so often made at that time prove that they (women) are unable to undertake fesseurs, et directeurs des convents des femmes, des directrices de pen- sionnats et de refuges, des accoucheuses, des femmes du monde "... "Je ne fais que redire en mauvais prose ce qu' Alfred de Musset a dit si bien en vers :" And later: " Les anciens . . . traduissaient leur pensee en disant que la femme est alors lunatique, expression qui s'est conservee jusqu' a nous, et qui peint tres bien I'etat d'instabilite nerveuse et psychique dans lequel se trouve la femme a cette epoque." 2 Icard, op. cit., p. 263. " L'etat physique et psychique de la femme pendant la periode men- struelle me parait une des raisons principales qui doivent la tenir eloignee de la gestion des affaires publiques. On ne saurait en effet, se reposer sur une sante aussi delicate et si souvent troublee ; les erreurs de jugement et les appreciations fausses dont elles donnent alors si souvent la preuve lui permettre de s'occuper convenablement et avec succes de ce qui doit etre I'appanage exclusive du sexe fort." Conclusions 97 comfortably and successfully that which should be the exclusive lot of the strong sex." From whatever source or sources the idea of woman's periodic irresponsibility may have risen, it is certainly very widespread. Men of the most varied interests and professional equipment have written on the matter, — historians, physicians, lawyers, philosophers, physiologists, novelists and educators. Men to whom it would never have occurred to write authoritatively on any other subject regarding which they possessed no reliable or expert knowledge, have not hesitated to make the most posi- tive statements regarding the mental and motor abilities of women as related to functional periodicity. Even the daily press has lately exploited periodicity as an argument against conceding political freedom to women.^ Yet the irresponsibility and in- efficiency so widely proclaimed in theory are not considered and are not realized in practice. The psychologist writes that there are grave and profound changes in mind and body during men- struation ; yet he makes no allowance for this in his experi- ments on women subjects. The physician declared fifty years ago that women were forever unfitted for higher education be- cause of this function; yet the number of women graduated from colleges and universities in perfectly normal health in- creases yearly. It is positively asserted that women cannot successfully pursue professional and industrial life because they are incapacitated, and should rest for one-fifth of their time; yet it is not proposed that mothers, housekeepers, cooks, scrub- women and dancers should be relieved periodically from their labors and responsibilities. 3 The New York Times for March 28, 1912, contains the following paragraph : " No doctor can ever lose sight of the fact that the mind of a woman is always threatened with danger from the reverberations of her physio- logical emergencies. It is with such thoughts that the doctor lets his eyes rest upon the militant suffragist. He cannot shut them to the fact that there is mixed up in the woman's movement such mental disorder, and he cannot conceal from himself the physiological emergencies which lie behind." Note. — Yet scientific workers writing as late as 1907 and 1909 quote Icard as giving " a full and careful statement of the present state of knowledge regarding the mental condition of women during the men- strual period" (H. Ellis, op. cit., p. 293), and quote his conclusions without critical comment, as facts established (G. S. Hall, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 498-499). Gross (op. cit., p. 312), says, "Icard has written the best monograph on this subject," meaning the mental state of women during menstruation, especially with reference to legal responsibility! 98 Functional Periodicity Furthermore, tlie various scientific writers who have expressed themselves on this subject, even when contemporaneous, are far from uniform in statement. (See chapter on Previous Lit- erature.) Hall,* for instance, places the period of maximum efficiency and vitality after the hemorrhage ; Van Ott,° before it. Jacobi*' concludes that there is no reason why normal women should rest during menstruation ; Clarke" urgently insists that the whole educational schedule of women must be regulated by it. Clouston^ declares that the influence of menstruation is marked and universal among insane patients ; Nacke" denies that there is a pronounced effect on the insane, due to menstruation, and is inclined to doubt its influence altogether. Thus the disparity between accepted dogma and the results of scientific method is, perhaps, not so surprising after all. The remarks made by J. Stuart Mill^" in 1867 are still about as true as they then were : " Even the preliminary knowledge, what the differences between the sexes now are, apart from all question as to how they are made what they are, is still in the crudest and most incomplete state. Medical practitioners and physiologists have ascertained to some extent the dif- ferences in bodily constitution ; and this is an important element to the psychologist ; but hardly any medical practitioner is a psychologist. Re- specting the mental characteristics of women, their observations are of ■* G. S. Hall, op. cit., p. 492. ^ Van Ott, op. cit., p. 505. * M. P. Jacobi, op. cit., p. 227. ' E. H .Clarke, Sex in Education, 1873, p. 45. ^ Clouston (see Ellis, op. cit., p. 293). " The melancholies are more depressed, the maniacal more restless, the delusional more under the influence of their delusions in their con- duct; those subject to hallucinations have them more intensely, the im- pulsive cases are more uncontrollable, the cases of stupor more stupid, and the demented tend to be excited." ^ P. Nacke, Die Menstruation und ihre Einfluss bei Chroniken Psy- chosen. Arch. f. Psychiat, 1896, Vol. 28, No. i, pp. 188-9. " Nur f iir wenige Fiille, meine ich, konnte man eine eventuelle Ab- hangigkeit einer psychischen Aenderung von dem Menstruationsvorgange selbst annehmen, das sind namlich die Falle von schwerer Dysmenorrhoe " Schwerlich wird sich die Lebenscurve nur auf die Zeit der Gesch- lechtsreife beziehen ; sie fangt wahrschienlich mit der Geburt an, um erst mit dem Tode aufzuhoren, doch mit einem Maximum wahrend der Geschlechtsreife. Sie scheint auch beim Manne zu existieren, und ist vielleicht gar ein allgemeines biologisches Gesetz der gesammten organ- ischen Welt. . . . Auf diesem ganzen Gebiete giebt es also noch unendlich viele Probleme zu losen, da wir erst am Anfange der diesbeziig- lichen Studien stehen." i<'J. Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, 1867, p. 42. Conclusions 99 no more account than those of common men. It is a subject on which nothing final can be known so long as those who alone can really know it, women themselves, have given but little testimony. . . ." It seems appropriate and desirable that women should investi- gate these matters experimentally, now that the opportunity for training and research is open to them. Thus, in time, may be written a psychology of woman based on truth, not on opinion ; on precise, not on anecdotal evidence ; on accurate data rather than on remnants of magic. Thus may scientific light be cast upon the question so widely discussed at present and for several decades past, — whether women may at last contribute their best intellectual effort toward human progress, or whether it will be expedient for them to remain in the future as they have remained in the past, the matrix from which proceed the dynamic agents of society. BIBLIOGRAPHY Arnold, A. E. The Effect of School Work on Menstruation. American Physical Education Review, Feb., 1914. Association of Collegiate Alumnae. Health Statistics of Women Col- lege Graduates. 1885. Berthier, p. Des Nervroses Menstruelles. 1874. Clouston, T. Mental Diseases. 1887. Female Education from a Medical Point of View. Popular Science Monthly, 1884, p. 214, 319. Clarke, E. H. Sex in Education. 1873. Comfort, G. F. Woman's Education and Woman's Health. 1874. DoHM, H. Der Frauen Natur und Recht. 1876. Dewey, J. Health and Sex in Higher Education. Popular Science Monthly. 1886. Ellis, FI. Man and Woman. 1909 ed. Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Vol. 2, 1901. Engelmann, G. J. The American Girl of To-day. Trans. American Gyn. Soc. 1900. Finkelstein, O. On Changes in the Fields of Vision during Menstrua- tion. Inaug. Diss. Summarized in Opthalmic Review, 1887, p. 323. Goodman. The Cyclical Theory of Menstruation. American Journal of Obstetrics, 1878. Gross, H. Criminal Psychology. Trans. 191 1 from 1905 revised ed. Hall, G. S. Adolescence. 1907. Heymans, G. Die Psychologic der Frau. 1910. Howell, W. H. Text-Book of Physiology. 1908. IcARD, S. La Femme Pendant la Periode Menstruelle. 1890. Jacobi, Mary. The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation. 1876. V. Jaworski. Uber den Einfluss der Menstruation auf die Neuro- psychische Sphare der Frau. Wien. Klin. Wchnschr. 1910. 23, 1641-43. KiscH, E. H. Das Geschlechtsleben des Weibes. 1907. Krieger, Eduard. Die Menstruation. Eine Gytiakologische Studie. 1869. LoMEROSO, C. The Female Offender. Trans. 1896. LowENFELD, L. Uber die Sexuelle Konstitution und Andere Sexual- probleme. 191 1. LouRBET, J. La Femme Devant la Science Contemporaine. 1896. Michelet, J. L' Amour. 1859. La Femme, 1885 ed. MoBius, P. J. Der Physiologische Schwachsinn des Weibes. 1908. 100 Bibliography 101 Marion, H. Psychologic de la Femme. 1900. Maudsley, H. Sex in Mind and Education. 1884. MosHER, Clelia. Normal Menstruation and Some of the Factors Modi- fying It. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Apr., May, June, 1901. Nacke, p. Die Menstruation und ihre Einfluss bei Chroniken Psychosen. Arch. f. Psychiat., 1896. Vol. 28, No. i. Power, J. Essays on the Female Economy, 1821. Preston, G. A. The Influence of College Life on Health. Comm. of Mass. Medical Soc, 1895. Parsons, R. W. The American Girl versus Higher Education. New York Medical Journal, Jan. 19, 1907. RuNGE, Max. Das Weib in seiner Geschlechtliche Eigenart. 1900. Smith, Mary R. Statistics of College and Non-College Women. 1900. Smith, M. M. Menstruation and Some of Its Effects upon the Normal Mentalization of Woman. Memphis Medical Monthly, Aug., 1896. Stephenson. On the Menstrual Wave. American Journal Obstetrics. 1882, Vol. TS. Stevens, W. LeC. The Admission of Women to Universities. 1883. Storer, H. R. Female Hygiene. Colorado State Board Health. 1871. Taylor, F. C. Effects in Women of Imperfect Hygiene of Sex Func- tions. American Journal Obstetrics. 1882. Van Dyke, F. W. Higher Education a Cause of Physical Decay in Women. Medical Record, Feb. 25, 1905. Van Ott. Des Lois de la Periodicite de la Fonction Physiologique dans rOrganisme Feminin. Nouv. Arch. Obstet., 1890. Van Rensselaer, M. G. The Waste of Woman's Intellectual Force. Forum, 1892. Ward, Lester F. The Exemption of Women from Labor. Monlst, Vol. 4, 385- Wilson, J. T. Menstrual Disorders in School Girls. The Texas San., June, 1885. References for Method Hollingworth, H. L. The Influence of Caffein on Mental and Motor Efficiency. 1912. Thorndike, E. L. Mental and Social Measurements. 1913 ed. Whipple, G. M. Manual of Mental and Physical Tests. 1914 ed. WooDwoRTH and Wells. Association Tests. Psychological Monographs, 57, 1911. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the rules of the Library or by special ar- rangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE MAR - 9 iq,1 ] oc n^:m, G ' '■' ' C2a(2S9)MI00 QF265 Copy 1 •